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Vol.  VII. 


SEPTEMBER,   19O9 


No.  9 


cinci 


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7 


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An  ILLUSTRATED  MONTHLY  REVIEW  s, 

the  PROGRESS  AND  POSSIBILITIES  of  the 

DOMINION  OF  CANADA  and  of  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


Resources  Publishing  Co. 
MONTREAL,CANADA.     Limited 


TEN  CENTS  A  COPY 
ONE  DOLLAR  AYEAR 


Do  you  wish  to  own  a  farm  like  this? 


-       A  ^  •^ 


YF  there  are  171,000,000  acres 
•^  of  wheat-growing  lands  in 
Western  Canada,  (estimate  of 
Prof.  Saunders,  Dom.  Exp.  Farm) 
19  out  of  every  20  acres  of  which 
are  still  uncultivated  rirh,  fer- 
tile, wealth-producing  lands- 
why  not  have  a  share  ? 


OTHERS  HAVE  COME 
AND  ARE  DOING  WELL 

More  than  30,000  secured 
homesteads  last  year ;  212,- 
481  since  1900. 


An  unprecedented  rush ; 

In  15  days,  from  the  ist  to  i5th  of  September,  1908,  over  1,700,000  acres  of  land  were 
taken  by  homesteading,  pre-emption  or  purchase,  in  the  area  made  available  by  the 
new  Dominion  Lands  Act.  On  the  ist  of  September,  1908,  there  were,  according  to 
carefully  prepared  figures,  55,313,000  acres  of  available  land  within  that  area. 

One  man's  experience  ; 

"  Cowley,  Alberta,  August  23rd,  1908. — When  I  arrived  in  Canada  I  had  only  $150  in  cash,  a  waggon,  mower,  rake,  and 
a  plough  ;  my  wife  was  hardly  able  to  sit  up  and  now  she  is  fairly  stout.  My  property,  today,  is  worth  $24,000,  above 
indebtedness,  and  I  have  never  worked  as  hard  as  I  did  where  I  came  from  7  years  ago  last  March.  This  is  a  grand  far- 
ming country.  I  think  my  wheat  this  year  will  make  close  to  50  bushels  per  acre.  I  think  if  I  had  come  5  years  sooner 
I  would  have  been  worth  twice  the  money.  T  was  told  by  the  stock  men,  when  I  came  here,  that  this  country  was  so 
dry  a  man  would  starve  to  death  trying  to  farm,  but  I  have  been  here  7  years  and  am  not  as  hungry  as  when  I  came." 

It  is  not  claimed  that  every  settler  will  have  the  success  stated  in  the  above  letter,  but 
there  is,  however, 

An  unequalled  opportunity  for  every  man ; 

1.  A  FREE  FARM  OF  160  ACRES — with  the  privilege  in  some  districts  of  securing 

an  additional  160  acres,  by  pre-emption,  or  purchase. 

2.  A  CHANCE  TO  GET'IN  ON  THE  GROUND  FLOOR  and  grow  up  with  the  country. 

Learn  more  about  this ; 

By  writing  for  illustrated  pamphlets  to  : — 


W.  D.  SCOTT. 

Superintendent  of  Immigration, 
Ottawa,   Can. 


-  or  to  -  J.  OBED  SMITH, 

Assistant  Superintendent  of  Emigration, 
11-12  Charing  Cross, 

London,  S.  W.,  Eng. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


Canadian    Pacific    Railway    Co.  s 

"pMpprCCpC"  EMPRESS  OF  BRITAIN 


SAFETY 


SPEED 


SPLENDOR 


EMPRESS  OF  IRELAND 

HOLD  THE 

ATLANTIC    RECORDS 
Between  Canadian  Ports  and  Liverpool 


900  MILES  IN  SHELTERED 

WATERS,  AND  LESS  THAN 

FOUR  DAYS  AT  SEA 


TicKets  and  information  from  any  Railway  or  Steamship  Agent, 
or  W.  G.  ANNABLE,  General  Passenger  Agent, Montreal. 


The  Allan  Line 

Royal   Mail  Steamers 

Clipper  Sailing  Ships  1822  to  1854.     Mail  Service  Established  with  4  Steamers  sailing  Fortnightly  in  1854. 

19O9 


WeeKly  Service  Turbine  and 
Twin  Screw  Steamers. 

MONTREAL  to  LIVERPOOL 

VIRGINIAN....  Aug.  6  Sept.     3  Oct.     I 

TUNISIAN Aug.  13  Sept.   10  Oct.     8 

VICTORIAN Aug.  20  .Sept.   17  Oct.  15 

CORSICAN Aug.  27  Sept.  24  Oct.  ?2 

Saloon  $87.50  and  $77.50  upwards 

Second  Saloon  $47.60  and  $46  00 

Accommodation  and  Cuisine  ur  excelled 


THe  ALLAN  LINE. 
77  Yontf*  St.  Toronto. 


WeeKly  Service  Twin  Screw 

S  reamers 

10,000  tons 

MONTREAL  to  GLASGOW 

GRAMPIAN....  Aug.  7  Sept.     4  Oct.  2 

PRETORIAN...  Aug  14  Sept.   u  Oct.  9 

HESPERIAN   ..  Aug.  21  Sept.   18  Oct.  16 

IONIAN Aug.  28  Sept    25  Oct.  23 

Saloon  $67  60  ;  Second  Saloon  $46.00 

IONIAN  and  PRETORIAN  are  one  class 

Cabin  Steamers  (Called  Second)  $42.50  up. 

For  passage  apply  to  any  Agents  or 
H.  CD.  A.  ALLAN 
Montreal. 


Single  Screw  Steamers 


MONTREAL  to  HAVRE  and  LONDON 

SICILIAN July  31  Sept.  4 

CORINTHIAN Aug.  14  Sept.  25 

SARDINIAN AUK.  21  Oct.  2 

POMERANIAN    Aug.  28  Oct.  9 

Rates  of  Passage  One  Class  Cabin  'Second) 
$46.00  and  $60,00. 


W.  R.  ALLAN 

Winnipeg'. 


WHITE   STAR-DOMINION 


Laurentic 

Triple  Screw 


Royal   Mail    Steamships 


Megtmtic 

Twin  Screw 


Largest  and  most  modern  steamers  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
route.  Latest  production  of  the  ship-builders'  art ; 
passenger  elevator  serving  four  decks.  Every  detail 
of  comfort  and  luxury  of  present-day  travel  will  be 
fonnd  on  these  steamers. 

MONTREAL     QUEBEC     LIVERPOOL 


DOMINION Sept  4  Oct.        9      Nov.    20 

MEGANTIC "  ii  14        "        13 

OTTAWA "  18  23 

CANADA "  25  30 

LAURENTIC....  Oct.  2 


The  popular  steamer  "CANADA"  U  also  »gain 
scheduled  to  carry  thru-  clashes  of  passengers.  While 
the  fast  steamer  "OTTAWA"  and  the  comfortable 
steamer  "DOMINION,"  as  one-class  cabin  steamers 
(called  Second  Class),  are  very  attractive,  at  modera'e 
rates.  Third  Class  carried  on  all  steamers.  See  plans 
and  rates  at  local  agent*,  or  company's  offices, 

Montreal.  118  Notre  Dame  St.    'West:  Toronto,  41  King  St.  East  ;     Winnipeg.   2O5    McDermot    Ave. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


DEPARTMENT  OF  MINES— CANADA 

GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 

PUBLICATIONS — — = 

The  Geological  Survey  has  published  maps  and  reports  dealing  with  a  large 
part  of  Canada  and  with  many  local  areas  and  special  subjects. 

MARITIME  PROVINCES 

The  whole  of  Cape  Breton  and  a  large  portion  of  the  coal  and  gold  fields  of  Nova  Scotia  have  been  reported  upon  and  mapped 
on  a  scale  of  i  mile  to  i  inch.  The  remaining  portions  of  the  province,  together  with  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward 
Island,  have  been  reported  upon,  and,  in  the  case  of  the  two  latter  provinces,  mapped  on  a  scale  of  4  miles  to  i  inch. 

QUEBEC 

Quebec,  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  has  been  reported  upon  and  mapped  on  a  scale  of  4  miles  to  i  inch.  Many  reports  and 
maps  dealing  with  portions  of  the  province  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence  are  also  available. 

ONTARIO 

A  large  part  of  the  province  of  Ontario,  more  particularly  the  northern  and  western  portions,  has  been  reported  upon  and 
mapped. 

THE  PRAIRIE  PROVINCES 

Geological  maps  and  reports  have  been  issued  covering  the  greater  part  of  the  provinces  ofManitoba,  Saskatchewan  and 
Alberta. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

The  southern  portions  of  British  Columbia,  as  well  as  other  parts  of  the  province,  have  been  reported  upon  and  mapped. 

YUKON 
Many  of  the  important  areas  in  the  Yukon  have  been  reported  upon  and  mapped. 

THE  NORTH-WEST   TERRITORIES 

Many  reports  and  maps  dealing  with  the  outlying  territory  of  Canada  have  been  published. 


Single  copies  of  a  report  or  map  will  be  sent  to  Canadian  applicants  free  of  cost  and  to  others 
at  cost  of  publication. 

A  complete  list  of  publications  will  be  sent  free  to  any  applicant. 

Applications  should  be  addressed  to   THE  DIRECTOR,   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,   OTTAWA,   ONT. 


THE  FOLLOWING  GEOLOGICAL  MAPS  HAVE  RECENTLY  BEEN  ISSUED  : 

NOVA  SCOTIA. 

1019.     City  of  Halifax  Sheet. 
1025.     Waverley  Sheet. 

The  above  two  sheets  belong  to  the  regular  series  of  Nova  Scotia  map  sheets  on  a  scale  of  one  mile  to  one  inch.     The  first  includes  Halifax  City 
and  Harbor,  the  second  the  Waverley  Gold  District. 

ONTARIO 

1076.     Gowganda  Mining  Division. 

This  map  besides  representing  the  geology  of  the  Gowganda  area,  represents  the  geography  of  a  considerable  area  to  the  east  and  north. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

1002.     Geological  Sheet,  Special  Map  of  Rossland. 

This  map,  on  a  scale  of  400  feet  to  I  inch,  besides  accurately  indicating  the  topographical  and  cultural  features,  shows  the  geology  and  location 
of  veins. 

1074.  Sketch  Map  of  Sheep  Creek  Mining  Camp,  West  Kootenay,  B.C.,  scale  I  mile  to  I  inch,  by  W.  H   Boyd. 
NOTE. — Maps  recently  published  may  be  had  on  linen  cloth  for  use  in  the  field  at  the  price  of  loc.  per  copy. 

REPORTS 

1072.     Summary  Report  on  the  Operations  of  the  Geological  Survey  for  year  1908. 

1075.  Preliminary  Report  on  Gowganda  Mining  Division,  District  of  Nipissing,  Ontario 

The  Geological  Survey,  under  certain  limitations,  will  give  Information  and  advice  upon  subjects  relating  to  general  and  economic  geology 

Mineral  specimens,  when  accompanied  by  definite  statements  of  localities,  will  be  examined  and  their  nature  reported  upon 
Communications  should  be  addressed  to  THE  DIRECTOR,  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY,  OTTAWA,  CANADA. 

PRODUCTION 

The  mineral  production  of  Canada  for  the  year  1908  is  estimated  by  the  Mines  Branch  of  the  Department  of  Mines  to  have  had  a  value  of  487  ^23  840 
The  mineral  products  include  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  nickel,  cobalt,  zinc,  iron,  arsenic,  asbestos,  chromite,  coal,  calcium  carbide,  corundum 
feldspar,  graphite,  grindstones,  gypsum,  limestone,  magnesite,  mica,  mineral  pigments,  mineral  waters,  natural  gas,  petroleum'  phosphate' 
pyrites,  quartz,  salt,  talc,  tripolite,  structural  materials  and  clay  products. 


Our  Bureau  of 


Information 


THIS  department  of  the  paper 
was  started  in  11903  to  deal 
with  the  numerous  enquiries  re- 
ceived at  the  office  as  soon  as  the 
first  issue  of  the  paper  was  pub- 
lished. For  a  small  sum,  to  cover 
outlay,  we  send  to  any  enquirer 
the  following : 

1 i )  Official  reports  of  the  Fed- 
eral or   Provincial  Governments, 
including  maps  and  reports  of  the 
Geological  Survey  ; 

(2)  Information  about  the  min- 
eral, agricultural,  timber,  fishing, 
water-power  and  other  resources 
of  the  country  ; 

(3)  Information   upon  the  best 
districts  for  settlement  and  home- 
steading  in  Western  Canada,  Que- 
bec and  Ontario ; 

(4)  Desirable  locations  andsites 
for    manufactories   and    business 
enterprises  in  Eastern  and  West- 
ern Canada. 

Enquiries  for  information  upon 
any  of  the  above  subjects  should 
be  accompanied  by  the  nominal 
fee  of  twenty-five  cents  to  cover 
postage,  etc. ;  the  Government  re- 
ports will  be  supplied  free  or  at 
actual  cost. 

Personal  enquirers  can  often  be 
given  more  explicit  information, 
as  they  can  state  their  require- 
ments more  clearly  in  an  inter- 
yiew  than  by  letter.  In  either 
case  CANADIAN  LIFE  AND  RE- 
SOURCES can  usually  give,  at  all 
events,  the  preliminary  facts  re- 
quired. 

Resources  Publishing  Co.,  Ltd. 

Beaver  Hall  Hill 
MONTREAL,  CANADA 


Canadian    Life 

and 

Resources 

PUBLISHED  MONTHLY 


•  DESCRIPTION 

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Canadian  Life  and  Resources 
00  


— Contents= 


SEPTEMBER,    1909 
THE  STORY  OF  THE  MONTH  PAGB 

A  summary  of  Canadian  affairs  at  home  and  abroad  7 

OUR  POINT  OF  VIEW 

Canada's    Naval    Defence    and    the    late    Imperial 


Conference   . 


A.  H.  CI.APP, 


Business  Manager 


THE  EASTERN  SLOPE  OF  THE  ROCKY 
MOUNTAINS 

The  Development  of  a  vast  area  as  a  national  forest 


10 


SOME  MONTREAL  LANDMARKS 

Places  and  buildings  in  the  Commercial  Metropolis 
associated  with  our  history    12 

THE  MONTAGNAIS   INDIANS 

The  dwellers  along  the  north  shore  of  the  Lower  St. 
Lawrence 14 

IN  BELLA  COOLA 

Life  in  one  of  the  northern  valleys  of  BritishColumbia         16 

HIGH  ART  IN  CANADIAN   HOMES 

The   fiist    Chief  Justice   of  Lower  Canada  and    his 
famous  painting 18 

NOTES  OF  THE  EMPIRE 

The    South     African     Union     bill    in     the     British 
Parliament 19 

NOTES  OF  THE  WEST 

The  progress  of  development   very   marked   in   the 
Prairie    Provinces 20 

THE  TREND  OF  THE  MARKETS 

A  daily  record  of  the  fluctuations  of  stocks  during 


the  month . 


MISCELLANEOUS  ARTICLES 

and  advertisements . . 


26 


Buy  Cobalts  Now ! 

Excellent 
Opportunities 

We  have  made  money  for  others.  We  can 
make  money  for  YOU.  Some  excellent  low 
capitalized  stocks  on  the  list.  Buy  now. 

WRITE,  WIRE  OR  PHONE  US. 
All  correspondence  carefully  attended  to 

W.  W.  MacCUAIG 


118  St.  James  Street 


MONTREAL 


WELLINGTON* 

PHOTO  SPECIALTIES 


PLATES    PAPERS 
FILMS 

Known  the  world  over 
for    quality. 

Aik  your  dealer.  Booklets  on  application. 

WARD  &  CO.,  Import  Agents 

13  ST.  JOHN  STREKT 

MONTREAL 


Phone  Main  5178 


Lamarque 
&  Clayton 

Bankers  and  Brokers 

3  St.  Sacrament  Street, 
MONTREAL. 

Direct  Wire  to  Consolidated 
Stock  Exchange,   New  York 

New   York   Stocks  and 

Bonds  Bought  and 

Sold  for  Cash  or 

on  Margin 


Cobalt  and  un- 
listed securities 
A  Specialty 


•        W        .        •  £.„:* 


A  view  of  a  developed  and  bearing  orchard  near  Agassiz,  British  Columbia 


Looking  up  the  track  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  in  Roger's  Pass,  through  the  Selkirk  Mountains,  British  Columbia. 


Vol.  VII.  S»  No.    9         Montreal,    September,    1909 


PRICE,  TUN  CENTS 
ONK  DOLLAR   A   YBAX 


THE  STORY  OF  THE   MONTH 

A  SUMMARY  OF  CANADIAN  AFFAIRS 


AT  HOME. 

IN  Government  circles  August  was  largely  a 
month  of  travel  and  holiday-making.  In  many 
instances  business  was  combined  with  pleasure, 
part  of  the  business  being  the  obtaining  at  first 
hand  of  information  respecting  the  resources  and 
development  of  the  newer  parts  of  the  country.  A 
Cabinet  Minister  can  never  be  too  well  informed 
respecting  the  country  whose  affairs  he  assists  in 
administering.  After  a  busy  and  very  arduous 
year,  in  which  there  were  a  general  election  and  a 
strenuous  session  of  Parliament,  the  Prime  Minis- 
ter went  down  to  his  old  home  at  Arthabaskaville, 
Que.,  for  a  few  weeks  amid  the  scenes  of  early  life 
and  then  he  spent  a  couple  of  weeks  up  the  St. 
Maurice  River.  Three  of  his  colleagues,  Mr. 
Murphy,  Mr.  Pugsley  and  Mr.  Fisher,  toured  the 
West  seeing  for  themselves  how  rapidly  the  new 
Canada  is  coming  on  and  inspecting  the  various 
public  works  being  constructed  there  and  coming 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  their  respective  depart- 
ments. Mr.  Fisher  addressed  a  number  of  gather- 
ings. Speaking  at  Moose  Jaw,  Sask. ,  he  reminded 
his  hearers  that  where  the  platform  stood  from 
which  he  was  speaking  was,  at  his  former  visit 
fifteen  years  before,  an  open  prairie.  Now  it  was 
the  centre  of  a  bustling  city.  In  speaking  of  Im- 
perial affairs  he  said  that  Canada  could  most  effec- 
tually help  the  Empire  by  making  herself  strong 
and  rich.  This  could  be  best  done  by  filling  up 
the  vacant  land,  which  was  fast  being  accomplish- 
ed. "  I  venture  this  assertion,"  said  Mr.  Fisher, 
"  that  at  the  next  census,  1911,  Canada's  popula- 
tion will  be  eight  millions."  Sir  Frederick  Borden 
and  Mr.  Brodeur  were  engaged  in  London  with 
the  Imperial  Defence  Conference,  the  results  of 
whose  deliberations  are  only  now  being  in  part 
made  public. 

All  the  members  of  the  Government  will  shortly 
be  in  Ottawa  again  disposing  of  accumulated  busi- 
ness and  preparing  for  the  approaching  session  of 
Parliament  which.it  is  expected,  will  open  early  in 
November. 

THE  Government  of  the  Province  of  Ontario 
has  taken  the  momentous  decision  to  sell  the 
Gillies  Mine  limits.  This  is  the  mine  which  the 
Premier  announced  was  to  be  operated  by  the  Gov- 
ernment for  the  benefit  of  the  Province.  It  is  now 
officially  announced  that  the  mine  is  to  be  sold  and 
that  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Gibson,  Deputy  Minister  of 
Mines,  after  a  conference  with  the  Hon.  Frank 
Cochrane,  is  preparing  an  official  prospectus  of  the 
exact  condition  of  the  mine,  its  operations  and  the 
results  attained,  which  will  be  placed  at  the  dispo- 
sal of  prospective  purchasers. 

THE  revenue  of  the  Dominion  for  the   first  four 
months  of  the  fiscal  year  exceeded   the  reve- 
nue of  the  corresponding  period  in  1908   by   about 
four  and  a  half  millions.     Up  to  July  3ist  the   re- 
venue was  $30,030,311,  while  last  year  it  was  $25,- 


502,299.  For  the  month  of  July  the  revenue  re- 
ceipts were  $8, 437, 438  as  against $6,663,460  in  July, 
1908,  an  increase  of  $1,774,078.  The  expenditure 
on  consolidated  account  for  the  four  months  has 
been  $20,785,426,  while  the  expenditure  on  capital 


James  Cosgrave,  champion   amateur  sculler 
of  Canada. 

account  to  July  3ist  was  $6,427,221.  Thepublic  debt 
was  increased  by  five  and  a  half  millions  during 
the  month,  which  was  a  million  dollars  less  than 
for  the  corresponding  period  last  year,  if  the  re- 
venue continues  to  increase  at  the  present  rate 
there  should  be  by  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  a  bet- 
terment of  from  fourteen  to  fifteen  millions  over 
that  of  1908. 

AMONG  the  athletes  August  was  a  busy  month 
both  on  land  and  water.     One  of  the  most 


interesting  events  was  the  annual  regatta  of  the 
Amateur  Oarsmen's  Association,  which  has  been 
given  the  name  of  the  "  Canadian  Henley,"  held 
at  St.  Catharines,  Ont.  All  of  the  leading  aquatic 
organizations  of  the  Dominion  were  represented 
and  also  several  in  the  United  States.  The  regatta 
was  a  marked  success.  One  of  the  most  exciting 
events  was  the  senior  single  sculling  race  for  the 
amateur  championship  of  Canada,  won  bv  James 
Cosgrave  of  the  Argonaut  Rowing  Club  of  Toronto, 
who  by  five  lengths  defeated  one  Canadian  and  two 
American  competitors.  The  Ottawa  Rowing  Club 
won  a  number  of  prizes,  one  being  that  for  the 
senior  fours.  A  few  days  later  Cosgrave  competed 
at  the  American  regatta  held  at  Detroit,  but  suffer- 
ed defeat  at  the  hands  of  a  fellow-Canadian,  John 
\V.  O'Neill  of  Halifax,  who  also  defeated  the  best 
American  scullers  and  won  the  amateur  single- 
sculling  championship.  Many  other  prizes  at  the 
American  regatta  were  also  won  by  Canadian  oars- 
men. 

THE  lawn  tennis  honors  of  Canada  were  easily 
gathered  by  Mrs.  J.  F.  Hannam,  lately  of 
England  but  now  of  Toronto.  She  now  holds  the 
Canadian  championship  for  lady  tennis  players. 
Mrs.  Hannam's  strongest  play  is  her  forearm 
drive  ;  she  hits  with  great  severity  to  the  baseline, 
corners  and  sidelines,  and  her  accuracy  and  con- 
trol of  the  ball  are  remarkable.  She  is  equally 
good  with  her  backhand  cross  court  hits  which 
win  her  many  points. 

IN  speaking  before  the  Canadian  Club  of  St. 
John,  N.  B.,  on  August  i8th,  the  Hon.  James 
Bryce,  British  Ambassador  to  the  United  States, 
said  :  "I  want  to  state  emphatically  that  the  full 
self-government  which  the  great  dominions  enjoy 
is  recognized  by  Great  Britain  as  much  as  by 
you  to  be  one  of  the  most  effective  methods  for 
securing  both  your  own  wellfare  and  the  sense  of 
imperial  unity  which  binds  together  you  and  us. 


The  Canadian  Henley    The  finish  of  the  Junior  Bight  race,  won  by  the  Argonauts  of  Toronto, 

Detroit  second. 


8 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


The  other  is  that  any  and  every  effort  which 
you  and  the  other  great  dominions  may  feel  dispo- 
sed to  make  towards  the  common  defence  of  the 
Empire  would  be  welcomed  by  us,  not  only  as  a 
help  towards  securing  the  safety  of  each  territory, 
and  in  these  efforts  there  is  no  set  kind  of  aggres- 
sion, for  our  relations  with  all  the  great  nations 
are  friendly,  but  also  as  an  evidence  of  that  feeling 
of  common  patriotism  and  devotion  for  a  high 
purpose  which  animates  us  all." 

THE  farmer  holds  the  key  of  the  wheat  situa- 
tion, said  Mr.  Robert  Meighen  of  Montreal. 
He  is  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  largest  flour  milling 
companies  in  Canada  and,  therefore,  studies  the 
wheat  market  very  closely.  Mr.  Meighen  said  : 
"If  our  company  purchases  cheap  wheat,  our  com- 
petitive millers  will  do  the  same  and  put  their 
flour  on  the  market  at  an  equally  low  price.  If  a 
high  price  is  ruling  fcr  wheat  they  expect  to  get 
a  corresponding  price  for  their  flour.  Regarding 
the  market  value  of  wheat  at  the  present  time,  that 
depends  entirely  on  the  action  of  the  farnur  at 
the  end  of  his  harvest.  If  the  farmers  in  the 
United  States  and  the  Canadian  West  rush  thtir 
wheat  to  the  market  as  soon  as  threshed  wheat 
prices  may  recede  for  the  time  being,  yet  I  am  of 
the  opinion  that  if  they  are  moderate  in  their  deli- 
veries they  will  very  likely  receive  a  higher  price 
later  on." 

JOSEPH  FREDERICK  WHITEAVES,  palaeon- 
tologist and  assistant-dirt ctorof  the  Geological 
Survey,  and  one  of  the  foremost  authorities  in 
the  world  in  his  own  line  of  science,  died  in  Ottawa 
on  August  gth,  aged  74  jears.  He  was  born  in 
Oxford,  England,  and  was  educated  in  London, 
devoting  himself  specially  to  science.  He  came 
to  Canada  in  1861.  Five  deep-sea  dredging  expe- 
ditions to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  were  prosecuted 
under  his  charge,  the  last  three  in  1861,  1872  and 
1873,  being  under  the  auspices  of  the  Department 
of  Marice  and  Fisheries.  The  results  of  his  inves- 
tigations were  published  in  the  Canadian  Natura- 
list, and  the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts. 
In  1875  the  late  Mr.  Whiteaves  joined  the  Geo- 
logical Survey. 

THE  contract  for  the  construction  cf  the  second 
section  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway 
east  of  Prince  Rupert,  and  extending  from  Copper 
River  to  Aldermere,  a  distance  of  140  miles,  was 
let.  This  leaves  a  gap  of  less  than  500  miles,  and 
contracts  for  this  may  be  let  before  the  end  of  the 
year.  The  new  contract  is  for  approximately  J>io,- 
ooo.coo.  There  are  several  long  tunnel.",  one  a 
half-mile  in  length.  The  line  will  cross  the 
Skeena  River  by  a  cantilever  bridge  sixteen  miles 
below  Hazeltown,  B.C. 

F'TER  an  absence  of  two  months,  spent  in 
Great  Britain  and  in  Continental  Europe, 
the  Hon.  Frank  Oliver,  Minister  of  the  Interior, 
returned  to  Ottawa  on  August  igth.  His  visit  to 
the  O!d  Country  was  for  the  purpcse  of  studying 
emigration  questions  and  personally  inspecting  the 
work  of  the  agents  of  his  department.  He  states 
that  interest  in  Canada  is  steadily  developing  and 
becoming  of  a  more  intelligent  character.  Not  so 
many  emigrants  are  leaving  as  was  the  case  a  few 
years  ago,  but  what  is  lost  in  quantity  is  made  up 
in  quality.  "  I  came  over  with  four  hundred  of 
them,"  he  remarked,  "  and  there  was  very  little  to 
distinguish  the  third  from  the  first  class."  Eng- 
lishmen coming  to  Canada  now,  the  Minister  states, 
are  principally  from  the  country  and  provincial 
towns.  The  Scotch  are  sending  out  a  good  class. 
From  Ireland  the  outlook  is  not  so  favorable.  The 
people  in  the  South  particularly  are  inclined  to  go 
to  the  United  States.  There  is  a  fairly  good  pros- 
pect for  Belgian  immigration,  but  the  Frenchman 
is  disposed  to  stay  at  home.  Restrictions  by  Ger- 
many are  keeping  its  people  from  leaving.  Really 
the  best  outlook  is  now  afforded  by  Belgium,  Hol- 
land and  Scandinavia  in  addition  to  the  British 
Isles.  The  best  help  to  the  country  is  the  satisfied 
settler  writing  home.  Mr.  Oliver  says  Canada  now 
has  to  compete  with  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
which  have  a  definite  policy  of  assisted  immigra- 
tion. The  restrictions  adopted  by  Canada  are  none 


too  popular,  but  the   protests   are    gradually  -sub- 
siding. 

THE  harvest  now  being  gathered  from  the  grain 
fields   of   Western   Canada   promises   to  be 
abundant  and  of  excellent  quality.     The  cutting 
of  the  wheat  commenced  early,   the   weather   was 


A1 


John  W.  O'Neill  of  Halifax,  N.S.,  who  won  the 
American  amateur  sculling  championship  at 
Detroit. 

favorable,  but  in  some  districts  there  was  ascarcity 
of  harvest  hands,  although  a  large  number  of  men 
went  from  the  Fast  to  work  in  the  prairie  grain 
fields.  The  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce  secured 
crop  reports  from  390  districts  throughout  the  three 
Western  Provinces  and  from  these  reports  a  con- 
servative estimate  of  the  crop  has  been  made.  The 
report  says  :  "Allowing  reasonable  percentages  for 
further  depreciation  and  damage  to  the  crop  from 
various  causes,  such  as  rain,  heat,  hail,  etc  ,  we 
estimate  the  total  yield  for  the  three  Western  Pro- 
vinces in  wheat,  oats  and  barley  as  follows:Wheat, 
1 '3,979. 336  bushels  ;  oats,  157,537, 75°  ;  barley,  24,- 
324,648."  According  to  prevailing  prices  it  is  esti- 
mated that  this  grain  crop  will  have  a  value  of 
almost  on?  hundred  and  fifty-eight  million  dollars. 
The  Hon.  Sidney  A  Fisher,  Federal  Minister  of 
Agriculture,  who  has  been  making  a  tour  of  the 


Mrs.  J.  P-  Hannam,  the  champion  lady  tennis 
player  of  Canada. 

We<-t,  in  speaking  at  Calgary  on  August  aoth  of 
what  he  had  seen  on  his  tour,  said  :  "  I  have  seen 
almost  impossible  crops  throughout  the  West  this 


year.  Great  stands  of  grain  are  seen  everywhere 
and  in  a  few  weeks  all  will  be  safely  harvested." 
The  first  porton  of  the  wheat  crop  to  go  to  market 
was  that  sold  at  Elgin,  Man.,  on  August  2oth.  It 
graded  No.  I  Northern. 

ABROAD 

TAMES  Shaw  Maxwell,  senior  magistrate  of  Glas- 
•»  gow,  Scotland,  who  is  making  an  extensive 
tour  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  arrived  in 
New  York  recently  after  visiting  several  Canadian 
and  United  States  cities.  Coming  as  he  does  from 
the  birthplace  of  municipal  ownership,  Baillie 
Maxwell  professes  surprise  that  the  citizens  of 
large  municipalities  are  not  more  interested  in  that 
problem.  "  From  what  I  have  already  observed," 
he  said,  "  Canadian  cities  are  far  ahead  of  those  in 
the  United  States  in  many  respects.  They  appear 
to  be  better  regulated  and  are  kept  cleaner." 
TJ  ESPECTING  the  Canadian  bounty  on  steel, 
**•  the  Glasgow  Herald  has  asked  the  grave 
question,  "  Is  it  right  from  an  Imperial  view-point 
that  Canada  should  grant  bounties  on  the  produc- 
tion of  material  exported  in  competition  with  the 
Mother  Country  ?  Is  it  right  that  bountied  Cana- 
dian iron  should  be  shipped  even  to  the  Mother 
Country  if  it  is  to  be  there  sold  against  British 
iron  ?  This  question  of  bounties  on  macnfacturt-rs 
within  the  Empire  will  have  to  be  f.n-ght  out.  It 
should  be  one  of  the  subjects  taken  up  with  earn- 
estness at  the  next  Imperial  conference  " 

R.  John  Pike,  who  has  a  small  holding  at 
East  Lfxham,  England,  has  been  conduct- 
ing interesting  experiments  with  cereals.  A  friend 
in  Canada  sent  him  a  few  ears  of  corn,  from  which 
in  1907  he  planted.  He  a'so  sowed  78  selected 
grains  of  barley,  and  from  the  resulting  crop  he 
has  now  half  an  acre  of  some  of  the  finest  barley 
ever  seen  in  the  district  and  some  of  the  largest 
ears  of  corn.  Some  single  grains  he  planted  are 
this  year  each  yielding  over  twelve  ears  of  fine 
corn.  He  also  experimented  with  Canadian  wheat 
and  oats. 
'T-'HE  new  United  States  Customs  tariff,  which 

A  was  adopted  by  Congress  early  in  August, 
will  have  little  immediate  effect  on  Canadian  trade. 
Agricultural  products  carry  generally  the  same 
duties  as  were  imposed  by  the  Dingley  Bill,  and  it 
was  effective  in  reducing  imports  from  Canada. 
There  have  been  some  reductions  in  the  duties  on 
meats,  but  they  have  been  left  so  high  that  the 
change  will  make  no  appreciable  difference.  Hides 
have  been  made  free,  which  will  be  of  some  local 
advantage.  The  rates  on  rough  lumber  have  been 
cut  from  $2  to  f  i  25  per  thousand  feet  with  propor- 
tionate reductions  in  the  case  of  the  more  or  less 
finished  article.  This  will  be  an  advantage  to  the 
U.  S.  buyer  probal  ly  as  much  as  to  the  Canadian 
seller,  as  for  the  class  of  lumber  generally  in  use 
in  the  Northern  States  Canada  is  the  one  outside 
market  they  have  always  relied  on,  and  it  isdoubt- 
ful  if  the  change  will  at  all  effect  the  quantity  of 
the  exports.  Mechanically  ground  wood  pulp  is 
made  free,  under  certain  conditions. 
'T'HE  Imperifcl  Defence  Conference,  sitting  in 

•*•  London  behind  closed  doors  and  at  which 
Canada  was  represented  by  Sir  Frederick  Borden 
and  the  Hon.  L  P.  Brodeur,  concluded  its  labors 
during  the  third  week  of  August.  A  full  report  of 
the  conclusions  at  which  the  conference  arrived 
had  not  been  published  at  the  time  of  writing  but 
a  stabment  had  been  given  out  indicating  the  ken- 
erf  1  lines  rf  the  scheme  adopted.  In  accordance 
with  this  scheme  Canada  will  at  once  begin  the  for- 
mation of  a  nucleus  of  a  navy  on  the  lines  sugges- 
ted two  years  ago  by  Sir  John  Fisher.  The  scheme 
as  adopted  is  described  as  highly  satisfactory  to 
both  parties.  It  is  stated  that  Canada  will  imme- 
diately commence  to  build  a  new  navy.  It  was 
also  announced  that  the  British  Admiralty  has  lent 
to  Canada  a  number  of  naval  officers  whoshtrtly 
will  proceed  to  the  Dominion  and  advise  on  the 
work  cf  organizing  the  new  Canadian  n  ivy  in  ac- 
cordance with  ihe  plan  agreed  upon  wiih  the  Cana- 
dian delegates.  The  Briti-h  Government  is  await- 
ing ratification  by  the  Canadian  Parliament  of  the 
decisions  reached,  and  it  is  understood  that  the 
work  will  begin  as  soon  as  this  is  given. 


OUR   POINT   OF  VIEW 


CANADA  at  last  is  to  provide  for  her  own  naval  defence 
and  by  so  doing  to  relieve  Great  Britain  of  a  portion  of 
the  burden  she  has  long  carried  in  protecting  the  shores 
and  harbors  of  the  distant  portions  of  the  Empire,  By  having 
ships  of  war  of  her  own,  probably  at  first  purchased  in  Great 
Brita'u,  but  subsequently  built  in  Canadian  dockyards,  and 
manned  by  Canadians,  Canada  will  be  doing  more  than  lighten- 
ing the  load  of  the  British  Admiralty.  She  will  be  exhibiting  a 
spirit  worthy  of  a  young  and  prosperous  nation,  a  spirit  that  will 
tend  to  increase  respect  at  home  and  abroad,  that  will  emphasize 
in  the  strongest  manner  possible  her  faith  in  the  future  of  larger 
things  that  lies  before  her,  and  that  should  at  the  same  time  have 
a  steadying  effect  upon  the  public  mind,  reminding  our  people 
that  privileges  entail  responsibilities  and  that  one  of  the  essen- 
tials of  sturdiness  of  character  is  self-reliance.  The  conclusions 
reached  by  the  Imperial  Defence  Conference  have  not,  at  the 
time  of  writing,  been  made  public  in  all  their  detail;  but  the 
general  purport  of  these  conclusions  has  been  announced,  and 
it  shows  that  the  policy  agreed  upon  is  practically  the  policy  ad- 
vocated in  these  pages  during  the  past  three  or  four  years.  "To 
be  wisi  after  the  facts"  is  not  difficult,  but  with  respect  to  this 
most  important  matter  we  have  the  satisfaction  of  feeling  that 
we  were  ia  advance,  and  that  the  course  decided  upon  was  the 
one  we  pointed  out  long  ago  and  which  we  have  persistently 
kept  before  the  people. 


THE  agreement  entered  into  in  London,  or,  at  least,  the 
understanding  reached,  may  be  assumed  to  have  the 
approval  of  the  Federal  Cabinet,  for  the  Canadian  dele- 
gates no  doubt  kept  within  the  lines  laid  down  for  their  guidance 
before  setting  out  on  their  important  mission.  But  that  agree- 
ment must  next  be  ratified  by  Parliament,  which  will  not  meet 
until  November.  That  such  ratification  will  be  obtaiaed  is  prac- 
tically certain.  The  resolution  respecting  naval  defence,  intro- 
duced last  session,  was  carried  by  a  unanimous  vote,  and  possibly 
the  ratification  o{.  the  agreement  entered  into  at  the  Conference 
will  receive  equally  hearty  and  undivided  support,  for  the  agree- 
ment is  only  the  giving  of  effect  to  a  policy  of  which  the  resolu- 
tion was  the  declaration.  But  these  matters,  necessary  as  they 
are,  are  only  preliminaries  ;  and  once  they  have  been  disposed 
of  the  lime  for  deliberation  will  have  passed  and  the  time  for 
action  will  be  at  hand.  Here  is  where  diligence  and  energy  must 
be  shown,  for  it  is  a  matter  in  which  time  is  an  essential.  It  has 
been  pointed  out  many  times  in  these  columns,  as  it  has  been 
pointed  out  in  most  of  the  leading  newspipe-s of  the  Old  Country 
and  in  many  of  this  country  too,  that  there  is  a  pos>ibility  of 
Great  Britain's  naval  supremacy  being  put  to  the  test  in  the  very 
near  future — not  necessarily  by  war  but  by  the  growth  of  other 
nival  powers  to  such  a  point  that  not  only  the  shores  of  the 
British  Isles  but  also  the  shores  of  every  British  possession  on 
the  globe  might  be  vulnerable  and  that  British  commerce  the 
world  over,  whether  Canadian  or  Australian  or  South  African, 
would  then  sail  the  high  seas  with  a  sense  of  less  security  than 
has  been  experienced  during  a  hundred  years  or  more.  If,  there- 
fore, the  policy  Canada  has  adopted  with  the  approval  of  the 
home  authorities  is  to  accomplish  its  purpose,  if  this  Dominion 
is  to  better  prepare  itself  to  hold  what  it  has  and  by  so  doing  not 
only  protect  itself  but  also  assist  Great  Britain  in  maintaining 
the  integrity  of  the  Ktnpire,  that  policy  must  be  prosecuted  with 
energy,  with  all  possible  speed  and  all  possible  wisdom.  In  the 
construction  of  great  works  for  the  developing  of  the  country, 
especially  in  the  building  of  transcontinental  railways,  the  Cana- 
dian people  pride  themselves  on  the  enterprise  they  have  shown 
in  launching  such  gigantic  undertakings  and  on  the  speed  with 
which  these  have  been  carried  to  completion.  In  the  matter  of 
providing  home  defence  let  them  now  exhibit  equal  zeal  and 
energy. 


AS  the  farmers  of  the  Canadian  West  read  the  newspapers 
published  during  July  and  August,  and  especially  those 
published  in  Eastern  Caaada  in  which  lengthy  crop  esti- 
mates, based  on  data  collected  at  great  expense  and  trouble,  are 
given  prominent  positions  on  the  front  pages,  they  can  readily 
be  pardoned  if  pride  swells  their  hearts  ;  and  they  should  arrive 
at  something  like  an  adequate  understanding  of  their  importance 
in  the  national  life  of  the  Dominion.  They  cannot  fail  to  see 
that  they  enjoy  the  most  sincere  good  wishes  of  their  fellow 
Canadians,  for  during  the  past  ten  years  it  has  come  to  this — 
that  in  their  hands  has  been  placed  the  key  of  Canadian  pros- 
perity. If  their  grain  fields  should  not  yield  abundantly  every 
interest  in  the  country  would  suffer  severely,  in  fact  so  severely 
that  abundance  in  other  quarters  could  not  wholly  mend  matters. 
On  the  other  hand  if  early  autumn  fills  their  granaries  to  over- 
flowing the  foundation  of  another  prosperous  year  has  been  laid 
and  good  times  reign  throughout  the  laud.  During  the  past 
three  weeks  the  prairies  have  been  shorn  of  their  wheat  and  the 
other  coarser  grains  are  fast  being  harvested.  The  yield  is  fairly 
well  up  to  expectations  and  of  wheat  alone  it  will  amount  to 
considerably  more  than  one  hundred  million  bushels.  Expressed 
in  money  the  total  grain  crop  of  the  West  will,  at  prevailing 
market  rates,  have  a  value  of  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  million 
dollars.  Judging  from  the  thrift  and  prudence  displayed  in  the 
past  by  the  western  farmers  it  is  certain  that  they  will  make  wise 
use  of  such  portion  of  this  huge  sum  as  will  come  to  them  in 
the  form  of  ready  cash.  They  will  use  it  to  consolidate  their 
position,  to  wipe  out  liabilities,  to  improve  their  farms,  increase 
their  home  comforts  and  put  something  aside  for  the  proverbial 
rainy  day.  This  abundance  in  the  West  should  beneficially 
affect  almost  every  line  of  trade  and  ir.dustry  throughout  the 
country  for  big  crops  mean  more  woik,  more  money  and 
better  times.  But  this  country  is  not  the  only  one  favored  with 
bountiful  harvests  for  this  seems  to  be  a  year  of  plenty  in  most 
of  the  food-producing  quarters  of  the  globe.  The  crop  analysis 
of  the  United  States  shows  that  more  grain  than  ever  before 
grown  to  maturity  in  a  single  year  has  been  harvested  there  this 
season,  and  according  to  the  estimate  of  the  London  Jtconomist 
the  world's  wheat  supply  will  be  about  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
five  million  bushels  greater  this  year  than  it  was  in  the  year 
1908.  Of  all  this  world  wide  prosperity  Canada  is  going  to  have 
her  share. 


WHATEVER  makes  for  better  conditions  in  municipal 
government,  for  honesty  and  efficiency,  for  a  fuller 
recognition  of  the  principles  that  tend  to  good  citizen- 
ship and  for  a  wise  and  persistent  application  of  the  same,  is  de- 
serving of  serious  consideration.  The  bringing  about  of  such 
conditions  is  the  primary  purpose  of  the  League  of  American 
Municipalities  whose  annual  convention  was  held  in  Montreal 
last  week,  and  whose  work  is,  therefore,  so  deserving  of  support. 
Of  the  three  governments  under  which  practically  all  the  people 
of  this  continent  live — the  federal,  the  provincial  or  state  and 
the  municipal — it  is  the  latter  with  which  they  come  most 
directly  and  continuously  in  contact,  which  has  most  to  do  with 
the  comforts  and  conveniences  of  life,  and  for  whose  mainten- 
ance they  have  to  make  the  largest  contributions,  and  yet  as  a 
rule  it  is  the  one  with  respect  to  which  they  show  the  most  in- 
difference. Such  gatherings  as  the  recent  convention  tend  to 
rouse  the  electorate  from  that  indifference  so  fatal  to  good  gov- 
ernment. Eternal  vigilance,  It  Is  said,  is  the  price  of  liberty. 
It  is  also  the  price  of  efficiency  and  in  public]  affairs  of  honesty 
too.  What  is  everybody's  business  works  out  to  be  nobody's, 
and  when  a  large  body  of  the  citizens  are  indifferent  to  the  work- 
ings of  their  municipal  government  a  class  of  men  comes 
forward  that  easily  obtains  control  and  uses  power  for  personal 
gain. 


[9] 


DEVELOPMENT  ON   THE    EASTERN    SLOPE 
OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS 


(Written  for  CANADIAN  !<IFE  AND  RESOURCE*  by  H.  R.  MACMIHAN,  Assistant  Inspector  of  Forest  Reserves.) 


ARTICLES  descriptive  of  the  wealth  and  attractions  of  the 
Canadian  West  have  given  much  space  to  the  prairie 
land  and  the  Northland,   but  have  frequently  omitted 
any  discussion  of  the  value  of  the  Eastern  Slope  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.     The  territory  known  as  the  Eastern  Slope  is  a  strip 


A  ranch  on  a  stream  bottom  In  the  valley  of  the  Old  Man  River,  Alta 

along  the  western  margin  of  Alberta,  extending  from  the  Inter- 
national Boundary  northward  and  including  all  land  between  the 
high,  rolling  prairies  and  the  interprovincial  boundary,  a  strip 
which  begins  at  the  southern  extremity  with  a  breadth  of  thirty 
miles  and  widens  northward  until  in  the  latitude  of  Edmonton  it 
has  reached  a  width  of  nearly  sixty  miles.  This  belt  of  8,200 
square  miles  rises  from  the  prairies  to  the  summit  of  the  Con- 
tinental Divide  in  a  series  of  undulating  ridges,  the  lower  and 
most  easterly  of  which,  grass-covered  and  rounded,  constitute 
the  foothills,  while  the  higher  and  most  westerly,  forest-clad  and 
snow- peaked,  form  the  rugged  back-bone  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

The  Eastern  Slope  has  not  been  thickly  settled  or  exten- 
sively exploited,  because  it  is  not  agricultural  land.  The  higher 
mountain  slopes  are  too  steep  and  bare  of  soil  to  permit  grazing 
and  the  lower  valleys  too  limited  in  area  to  support  a  population 
depending  on  range  cattle.  The  cultivation  of  crops  is  practi- 
cable in  very  small  areas  along  stream  bottoms,  where  the  presence 
of  mining  towns  creates  a  good  market.  Profitable  farming  will 
always  be  the  exception  rather  than  the  rule  between  the  foot- 
hills and  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  wealth  of  the  Eastern  Slope  is  in  such  form  that  it  has 
required  capital  for  its  development.  The  two  greatest  assets  of 
the  territory  are  timber  and  coal,  neither  of  which  in  the  West 
is  a  pioneer  industry,  but  both  of  which  are  best  and  most  pro- 
fitably developed  after  the  settlement  of  the  great  plains  has 
created  a  demand  for  fuel  and  building  material. 

The  Eastern  Slope  of  the  Rockies  was  originally  heavily 
timbered  from  the  lowest  and  broadest  valleys  to  the  timber  line 
with  Engelman  spruce,  Lodgepole  pine  and  Douglas  fir,  which 


';    .  W  .  '  ••:  '      '   '    '  •  -     ': 

Tipple  and  coke  ovens  at  Coleman,  Alberta.    Dally  output,  2,000  tons. 


densely  covered  hundieds  of  square  miles,  the  trees  reaching  a 
maximum  diameter  of  three  feet  and  a  height  of  no  feet.  The 
coming  of  travellers,  railways  and  settlers  spelled  doom  for  the 
forest.  Forest  fires  destroyed  the  mature  timber,  then  the  young 
trees  which  naturally  followed  to  establish  a  new  forest,  and  in 
exposed  situations  repeated  fires  destroyed  timber,  reproduction 
of  timber,  herbage  and  soil  and  left  exposed  the  bare  rock.  The 
extent  of  damage  by  fire  over  the  whole  Eastern  Slope  is  not 
known,  but  investigations  in  the  Crow's  Nest  Valley,  Alberta, 
by  the  Forestry  Branch  reveal  the  fact  that  only  16  per  cent  of 
the  timber  remains  unburned,  that  34  per  cent  has  been  burned 
over  and  is  coming  up  with  a  new  crop,  while  50  per  cent  has 
been  burned  repeatedly  until  rock  or  a  bare,  sterile  soil  remains 
exposed.  In  the  valley  of  the  middle  fork  of  the  Old  Man  River 
it  is  estimated  that  570,000,000  feet  of  mature  timber  has  been 
destroyed  by  fire. 

Fortunately  not  all  the  timber  has  been  destroyed.  At  the 
headwaters  of  all  the  larger  streams  from  the  Old  Man  River 
north  to  the  McLeod  are  bodies  of  good  spruce  and  pine,  which 
have  been  staked  and  are  being  held  by  various  companies  until 
they  shall  become  accessible,  to  aid  in  the  development  of  the 


Spruce  timber  in  the  Crow's  Nest  Valley,  Alberta. 

West.  The  total  quantity  of  timber  thus  held  under  license  is 
probably  over  three  billion  board  feet.  Sawmills  operating  now 
in  Edmonton,  Calgary  and  Blairmore  cut  yearly  about  forty  mil- 
lion feet  of  lumber. 

For  every  thousand  feet  of  lumber  cut  there  is  a  wage  and 
supply  bill  of  about  ten  dollars.  It  is  thus  apparent  that  in  the 
remaining  timber  on  the  Eastern  Slope  there  is  a  resource  which, 
if  protected  from  fire  and  so  managed  as  to  be  perpetuated,  will 
be  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  development  of  the  West. 

The  coal  fields  of  the  Eastern  Slope  are  now  in  their  infancy. 
Between  the  main  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  and  the 
International  Boundary  large  areas  of  land  are  held  under  coal 
mining  license.  The  most  accessible  locations  are  now  being  de- 
veloped or  worked,  but  in  the  remainder,  which  forms  the  greater 
part  of  the  coal  area,  only  a  few  seams  have  been  located,  and 
upon  these  alone,  disregarding  future  discoveries,  an  optimist  can 
imagine  unlimited  activities  in  the  future.  One  of  the  greatest 
needs  of  the  plains  in  a  few  years  will  be  fuel.  In  the  Crow's 
Nest  Valley,  in  Alberta  alone,  the  Geological  Survey  has  mapped 
an  area  of  250  square  miles  in  which  it  is  estimated  there  are 
twenty-two  and  one-half  billion  tons  of  coal.  On  this  field  there 
[10] 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


ii 


are  now  seven  mines  operating,  most  of  which  are  in  the  early 
stages  of  development.     North  of  the  main  line  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  a  lack  of  railways  has  delayed  mineral  discoveries.     The 
greater  part  of  the  country  has  not  yet  been    _^^^^^^_ 
closely  prospected,  but  during  the  last  few  years 
coal  claims  have  been  staked  on  the  upper  tribu- 
taries of  the  McLeod  and  other  streams,  which 
will,  with  the  construction  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  Railway,  become  accessible. 

There  have  been  many  attempts,  some  of 
which  have  been  rewarded  with  promising  indi- 
cations, to  secure  oil  and  gas  in  paying  quanti- 
ties within  the  foothills  of  the  Rockies.  One  of 
the  most  pretentious  prospects  was  that  which, 
near  the  Waterton  Lakes,  drilled  several  wells, 
struck  oil  and  established  Oil  City,  a  town  which 
may  yet  be  seen  on  the  map  and  which,  for  a 
few  months,  figured  in  the  Post  Office'  Guide, 
but  which  is  now  awaiting  inhabitants.  There 
are  yet  no  paying  oil  or  gas  wells  on  the  Eastern 
Slope,  but  the  indications  are  encouraging  pro- 
spectors and  it  is  quite  possible  that  some  of  the 
companies  which,  during  the  past  few  summers 
have  been  operating  southwest  of  Pincher  Creek 
and  northwest  of  Edmonton,  may  strike  oil. 

The  Eastern  Slope  will  aid  in  the  settlement  and  develop- 
ment of  the  plains  by  the  production  of  water  as  well  as  coal  and 
wood.  If  the  prairie  farmer  has  coal,  lumber  and  water  near  at 
hand  he  can  grow  or  can  afford  to  import  everything  else  he 
needs.  All  of  the  water  flowing  through  the  rivers  of  the  semi- 
arid  region  has  its  origin  in  streams  arising  in  the  forested  or 


tection  of  the  slope  from  fire  and  the  encouragement  of  natural 
reproduction  of  the  timber,  in  its  effect  upon  the  water  supply, 
will  enable  the  residents  of  the  large  semi-arid  region  to  bring 


Burned-over  valley  land  on  the  Eastern   Slope,  once  heavily  timbered 
and  It  would  yet  STOW  trees. 

semi-forested  drainage  basins  of  that  region.  Over  98  per  cent 
of  the  water,  according  to  stream  measurements  by  the  Forestry 
and  Irrigation  Branch,  aiises  on  the  Eastern  Slope  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  There  are  fifty- nine  million  acres  of  land  in  the 
semi-arid  region  of  the  Canadian  West  which  will  profit  by  irri- 
gation. The  total  available  water  supply  under  present  con- 
ditions of  flow  will  only  irrigate  1.5  per  cent  of  this  area  ;  if  the 
flow  were  distributed  evenly  over  the  summer  it  would  irrigate 
15  per  cent  of  the  irrigable  land.  The  flow  of  the  water  in  the 
prairie  streams — those  used  for  irrigation — is  governed  by  the 
forests  of  their  drainage  basins.  Stream  measurements  and 
observations  have  shown  that  the  mountain  streams  during  the 
early  irrigation  season  are  largely  supplied  by  melting  snow  and 
that  the  snow  remains  longer  in  the  season  and  melts  more  evenly 
under  timber  than  in  the  open.  In  the  forest  the  water  soaks 
gradually  through  the  soft  ground- cover;  on  the  hard,  burned- 
over  rocks  and  soils  there  is  nothing  to  soak  up  the  water  and  it 
runs  off  rapidly.  The  forest  thus  reduces  the  violent  fluctuations 
of  the  waterflow  and  secures  a  greater  flow  of  water  throughout 
the  irrigation  season  when  it  is  most  needed. 

Development  on  the  Eastern  Slope  of  the  Rockies  will  add 
greatly  to  the  direct  wealth  of  the  region,  but  it  will  add  as  much 
indirectly  to  Western  Canadian  progress  by  furnishing  the  people 
of  the  plains  with  accessible  coal,  possibly  with  cheap  oil  and 
gas,  and  with  lumber  upon  which  high  freight  rates  will  be  un- 
necessary. Conservative  management  of  the  forest,  by  the  prc- 


The  result  of  a  few  years  of  irrigation  on  a,  treeless  plain. 

under  profitable  cultivation  several  million  acres  which  must 
otherwise,  through  lack  of  water,  remain  grazing  land. 

At  the  Western  Canada  Irrigation  Convention  held  recently 
in  Lethbridge,  Alta.,  the  subject  discussed  in  this  article  was 
taken  up  and  it  was  decided  to  ask  the  Federal  Government  to 
set  aside  the  whole  of  the  Eastern  Slope  for  a  forest  reserve  ' '  in 
order  to  save  the  rivers  of  Alberta.  " 

This  important  matter  will  be  one  of  the  subjects  dealt  with 
at  the  special  general  meeting  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Associa- 
tion which  is  being  held  in  Regina,  Sask.,  on  the  3rd  and  4th  of 
the  present  month.  According  to  the  official  announcement  "the 
subjects  dealt  with  will  refer  particularly  to  conditions  in  the 
Prairie  Provinces  and  will  embrace  tree  planting  on  the  Eastern 
and  Western  sections  of  the  prairies,  forest  reserves,  game  pro- 
tection, growing  wood  for  fuel  and  for  windbreaks,  the  relation 
of  forests  to  the  conservation  of  moisture,  etc." 

The  importance  of  forestry  to  the  entire  country  is  clearly 
stated  by  the  following  extract  from  the  literature  distributed  by 
the  Association:  "  The  revenue  received  from  the  forests  by 
federal  and  provincial  governments  in  Canada  exceeds  $4, 500,000 
per  year,  relieving  taxpayers  to  that  extent,  while  the  aggregate 
trade  in  forest  products,  home  and  export,  is  estimated  at  $100,- 
000,000.  Many  lines  of  manufacture  and  transportation  are  de- 
pendent upon  the  forests,  while  there  are  the  great  interests  in- 
volved in  furs,  game  and  tourist  travel.  The  loss  of  the  forests 
would  cripple  the  whole  country." 


A  wood-camp  In  a  western  prairie  forest. 


A  view  of  the  western  portion  of  Montreal  as  seen  from  the  top1  of  Mount  Re  j  a<  shewing  part  cJfthe   Vlctctla  Jubilee 

and  the  south   shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 


SOME  MONTREAL  LANDMARKS 


F 


cities  on 
this  continent 
surpass  Mont- 
real in  situation;  per- 
haps in  no  other  is 
there  such  a  pleasing 
mingling  of  the  his- 
torical past  with  the 
present  of  larger 
things  and  a  busier 
life.  Her  wharves 
reach  out  into  the 
noble  St.  Lawrence, 
the  great  waterway 
to  the  interior  of 
North  America  and 
which  forms  the  en- 
tire front  of  the  city. 
From  the  river-front 
the  land  extends  west- 
ward in  a  succession 
of  terraces,  and  on 
these  the  city  is  built, 
substantial,  hand- 
some,  imposing.  In 
the  rear  rises  Mount 
Royal,  covered  with 

trees,  and  in  summer  a  mass  of  dense  foliage.  From  its  top  is 
obtained  a  view  so  grand  and  charming  that  once  seen  it  is  never 
forgotten.  At  the  spectator's  feet  lies  the  commercial  metropolis 
of  Canada,  one  of  the  old  and  also  one  of  the  larger  cities  of  the 
continent,  its  residential  quarters  embellished  with  trees,  its 
commercial  and  industrial  sections  adorned  with  stately  buildings 
of  stone,  its  wharves  lined  with  vessels  from  the  Great  Lakes 
and  ships  from  across  the  sea.  In  two  directions  as  far  as  the 
eye  can  see  stretches  the  broad  expanse  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
beyond  the  river  one  looks  over  a  prairie-like  country  dotted 
with  farm-houses  and  fading  away  in  the  distance  against  the 
green  hills  and  mountains  along  the  southern  frontier.  To  the 

[12] 


Nelson's  Monument  on  Jacques  Cartier 
Square. 


west  carrbe  seen  the^shimmering  [waters  "of  ;the  Ottawa,  which 
there  join  the  St.  Lawrence  and  also  skirt  one  side  of  the  island 
on  which  the  city  stands.  The  Laurentian  Mountains  form  the 
sky-line  to  the  north. 

The  commercial  advantages  of  the  situation  were  recognized 
by  the  French  merchants  of  the  pioneer  days,  who  established  a 
trading-post  here  to  which  the  Indians  of  the  West  could  bring 
their  furs,  travelling  to  and  fro  by  the  two  great  rivers  which 
here  unite  and  which  then  formed  the  only  practicable  means  of 
transportation  through  the  wilderness.  A  large  part  of  the 
modern  commerce  of  the  northern  half  of  the  continent  still  fol- 
lows the  same  routes  and  concentrates  upon  the  same  spot.  It 
has  made  Montreal  one  of  the  leading  grain  exporting  ports  of 


The  Church  of  Notre  Dame  de  Bonsecours,  one  of  the  oldest  In  Canada. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


North  America,  the  largest  city  of  the  Dominion,  the  centre  of 
its  financial  interests  and  the  seat  of  many  of  its  leading  indus- 
tries. Behind  Montreal  there  are  almost  three  centuries  of  his- 
tory, many  periods  of  which  are  crowded  with 
events  that  had  to  do  with  the  making  of  Canada 
— the  early,  struggling  period  when  Montreal 
was  but  an  outpost  on  the  edge  of  the  great 
western  wilderness  with  hostile  Indians  lurking 
almost  daily  at  its  very  gates  ;  the  period  of  the 
old  regime  when  its  short  and  narrow  streets 
were  from  time  to  time  bustling  with  soldiers 
mustering  for  Indian  wars  or  with  fur-  traders 
setting  out  for  distant  parts ;  the  period  when 
the  country  changed  its  allegiance,  when  Am- 
herst's  army  held  the  heights  behind  the  city 
and  received  from  Vaudreuil  the  surrender  of 
New  France ;  the  period  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  when  Montgomery's  troops  were  in  posses- 
sion and  Benjamin  Franklin  was  publishing  proc- 
lamations calling  upon  the  Canadians  to  desert 
the  British  cause  ;  the  period  of  the  War  of  1812- 
14  when,  during  several  campaigns,  Montreal 
was  the  enemy's  desired  but  never  reached  goal.  Then  followed 
years  of  peace  and  growth,  bringing  in  time  the  steamboat  and 


Chateau  de  Ramezay,  built  in  1705,  the  residence  of  Vau- 
dreuil, the  last  French  Governor,  who  surrendered  Canada  on 
September  8th,  1760.  Some  of  the  British  Governors  also  re- 


The  Chateau  de  Ramezay,  at  one  time  the  residence  of  the  Governors  of  Montreal. 

sided  there.     It  is  now  a  museum  and  is  well  worth  a  visit. 

A  short  distance  east  of  the  Chateau  and  quite  close  to  the 
harbor  is  another  old  landmark,  the  Church  of  Notre  Dame  de 
Bonsecours.  In  1657  a  wooden  chapel  was  erected  here  and  part 
of  its  foundation  remains  to  this  day.  The  site  was  given  by 
Maisonneuve,  the  founder  of  Montreal,  and  the  first  church  was 
built  by  order  of  Sister  Marie  Bourgeoys,  the  first  schoolmistress 
of  Montreal. 

The  Place  d'Armes  is  in  the  very  heart  of  the  business  quar- 
ter of  the  city  and  around  it  are  the  banks  and  other  financial 
institutions  that  during  the  past  fifteen  years  have  almost  wholly 
taken  possession  of  this  section.  In  the  centre  of  the  square 
stands  the  statue  of  Maisonneuve,  designed  by  a  Canadian  sculp- 
tor, Louis  Hebert. 

Facing  the  square  on  the  south  is  the  Parish  Church,  Notre 
Dime  de  Montreal,  from  the  top  of  whose  lofty  Gothic  towers  a 
grand  view  can  be  obtained.  Adjoining  the  church  is  the  Semi- 
nary of  St.  Sulpice,  erected  in  1710.  It  is  a  branch  of  the  Semi- 
nary at  Paris.  The  Sulpicians  are  the  original  landlords  of 
Montreal  for  to  them  was  granted  the  island  in  1663  under  the 
charge  "  of  keeping  up  church  services  and  providing  for  educa- 
tion." In  describing  the  old  Seminary  the  early  French- Cana- 
dian historian,  Charlevoix,  wrote  that  it  is  "  a  stately,  great  and 
pleasant  house,  built  of  free-stone,  after  the  model  of  that  of  St. 
Sulpice  at  Paris  ;  and  the  altar  stands  by  itself,  just  like  that  at 
Paris." 

A  little  to  the  west  on  Notre  Dame  Street  stands  the  old 
Forretier  House  with  solid  walls  of  rough  masonry.  Here  for  a 
time,  during  the  early  part  of  the  winter  of  1775,  resided  Gen- 
eral Montgomery,  the  Revolutionary  soldier  who  captured  Mont- 
real but  lost  his  life  on  the  closing  diy  of  that  year  while 


The  monument  of  Maisonneuve  In  the  Place  d'Armes,  the  centre 
of  the  business  quarter. 

the  steamship  ;  the  steam  and  the  electric  railway  and  commer- 
cial and  industrial  expansion.  The  last  decade  has  been  marked 
by  great  changes  and  whole  streets  have  taken  on  a  new  aspect. 
Many  of  the  old  landmarks  have  disappeared,  but  fortunately 
some  remain,  holding  their  own  against  the  encroachments  of 
the  twentieth  century  life.  To  the  thousands  of  visitors  called 
"back  to  Montreal  "  by  the  festivities  of  "  Old  Home  Week," 
no  sights  will  be  more  welcome  than  these  remnants  of  the  past, 
which  also  interest  thousands  of  visitors  who  each  season  spend 
a  part  of  their  holidays  here. 

An  interesting  section  is  that  of  which  Jacques  Cartier 
Square  is  the  centre,  on  which  stand  the  City  Hall  and  the  Court 
House.  From  the  centre  of  the  square  rises  Nelson's  column, 
surmounted  by  a  statue  of  the  great  sailor,  strangely  enough 
with  his  back  to  the  river.  It  was  erected  in  1809  and  is,  there- 
fore, just  one  hundred  years  old.  Across  the  square  is  the 


The  entrance  to  the  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice  adjoining  the  Notre 
Dame  Church. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


attempting  to  carry  Quebec  by  storm.     This  old  house  is  said  to 
have  been  at  that  time  one  of  the  finest  in  Montreal.    The  prin- 
cipal rooms  were  wainscoted  and  above  they  were  hung  with 
tapestry  depicting  scenes  from 
the  life  of  the  French  King, 
Louis  XIV.     The  house  was 
built  in  1767. 

In  the  upper  part  of  the 
western  portion  of  the  city  is 
a  large  tract  of  land  known  as 
"  The  Priests'  Farm,"  a  very 
ancient  property  of  the  Sul- 
pician  Fathers.  Here  is  their 
College  de  Montreal,  common- 
ly called  the  "Little  Semi- 
nary," a  huge  stone  structure 
in  which  thousands  of  French- 
Canadian  youths  have  been 
educated.  It  was  on  the 
Priests'  Farm  that  Amherst's 

army  encamped  in  September,  1760,  prepared  to  attack  the  city, 
which  was  then  the  last  place  of  importance  in  Canada  remain- 
ing in  possession  of  the  French.  There  was  no  attack  for  Vau- 
dreuil  promptly  surrendered. 

Long  before  that  time  the  Sulpician  Fathers  had  erected  a 
country  house  here,  known  as  the   "  Maison  des  Messieurs,"  or 


The  two  old  towers  still  standing  on  the  Priests'  Farm. 


"  Fort  de  la  Montagne,"  around  which  clustered  the  village  of 
the  Indian  converts.  This  ancient  country  house  of  the  Sul- 
picians  was  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall  as  a  defence  against  the 

Iroquois,  and  the  two  towers, 
still  in  an  excellent  state  of 
preservation,  guarded  the  en- 
trance. 

These  are  a  few  of  the  land- 
marks in  the  history  not  only 
of  Montreal  but  of  Canada. 
There  are  many  others  inter- 
esting to  visitors  and  worthy 
of  attention — such  as  La  Place 
Royale  where  Champlain  land- 
ed, and  not  far  distant  the 
spot  where  Fort  de  Ville 
Marie  was  erected  in  1643.  A 
few  yards  beyond  is  the  square 
containing  a  monument  com- 
memorating the  founding  of 

the  city  by  Maisonneuve,  and  on  which  in  later  years  stood  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  of  United  Canada,  destroyed  by  fire  during 
the  riot  of  1849.  And  there  are  many  others  of  equal  interest. 
For  the  preservation  of  some  and  for  the  erection  of  tablets  of 
marble  marking  historical  spots  thanks  are  due  to  the  Numis- 
matic and  Antiquarian  Society  of  Montreal. 


THE  MONTAGNAIS  INDIANS 


HE  Montagnais  Indians, 
dwelling  for  the  most 
part  on  the  shores  of  the 
Lower  St.  Lawrence,  are 
very  little  known.  Asa 
rule  they  are  considered  an  unin- 
telligent tribe  and  are  rather  looked 
down  upon  by  the  Crees,  Iroquois 
and  Nasquapics.  Although  not 
perhaps  so  thrifty  as  the  Crees  nor 
so  educated  as  the  Iroquois,  they 
are  far  from  being  unintelligent, 
having  taught  themselves  to  read 
and  write,  and  being  remarkably 
quick  at  figures. 

These  Indians  live  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  year  in  the  in  - 
terior  of  the  forest,  only  cominS 
out  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's 
posts  for  about  three  months  in  the 
summer  to  trade  their  fur  for  such 
things  as  they  require  for  another 
sojourn  in  the  interior  and  to  see 
their  priest. 

They  leave  again  for  the 
"bush"  in  August  after  having 
been  advanced  provisions  and  cloth- 
ing by  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
and  proceed  by  canoe  up  the  largest 
rivers  (usually  the  St.  Johns  or  the 
Romaine  rivers)  until  they  reach 
the  height  of  land,  where  they 
camp  until  the  snow  comes  and 
they  are  able  to  continue  their  jour- 
ney on  snowshoes,  carrying  their 
provisions,  clothing  and  tents 
on  toboggans,  men,  women  and 
children  all  carrying  their  share  of 
the  load.  The  very  small  children 
are  carried  on  their  mothers'  backs, 


Many  of  these  Indians  are  expert  draught-players. 


In  summer  they  prefer  the  tent  to  the  little  house. 


(Written  for  CANADIAN  I.IFE  AND  RESOURCES  by  K.  M.  WILSON.) 

wrapped  in  fawn  skins  and  laced 
up  in  bags  made  of  the  same.  This 
bag  the  mother  carries  suspended 
by  a  thick  thong  of  caribou  hide 
tied  around  her  forehead. 

They  do  not  travel  very  great 
distances  at  a  time,  unless  hungry 
and  in  search  of  caribou,  for  al- 
though the  men  are  fast  walkers 
the  women  do  not  walk  as  fast  as 
an  average  Canadian  girl  can. 

These  Indians  usually  travel 
in  bands  of  fifty  families  until  they 
reach  the  height  of  land,  where 
they  separate,  each  family  going  to 
its  respective  hunting  ground  to 
hunt  and  trap  fur  for  the  remainder 
of  the  winter.  They  camp  in  large 
tents  made  of  caribou  skins  scraped 
clean  of  the  hair  and  sewed  to- 
gether. These  tents  are  well  banked 
with  snow  from  the  outside  to  keep 
out  all  wind,  while  spruce  boughs 
make  a  sweet,  warm  flooring.  In 
the  middle  of  the  floor  flat  stones 
are  placed  as  a  foundation  for  the 
camp  fire,  the  smoke  and  sparks 
escaping  from  a  hole  left  for  that 
purpose  at  the  top  of  the  tent  be- 
tween the  tepee-poles. 

The  cooking  on  these  fires  is, 
of  course,  very  primitive,  "ban- 
nocks ' '  being  made  by  the  squaws 
instead  of  bread.  "  Bannocks  " 
consist  of  flour  and  water  and  a 
little  lard,  mixed  rather  thick  and 
cooked  on  a  hot  stone.  In  the  sum- 
mer the  squaws  make  excellent 
bread,  which  they  bake  in  the  sand. 
This  they  do  by  first  building  a  fire 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


on  the  sand,  which,  when  burnt  out,  leaves  the  sand  very  hot. 
A  hole  is  made  in  this  and  the  dough,  having  previously  been 
rolled  around  a  greased  stick,  is  thrust  into  this  hole,  the  sand 


The  women  have  to  carry  their  share  of  the  freight. 

replaced  and  a  small  fire  kept  burning  on  top  for  about  two  or 
three  hours.  This  bread  when  taken  out  is  of  a  golden  color  all 
over.  Great  care  is  taken  to  have  the  sand  at  the  required  heat 
for  if  it  is  too  cool  the  sand  sticks  to  the  dough,  while  if  too  hot 
the  bread  will  not  rise  and,  of  course,  burns  at  once. 

The  men  employ  themselves  during  their  sojourn  in  the 
woods  with  the  care  of  their  traps,  usually  being  absent  from  the 
camp  three  or  four  days  each  week.  The  traps  are  set  in  a  large 
circle  for  convenience  in  visiting  them,  as  they  require  constant 
attention.  Heavy  snowfalls,  birds,  mice,  etc.,  often  springing 
them.  In  many  cases  the  larger  fur-bearing  animals,  such  as 
foxes,  lynx  and  wolves,  when  left  too  long  in  the  traps  will 
escape  by  eating  off  their  paw  and  running  away  on  three  legs. 
In  such  cases  the  hunter  dons  his  snowshoes  and  gives  immedi- 
ate chase,  following  the  track  until  the  animal  is  run  down. 

The  women  stay  in  the  camps,  where  they  dress  the  skins 
brought  in  by  their  husbands  and  keep  the  larder  supplied  with 
rabbits  and  partridges.  Some  of  the  Montagnais  squaws  do  very 
pretty  bead  work  and  silk  embroidery,  which  they  bring  out  to 
the  coast  to  trade  during  the  summer  for  ribbons,  broaches  and 
finery.  The  caps  worn  by  the  women  are  made  of  red  and  black 
cloth,  bound  around  the  seams  with  purple  ribbon.  The  base  of 
the  cap  is  ornamented  for  about  two  inches  deep  with  beads,  silk 
embroidery  and  ribbon,  cut  in  patterns  and  sewed  on  most  artis- 
tically. These  caps  are  worn  all  the  time  by  the  women,  even 
at  night  they  are  turned  inside-out  and  put  into  use  again.  They 
are  most  becoming  and  suit  their  dark  complexions  very  well. 


The  Montagnais  Indians  are  all  Roman  Catholics,  the  Oblat 
Fathers  being  special  missionaries  to  them.  They  see  their  priest 
for  only  two  weeks  in  the  summer,  when  he  travels  down  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  staying  two  weeks  at  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  posts  to  attend  to  the  wants  of  these  Indians. 

The  Montagnais  are  very  supirstitious  and  when  one  of 
their  tribe  dies  in  the  bush  they  prefer  to  carry  the  body  out  to 
the  shore,  to  be  buried  in  their  cemetery,  rather  than  bury  it  in 
the  forest,  fearing  that  if  buried  there  the  spirit  of  the  dead 
would  haunt  their  hunting  grounds.  Frequently  they  will  carry 
a  dead  body  for  the  greater  part  of  the  winter  wrapped  in  birch- 
bark  and  lashed  onto  a  toboggan  till  they  reach  the  nearest  post 
where  it  can  receive  proper  burial.  In  regard  to  the  sick  and 
aged,  these  Indians  are  especially  kind,  giving  them  all  the  atten- 
tion possible  in  their  roving  life. 

Although  in  many  cases  they  are  not  very  prompt  in  paying 
debts,  they  are,  as  a  rule,  very  honest,  and  stealing  among  them 
is  rare.  A  happier  people  it  would  be  hard  to  find,  worry  seem- 
ingly being  unknown  to  them. 

They  have  many  superstitions  regarding  fur  and  the  way  it 
is  caught,  many  of  which  are  interesting.  The  black  bear  is 
called  "  moehome,"  which  means  grandfather.  This  skin  must 
not  be  kept  and  bartered  by  the  trapper  who  caught  it,  but  must 
be  given  to  his  partner  or  eldest  son.  If  the  bear  is  alive  when 

r 


Preparing  to  camp  at  the  end  of  the  day's  Journey. 

found  in  the  trap,  the  "  bear  dance  "  must  be  performed  in  a 
circle  around  it  before  it  is  killed  and  taken  out.  The  ermine  is 
trapped  by  the  children,  being  too  small  a  fur  for  the  men  to 


A  family  setting  out  in  August  for  their  hunting  grounds. 


"  He  prefers  to  make  a  new  canoe  each  year." 


i6 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


bother  with.  I  have  never  known  these  Indians  to  kill  more 
fur-bearing  animals  than  they  require,  believing  it  a  sin  to  kill 
after  they  have  caught  sufficient  to  pay  their  debts  and  expenses. 
During  their  stay  at  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  posts 
the  men  usually  spend  their  time  In  making  and  mending  canoes 
and  snowshoes  and  playing  draughts  in  the  evening.  They  are 
very  expert  at  this  game  and  are  to  be  seen  any  summer  evening 
sitting  out  on  the  grass  gambling  over  it. 


Their  canoes  are  made  of  canvas  and  are  very  light  and 
especially  adapted  to  shallow  water.  A  canoe  is  rarely  required 
to  do  service  for  more  than  one  year,  as  the  Montagnais  Indian 
of  to-day  prefers  to  make  a  new  canoe  each  year  rather  than 
have  the  trouble  of  bringing  his  old  one  out  of  the  "  bush  "  in 
the  spring. 


A  YEAR  IN  BELLA  COOLA 


BELLA  COOLA  is  a  paradise  of  fertility  where  man  may 
live  amidst  scenic  beauty  in  a  veritable  land  of  milk  and 
honey  at  a  minimum  expenditure  of  the  sweat  of  his 
brow.     There  the  waters  teem  with  fish  and  there  venison,  bear- 
meat  and  wild- fowl  of  all  descriptions  are  easy  spoil  to  the  hunter 
and  trapper. 

It  lies  four  hundred  miles  north  of  Vancouver  by  steamship, 
then  sixty  miles  inland  through  Burke' s  Channel,  from  where 
the  Channel  touches  tidewater.  It  is  a  valley,  stretching  far 
into  the  great  ranch  lands  of  the  interior— a  gateway  into  the 
latter,  over  "  The  Slide,"  one  of  the  easiest  passes  through  the 
heights.  A  new  and  easier  grade  in  "The  Slide,"  for  pack- 
trains,  has  lately  superseded  the  old  one,  made  under  the  super- 
vision of  Mr.  J.  R.  Morrison,  to  whom  the  writer  is  indebted  for 
photographs,  and  to  whose  practical  knowledge  of  and  faith  in 
the  Ootza  Lake  district  and  surrounding  country  is  largely  due 
the  revealing  of  its  wonderful  possibilities  to  the  settlers  that 
are  pouring  in. 

Bella  Coola  is  an  old  Hudson  Bay  trading  post,  and  it  has 
been  for  years  a  rendezvous  for  fur-traders  of  all  nationalities ; 
also  the  base  of  supply  for  the  country  within  a  radius  of  several 
hundred  miles.  And  as  the  Company,  by  its  rectitude  and  fair- 
dealing,  won  and  kept  the  confidence  of  the  Redman,  who  is  ever 
the  quickest  to  appreciate  a  "  square  deal,"  so  has  its  late  em- 
ployee and  present  owner  of  the  site  and  self -same  store,  and 
withal  chief  magistrate  of  the  place,  kept  that  confidence  and 
gained  an  abiding  influence  over  the 
morals  of  the  Bella  Coola  and  allied  tribes 
by  his  strict  integrity  and  uprightness 
during  his  forty-five  years  of  residence 
amongst  them. 

The  old  wharf  road  extends  for  sev- 
eral miles  to  the  cannery  and  it  is  joined 
by  the  bridge  across  the  ravine  to  the 
Government  trail,  that  cuts  through  the 
Indian  Reserve  at  the  foot  of  the  valley. 
Fifteen  years  ago  the  road  up  the  valley 
was  built  by  the  Norwegians,  a  colony 
of  whom  had  received  a  Government 
grant  of  land  and  along  with  it  enormous 
grants  of  money  for  road-making.  In- 
deed, eighty-six  thousand  dollars  have 
been  so  expended,  of  which  only  thirteen 
thousand  have  as  yet  been  collected  in 
taxes. 

After  travelling  through  practically 
all  of  this  district  and  carefully  observ- 
ing conditions  there,  the  writer  is  in- 
clined to  tax  a  paternal  government  with 
being  over-generous  in  its  land  grants. 
To  this  is  due  the  fact  that  hundreds  of 
acres  of  good  land  are  lying  waste.  It 
would  be  a  wiser  policy  not  to  allow  any 
one  to  pre-empt  more  land  than  he  can 
work.  If  the  grants  were  smaller  they 
would  be  more  quickly  taken  up,  places 
would  be  populated  and  probably  indus- 
tries started,  where  owners  of  large 
grants  cannot  be  induced  to  sell  lots,  but 


(Written  for  CANADIAN  I.IFE  AND  RESOURCES  by  EMII.Y  RHODES) 

simply  hold  them  idle,  content  to  wait  the  coming  of  the  rail- 
ways. 

The  Norwegians  are  thrifty  colonists,  as  is  evinced  by  their 
homes  and  self-supporting  church,  rectory  and  resident  clergy- 
man of  the  Lutheran  faith.  They  are  a  most  hospitable  people 
too,  ever  ready  to  entertain  visitors  with  the  best  their  larder 
contains.  But  they  could  have  been  a  greater  factor  in  the 
growth  of  this  beautiful  and  fertile  valley  ;  might,  indeed,  have 
linked  its  resources  with  those  of  the  reaches  of  the  mighty 
Fraser  River,  had  they  made  a  united  effort  to  cultivate  every 
yard  of  soil  and  to  capture  the  Coast  boats  as  their  market. 

With  the  bridging  of  the  river  that  divides  "  Oldside,"  or 
the  south  side,  from  the  north,  timber  and  bush  have  given  place 
to  a  modern  townsite,  with  streets  named  after  British  warships 
and  public  men,  having  its  hotel,  stores,  post-office,  church,  hos- 
pital and  public  school. 

On  the  twenty- fourth  of  May  there  is  always  a  gathering  of 
the  clans  and  loyal-hearted  folk,  who  travel  far  by  water  to  cele- 
brate Victoria  Day  at  Bella  Coola  in  music,  dance,  song  and 
game.  Indeed,  that  date  has  for  years  heralded  a  week's  holi- 
day to  several  hundred  settlers  and  to  yearly  meetings  between 
pioneers  of  long  standing,  and  the  whole  town  is  then  at  its 
gayest. 

It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  Indian  settlements  on  the  Coast 
for  one  reads  "that  Sir  A.  Mackenzie  came  overland  to  this 
camp  and  found  the  tribes  five  thousand  strong  in  1779."  They 


Potlatch-houses  of  the  Coast  Indians,  showing  the  totem-poles  standing  before  the  door  of  each. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


number  less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  at  the  present  day,  de- 
spite the  fact  that  they  are  simpler  and  still  more  primitive  in 
life  than  many  other  mission  centres  in  this  region. 

Each  spring  the  "Stik  Siwashes,"  as  they  are  called,  bring 


Official  reports  respecting  the  Bella  Coola  valley  and  the 
adjacent  country  confirm  the  wisdom  of  the  choice  of  these 
plucky  settlers.  For  instance,  one  of  these  reports  states  :  "The 
Bella  Coola  valley  begins  at  the  head  of  North  Bentick  Arm,  425 
miles  north  of  Victoria,  about  65  miles  from  the  coast  line  and 
running  eastward  atyrat  45  miles,  with  a  gradual  rise  from  the 
sea  to  an  altitude  of  about  800  feet  at  the  head  of  the  valley.  The 
climate  is  all  that  can  be  wished  for,  as  It  is  much  drier  than  on 
the  Coast,  being  hotter  in  summer  and  a  great  deal  colder  in 
winter.  The  settlers  have  made  large  improvements  on  their 
lands.  The  various  roots,  vegetables  and  also  Indian  corn  have 
been  successfully  raised  and  of  best  quality.  Wheat,  oats  and 
barley  are  also  doing  splendidly.  Fruit  is  raised  abundantly  and 
of  best  quality.  No  disease  of  any  kind  is  experienced  among 
the  fruits  or  vegetables. ' ' 

The  reserves  of  the  Bella  Coola  Indians  may  be  taken  as  a 
sample  of  the  surrounding  district  and  of  these  reserves  the 
report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs  says  :  "  The  Bella 
Coola  reserves  have  the  finest  soil  and  excellent  timber,  with 
large  tidal  flats  producing  excellent  grass.  They  have  been 
partly  surveyed  into  small  farms,  on  which  are  kept  a  few  horses 
and  cattle."  The  Indians  are  given  a  good  reputation  and  their 
general  condition  and  mode  of  life  show  improvement. 

L,ife  in  Bella  Coola  has  a  charm  all  its  own,  and  among  the 
happiest  memories  of  the  writer  will  be  those  associated  with  the 
glistening  heights  and  rushing  waters  of  this  charming  valley  ; 
with  the  invigorating  odor  of  its  pines,  the  kindly  hospitality  of 
its  people  and  the  quaint  lore  and  legend  of  its  Indian  neighbors. 


The  old  Hudson  Bay  Company's  post  at  Bella  Coola,  now  a  general  store. 

their  pack-trains  to  the  Coast  bearing  furs  and  cakes  of  pressed 
berries,  travelling  for  hundreds  of  miles  and  camping  on  the 
journey.  They  find  employment  at  the  canneries  during  the 
fishing  season,  and  when  that  is  at  an  end  they  return  to  their 
homes  laden  with  their  stores  of  provisions  for  the  winter. 

The  wild,  free  life  of  the  coast  and  the  interior  of  British 
Columbia  has  a  charm  all  its  own  for  the  adaptable  Britisher) 
who  seldom  leaves  it  once  he  has  felt  the  charm  of  its  vastness 
and   unconventionalism.     He  is,   indeed,    most 
enthusiastic  over  the  "  table  already  spread  for 
him,"  and  the  South  African  veterans  who  sell 
their  land-script  for  a  mere  pittance,   little  reck 
what  future  riches  they  have  practically  ,'given 
away. 

There  may  be  a  few  settlers  who,  in  order 
to  hide  their  inadaptability,  grumble  at  their 
surroundings,  but  most  of  the  immigrants  com- 
ing to  Bella  Coola  are  like  the  girl  who  recently 
came  from  Scotland.  She  came  to  meet  her 
brother  in  Bella  Coola  and  ride  with  him  and  his 
pack-train  into  the  interior  for  nearly  two'hun- 
dred  miles,  though  she  had  never  ridden  on 
horseback  before.  In  the  spring  they  were  down 
again  ;  she  to  meet  her  sweetheart  out  from  the 
Old  Country,  and  after  marriage  to  ride  back 
with  him  and  start  life  on  a  pre-emption  of  her 
own.  To  the  writer  she  waxed  eloquent  :  "Oh, 
it's  a  fine  life  ;  a  grand  life  yon  !"  she  repeated 
over  and  over  again.  Her  face  was  wreathed  in 
smiles  and  no  fatigue  from  her  long  ride  and 
camping  on  the  journey  was  apparent.  stik  siwash  Indians  camping  on  their  annual  journey  to  the  Coast  for  the  spring  trade. 


The  Western  farmer  receiving  from  the  generous  prairie  the  reward  of  his  labor. 


HIGH  ART   IN   CANADIAN  HOMES 


II. 


N  the  diary  of  the  Hon.  William  Smith,  Chief 
Justice  of  the  State  of  New  York  before  the 
Revolution,  and  afterwards  Chief  Justice  of 
Lower  Canada  and  Speaker  of  the  first  Legis- 
lative Council,  there  occurs  an  entry  which 
explains  the  presence  in  this  country  of  the 
painting  under  notice.  In  a  copperplate  hand- 
writing, under  date  May  2ist,  1784,  he  records  the  fact  that  he 
' '  bought  a  picture  by  Paul  Veronese,  with  three  others,  at  Mur- 
cher's  auction  on  that  day."  This  picture,  herewith  given  and 
described  as  "  Venus  Blinding  Cupid,"  became  the  property  of 
Mrs.  E.  J.  Ross,  a  granddaughter  of  the  Chief  Justice,  and  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  her  surviving  daughter,  Miss  F.  Eveline 
Ross,  Glenfield,  St.  Foye  Road,  Quebec.  It  becomes  doubly  in- 
teresting in  consequence  of  its  connection  with  one  of  the  leaders 
in  public  life  in  Canada  at  the  transition  period  marked  so 
emphatically  by  the  Act  of  1791,  the  purpose  of  which  every 
school  boy  knows.  Chief  Justice  Smith  was  appointed,  in  New 
York,  in  1762  and  some  cavillers 
thought  proper  to  question  his  loy- 
alty during  the  Revolutionary 
period.  It  was  alleged  that  he  was 
waiting  to  see  "  how  the  cat  jump- 
ed "  before  declaring  himself.  But 
the  cat  had  made  a  good  leap  revo- 
lutionary-wise and  clouds  were 
lowering  over  the  British  cause 
when  he  boldly  declared  himself  in 
favor  of  the  British.  Further,  he 
enjoyed  the  fullest  confidence  of 
Sir  Guy  Carleton,  afterwards  Lord 
Dorchester,  and  went  with  him  to 
England,  afterwards  returning  with 
him,  and  through  his  influence  be- 
ing appointed  Chief  Justice.  He 
was  ' '  thorough  ' '  in  his  procedure 
and  laid  down  certain  principles, 
set  forth  in  the  Canadian  Archives, 
as  to  the  interpretation  of  the  Que- 
bec Act  as  bearing  on  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  laws.  It  was  to  be 
French  law  for  the  French;  English 
for  the  English;  and  that  any  ex- 
clusive adoption  of  either  of  the 
systems  would  be  ruinous  to  the 
Province  in  its  consequences.  This 
view  of  the  case  did  not  give  gen- 
eral satisfaction.  Controversy  and 
enquiry,  before  the  Chief 


an 


Venus  Blinding  Cupid,"  by  the  famous  master, 
Paul  Veronese. 


Justice,    followed,    which    showed 

that  there  was  unquestionably  confusion  in  the  administration  of 
justice  and  some  remarkably  pointed  statements  were  made 
which  may  reasonably  be  taken  more  or  less  cum  grano.  The 
passage  of  the  bill  of  1791,  however,  changed  the  aspect  of  affairs 
and  was  the  harbinger  of  a  somewhat  slow  but  sure  organization 
and  more  than  that,  of  the  great  combination  seventy- four  years 
later  ratified  in  the  same  historic  city  in  which  Chief  Justice 
Smith  presided.  It  may  be  noticed  that  he  was  one  who  looked 
ahead.  He  wrote  to  Lord  Dorchester  a  letter,  sent  to  Great 
Britain,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  foundation  of  the  two  Prov- 
inces was  "  for  more  to  grow  out  of  them  and  to  compose  at  no 
remote  period  a  mass  of  power  very  worthy  of  immediate  atten- 
tion." He  had  had  occasion  to  see  the  fatal  consequences  of 
permitting  a  number  of  petty  legislatures  without  central  control, 
as  had  existed  in  the  United  States.  He  recommended  the  crea- 
tion of  a  Council,  or  Legislative  Assembly,  for  all  British  North 


(Written  for  CANADIAN  I.IFE  AND  RESOURCES  by  I,.  A.  M.  I,.) 

America  south  of  Hudson  Bay  and  north  of  Bermuda  to  make 
laws  for  the  good  government  of  the  Provinces,  all  to  be  subject 
to  the  Imperial  disallowance.  In  1866  this  statesman-like  pro- 
position, in  substance  became  an  accomplished  fact.  The  Que- 
bec Gazette  of  December  i2th,  1793,  announced  that  on  March 
6th  "died  the  Hon.  W.  Smith,  Chief  Secretary  of  the  Province 
of  Lower  Canada.  His  remains  were  interred  on  Sunday,  8th, 
and  were  attended  to  the  grave  by  H.R.H.  Prince  Ed  ward."  Hr 
was  afterwards  the  Cuke  of  Kent  and  father  of  the  late  Queen 
Victoria.  So  ended  the  life  of  one  who  may  be  regarded  as  an 
unostentatious  but  earnest  pioneer  statesman  of  British  rule  in 
Canada. 

Concerning  the  painting  now  noticed  and  which  he  brought 
to  Canada,  it  is  from  the  brush  of  one  of  the  most  noted  masters, 
Paolo  Caliari  or  Cagliari,  commonly  called,  from  his  place  of 
birth, Paolo  Veronese,  who  was  born  at  Verona  in  1528  and  died 
in  1588.  His  father  was  a  sculptor,  but  his  inclination  turning 
him  to  painting,  he  was  placed  as  a  student  under  the  famous 

Antonio  Badile.  His  ability  was 
very  early  made  evident,  one  of  hi* 
first  works,  a  Madonna,  being  still 
in  the  gallery  at  Verona.  Another, 
St.  Anthony,  was  hung  in  the 
Cathedral,  but  this  has  disappear- 
ed. He  decorated  the  Villas  So- 
rango  and  Franzolo  at  Castelfranco 
and  executed  many  other  church 
works.  He  went  to  Venice  in  1555 
where  he  painted  in  the  Church  of 
St.  Sebastian  several  frescoes  repre- 
senting scenes  in  the  history  of 
Esther.  These  were  so  striking 
that  he  was  commissioned  to  paint 
an  altar-piece  in  the  church  and 
certain  similar  works.  Having  to 
rival  the  Venetian  school  he  adapt- 
ed his  style  to  the  necessity  and  it 
increased  in  vigor,  action  and  color- 
ing. The  Patriarch  of  Venice  com- 
missioned him  to  decorate  the  Sanso- 
vini  library  and  he  bore  away  the 
prize.  He  was  then  entrusted  with 
the  decoration  of  the  ceiling  in  the 
Ducal  Palace.  Following  this  his 
works  included  the  great  painting 
for  the  refectory  of  the  Convent  of 
St.  Giorgio  Maggiore,  the  "  Mar- 
riage at  Cana,"  which  is  now  in 
the  Louvre.  It  has  been  said  that 
his  works  were  of  the  earth  earthy 

and  this  picture  bears  out  the  assertion.  Our  Lord  is,  in  the 
composition,  represented  at  a  very  mundane  banquet,  at  which 
luxuriousness  and  conviviality  are  represented  as  unreined,  and 
is  surrounded  by  Francis  I.  of  France,  Eleanor  of  Austria  (as 
the  bride),  Charles  V.,  the  Sultan  Soliman,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  others.  In  many  of  his  paintings  the  spiritual  and  religious 
impress  seen  in  the  works  of  so  many  old  masters  and  some  of 
our  own  time,  is  lacking.  Caliari  is  supposed  to  have  gone  to 
Rome,  as  some  of  his  later  works  appear  to  reflect  a  study  of  the 
works  of  Michel  Angelo.  His  paintings  are  of  unquestionable 
beauty  in  their  execution  and  are  of  great  value.  No  gallery  of 
importance  is  without  one  or  more  of  them.  That  under  notice 
is  a  fanciful  conception  and  is  probably  the  only  example  of  his 
powers  in  Canada.  The  reproduction  gives  an  admirable  idea  of 
the  work,  but  the  beautiful  coloring  and  delicacy  of  execution 
can  only  be  fully  appreciated  by  an  inspection  of  the  picture  itself. 


[18] 


NOTES  OF  THE  EMPIRE 

"  Canada  and  the  Empire  is  our  politics." 


FOR  us  in  Canada  the  successful  consummation  of  the  union 
of  South  Africa  has  peculiar  interest.  We  know  how 
much  the  present  position  and  prosperity  of  our  country 
has  been  derived  from  Confederation.  We  date  our  modern 
development  from  that  time.  The  difficulties  and  doubts  that 
had  to  be  overcome  here  before  that  great  measure  could  be  put 
through  were  very  many  and  very  great  but  the  best  minds  in 
Canada  realized  that  only  Confederation  could  put  an  end  to  the 
disastrous  differences  and  troubles  which  beset  the  country  un- 
der the  system  of  divided  control  which  preceded  1867.  If  Con- 
federation was  necessary  for  Canada,  however,  it  was  even  more 
necessary  that  there  should  be  Union  in  South  Africa.  But  the 
difficulties  there  were  immeasurably  greater  than  any  we  had  to 
contend  with.  Only  nine  years  ago  a  bitter  and  bloody  war  was 
waged  between  the  two  races  who  were  to  unite  together.  If 
we  can  imagine  a  war  in  Canada,  say  in  1858,  in  which  more 
than  50,000  British  and  French-Canadians  had  been  slain  we 
shall  get  some  idea  of  the  difficulties  that  would  have  confronted 
our  own  statesmen  in  Confederation,  if  the  main  condition  here 
had  been  similar  to  those  which  con- 
fronted the  Dutch  and  English  states- 
men who  have  put  through  the  Union 
of  South  Africa.  As  Lord  Crewe 
pointed  out  in  the  admirable  speech 
in  which  he  introduced  the  Bill  for 
the  Union  into  the  House  of  Lords, 
"there  were  two  great  motive  forces 
which  impelled  South  Africa  towards 
union.  In  the  first  place,  there  was 
the  Imperial  consideration  which 
made  South  African  statesmen  desire 
to  form  a  union  which  would  take  its 
place  in  the  Empire  beside  the  Domi- 
nion of  Canada,  the  Commonwealth 
of  Australia,  and  the  Dominion  of 
New  Zealand.  That  was  undoubtedly 
a  strong  motive.  In  addition  to  that, 
there  were  local  practical  considera- 
tions which  pressed  it  forward. 
There  was  the  obvious  and  sensible 
economy  In  the  working  of  the  four 
Colonies  as  one.  Further — and  this, 
I  think,  was,  perhaps  more  than  any- 
thing else,  the  immediate  cause  which 
brought  practical  men  to  see  how 
necessary  union  was — there  were  the 
difficulties  and  complications  arising 
out  of  the  railway  systems  of  the 
different  Colonies." 


in  the  fusion  of  the  races  which  inhabit  South  Africa—  some  of 
British,  some  of  Batch,  sotn;  of  Frea:h  Huguenot  descant. 
Their  ancestors  through  many  yeais  of  history  suffered  and 
fought  for  freedom.  They  underwent  poverty  and  exile  and 
imprisonment,  and  on  the  scaffold  and  on  many  battlefields  bore 
witness  to  the  cause  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  It  would 
have  been  one  of  the  most  tragic  events  of  all  history  if  men 
descended  from  such  races  had  remained  permanently  estranged. 
I  hope  we  may  look  forward  to  their  enjoying  free  union  under 
the  supremacy  of  the  British  Crown  with  a  guarantee  of  freedom 
for  as  many  years  as  the  imagination  of  man  can  go.  It  has 
been  the  peculiar  good  fortune  of  this  movement  that  some  of 
the  actual  work  has  been  done  in  the  process  of  bringing  into 
intimate  personal  relations  South  African  statesmen,  soldiers, 
and  lawyers  who  previously  had  know  little  of  each  other. 

The  result  of  the  union  will  be  that  the  past  history  of 
South  Africa  will  become  the  common  possession  for  ever  of  all 
the  races,  and  the  famous  names  of  South  Africa  the  joint 
property  of  all.  We  are  particularly  glad  to  welcome  amongst 

the  delegates  Mr.  Steyn  whose  whole- 
hearted  advocacy  of  union 
has  been  of  the  greatest  assistance  to 
the  cause.  We  cannot  forget  such 
names  as  those  of  Sir  Harry  Smith, 
Sir  Benjamin  D' Urban,  and  of  Cecil 
Rhodes,  who,  amid  all  the  agitation 
of  political  life,  always  dreamed  of 
the  union  of  South  Airica.  Without 
distinction  of  race,  party,  or  creed, 
we  can  say,  'We  honour  them  all.' 
So  far  as  we  can  see  ahead,  this  act 
of  union  places  the  self-governing 
Dominions  of  the  King  in  something 
like  their  final  form.  There  may  be 
some  rearrangement  and  some  modi- 
fication, but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  for 
many  years  to  come— longer  than  the 
life  of  any  of  us  here— these  three 
great  divisions — the  American  group, 
the  Pacific  group  and  the  African  group 
— will  form  the  three  main  groups  of 
the  British  Empire  outside  these 
Islands." 


L 


The  Earl  of  Crewe,  Colonial  Secretary,  'who  Introduced 
the  South  Africa  Bill  Into  the. House  of  Lords. 


THE  form  of  the  bill  follows  the  model  of  our  Confedera- 
tion rather  than  that  of  the  Australian  Commonwealth. 
It  represents  a  compromise  almost  from  the  first  line  to 
the  last.  In  view  of  the  varying  franchise  conditions  in  the 
vSouth  African  Colonies,  it  is  obvious  how  difficult  the  problem 
was  if  there  was  to  be  any  questions  of  instituting  a  uniform 
franchise  all  over  the  Union.  What  was  ultimately  settled  was 
that  Parliament  was  to  prescribe  the  form  of  the  franchise,  it 
being,  however,  provided  that  the  native  vote  should  be  saved  to 
the  Cape  on  the  terms  as  at  present,  unless  it  was  decided  by  a 
two-thirds  majority  of  both  Houses  sitting  together  to  abolish 
the  native  franchise  there. 


E 


do 


LOQUENTLY  summing   up  what   the  Union  would 
for  South  Africa,  Lord  Crewe  said  : 

"This  union  of  the   Colonies  marks   a  great  advance 


ORD  Curzon  at  the  inaugural 
banquet  of  the  British  Empire 
Club,  at  which  Earl  Crewe, 
Sir  Joseph  Ward  (New  Zealand's  Pre- 
mier),Sir  Frederick  Borden,  General 
Smuts  and  other  Colonial  visitors 
were  present,  speaking  upon  the 
Union  of  South  Africa  said  that  never  during  the  memory  of 
living  man  had  a  deputation  reached  the  shores  of  Great 
Britain  with  more  precious  freight  in  its  hands  than  that  brought 
there  by  these  Prime  Ministers,  for  they  had  come  with  a  Cons- 
titution not  devised  by  any  philosophers  in  their  libraries  or 
studies,  but  one  thrashed  out  by  the  statesmen  of  all  parties 
in  South  Africa  In  the  free  atmosphere  of  debate — a  Constitution 
which  did  not  represent  the  programme  of  any  party,  or  even  of 
any  people  in  South  Africa,  but  which  represented  the  policy  and 
the  desire  of  the  entire  nation.  They  came  to  ask  the  Govern- 
ment to  take  the  steps  by  which  they  might  be  enrolled  in 
that  great  aggregation  of  self-governing  communities  which 
were  going  to  make  up  the  reconstituted  and  the  more  powerful 
British  Empire  of  the  future.  What  a  vision  it  was  that  they 
brought  before  us.  It  was  a  vision  of  a  dominion  stretching 
from  Table  Bay  In  the  south  to  the  Zambesi  in  the  north,  and 


[19] 


20 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


he  expected  In  the  future  much  further  beyond — a  dominion  in- 
habited by  peoples  of  divergent,  but  by  no  means  discordant 
origin,  whose  descendants  in  time  to  come  would  be,  not  Eng- 
lishmen or  Dutchmen,  but  South  Africans,  who  would  draw 
from  the  heritage  of  their  common  valor  and  patriotism  the 
inspiration  to  a  great  ideal,  and  who  would  as  time  went  on 
evolve  a  new  national  sentiment  from  the  recognition  of  mutual 
interests  and  from  allegiance  to  a  single  flag.  Mr.  J.  X.  Mer- 
riman,  Prime  Minister  of  Cape  Colony,  in  response,  said  it  was  a 
mistake  for  people  to  think  that  the  Constitution  of  South 
Africa  was  going  to  bring  about  a  kind  of  maternal  millennium. 
The  same  jealousies  and  disputes  would  go  on  in  the  future  be- 


tween different  localities  and  different  sections  of  the  people,  but 
what  the  Constitution  would  do  would  be  to  establish  a  tribunal 
where  men  could  fight  out  their  quarrels  and  difficulties  in  the 
good  old  Parliament  fashions. 


IT  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  history  of  the  British  Em- 
pire contains  no  more  inspiring  example  of  patriotic  self- 
sacrifice  and   zeal  than  this  bill   whereby  men  of  different 
races,  only  yesterday  at  war,  agreed  to  put  aside  their  differences 
and   work  together  to  the  end  of   the   good  of  their  common 
country. 


NOTES  OF  THE  WEST 


A  View  of  Miami,  Man 

A  district  of  Saskatchewan  that  has  been  coming 
on  very  fast  and  promises  to  go  on  developing 
at  the  same  rate  is  that  of  which  the  incorporated 
town  of  Langham  is  the  centre.  This  town  is  on 
the  line  of  the  Canadian  Northern  Railway,  507 
miles  west  of  Winnipeg  and  only  30  miles  from 
Saskatoon.  Langham  has  four  elevators,  and 
possesses  a  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  150 
barrels  of  floar,  twobanks,  two  hotels,  four  general 
stores,  two  hardware  stores,  three  lumber  yards, 
three  implement  dealers,  and  all  other  lines  of 
businesi  which  go  to  make  a  good,  progressive 
western  town.  The  population  of  Langham  is 
seven  hundred.  The  soil  in  this  favored  district 
is  all  that  could  be  desired— a  fine  black  loam  on 
top  with  good  clay  subsoil.  This  district  has  been 
proven  to  be  an  ideal  one  for  the  raising  of  wheat 
and  in  fact  all  cereal  crops;  for  the  past  seven 
years  the  yields  have  been  all  that  the  farmer 
could  reasonably  desire.  The  land  is  level  and 
free  from  scrub,  although  it  is  studded  here  and 
there  with  a  little  wood— just  enough  to  make 
shelters  and  wind-breaks  for  stock 
and  farm  buildings.  The  nature  of 
the  soil  makes  it  very  easily  worked. 
It  is  not  heavy  enough  to  cake  on 
farm  machinery,  in  fact  many  are 
farming  two  and  three  hundred  acres 
with  but  four  or  five  horses. 


road  will  be  completed  by  December  ist,  1911,  in 
accordance  with  an  agreement  between  us  and  the 
Canadian  government.  The  finances  of  the  com- 
pany are  in  good  shape.  We  have  just  placed  ten 
millions  in  bonds  with  London  bankers  at  3  p.  c. 
interest.  These  bonds  are  guaranteed  by  the 
Canadian  government  and  were  sold  inside  of  one 
hour  afcer  the  lists  were  opened  for  bids." 


>~pHE  decision  of  the  management  of  the  Canad- 
-1-  ian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  to  extend  the  term 
of  office  of  Mr.  Wm.  Whyte,  second  vice-president 
of  the  company  and  executive  head  of  the  western 
lines,  meets  with  the  hearty  approval  of  the  entire 
West  where  Mr.  Whyte  is  held  in  high  esteem  and 
where  his  ability  has  done  so  much  to  assist  deve- 
lopment. Mr.  Whyte  was  born  in  Charleston, 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  on  September  isth,  1843,  but 
since  1863  he  has  resided  in  Canada. 


TN  describing  a  trip  over  the  National  Transcon- 
•*-  tinental  Railway  Mr.  T.  St.  Pierre  writes  in  the 
Manitoba  Free  Press;  "As  Superior  Junction  is 
reached  there  are  marked  signs  of  an  influx  of 
population.  Three  hotels  are  open  at  the  Junction 
itself,  besides  a  couple  of  stores  and  a  private  bank. 
The  floating  population  is  around  200.  Wako  two 
miles  to  the  south,  is  also  showing  signs  of  becom- 
ing a  prosperous  village,  it  being  now  the  head  of 


navigation  to  Sturgeon  lake  where  gold 
mines  are  said  to  be  plentiful.  These  mines 
are  also  within  ten  miles  of  the  Transcon- 
tinental grade. 

By  no  stretch  of  the  imagination  can  the 
country  extending  northwest  of  Fort  William 
to  the  Wabigoon  river  be  classed  as  sterile 
For  long  distances  it  is  fairly  level,  well 
watered  and  bears  every  evidence  of  fertility. 
Only  the  forbidding  appearance  of  the  north 
shore  of  Lake  Superior  could  have  so  long 
kept  population  away  from  these  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  acres  of  woodland.  There  is  con- 
siderable variety  in  the  character  of  the  soil. 
Portions  of  the  area  are  of  red  or  light  colored 
clay,  changing  to  clay  loam.  In  other  sections 
sandy  loam  and  black  loam  are  the  prevailing 
characteristics.  The  subsoil  is  as  a  rule  of  a  por- 
ous nature,  which  together  with  the  rolling  form- 
ation of  the  surface  in  most  localities  precludes 
the  necessity  of  drainage,  except  low  lying  land. 
Much  of  the  country  has  been  overrun  with  fire, 
making  clearing  comparatively  easy.  The  success 
whick  has  attended  farming  along  the  C.  N.  R. 
and  C.P.R.,  where  it  has  been  attempted,  bespeaks 
the  future  of  the  Hinterland,  where  the  climate  is 
better  owing  to  the  absence  of  the  fierce  blasts 
from  the  Great  Lakes. 

Colin  Fraser,  veteran  fur  trader,  arrived  at  Ed- 
monton from  Fort  Chippewayan  early  in  August 
with  1 1 8,000  worth  of  furs,  mostly  beaver  and  rats. 
He  reports  other  furs  very  scarce.  He  says  the 
iourney  in  was  the  roughest  in  his  experience.  A 
number  of  the  bridges  were  carried  away  by  high 
water.  He  says  the  Indians  would  have  starved 
had  it  not  been  an  open  season  for  beaver. 


TT7HILE  in  the  West  on  his  recent 
^  ^  annual  tour  of  inspection  Sir 
Charles  Rivers-Wilson,  President  of 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  Co. ,  speak- 
ing of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Rail- 
way and  its  prospects  said:  "I  am 
more  convinced  than  ever  that  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  road  is  going  to 
be  a  great  success.  The  develop- 
ment of  the  Canadian  Northwest  is 
progressing  rapidly,  for,  like  the  Pa- 
cific Northwest,  it  is  a  country  of  re- 
sources. That  portion  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  between  Edmonton  and  Fort 
William  will  be  completed  by  Sep- 
tember ist,  and  we  expect  to  ride  over 
it  on  our  return  journey.  The  entire 


The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  is  preparing 
to  complete  the  Esquimault  and  Nanaimo  Railway 
to  close  the  connection  across  Vancouver  from  Na- 
naimo on  the  eastern  side  to  Alberni  on  the  western 
shore.     There  are  about  30  miles  yet 
to  finish.     It  is  expected  that  every- 
thing will  be  ready  for  work  to  start 
early  this  month,  and  the  contractors 
will  be  able  to  carry  on  operations  all 
winter  owing  to  the  mild  climate  on 
the  island,  where  frost  and  snow  are 
almost  unknown. 

Mr.  James  Macdonell,  the  well- 
known  Vancouver  contractor  who  was 
in  Montreal,  recently  stated  that  with 
the  activity  displayed  on  this  line  it 
would  probably  be  completed  for  ope- 
ration within  a  year.  The  road,  Mr. 
Macdonell  stated,  will  run  through  the 
best  country  on  Vancouver  Island,  the 
route  being  very  heavily  timbered,  so 
that  from  the  very  start  there  will  be 
a  big  traffic  in  lumber.  Much  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  island,  he  stated, 
is  also  well  adapted  for  general  farm- 
ing, and,  once  the  timber  is  cleared 
off,  it  is  expected  that  there  will  be  a 
large  influx  of  settlers. 


The  branch  of  the  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce  in  Langham,  Sask. 


Dr.  F.  W.  Ward,  editor  of  the/?az'/y 


Telegraph  of  Sydney,  Australia,  and  a  delegate  to 
the  Imperial  Press  Conference  held  recently  in 
London,  Eng.,  was  in  Winnipeg  the  other  day  on 
his  way  home  from  the  Old  Country.  He  was 
delighted  with  the  commercial  capital  of  the  Cana- 
dian West.  "My  day  in  Winnipeg",  said  Dr.  Ward, 
"has  without  any  question,  been  one  of  the  very 
great  days  in  my  trip.  On  a  journey  such  as  this, 
there  are  naturally  days  which  stand  out  in  clear 
relief.  One  such  day  was  that  at  Spithead  when 
the  imperial  fleet  was  shown  for  our  inspection , 
and  instruction.  I  would  like  to  tell  you  why  I 
regard  my  day  in  Winnipeg  as  one  of  the  great 
days. 

"In  the  first  place,  I  would  say  that  I  regard  it 
as  surprising  that  almost  all  I  have  seen  to-day  has 
been  new.  I  have  been  here  before.  Sixteen 
years  ago  I  was  here  twice  in  the  same  month,  as  I 
believe,  in  which  I  have  vi>ited  here  this  year,  I 
remember  that  at  that  time  I  got  off  the  train  at  a 
station  which  was  situated  at  quite  a  distance  from 
the  town.  I  would  like  to  believe  that  the  station 
at  which  I  got  off  this  year  is  the  same.  I  understand 
that  it  was,  but  the  town  has  grown  up  to  it,  and 
the  site  on  which  the  old  building  stood  appears  to 
be  covered  with  a  palatial  hotel.  . .  .  The  sight 
which  can  be  seen  in  Winnipeg  to-day  cannot  be 
seen  anywhere  else  in  the  Empire.  It  is  to  me 
to-day  perhaps  the  most  interesting  place  in  the 
world.  All  our  politicians  ought  to  come  here. 
What  I  have  seen  in  Winnipeg  is  what  I  want  to 
see  in  my  own  country.  We  want  to  have  in 
Australia  our  Winnipegs.  There  are  very  few 
places  in  the  world  as  good  as  Winnipeg  and  as 
young.  There  is  nothing  in  Australia,  nor  in  New 
Zealand,  which  can  be  cited  as  a  parallel  to  it.  It 
is  the  show  place  of  Canada  to-day.  I  wish  that  I 
could  stay  another  month  and  see  the  country  dis- 
tricts which  have  contributed  to  the  wealth  of  this 
city  and  province.  What  you  are  doing  here  is  the 
thing  which  we  must  do  in  Australia,  namely,  set- 
tle our  waste  lands  and  make  them  productive.  As 
more  of  your  land  is  settled,  you  will  make  your 
cities  still  more  attractive,  ?o  attractive  that  your 
people,  who  grow  wealthy,  will  not  leave  you  and 
find  homes  in  older  countries,  but  will  be  willing 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 

to  continue  to  live  here,  and  die  here,  taking  the 
deepest  pride  in  your  cities  and  aiding  in  making 
them  worthy  of  it.  I  say  again  that  my  day  in 
Winnipeg  has  been  one  of  the  great  days  of  my 
trip  and  it  has  been  so,  because  I  have  seen  here  an 
illustration  of  the  manner  in  which,  through  the 
vigorous  vitality  and  the  daring  enterprise  of  the 
British  people,  the  Empire  is  being  developed." 


While  In  Winnipeg  recently  Mr.  A.  Knechtel  of 
the  Department  of  Forestry  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment gave  an  interview  respecting  the  work  carried 
on  by  the  Department,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
said  : 

"One  of  the  matters  which  we  have  in  hand  this 
summer  is  the  locating  of  boundary  lines  on  the 
various  forest  reserves  of  the  prairie  Provinces. 
From  time  to  time  timber  is  stolen  from  these  re- 
serves and  when  the  matter  is  investigated  the 
guilty  parties  usually  claim  that  they  were  inno- 
cent of  any  intention  to  defraud,  that  they  were 
not  aware  where  the  line  of  demarcation  was.  The 
department  is  now  making  the  line  clear,  marking 
it  with  a  series  of  iron  stakes.  Lines  are  being  cut 
through  the  forests,  eight  feet  wide,  and  roads  are 
being  constructed.  The  low  places  on  these  roads 
are  being  filled  with  brush,  so  that  a  waggon  c*in 
be  driven  about  the  reserve.  In  case  of  fire,  the 
men  engaged,  can  be  driven  by  these  roads,  from 
point  to  point,  and  in  case  of  fire  coming  in  from 
the  prairies,  these  roads  can  be  used  as  points  from 
which  back  firing  can  be  done.  In  the  Spruce  Wood 
reserve,  near  Brandon, the  Canadian  Pacific  and  the 
Canadian  Northern  railways  have  completed  the 
plowing  of  fireguards  along  their  rights  of-way. 
These  guards  are  being  plowed  on  many  of  the 
reserves  aud  one  has  just  been  completed  around 
the  Cypress  Hills  forest  reserve  in  Alberta. 

This  year  there  have  been  very  few  fires  on  any 
of  the  reserves  and  those  which  broke  out  have 
been  quickly  extinguished.  The  only  fire  of  any 
consequence  was  one  on  the  Riding  Mountains, 
and  in  this  case  there  was  very  little  heavy  timber 
destroyed,  although  smaller  trees,  chiefly  poplar, 
were  burned.  No  spruce  or  pine  was  destroyed. 

"The  department  is  making  strenuous  efforts  to 


21 

reforest  denuded  areas  on  forest  reserves  in  the 
provinces.  Last  fall  a  large  quantity  of  spruce  and 
pine  cones  were  collected  bv  the  forest  rangers, and 
were  sent  to  Indian  Head,  where  the  seed  was  ex- 
tracted under  the  direction  of  Norman  Ross,  the 
superintendent  of  the  Forest  Nursery  station.  This 
spring  the  seed  was  distributed  among  the  forest 
rangers,  and  was  sown  in  various  ways  on  the  re- 
serves. Some  was  sown  in  seed  beds,  prepared  like 
beds  for  garden  vegetables.  Most  of  these  beds 
are  now  covered  green  with  small  trees  about  three 
inches  high.  Other  seed  was  put  in  on  prepared 
ground  with  a  garden  seeder,  in  drills.  Seed  was 
also  placed  in  spots  on  the  unbroken  prairie,  ten  to 
fifteen  seeds  being  placed  in  each  spot, and  covered 
with  a  handful  of  sand.  Certain  species  succeed 
very  well  when  planted  in  this  manner,  especially 
the  lodge-pole  pine  and  the  bull  pine.  I  inspected 
some  of  the  plots  and  I  found  that  in  almost 
every  case  the  seed  had  come  up  and  the  trees 
were  doing  well. 

"Between  Winnipeg  and  Brandon  there  are  large 
areas  on  which  it  is  the  hope  of  the  depart- 
ment that  forests  may  be  planted.  There  are  farms 
in  this  area  which  have  been  abandoned  by  their 
owners  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  have  become  no 
more  than  beds  of  sand.  On  all  this  land,  much 
of  which,  of  course,  has  never  been  occupied, 
forests  will  be  planted.  In  Mecklenberg  I  saw  a 
similar  strip  of  country,  once  a  waste  of  sand,  on 
which  trees  had  been  planted  and  which  had  thus 
been  -reclaimed.  It  Js  our  hope  that  the  same 
thing  will  be  done  in  the  case  of  these  lands.  The 
department  is  also  now  withdrawing  certain  lands 
from  settlement  each  year,  such  lands  as  ought  not 
to  be  settled,  and  on  these  'great  forests  will  be 
eventually  created." 


The  reproduction  of  old  Fort  Garry  gateway  in 
threshed  wheat  and  threshed  oats  as  a  feature  of 
the  decorations  of  Winnipeg  in  connection  with  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  .Science  was  the  happy  idea  of  Mr.  J. 
Bruce  Walker,  the  Commissioner  of  Immigration. 
The  wheat  used  was  the  finest  No.  I  bard,  and  the 
threshed  oats  were  of  the  same  high  quality. 


1THE  CAVE 


|fl      MAIN      SOURCE 
OLD   MAN    RIVER 


The  source  of  the  Old  Man  River  In  the  Crow's  Nest  Pass     To  this  river  reference  Is  made  In  the  article  en  tbe 
Development  of  the  Eastern  Slope  of  the  Reeky  Mountains. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


ASHBURY  COLLEGE, 


OTTAWA,  ONT. 


Resident  and  Day  School 
for  boys. 

Special  preparation  for 
Universities  and  R.  M.  C. 
I  st  and  3rd  places  R.  M. 
C.  graduation,  June,  1 909. 

Junior  department  for  little 
boys. 

New  fireproof  buildings  on 
1 0-acre  site  now  in  course 
of  erection.  (See  cut.) 

For  terms  apply 


REV.  G.  P.  WOOLLCOMBE,  M.A.  (Oxon) 


HEADMASTER 


Promising  Propositions 

A  CORRESPONDENT  at  Elk  Lake  in 
the  Cobalt  district  of  New  Ontario 
writes  in  regard  to  the  McCrimmon  proper- 
ty :  "We  are  now  down  forty-two  feet 
with  our  shaft,  and  the  vein  continues  very 
strong.  It  is  increasing  in  width  and 
carries  higher  values.  Already  we  have 
run  on  to  two  blind  leads  in  the  shaft,  one 
about  15  feet  from  the  surface,  and  the 
other  at  the  40  foot  level.  They  are  of 
calcite,  carrying  copper  and  nicolite,  and 
cobalt  bloom,  and  look  very  promising. 
The  district  around  us  is  showing  up  fine." 

The  Cobalt  Paymaster  Mines,  Ltd.,  is 
now  working  under  lease  the  claims 
of  the  Amalgamated  Co. ,  on  the  shore  of 
Sassaganiga  Lake. 

Development  work  has  been  pushed 
vigorously  since  the  Paymaster  took  hold 
and  a  nice  looking  vein  was  recently 
caught  in  a  crosscut  along  the  Tretheway 
line. 

While  the  vein  does  not  contain  native 
silver,  it  is  likely  to  be  good  concentrating 
ore.  It  is  running  in  from  the  Tretheway 
claim  to  the  west.  The  vein  has  been 
traced  across  the  property  upon  the  surface 
and  five  other  veins  have  been  found  in  the 
trenching  that  has  been  done  on  the  claim 
this  summer. 

The  shaft  is  now  down  115  feet,  and  will 
probably  be  put  down  another  hundred  feet 
this  summer.  All  the  recent  work  has  been 
drifting  and  cross- cutting,  most  of  it  being 
done  towards  the  Tretheway  line.  There 
are  now  600  feet  of  underground  workings 
on  the  claim. 

In  addition  to  the  22  acres  of  the  Amal- 
gamated Claim,  the  Company  will  work  a 
nine- acre  tract  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
the  Tretheway,  and  a  jo  foot  strip  under 
the  Lake  extending  up  to  the  Bucke  line. 
Capt.  John  Tretheway  is  president  of  the 
Paymaster  Co  ,  and  Mr.  M.  B.  R.  Gordon 
is  superintendent. 


NEEPAWA,     Manitoba 

Centre  of  choice  f aiming  district.  Twenty-five 
years  without  crop  failure.  Choice  improvt  d 
farms  at  moderate  prices.  Wild  lands  as  chtap 
as  in  the  Wotcrn  Provinces.  Good  business 
opp  rtunities  in  town.  Town  lots  for  sale.  In- 
formation gladly  furnished  prospec  ive  pur- 
chasers. J.  J.  HAMILTON,  Box  87,  Neepawa, 
Manitoba. 


Lower   Canada  College 


Notre  Dame  de  Grace 
MONTREAL 


HEADMASTER 

C.   S.   FOSBERY,   M.A. 

Late  Headmaster 

ST.  JOHN'S  SCHOOL 


For  Boarders  and  Day  Boys  address  81  Ontario  St.,  West 


Toronto  Orthopedic  Hospital 


100  West  Bloor  St.,  TORONTO,  Ont. 


Devoted    exclusively    to    the     care 
and  treatment  of  persons  who  are 

LAME.    R.UPTXJRED,     CRIPPLED 
or    DEFOR.MED. 

Private  wards,  $  14  to  $20  per  week. 
Semi-private  wards,  $10  to  Ji2  per  week. 


Recollections  of  the  War 
of  1812 

By  DR.  WM.  DUNLOP 

With  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  author 
by  A.  H.  U.  Colquhoun,  LL.D.,  Dep- 
uty Minister  of  Education,  Ontario. 
Second  edition.  122  pp.  i6mo.,  cloth 
neat.  Toronto.  1908.  $1.00. 

"  The  little  b:ok  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
literature  of  a  momentous  period  in  Canadian 
history.  Dr.  Dunlop  is  a  most  entertaining 
writer,  and  invests  his  narrative  with  the  charm 
almost  of  a  romance.  It  is  fall  of  good  stories, 
acute  observation  and  quaint  humorous  com- 
ment on  the  men  and  manners  of  the  day." — 
The  Globe,  Toronto. 

HISTORICAL  PUBLISHING   CO. 

446  Parliament  St.,  Toronto,  Ont. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


Are  Consumers  Overcharged  ? 

IN  many  respects  this  season  Is  proving 
to  be  one  of  the  most  fortunate  in  the 
yields  of  its  crops,  and  the  supply  of  farm 
products.  Yet  an  increasing  cost  of  living, 
so  far  as  determined  by  foodstuffs,  is  the 
experience  of  practically  every  householder. 
The  family  budget  has  constantly  to  be 
overhauled,  and  to  families  of  small  income 
there  is  no  doubt  an  increasing  necessity  to 
pare  down  the  quantity  and  quality  of  eat- 
ables required  to  maintain  its  members  in 
a  well-nourished  condition. 

This  tendency  of  rising  prices  affects  the 
life  of  the  people  at  its  source,  because  the 
vitality  of  every  portion  of  the  population 
is  largely  determined  by  the  kind  and  the 
quantity  of  food  with  which  it  can  be  sup- 
plied. It  is  this  aspect  of  the  question  of 
the  cost  of  living  that  makes  the  matter 
important  enough  for  citizens  to  institute 
an  inquiry  in  every  large  centre  of  popula- 
tion as  to  what  is  responsible  for  the  in- 
crease in  the  cost  of  food  supplies. 

A  commission  of  public  spirited  men  and 
women  acquainted  with  popular  conditions 
and  who  have  capacity  to  command  inves- 
tigating talent  of  the  right  sort,  would  go 
far  to  show  whether  the  distributive  system, 
as  at  present  concerned  with  food  supplies, 
is  really  getting  an  undue  share  of  the  cott 
to  the  consumers  of  these  and  kindred  com- 
modities.—  Wall  Street  Journal. 

Lonesome  Bar 

TO  Canadian  literature  has  just  been 
added  a  volume  of  verses  whose 
principal  theme  is  the  life  of  the  Yukon. 
Its  title  in  full  is  "  Lonesome  Bar,  a  Ro- 
mance of  the  Lost,  and  other  Poems,"  and 
its  author  is  Tom  Mclnnts.  The  work  has 
received  high  praise  from  the  critics,  one 
of  whom  writes:  "'Lonesome  Bar,'  a 
poem  depicting  life  in  the  early  days  in  the 
Klondyke,  is  a  vivid  presentation  of  the 
wild  life  of  the  miners.  '  The  Rime  of 
Jacques  Valbeau'  is  an  extraordinary  con- 
ception. '  The  Damozel  of  Doom '  and 
'  The  Valley  of  Relief  '  are  two  other  strik- 
ing poems.  Tom  Mclnnes  has  a  wonder- 
ful gift  of  word-picturing  and  the  reader 
cannot  help  but  be  impressed  by  his  verses." 

The  author  is  a  native  of  British  Colum- 
bia and  his  knowledge  of  the  subject  of 
which  he  sings  he  obtained  at  first  hand, 
which,  no  doubt,  explains  why  he  is  able 
to  depict  so  vividly  the  life  of  the  miner  in 
the  Yukon  and  on  the  Chilcoot  Pass. 

The  book  is  said  to  contain  much  that  is 
highly  clever  and  is  well  worth  purchasing. 
The  little  volume  is  very  attractive,  having 
been  published  by  Desbarats  &  Co.  of 
Montreal. 


Fred.  A.  Russell  $  Co. 

CRANBROOK,  B.  C. 

Are  selling  partly  improved  farms 
at  from,  $15  to  $25,  per  acre, 
better  land  than  is  selling  ELSE- 
WHERE in  British  Columbia  at 
$100. 

OVER  1OO 

choice  farms  to  select  from.  V  e 
sell  at  OWNERS'  PRICE,  others 
do  not. 

Write  us  for  our  large  list  of  partly 
improved  farms,  and  prices. 

Box  144     CRANKKOOK,    B.C. 


62  l-2c.  per  acre  cash  and 
62  1-2  c.  for  each  of  seven 
years  thereafter 

secure  to  you  a  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  FARM  in 
the  British  Columbia  Southern;  Columbia  and  Kootenay 
and  Columbia  and  Weslem  Railway  Companies'  Land 
Grants.  These  Farm  Lands  are  eminently  suited  for  the 
raising  of 

Fruit,  Grain  or  Stock 

and  may  be  purchased  on  these  EASY  TERMS  from 

THE 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway 

who  are  looking  for  Settlers  for  this  part. 

Timber  Lands    of    the    highest    character,  situated    in    these 
Grants.are  offered  for  sale  in  blocks  of  from  640  acres  upwards. 

SHIPPING  FACILITIES  UNSURPASSED.  EASY  TRANSPORTATION. 


Apply  to  the  address 
as  shown  on  the  attached 
coupon  for  Maps,  Appli- 
cation Forms,  Regulations 
and  Literature. 


J.  S.  DENNIS, 

Assistant  to  2nd  Vice-President, 


DesK  No.  22 


Calfjaty,  Albert*. 


Please  stud  me  all  facts  pertaining  to  your  lands  in  I!.  C. 


Southern    Alberta 


MACLEOD. 

The  heart  of  the 

winter-wheat  belt 


FARM  LANDS 


IMPROVED    and    UNIMPROVED 


I  can  sell  you  land  that  will  pay  for  itself  in  one  crop. 
Prices  range  from  $15.00  to  $35.00  per  acre 

according  to  the  improvements. 
Write  and  enquire  for  full  particulars 

R.   H.  MILLIARD, 

MACLEOD,     ALBERTA 


IN  WRITING  TO  ADVERTISERS  PLEASE  MENTION 

Canadian   Life  and   Resources 


THE  TREND  OF  THE   MARKETS 


DURING    AUGUST 
A  DAILY  RECORD  OF  THE  FLUCTUATIONS  DURING  THE  MONTH 


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XD 


The  Canadian  During  the  first  three  weeks  of  August  the  securities 

MarKet  Steady  markets  in  Canada  gave  a  very  satisfactory  exhibition 
of  cool-headedness  and  common  sense.  They  are  commonly 
supposed  to  be  susceptible  in  no  small  degree  to  the  influence  of  the  larger 
United  States  markets,  especially  of  Wall  Street.  August  saw  Wall  Street 
whipped  into  a  wild  speculation.  One  of  the  representative  stocks  most  ac- 
tively traded  in  rose  violently  some  twenty  points  on  rumors  of  a  "melon 
cutting",  and  then  fell  back  again  the  greater  part  of  the  distance.  Other 
stocks  also  fluctuated  wildly — this  notwithstanding  that  August  is  the  month 
in  which  the  drain  of  funds  for  harvest  purposes,  from  New  York  to  the  in- 
terior, commences. 

It  is  pleasant  to  observe  that  no  such  extreme  fluctuations  were  in  evi- 
dence at  Montreal  or  Toronto.  The  representative  stocks  did  not  partici- 
pate in  the  tumultuous  rise  of  the  Wall  Street  favorites  and  needless  to  say, 
they  were  not  affected  appreciably  by  the  Wall  Street  collapse.  It  is  a  curi- 
ous fact  that  quite  a  number  of  the  stocks  in  the  chart  stand  at  the  time  of 
writing  at  exactly  the  same  level  they  were  on  during  the  third  week  of 
July— a  month  ago.  A  few  do  not  vary  by  so  much  as  a  fraction;  in  others 
the  variation  is  only  a  point  or  two. 

The  Railways  Canadian  Pacific  has  had  to  grapple  with  a  small  strike 

and  the  Harvest  of    the  dock    handlers    at   Fort   William.     But    condi. 
tions  in  the  labor  market  are  not  now  so  favorable  forstrik 
ing  workiagmen  as    they   ware   t*o   yeirs  ago  ;  and  the  financial  markets 
took  absolutely  no  notice   of    the  Kort  William   trouble.     Events   showed 


Compiled  exclusively  for  CANADIAN  I.IFB  AND  RKSOUKCBS 

that  they  estimated  it  at  the  proper  importance.  Deliveries  of  new  wheat 
are  now  commencing,  and  soon  the  big  transcontinental  as  well  as  the 
Canadian  Northern,  should  be  reporting  a  very  large  weekly  traffic  in 
grain. 

Dominion  Coal  ^e  •^on"n'on  Coa.1  Co.  during  the  month  succeeded 

and  R  2JO  *n  gradually  increasing  the  number  of  men  in  the  mines 

and  the  daily  output,  until  the  latter  reached  a  fair 
proportion  of  the  normal  output  before  the  strike.  Thus  that  strike  also  is 
progressing  towards  the  end  expected  from  the  beginning  by  dispassionate 
and  unbiased  observers. 

An  interesting  report  has  been  current  regarding  Richelieu  and  Ontario. 
It  is  stated  that  the  directors  have  received  from  Rochester  capitalists  an 
offer  for  a  block  of  the  company's  stock,  at  a  price  considerably  above  the 
market.  Influential  parties  connected  with  the  company  say  that  the 
introduction  of  new  capital  of  this  kind  should  prove  beneficial  to  the  stock- 
holders' interests.  The  news  caused  a  rise  in  the  quotations. 
I  tin  American  ^'le  Pressure  upon  the  Latin-American  group  of 

Securities  stocks,  in   which   Canadians    are  so  largely   interested, 

appears  to  be  over  for  the  time.  Mexican  Power  and 
Rio  de  Janeiro  have  recovered  some  of  their  losses.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  several  London  papers  conducted  a  vigorous  attack  upon  the  group. 

Shares  of  the  Dominion  Steel  Co,,  of  the  flour  milling  companies,  and 
of  the  textile  companies,  have  been  quiet,  and  have  not  changed  materially 
in  value  during  the  month.  All  of  them  are  believed  to  be  prospering  in  a 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


The  Merchants'  BanK 

OF  CANADA 

ESTABLISHED  1864 

CAPITAL  PAID-DP      -        -        -        96. OOO.OOO 
RESERVE  FUND  &  UNDIVIDED 

PROFITS    ....  $4,400,007 

President,  SIR  H.  MONTAGU  ALLAN,  Kt 
Vice-President,  JONATHAN  HODGSON,  Esq. 

E.  F.  HEBDEN.  General  Manager. 

T.  E.  MERRBTT,  Supt.  of  Branches  and  Chief  Inspector. 

BRANCHES  AND  AGENCIES 


ONTAIIO 

Acton 

Alvinston 

Athens 

Belleville 

Berlin 

Bothwell 

Brampton 

Chatham 

Chatsworth 

Chesley 

Creemore 

Delta 

Keanville 

Elora 

Elgin 

Pinch 

Fort  William 

Gait 

Gananoque 

Georgetown 

Glencoe 

Gore  Bay 

Granton 

Hamilton 

Hanover 

Hespeler 

Ingersoll 

Kincardine 

Kingston 

Lancaster 

Lansdowne 

Leamington 

Little  Current 

Lqndon 

Lucan 

Lyiidhurst 

Markdale 

Meaford 

Mildmay 

Mitchell 

Napanee 

Oakville 

Orillia 

Ottawa 

Owen  Sound 

Parkdale 

Perth 


Prescott 

Preston 

Renfrew 

Stratford 

St.  Kugene 

St.  George 

St.  Thomas 

Tara 

Thames  ville 

Tilbury 

Toronto 

"     Parl'ment  St 
Walkerton 
Watford 
West  Lome 
Westport 
Wheatley 
Williamstown 
Windsor 
Yarker 

QUEBEC 
Beauharnols 
Lachine 
Montreal 


Oak  Lake 
Portage  la  Prairie 
Russell 
Somis 
Winnipeg 
ALBERTA 


AcmefTapscot  PO) 

Calgary 

Camrose 

Carstairs 

Castor 

(Williston  P.O.) 
Daysland 
Edmonton 
La  com  be 
Leduc 
Lethbridge 
Mannville 
Medicine  Hat 
Okotoks 
Olds 

Red  Deer 
Sedgwick 
Stettler 

(Head  Office)    Tofield 
1255  St  Cath  St  F.Trochu 
320  St  Cath  St  W  Vegreville 
1330  St  Law  Boulviking  (Meighen) 
Town  of  St.  Louis  Wainwright 
Quebec  Wetaskiwin 

St.  Sauveur        SASKATCHE- 

WAN 
Arcola 
Carnduff 
Gainsboro 
Maple  Creek 
Melville 
Oxbow 
Unity 

Whitewood 
BRITISH 

COLUMBIA 
Sidney 
Vancouver 
Victoria 

UNITED  STATES 
New  York 

63  &  65  Wall  St 


Rigaud 
Shawville 
Sherbrooke 
Ste.  Agathe  lies 

Monts 
St,  Jerome 
St.  Johns 
St.  Jovite 

MANITOBA 

Brandon 

Carberry 

Gladstone 

Griswold 

Macgregor 

Morris 

Napinka 

Neepawa 

Atf«nt*  In  Groat  Britain 

•OTAL  BANK  OF  SCOTLAND  AND  BRANCHES 

Head  Office,       -        MONTREAL 


quiet  way,  and  preparing  for   an  active  season   in 
1909-10. 

One  United  States  traction  stock  in  which 
Canadians  are  quite  largely  interested  and  which 
sometimes  takes  a  prominent  place  in  the  dealings 
on  the  Canadian  markets— Twin  City— has  scored 
an  advance  of  about  five  points.  Rumors  of  an 
increase  of  one  percent  in  the  dividend,  which 
some  years  ago  were  quite  insistent,  have  been 
revived,  and  account  for  the  rise. 

There  has  been  some  move- 
ment in  the  bank  shares 
though  the  transactions  in  them 
have  not  been  large.  One  or  two  banks  with  head 
offices  in  Toronto  moved  up  some  half-dozen  or 
more  points.  It  is  certain  that  with  the  harvesting 
of  the  19(19  wheat  crop  in  Western  Canada,  and  the 
general  increase  in  business  activity,  the  banks 
will  find  a  more  satisfactory  employment  of  their 
resources  than  they  have  tad  in  the  past  couple  of 
years.  Their  profits  should,  therefore,  be  larger. 

H.  M.  P.  Eckardt. 


Movement  in 
BanK  Shares 


Th.  Chase-Casgrain,  K.C 
A.  Chase-Casgrain 
Errol  M.  McDougall 


Victor  E.  Mitchell 

Joseph  W  Weldon 

John  J.  Creelman 


McGibbon,    Casgrain,    Mitchell 
®  Weldon 

Canada  Lire  Buildinj,  Montre.l 
Advocates,    Barrist  •*••,   be. 

Solicitor!  for  The  Royal  Bank  of  Canada.  Th»  Ro»«1 
Trunt  Co..  National  Truit  Co.  limited,  The  Pullman 
Company.  United  Shoe  Machinery  Company  of  Canada, 
Hurness  Withy  Co..  limited,  American  Locomotive  Co. 


Necessary   for    Good    Business 

A  typewriter  is  a  necessity.  Think  of  the  time  and 
money  you  save  by  having  a  machine,  and  then  — 
look  at  the  appearance. 

We  can  sell  yon  any  make  of  machine  yon  desire, 
deliver  it  to  you  in  first-class  condition  and  save  you 
50  to  75  per  cent  on  the  price. 

Wnte  for  particulars.  Typewriter  Clearing  House  of 
Canada,  yia  St.  James  St.,  Montreal. 


F^nue of  TRAVELLERS'  CHEQUES  <-"*» 

The  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce 

These  cheques  are  a  most  convenient  form  in  whi:h  to  carry  money  when  travelling.  They  are 
NEGOTIAHLK  KVKRYWHKKK,  .SHI.F-IDKNTIKYINO  and  the  EX  ACT  AMOUNT  I'AYAHU-: 
in  the  principal  countries  of  the  world  is  shown  on  the  face  of  each  cheque. 


t\  What  can  be  better  than  a  Canadian  Bond 
issued  by  a  Canadian  Company  in  a  business 
that  is  the  backbone  of  Canada  ?  We  offer 
such  a  Bond  to  yield  almost  5 '4  per  cent- 
Principal  and  interest  absolutely  secure. 

W.  Graham  Browne  &  Co. 

Dealers  in    High  Grade  Bonds. 
222  St.  James  Street,  MONTREAL. 


COBALT    STOCKS 

I  recommend  the  purchase  of 

Paymaster,  McCrimmon  Montreal  River 

Union  Pacific,  Cobalt  Mine,  Ltd., 
Floyd,  Gould,  Nova  Scotia,  Laurie. 

Confirmation  of  the  values  to  be  found 
in  the  Keewatiu  has  been  had  by  a  good 
discovery  recently  made  in  that  forma- 
tion by  the  Paymaster,  which  corrobor- 
ates the  tests  made  in  the  sime  rock  by 
the  Coniagas  and  the  City  of  Cobalt. 

Montreal  Standard. 


PKone  Main  3O89 


Benjamin  Borland 


3O3  Board  of  Trade  Bldj; 
MONTREAL 


26 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


SHOE  POLISH 

"  I  tell  Ton,  Boo,  Mopl*  an  10  par- 
ticular about  the  Shoe  Polish  they 
use  that  they  ask  me  each  night  to  be 
sure  and  use  "2  in  1." 

It's  easier    for  me,  too,  and    TOO 

should   see  the  (mile  I  ret  1m  the 
morning. " 


At  .11 
Dealer* 
lOc.  and 
25c.  tins 


Western 
Manitoba 


Improved  Farms 

$12  to  $4O  an  acre. 

Wild  Lands  and  Grazing  Lands 
From  $8  to  $10 

Near  the  markets  of  the  world.     Why  go 

further  West  to  work  for  railroads.   The 

further  West  you  go  the  more  freight 

you  pay  on  all  you  buy  and  on 

all  you  sell 

R.  H.  HOCKIN 

Notary  Public 

OAK  LAKE,  MANITOBA 

Appraiser  for  the  Canada  Permanent  Mortgage 
Corporation;  Secretary-Treasurer  for  the  Muni- 
cipality of  Sifton;  Secretary -Treasurer  for  the 
Town  of  Oak  I«ake;  Member  Western  Canada 
Real  Estate  Association. 


The  Land  of  Wheat 
and  Money 

Where  land  can  be  bought  at 
a  price  that  one  good  crop 
will  pay  for  it. 

100,000  Acres  for   sale    at   low 
prices  and  easy  terms. 

Come    and    see  it   or  write   for 
particulars  to 

C    R.  GOUGfl 

FRANCIS 
SasKatcHewarn 


In  Deadly  Earnest. 

A  USTRALIA  and  New  Zealand  are  in 
/~Y  deadly  earnest  about  the  naval  defence 
of  the  Empire.  We  all  know  how,  the 
moment  news  came  of  the  naval  debate  in 
the  British  House  of  Commons  showing 
how  real  a  thing  was  the  menace  of 
Germany,  New  Zealand  sent  their  famous 
message  offering  a  "Dreadnaughf  to  the 
British  Navy.  Sir  Joseph  Ward,  their 
patriotic  Premier,  on  the  day  he  arrived  in 
London  to  attend  the  great  Imperial  Naval 
Conference,  said  to  Reuter's  correspond- 
ent:— 

"I  have  come  specially  for  the  purpose 
of  attending  the  important  Defence  Con- 
ference. I  cannot,  of  course,  discuss  any 
details  of  the  proposals  that  will  come 
before  it,  but  can  say  in  general  terrrs  that 
I  regard  the  gathering  as  of  greater  im- 
portance from  the  standpoint  of  Empire 
than  either  of  the  two  Imperial  Conferences 
which  the  Premiers  of  the  oversea  domin- 
ions have  previously  attended.  I  do  not 
wish  to  undervalue  or  underrate  the  work 
of  the  Premiers'  conferences.  There  were 
a  number  of  subjects  dealt  with,  at  the  last 
Confertnce  especially,  but  not  much  of  a 
practical  nature  was  achieved.  The  meet- 
ing, however,  will  deal  with  one  important 
subject  only,  and  that  one  in  my  opinion 
stands  out,  so  far  as  the  Empire  is  concern- 
ed, far  beyond  anything  that  can  be  tre  ted 
academically.  I  consequently  both  hope 
and  look  for  practLal  results  from  this 
conference." 

In  regard  to  the  offer  of  New  Zealand, 
Sir  Joseph  Ward  said:  "We  have  only 
done  that  which  we  believe  to  be  our  duty, 
and  though  that  offer  was  made  without 
the  authority  of  Parliament  in  the  first 
instance,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  raise 
doubts  as  to  whether  Parliament  would 
ratify  it,  the  fact  remains  that  upon 
the  assembling  of  Parliament,  it  was 
unanimously  agreed  to.  I  mention  this 
only  for  the  purpose  of  showing  that  it 
was  unanimously  endorsed  by  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people." 

In  conclusion,  the  Prime  Minister  said: 
"We  all  realise  that  the  supremacy  of  the 
sea  from  the  British  standpoint  is  an 
abso'ute  necessity,  and  the  future  safety 
of  the  Empire  depends  very  largely,  if  rot 
entirely,  upon  the  undoubted  supremacy 
of  the  Navy  itself." 

On  the  day  that  he  landed  in  England  a 
most  interesting  event  took  place  at  Buck- 
ingham Palace  showing  how  practical  and 
immediate  is  the  determination  of  Aus- 
tralia and  New  Zealand  to  have  a  Naval  force 
of  their  own.  King  Edward  that  day 
received  in  special  audience,  three  chief 
petty  officers,  a  petty  officer,  and  twenty- 
eight  men,  from  Australia  and  New  Zea- 
land, who  have  been  training  in  the  Naval 
depots  of  the  old  country,  to  form  the 
nucleus  of  the  proposed  force  to  be  raised 
by  Australia  to  assist  in  the  naval  defence 
of  the  Empire.  The  men  arrived  in 
London  from  Portsmouth  a',  noon,  and 
were  entertained  at  luncheon  at  the  Ad- 
miralty. Thence  they  marched  to  the 
lawn  in  front  of  the  Palace,  being  there 
drawn  up  in  single  line.  In  dress  ard 
appearance  they  are  the  exact  counterpart 
of  the  English  sailor.  They  were  under 
the  command  of  Flag  Captain  Hyde  Park- 
er, Lieut.  St.  John,  and  Sub-Lieut.  Skyn- 
ner. 

His  Majesty,  who  wore  civilian  dress, 
was  accompanied  by  the  Queen,  Princess 
Vi  :toria,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Princess 
Mary  of  Wales,  and  Prince  Henry  of 
Wales.  The  suite  in  attendance  included 
the  Countess  of  Dei  by,  the  Hon.  Charlotte 


A  Perfect 

CUP  OF  TEA 


IS  OBTAINED 
BY  USING 


"SALADA" 

Lead  Paoker.s    Only.       At   all  Grocers 
30c  ,  40o.,  50c.  and  60o.  per  pound. 


Bvery  Step  in  Picture  Making 
by  the 

KODAK  METHOD 

is  at  Your  Convenience. 

The    Kodak  loads  and  unloads 
in  full  daylight. 

The    Kodak    Film  Tank  will 

develop  your  films   in  full 

daylight — with     better 

results    than     the 

old    way. 

You    can    make    your 

own  prints  by  any 

light  on  Velox. 

NO  DARK-ROOM 

For  any  part  of  the  worK 


Ask  yom  dealer  or  let  us 
send  you  copies  of  our  booklets 
"Tank  Development"  and 
the"  Velox  Book . ' ' 

Canadian  Kodak  Co. 

Limited 
TORONTO,  CAN. 


Mr.  EVANS.  Disco- 
verer  of  the  famous 

EVAN'S  CANCER 

CURE  desires  all  who 

suffer  with  Cancer  to  write  to  him.    Two  days'  treatment 

will  cure  external  or  internal  Cancer. 

Write,  R.  D.  Evans,  Brandon,  Manitoba. 


To   Subscribers 

Since  our  magazine  appeared  in  its 
new  form  »e  have  received  many  re- 
quests from  readers  for  complete  sets 
of  back  numbers  for  1908.  We  can 
still  fill  a  few  orders  at  100.  per  copy 
if  sent  in  promptly. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


37 


Are  you  ready 
For  the  winter  ? 

Stomach  clean  ?  Liver  active  ? 
Bowels  regular  ?  Kidneys  right  ? 
Blood  pure  ?  Plenty  of  vim  and 
energy  ?  If  so,  you  don't  need 


or  Frutt  Uvw  Tabtota 

If  not,  you  should  start  in  at  once 
to  take  these  health-giving 
tablets. 

500    a  box,  6   for  $2.50 — or  trial  size,   250. 
At  all  dealers  or  from 

FRUIT-A TIVES,    Limited,    OTTAWA 


RICHELIEU&ONTARII 
NAVIGATION  Co. 


NIAGARA  TO  THE  SEA. 

The  grandest  trip  in  America  for  health  and 
pleasure.  The  Thousand  Islands,  Rapids, 
Montreal,  Quebec  and  the  famed  Saguenay 
River,  with  its  stupendous  Capes  "Trinity" 
and  "Eternity." 

Stnd  tx.  ptttage  for  illustrated  guidt  tt 
THUS.  HENRY,  Traffic  Manager.  Montreal,  C.nada. 


Quality  in  Printing 

pays  the  manufacturer 
or  merchant,  it 

Brings  Business 

No  business  man  can  afford  to 
issue  poorly  printed  advertising 
matter;  it  costs  as  much  to  dis- 
tribute and  goes  to  the  waste- 
paper  basket. 

We   have   always   made   a 
specialty  of 

Result-bringing   Printing 


DESBARATS  &  CO. 

Detbaratt  Building 

MONTREAL 


Knollys,  Lord  Herschell,  the  Hon.  Henry 
Stonor,  the  Hon.  Sidney  Greville,  Colonel 
Sir  Arthur  Davidson,  Lieut. -Col.  Sir 
Charles  Frederick,  Colonel  Streatfeild,  and 
General  Sir  Dighton  Probyn.  There  were 
also  present  the  Earl  of  Crewe  (Colonial 
Secretary),  Lord  Northcote  (late  Governor- 
General  of  Australia),  Admiral  Sir  Wilmot 
Fawkes  (who  organized  the  scheme  for 
trahrng  Australian  sailors  in  Great  Britain 
while  he  was  Commander- in- Chief  of  the 
Australian  station),  the  I 'on.  W.  Hall 
Jones  (High  Commissioner  for  New  Zea- 
land), and  Colonel  Foxon,  who  will  repre- 
sent Australia  at  the  coming  Naval  and 
Military  Conference  in  London. 

As  the  King  advanced  to  a  position  in 
front  of  the  sailors,  who  saluted  His  Maj- 
esty, with  whom  was  Admiral  Sir  Wilmot 
Fawkes,  made  a  careful  inspection  of  the 
men,  and  at  its  conclusion  briefly  addressed 
them,  congratulating  them  on  their  smart 
appearance,  and  expressing  the  hope  that 
they  had  enjoyed  their  period  of  training 
in  that  country.  The  experience  they  had 
gained  in  the  great  naval  depots  would 
prove  to  be  seed  for  very  fruitful  develop- 
ment of  naval  training  in  the  Colonies. 

There  are  now  three  gunboats  on  order 
ia  Great  Britain  for  Australia.  For  ouce 
we  in  Canada  have  been  taught  a  lesson  by 
our  Southern  cousins  They  have  led  and 
are  leading  the  Empire  in  this  matter  of 
Naval  defence.  It  is  "up  to"  us  now. 


23  Beaver  Hall 


A  South  African  Opinion. 

THE  South  African  point  of  view  res- 
pecting the  Defence  Conference  is 
pretty  well  indicated  by  the  short  editorial 
here  reproduced  from  that  excellent  month- 
ly, The  Stale,  published  at  Cape  Town: — 
Obviously  if  the  race  for  armaments  gees 
on  this  division  of  the  burden  cannot  con- 
tinue. Theie  can  be  no  question  at  the 
present  day  of  dividing  the  cost  of  the 
defence  of  the  Empire  in  proportion  to  the 
revenues  or  population  of  the  several  por- 
tions of  the  Empire.  The  oversea  domin- 
ions are  young  and  must  spend  all  the 
money  they  can  afford  in  developing  their 
territory.  But  unless  we  are  to  allow  the 
British  Navy  to  fall  below  the  standard 
which  will  make  it  the  undoubted  superior 
of  any  probable  rivals,  unless  we  are  to 
invite  attack  or  irresistible  pressure  from 
outside,  unless  we  can  contemplate  without 
dismay  the  possibility  of  naval  war,  which, 
whatever  its  outcome,  will  certainly  ruin 
our  industries,  we  in  South  Africa  and  the 
other  colonies  must  begin  to  do  our  share. 
The  oversea  dominions  can  at  least  under- 
take the  burden  of  the  land  defence  of 
their  own  frontiers  and  take  the  protection 
of  their  harbours  and  dockyards  off  the 
shoulders  of  England.  But  before  we  can 
do  anything  effective  we  must  learn  from 
an  authoritative  source  the  scale  and  dis- 
position of  naval  and  military  defences  and 
the  expenditure  which  is  required  In  view 
of  the  preparations  of  other  nations.  It  is 
precisely  to  draw  a  statement  of  the  problem 
of  Imperial  defence  that  the  Defence  Con- 
ference was  summoned.  When  we  know 
what  is  required  we  can  begin  to  consider 
how  the  expense  is  to  be  borne.  The  Defence 
Conference  will  do  the  preliminary  work  of 
settling  the  plan.  The  Imperial  Conference 
of  1911  will  have  the  more  difficult  task  of 
apportioning  the  cost. 


HOLLAND 

CHAMBERS 

149  Laurier  Ave.  West 
OTTAWA,    ONT. 


Suites  and  Single  Apartments. 
Electric  Light.  Hot  and  Cold  Baths. 
Minute  from  Cars  and   five   minutes 

from  Central  Depot. 
Correspondence   invited. 
References  given  and  required. 

PHONE   1411 

MRS.   PERLEY-MARTIN 


AGAIN     OPEN 


BODEGA 

Chambers 

Corner  Elgin  and  Wellington  Streets 
OTTAWA,  Ont. 


Renovated  throughout.  Quiet  and  homelike. 
Opposite  Parliament  Huildings.  A  minute's 
walk  from  the  G.  P.  O.  and  Central  Depot. 
First-class  chef.  Terms,  $2  oo  up. 

A  Trial  Solicited. 


P.  P.  SALTER 


Phone  5536 


PROPRIETOR 


STANDARD 
CUTS  ADD 

$  STRONG 
ARGUMENT 

m  To 


JRTISTS  ,  , 
ELECTBOTYPERS 
^ENGRAVERS 


ENGRAVING  G>  LIMITE.D 


MONTREAL. 


28 


The  Lost  Mine  Myth 

TTVERY  mountain  range  from  Maine  to 
|j  Mexico  has  its  mysterious  lost  mine 
fable,  of  which  the  Pegleg  and  the  Brey- 
fogle  in  Nevada  are  perhaps  the  most  fa- 
mous, for  these  two  are  not  limited  to  local 
liars,  but  are  told  by  old  prospectors  and 
newspaper  reporters  from  one  end  of  the 
land  to  the  other,  wherever  mining  items 
interest.  A  company  has  recently  been 
floated,  claiming  to  have  recaptured  the 
stray  Breyfogle. 

Locally,  in  the  Eastern  Townships  of 
Quebec,  Orford,  Stoke  and  other  mountains 
have  their  little  story,  each  of  a  man  lost 
in  the  hills  who  picked  up  a  rock  to  shy  at 
an  imaginary  wolf,  or  grabbed  a  chunk  of 
bed-rock  just  as  he  was  slipping  over  a  pre- 
cipice, or  uncovered  untold  wealth  under 
his  camp-fire,  the  melted  metal  running  in 
tiny  rivulets  through  the  ashes  (although 
it  would  require  several  degrees  more  heat 
than  a  fire  of  sticks  could  produce  to  melt 
any  of  the  precious  metals,  but  that  is 
trivial  in  view  of  the  fact  that  traces  of  the 
fire  were  afterwards  found)  but,  overtaken 
by  night,  got  so  confused,  that,  after  hav- 
ing found  himself,  never  again  could  he 
locate  the  spot.  Or  often  the  exposure  and 
hardships  of  the  night  brought  on  fever  and 
the  man  died,  leaving  only  his  blessing  and 
the  story  to  his  family. 

In  Orford  the  find  was  copper,  in  Stoke 
gold  or  silver,  in  Prospect  Hill  "a  nugget 
as  big  as  the  yolk  of  an  egg,"  strange  to 
say,  parted  in  the  middle,  half  remaining 
in  the  ledge  and  half  in  the  piece  broken 
off.  The  time  and  effort  spent  in  the  vain 
endeavor  to  locate  these  fairy  finds  would 
surprise  you.  And  you  might  as  well 
argue  with  a  man  who  thinks  a  hazel  twig 
has  a  mysterious  affinity  to  water,  when 
that  water  is  several  feet  under  ground,  as 
to  talk  sense  to  one  struck  with  the  lost 
mine  mania. 

In  Emberton,  it  is  the  "Lost  Stone 
Mine,"  and  the  finder  carved  an  Indian  and 
an  arrow  on  a  birch  tree,  so  many  paces 
from  a  range  post.  If  you  doubt  the  story, 
for  $5  or  perhaps  $50  if  you  look  easy,  a  na- 
tive will  take  you  to  that  post.  What  better 
proof  do  you  want  of  the  truths  of  the  tale  ? 

And  so  round  each  little  mountain  range, 
you  will  find  your  old  inhabitant  with  his 
tale  of  vanished  treasure,  which  it  will  be 
just  as  well  for  you  to  accept,  for  if  you  try 
to  use  reason,  you  will  find  you  are  "up 
against  it." 

In  one  place,  a  vein  of  asbestos  with  five 
inch  fibre,  has  crawled  into  some  crevice 
and  pulled  the  crevice  in  after  it.  This  was 
not  figured  on  when  the  Amalgamated  put 
out  its  claim  to  70  per  cent,  of  known 
supply,  in  Quebec. — The  Canadian  Mining 
Journal. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


FACTORY 
FOR  SALE, 

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The  Victor  Talking  Machine  is 
a  regular  SUNSHINE  FACTORY. 
There  are  no  dull  days  when  you 
have  a  Victor  in  your  home.  Come 
and  hear  a  few  songs  by  the  great 
opera  stars  reproduced  by  the 
Victor.  You  will  think  you  hear 
the  singers'  living  voices.  We  sell 
Victors  for  cash,  or  on  the  instal- 
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EXCELLENT  HOTEL  SERVICE 

Send  two  cents  in  stamps  for  booklet,  "All  Along  Shore."  Address  Passenger 
Department,  Boston,  Mass. 


D   J.  Ft,ANDBKS,   P.T.M 


C.  M.  BURT,  G.P.A 


RELSEY 


THE  KELSEY  has  three  times  as  great 
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twice  as  much  warm-air  circulating'capacity 
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It  will  heat  dwellings,  schools,  churches, 
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EFFICIENCY 

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Fifteen  thousand  copies  of  Robert  W.  Service's 

Ballads  of  a  Cheechako 

Were  ordered  in  advance  of  publication 
The  Reviewers  and  Critics  are  in  raptures  over  this  new  book 

Forty  thousand  copies  of  Service's 

Songs  of  a  Sourdough 

have  been  issued  in  Canada  alone 

Both  books  issued  at  uniform  prices.     Cloth  $1.00  illustrated 
edition   de   luxe   $1.50   at  all   Booksellers   and    News   Stands, 

or  from  William  Briggs,  Publisher,  Toronto, Ont. 


Oshawa 

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SONS 


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Express  Co. 

Oper.tin*  over  the  linn  of  the 

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Canadian  Government  Lines 

and  other  important 
Rail  and  Water  Routes 


General  Forwarders  of 
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on  business  between 

GREAT  BRITAIN  and  CANADA 


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General  Offices,     -     •     Montreal,  Que. 

JAJT.  BR.YCE. 

Vice-President  and  Manager. 


The  Grand  Union 


The  Popular  Hotel  of  Ottawa 


JAMES  K.  PAISLEY.  Prop. 


LooKing  Backward. 

MR.  Sylvester  Mackay  of  the  township 
of  Pickering,  Central  Ontario,  the 
other  day  told  the  readers  of  the  Weekly 
Sun  of  Toronto  of  the  difficulties  the  early 
settlers  had  to  encounter.  His  looking 
backward  is  quite  interesting  and  it  is  an- 
other reminder  of  the  good  times  we  are 
living  in. 

"My  grandfather,"  said  Mr.  Mackay, 
"came  from  New  Jersey  after  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  and  landed  at  Lynde's  Creek, 
down  near  Whitby.  The  latter  part  of  the 
journey  was  made  in  a  small  boat  and 
this  same  boat  afforded  the  only  means  by 
which  his  supply  of  flour  was  brought 
from  Kingston  —  130  miles  along  the  shores 
of  the  open  lake  —  in  the  first  few  years 
after  locating  in  his  new  home.  It  was  all 
bush  along  the  Lake  Ontario  front  in  that 
day,  and  I  have  heard  my  father  say  that 
more  than  once,  when  hunting  the  cows  in 
woods,  he  has  been  overtaken  by  darkness 
and  forced  to  lie  down,  with  a  moss-cove  r;d 
root  for  a  pillow,  and  wait,  for  daylight  in 
order  to  avoid  getting  lost. 

"The  first  years  were  discouraging  in 
other  ways,"  Mr.  Mackay  went  on.  "In 
one  summer  after  grandfather  settled  near 
the  lake  front  there  was  frost  in  every 
month.  Even  on  this  place,  in  my  early 
days,  there  was  frost  as  thick  as  a  pane  of 
glass  in  June,  and  more  than  once  the 
shocks  of  wheat  were  green  on  top  with 
the  sprouted  grain.  Strange  to  say,  my 
grandfather,  after  surviving  the  dangers  of 
pioneer  life,  and  the  war  of  1812,  died  of 
measles. 

"It  was  not,"  said  Mr.  Mackay,  turning 
to  his  own  experiences,  "the  logging  and 
burning  that  made  up  all  the  hardships  of 
the  early  days.  There  were  no  self-bind- 
ers, nay-rakes  and  other  labor-saving  im- 
plements at  that  time.  Everything  had  to 
be  done  by  hand  —  the  grain  cut  with  a 
cradle  and  the  hay  put  up  with  a  hand-  rake. 
But  it  was  marvellous  what  some  men 
accomplished  even  with  these  primitive 
tools.  I  remember  once,  when  I  was  going 
away  for  a  day,  I  told  a  man  we  had  then, 
to  start  cutting  at  a  five  acre  field  of  oats. 
I  was  astonished  when  he  asked  me  what 
he  should  do  when  he  got  through  with 
that  job.  I  told  him  he  might  lie  down. 
My  surprise  was  greater  when  I  returned, 
with  the  sun  still  well  up,  and  found  the 
cutting  completed.  That  was  merely  one 
day.  Day  after  day  I  have  swung  the 
cradle  through  the  heavy  grain.  Even 
harder  was  the  cutting  and  curing  of  the 
hay.  It  was  all  cut  with  a  scythe  and  then 
three  men  put  It  up  in  windrows  —  one 
going  first  with  a  hand-rake,  a  second 
following  with  a  fork  and  the  third  with 
another  rake.  It  was  slow  work.  A  lad 
of  fourteen  will  do  more  with  a  horse,  rid- 
ing at  his  ease,  in  one  day  now  than  three 
stout  men  would  with  the  hardest  kind  of 
labor  at  the  time  I  speak  of.  Time  and 
again,  after  a  day,  in  the  old  time  harvest 
field,  I  have  got  up  next  morning  so  stiff 
and  sore  I  wondered  how  I  would  ever  get 
through  with  what  was  before  me.  Nor 
was  this  the  end.  After  the  harvest  was 
in  every  bushel  of  grain  had  to  be  threshed 
out  with  a  flail  or  trampled  out  with 
horses  You  could  not  hire  a  man,  at  any 
wage,  to  do  such  work  to  day.  Our  first 
reaper  was  one  made  by  the  Joseph  Hall 
works,  Oshawa,  a  combined  reaper  and 
mower.  One  man  drove  while  the  other 
shoved  the  sheaves  off  with  a  fork.  The 
John«on  self-  raking  machine  came  later. 
The  first  binder  used  wire  for  binding." 


DEPARTMENT  OF 

TRADE:  and  COMMERCE 

OTTAWA,    CANADA 


Canadian  Government 

Trade  Commissioner 
Service 

IN  THE 

UNITED  KINGDOM 


The  Department  of  Trade  and 
Commerce  of  Canada  has  estab- 
lished the  following  Trade  Commis- 
sioners in  the  United  Kingdom  : 

P.  B.  MACNAMARA,  Canada  Chambers, 
36,  Spring  Gardens,  Manchester. 

W.  A.  MACKINNON,  Room  39  and  40, 
Central  House,  Birmingham. 

E.  D.  ARNAUD,   Sun  Buildings,   Clare 

Street,  Bristol. 

W.  G.FISCHER,  87  Union  St.,  Glasgow. 

F.  A.  C.  BICKERDIKE,  28  Waring  St., 

Belfast. 

,  cor.   of  E.   Parade  and 


Greek    Street,    Leeds.     Agent    for 
Leeds  and  Hull. 


Commissioners  and  Agencies  have  also 
been  established  in  other  parts  of  the 
World,  as  follows  : 

Australasia 

J.  S.  LarKe,  The   Exchange,  Sydney.     Agent 

for  New  South  Wales,  (Queensland  and  New 

/ealaud. 

D.  H.    Ross,    Stock    Exchange,     Melbourne. 
Agent  for  Victoria,   South  Australia,  Western 
Australia  and  Tasmania. 

China— 

J.  B.  Jackson,  15,   Kiukiang  Road,   Shanghai, 

China. 
Cuba— 

E   KirKpatricK,  Havana. 
France — 

A.  Poindron,  101,  Rue,  Rdauniur,  Paris. 
Holland— 
W.  T.  R.  Preston. 

Japan,  China  and  Corea — 
Gordon  A.  Harris,  14  Bund  Room  H,  Yokohama 
Mexico— 
A.  W.  Donly,   Rebeldes  No.  6,    Mexico,   D.F., 

Mexico. 

Newfoundland 
J.   E.   Ray,   Gazette   Building,    Water    Street, 

St.  John's. 
Norway— 
C.  E.  Sontum,  Grubbegd,  No.    4,  Christiaoia, 

Norway.     Agent  for  Denmark  also. 
South  Africa — 
John  A.  Chesley,  Rhodes  Building,  Cape  Town, 

Cape  Colony. 

H.  R.  Poussette,  Durban,  Natal. 
\Ve«t  Indies 

E.  H.  S.  Flood,  Bridgetown,  Barbadoes. 
E.  A.  H.  Haggart,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

R.  Bryson,  St.  John,  Antigua.     Agent  for  Anti- 
gua, Montserrat,  and  Dominica. 
S.  L.  Horsford,  St.  Kills.     Agenl  for  St.  Kilts, 
Nevis,  and  the  Virgin  Islands 
Edgar  Tripp,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad.     Agent 
for  Trinidad  and  Tobago. 
R.  H.  Curry,  Nassau,  Bahamas. 

These  Gentlemen  will  be  pleased  to 
furnish  Commercial  or  other  Information 
with  respect  to  Canada  without  charge. 

Trade  enquiries  will  be  sent  to  Canada 
and  published  without  charge  in  the 
Weekly  Report,  which  is  distributed  to 
business  men  throughout  the  Dominion. 


Canadian  Life  and  Resources 


KEEP  POSTED 


Publications 

issued    by 

Intercolonial 
Railway 

describing    tHe 

Fishing 
Boating 
Bathing 
Hunting' 


of 


QuebeCand   the 

Maritime   Provinces 

are  now  witH  tKe  printers 


Ton  can  hare  your  name  on 
the   list  by  writing  to 

MONTREAL  TICKET   OFFICE 
141  St.  James  Street  (St.  Lawrence  Hall) 

Or  General  Passenger  Department, 

Moncton,  New  BrunswicK 


The  "WA  WA 


L 


A  new  hotel 

in  the  wonderful  mountain  and 
lake  country  of  Canada— i.coo  feet  above 
sea  level — every  up-to  date  comfort  in  the  heart  of 
the  north  woods 

Norway  Point,  Lake  of  Bays 
"Highlands  of  Ontario" 

Unsurpassed  fishing,  canoeing,  sailing,  the  finest  bathing  beaches— while  in 
this  high  altitude  and  pure  air,  hay  fever  is  unknown. 

The  "  Wawa"  is  electric  lighted  throughout,  with  hot  and  cold  water  in 
every  room,  and  is  supplied  with  fine  mountain  spring  water.      Accommoda- 
tions are  for  200  guests.    Kates  are  reasonable— and  there  Is  good  steam- 
boat service  around  the  lakes. 

Send  for  the  handsome  booklet  that  describes  this  territory.    Free  on 
application  to 

J.  D.  MCDONALD,  Union  Station,  Toronto,  Ont.,  or 
I.  QUINTAN,  Bonaventure  Station,  Montreal,  Oue. 
W.  B.  DAVIS.  G.  T.  BSL.I,, 

Pass.  Traffic  Manager  Asst.  Pass.  Tiatfic  Mgr. 

Montreal  Montreal 

G.  W.  VADX 
Geneial  Passenger  Agent 
Montreal,  sj 


NEW  TRAILS  TO  THE 


Canadian  Game  Lands 


Before  the  six  railways  of  Canadian  Northern  System  followed  the  old  fur  trails  into  the 
Canadian  game  lands,  only  a  hardy  few  dared  to  go  in.  But  now,  the  back  places  of  the  woods 
— wealthy  in  moose,  caribou,  deer  and  bear — may  be  quickly  and  easily  reached.  The  Canadian 
Northern  system  serves  a  wide  range  of  undisturbed  territories.  Here  are  a  few  suggestions: — 

The  country  between  Parry  Sound  and  Sudbury ,  traversed  by  the  CANADIAN  NORTHERN 
ONTARIO  RAILWAY,  is  a  land  of  lonely  muskeg  and  brule',  the  native  country  of  the  white- 
tailed  deer.  From  Sudbury  north  to  Sellwood  this  same  line  goes  in  through  a  moose  hunting 
territory  unequalled  in  Ontario. 

THE  CANADIAN  NORTHERN  QUEBEC  and  QUEBEC  AND  LAKE  ST.  JOHN  RAIL- 
WAYS span  the  native  country  of  the  ouananiche,  northern  brook  trout,  and  the  spruce  shored 
lakes  of  the  Roberval  country  where  moose  and  caribou  abound. 

The  eastern  shore  of  Nova  Scotia,  from  Yarmouth  to  Halifax,  is  served  by  the  HALIFAX 
and  SOUTH  WESTERN  RAILWAY.  On  the  barrens,  slightly  inland  from  the  railway,  are 
some  of  the  best  places  for  big  moose  in  the  east. 

THE  CANADIAN  NORTHERN  RAILWAY,  from  Port  Arthur  to  Edmonton,  with  many 
branches,  griddles  almost  undisturbed  haunts  of  moose,  caribou,  deer,  wolves,  bear  and  all 
species  of  four-footed  and  feathered  game. 

For  information — general  and  special — address  the  Information  Bureau, 

Canadian  Northern  Railway,  Toronto. 


dian    Pacific   Rail 


anaaian   racinc 

ACROSS  CANADA 


way 


From  the  ATLANTIC  TO   THE  PACIFIC  OCEANS 


UNEXCELLED    IN    EQUIPMENT    AND    SERVICE 
=^=    OPERATING  ITS  OWN    ===== 


FOR  BOOKLETS,  RATES, 


ETC., 


WRITE, 


ATLANTIC  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 
DINING,  SLEEPING  and  PARLOR  CARS. 
TELEGRAPH  and  EXPRESS  SYSTEMS. 
GREAT  LAKE  STEAMSHIPS. 
BRITISH  COLUMBIA  COAST  SERVICE. 
PACIFIC  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE 
SPLENDID  HOTEL  SYSTEM. 


ROBERT  KERR, 


Passenger  Traffic  Manager.      -     MONTREAL.  QUE. 


f 


The  Royal  Military  College 


THERE  are  few  national  institutions  of  more  value  and  interest  to  the  country  than  the  Royal 
Military  College  at  Kingston.  At  the  same  time  its  object  and  the  work  it  It  accomplishing 
are  not  sufficiently  understood  by  the  general  public. 

The  College  is  a  Government  institution,  designed  primarily  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  highest 
technical  instructions  in  all  branches  of  military  science  to  cadets  and  officers  of  Canadian  Militia.  In 
fact  it  is  intended  to  take  the  place  in  Canada  of  the  English  Woolwich  and  Sandhurst  and  the  American 
West  Point. 

The  Commandant  and  military  instructors  are  all  officers  on  the  active  list  of  the  Imperial  army,  lent 
for  the  purpose,  and  in  addition  there  is  a  complete  staff  of  professors  for  the  civil  subjects,  which  form 
such  a  large  proportion  of  the  College  course.  Medical  attendance  is  also  provided. 

Whilst  the  College  is  organized  on  a  strictly  military  basis,  the  cadets'receive  in  addition  to  their 
military  studies  a  thoroughly  practical,  scientific  and  sound  training  in  all  subjects  that  are  essential  to 
a  high  and  general  modern  education. 

The  course  in  mathematics  is  very  complete  and  a  thorough  grounding  is  given  in  the  subjects  of 
Civil  Engineering,  Civil  and  Hydrographic  Surveying,  Physics,  Chemistry,  French  and  English. 

The  strict  discipline  maintained  at  the  College  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  features  of  the  system. 

In  addition  the  constant  practice  of  gymnastics,  drills  and  outdoor  exercises  of  all  kinds,  ensures 
good  health  and  fine  physical  condition. 

Seven  commissions  in  His  Majesty's  regular  army  are  annually  awarded  as  prizes  to  the  cadets. 

Three  commissions  in  the  Permanent  Force  will  be  given  annually,  should  vacancies  exist,  to  the 
graduating  class,  viz.: — Every  year  one  in  the  Infantry  ;  and  each  alternate  year  : 

One  in  the  Engineers  and  one  in  the  Horse  Artillery. 

One  in  the  Cavalry  or  Mounted  Rifles  and  one  in  the  Garrison  Artillery. 

Further,  every  three  years  a  commission  in  the  Ordnance  Corps  will  be  given  to  the  graduating  class. 

Three  2nd  class  clerkships,  or  appointments  with  equivalent  pay,  will  be  offered  annually  to  the 
graduating  class,  such  appointments  to  be  in  the  following  Departments,  viz. : — Public  Works,  Railways  and 
Canals,  Inland  Revenue,  Agriculture  and  Interior. 

The  length  of  the  course  is  three  years,  in  three  terms  of  9^  months'  residence  each. 

The  total  cost  of  the  three  years'  course,  including  board,  uniforms,  instructional  material,  and  all 
extras,  Is  from  $750  to  $800. 

The  annual  competitive  examination  for  admission  to  the  College  will  take  place  at  the  headquarters 
of  the  several  military  districts  in  which  candidates  reside,  in  May  of  each  year. 


For  full  particulars  of  this  examination  or  for  any  other  information,  application  should 
be  made  as  soon  as  possible  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Militia  Council,  Ottawa,  Ont. ;  or  to  the 
Commandant,  Royal  Military  College,  Kingston,  Ont. 


For  Comfort's  Sake 


USE. 


1 

Thermos  Bottles 
Thermos  Tea  Pots 
Thermos  Coffee  Pots 
Thermos  Picnic  Jars 


The  Thermos  Bottle  is 
an  absolute  necessity 
in  the  sick  room. 
Keeps  baby's  milk 
hot  all  night.  A  per- 
fe<5t  refrigerator  for 
milk.  Will  keep  milk 
cold  and  sweet  three 
days. 


$15.OO 


Thermos  keeps  con- 
tents hot  24  hours 
without  fire — the 
same  bottle  or  pot 
keeps  contents  ice- 
cold  3  days  without 


ice. 


$2.75  tip 


$7.5O 


Does  for  solid  foods  what  the  bottle  does  for  liquids. 

Thousands  say  :  "I  never  knew  how  much  I  needed  a  Thermos  until  I  tried 
one '    -now,  why  don't  you  try  one  too? 

Autoists  have  cold  or  hot  refreshments  at  hand  at  any  hour. 

Yachtsmen  never  fear  a  calm  with  a  few  well-stocked  Thermos  Bottles 
on  board. 

Thermos  Bottles  and  Picnic  Jars  take  the  place  of  an  "ice-box  "  on  board 
motor  boats. 

For  the  camper,  fisherman,  hunter,  traveller,  Thermos  is  ideal — for  com- 
fort's sake  use  Thermos. 

Write  foi  free  catalogue. 
CANADIAN  THERMOS  BOTTLE  CO..  Limited,  TORONTO,  ONT.