Full text of "Canadian industry, commerce, and finance; published as a companion volume to The Journal of Commerce"

CANADIAN

INDUSTRY, COMMERCE
AND FINANCE

CANADIAN ;
INDUSTRY, COMMERCE
AND FINANCE

J. J. HARPELL

PUBLISHED

A COMPANION VOLUME

THE JOURNAL OF COMMERCE

THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL PRESS, LIMITED

READ BUILDING,
MONTREAL, CANADA.

by
The Industrial and Educational Press, Limited

Preface

Many people are apt to regard the ways of commerce and finance as
something that can be understood only by specialists and, hence, delay in
acquiring a knowledge of them. This is a great mistake. Nothing is more
simple or more easy of comprehension. Furthermore, the value of such a
knowledge well repays for the time spent in acquiring it. It often makes or
saves money for the business man and enables the employee to be of greater
service in his work. It makes commercial and financial periodicals more read-
able and therefore of greater value.

In this age of commerce, everyone should have some knowledge of modern
business methods, particularly in times such as the present, when so many
firms are beginning to do an export business for the first time. This volume
has been written in the hope that it will supply a ready reference for such
information. Particular care has been taken in its preparation.

The author is indebted for much valuable assistance, to the Hon. W. S.
Fielding, Ex-Finance Minister of Canada; Sir Frederick Williams Taylor,
LL.D., General Manager of the Bank of Montreal ; the late Mr. R. Grigg, Com-
missioner of Commerce for the Dominion of Canada; H. S. Ross, K.C.; E. N.
Todd, Divisional Freight Agent of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and J. L.
McCulloch, Vice-President of Dale & Co., Marine and Fine Insurance Brokers.

The statistics used in connection with production have been invariably
taken from the last census returns of 1911 ; and where available, those for the
calendar year 1913 (the year before the war) are given. Likewise the trade
returns quoted are for the fiscal year ending with the 31st of March, 1914.
Those of later dates have been avoided, since they cannot be accepted as
indicies of normal conditions.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 11

I. INDUSTRY

Production and Consumption 15

Fur Hunting and Trapping 16

Mining 17

Fisheries 23

Lumbering 26

Agriculture 30

Orchards and Gardens 32

Field Crops 33

Animal Products 34

Manufacturing 36

II. COMMERCE

Development 41

Foreign Commerce

Domestic Trade 46

Ocean Transportation 46

Ocean Ports 53

Inland Water Transportation 54

Railroads 57

The Common Road or Highway 58

Methods of Despatch 60

Markets 60

Weights and Measures 65

III. FINANCE

Development 77

Banking 77

Coinage 82

Credit 84

Instruments of Credit 85

Government Notes 86

Bank Notes 87

Cheques 87

Money Orders, Postal Notes, and Telegraph Transfers 89

Drafts 90

Letters of Credit 91

Documentary Bills of Exchange 91

Finance Bills of Exchange 93

Foreign Exchange Quotations in the New York Market . 95

CONTENTS

Foreign Exchange Quotations in the London Market 97

Bills of Lading 98

Warehouse Receipts and Dock Warrants 98

Promissory Notes 99

Mortgages and Liens 100

Deeds 100

Stocks 100

Bonds and Debentures 102

Stock Exchanges 103

Insurance 105

Marine Insurance 106

Fire Insurance 108

Life Insurance 110

Annuities 113

Accident and Sickness Insurance 114

Employers' Liability and Workmen's Compensation 114

Fidelity Guarantee Insurance 115

Boiler, Burglary, Plate Glass, Live Stock, Hail Weather and

Tornado, and Title Insurance 116

IV. MARKETABLE COMMODITIES AND CANADIAN

PRODUCERS 117

V. FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS OF SPECIAL MACHINERY AND
SUPPLIES, NECESSARY TO CANADIAN INDUSTRY, IM-
PORTERS, MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS, AND WHOLE-
SALE HOUSES. WHOLESALE DEALERS AND EXPORTERS.
Foreign Manufacturers of Special Machinery and Supplies,

Necessary to Canadian Industry 393

Textile Machinery and Supplies 394

Pulp and Paper Makers Machinery and Supplies 394

Mining Machinery and Supplies 395

Printers Machinery and Supplies 396

Fishermen's Supplies 396

Importers' and Manufacturers' Agents 397

Wholesale Houses:

Dry Goods 398

Men's Wear 399

Woolen 's, Linings and Trimmings 400

Hats and Caps 401

Millinery 401

Boots and Shoes 401

Leather 401

Groceries 402

Glass and China 403

Sporting Goods 403

Hardware 403

Flour and Feed . 403

CONTENTS

Wholesale Dealers and Exporters:

Apples ;.. 405

Bacon and Hams . . . 405

Bran and Shorts ... 405

Butter ;..'' 406

Cattle v . . 407

Cheese 407

Eggs v. 408

Fish 408

Fruit 409

Furs (raw) 409

Hay ' 410

Hides 410

Hogs 411

Honey 411

Horses 411

Lard 411

Maple Syrup and Sugar 411

Milk (Condensed, Evaporated and Powdered) 411

Oils (Fish) . 412

Pork 412

Potatoes 412

Poultry 412

Produce (General) 412

Pulpwood . . 413

Seeds 413

Wool 413

IV. INSTITUTIONS NECESSARY TO THE BUSINESS INTERESTS
OF THE COUNTRY.

Banks 415

Trust Companies 418

Stock and Bond Brokers 418

Life Insurance Companies 420

Fire Insurance Companies 422

Accident and Casualty Insurance Companies 425

Consulting Engineers 431

Consulting Chemists and Analysts 431

Leading Canadian Technical and Specialized Periodicals .... 431

CANADIAN
INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND

FINANCE

INTRODUCTION

The average person is generally so impressed with the importance
of his own work that he is apt to overlook the relation which it bears
to what is being done by others ; and hence does not realize how unprofitable
his work would be if the wheels of all other Industry, Commerce, and Finance
stood still.

This volume is intended to give some idea of the relations which the indi-
vidual effort and group of efforts bear to the whole. Out of the more or
less detailed description which is given in this volume of the Practices and Prin-
ciples that maintain in each of the three great divisions of human activity, it
is hoped that some advantage may arise. Individual efforts are often ham-
pered by reason of a wrong conception or at least by the absence of the right
one. If, therefore, these pages succeed in giving some such useful informa-
tion and convey some idea of the opportunities that lie before the average
Canadian as a result of the resources of his country and of the facilities which
her institutions offer for education, trade and commerce, some good will have
been accomplished.

In the matter of natural resources, both as regards richness and extent,
few countries have been more lavishly endowed by nature than has Canada.
Her lands are fertile and extensive, her mineral deposits numerous and
exceedingly rich, her waters abound with all kinds of the most marketable
fish, and her forests are comparatively inexhaustible. Among the wheat
growing countries that have not yet begun the extensive use of artificial
fertilizer, none is capable of the acreage production of Canada, unless it is
Southern Siberia. The average production of wheat per acre in Australia,
Argentine Republic, India and Southern Russia is from 9 to 11 bushels. In
Canada the average production per acre is over 20 bushels for fall wheat, and
over 14 for spring wheat.

As regards markets, Canada is more favorably situated than any other
of the newer countries. The greatest market of the world for all kinds
of products is Europe. Here there are some 200 millions of highly civilized
people whose requirements are large and whose domestic resources are limited.
According to Lloyd's Calendar, it requires from 36 to 42 days for mail
to pass from the principal ports of New Zealand to London; from 26 to 33
days from the principal ports of Australia; from 17 to 22 days from the

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

principal ports of South America ; from 17 to 21 days from the ports of South
Africa, and from 14 to 16 days from the principal ports of India ; but only from
7 to 8 days from the principal ports of Canada. The time required for the pass-
age of freight cargoes is longer than for mail, but the relative time required for
a cargo of freight to pass between London and the principal ports of any of
the countries just mentioned is indicated by the above figures. These figures
also indicate the relative time required for communication and of the cost
of cable dispatches, a consideration of great and growing importance to
trade and commerce.

The world's market second in importance is that of the United States.
As regards this market, none of the newer countries is so favorably situated
as is Canada. Japan and China offer the market of third importance; and
with regard to this also, Canada is as favorably situated as any of the
countries, and much more so than most of them. To sum up, Canada lies mid-
way between two of the world's greatest markets and is separated from the
third only by an imaginary boundary line.

CANADA'S ADVANTAGEOUS LOCATION.

What this proximity to the great markets of the world means to this
country, only those can adequately appreciate who know the advantage of
being able to take orders more readily and deliver the goods in less time
than competitors. The difference in cost of communication and transporta-
tion is a big advantage to the Canadian producer and exporter, as the follow-
ing figures, taken from the Report of the Royal Commission of South Australia
on the Question of the Marketing of Wheat, indicate :

INTRODUCTION 13

Interest on

From value per

countries mentioned Freight Insurance bushel while Total cost

to London. per bushel. per bushel. in transit, per bushel.

Canada 3.50 cents .26 cents .11 cents 3.87 cents

Argentine Republic .. 8.16 " .32 " .49 " 8.97 "

Australia 15.00 " 1.08 " .85 " 16.93 "

Another asset of much value lies in the fact that Canada is situated in the
same hemisphere as the world's three premier markets. This is a big advan-
tage in shipping perishable goods and live stock. The depreciation in perish-
able goods and the death rate among live stock, when they have to be trans-
ported across the equator, are considerable.

The climate in Canada is decidedly healthy and exhilarating and under
its influence people are naturally industrious and ambitious. They are not
hampered by the pests which infect warmer climates nor by the torna-
does and earthquakes that periodically visit so many other countries.

When to the foregoing opportunities and advantages, which the natural
resources and situation of the country offer, are added the exceptional facili-
ties that have already been created in this country for education, transporta-
tion and communication, the Canadian has every reason to feel satisfied with
his lot.

Up to the age of 14 every child has abundant opportunity for obtaining a
free education in the public schools of the several provinces. But up to this
age the average child is incapable of doing more than learning or obtaining
the keys to knowledge. The power of making use of these keys begins to
develop in the average boy or girl only about the time he or she is leaving
ihe public school. The keys to anything are of little use if we do not know
how to use them. Our high schools, our agricultural colleges and technical
classes have been established for this purpose and greater use should be
made of them.

After leaving the public schools, and more particularly after entering upon
a chosen line of work, the technical and trade journals of their particular line
should be regularly read. They are the cheapest and best means of keeping
up with the times. Another source of information and direction which is
cheaper still is the various Reports and other literature issued periodically
by the different Departments of the Dominion and Provincial Governments.
An excellent library of current literature can be easily, and with little outlay,
built up from these two sources. It should never be forgotten that reading
and study are the great sources of all knowledge. If the world was deprived
of the records of all past experiences which books and periodicals contain,
we would be poor indeed.

The pages which follow contain a summary of the more important facts
relating to Commerce, Finance and Industry. They have been carefully pre-
pared and compiled in the hope that they will prove of value as a ready refer-
ence and source of information to the student and to the man of affairs.

Chapter L

/
INDUSTRY

Production and Consumption

Every human being is a consumer of at least the food, the clothes and
the dwellings necessary to sustain life ; and he is the exceptionally rare indivi-
dual whose requirements are satisfied by these primary necessities. From a
very early age and from before the dawn of civilization, the wants of the
human being have continued to increase until at the present time the
things which the average person consumes in the course of his living, his
clothing, his pleasure, his worship and his work are more numerous than can
be easily catalogued.

In order to provide these requirements, it is necessary either to produce
them himself or to produce something which may be exchanged or sold for
them. Hence most adults at least are producers; and the activity necessary
to the operations is called industry. In the ordinary application of the word,
however, certain activities are excepted, such as those of the doctor and other
professional persons, servants, entertainers, etc. These activities are generally
referred to as services. In its ordinary acceptation, therefore, the word ' ' In-
dustry, ' ' particularly when it is used in an economic sense, refers to the activi-
ties that result in the production of something of intrinsic value, such as the
Agricultural Industry, the Fishing Industry, the Mining Industry, the Textile
Industry, etc.

In an address delivered at the annual meeting of the Canadian Manufac-
turers' Association, in 1914, Sir George E. Foster, Minister of Trade and
Commerce, made a novel and thoughtful analysis of industry when he said
that producers might be divided into three great classes, as follows First
Trappers and Hunters, that is those who discover and procure the things
which nature has provided. Under this class he placed the fur-trapper and
hunter, the miner, the fisherman and the lumberman. The second-class he
labelled Growers, that is, those who by planting, tending and cultivating, aug-
ment and replenish the available supply of commodities. The third-class he
called Manufacturers, that is, those who treated raw, semi-raw and discarded
materials in a manner that altered their nature and application.

In addition to offering a very satisfactory and simple classification of
industry, such an analysis is interesting from a historical point of view. In
the beginning, man was little else than a hunter and trapper. As civilization
advanced, he began to cultivate grain and to tend his flocks. At a still later
stage, he began to manufacture. This transition and development are still
taking place, producing on the one hand new industries, such as fur-farming
and forestry, and on the other a finer and more highly manufactured article.

16 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Canada is still such a new and undeveloped country, with the hall-mark of
pioneerism still so evident in the habits of her people, that it is difficult to
divide their occupations into distinct industries. The farmer, in many
cases, is a lumberman or a fisherman or a miner or a builder at certain times
of the year when he is not farming. A similar variety of occupation is also
followed by cheese makers and others who can work at their chosen business
only during the summer months and who must find something else to do dur-
ing the winter. Even in many of the manufacturing industries, which in
older countries are manned by workers possessing the skill and training that
concentration of effort and constant employment in one class of work brings,
there is a migration from one kind of employment to another that is not con-
ducive to the most satisfactory production either as regards quantity or
quality. But in this matter rapid improvement in all classes of Canadian in-
dustry is being made. The farmer is beginning to realize that the time he
formerly spent in the lumber camp can be more profitably employed on his
farm, tending to his stock, picking over and preparing the seed to be used for
his next crop, repairing and improving the buildings, and in doing the hundred
and one things, which, if not done during the winter months, materially
diminish the returns from his summer's work. Those engaged in other lines
of work are also beginning to realize that unless they prepare themselves
for some particular occupation, either by training or by the experience
which constant employment in one class of work brings, they seldom, if ever,
amount to more than unskilled labourers. To this end much good work
has been done and is continuing to be done by the many and excellent Agricul-
tural Colleges, Mining Schools and other Technical Institutions that Canada
already possesses.

FUR HUNTING AND TRAPPING.

The Hunter and Trapper, who live in the wilds and on the outskirts of
settlement and civilization and whose only occupation is the killing of wild
animals and birds, the catching of fish and the gathering of wild herbs, are
fast disappearing. The opportunities for such occupations are becoming
limited, by the extension of settlement and by the disposition on the part of
governments to conserve wild game and fish for sportsmen, who are willing
to pay substantial licenses for the privilege of spending a few holidays each
year in protected reserves that are not yet required for settlement. Many
Canadian provinces derive a considerable portion of their revenue from this
source, as well as from the fees exacted from individuals who hunt or fish
for sport on lakes, rivers, and land areas that are not licensed by sportsmen
or taken up by settlers. The Dominion, as well as many of the Provincial
Governments have also reserved large areas for national parks where wild
animals may roam, fish may remain and trees, shrubs, and plants may exist
without the interference of the hunter, trapper or sportsman. The main pur-
pose these parks are now serving is that they are giving nature an oppor-
tunity to multiply and perpetuate many species which otherwise would be-
come depleted or, in fact, extinct. All this has tended to limit the area
in which the hunter and trapper may follow his avocation and to drive him
back so far into the wilds that he finds it difficult to get his supplies, sell the

INDUSTRY 17

products of his labor or live with any degree of comfort. It is only the primi-
tive mind that can endure such a solitary existence for any length of time.
Hence it is only a few exotics of modern civilization and the remnant of
aborigines such as the North American Indian and the Eskimo, who devote
their time to hunting and trapping.

These, however, are no inconsiderable number in Canada, and the pro-
ducts of their labors, particularly fur-skins, form an important item
of Canada's production. The value of fur-skins exported from Canada
during the fiscal year ending March 31st, 1914, was $5,667,749. This, of
course, does not represent the total production. The consumption in the Dom-
inion of this class of article is considerable. On the other hand, a considerable
portion of the above amount represents the products of fur-farming as well as
that of the sportsman and of the man, particularly the farmer, who kills an
occasional fur-bearing animal.

The occasional animal killed in settled parts of the country is generally
sold to the local hide merchant, whose principal business is the buying of
hides of domestic animals for the tanneries. In some centres, where the pro-
duction of furs is considerable, there are local fur- jobbers. Either of these
buyers generally re-sell his fur-skins to furriers and large fur trading com-
panies such as the Hudson's Bay Company. These companies also maintain
trading posts throughout the unsettled parts of Canada, where they exchange
food, clothing, hunting equipment and ornaments for the furs caught by the
Indians, Eskimos and other trappers and hunters. Money is seldom paid to
these people.

MINING.

A mineral is a substance formed by nature alone and no process known to
man can augment the quantity of any mineral in the earth's crust. When a
quantity of any mineral has been taken from the ground, the mine from which
it is taken is poorer by that amount, and when a deposit has been depleted of
all its extractable mineral, the mining industry in that district ceases and the
mining camp disappears. In the light of this consideration the miner belongs
to the same class as the hunter and trapper. But, while hunting and trapping
continues, as it has always been, an industry demanding but a primitive
knowledge, the discovery of minerals and their extraction requires a well-
trained mind and a considerable knowledge of geology, mineralogy and
chemistry.

The science of the Geologist, or Geology, treats of the history of the earth's
crust and of the changes it has undergone, the different kinds of rocks and how
they have been formed as well as of the minerals that naturally go together and
the kind of geological formation in which each group is most likely to occur.
The main business of the geologist, therefore, is to map out the country into
geological areas. In Canada this work is undertaken by the Dominion Gov-
ernment as well as by the Governments of a few of the Provinces. The Geo-
logical Department at Ottawa has accomplished much and is continuing to do
very important work along these lines. The geological staffs of the Provinces,
particularly that of Ontario, are also rendering valuable service.

The science of the Mineralogist, or Mineralogy, has to do with minerals,

18 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCB

their characteristics, how they occur and how best they can be extracted from
their ores. The work of the Mineralogist or Mining Engineer is concerned
more with specific deposits of economic minerals and requires a knowledge of
what has been learned by patient observation and study both in the field
and the laboratory. This knowledge serves to determine the value of a deposit,
to guide the work of developing a mine, the taking out of the ore and the
extracting of the mineral from the ore after it has been taken from the mine.
The Mining Engineer generally acts in a consulting or advisory capacity with
the owner or superintendent. If the services of competent Mining Engineers
were sought more than has been the custom in the past, there would be less
money lost by mining investors.**

Until very recently the problem of treating ores and extracting minerals
from them had to be solved entirely at the expense of the individual miner and
mining company. Of late the Dominion Government has interested itself in
this work and a start has been made in the direction of establishing an ex-
perimental and research laboratory under the supervision of competent spe-
cialists. This experimental and research work is similar to what is being done
for the producers of forest products by the Forest Products Laboratory at
Montreal, or for the Agriculturalists in the Agricultural Colleges and experi-
mental stations.

The Chemist is also necessary to any mining undertaking, and
most companies of any considerable size have one or more in their employ. There
are also a number of reliable chemists or assayers who do custom work.*** The
duty of the chemist is to ascertain the amount of mineral in a given quantity
of ore as it comes from the mine or from a new discovery, the quantity of min-
eral that has been left in the ore after treatment and the impurities in the
mineral extracted.

Another very necessary personage in mining is the Prospector who goes
into known geological areas to look for new deposits of minerals. He is the
forerunner of the industry and every effort should be made in a country such
as Canada to develop and encourage this class of individual. Much might be
accomplished along this line by giving the youth of the country some knowl-
edge of minerals, how they occur and their uses and value. If nothing else,
elementary books and other suitable literature on mines and minerals might
be placed in public libraries and in the libraries of elementary and secondary
schools. Most prospecting for minerals is a very simple business but it re-
quires, at least, a knowledge of the minerals and how they occur as well as a
special endowment of patience and a capacity to suffer hardships. Some kinds
of prospecting, it is true, requires investment, particularly that done with
the diamond drill and other equipment. This work, however, is used more to
test the extent of a deposit after it has been discovered or located.

It is only the exceptional discovery that develops into a mine and still the
less frequent one that amounts to a mining camp. It would require a large
volume* to chronicle the known mineral deposits of Canada and yet
only a fringe of this great country has been prospected ; and even this fringe
has been looked over only in a very haphazard and indifferent manner. A

A volume giving the location of all known mineral deposits In Canada has recently been
published by the Department of Mines, Ottawa.
** See Chapter VI. for list of Mining Engineers.
*** See Chapter VI. for list of Custom Assayers and Chemists.

INDUSTRY 19

list of the producing mines occupies much less space and may be had in the
"Canadian Mining Manual," a small volume published annually by the
"Canadian Mining Journal," 263, Adelaide Street, W., Toronto.

The mining industry of Canada gives employment to about 70,000 people.

There is no country which so completely controls the markets of the world
for so many minerals as does Canada in the cases of nickel, asbestos and cobalt.
Her mines are also an important factor in the world's supply of silver. The
total value of the mineral output of Canada in each of the ten years down
to 1913, was as follows :

1904 $60,082,771

1905 69,078,999

1906 79,286,697

1907 86,865,202

1908 85,557,101

1909 91,831,441

1910 106,823,623

1911 103,422,439

1912 135,048,296

1913 144,031,047

The production by items for the year 1913 was as follows :

Product. Quantity. \ alue.

Metallic. $

Copper Lbs. 76,975,832 11,753,440

Gold Ozs. 784,525 16,216,131

Pig iron from Canadian ore Tons. 73,508 996,429

Iron ore sold for export " 216,614 430,561

Lead, value at 4.659 cents per pound Lbs. 37,662,703 1,754,705

Nickel, value at 30 cents per pound " 49,676,772 14,903,032

Silver, value at 59.791 cents per oz Ozs. 31,750,618 18,984,012

Cobalt and nickel oxides 689,511

Zinc ore Tons. 7,535 400,000

Total $66,127,821

Non-Metallic.

Actinolite Tons. 66 720

Arsenic, white " 1,692 101,463

Asbestos " 136,951 3,830,909

Asbestic " 24,135 19,106

Coal " 15,115,089 36,250,311

Corundum " 1,177 137,036

Feldspar " 15,935 56,841

Graphite .. " 2,162 90,282

Grindstones " 4,284 43,900

Gypsum i' 639,698 1,477,589

Magnesite " 770 4,620

Mica " 170,112

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Mineral pigments

Barytes Tons. 641 $ 6,410

Ochres " 5,987 41,774

Mineral water 173,677

Natural gas M.cu.ft. 20,345,763 3,338,314

Peat Tons. 2,600 10,100

Petroleum, value at $1.72 per barrel Brls. 228,080 406,439

Phosphate (returns not complete) Tons. 25 217

Pyrites " 228,811 638,185

Quartz " 78,261 169,842

Salt " 100,791 491,280

Talc " 12,250 45,980

Tripolite " 620 12,138

Total $47,517,155

Structural Materials and Clay Products.

Cement, Portland Brls. 8,658,922 11,227,284

Clay products

Brick, common, pressed, paving 7,709,224

Sewerpipe 920,973

Fireclay, drain tile, pottery, &c 1,037,870

Kaolin Tons. 500 5,000

Lime Bush. 7,671,381 1,605,812

Sand and Gravel . . '. 1,712,256

Sand-lime brick 962,004

Slate Sq. 1,432 6,444

Stone-
Granite 1,644,183

Limestone 3,087,991

Marble 250,373

Sandstone 216,657

Total structural materials and clay

products 30,386,071

All other non-metallic 47,517,155

Total value, metallic 66,127,821

Grand total $144,031,047

The production by provinces for 1913 was as follows :

Ontario $58,697,602

British Columbia 28,529,081

Nova Scotia 19,305,545

Alberta 13,844,622

Quebec 13,303,649

Yukon 6,198,224

Manitoba 2,211,159

New Brunswick 1,049,932

Saskatchewan 899,233

INDUSTRY 21

Smelter Products. The total" quantity of ores, concentrates, etc., treated
in Canadian smelters in 1913 was 3,027,085 tons, made up as follows

Nickel-Copper-Ores 823,403 tons

Cobalt-Silver-Nickel-Ores 5,818 tons

Lead and other ores treated in lead

furnaces . . 78,110 tons

Copper-Gold-Silver-Ores 2,119,745 tons

In addition to the reduction at smelters, which treated the above-men-
tioned ores, there were, in 1913, eleven blast furnaces which produced 1,128,967
tons of pig iron. Of this amount 1,055,459 tons were produced from imported
iron ores mainly from Bell Island, Newfoundland, for reduction in the smelters
of Northern Nova Scotia and from the Mesabi ranges of Minnesota, U.S.A., for
reduction in the smelters at Sault Ste. Marie, Midland and Hamilton, Ont.

Coal. Coal is the most important item of Canada's mine products. It is
produced in the Eastern and Western Provinces as follows :

Eastern Provinces:

Nova Scotia 7,972,727 tons.

New Brunswick . 70,311 tons.

Western Provinces :

Alberta 4,144,377 tons

British Columbia 2,714,499 tons

Saskatchewan 209,175 tons

Yukon Territory 4,050 tons

The coal of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is bituminous. In Nova
Scotia the coal fields embrace about 1,125 square miles and are situated in
Cape Breton, Pictou, Inverness, Victoria and Cumberland districts. In New
Brunswick the coal fields are situated in the Counties of Kent and Kings.

In British Columbia the coal beds occur in Vancouver Island and the Dis-
trict of the Crow's Nest Pass. There are also undeveloped deposits in the
Queen Charlotte Islands, along the Skeena River, and in the North Caribou
District.

The Province of Alberta is especially rich in coal fields. Those at pre-
sent being worked are mainly situated in the south, near the boundary of
British Columbia.

Coke. During 1913, 1,598,912 tons of Canadian coal and 549,001 tons of
imported coal were treated in Canadian coke ovens, producing 1,517,133 tons of
coke and by-products as follows :

10,608 tons of ammonia sulphate; 8,371,600 gallons of tar and 3,353,731
thousand feet of gas.

22 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Silver. The mineral of second importance in Canada's mine products
for 1913 was silver. Of this, Ontario produced 28,452,737 ounces, practically
all of which came from the District of Cobalt. With the exception of a few
ounces that were recovered from the Pyritie ores of Quebec, the balance, name-
ly, 3,208,122 ounces, was recovered from the smelter products of British
Columbia.

Gold. In point of value this mineral takes third place in Canada's min-
eral production. The placer mining of the Yukon produced $5,835,554 worth
of gold dust and small nuggets, and the placers of British Columbia $540,000
worth. The smelter recoveries and bullion from ores milled in British
Columbia amounted to $5,596,900. Owing to the discovery of the gold de-
posits at Porcupine, the Province of Ontario began in 1913 to take a leading
place as a producer of gold. Its output in that year amounted to $4,558,518.
The remainder of Canada 's production in that year came from the Province of
Nova Scotia, with a small amount from the Province of Quebec.

Nickel. Nickel in point of value takes fourth place. Practically all of
Canada's production of this metal and fully 80 per cent, of the world's con-
sumption comes from the District of Sudbury, Ont. After coming from the
mine, the ore is roasted in open-air heaps in order to drive off some of the sul-
phur. It is then smelted in Bessemer furnaces to a matte containing 80 per
cent, of nickel and copper. In this condition it is shipped to Great Britain
and United States for further refining. A portion of the matte produced is
used for the direct production of monel metal, an alloy of nickel and copper
without the intermediate refining of either metal.

There is a small recovery of nickel in the form of nickel oxide from the
ores from the District of Cobalt.

Copper. Copper is the Canadian metal of fifth importance in point of
value. Of this, the Province of Ontario produced, largely from the Sudbury
Districts, 25,884,836 pounds ; the production of British Columbia was 47,791,-
579 pounds ; the production from the Province of Quebec, which came largely
from the Districts of Eustis and Weedon was 3,455,887 pounds.

Cement occupies the sixth place among the mineral products of Canada.
The total output, including slag cement, in 1913 was 9,880,903 bbls. The
total capacity of completed cement mills at the end of 1913 was about 50,009
barrels per day. Canadian mills supplied over 97 per cent, of the domestic
consumption. The mills are situated mostly in the Provinces of Ontario and
Quebec.

Brick, for building and paving purposes, was the commodity which oc-
cupied seventh place in Canada 's mineral production.

Asbestos, which holds the eighth place among mineral products of Canada,
is mined entirely in a limited area in Thetford, Black Lake, Broughten and
Danville Districts of the Province of Quebec. Considering the number of
persons to whom this industry gives employment, namely, about 3,000, it is
one of the most important industries in Canada. Only a small fraction of the
output is consumed by Canadian industries. The exports in 1913 amounted
to 103,812 tons.

INDUSTRY 23

FISHERIES.

In point of numbers engaged, the Commercial Fisheries is the industry of
second importance in Canada that of agriculture coming first. This indus-
try in 1913 gave employment to about 100,000 people, or to be exact, 98,669,
according to the report of the Department of Fisheries at Ottawa. Of this
number 71,776, were employed on 1,992 vessels, tugs and carrying smacks, and
in 37,686 boats ; while 26,893 persons were engaged on shore in the canneries,
freezers, fish houses, etc. Of the total number 86,486 were engaged in the
sea fisheries, and 12,183 in the fisheries of the inland lakes and rivers. The
number of gasoline boats used in the industry was 8,700.

The deep sea fishing is carried on in vessels of from 40 to 100 tons, each of
which carries 12 to 20 men. The fishing grounds or banks, upon which these
deep-sea fishermen work, are situated from twenty to ninety miles off the
Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. After supplying their vessels with bait, pro-
visions and other necessary equipment, they sail or steam out to the fishing
grounds where they anchor, and the crews go out in small boats from which
they fish with trawling lines fitted with baited hooks. The bait used is chief-
ly squid, herring and caplin. The fish caught are principally cod, haddock,
hake, pollack and halibut.

Another class, known as inshore or coastal fishermen, operate from small
boats with crews of from 2 to 3 men. Inshore fishing is also carried on from
small vessels with crews of from 4 to 7 men. From these boats and small
vessels they catch the fish with the aid of gill-nets, hooks and lines, both hand
line and trawl. Trap nets, haul seines and weirs are also used by inshore
fishermen. The fish caught in this way are cod, hake, haddock, pollack,
halibut, herring, mackerel, alewife, shad, smelt, flounder and sardines. A very
important item of the Atlantic inshore fisheries is the trapping of the lobster.
The world 's finest supply of this fish lies off the eastern shores of the Maritime
Provinces. The gathering of oysters, particularly off the southern and eastern
shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is also an item of no mean importance in
Canada's fisheries. Another important fish caught by the Atlantic inshore
fishermen is the salmon. The Atlantic salmon is one of the finest fresh fish that
comes on the Canadian markets.

The most important salmon fisheries of this country, however, occurs on
the Pacific Coast, where large quantities of three or four different species are
to be had at almost any time of the year but particularly at certain seasons
when they come up into the rivers and bays in countless numbers. At these
seasons they are netted in great quantities and prepared for use in canneries
located at advantageous points along the British Columbia coast. The second
most important fish caught off the Pacific coast is halibut. This fish is frozen
and shipped in refrigerator cars to the markets of Canada, United States and
Great Britain. The herring is also exceedingly plentiful on the Pacific Coast ;
but, apart from a few that are caught by the Japanese and what is used as
bait by the halibut fishermen, little has been done in the way of catching and
marketing this most valuable and least expensive food-fish.

In the inland lake and river fisheries the means of capture are generally
gill-nets, pound-nets, seines and hook-and-line. The principal commercial

24 CANADIAN INDUSTRY. COMMERCE AND FINANCE

fish caught are whitefish, trout, pickerel, pike, sturgeon, and fresh water
herring.

The total marketed value of all kinds of fish taken by Canadian fishermen
from the sea and inland lakes and rivers during the fiscal year ending March
31st, 1914, amounted to $33,207,716. Of this value the sea fisheries contri-
buted $29,472,811, and the fisheries of the inland water $3,734,937. The pro-
duction, according to provinces, was as follows:

Value

Provinces. produced.

British Columbia t $13,891,398

Nova Scotia 8,297,626

New Brunswick 4,308,707

Ontario 2,674,685

Quebec 1,850,427

Prince Edward Island 1,280,447

Manitoba 606,272

Saskatchewan 148,602

Alberta 81,319

Yukon 68,265

Total* $33,207,748

The following table shows the relative values of the chief commercial
fisheries returning $100,000 and upwards, in their order of rank for the year
1913:

Kinds of Pish. Value.

Salmon $10,833,713

Lobsters 4,710,062

Cod 3,387,109

Herring 3,173,129

Halibut 2,036,400

Mackerel 1,280,319

Whitefish 929,692

Haddock 841,511

Smelts , 810,392

Trout 682,619

Sardines 676,668

Hake and cusk 490,979

Pickerel 449,539

Pike 372,868

Clams and quahaugs 368,325

Pollack 187,723

Oysters 173,763

The value of the exports of fish and fish products from Canada during the
fiscal year ending March 31st, 1914, was $20,130,605.

The principal ports out of which Canadian fishing fleets operate are as
follows :

INDUSTRY 25

Nova Scotia. Lunenburg, Halifax, Canso, Digby, Yarmouth, Pubnico,
Lockport, Shelburne, Liverpool, Clark's Harbor, Port La Tour, Arichat, Louis-
burg and Port Hawkesbury.

Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown, Summerside, Georgetown, Souris,
Tignish, and Malpeque.

New Brunswick. St. John, Black 's Harbour, Loggieville, Chatham, Point
du Chene, and Bathurst.

Quebec. Gaspe, Perce, Paspebiac, and Grand Bay.

Ontario. Port Burwell, Port Maitland, Port Stanley, Port Arthur, Port
Dover, Port Rowan, Port Robinson, Port Bruce, Killarney.

Manitoba. Selkirk.

British Columbia. Vancouver, Prince Rupert, Stevenston, New West-
minster, and Haysport.

The earliest reports indicate that the fisheries of the Northern Atlantic
and Northern Pacific were the first national resources of the North American
Continent to be tapped for supplies required by Europe. For over 400 years
these waters have continued to reward the efforts, not only of those who fish
out of Canadian ports, but also the large fleets that come from the ports of
United States, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Holland, Denmark,
Norway, Sweden and Japan. The cold waters off the West Coast of the North-
ern Atlantic produce the finest qualities of fish in the world. All fishermen,
other than those from the Canadian ports, engage in the deep-sea fisheries, as
the Canadian laws do not permit them to fish within three miles of the shore,
nor within certain large bays and inlets such as the Bay of Fundy. This draft
by foreign fishermen is nevertheless a heavy drain on the resources of these
waters, for no artificial boundaries can confine or limit the roaming habits of
sea fishes. Little, if any, signs of depletion are yet noticeable in Canada's
deep-sea fisheries. The only classes of fish that show any diminution are those
whose habitations lie closer to shore, such as lobsters, oysters and fish that
come up into the rivers to spawn. The efforts of the Dominion Government in
the direction of protecting fish during the spawning season and of augmenting
the numbers by fish hatcheries, as well as by the replanting and cultivation of
the lobster and oyster beds, have done much to keep up the supply for the
inshore fishermen. The protection and augmentation given by the Govern-
ment has also done much for Canada's inland fisheries. Of late the Provinces
of Ontario and Quebec have taken over from the Dominion Government the
fish hatcheries within their respective provinces. No doubt this policy will
be followed by the other provinces and with the joint efforts of the Pro-
vincial and Federal forces, the supply of inshore and inland fish should be
kept up.

The present condition and extent of the Canadian fisheries is well set
forth in the following, taken from the Government report for 1914 :

"To say that Canada possesses the most extensive fisheries in the world
is no exaggeration ; moreover, it is safe to add that the waters in and around
Canada contain the principal commercial food fishes in greater abundance than
the waters of any other part of the world. The extraordinary fertility of what
may be called our own waters is abundantly proved by the fact that, apart
from salmon, all the lobsters, herring, mackerel and sardines, nearly all the

26 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

haddock, and many of the cod, hake, and pollack landed in Canada are taken
from within our territorial waters.

"The coast line of the Atlantic provinces, from the Bay of Pundy to the
Straits of Belle Isle, without taking into account the lesser bays and indenta-
tions, measures over 5,000 miles ; and along this great stretch are to be found
innumerable natural harbours and coves, in many of which valuable fish are
taken in considerable quantities with little effort.

"On the Pacific Coast, the province of British Columbia, owing to its im-
mense number of islands, bays and fiords, which form safe and accessible har-
bours, has a sea-washed shore of 7,000 miles. Along this shore and within
the limits of the territorial waters there are fish and mammals in greater
abundance, probably than anywhere else in the whole world.

"In addition to this immense salt-water fishing area, we have in our numer-
ous lakes no less than 220,000 square miles of fresh water, abundantly stocked
with many species of excellent food fishes. In this connection, it may be
pointed out that the area of the distinctly Canadian waters of what are known
as the Great Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario forms only one-
fifth part of the total area of the larger fresh- water lakes of Canada. ' '

There seems to be no question but that Canada has an exceptional source
of wealth in her fisheries. What she lacks are markets. Fish is not as im-
portant an item in the diet of the average Canadian as it is with the people of
most other countries. The people of Great Britain consume something like
750,000 tons of fish per year and 1,800,000 tons of meats. In that country
fish occupies an important place in the menu of every person, rich and poor.
What a fine thing it would be for the people of this country and for her fish-
ing industry if fish were consumed to anything like the same proportion. Fish
is one of the finest foods for either the physique or the mentality. It is also
the least expensive. Moreover the fish eating habit can be more easily
cultivated on Canadian fish than on any other, since it is the finest in the
world. All this should inspire the industry with an ambition to make these
products better known to the Canadian consumer.

Ways and means should also be found for extending the sale of Canadian
fish in foreign markets. Much valuable work has already been done along
this line by the Dominion Government and now that the industry, from the pro-
ducer to the retailer, is organized for propagandist and educational purposes
into an organization known as the Canadian Fisheries Association, the progress
in the future should be more rapid.

LUMBERING.

Next to fishing, the industries producing forest products were the first to
be established in Canada. These industries were created, on the one hand by
the necessity for clearing the land, as practically all the agricultural areas east
of Winnipeg and west of the Rockies were originally wooded ; and on the other
hand by the existence of some of the finest timber that was to be found any-
where on the globe. In these early days only a small fraction of the slaughter-
ing of the forest could be termed lumbering, as only a small part of the best
oaks and pines were cut for commercial purposes. Apart from the few sticks
that were exported and what was required for the huts of the settler, hia

INDUSTRY 27

firewood, his fence rails, etc., all was burnt in an effort to clear the land for
cultivation. So general was this practice throughout Eastern Canada that
for many years the gathering and exporting of wood ashes was a considerable
business. Until the potash deposits of Germany were discovered, Canadian
ashes was an important source of the supply of potash. The potash kettles
of those days are still to be seen on many old homesteads.

Frequently fires set for the purpose of clearing an arable piece of land
would get out of control and sweep over large tracts of country,
destroying all classes of timber. When such fires started at the
beginning of a dry period, they caused incalculable damage, as there
was nothing to check them except an intervening lake or a heavy
rain. There was some compensation where such fires assisted the settler in
clearing land that was fit for agriculture ; but there was an unmitigated and
irreparable loss where large areas, unfit for agriculture, were depleted of their
forest growth as well as of much of the humus in the soil, which is so neces-
sary to reforestation. In the light of what has taken place in many of these
unproductive areas, the damage to the country 's national economy was not con-
fined to the destruction of the forest and the impoverishing of the soil. It
encouraged many settlements in territories incapable of rewarding the labour
expended in an effort to produce crops. Many of these settlements, unfortun-
ately, have persisted in making these unprofitable and in fact hopeless efforts,
even after large areas of suitable agricultural land were opened up by the
extension of railways. It is true that large numbers have emigrated, parti-
cularly to Western Canada, from these poor settlements. But many still con-
tinue on these poor homesteads, eking out a miserable and labourious
existence. The type is too frequently met with in the north and north-
eastern parts of Ontario, the northern parts of New Brunswick and several
districts in Nova Scotia. To all students of national economy, it is evident
that an important duty rests with the Provincial and Dominion Governments to
remove these people from areas so unfit for agriculture to more suitable
agricultural districts and to inaugurate some scheme for the reforestization
of these poor lands.

The destruction by forest fires is very much less at the present time than
it used to be. Occasionally a forest fire, started by the carelessness of a
prospector, hunter or other camper or by a locomotive, gets beyond control
and does considerable damage. But the vigilance of the government officials
has reduced to a minimum the possibility of this happening. The forest in-
dustries also give much assistance. They are well organized into associations
known as the Canadian Forestry Association and the Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association. Both these organizations exist solely for educational and pro-
pagandist purposes.

In the early days, little or no timber, cut for export, was sawn. It was
generally hewn square with the broadaxe, hauled to the nearest water-
course, made into rafts and floated down to Quebec or St. John, N.B., from
where it was taken by boat to Europe. The timber cut along the upper lakes was
taken by boat to Garden Island and Kingston at the lower end of Lake Ontario,
unloaded and made into rafts and floated down the St. Lawrence to Quebec.
These three points, namely, Quebec, St. John, N.B., and Garden Island, Ont.,
did a flourishing business in these days, not only in the trans-shipping of tim-

28 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

ber but also in ship-building. The business of exporting square hewn timber
has almost completely passed away, as has also the business of building large
wooden ships. A few pieces of birch, hewn square with the broadaxe, still
come into the market and an occasional raft of other squared timber is met with
on our lakes and rivers.

Another business that has dwindled to small proportions and which at one
time was an important item of Canada 's forest products is that produced by the
demand which used to exist for the bark of the hemlock (tan bark) for tan-
ning purposes. This industry reached its maximum in the year 1880, when
the production exceeded 112,000 cords.

In the early days the business of making charcoal for blast furnaces was
also considerable. This was done by burning hardwood logs in pits with the
admition of as little air as possible. All the stoves, potash kettles, pots, pans
and gridles of these early days were made from the iron extracted from native
ores by wood charcoal. With the introduction of coke, which is made from
coal, this primitive industry of making charcoal has largely passed away.
The part of it which still remains has been converted into distillation plants
for the purpose of recovering wood alcohol. The charcoal thus produced is still
used to some extent in smelters, but the larger part of it is sold by the local
grocer for kindling fires.

In the early days, when mortar, made with lime and sand, was in general
use for the stopping of chinks in log buildings, for the building of stone houses,
etc., wood was used for the burning of limestone from which the lime was
made. Wood is still used for the production of what little lime is required.
It is also used in most brick yards for the burning of bricks.

By far the heaviest demand upon the forest was for firewood. In the
early days this was burnt in open hearths and later in stoves and heating fur-
naces. Every town of any size had its wood market, where the urban dwellers
bought their supplies of cordwood that had been cut on bush farms in the
neighborhood. But this business has also largely disappeared, partially due
to the depletion of the local sources of supply and partially to the tendency
on the part of city people and even country people to use coal. At no time
did firewood bulk very large in the country's exports of forest products. A
demand of consitlerable importance was for fence rails. The rail fence (com-
monly known as the snake fence) is still to be seen in many parts of Eastern
Canada, but it is invariably made of rails that were cut several years ago.
Most of the fences built recently are of wire, which draw upon the forest only
for the necessary posts. This draft in the aggregate is, however, consider-
able. The advent of railroads, both steam and electric, created a new demand,
namely, for cross ties on which the rails are laid. The development of mines,
particularly coal mines, also require timber to hold up the overhanging walls
left after the coal seams have been torn down and taken away. There is also
considerable timber required for telegraph and telephone poles.

For building purposes, wood was first used in the form of logs, either
round or squared, the chinks between them being filled with plaster.
The small quantities of lumber required for flooring, sheeting, etc., were
sawn out of the logs with a hand saw or hewn out with a "broadaxe," and
the "adze. ?T But these very primitive conditions did not continue for long
in Canada. The circular saw driven by water-power was invented about the

INDUSTRY 29

beginning of the last century, and as Canada possessed excellent water power
with the necessary forests in close proximity, the industry of making lumber
advanced rapidly to the point of supplying the domestic demand, with which
it has kept pace ever since that is, in so far as the Canadian forests supply
the kinds of wood required. A considerable export trade in lumber, deals,
batons, etc., was soon established. This has had a steady and healthy growth.

The demand for local requirements has been of no mean proportions. As
the wealth of the country increased, the log huts were replaced by frame
houses, which, in turn, gave way periodically to larger and finer ones. Barns
and stables were built, re-built and improved and lumber began to be used
in many ways hitherto unthought of by the settler. Considerable timber is
annually cut up into shingles for roofs and into laths, upon which the plaster
on ceilings and partitions is laid. Much lumber has also been used for
bridges, culverts, etc. Of late, cement, stone and brick have, to a considerable
extent, taken the place of wood ; but the demand for lumber seems to be as
great and even greater than ever. The ever-increasing supplies required for
manufacturing purposes such as furniture, interior decorations, cooperage
and other packing cases, no doubt has materially assisted in keeping up the
demand.

A comparatively new but rapidly increasing demand on the forest has
been created by the use of pulpwood for the making of pulp, from which is
manufactured, not only paper for printing and writing purposes, but also
paper for sheeting and roofing and pulp boards for interior decorations, as
well as for packing cases, tubs, wash basins and other utensils.

According to the report of the Department of Forestry at Ottawa, the
production of the principal forest products during the year 1913 was as
follows :

Lumber : 3,816,642,000 feet, valued at $65,796,438

Laths 739,078,000 valued at 1,783,283

Shingles 1,485,279,000 valued at 3,064,641

Pulpwood 2,144,064 cords, valued at 14,313,939

Total value $89,958,401

These figures are necessarily incomplete, because the Government has to
depend upon the mills to make out and send in their own reports. The first
three items were compiled from the reports of 2,187 mills. Moreover, these
figures do not include products such as posts, poles, ties, cordwood, etc.

According to the last census returns, the number of log and lumber pro-
ducers, operating in Canada during the year 1910, was 4,358. These gave
employment to 93,649 people and had an output valued at $145,401,805. This
industry was distributed among the provinces as follows :

No. of Estab- No. Em- Value of

Province. lishments. ployed. output.

Ontario 1,449 28,799 $54,307,071

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Quebec 1,468

British Columbia . .

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

Manitoba

Alberta

Saskatchewan

Prince Edward Island.

263

368

542

112

26,703

16,241

9,566

6,430

1,712

1,752

966

370

$36,679,620

23,580,128

13,076,441

9,476,049

3,541,902

2,835,614

1,317,976

487,049

The exports for the year ending with March 31st, 1911, were aa fol-
lows :

Wood Unmanufactured $45,343,935

Wood Pulp 5,715,532

Other Manufactures of Wood 945,774

Total $52,005,241

The exports for the year ending with March 31st, 1914, were as follows :

Woods Unmanufactured $42,743,275

Wood Pulp 6,364,824

Other Manufactures of Woods 880,387

Total $49,988,486

Dr. Pernow, Professor of Forestry at Toronto University, estimates the
wood land areas of Canada at 1,000 million acres and the actual available areas
of merchantable timber at 200 million acres. Mr. R. H. Campbell, Dominion
Director of Forestry, has said that ' ' There are probably about 500 million acres
of forest lands in the Dominion, one-half of which may be covered with mer-
chantable timber."

INDUSTRY OF GROWERS, OR AGRICULTURE.

This group of industries is the most indispensable to the people's pros-
perity and happiness and even existence of any class of industrial activities.
They are the "sine qua non" (without which there is nothing) of every country
and even of most communities. They form the foundation upon which all other
industry rests. They are the backbone of all industrial prosperity. Food and
clothing are the primary necessaries of every human being and it is on our
cuisine, our viands and our raiment that we practice our greatest excess and
lavish our worst extravagance. Practically all grains, vegetables, fruits,
meats and textile fibres are produced by growers of one class or another.

INDUSTRY 31

The most comprehensive term ordinarily applied to this class of industry is
"agriculture," which, according to Webster's dictionary, signifies "the art or
science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops and the
raising and maintenance of live stock." The word "farmer," which in its
original sense meant ' ' The rent of land, ' ' has come down to us from times when
all land was held as lease-hold from the "Lords of the Manor."

Owing to the difference in climate, soils, etc., as well as to a tendency in
the direction of specialization, the business of agriculture is more or less segre-
gated into a number of component parts such as Grain Growing, Dairying,
Horticulture (the growing of vegetables), Fruit Growing, Live Stock Raising
and the growing of flowers for cutting and for bulbs and seeds. Bee-keeping
is also a branch of agriculture.

The products of all these branches come from the land, which, according
to the last census, namely, that of 1911, may be divided as follows :

Estimate of

Occupied as possible

Province. farm land. farm land.

Acres. Acres.

Saskatchewan 28,642,985 93,458,000

Ontario 22,171,785 56,450,000

Alberta 17,741,899 97,123,000

Quebec 15,613,267 43,745,000

Manitoba 12,228,233 24,700,000

Nova Scotia 5,260,455 8,092,000

New Brunswick .. .. 4,537,999 10,718,000

British Columbia .... 2,540,011 22,618,000

Prince Edward Island 1,202,354 1,258,190

Total 109,948,988 358,162,190

Of that occupied as farm land, 48,738,823 acres was land which had
been brought under cultivation and which has been cropped and is fit for pro-
ducing crops. The remaining 61,215,165 acres were being used as pasture
land or were covered with bush. Of the land that was occupied, 35,261,338
acres were actually under crop at the time the census was taken, namely,
June 1st, 1911. At that time the farm holdings in Canada numbered 714,646,
divided as follows: (of these 7.291 comprising 574,702 acres were vacant or
unoccupied farms in the poor districts of the Eastern Provinces)

Holdings of less than 1 acre 30,141

Holdings of 1 acre and under 5 44,180

Holdings of from 5 to 10 acres 24,666

Holdings of from 10 to 50 acres 89,829

Holdings of from 50 to 100 acres 164,662

Holdings of from 100 to 200 acres 228,237

Holdings of over 200 acres 132,931

32 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Of the holdings of over 200 acres, 90,011 were in the Western grain-
growing Provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba. The larger num-
ber of the small holdings were in the Provinces of Eastern Canada, particularly
in the fruit growing districts and in districts where mixed farming is mostly
practised.

The census returns do not give the number engaged in the agricultural
industry. The total number of people living in homes outside the limits of
cities, towns and incorporated villages was 3,925,679 ; but of course this num-
ber includes a great many trappers and hunters, miners, fishermen, lumber-
men, artisans, school teachers, agents, professional men, etc. After making
allowance for these, as well as we can from the census returns, a fair estimate
of the people living on farms in Canada at the time the census was taken
would be 1,300,000 men and 1,100,000 women between the ages of 15 and 64.
These figures fairly represent the number of Canadian producers of agricul-
tural products. It must be remembered that there is no industry where the
women and children can give so much assistance to production as they can and
do in the agricultural industries, without the violation of the finer sensibilitie*
which any person may have concerning the employment of women and
chldren.

Orchards and Gardens, according to the census returns of 1911, occupied
the following areas :

Acres.

Orchards 403,596

Garden Vegetables 206,011

Small Fruits 17,495

Vineyards 9,836

Total 636,938

These figures do not include the gardens lying within the boundaries of
incorporated cities, towns and villages, which, by the way, are not so large as
they might be. There does not seem to be as strong a disposition on the part
of urban dwellers in Canada to grow fruits and vegetables for themselves and
their families as is evidently the case with urban dwellers in European coun-
tries. Most industrial centres, both in Great Britain and on the continent of
Europe, are characterized by the miles of small gardens by which they are
surrounded. In Canada large areas in close proximity to our cities are allow-
ed to remain idle, which might profitably be put under cultivation by the arti-
sans and other workers in the city.

The Canadian orchards were made up as follows. (The number of trees
were those in existence on June 1st, 1911, namely, the time when the census
was taken. The production was for the year previous, namely, 1910).

INDUSTRY S3

Kinds of Fruits. Trees Bearing. Trees Non-Bearing. Production.

Bushels.

Apple 10,617,372 5,599,804 10,618,666

Peach 839,288 1,056,359 646,826

Pear 581,704 385,538 504,171

Plum 1,075,130 637,220 508,994

Cherry 741,992 495,082 238,974

Other 146,659 141,233 47,789

Total 14,002,14S 8,315,236 12,565,420

The production of small fruits was as follows :

Grapes 32,898,438 Ibs.

Strawberries 18,686,662 boxes.

Currants and Gooseberries 3,830,609 quarts.

All others 9,000,208 boxes.

The value of Canada 's fruit and vegetable production in 1910 by province*
was as follows :

Province. Orchard Fruits. Small Fruits. Vegetable. Total.

Ontario $5,564,133 $2,254,913 $6,043,617 $13,862,663

Quebec 1,186,479 284,633 5,797,666 7,268,778

Nova Scotia 1,547,245 87,161 1,392,039 3,026,445

British Columbia . . 1,022,576 312,528 1,023,263 2,358,367

Manitoba 7,146 14,690 1,428,402 1,450,238

New Brunswick . . . 267,993 62,806 873,861 1,204,660

Alberta 401 6,469 1,129,922 1,136,792

Saskatchewan .... 327 3,828 1,047,082 1,051,237

Prince Ed. Island.. 132,233 25,564 70,692 228,489

Total $9,728,533 $3,052,592 $18,806,544 $31,587,669

Field Crops. The area and production of Canada's field crops in 1910
were as follows :

Crops. 1910.

Acres. Bushels.

Wheat, all 8,864,514 132,077,547

Wheat, fall .... 977,615 20,408,360

Wheat, spring .. 7,886,899 111,669,187

Barley . . 1,283,094 28,848,310

Oats 8,656,179 245,393,425

Rye 114,728 1,542,219

Corn for husking . . 293,951 14,417,599

Buckwheat 357,513 7,102,853

Peas 355,191 4,788,916

Average yield per Acre.
Bushels.
14.90
20.87
14.15
22.48
28.35
13.44
49.05
19.86
13.48

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Beans 46,299 826,281 17.85

Mixed grains .... 426,957 13,086,400 30.65

Flax 582,185 4,244,935 7.29

Grass seed 141,085

Clover seed 336,445

Potatoes 464,504 55,461,473 119.40

Turnips 112,305 47,371,434 421.81

Mangolds 56,729 30,353,132 535.05

Sugar beets 17,710 6,498,101 366.92

Other field roots . . . 7,821 2,436,367 311 . 52

Tons. Tons,

flay and Clover .. 8,289,407 10,406,367 1.25

Alfalfa 54,804 115,189 2.12

Corn for forage .... 294,347 2,705,103 6 . 86

Other forage crops. 257,838 343,228 1.33

Lb. Lb.

Tobacco 18,928 17,632,342 934.19

Hops 1,164 1,208,450 1,039.97

The value of Canada's field crops by provinces in 1910, was as follows

Ontario $140,786,055

Saskatchewan 79,754,903

Quebec 65,353,528

Manitoba , . ... 45,509,520

Alberta 17,015,329

New Brunswick 11,030,237

Nova Scotia 11,005,033

British Columbia 7,246,018

Prince Edward Island 6,613,172

Total $384,513,795

Animal Products On June 1st, 1911, there were on Canadian farms the
following animals :

Ontario ....
Quebec ....

Saskat

Manitoba . .

Alberta

Nova Scotia.

N. B

P. E. I

B.C. .

Horses.

812,214

371,571

507,468

280,374

407,153

61,420

65,409

35,935

57,414

Milch

Cows.

1,032,996

754,220

181,168

155,328

147,649

129,274

108,557

52,109

33,954

Other

Cattle.

1,468,540

699,049

452,470

280,240

592,076

158,218

113,671

61,334

105,230

Sheep.
742,188
637,088
114,216

37,322
133,592
221,074
158,316

91,232

39,272

Swine.

1,887,451

794,351

286,295

188,416

237,511

63,380

87,393

56,377

33,604

Poultry.

14,488,980

5,161,794

3,393,403

2,585,903

2,453,117

954,251

982,251

760,939

1,012,220

Total .. 2,598,258 2,595,255 3,930,828 2,174,300 3,634,778 31,793,261

INDUSTRY 35

The principal items of poultry were as follows:

Hens and chickens 29,773,457

Turkeys 863,182

Geese 629,524

Ducks ... 527,098

The value of animal products, including the value of animals sold or killed
in 1910 was as follows :

Horses ... $46,810,659

Cattle 74,025,205

Sheep 5,455,357

Swine 51,344,366

Dairy Products 103,381,854

Eggs 23,270,76a

Wool 1,602,044

Poultry not given

Total $305,890,248

In considering the above figures it should be borne in mind that some
animals may have been sold more than once during the year, particularly in
cases where they have been bought for feeding and fattening purposes and
later on sold for home consumption or export.

According to the returns given in the census of 1911, the value of the pro-
ducts of Canada's Agricultural Industries were, therefore, as follows:

Orchards and gardens $31,587,669

Field Crops 384,513,795

Animals and Animal Products, about 300,000,000

Total $715,101,464

This figure, however, does not represent the net returns to the industry
of agriculture because much of the field crops are used by the farmers to feed
their stock. Some idea of the value of the agricultural products of Canada
may be had from an examination of the exports and imports of agricultural
products. For each of the fiscal years of 1911 and 1914, we have the follow-
ing taken from the Government trade returns.

Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports.

1911. 1911. 1914. 1914.
Animals and Animal Pro-
ducts 52,244,174 16,322,635 53,349,119 24,040,761

Grain Crops 82,601,284 30,419,498 198,220,229 39,442,183

Total $134,845,458 $46,742,133 $251,569,148 $63,482,444

36 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Canada's requirements of southern fruits such as oranges, bananas, etc.,
and seed corn for forage purposes articles not grown in this country form a
considerable amount of the above imports. But even including these, the agri-
cultural industry of this country feeds its population of over 8,000,000 people
and has a surplus approximating a value of $200,000,000 for export.

Canada 's importations of wool and woollen goods, cotton and cotton goodtr
and all other textiles and clothing of all kinds, amounts to about
120 millions of dollars a year, so that in the net results, the agricultural in-
dustry may be said to feed and clothe her population and have a net surplus
of 70 millions of dollars annually. This, of course, is in addition to any
other service which this industry renders in the way of supplying the country
with horses, improving its own stock, etc., and in keeping pace with the
settlement and development of the country which in itself has been a con-
siderable demand, particularly during the years under review. The ex-
ports of agricultural products during the year ending March 31st, 1915, were
considerably in excess to those of 1914 or any previous year. This is due
mainly to two considerations. First, the decrease in domestic requirements
on account of a decrease in emigration, and second to the constant improve-
ment that has taken place in the facilities of and power for production.

MANUFACTURING.

At the time of the Peace of Paris, when Canada passed to the English, or
even thirteen years later when the New England States gained their independ-
ence, there was little or no manufacturing anywhere, not even in England, that
was not performed by hand in the home or in a small shop which bore a rela-
tion to the home similar to that of the country blacksmith shop of to-day.
Every piece of work was done by hand. The workers showed no tendency to
concentrate in cities or towns. The existing groups seldom amounted to
more than a village. Horse power and a few crude water powers were the
only forces known and the requirements for these were exceedingly limited
as there was no machinery to drive. The grain was threshed with a flail
and ground with a mortar. The invention of machinery and the develop-
ment and application of mechanical power has been simultaneous in Great
Britain, United States and Canada. An invention or a discovery made in any
one of these three countries was not long in spreading to the other two.

The period from the Declaration of Independence to the Battle of Water-
loo was marked by startling changes on every side of the economic life of
these three countries. The flying shuttle was adapted to cotton-weaving
about 1760 and the spinning jenny about 1770; but little progress was made
with either of these machines until after 1774 when certain disabilities regard-
ing the sale of their products were removed and water power was applied to
operate them. From this date the factory system may be said to commence
and to have entered upon the long struggle between domestic handicraft and
machine industry. The result was never in doubt. By 1815 the nucleus of
several factory centres in both Great Britain and America were well under
way, turning out factory made goods, particularly textiles from crude mach-
inery, which, nevertheless, embodied well-defined principles and which was
driven by water power and the steam engine. In this period the use of coal

INDUSTRY 37

for the smelting of iron as well as for the generation of steam became general
and the puddling process by which malleable iron is made was discovered.
The use of the steam engine in creating a blast improved the blast or smelting
furnace and thereby considerably augmented the production of iron, converted
the blacksmith shops into foundries and generally revolutionized the whole
hardware business.

During the next period the only important advancement in manufac-
turing lay in the application of steam to locomotion and the development
of the railroad and the steamboat. This period is characterized chiefly by
the long and bitter conflict between the classes and the masses, largely brought
about by the new conditions which machinery had created, by the new spirit
awakened by life in America and by the dawn of education and a spreading of
the reading habit. The termination of this unrest was not simultaneous in
the three countries. In England it ended with the repeal of the Corn Laws in
1846 ; in the United States it continued until after the Civil War ; and in our
country the greater expansion began only after the Confederation Act in 1867.

Previous to 1867 the ingenuity of the silent and patient inventor had
evolved the principles of the reaper, the sewing maching, the telegraph and
the vulcanization of rubber. During the immediately succeeding years, the
telephone, the dynamo and the arc lamp appeared. But it was not until 1880
that these began to be manufactured and applied to the general use of man-
kind in a way that has meant so much to our comfort and prosperity. With
this year also the world entered upon a period of invention and discovery
undreamt of before. "The ten years beginning with 1880 saw an outburst of
inventive activity that dwarfed all similar periods in the history of inven-
tion. It seemed that the discovery of things electrical in the last three or four
years of the previous decade was a signal for the pent-up genius of the world
to let loose."*

The ten years that followed produced the trolley car, the incandescent
lamp, the automobile, the typewriter, the cash register, the steam turbine, the
gasoline engine, the type-setter and caster, the cyanide process, electric weld-
ing, smokeless powder, the phonograph, the air-brake, the transparent film r
the pneumatic tire, the half-tone process, the coupler, the cream separator,
dynamite, etc. In the eighties the generation and utilization of electricity
were developed and the dynamo, the transformer and the motor began to-
be manufactured on a large scale. In this decade the high furnace heat,,
which only the electrical current can produce, aroused the chemist and mejtal-
luristgist to efforts that have meant more to science and its application to in-
dustry than is generally understood. In fact, the discoveries and inventions
that were made during the eighties seemed to leave little to be found and placed
a heavy task upon the mechanic and the civil, mechanical, electrical and mining
engineer, the metallurgist, the chemist and the physicist to perfect and to manu-
facture. But discovery and invention did not cease with the closing of the
eighties. Since then, the world has received wireless telegraphy, the flying ma-
chine, the pneumatic tools and the wonderful development in the engines of
destruction typified by the dreadnought.

The manufacture of machinery resulting from all these inventions and

Scientific American, June 5th, 1915 "

38 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

discoveries and their operation in factories and shops has produced industries
that absorb the energies of a large and ever-increasing number of people.
Much labor which used to be employed in the fields for the seeding and har-
vesting of crops by hand is now employed in making machinery, which enables
one man to do the work of many. The textiles and foodstuffs that used to be
made in the home are now manufactured in the factory. The work that used
to be done by the cobbler, the carpenter, the waggon maker, the butcher and
the miller is rapidly being absorbed and centralized into large plants.

According to the last census the manufacturing industry of Canada was
registered as follows :

No. of Estab-

Industries. lishments. Employees.

Food Products 6,985 52,730

Textiles 1,444 72,672

Iron and Steel Products 824 48,557

Timber & Lumber & re-manufactures. 4,999 110,049

Leather and its Finished Products 399 22,742

Paper and Printing 773 22,894

Liquors and Beverages . . 206 4,688

Chemicals and Allied Products 178 5,274

Clay, Glass and Stone Products 771 17,699

Metals and Metal Products other than

steel 341 17,502

Tobacco and its manufactures 173 8,763

Vehicles for Land Transportation .... 465 35,778

Vessels for Water Transportation .... 172 4,414

Miscellaneous Industries 1,011 38,537

Other Trades 423 8,826

Total 19,218 471,126

Many of the establishments included in the above table have already been
considered under industries other than manufacturing, where they more pro-
perly belong. For instance, in the group labelled "Food Products" there are
3,626 cheese and butter factories and 1,521 fish curing establishments which,
to be properly catalogued, should be classified with the industries of agricul-
ture and fishing. For the same reason the 4,358 log and lumber camps and
mills with 93,649 employees, which are included in the above group of manufac-
tures labelled "Timber and Lumber," have been considered in a former part
of this book as part of the lumber industry. Also many of the quarries,
mines, mills and yards included in the groups labelled "Metals and Metal
Products," and "Clay and Stone," have been considered when dealing with
the industry of mining.

The country has been expanding with such rapidity, occasioning a corre-
sponding increase in the demand for domestic consumption, that the manufac-
turing industry has had abundant opportunity for growth. There has also
been an excellent opportunity for the working up, to a more highly finished
article, the products of the country 's natural resources for export, such as the

INDUSTRY 39

milling of her grains, the canning of her fruits, meats, vegetables and fish, the
making of paper from pulp wood, etc. Another feature of considerable en-
couragement to the manufacturing industry is the existence of excellent water
falls, which furnish large quantities of electricity the latest and most satisfac-
tory kind of motive power at a comparatively low rate. Canada 's proximity
to the markets of the world, more fully described in the introductory chapter
of this book, is another factor of much importance in the outlook for the Cana-
dian manufacturer, as well as for the producers of her natural products.

The first two above-mentioned factors, namely, domestic markets and
supplies of natural products, are the main requisits for a manufacturing indus-
try, either for domestic consumption or export. This country would not be the
factor she is in the export of agricultural implements, vehicles, leather or
threshing and other machinery, if she had not such a domestic market for these
articles as she has. It should also be noted that Canada would not have,
for export, such articles as aluminium, were it not for her cheap electrical
power. Aluminium is made from imported bauxite by electrical process.

The value of the exports of the above-mentioned articles during the last
four years was as follows :

1911 1912 1913 1914

Agricultural Implements $5,903,199 $5,698,537 $6,152,559 $7,219,520

Leather and manufactures of. 1,998,955 1,850,462 1,423,583 3,213,941

Vehicles 1,151,192 1,975,187 2,623,730 4,014,573

Threshing machines and all

other machinery 990,789 962,992 1,260,349 1,459,876

Aluminium & manufactures of 907,907 1,355,654 1,645,652 1,891,673

Chapter II.

COMMERCE

Trade Transportation Market Weights
and Measures

Commerce is the traffic or trade in goods. When this traffic takes place
between people situated in places within the same country it is referred to
as the Domestic or Home Trade or Commerce of that country. When
the traffic or trade is between people in different countries, it is regarded
as Foreign or International Trade or Commerce. The country from which
the goods come is the Exporting Country, and the goods are regarded by such
as Exports. The country receiving the goods is the Importing Country, and
the goods are regarded by it as Imports.

As long as mankind lived in scattered and isolated families and tribes,
each supplying its own wants directly by its own labor, there was little or
no commerce or trade. Commerce had its birth in the division of labor ; and
in proportion as specialization of labor and production advanced did com-
merce expand.

In the beginning it was most natural that the man who knew how to
make shoes should supply not only his own requirements but also those of
his neighbours, who, in turn, exchanged a part of the product of their
craft or labour for shoes. The greatest division of labour began with the
introduction of machinery and the use of power. As these two factors be-
came developed, the factory product replaced more and more the home-made
and the home-grown article, until at the present time the activities of the
whole people of any country and even of the world may be divided into
distinct industries, each providing a certain kind of article or articles for
domestic use or for export, which, through the medium of trade and com-
merce, is exchanged for the articles required to satisfy the wants of its
workers, who purchase them with the wages or salaries they receive for
their work.

Commerce is further enhanced by reason of the fact that many indus-
tries tend to become localized on account of some particular circumstance.
For instance, nowhere in the world is nitrate found in so extensive a deposit
as that which exists in Chili, South America, with the result that Chili supplies
the world's requirements of this article. For a similar reason Louisiana, U.S.A.,
and Sicily, Italy, supply the world with most of its requirements of sulphur,

42 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

and Canada supplies the world's markets with nickel, asbestos, and cobalt.
For the same reason Canada is an important factor in the world's supply
of pulp and paper, wheat, flour and fish.

Again, some communities excel in the production of certain articles, with
the result that they become the centre of these industries. This accounts for
Leicester being the centre of the English boot and shoe industry, Massachu-
setts the centre of the same industry in the United States, and Montreal hold-
ing the same position in the Canadian industry of boot and shoe making.
Furthermore, industry often seeks a certain locality on account of its better
shipping facilities or on account of cheap power, or for some other advantage.

But whether it is because of the division of labor or by reason of an
abundant harvest in one place, while famine exists in another, or the advan-
tage which one place possesses over others on account of some facility for
production, the foundation of trade and commerce is the same. It lies in the
fact that commodities, after bearing the cost of transit, are of more value in
one place than in another, and it is the business of the merchant, the salesmen,
and the purchasing agent, assisted by advertisements, to seek out these in-
equalities and to gather in what profit the process of equalization may afford.
In this process of equalization or levelling up, the tendency of commerce is to
connect one seat of population with another, to open up new routes, to seize
on every physical advantage of transit between them, and by the union, not
only of labor and capacities, but of almost boundless diversified territorial
resources to increase the production and circulation of commodities.

"It is the natural effect of Commerce to bring prices as nearly as pos-
sible to a uniform level all over the world, and to this end railways and steam
navigation have mainly co-operated. No longer do we see the inequalities of
only a few years ago, when the value of the same commodity was often 50
per cent higher in one place than another only a hundred miles distant. ' '

FOREIGN COMMERCE.

In former times, and even to a comparatively recent date, the facilities for
and the responsibilities of transporting goods rested with the individual or
group of individuals, who purchased the goods with cash or kind in one
market, carried them by caravan or ship, which they protected against rob-
bers and pirates by private forces, and sold for cash or kind in another mar-
ket. How different is all this to-day, when, with the aid of international
banks, insurance corporations, railroad and steamship companies, navies, the
mail, the telegram, and the cable, the merchant may sell a bill of goods to
a person on the opposite side of the earth, procure at shipping point a
through rail and ocean Bill of Lading to final destination ; or, if he so desire,
he may obtain from the railway agent a local Shipping Receipt to the sea-
board, this to be exchanged at the ocean port for a Marine Bill of Lading, get
his Marine Insurance Certificate from a broker, attach both to a Draft drawn
on the purchaser At Sight or 30, 60, or 90 days After Sight, get the
necessary Clearing Papers from the Customs, deposit all these, to-
gether with an Invoice for the goods, with his Banker, and have the

"The History of Prices," by Molhdl.

COMMERCE 43

proceeds of the draft Discounted at the current rate of International
Exchange, placed to the credit of his account, without leaving his office.
This is generally spoken of as selling and shipping Sight or Time Draft
Against Documents. In the ahove case it is assumed that the goods have
been sold for a certain price C.I.P. (charges, insurance and freight paid up to)
at the port of entry. Beyond this the Consignee, or Purchaser, that is the
person to whom the goods are Consigned by the Consignor or Seller,
will require to pay the Port Dues and any Import Duties which the
Fiscal Policy of the country of entry may impose. He will also be required
to pay Lighterage (if any), for the carrying of goods from the Ocean
Steamer to the Docks. Lighterage is necessary only when the ocean vessel
cannot get alongside of the dock or wharf, where the goods require
to be delivered. In the Port of London, England, the business of
lighterage is considerable, because of the congestion of shipping with a limited
wharfage, and also because ocean going vessels do not pass further up the
Thames than London Bridge. He also pays the Dock Dues, the Cartage
from the docks to the railway, and the Freight Charges by rail to the
place of delivery. At most large ocean ports there are Shipping or Trans-
portation Agents, who look after the trans-shipment of the goods from
the steamer to the railway, and who pay the above-mentioned charges, for
which services they receive a stipulated Fee, or sometimes a Commission,
that is a small percentage of the value of the goods handled. In this case
the purchaser releases the bill-of-lading at the bank as soon as it arrives,
by paying the attached draft, if it is drawn at sight, or by giving his Accept-
ance to it, if it is drawn at thirty, sixty, or ninety days ''after sight," or
' ' after date. ' ' The bill-of-lading is then sent down to the transportation agent
to await the arrival of the goods, which generally travel by a Freighter,
that is a steam or sailing vessel carrying freight, and hence arrives later than
do the documents which travel by registered mail on a fast Ocean Liner.

If satisfactory relations had not been previously established between
both, the Vendor, that is the person who sold the goods, might require
the Purchaser to buy the goods F.O.B. (free on board) the cars at the
point of production, in which case, the purchaser would require to authorize
payment by a Letter of Credit, or in some other way before the goods were
shipped. When purchases are made in this way, the buyer pays all the
harges of shipment, including railway carriage to the port of departure,
export duties, if any are imposed, trans-shipment charges, including dock
duties, port duties, etc., the ocean freight, insurance, all trans-shipment
charges at the port of entry, import duties and railway charges to the point
of destination. In most cases where goods are sold F. 0. B. at point of pro-
duction, they are financed by the shipper consigning them to his own order
and drawing 011 the consignee for the value of the goods at point of produc-
tion with invoice and through bill of lading attached to his draft. The con-
signee pays the draft and also the freight and other charges from the point
of production, upon the arrival of the goods at the foreign destination.

Often the goods require to be stored, as they would if a larger quantity
is purchased than can be disposed of at once, or when they are bought at one
season of the year to be sold at another, or if the Market Falls, that is,
if the market price goes down. In this case they are put into Ware-

44 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

houses, either with or without Cold Storage, or in the case of grain,
may be put in an elevator. In this case the owner receives a Warehouse
Certificate, on the credit of which Collateral or security the banks
will advance money with which the owner may pay for the goods. Goods in
warehouse may be sold, and the ownership transferred by simply Endors-
ing the warehouse receipt to the purchaser or new owner. Some countries
that levy import tariffs maintain Free Ports, where the cargoes may enter
and be trans-shipped to vessels for other ports without payment of the import
duty. Other countries maintain at the ports of entry Bonded Ware-
houses, where goods are received In Bond, and the Import Duties are not
paid unless or until the goods are taken out for consumption in the country
of entry. Goods may also be shipped in bond through one country and into
another by the Customs Officer simply putting the seal of bond on the car, if
the goods are being shipped in carload lots (C.L.) or on the packages if the
goods are being shipped in less than carload lots (L.C.L.). Goods on which
an excise duty is levied, such as tobacco and liquors, are manufactured and
stored in bond, and the excise duty is not paid until the goods are taken
out of warehouse for shipment or for consumption.

Metropolitan ports such as London, Liverpool, New York, etc., have direct
and regular sailings to practically all the principal ports of the world, and
goods originating at smaller ports may require to be carried first to one of
these metropolitan ports and there trans-shipped on a vessel that has regular
sailings to the port which the goods are intended to reach. Where shipments
of goods are large enough to fill a vessel, a Tramp Vessel, chat is a vessel
without regular sailings, may be chartered to carry the cargo direct to its
ports of destination for a fixed rate. The lease in such a transaction is called
the Charter Party (from Chart Partie or divided Chart) from the practice
of cutting the document in two and giving one part to each of the contracting
parties.

When railroad cars or vessels are detained beyond the time allowed for
loading or discharging, a charge for this loss of time, called Demurrage,
is made.

Tonnage. The present system of registered tonnage was introduced by
Great Britain in 1854. The space in the hull or body of a vessel is ascertained
by measuring the area of the cross sections and the length, and 100 cubic feet
of space is a registered ton.

Net Tonnage is the space available for cargo aud passengers after
that occupied by the engines, coal bunkers or bins, etc., has been deducted.

Freight Ton is an arbitrary measure of 40 cubic feet or 2240 Ibs. Freight
rates on all compact commodities such as ores, loose or in bags, or Bales, that is
canvas covered packages of cotton, wool, tobacco, etc., are quoted so much
per Ton Weight, providing of course that a ton does not occupy a space of
more than 40 cubic feet, in which case the rate will be charged on the Freight
Ton rate of 40 cubic feet. Freight rates on certain other commodities such as
grain in bags or in bulk are quoted so much per bushel, or more generally so
much per quarter of eight bushels for heavy grains, such as wheat, and of ten
bushels for light grain, such as oats.

Dunnage is any loose substance used to pack a ship's cargo to pre-
vent it from shifting which might cause the ship to List during the voyage.

COMMERCE 45

Load Line is a line marked on the sides of vessels. When the vessel is
loaded down to this line, she has as much cargo as she can safely carry.

Bill of Sufferance is a license allowing coasting vessels to load or
unload at Sufferance wharves without paying duties.

Clearance Papers is the permit given by the port authorities allowing
a vessel to clear or sail from the port. In this document the port of destina-
tion is also generally stated.

Manifest is a list of a ship's cargo in which the mark and number of
each package is given, together with the names of the shippers and consignees.
It is usually signed by the master or chief officer of the vessel and made out
in triplicate. A copy is kept by the master, another is retained at the port
of departure and a third is forwarded to the port of destination where, upon
arrival, the consignees are notified that their goods are coming on a certain
vessel which will arrive on such a day and will unload at such a wharf. The
consignees are thus given an opportunity to make arrangements for receiving
the goods directly from vessels so as to save storage. Any goods that are not
received directly are put into storage by the shipping company, because the
master of the vessel does not allow such delay to detain him. He unloads, takes
on his return cargo and clears from port as rapidly as possible.

The British Government publishes daily the manifests of all cargoes arriv-
ing or departing from each of the principal ports of the United Kingdom.
These are subscribed for by all merchants, manufacturers and shippers, and are
of great assistance to commerce and industry. In the United States the regula-
tions of most ports require that the manifests may be had by such publications
as desire to publish them. But in Canada they may be had only at the pleasure
of the shipping companies, with the result that this excellent means of encour-
aging trade is neglected.

Goods are referred to as being Short Shipped when they are left
over in port because of more freight being offered than the ship can carry.

Primage is the sum of money formerly paid by shippers or consignees
to masters of Tramp Vessels for the use of ropes, tackles, etc., in loading
or unloading, or sometimes paid to the masters as a gratuity for special care
of goods. Primage is charged at present by regular liners on possibly fifty
per cent, of the commodities carried. Tramp steamers to-day seldom charge
primage.

London Clause Charge is a charge levied by practically all North
Atlantic shipping companies on goods carried to the Port of London. The
Port of London authority receives no part of this charge, as is generally
understood. It all goes to the shipping company. Moreover it is levied
only on goods coming from Canada and United States. The tariff levied
and which is set out in full on the margin of all North Atlantic Bills
of Lading, is in part as follows: Lumber and logs, 2s per ton measurement,
or 2s 6d per ton weight at ship 's option. heese, 3s 6d per ton weight ; "Wheat,
corn and heavy grains, Is 9d; Barley, Is lid; Oats, 2s; Hay and Oil, Is 9d
per ton.

Customs Offices are maintained at freight centres, express offices
and post offices where imports are examined by Customs Officers
and the customs duties levied according to the schedule of import or
export duties authorized by the government. In the case of large shipments or

46 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

where the purchaser is in a hurry to get delivery of his goods, the Customs
Officers will allow immediate delivery of the greater part of the shipment,
retaining for examination purposes only a package or two, or a small quan-
tity, which is also delivered after the examination is made.

Dock Warrant is a document given by the owner of the goods to a
carter or other person authorizing him to remove or sell goods lying in dock.
The dock warrant that is most frequently met with in Canadian ports is the
warrant issued by the customs to the officer at the dock stating that the cus-
toms' charges have been paid on the goods in question and that the consignee
is permitted to take delivery in so far as the customs are as the customs are
concerned.

Very often goods are consigned to the master of the ship for transport
to a certain port.

DOMESTIC COMMERCE.

The foregoing account of procedure and terms applies more particularly to
international commerce, but much of it also applies to domestic commerce,
especially where the distance over which the goods are to be shipped is con-
siderable. Where the commerce is of a purely local character, the filling of
an order for goods is made in the same manner as the local tradesman deals
with his customers, that is, he sends the goods either by his own delivery or
custom carter, or by railway, by boat freight, by express or by parcel post,
c. o. d. (cash on delivery) or he makes delivery and charges them up to the
customer and renders his account, weekly, monthly or at other periods agreed
upon. In most cases except in those of the local grocers or other tradesmen
supplying goods to his customers, a Delivery Receipt is given in dupli-
cate, one copy of which is retained by the carter or delivery man and the other
copy is left with the receiver of the goods for his files. All orders for goods
should also be made in duplicate, one copy being retained by the purchaser
and the other sent to the person or firm filling the order. In fact, it is a good
practice in commerce to keep records of all despatches and receipts of goods.
Such records enable goods that are lost in transit to be more easily located as
well as keep the affairs of the firm in proper shape.

Goods may be carried by water, by rail or by waggon road, either as or-
dinary freight, fast freight or express or by parcel post.

OCEAN TRANSPORTATION.

In the matter of ocean transportation, there is but one way of carrying
goods, namely by boat, either steam or sail. Until the middle of the last
century, wooden sailing vessels alone were used. In these days the cost of
carrying goods was great, because of the time taken, the uncertainty of the
voyage and the small size of cargo.

The first steamship to successfully operate commercially was the "Cler-
mont," built in 1807, which plied on the Hudson River. The first
steamship of commercial importance to cross the Atlantic Ocean was the
' ' Sirius, ' ' which sailed from London on the 4th of April, 1838. But it was not
until about ten years later, when iron and steel began to replace wood as a

COMMERCE

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

material for building ships, that the merchant marine of the world, (that
is freight and passenger vessels), and the navies of the world (that is ships of
war for the protection of commerce on the high seas), began to advance to the
position they now hold.

As late as 1840 a vessel of 500 tons was considered large, while at the pre-
sent time there are vessels with a tonnage of as much as 54,282 tons, and of the
total number of vessels that were in commission on July 1st, 1914, 1,813 were
vessels of over 5,000 tons each.

In size this number was made up as follows :

Vessels over 20,000 tons 19

Vessels between 15,000 and 20,000 tons 34

Vessels between 10,000 and 15,000 tons 178

Vessels between 7,000 and 10,000 tons 424

Vessels between 5,000 and 7,000 tons 1,558

Total 1,813

The Merchant Marine of the world on July 1st, 1914, including all vessels,
either on the ocean or engaged in inland waters and including vessels of 100
tons and over, was as follows :

Sailing ships 6,392 with a tonnage of 3,695,675

Steamships 24,444 with a tonnage of 45,403,877

Total 30,836 with a tonnage of 49,099,552

These were registered as follows :
Country.

British Empire

Germany

United States

Norway ; . . .

France

Japan

Italy

Holland

Sweden ,

Austria-Hungary

Russia .

Spain .... ........ .... ..

Greece

Denmark ,

Belgium

Brazil

Argentine

Turkey

Chile

Portugal

No.

of Ships.
11,328
2,338
3,174
2,191
1,576
1,103
1,160

806
1,466

445
1,254

647

487

822

482

448

313
2202

123

210

Tonnage.

21,045,049

5,459,296

5,368,194

2,504,722

2,319,438

1,708,386

1,668,296

1,496,455

1,118,086

1,055,719

1,053,818

898,823

836,868

820,181

352,124

323,929

221,681

133,158

125,917

120,931

COMMERCE

The world's ship-building of merchant vessels of 100 tons and upwards
during 1913 was as follows :

Country.

No. of Vessels.

Tonnage.

British Empire

779

1,980,492

Germany ,

162

465,226

United States

205

276,448

France

176,095

Holland

104,296

Japan

152

64,664

Austria-Hungary

61,757

Norway

50,637

Italy

50,356

Denmark

40,932

Other Countries . . .... .

108

61,979

Total

1,750

3,332,882

MONTREAL HARBOR.

According to the annual report of the department of Marine and Fisheries,
the year 1914 was the best that Canada has had since the advent of steel
shipbuilding. In that year the new vessels built in Canada aggregated 43,-

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

346 tons. The increase in the year's production, however, was reduced to
35,457 tons by reason of the year's loss in vessels from sinking, selling and
breaking up of old craft. The number and tonnage of vessels registered in
Canada at the close of 1914 was 8,722 vessels with an aggregate tonnage of
932,422 tons.

The number of sea-going vessels which entered Canadian ports during
the year ending March 31st, 1913, was 18,087, with a registered tonnage of
freight or in ballast of 13,575,193, and the number which cleared from Cana-
dian ports during the same time was 17,597, with an aggregate tonnage of
12,655,905. The number of vessels trading on the inland waters of Canada,
which arrived at Canadian ports during the same year was 30,814, with an
aggregate tonnage of 16,147,103, and the number of vessels which cleared

8T. JOHN HARBOR.

from the ports on the inland waters of Canada during the same year was
30,754 with an aggregtae tonnage of 15,471,582.

For the purpose of fostering and encouraging Canadian trade, and creating
as many direct sailings from Canadian ports as possible, the Dominion Govern-
ment grants annual subsidies to certain steam ship routes, carry mails, etc.
The following is the list of the routes with the subsidies granted for the year,
1914-15:

Atlantic Ocean Routes. 1914-15.

Annapolis and London, or Hull $ 5,000.00

Canadian Atlantic ports and Australia and New Zealand .... 140,000.00

Canada and Great Britain 1,000,000.00

Canada and Cuba 25,000.00

COMMERCE

Canada and Newfoundland

Canada, the West Indies and South America

Canada and South Africa

Halifax, St. John's, Nfld., and Liverpool

Montreal, Quebec, and Manchester (in Summer) and St. John,

Halifax and Manchester (in Winter)

St. John, Dublin and Belfast (Winter)

St. John and Glasgow (Winter)

St. John, Halifax, and London (Winter)

St. John, Halifax and London

70,000.00
340,666.6ft
146,000.00

20,000.00

35,000.00
7,500.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
25,000.00

VANCOUVER HARBOUR.

Pacific Ocean Routes.
Canada, Australia or New Zealand, or both (Pacific)

Prince Rupert and Queen Charlotte Islands

Victoria and San Francisco

Victoria, Vancouver and Skagway

180,509.00

16,000.00

3,000.00

12,500.00

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Victoria and West Coast Vancouver Island 5,000 . 00

Vancouver and Northern Ports of British Columbia 17,600.00

Local Services.

Baddeck and lona 5,825.00

Charlottetown, Victoria and Holliday's Wharf 2,500.00

Froude 's Point and Lockeport, N.S 600.00

Gaspe Basin and Dalhousie or Campbellton 20,000.00

Grand Manan and the Mainland 10,000.00

Halifax and Canso 5,000.00

Halifax and Newfoundland via Cape Breton ports 10,000.00

Halifax, Mahone Bay, Tancook Island and LaHavre River ports 4,000 . 00

Halifax and Spry Bay 2,000.00

Halifax, South Cape Breton and Bras d'Or Lake ports 4,000.00

Halifax and West Coast Cape Breton 2,000.00

QUEBEC HARBOUR.

Halifax and Sherbrooke

Eenora and Fort Frances

Mainland and Magdalen Islands

Mulgrave and Canso

Mulgrave and Guysboro

Port Mulgrave, St. Peter's, Irish Cove and Marble Mountain

Pictou, Mulgrave and Cheticamp

Newcastle, Neguac & Escuminac, Miramichi River and Bay,

Pelee Island and the Mainland

Petit-de-Grat and I.C.R. terminus at Mulgrave

Petitcodiac River, Moncton and way ports

Pictou, Montague, Murray Harbor and Georgetown

Pictou & New Glasgow and Antigonish County ports ....

2,000.00
8,000.00
15,000.00
6,500.00
5,500.00
6,000.00
7,500.00
2,500.00
5,000.00
6,000.00
2,000.00
6,000.00
500.00

COMMERCE

Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and Newfoundland 16,500 . 00

Prince Edward Island and the Mainland 12,500.00

Quebec and Blanc Sablon || 20,000.00

Quebec and Gaspe Basin 8,500.00

Quebec and North Shore of Isle of Orleans 4,500.00

Riviere du Loup, Tadousac and North Shore Ports 6,000.00

Riviere du Loup, Tadousac and St. Lawrence Ports (Winter). . 8,000.00

St. Catharines Bay and Tadousac 3,500.00

St. John and Digby 20,000.00

St. John, Digby, Annapolis and Granville 1,500 . 00

St. John, Digby, Bear River and Clementsport 1,500.00

St. John and Bridgetown 2,000.00

St. John and St. Andrew's, N.B 4,000.00

St. John and Halifax via Yarmouth 10,000.00

St. John and Bay of Fundy and Minas Basin ports 8,000 . 00

St. John and Cumberland Basin 3,000.00

St. John, Westport and Yarmouth 5,500.00

St. Stephen, St. Croix River, Deer Island and Campbello .... 6,000.00

Sydney and Bay St. Lawrence 6,000.00

Sydney & Whycocomagh 3,000.00

Sydney and East Coast of Cape Breton 5,500.00

Expenses in connection with the supervision of subsidized

steamship services 3,000 . 00

Total $2,375,700.66

Authorized by Statute.

Canada, China and Japan $121,666.00

Canada and France 200,000.00

Total $2,697,367.00

OCEAN PORTS.

London is the world's greatest port. The import goods handled by the
Port of London Authority during the 12 months ending March 31st, 1914,
amounted to 2,218,266 long tons. The exports handled in the same time am-
ounted to 823,865 long tons. In the same time goods entering and departing
from the Port of Liverpool, which is the world's third largest port, was only
one-tenth less than that of London. The first ten ocean ports of the world
in the order of their importance are as follows :

London, New York, Liverpool, Hamburg, Antwerp, Marseilles, Havre,
Bremen, Buenos Aires, and Calcutta.

Montreal, which is Canada's largest, is one of the world's leading ocean
ports, and does an extensive shipping trade during the open season, but on ac-
count of the navigation on the St. Lawrence being closed during the winter
months, the aggregate shipping for the year falls below the other great ports
of the world. On the Atlantic coast there are two good Canadian ocean ports
that are open throughout the year, viz., St. John, N.B., and Halifax, N.S., but

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

much freight going east of Montreal is diverted either to New York, on ac-
count of its larger number of direct sailings, or to Portland, Maine, which is
the Atlantic terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway. On the Pacific coast of
Canada, there are also two good ocean ports, viz., Vancouver, which has al-
ready a considerable trade that is growing rapidly, and Victoria.

The Dominion Government has provided much money for the dredging
and deepening of Canadian ports, for the building of docks and storage and

1^^^.

i^fiL:*. v%.^ * : v.&a

HALIFAX HARBOUR.

transhipping elevators, warehouses, drydocks, and in fact for the providing of
yery modern facility which would encourage shipping. The harbor of Mont-
real particularly is one of the best equipped in the world.

Much money has also been spent on the harbours of her inland waterways,
particularly those situated on the Great Lakes.

INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION.

Prom the beginning of commerce, and before the days of the railroad,
goods were conveyed more cheaply by water than by road, and hence the main
thoroughfares of trade lay along navigable water routes, and many of those
that were not naturally navigable were made so by the building of canals,
which enabled vessels to avoid swift currents, rapids and falls, and to penetrate
into the country much farther than they otherwise could. Even since the ad-
vent of the railway, particularly in those countries such as Germany, France,

COMMERCE

Belgium and Holland, where equal attention has been given to the maintenance
of canals and other inland water routes with that given to railroads, goods are
carried by water much more cheaply than by rail. According to the evidence
taken by the British Royal Commission appointed to investigate the possibili-
ties of canals and inland navigation in Great Britain, goods are carried from
the interior of Germany by canal, via, the Elbe, two hundred and ten miles, to
Hamburg for 7s. ($1.71) a long ton, whereas the rail rate on the same class of
goods between the same points is 21s. 6d. ($5.23). In Belgium, where forty-
five per cent, of the total tonnage carried is by boat on the inland waterways,

TORONTO HARBOUR.

PORT ARTHUR AND FORT WILLIAM HARBOURS.

the average rate by boat for all classes of commodities is not more than one
half the average rail rate. The results in these countries demonstrate that it is
a mistake to feel that inland waterways are inimicable to the success of rail-
roads. On the contrary, they are helpful. They are the best encouragers of
inland industrial centres.

Considering size, no country in the world is so well supplied with natural
inland water routes as is Canada. Her finest is that stretching from the Atlan-

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

COMMERCE 87

tic over a distance of 2,217 miles up the St. Lawrence and through the Great
Lakes to Port Arthur and Fort William. At present this water route is navig-
able only as far as Montreal, and goods coming down from the ports on the
Great Lakes by vessels that are not too large to pass from Lake Erie to Lake
Ontario on the Welland Canal, or to go down from Lake Ontario through the St.
Lawrence Canals, which are built to avoid the rapids on that river, trans-ship
their cargoes to the ocean steamers at Montreal. Many lake boats that can
pass through the Welland Canal are too large for the River St. Lawrence and
its canals. These trans-ship their cargoes at Kingston to barges (vessels with-
out sails or engines, which carry freight only) , which are towed down to Mont-
real by tugs (steamers that do not carry freight, and which are built only for
the purpose of hauling barges or other boats along with a tow line). When the
improvements that are now being made on the Welland Canal are finished, ves-
sels of even greater tonnage from the upper lakes will be able to get through
to Kingston. The largest and most improved canal on this route is the Sault
Ste. Marie Canal, which connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron. This, with-
out doubt, is the finest canal in Canada.

Eventually, ocean vessels will be able to reach Port Arthur and Fort Wil-
liam, for there is no engineering difficulty in the way of so improving this great
water route. It is merely a question of expenditure. One very encouraging
feature about the project is the valuable water powers which could be develop-
ed, while at the same time the St. Lawrence canals are being improved. Thi
would give Eastern Ontario a supply of cheap electrical power, which would
stimulate industry in the eastern part of the Province of Ontario as the hydro-
electric power from Niagara has in the western part of that Province.

The Canadian canals, the waterways which they open up, and the repre-
sentative tonnage carried over each in the year 1913 are as follows :

Tons.
Sault Ste. Marie Canal (from Lake Superior to Lake Huron) .... 42,699,324

St. Lawrence Canals (from Kingston to Montreal) 4,302,427

Welland Canal (from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario) 3,570,714

Chambly Canal (from Lake Champlain to River St. Lawrence) . . 555,602

Ottawa Canals (from Ottawa to Montreal) 365,438

Murray Canal (from Lake Ontario to Bay of Quinte) 180,576

Rideau Canals (from Kingston to Ottawa) . . 171,223

St. Andrews Lock (from Red River to Lake Winnipeg) 81,295

St. Peters Canal (from Atlantic to Bras d'or Lake, C.B.) 71,514

All the above mentioned canals are owned and controlled by the Dominion
Government, which had spent on their construction and enlargement to the
end of 1913 the sum of $124,652,119.

RAILROADS.

Until the advent of steam railways, the growth of commerce made but
slow progress, and did not extend for any great distance from the shores of the
then existing water routes. The first use made of the newly found means of
transportation was to connect up the waterways over spaces where canals
could not very well be built and where traffic already existed. Hence the
first railway in Canada was built between La Prairie, on the South shore of

58 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

the St. Lawrence, opposite Montreal, and St. John, on the Richelieu River. At
that time, this short piece of overland route, namely from La Prairie to St.
John, formed part of the well beaten path between Montreal and New York.
Up to that time, goods and passengers had been carried over this part of
the route by wagons and packhorses. The La Prairie-St. John Railroad was
opened in 1837. Within a few years from this date, namely, in 1853, when the
Great Western Railway was opened from Niagara to Hamilton, London and
Windsor, the railroad began to extend back into the interior of the country,
and from that date up to the present time the railroad sysem of Canada has
continued to spread out, adding hundreds of miles to its length every year, and
opening up for settlement and development, new areas. The total railway mile-
age in operation at the end of 1914 was 30,794 miles.

The railways of Canada have been built very largely by federal, provincial
and municipal assistance, given in one form and another. Up to 1913 the ag-
gregate of this assistance was as follows :

Grants of Land, acres 56,041,288

Guarantees of interest on Loans, to the amount of $274,960,374

Cash Subsidies, Loans, etc $217,830,153

In addition, the Dominion Government has built and owns a considerable
railway mileage on its own account. The total expenditure on government
railways to March 31st, 1913, was $301,968,778.

The total number of employees in the service of the steam railways in 1913
was 178,652. The number of passengers carried in the year 1914 was 46,230,705.
The freight hauled in the same year was as follows :

Tons.

Products of the farm 21,714,980

Products of the Mines 38,260,170

(Of which 19,059,335 was coal and coke.)

Forest Products 16,012,097

Manufactures 16,834,126

Merchandise 5,113,603

Miscellaneous 3,397,697

An important and rapidly increasing factor in commerce, particularly in
urban and inter-urban traffic, is the electric railway, which at the end of 1914
had a total mileage in Canada of 1,560 miles. The aggregate number of passen-
gers carried in the same year was 614,709,819, and in the same time the freight
hauled amounted to 1,845,923 tons.

THE COMMON ROAD OR HIGHWAY.

In these days of highly developed means of conveying goods, it is almost
unbelievable, but nevertheless a fact, that less than 200 years ago the only
means in general use for transporting goods over land was the pack-horse,
which moved slowly under its load along narrow paths or trails. The advent of
the waggon necessitated the widening, strengthening and levelHng of these
paths, as well as the building of bridges over rivers and streams. For many
/ears this work of road improvement advanced slowly, because it was done only
when and where it was absolutely needed, and also because the people in the
country, who used the roads most, received little or no co-operation from the

COMMERCE 59

people in the towns and cities. The first substantial highway development set
in when the roads with the greatest amount of traffic began to be taken over
by individuals, partnerships and companies who set up toll gates, and collected
tolls from all traffic. With a part of this revenue the roads were kept in re-
pair and often improved and rebuilt. In many parts of Canada these toll roads
still exist, but they are rapidly being taken over and put under the control of
provincial governments, county and township councils. This improvement may
be largely credited to the spirit of co-operation on the part of towns people
which the requirements of the automobiles created.

The common road or highway naturally falls into three divisions, namely :

First The inter-urban roads, that is, those main travelled thoroughfares
between towns and cities. These are generally maintained and controlled by
the provinces.

Second Rural market or county roads, largely used by the farm-
ers for marketing purposes. These roads radiate from the centres of popu-
lation out into the country districts, and serve the farmers living alongside of
them as well as those who live on the sideroads or concessions that lead into
them. These roads are generally owned and maintained by the county coun-
cils.

The Third, and by far the largest division, constituting over 85 per cent, of
the public highways, are the side roads or concessions. These are invariably
owned and maintained by the township councils. The customary way of keep-
ing them in repair is by compelling each person whose property adjoins them to
give a certain number of days' labor, called statute labor. But this labor is
rapidly being converted into a tax which is paid into the township funds, and
with which a gang of special road builders are maintained and provided with
crushers, rollers, scrapers, etc., especially adapted to road building. This is the
most satisfactory and least expensive method of either building or repairing
roads.

Touching upon the value of good roads to both consumers and producers,
the Public Roads and Highways Commission of Ontario say in their report
for 1914 in part as follows :

"All classes of people are deeply interested in good roads, as everything
they consume and wear comes from the land and must pass over some piece of
highway. A distinguished statesman in the United States has substantially stat-
ed, 'You cannot increase the prosperity of the country as a whole without in-
creasing its highway facilities.' Highly productive farms can never be made
profitable adjoining poor roads, and the first agency towards increasing the
prosperity of the farmer is to create the cheapest outlet for his products to the
market. Canadian statistics for 1912 indicate that one dollar will carry a ton
of the average freight by railway one hundred and thirty miles, and on water,
five hundred and fifteen miles. The former is the average of high grade and low
grade traffic, car lot and less than car lot, long haul and short haul, while the
latter is relatively a limited number of commodities, moving in large bulk, on
long water hauls. As to the cost of haulage per ton by horse-drawn vehicles,
there is some general understanding that on very ordinary roads, four miles is
the limit for one dollar. It can hardly be disputed that a team will haul three
tons easier on a hard smooth road, than one ton on a bad road.

60 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

"But this is the twentieth century, and the motor is here to stay. It, how-
ever, requires good roads; on them the motor will make twenty miles with a
reasonable load as quickly as a team can cover six miles on good roads, or say
three miles on poor ones. The 'home market' of the farmer thereby may be-
come enlarged to an extent he hardly realizes to-day. Give him a vehicle which
can transport a load cheaply for twenty or thirty miles in the time now taken
for ten, and you give him a choice of urban centres in which to do his market-
ing. Motors consequently will be a great factor in the development of the
country, provided the roads are made suitable for them. The area of produc-
tion of food stuffs will be increased, and the profits per acre increased to the
farmers. In a very interesting investigation carried on by Clyde Lyndon King,
Ph.D., for the Mayor of Philadelphia, in 1912, it was shown that the spread be-
tween what the farmer received for certain foodstuffs, and what the consumer
paid, varied from sixty-seven per cent, to two hundred and sixty-five per cent.

"Of the $146,000,000 paid annually by the people of New York City for
milk, eggs, onions, and potatoes, less than $50,000,000 was received by the men
who raised these crops. For certain produce for which the eastern farmer last
summer received $1.00, the Philadelphia consumer paid $2.35."

METHODS OF DISPATCH.

The great quantity of practically every class of commodity is carried in
bulk or in packages as ordinary freight in one or other of the different ways al-
ready described. But in the case of perishable goods, such as fresh fruit, meat,
fish, etc., fast freight is the most satisfactory method of dispatch. This, how-
ever, can only be employed between important centres where such a service is
established. Outside of such places the only available means of dispatch is by
express for large shipments, and by express or parcel post for small parcels.

The total mileage over which there was express service in Canada at the
end of 1913, was as follows :
By Routes Over

Steam Railways 29,476

Steam Boats 2,743

Electric Lines 212

Steam Lines 126

The total mileage of stage routes in Canada on March 31st, 1914, was
21,541,963 miles.

MARKETS.

From the earliest days of the division of labor, particularly since indus-
trial centres began to be formed by the grouping of manufacturing industries
into towns and cities, the habit of people meeting to buy and sell, or exchang-
ing their wares at a certain place known as the "Market Place" on certain
days of the week, became a distinct feature of trade and commerce. In small
towns this market amounted to nothing more than a place where the farmers
from the adjoining country went to offer to the townsfolk their agricultural
products. As the town grew into a city and the trade became larger, the mar-

COMMERCE 61

fcet place gradually assumed certain well defined sections. Farmers with hay to
offer would be found in one section, those with wood in another section, those
with general produce in another, etc. As the city grew into a metropolitan
centre, each of these divisions became a distinct market in itself, often situated
in different parts of the city from the others. The best example of a metro-
politant market centre is London, England, the greatest market cen-
tre of the world for almost any commodity that can be marketed. According to
the census returns of 1911, London had a population at that time of 7,251,368.
For commodities, such as the produce that is generally offered in a single
market place in an ordinary town, London has no less than sixteen distinct
markets situated in different parts. The more important of these
London markets are as follows, Smithfield, in which only meat and fowl are
handled ; Billingsgate, the great market for all kinds of fish, fresh and cured ;
Covent Garden, where vegetables, flowers, and fruits are bought and sold,
the Metropolitan Cattle Market, and Smithfield Hay Market.

The great quantity of produce and other goods disposed of on these pro-
duce markets throughout the world are sold directly from the farmers' wag-
gons, just as they are on the market places of so many Canadian towns and
cities. In many market places throughout Canada, as elsewhere, a section of
the market is covered or closed in, where goods may be transferred from the
waggons and sold from stalls. Country produce, however, is not always sold
to the townspeople direct by the farmer. Frequently, particularly in the larger
cities, the goods are bought from the farmers by middlemen, known as huck-
sters or truckers, who dispose of them from their carts, or from stalls on the
regular market place, or peddle them from door to door though the cities.
Great quantities of the most perishable goods, such as fresh fruits, fish and
vegetables, are supplied to the consumers by street hawkers. An excellent ex-
Cample of the value of this business is the case of fresh herrings, of which such
large quantities are consumed in Great Britain. Herrings are the cheapest of
all foods, and when fresh are the most perishable. But, through the street
mongers, who get a supply daily and peddle them through the streets in the
early morning, the poor people are able to get supplies of this excellent fish in
.good condition, and at very low prices. When sold from the stores, fresh her-
rings cost from 8 to 10 cents per pound, on account of the loss in handling.
But the street monger ordinarily sells them at a price which works out at 4
cents per pound. Berries, bananas, plums and other small fruit, as well as
fresh young vegetables are always handled with greater economy to the con-
sumer by street hawkers.

The markets for many commodities have undergone great changes during
recent years.

The Wood Market, which used to be so prominent, has almost entirely dis-
appeared, on account of the decreasing supply, and the increasing consumption
of coal, gas and electric power for heating and cooking purposes.

The Hay Market in most small towns still exists for such producers as have

.a few loads to sell. Farmers who have a quantity seldom sell it loose, except

for local consumption. They press it into bales by a hay presser, and

ship it in car loads to dealers in large centres, or directly to large consumers.

Hay presses are also maintained in the vicinity of hay markets, by dealers who

62 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

buy up any loads of loose hay offering, and ship and export in pressed bales.
Hay is sold by the ton, about 10 bales to the ton, (short, or American ton, 2,000
Ibs., long, or English ton, 2,240 Ibs., or metric or French ton, 2,204 Ibs.)

The Meat Market. Not many years ago it was the custom in most agricul-
tural districts for the farmers to kill, dress and take to market their own cattle,
hogs, sheep and fowl. Much killing and dressing of animals was also done by
the village butcher, who sold his meat in the nearest market in the same way
as the farmers did. Any surplus after the consumers in the town and vicinity
were supplied was shipped to the larger centres, generally as salted or cured,
because after being exposed during the time required for marketing it would not
keep otherwise. But this custom has almost completely passed away, and at pre-
sent cattle, hogs, sheep and fowls are slaughtered and dressed in large abattoirs
and packing houses, where the meat is at once put into refrigerating rooms, and
where many of the by-products, which the farmer or local butcher was in the
habit of discarding, are retained, treated, and sold as foodstuffs, oils and greases
for soap factories, and fertilizers. From the refrigerating rooms of abattoirs
and packing houses the meat is carried in refrigerator cars and boats to the
local butcher shops of the country, or exported to the great meat markets of
the world. In order to supply these great slaughtering houses with animals,
buyers go through the country and purchase them from the farmers at a price
per hundred, live weight. Sometimes abattoirs send out their own buyers, but
more often the animals are bought by jobbers or drovers, who buy on their
own account, and sell in the central Live Stock Markets. Many stock raisers
and stall feeders (that is, those who stall-feed for the market) who have a suffi-
cient number of animals for sale, ship directly to the stock market themselves.

The Live Stock Markets have thus become much more important than they
were a few years ago. The greatest live stock markets of the world are those
at Chicago. Other cattle, sheep and hog raising countries, such as Argentine
Republic and Australia, have also important markets of this kind. The princi-
pal live stock markets of Canada are those of Montreal, Toronto and Winni-
peg.

The receipts of live stock at these three Canadian markets for the years
1910-1914 inclusive, was as follows:

Toronto.

Cattle 319,685 293,328 273,247 365,936 249,351

Sheep 190,542 227,903 200,216 206,044 178,291

Hogs 212,787 255,102 327,501 346,956 416,257

Calves 35,778 35,133 44,137 53,707 44,419

Montreal

Cattle 160,981 155,547 136,715 182,699 129,060

Sheep 98,023 117,779 142,342 143,341 124,555

Hogs 133,603 189,370 200,888 190084 169,533

Calves 72,364 72,930 84,755 108,832 80,275

Winnipeg.

Cattle 190,517 102,726 101,044 96,478 117,467

Sheep 30,775 43,614 64,041 54,585 42,426

Hogs 91,626 85,157 110,871 163,303 474,685

Calves..

COMMERCE 13

The Three Markets.

Cattle 671,183 551,601 511,006 645,113 485,878

Sheep 319,340 389,296 406,599 403,970 345,272

Hogs 438,016 529,629 639,170 700,343 1,060,475

Calves 108,142 108,063 128,892 162,539 124,694

Fish Markets are much the same as they have always been, for the reason
that the fishermen, that is, those who actually catch the fish, are generally sit-
uated so far from the consuming centres that they cannot very well carry their
own product to markets for sale directly to the consumers. Hence there are,
and have always been, two kinds of Fish markets, viz., those at the ports near-
est the fishing grounds, where the fisherman sells his fish to the wholesale deal-
ers and jobbers, and the markets in the consuming centres where the merchant
sells to the consumer or street monger, who, in turn peddles them through the
streets. In the smaller markets, such as those in this country, either at the
fishing ports or inland towns and cities, it is purely a case of barter as between
the buyer and seller. But in the larger markets, such as those at Billingsgate,
much of the fish offering is sold by auction to the highest bidder.

Grain and Cotton Markets are considerably different from any other class
of markets, in that this class of commodity is generally purchased by the large
consuming mills several months in advance of the time they will require deliv-
ery. Hence quotations on these markets are for ' l spot, ' ' that is, immediate de-
livery, or for ' * futures, ' ' that is, delivery at two or three different future dates.

The custom which has created these great markets in futures is one which
the most non-speculative purchasers of these commodities follow, and which is
absolutely necessary to protection against heavy losses. The miller who knows
in advance that he will require, say, 100,000 bushels of wheat three months
hence, places an order with a grain merchant for this amount at a fixed price
agreed upon between the two. The merchant knows that if the price of wheat
goes up he will be the loser when the time comes for him to make delivery to
the miller, and in order to insure himself against loss he buys from those, who
are willing to gamble that the price will not go up, an equal quantity of wheat
at the prevailing price of futures, which is generally the same as that at which
he sold. This is really the same class of insurance against loss as is dealt in at
Lloyds, where loss against shipping is insured. Cotton purchasers for future
delivery are made in the same way. This insurance of future prices is the fac-
tor that forms the speculative market in grain, cotton, and other futures. The
shrewd speculator is always guided by the probable available supply at the
time of delivery. Because, if the aggregate amount sold is greater than the
available supply, he will be caught on the short side of the market, and may
have to pay heavily in order to settle. Great Britain, being the greatest con-
sumer of the world's surplus supplies of grains and cottons, is the largest fac-
tor in determining the price at the time of delivery. Hence the grain and cot-
ton markets of Liverpool and London are the world's greatest markets from
that point of view. But they are not the markets in which the greatest num-
ber of speculative sales are made. Such markets are those of Chicago and New
York. From both points of view the grain markets at Montreal, Toronto and
Winnipeg transact a large volume of business. These markets, particularly

4 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

where futures are dealt in, are often called Exchanges, such as the Grain Ex-
change, Cotton Exchange, etc.

Metal Markets are generally situated in centres where there are large
smelters and refiners, or in the large consuming centres. Great Britain, being
a considerable producer of refined metals, as well as one of the largest consum-
ers, possesses the markets which set the prices of most metals for the world. The
prices established by the London metal markets are generally regarded as the
ruling prices. The principal metal markets are generally open on certain days
of the week, month, or even the year. For some of the lesser minerals, such as
mica, a public market is held only twice or three times a year, whereas other
metal markets are held from one to three and five times a week. Great quanti-
ties of all classes of materials, of course, are sold by private sale between the
seller and purchaser without ever reaching any market, but as a general rule
the prevailing prices are determined at the central markets.

In London and elsewhere there are public auctions of certain com-
modities at certain salerooms. The goods to be sold are generally adver-
tised for some time previous to the sale. "The Economist" and other periodi-
cals of London carry such advertisements. The principal sale rooms in Lon-
don for this class of auctions are : The London Commercial, The Baltic, and
College Hill Public. Each sale room has its particular line of articles.

Exchange. This is a name by which some of the greatest markets in Great
Britain and other parts of Europe are known. One of the finest and best regu-
lated, and on which the greatest volume of business is done is that at Manches-
ter. On these markets there are no displays of goods, other than small samples.
Every business firm, large and small, whether manufacturer, merchant, ship-
per, etc., in the vicinity of Manchester, holds a membership on the Manchester
Exchange, and all classes of business, whether it is buying and selling of com-
modities or services, is done here on market days, which are generally about
three times a week. The Liverpool Exchange is another famous market.

Fairs and Shows in Canada and the United States are generally not much
more than exhibitions. But Fairs and Shows in Great Britain and other parts
of Europe, are held largely for the purpose of buying and selling. They are simi-
lar to the Fat Stock Show held annually at Guelph, Ont. The term is also ap-
plied to places such as Petticoat Lane in London, where street vendors are al-
ways in great numbers, day or night, including Sundays, for the exhibition and
sale of their wares, which include every conceivable commodity that can be
sold, from a push-cart or stall. The business done in Petticoat Lane is very
similar to that transacted in the Bowery, New York.

Money Markets. This is a sort of general term applied to the money situa-
tion of any country or of the world. It is true there are certain well established
centres such as Lombard street, London, and Wall Street, New York, where
great financial houses are located. But even in these centres there is no open
market place.

Stock Exchange This is described in the chapter on Finance, Chap. HI.

COMMERCE 65

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Market Quotations are ordinarily so many units of value for so many
units of weight or measure. Both these units have grown out of the early cus-
toms of the countries, and as world commerce is not yet old enough to estab-
lish a set of international units, there are still as many units of value and of
weights and measures as there are peoples. One of the most awkward set of
standards is that supplied by Great Britain in her "Pounds, Shillings and
Pence, ' ' and her very awkward units of weights and measures. But Great Britain
is the world's greatest commercial nation, and more gold is being annually coin-
ed into British units and more goods are being handled by the English standard
of weights and measures than by the standards of any other country. There are
till enough original terms preserved in the nomenclature of British standards
to indicate that the names were originally chosen from the objects most readily
at hand. For instance, the * * Grain, ' ' which is the estimated average weight of a
seed of well ripened wheat; the "Hand," 4 inches; the "span," 9 inches; the
"Foot" 12 inches; the "Ell" (from the elbow to the forearm), the "Fathom"
(the bosom), and the "Pace," of which 1,000, or mille, was the derivation and
original spelling of our "mile."

The only system other than the English which has any considerable appli-
cation in commerce is the decimal or metric system, sometimes known as the
French system. It is founded upon the assumed length of a Meridian Line from
the Pole to the Equator, the 10,000,000th part of which is taken as the unit of
length and called a * * metre. ' ' From this are derived the units of Weight and
Capacity. The metric system is a very simple standard, and has already been
adopted for most scientific determinations, and is in general use in many of the
Latin countries. It is the only serious rival the English system has.

Imperial Weights and Measures. The "Grain "is the most universally ac-
cepted standard. It is the same in Avoirdupois, Troy and Apothecaries, and the
same in England, France, United States, Holland, and most other countries.
There are 7,000 grains in a standard pound Avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains in a
standard pound Troy, so that the pound Avoirdupois is to the pound Troy as
175 ii to 144.

Avoirdupois' Weight.

Avoirdupois weight is used in almost all commercial transactions.

16 drachms or 437.5 grains 1 oz.

16 ounces, or 7,000 grains 1 Ib.

14 pounds 1 stone.

28 pounds 1 quarter.

4 quarters, or 112 pounds 1 cwt.

The standard used in Canada is the same as the above table, with the ex-
ception that the American cwt., namely, 100 pounds, and the American ton,
namely 2,000 pounds, is more generally used in commercial transactions.

Troy Weight.

Troy weight is used in the weighing of gold, silver, platinum, jewels and
such liquors as are sold by weight. A standard that is very often used in jew-

66 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND PINANCB

cilery is the " carat." For instance, we speak of standard gold coin as being
composed of 22 carats of fine gold and 2 carats of alloy. The value of a "carat"
varies in different countries. In France it contains 3.18 grains, in Holland 3.0
grains, in United States 3.2 grains, and in the Unted Kngdom 3.19 grains. For
ordinary purposes in the United Kingdom the ounce Troy equals 150 diamond
tarats.

24 grains 1 dwt.

20 dwt. or 480 grains 1 oz.

12 ounces, or 5,760 grains 1 Ib.

Apothecaries Weight.

20 grains 1 scruple.

3 scruples or 60 grains 1 drachm.

8 drachms or 480 grains 1 ounce.

12 ounces, or 5,760 grains 1 Ib. (Troy.)

Dry Measure.

2 pints 1 quart.

2 quarts 1 pottle.

2 pottles, or 4 quarts 1 gallon.

2 gallons 1 peck.

4 pecks 1 bushel.

2 bushels 1 strike.

4 bushels 1 coomb.

8 bushels 1 quarter.

36 bushels 1 chaldron.

5 quarters 1 we y or load.

2 weys 1 last.

Wine Measure.

4 gills 1 pint.

2 pints 1 quart.

4 Quarts 1 g a ii on .

2 gallons 1 flagon.

10 gallons 1 anker.

42 gallons 1 tierce.

63 gallons 1 hogshead.

84 gallons 1 puncheon.

126 gallons 1 pipe.

252 gallons 1 tu n.

A tun of wine equals 20 cwt. Avoirdupois.

COMMERCE 7

Sizes of Different Casks.

Marsala Pipe 108 gallons.

Marsala Hoshead 45.5 gallons.

Brandy Pipe 114 gallons.

Brandy Hogshead 57 . 5 gallons.

Port Pipe 113 gallons.

Port Hogshead I 56.5 gallons.

Sherry Pipe 108 gallons.

Sherry Hogshead 54.5 gallons.

Rum Puncheon 91 gallons.

Long or Lineal Measure.

12 parts ' 1 inch.

12 inches 1 foot.

3 feet 1 yard.

5V 2 yards 1 rod, pole, or perch.

220 yards 1 furlong.

8 furlongs 1 statute mile.

3 miles 1 league.

There are 1,760 yards, or 5,280 feet in a statute mile. The old Scsttisb
mile was 5,920 feet, and the old Irish mile was 6,720 feet.

The Long Measure that is ordinarily used for surveying purposes is as
follows :

7.92 inches 1 link.

100 links, or 66 feet 1 chain.

80 chains .' 1 mile.

The Long Measure that is ordinarily used for nautical and geographital
purposes is as follows :

6 feet . . . . < 1 fathom.

1000 fathoms, or 6,000 feet 1 knot.

(Geographical mile.
60 knots 1 degree.

The Lineal Measure that used to be much in vogue for measuring cloth,
but which is now seldom used, is as follows :

2% inches 1 nail.

4 nails 1 quarter.

4 quarters 1 yard.

5 quarters 1 ell (English).

A Flemish ell contains 3 quarters, that is % of a yard.
A French ell contains 6 quarters, or 1^ yards.

6S CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Square Measure.

144 parts 1 square inch.

144 sq. inches 1 square foot.

9 sq. feet 1 square yard.

30V4 sq. yards 1 sq. rod or pole.

16 sq. poles 1 square chain.

10 square chains 1 acre.

640 acres 1 square mile.

There are 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet in an English acre. In
a French acre or "Arpent," which is frequently used throughout the Province
of Quebec, there are 36,801 square feet.

Cubic Measure.

1728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot.

27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard.

35 cubic feet 1 ton of ship 's displacement

A cord of wood (standard), is 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, and
contains 128 cubic feet. A cubic foot of water is equal to about e 1 ^ gallons,
and weighs 62.321 pounds.

Angular Measure.

60 seconds 1 minute.

60 minutes 1 degree.

90 degrees 1 quadrant.

4 quadrants or 360 degrees 1 circle or circumference.

The earth rotates at a velocity of 15 degrees an hour.

Measure of Time.

60 seconds 1 minute.

60 minutes 1 hour.

24 hours 1 day.

(ordinary or solar day.)

7 days 1 week.

28, 29, 30 or 31 days 1 C al. month.

12 calendar months 1 year.

365 days 1 common year.

366 days 1 leap year.

The ordinary or solar day is one complete alternation of Light and Dark-
ness, and represents slightly more than a complete revolution (365.242 solar
days in a year), of the earth on its axis. A Sidereal day, on the other hand, is
the time occupied in one revolution of the earth on its axis. There are 366 of

COMMERCE 69

these sidereal days in one year, *aeh (inided ir.io 2J.< liours 56 minutes and 4
seconds.

In 400 years there are 97 leap years and 303 common yea^s ; leap year be-
ing omitted every 100th year, but not omitted every 400th year (1900 was
not a leap year).

The word "Calendar" is derived from Calend or Kalend, which, in the
Roman chronology denoted the first day of every month. The calends were
reckoned backwards, thus the first of May was called the Calend of May. The
30th or last day of April was called the day before the Calends of May. The
29th day of April was called the second before ante diem secundum, etc. of
the Calends of May, and so on to the 13th, when the "ides" commenced, which
were also reckoned backwards to the 5th, when the "nones" began, and were
numbered backwards to the first, which then took the name of the calends.

Sundry Measurements.

There are a number of special weights and measurements that are still
used in the quotation and marketing of various commodities, and which the
merchant requires to know when buying in foreign markets, or when reducing
the market quotations of these commodities in foreign markets to the quota-
tions given in his own market.

Cheese and Butter.

A firkin of butter 56 Ibs.

A tub of butter 84 Ibs.

A barrel of butter 224 Ibs.

A box of cheese (Canada various weights) in the

neighborhood of 80 Ibs.

A stone of cheese 16 Ibs.

A roll of butter 24 Ibs.

Cotton.

A bale (New Orleans) 400 to 500 Ibs.

A bale (Carolina) 300 to 310 Ibs.

A bale (India) 320 to 360 Ibs.

A bale (Egypt) 180 to 283 Ibs.

A bale (Egypt) 160 to 200 Ibs.

Glass.

1 stone 5 ibs.

1 seam ; \ t 24 Ibs.

Grain and Grain Produets.

The Imperial Grain Gallon contains 282 cubic inches.

The Imperial Wine Gallon contains .. 231 cubic inches.
The Imperial Grain Bushel (8 gallons),

contains 2,256 cubic inches.

The U. S. Grain Bushel contains 2,150.42 cubic inches.

7 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Grain is generally sold by weight, but in reckoning the number of bushels
the weight taken for a bushel differs in different countries. In the British
markets the weight of a bushel of grain is reckoned as follows :

English Wheat, 63 Ibs. to a bushel; Foreign Wheat, 62 Ibs.

English Barley, 52 to 56 Ibs. to a bushel; French Barley, 52i/ 2 Ibs.

Mediterranean Barley, 50 Ibs. to a bushel.

English Oats, 40 to 42 Ibs. to a bushel; Foreign Oats, 38 to 40 Ibs.

Rye and Corn, 60 Ibs. to a bushel.

Buckwheat, 52 Ibs. to a bushel.

In Australia and many other countries the weight of a bushel of wheat
for marketing purposes differs from year to year, and is determined by a Com-
mission, who ascertain the weight of a bushel of "fair average quality" of the
year's crop. This weight is known as the f.a.q. standard. The weight of a
bushel or 2,256 cubic inches of any kind of grain depends upon the quality
of the grain.

The greater part of Canadian grain which comes into the market is grad-
ed by the Canadian Grain Commission. The marketing of grain, particularly
wheat, is of so much importance to the Canadian people, we give at the close of
this Chapter the full report of the Commission on "The Methods of Trading"
which appeared in their last report.

Flour and meal in the English market are sold by the Bag or Sack, the
Ball and the Stone.

1 Stone 14 lb.

1 Ball 140 Ibs.

1 Sack 280 Ibg.

IB Canada, flour is sold by the bag of 100 Ibs., (98 Ibs. of flour and 2 Ibs.
f bag), or the barrel of 196 Ibs. of flour. It is also sold by the quarter bag of
25 Ibs. (24 Ibs. of flour and 1 pound of bag).

Fish.

A Stone 14 Iba.

A Box 90 "

A Quintel 112 "

A Code 500 "

A Mease 600 "

A Tun (fish oil) 252 gals.

A Code (sprats) 1,000 fish.

A Barrel (Anchovies) 30 Ibs.

A Barrel (Herrings) 26% gals.

A Crain (Herrings) 37y 2 "

Hides.

A Dicker 10 gkins.

A Last .- 20 dickers.

COMMERCE 7.1.

Hops.

A Pocket , 168 to 224 Ibs.

A Bag 2^ cwt. average.

Timber.

A Plank 11 inches wide.

A Deal 9 inches wide.

A Batten 7 inches wide.

Wool.

A Clove, cl 7 Ibs.

A Stone, st 2 cloves.

A Tod, td 2 stones.

A Wey, wy 6y 2 tods.

A Sack, sk 2 weys.

A Last, la 12 sacks.

1 Pack, pk . .<. 240 Ibs.

Yarn.

The standard for measuring yarn is known as a count. For instance, No.
16 cotton means 16 hanks, each 840 yards long, weighing one pound.
Germany and other continental countries employ this system. In France the
hank is 1,000 metres long and the unit of weight is % kilogram. For woollen
yarn thcrt is great diversity in counts. In Great Britain it is numbered
like cotton, but the hank is only 560 yards in length. In Germany worsted yarn
is treated just like cotton. In France the length of a hank is usually 710 or
714 metres. The counts of flax yarn are also various, but the English system
with some modification is most general, and in this the unit of length is
th* cut of 300 yards:

Cotton and Silk 120 Yards = 1 Skein
7 Skeins = 1 Hank
18 Hanks = 1 Spindle

Linen 300 Yards = 1 Cut

2 Cuts = 1 Hear

6 Hears = 1 Hasp

4 Hasps = 1 Spindle
Worsted 10 Yards = 1 Warp

7 Warps - 1 Hank

THE METRIC SYSTEM.

Tk Metre, which is the base of all the other units of the Metric System,
whether of Length, Surface, Capacity, etc., is the 10,000,000th part of the dis-
tance from the Pole to the Equator. It is equal to 39.37079 inches.

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

The Stere, or cubic metre, is the unit of Cubic Measure.
The Gramme, which is the unit of weight, is the weight of a cubic centimetre
of pure water at 39 deg. Farenheit.

The Litre, which is the unit of Capacity, is the capacity of a cubic decimetre,
( = 1000 grammes), of water at 39 deg. Farenheit.

The Are, which is the unit of Square Measure, is a Square Decametre, ( = 100
square metres).

All Measures in the Metric System rise by tens, hundreds and thousands.
The Multiples of the Unit of a measure have Greek prefixes :

Deca 10

Hecto 100

Kilo 1,000

Myria 10,000

The Sub-Multiples of the Unit of a measure have Latin prefixes:

Deci 10

Centi 100

Milli 1,000

Measures of Length.

(Unit, the Metre).

British Equivalent.

10 Millimetres =1 Centimetre = 0.3937079 inches.

10 Centimetres =1 Decimetre = 3.937079 "

10 Decimetres =1 Metre = 39.37079

10 Metres =1 Decametre = 393.7079

10 Decametres =1 Hectometre = 3937.079 "

10 Hectometres =1 Kilometre = 3280.9 tt.

10 Kilometres =1 Myriametre = 6.21 K i I ts.

Square Measure.
(Unit, the Are).

100 Square Millimetres =1 Square Centimetre.

100 Square Centimetres =1 Square Decimetre.

100 Square Decimetres =1 Square Metre.

100 Square Metres - 1 Are, (or Square

Decametre).

10 Ares (or Square Decametres) =1 Square Hectometre.

10 Square Hectometres =1 Square Kilometre.

But the table more generally used is as follows :

British Equivalent.
Square Yards.

10 Centiares =1 Deciare = 11.96033

10 Deciares = 1 Are = 119.6033

10 Ares =1 Decare 1196.033

10 Decares =1 Hectare . . 11960.33

COMMERCE

Cubic Measure.

(Unit, the Stere or Cubic Metre).

1,000 Cubic Millimetres =1 Cubic Centimetre.

1,000 Cubic Centimetres = ' 1 Cubic Decimetre.

1,000 Cubic Decimetres =1 Cubic Metre or Stere.

But the table more generally used is as follows :

British Equivalent.

10 Decisteres =1 Stere = 35.317 Cubic Feet.

10 Steres = 1 Decastere = 353.17 Cubic Feet.

Measures of Capacity.
(Unit, the Litre = 1,000 Cubic Centimetres).

10 Centilitres

10 Decilitres

10 Litres

10 Decalitres

10 Hectolitres

10 Kilolitres . .

= 1 Decilitre
= 1 Litre . . .
= 1 Decalitre
= 1 Hectolitre
= 1 Kilolitre .
= 1 Myrialitre

British Equivalent.

.17607 pts.
1.76077 pts.

8 gals. qts. 1.6077 pts.

22 gals. qts. 0.077 pts.

220 gals. qts. 0.77 pts.

2,200 gals. 3 qts. 1.7 pts.

Measures of Weight.

(Unit, the Gramme),

10 Milligrammes . ,
10 Centigrammes.
10 Decigrammes . .

10 Grammes

10 Decagrammes.
10 Hectogrammes.
10 Kilogrammes . .
1.0 Myriagrammes
10 Quintals..

1 Centigramme . .
1 Decigramme

British Equivalent.
= .0056438 Drams,
.056438
.56438
5.6438
= 56.438
2.2046 Lbi.
= 22.046
... 220.46

1 Gramme

1 Decagramme

1 Hectigramme . .
1 Kilogramme

1 Myriagramme . .
1 Quintal

1 Millier .

. 2204.6

A Cubic Decimetre or a Litre weighs 1 Kilogram or 1,000 Grammes.

The Millier, called Tonneau de Mer, is the Ton of Shipping.

The Kilogramme is, in practice, found an inconvenient weight for small
purchases, and the Half Kilo, which is rather more than the English Pound
Avoirdupois, is used. Similarly nearly all heavy goods are sold by th
Tonneau, slightly less than our Ton.

The Centner of 50 Kilos., equal to IIO 1 ^ Ibs., and nearly equal to the Eng-
lish cwt., is also used.

APPENDIX

(Taken from the Report of Department of Trade and Commerce for 1914)

METHODS OP TRADING IV WHEAT.
1. Reputation of Canadian Wheat.

Not much is to be gained by comparing spring
wheat with winter wheat, hard wheat with soft,
or white with red, with the object of showing
that any one particular wheat is the bjest in the
world. Amongst hard red spring wheats, how-
ever, the grain from the Canadian west is at all
events amongst the first. It is not excelled by
either the hard red spring varieties of Russia or
Argentine Republic. Its standing in the British
market is assured and its reputation has been
enhanced by the crop of 1913.

2. Price of the Wneat of the 1913 Crop.

The price offered for Canadian wheat of the
crop of 1913 was very adversely affected by the
enormous quantity pressed upon the market dur-
ing the months immediately following the har-
vest. An inquirer cannot help raising the ques-
tion whether Canada has not lost heavily by her
method of selling grain. Crop estimates of an
optimistic character, the publication of the large
amounts daily inspected, the advertising of the
financial difficulties of the moment, the method
of trading which is almost that of public auc-
tioning, and the concentration of all the ener-
gies of the country upon the rapid marketing of
the crop, are conditions that must tend to "bear"
the market. What prices would a merchant ob-
tain for his stock if he (1) proclaimed that his
financial position compelled him to sell immedi-
ately (2) advertised that he had an enormous
amount of it on hand (3) and put his stock up
to public auction? Yet Canada acted almost that
way in regard to the crop of 1913.

The Russian Government made provision for
enabling the Russian grain to be held back while
the torrent from Canada poured into the market.
It is probable that this action tended towards
preventing a still lower price being offered for
Canadian grain. Whether this was so or not, It
would be instructive to ascertain how the ex-
periment will work out in regard to the price
of Russian wheat. A glance at the grain calen-
dar of the United Kingdom is enough to suggest
that it would be difficult for Russia to find a
period in which the held-back wheat would not
find competition in the British markets.

3. Trading- toy Grade and Trading- by Sample.

Domestic Trade. In only two of the great
grain-growing countries of the world is grain
traded In by certificate, namely, the United
States and Canada. Tn the other grain-producing
countries of the world, grain IH bought and sold
on sample. This holds good of the United King-
dom, all European countries. Australia, South
Africa. Esrvpt. the Argentine Republic, and the
Pacific States of the United States.

In the United States, grain Is bought and sold
by sample, as well as by certificate. In Canada
east-grown grain is bought and sold on sample,
and west-grown grain Is bought and sold on cer-
tificate: and western Canada Is the only part of
the world In which sample trading Is made im-
possible by legislation.

International Trade. Grain imported into the
United Kingdom from European countries. Aus-
tralia, Africa. South America and the Pacific
Coast of the United States 1s bought on standard
ample and London arbitration. At the beginning
of the harvest, standard samples of the new grain
are made up. and upon these samples the grain
Is sold in the foreign market. In some cases

the standard samples are made up by the export-
ing countries, in others they are made up by the
London Corn Trade Association. In all these
cases any question as to whether the cargo de-
livered is up to the standard sample is decided
by the London Corn Trade Association.

The London Corn Trade Association arbitrates
not only for the trade in the United Kingdom,
but for that in European countries and for Ar-
gentine corn imported in the United States also.
The amount of arbitration done in London is
therefore large. The arbitrators are grain mer-
chants of recognized ability and integrity. There
is a. scale of fees for arbitrations and appeals. A
percentage of the fees goes to the Corn Trade
Association, and the remainder is divided up
among those who act. A large amount of money
is annually disbursed for arbitrations and ap-
peals.

In some cases the two arbitrators selected by
the two parties to the contract agree, in others
they differ, and when this happens, a third arbi-
trator is chosen who is virtually an umpire.
There is a Board of Appeals, and if either party
to the contract is dissatisfied with the arbitra-
tion, there is an appeal from the verdict to the
Board of Appeals.

In all the important grain markets of the Unit-
ed Kingdom there are facilities for sample trad-
ing. In London these facilities are in Mark
Lane, where samples from every grain exporting
country in the world, including Canada and the
United States, are set out, and purchases are
made on the samples independent of the grad-
ing. In Mark Lane a visitor can see samples of
Canadian graded grain, and can see millers pick-
ing out the lots that suit them. Similar facili-
ties are provided in Bristol, Liverpool, Glasgow
and elsewhere.

It is only grain from Canada and the United
States east of the Rockies that is bought upon
certificate, and even Canadian and United States
grain, though bought by dealers on certificate,
is sold by sample in the sample markets of Bri-
tain to some extent.

When a miller, therefore, argues, as some of
the British millers do, that trading on certificate
is exceptional, while trading on sample is practi-
cally universal in grain-growing countries, there
is a. considerable body of fact in the argument.
And when he proceeds to argue, as he frequently
does, that trading on certificate is artificial, that
involves difficulties both in defining the grades
and in securing efficient inspection, and that it
cuts off from him the possibility of redress In
case a lot delivered upon certificate is not up to
grade, since the certificate is final, and since
the practical difficulties of appealing to the sur-
vey boards of the countries exporting the lot ren-
der It useless or unprofitable for him to make
such an appeal, there Is a good deal to be said
from his point of view. At all events, some of
the British millers, and some of the British deal-
ers in grain, advocate purchase by sample rather
than by grades, and believe that seller and buyer
would obtain a fair and honest verdict from the
London arbitrators and the Appeal Board of the
London Corn Trade Association.

4. Canadian and American Certificate*.

It is sometimes said that the Canadian certi-
ficates are the best In the world. While not In-
sensible to the compliment Involved, candour ne-
cessitates pointing out that the world referred to
only means Canada and the United States. Can-
dour no less necessitates the observation that no
comparison of Canadian and United States cer-
tificates Is Just which does not state that while
there are, properly speaking, Canadian certlfi-

COMMERCE

ites, there are no United States certificates. The
anadian inspection system is federal; in the
nited States inspection is the right of the sep-
rate states or of the Boards of Trade or of the
reduce Exchanges. There is, therefore, in the
'nited States a lack of uniformity in the stan-
ards, and of unity in the administration, which
auses trouble, a lack not found in the federal
ystem of Canada. It should be further observed
mt the reputation of the different inspection
srtificates of the United States varies consider-
bly. Those of Illinois and Minnesota (Chicago
nd Duluth stand highest, apparently those of
le Gulf ports lowest and the others are arranged
i a hierarchy of repute between.

The Illinois and Minnesota certificates appear
> stand just as high as the Canadian certificates,
[either of them, however, stands higher than
lose of Canada, and the confidence of the trad-
rs of the United Kingdom in the Canadian in-
pection certificates is an asset of value. When
tie trading is done on certificate, and when the
uyer has little confidence in the certificate and
et has no redress, he naturally protects himself
i the price offered. Trading by standard sample
nd London arbitration would appear to be in the
iterest of the producer, where confidence in the
ertificate is lacking.

It is asserted by some that Board of Trade and
jcal inspection systems tend to the belief that a
igorous inspection would injure port or local
usiness. This is one of the reasons given of the
lleged laxity in some of the port inspections of
ti United States, and it is also occasionally giv-
n with respect to the Montreal Board of Trade
ispections of American corn and barley. In
lew of the extent of sample trading, both dom-
stic and international, it would be absurd to say
hat either British millers or British buyers of
rain are opposed to sample trading either in the
omestic or international field. So far as Cana-
ian grain is concerned, some of them, including
oth millers and dealers in grain, prefer sample
rading to trading on certificate; others, perhaps
he majority, prefer trading upon certificate. As
o whether Canada should establish sample mar-
ets for western grain in her own domestic mar-
:ets, this is a matter of domestic rather than in-
ernational concern. The British buyers and mill-
rs would only be affected if sample trading in
Janada lowered the standards of the grades, cr
ed to a lax inspection, or resulted in lowering
he grades of the lots of grain delivered in Great
Sritain upon certificate. So long as the grain de-
irered in the United Kingdom from Canada is up
o the grade of the certificate, so long British
uyers and millers are not affected.

It is obvious that no country exports grain un-
ess it produces a surplus over and above what it
;an profitably mill for its own or export con-
iumption. In this respect Canada occupies a po-
lition similar to that of all other grain exporting
lountries, and the domestic price of grain in
ivery exporting country is closely related to the
>rice obtained for the exported surplus. Austra-
ia, the Argentine Republic, Russia, and several
>ther exporting countries are. in the matter of
>rices, as profoundly affected by the price ob-
ained for their exported surplus as Canada, yet
;he countries named have no grading system, and
lo their tra.ding, both dometsic and international,
ipon sample only. If trading by certificate is an
ndispensible method of obtaining the highest
rice in the international market, such countries
must be losing heavily. It would be difficult to
lemonstrate, however, that the countries that
:rade on sample in both domestic and interna-
:ional markets, really suffer so far as the price
jbtainec! for their product is concerned, in com-
parison with Canada. Australia obtains a good
price for her wheat without any such grading
system. "Whether Australian wheat would corn-
Hand a higher price in the United Kingdom if
soM on certificate would be as difficult to show,
is it would be to demonstrate that Canadian grain
*rould obtain a smaller price if sold upon sample.
Such questions as these are very complex and do
not admit of any short and decisive answer. The
world factors that enter into the price of grain
are very numerous, very difficult to analyse, and
so complicated that short and easy answers to
them are only possible to those confident minds
that ignore economic considerations. The most
experienced grain men and millers of the United
Kingdom differ on the relative merits of trading
by srrade and trading by sample. Much can be
said upon both sides. As stated, some of the

grain dealers believe in trading on sample and
London arbitration, others in trading by grade,
and the same trite observation holds good of the
millers. It should not be forgotten that few, if
any, of the British millers buy direct from the
exporting countries. Most of them buy from
grain dealers in the United Kingdom. The latter,
in turn, buy from the exporting countries. Some
of the grain dealers regard trading by certificate
as simpler and less troublesome than trading by
sample. They buy paper and when they sell pa-
per, if their client is dissatisfied with the grain
delivered, he must accept the certificate. Grain
dealers, therefore, might be expected to prefer
trading by certificate ;md. on the other hand, it
is not unnatural that millers sometimes express
a preference for trading by sample, since under
such a system they could appeal to arbitration in
case they were dissatisfied with the grain deliv-
ered.

5. Prices of Australian and Canadian Wheat.

Australian wheat sells at a higher price than
the Canadian wheat in the British market. If an
explanation of this fact is sought it can hardly
be found in the method of trading. Australian
wheat is sold upon sample, Canadian wheat upon
Government certificate of grade. If the method
of trading were a main factor in determining the
price of wheat, the fact that Australian wheat is
sold higher than Canadian wheat might demon-
strate the superiority of trading by sample. But
the method of trading is not among the impor-
tant factors determining the price of grain, and
the only inference permissible from the higher
price of Australian wheat is that trading by
sample need present no serious obstacle in the
way of obtaining- the market value of the pro-

Nor does the higher price of Australian wheat
demonstrate its superiority to Canadian wheat.
As a matter of fact, the prices are determined
by. amongst other things, the relative values of
the different wheats for the purpose of the Brit-
ish blends, the need of the British and European
millers for the different wheats, by the supplies
available, and by the available supplies of com-
peting wheats of similar qualities.

6. Shipments of grain from Canadian ports as
compared to shipments from United
States ports.

In comparing Canadian and United States chan-
nels for Canadian grain, whether Canadian eleva-
tors and ports, as against United States elevators
and ports, from the point of view of the British
importer, a distinction must be drawn between
Canadian and United States ocean ports in the
matter of ocean tonnage. Whether it is due to
the different volumes of trade of the two coun-
. tries, or the different rates of marine insurance,
there is no doubt that, in the matter of ocean ton-
nage, the United States ports have an advantage
over those of Canada, and because of this it is
difficult for British importers of Canadian grain
to give a preference to grain shipped through
Canadian ports.

Even under existing transportation conditions
there is no doubt, however, that some British im-
porters prefer grain shipped through Canadian
channels. On the other hand, there is equally
no doubt that some cargoes of grain shipped
through Canadian channels have gone out of con-
dition, and that some British buyers have little
fault to find with shipments from United States.
No British buyer interviewed expressed a pre-
ference for cargoes of Canadian grain shipped
through United States ports, except in so far as
these offered more ocean tonnage and better
ocean rates. Were ocean transportation condi-
tions more equal Canadian grain channels would
undoubtedly tend to be preferred.

7. The Liverpool Option Market.

There is an option market at Liverpool in con-
nection with which there are certain wheats re-
cognized as tenderable. For the purposes of this
market there is a Liverpool Inspection depart-
ment, under which a grading committee grades
the grain according to standards set by the Liv-
erpool Association.

The wheats that are tenderable are:
Hard winter wheat, basis of weight, 80%
pounds.

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

American Red Wheat.

Spring wheat, if of the type known as Manitoba,
basis of weight 60 pounds. If of the type known
as Northern (grown in the United States), basis
of weight 59 pounds. Any other type of spring
wheat, basis of weight, 60 pounds.

Soft Winter wheat, free from garlic, basis of
weight, 61 pounds.

Argentine Wheat.

Rosario, Santa Fe type, basis of weight, 59%
pounds.

Bahia Blanca type, basis of weight, 60%
pounds.

Australian Wheat.

Victorian, South Australian, New South Wales,
basis of weight, 60% pounds.

Canadian wheat is thus tenderable on the Liv-
erpool option market. Naturally the dealer will
tender upon his contract the tenderable wheat
that is at that time cheapest. An enquirer into
the price of Canadian wheat in Liverpool, there-
fore, might conclude that if Canadian wheat were
tendered to a large extent upon the Liverpool
option market this would prove that the Cana-
dian wheat was cheaper than other tenderable
wheats at the time of trading. He might there-
fore argue that if, as a matter of fact, Canadian
wheat is not frequently tendered on the Liverpool
option, Canadian wheat sells at a favorable price
as a rule. Having reached this conclusion, the
observer would then naturally ask for statistics,
with the object of showing that as Canadian
wheat was not frequently tendered upon the Liv-
erpool option, its price must usually be higher
than that of other tenderable wheats. When,
however, he examines the wheat statistics, he
may be disappointed at finding that the statistics
given him are for American wheat or, in other
words, that the statistics given him do not dis-
tinguish between wheat grown in the United
States and wheat grown in Canada. At all events,
he will find that American wheat, that is, wheat
including both United States and Canada, is not
tendered apparently to the same volume as is the
Argentine wheat. But, whatever value this proof
of the high price of Canadian wheat may possess,
it would appear to possess in common, so far
as statistics go, with the wheat from the United
States. Further, the statistics given may indi-
cate that Australian wheat appears to be less fre-
quently tendered than either Argentine or Am-

erican wheat, so that the observer would probab-
ly conclude once more that it is an exceedingly
difficult matter to analyse all the factors deter-
mining prices of grain in the international mar-
ket, and quite a difficult matter to demonstrate
what method of trading secures the nigiiesi price.
In connection with the inspection system in
Liverpool for the option market, it is not without
interest to learn that as far as legislation goes,
this market is very free, and that, for example,
mixing of grades, with the object of bringing
grades up to the standards of the grading com-
mittee, is permitted, and is, to some extent, car-
ried on in Liverpool.

8. Sampling by Canadian Official* in Britisk
Ports.

A suggestion was made to the Board of Grain
Commissioners a year ago to the effect that Can-
adian officials should be placed at British port*
for the purpose of taking samples of arriving
cargoes of Canadian grain, whether shipped from
Canadian or United States ports.

If this suggestion were acted upon, it would in-
volve a not inconsiderable expenditure upon a
revenue already heavily taxed, and the question
arises whether such expenditure is necessary or
justifiable. Had such officials been at work dur-
ing the last two years, there is no doubt that
their work would have confirmed many of th
complaints made by the British importers about
the condition of oats and the admixtures in flax.
But with regard to the grading of Canadian
grain, apart from these two complaints, there IP
very little ground for believing that such work
would have discovered any real information.
Complaints about grading, apart from condition
and admixtures, are so few that one may fairly
doubt the wisdom of spending money in the waj
suggested. Further, it is probable that the Lon-
don Corn Trade Association, which already has
system of securing samples of arriving cargoes,
might co-operate in the taking of samples of car-
goes of Canadian grain, should such be deemed
advisable. It is very doubtful, however, whether
the proper place for such sampling is the United
Kingdom. So far as Canadian grain channels are
concerned, samples could be taken much more
easily when the grain is being loaded into the
ocean vessels at Canadian ports. The Board of
Grain Commissioners has already arranged to
have such samples taken at the port of St. John,
and it would be an easy matter to arrange to
have such samples taken during the season of
navigation at the more important port of Montreal.

Chapter III.

FINANCE

Banking and Media of Exchange

MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE.

Those who have investigated the subject claim it to be an established fact
that in the primitive ages of the world there was no such thing as money, and
that articles passed from one to another just as the boys of to-day swap jack-
knives. When and how money began to be used as a measure of value and
a medium, of exchange is a question on which authorities differ, but it is a
generally accepted fact that no great use was made of it until labor began
to a^ume definite divisions and workmen required to receive something for
th^ii- labor which might be exchanged for the food, clothing, etc., necessary
for themselves and their families. Not long after this stage in human pro-
gress was reached, there appeared a disposition on the part of the individual
to spend less than he earned, or to earn more than he spent, and to hoard
the difference by putting it away in a strong box or in a hole in the ground.
Simultaneous with the appearance of this disposition there came on the
fcOfne goldsmiths, who not only lent out what money they had of their own,
but also borrowed from hoarders at a low rate of interest and lent it to
others at a higher rate. This was not the most satisfactory arrangement
and the hardships which lenders often suffered, coupled with the fact that the
Governments themselves were large borrowers and also required better
facilities for the proper distribution of money and the maintenance of a good
class of coins led to the establishment of banks. Among the first to appear
in the world was the Bank of England. With the establishment of banks
and the further development of trade there appeared a new medium of ex-
change, viz., credit, which is now used for well over three-quarters of all
co mm >rcial transactions.

BANKING.

The banking institutions of any country are its principal reservoirs of
money and credit. Like the pumping station of a city, or, better still, like the
cardiac organ of the human system, they keep the streams of money and credit
coursing through the country's veins for the nourishment and growth of its
industry and commerce. Where this circulation is sluggish industry and com-
merce languishes. Where it flows free and strong the community prospers,
providing the people know how to make proper use of the credit offered. No

78 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

more civ.lit ean !>< taken out of the system than is put in. and if there is no

more put in than is taken out, industry and commerce ceases to grow and ex-
pand.

It is a grave and dangerous mistake for people to feel that banks can
create money or credit. ? Those which have attempted to do so, have
had but a short existence. Credit is created by the producers of saleable
commodities, and more particularly those of them who produce more than they
consume. The person who consumes more than he or she produces is a drain
upon the credit of the country.

The main purpose of credit is not that it should be consumed, but that it
should be used by producers to create more credit, just as a farmer uses his
seed to replenish and augment the supply of grain. It should be the object of
the banking institutions to see that credit is extended or loaned only to pro-
ducers or to those who will encourage production.

The money and instruments of credit, with which banking institutions have
to deal, are nothing more than transmitting vehicles by means of which credit
is passed from one person to another in the course of business transactions.
When the business of the country eases off, as it does at certain
seasons of the year, these instruments of credit flow back to the
reservoirs of credit, particularly the savings departments of bank-
ing institutions. From this consideration, the ideal banking system is that
which has the power of extending and withdrawing credits in the form of
"currency,"* according as the business of the country requires more or
less of it. But the bank, which keeps all its stores of credit always on tap, does
not do a very profitable business; and it must not be overlooked that the
banking business is conducted for purposes of profit just as any other business
is. It is, therefore, the difficult task of the banker to keep invested or loaned
out at a profitable rate of interest, as large a portion of the credits entrusted to
him by depositors, as possible, and at the same time to keep on hand in a
liquid form sufficient to meet all current demands of depositors who have
the right to withdraw without notice.

To assist him in this difficult task the banker requires depositors to say
if they desire their deposits. to be placed in the Savings Department, from
which they may be drawn only after notice, or if they wish them to be placed
in the current account, from which they may be withdrawn at the will of the
depositor without notice. On deposits in the Savings Department, interest is
usually allowed at the rate of 3 per cent., while no interest is paid on current
account deposits. These regulations, however, are only for the purpose of
defining the rights of the banker, and, while generally insisted upon, are
not always rigidly adhered to. During ordinary times, a banker will often
cash a cheque drawn on a savings account without notice and will occasionally
allow interest on monthly balances in a current account, particularly where
the depositor is in the habit of keeping fair-sized balances.

(*) By "currency" Is meant not only money and cash but also Government and bank
bills, or any other printed or written instrument of credit which passes readily from one
person to another as a medium of exchange. The word "funds" Is sometimes used in the
same sense. "Money" and "cash" ordinarily means gold, silver, nickel and copper coins,
although, strictly speaking, gold only is money since it is the only medium of exchange with
a face value always equal to Its Intrinsic value. The other roins nre simply tokens. If a
$5 gold piece is cut in two each half is worth $2.50, or each quarter is worth $1.25, &c. But
if a BOc silver piece is cut in two, each half is worth only about 12c, viz., the value of the
silver in it. The quarter of It would be worth only about 6c, &c.

FINANCE Tf

Another custom of the banks which it may be well to make reference to is
that of issuing Deposit Receipts. Ordinarily deposits placed in the saving*
department may not begin to draw interest until the beginning of the month
after a deposit. To overcome this loss of interest, anyone with a considerable
amount of deposit does so on what is known as a Deposit Receipt. This enables
the depositor to draw interest from the date the money is deposited, ordinarily
at the rate of 3 per cent. There is no hard and fast rule as regards the mini-
mum amount which may be deposited in this way, but the banks require that
the minimum time for such deposits is three months. The minimum time dur-
ing which interest may be paid on deposits in the ordinary savings department
is one clear calendar month, and the minimum time for notice of withdrawal
is seven days.

Another feature of banking, which adds to its elasticity in the matter
of expanding and contracting credits, is the right which banks of issue have of
issuing their own currency in the form of bank bills or notes. These can be
used only to meet a legitimate demand created by an expansion of commerce,
otherwise they cannot be kept in circulation, as will be explained in another
part of this chapter when dealing with bank bills and cheques. In ordinary
times, the Canadian banks of issue have the right to issue bank bills to the full
amount of their paid-up capital. In harvest time and for a few months there-
after, this issue may be increased by an amount not exceeding 15 per cent, of
the bank 's capital and reserve. On this excess issue a tax of 5 per cent, ia paid
to the Government and the Canadian Bank Act requires that the whole of this
excess issue must be withdrawn by a certain date each year. As a temporary
measure to meet the exceptional conditions created by the European war, bank
notes may be issued on the collateral of certain securities acceptable to the
Department of Finance. The ordinary bank note issue is secured (1) by a
reserve fund of not less than 5 per cent, of the average issue of each bank,
which reserve fund is deposited with the Government; (2) by making the bank
note issue a first charge on all the assets of the bank, and (3) by making the
stockholders of the bank liable for double the amount of the stock held.

The banking business of Canada is done by (1) Private Banks, (2)
Banks of Issue, commonly known as Chartered Banks, (3) Savings Banks, (4)
Post Office Savings Banks, (5) Savings and Loan Societies, and (6) Trust
Companies. (7) A certain amount of banking is done by Insurance Com-
panies and other repositories of credit.

Private Banks. At one time, considerable of the banking business of
Canada was done by private banks. But through failure, retirement and
absorption by the larger banking companies, they have almost completely dis-
appeared. They never had the right to issue bank bills. In all other respects
they enjoyed full banking privileges.

Chartered Banks of Issue. These are the only institutions in Canada
that have the right to transact all kinds of banking business. (1) They
accept money on deposit, either in their savings departments or for current ac-
count. (2) They make loans to their customers, either with or without colla-
teral security, generally at rates from 6 per cent, to 7 per cent, per annum;
and at the same rate they purchase or discount their customer's drafts, bills of
exchange, bills receivable, &c. (3) They issue currency of their own known

80 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

as bank bills. (4) They sell money orders and transmit by telegraph or other-
wise credit to points where they have branches or agencies, charging certain
fees for such services. (5) They issue letters of credit either commercial, dom-
estic or travellers'. (6) They make collections. (7) They act as stock agents.
(8) They act as the financial agents for governments, either domestic or for-
eign. (9) Many banks also act as repositories for the important documents of
their clients.

The number of chartered banks of issue in Canada is small (22 in all) ;
but each has such a large number of branches (in the aggregate, over 3,000)
scattered throughout the country, one or more being located in every commun-
ity of any size, that this country is well supplied with banking facilities. These
banks also maintain branches or agencies in the principal centres of other coun-
tries, particularly those with which Canada has close commercial relations such
as Great Britain, United States, West Indies and Newfoundland. In this way
they provide the country with international banking facilities.

The Dominion Government through its department of finance endeavours
to keep a pretty close supervision over these banks of issue. Their charters
terminate and are renewed every ten years and they are obliged to make
monthly returns of their business to the Finance Department. These returns,
which are published each month in the JOURNAL OF COMMERCE, give a
etatement of the affairs of each bank covering the following items:

ASSETS:

The amount of gold and subsidiary coin held by the banks in Canada.

The amount of gold and subsidiary coin held by the banks in their
branches outside of Canada.

The amount of Dominion notes held by the banks in Canada.

The amount of Dominion notes held by the banks in their branches outside
of Canada.

The amount deposited with the Minister of Finance for the security of
note circulation.

The amount held in the central gold reserves.

The amount of the notes of other banks which they hold.

The amount of the cheques on other banks which they hold.

Loans to other banks in Canada secured, including bills discounted.

Deposits made with and balances due from other banks in Canada.

Deposits made with and balances due from banks and banking correspond-
ents in the United Kingdom.

Deposits made with and balances due from banks and banking correspond-
ents elsewhere than in Canada and the United Kingdom.

Dominion Government and Provincial Government securities held.

Canadian Municipal securities, and British, Foreign and Colonial public
securities, other than Canadian.

Railway and other bonds, debentures and stocks.

Call and short (not exceeding 30 days) loans in Canada on stocks, deben-
tures and bonds.

Call and short (not exceeding 30 days) loans elsewhere than in Canada.

Other current loans and discounts in Canada.

FINANCE 81

Other current loans and discounts elsewhere than in Canada.

Loans to the Government of Canada.

Loans to Provincial Govenments.

Loans to cities, towns, municipalities and school districts.

Overdue debts.

Real estate other than bank premises.

Mortgages on real estate sold by the bank.

Bank premises at not more than cost less amounts (if any) written off.

Liabilities of customers under letters of credit as per contra.

Other assets not included under the foregoing headings.

Total assets.

LIABILITIES:

Notes in circulation.

Balances due to Dominion Government after deducting advances for cre-
dits, pay lists, &c.

Balances due to the Provincial Governments.

Deposits by the public payable on demand in Canada.

Deposits by the public payable after notice or on a fixed date in Canada.

Deposits elsewhere than in Canada.

Loans from other banks in Canada secured, including bills re-discounted.

Deposits made by and balances due to other banks in Canada.

Due to banks and banking correspondents in the United Kingdom.

Due to banks and banking correspondents elsewhere than in Canada and
the United Kingdom.

Bills payable.

Acceptances under letters of credit.

Liabilities not included under the foregoing headings.

Total liabilities.

THESE RETURNS ALSO GIVE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

Capital authorised.

Capital subscribed.

Capital paid up.

Amount of rest or reserve fund.

Rate per cent of last dividend declared.

The aggregate amount of loans to directors and firms of which they are
partners.

Average amount of current gold and subsidiary coin held during the
month.

Average amount of Dominion notes held during the month.

Greatest amount of notes in circulation at any time during the month.

Savings Banks. There are not many of these banks in Canada and only
two of special importance. These transact a banking business very similar
to that of the chartered banks of issue, with the exception that they do not issue
bank notes nor are their shareholders liable for double the amount of the shares
they hold.

82 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Post Office Savings Banks. These are conducted in connection with the
Post Office, where facilities are provided for those wishing to open a savings
account and make deposits, which, of course, are transmitted to Ottawa. A
rate of 3 per cent, is allowed on all deposits. Withdrawals cannot be made
without notice. The system is quite different from the savings bank above-
mentioned. The business of Post Office Saving Banks is generally a matter
of bookkeeping, because any moneys paid in find their way directly into the
ordinary banks of the country, and in case of withdrawals the orders which
are issued by the Government are always cashed by the ordinary banks.

A reserve of 10 per cent of the amount of the deposits is held by the Gov-
ernment in gold.

Savings and Loan Societies. These organizations are very largely
investment companies. The deposits are seldom withdrawn except after a con-
siderable notice or at a stated time. The cheques issued to those withdrawing
their savings are cashed by the ordinary banks.

Trust Companies. These companies are generally operated in close asso-
ciation with banks or other financial institutions, such as insurance com-
panies. They do a class of business, very often with the assistance of the
associated banks, which the laws of the country would not permit the banks to
do. They act as trustees for estates and bondholders and as transfer agents,
registrars, executors and administrators. They also maintain large vaults
fitted with deposit boxes for the safekeeping of the documents and securities
of persons who desire to rent them.

Insurance Companies. Insurance companies, particularly those doing a
life business, are important accumulators of credit, and in this sense deserve
to be classed among the banking institutions of the country. They also make
loans to their policy-holders. On account of their large accumulations of credit
are important purchasers of securities.

COINAGE.

The privilege of coining money has always been retained by the govern-
ments of all civilized countries, each of which at the same time endeavors to
eliminate from circulation the coins and currencies of other nations. In this
matter Canada has always been very liberal. The coins and bank notes of the
United States pass almost as readily in Canada as they do in their own country.
In Great Britain and Canada it is not possible to have coins struck anywhere
except at the Royal Mint in London or at its branch at Ottawa. But at either
of these places anyone can have gold bullion converted into coin free of charge.
In English practice, however, it rarely happens this way because the person
would have to wait until his gold was coined, whereas the Bank of England
will pay him within H/2 pence in the pound sterling as much as he would get
at the Mint. Moreover, few people have refined gold to offer and the Royal
Mint in London accepts only the refined article. The person with unrefined
gold is therefore compelled to sell to refiners. The United States Mint at
Washington accepts unrefined gold and makes a small charge for refining it.
By a recent amendment in the Coinage Act of Canada the mint at Ottawa is
also authorized to accept unrefined gold.

FINANCE 83

London is the market to which the surplus of yellow metal, from whatever
part of the world it is mined, goes, and the price of such of it as does not go
thither is also set by the London quotation. The producer takes his gold to
London with the assurance that no matter how much or how little he has to
offer he will receive a price there of not less than 3.17s. 9d. per ounce, because
this is the price which the Bank of England is authorized by statute to pay irre-
spective of the quantity offered. The price is paid in Bank of England notes.
On the other hand, "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street" as the Bank of
England is often called cannot pay more than the above-mentioned price, so
that when gold is selling at a premium the Bank of England gets none of it.
In fact, when there is a demand for gold the Bank of England runs the risk of
losing much of what she already has by her own notes being presented for
redemption. When the withdrawals of gold from the bank in this way are so
heavy that they require to be checked, the directors do so, not by raising the
price of gold, but by increasing the rate of discount.

Silver coinage is on a different basis from that of gold. It is used only
for small change and is not legal tender beyond forty shillings in Great Britain
nor ten dollars in Canada. By this is meant that the largest amount of silver
a creditor can force his debtor to accept in payment of a debt must not exceed
the above-mentioned amounts. Standard silver, from which coins are made, con-
sists of thirty-seven parts of pure silver and three parts of copper. Its fineness is
represented by 925. There is considerable profit to the Government in coining
silver. An ounce of fine silver costs about fifty cents and will make over a
dollar 's worth of silver coins. Gold coins cease to be legal tender when by use
or otherwise their weight is reduced. For instance, a sovereign ceases to
be legal tender when its weight is less than 122.5 grains. But in the case of
silver there is no weight fixed below which a silver coin ceases to be legal
tender. It is sufficient that its denomination is decipherable. Of course
all silver coins of the same denomination are of a certain standard weight when
they come from the mint, but after they have been in circulation for a while
they become worn.

Bronze is an alloy composed of 95 parts of copper, 4 parts of tin and 1 of
zinc. As in the case of silver coins the value of bronze coins is very much
greater than the value of the metal in them, and hence their manufacture is
also a source of profit. Bronze coins are legal tender only to the amount of
one shilling in Great Britain and twenty-five cents in Canada.

Some countries, such as the United States and Germany, use nickel in-
stead of silver for their smaller coins, for instance, five cent pieces.

The Royal or Imperial Mint in London has four branches, three in Austra-
lia, viz., at Sydney, Melbourne and Perth, and one at Ottawa, Canada. There
is also a private mint at Birmingham, England, which does custom minting.

The total number of coins stuck at the Imperial Mint in London in the year
1913, was as follows :

84 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Gold (Sovereigns and half sovereigns) 30,633,962 coins

Silver (5s, 4s, 2s. 6d, Is, 6d, and 3d pieces) 49,201,527

Bronze (Id, V 2 d, and %d, or farthing) 93,327,672

Nickel bronze (3d pieces for colonies) 12,273,600

Total 185,436,761

Of this amount 150,089,161 coins were for the British Government, and
35,347, 600 coins was custom work for various British colonies.

In 1913 the pieces struck by the Mint at Ottawa were as follows :

British sovereigns 4,040 coins

Ten dollar gold pieces 149,232

Five dollar gold pieces 98,832

Silver pieces (half dollars, quarters, lOc and 5c pieces) . . 11,681,469

Bronze (cent pieces) 5,735,405 "

Total 17,668,978

The profits on silver bullion purchased for coinage by the mint at Ottawa
were $626,964.04, and on bronze metal purchased for coinage $44,016.10 for the
year of 1913. There was a loss on worn silver coin of $16,501.95. In 1913
the Finance Department exported foreign silver and bronze coins (mainly of
the United States) to the amount of $2,034,927.67. American coins pass read-
ily from one person to another but when they are received at Canadian banks
they are seldom paid out again, but shipped abroad by the banks under an
arrangement with the Dominion Government, which allows them a small com-
mission for this service.

CREDIT.

What has been said heretofore has had to do mainly with metallic coin
money. But this is by no means the only medium of exchange. Everything
which transfers ownership is a part of the currency of the country.

"A coin signifies the indebtedness of society to the individual who possesses
it. This indebtedness it transferred by a transfer of the coin. A bank note
indicates the nulobteilness of the bank by its promise to pay to the holder of
the note. It passes from hand to hand and takes the place of money so long
as the credit of the bank is good and the belief exists that the bank has
sufficient possessions to meet the face value of the note in case of need. Again,
bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, etc., are in enormous circulation.
They also pass from hand to hand and are accepted, if it is believed that they
will be met at maturity. They are taken and dealt with instead of money.
They all represent debt, just as a coin does, though they exist upon credit. And
so long as they circulate :n the country they represent a part of its currency.

"It is difficult to arrive with any certainty at the comparative amounts of
money and oreciit which are in daily use. But from various calculations that
have been made at different times it has been estimated that in London, at
any rate, paper money as currency is responsible for over ninety-five per cent.

FINANCE 85

of the business transactions carried out. In the country the ratio is probably
much less, from eighty to ninety per cent. But these figures must be received
with all caution. Nevertheless it is obvious how great would be the diffi-
culties if the currency consisted of nothing but metallic coinage, the value
of whicb would rise enormously.

' ' It is quite true that the issue of paper currency is based upon the quantity
of gold in the country to a certain extent ; but no one ever expects that all the
instruments of credit ^vill be liquidated in that metal. Confidence is the
foundation of all. When that confidence is great, the issue will be increased
and so long as the credit of the various persons who are under obligations is
good, no difficulties will arise. The transfer of the instruments of credit will
be quite easy and their liquidation almost a certainty. But this liquidation
is invariably affected by a transfer of credit and not by a transfer of money.
It is to the business community that the amount of the issue must be left with
all confidence. An over issue of instruments of credit may lead to financial
disaster, but that is owing to the failure of credit and not to the amount of
money which is in existence."*

INSTRUMENTS OP CREDIT.

All instruments of credit met with in business may be divided into two
great classes, namely, instruments Negotiable Without Endorsement, such as
Government and bank notes used as ordinary currency, and instruments that
are Negotiable by Endorsement, such as Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes,
etc. By "negotiable" is meant the right or quality of being trans-
ferable from one person to another.

Instruments of credit may also be given a classification according to the
purposes for which they are used, as follows :

(1) Paper currency, such as Government Notes and Bank Notes, and
generally, instruments of credit that pass readily from one to another without
endorsement.

(2) Instruments that are used largely for the transmission of credit from
one to another, but which must be endorsed by the drawee before the instru-
ment can be honored. Under this heading may be placed Cheques, Money
Orders, Postal Notes, Letters of Credit, Travellers' Cheques, etc.

(3) "An unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to an-
other, and signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is
addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determined future time, a sum
certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to bearer, "t In
this class may be put Drafts, and all other Bills of Exchange, such as Finance.
Bills, Documentary Bills, etc.

(4) Documents which acknowledge that goods or chattels have been
placed in the custody of the person or firm giving the documents for the pur-
pose of transmission, storage, etc. In this class may be put such in-
struments of credit as Bills of Lading, Warehouse Receipts, Deposit Receipts,
etc.

(5) Documents acknowledging the existence of a debt, such as Promissory
Notes, I. 0. Us., etc. Also Mortgages, Liens, Debentures, etc. The latter
class generally require to be registered at the local registration office.

* Definition according to British Law.
t "Money Exchange and Banking," by H. T. Easton.

86 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

(6) Documents which acknowledge the ownership of lands, or other im-
movable property, and which also require to be registered. Deeds are a good
example of this class.

(7) Documents such as stocks and bonds of Limited Liability Companies,
that have been chartered in accordance with the requirements of the provisions
of the Limited Liability Companies Act of the Dominion, or of any of the Pro-
vinces : of companies that have acquired existence by reason of special legisla-
tion, as in the case of banks, insurance companies, railways, etc.

(8) Documents which acknowlede the receipt of moneys, and which
undertake certain obligations on account of these payments and others which
may require to be made from time to time over a stipulated period. In such
a class may be put Insurance Policies, whether Marine, Accident, Liability,
Life, Causality, etc. The obligations which such contracts generally under-
take, are to pay a certain stipulated amount in the event of a certain con-
tingency arising. If this contingency does not arise, that is, if the goods in-
sured are not lost, or the accident does not happen, or the person does not die,
the Company insuring has no obligation to return the money, but retains the
payments that have been made to compensate it for the carrying of the
risk.

GOVERNMENT NOTES.

A very important factor in Canadian finance is the Dominion Government.
In addition to being the sole producer of and having complete jurisdiction
over the coinage of the country, it issues Government or Currency Notes and
receives money on deposit in its Savings Banks in connection with the Finance
Department and Post Office, as well as exercises an important control over the
affairs of the country's banks and other financial institutions.

On the 30th of June, 1915, the Dominion Government held deposits in the
Post Office Savings Bank and Government Savings Banks to the amount of
$53,146,382.23. On the same date the amount of Government notes out-
standing, was as follows:

Fractional $822,249.91

$1 Bills 12,562,827

$2 M 8,919,816

$4 " 53,195

$5 " 2,819,397

$10 " 2,180

$20 " 860

$50 " 12,200

$100 " 2,200

$500 " 2,192,500

$1000 " 4,401,000

$500 Legal Tender Notes for Banks 237,500

$1000 " " " " 1,245,000

$5000 " " " ... 118,850,000

. Total $152,120,734.91

FINANCE 87

For the redemption of the above-mentioned Dominion notes the Govern-
ment held gold to the amount of $89,573,041.43. The Government also held
in gold $5,314,638.23 as a reserve against its savings deposits, being ten per
cent, of the amount. It will be noticed that the larger amount of Dominion
currency is issued as "Legal Tender Notes for Banks." These are retained
in the vaults of banks a Reserves or used by them to settle, through the
clearing houses, the balances which one may owe the other, as a result of the
cheques issued, and deposits made by their customers from day to day. About
the end of June, 1915, the amount of Dominion notes which were held by
Canadian banks was $131,064,696, exclusive of the amount which was held by
the City and District Savings Bank of Montreal, and by the Caisse D 'Economic
Notre Dame of Quebec (these two Banks do not make monthly returns to the
Government in the same forms as do other chartered banks). So that the
amount of Dominion Notes which was in circulation among the people of Can-
ada at the end of June, 1915, was somewhere in the neighbourhood of $20,-
000,000. The amount of Gold and Subsidiary Coin that was held by the Banks
at the end of June, was $39,681,134. It is almost impossible to ascertain the
amount of gold and subsidiary coin that is in the homes, vaults, and pockets of
the people, at one time.

BANK NOTES.

The Chartered Banks of Canada have the privilege of issuing Bank notes
of the denomination of $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 and $500, up to an amount al-
ready explained. At the end of June, 1915, the amount of Banks notes in cir-
culation was $99,125,126.

CHEQUES.

There is no instrument of credit that bulks so large in the business of the
country as does the cheque. It is so easy to keep an account at a bank, where
all one '& receipts and credits in the form of cash, cheques, discounts, etc., may
be deposited and credited to his account, and where all one's expenditures
may be made by simply filling out a cheque, that is, a form supplied by the
banker, authorising him to hand over a certain amount of credit to a specified
person or to the bearer of the cheque, that no one would think of doing busi-
ness in any other way. It is so much safer and more convenient to do busi-
ness in this way than to attempt to settle accounts by paying out cash and
other currency, which is carried about in one's pockets or kept in private
vaults. Moreover, the cheque itself stands as a receipt for the amount paid.
Banks take every precaution to see that the proceeds of all cheques are paid to
the proper persons. All cheques deposited must be properly endorsed by the
firms or persons to the credit of whose accounts they are placed, and any
person presenting a cheque to be cashed over the counter must be identified
and made known to the bank before it will be cashed. All cheques should
be made payable to order, and not to bearer, otherwise the bank has not the
same power to see that the proper person receives the proceeds of the cheque.
If a cheque is issued, and the maker has any reason to believe that it is likely to
be cashed by the wrong person, or for any other cause whatsoever, desires a

88 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

delay in the cashing of it, all that is necessary is for him to notify the bank
upon which it is drawn not to honor it, and the payment is at once stopped.
Each customer of the bank is provided with a Pass-book, that is a book into
which all deposits and withdrawals are entered according as they are made.
At the end of each month, this book is handed into the bank, and within a day
or so is returned to the customer, together with all the cancelled cheques that
have been issued by him. From the endorsement on the back of each of
these he can easily ascertain the person or firm who has cashed the cheque, or
the account to whose credit it had been placed.

If the cheque is given to some one who deposits it to the credit of his
account in the same bank or in a branch of the same bank as the one on which
it is drawn, or if he has it cashed, that is if he received the money for it at the
same bank, the necessary entries are made, and the cheque goes no further.
But if the cheque is deposited to the credit of an account in another bank or
branch of another bank, or if it is cashed at another bank, it first goes to the
Clearing House, where it is handed over to the bank on which it is drawn
the amount being charged up to this bank, while the bank that brought it in
is credited with it. "When all the cheques that pass through the Clearing
House in the course of a day's business are entered against and credited to the
proper banks the operation results in some of the banks that are members of
the Clearing House owing others. This balance is generally paid in gold. In
Canada it is paid with "Legal Tender Dominion Notes" described above,
which represent gold deposited with the Dominion Government. Occasionally,
instead of paying the difference in gold, the creditor bank receives a Clearing
House Receipt. This is done in cases where a bank has a Run, that is, where
its clients are withdrawing their deposits and putting them in other banks or
hoarding them. In this case the bank can meet its Clearing House obligations
only as long as its stock of gold and Dominion Notes last, and unless the Clear-
ing House comes to its rescue, the bank fails and has to close its doors. If
the clients accept the notes of the banks and hoard them the bank is safe.
But if they deposit them in other banks, it is just as bad as if they deposited
cheques, because bank notes are also handed back through the Clearing House
to the bank issuing them in the same manner as cheques. In the New York
Clearing House, which is the greatest on the Continent of North America, the
total clearings in 1913 amounted to $98,121,520,297, and the balances paid
amounted to $5,144,130,385.

The Clearing House returns are generally accepted as one of the best indi-
cies of the amount of business that is being done in the country. The clearings
in the different Clearing Houses of Canada during the year 1913 was as fol-
lows :

Montreal $2,889,118,000

Toronto 2,181,281,507

Winnipeg 1,634,977,237

Vancouver 606,899,710

Calgary 247,882,928

Edmonton 213,053,319

Ottawa 207,667,008

Hamilton 177,946,610

Victoria, B. C 176,977,074

FINANCE

Quebec 165,674,745

Regina 132,087,457

Halifax .., 105,347,636

Saskatoon 96,034,723

London, Ont 90,720,752

St. John, N.B 82,447,747

Moose Jaw 61,370,949

Total $9,059,487,402

MONEY ORDER AND POSTAL NOTES.

An instrument of credit very similar to the cheque is the Money Order and
Postal Note. Money orders are issued by the Banks, the Post Office and the
Express Companies. Postal notes are issued by the Post Office. In 1913
the Post Offices of Canada issued money orders payable in Canada to the
amount of $61,324,030, and orders payable in other countries to the amount
of $39,829,243. In the same year they cashed orders that had been issued in
other countries and payable in Canada to the amount of $9,081,627. In the
same year the Canadian Post Offices issued postal notes to the value of $8,-
569,462.

The financial business transacted by the Express Companies in 1913, was
as follows :

Money Orders payable in Canada . . . $49,773,324

Money Orders payable elsewhere 3,510,668

Travellers' cheques payable in Canada 1,771,905

Travellers' cheques payable elsewhere 1,416,201

Collections for C. 0. D. parcels 7,309,889

Telegraphic transfers 286,853

Letters of Credit 69,802

Others forms 905,551

Total $65,044,193

TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFERS.

The great bulk of transfers of credit from one place to another is made
by sending a cheque, money order, postal note, or other instrument of
credit through the mails, but if the transfer is required to be made in a shorter
time than the mails would take, any Bank or Express Company will under-
take to send it by telegraph. In this case, the sender deposits with his Banker
or Express Company the amount necessary to cover the sum he desires to send,
together with the cost of the telegram, the exchange between the two points,
and the commission exacted by the Bank or Express Company for the service.
The bank or express company then notifies its bank or agency in the other
place to hand over to a specified person the stipulated sum.

In Germany, the business of transferring money from one part of the
Empire to another is performed by the Reichsbank Germany's National
Bank which has branches in every important centre throughout the Empire ..

90 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Practically every bank, or other financial institution, and every merchant in
'Germany, keeps a current account with the Reichsbank or its branches on
which no interest is paid, and a directory is published periodically giving the
names and address of such depositors. If a merchant in Berlin wishes to trans-
fer a sum of money to a person in Dresden, he deposits with the Reichsbank
the amount he wishes to send, and the bank instructs its bank in Dresden by
mail to pay over the amount to the person who is to receive the money there.
Should the transfer be made by telegraph a fee for the telegraphic expenses
is collected from the remitter, otherwise no charge is made for exchange or
services. This system is called the Giro Conto Transfer. It is an important
service in that it eliminates the exchange between the German centres, such as
exists between Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, and other Canadian centres. It
should be noted, however, that some Canadian banks do make transfers
through their branches for customers who keep a fair balance on current ac-
count, just as does the Reichsbank.

DRAFTS.

In law, there is a good deal of similarity between the cheque and the Bill
of Exchange, but in use there is the one important difference, that a cheque is
employed to remit money while the Bill of Exchange is employed to exact or
collect.

The domestic Bill of Exchange is commonly known as the draft, which
may be drawn "at sight," "on demand," "after date," "after sight," or
"on a fixed date." The time at which payment is to be made is fixed by the
bill itself; but in the case of bills which are drawn otherwise than "at sight,"
"on demand," or "after sight," a period of three extra days called "days of
grace" is allowed before payment can be demanded. Thus, if a bill is
drawn on the 4th. of August, payable in three months "afterdate" (a month
means a calendar month, that is, from the date in one month to the same
date in the succeeding month), the date of payment is November 7th. If the
third day of grace falls on a day appointed by proclamation as a public holi-
day, the bill is payable on the last preceding business day. If it falls on a
bank holiday, payment is due on the succeeding business day. If the last
day of grace is Sunday, and the proceeding day is a Bank Holiday, payment
is due on the succeeding business day. The ordinary form of a draft is as
follows :

$100.00. MONTREAL, Que., August 4th, 1915.

Three months after date pay to the order of the Bank of
Montreal the sum of ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS, value
received and charge to the account of

RICHARD ROE, (Signed), JOHN DOE.

Toronto, Ont.

In this case John Doe has drawn on Richard Roe a draft for $100, payable
three calendar months and three days from August 4th, 1915, through his bank,

FINANCE 91 ,

namely, the Bank of Montreal. If John Doe wishes to use this draft, he will
have it discounted by the Bank of Montreal at the current rate of interest
for three months and three days, plus the exchange which ordinarily is 1-8 per
<2ent. between Montreal and Toronto, and he will have the proceeds placed to
the credit of his account. The Bank of Montreal at once forwards the draft
by mail to its branch at Toronto, where it is presented to Richard Roe for
acceptance. This is done by Richard Roe writing the word " Accepted"
across the face of the draft together with his name. He may also state
where he wishes the draft presented for payment. It is customary for the
acceptor to make it payable at his own bank. If Richard Roe refuses to
accept the draft, it is returned to the Bank of Montreal, in Montreal, and
charged back to the account of John Doe.

An instrument frequently used for the transmission of credit is the Bank
Draft which is sold by banks to those wishing to transmit credit for the pur-
pose of paying an account or other debt. Used in this way, the draft serves
the same purpose as a money order, or, in fact, the same purpose as a cheque,
the only difference being that the Bank Draft is payable in the place upon
which it is drawn and always includes the cost of exchange, whereas the
cheque is not usually made for an amount including the exchange.

LETTER OF CREDIT.

This is a letter which bankers give their customers for the purpose of as-
suring those from whom they buy goods that their obligations to the amount
stated in the letter will be met. It is mostly used by importers. For example,
suppose a merchant in Montreal arranges with a house in London, or, perhaps,
with an exporter in Patras, Greece, for the purchase of currants, at a price
F. 0. B. the point of production, to be shipped to Montreal, cash against docu-
ments. In this case, the London house or Patras exporter may require some
assurance that his drafts will be met by the Montreal merchant when presented
and this assurance is generally given by a Letter of Credit, which the Montreal
merchant gets from his bank. Ordinarily a copy of this letter of credit would
be sent to the London branch of the Montreal bank, and the Montreal merchant
would instruct the Patras exporter to draw on the London branch of the Mont-
real bank. In this case, the draft with the Bill-of-Lading attached would be
presented in London. The draft would be paid there and the Bill-of-Lading
taken up and forwarded on to Montreal.

Letters of credit of a somewhat different type are sold by banks to people
travelling abroad in order to enable them to get money when they may want it.
This class of letters is generally made payable at the branches or agencies of
the banks issuing them. According as the traveller raises money on his letter
of credit the amount is written on the back of the letter, and when the whole
amount stated in the letter has been exhausted, the letter is taken up by the
last agency or branch to make payment and is forwarded by it to the Head
Office of the bank issuing the letter.

DOCUMENTARY BILLS OF EXCHANGE.

Much of what has already been said concerning a draft or domestic Bill
of Exchange, also applies to foreign Bills of Exchange, which are generally

92 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

known as either Documentary Bills of Exchange, or Finance Bills of Exchanger
A Documentary Bill of Exchange is always used in the case of the export of
goods, and is always accompanied by the Bill of Lading, which the exporter
has received from the shipping company. The marine insurance certificate
which covers the risk during shipment is also attached, as well as the necessary
custom's export papers. Frequently the invoice for the goods is also attach-
ed ; this is not always necessary as the exporter may send his invoice direct by
mail to the purchaser. Practically all payments for goods exported to, and
imported from, Europe, are made by documentary bills of exchange, so that
the amount of Canada's trade with that part of the world is an indication of
the extent to which this instrument of credit is used in Canada.

The ordinary form of a documentary bill of exchange is as follows :

110. 10. 0. TORONTO, Ont., August 4th, 1915.

Sixty days after sight of this First of Exchange (second
unpaid) pay to the order of the Canadian Bank of Commerce,
the sum of ONE HUNDRED AND TEN POUNDS TEN
SHILLINGS sterling, value received, and charge to the ac-
count of

To RICHARD ROE, (Signed), JOHN DOE.

Manchester,
Eng.

John Doe, whom we suppose has sold the goods to Richard Roe to the
amount of 110. 10. 0. after attaching his Bill of Lading, marine insurance certi-
ficate, custom 's export papers, and invoice for goods to the above documentary
Bill of Exchange, hands it over to his banker, which we assume to be the Cana-
dian Bank of Commerce. This bank will discount the bill at the current rate
of international exchange, and place the proceeds to the credit of John Doe's
account. The Bank of Commerce at once despatches the documents to its
branch in London, England, from where it will be sent to Manchester to be
presented to Richard Roe for acceptance. As soon as Richard Roe has given
the bill his acceptance, the bill of lading is delivered by the bank, or its agent,
to him, and he hands it over to his shipping agent to wait the arrival of the
vessel carrying his goods. The bill, after receiving the acceptance of Richard
Roe, is returned to London, where it is held until maturity. If the draft had
been drawn "at sight," Richard Roe would require to pay it at once, and so
release the bill of lading. London is the greatest market in the world for
discounting, and holding documentary bills until maturity, with the result
that these bills are invariably drawn on London, no matter in what part of
the world they may have been made. In fact, London is the only considerable
money centre where there is a ready market for documentary bills of ex-
change. The floating surplus of money in such places as New York, and
even Toronto and Montreal, is to a large extent used in the way of "call loans"
for stock and bond purposes and speculation, whereas in London, to a very
large extent, it is used for the financing of commodity shipments. The float-
ing surplus of money and credit in other English cities is sent to London to be
used as above described.

FINANCE 93

A purchaser of goods in Canada, the United States, India, Australia, or
anywhere else, generally instructs the person from whom he buys, to draw on
his London agent. Hence a merchant in Chicago may buy goods in, say South
America, and have these goods shipped by direct sailing from Buenos Aires to
New York, but the Bill of Exchange covering the purchase price will go to
London to be accepted by the purchaser's agent there, and be held by one of
the many discounting London banks or houses until maturity, and will not
reach the merchant in Chicago on whom it is drawn until it has been paid and
cancelled. In the same way goods shipped from Europe to South America
are paid for by documentary bills of exchange drawn on the South American
purchaser, accepted by the purchaser's agent in London, discounted in London,
and retained there until maturity. Thus great quantities of documentary
bills that are drawn by exporters in every part of the world on European pur-
chasers, are cancelled by documentary bills drawn by European exporters on
purchasers situated in different parts of the world. London is therefore the
great Clearing House for the world 's Documentary Bills of Exchange.

When it is realised that nearly 70 per cent, of the world's ocean commerce
is carried in British bottoms, and that fully 80 per cent, of the documentary
bills of exchange, which represent the value of this commerce, is financed in
London, one begins to realize the commercial and financial importance of Great
Britain.

FINANCE BILLS OF EXCHANGE.

The international movement of goods as above described, together with
the international purchase and sale of securities of one kind and another,
the expenditures which travellers of one country make in another, the charges
for international freights, the interest on international borrowing, and all the
other operations by which credits are transferred from one country to another
in the course of work, business, and pleasure, naturally occasions a swelling
of credit in one country, and a corresponding contraction of credit in
others. This is particularly noticeable between countries such as the United
States and Great Britain. In the autumn and early months of the year, the
United States exports to Great Britain large quantities of raw materials such
as cotton, tobacco, meats, grains, etc. At this period of the year, Great Britain
becomes indebted to the United States for very large surpluses of credit. On
the other hand, the large British investments in the United States create a
constant flowing back of credit throughout the whole of the year to meet the in-
terest. Furthermore, there is a constant flowing back of credit throughout
the year by reason of the purchases which the people of the United States are
constantly making of manufactured goods from Great Britain. But these are
not sufficient to balance the credits due the United States at the time of the
year when they are shipping raw materials so heavily, as they generally do
during the above-mentioned period, and it would require more than all the
gold in Great Britain to liquidate the balance at this time if it required to be
liquidated in that way. But there is another instrument of credit that is
made use of to equalise this balance, namely, the Finance Bill of Exchange.

Finance Bills are drawn at 30, 60, and 90 days sight by banks in the United
States and Canada upon their branches or agents in London and other Euro-
pean centres. While by far the largest amount of these bills are drawn in

94 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

pounds sterling, it must not be overlooked that many are also drawn in marks,,
or francs, or in the notation of other monetary units. When drawn in pounds
sterling, they are known as Sterling Finance Bills. When drawn in marks,
they are known as Mark Finance Bills, and when drawn in francs, they are
known as Franc Finance Bills. These bills generally are accompanied, as col-
lateral security, by certificates of stocks and bonds listed on the recognised
Stock Exchanges of the United States and Canada. In case the bill is not
met at maturity, the holder has the right to sell this collateral, and thus pro-
tect himself. Where the financial standing and responsibility of the drawer
is sufficient, the bill is not accompanied by collateral security. The occasion
for these bills arises when the amount of credit in one country becomes so
great that the rate of exchange begins to drop, and the rate of interest for dis-
count purposes begins to increase. This creates a situation where money is
cheap in the centre where credit has accumulated, and dear in another where
credit has contracted. Suppose, for instance, that money can be borrowed in
London at 2 per cent., and can be loaned in Montreal at 7 per cent. In this
case the banker in Montreal would find it profitable to draw a sterling finance
bill in London, as the following example will illustrate. In this case, we as-
sume that the Montreal banker draws a bill for 100,000 at 90 days sight.

Per
annum.

Commission 1-8 per cent, (proportionate rate for 90 days) 1-2%

British bill stamp 1-20 per cent, (proportionate rate for 90 days) .... 1-5%
Discount rate in London 2%

Total cost of loan in London 27-10%

or $2,587.50 for ninety days, on 100,000, approximately $500,000. This
loan in Montreal at 7 per cent., in ninety days, would return interest to the
amount of $8,750, thereby leaving a net profit to the Montreal banker of $6,-
162.50.

"'Finance bills constitute one of the most important features of interna-
tional banking operations, and in consequence command paramount attention.
Indeed, the immense development of American industries within the last
decade was accomplished through the expenditure of enormous sums of money
raised principally by American Finance Bills.

' ' The millions and millions of dollars thus secured have been expended by
railroad companies and other corporations in the improvement of their respec-
tive lines, rolling stock, and manufacturing plants.

"The millions thus spent are reflected by the increased capitalization re-
presented by the stock and bond obligations of those companies and corpora-
tions. And while it is true that a very large percentage of these securities
were immediately purchased for investment by American institutions and capi-
talists, still, it cannot be denied that European bankers, particularly English,
assisted us, very materially, in financing these gigantic deals by the outright
purchases of these securities for investment, or by the negotiation of loans,
secured by the hypothecation of the various new issues of stocks and bonds.

"To give an idea of the vast amount of money borrowed by American
bankers from the European bankers, let us mention in this connection that the

FINANCE 95

aggregate amount of outstanding Finance Bills representing our indebtedness
for loans of this nature was, at the beginning of the year 1903, approximately
estimated at from three to five hundred millions of dollars. ' ' *

The borrowings of the United States through the medium of Finance
Bills of Exchange, are generally largest about the months of June, July, and
August, when the quantity of goods that is being exported from America to
Europe is smaller than at any time of the year. These bills are created in
expectation of their being liquidated by shipments of cottons, grains, and other
commodities, in about 30, 60, and 90 days hence. It is on account of this
practice that for a few months after the war broke out in 1914, the United
States found it difficult to meet their maturing obligations in Europe, where
the markets were taking so much less of their cotton and other commodities
than they had in former years. The situation, however, has been very material-
ly improved since then. The constant export of goods and munitions of war
from the United States to Europe, has created an exceedingly large balance
of trade in favor of the United States. On July 31st, 1915, this balance
amounted to $1,190,000,000. Ordinarily European countries would not allow
such an adverse balance to continue for long, but would reduce it either bjr
the transference of gold or of credit. But the continuance of the war creates
exceptional conditions. The result, however, is that the price in the New York
market of bills of exchange on European countries is exceptionally low, as
may be seen from the figures that will be hereafter given.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE QUOTATIONS IN NEW YORK MARKETS.

Foreign Bills of Exchange are bought and sold by bankers, and the rates
they pay, being determined by the quantity offering, differ almost from hour
to hour. Most of the business in foreign exchange on this continent is trans-
acted in New York, hence the rates ruling there are accepted by the other
business and financial centres of the continent of North America. The rates
allowed by the bankers in Montreal and Toronto, are the current rates in
New York plus the local rate between that city, and the city of Montreal or
Toronto, which is generally about 1-8 per cent. Very often bills of exchange
are purchased or sold by Montreal and Toronto bankers at rates based solely
on the relative financial conditions in these places and London. In quoting
foreign exchange, documentary bills are often referred to as Commercial
paper, and finance bills as Bankers' bills.. In a general way, sterling quota-
tions are made on transactions of 10,000 and over, while continental rates
are for amounts approximating 100,000 marks, francs, lires, and so forth.

Let us now examine the quotations of the New York Exchange Market, as
they stood at 5 p.m. August 3rd, 1915. These were as follows:

London Bankers' 60 days 4.71^

Bankers' 90 days 4.69^

Demand sterling 4.76 1-16

Cable transfers 4.76 11-16

Grain bills, 7 days . . 4.75

Grain bills, sight '. . 4.7534

Commercial, 60 days - v 4.71

Commercial, 90 days 4.69

'International Exchange," by A. W. MargrafC.

26 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Paris Bankers ' 90 days No quotations

Bankers' 60 days No quotations

Bankers' checks 5.69

Bankers' cables 5.68

Commercial, 60 days No quotations

Commercial, 90 days No quotations

Commercial, sight 5.70^

Berlin Bankers ' 90 days No quotations

Bankers ' 60 days No quotations

Bankers' sight 8iy 2

Cable transfers 81 9-16

Commercial, 90 days No quotations

Commercial, 60 days No quotations

Commercial, sight No quotations

Antwerp Bankers ' sight No quotations

Bankers ' cables No quotations

Commercial, 60 days No quotations

Swiss Bankers ' 60 days No quotations

Bankers' sight 5.36V 2

Bankers' cables 5.35y 2

Amsterdam Bankers' sight 40 1-16+1-16

Bankers' cables 403-16+1-16

Commercial, sight 39%

Commercial, 60 days No quotations

Lire Bankers' sight 6.31

Bankers' cables 6.30

Greek exchange Bankers' checks 5.26

Bankers' cables 5.25

Copenhagen checks 25.80

Sweden Bankers' checks 25.85

Norway Bankers' checks 25.85

Kronen Bankers' sight 15.15

Roubles Bankers' sight 33

Shanghai on London four months bank credits ... 2s, 4 7-16d

Hong Kong on London four months' bank credits. Is, lOV^cL

Japan on London four months' bank credits 2s, ll-16d

Foreign Exchange quotations, to those who have not given it much study,
.are confusing particularly when such an expression as this is met with:
"Lires recovered in a sensational manner. Opening at 6.29 they advanced
sharply to practically 6.20." The idea of 6.20 being a higher quotation for
lires than 6.29 is rather confusing. But there is really nothing difficult about
them, if one only knows for what they stand.

The quotation for sterling exchange in New York is the price in dollars
and cents which a Bill of Exchange for 1 sterling will bring in the New York
market. The par of exchange is when 1 sterling is equal to $4.86 2-3. When
sterling exchange is selling in New York above this rate, it is selling "above
the par of exchange." When it is selling below this rate, it is selling "below

FINANCE 97

the par of exchange." The quotation for Mark exchange in New York is the
price in cents which Bills of Exchange for 4 marks will bring in the New York
market. It should not be forgotten that it is the practice to quote Mark ex-
change always in price of 4 Marks.

The par of Mark exchange is 4 Marks 95^2C.

The quotation for Franc exchange, which is the New York exchange on
Paris, in the New York market, is the price in Francs and centimes which a
bill of exchange for $1.00 will bring in the New York market. The par of
frank exchange is $1.00 = 5 fr. 15 centimes.

Practically all exchange quotations excepting Francs and Lires are
quoted in dollars and cents in the New York market, but francs are quoted in
francs and centimes, and lires are quoted in lira and centesimi. 100 centesimi
= 1 lira and one lira = 19.3c. 100 centimes 1 fr., and 1 fr. 19.3c.

On account of this method of determining the exchange, it will easily be
seen that the higher the rate of exchange, the fewer will be the francs and
centimes which $1 will buy, and the lower the rate of exchange, the more
francs and centimes will a dollar purchase.

Swiss exchange is quoted in francs and centimes as above.

Amsterdam exchange is quoted in gulden or florins. Par of florin ex-
change is one florin or gulden 40.2c.

Copenhagen exchange is in krones or crowns. A krone or a crown =
26.8c.

Norwegian and Swedish exchange is the same as Danish or Copenhagen
exchange.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND QUOTATIONS IN LONDON MARKET.

London quotations are generally given in two tables, as follows :

(1) London exchange on the foYeign centres and

(2) The rate of exchange in the foreign centre on London.

The first table is generally as follows: ^

London rate on

New York In dollars and cents per pound sterling.

Paris In francs and centimes per pound sterling.

Berlin In marks and pfennigs per pound sterling.

Amsterdam In florins and cents per pound sterling.

Berne In francs and centimes per pound sterling.

Genoa In lires and centesimi per pound sterling.

Lisbon In pence per milreis.

Madrid In pence per peso.

Petrogad In pence per rouble.

It should be noted that the London market quotations are always in the
foreign equivalent per pound sterling, with the exception of the exchange in
places in Russia, Spain, and Portugal. It should also be explained that
London very frequently quotes exchange on New York in pence per dollar.
The second table, that is, the rate of exchange on London in:

New York Is in dollars and cents per pound sterling.

Montreal In dollars and cents per pound sterling.

98 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Paris In francs and centimes per pound sterling.

Berlin In marks and pfennigs per pound sterling.

Italy In lires and centesimi per pound sterling.

Petrogad In roubles per pound sterling.

Vienna In kronen and heller per pound sterling.

Constantinople In piastres and paras per pound sterling.

Stockholm In Krones and ores per pound sterling.

Berme In francs and centimes per pound sterling.

Copenhagen In Kronen and ores per pound sterling.

Madrid In pesetas and centimos per pound sterling.

Bombay and Calcutta In shillings and pence per rupee.

Buenos Aires In pence per peso.

Hong Kong In shillings and pence per dollar silver.

Japan In shillings and pence per yen.

Rio de Janeiro In shillings and pence per milreis.

Straits Settlements In shillings and pence per dollar silver.

Mexico In shillings and pence per dollar silver.

Shanghai In shillings and pence per dollar silver.

BILL-OF-LADING.

Among the many instruments of credit, one that is most commonly met
with in foreign commerce is the Bill-of-Lading. This document is given by
shipping companies to those who have handed over goods for transportation
from one point to another. Bills-of-Lading should set forth clearly the character
and quantity of the goods to be transferred, the charges which the company
makes for its services, the points between which they are to be carried, the
route taken by the vessel, and all the conditions of liability on the part of the
shipping company. The person who is^he holder of a bill of lading, is the
one which the transportation company recognizes as being entitled to the goods
named therein. When goods are shipped "cash against documents " (the
principal document in such cases being the Bill-of-Lading), the Bill-of-Lading
is made out to the order of the shipper so that he may endorse it to the order
of the bank that cashes his draft. When a Bill-of-Lading is so endorsed, the
ownership of the goods represented passes to the banker and he has the right
to sell them to protect himself in case the draft is not honored by the pur-
chaser. Bankers always take great precaution to protect themselves against f ra-
dulent Bills-of-Lading. The quantity and quality of the goods mentioned in the
Bill-of-Lading must be fully up to the specified requirements of the pur-
chaser. Unless this confidence between the seller and purchaser is well estab-
lished, the purchaser is not likely to honor a bill of exchange for the amount
equal to the full price of the goods mentioned in the Bill-of-Lading. Many
shippers draw a bill of exchange for only a part of the cost of the goods re-
presented in the Bill-of-Lading, and leave the balance to be settled between
the parties after the goods have arrived and been examined.

WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS AND DOCK WARRANTS.

Warehouse receipts and dock warrants are instruments of credit which
are given by the owners of warehouses, and by Port Authorities to those placing

FINANCE 99

goods with them for storage or custody. Both these documents may be used
by the holder as collateral security for advances by his banker. If the goods
require to be exported at any time, these documents may be converted by
shipping companies into Bills-of-Lading.

PROMISSORY NOTES.

A Promissory Note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one
person to another, signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand or at a
fixed or determined future time, a sum of money to, or to the order of, a
specified person, or to bearer. If a note is drawn payable to the order of the
maker, it becomes negotiable only when the maker writes his name across the
back, that is, endorses it.

A note may be further endorsed or guaranteed by having other responsible
people write their names across the back. If the payee, that is, the person
in whose favor the note is made, wishes to transfer or use the note, he does so
by endorsing it. The maker is the person primarily liable for the payment
of a promissory note, but if he makes default each of the endorsers can be
sued in the order of endorsement. A joint note is one that is made by two or
liable. A Joint Note may also be made to read "We jointly and severally
more parties. "Where the note reads: '"We promise to pay," they are jointly

liable, but where a joint note reads: "I promise to pay," each is severally
promise to pay." In this case the makers are both jointly and severally liable.
Presentment for payment must be made within a reasonable time, otherwise
the endorsers will be exonerated from liability. The first procedure, in the
case of a note being dishonored, is to have it protested, in which case all par-
ties to the note should be notified at once. The ordinary form of a Promissory;
Note is as follows:

Montreal, August 4th, 1915.
$100.00.

Three months after date I promise to pay to EICHARF'
EOE or order the sum of ONE HUNDRED DOLLAES for
value received, with interest at 6 per cent.

(Signed), JOHN DOE.

I. 0. Us.

I. 0. U. is an acknowledgment of indebtedness, being abbreviations of the
words "I owe you." The following is an example:

Montreal, August 4th, 1915.
To Eichard Eoe

It is merely a memorandum of a debt and is not a negotiable instrument.
I. 0. U. TEN DOLLAES ($10.00).

(Signed), JOHN EOE.

100 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE
MORTGAGES AND LIENS.

When title deeds to property or to chattels are deposited as security for a
loan, the instrument of credit setting forth the terms of the loan is called the
Mortgage. If the loan is not met at maturity, application is made to the
courts for an order to foreclose the mortgage, that is, for the right to sell the
collateral in order to satisfy the terms of the mortgage. Often a second mort-
gage is taken on the same property, in which case the first has precedence over
the second. Mortgages and liens should be registered at the local registrary
office, so as to establish title, and also to protect innocent purchasers.

DEEDS.

A deed, in the common acceptation of the term, is the instrument of credit
acknowledging that the person therein named is the owner of the property
referred to. Before purchasing title to property, one should examine very
carefully to see that all the conditions in the previous transfers of the title had
been fulfilled, otherwise the title which he purchases in his deed may not be a
good one.

STOCKS.

This instrument of credit is issued by companies and other corporate bodies,
that is, associations of persons endowed with a legal personality. Among the
oldest corporate bodies known in English law are the guilds or livery com-
panies of London, which began to make their appearance as far back as
1393. Some of these, such as the Fishmongers', the Stationers', the Gold-
smiths', the Apothecaries', etc., still exist and continue to enjoy rights and
privileges granted them by charter centuries ago. It may be interesting to
know that the verdict of the Goldsmiths' Company appended to the annual
report of the Royal Mint is a requirement that had its origin in one of
these ancient rights. The granting of incorporation to towns and cities ia
likewise a very old practice, as is also the formation of trading companies,
banks, insurance companies, etc., by special Act of Parliament. One of the
privileges that has always been granted to companies organized in this way
is the right to divide the capital of the company into shares, and to limit the
liability of the individual member to the amount of his stock, that is, to the
amount paid in to the Company on account of shares and for the amount un-
paid on shares subscribed for. The only class of business organization that
could be formed without the expense necessary for incorporation by Act of
Parliament, was the partnership. But in this ease each partner has always
been made liable for the whole of the debts of the partnership.

The first Joint Stock Companies Act of Great Britain which made pos-
sible incorporation without a special Act of Parliament was passed in 1862.
This laid the foundation for British Company law. It has since been amended
by the Acts 'of 1890, 1900, and 1907. This legislation has proven to be one
of the most important factors in commercial development and expansion. On
the other hand, particularly during the early years after the Act came into
force, it was not without many grave abuses. Property and assets of ques*
tionable value were often made the basis for the formation of joint stock

FINANCE 101

companies, and by unscrupulous booming, the shares were unloaded on
an unwary public, after which the company went into liquidation, and the
stockholders were left with their worthless shares without recourse in law
against the promoters, who pocketed the proceeds from the sale of these
worthless shares. This possibility, however, has been guarded againit in
the Acts of 1900 and 1907 by regarding the companies to be incorporated as
belonging to one of two classes, namely: Private Companies, that is, thost
whose stock is privately subscribed for by a few people ; and Public Companies,
that is, companies with more than fifty stockholders, and particularly those
who by advertisement and otherwise invite the public to subscribe for their
shares.

By the provisions of the Companies' Act of Great Britain now in force,
companies which do not limit, by their articles, the right to issue or transfer
the company's shares to more than fifty shareholders and prohibit any invi-
tation to the public to subscribe, must file with a registrar at Somerset House,
London, for public inspection a Prospectus setting forth all material informa-
tion concerning the incorporation of the company.

Any person, who has such information as the Company's Act of Great
Britain requires shall be given concerning the affairs of a company, has only
himself to blame if he loses his money. But in Canada the Joint Stock Com-
panies' Act of neither the Dominion nor any of the Provinces require that all
such information shall be given before the shares are offered to the public for
subscription, with the result that many companies are formed by promoters
whose main object is to get some easy money by the sale of stocks, bonds, or
debentures, and also with the result that many good businesses are over-
capitalized by the issue of stock ' ' fully paid up, ' ' without sufficient considera-
tion in cash or other assets.

In Canada, Joint Stock Companies may be formed under the provisions
of the Companies Act of the Dominion, or of any of the Provinces. From the
study and examination the writer has made of these Acts and their resultant
incorporations, that of the Province of Ontario is the only one which provides
any protection to the shareholders. The Companies' Act of Ontario is
modelled after the English Act of 1900, and provides for the registration of
considerable information with the Department of the Provincial Secretary.
But the requirements are not as exacting as are those of the British Act of
1907. The Companies' Act of the Dominion offers little or no protection. In
this respect, it is poorer than the Acts of any of the Provinces.

Every company formed under the provisions of a Companies' Act in
Canada or Great Britain is known as a "Limited Liability Company," that
is, a company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount
of the unpaid portion of the shares he holds. Such companies are compelled
by law, except companies incorporated in the Province of Quebec, to always
write the word "Limited" after the name of the company. In the United
States, the word so used is '"Incorporated," or its abbreviation "Inc." The
use of the abbreviation * ' Ltd. ' ' is not a compliance with the different acts, and
should not be used.

Many companies in Canada, such as banks, insurance companies, trust
companies, railroads, and so forth, received their incorporation by special Act

102 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

of Parliament. These do not require the affix "Limited." In some cases,
such as that of banks, the shareholders are liable for double the amount of
the shares they hold. One of the declarations set forth in the charter of
every company whether formed under the Companies' Act, or otherwise, is
the number of shares which the company is authorized to issue and the
amount of each share. Ordinarily a share is for $100, but it may be for $50,
$5, or $1, or, as a matter of fact, for any amount desired by the incorporators.
The amount so fixed is known as the par value of the share. After incor-
poration, or by the application for incorporation (this is not often done),
these shares may be divided by the by-laws of the company into
preferred and common, or into different grades of preferred, or different
grades of common, or both. Or the preferred shares may be made cumulative,
that is, all unpaid interest accumulates and must be paid before any interest
can be paid on the common. Or the interest to be paid on the preferred, or
any grade of preferred, may be limited. In this case all the remaining divi-
dends after this limited interest has been paid on the preferred, belongs to
the common shares.

But as regards the payment of interest, all good Companies Acts expli-
citly stipulate that no interest may be paid on any grade of stock unless it
is earned, and that, in any case interest must not be paid out of capital.
Unfortunately this provision is not always respected as it should be.
Interest is paid occasionally either deliberately, or by so manipulating the
accounts that they show a profit on the books when none has been earned.
This is frequently done to keep up the price of the stock in the market, or
to boom it to a fictitious price. A limited liability company may go on for-
ever without paying interest on its stock, either common or preferred, as it
must do if it does not earn any, or if it does earn dividends and the directors
do not declare them.

When the shares of a company are selling for more than their par value,
they are said to be selling above par, and when the market price is less than
the par value, they are said to be selling below par. The value of stock should
always depend upon the power of the company to legitimately earn and
regularly pay dividends. But frequently stock sells for more than it is worth
or for less than its value on account of the manipulation by those who are in
control of the market for it. In purchasing stock, delivery of the certificate is
not sufficient. The purchaser should always see that a proper transfer is
made on the books of the company. These books are always closed just before
a dividend is paid, and no transfers are made during these few days until
after the dividend has been distributed. During these days, the stock sells
in the market "ex-dividend," that is, the new purchaser would not be entitled
to the dividend. Only those receive dividends whose names appear on the
books of the company as bona fide holders of the stock at the time the books
are closed.

BONDS AND DEBENTURES.

Bonds and debentures are a form of mortgage issued by a company, a
municipality, or a government, on the security of its assets. If the interest
on bonds or debentures is not met when it becomes due, the assets of the

FINANCE 103

whole company, or the particular assets that had been pledged as security, may
be seized and sold to satisfy the accrued interest together with the face value
of the bonds or debentures which become payable immediately. In this case
the company is said to go into liquidation. Instead of selling the assets imme-
diately, the bondholders may arrange to put the company in the hands of a
liquidator or receiver who may sell them gradually, so as to get as much as
possible out of them, or the liquidator or receiver may operate the company
in the hope of getting it back on its feet.

Unfortunately, the method of raising money by issuing bonds and deben-
tures has been resorted to to such an extent that the earning power of many
companies is completely absorbed by its bond or debenture obligations and
nothing is left for the stockholders.

Bonds are known by several names according to their character, or accord-
ing to the particular class of security pledged. There are first, second, or
third Mortgage Bonds, Equipment Bonds, Land Grant Bonds, Collateral Trust
Bonds, Prior Lien Bonds, Income Bonds, and Sinking Fund Bonds.

The instrument of credit created by municipalities for the purpose of rais-
ing money is generally known as Debentures or Sinking Fund Bonds. In the
case of Sinking Fund Bonds, provision is made, by the By-law authorizing such
bonds, for their payment, generally by setting aside a certain amount each
year as a Sinking Fund out of which the bonds are to be retired at the rate of
a certain number at stated periods. This is the most desirable and satisfactory
manner of raising money for municipal purposes. The instrument of credit
used by governments are known as either Bonds or Debentures. The value of
a Bond or Debenture depends upon the value of the property mortgaged and
the extent to which it is mortgaged. Bonds of a company, municipality or gov-
ernment are sometimes guaranteed by a second party, thereby constituting a
liability on the part of issuers and guarantors.

In 1914 the Province of Quebec made provision for companies to make a
bond issue secured by a Trust Deed, covering its movable property. Hereto-
fore a bond issue could only bind immovable property, there being nothing in
the Province of Quebec equivalent to the Chattel Mortgage in other provinces.
A bond which is not based upon a Trust Deed is sometimes called a "Naked
Bond." Such a document is really not a bond.

STOCK MARKETS.

One of the oldest organised Stock Markets (that is, an established market
where stocks, bonds or debentures are listed, and where they may be bought
or sold at any time) in the world is the Bourse of Paris. The operators on
this Bourse consist of two distinct sets or branches of stock dealers, namely,
sixty official brokers or agents de change, generally known as the parquet, ap-
pointed by the French Government, and who alone are admitted to the inner
business ring of the Bourse; and seconcLthe great mass of other members or
brokers known as " coulisse. ' ' The general practice on the Bourse is to settle
accounts once a month, that is, the business of buying and selling eases up once
a month to enable all brokers to settle up with one another the balances
due on the month's trading, to close their accounts, and to collect from their

104 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

customers. This generally occupies a period of about six days. But while
the monthly settlement is the rule, many dealers settle their accounts more
frequently, even as often as daily. A seller may be compelled to deliver stock
at any time.

At Berlin, the Bourse or stock exchange is not under government control,
neither is it closed to all others except members. Anyone may act as broker,
either with or without a license. The settlement occupies three days and
occurs once a month.

The organized stock market of London is situated immediately to the east
of the Bank of England, and faces Throgmorten Street, where many brokers,
who are not members of the Exchange, buy and sell unlisted securities on the
street just as they do on the curb in Broad Street, New York. All members
of the London Stock Exchange are either brokers or jobbers. It is contrary
to the etiquette of the Exchange for brokers to deal with brokers. The
broker is simply a middleman between his clients and the jobbers. A com-
mission is charged by each, which makes stock dealing rather expensive.

Settlements are fortnightly and last for three days. The first day is known
as continuation or " contango" day. On this day brokers require to know
whether clients wish to pay and take delivery of purchases or require accom-
modation for further account. In the event of requesting the latter, pur-
chasers must pay interest at a fixed rate for the particular securities to be
carried. This rate is governed by the rate charged by bankers for call loans.
Many of the other large cities of Great Britain possess Stock Exchanges.

The Stock Exchanges of America, while much younger than any of those
above mentioned, transact a business considerably larger, proportionately to
the size of the community in which they are situated. The speculative fea-
ture of the Stock Exchanges of both the United States and Canada is very
pronounced. The most important stock exchange in America is that of New
York, but each of the other large centres are provided with one of their own.
In Canada there are three Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg.*

The mode of conducting business on all Stock Exchanges in the United
States and Canada is much the same. They are all privately owned exchanges,
on which no one may trade unless he is a member. A membership is general-
ly known as a ' * seat. ' ' The price of a seat varies according to the demand for
membership, and the size and importance of the Exchange.

A Stock Market or a Stock Exchange, is nothing more than a large room,
on the floor of which brokers buy and sell. Through the custom of buying
and selling a particular class of stock in a particular section of the room,
the floor of the house becomes dividend into sections; the railroad section,
the industrial section, etc. Situated at convenient places around the room are
the private telephones of members. The room is also provided with tele-
graphic communication and other conveniences for the rapid execution of
orders. The difference of a few minutes may mean a considerable loss to a
customer. An Exchange is always provided with a rostrum, on which sits the
chairman elected periodically by the members, whose duty it is to maintain
order during business hours. On a busy day, when the New York Exchange is

* See Chapter VI. for list of members of Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg Stock Exchanges.

FINANCE 105

crowded and thousands of brokers are jostling, gesticulating, and shouting
their bids and offers, the Exchange resembles a bedlam. But this does not
seem to interfere with the capacity of each broker to successfully transact his
business. A man's word, or a nod of the head is all that is required to bind
a transaction involving several thousands of dollars.

Speculators who buy stocks in the hope of being able to sell them at a higher
price are generally known as " bulls"; while those who sell stocks short, that
is, sell for delivery at a certain future date in the hope of being able to
buy on that date to fill the order at a lower price than they sold, are called
"bears."

When buying or selling for speculation, the customer seldom, if ever, buys
the stock outright and insists upon delivery. He generally buys or sells on a
margin of ten or twenty points, that is, if he bought C. P. R. at, say, $150, he
might pay his broker only $10 a share. If the stock went up and he sold at
$155, his broker would return to him the $10 which he had deposited together
with the $5 representing his profit on the transaction. Of course from this
$15 would be taken the broker's commission and the interest on the remaining
$140 a share for the period during which the broker carries the stock. Had
the market gone down after he had bought at $150 and he had sold at $145,
the broker would return him only $5, less, of course, the brokerage and
interest. This is known as buying and selling on margin. The margin of $140
a share above-mentioned would be put up by the broker and is generally
loaned to him by the banks and other financial houses from their
current surpluses. These temporary loans to stock brokers are known
as "Call Loans" because the loan is made on the understanding
that it may be called up by the bank or financial house at any time without
notice. A low rate of interest for call money generally means increased acti-
vity on the stock market. Call Loans are always made on the collateral of
recognized and well-established securities.

INSURANCE.

For the purposes of business, the words ' ' insurance ' ' and * ' assurance ' ' are
synonymous. Either signifies a contract whereby, for a stipulated considera-
tion, one party undertakes to indemnify or guarantee another having
an insurable interest against loss by certain specified risks. The
party who undertakes to pay in the case of loss is termed the
Insurer; the danger against which he undertakes is called the Risk;
the person protected is called the Insured; the sum paid for the pro-
tection is called the Premium ; and the contract itself is called the Policy.

For many years insurance was regarded as a form of gambling. In fact
it was from this propensity in the human race that it took its rise. But as
the results from experience accumulated and the science and mathematics of
chance developed, and more particularly as the needs of business required that
the possibility of a loss in the event of certain contingencies arising be mini-
mised, insurance in all its forms settled down more and more on a broad
basis until to-day it is not only sound and legitimate, but absolutely neces-
sary to many important branches of business activity.

106 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Insurance as it is conducted to-day is based upon a science which deals
with the equitable distribution, among all the members of a community, of the
loss, which any one member may suffer as a result of a contingency arising
over which he has no control. The position has thus been reversed, and to-day
the person who assumes obligations to his fellow-members without insuring
himself against loss as above described is taking a risk that brands him as the
gambler, and not the person or firm that offers to insure his risk. On the
other hand, the person who insures to cover his loss in the event of a contin-
gency arising over which he has no control and who does not take all reason-
able precautions to avoid or prevent this contingency arising, or who deliber-
ately encourages its arising, is a criminal of a dangerous type.

MARINE INSURANCE.

"It has ever been the policy of this nation to encourage trade and poli-
cies of assurance have existed time out of mind." This, written in the time
of Queen Elizabeth, would indicate that the custom of covering the risk of
vessels and their cargoes was one of the oldest forms of insurance. Until
about the middle of the seventeenth century the business of placing marine
risks in England was largely in the hands of the Lombards. But about that
time a number of English merchants, who were in the habit of meeting in a
coffee house, kept by one Edward Lloyd, decided to accept risks on their own
account. This was the beginning of the now famous institution known as
Lloyd's, a corporation whose members continue to underwrite either directly
or indirectly approximately one-half of all the marine risks placed in Great
Britain and which is recognized throughout the world as the greatest bureau
of marine information.

Lloyd's, as a corporation, does not underwrite a risk any more than the
Montreal Stock Exchange buys or sells shares on its own account. But just
as the Montreal Stock Exchange requires that its members shall be of good
financial standing and capable of meeting the obligations which each assume
and that in case of insolvency the value of the member's seat on the exchange
goes to meet his liabilities, so Lloyd's makes a careful examination of each
applicant for membership to the corporation and requires from each of its
underwriting members a deposit of at least 5,000 as a guarantee that his
underwriting obligations will be met. In addition to this deposit, of course,
the private means of an underwriter is also at stake and can be seized to satisfy
the risks he has underwritten. Lloyd's is, in fact, a great market for marine
insurance where individual members conduct business on their own ac-
count and so long as they conform to the rules of this market they are free to
follow their own views.

The procedure at Lloyd's is as follows: The business of placing a risk
is entrusted, by those seeking the insurance, to a broker who makes out what
is called "a slip," which sets forth a complete statement of the facts all the
facts concerning a risk must be set forth clearly and nothing should be con-
cealed. This slip is presented to individual members, each of whom, or at
least those who are willing to assume part of the risk, underwrites his name and

FINANCE 107

the amount of the risk he will take. When the whole of the amount has
been taken, the broker writes out the policy and presents it for the signature
of those who signed the slip.

Lloyd's is also an immense organization for the collection and distribu-
tion of marine intelligence, which is published daily in "Lloyd's List" or
weekly in "Lloyd's Weekly Shipping Index." Other publications put out by
Lloyd's are: "Lloyd's Calendar," "Lloyd's Book of House Flags and Fun-
nels," "The International Code of Signals," and "Signal Letters of British
Ships." The information published in the above-mentioned periodi-
cals is supplied by Lloyd's agents who are to be found on every
coast in the world and who by letter and telegram report the arrival and the
departure of, and casualties to, vessels within their districts, as well as all
other kinds of marine information.

Another important organization closely affiliated with Lloyd's is "Lloyd's
Registry of Shipping." This Society surveys, for classing purposes, all ships
that come to it. The Society maintains surveyors all over the world. The
Register which it issues yearly to its subscribers, and which is constantly being
brought up to date, is an invaluable work of reference, not only for under-
writers when taking risks but also for all interested in shipping as well as in
marine insurance, who, by reference to its pages can at once acquire the latest
information regarding the standing, age, and state of repair of any ship classed
by the Society.

At Lloyd 's is also kept a ' * Captain 's Register, ' ' giving the record of every
master in the mercantile marine. It also maintains an ' ' Inquiry Office ' ' where
the relatives of crews or passengers may obtain, without cost, information
concerning the movements of vessels in which they are interested.

But it is a mistake to believe, as so many people do, that all marine risks
are underwritten at Lloyd's. In Great Britain, as in every other country,
there are many joint stock companies that are not members of Lloyd's Corpora-
tion, that write large amounts of marine insurance. In this country there
are two purely Canadian companies which compete for business with the
agents of some fifty or sixty marine insurance companies of the United States
and Great Britain.

The agents and companies underwriting marine risks in Canada are not
required to take otft a Dominion license as are those doing other classes of in-
surance business; neither are they required to make returns to the Govern-
ment. It is, therefore, impossible to ascertain the amount of marine business
done in Canada.

OTHER FORMS OF INSURANCE.*

All insurance companies, other than those doing a marine business, are
compelled to make annual reports to the Insurance Department of the Govern-
ment at Ottawa. They are also required to deposit, with the Receiver-General,

* For list of Insurance Companies doing business in Canada see Chapter VI.

108 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

as a guarantee that they will meet their obligations to their policyholders, a
considerable portion of their assets. The number of companies writing dif-
ferent classes of insurance, together with their premium receipts from business
placed in Canada for the year 1913, was as follows :

Number

of Canadian
Companies. Companies.

Fire 82 $5,099,298

Life 60 24,783,718

Life Assessment . . 4 2,404,200

Accident 30 1,129,844

Guarantee 18 181,719

Plate Glass 18 73,079

Steam Boiler 7 94,705

Burglary 7 46,296

Sickness 34 872,686

Inland Transporta-
tion 4,311

Employers ' Liabil-
ity 862,854

Title 1 351

Live Stock 2 89,291

Automobile 21 131,509

Sprinkler Leakage. 7 None.
Hail, Weather and

Tornado 17 397,398

Totals $36,171,250

British
and Colonial
Companies.

$13,138,597
1,905,483
None.
594,337
177,294
50,405
None.

1,264
119,259

85,938

2,003,356
None.
43,147

88,861
452

1,287

United States
and other
Companies.

$7,508,052

11,969,392

None.

475,704

286,611

101,345

52,964

28,020

143,485

49,991

650,548
None.
None.

342,834
41,934

48,997

$18,209,680 $21,699,877

The value of the securities held by the Receiver-General at the end of the
same year was as follows :

Life $79,906,061.26

Fire 13,709,207.28

Fire and miscellaneous 10,092,717.64

Accident, guarantee, plate glass, etc 4,610,610.40

Total $108,318,596.58

A few of the above-mentioned classes of insurance require some special
mention, although the principles underlying each and their methods of opera-
tion are exceedingly simple and easily understood.

FIRE INSURANCE.

An insurance policy to cover the risk of loss by fire may be placed either
on a building or its contents. When it is placed on the building, the rate of

FINANCE 109

premium required will depend upon; (1) the quality of the building, that is,
the kind of material it is made of and the manner in which that material has
been put together; (2) its surroundings, that is, the class of buildings with
which it is in close proximity; (3) the quality of the fire protection of the
municipality in which it is situated; (4) the provision made in the building
for the detection and extinguishing of any fire that might arise, that is,
whether or not the building is supplied with such appliances as fire alarms and
sprinklers; and (5) the use to which the building is to be put. The rate of
premium required to cover a risk placed on the contents of a building will de-
pend; (1) on the class of building in which these contents are; and (2) the
nature of the contents themselves.

In determining the premium as above-mentioned, fire underwriters follow a
system which assumes that the net rate, that is the rate necessary to cover the
risk alone, for an average risk is a certain amount. From this they subtract
certain fixed amounts for every feature that improves the risk and add certain
fixed amounts for every feature that increases the hazard. To this net prem-
ium is added a percentage to cover expenses. The relation which the expenses
of fire insurance companies bear to their total income may be seen from the
following, which has been compiled from the 1913 returns of Canadian com-
panies :

Income from all sources, principally premiums 100%

Payments for losses 57.88%

General expenses 36.77%

Dividends to stockholders . 4.82%

Total paid out 99.47%

Fire insurance companies are generally known as tariff and non-tariff
companies. Those belonging to the group known as tariff companies charge uni-
form premiums and for the purpose of fixing this premium on the risk assumed
on each building and its contents, divide the country into sections. In each
of these sections the associated companies maintain a staff of clerks and in-
spectors whose duty it is to make maps and drawings of the buildings, cities,
towns and villages in their respective sections and to systematically work out
the premiums to be charged on each risk. The following are the different as-
sociations covering the respective sections: Nova Scotia Board of Under-
writers covers the Province of Nova Scotia ; New Brunswick Board of Under-
writers covers the Province of New Brunswick; Canadian Fire Underwriters
Association covers the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec ; Western Canada Fire
Underwriters Association covers the Provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Sask-
atchewan ; Mainland Board of Underwriters covers the Pacific Coast.

A tariff company may be a member of all these underwriters ' associations
or only of such of them as covers the districts in which it does business.

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

It will readily be seen what a great amount of duplication of work there
would be if each company attempted to do this work by itself. Such associa-
tions also make for uniformity of rates and prevents the cutting of premiums.

Non-tariff companies are free to charge such rates as they consider suffi-
cient to cover the risk insured and to make such reductions as they find neces-
sary to secure the business.

LIFE INSURANCE.

The first organized attempt to insure lives in England is marked by the
birth of the Amicable Society, which received a Royal Charter in 1706 for the
purpose of simply raising a fixed contribution from each of its members, out
of the proceeds of which, was to be distributed a certain sum each year among
the relatives of deceased members. All persons between the ages of twelve
and fifty-two were admitted and each paid an equal yearly contribution. In
1734 the Society undertook to guarantee that the amount to be paid to rela-
tives at the death of a member would not be less than 100. It was not until
1807 that the Amicable Society began the practice of rating new members
"according to the age and other circumstances."

But the Amicable was not the first to make this most essential step in
tie development of life insurance. In 1762 the Equitable was formed. From
the outset, this company possessed all the essential features of present day life
insurance. It offered policies of fixed sums on single or joint lives and for
any term. The premiums were regulated according to age and only healthy
lives were accepted. Provision was made for the investment and accumula-
tion of funds and a basis for the distribution of surpluses was established.
The whole scheme as it was put into operation was not without defects, but
these were remedied as experience suggested, and, while many important im-
provements have been made since, the principles, as introduced by the Ami-
cable, remain the same.

In these early years one of the most difficult things to determine was the
premiums that would be adequate at the different ages. There existed no
records from which to determine the number of persons who, out of the
given number born or living at a particular age, live to attain successive higher
ages, and the number of those who died in the intervals. In fact it was not
until the early 70 's of the last century that mortality tables were compiled.
Those formed at that time are still in use. They are known as the mortality
tables of the Institute of Actuaries as follows :

Table Mm. Healthy lives, males.
Table Hf . Healthy lives, females.
Table Hmf. Healthy lives, males and females.

With these tables it was an easy matter to ascertain what a person at a
given age would require to pay annually so that his accumulations, invested at
a certain rate of interest, would equal the amount of his insurance at the end
of the period when, according to the tables of mortality, he might be expected
to die. The number of those insured who die prematurely, about

FINANCE

111

equal those who live and continue to pay their premiums beyond the ex-
pected period. The tables were made high enough so that if they erred at all
they would err on the right side. As a matter of fact, the experience gained
by insurance companies since the introduction of these tables, show that the
net premiums are about 30 per cent, higher than the mortality on insured
lives would require. This is one of the most important sources of surpluses in
life insurance.

The following analysis of a life insurance premium will give an idea of
how it is made up. The sources of profits are also given, as well as the amounts
earned from each source by all Canadian companies during the year 1905. The
examination of the affairs of Canadian companies by the Koyal Commission for
that year gives the information that enables us to compile these figures. They
cannot be compiled from the annual reports made to the Insurance Depart-
ment. The figures given refer to the page in the report from which these
returns have been compiled.

PREMIUM

A Life Insurance Premium

may be divided into two
distinct parts:

1st. The net premium, or
the annuity, which, at 3i%
interest, will provide the
amount of the risk at death,
or at the end of the period
stated in the policy.

2nd. The loading or the

amount which provides for

the expense of getting and
maintaining the policy.

BASIS AND COMPOSITION OF
PREMIUM.

NetTPremium is based on
two considerations:

IsOA table setting forth
the expectation of life at all
ages. s There are a number of
tables in use. But the one
used by Canadian companies
is ithe Hm. (Healthy males)
Table' of the Institute of
Actuaries of Great Britain.

2nd. The rate per cent.,
which is assumed will be
earned on investments.

Loading is an amount arbit-
rarily settled upon, which
is considered sufficient to
meet all expenses. In the
premiums on all policies in
Canadian companies the
loading amounts on an
average to about 22% of

I the premiums.

In addition to the above,
the following are the other
sources of profits.

REVENUE AND SOURCES OF PROFIT

ACTUAL
RETURNS
FOR THE
YEAR 1905.

1. Surplus from the provision

for mortality. From experi-
ence it is found that the Hm.
table is about 30% higher than
necessary. Hence every year
there is a surplus from this
item. In 1905 the savings
from this item were 31 J% of
the amount set aside under
the Hm. table (C. R. 172).. . f 1,388,364. 5*

2. Surplus from interest rate.

Although the rate assumed is
3i%, as a matter of fact, the
investments of the companies
earn a larger rate than this. .. 423,859.02

In 1905 the rate earned
on the assets was slightly
under 4J% (C. R. 170).

3. The total amount of the load-
ings for expenses on all
premium* (C. R. 174) 3,816,463 . 96

4. The amount retained by the
companies from the reserves
released by the surrendered
and lapsed policies. The total
is not given but the amount ia
well over

5. Gains from sales or maturities
\ of securities (C. R. 170)

600,000.00

699,887.00

TOTAL GROSS SURPLUS J6.627.664. 56

Insurable Lives. Any person or persons may insure his or her own
life or their joint lives; or one person may place insurance upon the life of
another, in whom he or she has an insurable interest either by reason of rela-
tionship or as a protection for a debt or other financial or business obligation.
A person in whose favour a policy is made is known as the beneficiary.

If the life to be insured is healthy and has a satisfactory family
history the ordinary premium is sufficient to cover the risk. But, if either of

112 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

these are not up to the standard or if the person is engaged in extra-hazardous
work, a premium proportionately higher is charged, if the applicant is not
rejected.

Term of Policy. A life insurance policy may be made to mature at death
whenever that may occur, as in the case of a whole-life policy; or it may be
made to cover the risk of death during a limited period ; as in the case of tem-
porary insurance or endowments. In the latter case if the insured survives to
the end of the endowment period, the full amount of the policy is paid to the
insured.

Payment of Premiums. The payment of premiums necessary to cover a
risk or provide for an endowment may be made in a single payment, or it may
be made in instalments of equal annual, semi-annual, quarterly, monthly, week-
ly, or even more frequent payments. The great amount of ordinary life in-
surance is paid for on the annual premium plan, while those, on what are
commonly called "industrial insurance," are made on the weekly payment
plan.

Payment of Policy on Maturity. The amount stipulated in the policy to
be paid at maturity either as the result of death or at the termination of the
endowment period, may be paid by the insurance company in a single sum,
or in an annuity for a stipulated period, or for the lifetime of the beneficiary
or the insured in the case of endowments.

Participation in Profits. A policy may be taken with or without profits.
The premium in the latter case is generally lower than in the former. A
policy with profits, means that the policy holder is entitled to participate in
whatever surplus the insurance company may save from the various sources
already described. These surpluses may be distributed among policy holders
annually, quinque annually (every five years), every ten years,
fifteen years, twenty years, etc. The period at the end of which
the surplus is to be distributed is often referred to as the Ton-
tine period (so called after Tonti, an Italian, who invented the
principle of payments with the benefit of survivorship, that is, the principle
of paying surpluses only to those who survive or live to the end of the stipulat-
ed period) . The policy holder generally has the option of receiving his portion
of the surplus in cash or having it applied to a reduction of his premium, or
he may receive it in the form of "bonus addition," that is, as an addition to
the amount of his insurance.

Surrender Values. After a certain number of premiums have been paid,
if a policy holder desires to drop his insurance, he has the right to have refund-
ed to him a portion of the reserve on his policy. That is, he is entitled to a
portion of the accumulated net premium, which the Government requires shall
be kept securely invested. Of course he only gets a fraction of this reserve,
generally about two-thirds. The remaining third, together with any rights
he would have as regards surplus, is retained and distributed among those
who continue their policies. The surrender value makes the policy a valuable
collateral, on which a loan may be had by the policy holder either from the
insurance company, or from a bank, or other corporation or person. The
surrender value may also be used to keep the policy in force when the policy
Holder is unable to meet his premiums.

FINANCE 113

Kinds of Policies. There are as many kinds of policies as there are
combinations of above-mentioned features. An intending insurer may take
out a policy for any term, either with or without endowment. He may have
his premiums paid in one of a half-dozen different ways, and by selection,
have the policy mature either at a certain period or at death.
He may take it without profits or if he decides to select a parti-
cipating policy, that is, one in which he will participate in the profits, he may
have his profits in one of the several different ways. The most
satisfactory kind of life insurance for ordinary cases is a life policy on a limited
payment plan, that is, a life policy which will be fully paid up at the end of, say,
twenty years. This class of policy is ordinarily known as the Twenty-Pay-
ment Life. If he decides to participate in profits, he should select the annual
distribution plan. It is the most satisfactory from every point of view.

How to Select a Life Insurance Company. On the principle that ' * one can-
not eat his pie and have it " to share with others, it is reasonable to assume that
the company which expends for expenses and other outlays the largest propor-
tion of its income will have the least surplus to divide among its policyholders.
It must not be forgotten that the Government compels all life insurance com-
panies to keep intact sufficient of its receipts to meet the obligations assumed
on all policies issued. If, therefore, a company expends for the purpose of
getting new business, or for management or in any other way, more than its
surplus, it not only has no surplus for its policy holders, but it is required to
call up more capital or make good the deficit in some other way. The very
best test which intending insurers can apply in their efforts to select a good
company is to compare companies by the percentages which their whole ex-
penses are to their total premium income. This comparison is not abso-
lutely fair in all cases. But the error, where there is any, is too small to
materially affect the test. Moreover, it is the only reliable test that can be
made from the information regarding the business of life insurance com-
panies, which the public is able to procure from the Annual Report issued by
the Government Insurance Department at Ottawa.*

ANNUITIES.

Many life insurance companies sell annuities, either immediate (that is,
when annual payments to the annuitant begin at once) or deferred (that is, an-
nual payments to begin at the end of a stated period). Annuities offered by
life insurance companies are mostly intended for beneficiaries under any form
of life insurance policy or for the holders of endowment policies. Such per-
sons have the option of converting the amount received as a result of a matur-
ing policy into an annuity instead of taking it in a single payment.

GOVERNMENT ANNUITIES.

In 1908 the Dominion Government, recognising the need for encouraging
people of limited means to provide an income for themselves during the latter
years of their lives when their earning power had disappeared, opened a Depart-
ment for the selling of annuities which would begin when the person has
reached the age of either 55 or 60 years, as the annuitant chose to elect. The

* For percentages of expenses to pension income of each company doing life insurance
business in Canada see Chapter VI.

114 CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

price of these Government annuities are exceptionally low as the whole cost
of the department is borne by the Government. Moreover these annuities
cannot be attached for a debt or sold by the annuitant. In the event of
the annuitant dying before the age at which the annuity begins to be paid, the
amount which he or she has paid into the Government, with compound interest
at 3 per cent., will be returned to his or her heirs. These annuities may be
bought by the annuitant or by any other person for him or her; or they may
be paid for partly by the annuitant and partly by his or her employer or
some other person. Furthermore, they may be bought, partly by a single
payment and partly by periodical payments. For example, a person begin-
ning at the age of 20 with a cash payment of $10.00 and continuing to pay 25c
a week, and adding an additional $10.00 every five years, would receive
$151.96 every year after he had attained the age of 60 years. If the employee
paid 25c a week and the employer $10.00 a year, the annuity at the age of 60
would be $231.28 ; and, if the annuitant died at the age of 50, his heirs would
receive $1,111. Should the weekly payments not be continued for the full
period such an annuity will be granted as the payments made will purchase.
Payments weekly or otherwise are received at any Post Office. The annuities
are to be paid by the Government quarterly. In the case of invalidity or dis-
ablement the annuity begins at once, otherwise not before the age of 55 is
reached. Every person should be encouraged to take advantage of this ex-
cellent means of making provision for old age. It is simple, cheap and be-
yond the reach of the annuitant or his creditors. Rates and information con-
cerning Government annuities may be had at any Post Office in Canada or
by application direct to the Department of Government Annuities, Ottawa,
Ont.

ACCIDENT AND SICKNESS INSURANCE.

Policies covering the risk of accident or sickness are generally issued by
a different class of insurance companies from those issuing life policies, al-
though the accident and sickness policies, in most cases, are made to cover
the risk of death by accident or as the result of certain diseases. The premiums
are always proportionate to the number of accidents and diseases which the
policy is made to cover ; the amount to be paid in the case of death by either ;
and the amount to be paid in the case of any disablement that may result, such
as the loss of a leg, an arm, a finger, an eye, &c. The premium is also pro-
portionate to the allowance made for any surgical operation necessary as the
result of an accident, for medical and hospital attendance and the weekly in-
demnity paid to the injured or sick during the time he or she is away from his
or her regular employment.

EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY AND WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION.

For many years the laws of most industrial countries have compelled em-
ployers to compensate their workmen for injuries suffered as the results of
accidents while at work, particularly when such accidents are not the result
of contributory negligence on the part of the workman. To cover the risk
of such liability many employers have been in the habit of taking out a policy

FINANCE 115

known as Employer's Liability Insurance. The premiums paid in such cases
are always proportionate to the exactions of the workmen's compensation
laws, to the hazard of the employment and to the conditions maintained by
the employers in their efforts to avoid accident.

This arrangement has not always worked out to the satisfaction of either
the employer or the employee, particularly where the insurance companies, in
their efforts to avoid payments, have expended large proportions of their
premium receipts for legal expenses. This dissatisfaction has produced a
disposition on the part of large employers of labour and on the part of Gov-
ernments to make provision for compensation to injured workmen in other
ways. One of the most recent moves along this line was made by the Province
of Ontario, whose Workmen's Compensation Act came into force on the 1st of
January of this year.

The administration of the Act is entrusted to a Commission who look after
the collection of the premiums from employers and who also apportion the
amount of compensation to be paid employees for injuries. This Act does not
cover all employments in the Province, but it applies to most, chief among
which are manufacturing, building, construction, lumbering, mining, trans-
portation, navigation, the operation of public utlities, &c. Employers pro-
vide all the funds necessary and pay in annually to a central fund the amount
determined according to a carefully worked out schedule. In many other
places the employees contribute something, but in Ontario no part is exacted
from them. The compensation for injury is payable irrespective of any ques-
tion of negligence on the part of the employee. The only cases in which com-
pensation is not payable are where the accident is contributable solely to the
serious and wilful misconduct of the workman and does not result in death or
serious disablement. Compensation is also paid for certain industrial dis-
eases.

Provisions are made in the Act for employers to form themselves into Asso-
ciations for the prevention of accidents. These may make rules and, when
such have the approval of the Commission and of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-
Council, are binding upon all employers in the class. Such Associations may
appoint Inspectors whose salaries are apportioned by the Commission among
all employers in said class.

Any information concerning this Act may be had on application to the
Workmen's Compensation Board, Normal School Buildings, Toronto, Ont.

FIDELITY GUARANTEE INSURANCE.

This class of insurance covers the risk which employers run as a result of
any violation of trust on the part of managers, clerks, travellers or collec-
tors. Such insurance is required particularly in the case of Government and
Municipal officials, trustees, liquidators and receivers. The rate of premium
depends upon the past history and character of both employers and employees
and the system of supervision under which the employees work. The amount
of the policy may be limited to different stated amounts for each employee or
it may be for a single amount, as in the case of what is known as a "floating
policy," which insures the employer against any loss committed by any one
employee or any number of them.

116 FINANCE

BOILER INSURANCE

This class of insurance covers the risk of damage by the explosion of a
steam boiler, and such damage includes injury to workmen or other persons and
also damage to surrounding property. Companies issuing such policies gen-
erally employ trained experts who regularly inspect the boilers insured.

Policies covering the risk of injury to persons and damage to property by
elevators are very similar to those of Boiler Insurance Companies. Policies
covering damage by leakage of Sprinkler Systems are also similar.

BURGLARY INSURANCE.

Such policies cover the risk of loss by burglary or theft by servants.
PLATE GLASS INSURANCE.

Such policies cover the risk of breakage from all causes except fire, which
risk is generally covered by the fire insurance policy.

LIVE STOCK INSURANCE.

Such a policy may be made to cover the risk of loss by death or injury to
a single animal or to the entire stock on a farm.

HAIL, WEATHER AND TORNADO INSURANCE.

Such a policy covers the risk of loss to growing crops. The insurance is
based upon the acreage covered by the crops.

AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE.

Such a policy may insure against the risk of loss by burglary, fire or
accident ; or it may be made to provide compensation for injuries to the owner,
driver or other persons.

TITLES INSURANCE.

Such a policy covers the risk of loss by reason of a title to property
being defective. Companies issuing such policies employ experts who search
the titles to be insured and ascertain all weak or doubtful points concerning
them.

Chapter IV.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

AND

CANADIAN PRODUCERS*

ABACA. The Spanish name for Manila Hemp.

ABIETINE. A hydrocarbon distilled from the
Pinus Sabiana of California. It is used as a
substitute for benzine.

ABRASIVES. Any very hard substance that
may be used for sharpening tools, smoothing
surfaces or wearing down materials are called
abrasives. They require to be a harder sub-
stance than the material to be sharpened or
worn down. There are two kinds of abrasives,
yiz.; the natural products, such as corundum,
emery, garnet, limestones, infusorial earth, tri-
poli, millstones, whetstonea and pumice; and
the artificial products such as carborundum,
which is a silicon carbide produced by ex-
cessive heat generated by electricity and alun-
dum made from aluminum.

ABBASrVES.

Atlantic Grindstone, Coal & Railway Co., Lowtr
Cove, N.S.

Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls, Ont.

Dorchester Stone Works, Ltd., Beaumont, N.B.

Manufacturers Corundum Co., Ltd., Craigrmont,
Renfrew Co., Ont., and Toronto, Ont.

Miramichi Quarry Co., 10 Richmond Sq., Mont-
real, Que.
Norton, Co., Chippawa, Ont.

Read Stone Co., Ltd., Sackville. N.B.

ACAJOU. A fragrant species of mahogany sold
in logs about 16 feet long.

ACETONE.

Merck & Co., Montreal.

ACETYLENE. A colorless carbon-hydrogen gas,
with a peculiar unpleasant odor.

ACET YIiENE .

Blaugas Co., of Canada, Ltd., The, Montreal,
Que.

Commercial Acetylene Railway Light and Sig-
nal Co., Toronto, Ont.

Compressed Gas Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

ACIDS.

Cowan, John & Co., Limited, Montreal, Que.
Grasselli Chemical Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Nichols Chemical Co., of Canada, Ltd., Th,

Montreal, Que.
Victoria Chemical Co., Ltd., Victoria, B.C.

ACID, Acetic.

Standard Chemical Iron and Lumber Co. of
Canada, Limited, Toronto, Ont.

ACZDS, Carbolic.

Dominion Tar & Chemical Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que.
Grasselli Chemical Co., Ltd., Hamilton Ont.

ACZDS, Muriatic and Nitric.

Grasselli Chemical Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Nichols Chemical Co., of Canada, Limited, Th,

Montreal, Que.
Victoria Chemical Co., Ltd., Victoria. B.C.

ACIDS, Sulphuric.

Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.B.
Grasselli Chemical Co., Ltd., Hamilton, OnL
Metal Chemicals, Limited, Welland, Ont.
Nichols Chemical Co. of Canada, Ltd., Th,

Montreal, Que.
Victoria Chemical Co., Limited, Welland, Ont.

ACONITE. The fruit and leaves of Aconitum
Napellus, imported for medicinal purposes.
The alkaloid aconitine is a very powerful poi-
son.

ACBOIDES. A fragrant yellow resin obtained
from the Xanthorrhea Hastilis of Australia,
and used in varnishes and for the manufacture
of picric acid.

ADDING MACHINES.

Burrows Adding Machine Co., Montreal.
ADZES.

Campbell Bros., St. ohn, N.B.

Canada Axe & Harvest Tool Mfg. Co., Limited,
Montreal, Que.

Fowler, Josiah, Co., Ltd., The, St. John, N.B,

Hills, Allan, Edge Tool Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Mann Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., St. Stephen, N.B.

Roxton Tool & Mill Co., Ltd., Roxton Pond, Qu.

Welland Vale Mtg. Co., Ltd., The, St. Cathar-
ines, Ont.

AGATEWABE. (See Enamel Ware.)

Davidson, The Thos., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Que.

Sheet Metal Products Co., of Canada, Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

AGAB-AGAB. Marine fuel used in China as
food and to stiffen fabrics.

AGABI. Certain fungi used in dyeing and M
styptics.

AGAVE. A genus of plants chiefly growing in
Central America. (See PULQUE and SISAL
HEMP.)

AGBICULTUBAL IMPLEMENTS. The latest
available statistics those for 1911 show th
number of establishments in Canada produc-
ing agricultural imprements as 77, employing
8,834 workmen and producing goods to the
value of $20,722,722. The imports for the fis-
cal year ending March 31st, 1914, amounted to
$3,274,693, and the exports to $7,349,135. (See
under heading of various kinds of implement!.)

* The names and addresses given in this chapter are those of the principal Canadian pro-
ducers of the article under which they appear.

118

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

AGEITULTUBAL ZMFLEME1TT8 (& al>O
under Separate Implements.)

Bailey Underwood Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
Beauceville, La Fonderle de, Beauceville East,

Que.

Beauchemin & Fils, Ltd., Sorel, Que.
Belanger, A., Montmagny, Que.
Canadian Fairbanks Morse Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Que.

Cockshutt Plow Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.
Cossitt Co., Limited, The, Brockvllle, Ont.
Desjardins, J. A., Rigraud, Que.
Erie Iron Works, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.
Fleury's, J., Sons, Aurora, Ont.
Frost & Wood Co., Ltd., The, Smith's Falls, Ont
Hamilton Peter Co., Ltd., Peterboro, Ont.
Hilborn Company, The, Ayr, Ont.
International Harvester Co. of Canada, Ltd.,

Hamilton, Ont.

Joliette Steel & Iron Foundry, Joliette, Que.
Massey-Harris Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Maxwell, David & Sons, St. Mary's, Ont.
National Mfg. Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Oliver Chilled Plow Works of Canada, Ltd.,

Hamilton, Ont.
Shantz. P. E., Preston, Ont.
Spramotor Company, London, Ont.
Stewart Sheaf Loader Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Sussex Mfg. Co. Ltd., Sussex, N.B.
Verity Plow Co.. Limited. Brantford, Ont.
Watson. John, Mfg. Co., Ltd., Ayr, Ont.

AJOWAN SEEDS. The fruit of Carum Ajowan
and C. Copticum, which are used in India aa a
condiment, and yield an infusion and oil very
similar to thyme oil, and of value as a stom-
achic medicine. (See also THYMOL.)

ALABASTER. A variety of gypsum of selen-
ite. It closely resembles marble, but is softer.
Pure Alabaster, such as that of Volterra in Tus-
cany, is of a delicate white or tinted colour,
and is translucent. Oriental alabaster is a
variety of marble worked in Egypt in ancient
times into jars, etc.

Alabastine Co., Paris, Ltd., The, Paris. Ont.

ALASKA SABLE. The fur of the skunk.

ALBUMEN. Animal albumen is obtained from
the serum of blood and from eggs, and is used
in calico-printing and photography.

ALCOHOL. (See SPIRITS, WHISKEY, GIN,
RUM, etc.).

ALCOHOL. (See Spirits.)

Corby, The H., Distillery Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que.

Oooderham & Worts, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Hamilton Distillery Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton,

Ont.

McLaren, Estate of John A., Perth, Ont.
Spalding & Stewart. Perth, Ont.
St. Hyacinthe Distillery Co., Ltd., The, 8t. Hya-

cinthe, Que.

Walker, Hiram A Sons, Ltd.. Walkervllle, Omt
Wiser, J. P., St Sons, Limited. Prescott, Ont.

ALCOHOL, Wood.

Berry Brothers, Walkervllle, Ont.
Dominion Chemical Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Qua.
Standard Chemical, Iron A Lumber Co., of
Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

ALOORNOQUE BARK. The bark of the Am-
erican trees Byrsonima Laurifolia adn Bow-
dichia Virgilioides, used in tanning.

ALE. (See BEER.)
ALE. (See Beer).

Barrle Brewing Co., Barrie, Ont.
Bowie & Co.'s Brewery Ltd., Brockville, Ont.
Blackwood's Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.
Brading Brewing Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Brandon Brewing Co., Ltd., Brandon, Man.
Brasserie Champlain Limitee, La, Quebec, Que,
Brantford Brewing Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.
British Columbia Breweries, Ltd., Vancouver,

B.C.

Calcutt Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd. Peter-
borough, Ont.
Calgary Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Calvary,

Alt*.
Carling Brewing & Malting Co. of Canada, Ltd.,

London, Ont.

Copland Brewing Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Cosgrave Brewery Co. of Toronto, Ltd., Toronto,

Ont.

Devlin. Felix, Stratford, Ont.
Dominion Brewery Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Drewry, Edward L., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Empire Brewing Co., Ltd., Brandon, Man.
Enterprise Brewing Co., The, Revelstoke, B.C.
Fernie-Fort Steele Brewing Co., Ltd., FernU,

B.C.
Goldon Lion Brewing Co., Ltd., Prince Albert,

Sask.

Gold Lion Brewery, Ltd., Valleyfleld, Que.
Grant's Spring Brewery Co., Ltd., Hamilton,

Ont.

Halifax Breweries, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.
Hamilton Brewing Assoc., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Holliday Brothers, Guelph. Ont.
Jones, Simeon, Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Kakabeka Falls Brewing Co., Ltd., Fort Wil-
liam, Ont.

Kormann Brewery, Toronto, Ont.
Kuntz Brewery, Ltd., Waterloo, Ont.
Labatt, John, Ltd., London, Ont.
Lethbridge Brewing and Malting Co., Leth-

bridge, Alta.

McCarthy, J., & Sons, Co., Ltd., Prescott, Ont.
McDonagh & Shea, Winnipeg, Man.
Molson's Brewery, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Moose Jaw Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Moo

Jaw, Sask .

National Breweries, Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
New Ontario Brewing Co., Ltd., North Bay,

Ont.

Nova Scotia Brewery, Halifax, N.S.
O'Keefe Brewery Co., of Toronto, Ltd., Toronto,

Ont.

Oland & Son, Halifax, N.S.
Phoenix Brewing Co., Ltd., Phoenix, B.C.
Ready's Breweries, Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Reprina Brewing Co., Ltd., Regina, Sask.
Reinhardt Salvadot Brewery, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Silver Spring Brewery Co., Ltd., Victoria, B.C.
St. Lawrence Brewery Co., Ltd., Cornwall, Ont
Silver Spring Brewery, Ltd., The, Sherbrook*.

Que.

Sleeman & Sons, Ltd., Guelph, Ont.
Taylor & Bate, St. Catharines, Ont.
Victoria Phoenix Brewing Co., Ltd., Victoria,

B.C.
Walkervllle Brewing Co., Ltd., WalkervllU, Ont.

ALE, Ginger.

Blgelow & Hood, Truro, N.S.
Christin, J., & Co., Inc., Montreal. Que.
Drake, Francis, New Glasgow, N.S.
Fernia-Fort Steele Brewing Co., Ltd., The,

Fernle, B.C.

Guard, Chas.. & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Kelley's Ginger Ale Works. Montreal, Qu.
McLaughlin, J. J., Ltd Toronto, Ont.
Millar, Robt., Montreal. Que.
Milloy, P. A., Montreal, Que.
Roblllard, C., & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Qu.
Sanitaris, Ltd., Arnprior, Ont.
Standard Bottling Co., Ltd., Medicine Hat, Alta.
Stewart Bottling Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Taylor & Pringle Co., Ltd., Owen Sound, Ont.
Taylor & Tennant, Amherst, N.S.
Thousand Islands Mineral Water Co., Ltd.,

Brockville, Ont.

Timmons, M.. & Son, Quebec, Que.
Tune, J., & Sons, London, Ont.
Wilson, Charles, Limited, Toronto, Ont.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

119

ALEWIFE. A fish of the shad family, of which
enormous numbers are caught in the rivers
of New England, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick.

ALFALFA. The lucern (medicogo sativa), a
leguminous plant having bluish purple clover-
like flowers, cultivated for fodder and called
alfalfa in United States and Canada.

ALGABORA. The pods of Prosopis Dulcis, used
in Mexico for cattle food, and also as a tan-
ning material. (See also CABOB BEANS.)

ALIZARINE. A dyeing material found origin-
ally in madder, but now obtained from anthra-
cene, the least volatile of the coal oils. It is
deposited in long red crystals.

ALKALIES. Soluble hydroxides which neutral-
ize acids, and are used in industries, such as
the salts of potash and soda, ammonium and
lime.

ALKANET. The root of Anchusa or Alkanna
Tinctoria, exported from the Levant. It yields
a beautiful, but not very durable dye known
as Alkanna Bed.

ALLIGATOR PEAR. (See AVOCADO PEAR.)

ALLIGATOR SKINS. Several thousand skins
of the Mississippi alligator are sold annually
in London and made into leather. The skins
of the young animals are soft, and are best
when they measure up to 8 feet in length.

ALLOYS. Compounds formed by two or more
metals. The union is almost always effected
at a high temperature, except in mercurial
alloys, called amalgams. When lead, tin, zinc
and cadium enter into the composition, the
alloy exhibits the qualities of its constituents,
but the alloys of other metals show certain
peculiarities. Their specific gravity is not the
mean of that of their components, and their
electric conductivity is not determined by the
relative volumes of their components. As a
rule alloys are harder, more elastic and more
easily fusible than simple metals. The most
useful alloy in manufactures is brass, com-
pounded of copper and tin in various propor-
tions. (See BRASS.) Copper and tin produce
also bronze, bell-metal, gun-metal, aned specu-
lum metal. With the addition of phosphorus
phosphor-bronze is formed. German-silver is
composed of zinc, copper and nickel, and
Britannia metal of tin, copper, and antimony.
Pewter is an alloy of tin and lead; type-metal
of lead, tin and antimony; and fusible
metal of tin, lead and bismuth. Aluminium
bronze consists of aluminium and copper. Al-
loys of platinum, iridium, etc., are also used
in small quantities. A new alloy known as
MONELL METAL, for which there is a
rapidly growing demand is made directly from
the nickel copper matte produced by the
smelters at Coppercliffe, Ontario. (See also
GOLD and SILVER.)

ALLSPICE. (See PIMENTO.)

ALMONDS. The fruit of the almond tree ex-
ported from Italy, Morocco, and Spain, and
grown also in France. Bitter almonds grow
on trees originally wild. An oil is extracted
from sweet almonds.

ALOE FIBRE. The fibre of Fourcroya Gigan-
tea, long and silky and stronger than hemp.
It is exported from Mauritius.

ALOE WOOD. (See LIGN ALOES.)

ALOES The inspissated juice of several specie!
belonging to the order of Liliaceae. The best,
the Socotrine aloes, come from Socotra, Bom-
bay, the East Indies and Zanzibar. The best
Socotrine aloes are rich in colour and trans-
lucent; hepatic aloes are darker and opaque;
and caballine aloes are the coarsest or refuse.
The active principle is a crystalline substance
called aloin.

ALPACA WOOL. Under this name are includ-
ed the fleeces of the vicune and guanaco, as
well as of the alpaca itself, animals of the
sheep family living in the Andes.

ALPISTE. The french name for canary seed.

ALUM. Common potash alum, and ammonia
alum, in which ammonium takes the place of
potassium, are extensively used by dyers and
calico printers.

ALUMINIUM. A metal contained in bauxite,
clay, felspar and many other rocks. It is ex-
tremely light, with a specific gravity barely
one-third that of iron, is white in colour, near-
ly as hard as fine silver, does not tarnish and
takes a high polish. These qualities render it
suitable material for a great many purposes
such as the making of scientific instruments,
kitchen utensils, motor car parts, aeroplane
parts, etc. The metal is a very good conductor
and is therefore used for long distance trans-
mission wires. Another important use is as
aluminum bronze powders for paints, inks, etc.
While there are many clays and rocks contain-
ing aluminium, yet it is produced almost ex-
clusively from bauxite by electrical process.

ALUMINUM POWDEK.

Canadian Bronze Powder Works, Montreal, Qu.
ALUMINA, Sulphate of.

Nichols Chemical Co. of Canada, Limited, The,
Montreal, Que.

ALUMINUM Fabricated and Sheets.
Northern Aluminum Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

AMALGAMS. The alloys formed by the union
of mercury with other metals. Mercury will
unite with gold and silver at ordinary tem-
peratures, and is employed in separating the
precious metals from their ores. It dissolves
the metal, leaving the earthy particles. Gold
amalgam is used to a small extent in gilding,
the mercury being driven off by heat. Tin
amalgam is employed in the manufacture of
looking-glasses.

120

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

AMBER. The fossil resin of a coniferous tree,
obtained chiefly from the Baltic, off the coast
of Pomerania, Prussia, and more rarely in
the North Sea, between Jutland and the Dutch
frontier.

AMBEBQEIS. A secretion from the intestines
of the sperm whale, used in perfumery. It is
found floating on the sea off the coasts of
China, Japan, Sumatra, Madagascar and Brazil.

AMBONA WOOD. A beautiful reddish-brown
wood that grows in India and the Moluccas,
and is used for inlaying.

AMBETTE. (Sec MUSK PLANTS.)
AMERICAN CLOTH (See LEATHER CLOTH)

AMMONIA A volatile alkali. Carbonate, bi-
carbonate, chloride and sulphate of ammonia
are articles of trade. The last is often used
by farmers as a top-dressing.

Coke ovens, gas plants and oil refining estab-
lishments produce a by-product known as sul-
plate of ammonia, which is used in the arts
and also extensively as a fertilizer.

The world 's production of this commodity in
1913 was 1,144,400 metric tons. The principal
producers were as follows:

metric tons.

Germany 549,000

United Kingdom 425,700

France 75,000

Belgium 48,600

Austria-Hungary 39,000

Italy 15,000

Spain 15,000

AMMONIA,

Alpha Chemical Co., Ltd., The, Berlin, Ont.
British America Paint Co., The, Victoria, B.C.
Canadian Ammonia Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Codville Co.. Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.
Cowan, John, & Co., Limited, Montreal. Que.
Dominion Tar and Ammonia Co., Ltd., Hamil-
ton, Ont.

Forbes & Nadeau, Montreal, Que.
Hugman, A. W., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Paine, The J. B., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Rapho Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Stuart & Foster, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Sultana. Ltd.. Montreal, Que.

AMMONIA, Carbonate of.

Canadian Ammonia Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
AMMONIA X.IQUOR. Concentrated.

Canadian Ammonia Co., Ltd., Toronto. Ont.
Paine. The J. B., Co., Ltd., Toronto. Ont.

AMMONIA POWDER.

Cowan, John A Co., Ltd.. Montreal. Que.
Gorman, Eckert & Co., Ltd., London, Ont.
Lawrason. S. F.. & Company, London, Ont.
Nicholson & Brock, Toronto, Ont.
Paine, The J. B., Co.. Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Richards Pure Soap Co., Ltd., The, Woodstock.

AMMONIA, Sulphate of.
Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.8.

AMMONIACTJM. A gum resin that exudes
from the roots of Dorema ammoniacnm, a
plant of Persia and Turkestan. It is made
into a cement for porcelain, and a medicine.

rtJNITION.

Dominion Cartridge Co., Ltd., Montreal.

ANCHOVY. A small fish caught in the Medit-
erranean and salted or preserved in oil. Th
best comes from Leghorn.

ANDIBOBA OIL. (See CAEAPA.)

ANGLES AND CHANNELS Bras*.

Brown's Copper & Brass Rolling Mills, New

Toronto, Ont.
MacKinnon, Holmes & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Q.

ANGLES, Steel.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd, Toronto, Ont.

Canadian Bridge Co.. Ltd., Walkerville, Ont.

Dominion Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Hamilton Bridge Works Co., Ltd., Hamilton.

Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Ltd., New Glas-
gow, N.S.

Phoenix Bridge & Iron Works, Ltd., The, Mont-
real, Que.

St. Lawrence Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Structural Steel Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

ANGELICA. An umbelliferous plant of whick
the roots, fruits and stems are used in con-
fectionery medicine, etc. The finest extract
comes from Niort, Deux-Sevres, in France.

ANODES, Brass, Copper, Zinc, etc.

Canadian Seamless Wire Co.. Ltd., Toronto. Ont.
Tallman Brass & Metal Company, Hamiltoji.
Wells, W. W., Toronto, Ont.

ANOOBA WOOL. (See MOHAIR ft WOOL.)

ANGOSTURA. The bitter bark of Galipea Of-
gcinalis, which grows abundantly in Venez-
uela. It is used as a tonic and febrifuge, and
in the manufacture of bitters. False Angos-
tura bark is obtained from Strychnos Nux
omica. The name Angostura waa that of the
present Ciudad Bolivar, but the bitters are
now manufactured in Trinidad.

ANILINE. A brownish oily liquid obtained
from coal-tar, which forms the basis of many
beautiful dyes.

ANIMALS. (See CATTLE, SHEEP, etc.)

ANIME. A resin, the product of Icica Icicari-
ba, a Brazilian tree, African Copal, and Am-
erican Copal, are also known in England as
anime.

ANISEED. The fruit of an umbelliferous
plant. The best quality is greyish green in
color, and comes from Malta and Spain. It is
also produced in Touraine, Russia and Italy.
The seeds are used in the manufacture of ani-
sette, absinthe, and other cordials, and the es-
sential oil as a condiment and medicine. Stnr
aniseed, is used for similar purposes. It grows
wild in China, Tonkin, and Japan, and is cul-
tivated in Java and the Philippines Large
quantities are exported from China. The wood
is used in marqueterie.

ANISETTE. A liquor which derives its aroma
chiefly from aniseed. It is largely manufac-
tured in France, and is shipped from Bor-
deaux. Dutch anisette is less sweet, and con-
tains more alcohol.

MARKET COMMODITIES

121

ANNATO or ARNOTTO. A dye-stuff made
from the reddish pulp of the seeds of the
Bixa Orellana, a plant which grows in Cen-
tral America. It is much used in France for
dyeing silk.

ANTHRACITE. A very hard, shiny coal con-
taining 80 to over 90 per cent, of carbon. It
burns with a little flame, but gives off a
large amount of heat, and is therefore used
in furnaces for the production of steam. An-
thracite occurs in several countries, but the
most important mines are in South Wales and
Pennsylvania. (See COAL.)

ANTIMONY. A shiny, bluish-white metal, very
brittle. The trioxide, valentinite, in crystal-
line needles, is extracted at Sensa in Algeria,
Sarawak in Borneo, and in Japan, and most
of the metal produced in Great Britain is ob-
tained from these ores. The sulphide is found
in England, Saxony, France, etc. Deposits of
the ore have been found in several places in
Canada, principally in York County, N.B.,
Hants County, N.S., and Wolf County, Que. The
only deposit that has been worked to any ex-
tent is that of the West Gore Antimony Com-
pany, West Gore, N.S. Antimony is mixed
with other metals to give them greater hard-
ness in type-metal, bell-metal, etc.

ANVILS AND VISES. (See Foundries.)

Eureka Planter Co., The, Woodstock, Ont.
Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.
Thompson Mfg. Co., Ltd., Grand Bay, N.B.

APATITE. Natural phosphate of lime mixed
with calcium chloride or fluoride found in
large quantities in Canada and near Stavan-
ger, in Norway. (See LIME and PHOS-
PHATE.)

APPLES. In great varieties and especially fine
quality grow in almost all parts of Canada, but
most abundantly in the Annapolis Valley of
Nova Scotia in Prince Edward County and
the Niagara district in Ontario, and in the
Southern part of British Columbia. Accord-
ing to the last census the apple crop of Canada
aggregated 10,618,666 bushels in the year 1910.
The export of apples from Canada in both the
dried and green state amounted to 3,867,264
bushels for the fiscal year ending March 31st,
1914.

APEICOT. This tree is of the same order at
the pear. It was introduced into Europe from
Armenia, and it grows wild in China also. In
France the fruit is made into pulp, or candied,
especially at Clermont-Ferrand. Pulp and
dried and tinned apricots are also exported
from California. The kernel possesses pro-
perties resembling those of bitter almonds, and
is used in the fabrication of ratafia and noyau,
and an oil is expressed at Briancon.

APRONS? Mechanic* and Laborer*.

Dlxon Mfg. Co., The, Calgary, Alta.
Miller Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Neckwear & Fancy Goods, Co., Ltd., The, St.

John, N.B.
Western King Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

AFBONB, *nl>br.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Dunlop Tire and Rubber Goods Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

APROJTS, Waterproof, Oannr>' ft FaekW.

Guelph Oiled Clothing Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont
Tower Canadian, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

AQUAMARINE. A precious stone of nearly
the same chemical composition as the emerald,
but less valuable. It has a pale green colour.
The best stones come from Ceylon, but the
stone is also found in Siberia and Brazil.

ABCHIL. A violet-red paste made from various
lichens, and used in dyeing. Archil liquor it
prepared by ammonia and heat from a decoc-
tion of the lichen. (See also CUDBEAR and

OBCHELLA.)

ABECA-NTTT. The betel-nut BO much used for
chewing in the East, the fruit of the Areca
Catechu palm and certain leguminous shrubs.
A small quantity of nuts is imported into
Great Britain, where they are used only for
tooth powders.

ARGENTITE. Silver sulphide, occurring in
cubic crystals and called silver-glance.

ABQOL. The crust formed in wine-casks. It i
a bitartrate of potash, and when pure ii a
fine white crystalline powder or colourless
crystals. Several hundred tons are exported
annually from Portugal for dyeing. The red
argol, deposited from red wine, is used for tk
darker shades.

ARGUS. The feathers of the argus pheasant,
a native of Siam, the Malacca peninsula, and
the neighbouring islands are used as orna-
ments.

ARMBANDS.

Berlin Suspendor Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Boston Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto. Ont.
Canadian Suspendor & Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Suspendor Co., Ltd., Niagara Falla.
Eisman & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Glassford Bros., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Globe Suspender Company, Rock Island, Qu.
King Suspender Company, Toronto, Ont.
Leadley Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Montreal Suspender and Umbrella Mfg. Co.,

Montreal, Que.

Standard Suspender Company, Montreal, Que.
Westwood, C. H., Mfg .Co., Limited, Toronto.

ARNICA. A plant of the composite order. A
tincture made from the flowers is used to dress
wounds.

ARRACK. A spirit made from various species
of palm; a favorite drink in the East.

ARROWROOT. A starchy substance derived
from the rhizomes of various plants. True
arrowroot is obtained from the West Indies
and South America, and is exported chiefly
from the West Indies. The Bermudas produce
a fine quality.

ARSESTATE OF LEAD.

Canada Paint Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Qu.,
and Winnipeg, Man.

Sherwin-Williams Co. of Canada, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

122

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

ABSENIC. A steely-gray substance with a
metallic lustre. It is produced by the burning
of arsenic ores. In Canada the ores which
produce it are the arsenical pyrites and the
Cobalt- Arsenical ores of Cobalt, Ont. About
8,000 tons are produced annually, the greater
part of which comes from England and Ger-
many. Paris Green is made from arsenic ox-
ide. (See PAEIS GREEN.)

ABSENIC, Whit*.

Conlagas Reduction Co., Ltd., St. Catharines,

Ont.
Deloro Mining and Reduction Co., Ltd., Deloro,

Ont

ABT SQUARES.

Guelph Carpet Mills Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.
Toronto Carpet Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS & TRUSSES. According
to the last census there were four establish-
ments in Canada making these articles, em-
ploying 41 workmen, and with an output val-
ued at $71,116. The value of the artificial
limbs and trusses imported into Canada dur-
ing the fiscal year ending March 31st, 1914,
was $5,807.

ASBESTOS. The asbestos of commerce includes
several fibrous materials, all of which are
characterized by the common and essential
property of fibrous structure, and may be
classed as either amphibole or serpentine. Am-
phibole asbestos, the fibre is usually brittle,
and therefore, of less value as compared with
the serpentine, commonly called chrysolite,
which, although finally fibrous and pliable,
has sufficient tensile strength to permit it be-
ing spun into thread for textile purposes. The
most valuable and most successfully mined as-
bestos occurs in serpentine rock. Canada is
the world's chief source of asbestos. It occurs
in the serpentine belt of the Province of Que-
bec, particularly in the neighborhood of As-
bestos, Thedford Mines and Black Lake. The
Canadian production for the year 1913 was as
follows:

Tons.

Asbestos crude No. 1 2,140

Asbestos crude No. 2 2,870

Asbestos milling stock No. 1 14,056

Asbestos milling stock No. 2 29,525

Asbestos milling stock No. 3 88,018

The Canadian exportation of asbestos for
the fiscal year, ending with March 31st, 1914,
amounted to $3,152,710.

Russia is the next important producer. The
latest available returns are for 1913, in which
year the output was 9,060 metric tons of 2,204
pounds.

British South Africa is the third producer.
This country in 1911 produced 1,637 metric
tons.

Cyprus comes fourth, with 725 metric tons
in 1910.

It is the fibrous structure and the flexibility
of asbestos, its practical insolubility in acids,
its incombustibility, and its poor conductivity
of heat and electricity that render it so valu-
able, not only for fireproof, but for insulating
against electricity. It is used for boiler cov-

ering. In the form of paper moulded in sec-
tional forms, it is used for steam-pipe cover-
ings, and for building purposes. It is also
mixed with cement and made into shingles
and sheeting for buildings. Another extensive
use is steam packing, automobile brakes
and tires, and in the manufacture of retort
and furnace cement. In the manufacture of elec-
trical apparatus, it is used for innumerable in-
sulating purposes.

ASBESTOS.

Asbestos Corporation of Canada, Ltd., Thetford

Mines, Que.

Asbestos Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Broughton Asbestos Fibre Co., East Broughton,

Que.

Canadian Asbestos Co., Montreal, Que.
Eureka Mineral Wool & Asbestos Co., Toronto.
Johnson's Co., Thetford Mines, Que.
Keashy, Mattison Co., Thetford Mines, Que.

ASBESTOS, Crude No. 1 and No. 2.

Asbestos and Asbestic Co., Ltd., Asbestos, Que.
Asbestos Corporation of Canada, Montreal, Que.
Bell Asbestos Mines, Thetford Mines. Que.
Jacob's Asbestos Mfg. Co., Montreal, Que.
Johnson's Asbestos Co., Ltd., Thetford Mines,

Que.
Martin Bennett Asbestos Co., Ltd., Thetford

Mines, Que.

ASBESTOS MILLED FIBRE.

Asbestos & Asbestic Co., Ltd., Asbestos, Que.
Asbestos Corporation of Canada, Montreal, Que.
Beaudoin & Audet Asbestos Co., Robertsonville,

Que.

Bell Asbestos Mines, Thetford Mines, Que.
Berlin Asbestos Co., Berlin, Ont.
Black Lake Asbestos & Chrome Co. Ltd., To-

ronto Ont.

Brome Asbestos Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Brompton Lake Asbestos Co., Montreal Que.
Broughton Asbestos Fibre Co., East Brough-

ton, Que.
Eastern Townships Asbestos Co., Beaucevllle,

Que.

Jacobs Asbestos Mfg. Co., Montreal, Que.
Johnson's Asbestos Co., Ltd., Thetford Mines,

Que.
Martin Bennett Asbestos Mine, Ltd., Thetford

Mines, Que.

Robertson Asbestos Mfg. Co., Quebec, Que.
The Quebec Mines & Metal Co. Beauceville, Q.
The Ling Asbestos Co., Ltd., East Broughton,

Que.
The Frontenac Asbestos Co., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

ASBESTOS. (Manufactured articles, such aa
boiler coverings, packings, electric insolating,
fireproof, clothing, curtains, etc.)

Asbestos Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que.

Asbestos Products Co., of Canada, Montreal,

Que.

Bremmer, Alex., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Canadian Asbestos Co., Montreal, Que.

Canadian H. W. John's Minville Co., Montreal,

Turner Bros., Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

ASH. There are two kinds of ash cut in Can-
ada, viz., white ash and black ash. The wood
is moderately hard, heavy, and strong, with a
coarse, straight grain, and fine texture. lit
chief value lies in its toughness and elastic-
ity. It is used chiefly for interior finish of
houses, for framework of all sorts in vehi-
cles, cars, and agricultural implements. Black
ask is also used for decorative work. The
wood has an attractive grain, and is easily sea-
soned and worked. The lack of taste and
odour makes it value for food containers, such
as refrigerators, baskets, barrels, and boxei.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

123

ASPHALT AND ASPHALTUM. A composition
of bitumen, pitch, lime and gravel, used when
forming pavements, and as a waterproof ce-
ment for bridges, roofs, and so forth. Asphal-
tic cement, artificial asphalt, is prepared from
coal tar, lime, sand and so forth.

The importations into Canada for the year
ending 31st March, 1914, are as follows:

Tons.

Asphalt, solid 4,168

Asphalt, not solid 167

Asphaltum oil for paving purposes, gals. 28,087

ASPHALT, Sewer Joint and Filler.
Canadian Mineral Rubber Co., Ltd., Winnipeg.
ASPHALTUM.

British Columbia Refining Co., Ltd., Vancouver.
Crescent Oil Co., The, Hamilton, Ont.
Sidney Rubber Roofing Company, Sidney, B.C.
Westrumite, Limited, Brantford, Ont.

ASSAFOETIDA. A gummy resinous exudation
from the roots of umbelliferous plants, which
are natives of Persia and the Ural steppe, and
are cultivated at Herat. It has a disagreeable
odour, and a bitter taste. In India it is used
as a condiment and medicine; In Europe only
as the latter.

ASSAYEBS. Purchasers of goods very often
require to know that they receive the class of
article ordered, and for this purpose submit
samples of the goods to Customs Assayers and
Chemists. The principal Canadian Assayers
and Chemists are:

Milton L. Hersey Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Canadian Laboratories, Toronto.

ATOMIZERS.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

ATOMIZEBS, Steam.

Morrison, The Jas., Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

ATTAR OF ROSES. An essential oil distiUed
from roses, especially from the petals of Rosa
Damescena. Kazanlik, in Eastern Rumelia, is
one great centre of the trade. Attar or Otto
is also distilled in the N. W. Provinces of In-
dia and the Punjab. As about 3,000 Ibs. of
rose-leaves yield only an ounce of oil, pure
attar is very expensive.

AUGERS.

Beatty Bros., Ltd., Fergus, Ont.

Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., St.

Catharines, Ont.
Chatham Malleable & Steel Mfg. Co., Chatham,

Ont.

Erie Iron Works, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont
Smart, The Jas., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Brockville, Ont.
Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.

AUTOHARFS.

Sterling Action & Keys, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

AUTOMOBILES. There are nineteen establish-
ments in Canada making automobiles, automo-
bile repairs and accessories, according to the
latest available returns, viz., 1911. These em-
ploy 2,570 people. The annual value of the
products amounts to $6,422,815. The importa-

tions of automobiles and parts for the fiscal
year ending 31st December, 1914, amounted to
$11,179,754.

AUTOMOBILE ACCESSORIES.

Croftan Storage Battery Co., Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Stamping Co., Ltd., Walkerville, Ont.
Gait Art Metal Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.
Leather Tire Goods Co., The, Niagara Falls, Oat.
Pollock Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Prest-O-Lite Company, The, Toronto, Ont.
Skinner Co., Ltd., The, Gananoque, Ont.

AUTOMOBILE BODIES, TOPS ft

American Auto Trimming Co., Walkerville, Ont.

Auto Top and Body Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.

Canada Carriage Co., Brockville, Ont.

Collett's Carriage Works, Toronto, Ont.

Conboy Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.

Dufour, Joseph, Ottawa, Ont.

Fisher Body Co. of Canada, Ltd., Walkerville.

Fray-Sons-Campbell, The Wm., Ltd., Chatham.

Hay & Co., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.

Lariviere, La Cie, Limitee, Roxton Falls, Que.

Latta, D. G., Ltd., Edmonton, Alta.

Lawrie Wagon & Carriage Co., The, Winnipeg.

Ledoux Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

MacDonald-Meerbeck, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

AUTOMOBILE HOODS.

Auto Top & Supply Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Dominion Stamping Co., Ltd., Walkerville, Ont.
Gait Art Metal Co., Ltd., The, Gait, Ont.

AUTOMOBILE TOPS AND TRIMMINGS.

Auto Top & Supply Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Canadian Top Co., Ltd., Tilbury, Ont.
Cutten & Foster, Toronto, Ont.
Gait Art Metal Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.
Guelph Carriage Top Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.
Lariviere, La Cie., Limitee, Roxton Falls, Que.
Lawrie Wagon & Carriage Co., The, Winnipeg.
Man.

AUTOMOBILE TRUCK BODIES.

Boyce Carriage Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Lewis Carriage Works, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

AUTOMOBILES.

Dominion Motor Car Co., Vancouver, B.C.

Ford Motor Co. of Canada, Ltd., Walkerville,
Ont.

Hupp Motor Car Co., Windsor, Ont.

Keeton Motors, Ltd., Brantford, Ont.

McLaughlin Carriage Co., Ltd., Oshawa, Ont.

McLaughlin Motor Car Co., Ltd., Oshawa, Ont.

Maritime Motor Co., Ltd., The, St. John, N.B.

New Dominion Motors, Ltd., Walkerville, Ont.

Nova Scotia Carriage & Motor Car Co., Ltd.,
Amherst, N.S.

Petrolia Motor Car Co., Petrolia, Ont.

Reo Motor Car Co. of Canada, Ltd., St. Cath-
arines, Ont.

Russell Motor Car Co., Ltd., West Toronto, Ont.

Studebaker Corporation of Canada, Ltd., Wal-
kerville, Ont.

Schacht Motor Car Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Tate Electrics, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Tudhope Motor Co., Ltd., Orillia, Ont.

Watson Carriage Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

AUTOMOBILES Toy.

Gendron Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
AUTO-STARTERS.

Canadian Westinghouse Co., Ltd., Hamilton.
Crofton Storage Battery Co., Toronto, Ont.
Prest-O-Lite Co., The, Toronto, Ont.

AVIGNON BERRIES. The fi.it of Rhanmug
Infectoria, which yield a yellow dye. Thi*
buckthorn is grown in the south of France.
(See YELLOW BERRIES.)

124

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

AVOCADA PEAK. Or Alligator Pear, a fruit
tree of the Lauraceae order, which grows in
the West Indies and West Africa. It yields an
oil used as an illuminant and in soap-making,
and from the seeds a marking-ink is obtained.

AWNINGS, TENTS AND SAILS. According
to the census of 1911, there were twenty-six
establishments in Canada making these com-
modities, employing 612 workmen, with an
output valued at $621,904.

AXLES, Locomotive.

Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Ltd., New Glas-
gow, N.S.
Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

AXLES, Vehicle (Ball Bearing").

Chapman Double Ball Bearing: Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont .

Alberta Saddlery Co., Ltd., Lethbridge, Alta.

Bromley & Hague, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Canadian Cottons, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Dixon Mfg. Co., The, Calgary, Alta.

Edmonton Tent and Mattress Co., Ltd., Edmon-
ton. Alta.

Gourock Ropework Export Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Lipsett. Edward, Vancouver, B.C.

May, J., & Co., Winnipeg, Man.

Merchants Awning Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Montreal Tent, Awning, & Tarpaulin Co., Mont-
real, Que.

Pike, The D., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Smart- Woods, Limited, Ottawa, Ont.

Sonne, Thomas, Sr., Montreal, Que.

Soper, Robt., Hamilton, Ont.

Stamco Ltd., Saskatoon, Sask.

Turner. Beeton & Co., Ltd.. Victoria, B.C.

Turner, J. J.. & Sons, Peterborough, Ont.

Western King Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Western Tent & Mattress Co., The, Calgary.

AWNINGS Metal.

Metal Shingle & Siding Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont
Metallic Roofing Co. of Canada, Ltd., The, To-
ronto, Ont.

Bedford Manfg. Co., The, Bedford, Que.

Blenkhorn & Sons, Canning, N.S.

Campbell Bros., St. John, N.B.

Canada Axe & Harvest Tool Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que .

Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., St.
Catharines, Ont.

Fowler Josiah Co., Ltd., The, St. John, N.B.

Hills Allan, Edge Tool Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Mann Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., St. Stephen, N.B.

Roxton Tool and Mill Co., Ltd., Roxton Pond,
Que.

Smart, The James, Mfg. Co., Ltd., Brockville.

Walters, H., & Sons, Hull, Que.

Welland Vale Mfg. Co.. Ltd.. The, St. Cath-
arines, Ont.

AXLES, Bngery, Carriage and Waffon.

Campbell Bros., St. John, N.B.
Coghlin, B. J., Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Dowsley Spring & Axle Co., Ltd., Chatham, Ont.
Fowler. Josiah, Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Gananoque Spring and Axle Co., Ltd., Ganan-

oque. Ont.

Guelph Spring & Axle Co., Ltd., Quelph, Ont.
Plessisville Foundry Co., Ltd., The, Plessis-

ville, Que.
Starr, Mfg. Co., Ltd., Dartmouth, N.S.

AXLES, Bnsrgr, Carriage and Wagon (M*pl
and BUckory).

Ackland, D., & Son. Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Heard. John, & Co., St. Thomas, Ont.

AXLES, Car.

Canada Forge Co., Ltd., Welland, Ont.
Coghlin. R J., Co., Ltd.. Montreal. Que.
Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Ltd., New Glas-
gow. N.S.

Smith Foundry Co.. Ltd., The, Fredericton, N.B.
Steel Co., of Canada. Ltd.. Hamilton, Ont.

BABBITT METAL. (Was named after the in-
ventor, Isaac Babbitt, of Massachusetts), a
soft white alloy of variable composition, used
in bearings, to diminish friction.

BABBITT METAL.

Canada Metal Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Bronze Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Cuthbert, W. R., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Dominion Metal Co., Sherbrooke, Que.
Fleming, James, St. John, N.B.
Frankel Brothers, Toronto, Ont.
Hoyt Metal Co., The, Toronto, Ont.
Leonard, E., & Sons, London, Ont.
Lumen Bearing Co., West Toronto, Ont.
McAvity, T., & Sons, Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Miller Brothers & Sons, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Robertson, The James, Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Que., and Toronto, Ont.

Robertson, Thomas, & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Qu*.
Shaw & Mason, Limited, Sydney, N.S.
Spooner, Alonzo, Ltd., Port Hope, Ont.
Tallman Brass & Metal Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Turner, John, & Son, Toronto. Ont.
Wing, J. T., & Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.

BACON. (See HOGS.)
BACON.

Brown, J., & Co., Winnipeg, Man.
Collingwood Packing Co. Ltd., Collingwood, Ont.
Davies, The William, Co., Ltd., Toronto. O.nt.
Davis & Fraser, Halifax, N.S.
Duff, John, & Son, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Fearman, F. W., Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Fowler's Canadian Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Gunn's, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Ingersoll Packing Co., Ltd., Ingersoll, Ont.
St. Thomas Packing Co., Ltd., St.- Thomas, Ont.
Tillsonburg Packing Co., The, Tillsonburg, Ont.
Western Packing Co., of Canada, Ltd., Winni-

peg, Man.

Wilson, The B., Co., Ltd., Victoria, B.C.
Whyte Packing Co., Ltd.. The, Stratford, Ont.
Wight, W., & Co., Toronto, Ont.

BADGEE. A carnivor of the weasel family. It
lives in Europe up to latitude 60 deg. N., and
in Central and Northern Asia. The American
badger is a different genus. The skins are
used as furs, and the hair is made into brushes.

BADGES, BANNERS, ETC., Lodge, SooUty
and Church.

Blake, W. E., & Son, Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Regalia Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Mortimore & Blackeby, Toronto, Ont.
Scully, William, Montreal, Que.

BADGES, Metal. (See also Medals and
Badges.)

, Henry, & Sons, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
l-:ilis. P. W., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Hamilton Stamp & Stencil Works, Ltd., Hamil-

ton, Ont.

Lees, George H., & Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Montreal Stencil Works, Montreal, Que.
Roden Brothers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Scully, William. Montreal. Que.
Zock, J. J., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

125

BAEL FRUIT. The fruit of the Bengal quince,
a kind of orange. It is an astringent medi-
cine, and also yields a perfume, and a yellow
dye.

BAGGEBS.

White, The George, & Sons, Co., Ltd., London,
Ont.

BAGS. The making of bags for holding grain,
vegetables, ores, and so forth, is a considerable
industry in itself.

BAGS, Camping 1 , Dunnage and Sleeping 1 .

Bromley & Hague, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Carson, Hugh, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Edmonton Tent & Mattress Co., Ltd., Edmon-
ton, Alta.

Leckie, John, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Lipsett, Edward, Vancouver, B.C.
Mackenzie, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Merchants Awning Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Soper, Robert, Hamilton, Ont.
Sonne, Thos., Sr., Montreal, Que.
Turner, Beeton & Co., Ltd., Victoria, B.C.
Turner, J. J., & Sons, Peterborough, Ont.

BAGS, Cement, Graphite, Plaster and Talc.

nipeg, W

Canadian Bag Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Smart-Woods, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BAGS, Cotton and Jut.
Bemis Brothers Bag Co., Winnipeg, Man.
Canadian Bag Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Hopkins Manfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Pell, F. de P., Montreal, Que.
Rideau Bag Co., Montreal, Que.
Smart-Woods, Ltd., Montreal, Que., and Win-
nipeg, Man.
Sunset Manfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

BAGS Flour, Feed, Meal, Grain, Sugar.

Bemis Brothers Bag Co., Winnipeg, Man.
Smart- Woods, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Sunset Manfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

BAGS, Leather (Ladle*').

Adams Manfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Brown Brothers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Eagle Leather Works, Montreal, Que.
Plett Lowndes & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
National Leather Co. of Canada, Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

Sale, Julian, Leather Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Standard Leather Goods, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Western Leather Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Winnett & Wellinger, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BAGS, Mail Coal, Ore, Asbestos, KorsefeM.

Canadian Bag Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Carson, Hugh, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Leckie, John, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Lipsett, Edward, Vancouver, B.C.
Pike, The D., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Smart-Woods, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Sonne, Thomas, Sr., Montreal, Que.
Soper, Robert, Hamilton, Ont.
Turner, J. J., & Sons, Peterborough, Ont.

BAGS, Paper.

Continental Bag & Paper Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont
Dominion Paper Co., Montreal, Que
Eddy, The E. B., Co., Ltd., Hull, Que.
Kilgour Bros., Toronto, Ont.
Reason, H. T., & Co., London, Ont.
St. Lawrence Paper Bag Co., Quebec, Que.
Steele-Briggs Seed Co., Ltd., Toronto, Que.
Wilson, J. C., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BAGS, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.
Dunlop Tire x. Rubber Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto.

BAGS, Travelling.

Adams Bros. Harness Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto.

Adams Manfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Berlin Trunk & Bag Co., Ltd., The. Berlin, Ont

Borbridge, S. & H., Ottawa, Ont.

Carson, Hugh, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Christie Trunk and Bag Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Commercial Trunk Co., Ltd., London, Ont.

Eveleigh, J., & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que

Fournier, J. E., Montreal, Que.

Gignac, J. H., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Great West Saddlery Co. Ltd., The, Winnipeg,

Man.

Kelly's Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Lamontagne, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Langmuir, The M., Manfg. Co. of Toronto, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.

McBrine, The L., Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
McLeod, Hawthorne Co., Ltd., Montreal, Qu.
Norris, F., & Sons, Victoria, B.C
Stewart, T. A., Winnipeg, Man.
Taylor, G. R., & Co., Winnipeg, Man.

BAIZE. A coarse woollen cloth used for cover-
ings and wrappers.

BAJEA. (See MILLET.)

BALACHONG. A compound of small fish and
shrimps, seasoned with spices. It is extensive-
ly used as a condiment in the East, particu-
larly in China.

BALATA. A gum obtained in Venezuela and
Guiana. (See GUTTA-PERCHA.)

BALCONIES, Wrought Iron.

Dennis Wire & Iron Works Co., Ltd., London

Ont.
Shipway Iron, Bell & Wire Mfg. Co., Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.
Winnipeg Wire & Iron Works, Winnipeg, Man.

BALEEN. (See WHALES.)
BALE TIBS, Wire.

Frost Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Imperial Steel & Wire Co., Ltd., Collingwood,
Ont.

Laidlaw Bale-Tie Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Morrison Steel & Wire Co., Ltd., Vancouver.

Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Westminster Wire & Nail Co., New Westmins-
ter, B.C.

BALLS, Billiard, Bowling- and Pool.

Brunswicke-Balke-Collender Co. of Canada.

Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
May, Samuel, & Co., Toronto, Ont.

BALLS, Subber.

anadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.
Dunlop Tire & Rubber Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto.

BALLS, Wood.

Otterville Manfg. Co., Ltd., Otterville, Ont.
Paquet & Godbout, St. Hyacinthe, Que.

BALSAM FIR. Is primarily a pulpwood species,
95 per cent, of this wood cut in Canada be-
ing used for this purpose. It is also used to
a slight extent for slack cooperage and rough
lumber. The wood is soft, weak, and perish-
able, but has a long, tough, colorless, fibre,
that makes it valuable in papermaking. (See
WOOD.)

BALSAMS. Oleo-resinous substances used in
medicines and perfumery. The most common
are Peruvian balsam, obtained from a tree
of the order of the Leguminosae, which grows
on the coast of Salvador; balsam of Tolu,

126

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

which grows in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bra-
zil; Canada balsam, used for mounting micro-
scopic objects and varnishing water-colors is
obtained from a fir; copaiva balsam, derived
from various species of copaifera, and shipped
chiefly from Bahia, Para ,and Maracaibo. It
is used as a medicine, and in the manufacture
of printers ink.

BAMBOO. A huge grass which grows in the
East Indies, China, and Japan, and also in the
West Indies, whither it is said to have been
introduced from the East. There are many
varieties of bamboo, some attaining a height
of 70 to 100 feet, with a diameter of 15 to 16
inches. To the natives of the East, the bam-
boo is a most valuable plant. Water-pipes,
bridges, furniture, ladders, masts, etc., are
made of the stems, while the fibres are woven
into mats, ropes, and sails. The young shoots
are eaten as a vegetable, and the young roots
are made into pickles, which are imported in-
to Europe under the name of achiar. In this
country the stems are used for light furniture,
walking-sticks, fishing poles, etc.

BANANAS. An herbaceous plant cultivated
through the tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Though an herb, its stem, composed of the
sheath stalks of leaves, rises sometimes as
high as 25 feet. The fruit, in bunches, aver-
aging 25 Ibs. in weight, is a valuable food. The
unripe fruit is often cooked, especially that
of the more mealy kinds. Large quantities of
bananas are exported from the West Indies,
Central America, and the Canary Islands. The
flour is an article of trade, particularly in
South America. The Musa Ensete of Abys-
sinia does not yield an edible fruit, but its
stem is cooked as a vegetable. The Musa tex-
tilis yields Manila Hemp.

The importations of bananas into Canada
for the year ending 31st March, 1914, amount-
ed to $2,663,453.

BANDANAS. A kind of handkerchief origin-
ally made in India, but now exclusively in
Great Britain. The handkerchief is first dyed,
and the pattern is then made by removing the
color with bleaching liquor.

BAWDS, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.
Dunlop Tire A Rubber Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto.

American Bank Note Co., Ottawa, Ont.
British American Bank Note Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

BANKUL OIL. Obtained from the nuts of the
Alenrites Triloba, a large tree of the order of
Euphorbiaceae. The tree is cultivated in Cey-
lon, the Moluccas, in several of the South Sea
Islands, and in the Hawaii Islands. The nuts,
the size of a walnut, contain about 62 per cent,
of oil. The Polynesians used the nuts strung
on rushes as a means of illumination, and
therefore they are well-known as candle-nuts.
N.B. The candle-nut tree must not be con-
fused with the candle tree, BO named because
of the shape of its fruit.

BAOBAB. The Monkey Bread tree, a native of
tropical West Africa, but now introduced into
the East and West Indies. The pounded
leaves are used as a medicine. The bark yields
a strong fibre, and is used for making ropes
and paper.

BARBERS' SUPPLIES.

Jones Brothers & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Seely Manfg. Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.

BARGES, Steel.
Collingrwood Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Collln*-

wood, Ont.

Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
Poison Iron Works, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Vickers, Ltd., Canadian, Montreal, Que.

BARECLONA NUTS. A name for the hazel-
nuts imported from Spain.

BAREGE. A thin fabric of silk and wool, nam-
ed after the town of Bareges, in the Pyren-
ees, in the neighborhood of which light woollen
fabrics, somewhat similar in appearance, are
made. Barege, however, is made in Picardy.
In England, cotton is sometimes substituted
for the silk.

BARILLA. An impure carbonate of soda ob-
tained from plants growing in salt marshes. In
Spain and the Balearic Islands it is obtained
from Salsola sativa, in France, chiefly from
glass-wort. The manufacture has declined, for
soda can now be made from common salt.
(See also KELP.)

BARIUM SULPHATE.
Canadian Alkali Co., Ltd., The, Windsor, Ont

BABIUM. (See BAEYTA.)

BABE. The barks of many trees are used for
tanning. Oak barks are most used in Europe,
as they contain 7 to 11 per cent, of tannin.
Chestnut bark is also esteeemed, and tanners
in Spain used the inner bark of the cork oak.
Several kinds of oak bark are used in the
United States, but the bark most used there
and in Canada is that of the hemlock spruce.
Bark extracts of mimosa bark, chestnut bark,
and pimento twigs are also articles of com-
merce. (See also CINCHONA.)

BARKER. A machine for taking the bark off
pulpwood.

BARKERS, Polp-WOOd.

Canadian Barker Co., Ltd., Sault Ste. Marie, OnL
Hay, The Peter, nife Co., Ltd.. Gait, Ont.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

BABLEY. The most common species of this
cereal have four rows of grains in the ear.
There is also a specie with six rows and one
with two. Barley has a wider range than any
other cereal, being better able to endure low
temperatures and humidity and ripening in a
shorter period. It can be cultivated in Nor-
way and Siberia, as far north as 70 degrees.
It prefers, however, a warm and fairly dry
climate. In most northern countries of Eu-
rope it is used for human food. In Central
Europe it is used as food for horses and large-
ly in brewing and distilling. When stripped of
its husk and polished, it is known as pearl
barley.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

127

The world's production of barley in 1914
amounted to 1,385,808,000 bushels. The fol-
lowing countries were the principal producers:

Russia 419,561,000

United States 194,950,000

Austria-Hungary 142,146,000

Germany 140,000,000

Japan 102,817,000

Spain 72,272,000

Great Britain 66,642,000

France 47,000,000

Algeria and Tunis 39,000,000

Canada 36,201,000

Barley is grown extensively in Canada,
where it is used chiefly for malting. During
the last ten years the production of barley in
the Western Provinces has increased by over
9,000,000 bushels. (See BEER.)

BARLEY, Pot and Pearl.

Archibald Cereal Co., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Canada Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Chatham, Ont.
Canada Malting Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Cereal & Flour Mills, Ltd., Toronto.
Dow Cereal & Milling Co., Ltd., Neepawa, Man.
Empire Flour Mills, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.
Mackay, John, Co., Ltd., Bowmanville, Ont.

BARRELS Apple, Plour, etc.

Alberts Box Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Butcher, F. E., St. Mary's, Ont.

Canada Wood Specialty Co., Ltd., Orillia, Ont.

Cargill, H. & Son, Cargill, Ont.

Drader, W. M., Chatham, Ont.

Empire Flour Mills, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

Hantsport Fruit Basket Co., Hantsport, N.S.

Landreville, J., & Son, Toronto, Ont.

London & Petrolia Barrel Co., London, Ont.

Manitoba Cooperage Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Pincombe, R. M. Strathroy, Ont.

Starke Cooperage Co., Montreal, Que.

Taylor & White, St. John, N.B.

Thompson, The W. R., Co., Ltd., Teeswater,

Ont.

Trenton Cooper Mills, Ltd., Trenton, Ont.
Zimmerman Bros., Tavistock, Ont.

BARRELS, Beer, Vinegar, Oil, etc.

London & Petrolia Barrel Co., Ltd., London, Ont
Thompson, The W. R., Co., Teeswater, Ont.

BARRELS, Pish.

Kavanagh & Sons, Halifax, N.S.

London & Petrolia Barrel Co., Ltd., London,

Ont.
Whitman, Arthur, W., Halifax, N.S.

BARBELS, Foundry Tumbling 1 .

Acme Stamping & Tool Works, Limited, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Hamilton Facing Mill Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont
Smart-Turner Machine Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

BARRELS, Steel.

Beath, W. D., & Son, Ltd., Toronto, Ont
Fairgrieve Metal & Stamping Co., Toronto.
Steel Trough & Machine Co., Ltd., The, Tweed,

Ont.
Winnipeg Steel Granary & Culvert Co., Ltd.,

Winnipeg, Man.

BARRELS, Welded (Gasoline).

Winnipeg Steel Granary & Culvert Co., Ltd.,
Winnipeg, Man.

BARRETTES.

Dominion Comb & Novelty Co., Warwick, Que.
McComisky, R. B., & Co., Granby, Que.
Smith D'Entremont Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

BARB WOOD. (See CAMWOOD.)

BARS, Angle.

Alberta Rolling Mills, Ltd., Medicine Hat, Alta.

Canada Steel Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont

Hamilton Bridge Works Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont, and
Montreal, Que.

Steel & Radiation, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Structural Steel Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BASS, Crow, Claw, Tramping* Pinch and
Draw.

Canada Axe & Harvest Tool Manfg. Co., Ltd.,
Montreal, Que.

Canadian Steel Foundries, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Coghlin, B. J., Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Cumming, J. W., & Son, Ltd., New Glasgow,
N.S.

Miller Brothers & Sons, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
N.S.

Welland Vale Manfg. Co., Ltd., The, St. Cath-
arines, Ont .

BARS, Metal, Storefront and Corner.

British Columbia Iron, Wire & Fence Co., Van-
couver, B.C.

Hobbs Manfg. Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.
Morrison, The James, Brass Manfg. Co., Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.
Tuttle & Bailey Manfg. Co., Bridgeburg, Ont.

BARS, Steel Merchant.

Alberta Rolling Mills, Ltd., Medicine Hat, Alta.
Canada Steel Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Canadian Steel Foundries, Ltd., Welland, Ont.
Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Ltd., New Glas-
gow, N.S.
Tacoma Steel Co., Van Anda, B.C.

BARS, Steel Reinforcement, Twisted and
Deformed.

Canada Steel Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd,. Hamilton, Ont, and

Montreal, Que.

Steel & Radiation, Ltd., Toronto, Ont
Trussed Concrete Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd.,

Walkerville, Ont.

BARS, Steel, Round and Square.

Canada Steel Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Canadian Car and Foundry Co., Ltd., Mont-
real , Que.

Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.S.
Lake Superior Corporation, The, Sault Ste.

Marie, Ont
Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont, and

Montreal, Que.

BARS, Tie, Switc- and Splice.

Canadian Steel Foundries, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Coghlin, B. J., Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BAEYTA, or Barytes. Oxide of barium, obtain-
ed from heavy spar (sulphate of barium), and
witherite (carbonate of barium). Hamburg
White, Dutch White, and Venice White are
mixtures of sulphate of baryta and white lead.
Large quantities of them are used in glass,
porcelain and colour manufactures. Germany is
a large producer, and the mineral is also
worked in the United States and England. It
is mined to some extent in Canada.

BARYTA PRODUCTS.

Barytes, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Silica Barytic Stone Co., Ingersoll, Ont.

BASES, Boiler.

Don Foundry Co., Toronto, Ont.

Hamilton, William, Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

Leonard, E., & Sons, London, Ont.

Matheson, I, and Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

128-

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

BASILS. A name for tanned sheep-skins.
BASINS, VitreouB Chin*.

Canadian Trenton Potteries Co., Ltd., St. John's,
Dominion Sanitary Pottery Co., St. John's, Que.

BASKETS.

Ben Hur Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Hamilton,

Ont.

Dal ton, J. W., Ltd., Grlmsby, Ont.
Erie Basket Co., Ltd., Leamington, Ont.
Glover, W. T., Manfg. Co., Ltd., Owen Sound.
Holland, G. A., & Son, Co., Montreal, Que.
Keenan Woodenware Manfg. Co., Ltd., Owen

Sound, Ont.

Oakville Basket Co., Oakville, Ont.
Reid & Piott, Beamsville, Ont.
Thomas Brothers, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BASKETS, Bottle.

Alberta Box Co., Ltd., Calgary, ^ta.
Freyseng Cork Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, .Ont.

and Montreal, Que.
Thomas Brothers. Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BASKETS, Bread,

Fletcher Manfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto ,Ont.
Thomas Brothers, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BASKETS, Wire.

Andrews Wire Works of Canada, Ltd., Watford,

Ont

Canada Wire & Iron Goods Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Greening, The B., Wire Co., Ltd., Hamilton.
Lamb, H. R. f Fence Co., Ltd., London, Ont.
Page Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Walkerville, Ont.
Wire Woven Manfg. Co.. Ltd., Woodbridge, Ont.

BASSWOOD. Basswood heads the list of what
might be termed soft hardwoods. The wood
is soft, light, weak, and non-durable, with a
coarse grain, a fine even texture, and a lack
of taste and odour. It is easily worked, does
not warp or check, and is very tough, holds
nails, and takes paint well. The greatest quan-
tities are used for cooperage in box factories.

BAST, or Bass. The inner soft bark of a tree.
In Russia mats are made of the bast of the
lime, which are exported in large quantities,
and the same bast is used in tne south of Eu-
rope to make hats. (See also PIAS8AVA.)

BASTAEDS. Moist sugar mixed with some
molasses, which remains after loaf-sugar has
been made.

BATHS Enameled, Galvanized and Japanned.

Amherst Foundry Co., Ltd., Amherst, N.S.
Sheet Metal Products Co. of Canada, Ltd., To-

ronto, Ont.
Standard Ideal Co., Ltd., Port Hope, Ont.

BATHING CAPS, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-

real, Que.
Walpole Rubber Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BATHHTG SUITS, I>ntre and Fancy.

Allen Manufacturing Co., Ltd.. Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Underskirt Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Home and Watts, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BATHING SUITS, Knitted.

le Knitting Co.. Ltd., (op
Moodie & Sons. Ltd.). Hamilton.

Eagle Knitting Co.. Ltd., (operated by J. R.

Ont.

BATH BRICKS. Bricks weighing about 3 lb.
each, made of a calcareous earth found near
Bridgewater, Eng. They are used for clean-
ing and polishing.

BATH STONE. A creamy-colored limestone. It
is easily dressed, but is not very durable.

BATISTE. The French name for cambric.

BATS, Cricket and Baseball.

Bentley & Anderson, Niagara Falls, Ont.
Hilborn Co., The, Ayr, Ont.
Lachute Shuttle Co., Ltd., Lachute Mills, Que.
Lally Lacrosse Mfg. Co., The, Cornwall, Ont.
Reach, The A. J., Co., Toronto, Ont.
St. Mary's Wood Specialty Co., Ltd., St. Mary's,
Ont.

BATTERIES, Electric.

Canadian Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Canadian National Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Forman, John, Montreal, Que.
Starr, John, Son & Co., Ltd., Halifax, N.S.
Tate Electrics, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BATTERIES, for Exploive.
Canadian Explosives, Ltd., Montreal. Que.

BATTERIES, MedlcaL

Canadian Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd., Toronto.

BATTERIES, Storage.

Canadian Crocker-Wheeler Co., Ltd., The, Bt.

Catharines, Ont.

Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Croftan Storage Battery Co., Toronto, Ont.
Triple Tread Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

BATTING. (See WOOL and COTTON.)

BATTING, Wool and Cotton.

Bauer, A., & Co., Waterloo, Ont.
Dominion Wadding Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Montreal Blanket Co., Montreal, Que.
National Mattress Felt and Batting Co., To-
ronto.
Welwood, F. J., & Co.. Ltd., Winnipeg, Man,

BAUXITE. A hydrated oxide of aluminium
from which the aluminium is extracted. It
takes its name from Baux in France, and it is
also found in Ireland, Southern United Statei
and Italy.

BAY. The fruits of the sweet bay are used in
veterinary medicine. A concrete oil is ex-
tracted from them, and the leaves are used in
condiments. (For BAYBEBBT see CANDLE-
BEBBY.)

BAY SALT. The impure salt obtained by evap-
oration from sea-water.

BEDELLIUM A gum-resin, weaker than myrrh,
but more acrid. It is obtained in India and in
Senegal. The Dum Palm yields the Egyptian
Bedellium.

BEACONS.

International Marine Signal Co., Ltd., Ottawa.

MAEKETABLB COMMODITIES

129

BEADS. A large quantity of beads are made,
especially in Italy, Holland, France and Ger-
many, of glass, porcelain, coral, etc. Most of
them are shipped to Africa for barter with
the natives. Several kinds of ornamental seedi
and nuts are strung and used as necklacei,
bracelets, etc.

BEADINGS, Wood.

Knechtel, the S., Wood-Turning Co., Southamp-
ton, Ont.
Woltz Moulding Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BEAM TREE. The White Beam, allied to the
Service Tree, yields a yellowish, close-grained
wood, much used for turning.

BEAMS. (See IRON AND STEEL.)

BEAMS, Bridge, Culevrt, and Structural.

Algoma Steel Bridge Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Canadian Bridge Co., Ltd., Walkerille, Ont.

Corbet Foundry Co., The, Owen Sound, Ont.

Dominion Architectural Iron Works, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Dominion Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Hamilton Bridge Works Co., Ltd., The, Hamil-
ton, Ont.

MacKinnon, Holmes & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Q.

National Bridge Co. of Canada, Ltd., Montreal.

Peterson Bros. Iron Works, Winnipeg, Man.

Phoenix Bridge & Iron Works, Ltd., The, Mont-
real, Que.

St. Lawrence Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Saskatchewan Bridge & Iron Co., Ltd., Moose
Jaw, Sask.

Steel & Radiation, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Structural Steel Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Westminster Iron Works, New Westminster,
B.C.

BEANS. By this name the seeds of the com-
mon or broad bean the French or Kidney Bean,
and the Scarlet Eunner, are commonly intend-
ed. Broad Beans are exported from Egypt,
Eussia, Italy, Turkey and the United States.
Bean meal is given as fodder to horses and
cattle. Haricot beans are in France preserv-
ed in jars, and the dried beans are extensively
used as food. In tropical America beans are
a very favorite dish. The fruits of various
other leguminous plants are called beans, as
Soya Beans, Tonka Beans, etc., and of plants
of other orders.

Considerable beans are grown in Canada,
particularly in Ontario.

The Canadian crop in 1910 amounted to
826,281 bushels.

BEAR. Bear skins are exported in large num-
bers from America. They are chiefly skins of
the Black Bear, but those of the White Polar
Bear, and of the Grizzly Bear, are also used.
In the Old World, the Brown Bear found in
Northern Eussia and Siberia, yields a valu-
able fur.

BEAR GRASS. (See YUCCA.)

BEARINGS, Ball.
Chapman Double Ball-Bearing Co., of Canada,,

Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Morrow, John, Screw & Nut Co., Ltd., Inger-

soll, Ont.

BEARINGS, Bollr.

Morrow, John, Screw & Nut Co., Ltd., Inger-

soll, Ont.
Plant, W. P., Hastings, Ont.

BEARINGS, Boiler Side, Railway Car.

Canadian Brake Shoe Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Canadian Bronze Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Canadian Car & Foundry Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Lumen Bearing Company, West Toronto, Ont.

BEARINGS, Self-Oiling-.

Chapman Double Bail-Bearing Co., of Canada,

Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Matheson, L., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

BEARINGS, Shaft.

Calgary Iron Works, Ltd., The, Calgary, Alta.
Canada Iron Corporation, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Canadian Bond Hanger & Coupling Co., Ltd..

Alexandria, Ont.
Chapman Double Ball-Bearing Co., of Canada,

Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Letson & Burpee, Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.
Matheson I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
Plessisville Foundry Co., Ltd., The. Plessi*-

ville, Que.
Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford.

BEATERS, Carpet.

Thomas Bros., Ltd., St .Thomas, Ont.
Wright, E. T. & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

BEATBBS, Palp.

Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford,

BEAVER. A rodent inhabiting the streams of
Eussia, Poland, Siberia, and North America.
They are hunted for their skins, especially in
Canada and Alaska.

BECHE DE MER. A sea-slug, called Trepang in
the East. Several species of Holothurise are
known by this name. They are caught in the
Eastern Archipelago, and off the north coast of
Australia, and are imported into China as an
article of food.

BEDDA NUTS. SmaU Myrobolans.

BEDDING. The making of beds and bedding
is a considerable industry in Canada.

BEDDING.

Alberta Bedding Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Berlin Bedding Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont

Brandon Mattress Factory, Brandon, Man.

Canadian Feather and Mattress Co., Ltd.. To-
ronto, Ont.

Dalzell, J. C., St. John, N.B.

Dominion Bedding Co., Belleville, Ont.

Hutchings & Co., St. John, N.B.

Kilgour, J. W., & Bro., Ltd., Beauharnois, Que.

Mason, F. W., & Son, St. Andrews, N.B.

Meyer Bros., Toronto, Ont.

Munro Steel and Wire Works, Ltd., Winnipeg.

Ontario Spring Bed & Mattress Co., Ltd., Lon-
don, Ont.

Standard Bedding Co., Toronto, Ont.

Thompson Mattress Co., The, Montreal Qua

Whitworth & Restall, Toronto. Ont.

BEDS AND FINS, Bowling* Alley.

Brunswicke-Balke-Collender Co. of Canada. Ltd.

Toronto, Ont.

May, Samuel, & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Paquet & Godbout, St. Hyaclnthe, Que.

BEDS, Camp.

Ferguson, John, & Sons, London, Ont
Otterville Mfg. Co., Ltd., Otterville, Ont.

130

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

BEDS Hospital.

Anchor Bedding Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Ontario Spring Bed & Mattress Co., Ltd., Lon-
don, Ont.

BEDS, Sprinff.

Dixon Manfg. Co., Calgary, Alta.

Fournier, Edouard, Montreal, Quo.

Gale, George, & Sons, Waterville, Que.

Ives Modern Bedstead Co., Ltd., Cornwall, Ont.

Leggett & Platt Spring Bed Co., Ltd., Wind-
sor, Ont.

Munro Steel & Wire Works, Ltd., Winnipeg.

Ontario Spring Bed & Mattress Co., Ltd., Lon-
don, Ont.

Quality Beds, Ltd... Welland, Ont.

St. Lawrence Furniture Co., Riviere du Loup.
Que.

BEDS, Wooden.

Canada Furniture Manfrs, Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Elora Furniture Co., The, Elora, Ont.
Malcolm & Souter Furniture Co., Ltd., Hamil-
ton, Ont.

Spiesz Furniture, Ltd., The, Hanover, Ont.
Toronto Furniture Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BEDSTEADS, Iron and Brass.

Alaska Bedding Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Alaska Feather & Down Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Anchor Bedding Co., Ltd., Toronto.

Canada Furniture Manfrs., Ltd., Woodstock,
Ont

Denby Mfg. Co., Calgary, Alta.

Gale, George, & Sons, Waterville, Que., and
Winnipeg, Man.

NIdeal Bedding Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Ives Modern Bedstead Co., Ltd., Cornwall, Ont.

Ontario Spring Bed & Mattress Co., Ltd., Lon-
don, Ont.

Quality Beds, Ltd., Welland, Ont.

Shurly-Dietrich Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Stamco, Ltd., Saskatoon, Sask.

Standard Bedding Co., Toronto, Ont.

Standard Bedstead Co., Ltd., The, Victoria-
ville, Que.

Stratford Bed Co., Stratford, Ont.

Weisglass, S., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BEE-KEEPING. The keeping of bees for the
production of honey and beeswax, is a consid-
erable industry in Canada.

BEE-KEEPEBS' SUPPLIES.
Ham & Knott Co., Ltd., The, Brantford, Ont.

BEECH. Is Canada's cheapest hardwood. While
the wood is hard, strong, tough and moder-
ately stiff, it is often cross-grained, very per-
ishable, and most liable to shrink, warp, and
check even after seasoning. Most of the cut
is used for firewood and for distillation pur-
poses. Most of the lumber made from this
wood is used for hardwood flooring, where it
takes a high polish. The fruit of the beech,
viz., beech nut, is edible. (See WOOD.)

BEEF. (See CATTLE.)

BEEP AND BEEF PRODUCTS.

Burns, P. & Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.
Davies, The William, Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Abattoir, Ltd., London, Ont.
Gainers, Ltd., Strathcona. Alta.
Gallagher-Holman-Lafrance Co., Ltd., Winni-
peg, Man .

Gordon, Ironsides & Fares Co., Ltd., Winnipeg.
Gunn's Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Harris Abattoir Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Hunnisett. Frank, Jr., Toronto, Ont.
Imperial Packing Co., Ltd., Woodstock, N.B.
Ingersoll Packing Co., Ltd. Ingersoll. Ont.
Matthews-Laing, Ltd.. The, Montreal, Que.

Montreal Abattoirs, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
O'Keefe & Drew Abattoir Co., Ltd., Chatham,

Ont.

Russell, Baker Packing Co., Prince Albert, Sask
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Vogel Meat & Packing Co., Ltd., Strathcona,

Alta.

BEEF, Fluid.

Bovril, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Food Specialists of Canada, Ltd., Montreal.

Mason's, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BEER. A fermented drink made from various
cereals. Barley malt is the best material, but
raw grain, including corn, rice and wheat are
often used as well as glucose, sucrose, malto-
dextrins, saccharine, etc. In Russia rye is the
chief grain from which Kvascs is made. Dif-
ferent types of beer are produced by different
processes. Bitter ales and beers are racked
into casks in which are placed some hops of
very good quality. Mum, a beer made chiefly
from wheat meal, and spruce beer from treacle
and an extract of spruce fir are especially
German productions.

The grain is first malted, that is, steeped in
water sufficiently to cause it to germinate.
When the growth has advanced far enough,
the sprouted grain is dried in a kiln. The ob-
ject of malting is to convert the starch of the
grain into sugar and thus prepare it for brew-
ing. There are three principal kinds of malt
according to the methods of drying the sprout-
ed grain, namely, pale, amber and brown or
porter malt.

The next process is generally known as brew-
ing. This consists in dissolving out the fer-
mentable substances in the malt with warm
water. This infusion is then evaporated by
boiling, hops having been added to preserve
it. The liquor is then fermented. The result-
ant product, commonly known as ale or lager
beer is shipped in kegs or barrels. The an-
nual importations of malt into Canada amount-
to approximately 15,000 bushels, and the im-
Eortation of ale and beer to about 10,000 gal-
>ns. Most of the Canadian requirements are
supplied by local breweries.

BEER GINGER.

Bigelow & Hood, Truro, N.S.
Brandon Brewing Co., Ltd., Brandon, Man.
Christin, J., & Co., Incorporated, Montreal.
Girouard, H., & Co., Montreal, Que.

BEEB, Lager.

Barrie Brewing Co., Barrie, Ont.

Berlin Lion Brewery, Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Bixel Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Brantford.

Blackwood's Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.

Brading Brewing Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Brandon Brewing Co., Ltd., Brandon, Man.

Brantford Brewing Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.

British American Brewing Co., Ltd., Windsor.

British Columbia Brewing Co., Ltd., Vancouver.

Calcutt Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Peter-
borough, Ont.

Calgary Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Calgary.
Alta.

Capital Brewing Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Carl ing Brewing & Malting Co., of London, Ltd.,
London, Ont.

Copland Brewing Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Edmonton Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Ed-
monton, Alta.

Empire Brewing Co., Ltd., Brandon, Man.

Enterprise Brewing Co., The, Revelstoke, B.C.

Fernie-Fort Steele Brewing Co., Ltd., Fernie
B.C.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

131

Frontenac Breweries Ltd., Montreal Que.

Golden Lion Brewing Co., Ltd., Prince Al-
bert, Sask.

Golden West Brewing Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Grant's Spring Brewery Co., Ltd., Hamilton.

Halifax Breweries Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Hamilton Brewing Association, Ltd., Hamilton.

Hoeschen-Wentzler Brewing Co., Ltd., Saska-
toon, Sask.

Jones, Simeon, Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Kakabeka Falls Brewing Co., Ltd., Fort Wil-
liam, Ont.

Kormann Brewery, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Kuntz Brewery, Ltd., The, Waterloo, Ont.

Labatt, John, Ltd., London, Ont.

Lethbridge Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., The,
Lethbridge, Alta.

McCarthy, J., & Sons, Co., Ltd., Prescott, Ont.

McDonald & Shea, Winnipeg, Man.

Moose Jaw Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Moose
Jaw, Sask.

National Breweries, Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Nelson Brewing Co., Ltd., B.C.

New Ontario Brewing Co., Ltd., North Bay, Ont.

Nova Scotia Brewing Co., Halifax, N.S.

O'Keefe Brewery Co. of Toronto, Ltd., Toronto.

Phoenix Brewing Co., Ltd., Phoenix, B.C.

Ready's Breweries, Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Reg-ina Brewing Co., Ltd., Regina, Sask.

Reirihardt Salvador Brewery, Ltd., Toronto.

Riedle, A. W., Winnipeg, Man.

St. Lawrence Brewery Co., Ltd., Cornwall, Ont.

Silver Spring Brewing Co., Ltd.. Victoria, B.C

Sleeman & Sons, Ltd., Guelph, Ont.

Soo Falls Brewing Co., Ltd., Sault Ste. Marie.
Ont.

Strathcona Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Ed-
monton South, Alta.

Sudbury Brewing & Malting Co., Ltd., Sudbury.
Ont.

Victoria Phoenix Brewing Co., Ltd., Victoria,

Taylor & Bate, St. Catharines, Ont.
B.C.

Walkerville Brewing Co., Ltd., Walkerville,
Ont.

Westminster Brewery, New Westminster, B.C.

BEER, Temperance.

Brasserie Champlain, Limitee, La, Quebec.

Drewry, Edward L., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Empire Brewing Co., Ltd., Brandon, Man.

Golden Lion Brewing Co., Ltd., Prince Al-
bert, Sask.

Hoeschen-Wentzler Brewing Co., Ltd., Sas-
katoon, Sask.

Kuntz Brewery, Ltd., The, Waterloo, Ont.

Nova Scotia Brewery, Halifax, N.S.

BEESWAX. Bees are kept and the wax collect-
ed in most countries of Europe. Wax is also
exported from America, many parts of Africa,
including Madagascar, and from India, Asia
Minor, etc. East Indian wax is of poor qual-
ity, being the produce of wild bees. The wax
is exported either in its natural condition,
when it is yellow, red, or even brown or grey,
and bleached. It is bleached by being formed
into thin strips, spread in the sun, and water-
ed, or by the aid of chemicals. It is used for
candles, floor polish, in varnishes, calico-
printing, etc.

BEESWAX.

Baillargeon, F., St. Constant, Que.

BEETBOOT. The common beet is cultivated in
gardens, and its red tap-root is eaten as a
vegetable. It is the same species which is
cultivated for the extraction of sugar. Man-
gol Wurtzel is a coarser variety grown as food
for cattle. (See SUGAR.)

BEIGE, the French name for undyed wools, and
also given to fabrics partly of dyed and partly
of undyed wool.

BELLADONNA, or Deadly Nightshade, a her-
baceous plant of the order Solanacese, which
grows in all parts of Central and Southern
Europe. Belladonin and atropin, alkaloids
obtained from all parts 01 the plant, are highly
poisonous. They are used as medicines, in-
ternally in small doses, and externally in the
form of liniments and plasters.

BELLOWS.

Hamilton Facing Mill Co., Ltd., Hamilton. Ont.
BELLS, Door.

Belleville Hardware & Lock Mfg. Co., Ltd.,
Belleville, Ont.

Berlin Racycle Mfg. Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Garth Co., The, Montreal, Que.

Hamilton Stove & Heater Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Peterborough Lock Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Peter-
borough, Ont.

Springer Lock Co., Ltd., Belleville, Ont.

BELLS, Electric.

Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Garth Company, The, Montreal, Que.

BELLS, Sleigh.

Clark, C. O., & Bro., Montreal, Que.
BELLS, Ship and Fire Reel.

Clark, C. O., & Bro., Montreal, Que.
Garth Company, The, Montreal, Que.
Lumen Bearing Co., Toronto, Ont.
Piper, Hiram, L., Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Morrison, The Jas., Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.
Wilson & Cousins, Toronto, Ont.

BELTING, CAMEL HAIR.
Reddaway, F. & Co., Montreal, Que.
BELTING, Chain.

Fittings, Ltd., Oshawa, Ont
Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Montreal, Que.
Jones & Glassco, Montreal.
Perrin, W. R., & Co., Ltd., Toronto.

BELTING Dress and Skirt.

Canada Label & Webbing Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Peters, J. Henry, Co., Toronto, Ont.

BELT FASTENERS.

Reddaway, F. & Co., Montreal, Que.
BELTING, Leather.

Beardmore & Co., Toronto, Ont

Goodhue, J. L., & Co., Ltd., Danville, Que.

Jones & Glassco, Montreal, Que

McArthur, J. D., & Co., Brockville, Ont.

McLaren, D. K., Ltd. Montreal, QueT

McLaren, The J. C., Belting Co., Ltd., Montreal

Sadler & Ha worth, Montreal, Que.

BELTING, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que .

Dunlop Tire & Rubber Goods Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. of Canada, Ltd
Toronto, Ont.

Gutta-Percha & Rubber, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Reddaway, F. & Co., Montreal.

BELTING, Stitched Cotton Duck.

Dominion Belting Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Reddaway, F. & Co., Montreal, Que.

132

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

BELTS, Leather (Ladies' and Men's).

Edwards, J. E., & Sons, Toronto, Ont.
Flett, Lowndes & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
General Leather Goods, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Hall's, Ltd., Brockville, Ont.
Kelly's, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Montreal Suspender & mbrella Mfg. Co., Mont-
real, Que.

Reid, A. T., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Sale, Julian, Leather Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Western Leather Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Winnett & Wellinger, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BELTS, Silk, Etc,

Canada Label & Webbing Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Colonial Weaving Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont
Daniel, F. C., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Fairbairn, R. D., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Flett, Lowndes & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Globe Suspender Co., Rock Island, Que.
Ladies' Wear, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Peters, J. Henry, Co., Toronto, Ont.
Rea, A. E., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Reid, A. T., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BELUGA, the white whale. (See PORPOISE.)

BENDERS, Bail.

Canadian Steel Foundries, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Holden Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

BENDERS, Tire.

Canadian Buffalo Forge Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Jardine, A. B., & Co., Hespeler, Ont.
London Foundry Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.
National Machine Co., Brighton, Ont.
Plessisville Foundry Co., Ltd., The, Plessls-

ville, Que.

Smart, The Jas., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Brockville, Ont
Thompson Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Grand Bay, N.B.

BENEDICTINE. (See LIQUEURS.)
BENJAMIN. (See BENZOIN.)

BEN NUTS, the fruits of a tree of the order of
Capparidero, and also known as the Horse-
radish tree. It grows in India, Java, Egypt,
and Arabia.

BENNISEED, a name given in Africa to the
seed of the Sesamum.

BENT GOODS.

Ackland, D., & Son, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Canada Wheel Works, Ltd., Merritton, Ont.

Crown Lumber Co., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.

Finlay, J., & Sons, Co., Norwood, Ont.

Heard, John, & Co., St. Thomas, Ont.

Hore, F. W., & Son, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Lougrhead Bros., Ltd., Sarnia, Ont.

McKillop, A., & Sons, Ltd., West Lome, Ont.

McVean, O. & W., Dresden, Ont.

Victoria Wheel Works, Gait, Ont.

Windsor Turned Goods Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.

BENZENE or Benzol, a light hydrocarbon
obtained by distillation from the lighter oils
of coal-tar and petroleum. It is used in the
preparation of varnishes, in the cleaning of
textile materials, etc. Nitro-benzol is the
essence of mirbane or artificial oil of almonds
used in perfuming soap.

BENZINE. (See NAPHTHA.)

BENZINE.

British American Oil Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Crown Oil Refining Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Empire Oil Co., Montreal.
Empire Refining Co., Ltd., Wallaceburg, Ont.

BENZOIN, usually known as Gum Benjamin. A
gum obtained from a tree which grows in
Indo-China, and Sumatra. The best comes
from Siam. Benzoin is used in perfumery,
pastilles, incense, and in the preparation of
soaps and washes. The Compound Tincture or
Benzoin is the Friars' Balsam, or Jesuits'
Drops, frequently applied to wounds.

BEBGAMOT, a species of orange or lime named
after Bergama, the ancient Pergamos, in Asia
Minor. The tree is now cultivated in Italy
and Sicily for the sake of its essential oil,
which is manufactured at Palermo and Mes-
sina. The oil is used in pomades, essences, and
perfumes.

BERYL, a silicate of aluminium, of greenish,
bluish, orange, and yellow tints. It is found
in the United States, Brazil, Ceylon, etc. (See
also EMERALD.)

BETEL. For Betel-Nut (See ABECA-NUT.)

The betel leaf is the leaf of the Chavica betel,
of the order Piperaceae, indigenous to the
Eastern Archipelago, and cultivated in India,
Burma, Siam, and other countries. It is used
in chewing betel-nut, the nut with some shell
lime being wrapped in a betel leaf.

BHANG, the Indian name for hemp. In the
East the leaves and stems are used as a nar-
cotic, being either smoked or made into drinks
and electuaries.

BIBBS, Lever, Compression.

Garth Co., The, Montreal, Que.
Mitchell, The Robt., Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Mueller, H., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Sarnia, Ont.
National Brass, Ltd., The, London, Ont.

BIBS, Infants'.

Montreal Quilting Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Neckwear & Fancy Goods Co., Ltd., St. John,
N.B.

BICYCLES.

Berlin Racycle Mfg. Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Canada Cycle & Motor Co., The, West Toronto,

Ont.

Lochrie, James, Toronto, Ont.
Planet Bicycle Co., Toronto, Ont.

BILLETS, BLOOMS and SLABS.

Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.S.
Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Ltd., New Glas-
gow, N.S.
Steel Co., of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

BINDEB TWINE.

Brantford Cordage Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.
Consumers Cordage Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Plymouth Cordage Company, Welland, Ont.

BINDERS, Load.

Beatty Bros., Ltd., Fergus, Ont.
Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., Bt.
Catharines, Ont.

BINDING MattreM.

Canadian Textile A Weaving Co., Ltd., Guelph,

Ont.
Hamilton Cotton Co., Hamilton, Ont.

BINDING, Shoe.
Hamilton Cotton Co., Hamilton, Ont.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

133

BINDINGS, Skirt and Goat.

Belding-Paul-Corticelli, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Narrow Fabric Co., The, Toronto, Ont.
Peters, J. Henry, Co., Toronto, Ont.
Rea, A. E., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BINNAC3VSS.

Morrison, The Jas., Brass. Mfg. Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

BINOCULARS.

Gowlland Optical Co., Ltd., Montreal.

BINS, Grain (Portable).
Canadian Metal Shelter Company, Winnipeg.

BINS, Ore.
MacKinnon, Holmes, & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke.

BINS, Stone (Portable, Mounted).

American Road Machine Co. of Canada, Ltd.,

Goderich, Ont.

General Car & Machinery Worksfi Montmagny,
Que.

BIRCH. In the Canadian industries there are
three species of this wood used, viz., sweet
birch, used for hardwood flooring and furni-
ture; yellow birch, used largely for wood dis-
tillation; white birch, which seldom grows to
timber size, used for turnery, spools, and small
woodenware. Birch is Canada's most abund-
ant hardwood, and is rapidly coming into use
as the more expensive woods are exhausted.
It is fairly hard and strong, with a fine grain,
is easily worked, takes a high polish, and can
be stained to imitate more expensive woods
like mahogany, cherry, and walnut. "Wavy"
birch is an accident form due to cross grain.
It is highly prized for ornamental work.
Another use for this wood is the making of
half-tone blocks. (See WOOD.)

BIRD SEED.

Birdland Society, London, Ont.
McKenzie, A. E. Brandon, Man.
Nicholson & Brock, Toronto, Ont.

BICHROME, bichromate of potash, which is
obtained in the form of large red crystals, and
is used in dyeing and making painters' colors.

BICYCLES. According to the census of 1911,
there were seven establishments in Canada
making these, employing ninety workmen, and
with an output of $84,804.

BIRD SEED. Under this name are included
hemp, canary, millet, rape, and poppy seed,
sold to feed birds.

BIED SKINS. A large quantity is imported
into Europe for the decoration of ladies' bon-
nets. Pheasants, tanagers, birds of Paradise,
humming-birds, and the egret or white heron,
are sought after for this purpose.

BIRDS' NESTS, the gelatinous nest of the
swiftlets of the genus of Collocalia; are im-
ported into China to be used as food.

BISCUITS. (See CONFECTIONERY.)

BISCUITS.

Abbott, Grant & Co., Ltd., Brockville, Ont.

Acton Biscuits Co., Ltd., Acton, Que.

Bean & Westlake, Woodstock, Ont.

Christie, Brown & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Crothers, W. J., Co., Ltd., Kingston, Ont.

Doerr C. H., & Co., Berlin, Ont.

Dominion Biscuit Co., Ltd.. Vancouver, B.C.

Godin, J. N., Three Rivers, Que.

Hamilton, G. J., & Sons, Pictou, N.S.

Hamm Bros., St. John, N.B.

Hetherington, T., Quebec, Que.

Lynch's Ltd., Sydney, N.S.

McCormick Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.

Marven, J. A., Ltd., Moncton, N.B.

Masson & St. Germain, Montreal, Que.

McCormick Mfg., Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.

McLauchlan & Sons, Co., Ltd., Owen Sound, Ont.

Meyer, The A., Co., Ltd., St. Catharines, Ont.

Moirs, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Montreal Biscuit Co., Montreal, Que.

Mooney Biscuit & Candy Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que., Stratford, Ont., and Winnipeg, Man.
National Biscuit & Confectionery Co., Ltd.,

Vancouver, B.C.

Paulin Chambers Co., Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.
Perrin, D. S., & Co., Ltd., London, Ont.
Popham Bros., Victoria, B.C.
Ramsays, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Rankine, T., Sons, St. John, N.B.
RowelK T., & Son, Sherbrooke, Que.
Telfer Bros., Ltd., Collingwood, Ont.
Viau & Frere, Montreal, Que.
Weston, Geo., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Woodward, G. H., & Co., Cannington, Ont.

BISMUTH, a white metal with a tinge of red,
found in most of the countries of Europe,
Siberia, and America. It is used to make
fusible alloys, one of which is composed of
two parts of bismuth, one of lead, and one of
tin. The trioxide is used in porcelain manu-
facture, the subnitrate, known as Pearl White,
or Powder, and Blanc d'Espagne, is used as a
cosmetic, and, as well as the subcarbonate, in
medicine.

BITS, Anger, Solid Stem and Machine.

Gilmore, G., Montreal, Que.

Tobin Arms Mfg. Co., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.

BITTERS, tonic alcoholic drinks, which owe
their bitter flavor to orange, quassia, gen-
tian, aloes, etc. Angostura bitters are well
known.

BITTERWOOD, a name given to some species of
Xylopia of the West Indies. This contains
the same bitter principle as the Quassia
amara, and DOW supplies most of the quassia
used in medicine.

BITUMEN. (See ASPHALT.)

BLACK BEER, another name for spruce beer.
(See BEER.)

BLACK BOY GUM, the gum obtained from the
Australian grass tree. It contains benzoic and
cinnamic acids.

BLACKBOARDS.

Globe Furniture Co., Ltd., The, Waterloo, Ont.
Hendry, The Geo. M. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BLACKING, a paste used to impart a black,
shining surface to leather. Bone black, some
sugar and oil and concentrated sulphuric acid
are the constituents. Harness blacking con-
sists of beeswax, turpentine, copal varnish,
ivory black, etc. (See POLISH.)

134

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

BLACK-LEAD, Graphite, or Plumbago, a min-
eral consisting chiefly of carbon, with the
addition of alumina, silica, lime, etc. Gen-
erally, graphite is mixed with clay and ia
made into pencils and crucibles, and used
for polishing iron. Ceylon is now the most

important source of the mineral, and the
quality is fairly good. (See GRAPHITE.)

Graphite is found in many parts of the Pro-
vinces of Ontario and Quebec. The produc-
tion in 1913 was 2,162 tons, valued at $90,-
282.

BLACKWOOD. (See ROSEWOOD.)

BLADDERS, the urinary vessels of animals are
exported from America and the continent of
Europe in barrels. They are used to contain
lard, and other commodities.

BXANKETS.

Baruslon Woolen Co., The, Way's Mills, Quo.
Bird Woolen Mill Co., Ltd.. Bracebridge, Ont.
I , . Thurso, Qt:e.

Brctk Woolen Co.. of Simcoe, Ltd., Simcoe, Ont.

:. John, Curleton Place, Ont.
Brown & Wigle Co., I Ad., Kinprsville, Ont.
CaMwell. Boyd & Co.. Ltd.. Lanark, Ont.
Cantin, La Cie. et Fils, Warwick, Que.
Chesley Woolen Mills Co., The, Chesley, Ont.
Childerhouse, John, & Co., Eganville, Ont.
Clark Blanket Co.. Ltd., The, Dundas, Ont.
Coaticook Woolen Mill Co., Ltd., Coaticook, Que.
Dick John, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Dontigny, Philip, Arnprior, Ont.
Glen Woolen Mills. Ltd., Glen Williams, Ont.
Horn Bros., Woolen Co., Ltd., Lindsay, Ont.
Logan Bros., Ltd., Renfrew, Ont.
Lott. Wm., Belleville, Ont.
MacKenzie, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Magog Woolen Mills, Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Midnapore Woolen Mills. Ltd., Midnapore, Alta.
Murphy Eugene, Mount Forest, Ont.
O.Hare & Sons, Midland, Ont.
Ontario Yarn Co., Ltd., The, Markharn. Ont.
Oxford Manfg. Co., Ltd., Oxford, N.S.
Penman's Ltd., Paris, Ont.
Handle, James, Meaford, Ont.
Slings, y Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Brantford, Ont.
Smart- Woods, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Standard Woolen Mills, Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Upton. The G., Company, Ltd., Alliston, Ont.
Walshaw, J., & Sons, Bolton, Ont.

BLANKETS, Army, Rubber and Poncho.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real. Que.

Guelph Oiled Clothing Co.. Ltd., The, Ouelph,
Ont.

Tower Canadian, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BLANKETS Cotton.

Canadian Cottons, Ltd.. Montreal, Que.
Dominion Textile Co.. Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BLANKETS, Horse.

Ackorman, B. F., Son, & Co., Peterborough, Ont.

Adams Bros., Harness Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto.

Borbridge. S. & H., Ottawa, Ont

Brook Woolen Co., of Simcoe. Ltd., Simcoe, Ont.

Burlington Windsor Blanket Co., Ltd., Wind-
sor, Ont.

Darch. J.. & Sons, London. Ont.

Gananoque Harness Works. Ltd., Gananoque,
Ont .

Glen Woolen Mills. Ltd.. Glen Williams. OnL

Gourock Ropework Export Co., Ltd., Montreal

Great West Saddlery Co., Ltd.. The, Winnipeg.

Heney Carriage & Harness Co., Ltd., Mont-

Jolley. Jas., & Sons, Ltd.. Hamilton, Ont.
Lamontagne, Ltd.. Montreal, Que.
Magoi? Woolen Mills, Ltd.. Sherbrooke, Que.
Reiner Bros., & Co., Ltd., Wellesley, Ont.
Rudd, Geo. A., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Sabiston, R. A., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Slingsby Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Brantford, Ont.
Smart- Woods, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Soper, Robert. Hamilton, Ont.
Trees, Samuel & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Turner, Beeton & Co., Ltd., Victoria, B.C.
Turner, J. J., & Sons, Peterborough, Ont.
Walshaw, J., & Son, Bolton, Ont.
Watchorn & Co., Ltd., Merrickville, Ont.

BLANKETS Hore (Rubber).
Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

BLANKETS, Printers', Lithographer*' and
Foundry.

Bates & Innes, Carleton Place, Ont.
Booth Felt Co., Ltd., The, Gananoque, Ont.
Dunlop Tire & Rubber Goods Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

BLANKETS Saddle.

Burlington Windsor Blanket Co., Ltd., Wind-
sor, Ont.

BLANKETS, Waterproof.
Tower Canadian, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BLASTLNQ SUPPLIES.

Canadian Explosives Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BLEACHING POWDER, a mixture of chloride
of lime and hypochlorite of lime, used im
bleaching calicoes, and in paper making.

BLEACHING POWDER.

Canadian Alkali Co., Ltd., The, Windsor. Ont.
Canadian Salt Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.

BLENDE, zinc sulphide. (See ZINC.)

BLINDS Window (Roller). (See also Shartea
Window.)

Daly & Morin, Montreal, Que.
Hayhoe, H. E., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Martel, Stewart, Western, Ltd., The, Winni-
peg, Man.

Soper, The Fred G., Co., Toronto, Ont.
Western King Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

BLINDS, Window (Wood). (See Shutters.)
BLOCKS, Building, Hollow.

Alberta Concrete Brick Co., Ltd., Lethbridge,
Alta.

Bechtels. Ltd., Waterloo, Ont.

Bedell, H. W., Picton, Ont.

Canfleld, F. O., St. Mary's, Ont.

Cement Products Co., Quebec, Que.

Cement Products, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Concrete Products, Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Dominion Concrete Co., Ltd., Kemptville, Ont.

Medicine Hat Concrete Products Co., Ltd., Me-
dicine Hat, Alta.

National Builders' Supply and Enamel Con-
crete Brick Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Perfection Concrete Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Raymond Cement Products Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Reinforced Brickwork Co., Ltd., The, Winni-
peg, Man.

BLOCKS, Building Vitrified Clay.
Alberta Clay Products Co., Ltd., Medicine Hat,

Hamilton & Toronto Sewer Pipe Co., Ltd.,

Hamilton, Ont.

Redcliff Brick & Coal Co.. Ltd., Redcliff, Alta.
Standard Clay Products, Ltd., St. John's, Que.

BLOCKS, Butcher.'.

Harrison. John, & Sons Co., Ltd., Owen Sound,
Ont.

BLOCKS, Cement Kiln and Coke Oven.
Clayburn Co., Ltd., The, Vancouver, B.C.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

135

BLOCKS, Gypsum, Firepro Ing.
Alabastine Co., Paris, Ltd., The, Paris, Ont.

BLOCKS, Hoisting: and Differential Pulley.
(See also Chain Block.)

Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., St.

Catharines, Ont.
Canadian Yale & Towne, Ltd., St. Catharines,

Ont.
Morris, The Herbert, Crane & Hoist Co., Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.

BLOCKS, East (Roug-li Turned).

Boston Last Company, Richmond, Que.
St. Johns Last Block Co., St. John's, Que.
Thompson, The W. R., Co., Teeswater, Ont.

BLOCKS. Paving 1 , Asphalt.

Carritte-Paterson Mfg. Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Ontario Asphalt Paving Block Co., Ltd., Wind-
sor, Ont .

BLOCKS, Paving-, Cedar.

Harrison, John, & Sons Co., Ltd., Owen Sound,
Ont.

BLOCKS, Paving 1 , Creosoted.

Canada Creosoting Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
D9minion Creosoting Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.
-Kirby, The T. Sidney, Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

BLOCKS, Paving*, Granite.

Argenteuil Granite Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Brodie, James, & Son, Iberville, Que.
Laureritian Granite Co., Ltd., The, Montreal.
Norton, S. B., Beebe Junction, Que.
Standstead Granite Quarries Co., Ltd., Beebe,
Que.

BLOCKS, Pillow.

Canadian Bond Hanger & Coupling- Co., Ltd.,
Alexandria, Ont.

Dodge Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Elrmra Machinery & Transmission Co.. Ltd
Mmira, Ont.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.

Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Montreal, Que.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

Long, The E., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Orillia, Ont.

Matheson, J. & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow N S

Smart-Turner Machine Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford
Ont .

BLOOD. Blood of animals is used in dyeing,
sugar-refining, etc. It is also a source of albu-
men and other substances.

BLOOMS, bars of malleable iron produced by
blast-furnaces from the ore, or from pie-iron
(See IRON AND STEEL.)

BLOUSES. (See CLOTHING.)

BLOUSES AND SHIRTWAISTS.

Allen Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
American Silk Waist Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Bell-Field Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Bolsby Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Boulter, The H. C. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Converts Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Canadian Undershirt Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Colonial Whitewear Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.
Crescent Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Cummings, D. H., Montreal, Que.
D'Allair, Rettie, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Dalton Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto,, Ont.
Daniel, F. C., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Diamond Whitewear Co., Ltd., The, Three

Rivers, Que.

Doherty Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Dupuis Freres, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Eagle Skirt & Cloak Mfg. Co., Montreal, Que.

Eagle Whitewear Co., Ltd., St. Hyacinthe, Que.
Eaton, The T. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Eclipse Whitewear Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Emery Manfg. Co., The, Guelph, Ont.
Fairbairn, R. D. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Fashion Waist and Whitewear Co., Toronto.
Fashion Dress and Waist Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Feick Mfg. Co., The, Berlin, Ont.
Gale Manfg. Co., The, Toronto, Ont.
Hampton Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Helena Costume Co., Ltd., London, Ont.
Holladay, M. A., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Ideal Womens Wear, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
"Imperial, The," Montreal, Que.
Keens Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Kussner Bros., Montreal, Que.
Ladies Novelty Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.
Ladies' Wear, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Martin & Smith Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Maxwell & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
McMullen, Henry, & Company, Montreal, Que.
Metropolitan Shirtwaist Co., St. John, N.B.
Meyer Manfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
Murray-Kay-Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
O'Donnell W., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Pageau Manfg. Co., Ottawa, Ont.
Princess Garment Co., Toronto, Ont.
Princess Manfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Quebec Whitewear Manfg. Co., Quebec, Que.
Queen Skirt Co., Montreal, Que.
Queen Dress & Waist Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Reilly Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Roe, F. G., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Star Whitewear Mfg., Co., The, Berlin, Ont.
Stobart Sons & Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Telford Bros., Garment Co., Rock Island, Que.
Thompson Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BLOWERS, Blacksmiths'.

Canadian Buffalo Forge Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Jardine, A. B., & Co., Hespeler, Ont.

London Foundry Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.

Sheldon's, Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Thompson Mfg. Co., Ltd., Grand Bay, N.B.

BLOWERS, Electric and Hydraulic, for
Org-ans.

Canadian Pipe Organ Co., Ltd., St. Hyacinthe,

Que.

Fisher Electric & Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Jardine, A. B., & Co., Hespeler, Ont.

BLOWERS (Pneumatic), Chaff, Straw and
Silo Filler.

Bell, B.. & Son, Co., Ltd., St. George, Ont.

Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Macdonald Thresher Co., Ltd., The, Strat-
ford, Ont.

Moody, The Matthew, & Sons, Co., Terrebonne,
Que.

Smith Stacker & Feeder Co., Ltd., Hamilton.

BLOWERS, Pressure.

Canadian Buffalo Forge Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Canadian Sirocco Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.
London Foundry Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.
Sheldon's, Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Sherbrooke Machinery Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Q.
Thompson Mfg. Co., Ltd., Grand Bay, N.B.

BLOWERS, Turbo.

Canadian Crocker-Wheeler Co., Ltd., The, St.

Catharines, Ont.
Canadian Westinghouse Co., Ltd., Hamilton,

Ont.

BLUBBER, the thick coating of fat which cov-
ers the bodies of whales, seals, and other
polar animals, and yields a valuable oil. (See
WHALES.)

BLUE. (See ULTRAMINE, COBALT, INDIGO,
PRUSSIAN BLUE and ALIZARINE.)

BLUE, Laundry.

Alpha Chemical Co., Ltd., The, Berlin, Ont.
British America Paint Co., The, Victoria, B.C.

136

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Dalley, The F. P., Co., of Hamilton, Ltd.,

Hamilton, Ont.

Pugsley, Dingman & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Sultana, Ltd., Montreal, Quo.
Tellier, Roth well & Co., Montreal, Que.

BLUESTONE, Sulphate of Copper, or Blue Vit-
riol, which occurs in veins of copper and iron
pyrites and is manufactured from copper sul-
phide. It is used by dyers and calico-print-
ers, in electro -plating, &c.

BLUESTONE.

Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., of Can-
ada, Ltd., Trail, B.C.

BOARDS, Bak.

Schultz Bros., Co., Ltd., The, Brantford, Ont.
Stratford Mfg. Co., Ltd., Stratford, Ont.
Taylor-Scott & Co., Ltd., Palmerston. Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BOARDS, Bread.

Keenan Woodenware Mfg. Co., Ltd., Own

Sound, Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BOARDS, Bulletin.

Meyercord Co., Ltd., Tthe, St. Catharines, Ont.
Syme Signs, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

BOARDS, Ironing.

Keenan Woodenware Mfg. Co., Ltd., Owen

Sound. Ont.

Otterville Mfg. Co., Ltd., Otterville, Ont.
Stratford Mfg. Co., Stratford, Ont.
Taylor, Scott & Co., Ltd., Palmerston, Ont
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BOAT BUILDERS.

Ackland Robert, Co., Winnipeg, Man.

Bower Bros., Shelburne, N.S. (Small fishing
boats of about 25 tons, also dories and
yachts.)

Canadian Canoe Co., Ltd., The, Peterborough.

Cox, G. A., Shelburne, N.S. (Vessels.)

Crowell, Wm. B., Port La Tour, N.S. (Boats,
motor boats, yachts.)

Dean, Walter, Toronto, Ont.

Ditchburn, H., Boat Mfg. Co., Ltd., Graven-
hurst, Ont.

English, The Wm., Canoe Co., Peterborough.

Ernest, J. & Sons, Mahone Bay. N.S. (Vessels
from 90 to 100 tons.)

Etherington, John, Shelburne, N.S. (Boats,
dories, canoes, yachts.)

Gidley Boat Co., Ltd., Penetanguishene, Ont.

Hepson, John, Shelburne, N.S. (Buoys and
ships.)

Lakefleld Canoe Bldg. and Mfg. Co., Ltd., Laka-
fleld, Ont.

McAlpine, Kenneth, Shelburne, N.S. (Dories,
boats, motor boats, life boats and yachts.)

McKay, W. C. & Sons, Shelburne, N.S. (Ves-
sels, schooners and yachts.)

Morrison, J. C., Shelburne, N.S. (boats and
dories.)

Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough.

Vancouver Shipyard Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

Viper Co., Ltd., ictou, N.S.

Williams, John, Shelburne, N.S. (Boats and
dories.)

BOBBINET, or Bobbin-net, machine-made net.
BOBBINS, Wood.

Canada Spool & Bobbin Co., Ltd., Walkerton.
Lachute Shuttle Co., Ltd., Lachute Mills, Qu*.
Thompson & Co., Sherbrooke, Que.

BOHEA, the commonest black tea, so named
from a range of hills in Southern China.
BOILERS, Cornish.

Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Hall Engineering Works, The, Montreal, Que.
Hamilton, Wm. Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.
International Engineering Works, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

BOILERS, Farmers' Peed.

Belanger, A., Montmagny, Que.

Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Erie Iron Works, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

James & Reid, Perth, Ont.

Smith Foundry Co., Ltd., The, Fredericton, N.B.

Steel Trough & Machine Co., Ltd., The, Tweed,

Ont.
Sussex Mfg. Co., Ltd., Sussex, N.B.

BOILERS, Locomotive.

Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

Bertrand, La Cie, F. X., Manufacturiere, Lim-
itee, St. Hyacinthe, Que.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Fleming, James, St. John, N.B.

General Car & Machinery Works, Montmagny,
Que.

Goldie & McCulloch Co., Ltd., The, Gait, Ont.

Hall Engineering Works, The, Montreal, Que.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.

Inglis, The John, Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

International Engineering Works Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Qu.

Leonard, E., & Sons, London, Ont.

Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville. Ont.

Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

McDougall, The John, Caledonian Iron Works
Co.. Ltd., Montreal, Que.

New Burrell-Johnson Iron Co., Ltd., The, Yar-
mouth, N.S.

Poison Iron Works. Ltd., Toronto.

Powers, P. J., Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Vulcan Iron_ Works, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man
terou
Ont.

Waterous Engine Works Co

impeg, J
., Ltd.,

Brantford,

White, W. C., Boiler Works, Montreal, Que.
Whitelaw, Robt., Woodstock, Ont.

BOILERS, Marine.

Babcox & Wilcox, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

British Columbia Marine Railways Co., Ltd.,
Victoria. B.C.

Canada Steam Pump & Machine Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Collingrwood Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Collingwood,
Ont.

Doty Marine Engine & Boiler Co., Ltd., God-
erich, Ont.

Evans, Nathaniel, Ltd., Dartmouth, N.S.

Farand & Delorme, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Fleming James, St. John, N.B.

Georgian Bay Engineering Works. Midland, Ont.

Goldie & McCulloch Co., Ltd., The, Gait, Ont.

Hall Engineering Works. The. Montreal, Que.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.

Hunter Bridge & Boiler Co., Ltd., Kincardine,
Ont.

Inglis, The John, Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

International Engineering Works, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

International Marine Signal Co., Ltd., Ottawa.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Qu.

Leonard E., & Sons, London, Ont.

Marine Iron Works, Victoria, B.C.

Maritime Foundry and Machine Works. Ltd..
Chatham, N.B.

Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville ,Ont.

Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.8.

McDougall, The John, Caledonian Iron Works
Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

McKay, Alex., Montreal, Que.

Mercier, La Cie. de Machinerie, Levis, Que.

New Burrell-Johnson Iron Co., Ltd., The, Tar-
mouth, N.S.

Pictou Foundry & Machine Co., The, Pictou,

Poison Iron Works, Ltd., Toronto.
Powers, P. J., Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Ross & Howard Iron Works Co., Ltd., Vancou-
ver, B.C.

Selby & Youlden. Ltd.. Kingston, Ont.
Sorel Iron Works, Sorel, Que.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

137

Stewart, Bruce & Co., Ltd., Charlottetown, P.E.I.
Sydney Foundry and Machine Works, Ltd.,

Sydney, N.S.

Union Foundry & Machine Works, St. John, N.B.
Vulcan Iron Works, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford,

Ont.

Webber, A. A. & Son, Dartmouth, N.S.
Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.,

Port Arthur, Ont.
White, R. C., Montreal, Que.
White, W. C., Boiler Works, Montreal, Que.
Whitelaw, Robert, Woodstock, Ont.
Williams, A. R., Machinery Co., Ltd., Toronto.

BOILERS, Portable.

Babcock & Wilcox, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Bell, The Robert Engine and Thresher Co.,
Ltd., Seaforth, Ont.

Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

Bertrand, La Cie., F. X., Manufacturiere, Lim-
itee, St. Hyacinthe, Que.

Canada Iron Corporation Ltd. Montreal.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.

Hamilton Boiler Works Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

International Engineering Works, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

Leonard, E., & Sons, London, Ont.

Lethbridge Ironworks Co., Ltd., Lethbridge,
Alta.

Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville, Ont.

Matheson, 1., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

McDougall, The John, Caledonian Iron Works
Co., Ltd., Montreal.

McKay, Alexander, Montreal, Que.

Napanee Iron Works, Napanee, Ont.

New Burrell-Johnson Iron Co., Ltd., The, Tar-
mouth, N.S.

Park Bros., Chatham, Ont.

Powers, P. J., Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Stevenson Boiler & Engine Works, Petrolla,
Ont.

Victoriaville Foundry Co., Victoriaville, Que.

Vulcan Iron Works, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford,
Ont.

White, The George, & Sons, Co., Ltd., London,
Ont.

White, R. C., Montreal, Que.

White, W. C., Boiler Works, Montreal, Que.

Whitelaw, Robert, Woodstock, Ont.

Williams, A. R., Machinery Co., Ltd., Toronto.

Windsor Boiler Works, Windsor, Ont.

Winnett, R., & Son, London, Ont.

BOILERS, Range Copper.

Booth-Coulter Copper & Brass Co., Ltd., Tor-
onto, Ont.

Davidson, The Thos., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winni-
peg, Man.

Hamilton Stove & Heater Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

McClary Mfg. Co., London, Ont.

Sparrow, Geo., & Co., Toronto, Ont.

BOILERS, Rang-e, Galvanized.

Davidson, The Thos., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Steel & Radiation, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Toronto Hardware Mfg. Co., The, Toronto.

BOILERS, Return Tubular.

Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Fleming 1 , James, St. John, N.B.

Goldie & McCulloch Co., Ltd., The, Gait, Ont.

Hall Engineering Works, Montreal, Que.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.

Inglis, The John, Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

International Engineering Works, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

Leonard, E., & Sons, London, Ont.

Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville, Ont.

Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

McDougall, The John, Caledonian Iron Work*
Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

New Burrell-Johnson Iron Co., Ltd., The, Tar-
mouth, N.S.

Powers, P. J., Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Vulcan Iron Works, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford,

Ont.

White, R. C., Montreal, Que.
White, W. C., Boiler Works, Montreal, Que.
Whitelaw, Robert, Woodstock. Ont.
Windsor, Boiler Works, Windsor, Ont.

BOILERS, Stationary, Horizontal and*
Vertical.

Babcock & Wilcox, Ltd., Montreal Que.

Bell The Robt. Engine & Thresher Co., Seaforth,
Ont.

Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Bertrand, La Cie., F. ., Manufacturiere, Lim-
itee, St. Hyacinthe, Que.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Collingwood Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Collinj-
wood, Ont.

Doty Marine Engine & Boiler Co., Ltd., Goder-
ich, Ont.

Evans, N., Ltd., Dartmouth, N.S.

Farand & Delorme, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Fleming, James, S.t John, N.B.

General Car & Machinery Works, Montmagny,
Que.

Goldie & McCulloch Co., Ltd., The, Gait, Ont.

Gosselin, J. A., La Compagnie, Drummond-
ville, Que.

Hall Engineering Works, The, Montreal, Que.

Hamilton Boiler Works Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.

Hunter Bridge & Boiler Co., Ltd., Kincardine,
Ont.

International Engineering Works, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Inglis, The John, Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

Leonard, E., & Sons, London, Ont.

Lethbridge Iron Works Co., Ltd., Lethbridge,
Alta.

Marine Iron Works, iVctoria, B.C.

Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville, Ont.

Matheson, L., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

Marine Iron Works, Victoria, B.C.

Mercier, La Co., de Machinerie, Levis, Que.

McDougall, The John, Caleronian Iron Work
Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

McKay, Alex., Montreal, Que.

Napanee Iron Works, Napanee, Ont.

New Burrell-Johnston Iron Co., Ltd., Tar-
mouth, N.S.

Owen Sound Iron Works Co., Ltd., Owen
Sound, Ont.

Park Brothers, Chatham, Ont.

Peterson Bros., Iron Works, Winnipeg, Man.

Plessisville Foundry Co., Ltd., The, Plessis-
ville, Que.

Poison Iron Works, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Powers, P. J., Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Ross & Howard Iron Works, Co., Ltd., Van-
couver, B.C.

St. John Iron Works, Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Selby & Youlden, Ltd., Kingston, Ont.

Sorel Iron Works, Ltd., Sorel, Que.

Stevenson Boiler & Engine Works, Petrolia,
Ont.

Sydney Foundry & Machine Works, Ltd., Syd-
ney, N.S.

Sudbury Construction & Machinery Co., Ltd.,
Sudbury, Ont.

Vancouver Engineering Works, Ltd., Vancou-
ver, B.C.

Victoria Machinery Depot Co., Ltd., Victoria,
B.C.

Victoriaville Foundry Co., Victoriaville, Que.

Vulcan Iron Works, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford,
Ont.

Weir, J. & R., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

White, R. C., Montreal, Que.

White, W. C., Boiler Works, Montreal, Que.
Whitelaw, Robert, Woodstock, Ont.
Williams, A. R., Machinery Co., Ltd., Toronto.
Windsor Boiler Works, Windsor, Ont.
Winnett, R., & Son, London, Ont.

BOILERS, Steam and Hot Water Heating-.

American Radiator Co., of Canada, Ltd., To-'

ronto, Ont.

Babcock & Wilcox, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Berg Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto,

138

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Bigley, The R., Mfgr. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Butterworth Foundry, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Clare Bros. & Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont.

Dominion Radiator Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Douglas & Co., Dartmouth, N.S.

Gies, Philip, Berlin, Ont.

Gurney Foundry Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Hamilton Stove & Heater Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont

International Engineering Works, Ltd., Mont
real, Que.

Leonard, E., & Sons, London, Ont.

Longard Brothers, Halifax, N.S.

Pease Foundry Co., Ltd., Toronto Ont.

Pease-Waldon Co., Ltd., Winnipeg Man.

Steel & Radiation, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.

Toronto Furnace & Crematory Co., Ltd., Tht
Toronto, Ont.

Vulcan Iron Works, Ltd., Winnipeg. Man.

Warden, King, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

White, W. C., Boiler Works, Montreal, Que.

Whitelaw, Robert, Woodstock, Ont.

Windsor Boiler Works, Windsor, Ont.

BOILERS, Water Tube.

Babcock & Wilcox, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Berg Machinery Mfg. Go., Ltd., The. Toronto
Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Goldie & McCulloch Co., Ltd, The, Gait, Ont
Hall Engineering Works. The, Montreal, Quo.
Inglis, The John, Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
International Engineering Works, Ltd., Mont

real, Que.
McDougall, The John, Caledonian Iron Work*

Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Poison Iron Works, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BOLE, a clayey earth, consisting of silicia, alu-
mina, red oxide of iron, and water. Armenian
bole is most common in trade, and is used to
color tooth-powders and adulterate cocoa, Ac.,
and as a v*winary medicine.

BOLSTERS, Wagron and Sleigh.

Ackland, D., & Son, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Heard, John & Co., St. Thomas, Ont.

BOLT CUTTERS.

Canada Machinery Corporation, Ltd., Gait, Ont-
BOLSTERS.

McLennan Foundry & Machine Works, Ltd.

Campbellton, N.B.
Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford

Ont.

BOLTS, Anchor, Bridge & Special.

Canadian Tube & Iron Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que

Manitoba Bridge & Iron Works, Ltd., Winni-
peg, Man.

Miller Bros. & Sons, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Ltd., New Glas-
gow, N.S.

Steel Co., of Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Structural Steel Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BOLTS, Barrel.

Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont
BOLTS, Boiler, Patch, Planer, Stud.

Canadian Tube & Iron Co., Ltd.. Montreal, Que
Morrow, John, Screw & Nut Co., Ltd., Inger-

soil, Ont.
Northern Bolt & Screw Co., Ltd., Owen Sound,

Ont.
Starr Mfg. Co., Ltd., Dartmouth, N.S.

BOLTS, Button Head, Bra.., Bronxe *
Chuck Bolts.

Morrow, John, Screw & Nut Co., Ltd., Inger-
soll, Ont.

BOLTS, Canthook and Peavy.

Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., Ltd. 8t

Catharines, Ont.
Steel Co., of Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Que., and

Toronto, Ont.

BOLTS, Door.

Canadian Yale & Towne, Ltd., St. Catharine*
Ont.

BOLTS, Extension.

Belleville Hardware & Lock Mfg. Co., Ltd.

Belleville, Ont.

Canadian Tube & Iron Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Canadian Yale & Towne, Ltd., St. Catharine*

Ont.

BOLTS, Flange.
Canadian Winkley Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.

BOLTS, Forged, Carriage, Machine, Track,
Plow, Skein and Bolt End*.

Calgary Iron Works, Ltd., The, Calgary, Alta.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Canadian Tube & Iron Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Dominion Bolt & Screw Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

Lake Superior Corporation, Sault Ste. Marie,
Ont.

Lewis, W. & Sons, St. John, N.B.

Montreal Hardware Mfg. Co., Ltd., The. Mont-
real, Que.

Northern Bolt & Screw Co., Ltd., Owen Sound,
Ont.

Ross & Howard Iron Works Co., Ltd., Vancou-
ver, B.C.

Smith Foundry Co., Ltd., The, Fredericton, N.B.

Starr Mfg. Co., Ltd., Dartmouth, N.S.

Steel Co., of Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Que., and
Toronto, Ont.

Vulcan Iron Works, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

BONES. These are a not unimportant article
of trade. They are chiefly used as a manure,
as they contain phosphate of lime and other
salts. Boiie-ash is formed into cupels (ves-
sels used in assaying) and in pottery, and
phosphorus is made from it. Bone black if
used in sugar-refining and in ironworks.

BONES, Cattle.

Harris Abattoir Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Harris, W., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Marquis, F., Canac, Quebec. Que.
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

BOOKBINDERS.

Barnes & Co., Ltd., St. ojhn, N.B.
Blackball & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Borrie, H. J., Montreal, Que.
Brown Bros., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Bryant Press, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Bulman Bros., Ltd.. Winnipeg, Man.
Buntin, Gillies & Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Buntin-Reid Co., Toronto, Ont.
Business Systems Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Carswell Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Clark & Stuart Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.
Colonist Printing & Publishing Co., Ltd., Vic-
toria. B.C.

Copeland-Chatterson Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Copp, Clark Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Corneil, C. R. Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Dawson, Chas. F., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Dery, I. P. & Sons, Quebec, Que.
Douglas Co., Ltd., The, Edmonton, Alta.
Esdale Press, Ltd., The. Toronto, Ont.
Federated Press, Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Fleming, At well. Printing Co., Toronto, Ont.
Fortfer, Joseph, Montreal, Que.
Gareau-Rauriol Co., The, Montreal, Que.
Gazette Printing Co., Ltd.. Montreal, Que.
Harcourt, The E. H. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Hart, S. R. & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Hunter Rose Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Industrial <fc Technical Press, Ltd., The. To-
ronto, Ont.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

139

Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd., The,
Montreal, Que.

Jackson Press, The, Kingston, Ont.

Johnston, W. S. & Co., Toronto, Ont.

Lawson & Wilson, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Le Soleil, Quebec, Que.

Lovell, John, & Son, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Lovell, The R. J., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Mackinlay, A. & W., Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

McAlpine Publishing Co., Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

McGowan, The S. J., Mfg. Co., Ltd., St. John,
N.B.

McLean, R. G., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Methodist Book and Publishing House, To-
ronto, Ont.

Miln Bingham Printing Co., Toronto, Ont.

Modern Printing Co., Montreal, Que.

Moore, T. J., & Co., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Morrison, The J. L., Co., Toronto, Ont.

Mortimer & Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Morton Phillips & Co., Montreal, Que.

Murray Printing Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Paquin, S. A., Montreal, Que.

Patrie Publishing Co., Ltd., La, Montreal.

Plow, B., & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Reid Press Ltd., The, Hamilton, Ont.

Richardson Systems, Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.

Southam Press, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Spectator Printing Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Stovel Company, Winnipeg, Man.

Taylor, T. W., Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Thomas, F. S., & Co., Toronto, Ont.

Thomson Stationery Co., Ltd., The, Vancou-
ver, B.C.

Warwick Bros. & Rutter, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Willson Stationery Co., Ltd., The, Winnipeg,
Man.

BOOKBINDERS' SUPPLIES.

Buntin, Gillies & Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Brown Bros., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Johnston, H. B., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Taylor, T. W., Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Wickett & Craig, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BOOKCASES.

Berlin Furniture Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Beverley Wood Specialty Co., Toronto, Ont.
Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Canadian Office & School Furniture Co., Ltd.,

The, Preston, Ont.

Gibbard Furniture Co., Ltd., Napanee, Ont.
Globe Furniture Co., Ltd., The, Waterloo, Ont.
Globe-Wernicke Co., Ltd., Stratford, Ont.
Kreiner, J., & Co., Berlin, Ont.
Krug- Bros., Co., Ltd., Chesley, Ont.
Library Bureau of Canada, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Malcolm, The Andrew, Furniture Co., Ltd.,

Kincardine, Ont.

Markdale Furniture Co., Ltd., Markdale, Ont.
McLagan, The George, Furniture Co., Ltd.,

Stratford, Ont.

Meaford Mfg. Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.
Newbigging Cabinet Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Ottawa Stair Works, Ottawa, Ont.
Spiesz Furniture, Ltd., Hanover, Ont.

BOOKCASES, Sectional.

Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Globe-Wernicke Co., Ltd., Stratford, Ont.
Hibner Furniture Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Knechtel Furniture Co., Ltd., Hanover, Ont.
Library Bureau of Canada, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Lindsay Library & Office Fitting Co., Ltd.,

Lindsay, Ont.
McLagan, The George, Furniture Co., Ltd.,

Stratford, Ont.
Office Specialty Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BOOKS, Account and Blank.

Allen, T. C., & Co., Halifax, N.S.
Blackball & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Borrie, H. J., Montreal, Que.
Brown Bros., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Buntin, Gillies & Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Colonist Printing & Publishing Co., Ltd., Vic-
toria, B.C.

Copeland-Chatterson Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Copp, Clark Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Davis & Henderson, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Dawson, Chas. F., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Dawson, W. V., & Co., Montreal, Que.

Dominion Register Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Douglas Co., Ltd., The, Edmonton, Alta.

Duncan Robert & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Fortier, Joseph, Montreal, Que.

Gage, W. J. & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Grand & Toy, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Griffin & Richmond Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton,

Ont.

Harcourt, The E. H., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Hart, S. R. & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Hunter Rose Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Johnston, W. S., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Librarie Beauchemin, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Lovell, John & Son, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Lovell, The R. J. Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Mackinlay, A. & W., Ltd., Halifax, N.S.
McGowan, The S. J., Mfg. Co., Ltd., St. John,

N.B.

Modern Printing Co., Montreal, Que.
Moore Print Shop, Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Mortimer & Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Morton, Phillips & Co., Montreal, Que.
Reason, H. T., & Co., London, Ont.
Richardson Systems, Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.
Thomson Stationery Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.
Warwick Bros. & Rutter, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BOOKS, Counter Check, and Sale.

Appleford Counter Check Book Co., Ltd., The.

Hamilton, Ont.

Burt, F. N. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Business Systems, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Sales Check Book, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Register Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
McGowan, The S. J., Mfg. Co., Ltd., St. John,

N.B.
Reason, H. T., & Co., London, Ont.

BOOKS, Guide.

International Railway Publishing Co., Ltd.,
Montreal, Que .

BOOKS, Letter Copying*.

Brown Bros., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Buntin, Gillies & Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Davis & Henderson, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Gage, W. J., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Warwick Bros., & Rutter, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BOOTS AND SHOES. According to the last
census returns there were 180 establishments
in Canada making boots and shoes employing
17,227 workers, with an output valued at $33,-
987,248 in the year 1910. The importation of
boots and shoes for the year ending 31st
March, 1914, amounted to $4,830,478.

BOOTS AND SHOES, Canvas.
Shoes, Tennis.)

(See also

Dufresne & Locke, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BOOTS AND SHOES, Felt and Pelt-Lined.

Aird & Son, Reg., Montreal, Que.

Berlin Felt Boot Co., Ltd., The, Berlin, Ont.

Canada Felting Co., The, St. Jacobs, Ont.

Dufresne & Locke, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Elmira Felt Co., Ltd., Elmira, Ont.

Goulet, O., Quebec, Que.

Great West Felt Co., Ltd., The, Elmira, Ont.

Hamburg Felt Boot Co., Ltd., The, New Ham-
burg, Ont.

Hartt Boot & Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Fredericton,
N.B.

Kimmel Felt Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Kimmel & Reed, Milverton, Ont.

BOOTS AND SHOES, Leather.
Acton Shoe Co., Incorporated, The, Acton Vale,

Que.

Ahrens, Chas. A., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Aird, Jas., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Aird & Son, Registered, Montreal, Que.
Ames-Holden, McCready, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Amherst Boot and Shoe Co., Ltd., Amherst, N.S.
Aylmer Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Aylmer, Ont.
Bell, J. & T., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Bergeron, T., & Co., Reg., Montreal, Que.
Berlin Shoe Co., Berlin, Ont.

140

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Blouin, J. B., Ltd., Levis, Que.

Bonin, Antoine, Montreal, Que.

Brandon Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Brantford, Ont.

Carey Shoe Co., Chatham, Ont.

Charbonneau, F. X., & Co., Montreal, Que.

Cook-Fitzgerald Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.

Corbeil, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Cote, La Cie, J. A. & M., St. Hyacinthe, Que,

Crosby, H. H. Co., Ltd., Hebron, N.S.

Crown Shoe and Leather Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Dack, R. & Sons, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Daoust, Lalonde & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Dayfoot, C. B. & Co., Georgetown, Ont.

Downing, W. G., Ltd., Brandon, Man.

Drolet, J. B., & Co., Quebec, Que.

Duchaine, Ludger, Quebec, Que.

Duchaine & Perkins, Quebec, Que.

Duchesse Shoe Co., Reg., La, Montreal, Que.

Dufresne & Locke, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Duhamel & Frere, Sorel, Que.

Dunford Elk Shoes, Ltd., Stratford, Ont.

Dupont & Frere, Montreal, Que.

Durkee, A. A., Co., Ltd., Truro, N.S.

Eagle Shoe Co., Montreal, Que.

Edmonton Leather Shoe Co., Ltd., Edmonton,
Alta.

Eagle Shoe Co., Montreal, Que.

Farmer Shoe Co., The, Acton, Que.

Gagnon & Lachapelle, Montreal, Qne.

Gale Brothers, Quebec. Que.

Gait Shoe Mfg. Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Gauthier, The Louis, Co., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Getty & Scott, Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Hamilton, W. B., Shoe Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Happy Foot Shoe, Montreal, Que.

Hartt, The, Boot & Shoe Co., Ltd., Fredericton,
N.B.

Hewetson, J. W. Co., Ltd.. Toronto, Ont.

Humberstone Shoe Co., Humberstone, Ont.

Humphrey, J. M. & Co., St. John, N.B.

Independent Shoe Co., Montreal, Que.

Inrig, Donald, Toronto, Ont.

Jackson & Savage, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Jobin, Elie, Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Johnson, R. B., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

Kingsbury Footwear Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Lachance & Tanquay, Quebec, Que.

Lacroix, A. B., Montreal, Que.

Lake, The G. M., Co., Ltd., Bridgetown, N.S.

Larochelle, J. H. & Fils, Quebec, Que.

Leckie, The J. Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

Leclair & Chalifoux, Montreal, Que.

Lennox, John & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Linton, James & Co., Incorporated, Montreal.

Macfarlane Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Marsh, Wm. A., Co., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

McDermott Shoe Co., The, Montreal, Que.

McKeen, C. E. & Co., Quebec, Que.

McKeown, A., Victoria. B.C.

McPherson Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton, Ont.

Minister, Myles Shoe Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Muir, The Jas. Co., Montreal, Que.

Murray Shoe Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.

Oberholtzezr, G. V., Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

O. B. Shoe Co., Ltd., Drummondville, Que.

Parisienne Shoe Co. (Reg*d), Ltd., Montreal.

Phaneuf, Loiselle & Cie, Upton, Que.

Regal Shoe Co., Toronto, Ont.

Regina Shoe Co., Ltd.. Montreal, Que.

Reliance Shoe Co., Ltd.. Toronto, Ont.

Relindo Shoe Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Rena Footwear Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Richer, J. & Co., Montreal, Que.

Rldeau Shoe Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Ritchie, The John Co., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Rochette, Marcel, Quebec, Que.

Routier, Luc, Quebec, Que.

Rowen & Ogg, Ltd., Guelph. Ont.

St. Henri Shoe Co., Montreal, Que.

Sisman, The T. Shoe Co., Ltd., Aurora, Ont.

Slater, Geo. A., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Slater Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Smardon Shoe Co., Montreal, Que.

Smart-Woods, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Solid Leather Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Preston, Ont.

Standard Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Sackville, N.B.

Star Shoe Co., Montreal, Que.

Sterling, Bros., Ltd., The, London, Ont.

Taylor. The Robt.. Co., Ltd.. Halifax, N.S.

Taylor. Wm., Ltd., Parry Sound, Ont.

Tebutt Shoe Leather Co., Ltd., The, Three Hir-
ers, Que.

Tetrault Shoe Mfg. Co., Montreal, Que.

Thivierge, Eugene, Quebec, Que.

Tourigny & Marois, Quebec, Que.

Underbill's Ltd., Aurora, Ont.
Valentine & Martin, Waterloo, Ont.
Walker, Parker Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Wayland Shoe, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Western Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Berlin, Ont.
Western Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Campbellford, Ont.
Williams Shoe Co., Ltd., The, Brampton, Ont.
Williams & Son, Milton, Ont.
Wright, E. T., & Co., Incorporated, St. Thoma,

Ont.
Wry, A. E., Ltd., Sackville, N.B.

BOOTS AND SHOES, Riverdrivinff.

Boyer, J. W., & Co., Victoria Corner, N.B.
Gendrom Penetang Shoe Mfg. Co., The, Pene-

tang, Ont.

Johnson, R. B., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.
Lake, The G. M., Co., Ltd., Bridgetown, N.S.
McKenzie, Crowe & Co., Ltd., Bridgetown, N.B.

BOOTS AND SHOES, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Columbus Rubber Co., of Montreal, Ltd.,
Montreal, Que.

Gutta Percha & Rubber. Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Kaufman Rubber Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Miner Rubber Co., Ltd., Granby, Que.

Smart- Woods, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

BORAX, Biborate of Soda, obtained chiefly from
California, especially from the marsh in Saline
Valley, and Chile. In India it is called tincaL
Borax is also made from boracic or boric acid,
which is found in Tuscany in the pools formed
at the mouth of f umaroles. Borax and boracio
acid are indispensable in many industries, ia
glazing pottery, fusing metals, &c.

BORAX.

Alpha Chemical Co., Ltd., The, Berlin, Ont.
Forbes & Nadeau, Montreal, Que.
Lariviere & Frere, Montreal, Que.
Lawrason, S. F., & Co., London, Ont.
Sultana Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BOBT. (See DIAMOND.)

BOTANY BAY RESIN, a resin obtained from a
species of Xanthorrhea. (See ACROIDE3.)

BOTTLE BRUSHES.
Aluminum & Crown Stopper Co., Toronto, Ont.

BOTTLE OPENERS.
Aluminum & Crown Stopper Co., Toronto, Ont.

BOTTLERS' SUPPLIES.

Aluminum & Crown Stopper Co., Toronto, Ont.
Bush, W. J., & Co. (Canada), Ltd., Montreal.
Ewing, S. H., & Sons, Montreal, Que.
Freyseng Cork Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.,

and Toronto, Ont.

Golden Gate Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Hutchinson & Peterson, Toronto, Ont.
Wilson & Cousins, Toronto, Ont.

BOTTLES. The great manufacturing countries
are Belgium and Germany. Large quantities
are also exported from Great Britain. Bottlei
are now made in the United States and Great
Britain of paper, varnished inside to resist the
action of acids, alcohols, &c.

Atlas Glass Works, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Beaver Flint Glass Co., of Toronto, Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont

Dominion Glass Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que., WaJ-
laceburg, Ont., and Toronto, Ont.

BOTTLES, Thermo*.
Thermos Bottle Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

141

BOTTLES, Watr, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.
Walpole Rubber Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BOTTLING FLAVORS.

Aluminum & Crown Stopper Co., Toronto, Ont.
Rose & Laflamme, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BOWLS, Water, Metal.

Beatty Bros., Ltd., Fergus, Ont.

Metal Shingle & Siding Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont.

Tisdale Iron Stable Fittings Co., Ltd., Toronto.

BOWLS, Slop.

Hamilton & Toronto Sewer Pipe Co., Ltd., Ham-
ilton, Ont.

BOWLS AITI> FANS, Fibre.

Eddy, The E. B., Co., Ltd., Hull, Que
BOWS, Carriage.

Ackland, D. & Son, Ltd., Winnipeg. Man.

Canada Wheel Works, Ltd., Merritton, Ont.

Heard, John & Co., St. Thomas, Ont.

Hore, F. W., & Son, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Victoria Wheel Works, Gait, Ont.

Windsor Turned Goods Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.

BOWSTEING HEMP, the fibre of Sanseviera
Zeylanica, a plant of the order Liliaceae. It
is used in the East Indies for bowstrings. The
fibre of S. Guineensis, which grows abundant-
ly on the west coast of Africa, also goes by
this name.

BOXBOARD.

Brompton Pulp and Paper Co., East Angus, Que,
Eddy, The E. B., Co., Ltd., Hull, Que.
McLeod Pulp Co., Ltd., Liverpool, N.S.
National Paper Co., Ltd., Valleyfleld, Que.
Ritchie & Ramsay, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Sable Lumber Co., Wilkins Siding, N.S.
Western Paper Mills, Ltd., Vancouver, B.C. .
Westminster Paper Mill, Ltd., New Westmins-
ter, B.C.

BOXES, Butter.

Alberta Box Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Barchard & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Beatty Bros., Ltd., Fergus, Ont.

Brunette Saw Mill Co., Ltd., New Westmins-
ter, B.C.

Consumers Box Lumber Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Gushing Bros., Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Czerwinski Box Co., Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.

Disraeli Box Co., Inc., Disraeli, Que.

Esplin, G. & J., Montreal, Que.

First Brook Bros., Toronto, Ont.

Fort Francis Sash & Door Co., Fort Fran-
cis, Ont.

Kilgour Mfg. Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Martin Freres & Cie., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Mickle, Dyment Co., Ltd., The, Barrie, Ont.

Pacific Box Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

Paquet & Godbout, St. Hyacinthe, Que.

Parry Sound Lumber Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

Rutherford, The, William & Sons Co., Ltd..
Montreal, Que.

Spanish River Lumber Co., Ltd., Massey, Ont.

Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BOXES, Cable, Junction. (See also Connec-
tors, Cable).

Devoe Electric Switch Co., Montreal, Que.
Standard Underground Cable Co., of Canada.
Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

BOXES, Cheese.

Alberta Box Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Beach, The M. F., Co., Ltd., Winchester, Ont.

Carkner, D. & Co., Kenmore, Ont.

BOXES, Cigar and Tobacco.

Beck, Adam, London, Ont.
Esplin, G. & J., Montreal, Que.
Hebert, E. Napoleon, Montreal, Que.
Meyer-Thomas Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Winnipeg Paper Box Co., Winnipeg, Man.

BOXES, Cash (Tin).

Aubry, A., & Fils, Montreals, Que.
Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont
Bheet Metal Products Co., of Canada, Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

BOXES, Fibre.

Adams Cellboard Co., Toronto, Ont.

Bird, F. W., & Son, Hamilton, Ont.

Canada Paper Box Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Martin Corrugated Paper & Box Co., Ltd.

Toronto, Ont.

Standard Paper Box Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Stronglite Box Co., Ltd., The, Ottawa, Ont.
BOXES, Folding- (Wooden).

Keenan Woodenware Mfg. Co., Ltd,, Owen
Sound, Ont.

BOXES FISH.

Kavanagh & Son, Halifax, N.S.
BOXES, Fruit and Berry.

Barchard & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Brunette Saw Mill Co., Ltd., New Westmins-
ter, B.C.

Canada Wood Specialty Co., Ltd., Orillia, Ont.
Consumers Box Lumber Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Czerwinski Box Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Dal ton, J. W., Ltd., Grimsby, Ont.
Erie Basket Co., Ltd., Leamington, Ont.
Esplin, G. & J., Montreal, Que.
Glover, W. T. Mfg. Co., Ltd., Burlington, Ont.
Hantsport Fruit Basket Co., Hantsport, N.S.
Holmes & Arpin, Montreal, Que.
Kilgour Mfg. Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Meyer-Thomas Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Oakville Basket Co., Oakville, Ont.
Ontario Box Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Reid & Piott, Beamsville, Ont.

BOXES, Journal.

Canada Iron Corpn., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Crossen Car Co., Ltd., Cobourg, Ont.
Fleming, James, St. John, N.B.
Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.
Holden Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Manitoba Bridge & Iron Works, Ltd., Winni-
peg, Man.

Miller Bros., & Sons, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Mowry & Sons, Gravenhurst, Ont.
Oxford Foundry & Machine Co., Ltd., Oxford,

Plessisville Foundry Co., Ltd., The, Plessls-
ville, Que.

Smart-Turner Machine Co., Ltd., The. Ham-
ilton, Ont.

BOXES, Lunch (Tin).
Wright, E. T., & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

BOXES, Lunch (Fibre).
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BOXES, Metal Bound.
Dominion Box & Package Co., Ltd., Montreal.

BOXES, Packing-, Wooden and Shook*.

Abel-Fortin, J. P., & Co., Montreal, Que.

Aird, Jas., & Co., Montreal, Que.

Aitchison, D., & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Alberta Box Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Anghn, S., & Co., Kingston, Ont.

Baldwin, W. G., Baldwin's Mills, Que.

Barchard & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Beck, The C., Manuf. Co., Ltd., Penetangul-
shene, Ont.

British Columbia Box Co., Ltd., The, Vancou-
ver, B.C.

142

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

British Columbia Canning Co., Ltd.. Victoria.
B.C.

British Columbia Mfg. Co., Ltd., New Westmin-
ster, B.C.

British Columbia Mills, Timber, & Trading Co..
Vancouver, B.C.

Brunette Saw Mil Co., Ltd., New Westmln-
ter, B.C.

Bryan Mfg. Co.. Ltd., Collingwood, Ont.

Carew, John, Lumber Co., Ltd., Lindsay, Ont.

Chappell Bros. & Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.S.

Clark, W. H., & Co., Edmonton, Alta.

Commercial Trunk Co., Ltd., London, Alta.

Consumers Box Lumber Co., Ltd., Toronto.

Cowan, O. D., Estate of, Gananoque, Ont.

Cushing Bros., Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.

Czerwinski Box Co., Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.

Dansereau, J. H., Three Rivers, Que.

Disraeli Box Co., Inc., Disraeli, Que.

Dyment-Baker Lumber Co., London, Ont.

Edmonton Casket, Box, & Mfg. Co., Ltd., Ed-
monton, Alta.

Esplin, G. & J., Montreal, Que.

Firstbrook Bros., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Fort Frances Sash & Door Co., Fort France*,
Ont.

Georgian Bay Shook Mills, Ltd., Midland, Ont

Gignac, J. H., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Gravel, The A., Lumber Co., Ltd., Etchemin
Bridge, Que.

Graves, Bigwood, & Co., Toronto, Ont.

Grant, John J., New Glasgow, N.S.

Haley & Son, St. Stephen, N.B.

Hantsport Fruit Basket Co., Hantsport, N.S.

Hinde & Dauch Paper Co., of Canada, Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

Holmes & Arpin, Montreal, Que.

Holton Lumber Co., Ltd., Belleville, Ont.

Kerr, J. & J., Co., Ltd., Petrolia, Ont.

Kilgour Mfg. Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Kribs W. A. Hespeler Ont.

Loggie The W. S.. Co., Ltd., Chatham, N.B.

Martin, Freres & Cie., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

McBrine, The L., Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

McLaren Lumber Co., Ltd., Brockville, Ont.

Meyer-Thomas Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Mickle, Dyment Co., Ltd., The, Barrie, Ont.

Moils, Ltd.. Halifax, N.S.

Murray & Gregory, Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Nesbitt, E. T., Quebec, Que.

Ontario Box Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Pacific Box Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

Paquet & Godbout, St. Hyacinthe, Que.

Parry Sound Lumber Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

Pembroke Shook Mills, Ltd., Pembroke, Ont.

Rat Portage Lumber Co., Ltd., Kenora, Ont.

Rathbun Co., The, Deseronto, Ont.

St. Maurice Lumber Co., Three Rivers, Que.

Snowball, The J. B. Co., Ltd., Chatham, N.B.

Schultz Bros., Co., Ltd., The, Brantford, Ont.

Spanish River Lumber Co., Ltd., Massey, Oftt.

Standard Box Co., Lennoxville, Que.

Sulis, S. L., Digby, N.S.

Turner Lumber Pulp Wood Co., Quebec, Que.

Villeneuve & Cie., St. Jerome, Que.

Warner & Co., St. John, N.B.

Wattsburg Lumber Co., Ltd., The, Wattsburr,
B.C.

White, Chas. T. & Son, Ltd., Sussex, N.B.

Wilson Box Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Zimmerman Bros., Tavistock, Ont.

BOXES, Paper, Corrugated.

Adams Cellboard Co., The, Toronto, Ont.

Canada Paper Box Co., Ltd., The, Montreal.

Freed Paper Box Co., The, Montreal, Que.

Hinde & Dauch Paper Co., of Canada, Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

Martin Corrugated Paper & Box Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

Standard Paper Box Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Stronglite Box Co., Ltd., The, Ottawa, Ont.

BOXES, Paper, Fancy and Plain.

Boehmer, A. & Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Brampton Paper Box Co., Ltd.. Brampton, Ont.
British America Paint Co., The. Victoria, B.C.
Brown, D. F., Paper Box and Paper Co., Ltd.,

St. John, N.B.

Burt, F. N., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canada Carton Co., Ltd., The, London, Ont.
Canada Paper Box Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Collett-Sproule, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Corset Co., Quebec, Que.
Dominion Paper Box Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Empire Paper Box Co., Ltd., The, Montreal ..
Freed Paper Box Co., The, Montreal, Que.
Gigg Paper Box Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Hamilton Paper Box Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Hampel Paper Box Co., Brantford, Ont.
Hercules Boxes Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Hitchings Paper Box Co., Winnipeg, Man.
Kilgour Bros., Toronto, Ont.
King Paper Box Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Kingston Paper Box Co., Kingston, Ont.
Long, A. E., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Mace, Geo. A., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Major Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Miller Bros. Co., Ltd., Montreal. Que.
Moirs, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Mooney Biscuit & Candy Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Morency & Grenier, Quebec, Que.
National Boxes Ltd., The, Hamilton, Ont.
Ontario Paper Box Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
Ottawa Paper Box Company, Ottawa, Ont.
Quebec Paper Box Co., The, Quebec, Que.
Reason, H. T., & Co., London, Ont.
Reid, Charles, & Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Robinson Paper Box Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Royal Paper Box Co., Quebec, Que.
Rudd Paper Box Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Somerville Paper Box Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Standard Paper Box Co,. Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Telfer Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
Tolton Bros., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.
Truro Paper Box Co., Truro, N.S.
Winnipeg Paper Box Co., Winnipeg, Man.

BOXES, Paper, Folding.

Bird, F. W., & Son, Hamilton, Ont.

Brown, D. F., Paper Box & Paper Co., Ltd.,

St. John, N.B.

Canada Carton Co., Ltd., London, Ont.
Collett-Sproule, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Dominion Paper Box Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Duncan Litho Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Freed Paper Box Co., Montreal, Que.
Gibb Paper Box Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Hamilton Paper Box Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Hitchings Paper Box Co., Winnipeg, Man.
Howell Lithographic Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Kilgour Bros., Toronto, Ont.
King Paper Box Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Laidlaw Litho. Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Lawson & Jones, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Long, A. E., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Mace, Geo. A., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Major Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Morency & Grenier, Quebec, Que.
Ottawa Paper Box Co., Ottawa, Ont.
Quebec Paper Box Co., The, Quebec, Que.
Reason, H. T., & Co., London, Ont.
Reid, Charles, & Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Reid Press, Ltd., The, Hamilton, Ont.
Royal Paper Box Co., Quebec, Que.
Rudd Paper Box Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Sackville Paper Box Co., Ltd., Sackville, N.B.
Somerville Paper Box Co., Ltd., London, Ont.
Standard Paper Box Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Telfer Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
Tolton Bros., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.
Truro Paper Box Co., Truro, N.S.
Wilson, J. C., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Winnipeg Paper Box Co., Winnipeg, Man.

BOXES, Pill, etc.

Jackson, Jos., St. Charles de Mandeville, Que.
Lyster Wood Box Turning & Enameling Co.,
Ltd., Lyster, Que.

BOXES, Smoke.

Corbet Foundry Co., The, Owen Sound, Ont.
Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford.

BOXES, Tin.

American Can Co., Montreal, Que.
Davidson, The Thos., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
National Metal Ware Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

143

Sheet Metal Products Co., of Canada, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.
Soren Bros., Toronto, Ont.

BOXES, Tin, Cardboard, for Jam, Butter, etc.

American Can Co., Montreal, Que.
Aubry, A., & Fils, Montreal, Que.
Macclonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Sheet Metal Products Co., of Canada, Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

BOXES, Wood, Printed.

Barchard & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Consumers Box Lumber Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Czerwinski Bros., Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.

Dominion Box Package Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Esplin, G. & J., Montreal, Que.

First Brook Bros., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Fort Frances Sash & Door Co., Fort Frances,
Ont.

Georgian Bay Shook Mills, Ltd., Midland, Ont.

Holmes & Arpin, Montreal, Que.

Kilgour Mfg. Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Meyer-Thomas Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Mickle, Dyment Co., Ltd., The, Barrie, Ont.

Parry Sound Lumber Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Rutherford, The Wm. & Sons, Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Spanish River Lumber Co., Ltd., Massey, Ont.

BOXWOOD, the common box, grows in Central
and Southern Europe, North Africa, Western
Asia, and Eastern Asia. The wood is heavy
and compact and is used for wood engraving,
the manufacture of wind instruments, &c. It
comes chiefly from the Caucasus, Turkey in
Asia, and Persia.

BRACKETS, Iron (Cast and Wrought).

Canada Iron Corpn., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Dennis Wire & Iron Works Co., Ltd., London,
Ont.

Edmunds, J. H., & Co., Toronto, Ont.

Garth Co., The , Montreal, Que.

Miller Bros. & Sons, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Smart, The Jas., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Brockvllle,
Ont.

Smart-Turner Machine Co., Ltd., The, Hamil-
ton, Ont.

Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.

Toronto Hardware Mfg. Co., The, Toronto, Ont.

BRACKETS, Metal.

Canada Steel Goods Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
McDougall, R., Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.
McGregor & Mclntyre, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Metallic Roofing Co., of Canada, Ltd., Toronto.
Mitchell, The Robert, Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Morrison, The Jas., Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.
Warden King, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BRACKETS, Wood.

Anglin S., & Co., Kingston, Ont.
Clark, W. H., & Co., Ltd., Edmonton, Alta.
Gushing Bros., Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.
Lemon, Gonnason & Co., Victoria, B.C.
Rathbun Co., The, Deseronto, Ont.

BRADS, Wire.

Laidlaw Bale-Tie Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Mornsburg Tack Mfg. Co., Ltd., Morrisbur*.
Ont.

BRAID, Suspender, Elastic and Non-Elastic.
Granby Elastic Web Co., Ltd., Granby, Que.

BRAIDS, Cotton and Silk for Trimming-
Underwear.

Royal Embroidery Works, Montreal.
Whitby Braid & Edging Co., Ltd., Woodstock,
Ont.

BRAIDS, Fancy and Military.

Belding-Paul-Corticelli, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Dominion Cord & Tassel Co., Montreal, Que.
Gillies, A. J., Mfg. Co., Toronto ,Ont.
Moulton Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Peters, J. Henry, Co., Toronto, Ont.
Royal Embroidery Works, Montreal.

BRAIDS, Silk.

Belding-Paul-Corticelli, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Narrow Fabric Co., The, Toronto, Ont.
Gillies, A. J., Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
Royal Embroidery Works, Montreal.

BRAKE BEAMS.

Canadian Car & Foundry Co., Ltd., Montreal.
Canadian Siegwart Beam Co., Three Rivers,

Que.
National Steel Car Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

BRAKE SHOES, Car.

Canadian Brake Shoe Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Holden Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow N S
Reid & Brown, Toronto, Ont.

BRAKES, Air, Automatic and Straight for
Steam Railway Service.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto Ont
Canadian Westinghouse Co., Ltd., Hamilton,
Ont.

BEAN. (See FLOUR.)

BRAN. (See Feeds.
BRANDS, Burning*.

Hamilton Stamp and Stencil Works, Ltd., Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Montreal Stencil Works, Montreal Que
Superior Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BRANDY. Genuine brandy is a spirit distilled
from grape juice. Its manufacture on a com-
mercial scale began in France early in the
16th century. The best, known as Cognac
from the town of that name, is made in the
department of Charente, the various qualities
being distinguished as fine champagne, grande
and petite champagne, &c. Next come the
brandies of Charente Inferieure, of the dis-
tricts of Gers, Montpellier and Languedoe,
and in Burgundy and Franche-Comte spirit is
made from the pulp of grapes from which the
wine has been pressed out. Spain also ex-
ports brandy, and, indeed, wherever wine is
made, brandy is generally manufactured,
though often of inferior quality. Much of
the brandy now sold is made of potato spirit,
beetroot, malt, prunes, &c., though it frequent-
ly bears the name of Cognac. (See SPIRITS.)

BRANDY.

Hamilton, J. S.,

Co., Brantford, Ont.

BRASS. By this name an alloy of copper and
zinc is usually intended. In pinchbeck brass
these metals are in the proportion of 4: 1;
in Dutch metal 3: 1; in yellow metal 2: 1; in
Muntz's metal (for sheathing ships) 3: 2.
Brass is also alloyed with lead, zinc, and tin
to form stopcock and other metals. (See also
BRONZE.)

BRASS GOODS, Plumbers' and Steamfltters'.

Acorn Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Bennett & Wright Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

144

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Canadian, W. R., & Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.

City Brass Works, Hamilton, Ont.

Ceilings, Wm. & Son, Halifax, N.S.

Colvvell Lead Company, Windsor, Ont.

Cuthbert, W. R., & Co., Montreal, Que.

Empire Mfg. Co., Ltd., London, Ont.

Fleck, Alexander, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Gait Brass Co., Ltd., Gait, Ont.

Garth Co., The, Montreal, Que.

Good Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Niagara Falls, Ont

Hamilton Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont

Hughes, J. W. & Son, Montreal, Que.

Imperial Mfg. Co., Welland, Ont.

Jenkins Bros., Limited, Montreal, Que.

Keating, William, Toronto Ont.

Keiths Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Kerr Engine Co., Ltd., The, Walkerville, Ont

McAvity, T., & Sons, Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Mechanics Supply Co., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Miller, Ltd., London, Ont.

Mitchell, The Robt. Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Monarch Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Morrison, The Jas., Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

Mueller, H., Mfg., Co., Ltd., Sarnia, Ont.

National Brass Co., The, Ltd., London, Ont.

Pollock Mfg. Co., Ltd., Berlin, Cnt.

Robertson, The James Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
and Toronto, Ont.

Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co., Ltd.. Toronto, Ont.

Tallman Brass & Metal Co., Hamilton, Ont.

United Brass & Lead, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Wallaceburg Brass & Iron Mfg. Co., Ltd., Wal-
laceburg, Ont.

BRASS, Pig".

Frankel Bros., Toronto, Ont.
BRASS, Sheet and Plate.

Brown's Copper and Brass Rolling Mills, New

Toronto, Ont.
<5arth Co., The, Montreal, Que.

BRASS WORK, Architectural.
Alberta Ornamental Iron Co., Ltd., Redcllff,

Cummings Brass, Iron & Wire Co., Ltd., Win-
nipeg, Man.

Dennis Wire and Iron Works Co., Ltd., Lon-
don, Ont.

Estey Bros Co., Montreal.

Keiths, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Toronto Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Westminster Iron Works, New Westminster,
B.C.

BRASS WORK, Marine and Locomotive.

Canadian Brake Shoe Co., Ltd., Bherbrooke, Que.
Corbet Foundry Co., The, Owen Sound, Ont.
McAvity, T., & Sons, Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Morrison, The James, Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

BRASSES, Journal.

Canadian Brake Shoe Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke,

Que.

Crossen Car Co., Ltd., Cobourg, Ont.
Cuthbert, W. R., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Garth Co., The, Montreal, Que.
Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Lumen Bearing Co., West Toronto, Ont.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
Mitchell, The Robt., Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Robertson, The James Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Memorial.

Alexander & Cable Lithographing Co., Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Cummings Brass, Iron & Wire Co., Ltd., Win-
nipeg, Man.

Estey Bros Co.. Montreal.

Mitchell, The Robt., Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Patterson & He ward, Toronto, Ont.

Pritchard-Andrews Co., of Ottawa, Ltd., Ot-
tawa, Ont.

Toronto Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BRAZIL NUTS, the seeds of a tree belonging to
the Lecythidacese. The fruit capsule is round
and woody and divided into four compart-
ments, each containing six or eight nuts. The
nuts are exported from Para, Brazil, and
French Guiana. They yield a burning oil.

BRAZIL WOOD, the dark-red or yellowiik-
brown dye-wood of the West Indies.

BRAZILIAN GRASS. (See CHIP.)

BREAD.

Bentley, George, Hamilton, Ont.

Canada Bread Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Ewing, A. M., Hamilton, Ont.

Hetherington, T., Quebec, Que.

Lynch's, Ltd., Sydney, N.S.

MeKeown, J. H., Montreal, Que.

National Brick Co., of La Prairie, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Nova Scotia Clayworks, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Port Credit Brick Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont

Port Haney Brick Co., Port Haney, B.C.

Redclitf Brick & Coal Co., Ltd., Redcliff, Alta.

Reinforced Brickwork Co., Ltd., The. Winni-
peg, Man.

Stephens Brick Co., Ltd., Portage La Prairie,
Man.

McLaughlan & Son, Co., Ltd., Owen Sound, Ont

Wilton, Wm. Ryde, Winnipeg, Man.

Meyer, The A., Co., Ltd., St. Catharines, Ont

Moirs, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Nasmith's, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Parnell Dean Steam Baking Co., Ltd., The,
London, Ont.

Stuart Co., Incorporated, The, Montreal, Que.

Vick, Geo., & Sons, Orillia, Ont.

BREADFRUIT TREE, a native of the East In-
dies, but now introduced into America. It
yields an edible fruit and a soft yellow wood
with the appearance of mahogany. A kind of
dammar is obtained from the sap, which also
is a source of caoutchouc.

BREAKFAST FOODS.

Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Co., Ltd.,

London, Ont.

Canadian Postum Cereal Co., Windsor, Ont.
Chisholm Milling Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
H. O. Company, The, Hamilton, Ont.
Leitch Bros., Flour Mills, Ltd., Oak Lake, Man.
Monarch Pure Food Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Robin Hood Mills, Ltd., Calgary, Alta.
White Swan Spices & Cereals, Ltd., Toronto.
Wigle, Colin, & Sons, AmherBtburg, Ont.

BREWERS' SUPPLIES.

Aluminum & Crown Stopper Co., Toronto, Ont
Bush, W. J., & Co., (Canada), Ltd., Montreal.
Ewing, S. H. & Sons, Montreal, Que.
Freyseng Cork Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Standard Paint Co., of Canada, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

BRIAR ROOT. The briar-root of which pipei
are made is the root of a large heath which
grows in Corsica, Algeria, and Spain, and in
small quantities in the South of France. The
chief seat of the manufacture is at Saint-
Claude in the Jura. The roots of the Smilai
rotundifolia, a climbing plant of North Am-
erica, are also used for pipes.

BRICKS, blocks of clay moulded and burned.
The colors, cream to dark red, are due to the
varying quantities of iron in the clay. Blue
bricks are produced by controlling the supply
of air during the firing. Bricks for decoration
are made in particular forms, glazed, &c. (For
fire-clay bricks see CLAY.)

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

145

BRICK, Boiler Tub*.

Montreal Fire Brick Works Co., Ltd., The,
Montreal, Que.

BRICK, Building-.

Alberta Clay Products Co., Ltd., Medicine Hat,
Alta.

Alsip Brick and Tile Co., Fort William, Ont.

Alsip Brick Tile and Lumber Co., Ltd., Winni-
peg, Man.

Betchels, Ltd., Waterloo, Ont.

Bird's Hill Sandstone Brick Co., Ltd., The,
Winnipeg, Man .

Brandon Sandstone Brick Co., Ltd., Brandon,
Man.

Brick and Tile Co. of Canada, Inc., Montreal.

Citadel Brick and Paving Block Co., Ltd., The,
Quebec, Que.

Clayburn Co., Ltd., The, Vancouver, B.C.

Consolidated Clay Works, Ltd., Pictou, N.S.

Crandell, E. H., Pressed Brick and Sandstone
Co. Calgary, Alta.

Don Valley Brick Works, Toronto, Ont.

Dryden Timber and Power Co., Ltd., Dryden,
Ont.

Eastern Townships Brick & Mfg. Co., Lennox-
ville, Que.

Evans Co., Ltd., The, Sudbury, Ont.

Excelsior Brick Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Frid, Geo. Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Hamilton & Toronto Sewer Pipe Co., Ltd.,
Hamilton, Ont.

Jamieson Lime Co., The, Renfrew, Ont.

Kelly Thomas & Sons, Winnipeg, Man.

Lee, John & Co., St. John, N.B.

Lethbridge Brick and Terra Cotta Co., Leth-
bridge, Alta.

Log-gie, The W. S., Co., Ltd., Chatham, N.S.

Maloney, John, Toronto, Ont.

Manitoba Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., Winnipeg.

McArthur( J. D., Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Milton Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., The, Milton,
Ont.

Nova Scotia Brick & Tile Co., Ltd., New Glas-
gow, N.S.

St. John's Brick Co., St. John's, Que.

St. Lawrence Brick Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Sidney Brick and Tile Co., Ltd., The, Winni-
peg, Man.

Sidney Island Brick Co., Victoria, B.C.

Streetsville Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., The
Streetsville, Ont.

Superior Brick Co., Ltd., Fort William, Ont.

Victoria Brick & Tile Co., Ltd., Victoria, B.C.

BRICK, Cement.

Alberta Concrete Brick Co., Ltd., Lethbridge,

Alta.

Bedell, H. W. Picton, Ont.
Canadian Enamel Concrete Brick & Tile Co.,

Winnipeg, Man .

Concrete Products Ltd., Calgary, Alta.
Medicine Hat Concrete Products Co., Ltd..

Medicine Hat, Alta.
National Builders' Supply & Enamel Concrete

Brick Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Raymond Cement Products Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

BRICK. Enamel, Concrete.

Crandell, E. H., Pressed Brick & Sandstone Co.,

Calgary, Alta.
Canadian Enamel Concrete Brick & Tile Co.,

Winnipeg, Man.
National Builders' Supply & Enamel Concrete

Brick Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Redcliff Brick & Coal Co., Ltd., Redcliff, Alta.

Alta.

BRICK, Fire, Stove and Cupola.

British Columbia Pottery Co., Ltd., Victoria,
B.C.

Campbell's, R., Sons, Hamilton, Ont.

Clayburn Co., Ltd., The, Vancouver, B.C.

Dominion Sewer Pipe Co., Ltd., Swansea, Ont.

Elk Fire Brick Co., of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton.

Excelsior Brick Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Hamilton Facing Mill Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Hamilton & Toronto Sewer Pipe Co., Ltd., Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., Montreal.
Que.

Montreal Fire Brick Works Co., Ltd., The,
Montreal, Que.

Standard Clay Products, Ltd., St. John's, Que.

Toronto Fire Brick Co., Toronto, Ont.

Vitrolite Construction Co., of Manitoba, Winni-
peg, Man.

BRICK, Paving-.

Citadel Brick & Paving Block Co., Ltd., Quebec.
Hamilton Toronto Sewer Pipe Co., Ltd., Ham-
ilton, Ont.

BRICK, Pressed.

Alsip Brick & Tile Co., Fort William, Ont.

Brandon Pressed Brick & Tile Co., of Milton,
Ltd., Milton, Ont.

Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Canadian Pressed Brick Co., Ltd. Hamilton, Ont.

Citadel Brick & Paving Block Co., Ltd., Que-
bec.

Clayburn Co., Ltd., The, Vancouver, B.C.

Crandell, E. H. Pressed Brick & Sandstone
Co., Calgary, Alta.

Don Valley Brick Works, Toronto, Ont.

Excelsior Brick Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Hamilton Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., Hamilton,
Ont.

Kelly, Thos., & Sons, Winnipeg, Man.

Manitoba Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., Winnipeg.

Milton Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., Milton, Ont.

National Brick Co., of Laprairie, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.
Brick Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

National Builders' Supply & Enamel Concrete

Nova Scotia Clay Works, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.

Oakville Pressed Brick Co., Oakville, Ont.

Redcliff Clay Products Co., Ltd., Redcliff, Alta.

Sidney Brick & Tile Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Superior Brick Co., Ltd., Fort William, Ont

Sydney Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.S.

Toronto Pressed Brick & Terra Cotta Works,
Milton, Ont.

BRICK, Sewer.

Alsip Brick & Tile Co., Fort William, Ont.
National Brick Co., of Laprairie, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.
Port Credit Brick Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.

BRICK, Silica Pressed.

Calgary Silicate Pressed Brick Co., Ltd., Cal-
gary, Alta.

Canada Brick Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., Montreal,
Que.

Schultz Bros., Co., Ltd., The, Brantford, Ont.

BRIDGES, Iron and Steel, Railway and
Highway.

Algoma Steel Bridge Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Bruce Agricultural Works, The, Teeswater,
Ont.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Canadian Bridge Co., Ltd., Walkerville, Ont.

Corbet Foundry Co., The, Owen Sound, Ont.

Dickson Bridge Works Co., Ltd., Campbellford,
Ont.

Dominion Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Eastern Canada Steel & Iron Co., Ltd., Que-
bec, Que.

Fleming, James, St. John, N.B.

Hamilton Bridge Works, Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Hill, A. & Co., Mitchell, Ont.

Hunter Bridge & Boiler Co., Ltd., Kincardine,
Ont.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.

MacKinnon, Holmes & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke,
Que.

McNeill, Wm. P., & Co., New Glasgow, N.S.

Miramichi Foundry & Machine Works, Chat-
ham, N.B.

National Bridge of Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Phoenix Bridge & Iron Co., Ltd., The, Mont-
real, Que .

146

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

Robertson Iron Works, Victoria, B.C.

St. Lawrence Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Qua.

Sarnia Bridge Co., Ltd., Sarnia, Ont.

Saskatchewan Bridge & Iron Co., Ltd., Moose
Jaw, Sask.

Standard Steel Construction Co., Ltd., Port
Robinson, Ont.

Stratford Bridge and Iron Works, Co., Strat-
ford, Ont.

Structural Steel Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Sydney Foundry & Machine Works, Ltd., Syd-
ney. N.S.

Thor Iron Works, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BBTTiTi, a flat fish akin to the turbot, but in-
ferior in flavor. It is caught off the coasti of
England and the Continent.

BRIMSTONE. (See SULPHUR.)

BRIQUETTE, a kind of fuel composed of coal
dust and pitch cemented together by steam
and compressed into a brick shape by power-
ful rams.

BRISTLES, the bristles of the hog and wild boar
are used in making brushes, and by saddlers
and shoemakers. Leipzig is the great centre
of the trade in bristles, a large quantity of
which come from Kussia. China also exports
a considerable quantity or rather inferior
quality.

BRISTOL BOARD.

Alabastine Co., Paris, Ltd., The, Paris, Ont.

Barber Paper & Coating Mills, Ltd., George-
town, Ont.

Consolidated Lithographing & Mfg. Co., Ltd.,
Montreal, Que.

Don Valley Paper Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Eddy, The E. B., Co., Ltd., Hull, Que.

German Card Mfg. Co., Peterborough, Ont.

Ritchie & Ramsay, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BRITANNIA METALS, an alloy usually com-
posed of 80 to 90 per cent, of tin, with vary-
ing quantities of antimony and copper and
other metals. Tea and coffee pots, hot-water
jugs, and many other utensils are made of this
metal, a thin sheet of Britannia metal being
impressed in a lathe on to a wooden model.

BROADCLOTH, a fine woollen fulled cloth made
into men's suits. It is about 30 inches wide.

BROCADE, a figured silk in which one or more
threads are inserted by a shuttle which travels
only the breadth of a leaf or flower, and thus
produces the design in relief. Gold, silver, or
gilt thread is often used.

BROMINE, a chemical element in the form of a
dark reddish heavy liquid. It is the only
element besides mercury which is liquid at
ordinary temperatures. It is found in com-
bination with sodium in sea-water and in
some springs, as those at Kreuznach and Kis-
singen in Germany. The largest output is
from the salt mines of Stassfurt, twenty miles
from Magdeburg. The bromide of potassium
and hydrobromic acid are used in medicine,
and the former as well ; s bromide of silver in
photography.

BRONZE, an alloy of copper and tin, to which
small quantities of other metals, as zinc, lead,
or silver are frequently added. Five to ten

parts of copper to one of tin make gun-metal,
used for bearings and other parts of machin-
ery where a hard material is necessary, and
two to four parts of copper to one of tin ii
the composition of bell metal. Phosphor-
bronze has the advantage of being more homo-
geneous. It consists of 7 to 8 per cent, of tin,
phosphide, copper, and *4 to 2^ per cent, of
phosphorus. (See also ALUMINIUM.)

BRONZE LIQUIDS AND POWDERS.
Canadian Bronze Powder Works, Montr**!.

BRONZE, Lumen, ManffaneM.
Lumen Bearing Co., West Toronto, Ctot.

BRONZE, Phosphor.

Canada Metal Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Cuthbert, W. R., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Mitchell, The Robt., Co., Ltd., Montreal. Que.

BRONZE SHEETS AND PLATES.

Brown's Copper & Brass Rolling Mills, New
Toronto, Ont.

BRONZE WORK, Ornamental.

Alberta Ornamental Iron Co., Ltd., Redd iff.
Alberta.

Beaver Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

British Columbia Iron Wire Fence Co., Van-
couver, B.C.

Estey Bros. Co., Montreal.

BROOM, a name given to several species of Le-
guminosae (sub-order Papilionaceae.) The
common broom is abundant in Europe
and Northern Asia, and owes its name
to the fact that it is used to make be-
soms. Spanish broom furnishes a fibre for
making canvas, nets, and ropes, and its twigs
can be used in basket work. Brooms are
also made from the American broom-corn, and
from Andropogon muricatum mats and window
blinds are made.

BROOMS (Corn), Carpet, Factory.

Adam, John, Collingwood, Ont.
Bailey, Broom Co., The, Kingston, Ont.
Boeckh Bros. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Briggs, E. H., Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Burdett, Frank, Hamilton, Ont.
Canada Broom Co., Montreal, Que.
Meakins Brush Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Meakins & Sons, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Nelson, H. W., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Parker Broom Co., The, Ottawa, Ont.
Simms, T. S., & Co., Ltd. St. John, N.B.
Skedden Brush Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Stevens-Hepner Co., Ltd., Port Elgin, Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.
Ulley's Brush Works, Montreal, Que.
Waterloo Broom and Brush Co., Ltd., The,

Waterloo, Ont .

West, Taylor, Bickle & Co., Ltd., Norwich, Ont.
Woods, Walter & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

BROOMS, Stable.

Boeckh Bros., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Skedden Brush Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Stevens-Hepner Co., Ltd., The, Port Elgin.

Ont.

Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.
Ulley's Brush Works, Montreal, Que.
West, Taylor, Bickle & Co., Ltd., Norwich, Ont

BROOMS, Toy.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

147

BRUSHES. Brushes are made from bristles,
horse-hair, goats' hair, badgers', camels', and
sables' hair, &c. Also from vegetable fibres,
as the American agave, the palm, bass or
piaseava fibre, esparto grass, &c.

BRUSHES.

Boeckh Bros., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Boyd, R. E., & Co., Montreal, Que.

Briggs, E. H., Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Burdett, Frank, Hamilton, Ont.

Canada Brush Co., St. John, N.B.

Meakins Brush Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Meakins & Sons, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Muirhead, A., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Salyerds Mfg. Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont.

Simms, T. S., & Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Skedden Brush Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Steven s-Hepner Co., Ltd., The, Port Elgin, Ont.

Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

Ulley's Brush Works, Montreal, Que.

BRUSHES, Artists'.

Boeckh Bros., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Sijmms, T. S., & Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BRUSHES, Carbon.

Canadian Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian National Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto.

BRUSHES, Household.

Boeckh Bros., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Burdett, Frank, Hamilton, Ont.
Canada Brush Co., St. John, N.B.
Perfection Sanitary Brush Co., Toronto, Ont.
Simms, T. S., & Co., Ltd.. St. John. N.B.
Skedden Brush Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Stevens-Hepner Co., Ltd., The, Port Elgin, Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BRUSHES, Machinery and Mill.

Meakins Brush Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Qu.
Skedden Brush Co., Hamilton, Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BRUSHES, Faint.

Boeckh Bros., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Canada Brush Co., St John, N.B.

Meakins Brush Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Meakins & Sons, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Simms, T. S., & Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Skedden Brush Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BRUSHES, Shaving".

Gillette Safety Razor Co., of Canada, Ltd.,

Montreal, Que.

Simms, T. S., & Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Stevens-Hepner Co., Ltd., The, Port Elgin, Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BRUSHES, Stable.

Boeckh Bros., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Burdett, Frank, Hamilton, Ont.
Meakins & Sons, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Salyerds Mfg. Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont.
Simms, T. S., & Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Stevens-Hepner Co., Ltd., The, Port Elgin, Ont.
Thomas Bros, Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.
Ulley's Brush Works, Montreal, Que.

BRUSHES, Steel Wire.

Greening, The B. t Wire Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Hamilton Facing Mill Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Meakins Brush Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Perfection Sanitary Brush Co., Toronto, Ont.
Simms, T. S., & Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Montreal Wire & Brush Works, Montreal, Que.

BRUSHES, Toilet.

Perfection Sanitary Brush Co., Toronto, Ont.

BUCHU, or Bucku, the Hottentot name for some
evergreen aromatic shrubs of the order Baros-
ma, natives of Cape Colony. The leaves are
used as medicine.

BUCKETS, Canvac.
Soper, Robert, Hamilton, Ont.

BUCKETS, Concrete, Coal, Dredge, Ore.

Beatty, M., & Sons, Ltd., Welland, Ont.
Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
MacKinnon, Holmes & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke,

Que.

Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville, Ont.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
Mussen's, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Northern Crane Works, Walkerville, Ont.
Sudbury Construction & Machinery Co., Ltd.,

The, Sudbury, Ont.

BUCKETS, Elevator.

Metal Shingle & Siding Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont.
Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford,
Ont.

BUCKETS, Excavating-.
Beatty, M., & Sons., Ltd., Welland, Ont.

BUCKETS, Sap.
Wyatt Can Works, The, Sutton, Que.

BUCKETS, Steel and Galvanized.

Davidson, The Thos., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Powers, P. J., Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Sheet Metal Products Co., of Canada, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.
Small Bros., Dunham, Que.

BUCKLES.

McKinnon Dash Co., St. Catharines, Ont.
Parmenter & Bulloch Co., Ltd., The, Ganan-
oque, Ont.

BUCKSKIN, a leather made from deer or sheep-
skin rendered very soft and pliant by repeated
soakings in cod oil. Also called doeskin.
Buff leather is made in a similar manner from
South American cow and ox hides. Imitation
buckskin is a strong twilled woollen cloth
with the nap cut off.

BUCKWHEAT is grown in Europe and in North
America. It is very nutritious and is a favor-
ite food in United States and Canada in the
form of buckwheat pancakes. It is good food
for horses, cattle and poultry and is freuently
used in gin distilleries. Dyer's buckwheat
yields a blue dye, little inferior to indigo.

The production of buckwheat in Canada is
on a decided increase. In 1910 the total crop
amounted to 7,102,853 bushels as compared
with 4,547,159 bushels in 1900. Buckwheat is
grown principally in Ontario and Quebec.

BUFFETS.

Beach Furniture Company, The, Cornwall, Ont.

Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.

Crown Furniture Co., Preston, Ont.

Gibbard Furniture Co., Ltd., Napanee, Ont.

Hepworth Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Hep worth, Ont.

Hespeler Furniture Co., Ltd., Hespeler, Ont.

Hibner Furniture Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Kensington Furniture Co., Goderich, Ont.

Krug Bros., Co., Ltd., Chesley, Ont.

Malcolm, The Andrew, Furniture Co., Ltd., Kin-
cardine, Ont.

Malcolm & Souter Furniture Co., Ltd., Hamil-
ton, Ont.

Markdale Furniture Co., Ltd., Markdale, Ont.

148

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

McLagan, The George. Furniture Co., L/td.,

Stratford, Ont.

Meaford Mfg. Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.
North American Furniture Co., Ltd., Owen

Sound, Ont.

Paquet & Godbout, St. Hyacinthe, Que.
Rogers, Chas., & Sons, Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Spiesz Furniture Ltd., The, Hanover, Ont.
Stratford Chair Co., Stratford, Ont.
Strathroy Furniture Co., Ltd., Strathroy, Ont.
Windsor Furniture Co., Ltd., Windsor, N.S.

BUGGIES. (See Carriages.)

BUGLES, glass beads in a pipe form, made in
Austria and Italy for trimmings.

BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS.

Claydon Bros., Winnipeg, Man.

Hutchison, J. H., Montreal, Que.

Lariviere, La Cie, Limitee. Roxton Falls, Que.

Lyall, Peter, & Sons, Construction Co., Ltd.,

Montreal, Que.

Shearer, The James, Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Stewart, John, & Co., Montreal, Que.
Victor Wood Works, The, Ltd., Amherst, N.S.

BUILDERS' AND CONTRACTORS' SUP-
PLIES.

Hyde & Sons, Ltd., Montreal.
BUILDING PAPER.

Bird, F. W., & Son. Hamilton, Ont.

Caritte-Paterson Mfg. Co., Ltd., St. John, N.B.

Crabtree, Edwin, & Sons, Ltd., Crabtree Mills,
Que.

Dominion Paper Co., Montreal, Que.

Fisher, John, & Son, Ltd., Dundas, Ont.

Ford, J., & Co., Portneuf Station, Que.

Ford, Rowland, & Son, Portneuf Station, Que.

Hamilton Tar Distilling Co., The, Hamilton, Ont.

McArthur Alex & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

McComb, J. H., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Metallic Roofing Co., of Canada, Ltd., The,
Toronto, Ont.

Merrick- Anderson Co., Winnipeg, Man.

Northumberland Paper and Electric Co., Ltd.,
Campbellford, Ont.

Paterson Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont., and
Montreal, Que.

Riordon Pulp and Paper Co., Ltd., Montreal.

St. Croix Paper Co., Ltd., The, Halifax, N.S.

Sidney Rubber Roofing Co., Sidney, B.C.

Standard Paint Co., of Canada, Ltd. .Montreal.

Stutt, Jas., & Sons, West Flamboro, Ont.

Walker, J. R., & Co., Montreal, Que.

Western Paper Mills, Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.

Westminster Paper Mills, Ltd., New Westmin-
ster, B.C.

BUILDING PAPER, Albertoc.
Asbestos Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
BUILDINGS, Portable, Steel.

Canadian Metal Shelter Co., Winnipeg, Man.
Pedlar People, Ltd., The, Oshawa, Ont

BUILDINGS, Steel.

Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Dominion Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

MacKinnon, Holmes & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke.

McGregor & Mclntyre, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Metal Shingle & Siding Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont

National Bridge Co., of Canada, Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

St. Lawrence Bridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Sarnia Bridge Co., Ltd., Sarnia, Ont.

Saskatchewan Bridge & Iron Co., Ltd., Mooie
Jaw, Sask.

Standard Steel Construction and Foundry Co.,
Ltd., Port Robinson, Ont.

Structural Steel Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Sydney Foundry & Machine Works, Ltd., Syd-
ney, N.S.

Thor Iron Works, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BUKKUM WOOD, a name in India for sappan
wood.

BULLION, gold and silver in bars and ingots.
BULLION, Gold and Copper.

Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power

Co., Ltd., Grand Forks, B.C.
Wilkinson, J. E., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

BULLION, Lead.

Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada,
Ltd., The, Trail, B.C.

BULLION, Silver.

Coniagas Reduction Co., Ltd., St. Catharine*,

Ont.
Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power

Co., Ltd., Grand Forks, B.C.
Wilkinson, J. E., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
BUMPERS, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que.

Dunlop Tire & Rubber Goods Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

BUNG, Cork and Wooden.

Canadian Cork Cutting Co., Montreal, Que.
Freyseng Cork Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont,
and Montreal, Que.

BUNTING, a thin woollen material of whick
flags are made.

BUOYS, Automatic, Acetylene Ga.

International Marine Signal Co., Ltd., Ottawa,
Ont.

BUOYS, Iron and Steel.

Evans, Nathaniel, Ltd., Dartmouth, N.S.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.8.

BUOYS. (See Life Preservers.)

BURGUNDY, wines grown in the country which
formed the old province of Burgundy, France.
Among the choicest red wines are Chambertin,
Clos-Vougeot, Volnay, Pommard, Beaune; and
Chablis is a well-known white wine.

BURGUNDY PITCH, a resu.ou- substance pre-
pared ty soaking the natural exudation of the
Norway spruce in hot water, and used for
chest plasters and in rheumatic complaints.
It is brought chiefly from Finland, Austria,
and Switzerland.

BURLAP, a coarse canvas of hemp and jute,
used for bags. A finer kind is made into cur-
tains.

BURLAP, for Booked Bng*.
Garrett, John E., New Glasgow, N.S.

BURLAPS, Oil-coated and Donble-ixed.
Dominion Oil Cloth Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BURLAPS, Wall, Plain and Sized.

Canadian Bag Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Dominion Oil Cloth Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Hayhoe, H. E., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Smart-Woods, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

BURNERS, Acetylene Ga.
Economic Acetylene Burner Co., Toronto, Ont.

BURNERS, AntO Lamp.
Prest-O-Lite Co., The, Toronto, Ont

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

149

BURNERS, Bnnsen and Jewellers'.

Morrison, The James, Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

BURNERS, Gas, For Stoves and Furnace*.
Doherty Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Sarnia, Ont.
BURNERS, Lamp and Lantern.

Canadian Tungsten Lamp Co., Ltd., Hamilton,

Ont.

Garth Co., The, Montreal, Que.
Schultz Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton, Ont.
Sheet Metal Products Co., of Canada, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

BURNERS, Oil.

Morrison, The James Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

BURNERS, Refuse.

Canadian Buffalo Forge Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Fleming-, James, St. John, N.B.

MacKinnon, Holmes & Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke

Que.
Waterous Engine Works Co., Ltd., Brantford,

Ont.

BURNERS, Sulphur.

Canadian Pulp Mill Machinery Co., Ltd., Mont-
real.

BURRS.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Parmenter & Bulloch Co., Ltd., The, Ganan-

oque, Ont.

Robertson, P. L., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Milton, Ont.
Hamilton Bull Mfg. Co., Hamilton, Ont.

BURRSTONES, properly buhrstones. Blocks
of hard silicate, from which millstones are cut.
The best are quarried in the department of
Seine-et-Marne, France. They are largely su-
perseded in flour mills by iron rollers.

BUST FORMS.

Delfosse & Co., Montreal.
BUTT. (See LEATHER.)

BUTTER. (See DAIRY PRODUCTS.)
BUTTER.

Acadia Canning and Creamery Co., Ltd., King-
ston Station, N.S.

Brandon Creamery and Supply Co., Ltd., Bran-
don, Man .

Canadian Milk Products, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

City Dairy Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Crescent Creamery Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.

Duff, John & Son, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Flavelle, Ltd., Lindsay, Ont.

Gunn's, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Hygienic Fresh Milk Co., Ttd., Antigonish, N.S.

Laurentia Milk Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Modern Canner Co., St. Jacob's, Ont.

Montreal Dairy Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Ottawa Dairy, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Pure Milk Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton, Ont.

St. Thomas Packing Co., Ltd., The, St. Thomas,
Ont.

Smith & Proctor, Halifax, N.S.

Stratford Dairy Co., Ltd., Stratford, Ont.

Swift Canadian Co., Ltd. Winnipeg, Man.

Whyte Packing Co., Ltd., The, Stratford, Ont

BUTTER WORKERS.

Beatty Bros., Ltd., Fergus, Ont.
Maxwell, David & Son, St. Mary's, Ont.
National Mfg. Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Richardson, C., & Co., St. Mary's, Ont.
Taylor, Forbes, Co., Ltd., Guelph, Ont.

BUTTERINE. (See MARGARINE.)

BUTTERNUT, a North American walnut. (See
WALNUT.)

BUTTER TREE, several species of Bassia of the
order Sapotaceae bear seeds from which a kind
of butter is made. B. latifolia is the Mahwa
tree of India; its buds are eaten, and a spirit
is distilled from them, and the seeds yield an
oil for eating and burning.

BUTTONS, Barrl.

Moulton Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Peters, J. Henry, Co., Toronto, Ont.

BUTTONS, Celluloid and Emblematic.

Arlington Co. of Canada, Ltd., The, Toronto.
Dominion Button Works, The, Montreal, Que.
Forsyth, Kimmel Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Mortimore & Blackeby, Toronto, Ont.

BUTTONS, Cloth Covered.

Cooper, The H. S., Co., Toronto, Ont.

Dominion Button Works, The, Montreal, Que.

Forsyth, Kimmel Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Hoffman, C. E., & Co., Berlin, Ont.

Moulton Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Roschman, Richard, & Brother, Waterloo, Ont.

BUTTONS, Fancy.

Dominion Cord and Tassel Co., Montreal, Que.
Lemaitre, Paul, Montreal.

BUTTONS, Ivory, Fearl and Horn.

Berlin Button Works, Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Canadian Pearl Button Co., Ltd., Trenton, Ont.
Dominion Button Mfrs., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Dominion Button Works, The, Montreal, Que.
Roschman, Richard & Brother, Waterloo, Ont.
Windsor Pearl Button Co., Ltd., The, Windsor,
Ont.

BUTTONS, Metal.

Dominion Button Works, The, Montreal, Que.
Scully, William, Montreal, Que.

BUTTONS, Fant and Overall.

Berlin Button Works, Ltd., Berlin, Ont.
Dominion Button Works, The, Montreal, Que.
Farmenter & Bulloch Co., Ltd., The, Gan-
anoque, Ont.

BUTTONS, Push.

Canadian Tale & Towne, Ltd., St. Catharines,
Ont.

BUTTS, Cast, Brass, Bronze and Iron.

Canadian Tale & Towne, Ltd., St. Catharines,
Ont.

Cowan & Britton, Ltd., Gananoque, Ont.

Hamilton Stove & Heater Co., Ltd., The, Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Montreal Hardware Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Mont-
real, Que .

Peterborough Lock Mfg., Co., Ltd., Peter-
borough, Ont.

BUTYRIC ETHER, an ether distilled from
butyric acid and alcohol, with the addition of
sulphuric acid. It has the flavor of pineapples,
and is sold as pineapple oil for the purpose of
flavoring sweets and drinks, and for the pre-
paration of perfumes.

150

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

CABALLINE ALOES, the coarsest kind, or the
refuse of Barbados aloes.

CABINETS, China.

Beach Furniture Co., The, Cornwall, Ont.

Berlin Furniture Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.

Chappell Bros. & Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.S.

Chesley Furniture Co., Ltd., Chesley, Ont.

Gibbard Furniture Co., Ltd., Napanee, Ont.

Hespeler Furniture Co., Ltd., Hespeler. Ont.

Hibner Furniture Co., Ltd., Berlin, Ont.

Malcolm & Souter Furniture Co., Ltd., Ham-
ilton, Ont.

McLagan, The Geo., Furniture Co., Ltd., Strat-
ford, Ont.

Meaford Mfg. Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.

Strathroy Furniture Co., Ltd., Strathroy, Ont.

CABINETS, Fancy.

Beverley Wood Specialty Co., Ltd., Toronto.

Burton & Baldwin Mfg. Co., Ltd., Hamilton,
Ont.

Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont

Chappell Bros., & Co., Ltd., Sydney, N.S.

Coulter, The J., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Clatworthy & Son, Toronto, Ont.

Hespeler Furniture Co., Ltd., Hespeler, Ont.

Malcolm & Souter Furniture Co., Ltd., Ham-
ilton, Ont.

McLagan, The George, Furniture Co.. Ltd.,

Stratford, Ont.

Mundell, John C., & Co., Elora, Ont.
Paquet & Godbout, St. Hyacinthe, Que.
Randall, G. H., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Standard Cabinet Mfg. Co., Ltd., Hamilton. Ont.

CABINETS, Piling.

Canada Furniture Mfrs. Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Canadian Office & School Furniture Co., Ltd.,

Preston, Ont.
Elmira Interior Woodwork Co., Ltd., The, BJ1-

mira, Ont.

Globe-Wernicke Co., Ltd.. Stratford, Ont.
Library Bureau of Canada, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Lindsay Library & Office Fitting Co., Ltd.,

Lindsay, Ont.
Newbigging Cabinet Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton,

Ont.

Office Specialty Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Williams Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

CABINETS, Kitchen.

Blonde Lumber and Mfg. Co., Ltd., Chatham,

Ont.

Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Ferguson, John, & Sons, London, Ont.
Furniture, H. E., Co., Ltd., The, Milverton, Ont.
Gray-Sons-Campbell, The Wm., Ltd., Chatham,

Ont.

Hamilton Ideal Mfg. Co:, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Hep worth Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Hep worth, Ont.
Krug Bros., Ltd., Chesley, Ont.
Lee Mfg. Co., Ltd., Pembroke, Ont.
Markdale Furniture Co., Ltd., Markdale, Ont.
Meaford Mfg. Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.
Metropolitan Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
National Mfg. Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Stratford Chair Co., Stratford, Ont.
Thompson Kanuck Kitchen Kabinet Co., Ltd.,

Belleville, Ont.

CABINETS, Medicine.

Blonde Lumber & Mfg. Co., Ltd., Chatham, Ont.
Chesley Furniture Co., Ltd., Chesley, Ont.
Goderich Organ Co., Ltd., Goderich, Ont.
Meaford Mfg. Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.

CABINETS, Metallic.

Meadows, Geo. B., Wire, Iron & Brass Work*

Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Office Specialty Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Steel Equipment Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

CABINETS, Music and Record.

Beach Furniture Co., The, Cornwall, Ont.
Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Hay & Co., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Hespeler Furniture Co., Ltd., Hespeler, Ont.
Malcolm & Souter Furniture Co., Ltd., Hamilton,

Ont.
McLagan, The George, Furniture Co., Ltd.,

Stratford, Ont.
Newbigging Cabinet Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton,

Ont.

CABINETS, Silverware.

Canada Jewellery Case Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.
Coulter, The J. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Ellis, P. W., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Hodgson,, W. A., Montreal, Que.

CABLE, a large rope made of hemp used to tow
vessels and let down the anchor. They are
made of various thicknesses, up to 18 inches.
Wire rope is often used instead, and for an-
chor the hemp cables have been superseded bj
chain cables.

CABLE. Electrlo, Telegraph and Telephone,

Boston Insulated Wire A Cable Co., Ltd., Ham-
ilton, Ont.

Canada Wire & Cable Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd., Toronto.

Dodd & Struthers, Sherbrooke, Que.

Imperial Wire & Cable Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Phillips, Eugene F., Electrical Works, Ltd.,
Montreal, Que.

Standard Underground Cable Co., of Canada,
Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Wilson, James, Merritton, Ont.

CABLE, Hemp, Manilla, etc.
Consumers' Cordage Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

CADE OIL, the empyreumatic oil made from
Juniperus oxycedrus and other species.

CADMIUM, a white ductile metal occurring in
small quantities in zinc ores. It is an ingre-
dient of easily fusible alloys, and is used in
electro-plating. The sulphide, known as cad-
mium yellow, is a valuable color for artists.

CAFFEINE, or theine, is the active principle
present in tea, coffee, and kola nuts. It if
manufactured on a large scale from refuse tea.

CAGES, Bird.

Sheet Metal Products Co. of Canada, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.
Wright, E. T., & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

CAGES, Mine.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

CAJEPUT, a tree which grows in Further India,
the Moluccas, and Australia. A volatile oil ia
obtained from it by distillation, and is occa-
sionally used in medicine.

CALABAR BEANS, the bean of Old Calabar, *
climber allied to the scarlet runner. It is
highly poisonous, but useful to oculists, at
when placed on the eye-ball it contracts the
iris.

OALAMANDEE, a cabinet-wood of great beauty,
which grows in Southern India and Ceylon. It
it now rare.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

151

CALAMBAC. A name for aloes wood.

CALAMINE, silicate of zinc, an important zinc
ore. Another variety is carbonate of zine.
(See ZINC.)

CALAMUS, the sweet flag. The root yields an
aromatic stimulant still przied in the East,
and on that account the plant is cultivated in
Ceylon and Burma. It is sometimes used to
flavor beer, to scent toothpowder, and in the
fabrication of gin and liqueurs.

CALCIUM CABSIDE.

Canada Carbide Co., Ltd., Montreal, Qu.
CALCIUM CYANAMID.

1 *"

American Cyanamid Co., Niagara Falls, Ont.
CALISAYA BARK. (See CINCHONA.)

CALOMEL, sub-chloride of mercury, used as me-
dicine.

CALUMBA ROOT, the roots of a climbing plant
of East Africa, yielding a tonic medicine.

CAMELINA SATWA, a plant of the order Crn-
ciferae. This species, is cultivated in Europe
for the oil its seeds contain. The oil is used
as salad oil, in soap manufacture, and in var-
nishes.

CAMELS' HAIR, the hair from the neck, belly,
and back of the camel. The last is the best.
An adult Bactrian camel yields about 10 Ibs.
of hair. In Persian camel Vhair cloth, the
hair forms the woof and cotton the warp. In
France and England the hair is used in making
hats and paint-brushes. China and Russia are
the chief exporting countries.

CAMERAS.

Canadian Kodak Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CAMLET, a textile made originally from camels'
hair, but now from the hair of the Angora
goat, and frequently of wool and thread or
silk.

CAMOMILE, plants belonging to the order of
Composite. The camomile of druggists is the
Anthemis nobilis, which yields an essential oil.
It is cultivated chiefly in Germany and Bel-
gium.

CAMPEACHY WOOD. (See LOGWOOD.)

OAMPHENE, or Camphilene. An artificial cam-
phor obtained from turpentine. The name it
also given to the series of oils isomeric with
camphor, such as bergamot and lemon.

CAMPHINE, spirit of turpentine obtained from
Finns australis of the Southern United States.
Burning oils to which camphor has been added
are sometimes sold as eamphine.

CAMPHOR, a solid essential oil obtained from
certain species of laurel. The wood of the tree
is cut into chips, and the camphor is driven out

by steam. A somewhat different camphor is,
obtained in Borneo and Sumatra, and is im-
ported into China. Near Canton a third var-
iety, called ngai, is obtained. The oil that
drains from the camphor is also an article of
commerce. Camphor is essential to the manu-
facture of smokeless powder.

CAMS.

Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Turner, John, & Son, Toronto, Ont.

CAMWOOD, the wood of the sub-order Csesal-
pinise, which grows in West Africa. It yields
a rich red dye. Barwood is a duller wood from
the same tree.

CAN OPENERS.

Montreal Hardware Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Mont-
real, Que .

CANADA BALSAM. (See BALSAMS.)
CANADA PITCH. (See PITCH.)
CANANGA OIL. (See YLANG-YLANG.)

CANARY SEED, the seed of a grass grown in
Europe, Morocco, and California. It is used
chiefly as a food for birds. Turkey supplies
the greatest quantity, but the seeds of Spain
and Portugal are the best.

CANDLEBERRY, the wax-tree, tallow-tree, or
Bayberry of the United States. The berries
are covered with a greenish-white wax used
for candles and soap.

CANDLE-NUT. (See BANKUL OIL.)

CANDLES, these are made of tallow, stearine,
stearic acid, paraffin, spermaceti oil, and wax.
Stearine candles include all those made from
stearine and stearic acids obtained from tal-
low, palm oil (Palmitic acid), and mixtures.
Composite candles contain a considerable pro-
portion of stearine obtained from coco-nut oil.
Tallow stearine and paraffin candles are east
in moulds; and wax candles are made by hand,
strips of wax being wrapped round the wiek,
and the candle rolled on a marble slab to give
it a cylindrical form. (See also PARAFFDC,
SPERMACETI OIL, and OZOKERITE.)

CAUDLES.

Baillargeon, F., St. Constant, Que.

Canadian Oil Co.'s, Ltd., Toronto, Ont., and

Winnipeg 1 , Man.

Empire Refining Co., Ltd., Wallaceburgr, Ont.
Lasmier, J. B., Levis, Que.
St. John's Straw Works Co., Ltd., St. John's,

Que.

CANELLA ALBA, a tree of the order of Cln-
siaceaB, which grows in the West Indies. Its
bark is the white cinnamon of commerce, used
in Europe chiefly by apothecaries.

CANES. (See BAMBOO, RATTAN, TOBAGO,
and MALACCA CANES, &c.)

CANNABIS. (See HEMP.)

152

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

OANNEL COAL, a hard bituminous coal used ia
gas-making and for fuel in open hearth fire-
places.

CANNTSTEBS, Tea, Coffee and Spice.

Davidson, The Thos., Mfgr. Co., Ltd., Winni-
peg, Man.

National Metal Ware Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Soren Bros., Toronto, Ont.

CANOES.

Canadian Canoe Co., Ltd., The, Peteroboro, Ont

Chestnut Canoe Co., Ltd., Fredericton, N.B.

Dean, Walter, Toronto, Ont.

Ditchburn, H., Boat Mfgr. Co., Ltd., Graven-
hurst, Ont.

English, The Wm., Canoe Co., Peterborough,
Ont.

Gidley Boat Co., Ltd., Penatangruishene, Ont.

Lakefield Canoe Building: & Mfg. Co., Ltd.,
Lakefield, Ont.

Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough,
Ont.

Ross, Henry, Indian Lorette, Que.

CANOPIES.

Soper, Robert, Hamilton, Ont.

CANOPIES, MetaL

Alberta Ornamental Iron Co., Ltd., Redcliff,
AlLa.

CAJTS, Ah and Paper, Corrng-ated.
Corrugated Pipe Co., Ltd., The, Stratford, Ont.

CAXS, Condensed Milk, Cream, onp, ete.
Sanitary Can Co., Ltd., Niagara Falls, Ont.

CAWS, Garbag-e.

Corrugated Pipe Co., Ltd., The, Stratford, Ont
Fairgrieve Metal & Stamping Co., Toronto.
Steel Trough & Machine Co., Ltd., The, Tweed,

Ont.
Wright, E. T., A Co., Hamilton, Ont.

CANS, Grocer*'.

American Can Co., Montreal, Que.
Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Sheet Metal Products Co., of Canada, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont, and Winnipeg, Man.
Whlttall, A. R., Montreal, Que.

CANS, Ice Cream.

Fletcher Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont
CAWS, Key-opening 1 .

American Can Co., Montreal, Que.
Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Whittall, A. R., Montreal, Que.

CAWS, Milk, Factory and Railway.

American Can Co., Montreal, Que.

Aubry, A., & Fils, Montreal, Que.

Crochett, Bros., Westville, N.S.

Davidson, The Thos., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal.

McClary Mfg. Co., London, Ont.

Richardson, C., & Co., St. Mary's, Ont.

Sheet Metal Products Co. of Canada, Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

Stevely, W., & Son, London, Ont.

Steel Trough & Machine Co., Ltd., The, Tweed,
Ont

CANS, Oil, Household.

Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Markwell Mfg. Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Sheet Metal Products Co. of Canada, Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

CANS, Oil Waste, Galvanised.

Morrison, The Jas., Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont.

Ormsby, A. B., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Reed, Geo. W., & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Sheet Metal Products Co. of Canada, Ltd.,
Toronto, Ont.

Wheeler & Bain, Toronto, Ont.

CANS, Paint and Varnish.
American Can Co., Montreal, Que.
Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Ross, J. F., 560 King St. West, Toronto, Ont
Whittall, A. R., Montreal, Que.

CANS, Shipping-, Wood-jacketed.
Fairgrieve Metal & Stamping Co., Toromto, Omt
CANS, Special.

American Can Co., Montreal, Que.
Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont
Ross, J. F., 560 King St., W., Toronto, Ont
Sheet Metal Products Co. of Canada, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont., and Winnipeg, Man.
Whittall, A. R., Montreal, Que.

CANS, Tin, Fruit, Vegetable, Meat, Syrup,
Baking: Powder, etc.

American Can Co., Montreal, Que.
Aubry, A., & Fils, Montreal, Que.
Eastern Canning Co., The, St. George, N.B.
Grimm Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.
Macdonald Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Ross, J. F., 560 King St. W., Toronto, Ont
Sanitary Can Co., Ltd., Niagara Falls, Ont.
Sheet Metal Products Co. of Canada, Ltd., To-
ronto, Ont, and Winnipeg, Man.
Wyatt Can Works, Button, Que.

OANTHARIDES, the blister beetles, often called
Spanish flies, but these beetles, of which there
are many species, are also exported from Rus-
sia, China, and Japan. Hungary supplies the
greater part of the preparation.

CANTHOOXS.

Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., St.

Catharines, Ont.

Lachute Shuttle Co., Ltd., Lachute Mills, Que.
McFarlane, Neill Mfg. Co., Ltd., The. 8t.

Mary's, N.B.
Pink, Thomas, Pembroke, Ont.

CANVAS, a coarse, unbleached fabric of flax
and tow, of which sails are made, and cloth for
pictures. The finest and strongest sailcloth
is made from flax. (See COTTON and FLAX.)

CANVAS.

Montreal Cottons, Ltd., Valleyfleld, Que.
Pike, The D., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CANVAS, Decorators' Prepared.
Dominion Oil Cloth Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

CAOUTCHOUC. (See INDIA-RUBBER.)

CAPERS, the flower buds of the caper bush, pre-
served in salt and vinegar. The bush grows in
Italy and Sicily, but the best are produced in
the South of France. One or two other spe-
cies of Capparis yield good capers, and the ber-
ries of several other plants are often sub-
stituted.

CAPES, Pnr (Coachman's).

Bishop, J. H., Co., Sandwich, Ont.
Brereton & Steward, Toronto, Ont.

CAPES, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

153

CAPES, Waterproof.

Guelph Oiled Clothing Co., Ltd., The, Guelph,

Ont.
Tower Canadian, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CAPRI. This island, on the south side of the
Gulf of Naples, gives its name to red and
white wines, which are among the best grown
in Italj.

CAPS, Bottle & Jar.

Canadian Tungsten Lamp Co., Ltd., Hamilton.

Ont.

Schram Automatic Sealer Co., Waterloo, Ont.
Wallaceburg Brass & Iron Mfg. Co., Ltd.,

Wallaceburg, Ont.

CAPS, Cloth.

Allan, A. A., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Big Four Cap Co., The, Toronto, Ont.

Bruce. Mfg. Co. Toronto, Ont.

Canada Cap Co., Ltd., Truro, N.S.

Coopr Cap Co., The, Toronto, Ont.

Eastern Hat & Cap Co., Ltd., Truro, N.S.

Echlin Mfg. Co., The, Winnipeg, Man.

Fraser Cap Co., London, Ont.

Fried-Grills & Co., Toronto, Ont.

Goldner, A., Montreal, Que.

Kumfort Cap Mfg. Co., Montreal, Quc.

London Hat & Cap Mfg. Co., Montreal, Que.

Maritime Ltd., Moncton, N.B.

Merchants Garment & Cap Co., Montreal. Que

Palter Bros., Toronto, Ont.

Pack, John, W. & Co., Toronto, Ont.

Punchard, Chas., C., & Co., Toronto Ont

Redmond Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Waldron, Drouin Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

CAPS, Tui.

Allan, A. A., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Ansley-Dineen Hat and Fur Co., Ltd., Toronto
Berlin Glove & Gauntlet Co., Ltd., Ont
Boulter, Waugh & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Brereton & Steward, Toronto, Ont.
Brodey, Draimin Fur Co., Toronto, Ont.
Coristine, Jas., & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Dechene & Pouin, Quebec, Que,
Fried-Grills & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Gillespie Fur Co., Ltd., Toronto Ont.
Graeding-er, L., Son & Co., Montreal, Que.
Holt, Renfrew Co., Quebec, Que.
Laliberte, J. B., Quebec, Que.
Magee's D., Sons, Ltd., St. John, N.B.
Sandham & Thurston, Toronto, Ont.
Waldron, Drouin Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

CAPS, Knitted.

Eastern Hat & Cap Co., Ltd., Truro, N.S.
Forbes, R. Co., Ltd., Hespeler, Ont.
Royal Knitting Co., Guelph, Ont.

CAPS, Leather.

Bruc Mfg. Co., Toronto, Ont.
Punchard, Chas. C. & Co.. Toronto, Ont

CAPS, Milk Bottle, Paper.

Brown, D. F., Paper Box & Paper Co., Ltd.,

St. John, N.B.

Reliance Ink Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Walker, E. C., & Sons, Toronto, Ont.

CAPS, Rubber.

Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co., Ltd., Mont-
real, Que
Walpola Rubber Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.

CAPS, Uniform.

Fraser Cap Co., London, Ont
Mortimore & Blackeby, Toronto, Ont.
Muir Cap Company, Toronto, Ont.
Scully, Wm., Montreal, Que.

CAPSICUMS, the pods of a genus of Solanaeeas,
which are generally cultivated in tropical and
sub-tropical countries. They are also known
by their Mexican name, Chillies. Capsicum
fastigiatum, and C. annuum furnish most of
the pods in trade, and from the latter is chief-
ly made the powder known as Cayenne pepper.

CAPSTANS, Ship.

Doty Marine Engine & Boiler Co., Ltd., God-
erich, Ont.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.

Lunenburg Foundry Co., Ltd., Lunenburg, N.S.

Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.

Poison Iron Works, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

Selby & Youlden, Ltd., Kingston, Ont.

Windsor Foundry & Machine Co., Ltd., Wind-
sor, N.S.

CAPSULES.

Ewing, S. H., & Sons, Montreal, Que.
Frosst, Chas., E., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Parke, Davis & Co., Walkerville, Ont.
Robin & Co., Montreal, Que.
Wampole, Henry K. t & Co., Ltd., Perth, Ont.

CAPTTCINES, the buds of Tropoeolum majus, sold
as capers.

OABAMBOLA, the fruit of an evergreen tree of
the order Oxalidacese. It is used in the East
Indies in pickles. This tree has been intro-
duced into the West Indies.

CARAMEL, a dark brown substance prepared
by heating loaf sugar over a slow fire and
used for coloring beer, whiskey, vinegar, Ac.

CARANNA, a resin obtained from a tree, which
is a native of Porto Rico and San Domingo.

CARAPA, trees of the order of Meliacee, the
nuts of which yield an oil used by the natives
as a protection against insects, and in Europe
in the manufacture of soap. The wood is
called crab wood.

CARAWAY, an umbelliferous plant, cultivated
in South and Central Europe, especially Ger-
many and Holland, for its seeds. These are
used as a flavoring material by confectioners,
and the oil they contain is applied in per-
fumery and pharmacy and in the manufacture
of liqueur.

CARBOLIC ACID, or Phenol, a white crystalline
substance obtained from coal tar by distilla-
tion. It is used as an antiseptic, in the pre-
paration of certain coloring matters, aa<l >m
the manufacture of picric acid.

CARBON TUBES, BODS AND PLATES.

Canadian National Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto.
CARBONATORS.

Aluminum & Crown Stopper Co., Toronto, Ont.
Fletcher Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
McLaughlin, J. J., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CARBONIC ACID GAS LIQUID.

Canadian Carbonate Co., Ltd., Montreal.

CARBONIZING, Textile.

Montreal Blanket Co., Montreal, Que.
Smith Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

154

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

CARBONS, Arc Lamp and Projector.

Canadian Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian National Carbon Co., Ltd., Toronto.

CARBORUNDUM, a silicium carbide used as a
substitute for emery and other hard powders.
It does not occur in nature, but is manufactur-
ed principally in the United States with the
help of electricity generated by the Falls of
Niagara. It is also used in the manufacture
of steel and graphite. (See ABRASIVES.)

CARBURETORS.
Tallman Brass & Metal Co., Hamilton, OnL

CARDAMOMS, the capsules of several species of
Zingiberacese. The seeds are a pungent spice,
used in medicine and in confectionery. The
best are the Malabar cardamoms, next to
which are the cardamoms of Ceylon.

CARDBOARD, a board formed by pasting sev-
eral layers of paper together. (See alto
PAPIER-MACHE, MILLBOARD and PULP
and PAPER.)

CARDBOARD.

Barber Paper & Coating Mills, Ltd., George-
town, Ont.

Consolidated Lithographing & Mfg. Co., Ltd.,
Montreal, Que.

McLeod Pulp Co., Ltd., Liverpool, N.S.

Price Bros. & Co., Ltd., Quebec, Que.

Ritchie & Ramsay, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CARDS, Jewellery.

Coulter, The J. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Long, A. E.. & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CARDS, Flayingr.

Consolidated Lithographing & Mfg. Co., Ltd.,

Montreal, Que.

Copp, Clark Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Montreal Lithographing Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que.

CARDING MILLS.
McMullen, James, Barrington, N.S.

CARMINE, the red coloring matter of cochineal.
The color is used in dyeing silk and wool, and
being quite harmless, in confectionery. The
secret of its manufacture being known in only
a few factories, the price is high, and several
imitations are made.

CARPETS, Axmint*r, Brnl, Wilton.

Brinton Carpet Co., Peterborough, Ont.
Canadian Carpet & Comforter Mfg. Co., Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.

Dominion Axminster Co., Ltd., The, Toronto
Guelph Carpet Mills Co., Ltd., The, Ouelph.

Ont.

Perth Carpet Co., Ltd., Perth, Ont.
Toronto Carpet Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, Toronto.

CARPETS, Carriage, Cfcurch, X.odff, Railway,
Steamer, etc.

Cobourg Matting & Carpet Co., Ltd., The, Co-

bourg, Ont.
Guelph Carpet Mills Co., Ltd., The, Guelph,

Ont.
Perth Carpet Co., Ltd., Perth, Ont.

CARPET, Cork.
Dominion Oil Cloth Co.. Ltd., Montreal, Que.

CARPET SWEEPERS.

Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co., Niagara Fall, Ont.
Thomas Bros., Ltd., St. Thomas, Ont.

CARNALLITE chloride of potassium and magnes-
ium with an admixture of bromine and other
chemicals. It occurs in Persia, Galicia, and
especially at the Stassfurt mines in Germany.
It owes its red color and name to the presence
of scales of iron oxide.

CARNAUBA WAX. This wax coven the leaves
of a Brizilian palm. It is in composition
nearly the same as beeswax, and i also used
in making candles.

CAROB, the algaroba or locust-tree, which grows
in the countries bordering on the Mediter-
ranean. The beans serve as a fodder for cat-
tle, and yield on distillation a potable spirit.
The residue contains gallic acid, and in con-
junction with iron salts forms a black dye.
The leaves are useful in tanning, and ths
seeds yield an excellent gum. The wood is
hard and takes a good polish.

CARPETS. The chief carpets are Kiddermin-
ster, which has no pile and shows a pattern
on both sides; Brussels, in which the colored
threads required to form the pattern are raised
by the Jacquard apparatus, and wires are in-
serted to raise the thread into loops; Velvet Pile
or Wilton, in which the loops are cut by a
sharp edge on the wires as these are witk-
drawn; Tapestry, in which the pattern is
printed on the threads of the warp before
weaving, and the wool lies on the surface, the
back being formed of other material, frequent-
ly jute; Axminster, woven of chenille, whick
forms a pile without being cut. Very good
carpets are also made of jute alone and strong
ones of hair. The term five or six frame im-
plies that there are five or six threads on
above the other, those of any shade or color
being brought to the surface when they art
required to form the pattern. Eastern car-
pets are made by knotting tufts of woollen
yarn on the warp threads. They are made in
Asia Minor, chiefly at Ushak near Smyrna, in
Persia, the finest being produced in Kurdistan,
and in Kashmir, the Punjab, and several other
parts of India.

OARPINOHO, the largest living rodent, the
capybara, a native of South America. Several
thousand skins are exported annually from
Buenos Aires.

CARRAGEEN, the Irish name for certain sea-
weeds, used for food, and now more particular-
ly in invalid cookery. The true carrageen,
or Irish moss, as it is commonly called, is of
the order Floridere. It is collected largely in
the west of Ireland and on the American coast.
The gelatine prepared from the seaweed is
used by manufacturers of paper, felt, straw
hats, &c. Ceylon moss, of similar properties,
is another seaweed, and several other species
from India and Australia enter into commerce.

MAEKETABLE COMMODITIES

155

OASBABA MARBLE, a white saccharoid lime-
stone of Jurassic age, especially valuable to
sculptors on account of its fine grain and uni-
form color. It is quarried at Carrara, thirty
miles from Leghorn.

CARRIAGE BODIES, In the White.

Ackland, D., Son, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Brooks Body & Gear Co., London, Ont.
Conboy Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Gray-Sons-Campbell, Wm., Ltd., The, Chat-
ham, Ont.

Guelph Carriage Top Co., Guelph, Ont.
Latta, D. G., Ltd., Edmonton, Alta.

CARRIAGE FARTS.

Ackland, D., & Son, Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Brooks Body & Gear Co., London, Ont.
Canada Wheel Works, Ltd., Merritton, Ont.
Conboy Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Finlay, J., & Sons Co., Norwood, Ont.
Guelph Carriage Top Co., Guelph, Ont.
Heard, John, & Co., Thomas, Ont.
McKillop, A., & Sons, Ltd., West Lome, Ont.
Victoria Wheel Works, Gait, Ont.
Windsor Turned Goods Co., Ltd., Windsor, Ont.

CARRIAGE TOP MATERIAL.
Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
CARRIAGE TOPS.

Auto Top & Body Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Auto Top & Supply Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Canadian Top Co., Ltd., Tilbury, Ont.
Conboy Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Guelph Carriage Top Co., Guelph, Ont.

CARRIAGES.

Barber Carriage Co., Ltd., Alton, Ont.

Barrie Carriage Co., Ltd., Barrie, Ont.

Baynes Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Hamilton, Ont

Bonhomme, Jos., Montreal, Que.

Brantford Carriage Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.

Brown, S., Toronto, Ont.

Campbell, John, & Sons, London, Ont.

Campbell, Geo., & Sons, Ltd., Sackville, N.B.

Canada Carriage Co., Brockville, Ont.

Carette, Thos. & Son, Ste. Marie, Que.

Clark, J. & Sons, Fredericton, N.B.

Collett's Carriage Works, Toronto, Ont.

Conboy Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.

Crow, T. A., Toronto, Ont.

Dominion Carriage Co., West Toronto, Ont.

Dougall, John F., Winnipeg, Man.

Dufour, Joseph, Ottawa, Ont.

Edgecombe. A. G., St. John, N.B.

Finnegan Carriage & Wagon Co., Ltd., Belle-
ville, Ont.

Granby Carriage Co., The, Granby, Que.

Graham, Cunningham and Naves, St. John,
N.B.

Gray-Sons-Campbell, The Wm., Ltd., Chatham,
Ont.

Greer, A. B., London, Ont.

Heney Carriage & Harness Co., Ltd., Montreal,
Que.

Latour & Frere, Lesage, Que.

Lawrie Wagon & Carriage Co., The, Winnipeg,
Man.

Ledoux Carriage Co., Ltd., The, Montreal, Que.

Lochrie, James, Toronto, Ont.

McKenzie Carriage Works, Brandon, Man.

McKie Buggy Co., Plattsville, Ont.

McLaughlin Carriage Co., Ltd., Oshawa, Ont.

Milner, Robert, Chatham, Ont.

Mitchell & Co., Ingersoll, Ont.

Moisan, Hubert, Quebec, Que.

Montreal Carriage Works, Montreal, Que.

Munro & Mclntosh Carriage, Co., Ltd., Alexan-
dria, Ont.

Nova Scotia Carriage & Motor Car Co., Ltd.,
Amherst, N.S.

O'Neill, J. N., Georgetown, Ont.

Ottawa Car Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.

Patterson, J. D. & Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Simpson, The I. Mfg. Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.

Sinclair, Dugald, Lindsay, Ont.

Thompson, W. J. & Sons, London, Ont.

Tudhope Carriage Co., Ltd., Orillia, Ont.
Union Carriage Co., Kentville, N.S.
Vancouver Carriage & Implement Co., Vancou-
ver, B.C.

Waller, T. C. & Sons, Tillsonburg, Ont.
Watson Carriage Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Whitaker, Wm., & Sans, Oakville, Ont.

CARRIAGES, Baby, Reed and Rattan.

Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Out.
Gendron Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Giddings, H. F., & Co., Granby, Que.
Smith, J. S., & Co., Windsor, N.S.

CARRIAGES, Baby, Wooden.

Canada Furniture Mfrs., Ltd., Woodstock, Out.
Gendron Mfg., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CARRIAGES AND GO-CARTS, Doll.
Gendron Mfg. Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

CARRIERS, Cash and Package.
Hamilton Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

CARRIERS, Hay, Feed and Grain and Litter.

Beath, W. D. & Son, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Beatty Bros., Ltd., Fergus, Ont.
Dillon, R., & Son, Oshawa, Ont.
Louden Machinery Co., Guelph, Ont
McFarlane, Neill Mfg. Co., Ltd., The, St. Mary**,
N.B.

CARRIERS, Merchandise.

Allith Mfg. Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Beath, W. D., & Son, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Richards Wilcox Canadian Co., Ltd., London,
Ont.

CA:

S, For Threshing- Machines.

Canadian Rumely Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont
CARRIERS, Timber.

Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., Ltd., St

Catharines, Ont.
Lachute Shuttle Co., Ltd., Lachute Mills, Que.

CARS, Dump.
Asbestos Foundry .Co., Inc., Thetford Mine*,

Que.

Bechtels, Ltd., Waterloo, Ont.
Canadian Car & Foundry Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que.

Crossen Car Co., Ltd.. Cobourg, Ont.
Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville, Ont
Mussen's, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Owen Sound Iron Works Co., Ltd., Owen Sound,

Ont.
Rathburn Co., The, Deseronto, Ont.

CARS, Electric (Street).

Canadian Car & Foundry Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Que.

Crossen Car Co., Ltd., Cobourg, Ont
Montreal Tramways Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Nova Scotia Car Works, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.
Ottawa Car Co., Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Preston Car & Coach Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont
Tillsonburg Car Co., Ltd., Tillsonburg, Out

CARS, Gas-Electric.

Canadian General Electric Co., Ltd., Toronto,

Ont.
Preston Car & Coach Co., Ltd., Preston, Ont

CARS, Hand, Railway.

Bessette, La Cie, J. & S., Ltd., Iberrille, Que.
Crossen Car Co., Ltd., Cobourg, Ont.

CARS, Lumber, Brick and Tile Drying.

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont
Sheldon's, Ltd., Gait, Ont

156

CANADIAN INDUSTRY, COMMERCE AND FINANCE

CABS, Mine.

Brown Machine Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
Calgary Iron Works. Ltd., The, Calgary, Alta.
Canadian Car & Foundry Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que.

Crossen Car Co., Ltd., Cobourg, Ont.
Cummings, J. W., & Son, Ltd., New Glasgow,

N. S

Hamilton, Wm., Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Ont.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Que.
Latta, D. G.. Ltd., Edmonton, Alta.
Manitoba Bridge & Iron Works, Ltd., Winnipeg,

Man.

Marsh & Henthorn, Ltd., Belleville, Ont.
Matheson, I., & Co., Ltd., New Glasgow, N.S.
McNeil, Wm. P., & Co., New Glasgow, N.S.
Rathbun Co., The, Deseronto, Ont.
Sudbury Construction & Machinery Co., Ltd.,

The, Sudbury, Ont.
Vancouver Engineering Works, Ltd., Vancouver,

B.C.

CABS, Railway, Prljrht and Faengrer,
and Wood.

Canadian Car & Foundry Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Que.

Crossen Car Co.. Ltd.. Cobourg, Ont.
Lake Superior Corporation, The, Sault Ste. Ma-

rie, Ont.

National Steel Car Co., Ltd., Hamilton. Ont.
Nova Scotia Car Works, Ltd.. Halifax, N.S.
Preston Car & Coach Co.. Ltd., Preston, Ont.
Rathbun Co., Ltd., The, Deseronto, Ont.

CABS, Railway, Motor.

Canadian Pneumatic Tool Co., Ltd., Montreal,

Que.
Russell Motor Car Co., Ltd., West Toronto, Ont.

CABS, Side; for Motorcycles.
Brantford Auto Cycles, Ltd., Brantford, Ont.
CABS, Tank, Oil and Liquid.

Crossen Car Co., Ltd., Cobourg, Ont.
Jenckes Machine Co., Ltd., Sherbrooke, Qua.
Toronto Iron Works Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

OABTHAMTN. (See Saf flower.)
CARTON-PIERRE. (See Papier-mache.)
CARTONS, Bottle, Corrugated.

Standard Paper Box Co., Ltd., The, Montreal,

Que.
Thompson & Norris Co. of Canada, Ltd., Nia-

gara Falls, Ont.

CABTOHS, Hgg.

Dominion Paper Box Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
CARTOJTS, Spice and Jelly Powder, etc.

Canada Carton Co., Ltd.. The, London, Ont.
Harris Lithographing Co., Toronto, Ont.
Standard Paper Box Co., Ltd., The, Mont-
real, Que.

CARTRIDGES.

Eley Bros., Ltd., North Transcona. Man.
Dominion Cartridge Co., Ltd., Montreal, Qu.
Dominion Explosives, Ltd., Ottawa, Ont.
Hingston-Smith Arms Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Remington Arms United Metallic Cartridge Co.,
Windsor, Ont.

CASTS, Dump.

Adama Wagon Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.
Bain Wagon Co., Ltd., Woodstock, Ont.
Collett's Carriage Works, Toronto, Ont.
Jennings, A., & Co., Montreal, Que.
Latour & Frere, Lesage. Que.
McKillop. A., & Sons, Ltd., West Lome, Ont.
Meaford Wheelbarrow Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.

Mussen's, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Ottawa Car Co., Ltd.. Ottawa, Ont.
Petrolia Wagon Co., Ltd., Petrolia, Ont.
Woodstock Wagon & Mfg. Co., Ltd.. Woodstock,
Ont.

CABTS, Hand.

Meaford Wheelbarrow Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.
CABTS, Bapid Delivery.

Barrie Carriage Co., Ltd., Barrie, Ont.
Freeman, The W. A., Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.

CABTS, Road and Speeding.
Simpson, The I., Mfg. Co., Ltd., Brantford, Ont.

OASOARA SAGRADA, the bark of a shrub of
the buckthorn family, which grows in North-
Western America, and yields a fluid extract
much used as a purgative.

CASCARILLA, an aromatic bark with tonic and
astringent properties. It is the bark of the
Croton eluteria, which grows in the Bahamas,
where it is known as sweet-wood and seaside
balsam.

CASE-HARDENING, a process by which the
surface of certain iron goods is converted into
steel.

CASED SKINS, whole skins of fur-bearing ani-
mal , not cut open at the belly.

CASES, Hgg.

Alberta Box Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.
Barchard & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Cushing Bros., Co., Ltd., Calgary, Alta.
Czerwinski Box Co., Ltd., The, Winnipeg, Man.
Esplin, G. & J., Montreal, Que.
Holmes & Arpin, Montreal, Que.

CASES, Jewellery.

Canada Jewellery Case Co., Ltd., The, Toronto,

Ont.

Coulter, The J., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Ellis, P. W., & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Hodgson. W. A., Montreal, Que.
Wade Mfg. Co., Dundas, Ont.

CASES, Leather, (Cutlery, Dressing-, Fancy, Shav-
ing, Toilet, Etc.)

Canada Jewellery Case Co., Ltd., The, Toronto,

Ont.

Coulter, The J., Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
Eveleigh, J., & Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que.
General Leather Goods, Ltd., Toronto, Ont
Kelly's, Ltd., Halifax, N.S.
Sale, Julian, Leather Goods Co., Ltd., Toronto,

Ont.

Standard Leather Goods, Ltd., Montreal, Que.
Winnett & Wellinger, Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

OASES, Packing, Corrngated Paper, Collap-
sible.

Adams Cellboard Co., The, Toronto, Ont.

Canada Paper Box Co., Ltd., Montreal, Qu.

Freed Paper Box Co., The, Montreal, Que.

Martin Corrugated Paper & Box Co., Ltd., Tor-
onto, Ont.

Standard Paper Box Co., Ltd., Montreal, Que,

Stronglite Box Co., Ltd., The, Ottawa, Ont.

Thompson & Norris Co. of Canada, Ltd., Nia-
gara Falls, Ont.

CASES, Sample, Leather and Fibre.

Collett-Sproule, Ltd., Toronto. Ont.
Commercial Trunk Co., Ltd., London, Ont.
Christie Trunk & Bag Co., Ltd., Amherst, N.S.
Fournier, J. E., Montreal, Que.
Hodgson, W. A., Montreal, Que.

MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

157

Lamontagne, Ltd., Montreal, Que.

Langmuir, The, M., Mfg. Co., of Toronto, Ltd.,

Toronto, Ont.

Stewart, T. A., Winnipeg, Man.
Taylor, G. R., & Co., Winnipeg, Man.

CASHEW NUTS, the fruits of Anacardium oeei-
dentale, which is cultivated in the West Indies,
South America, Africa, and the East Indies.
They contain an oil, which is used as a pro-
tection against ants and helps to make an in-
delible ink. Cashew gum exudes from the
stem of the tree. The wood is also useful.

CASHMERE. In Cashmere, shawls are manu-
factured of the fine silky underwool of the
Cashmere goat. The plain shawls are woven
in a rude loom, those with variegated patterns
are worked with wooden needles. Imitation
shawls are extensively manufactured in
France, some entirely of the Cashmere or Tibet
hair, and the material of fine wool called Cash-
mere is now manufactured in Europe.

CASI2TGS, Ho? and Sheep.

Freeman, The W. A. Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.
Harris, W., & Co., Toronto, Ont.
Ingersoll Packing Co., Ltd., The, Ingersoll, Ont.
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man.
Wild, Hugo Co., Montreal, Que.

CASSAVA, another name for manioc. The
starchy substance obtained from the tubers is
called Brazilian arrowroot. The inspissated
juice, called cassareep, is used in the manu-
facture of sauces.

CAS