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BINDING  LIST  DEC  1  5  1922: 


'  GnadianMachinery 


AND 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX    No.  1 


July  4,1918 


PL  Ant  of  the  - 


L  COMPANY  OF  CANADA  yo  - 


.-«=»*~  --^j^i. 


t:e.i^_ 


THE  first  sheet  mill  in  Canada  to 
operate  successfully  was  installed 
a  few  months  ago  by  the  Steel 
Company  of  Canada,  Ltd.,  at  its  Hamil- 
ton, Ont.,  plant.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
important  developments  in  the  iron  and 
steel  industry  in  Canada  that  has  taken 
place  in  some  time,  and  one  that  has  been 
even  more  successful  than  the  manage- 
ment anticipated.  Until  quite  recently 
all  black  sheets  used  in  Canada  were  im- 
ported from  Great  Britain  or  the  United 
States.  It  was  evident  that  there  was 
room  in  Canada  for  a  sheet  mill  if 
operated  under  practical  conditions. 

A  few  years  ago  a  sheet  mill  was  in- 
stalled at  Morrisburg,  Ont.,  but  for 
many  reasons  the  proposition  was  not  a 
success,  and  the  plant  lay  idle  for  some 
time.  Last  year  the  Steel  Company  of 
Canada,  seeing  an  opportunity  for  de- 
veloping its  activities  and  increasing  its 
already  wide  range  of  products,  pur- 
chased the  plant  at  Morrisburg,  and  in- 

'AsBociate    Editor   Canadian    Machinery. 


stalled  it,  together  with  important  addi- 
tions, at  Hamilton.  The  entire  plant  was 
removed  to  Hamilton,  including  mill,  fur- 
naces, machinery,  and  buildings.  The 
plant  as  reconstructed  is  one  of  the  most 
modern  and  up-to-date  sheet  mills  on 
this  continent.  The  first  sheet  was  rolled 
on  January  16,  1918,  and  galvanized  the 
same  day  by  the  Dominion  Sheet  Metal 
Co.,  of  Hamilton. 

Historical  Sketch  of  Sheet  Industry 

To  digress,  a  brief  history  of  the  stte! 
sheet  industry  will  be  interesting  as  it 
shows  its  importance  which  is  growing 
every  year.  The  demand  for  steel  sheets 
has  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
supply  for  some  time  has  been  short  of 
requirements.  The  necessity  of  sheet 
iron  or  steel  for  so  many  products,  not 
until  more  recent  years  made  from  this 
material,  is  becoming  more  and  more 
apparent.  The  growing  demand  is  due 
largely  to  the  growing  scarcity  of  lum- 
ber and  also  because  of  the  fire  resist- 
ing qualities  of  steel  sheets.  The  varietj 


y-X^K'^' 


of  purposes  for  which  steel  sheets  are 
used  are  too  numerous  to  mention,  the 
building,  galvanizing  and  automobile  in- 
dustries alone  require  a  large  tonnage 
every  year.  •  Mill  construction  and 
method  of  manufacture  have  changed 
considerably  since  the  early  days  of  the 
industry.  Efficiency  in  operation  and  a 
superior  product  has  resulted  from  the 
more  modern  conditions  surrounding  the 
manufacture  of  steel  sheets. 

In  ancient  days  the  production  of  thin 
sheets  of  iron  was  accomplished  by  a 
very  laborious  process.  Pieces  of 
wrought  iron  were  heated  in  blacksmith 
fires  and  hammered  flat  and  as  thin  as 
possible  on  an  anvil.  Then  several  pieces 
were  piled  on  too  of  each  other,  reheat- 
ed to  a  red  heat,  and  again  hammered 
until  the  several  layers  had  reached  the 
required  thickness.  Naturally  sheets  of 
small  dimensions  only  could  be  produced 
in  this  manner.  Later  the  crocodile  or 
helve  hammer,  driven  by  water  power, 
came  to  ease  the  hard  manual  labor  of 
the  smith. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The  process  of  rolling  sheets  was  in- 
vented in  England  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  This  was  a  marked  step  advance 
in  that  it  not  only  produced  sheets 
of  more  uniform  thickness,  more  pliable 
and  of  larger  dimensions,  but  also  ma« 
terJally  reduced  the  cost.  In  course  of 
time  many  labor-saving  devices  in  aux- 
^V  iliary  machinery  and  for  detail  work 
'~    were  hj\'^ted,  but  the  fundamental  prin- 

•  ,  cipje  in  rolling  ha«  not  been  materially 

*  I  chanced.     American  ingenuity,  however, 

is  stiM  actively  at  work,  and  in  the  future 
highly  intproved  rolling  methods  un- 
doubtedly wil^  be  developed. 

The  invention  of  galvanizing,  that  is, 
the  process  of  coating  iron  and  steel 
with  spelter,  or  zinc,  for  the  protection 
of  the  material  against  corrosion,  has 
broadened  the  field  of  usefulness  of  sheet 
iron  and  sheet  steel  enormously. 

Previous  to  the  last  century,  improve- 
ments in  the  methods  of  its  manufacture 
progressed  but  slowly.  Gradually,  and 
from  stage  to  stage,  various  modes  came 
into  use;  principal  of  which  were  the 
Catalan  forge,  the  bloomary  or  knob- 
bling  fire,  the  blast  furnace,  and  the  pud- 
ling  furnace.  It  has  remained,  however, 
for  modem  times  to  make  marked  ad- 
vances in  the  iron  industry,  and  in  the 
production  of  steel,  chiefly  by  the  blast 
furnace  and  the  Bessemer  and  Siemens- 
Martin,  or  open  hearth  process.  The  re- 
sults have  been  immense  tonnages  and 
the  development  of  a  colossal  industry. 

In  the  United  States  the  rolling  of 
iron  sheets  was  first  started  early  in 
the  nineteenth  centuiy,  the  first  Ameri- 
can sheet  rolling  mill  being  built  in 
Pittsburgh  in  1818,  one  hundred  years 
ago.  It  appears  that  a  plant  was  estab- 
lished by  the  Pittsburgh  Steam  &  Engine 


Co.  In  that  year,  according  to  James 
Swank's  book,  "Iron  in  All  Ages,"  the 
mill  was  established  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Joshua  Malen  of  Valley 
Forge,  a  well  known  figure  at  that  time 
in  the  iron  and  steel  industry.  The  mill 
had  two  steam  engines  each  of  120  h.p. 
An  idea  of  the  wonderful  developmnnt 
of  the  sheet  iron  business  can  be  ob- 
tained when  it  is  noted  that  less  than 
lOO  years  ago  a  rolling  mill  with  210 
h.p.  was  considered  a  large  plant,  while 
now  the  Vandergrift  plant,  which  is  only 
cne  of  two  large  groups  owned  by  the 
company,  is  equipped  with  over  12,500 
ii.p. 

On  account  of  the  close  connection  be- 
tween the  steel  sheet  and  galvanizing  in- 
dustries a  brief  history  of  the  galvanizing 
process  will  be  of  interest.  The  proce^is 
of  coating  iron  with  tin  was  invented 
about  400  years  ago  in  Saxofly.  Ihe 
process  was  kept  a  secret  by  the  SaxoT^s 
for  nearly  100  years,  but  after  diligent 
search  English  manufacturers  about  the 
end  of  the  17th  century  learned  the  se- 
cret. In  England  where  some  time  aftfer 
this  discovery  the  process  of  rolling 
sheets  was  invented,  the  tin  plate  in- 
dustry grew  rapidly  and  for  nearly  200 
years  England  maintained  the  supremacy 
in  this  industry.  In  recent  years,  how- 
ever, the  United  States  has  become  a. 
strong  rival  and  is  now  the  largest  tin 
plate  manufacturing  country  in  the 
world. 

Tin  plate  was  first  made  in  the  United 
States  in  1872,  but  owing  to  the  low 
duty  on  foreign  tin  plate,  the  manufac- 
ture of  this  material  ceased  in  1878. 
In  1890  the  duty  was  increased  by  Con- 
gress and  manufacturing  was  started 
again.    Since  that  date  the  industry  has 


developed  in  a  remarkable  degree  in  the 
United  States.  A  few  years  ago  a  gal- 
vanizing plant  was  established  in  Hamil- 
ton by  the  Dominion  Sheet  Metal  Co. 
and  now  the  sheets  are  being  rolled  in 
Hamilton  by  the  Steel  Company  of  Can- 
ada, marking  another  stage  in  the  indus- 
trial development  of  Canada.  The  next 
step  will  be  the  manufacture  of  tin  plata 
and  unless  all  indications  prove  erro- 
neous, it  will  not  be  many  years  before 
tin  plate  is  being  made  in  this  country. 

Steel  Company's  Enterprise 

The  success  which  has  attended  the 
Steel  Company's  operations  during  the 
last  three  or  four  years  has  enabled  the 
management  to  branch  out  into  new 
fields  of  endeavor  and  continue  the  pro- 
gressive policy  which  has  always  been 
associated  with  the  concern's  affairs.  It 
will  be  understood  that  the  financial  out- 
lay involved  in  the  laying  down  of  a 
sheet  mill  is  considerable  and  can  only 
be  undertaken  by  a  firm  able  to  com- 
mand the  requisite  capital.  The  Steel 
Company  of  Canada  has  during  the  past 
three  or  four  years  enjoyed  a  remark- 
able period  of  success  and  considerably 
augmented  its  financial  resources.  The 
large  demand  for  its  products  during  this 
period  and  business  acumen  of  the  man- 
agement has  placed  the  firm  in  an  en- 
viable position.  It  has  also  given  the 
firm  an  opportunity  to  develop  its  busi- 
ness which  will  not  only  benefit  the  com- 
pany but  the  country  generally  by  rea- 
son of  the  large  variety  of  home-made 
products  availa;ble  for  other  industries, 
keeping  money  in  the  country  which 
otherwise  would  go  abroad  and  also  in 
the  distribution  of  money  in  the  form  of 
wages.     With  the  growing  demand  for 


GENERAL   VIEW   OF   MILL   TRAIN    AND    COMBINATION    SHEET     AND    PAIR    FURNACES.     THE    COLD    ROLLS    ARE   SHOWN    IN 

FOREGROUND   AND  HOT  ROLLS  BEYOND. 


July  4,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


TOP   LEFT  TO   RIGHT:    CASTING   STEEL   INGOTS.     CHARGING   FLOOR  OPEN   HEARTH  ™RNACES       REMOVING   HOT  mGOT 
SOAKING  PIT       BOTTOM    LEFT  TO    RIGHT:   INTERIOR   VIEW  OF      BLOOMING     MILL.       BOTTOM     OF     BLAST     FURNACI!..       CAhllwu 

PIT   OPEN    HEARTH   FURNACE   PLANT. 


steel  sheets  in  Canada  the  demand  for 
the  company's  product  will  increase  pro- 
portionately. An  advantage  which  the 
Steel  Company  of  Canada  enjoys  is  that 
it  makes  the  steel  from  which  the  sheets 
are  rolled  and  can  therefore  produce 
steel  of  the  correct  analysis  for  the  pur- 
pose for  which  it  is  required.  The  com- 
pany is  thus  able  to  produce  a  high 
grade  and  even  quality  sheet  with  per- 
fect assurance. 

Other  Plant  Developments 

In  order  to  strengthen  the  company's 
position  in  regard  to  its  supply  of  raw 
materials,  a  most  important  and  neces- 
sary factor,  the  directors  have  acquired 
an  interest  in  two  valuable  ore  proper- 
ties, one  on  the  Mesaba  Range  and  the 
other  OH  the  Gogebic  Range.  The  pro- 
portion of  the  ore  which  the  company  is 
entitled  to  receive  from  these  two  pro- 
perties will  be  sufficient  to  meet  over 
half  of  its  total  ore  requirements  each 
year  for  a  considerable  number  of  years. 
The  ore  taken  out  each  year  is  paid  for 
on  a  royalty  basis,  so  that  beyond  pay- 
ing for  its  share  of  stripping  and  equip- 
ping the  mines,  no  large  expenditure 
of  capital  was  necessary.  During  its 
season  of  1918  the  company  will  receive 
its  quota  of  ore  from  the  mine  on  the 
Gogebic  Range  and  shipments  from  the 
Mesaba  Range  mine  are  expected  to  com- 
mence late  in  the  season  of  1918.  Satis- 
factory arrangements  have  also  been 
made  recently  for  an  ample  supply  of 
coal. 

The  company  is  constructing  at  Ham- 


ilton a  large  by-product  coke  oven  plant 
which,  it  is  expected,  will  be  in  opera- 
tion by  November.  An  ample  supply 
of  good  quality  coke  will  always  be 
available  for  the  blast  furnaces,  thus 
further  relieving  the  company  of  anxiety 
in  regard  to  supplies  of  raw  materials. 
The  by-products  obtained  from  the  ovens 
will  make  it  a  profitable  undertaking. 

Making    Steel   for    Sheets 

To  impress  upon  the  reader  the  ad- 
vantages which  the  Steel  Company  of 
Canada  possesses  in  manufacturing  steel 
sheets,  it  will  be  in  order  to  deal  briefly 
with  the  manufacture  of  the  steel  from 
which  the  sheets  are  made.  The  com- 
pany makes  sheets  straight  from  the  pig 
iron  to  the  finished  product.  It  will  thus 
be  realized  that  the  company  was  in  a 
particularly  favorable  position  to  em- 
bark on  the  new  enterprise.  The  plant 
is  complete  in  every  detail,  and  is  gen- 
erally conceded  to  be  of  most  modern 
design  and  construction.  A  striking  fea- 
ture is  the  way  in  which  "Safety  First" 
mechanical  appliances  have  been  utilized 
to  gain  efficiency,  save  life  and  labor  and 
keep  down  cost  of  production.  Consid- 
ering the  size  of  the  plant  it  is  remark- 
able how  few  men  are  employed,  al- 
though the  pay  roll  of  course  is  not  by 
any  means  a  small  one.  The  physical 
condition  of  the  plant  is  decidedly  satis- 
factory and  indicates  the  far-sighted 
policy  of  the  management.  Electric 
power  is  used  wherever  possible,  a  fac- 
tor in  the  efficient  operation  of  the  plant. 


Blast  Furnace  Plant 

There  are  two  blast  furnaces,  having 
a  daily  capacity  of  400  and  300  tons  re- 
spectively, one  of  these  furnaces  being 
devoted  exclusively  to  the  production  of 
iron  for  the  steel  furnaces,  while  the 
other  produces  alternately  malleable  and 
foundry  pig  iron  according  to  require- 
ments of  the  market.  The  ore  which 
comes  in  by  boat  is  brown  hematite, 
one  of  the  richest  forms,  containing  in 
some  cases  68  per  cent,  of  iron. 

The  blast  furnace  is  charged  at  the 
top  with  ore,  limestone  and  coke,  which 
gradually  descend  and  ultimately  melt  in 
the  intense  heat  of  about  3,000  •  degrees 
Fahr.  The  proportions  of  materials 
forming  the  charge  are  carefully  regu- 
lated and  vary  according  to  the  quality 
of  steel  required.  The  air  for  the  blast 
is  supplied  at  a  pressure  of  from  15  to 
30  Its.  per  square  inch,  according  to 
furnace  conditions,  the  blowing  engines 
being  of  the  disconnected  compound,  long 
cross  head,  vertical  type.  The  steam  cyl- 
inders are  44  in.  and  84  in.  diameter  by 
60  in.  stroke  and  are  placed  above  the 
blowing  cylinders. 

Before  entering  the  furnaces  the  air 
is  heated  to  a  temperature  of  from  900 
to  1,250  degrees  Fahr.  by  passing  through 
the  hot  blast  stoves.  There  are  three 
stoves  to  each  furnace,  the  stoves  being 
100  feet  high  by  20  feet  in  diameter, 
and  heated  by  waste  gases  from  the  fur- 
naces. 

Refrigeration  is  used  for  drying  the 
air   blast   before    being    heated    in    the 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


stoves.  Undried  air  if  blown  directly 
into  the  furnaces,  would  carry  with  it 
water  vapor  equivalent  to  from  1  1/3  to 
8  gallons  per  minute,  according  to  the 
humidity  of  the  air,  materially  cooling 
the  smelting  zone  of  the  furnace.  The 
process  of  drying  air  by  refrigeration 
was  originated  by  James  Gayley,  a  pro- 
minent American  steel  maker.  The  air- 
drying  plant   consists   of  three    150-ton 


ed  from  the  overhead  crane  and  poured 
into  moulds  of  heavy  cast  iron  construc- 
tion, forming  ingots.  The  filled  ingot 
moulds  are  then  hauled  in  a  train  of  cars 
to  the  rolling  mill,  by  which  time  the 
metal  is  sufficiently  solidified  to  allow 
the  mould  to  be  drawn  off  or  stripped. 
This  is  done  by  a  75-ton  crane,  which 
has  a  pair  of  links  which  grip  the  mould 
under  the   lugs  and   lift   it   up   clear   of 


MACHINERY  ROLLS.   ROLLS  ARE  LOWERED  THROUGH  THE  TRAP  IN  ROOF  OF 
MACHINE  SHOP  BY  TRAVELLING  CRANE  DIRECTLY  TO  THE  LATHE. 


compound  steam-driven  ammonia  com- 
pressors, which  supply  the  necessary  re- 
frigeration for  cooling  brine  which  is 
circulated  by  three  steam-driven,  fly- 
wheel type,  brine  pumps.  The  furnace 
is  tapped  about  every  six  hours,  the  slag 
being  drawn  off  through  the  cinder  notch 
four  or  five  times  during  this  period. 
When  the  tap  hole  is  opened,  the  hot 
molten  metal  flows  in  a  channel  to  the 
end  of  the  cast  house  into  large  ladles 
mounted  on  trucks,  by  which  it  is  quickly 
transferred  to  the  open  hearth  furnaces 
to  be  converted  into  steel. 

Open  Hearth  Steel  Process 

Black  sheets  are  made  of  basic  open 
hearth  steel.  The  open  hearth  furnaces 
are  always  in  operation  except  when  re- 
pairs have  to  be  made.  The  charginj; 
floor  is  at  the  back,  and  is  on  the  same 
level  as  the  furnace  hearth,  while  the 
metal  is  drawn  off  on  the  opposite  side. 
Two  charging  machines  which  travel 
along  the  entire  length  of  the  floor  are 
used  for  feeding  the  furnaces  with  scrap 
steel  and  limestone.  At  the  opposite  side 
of  the  furnaces  is  the  casting  pit  on  the 
ground  level,  over  which  travels  an  elec- 
tric crane  for  lifting  the  ladles  and  teem- 
ing the  molten  iron  into  the  open  hearth 
furnaces.  This  molten  metal  has  been 
brought  direct  from  the  blast  furnaces, 
thereby  avoiding  the  necessity  of  charg- 
ing the  0.  H.  furnace  with  pig  iron. 

When  the  steel  in  the  open  hearth  fur- 
naces has  been  heated  for  a  certain 
length  of  time,  during  which  period  other 
materials  have  been  added  to  produce  a 
steel  of  suitable  physical  properties  for 
sheets,  it  is  teemed  into  a  ladle  suspend- 


the  ingot.  Another  crane  immediately 
grips  the  ingot  and  deposits  it  into  a 
soaking  pit,  where  it  is  maintained  in 
an  upright  position  at  a  steady  tempera- 
ture for  about  one  hour. 

The    ingot   is    then    lifted    out    of    the 
soaking   pit   and    deposited   on   an    elec- 


throughout  and  also  to  confine  the  pipe 
or  segregation  core  to  the  centre.  Thi 
ingot  is  15  in.  x  17  in.  x  7  feet  long. 

Rolling    Blooms    for    Sheet    Bars 

The  blooming  mill  is  very  com- 
plete in  design  and  construction  and  to- 
gether with  its  power  plant  is  one  of 
the  best  on  this  continent.  The  installa- 
tion consists  of  a  two-high  34-inch  re- 
versing, motor-driven,  Morgan  blooming 
mill.  The  approach  table  is  operated  by 
a  30-horse  power  d.  c.  motor,  whiie  the 
tables  on  either  side  of  the  mill  are 
driven  by  100  h.p.  motors.  The  side 
guards  for  handling  the  bloom  from  one 
part  of  the  rolls  to  the  other  are  operated 
by  hydraulic  gear.  The  entire  operation 
of  the  mill  is  controlled  from  a  platform 
or  pulpit  located  above  the  table  afford- 
ing a  clear  view  of  the  rolls  and  the 
work.  The  blooming  mill  is  driven  by 
a  3,000  h.p.  twin  armature  reversing  mo- 
tor of  special  design  for  this  particu- 
larly severe  service.  The  ingot  is  pass- 
ed back  and  forth  between  massive  steel 
rollers,  which,  while  reducing  the  cros.>- 
sectional  area,  increases  its  length  until, 
when  reduced  to  6  inches  square,  the 
bloom  as  it  is  now  termed  is  about  50 
feet  in  length.  After  being  reduced  to 
the  desired  size,  which  is  accomplished  in 
15  passes,  the  bloom  is  cut  into  suitable 
lengths  in  a  10  X  10  inch  vertical  bloom 
shear.  The  blooms  then  pass  to  the 
bar  mill  to  be  rolled  into  sheet  bar=. 

The  method  of  rolling  sheet  b-'irs  is 
very  similar  to  that  of  rolling  Woonis 
as  described  above.  The  bloom,  after 
passing  through  the  sheet  bar  mill  is 
increased  in  length  to  30  feet  and  is 
8  inches  wide.  The  sheet  bars  are  laid 
on  a  cooling  table  and  afterwards  car- 
ried over  to  the  sheet  mill. 


VIEW    FROM    ONE    END    OF   THE    MILL    SHOWING    ANNEALING    FURNACES.    ANNEALING 
BOXES    ON    THE    RIGHT    AND    COOLING    FLOOR    ON    THE    LEFT.      MILL    TRAIN     DRIVE 

IN    BACKGROUND 


trically  operated  truck  and  carried  for- 
ward to  the  approach  table  of  the  bloom- 
ing mill.  The  soaking  pit  furnaces  are 
fired  with  producer  gas  and  the  soak- 
ing treatment  is  necessary  to  allow  the 
ingot    to    attain    an    even    temperature 


The  Product 

Steel  sheets  vary  in  thickness  from  No. 
30  to  No.  12  gauge,  in  length  from  5  feel 
to  12  feet,  and  in  width  from  24  inches 
to  40  inches.  As  a  general  rule  sheets 
below  No.  28  gauge  in  thickness  are  roll- 


July  4,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHTNIOItY 


ed  on  a  tin  mill  and  sheets  ovei"  No.  IG 
gauge  siiould  be  rolled  oi.  a  jibbing 
plate  mill.  The  Steel  Company  of  Can- 
ada is  rolling  sheets  from  No.  li  to  No. 
30  gauge  inclusive,  being  the  extreme 
range  for  the  mill  consistent  with  effi- 
ciency and  economy. 

They  are  "one  pass  cold  rolled  and  box 
annealed  sheets"  and  are  being  used  for 
a  variety  of  purposes.  A  coni-iderable 
tonnage  is  being  used  by  the  galvaniz- 
ers  as  well  as  in  the  automobile  trade. 
■J  he  output  at  present  is  about  1,500 
tons  per  month  but  could  be  doubled  if 
the  required  amount  of  steel  was  avail- 
a:ble.  War  conditions  prevent  capacity 
production  being  attained. 

The  company  has  not  as  yet  under- 
taken the  manufacture  of  tin  plate  al- 
though the  process  follows  closely  for  a 
certain  number  of  operations  that  of 
sheets,  with  the  main  exception  that 
sheets  are  always  rolled  from  heavier 
bars.  In  both  cases  the  order  of  oper- 
ations is  in  the  same  sequence,  viz., 
shearing  of  the  bars,  heating  of  the 
bars  and  roughing  the  bars,  at  this 
stage  called  pairs.  The  doubling  shear 
of  the  tin  mill,  however,  is  not  used  in 
a  sheet  mill  and  from  this  point  the 
operations  change.  Sheets  for  galvaniz- 
ing are  cold  rolled,  close  annealed  and 


must  pass  physical  tests  required  by 
the  most  rigid  specifications.  In  fact 
all  sheets  are  made  to  stand  certain 
physical  tests  according  to  the  purpose 
for  which  they  are  required. 

Sequence  of   Operations 

The  sequence  of  operations  in  manu- 
facturing sheets  is  briefly  as  follows: 
Shearing  the  sheet  bars,  heating  the 
bars,  roughing  the  bars,  reheating  the 
sheets,  doubling  the  sheets,  reheating 
the  pack  of  sheets,  finish  hot  rolling. 
The  next  operation  is  to  shear  the  pack 
to  the  required  s'ize  after  which  the  pack 
is  opened  and  the  sheets  separated.  The 
sheets  are  then  cold  rolled,  annealed,  cool- 
ed, piled  in  the  warehouse  and  prepared 
for  shipping.  In  some  cases  the  sheets 
are    annealed    before    being   cold    rolled. 

Layout  of  Plant 

The  plant  is  laid  out  in  such  a  man- 
rier  that  the  bars  and  then  the  sheets 
pass  from  one  operation  to  another,  be- 
ginning at  one  end  of  the  mill  and  fin- 
ishing at  the  opposite  end.  The  only  ex- 
ception to  this  is  when  the  cold  rolling 
follows  the  annealing.  The  shears  come 
first,  then  the  furnaces,  rolls,  trimming 
shears,  while  further  along  are  the  an- 
nealing furnaces,  cooling  floors  and  last- 


ly the  warehouse  and  the  shippin  room. 
The  mill  building  is  700  feet  lon{f. 
The  main  bay  is  60  feet  wide,  and  l>ic 
side  bays  29  feet  and  20  feet  wide  re- 
spectively. The  building  is  of  brick  and 
steel  construction  with  steel  roof  trusses 
and  monitor  roof.  The  building  is  lofty, 
the  distance  to  the  overhead  crane  tracks 
being  20  feet.  A  20-ton  Shaw  electric 
traveling  crane  runs  from  end  to  end  of 
the  building.  At  one  corner  is  located 
a  machine  shop  in  which  is  installed  a 
lathe  for  turning  rolls,  and  a  grinding 
machine  for  sharpening  the  knives  for 
the  squaring  shear.  The  pair  furnaces 
are  of  the  combination  type  for  sheet 
mill  work,  while  the  mill  train  is  situ- 
ated near  the  furnaces,  the  motor  for 
driving  the  mill  train  being  in  a  sepa- 
rate room  built  in  the  main  building. 

The  annealing  furnaces  at  the  other 
end  of  the  building  are  located  in  one 
of  the  side  bays  and  on  the  opposite  bay 
is  the  warehouse.  The  warehouse  is  a 
brick  building,  steam  heated,  adjoining 
the  mill  building  and  is  25  feet  wide  by 
100  feet  long.  The  mill  offices,  lava- 
tories, and  shower  baths  are  a  continu- 
ation of  the  warehouse.  In  addition  to 
the  120-inch  squaring  shear  there  is  an- 
other 72-inch  shear  for  smaller  and  mis- 
cellaneous   sizes    of    sheets.      Near    the 


SHEET    ANNEALING    FURNACES. 
SHEET  BARS  AND  REAR  VIEW  OF  FURNACES. 


COMBINATION    SHEET    AND    PAIR    FURNACES. 
WAREHOUSE   SHOWING   SHEETS   BUNDLED    FOR   SHIPPING. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


warehouse   there   is   a   small   shear  for 
cutting  out  test  pieces,  etc. 

Shearing  Sheet  Bars 

The  bars  from  which  the  sheets  are 
made  come  from  the  mill  in  30-foot 
lengths,  8  inches  wide.  The  thickness 
of  each  bar  varies  in  accordance  with 
the  gauge  of  sheet  into  which  it  will  be 
rolled.  The  sheet  bars  are  piled  in  their 
respective  thicknesses  near  the  shears. 
The  bars  are  lifted  on  to  a  table  on  the 
approach  side  of  the  shear  and  pushed 
through  the  gap  of  the  shear  until  It 
touches  the  stop  guide  on  the  delivery 
side,  this  guide  having  been  previously 
adjusted  to  the  desired  length  of  crop. 

When  an  order  goes  through  for  roll- 
ing a  certain  size  of  sheet,  the  proper 
size  sheet  bars  are  sheared  and  the  short 
pieces  piled.  The  length  of  these  short 
bars  is  predetermined  by  the  size  of 
sheet.  Each  bar  is  marked  with  the 
weight  per  foot  and  a  number  corre- 
sponding to  the  gauge.  The  sheared  bars 
are  now  called  pairs  and  are  ready  for 
the  furnaces. 

Combination  Sheet  and  Pair  Furnaces 

The  furnaces  are  known  as  combina- 
tion sheet  and  pair  furnaces,  a  type 
now  used  in  modem  sheet  mill  practice. 
The  system  consists  of  two  furnaces  one 
behind  the  other,  with  a  single  combus- 
tion chamber.  The  rear  furnace  is  for 
the  bars  and  the  front  nearest  the  mill 
is  for  the  sheets.  Between  the  combus- 
tion chamber  and  the  pair  furnace  hearth 
is  a  bridge  wall,  and  between  the  pair 
furnace  hearth  and  the  sheet  furnace 
hearth  is  a  second  bridge  wall.  The 
products  of  combustion  pass  from  the 
combustion  chamber  over  the  bridge  wall 
to  the  hearth  of  the  pair  furnace,  and, 
after  heating  the  bars,  pass  over  the 
second  bridge  wall  and  serve  to  heat  the 
sheets  in  the  sheet  furnace.  The  com- 
bination furnaces  are  coal  fired  and  main- 
tained at  a  temperature  ranging  from 
1,200  to  1,300  degrees  Fahr.  The  bars 
are  fed  to  the  furnace  by  hand  and  the 
sheets  or  pairs  are  handled  in  the  same 
manner. 

Arrangement  of  Rolls 

The  mill  train  is  two  high  and  has  six 
stands  of  rolls,  four  stands  being  for  hot 
rolling  and  two  stands  for  cold  rolling. 
Of  the  hot  rolls  three  stands  only  are  at 
present  in  operation,  one  in  the  centre 
for  roughing  and  one  on  each  side  for 
finishing.  The  breaking  down  or  rough- 
ing rolls  are  44  inch  and  the  finishing 
rolls  36  inch.  The  two  stands  of  cold 
rolls  are  40  inch  and  42  inch  respec- 
tively. The  mill  train  is  driven  by  means 
of  a  650  h.p.  Westinghouse  a.  c.  motor 
through  rope  drive,  the  fly-wheel  being 
of  large  diameter  and  heavy.  The  rope 
drive  is  at  the  end  of  the  mill  train  and 
provision  hag  been  made  for  installing 
another  mill  when  necessary. 

Rolling  Sheets  or  Pairs 

The  bars  having  been  sheared  into 
suitable  lengths  are  heated  in  the  back 
end  of  the  combination  pair  furnace. 
After  they  are  heated  to  the  required 
temperature  they  are  taken  out  of  the 
furnace  by   means   of  tongs,   two   at   a 


time,  the  heater  throwing  them  to  the 
roller.  The  roller  takes  first  one  bar 
and  then  the  other,  passing  them  through 
the  roughing  or  breaking  down  rolls  two 
or  three  times  to  the  catcher  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  stand,  who  returns 
them  over  the  top  roll,  using  its  direc- 
tion of  rotation  to  assist  in  this  opera- 
tion. After  two  or  three  passes  in  the 
finishing  mill  the  roller  places  one  of 
the  bars  on  the  top  of  the  other  and  they 
are  given  as  many  passes  as  the  heat 
will   allow. 

As  the  sheets  cannot  be  rolled  thin 
enough  in  two  thicknesses  except  in  the 
heavier  gauges,  they  must  now  be  doubl- 
ed. This  is  accomplished  by  taking  one 
end  of  the  sheet  and  doubling  it  over 
another  and  taking  it  to  the  doubling 
machine.  The  doubling  machine  consists 
of  a  vertical  plunger  press  which  closes 
down  the  sheets,  one  on  the  other.  When 
rolling  the  lighter  gauges  of  sheets,  the 
bars  are  put  together  in  threes,  fours 
or  fives.  After  doubling,  the  result  is 
a  pack  of  four  sheets  but  practically 
cold.  The  pack  is  now  put  into  the  front 
or  sheet  furnace  and  reheated.  After 
being  heated  to  the  correct  temperature 
the  pack  i§  again  carried  to  the  roller 
and  repassed  through  the  finishing  rolls 
several  times  until  the  desired  thinness 
is  obtained.  The  roller  knows  when  to 
stop  rolling  by  gauging  the  length  and 
width  of  the  sheet.  The  pack  does  nol 
weld  together  because  the  top  friction 
roll  runs  slower  than  the  positively- 
driven  bottom  roll.  As  in  the  case  of 
the  shearer,  the  roller  receives  instruc- 
tions as  to  the  size  of  sheets  to  be  roll- 
ed on  a  certain  rolling  so  that  the  vari- 
ous gauges  will  not  get  mixed  up.  The 
mill  is  in  continuous  operation,  the  crew 
of  eleven  men  working  right  through  for 
the  eight  hours'  shift. 

The  pack  of  sheets,  four  or  more  in 
thickness,  is  now  carried  over  to  the 
squaring  shear  to  be  sheared  to  the  size 
called  for  in  the  order.  The  squaring 
shear  has  a  120-inch  knife.  The  pack  is 
now  opened  that  is  separated  into  indi- 
vidual sheets.  If  the  rolling  has  been 
done  at  a  proper  heat  this  is  a  matter 
of  little  difficulty,  but  occasionally  they 
stick  together  and  have  to  be  separated 
by  means  of  a  blunt  knife.  After  the 
pack  has  been  opened  the  sheets  are  in- 
spected. The  sheets  are  then  piled  ac- 
cording to  their  respective  gauges. 

Cold  Rolling  Process 

The  usual  practice  at  this  mill  is  to 
give  the  sheets  one  pass  in  the  cold  rolls 
before  annealing.  Sometimes  this  oper- 
ation is  reversed.  The  process  of  cold 
rolling  consists  of  passing  the  sheet 
through  a  pair  of  rolls  exactly  similar 
to  the  hot  rolls,  but  without  reheating 
the  sheet.  The  cold  rolling  flattens  out 
the  sheet  and  removes  burrs  or  fins  on 
its  edges  caused  by  the  shear  knives. 
When  the  sheets  are  annealed  before 
cold  rolling,  the  rolling  accomplishes  the 
above  and  in  addition  closes  the  pores 
of  the  sheet,  resulting  from  the  anneal- 
ing treatment.  It  also  gives  the  sheet 
a  clearer  and  brighter  finish  which  is 
desirable  for  some  classes  of  work. 
Sheets  required  for  galvanizing  are  cold 


rolled  before  being  annealed.  Before 
being  galvanized  the  sheets  are  pickled, 
a  process  which  cleans  the  sheet  and 
removes  the  scale,  etc.,  thus  a  bright  fin- 
ish at  the  mill  is  unnecessary. 

Annealing  the  Sheets 

After  the  sheets  have  been  rolled  they 
are  hard  and  must  be  annealed  before 
they  can  be  usd  commercially.  The 
sheets  are  taken  from  the  piles  near  the 
mill,  placed  in  bundles  on  a  cradle  and 
carried  by  the  overhead  travelling  crane 
to  the  annealing  furnaces  at  the  other 
end  of  the  mill  building.  Annealing  is 
an  important  operation  as  the  sheet  must 
be  sufficiently  soft  to  stand  working  up. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  three 
double  annealing  furnaces,  but  provision 
has  been  made  for  as  many  more.  The 
furnaces  are  of  brick  and  are  coal  fired, 
being  closed  at  one  end  and  having  two 
doors  at  the  other.  The  process  used 
ot  this  mill  is  known  as  box-  annealing, 
the  sheets  being  contained  in  pots  while 
in  the  furnace.  The  annealing  pots  are 
made  of  cast  iron  and  will  hold  about 
12  tons  each.  The  sheets  are  laid  on 
the  bottom  of  the  pot,  called  the  pan, 
and  piled  up  neatly,  flat.  The  cover  is 
then  placed  over  the  pile  of  sheets  and 
secured  to  the  pan,  the  bottom  being 
sealed  with  sand  to  keep  the  air  out. 
It  is  important  to  have  as  little  air  as 
possible  in  the  pot.  The  pot  is  now 
lifted  by  the  overhead  crane,  laid  on 
cast  iron  balls  and  pushed  into  the  fur- 
nace. The  floor  of  the  furnace  has  tracks 
upon  which   the   balls  run. 

When  the  furnace  is  charged,  the  heat, 
is  applied  until  the  whole  mass,  both 
pots  and  sheets,  is  red  hot.  The  fire 
is  then  reduced,  but  the  sheets  are  al- 
lowed to  remain  in  the  furnace  a  few 
hours  longer  to  partially  cool,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  the  fire  is  banked. 
The  time  occupied  in  this  operation  is 
about  24  hours  firing  and  15  hours  par- 
tially cooling  or  soaking.  The  charge  is 
now  withdrawn  and  the  annealed  sheets 
are  allowed  to  stand  for  about  24  hours 
in  the  pots,  after  which  the  covers  are 
removed  and  the  sheets  allowed  to  stand 
until  cold  enough  to  handle.  The  sheets 
are  then  removed  from  the  pan  and  laid 
on  the  floor  to  finish  cooling.  If  they 
are  to  be  shipped  as  black  close  annealed 
they  are  ready  for  final  inspection  and 
the  warehouse.  If  they  require  cold 
rolling  they  are  carried  back  to  the  cola 
rolls  at  the  other  end  of  the  building. 
The  extreme  heat  in  the  annealing  fur- 
naces ranges  from  1,300  to  1,500  de- 
grees Fahr.,  this  temperature  being 
maintained  for  about  three  hours. 

The  final  operations  which  consist  of 
marking  and  bundling  are  performed  in 
the  warehouse  which  it  will  be  remem- 
bered comprises  one  bay  of  the  main 
building.  When  the  sheets  are  taken 
from  the  cooling  floor  they  are  weighed 
on  factory  scales  in  the  warehouse  and 
laid  in  piles  according  to  size  and  gauge. 
To  facilitate  handling  the  sheets  are 
made  up  in  bundles,  each  bundle  weigh- 
ing about  150  pounds.  Each  bundle  is 
marked,  giving  the  size,  gauge  and 
weight  per  foot,  the  company's  trade 
(Continued  on  page  12.) 


July  4,  1918 


.^ 


The    Gas    Industry    and    Canada's    Fuel    Problem 

Dealing  With  the  Great  Strides  That  Have   Been   Made   in   the   Manufacture   and 
Use  of  Gas  For  Both  Home  and  Industrial  Purposes — Its  Uses  Defined  and 
Why  it  is  More  Economical  to  Many  Industries  When  Every  Phase 
of  the  Business  is  Taken  Into  Consideration 

-  -  By  Arthur  Hewitt  General  Manager  Coneumera  Gas  Co.,  Toronto. 


THE  condition  which  prevails  in 
Canada  to-day,  with  regard  to  the 
supply  of  fuel  necessary  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  industrial  activity  of 
the  country,  and  for  the  domestic  re- 
quirements of  its  population,  demands 
a  careful  survey  on  the  part  of  Govern- 
mental authorities,  and  that  every  pos- 
sible economy  be  exercised  in  order  that 
the  total  requirements  of  fuel  may  be 
reduced  to  a  minimum. 

The  fuels  available  for  use  in  Canada 
may  be  generally  stated  as  coal,  wood, 
petroleum,  gas,  and  water  power  elec- 
trically distributed.  Each  of  these  fuels 
l(as  certain  inherent  advantages  and 
their  economic  value  is  largely  deter- 
mined by  the  service  to  which  they  may 
be  applied,  and  the  localities  in  which 
they  may  be  required. 

In  considering  the  economic  value  of 
various  fuels  on  which  Canada  may  rely 
to  meet  its  domestic  and  industrial  re- 
quirements, manufactured  gas,  or  what 
is  sometimes  called  "City"  gas,  must  be 
given  an  important  place.  Originally 
used  only  as  an  illuminant,  gas  has  be- 
come one  of  the  vital  necessities  of  the 
domestic  and  industrial  life  of  urban 
communities  throughout  the  civilized 
world. 

In  using  the  term  "City"  gas,  I  mean 
gas  as  ordinarily  manufactured  by  gas 
companies,  and  distributed  through  pipe 
line  systems  laid  beneath  highways  of 
cities  and  towns.  In  the  early  days  of 
the  industry,  this  commodity  was  called 
"Coal"  gas,  for  the  reason  that  it  was 
produced  entirely  from  bituminous  coal. 
The  qualifyhig  word  "City"  may  be  ap- 
propriately prefixed  to  the  commodity 
as  now  supplied  in  recognition  of  the  fact 
that  economic  considerations  have  caus- 
ed different  localities  to  combine  with 
the  coal  gas  what  is  known  as  car- 
buretted  water  gas.  Indeed,  in  many 
cities  on  this  continent  carburetted 
water  gas  now  forms  the  whole  of  the 
supply. 

For  practical  purposes,  however,  there 
has  been  very  little  difference  in  the 
general  character  and  useful  properties 
of  city  gas,  during  more  than  one  hun- 
dred years. 

The  tremendous  development  and 
growth  of  the  gas  industry,  particularly 
during  the  past  ten  years,  furnishes 
abundant  evidence  of  appreciation  by  the 
public  of  the  merits  of  the  commodity 
supplied,  and  of  the  economy  in  the  use 
of  gas  for  the  thousand  and  one  pur- 
poses for  which  it  is  now  so  well  adapted. 
Its  success  in  holding  the  market 
against  all  rivals  of  the  same  order  of 

•Read  before  the  Canadian  Society  of  Civil 
KriKineers.    at  Toronto. 


utility  is  due,  largely,  to  its  possession 
of  certain  valuable  and  unique  physical 
properties,  viz: 

(1)  It  is  a  permanent  gas,  suitable 
for  consumption'  in  or  out  of  doors, 
either  as  an  illuminant  or  as  a  smoke- 
less fuel  of  high  or  low  intensity,  or  as  a 
source  of  motive  power;  all  from  the 
same  supply  system. 

(2)  It  is  susceptible  of  perfect  sub- 
division without  loss  of  efficiency  for 
use  in  either  required  application  for 
lighting  or  the  production  of  heat  or 
power.  The  cost  to  the  consumer  is 
always  in  direct  proportion  to  the  quan- 
tity consumed. 

(3)  It  is  a  readily  available  fuel,  clean- 
ly and  inoffensive,  to  be  obtained  by  the 
turning  of  a  tap,  which  will  grill  a 
chop,  boil  a  kettle,  or  heat  a  flat  iron, 
and  there  is  no  metallurgical  or  smith's 
work  for  which  its  heat  is  not  adequate, 
no  household  warming  for  which  it  is 
not  suitable. 

City  gas  as  supplied  in  Toronto  is 
made  by  the  distillation  of  Youghiogheny 
and  Westmoreland  coal,  obtained  in  the 
Pittsburg  district,  with  the  addition  of 
about  40  per  cent,  of  carburetted  water 
gas. 

At  this  point  it  might  be  interesting 
to  see  what  a  gas  company  can  secure 
from   a  ton  of  bituminous   coal. 

In  the  first  place,  a  ton  of  gas  coal 
in  an  efScient  carbonizing  plant  will 
yield  ten  thousand  cubic  feet  of  gas, 
from  which  may  be  extracted  a  certain 
percentage  of  benzene  and  toluol.  It  will 
produce  approximately  1,350  lbs.  of  coke, 
from  which,  after  providing  the  neces- 
sary fuel  for  the  producers,  there  will 
be  left  a  residue  of  from  800—850  lbs. 
of  coke  to  be  marketed  as  fuel  for  steam 
raising,  industrial  purposes  and  for  do- 
mestic use.  It  will  yield  ten  Imperial 
gallons  of  tar,  from  which  may  be  re- 
covered toluol,  benzene,  fuel  oil,  acids, 
dyes,  etc.  Another  important  by-product 
is  ammonia,  useful  in  the  manufacture 
of  fertilizer,  and  for  refrigeration  and 
other  purposes.  There  is  also,  as  a 
minor  by-product,  retort  carbon,  which 
is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  carbon 
electrodes  for  searchlights,  electrical 
steel  furnaces,  etc. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  percentage 
of  efficiency  obtained  from  coal  in  a 
gas  works  will  run  from  60  to  70  per 
cent.  Compare  this  with  the  efficiency 
obtained  in  general  practice  from  a  ton 
of  the  same  kind  of  coal  used  in  an  open 
fire  which  has  just  been  fed  with  coal. 
Would  the  efficiency  be  20  per  cent,  or 
less? 

Let  us  make  another  comparison,  and 
remember  that  the  •object  of  our  discus- 


sion is  to  find  the  most  economical  way 
to  use  fuel,  and  especially  coal. 

Thq  available  supply  of  anthracite 
coal  is  admittedly  limited,  and  the  need 
for  conservation  is  probably  greater 
with  regard  to  it  than  is  the  case  with 
any  other  kind  of  fuel.  From  every 
thousand  tons  of  bituminous  coal  which 
a  gas  company  carbonizes  it  produces 
and  makes  available  for  general  con- 
sumption, as  a  substitute  for  anthracite 
coal,  four  hundred  tons  of  gas  house 
coke.  The  value  of  coke,  as  compared 
with  anthracite  coal,  may  be  observed 
from  the  following  analysis: 

Anthracite 

Coal        Coke 

Moisture  (after  air  drying)     3.20  1.60 

Volatile  combustion   6.86  8.27 

Fixed  carbon 76.61  76.23 

Ash 13.33  13.90 

Sulphur 9^  .94 

Gross  B.T.U.  per  lb 12800  12200 

Gas  for  Lighting 

Under  the  conditions  formerly  pre- 
vailing when  gas  was  sold  exclusively 
for  lighting  by  its  luminous  flame,  the 
criterion  of  its  value  to  the  consumer 
was  its  illuminating  power,  but  since 
the  introduction  of  the  Welsbach  system 
of  gas  lighting  by  the  heating  to  incan- 
descence of  a  foreign  substance  in  the 
Bunsen  or  non-luminous  flame  of  gas 
mixed  with  air,  gas  is  merely  burned 
as  a  fuel  just  as  for  the  purpose  of 
cooking,  and  generation  of  motive  power. 

Gas  for  Cooking  Purposes 

Aside  altogether  from  the  cleanliness, 
ease  of  control,  reliability  of  quantity 
and  quality  of  supply,  in  which  respects 
it  stands  pre-eminent,  in  point  of  eco- 
nomy there  is  no  fuel  which  at  prevail- 
ing prices  can  begin  to  compare  with 
the  cost  of  gas  for  certain  kinds  of  ser- 
vice. If  gas  exclusively  were  used  for 
cooking  in  the  City  of  Toronto  there 
would  be  a  large  money  saving  to  the 
consumers,  but  more  important  than  this 
saving  would  be  the  economic  advantage 
gained  by  having  to  import  so  many 
tons  less  of  anthracite  coal. 

Gas  as  Fuel  for  Industrial  Purposes 

A  great  deal  has  been  said  from  time 
to  time  as  to  the  insanitary  conditions 
of  the  atmosphere  in  our  city,  caused 
by  the  discharge  of  black  smoke  from 
chimneys.  In  spite  of  by-laws,  and  the 
watchfulness  of  officials  concerned  with 
their  enforcement,  the  evil  seems  to  re- 
main unabated,  with  every  prospect  of 
conditions  becoming  worse  with  the  fur- 
ther growth  of  the  city. 

The  problem  of  furnishing  power, 
without  making  smoke,  is  rapidly  being 
solved  by  the  use  of  water  power,  dis- 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


tributed  by  electric  lines.     The  use  of 
coal   in   manufacturing  processes,   how- 
ever, is  still  to  be  considered.    Here  the 
gas    industry    offers    a    means    for    the 
displacement    o£   crude   heating,   which 
not  only  disestablishes  the  chimney  as 
a  polluter  of  the  atmosphere,  but  intro- 
duces into  the  factory  itself  a  controll- 
able  and    uniform    system    of    heating, 
producing  constancy  of  result,  and  add- 
ing materially  to  industrial  economy   by 
the  reduction  of  labor,  the  promotion  of 
cleanliness  and  the  speeding  up  and  im- 
provement   of    factory    output.     These 
aspects  of  the  case  require  the  main  part 
of  our  consideration,  but  without  going 
into  details  we  might  well  consider  also 
the  great  destruction  of  value  for  which 
the  present  crude  methods  of  h>,ating  in 
factories  are  responsible.    While  gas  can 
supply  heat  so  easily  controllable   that 
there   is   comparatively   little   waste    in 
obtaining   from   it   effective  duty,   with 
coal  there  is  necessarily  a  large  waste 
of  heat.     There  is  a   large  amount  of 
heat  wasted  in  effecting  its  combustion, 
and  in  driving  off  those  volatile  consti- 
tuents   which    are    useless    where    high 
temperature  and  pure  incandescence  are 
required.     There  is  also  waste  of  heat 
up   the   chimney   and   through   stand-by 
requirements.     There  is   waste  of  heat 
every  time  a  fire  is  re-charged  until  once 
more  favorable  working  conditions  of  the 
fire  are  obtained.    With  the  gas  as  fuel, 
the  heat  can  be  directed  exactly  as  need- 
ed into  the  furnace,  and  heat  losses  by 
radiation  and  otherwise    can  be  reduced 
to  a  minimum. 

I  do  not  say  that  coal  can  be  entirely 
displaced  in  factories;  but  I  claim  that 
a  large  part  of  it  could  be.  The  point  I 
wish  to  make  is,  that,  in  addition  to  air 
pollution,  our  industries  are  largely 
wasting,  by  their  crude  methods  of  heat- 
ing, parts  of  the  substance  of  the  coun- 
try which  are  necessary,  more  necessary 
to-day  than  they  ever  have  been. 

If  these  statements  are  correct,  it  can 
readily  be  seen  how  vast  an  opportunity 
there  is  to  benefit  the  country  at  large, 
if  we  are  able  in  any  appreciable  extent 
to  do  away  with  this  waste.  In  case  of 
any  doubt  as  to  the  practicability  of 
accomplishing  this  result,  I  believe  that 
when  it  is  seen  how  much  has  already 
been  done,  in  developing  gas  appliances 
to  supplant  the  crude  methods  still  so 
largely  used,  our  knowledge  of  possi- 
bilities will  lead  us  to  believe  that  we 
see  only  the  dawn  of  a  new  era  in  in- 
dustrial  heating. 

The  manufacturer  has  his  point  of  view 
in  this  matter.  It  is  not  sufficient  to  ex- 
plain to  him  how  the  use  of  gas  will 
benefit  the  community,  it  is  necessary  to 
show  him  that  it  is  to  his  direct  benefit 
as  a  manufacturer  to  adopt  the  modern 
methods  of  using  heat  in  his  processes. 
Some  of  these  advantages  are: 

1.  Economy  in  space  occupied  by  ap- 
pliance, and  in  some  cases  the  necessity 
and  expense  of  a  smoke  stack  is  avoid- 
ed; a  practically  unlimited  choice  of  a 
position  for  the  furnace,  which  enables 
it  to  be  brought  into  close  proximity  to 
the  machine  workers. 

2.  No  space  required  for  storage  of 
fuel,  and  no  removal  of  ashes. 


Volume  XX. 


3.  Increase  in  output  per  cubic  foot 
of  factory  space,  owing  to  economy  of 
space  occupied  by  gas  furnaces  in  com- 
parison with  coal  furnaces. 

4.  The  constant  and  unvarying  supply 
of  fuel,  of  a  uniform  heat  value,  at  a 
fixed  rate. 

5.  Labor  saving— absence  of  stoking, 
storage  and  conveyance  of  fuel. 

6.  Rapidity,  and  improved  production, 
due  to  ability  to  precisely  control  work- 
ing temperatures. 

7.  In  many  cases  a  lower  capital  ex- 
penditure for  installation. 

8.  Cleanliness,  which  frequently  assists 
in    decreasing   net   labor   cost. 

9.  No  interest  to  be  paid  on  invest- 
ment in  fuel  in  storage. 

10.  Reduced  fire  risk. 

11.  No  loss  of  material  due  to  inabil- 
ity to  check  a  high  temperature  instan- 
taneously. 

12.  Less   repairs  on  equipment. 

13.  Enormously  smaller  loss  from 
articles  or  materials  being  spoiled  by 
irregular  heat. 

When  these  points  are  taken  into  con- 
sideration, it  is  really  astonishing  how 
many  instances  there  are  where  the  total 
cost  of  manufacturing  is  less  with  gas 
than  with  coal. 

The  following  list  contains  but  a  few 
of  the  hundreds  of  successful  gas  appli- 
ances available,  and  in  use,  and  while  the 
consideration  we  can  give  to  each  will 
be  necessarily  brief,  it  will  give  a  fair 
idea  of  the  accomplishments  in  this  field. 

Baking  Ovens.— The  use  of  gas  for 
baking  bread  and  pastry  in  small  bak- 
eries, restaurants  and  institutions  has 
proven  very  satisfactory.  With  large 
bakeries,  however,  although  some  pro- 
gress has  been  made,  there  is  yet  much 
more  business  to  be  secured  for  gas. 

Japanning  Ovens  are  of  two  general 
types— the  direct  heated,  and  the  indi- 
rect heated.  In  the  direct  heated,  the 
fuel  is  allowed  to  burn  in  the  japanning 
compartment;  in  the  indirect  heated,  the 
fuel  is  burned  independently  of  the  ja- 
panning compartment,  the  products  of 
combustion  being  carried  up  through 
radiators  placed  at  the  sides  of  the  oven, 
and  then  carried  out  through  suitable 
flues.  Gas  is  superior  to  steam  for 
heating  japanning  ovens,  where  tempera- 
tures from  150°  F.  upward  are  required. 
Gas  is  superior  to  coal  on  account  of 
its  cleanliness,  time  consumed  in  getting 
oven  ready  for  baking,  dust  and  dirt  in- 
cidental to  the  use  of  coal,  and  for  many 
other  reasons.  With  the  use  of  gas, 
temperatures  can  be  exactly  regulated 
according  to  requirements,  while  a  coal 
fire  is  not  capable  of  being  so  regulated. 

Heating  Liquids 

Glue  Heaters — The  heating  of  glue  is 
one  of  few  processes  where  the  diffi- 
culty is  not  that  of  getting  enough  heat, 
but  of  getting  too  much.  Glue  should 
not  be  heated  over  150°  F.  If  it  is 
heated  to  the  boiling  point  of  water  it 
is  practically  ruined.  It  is  hardly  neces- 
sary to  say  that  the  ease  with  which 
an  exact  temperature  is  maintained  by 
the  use  of  gas  puts  this  fuel  in  the  first 
place  as  a  means  of  heating  glue.  The 
appliances    are    quite    simple — just    one 


or  more  pots  of  suitable  size,  suspended 
m  water,  the  water  being  kept  hot  by 
means  of  a  small  burner.  There  is  also 
a  contrivance  supplied  with  a  mechanical 
agitator,  which  is  useful  in  assisting 
to  dissolve  the  glue. 

Cauldron  Furnaces.- These  are  con- 
structed either  round  or  rectangular  in 
shape,  and  are  generally  direct-fired,  in 
which  case  the  gas  burner  is  placed  im- 
mediately below  the  cooking  cauldron. 
Sometimes,  where  the  materials  to  be 
heated  will  burn  easily,  a  water  com- 
partment is  interposed  the  same  as  with 
glue    heaters. 

Cauldron  furnaces  are  made  in  sizes 
ranging  from  five  gallons  up  to  159  gal- 
lons, and  sometimes  even  larger.  They 
are  extensively  used,  and  with  almost 
universal  satisfaction.  Some  of  the  uses 
to  which  they  have  been  adapted  are  as 
follows: 

Rendering  lard,  scalding  chickens, 
heating  potash,  making  disinfectants, 
making  face  creams,  cooking  meats, 
making  marmalade,  jellies,  etc.,  canning 
fruits  and  preserves,  boiling  syrups, 
metal  polishes,  wax  melting,  grading 
oils,  making  pastes,  making  soap,  heat- 
ing water,  dyeing,  cooking  potato  chips, 
making  soups,  making  soft  drinks,  etc., 
making  catsup,  pickling  vegetables. 

Bakers'  Fryer — This  is  practically  the 
same  as  a  cauldron  furnace,  except  that 
some  manufacturers  supply  simply  a 
burner  and  frame  without  the  cauldron, 
thus  allowing  the  customer  to  use  the  . 
same  utensil  which  was  formerly  used 
on  the  coal-heated  stove.  It  is  used 
for  frying  crullers,  potato  chips,  etc. 

Confectioners'  Furnace. — The  success 
of  the  process  of  boiling  candy  is  mostly 
one  of  securing  the  right  temperature. 
A  certain  amount  of  moisture  must  be 
driven  off  from  the  original  mixture  of 
sugar,  water  and  other  ingredients  be- 
fore the  proper  temperature  can  be 
reached.  The  gas  consumption  varies 
from  1%  to  3  cubic  feet  per  pound  of 
candy,  according  to  the  temperature  re- 
quired. 

The  gas  confectioners'  furnace  has 
many  advantages  over  furnaces  using 
coal  or  coke.  Cleanliness  is  one  of  the 
most  important  items  in  a  place  where 
candy  is  being  made.  Of  course  there 
is  absolutely  no  dirt  from  the  fire  when 
gas  is  used.  The  furnace  is  always 
ready  for  immediate  use.  It  makes  the 
keeping  of  the  factory  cool,  in  summer, 
much  easier.  If  a  proper  gas  furnace 
is  used,  a  great  deal  more  work  can  be 
turned  out  than  with  the  best  coal  fur- 
nace. The  heat  can  be  regulated  at  the 
will  of  the  operator,  which  cannot  be 
done   so  readily  with  coal. 


DEMAND     FOR     BALING     IRON     IN 
NEW  SOUTH  WALES 

Users  of  baling  iron  such  as  is  re- 
quired for  use  in  dumping  wool  bales  re- 
port a  great  scarcity  of  this  commodity. 
The  size  used  is  15-16  of  an  inch  and  the 
gauge  20.8.  It  is  shipped  in  coils  of 
approximately  56  pounds,  and  a  recent 
quotation  from  the  United  States  was 
£74  per  ton,  c.i.f.  Sydney.  Delivery  sub- 
ject to  space  being  available  . 


July  4,  1918 


Russia's  Need  of  Imports  and  the  Resources  Available 

for  Payments 

Lack  of  Stable  Currency  Not  an  Unsurmountable   Barrier  —   Present   Fluctuating 
Values  Militate  Against  Cash  Payments — Exportable    Products 

Still  Plentiful 

By   Sterling  H.  Bunnell  in  Russia 
Chief  Engineer,  R.  Martens  &  Co.,  Inc. 


EVERYONE  interested  in  the 
triumph  of  the  forces  of  democ- 
racy in  the  war  agrees  that  Ger- 
many must  not  be  permitted  to  obtain 
either  permanent  military  control  or  any 
degree  of  commercial  domination  over 
Russia.  Lacking  necessary  factories  and 
industries  adequate  to  supply  the 
country's  needs,  Russia  can  be  rescued 
only  by  Allied  aid  from  becoming  the 
broad  base  of  a  towering  pyramid  of 
Germanism  from  which  the  Hun  can 
launch  his  next  attack  on  civilization.  In 
some  form  or  other,  assistance  must  be 
given  by  Allied  countries  so  as  to  free 
Russia  from  economic  dependence  on 
Germany.  Large  exports  must  soon  be 
started  for  Russian  ports,  to  supply  the 
most  pressing  civilian  needs. 

A  Misconception 

Any  idea  among  American  business 
men  that  Russia  is  commercially  finish- 
ed, and  that  her  international  trade  is 
dead,  is  founded  on  misconception.  Rus- 
sian paper  currency  is  in  truth  almost 
worthless  in  foreign  trade,  though  used 
freely  in  domestic  interchange.  But  ex- 
ported goods  are  not  usually  paid  for  in 
foreign  currency. 

If  a  country  should  continue  to  buy 
goods  from  abroad  for  money,  it  would 
in  time  pay  out  all  its  gold  and  silver 
money  andTose  credit  for  its  paper  notes. 
Continuing  export  trade  must  be  bal- 
anced by  import  trade  of  equal  value. 
Part  of  the  value,  either  outgoing  or  in- 
coming', may  be  paid  in  labor  of  citizens 
for  foreign  countries,  or  in  services  ren- 
dered tourists  from  abroad,  or  even  in 
gold  money,  if  the  citizens  can  keep  up 
the  supply  by  mining  gold. 

The  lack  of  a  stable  currency  in  Rus- 
sia makes  it  difficult  for  an  American 
manufacturer  to  come  to  terms  with  a 
buyer  in  Russia,  but  does  not  make  in- 
ternational trade  impossible. 

Trade  Factors 

The  Russian  citizen  with  earnings  or 
income  in  rubles  wants  to  use  his  funds 
in  buying  clothing,  boots,  or  other  neces- 
sary articles  which  must  come  from 
abroad.  The  only  obtainable  articles, 
however,  are  Russian  raw  products,  hemp, 
flax,  skins,  and  the  like.  The  American 
manufacturer  of  the  clothing  or  boots 
wanted  in  Russia  must  receive  dollars  in 
•  return  for  the  purchase  of  materials  and 
payment  of  labor.  Other  American  manu- 
facturers want  the  hemp,  flax,  etc.,  which 
Russia  has  for  sale,  but  may  not  pay  for 
them  in  gold  while  Russian  exchange  is 


fluctuating  so  that  the  real  dollar  value 
of  a  shipment  is  very  uncertain. 

There  are  thus  four  different  parties, 
all  wanting  to  engage  in  international 
trade,  but  no  one  of  them  in  position  to 
complete  the  transaction  by  himself.  In 
normal  times  each  one  could  make  his 
trade  by  the  aid  of  the  foreign  money 
exchange  brokers — under  actual  condi- 
tions, only  international  banking  and  ex- 
porting firms  are  in  position  to  balance 
trade  against  trade  and  so  restore  trade 
with  Russia. 

In  spite  of  the  utter  disorganization  of 
Russian  production  during  three  years  of 
active  warfare,  the  country  is  by  no 
means  destitute  of  exportable  products, 
nor  have  the  invading  Germans  access  to 
all  of  the  supplies.  A  considerable  por- 
tion of  Russian  exports  comes  from  Si- 
beria, and  has  been  accumulating,  at  a  de- 
creasing rate,  for  three  years.  It  is  not 
probable  that  German  penetration  and 
influence  will  extend  even  as  far  as  the 
Uval  Mountains.  Siberian  goods  are 
likely  to  remain  available  for  export  to 
the  eastward  if  Allied  manufactures  can 
be  had  in  exchange;  otherwise  they  will 
eventually  reach  Germany.  American 
importers  and  manufacturers  in  need  of 
raw  materials  from  Russia  should  put 
themselves  in  communication  with  reput- 
able firms  having  export  connections  for 
the  double  purpose  of  supplying  their 
own  wants,  and  of  counteracting  the  Ger- 
man commercial  threat. 

A  New  Period 

The  direct  exchange  of  exports  for  im- 
ports will  begin  the  new  period  of  trade 
with  Russia.  The  movement  toward  re- 
storing the  trade  balance  will  be  assisted 
by  the  coming  industrial  development  of 
Russia  by  foreign  capital.  In  the  chaotic 
period  since  the  Revolution,  more  than 
one  large  Russian  industrial  plant  has 
passed  from  Russian  to  foreign  owner- 
ship; each  such  transaction  requires  a 
payment  to  Russia  from  foreign  coun- 
tries, and  so  offsets  a  portion  of  Russia's 
foreign  indebtedness. 

Russia  to-day  may  not  appear  to  the 
uninformed  as  an  attractive  field  for  in- 
vestment, but  those  who  know  Russian 
possibilities  and  conditions  are  already 
buying  up  established  industries  and  in- 
vestigating prospects  for  creating  others. 
Mines  of  coal,  iron,  and  valuable  metals; 
oil  wells  producing  red  or  white  naphtha 
fit  for  use  without  refining;  railway  con- 
cessions opening  up  untouched  territory, 
and  enormous  possibilities  of  agricultural 
development   by    machinery    on    a  large 


scale,    are    already    passing    to    foreiurn 
ownership. 

Elarly  Action 

In"  these  ways  trade  will  find  for  itself 
a  method  of  helping  Russia  out  of  pres- 
ent destitution.  Undoubtedly,  the  re- 
quirements of  the  Russians  are  so  great 
that  the  sale  of  already  existing  products 
and  property  will  not  by  itself  provide 
funds  sufficient  to  make  Russia  again  an 
independent,  self-supporting  nation.  The 
important  thing  is  to  begin  the  process 
as  soon  as  possible  and  carry  it  as  far 
as  the  means  allow.  In  due  time  sound 
counsels  and  stable  government  in  Russia 
will  facilitate  reconstruction  by  liberal 
laws,  and  will  arrange  for  international 
loans  by  Allied  countries  so  that  refitting 
Russian  industry  can  proceed  freely. 

In  theory,  perhaps,  the  Russians  are 
down  and  out  and  cannot  buy  anything. 
The  condition  of  the  people,  however, 
is  such  that  they  must  have  goods,  and 
therefore  they  will  find  ways  and  means 
of  buying  them. 


A  SUBSTITUTE  FOR  CORRUGATED 
IRON 

Efforts  to  practice  economy  in  the  use 
of  steel  and  iron  have  developed  and  are 
now  resulting  in  a  satisfactory  substitute 
for  corrugated  iron  and  sheets.  It  is  an 
asbestos-cement  roofing  material.  Dur- 
ing the  last  year  a  large  plant  has  been 
built  in  England  for  manufacturing 
this  product.  The  method  of  making  it 
is  as  follows: — After  being  finely  ground 
and  freed  from  extraneous  matter  the 
asbestos,  which  acts  as  the  reinforcing 
agent,  is  mixed  with  Portland  cement  in 
the  proportion  of  about  1  to  6  and  made 
into  a  paste  with  water.  This  paste  is 
then  taken  to  a  machine  of  the  paper- 
making  type,  where  on  a  large  revolving 
drum  it  is  formed  into  sheets  or  felts. 
After  the  sheets  have  been  trimmed  to 
size,  they  have  the  corrugations  impress- 
ed on  them.  The  important  condition  for 
this  operation  is  to  insure  that  the  tops 
of  the  corrugations  are  as  strong  as  the 
other  parts  of  the  sheets.  Finally  the 
sheets  are  subjected  to  a  "seasoning" 
process.  The  corrugations  are  made  to 
the  3-inch  pitch  which  is  usual  with  cor- 
rugated iron  sheeting,  not  to  the  2V4- 
inch  foreign  pitch,  and  they  can,  there- 
fore, readily  be  used  to  repair  roofs  of 
corrugated  iroh.  The  sheets  are  also  fire- 
proof and  are  poor  conductors  of  heat. 
Corrugated  asbestos-cement  roofing  of 
this  character  has  been  made  in  Canada 
for  a  number  of  years  at  Lachine,  Que. 


10 


Volume  XX. 


The  Design  of  General  Purpose  Agricultural  Tractors  *-II. 


By  Alan  E.  L.  Chorlton,  C.B  E. 


Mechanical  appliances  are  of  great  importmire  in  the  quantiti/  production  of  foodstuffs 
so  needed  to-dnii.  The  following  article  deals  with  the  problem  of  co-ordinating  the  widely 
separated  pursuits  of  engineering  and  agriculture  in  the  design  of  farm  tractor's  and  affords 
an  interesting  view  of  the  problem  as  approached  from  the  standpoint  of  English  practice 


The  Engine 

ANY  consideration  of  the  engine 
must  begin  with  the  conditions 
under  which  it  has  to  run  on  a 
farm,  the  inexpert  attention  likely 
to  be  given  to  it  being  an  im- 
portant factor.  Generally,  whils^  this 
necessitates  robust  construction,  it  also 
calls  for  a  low  power  rating  or  a  con- 
siderable reserve  of  power,  and  prob- 
ably the  factors  of  low  speed,  large 
cylinder  capacity  for  power  required, 
strength  and  simplicity  of  parts  are  the 
main  ones.  That  the  engine  must  operate 
en  kerosene  is  a  sine  qua  non,  and,  fur- 
ther, it  is  preferable  that  it  should  de- 
velop its  power  without  water  injection. 
The  gain  to  be  obtained  by  the  use  of 
crude  oil  in  a  high  compression  engine 
would  justify  the  greater  refinement  of 
the  engine,  though  there  is  greater  diffi- 
culty in  obtaining  the  fuel,  kerosene  be- 
ing probably  the  most  universally  and 
readily  obtainable  of  all  oil  fuels.  On 
the  other  hand,  such  an  engine  running 
on  kerosene  would  probably  use  up  to  30 
per  cent,  less,  a  very  material  and  im- 
portant saving,  and  one  which  should  in- 
duce the  engineer  to  persevere  with  this 
type;  the  fact  that  the  automatic  ignition 
of  this  type  removes  the  risks  of  all  elec- 
trical gear  must  be  borne  in  mind.  It 
should  be  quite  possible,  however,  to  se- 
cure better  economies  with  the  ordinary 
engine  than  are  at  present  customary. 
It  may  be  taken  that  the  consumption 
per  acre  in  practice  is  3  gallons,  often 
more,  sometimes  less.  A  20-h.p.  tractor 
has  probably  an  average  load  of  not  more 
than  five-eighths  of  the  maximum,  or, 
say,  12%  brake  horse-power  (see  dyna- 
mometer readings— three  shares,  plus 
allowance  for  stoppages  and  headlands). 
Taking  2  hours  per  acre,  this  gives,  say. 
12  pints  per  hour,  or  0.96  nint  per  brake 
horse-power.  This  result  is  not  at  all  a 
bad  one,  and  is  probably  much  better 
than  what  is  actually  taking  place  in  day 
to  day  work  when  the  tractor  is  run  by 
an  ordinary  farm  hand.  It  should  be 
possible  to  cut  it  down  to  0.85  pint  per 
brake  horse-power,  or  with  a  high-com- 
pression engine  to  0.6  pint  or  even  less. 
The  type  of  engine  used,  whether  ver- 
tical or  horizontal,  would  in  practice 
largely  depend  upon  the  plant  of  the 
manufacturer,  four-cylinder  vertical  en- 
gines being  naturally  adopted  by  the 
motor-car  engineer,  whose  factory  is 
suited  to  that  type;  where  factory  consid- 
erations do  not  step  in  it  might  very  rea- 
sonably be  claimed  that  the  horizontal 
type  is  to  be  preferred.  It  has  frequently 
been  found  in  practice  with  vertical  en- 
gines not  possessing  vaporizing  devices 

•A   pKper  read  before  the   Institution   of  Auto- 
mobile Enffineers. 


in  the  engine  cylinder  that  some  of  the 
kerosene  fuel  passes  the  pistons  and 
mixes  with  the  lubricating  oil  in  the 
crank  chamber,  with  a  consequent  thin- 
ning of  the  lubricant,  which  causes  ex- 
cessive wear  on  the  main  and  crank-pin 
bearings.  It  is  not  suggested  that  there 
are  not  many  eflfective  kerosene  carburet- 
tors on  the  market,  but  rather  that,  de- 
spite these,  with  the  class  of  labor  avail- 
able on  the  farm  for  operating  the  trac- 


FIG.   10^  KEROSENE  VAPORIZER 

tor,    such    action    will    frequently     take 
place  in  starting  up  and  on  light  load. 

The  horizontal  engine  gets  over  this 
difficulty,  inasmuch  as  excess  kerosene 
will  drain  off  through  the  exhaust  valve 
before  reaching  the  piston.  A  form  of 
inlet  valve  which  has  been  very  success- 
ful is  shown  in  Fig.  10.     It  will- be  noted 


to  operate  by  tube  with  but  trivial  altera- 
tion in  case  of  failure  of  the  electric 
ignition. 

The  water  injection,  so  often  found  in 
the  high-speed  engine  of  the  vertical 
type,  cannot  be  said  to  be  conducive  to 
long  life;  it  was  tried  years  ago  in  gas- 
engine  practice  and  eventually  dropped. 

The  vertical  quick-running  type  can 
be  and  is  manufactured  at  a  less  total 
weight,  and  this  has  been  an  additional 
reason  for  its  use  on  light-weight  trac- 
tors. It  is,  however,  quite  reasonable 
to  ask  whether,  despite  our  being  used  to 
comparatively  high-speed  engines  on 
motor  cars  and  wagons  where  the  aver- 
age load  is  low,  and  the  quality  of  fuel 
and  the  attention  good,  a  speed  of  500 
r.p.m.  can  be  exceeded  under  the  condi- 
tions of  farm  service,  quality  of  labor, 
heavy  plowing  loads  and  kerosene  fuel, 
without  a  more  than  proportionate  risk 
in  wear  and  tear.  Fig.  5  shows  diagram- 
matically  the  two  types  of  tractor,  of 
which  there  are,  of  course,  many  varia- 
tions. 

Further,  it  is  considered  desirable  that 
full  power  should  be  obtained  with  a 
mean  pressure  of  only  about  50  lb.  per 
square  inch,  and  that  as  in  the  horizontal 
type  of  engine  the  vaporizer  should  be  in 
the  cylinder  head  and  allow  of  easy 
drainage  for  the  use  of  low-grade  fuels. 
A  suitable  arrangement  has  already  been 
described  in  Fig.  10. 

It  is  quite  true  that  the  high-speed  en- 
gine reduces  the  weight  of  a  tractor,  but 
in  view  of  the  necessity  of  giving  a  rea- 
sonably long  life  under  the  conditions  of 
farm  usage,  it  is  debatable  if  this  is  a 
wise  policy.  A  comparison  with  a  light- 
weight tractor  on  a  basis  of  cylinder 
capacity  indicates  that  these  tractors  ob- 
tain their  light  weight  per  horse-power 
largely  by  high  engine  speed  and  rating. 


Wght.  Bore 

Type  of  Tractor                  lb.  B.H.P.     in. 
Four-cylinder  vertical   light 

tractor  type    3,0»0  25         iVi 

Two-  cylinder       horizontal 
multi-purpose   tractor....      .'i  600  28         7'^ 


Vol.         Vol. 

Np.  swept  swept     Vol. 

Revs.       lb.       Np.       per  per       swept, 

Strol<e       per        per     wght.     min.  B.H.P.  wght. 

in.         min.    aq.  in.    tons     cu.  ft.  cu.  ft.     tons 
5%           900         67         50         340         13.6         254 


11 


475 


48 


10 


5.'!4 


19.0 


214 


that  the  hollow  head,  which  is  kept  hot 
by  the  cylinder  temperature,  is  arranged 
so  that  the  entering  gases  in  passing  at 
a  high  speed  through  tha  venturi  will 
impinge  upon  the  hot  walls;  this  forms 
an  effective  and  compact  vaporizer,  and 
at  the  same  time  being  in  an  inverted 
form,  is  self-draining.  It  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  the  hot  bulb  engine  can 
work  with  tube  ignition,  thus  cutting  out 
the  electric  installation,  which  is  of  all 
parts  of  the  tractor  probably  the  least 
understood  by  the  farm  hand;  inciden- 
tally the  running  cost  is  reduced,  as 
petrol  is  not  required  for  starting  un. 
Thus  such  an  engine  could  be  arranged 


Flywheel  Effect 

It  is  very  desirable  to  arrange  for 
ample  storage  of  power  in  the  flywheel 
of  the  engine  to  provide  for  the  momen- 
tary excess  required  when  meeting  hard 
places,  whereby  the  engine  is  subject  to 
less  strain,  and  the  fuel  consumption 
should  also  benefit.  In  the  horizontal 
type  suggested  the  flywheel  effect  is  suf- 
ficient to  provide  50  per  cent,  power  in- 
crease for  about  30  seconds.  In  the  light 
tractor  with  a  quick-running  engine 
there  is  usually  considerablv  less  power 
storage  in  the  flywheel,  and  the  engine 
must  bear  directly  the  extra  demands 
and  shocks. 


July  4,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


11 


Cooling 

Two  methods  are  in  vogue  for  coolinj? 
the  engine — in  the  one  the  moto.»car 
system,  a  radiator,  fan  and  circulating 
pump  are  used,  and  in  general  the  whole 
conforms  very  much  to  the  standard 
practice  in  this  respect.  In  the  other 
system  tank  storage  is  adopted,  the  cool- 
ing of  the  motor  being  obtained  through 
the  loss  of  heat,  due  to  evaporation  from 


< 

r  1 

1 

i 

KIG.   11.— STEERING   ARRANGEMENTS. 

the  open  tank  (the  released  latent  heal, 
of  course,  effecting  this). 

The  tank  system  is  simple  and  is  more 
fool-proof  in  its  working.  It  allows  of 
almost  any  sort  of  water  being  ustil, 
such  as  is  found  in  streams  and  drains 
about  the  fields,  but  on  the  other  hand, 
it  needs  considerably  more  make-up 
water  than  does  the  radiator  system.  The 
advantage  of  the  radiator  system  is  the 
much  smaller  quantity  of  water  needed, 
so  that  if  water  is  scarce  the  saving  in 
cartage  may  be  considerable.  Its  disad- 
vantage is  that  the  radiator  itself  may 
silt  up  or  in  some  way  develop  leaks. 
Both  systems  are  used  and  probably  local 
conditions  will  govern  the  choice. 

Frame 

The  older  type  medium-weight  ma- 
chines employed  as  a  rule  a  special  frame 
built  up  of  rolled  sections,  whilst  later 
designs,  in  order  to  save  weight,  have 
incorporated  the  frame  in  the  general  de- 
sign of  the  machine  with  advantage.  This 
feature  should  undoubtedly  be  adopted 
in  the  design  of  a  multi-purpose  machine. 

Gearing 

The  typical  forms  of  gearing  for  the 
trto  types  of  tractors  are  shown  in  Fig. 
5.  In  one  we  have  the  design  based  on 
the  motor-ear  arrangement,  using  either 
bevel  or  worm  gears,  and  with  a  high  re- 
duction on  account  of  the  high-speed  en- 
gines, and  in  the  other  the  design  is  based 
on  that  of  the  steam  traction  engine,  in 
which  neither  the  bevel  nor  worm  is  ne- 
cessary: due  to  the  cross-setting  of  the 
engine  this  type  has  not  usually  been 
totally  enclosed.  This  feature,  i.e.,  the 
total  enclosing  of  the  f^earing  and  the 
running  of  the  gears  in  oil  baths,  which 
originated  in  motor-car  practice,  should 
undoubtedly  he  incorporated  in  the  other. 
As  the  test  detailed  in  Fig.  7  indicated, 
the  loss  in  the  gearing  is  high,  due  prob- 
ably to  the  exposed  gears,  want  of  align- 
ment under  load  and  insufficient  lubrica- 


tion. When  the  horizontal  engine  type 
is  built  with  all  its  gearing  totally  en- 
closed, the  efficiency  should  be  equal  to 
motor-car  practice.  A.s  the  reduction  is 
less,  and  as  no  bevel  or  worm  is  employ- 
ed, it  is  not  unreasonable  to  expect  from 
the  horizontal  engine  a  higher  overall 
efficiency  than  from  the  high-speed  en- 
gine design.  The  advantages  of  ball  or 
roller  bearings  in  the  reduction  of  fric- 
tional  losses  are  questionable.  Published 
tests  indicate  but  small  bearing  losses, 
so  that  any  gain  would  be  trivial. 

Steering 

There  are  two  types  of  steering,  the 
single  and  double  pivot.  The  one  is 
practically  the  standard  in  present  agri- 
cultural machines,  as  steam  tractors, 
etc.,  and  the  other  is  the  standard  in 
motor-car  practice.  The  first  is  simple, 
cheap  and  strong  in  principle,  and  out- 
side agricultural  work  it  is  chiefly  used 
in  steam-wagon  practice.  Yet  despite 
this,  there  is  a  general  tendency  to  adopt 
the  double-pivot  system  for  small  trac- 
tor work,  and  this  system,  when  cen- 
trally mounted  so  as  to  give  three-point 
suspension,  is  to  be  preferred  for  the 
class  of  tractor  under  consideration  (see 
Fig.  11). 

Wheel  Arrangements 

Fig.  12  shows  some  of  the  arrange- 
ments of  the  wheels  of  tractors  on  the 
market  for  each  of  which  the  makers 
claim  special  advantages. 

It  is  not  proposed  to  enter  into  an  ex- 
amination of  the  claims  of  any  particular 
arrangement,  as  they  refer  solely  to 
land  work  and  not  to  the  road,  their  use 
on  which  is  somewhat  in  the  nature  of 
H  by-product.  The  need  for  a  tractor  to 
be  an  efficient  machine  for  road  work  ma- 
terially narrows  the  field  of  selection, 
Hnd  as  long  practice  has  proved  that,  for 
the  power  contemplated,  the  two-track 
four-wheel  ma'chine  is  the  most  suitable, 
this  seems  undoubtedly  the  one  to  be  se- 
lected, as  such  a  wheel  arrangement  is 
equally  effective  on  the  land.  The  size 
of  wheels  may  be  3  ft.  by  5  in.  for  front 
wheels,  and  4  ft.  by  12  in.  for  back  driv- 
ing wheels. 

It  is  noticeable  that  there  seems  to  be 
a  tendency  in  tractors  now  coming  into 
use  to  adopt  rather  smaller  diameter 
wheels  (4  ft.),  probably  with  a  view  to 
reduce  weight.  There  are  two  views  as 
to  the  value  of  diameter  and  width,  but 
it  is  not  proposed  to  enter  into  these 
now.  The  matter  was  somewhat  ext/n- 
sively  cone  into  in  a  paper  read  by 
Colonel  Crompton  before  this  institution 
in  April,  1913.  and  in  an  appendix  to  the 
same  prepared  by  Mr.  Leslie  Hounsfield. 

The  caterpillar  arrangement,  whilst 
entirely  suitable  for  special  conditions  on 
the  land,  cannot  be  considered  as  an  ad- 
visable type  for  regular  road  work,  and 
is,  therefore,  not  discussed  for  the  dual 
purpose  called  for. 

In  order  to  stand  up  to  the  road  work 
the  wheels  of  the  tractor  must  be  spe- 
cially strong,  though  this  naturally  tends 
to  increase  of  weight.  It  is  true  that,  to 
save  in  the  total  weight  of  the  tractor, 
light  wheels  misrht  he  adopted  for  work 
on  the  land,  so  designed  as  to  be  readily 
replaced  by  special!/  strong  and  heavy 


ones  when  the  tractor  is  required  to  run 
on  the  road.  In  actual  practice,  however, 
it  is  probable  that  the  inconvenience  and 
time  taken  in  changing  such  wheels,  to- 
gether with  their  considerable  extra  first 
cost,  would  very  much  limit,  if  not  ulti- 
mately eliminate,  any  advantage  there 
might  be  in  this  proposition,  though  it 
has  been  frequently  suggested. 

All  axles  for  road  locomation  must  be 
mounted  on  springs,  and  this  can  be 
readily  done  in  the  type  of  tractor  adum- 
brated. A  road  engine,  beside  having  all 
its  weight  sprung  and  the  wheels  of  ex- 
tra strong  design,  must  in  itself  be  so 
designed  as  to  properly  take  care  of  the 
vibration  set  up  by  such  duties. 

Land  Grips 

As  has  been  indicated,  the  projections 
attached  to  the  rim  of  the  driving  wheels 
to  obtain  sufficient  hold  when  plowing 
are  an  important  feature,  and  their  de- 
sign to  obtain  efficient  working  is  one  of 
no  inconsiderable  difficulty;  the  paths 
traced  by  three  different  forms  are  shown 
in  Fig.  6.  The  spuds  must  be  of  such 
size  and  form  as  to  obtain  effective  hold 
on  the  land,  and  yet  not  set  up  too  great 
an  increase  in  rolling  resistance  by  their 
shape;  they  should  be  self-cleaning,  and 
so  formed  and  fitted  that,  should  the  dif- 
ferential come  into  operation  and  only 
one  wheel  revolve,  no  such  side  force  is 
set  up  as  may  cause  the  tractor  to  slip 
sideways  at  right  angles  to  its  path. 

Generally  the  older  forms  of  tractors, 
altrough  they  gave  good  service,  do  not 
appear  to  have  received  sufficient  care  in 
their  design  regarding  the  points  dis- 
cussed, and  they  frequently  lacked  the 
finished   appearance   of  a   complete   de- 


i 


UL 


mm 


mmm 


mm 


|iM/|//;/ll 

± 


I 


1 


FIG.    12    -WHEEL    ARRANGEMENTS. 

sign  due  to  the  apparently  haphazard  ar- 
rangement of  the  constituent  parts,  i.e., 
engine,  gears,  etc.,  on  a  rolled  section 
frame. 

Progress  in  this  direction  has  un- 
doubtedly taken  place,  as  is  shown  by  the 
light  type  of  tractor  now  coming  on  the 
market,  in  which  a  separate  frame  is  ob- 


12 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


viated,  and  it  is  obvious  that  the  design 
was  completed  at  one  time  by  an  engineer 
trained  with  an  eye  to  the  appearance  of 
the  whole.  Similar  ideas  might  be  in- 
corporated in  the  horizontal  type  of  en- 
gine, with  undoubted  advantage. 

There  are  very  many  other  questions 
and  points  of  interest  that  might  well 
have  been  discussed,  and  which  the 
author  would  have  liked  to  deal  with, 
but  the  time  at  his  disposal  has  been  too 
limited  to  afford  adequate  treatment.  He 
hopes,  however,  that  sufficient  data  have 
been  brought  forward  to  start  others 
upon  the  investigation  of  the  problem  of 
the  agricultural  power  unit  and  to  form 
the  basis  of  a  discussion  to-night. 


Canadian  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation Meet  in  Montreal 


STEEL  CO.  OF  CANADA 

Continued  from  page  6. 

mark  is  also  stencilled  on  each  bundle. 
The  trade  mark  is  the  word  "Stelco" 
on  a  maple  leaf.  For  some  orders  the 
sheets  are  packed  in  cars  and  shipped 
without  being  bundled.  Some  orders  call 
for  the  sheets  bsing  oiled  before  ship- 
ment, the  oiling  being  done  in  the  ware- 
house. The  company  manufacturers 
tack  piate,  which  is  made  by  the  same 
process  as  black  sheets  but  is  not  an- 
nealed. 

Quality  and  Service 

The  operations  involved  in  the  manu- 
facture of  black  steel  sheets  have  now 
been  followed  from  the  raw  materials 
to  the  finished  product.  The  lay  mind 
■would  hardly  appreciate  the  amount  of 
■work  and  skill  involved  in  the  produc- 
tion of  sheets  or  the  great  care  that  has 
to  be  exercised  in  every  detail  of  their 
manufacture.  Quality  counts,  and  thia 
can  only  be  obtained  by  careful  and 
systemjL-tic  adherence  to  details  in  the 
various  processes.  Efficiency  in  opera- 
tion is  also  a  vital  necessity  if  the  pro- 
position is  to  be  a  success  financially. 
Judging  from  appearances  at  the  plant 
the  efficiency  factor  is  high  and  conse- 
quently the  results  are  in  proportion. 
The  consuming  public  in  Canada  will 
better  appreciate  the  value  of  having  a 
full  supply  of  sheets  available  when  nor- 
mal conditions  prevail  and  the  company 
is  in  a  better  position  to  satisfy  all  re- 
quirements. As  in  other  industries,  the 
war  is  interfering  with  manufacturing 
operations  to  the  extent  that  only  a  cer- 
tain tonnage  of  steel  can  be  allocated 
to  the  manufacture  of  sheets.  In  the 
sheet  mill  provision  has  been  made  for 
duplicating  the  existing  plant,  which 
will  be  done  when  the  demand  calls  for 
larger  production. 


The  Minimum  Wage. — The  minimum 
wage  of  adult  experienced  female  work- 
ers in  any  factory  in  Winnipeg  where 
foodstuffs  other  than  candies  are  manu- 
factured shall  not  be  less  than  ten  dollars 
per  week,  according  to  a  statement  issued 
by  Dr.  J.  W.  MacMillan,  chairman  of  the 
Manitoba  Wage  Board.  Exceptions  art 
pickle,  vermicelli  and  macaroni  factories, 
where  the  minimum  wage  shall  be  $9.50 
per  week.  Hours  of  labor  shall  not  be 
more  than  nine  hours  a  day. 


THE  annual  convention  of  the  Can- 
adian Manufacturers'  Association  was 
held  in  Montreal  on  June  12  and  13.  The 
principal  features  of  the  opening  day 
were  the  president's  address  and  a  re- 
port of  the  tariff  committee  dealing  with 
the  United  States  embargo. 

The   President's   Address 

Defending  the  manufacturers  against 
the  charges  of  bolstering  up  tariff  walls 
for  personal  aggrandisement  S.  R.  Par- 
sons, in  his  presidential  address,  declar- 
ed: 

"The  profits  of  manufacturers,  gener- 
ally speaking,  have  been  grossly  exag- 
gerated, and  while  here  and  there  ab- 
normal figures  are  shown  (which  are 
subsequently  largely  extracted  by  the 
Business  Profits  Tax),  yet  the  large 
profits  feature  also  applies  in  the  case 
of  agriculturists.  The  great  majority, 
however  of,  these  two  classes,  as  well  as 
of  all  other  classes  in  the  country,  are 
simply  making  reasonable  and  necessary 
headway. 

"The  time  has  arrived  when  the  go- 
vernment, members  of  Parliament  and 
the  people  at  large  must  be  fair  to  the 
manufacturers  of  this  country  and  not 
consider  their  interests  as  a  football,  to 
be  kicked  about  by  interested  politicians 
and  others,  otherwise  the  national  in- 
terests are  sure  to  be  adversely  affected. 
The  tirade  of  abuse  has  already  gone  too 
far. 

"In  Canada,  however,  not  only  have  w» 
received  no  direct  help  and  lead  from 
the  government  in  connection  with  plan- 
ning for  our  industries  after  the  war  in 
the  nation's  interests,  but  a  considerable 
section  of  our  population  is  keeping:  the 
country  in  a  foment  of  agitation  which 
would  tend  to  destroy  rather  than  to 
build  up. 

"As  far  as  export  trade  is  concerned, 
manufacturers  in  Canada  may  be  forced 
in  the  national  interests  to  sell  their 
wares  at  a  merely  nominal  margin  of 
profit  so  as  to  help  preserve  the  balance 
of  trade  and  at  the  same  time  give  em- 
ployment to  the  largest  oossible  number 
of  people.  The  crux  of  the  situation 
calling  forth  denunciation  of  industry, 
we  believe  to  be  just  he^e.  Interested 
parties  have  poisoned  the  minds  of 
agriculturists  and  other  classes  in  this 
country  and  have  led  them  to  believe 
that  the  manufacturers  not  only  received 
directly  an  enormous  advantage  from  the 
tariff  which  they  were  not  entitled  to, 
and  in  consequence  were  making  profits 
which  were  out  of  all  proportion  to  the 
risks  involved,  but  were  also  actuated 
by  the  most  selfish  motives.  It  is,  there- 
fore, opportune  to  say  fairly,  honestly 
and  emphatically  that  the  average  net 
return  from  the  investment  of  capital  in 
industry  is  not  more  than  it  should  be 
to  encourage  men  to  take  the  risks  in- 
cident thereto. 


Hostility  to   Manufacturers 

"It  would  appear  from  the  propaganda 
being  waged  with  such  vehemence 
against  the  manufacturers  of  Canada 
that  the  chief  view  presented  is  that  the 
tariff  is  retained  solely  to  benefit  the 
manufacturers  and  to  oppress  all  other 
classes  of  the  people,  the  farming  com- 
munity in  particular.  It  is,  therefore, 
quite  evident  that  the  time  has  come 
when  the  manufacturers  of  this  country 
can  no  longer  keep  silence,  either  in 
their  own  interests,  the  interests  of 
labor,  or  the  great  national  interests  of 
this  country.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  the  present  tariff,  with  changes  here 
and  there,  was  enacted  as  a  great  na- 
tional policy,  not  for  the  benefit  of  any 
one  class,  but  for  the  well-being  of  the 
nation  at  large.  Manufacturers  feel  that 
the  tariff  could  and  should  be  changed 
here  and  there,  and  so  amended  that  it 
would  apply  more  scientifically  than  it 
does  at  the  present  time. 

"For  this  and  other  reasons  the  manu- 
facturers would  like  to  see  created  what 
might  be  termed  'a  trade  and  tariff 
board,'  such  a  board  to  be  composed  of 


T.  P.  HOWARD 
representative  men  of  actual  experience 
and  wide  knowledge  of  commercial  con- 
ditions, and  whose  broad  outlook  and 
vision  would  fit  them  particularly  for 
the  proper  study  of  these  great  questions 
so  vital  to  our  national  interests." 

Report   of   Tariff    Committee 

The  report  of  the  committee  dealing 
with  the  United  States  embargo  says 
in  part: 

"The  tariff  changes  enacted  by  Parlia- 
ment this  year  were  designed  wholly  to 
meet  revenue  requirements,  owing  to  the 
enormously    increased    government     ex- 


July  4,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


1 


penditure  on  the  war.  Your  committee 
believes  that  no  other  action-  is  practi- 
cable in  the  country's  general  interests, 
whilst  the  war  continues. 

"The  mobiliza'^ion  work  of  the  United 
States  commands  our  highest  admiration, 
but  the  very  efficiency  and  nation-wide 
scope  of  this  concentration  on  the  one 
object  of  hastening  the  successful  ending 
of  the  war  has  created  temporarily 
critical  conditions  for  this  country,  as 
in  the  case  of  war  trade  embargoes, 
which  nrohibit  the  exportation  to  Canada 
of  various  basic  materials  indispensable 
to  essential  industries. 

U.S.    Dominates    Market 

"Canadian  industry  has  been  built  uri 
in  close  relation  with  the  growth  of 
United  States  industry.  We  draw 
necessary  materials  from  adjacent 
United  States  territory,  just  as  an  in- 
dustry in  one  State  draws  materials  from 
another  State  or  from  Canada.  Now, 
however,  a  United  States  manufacturer 
is  using  materials  which  a  Canadian 
manufacturer  cannot  obtain,  and,  in 
other  ca^^es  a  United  States  manufac- 
turer is  buyinor  his  basic  materials  at 
lower  prices  than  the  same  materials, 
which  are  e'lually  essential  to  his  work 
can  be  purchased  in  the  United  States 
by  t>ie  Canadian  manufacturer. 

"Since  the  United  States  still  allows 
the  product  of  such  a  manufactory,  rep- 
resenting completely  finished  articles  as 
sold  to  the  ultimate  user,  to  be  exported 
to  Canada,  the  manufacturers  of  that 
country  are  able  to  offer  lower  prices  here 
than  our  manufacturers  can  meet.  This 
works  to  create  unfair  domination  of  this 
market. 

Complete  Pooling  of   Resources 

"The  United  States  would  be  treating 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  no  better  than 
they  treated  it  throughout  the  first 
years  of  this  war,  when  thev  were  a 
neutral  nation,  if  they  would  arrange 
to  admit  Canadian  manufacturers  to 
their  sources  of  supply  under  conditions 
which  they  apply  to  their  own  manu- 
facturers. If  Canadian  industries  were 
permitted  to  obtain  indispensable  ma- 
terials in  the  United  States  on  the  same 
terms  as  govern  their  use  by  correspond- 
in<r  United  States  manufacturers  this 
policy  could  not  fail  to  produce  better 
effort  in  the  war  work  of  North  America. 
Full  control  of  such  equitable  arrange- 
ments could  be  assured  under  regulations 
of  the  Canada  War  Trade  Board. 

"The  effect  of  government  encourage- 
ment to  great  imports  of  finished  pro- 
ducts from  the  United  States  seems  to 
have  been  overlooked  or  disregarded.  It 
increases  the  difficulty  of  the  exchange 
situation  resulting  from  the  fact  that  the 
balance  of  our  trade  with  the  United 
States   is   heavily   against    Canada." 

On  the  second  day  a  number  of  in- 
teresting papers  were  read  and  officers 
for  the  year  elected.  The  papers  in- 
cluded one  on  Industrial  Research,  read 
by  D.  A.  B.  MacAllum,  and  "After-War 
Conditions,"  by  the  Hon.  Frederic 
Nicholls. 


Industrial  Research 

D.  A.  B.  MacAllum,  chairman  of  the 
Honorary  Council  of  Scientific  and  In- 
dustrial Research,  Ottawa,  outlined  the 
problems  it  is  dealing  with.     He  said: 

"The  only  way  to  raise  the  vastly  in- 
creased revenue  due  to  the  war  was  to 
develop  the  industries  of  Canada  to  the 
utmost." 

He  concluded:  "I  am  not  talking  poli- 
tics. I  am  not  a  free  trader  or  protec- 
tionist. I  do  not  wish  to  deride  these 
questions.  -The  question  is,  what  are  we 
going  to  do?  We  need  revenue  more 
than  ever.  How  are  you  going  to  raise 
revenue  without  taxation?  That  is  what 
one  must  do.  Therefore  this  tariff  ques- 
tion is  now  a  live  one,  and  it  cannot  be 
nlaced  aside  for  other  bigger  and  more 
important  questions." 

Pi-of.  W.  L.  Goodwin,  chairman  of  the 
Canadian  section  of  the  Society  of 
Chemical  Industry,  followed  with  an  ad- 


W.   J.    BULMAN 

dress  on  "Chemical  Industry."  He  spoke 
of  the  intimate  relation  of  chemistry  to 
modern  industry.  In  these  days  when 
manufacturing  was  carried  on  scientifi- 
cally chemical  control  was  the  order  of 
the  day,  and  more  and  more  it  was  be- 
coming an  underlying  principle  for 
manufacturers  to  seek  the  aid  of  the 
chemist  in  carrying  on  their  business. 
So  much  was  this  so  that  the  universi- 
ties where  chemists  are  prepared  had 
been  utterly  unable  of  late  years  to  meet 
the  demand  for  graduates. 

After-W^ar  Conditions 

Senator  Nicholls,  of  Toronto,  spoke  of 
preparation  for  after-war  conditions,  on 
which  subject  he  has  been  extremely 
active.  Since  the  war,  he  said,  exports 
had  increased  254  per  cent.,  of  which  In- 
crease manufactures  provided  50  per 
cent,  more  than  agriculture.  While  the 
404    million   ipcrease   in   agricultural   ex- 


ports was  subject  to  but  little  taxatioi 
the  600  million  increase  in  manufacture 
goods  exported  was  subject  to  taxatio 
and  super-taxation.  It  had  done  muc 
to  enable  Canada  to  bear  her  war  bui 
dens. 

"But  after  the  export  trade  passe 
with  the  war  where  are  we  going  to  g« 
the  money  to  pay  the  war  bills?  It  i 
up  to  us  and  to  the  government  of  th 
day  to  give  us  a  lead  in  making  preparj 
tions  to  meet  the  conditions  we  wi 
surely  be  called  upon  to  face,"  he  said. 

"The  only  way  to  prepare  for  aftei 
war  conditions  in  retaining  our  expoj 
trade  in  articles  we  manufacture  now  o 
can  adapt  ourselves  to  manufacture  a 
we  did  in  the  case  of  munitions  is  by  cc 
operation  between  the  government  an 
the  manufacturers.  This  would  elimir 
ate  trade  jealousies  and  secure  the  re 
spect  and  p'-estige  which  a  quasi-goverr 
ment  organization  always  secures." 

After  reading  his  own  correspondenc 
with  the  Prime  Minister  and  other  mem 
bers  of  the  Cabinet,  in  which  he  urge 
the  government  to  take  action  in  pre 
paring  for  after-war  conditions.  Senate 
Nicholls  asked  the  association  to  pass 
resolution  supporting  this  campaigr 
which  it  did. 

Officers  Elected 

The  following  officers  were  elected 
W.  J.  Bulman,  Winnipeg,  president;  1 
P.  Howard,  Montreal,  1st  vice-president 
J.  S.  McKinnon,  Toronto,  2nd  vice 
president. 

The  association  passed  the  followini 
resolution  in  reference  to  after-the-wa 
industrial    operations: 

"That  the  Canadian  Manufacturers 
Association,  in  annual  convention,  re 
solve: 

"That  the  Government  of  Canada  b 
urged  to  take  prompt  action  toward 
making  provision  for  the  past  war  trad 
conditions  to  the  end  that  the  presen 
favorable  balance  of  trade  may  be  con 
tinned  and  that  the  employment  o 
several  hundred  thousand  pepple  now  ii 
war  industries  may  not  cease. 

"That  this  association  is  further  o 
the  opinion  that  the  plan  outlined  am 
submitted  to  the  government  by  thi 
special  committee  of  the  Senate  on  thi 
conservation  of  Canadian  trade  or  somi 
modification  thereof  would,  if  adopted 
result  in  permanent  benefit  to  the  coun 
try  at  large  and  also  be  of  material  as 
sistance  in  the  financing  of  our  grea 
notional  obligations." 

Resolutions  were  also  adopted:  (1' 
Favoring  government  assistance  for  in 
dustrial  and  scientific  investigation  as  ! 
number  of  concerns  have  guaranteet 
financial  cc-operation  on  a  considerabli 
scale  for  a  period  of  years,  provided  go 
vernment  action  is  forthcoming;  (2)  urg 
ing  municipal.  Provincial  and  Dominioi 
Governments  to  seriously  consider  th( 
whole  question  of  housing  reform  to 
wards  the  increasing  of  adequate  hous 
ing  facilities  and  the  increase  of  hous( 
ownership,  and  (3)  recording  the  as 
sociation's  deep  appreciation  of  the  wor! 
of  the  Commission  of  Conservation. 


14 


Volume  XX. 


Principles  &  Practice  of  Mechanical  Sketching  &  Drawing-llL 

Every  Mechanic  Should  Know  How  to  Make  and  Interpret  Mechanical  Drawings  and  Sketches 
of  the  Simpler  Types — A  Practical  Course  Prepared  Especially  For  Younger  Men 

and  Newcomers  in  the  Industry 

By  Terrell  Croft 


Application  of  Calipers  and  Squares 

THE  combination  square  is  some- 
times usual  in  obtaining  longitu- 
dinal dimensions.  It  may  be  util- 
ized as  indicated  by  using  the  regu- 
lar head  on  the  blade.  One  end  of 
the  object  being  measured  rests  on  a 
surface  plate.  The  head  of  the  square 
is  pushed  down  on  the  blade  until  it  in- 
dicates the  exact  value  of  the  dimension 
desired. 

Internal  dimensions  are  measured  with 
the  inside  calipers.  Fig.  16  shows  the 
draftsman  setting  his  calipers  to  the  in- 
side diameter  of  a  pinion.  After  the  cali- 
pers have  been  set  to  the  required  dia- 
meter, the  linear  dimension  correspond- 
ing thereto  is  obtained  from  the  scale 
as  in  Fig.  17.  The  end  of  the  scale  and 
the  tip  of  one  of  the  caliper  legs  are 
held  against  a  surface  plate.  At  the 
other  tip  of  the  caliper  leg  the  required 
dimension  is  read. 

In  measuring  external  diameters  with 
a  caliper  the  procedure  is  that  explained 
graphically  in  Fig.  18.  The  draftsman, 
by  turning  the  thumb  nut  on  the  caliper, 
alters  the  distance  between  the  two  legs 
until  the  tips  just  touch  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  surface  to  be  measured.    The 


FIG.  IC— UdING  INSIDE  CALIPERS. 

draftsman  ultimately  develops  a  sense  or' 
feeling  in  making  these  adjustments. 
With  this  sen.se  of  feeling  properly  ma- 
tured, wonderfully  accurate  results  ars 
possible.  The  distance  between  the  cali- 
per tips  having  been  made  equal  to  thac 
of  the  diameter  required,  the  linear  di- 
mension is  obtained  as  shown  in  and  pre- 
viously de.?cribed  in  connection  with  Fig. 
14  given  last  week. 

External  diameters  of  certain  objects 
may  be  obtained  with  the  combination 
square.  This  application  is  given  ?n 
Fig.  19,  wherein  part  of  the  object  to 
be  measured  tapers.  The  use  of  the  com- 
bination square  on  the  surface  plate  in- 
sures that  the  diameter  being  taken  is 
one  at  right  angles  to  the  longitudinal 
centre  line  of  the  object. 

In  determining  the  depth  of  a  hole  or 
■lot  the  combination  square  fitted  with 
the  regular  head  can  be  utilized.  In 
Fig.  20  is  shown  the  method  of  obtaining 


the  depth   D  of  the  slot  in  the   object 
under  consideration. 

In  finding  the  distance  between  centres 
of  holes,  where  the  holes  are  of  equal 
diameter,  the  scheme  shown  in  Fig.  21 
can  be  applied.     In  some  cases  it  will  be 


FIG.    17— METHOD  OF  READING   INSIDE 
CALIPER    SETTING 


found  that  for  this  service  the  scale  can 
be  used  as  conveniently  as  can  the  cali- 
pers. That  is,  where  the  holes  are  of  the 
same  diameter,  the  centre  to  centre  di- 
mension is  equal  to  that  between  the 
right-hand  edge  of  one  hole  and  the 
right-hand  edge  of  the  other.  Where 
the  holes  are  of  unequal  diameters,  then 
the  centre-to-centre  distance  equals  the 
distance  from  right  edge  of  one  hole  to 
left  edge  of  the  other  plus  one-half  the 
diameter  of  each  hole.  To  obtain  the 
distance  from  an  edge  or  surface  of  an 
object  to  the  centre  of  a  hole  in  it  the 
procedure  is  this:  Measure  the  distance 
from  the  edge  or  surface  to  the  edge  oi 
the  hole  and  add  one-half  the  diameter 
of  the  hole  to  the  distance  thus  ob- 
tained. 

Using  Combination  Rule 

In  finding  the  centre  of  a  cylindrical 

plane  the  combination  rule  equipped  with 

a  centre  head  is  used  as  diagrammed  in 

Fisr.  22.     Often  it  is  necessary  to  thus 


locate  a  centre  so  that  radii  may  be  de- 
termined therefrom.  The  rule  with  the 
centre  head  in  position  on  it  is  first 
placed  in  the  position  AA  and  a  line 
drawn  across  the  end  of  the  cylinder 
with  the  scriber.  Then  the  rule — centre 
head  in  position — is  turned  to  a  location, 
BB,  approximately  at  right  angles  to 
AA  and  another  line  is  drawn.  The  in- 
tersection of  these  two  lines  will  be  the 
centre  of  the  circle  under  consideration. 

In  measuring  the  angle  of  a  beveled 
surface  (Fig.  23)  the  combination  square 
equipped  with  the  bevel  head  is  used. 
The  head  is  rotated  on  its  centre  until 
when  the  blade  and  head  are  pressed 
against  the  surfaces  under  consideration 
the  draftsman  cannot  see  light  between, 
them  and  the  surfaces  or,  at  any  rate, 
will  see  a  line  of  light  of  equal  thick- 
ness. Then  the  angle  of  bevel  can  be 
read  from  the  protractor  on  the  bevel 
head. 

In  taking  measurements  for  lay-outs, 
that  is,  dimensions  for  plots  for  power- 
house or  industrial  plant  drawings  and 
plans,  where  the  areas  involved  may  be 


FIG.     18— FINDING    AN    OUTSIDE    DIAMETER 
WITH    OUTSIDE    CALIPERS. 


KIG.    19     USING    COMBINATION    SQUARE    TO 
DETERMINE    DIAMETER. 


considerable,  methods  radically  different 
from  those  described  hereinbefore  for 
relatively  small  objects  must  be  used. 
That  is,  in  lay-out  work,  the  draftsman 
may  deal  in  feet  or  even  in  hundreds 
of  feet,  rather  than  in  inches.  Hence, 
for  taking  the  dimensions  for  lay-out 
sketches  and  drawings  the  tape  line  and 
the  6  or  8-foot  folding  rule  are  the  in- 
struments most  commonly  used.  Often 
plumb  bobs,  for  projecting  down  to  the' 
floor  the  locations  of  bearings,  pulleys, 
shafts  and  similar  members,  are  of  great 
assistance. 

Linear  Dimensions 

In  recording  linear  dimensions  in  lay- 
out sketching  the  total  distance  from 
the  starting  point  to  the  point  under  con- 
sideration, rather  than  the  distance  be- 
tween points,  should  be  recorded.  This 
idea  is  shown  in  Fig.  24  which  illustrates 
how  the  draftsman  should  enter  on  his 
sketch  sheet  or  in  his  notebook  the  di- 


July  4,  1918 

mensions  taken  from  the  plot  of  the  floor 
plan  of  an  existing  engine  room.  For 
example,  at  OF  is  the  tape  stretched  to 
determine  the  locations  of  the  window 
openings  in  the  wall.  The  sketcher 
liooks  the  ring-end  of  the  tape  over  the 


FIG.   20— USING  THE  COMBINATION  SQUARE 
AS   A   DEPTH   GAUGE. 

nail  at  0  and  then  proceeds  along  to- 
ward F,  holding  the  tape  taut.  At  each 
point  which  he  wishes  to  locate  on  his 
sketch  he  reads  the  dimension  from  the 
tape.  The  dimension  in  every  case  is 
that  between  the  point  under  considera- 
tion and  the  starting  point  0.  For  ex- 
ample, at  A  he  reads  10",  which  means 
that  A  is  1  foot  0  inches  distant  from  0. 
At  point  B  he  reads  and  records  3'  6'. 
which  means  point  B  is  3  feet  6  inches 
from  his  starting  point,  O. 

Thus  all  of  the  points  are  recorded 
along  the  side  of  the  room.  When  he 
returns  to  the  drafting  room  and  plots 
his  lay-out  to  scale,  he  can  obtain  the 
dimensions  for  entry  on  his  drawing  in 
accordance  with  the  usual  method  by  sub- 
tracting successive  dimensions  from  one 
another.  The  plan  just  described  is  the 
preferable  one  for  lay-out  work  because 
it  tends  to  eliminate  errors.  For  exam- 
ple, if  the  sketcher  were  taking  succes- 
sive    dimensions     between     points     and 


FIG.     21- MEASURING    DISTANCE     BETWEEN 

CENTRES   OF   HOLES   ON   A   SQUARE   BLOCK. 

WITH    OUTSIDE    CALIPERS. 

measured  incorrectly  the  distance  OA  in 
Fig.  24  it  might  render  incorrect  his  en- 
tire sketch.  But,  if  successive  distances 
are  read  along  the  tape  as  explained  even 
if  several  errors   in  observation   or  re- 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

cording  are  made  they  probably  will  not 
cause  trouble  and  can,  in  any  case,  be 
located  readily.  At  GH  in  Fig.  24  is 
shown  how  the  positions  of  the  columns 
P,  and  P,  could  be  recorded  on  the 
sketch.  At  IJ  is  shown  how  the  location 
of  the  foundation  F  would  be  plotted. 
In  Fig.  24  only  the  east  and  west  obser- 
vations are  given.  To  complete  the  lay- 
out similar  dimensions  in  the  north  and 
south  directions  would  have  to  be  taken. 


15 


TIME-STUDY 

By  A.  W.  Swan,  B.A.Sc. 
Every  manufacturing  plant  has  its 
own  cost  system,  often  very  elaborate 
and  held  as  a  jealous  secret;  but  when 
all  is  said  and  done  any  cost  system  boils 
down  into  knowing  how  long  the  various 
processes  of  manufacture  take — and  a 
careful  assignment  of  the  "overhead." 
All  cost  accountants  will  talk  at  con- 
siderable length  of  "overhead,"  machine- 
hour  rate,  and  so  forth,  but  it  is  surpris- 
ing how  many  firms  do  not  know  the 
actual  labor  costs  of  their  product,  and 
here  is  where  time-study  comes  in. 

Time-study  as  a  basis  for  bonus  pay 
is  well  known,  but  all  methods  of  bonui 
pay  are  for  the  purpose  of  increasing 
production  by  offering  an  extra  reward, 
and  it  is  very  little  use  having  a  bonus 
pay  system  if  there  is  no  very  well  de- 
fined routing  of  work  through  the  shop 
to  avoid  conflict  of  "rush"  jobs.  Right 
here  time-study  helps  by  giving  the  shop 
superintendent  the  knowledge  of  how 
long  each  process  really  takes,  and  by 
adding  together  the  times  for  different 
operations  dates  for  delivery  can  be  sat 
with  considerable  more  accuracy  than  by 
the  old— "Well,  say  the  20th  of  next 
month." 

Type  of  Man  Required 
According  to  C.  E.  Knoepperl  the  "man 
for  time-study  must  have  tact,  patience, 
accuracy,  an  analytical  mind,  a  good  im- 
agination, constructive  reasoning  ability 
— which  is  rather  a  large  order.  But  it 
is  not  quite  such  an  easy  job  as  the  ma- 
chinist is  apt  to  think,  and  tact  is  cer- 
tainly essential.  For  it  is  the  task  of  the 
time-study  man  to  get  accurate  operation 
times,  to  convince  the  men  that  it  is  to 
their  own  interest  to  work  under  a  bonu.s 
plan,  to  be  square  to  the  men  and  yet 
not  be  led  away  into  giving  absurdly 
large  "allowed  times."  He  must  avoid 
being  fooled,  and  not  lose  his  temper 
when  he  is,  as  he  is  sura  to  be  some- 
times. 

Time-study  will  never  work  where  tha 
management  is  not  trying  to  play  square, 
but  if  the  time-study  i"^  absolutely  on 
the  square,  and  the  men  begin  to  notice 
lareer  bonus  amounts  in  their  pay 
checks,  thev  realize  in  a  surprisingly 
short  time  that  the  company  is  not  tht 
onlv  one  to  riin  from  a  bonus  system — 
and  times  will  begin  to  get  shorter— and 
with  them  of  course  the  labor  cost. 

Time-studv  s'^ould  hy  all  means  be 
open  and  above-board,  the  stop-watch 
soon  becomes  familiar  to  the  operators, 
f>nd  the-e  is  no  harm  in  telling  them 
>iO".-  th°  "allowed  time"  is  calculated;  in 
fact  this  has  the  advantao-e  that  the 
machinist    can    check   up   with    his    own 


observed  time— and  he  usually  will.  Then 
the  operator  soon  becomes  convinced  that 
all  the  time-study  man  wants  is  a  good 
standard  time,  without  hurry  and  with- 
out loafing.     Of  courv.  there  are  bound 


FIG.  22— METHOD  OF  FINDING  CENTKE  OF 
CYLINDRICAL    OBJECTS. 

to  be  attempts  at  trickery,  but  after  a 
little  experience  they  are  not  difficult 
to  detect. 

Taylor,  Gantt,  Bartth,  and  others 
have  constructed  slide-rules  and  charts 
for  the  guidance  of  the  time-study  man, 
advising  him  of  proper  speeds  and  feed 
for  turning,  drilling,  etc.;  but  these 
should  be  used  with  considerable  cau- 
tion, as  they  usually  I'epresent  the  best 
practice  with  the  best  tool-steel,  most 
convenient  jigs  and  fixtures,  and  the 
most  expert  operators. 

In  the  average  shop  these  conditions 
are  not  found,  and  if  used  these  rules 
should  be  adapted  to  local  conditions  by 
using  a  "shop  constant"  which  the  time- 
study  man  can  work  out  for  himself.  Ii! 
this  connection  it  might  be  said  that  it 
is  often  a  good  plan  to  study  the  mate- 
rial provided  by  the  makers  of  mosi, 
machine-tools,     who     very     often     give 


FIG.   28— METHOD   OF  DETERMINING  ANGLE 
OF    BEVEL    BY    PROTRACTOR  "AND   SCALE. 

speed  tables  and  illustrate  various  "set- 
ups" in  their  instruction  books. 

Possibilities  of   Observations 

Time-study  certauily  offers  plenty  cf 
opportunity  for  anyone  with  a  taste  for 
research;  in  addition  to  working  out  or- 
dinary machine  times — comparing  with 
the  standard  slide-rules,  there  is  the  mat- 
ter of  vise  work;  then  time-study  can 
be  extended  to  the  forge-shop  and  later, 
perhaps,  even  to  the  foundry.  Then  there 
is  room  for  experiment  with  hack-sav.-s 
— how  the  various  makes  of  blades  be- 
have, how  long  they  take  to  dull  with 
rounds  and  flats,  etc.  But  the  largest 
field  at  present  is  certainly  that  which 
one  might  call  "Elementary  Handling 
Times."  In  the  average  machine  shop 
there  is  no  need  to  go  the  length  of  mo- 


16 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  X:t. 


tion-study  where  every  movement  is  an- 
alyzed, but  the  time-study  man  will  find 
it  a  help  to  have  a  list  of  standard  times 
for  such  motions  as  indexing:  the  turret 
on  a  turret-lathe. 

On  the  average  machine-shop  job  on 
the  lisrhter  machines  the  handling  time 
takes  up  a  surprisingly  large  part  of 
the  total  time  on  a  job,  and  while  it  is 
easy  to  check  up  speeds  and  feeds,  it. 
is  not  so  easy  to  check  up  the  handling 
part  of  the  work  without  some  list  of 
standard  times. 

.\s  each  time-study  is  made  it  should 
be  filed,  and  should  he  easy  of  refer- 
ence by  having  an  alphabetical  and  nu- 
merical index.  At  the  same  time  sched- 
ules should  be  made  ud  for  all  machine- 
parts  manufactured,  having  the  opera- 
tions in  order.  Then  as  the  bonus  sys- 
tem gets  under  way,  and  the  average 
bonus  made  is  known,  it  is  a  simple  mat- 
ter to  know  the  actual  time  to  expect  on 
an  operation  compared  with  the  allowed 


and  control — with  which  this  articla  is 
not  concerned  directly. 

It  is  highly  important  in  all  plants 
to  have  accurate  labor-costs,  and  time- 
study  will  not  giva  them  directly,  but  if 
all  the  work  is  put  on  bonus  and  all  time 
taken  cheeked  carefully,  either  by  the 
time  clerk  or  some  mechanical  system, 
the  actual  labor  time  and  cost  on  every 
job  is  known,  and  comparison  can  be 
made  in  labor-costs  as  ths  lots  go 
through. 

It  is  advisable  to  keep  records  of  times 
on  all  jobs,  both  for  cost  comparison  and 
to  see  how  time-study  is  affecting  the 
plant.  For  estimating  on  new  jobs  time- 
study  is  absolutely  invaluable,  as  no  man 
can  be  on  the  job  for  any  length  of  time 
without  being  able  to  estimate  times  for 
operations  from  drawings  with  consider- 
able accuracy,  and  by  adding  together 
such  times  and  allowing  the  average 
hourly  rate  in  the  plant,  adding  materia! 
cost  and  overhead  as  it  is  usually  calcu- 


FIG.    »— COKRBCT    METHOD    OF    TAKIN  G    MEASUREMENTS    BY    STEEL   TAPE. 


time,  and  hence  to  set  delivery  dates 
with  certainty.  Of  course  the  actual 
average  tima  for  a  large  number  of 
pieces  on  any  operation  will  seldom  be 
the  studied  time;  it  would  be  foolish 
to  expect  that  it  would,  as  there  are  al- 
ways slight  delays  even  to  the  best  of 
workmen,  and  these  should  be  allowed 
for  in  setting  the  "Allowed  Time."  How- 
ever, there  will  be  a  fairly  steady  ratio 
between  the  allowed  time  and  the  actual 
average  which  can  be  used  for  date- 
setting  purposes  with  very  satisfactory 
results;  and  using  the  same  information 
work  can  be  laid  out  for  a  shop,  assign- 
ing certain  machines  to  particular  jobs 
for  a  given  number  of  days,  and  the 
work  can  be  routed  through  the  shop 
with  far  less  delay  than  by  the  old 
method,  and  with  a  minimum  of  idle  ma- 
chines. At  this  point  time-study  con- 
nects up  with  the  other  imoortant  branch 
of  modem  production  methods — routing 


lated,  the  cost  estimate  is  not  likely  to 
be  at  all  far  out. 


ADVISORY  RESEARCH  COUNCIL 
FELLOWSHIPS   AND  STU- 
DENTSHIPS 

The  Research  Council  was  originally 
instituted  to  promote  research  in  pure 
and  applied  science,  and  especially  in 
those  sciences  which  are  related  to  the 
industries,  so  vital  to  a  national  pros- 
perity. 

Research  in  Canada  has  been  largely 
suspended  during  the  last  thrae  yearj 
except  in  a  few  of  the  leading  industrial 
establishments  and  smelting  plants.  The 
staffs  in  the  scientific  departments  of 
the  universities  have  been  greatly  de- 
pleted by  the  enlistment  of  their  mem- 
bers for  military  service,  and  those  left, 
burdened  with  heavier  teaching  duties, 
have  been  unable  except  in  a  very  few 


cases,  to  do  more  than  cairv  out  their 
routine  duties.  The  effect  of  this  on  re- 
search work  in  Canada  will  p  ove  to  bt 
very  seriousfi  unless  measures  are  taken 
soon  to  supply  the  growing  deficiency, 
for  the  interruption  of  ths  supply  ol'  re- 
cruits to  the  ranks  of  science  must  na- 
turally curtail  all  research,  both  scientific 
and  industrial,  for  many  years  to  come. 
During  the  time  of  acute  industrial  pres- 
sure, often  described  as  the  "period  o/ 
reconstruction,"  there  will  be  so  much 
demanding  immediate  attention  that,  in- 
evitably, all  questions  of  research  will  be 
pushed  aside.  Hence,  the  remedy  is  to- 
day not  a  matter  of  choice,  but  of  ne- 
cessity, for,  if  Canada  is  to  maintain 
her  position  in  the  industrial  world,  she 
must  immediately  lay  plans  to  maintain 
the  supply  of  qualified  men  capable  of 
carrying  on  those  scientific  investiga- 
tions which  produce  new  and  sometines 
revolutionary  msthods  and  processes. 

Research  breaks  up,  roughly,  into  two 
main  divisions:  Research  in  the  xure 
sciences  and  industrial  research.  It  is 
impossible  to  draw  a  sharp  line  of  de- 
marcation between  these  two  and  he 
woul  I  be  venturesom3  indeed,  who  would 
predict  that  a  discovery  in  pure  science 
would  never  be  capable  of  industrial  ap- 
plication, and,  conversely,  mnny  discov- 
eries of  great  note  in  the  field  of  purq 
science  have  been  made  in  industrial  lab- 
oratories. Consequently,  it  is  a  tradi- 
tional, rather  than  an  actual,  division 
that  has  been  indicated. 

In  order  to  encourage  in  every  pos- 
sible way  all  branches  of  rssearch  in 
pure  science,  with  special  emphasis,  of 
course,  on  those  sciences  which  are  like- 
ly to  have  industrial  application,  the 
council  has  instituted  a  large  number  of 
studentships  and  fellowships  tenab'e  at 
any  of  the  Canadian  universities,  which 
are  granted  to  graduates,  or  others,  who, 
by  their  past  records,  have  shown  them- 
selves capable  of  conducting  scientific 
research.  The  studentships  are  of  the 
value  of  $7.'jfl  ner  annum,  and  the  fellow- 
shins  of  $1,000  to  $1,500. 

To-day  in  the  various  Canadian  uni- 
versities there  are,  in  spita  of  war  conn 
ditions,  eight  students  and  fellows  of 
the  research  council,  who  are  actively 
engaged  in  investigations  of  importance 
to  Canada.  Among  the  subjects,  whicn 
are  of  immediate  public  interest  may 
be  mentioned: 

"Economic  Utilization  of  the  Tar  Sands 
of  Alberta." 

"Utilization  of  Straw  for  Light,  Heat 
and  Power." 

"Rubber  Solutions  and  Colloids." 

None  of  these  researches  has,  as  yei, 
been  completed,  bui,  encouraging  results 
have  been  reported  by  the  investigators. 

Copies  of  the  exact  regulations  gov- 
erning these  studer-tships  and  fellowships 
may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Research  Council,  Ot- 
tawa. 

♦ 

Vancouver.  —  The  steel  steamship 
Alaska,  8,800  tons,  the  largest  steel 
steamship  constructed  in  Canada,  was 
taken  from  its  launching  berth  Friday 
night.  The  trial  trip  of  the  vessel  was 
made  on  Saturday. 


July  4,  1918 

WELDING     A     LARGE     ALLIGATOR 
SHEAR  FRAME 

By  J.   H.  Rodgers 

ABNORMAL  conditions  are  ofU'i. 
miinspring-s  of  unprecedented  in- 
dustrial developments,  and  these 
circumstances,  coupled  with  the  essen- 
tial need  of  maximum  conservation  of 
f:rtain  mateiiah,  are  undoubtedly  im- 
portant factors  in  expansion  of  many 
enterprises.  The  stupendous  demand  for 
iron  and  steel  durinjr  pariod  of  war  ac- 
tivities has  almost  if  not  entirely  elim- 
inated the  so-called  scrap  pile;  parts  of 
machinery,  and  in  some  instances  com- 
plete machines  that  in  normal  times 
would  be  considered  as  useless,  have  beerv 
given  a  new  lease  of  life  as  a  result  of 
tne  great  difficulty  experienced  in  obtain- 
ing the  required  article  in  its  initial 
state,  from  its  original  source.  Probably 
no  other  agency  in  the  wide  field  of 
engineering  has  done  so  much  to  reduce 
the  size  of  the  scrap  heap  as  the  art  of 
■welding,  be  it  the  blacksmith,  the  auto- 
genous or  the  thermit  process.  Each 
method  has  its  own  particular  sphere  of 
-usefulness,  careful  judgment  being  fre- 
quently necessary  to  determine  which  is 
the  best  system  to  adopt  to  meet  the 
needs  of  the  situation.  However,  it  is 
reasonably  safe  to  assume  that  for  welds 
on  heavy  bulky  sections  of  machinery 
the   best    practice    to    follow    would    in- 


('ANA  1)  I  A  N    MA  (Ml  IN  K  l;  Y 

variably   be   the   last   mentioned,  that  of 
the    thermit    process. 

An  interesting  repair  by  the  thermit 
weldinj?  process  was  recently  performeo 
at  the  plant  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Weldin:? 
Co.,  of  Montreal,  views  of  which  are 
shown  in  the  accompanying  illustrations. 
The  casting  here  shown  is  that  of  a  large 
steel  aligator  shear  frame,  broken 
through  the  central  rib  and  the  bac»r 
housing,  as  a  result  of  the  upper  jaw 
being  forced  sideways  through  careless 
work  on  the  part  of  the  operator.  Owing 
to  the  inability  of  getting  immediate 
delivery  on  a  new  casting  it  was  de- 
cided to  have  the  part  repaired  by  weld- 
ing, so  the  method  here  described  was 
adopted  and  the  repair  successfully  ac- 
com.plished. 

Preparation 

In  preparing  the  frame  for  welding  it 
was  located  directly  beneath  a  skylight 
to  permit  of  free  egress  of  the  heat  and 
gases,  as  the  ceiling  was  low  and  of 
wood  construction.  Before  proceeding 
with  the  placing  of  the  mold,  the  oxy- 
acetylene  torch  was  usgd  to  cut  away 
the  metal  adjoining  the  crack,  leaving  a 
channel  about  two  inches  wide  through 
the  entire  length  of  the  broken  portion; 
this  being  an  essential  feature  in  con- 
nection with  welds  of  this  character.  The 
space   thus   provided   is   then   filled   with 


a  special  yellow  wax  which  acts  as  the 
pattern;  this  wax  is  generally  banked 
up  above  the  ordinary  level  of  the  east- 
ing to  provide  additional  metel  at  the 
broken  section.  This  practice  is  not  ab- 
solutely necessary,  but  where  no  inter- 
ference will  result  the  surplus  meUl  is 
preferable  as  an  added  assurance  of 
safety.  During  the  preheating  operation 
this  wax  is  melted,  leaving  the  hollow 
chamber  for  the  fluid  metal. 

With  the  wax  in  position  the  sheet 
steel  casing  was  placed  over  the  broken 
portion  in  such  a  manner  as  would  per- 
mit of  placing  the  pouring  gate  and  riser 
patterns  in  their  desired  location.  This 
also  applied  to  the  heating  gates,  one  of 
which  was  placed  on  either  side  and  close 
to  the  bottom  of  the  mold.  Provision 
was  made  at  the  top  of  the  mold  in  the 
form  of  a  large  basin,  to  carry  the  slag. 
When  ready  for  preheating  the  crucible 
was  supported  above  the  mold  by  means 
of  a  girder  placed  across  the  skylight 
opening.  The  preheating  apparatus, 
shown  in  the  background  of  Fig.  2,  is  a 
Thermit  gasoline  compresse.l  air  unit  for 
generating  the  gas  required  for  the  pre- 
heating of  the  broken  section,  prepara- 
tory to  the  actual  welding  operation. 
This  particular  type  is  provided  with  a 
device  for  removing  the  moisture  from 
the  air  before  the  same  mixes  with  the 


FIG.  l^LEFT:  PRE-HEATING  CASTING. 
FIG.  2— RIGHT:  MAKING  THERMIT  WELD. 


18^ 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


oil;  it  is  also  equipped  with  two  inde- 
pendent hose  connections  for  operating 
two  burners. 

Preheating 

The  preheating  on  this  job  required 
considerable  time,  due  to  the  heavy  sec- 
tion of  the  broken  portion  and  also  to 
the  fact  that  the  pressure  was  insuffi- 
cient to  maintain  a  capacity  flame  at 
the  heating  gate.  When  the  part  was 
near  the  desired  temperature  the  thermit 
— 350  lbs.  of  which  was  required — was 
placed  in  the  crucible,  the  latter  being 
additionally  supported  on  rails  laid 
across  the  top  of  the  molding  frame. 
The  burners  were  then  removed  and  the 
heating  gates  plugged  and  banked  with 
floor  sand. 

With  everything  in  readiness  the 
welder  in  charge  places  about  one-half 
teaspoonful  of  the  ignition  powder  on 
the  top  of  the  thermit  in  the  crucible 
and  then  places  the  cone-shaped  cover 
in  position.  A  red  hot  rod  is  then  In- 
serted through  the  top  of  the  cover  and 
into  the  ignition  powder,  which  is  im- 
mediately ignited,  and  the  chemical  re- 
action is  so  rapid  that  within  ten  seconds 
the  350  lbs.  of  metal  is  converted  into  a 
molten  mass  at  a  temperature  of  over 
5,000  degs.  Fahr.  In  this  particular 
instance,  owing  to  the  low  heat  of  the 
casting  before  pouring,  the  metal  was 
tapped  less  than  ten  seconds  after  ig- 
nition, so  that  the  final  stages  of  the 
reaction  process  would  take  place  in  the 
mold,  thus  assisting  the  fusing  of  the 
surrounding  metal. 

Detail  Reference 

Fig.  1  shows  the  work  during  the  pre- 
heatingi  operation,  with  the  gas  hose 
leading  to  either  heating  gate,  and  the 
crucible  suspended  in  position.  Fig.  2 
shows  the  pouring  process  twelve  seconds 
after  the  initial  ignition.  Fig.  3  shows 
a  close  up  view  of  the  finished  weld  with 
the  pouring  gate,  riser,  and  one  of  the 
heating  gates,  before  removal  by  the 
oxy-acetylene  torch.  The  method  of 
reinforcing  the  weld  is  clearly  illustrat- 
ed. The  total  weight  of  the  casting  was 
over  7  tons,  and  the  completed  weld  was 
entirely  satisfactory  in  every  particular. 

One  of  the  great  advantages  of  the 
thermit  method  of  welding  is  the  uni- 
formity of  expansion  and  contraction, 
a  factor  that  is  of  vital  importance  in 
the  greater  number  of  machinery  repairs, 
particularly  where  these  are  bulky  and 
irregular  in  shape.  The  gradual  rise  in 
temperature-  during  the  preheating 
operation  and  the  almost  instantaneous 
distribution  of  the  molten  metal  to  all 
parts  of  the  section  to  be  welded  vir- 
tually eliminates  the  possibility  of  in- 
ternal stresses  being  set  up  in  the  ma- 
terial. 


OPTICAL  GLASS  BEING  MADE  IN 
U.  S.  A. 

Optical  glass,  although  not  required  in 
large  quantities,  is  nevertheless  an  item 
in  war  operations  which  is  important  be 
cMuse  by  optical  instruments  much  of 
the  firing,  especially  of  artillery,  is  di- 
rected.    If   the    men   are   not   equipped 


with  adequate  fire-control  instruments  or 
can  not  see  to  aim  properly,  their  firing 
can  serve  little  purpose.  A  field  army 
or  a  battleship  without  field  glasses,  tele- 
scopes and  other  optical  instruments  is 
manifestly  placed  at  a  serious  disadvan- 
tage. 

First  Plant  at  Rochester 

Before  the  war  little  effort  was  made 
to  produce  optical  glass  in  the  United 
States.  Manufacturers  of  optical  in- 
struments were  able  to  obtain  optical 
glass  in  desired  quantity  and  quality 
from  Europe  and  consequently  did  not 
feel  the  necessity  for  making  it  them- 
selves. In  1892,  however,  the  Bausch  & 
Lomb  Optical  Co.,  of  Rochester,  N.Y., 
built  an  experimental  optical  glass  plant 
and  placed  a  practical  glassmaker  in 
charge;  by  1914  this  company  was  able 
to  produce  a  few  types  of  optical  glass 
which  were  used  in  optical  instruments. 

By  the  end  of  1914  the  importation  of 
optical  glass  had  become  difficult  and  un- 
certain. Other  firms,  as  Keuffel  &  Ba- 
ser, of  Hoboken,  N.J.,  and  Spencer  Lens 
Co.,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  and  the  Bureau  of 
Standards  of  the  Department  of  Com- 
merce, at  Washington,  began  to  experi- 
ment in  making  optical  glass.  By  1917, 
when  the  United  States  entered  the  war, 
the  optical  glass  situation  had  become 
critical.  The  European  supply  was  prac- 
tically cut  off.  Optical  glass  had  to  be 
made  in  this  country  if  our  army  and 
navy  were  to  receive  the  fire-control 
instruments  which  they  needed. 

Produced  in  Quantity  Now 

The  geophysical  laboratory  of  the  Car- 
negie Institution  of  Washington  was 
called  upon  to  aid  in  the  production  of 
high  grade  optical  glass.  A  party  from 
the  laboratory  was  stationed  at  the 
plant  of  the  Bausch  &  Lomb  Optical  Co. 
in  April,  1917,  and  for  seven  months  ail 
efl'orts  of  the  laboratory  were  concen- 
trated at  this  plant.  At  the  end  of  1917 
the  essential  details  of  the  manufacture 
had  been  developed  and  glass  in  consid- 
erable quantities  was  being  produced. 
The  efforts  of  the  laboratory  were  then 
extended  to  the  Spencer  Lens  Co.,  and  to 
the  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Co.,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.  During  this  period  the  Bu- 
reau of  Standards  rendered  effective  aid. 

At  the  present  time,  as  a  result  of  co- 
operation between  the  manufacturers  and 
scientists,  large  quantities  of  optical 
glass  of  the  kinds  needed  for  military 
fire-control  instruments  are  being  pro- 
duced of  a  quality  equal  in  practically 
every  respect  to  the  best  European  glass. 
The  need  for  a  continuous  and  assured 
supply  of  optical  glass  is  so  great  that 
the  workmen  trained  in  the  details  of 
manufacture  and  subject  to  draft  are 
being  withheld  from  draft  in  order  that 
their  technical  training  may  be  utilized 
at  this  time.  The  required  information 
and  details  of  manufacture  and  the  skill 
necessary  for  proper  production  have 
been  gained  at  great  expense  and  under 
high  pressure. 

♦ 

PROSPECTS   OF    ELECTRICAL   IN- 
DUSTRY IN  AUSTRALIA 

Some  interesting  remarks  on  the  pre- 
sent  position   and   the   future  prospects 


of  the  electrical  industry  in  .Australia 
were  made  by  the  president  of  the  New 
South  Sales  Section  of  the  Electrical 
Association  of  Australia  at  its  annual 
meeting  held  recently.  He  stated  that 
the  war  had  given  a  great  impetus  to  the 
manufacture  in  Australia  of  electrical 
apparatus,  and  that  large  order.s  had 
been  placed  locally  which  would  other- 
wise have  gone  abroad.  Had  the  firms 
been  quite  prepared  to  execute  the  or- 
ders, they  would  have  received  a  much 
larger  volume  of  work. 

Power  is  required  for  the  development 
in  New  South  Wales  of  large  electro- 
chemical and  electro-thermic  industries, 
for  which  there  is  said  to  be  a  distinct 
field.  It  is  probable  that  eventually  the 
water  powers  of  New  South  Wales  will 
be  harnessed  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
coal  is  very  plentiful,  of  excellent  qual- 
ity, and  cheap. 

Hydro-Electric  Facilities 

Considerable  water  power  can  be  de- 
veloped economically  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  manufactures,  and  the  re- 
sult of  investigations  shows  that  100,000 
kilowatts  could  be  delivered  on  the  sea- 
coast  line,  derived  from  the  waters  of 
the  mountain  ranges  of  the  State. 

This  would  enable  producers  to  manu- 
facture all  products  of  the  electric  fur- 
nace, including  not  only  steel,  but  car- 
borundum and  alundum  as  abrasives, 
graphite  for  electrodes,  and  to  engage  in 
the  preparation  of  lubricants,  calcium 
carbide  for  lighting,  cyanide  for  fer- 
tilizers, alkali  for  all  purposes,  and,  in 
all  probability,  aluminium. 

There  being  no  alternative- — delivery 
being  required  soon — orders  for  elec- 
trical machinery  have  been  placed  with 
local  manufacturers  at  exceptionally 
hiffh  prices. 

When  the  war  is  over,  however,  the 
position  will  be  altered.  Active  competi- 
tion from  established  works  abroad  will 
be  intensified  owing  to  many  manufac- 
turing countries  making  a  bid  for  the 
trade.  Local  factories  will  not  be  in  a 
position  for  some  years  to  manufacture 
on  a  large  scale,  and  the  only  way  of 
meeting  this  competition  will  be  to  im- 
pose a  heavy  protective  duty  or  by  re- 
ducing the  cost  of  labor.  A  reduction  of 
wages,  however,  is  very  unlikely. 


MANUFACTURE  OF  WOOD-PULP  IN 
THE  STATE  OF  QUEENSLAND 

The  manufacture  of  paper  pulp  from 
Queensland  soft  woods  has  been  com- 
menced at  Yarraman,  Queensland.  At 
present  the  manufacture  is  being  con- 
ducted on  a  small  scale  and  the  pulp  will 
be  used  by  Sydney  paper  mills,  which 
have  already  received  12  tons.  The 
success  of  the  operations  is  exciting  keen 
interest  in  commercial  circles. 


A  new  industry  is  being  started  at 
Niagara  Falls,  Ont.,  by  Lundy-Scott, 
Limited,  who  are  now  manufacturing 
collapsible  fruit  baskets,  berry  crates  and 
egg  crates,  with  new  patent  fillers.  As 
a  result  of  sending  a  sample  to  England, 
Tyundy-Scott,  Limited,  received  an  order 
for  two  million  baskets. 


July  4,  1918 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


^ 


19 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


HIGH-SPEED   SHAPER 

THE  high-speed  shaper  illustrated 
is  manufactured  by  the  Oliver 
Machinery  Co.,  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  and  is  well  adapted  to  rabbeting, 
grooving,  fluting,  routing  or  shaping  of 
any  description. 

The  tables  are  large,  very  rigid, 
planed,  and  then  accurately  ground  by  a 
special  process.  They  are  bored  out  and 
fitted  with  three  sets  of  rings,  and  are 
drilled  and  tapped  for  the  guards. 

The  spindles  are  tapered  and  are  made 
of  high  carbon  crucible  machinery  steel 
ground  perfectly  true  on  dead  centres; 
guaranteed  to  run  true.  The  spindles 
are  regularly  furnished  to  "run  out." 

The  bearings  are  made  of  bronze,  coni- 
t;al  in  shape,  and  are  surrounded  by  oil 
•chambers  which  lubricate  the  spindles 
the  entire  length  of  the  bearings.  The 
bottom  of  the  spindle  rides  on  a  copper 
adjustable  step,  which  is  constantly 
washed  with  oil.  A  large  brass  drip  cup 
catches  the  waste  oil  from  the  upper 
bearing.  All  adjustments  are  extremely 
simple. 

Pulleys  are  carefully  balanced,  and  are 
of  the  pneumatic  type.  The  yokes  are 
raised  and  lowered  by  means  of  the 
hand-wheels  at  the  side  of  the  machine, 
there  being  sufficient  vertical  adjustment 
to  raise  the  spindle  above  the  table  or 
lower  it  beneath  the  tables.  These  yokes 
are  very  rigid  and  the  screws  for  raising 
or  lowering  are  directly  in  the  rear  of 


HIGH     SPEED     DOUBLE     SHAPER. 


the  spindle,  affording  them  a  direct  sup- 
port. 

The  top  bearings,  with  guides  and 
supporting  brackets  are  designed  and 
particularly  adapted  to  auto  body  or 
similar  work.  Top  bearings  are  made  of 
bronze  and  are  adjustable.  If  desired 
these  brackets  can  be  furnished  without 
the  guides  for  furniture  or  column  work. 

A  quick  adjusting  shaper  guard  is  re- 
gularly furnished  with  each  machine. 
Additional  guards  may  be  secured  any 
time,  as  the  tables  are  drilled  and  tapped 
for  two  guards.  As  shown  by  the  illus- 
trations, these  guards  are  adjustable  in 
all  directions  and  are  never  in  the  way. 


^ 


KXIUa   TO!'    BEARING. 


HORIZONTAL  BORING  MILL 

The  illustration  shows  a  recent  pro- 
duct of  the  Defiance  Machine  Works,  De- 
fiance, Ohio.  The  boring  mill  illustrated 
is  capable  of  a  wide  variety  of  work,  be- 
ing readily  adaptable  to  milling,  drilling 
and  tapping  operations  in  addition  to  the 
usual  work  performed. 

The  bed  is  of  box  construction,  heavily 
cross  ribbed,  with  the  metal  properly 
distributed  to  insure  rigidity  to  all  vital 
parts.  The  machine  is  entirely  self-con- 
tained  and   rests   on   the   floor   at   three 


points.  The  column  is  of  box  section 
flaring  out  at  the  bottom,  to  give  a  large 
bearing  surface  where  it  is  bolted  to  the 
bed. 

The  spindle  is  of  hammered  high  car- 
bon steel,  accurately  ground  its  entire 
length,  and  slides  through  the  spindle 
sleeve,  while  the  spindle  sleeve  is  a  solid 
high  carbon  steel  forging,  with  a  conical 
journal  at  the  front  revolving  in  a  solid 
bronze  box,  with  an  adjustable  taper 
sleeve  at  rear.  This  arrangement  makes 
it  possible  to  take  out  all  lost  motion  and 
permits  the  bolting  of  large  milling  cut- 
ters directly  to  a  large  flange  on  the  end 
of  spindle  sleeve. 

The  spindle  head  has  liberal  bearing 
on  the  column,  and  instead  of  a  narrow 
gliding  edge  on  one  side,  the  dovetaii 
with  taper  gib  is  placed  in  the  counter 
with  actuating  screw  between.  The  two 
sides  have  clearance  between  the  column, 
with  straps  at  back.  A  gib  on  the  front 
side  is  set  up  for  free  sliding  fit,  but 
helps  to  take  any  undue  strain  placed 
upon  the  head.  A  binder  screw,  back  of 
the  gib.  locks  the  head  rigidly  to  the  col- 
umn. The  spindle  head  and  tail  block 
are  raised  and  lowered  together,  being 
connected  by  a  shaft  and  ctit  bevel  gears. 
The  tail  block  has  long  "V"  bearings, 
which  insures  accuracy. 


20 


CANADIANMACiriNERY 


Volume  XX 


The  spindle  is  driven  through  helical 
cut  gears,  which  give  the  smooth  motion 
to  the  spindle  so  essential  in  boring.  Re- 
versing with  clutch  is  controlled  by  a 
lever  convenient  to  operator,  which 
makes  it  possible  to  use  this  machine  for 
tapping. 


The  spindle  speeds  are  obtained  by 
means  of  two  cones  of  five  hardened 
gears  each,  running  idle  ercept  when  one 
set  is  meshed  by  a  roll-in  hardened  gear 
operated  by  a  lever  at  the  side  of  the 
machine  within  easy  reach  of  the  opera- 
tor.    These  cones  of  gears  are  driven  by 


Either  type  steer  on  all  four  wheels- 
and  are  built  as  two  or  four-wheel  drive. 
The  two-wheel  drive  machine  can  be  con- 
verted to  a  four-wheel  drive  by  the  own- 
er by  purchasing  the  necessary,  worm 
and  wheel  housings,  differential,  etc. 

The  frame  is  built  up  of  commercial 
rolled  channel  section  steel;  the  bumper 
plates  are  of  heavy  boiler  plate,  bent  on 
the  corners  and  riveted  solidly  to  the 
frame.  The  coupler  castings  are  of  the 
3-step  type  to  accommodate  different 
heights  of  trailers.  Battery  boxes  are 
constructed  with  easily  removable  side 
doors  for  changing  batteries  and  hinged 
top  plates  for  easy  access  for  flushing  or 
inspection. 

Any  type  of  battery  can  be  supplied 
up  to  a  maximum  of  42  cells  A8  Edison 
or  24  cells  21  plate  lead. 

The  frame  with  battery  box  can  be 
lifted  from  chassis  by  removal  of  four 
nuts,  leaving  entire  driving  mechanism 
accessible  for  inspection  and  repairs. 

Power  is  transmitted  from  the  motor 
through    a    single    reduction    worm    and 


HORIZONTAL   BORING.   MILLING,   DRILLING   AND   TAPPING   MACHINE. 


The  platen  has  large  working  surface 
with  "T"  slots  of  extra  depth  to  insure 
strength.  The  gibbing  to  the  saddle  is 
of  the  square  lock  form,  and  a  binder 
screw  clamps  the  platen  rigidly.  A 
throw-out  device  regulates  the  move- 
ment of  the  platen.  The  saddle  is  ex- 
tended out  beyond  the  bed  to  give  a  good 
suport  to  the  platen  at  its  extreme  point 
and  rear  positions.  It  is  heavily  gibbed 
to  the  bed  and  a  tapered  gib  is  provided 
for  taking  up. 

The  back  rest  carrying  the  tail  block 
is  mounted  on  a  base,  which  contains  the 
necessary  mechanism.  To  accommodate 
long  work,  the  back  rest  may  be  taken 
from  the  base  by  removing  four  screws 
without  disturbing  any  of  the  mechanism 
and  the  base  can  be  adjusted  along  the 
bed  by  means  of  a  rack  and  pinion.  A 
binding  screw  securely  locks  the  base  to 
the  bed. 

The  feed  is  applied  to  the  spindle  in  or 
out  of  the  spindle  head  and  tail  block,  up 
or  down  to  the  saddle  along  the  bed  and 
to  the  platen  across  the  saddle.  The 
two  levers  operate  the  shift  with  two  sets 
of  cone  gears,  four  in  one  and  three  in 
the  other,  giving  twelve  changes  of  feed 
per  revolution  free  of  spindle.  Another 
lever  with  convenient  indexing  device 
sets  the  spindle  head,  platen  or  saddle 
movement,  giving  the  same  feed  wherever 
applied.  A  safety  friction  is  placed  in 
the  feed  box,  which  yields  before  any  of 
the  mechanism  is  damaged.  It  consists 
of  a  cast  iron  plate  inside  one  of  the  feed 
gears,  drawn  up  by  a  nut  to  the  proper 
tension,  and  is  applied  at  a  point  that  it 
serves  both  in  slow  and  fast  travel.  Fast 
travel  to  all  parts  having  feed  is  obtain- 
ed by  a  lever  in  a  convenient  position, 
giving  the  fast  travel  in  either  forward 
or  reverse  operation.  Placed  directly 
below  is  the  lever  for  slow  travel  in 
either  direction. 

No  countershaft  is  required  with  this 
machine,  as  it  is  a  single  pulley  drive. 


back  gears  operated  by  a  high-grade 
friction  clutch  located  on  the  pulley  drive 
shaft. 

Hand  adjustments  are  provided  for 
movements  of  the  spindle  head,  saddle 
and  platen.  The  adjusting  screws  are  all 
accurately  cut,  and  are  provided  with 
dials  gradu.ited  to  one-thousandths  of  an 
inch  in  order  to  facilitate  the  production 
of  accurate  worK 


TRUCK  FOR  SlrtOr'   IKANSPORTA- 
TION 

THE  latest  addition  to  the  line  of  trans- 
veyors  manufactured  by  the  Cowan 
Truck  Company  of  Holyoke,  Mass.,  is 
their  new  Model  G.  This  truck  is 
of  rugged  construction  and  is  a  very  easy 
elevating  machine.  The  leverage  is  such 
that  the  maximum  load  can  be  readily 
elevated  by  one  man.  It  is  made  in 
several  sizes  varying  in  capacity  from 
1,000  to  3,000  pounds.  It  is  fitted  with 
an  improved  locking  device.  This  was 
chiefly  designed  to  safeguard  against 
the  load  becoming  unseated  when  truck- 
ing over  uneven  floors.  Various  other 
improvements  are  incorporated  in  this 
new  machine.  The  ease  with  which  this 
transveyor  elevates  its  maximum  load, 
its  quick  operation  make  it  particularly 
applicable  to  plants  whose  trucking  re- 
quirements demand  trucks  of  the  above- 
mentioned  capacities. 


TRACTOR  TYPE  TRUCK 

The  tractor  truck  illustrated  herewith 
is  manufactured  by  the  Industrial  Truck 
Co.,  of  Holyoke,  Mass.  These  tractors 
are  manufactured  in  two  types — an  end 
control  and  a  centre  control — that  is,  a 
machine  where  the  operator  sits  in  the 
centre  and  can  by  changing  seats  operaLe 
in  either  direction  without  having  to  turn 
his  tractor  around.  In  congested  or  nar- 
row aisles  this  is  often  a  very  valuable 
feature. 


TRUCK    FOR    SHOP    USE 

!3ar  down  through  a  differential  and  to 
the  wheels  by  means  of  a  rugged  univer- 
sal joint  capable  of  operatin.^  at  an 
angle  of  43  degrees.  This  universal 
joint  is  enclosed  in  a  patented  dust  and 
oil-proof  case  formed  by  the  pivoting 
wheel  knuckle  and  its  supporting  yoke. 

The  wheel  bearings  are  of  the  ball 
type  of  the  highest  grade  and,  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  universal  joints  can  be 
drawn  out  through  the  full  floating, 
mounting  of  the  wheel  are  immensely 
over-size.  Pivot  bearings  of  a  3uiti;ble 
size  are  provided,  which  renders  steer- 
ing easier  than  most  pleasure  cars. 

Two  separate  brakes  are  provided — 
the  one  operated  by  the  left  foot  being 
the  emergency  brake  and  that  by  the 
right  foot  the  service  brake.  All  brake 
rods  are  adjustable. 

To  operate  the  tractor  the  operator 
must  be  sitting  in  the  seat  with  his  left 
foot  pressing  the  emergency  brake  pedal 
down.  Every  time  his  left  foot  is  lifted 
from   the   brake   pedal   the  brake  is  ap- 


July  4,  1918 

plied,  bringing  the  machine  to  a  stop 
and  by  means  of  a  clutch  on  the  con- 
troller shaft  throwing  the  controller 
handle  out  of  gear  and  the  controller  to 
neutral;  it  is  then  impossible  to  start 
the  machine  again  without  first  releasinj; 
the  emergency  brake  and  bringinu;  the 
controller  handle  back  to  neutral. 


CANA  DI  A  N    M  ACIIINKR  Y 


21 


SENSITIVE  BENCH  DRILL 

A  new  tool  known  as  the  "Dumore" 
Type  A  Drill  is  being  put  on  the  market 
by  the  Wisconsin  Electric  Company  of 
Racine,  Wisconsin.  The  machine  is 
adapted  for  use  by  manufacturers  and 
jewelers  for  light,  sensitive  work.  The 
illustration  shows  the  machine  equipped 
with  a  direct  connected  variable  speed 
type  of  motor,  together  with  a  No.  1 
Jacob's  chuck  and  a  six-speed  controlling 


SENSITIVE    BENCH    DRILL 

unit,  affording  speeds  varying  from  500 
to  10,000  r.p.m.  The  controller  is  placed 
on  the  floor  and  is  regulated  by  a  foot 
pedal. 

A  wide  range  of  operations  may  be 
conveniently  handled  with  this  drill,  as  it 
may  be  used  with  entire  satisfaction  on 
steel,  cast  iron,  brass,  aluminum,  fibre, 
hard  rubber,  etc.  The  table  is  adjustable 
and  gives  the  drill  a  stroke  of  ^2  in.  The 
capacity  of  the  machine  is  for  drilling 
holes  up  to  1-16  in.  in  diameter  in  steel 
and  %  in.  diameter  in  soft  alloys.  Holes 
can  be  drilled  to  the  center  of  a  5  in. 
circle.  The  motor  and  chuck  are  in  per- 
fect dynamic  or  running  balance,  thus 
assuring  smoothness  of  operation  and 
accurate   results. 


RAPID  PRODUCTION  LATHES 

THE  accompanying  engraving  shows  a 
rapid  production  lathe  now  being  built 
in  14  in.  and  16  in.  sizes  by  the  Hamilton 
Machine  Tool  Co.,  Hamilton,  Ohio.  They 
are  designed  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  modern  high-speed  tool  steel,  and 
possess  features  imparting  maximum 
power  and  accuracy  for  their  size. 

Accuracy   and    durability    are    sought 


END    CONTROL    TYPE    TR\CTOR    TRUCK 


through  the  use  .of  an  improved  gear 
box,  semi-steel  bed  with  wide  V  box 
type  headstock,  chrome-nickel  steel 
spindle  and  double  apron  with  drop- 
forged  gears.  Friction  has  likewise  been 
reduced  to  a  minimum  by  the  adoption 
of  a  central  oiling  system  for  the  gear 
box  and  apron,  sight-feed  spindle  oilers, 
and  the  use  of  bronze  bushings  for  every 
running  part. 

The  wide  V  on  the  bed  is  located  well 
out  in  front  so  as  to  afford  ample  sup- 
port to  the  tool  carriage  when  working 
on  large  diameters.  The  design  of  tne 
box  head  eliminates  spring  and  vibration 
and  causes  the  thrust  to  be  taken  by  both 
front  and  rear  bearings.  Both  sizes  of 
lathe  are  regularly  provided  with  single 
back  gears  and  4-step  cone  for  3-in.  belt. 

The  hollow  spindle  runs  in  phosphor 
bronze  boxes,  scraped  to  a  bearing  and 
fitted  with  sight-feed  oil  cups.  A  special 
ball  thrust  bearing  is  located  against 
the  inside  of  the  rear  spindle  box  with 
take-up  nut  on  outer  end  of  spindle. 

The  extra  heavy  tailstock  is  secured  by 
two  clamping  bolts,  and  has  a  plug 
binder  for  the  spindle  which  is  graduated 
in  eighths  of  an  inch.    It  is  also  provided 


with   micrometer    dial    for    fine    adjust- 
ments. 

An  extra  wide  cross  slide  is  fitted  to 
the  carriage.  The  latter  has  a  bearing 
on  the  front  and  rear  vaei  and  also  on 
the  flat  way  in  front.  The  compound 
rest  is  a  semi-steel  casting  and  is  pro- 
vided with  taper  gibs  on  both  top  and 
bottom  slides.  The  chasing  dial  is  set 
flush  with  top  of  carriage  and  can  be 
disconnected  when  not  in  use  to  avoid 
wear. 

All  the  shafts  in  the  double  box  apron 
are  hardened  and  ground,  and  the  gears 
have  the  recognized  safety  arrange- 
ments. The  length  feed  has  an  automatic 
knock-out  and  the  apron  hand-wheel  is 
graduated   in   64ths   of  an   inch. 

Forty-eight  different  threads  and  feeds 
are  available  with  the  rcular  set-ups  of 
the  quick  change  gear,  while  the  open- 
end  lead  screw  enables  any  thread  to  be 
readily  obtained  by  the  use  of  extra 
gears. 

The  principal  dimensions  are  respective- 
ly: swing  oversbears,  16  in.  and  \BV*  in.; 
over  compound  rest,  9^4  in.  and  11%  in.: 
length  between  centers  on  6  ft.  bed,  3  ft.; 
weight,  skidded,  2,600  lbs.  and  3,480  lbs. 


LATHE  DESIGNED  FOR  RAPID  PRODUCTION 


22 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 

LOUTEO 

(BSTABLISHBD  1S8S) 

JOHN  BAYKK  MACLEAN.  Praid«nt      H.  T.  HtntTEK.  Viee-PnsidMit 

H.  V.  TYRRELL.   Geiwnl  Ilaaa«er 

POBLISBERS  OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^^MANUFACTURING  MEW5^ 

A  weekly  journal  demoted  to  Uw  madiiiicrT  and  manafaetarinc  intenau. 
B.  G.  NKWTON.  Manacer.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Asst.  Editor. 

Aaaociate  EdJtoia: 
A.  a  WEBSTER    J.  H.  RODGERS  (MontrMl)     W.  F.  SUTHBtLAND 


Office    of    Pub!iratioB.    1431S3    Univeraitj    Aienve.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


VoJ.  XX. 


jrr.Y  4.  1918 


No.  1 


FIRE  PREVENTION   TO  REDUCE  INSURANCE 

AT  the  annual  convention  of  the  Canadian  Manufac- 
turers' Association  held  in  Montreal  last  week.  Sir 
John  Willison  pointed  out  that  an  enomiotis  saving 
can  be  effected  in  the  amount  paid  for  fire  insurance 
through  a  more  concerted  effort  to  reduce  the  fire  hazard. 

Canada  will  have  to  raise  $230,000,000  more  in  revenue 
now  than  she  has  ever  done  before.  One  of  the  ways  to 
make  that  possible  is  by  eliminating  the  waste  wherever 
that  is  possible.  Greater  care  will  reduce  the  fire  risk 
and  in  that  way  the  insurance  companies  can  afford  to 
give  a  lower  rate. 

We  have  been  so  wealthy  in  Canada  in  the  past  that 
we  have  been  prodigal  of  our  resources.  We  did  not  even 
stop  to  consider  a  few  millions  loss  in  fire  each  year. 
"Well,  it  is  gone.  Let  it  go.  We  have  lots  more  where 
that  came  from."  That  has  been  largely  the  attitude. 
But  we  have  come  to  the  stage  where  every  leak  must 
be  stopped  up. 


THE   MACHINIST  COMES  INTO  HIS  OWN 

A  FEW  short  years  ago  when  a  boy  reached  the  age 
when  he  had  to  choose  his  life's  work  or  have  it 
chosen  for  him,  the  tendency  was  to  avoid,  if  pos- 
sible, anything  savouring  too  strongly  of  manual  labor, 
especially  if  it  were  accompanied  by  dirty  hands,  greasy 
overalls  and  the  restriction  of  personal  liberty  during 
the  day  such  as  obtains   in   machine  shops. 

Frequently,  however,  some  hereditary  bent  for  me- 
chanics would  overcome  these  minor  objections  and  many 
a  bright  young  fellow  was  considered  by  his  friends  to 
have  sacrificed  himself  for  some  useless  idea!.  Not  for 
them  was  the  steady  grind,  the  pride  of  production, 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  in  concrete  form  the  result  of 
personal  effort  and   manual   skill. 

No.  occasion  in  the  life  of  the  clean  clothes  brigade 
can  equal  the  moment  when  the  apprentice  cuts  his  first 
thread  in  the  lathe  and  fits  it  to  the  nut.  AU  the  work 
of  the  so-called  business  man  who  works  in  an  office 
would  resolve  itself  into  the  most  hopeless  drxidgery  if 
deprived  of  the  product  of  machinists'  brains.  The  foun- 
tain pen  is  produced  in  quantities  by  the  screw-machine — 
the  typewriter  owes  its  development — the  press  work — the 
dictaphone  is  a  straight  machine  shop  proposition — the 
rubber  stamp  depends  on  the  toolmaker  and  die-sinker 
for  its  low  price-^e  very  stationery  on  which  the  clerk 
expends  his  energy  is  made  by  and  printe.1  with  excellent 
examples  of  the  machinists'  art,  yet  the  overalls  do  not 
occupy  the  same  social  sUtus  as  the  pen  and  ink  manipu- 
lator. 

Natural    vanity   may   have   something   to   do   with   it 


as  the  average  boy  may  prefer  to  be  one  of  the  staff 
with  the  conspicuousness  that  arises  from  small  numbers 
rather  than  become  one  of  the  crowd  in  the  shop,  and 
yet  it  seems  almost  a  truism  to  state  that  except  ye  be 
submerged  ye  cannot  rise  to  the  top. 

There  are  instances  where  successful  men  in  certain 
walks  of  life  started  halfway  up  the  ladder,  but  the  names 
to  conjure  with,  and  they  are  constantly  increasing,  are 
those  of  men  who  covered  the  whole  gamut,  frequently 
from  floor  sweeper  up.  The  longer  the  climb,  the  stronger 
must  be  the  will  and  determination — the  halfway  start 
has   made   more  failures   than   the   long  crawl. 

The  part  played  by  the  machine  shop  and  engineering 
works  at  the  present  moment  overshadows  everything  else 
with  the  possible  exception  of  the  chemical  and  mining 
engineer.  Shipbuilding  is  simply  applied  engineering 
knowledge — engine  building,  scientific  instrument  work 
and  allied  lines  are  all  based  on  similar  principles,  but 
the  machine  shop  of  a  more  or  less  refined  type  is  neces- 
sary before  these  principles  can  be  usefully  applied,  and 
the  fate  of  civilization,  triumph,  or  destruction  is  being 
decided  by  the  machine  shop. 

The  number  of  shells  and  guns,  the  quantity  of  equip- 
ment, the  area  of  ground  cultivated,  the  ships  built  and 
traffic  handled,  in  fact,  the  actual  existence  of  nations  is 
initially  dependent  from  hour  to  hour  and  week  to  week 
on  the  skill  of  the  machinist,  the  art  of  the  foundryman, 
and  the  ingenuity  of  the  tool-designer  and  builder. 

Stress  of  circumstances  has  forced  many  strangers 
into  the  payrolls  of  machine  shops,  and  after  the  war 
the  place  thereof  shall  know  many  of  them  no  more,  but 
such  of  them  as  have  tasted  of  the  real  knowledge  of 
work  and  production,  of  utilizing  the  mysteries  of  science 
through  the  medium  of  mechanics,  will  be  unwilling  to 
become  again  mere  hewers  of  wood  and  handlers  of  ideas. 
Their  remaining  in  the  industrial  world  will  be  to  the 
advantage  of  the  trade  as  well  as  themselves  and  their 
presence  will  be  a  helpful  stimulant  to  all  those  who 
have  looked  forward  to  the  day  when  the  machinist  would 
come  into  his  own  and  overalls  would  become  a  garb 
of  honor,  not  a  dress  of  drudgery. 


YOU  CANT  FOOL  N.\TURE 

MORE  than  ordinary  interest  attaches  to  the  report 
that  the  claims  of  the  Armenian  inventor  named 
Giragossian  have  not  been  substantiated  before  r«- 
nresentatives  of  the  Federal  Government  Some  time  ago 
the  inventor  claimed  that  he  had  discovered  a  fuelless 
energy-producer  which  would  supply  all  the  energy  needs 
of  the  world  and  after  a  scene  took  place  in  Congress, 
that  body  was  sufficiently  impressed  to  pass  a  bill  pro- 
viding  for  a   test  which   has   iust  been   comoleted. 

Five  of  the  leading  scientists  of  the  United  States 
were  selected  by  Secretary  Lane  from  a  list  of  fifteen 
submitted  by  Mr.  Giragossian  and  only  they  and  the 
inventor  were   in   the   room   during   the   test. 

The  entire  proceedings-  from  the  start  have  been  quite 
out  of  the  ordinary  and  much  criticism  has  arisen  in  the 
technical  press  regarding  the  probable  success  of  what 
many  claim  to  be  a  fake. 

Nature  is  absolutely  just  and  cannot  be  fooled  into 
giving  something  for  nothing.  The  law  of  action  and 
reaction  finds  almost  more  explicit  demonstration  in  energy 
production  than  in  any  other  field  of  physical  science, 
and  it  would  be  strange,  indeed,  if  some  revolutionary 
method  of  power  generation  has  remained  in  obscurity 
all  these  years  while  many  of  the  cleverest  brains  in 
creation  have  been  passing  over,  under,  and  round  about 
its  hiding  place,  onlv  to  be  brought  to  light  by  some 
hitherto  unheard  of  individual. 


R.\ILW.\V  officials  report  that  .SO.OOO  tons  of  steel  pro- 
ducts are  rusting  at  Vancouver  awaiting  shipment  to 
Russian  consignees  who  have  apparently  forgotten  their 
existence.  We  can  see  no  right,  moral  or  otherwise,  by 
which  Russia  is  now  entitled  to  receive  from  Canada  sup- 
plies in   the  category  of  munitions  of  war. 


July  4.  1918 


23 


ALBERTA  HAS  TAKEN  BIG  COAL  CONTRACT,  AND  DEPENDS 
ON  ALIEN  ENEMY  LABOR  TO  FILL  IT 

Alberta  Coal  Men  Have  Uncertain  Prop  in  Aliens,  While  Whole  West  Waits  For  the 
Coal  to  Keep  Them  Warm  During  the  Coming  Winter 


A  great  deal  of  attention  has  been  given  to  the  coal 
question  in  AlberU.  In  fact  there  is  a  serious 
/  proposition  at  the  present  moment.  The  Alberta 
operators  apparently  went  to  Washington,  and  put  it  up 
to  the  government  and  fuel  controller  that  Alberta  could 
heat  ^^^stern  Canada,  and  it  was  nothing  short  of  waste 
to  put  American  anthracite  in  that  comer  of  the  Canadian 

market.  .    i      ^v  * 

United  States  was  anxious  to  have  any  help  that 
would  save  coal  and  took  the  Alberta  coal  men  at  their 
word,  telling  them  to  go  to  it  and  fill  up  the  bins  of 
that   section   of   Canada   from    Winnipeg   to   the   coast 

Alberta  has  undertaken  a  tremendous  task,  and  as- 
sumed tremendous  responsibilities.  If  they  fall  down 
it's  hard  to  say  just  what  will   happen. 

It's  not  a  pleasant  thing  to  face  a  winter  in  Western 
Canada  with  an   indifferent  coal  supply. 

A  writer  who  has  travelled  extensively  in  the  West, 
speaking    of    Lethbridge    and    its    alien    miner   problem, 

StfiltiCS ' — 

Where  "If"  Comes  In 

So  the  operators  insist  on  qualifying  their  statement 
that  they  can  supply  all  the  excess  fuel  Eastern  sections 
may  require  with  the  urovision,  "if  we  get  all  the  labor 
we  want,  continuously  for  the  year,"  resolves  itself  ulti- 
mately into  the  problem  which  is  controlled  by  the  men 
of  alien  enemy  birth. 

For  instance,  here  is  a  verbatim  report  from  two 
different  mines  in  widely  scattered  sections  of  Alberta, 
made  to  the  government  which  is  just  now  trying  to 
ascertain  the  nationality  of  each  miner  in  District  18. 
This  is  from  the  Rosedale  mine,  submitted  June  18 — 
.\ustrian,  89;  Canadian,  20;  Italian,  11;  American,  10; 
English,  6;  Scotch,  5;  German,  3;  Belgian,  3;  Dutch,  2; 
Swiss,  2;  Welsh,  1.  West  Canadian  Collieries,  Greenhill 
mine— Canadian,  35;  English,  12;  Scotch,  5;  Irish,  2; 
Welsh,  3;  French,  7;  Serbian,  17;  Belgian,  28;  American, 
4;  Russian,  7;  Austrian.  45;  Swedish,  5;  Danish,  1;  Nor- 
wegian, 3;  Spanish,  1;  Polish,  16;  Bohemian,  17;  Italian, 
109;  Slavok,  1.  Of  these  133  are  citizens,  natives  and 
naturalized  and  190  unnaturalized. 

The  Alien  Enemy 
In  the  analysis  of  these  figures  the  government  is 
trying  to  ascertain  just  now  the  actlial  hazard  of  the 
alien  enemy  holding  up  the  production  of  coal  in  this 
crisis.  The  truth  is  that  many  mines  and  much  property 
indirectly  connected  with  the  mining  industry  was  owned 
outright  by  Teutonic  individuals  or  companies  when  hos- 
tilities started.  Some  have  managed  to  conceal  their 
identity  and  their  connections  and  others  hurriedly  trans- 
ferred their  interests,  but  the  chief  influence  Austrians 
and  Germans  exert  in  these  mines  to-day  is  that  they  are 
relied  upon  to  actually  dig  the  coal.  As  John  T.  Sterling, 
inspector  of  mines  for  the  province,  asserted  to  the  writer 
recently,  "we  could  not  mine  twenty-five  per  cent  of  the 
required  supply  this  year  without  the  active  aid  of  the 
alien  enemy  miners.  That's  the  reason  we  are  forced 
to  handle  these  miners  with  so  much  care." 

But  can  human  ingenuity  invest  this  problem  with  an 
atmosphere  that  will  enable  the  government  to  say  specific- 
ally, "these  alien  enemies  will  work  as  required?"  Every 
operator  and  laborer  and  business  man  and  official  with 
whom  the  %vriter  has  talked  during  two  weeks  of  con- 
scientious first  hand  investigation  on  the  surface  and  in 
the  mines  forces  the  same  answer — "no."  It  is  a  hazard 
and  one  the  country  must  accept. 

A.  L.  Smith's  Plea 
Here   is   a   copy   of  a    telegram    that   illuminates   this 
alien  enemy  question.     It  was  sent  by  Arthur  L.  Smith 


of  Calgary  to  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton  at  Ottawa,  February  16, 
during  the  great  strike  crisis  that  threatened  the  whole 
mining  industry:  "I  spent  the  day  in  the  Rosedale  camp. 
They  have  an  efficient  plant  pay  high  wages,  excellent 
accommodation  for  men  and  have  good  board.  Men  in 
camp  were  quite  contented,  refusing  to  organize  a  union 
when  solicitod  but  were  practically  coerced  by  mobs  from 
other  mines  composed  largely  of  foreigners,  sixty  per 
cent  of  whom  are  alien  enemies.  Troubles  arose  between 
the  management  and  these  outside  alien  enemies,  sub- 
sequently all  Rosedale  miners  went  on  strike  tying  up 
the  whole  field.  I  discussed  matter  with  some  of  the 
miners  who  are  anxious  to  go  back  but  fear  the  union. 
Government  must  act  shortly,  either  compelling  manage- 
ment to  accept  the  union  or  compelling  men  to  work. 
If  former,  public  sentiment,  which  runs  high  here  on  this 
alien  enemy  question,  will  be.  tremendously  stirred;  if 
latter,  will  be  real  step  toward  handling  fuel  situation. 
The  problem  in  Alberta  is  very  grave,  affecting  as  it 
does  the  whole  alien  enemy  question.  Mounted  police 
will  corroborate  all  facts." 

What  Happened? 
Smith  is  a  prominent  business  man  in  Calgary  and 
interpreted  well  the  sentiment  of  the  people  on  the  alien 
enemy  issues.  The  government  acted  very  promptly 
through  W.  H.  Armstrong,  the  federal  administrator  of 
the  operators.  He  ordered  the  management  to  install  the 
miners  and  specifically  to  re-employ  an  alien  enemy  named 
Vausman  and  to  give  him  the  identical  team  he  was 
driving  at  the   time  of  the   strike — no  other  team! 

Therefore  the   alien   enemies  triumphed   and   they   at 
once  got  an  exaggerated  idea  of  their  strength. 

The  docility  of  these  alien  enemies  has  not  been  im- 
proved by  the  events  of  recent  date  on  the  fighting  fronts. 
They  become  more  arrogant  as  they  hear  reports  of 
German  successes.  This  is  one  factor  of  genuine  peril. 
But  the  whole  fuel  question  is  so  complicated  by  selfish 
motives,  business  considerations,  labor  and  transportation 
problems  that  it  is  baffling  in  its  ramifications. 
Making  Big  Money 
Another  Westerner,  speaking  of  the  alien  labor  prob- 
lem in  Western  Canadian  mines,  says:  "These  men,  by 
doing  anything  like  a  fair  day's  work,  can  make  from 
$12  to  $15  per  day,  and  these  excessive  wages  are  tacked 
on  to  the  consumer;  $6.00  per  day  should  be  the  limit 
these  men  should  earn  while  our  Canadian  soldiers'  wives, 
out  of  their  meagre  allowances,  are  trying  to  save  enough 
to  pay  for  their  next  winter's  fuel.  These  alien  miners 
are  rolling  in  money  at  the  present  time  and  work  when 
they  think  they  will.  Any  mine  manager  will  tell  you 
that  80  per  cent  of  his  troubles  is  due  to  the  men." 

One  of  the  hard  things  to  combat  among  the  foreigners 
in  the  mines  of  Alberta,  or  British  Columbia,  is  the 
fact  that  they  do  not  speak  our  language.  They  are 
in  many  cases  under  the  influence  of  a  leader  of  their 
own  whose  one  motive  is  to  grab  off  every  dollar  in  any 
way  he  can.  Although  much  has  been  done  to  combat 
the  practice,  it  has  been  in  many  a  Western  town,  where 
a  large  amount  of  foreign  labor  was  required,  a  common 
practice  of  these  foreign  leaders  to  accept  the  "palm 
money"  of  the  poor  foreig^ier  to  "get  him  a  job,"  when 
all  the  time  the  job  was  there  spoiling  for  some  person 
to  go  and  get  busy  on  it. 

The  foreign  problem  in  mining  in  Canada  has  always 
been  a  serious  one — but  just  now  with  a  winter  coming 
on,  and  with  a  great  stretch  of  territory,  not  quickly 
covered  by  transportation  facilities,  depending  on  these 
miners  for  their  coal  supply,  it  is  not  too  much  to  call 
•     the   situation   critical   and   dangerous. 


22 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


Vo'ume  XX 


The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 

LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

40HN  BAYNE  MAOLE^AN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-President 

H.   V.  TYKRES^L.    General   Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^'Manufacturing  New5*> 

A  weekly  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manafacturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Asst.  Editor. 

Associate  Editors : 
A.  G.  WEBSTER    J.  H.  RODGERS   (Montreal)     W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 


Office    of    Publication.    143163    University    Avenue,    Toronto,    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


JULY  4,  1918 


No.  1 


FIRE  PREVENTION  TO  REDUCE  INSURANCE 

AT  the  annual  convention  of  the  Canadian  Manufac- 
turers' Association  held  in  Montreal  last  week,  Sir 
John  Willison  pointed  out  that  an  enormous  saving 
can  be  effected  in  the  amount  paid  for  fire  insurance 
through  a  more  concerted  effort  to  reduce  the  fire  hazard. 

Canada  will  have  to  raise  $230,000,000  more  in  revenue 
now  than  she  has  ever  done  before.  One  of  the  ways  to 
make  that  possible  is  by  eliminating  the  waste  wherever 
that  is  possible.  Greater  care  will  reduce  the  fire  risk 
and  in  that  way  the  insurance  companies  can  afford  to 
give  a  lower  rate. 

We  have  been  so  wealthy  in  Canada  in  the  past  that 
we  have  been  prodigal  of  our  resources.  We  did  not  even 
stop  to  consider  a  few  millions  loss  in  fire  each  year. 
"Well,  it  is  gone.  Let  it  go.  We  have  lots  more  where 
that  came  from."  That  has  been  largely  the  attitude. 
But  we  have  come  to  the  stage  where  every  leak  must 
be  stopped  up. 


THE  MACHINIST  COMES  INTO  HIS  OWN 

A  FEW  short  years  ago  when  a  boy  reached  the  age 
when  he  had  to  choose  his  life's  work  or  have  it 
chosen  for  him,  the  tendency  was  to  avoid,  if  pos- 
sible, anything  savouring  too  strongly  of  manual  labor, 
especially  if  it  were  accompanied  by  dirty  hands,  greasy 
overalls  and  the  restriction  of  personal  liberty  during 
the   day  such   as  obtains   in   machine   shops. 

Frequently,  however,  some  hereditary  bent  for  me- 
chanics would  overcome  these  minor  objections  and  many 
a  bright  young  fellow  was  considered  by  his  friends  to 
have  sacrificed  himself  for  some  useless  ideal.  Not  for 
them  was  the  steady  grind,  the  pride  of  production, 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  in  concrete  form  the  result  of 
personal  effort  and  manual  skill. 

No.  occasion  in  the  life  of  the  clean  clothes  brigade 
can  equal  the  moment  when  the  apprentice  cuts  his  first 
thread  in  the  lathe  and  fits  it  to  the  nut.  All  the  work 
of  the  so-called  business  man  who  works  in  an  office 
would  resolve  itself  into  the  most  hopeless  drudgery  if 
deprived  of  the  product  of  machinists'  brains.  The  foun- 
tain pen  is  produced  in  quantities  by  the  screw-machine — 
the  typewriter  owes  its  development — the  press  work — the 
dictaphone  is  a  straight  machine  shop  proposition — the 
rubber  stamp  depends  on  the  toolmaker  and  die-sinker 
for  its  low  price-rrthe  very  stationery  on  which  the  clerk 
expends  his  energy  is  made  by  and  printed  with  excellent 
examples  of  the  machinists'  art,  yet  the  overalls  do  not 
occupy  the  game  social  status  as  the  pen  and  ink  manipu- 
lator. 

Natural   vanity   may   have   something   to   do   with   it 


as  the  average  boy  may  prefer  to  be  one  of  the  staff 
with  the  conspicuousness  that  arises  from  small  numbers 
rather  than  become  one  of  the  crowd  in  the  shop,  and 
yet  it  seems  almost  a  truism  to  state  that  except  ye  be 
submerged  ye  cannot  rise  to  the  top. 

There  are  instances  where  successful  men  in  certain 
walks  of  life  started  halfway  up  the  ladder,  but  the  names 
to  conjure  with,  and  they  are  constantly  increasing,  are 
those  of  men  who  covered  the  whole  gamut,  frequently 
from  floor  sweeper  up.  The  longer  the  climb,  the  stronger 
must  be  the  will  and  determination — the  halfway  start 
has   made    more   failures    than    the   long   crawl. 

The  part  played  by  the  machine  shop  and  engineering 
works  at  the  present  moment  overshadows  everything  else 
with  the  possible  exception  of  the  chemical  and  mining 
engineer.  Shipbuilding  is  simply  applied  engineering 
knowledge — engine  building,  scientific  instrument  work 
and  allied  lines  are  all  based  on  similar  principles,  but 
the  machine  shop  of  a  more  or  less  refined  type  is  neces- 
sary before  these  principles  can  be  usefully  applied,  and 
the  fate  of  civilization,  triumph,  or  destruction  is  being 
decided  by  the  machine  shop. 

The  number  of  shells  and  guns,  the  quantity  of  equip- 
ment, the  area  of  ground  cultivated,  the  ships  built  and 
traffic  handled,  in  fact,  the  actual  existence  of  nations  is 
initially  dependent  from  hour  to  hour  and  week  to  week 
on  the  skill  of  the  machinist,  the  art  of  the  foundryman, 
and   the  ingenuity  of  the  tool-designer  and  builder. 

Stress  of  circumstances  has  forced  many  strangers 
into  the  payrolls  of  machine  shops,  and  after  the  war 
the  place  thereof  shall  know  many  of  them  no  more,  but 
such  of  them  as  have  tasted  of  the  real  knowledge  of 
work  and  production,  of  utilizing  the  mvsteries  of  science 
through  the  medium  of  mechanics,  will  be  unwilling  to 
become  again  mere  hewers  of  wood  and  handlers  of  ideas. 
Their  remaining  in  the  industrial  world  will  be  to  the 
advantage  of  the  trade  as  well  as  themselves  and  their 
presence  will  be  a  helpful  stimulant  to  all  those  who 
have  looked  forward  to  the  day  when  the  machinist  would 
come  into  his  own  and  overalls  would  become  a  garb 
of  honor,   not  a  dress   of  drudgery. 


YOU   CAN'T   FOOL   NATURE 

MORE  than  ordinary  interest  attaches  to  the  ceport 
that  the  claims  of  the  Armenian  inventor  named 
Giragossian  have  not  been  substantiated  before  re- 
nresentatives  of  the  Federal  Government.  Some  time  ago 
the  inventor  claimed  that  he  had  discovered  a  fuelless 
energy-producer  which  would  supply  all  the  energy  needs 
of  the  world  and  after  a  scene  took  place  in  Congress, 
that  body  was  sufficiently  impressed  to  pass  a  bill  pro- 
viding  for   a   test   which    has   just   been    comoleted. 

Five  of  the  leading  scientists  of  the  United  States 
were  selected  by  Secretary  Lane  from  a  list  of  fifteen 
submitted  by  Mr.  Giragossian  and  only  they  and  the 
inventor   were   in    the    room   during   the   test. 

The  entire  proceedings  from  the  start  have  been  quite 
out  of  the  ordinary  and  much  criticism  has  arisen  in  the 
technical  press  regarding  the  probable  success  of  what 
many  claim  to  be  a  fake. 

Nature  is  absolutely  just  and  cannot  be  fooled  into 
giving  something  for  nothing.  The  law  of  action  and 
reaction  finds  almost  more  explicit  demonstration  in  energy 
production  than  in  any  other  field  of  physical  science, 
and  it  would  be  strange,  indeed,  if  some  revolutionary 
method  of  power  generation  has  remained  in  obscurity 
all  these  years  while  many  of  the  cleverest  brains  in 
creation  have  been  nas?ing  over,  under,  and  round  about 
its  hiding  place,  onlv  to  be  brouaht  to  light  by  some 
hitherto  unheard  of  individual. 


RAILWAY  oflScials  report  that  50,000  tons  of  steel  pro- 
ducts are  rusting  at  Vancouver  awaiting  shipment  to 
Russian  consignees  who  have  apparently  forgotten  their 
existence.  We  can  see  no  right,  moral  or  otherwise,  by 
which  Russia  is  now  entitled  to  receive  from  Canada  sup- 
plies  in   the   category   of   munitions   of  war. 


July  4,  1918 


23 


ALBERTA  HAS  TAKEN  BIG  COAL  CONTRACT,  AND  DEPENDS 
ON  ALIEN  ENEMY  LABOR  TO  FILL  IT 

Alberta  Coal  Men  Have  Uncertain  Prop  in  Aliens,  While  Whole  West  Waits  For  the 
Coal  to  Keep  Them  Warm  During  the  Coming  Winter 


A  great  deal  of  attention  has  been  given  to  the  coal 
question  in  Alberta.  In  fact  there  is  a  serious 
/  proposition  at  the  present  moment.  The  Alberta 
operators  apparently  went  to  Washington,  and  put  it  up 
to  the  government  and  fuel  controller  that  Alberta  could 
heat  Western  Canada,  and  it  was  nothing  short  of  waste 
to  put  American  anthracite  in  that  corner  of  the  Canadian 

market. 

United  States  was  anxious  to  have  any  help  that 
would  save  coal  and  took  the  Alberta  coal  men  at  their 
word,  telling  them  to  go  to  it  and  fill  up  the  bins  of 
that   section   of   Canada   from    Winnipeg   to   the   coast. 

Alberta  has  undertaken  a  tremendous  task,  and  as- 
sumed tremendous  responsibilities.  If  they  fall  down 
it's   hard   to   say   just   what   will   happen. 

It's  not  a  pleasant  thing  to  face  a  winter  in  Western 
Canada  with   an   indifferent  coal   supply. 

A  writer  who  has  travelled  extensively  in  the  West, 
speaking    of    Lethbridge    and    its    alien    miner    problem, 

Where  "If"  Comes  In 

So  the  operators  insist  on  qualifying  their  statement 
that  they  can  supply  all  the  excess  fuel  Eastern  sections 
may  require  with  the  provision,  "if  we  get  all  the  labor 
we  want,  continuously  for  the  year,"  resolves  itself  ulti- 
mately into  the  problem  which  is  controlled  by  the  men 
of  alien  enemy  birth. 

For  instance,  here  is  a  verbatim  report  from  two 
different  mines  in  widely  scattered  sections  of  Alberta, 
made  to  the  government  which  is  just  now  trying  to 
ascertain  the  nationality  of  each  miner  in  District  18. 
This  is  from  the  Rosedale  mine,  submitted  June  18 — 
Austrian,  89;  Canadian,  20;  Italian,  11;  American,  10; 
English,  6;  Scotch,  5;  German,  3;  Belgian,  3;  Dutch,  2; 
Swiss,  2;  Welsh,  1.  West  Canadian  Collieries,  Greenhill 
mine— Canadian,  35;  English,  12;  Scotch,  5;  Irish,  2; 
Welsh,  3;  French,  7;  Sei-bian,  17;  Belgian,  28;  American, 
4;  Russian,  7;  Austrian.  45;  Swedish,  5;  Danish,  li  Nor- 
wegian, 3;  Spanish,  1;  Polish,  16;  Bohemian,  17;  Italian, 
109;  Slavok,  1.  Of  these  133  are  citizens,  natives  and 
naturalized  and  190  unnaturalized. 

The  Alien  Enemy 

In  the  analysis  of  these  figures  the  government  is 
trying  to  ascertain  just  now  the  actiial  hazard  of  the 
alien  enemy  holding  up  the  production  of  coal  in  this 
crisis.  The  truth  is  that  many  mines  and  much  property 
indirectly  connected  with  the  mining  industry  was  owned 
outright  by  Teutonic  individuals  or  companies  when  hos- 
tilities started.  Some  have  managed  to  conceal  their 
identity  and  their  connections  and  others  hurriedly  trans- 
ferred their  interests,  but  the  chief  influence  Austrians 
and  Germans  exert  in  these  mines  to-day  is  that  they  are 
relied  upon  to  actually  dig  the  coal.  As  John  T.  Sterling, 
inspector  of  mines  for  the  province,  asserted  to  the  >vriter 
recently,  "we  could  not  mine  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the 
required  supply  this  year  without  the  active  aid  of  the 
alien  enemy  miners.  That's  the  reason  we  are  forced 
to  handle  these  miners  with  so  much  care." 

But  can  human  ingenuity  invest  this  problem  with  an 
atmosphere  that  will  enable  the  government  to  say  specific- 
ally, "these  alien  enemies  will  work  as  required?"  Every 
operator  and  laborer  and  business  man  and  official  with 
whom  the  writer  has  talked  during  two  weeks  of  con- 
scientious first  hand  investigation  on  the  surface  and  in 
the  mines  forces  the  same  answer — "no."  It  is  a  hazard 
and  one  the  country  must  accept. 

A.  L.  Smith's  Plea 

Here  is  a  copy  of  a  telegram  that  illuminates  this 
alien  enemy  question.     It  was  sent  by  Arthur  L.   Smith . 


of  Calgary  to  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton  at  Ottawa,  February  16, 
during  the  great  strike  crisis  that  threatened  the  whole 
mining  industry:  "I  spent  the  day  in  the  Rosedale  camp. 
They  have  an  efficient  plant,  pay  high  wages,  excellent 
accommodation  for  men  and  have  good  board.  Men  in 
camp  were  quite  contented,  refusing  to  organize  a  union 
when  solicited  but  were  practically  coerced  by  mobs  from 
other  mines  composed  largely  of  foreigners,  sixty  per 
cent,  of  whom  are  alien  enemies.  Troubles  arose  between 
the  management  and  these  outside  alien  enemies,  sub- 
sequently all  Rosedale  miners  went  on  strike  tying  up 
the  whole  field.  I  discussed  matter  with  some  of  the 
miners  who  are  anxious  to  go  back  but  fear  the  union. 
Government  must  act  shortly,  either  compelling  manage- 
ment to  accept  the .  union  or  compelling  men  to  work. 
If  former,  public  sentiment,  which  runs  high  here  on  this 
alien  enemy  question,  will  be  tremendously  stirred;  if 
latter,  will  be  real  step  toward  handling  fuel  situation. 
The  problem  in  Alberta  is  very  grave,  affecting  as  it 
does  the  whole  alien  enemy  question.  Mounted  police 
will  corroborate   all   facts." 

What  Happened? 

Smith  is  a  prominent  business  man  in  Calgary  and 
interpreted  well  the  sentiment  of  the  people  on  the  alien 
enemy  issues.  The  government  acted  very  promptly 
through  W.  H.  Armstrong,  the  federal  administrator  of 
the  operators.  He  ordered  the  management  to  install  the 
miners  and  specifically  to  re-employ  an  alien  enemy  named 
Vausman  and  to  give  him  the  identical  team  he  was 
driving  at  the   time   of  the   strike — no  other   team! 

Therefore  the  alien  enemies  triumphed  and  they  at 
once  got  an  exaggerated  idea  of  their  strength. 

The  docility  of  these  alien  enemies  has  not  been  im- 
proved by  the  events  of  recent  date  on  the  fighting  fronts. 
They  become  more  arrogant  as  they  hear  reports  of 
German  successes.  'This  is  one  factor  of  genuine  peril. 
But  the  whole  fuel  question  is  so  complicated  by  selfish 
motives,  business  considerations,  labor  and  transportation 
problems  that  it  is  baffling  in  its  ramifications. 
Making  Big  Money 

Another  Westerner,  speaking  of  the  alien  labor  prob- 
lem in  Western  Canadian  mines,  says:  "These  men,  by 
doing  anything  like  a  fair  day's  work,  can  make  from 
$12  to  $15  per  day,  and  these  excessive  wages  are  tacked 
on  to  the  consumer;  $6.00  per  day  should  be  the  limit 
these  men  should  earn  while  our  Canadian  soldiers'  wives, 
out  of  their  meagre  allowances,  are  trying  to  save  enough 
to  pay  for  their  next  winter's  fuel.  These  alien  miners 
are  rolling  in  money  at  the  present  time  and  work  when 
they  think  they  will.  Any  mine  manager  will  tell  you 
that  80  per  cent,  of  his  troubles  is  due  to  the  men." 

One  of  the  hard  things  to  combat  among  the  foreigners 
in  the  mines  of  Alberta,  or  British  Columbia,  is  the 
fact  that  they  do  not  speak  our  language.  They  are 
in  many  cases  under  the  influence  of  a  leader  of  their 
own  whose  one  motive  is  to  grab  off  every  dollar  in  any 
way  he  can.  Although  much  has  been  done  to  combat 
the  practice,  it  has  been  in  many  a  Western  town,  where 
a  large  amount  of  foreign  labor  was  required,  a  common 
practice  of  these  foreign  leaders  to  accept  the  "palm 
money"  of  the  poor  foreigner  to  "get  him  a  job,"  when 
all  the  time  the  job  was  there  spoiling  for  some  person 
to  go  and  get  busy  on  it. 

The  foreign  problem  in  mining  in  Canada  has  always 
been  a  serious  one — but  just  now  with  a  winter  coming 
on,  and  with  a  great  stretch  of  territory,  not  quickly 
covered  by  transportation  facilities,  depending  on  these 
miners  for  their  coal  supply,  it  is  not  too  much  to  cill 
the   situation   critical    and   dangerous. 


24 


Vo!ume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


War  Contracts  Are  Being  Placed  for  Very 

Long  Terms— Some  Run  Until  First  of  1920 

A  Revival  Noticed  at  Several  Points  in  the  Demand  For  War  Purpose  Machinery — 
Chains  Are  Up  and  Tendency  is  Still  Higher— Many  Ships  Are  Being- 
Launched  at  Various  Canadian  Points 


SHIPBUILDING  can  well  be  said  to  be  attaining  the 
summit  of  its  growth  in  Canada.  There  is  scircely 
a  week  now  that  does  not  see  a  steel  or  ftfooden 
vessel  taking  to  the  water,  and  there  are  a  large  number 
of  vessels  under  construction  right  now  that  will  be  ready 
to  leave  their  berths  in  the  next  few  months.  The  build- 
ing of  ships  keeps  up  a  steady  demand  for  plate.  In  fact 
plate  for  this  class  of  work  seems  to  have  the  preference 
over  anything  else  that  is  ordered  from  the  mills  in 
either  Canada  or  the  States. 

Chains  advanced  quite  sharply  to  the  extent  of  $2 
per  hundred  during  the  week,  and  the  tendency  is  still 
higher.  This  is  not  stated  to  pave  the  way  for  a  further 
increase,  but  there  are  market  conditions  that  cannot  be 
overlooked.  Britain  does  not  allow  the  hand-weld  chain 
to  be  sent  out  any  more,  and  there  is  in  consequence  a 
greater  demand  for  the  electric  weld  chain.  The  Emer- 
gency Fleet  is  also  using  a  very  large  amount  of  this. 
Add  to  this  the  scarcity  of  raw  materials  passing  to  the 
chain  plants  and  there  is  a  situation  that  makes  for  higher 
values  without  much  urging. 


United  States  reckons  apparently  on  a  long  period 
of  warfare.  At  least  it  appears  so  from  the  contracts 
that  have  been  placed  for  shells.  The  method  of  giving 
them  out  in  renewals  that  are  good  for  two  months  or 
so  at  capacity  is  not  adhered  to  any  longer.  Some  of 
the  orders  are  for  a  year,  others  for  a  longer  period, 
while  two  at  least  are  known  to  guarantee  shop  capacity 
until   the   beginning   of   1920. 

There  is  a  need  still  for  men  in  many  shops.  Against 
this,  however,  it  is  reported  from  several  centres  that  the 
labor  problem  is  quite  normal,  and  that  little  trouble  is 
experienced   in  securing  all  the  hands  necessary. 

Pig  iron  and  good  scrap  material  are  scarce  at  either 
United  States  or  Canadian  points.  The  tendency  to  use 
large  amounts  of  scrap  at  times  brings  trouble  with  a 
poor  casting  in  foundry  work,  as  the  analysis  of  the 
scrap  was .  not  definitely  known.  United  States  War 
Board  is  just  now  taking  steps  to  relieve  this  situation 
by  having  a  survey  made,  nation  wide,  to  secure  reports 
on  all  material  that  could  be  scrapped  to  provide  the 
necessary  supply  for  the  open  hearth  furnaces. 


SHIPBUILDING  ATTAINS  ZENITH  OF 

ACTIVITY— LAUNCHINGS  NUMEROUS 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  July  .3.— The  holilay 
season  resulted  in  a  quieter  tone  in  the 
general  situation,  but  actual  production 
has  as  yet  not  been  materially  affected. 
Local  interest  is  still  centered  in  the  re- 
newal of  the  activity  that  has  followed 
the  placing  of  further  orders  for  shrapnel 
shells,  and  this,  together  with  the  large 
contracts  that  have  been  let  for  American 
business,  has  been  a  wonderful  factor  in 
reviving  an  enterprise  that  showed  a 
tendency  to  wane  during  the  early  part 
of  the  present  year.  In  consequence  of 
recent  developments  the  requirements  for 
machine  tools  has  greatly  increased,  and 
the  demands  for  accessory  shop  equip- 
ment have  been  exceedingly  heavy.  Both 
steel  and  wooden  shipbuilding  have  at- 
tained the  zenith  of  activity  and  launch- 
ings  are  now  almost  a  weekly  feature. 

Steel  More  Settled 

No  marked  change  has  been  noted  in 
the   ,',eneral   steel   situation  and  trading 


continues  on  virtually  the  same  basis  of 
that  of  the  past  several  weeks.  Dealers 
here  are  getting  inquiries  for  steel  that 
they  are  unable  to  fill  owing  to  the  regu- 
lation under  which  they  are  compelled 
to  carry  on  business.  The  market  is  be- 
ginning to  take  on  a  more  settled  appear- 
ance as  the  trade  realize  that  the  present 
fixed  prices  on  finished  steel  will  remain 
unchanged.  With  all  major  operations 
practically  under  the  control  of  the  go- 
vernment approved  bodies  the  recognized 
market  is  a  thing  of  the  past,  and  the 
sellers  in  many  cases  have  become  the 
buyers. 

Plate  requirements  are  on  a  par  with 
those  of  shell  .steel,  and  mills  are  work- 
ing to  capacity  to  supply  the  ever- 
increasing  demand.  This  has  been  em- 
phasized recently  in  the  States  where  the 
shipbuilding  has  been  augumented  by 
fabrication  of  steel  at  points  apart  from 
the  erection  site.    While  dealers  here  are 


contemplating  a  revision  of  their  prices 
of  certain  materials  they  report  no 
change  over  last  week.  The  effect  of  the 
American  advance  in  freight  rates  is  not 
yet  definitely  known  so  that  in  some  re- 
spect the  situation  here  is  unsettled. 
Metal 

The  general  metal  situation  has  im- 
proved and  the  various  markets  have 
taken  on  a  firmer  tendency  but  price  ad- 
vances have  not  been  marked.  It  was 
thought  that  the  advance  in  freight  rates 
would  be  a  factor  in  the  movement  to 
higher  levels  of  some  of  the  metals,  but 
the  action  of  the  American  government 
in  respect  to  steel  prices  has  had  the 
effect  of  steadying  the  markets,  but  not- 
withstanding the  undertone  is  stronger 
on  certain  metals.  Copper  is  steady  but 
some   nervousness   is   retained. 

Tin  is  still  a  problem  under  the  pro- 
nounced uncertainty.  Spelter  is  firmer 
and  may  go  higher.  Lead  is  strong  but 
(luieter.  Antimony  and  aluminum  are 
steady  and  firm,  the  former  with  an 
undertone  of  strength  over  the  increased 
demand  for  shrapnel. 

Copper. — The  situation    is    featureless 


July  4,  1918 

and  operations  are  proceeding  on  a 
steady  basis.  Agitation  is  still  evident 
in  respect  to  a  higher  fixed  price,  but 
with  the  present  figure  ratified  until  the 
middle  of  August  it  is  unlikely  that  even 
the  argument  of  the  higher  freight  rates 
will  result  in  an  early  revision,  and  even 
when  the  present  period  expires  the  pos- 
sibilities appear  strong  for  a  still  further 
extension  of  the  price  now  effective. 
Dealers  here  report  unchanged  conditions 
with  the  demand  about  normal,  slight 
increase  being  noted  for  castings  of 
copper.  Prices  remain  firm  at  29  and 
30  cents  per  pound. 

Tin. — Scarcity  of  visible  tin  has  added 
renewed  tension  to  the  situation  and 
offerings  are  not  as  free  as  the  previous 
week.  Little  spot  metal  is  available  and 
sales  are  being  made  only  on  a  future 
basis.  New  York  nominal  prices  have 
taken  on  a  firmer  tone  following  the 
advance  on  the  London  market. 
Future  positions  are  harder  to  obtain. 
Dealers  here  while  anticipating  no  im- 
mediate advance  are  looking  for  con- 
tinued firmness.  Last  week's  quotation 
of  $1.25  is  still  asked  by  most  of  the 
dealers. 

Spelter. — The  local  situation  has  taken 
on  a  stronger  tone  as  a  result  of  the  de- 
velopments in  the  States  where  the  mar- 
ket is  considerably  stronger.  The  con- 
suming demand  is  little  above  normal 
but  the  supply  has  been  reduced  as  the 
result  of  labor  unrest  at  certain  of  the 
mines,  this  affecting  the  output  of  some 
of  the  American  smelters.  Dealers  h.^re 
are  looking  forward  to  a  stronger  market 
but  present  prices  are  on  a  par  with 
those  of  last  week. 

Lead. — A  comparative  calm  has  ap- 
parently settled  on  the  market  as  the 
active  buying  of  the  past  week  has  been 
followed  by  a  reluctant  tendency  on  the 
part  of  consumers  to  cover  future  re- 
quirements. A  steady  demand  is  main- 
tained on  the  local  market  but  the  price 
asked  remains  unchanged. 

Machine   Tools   and    Supplies 

Machine  tool  activity  is  pronounced  at 
the  present  time  owing  to  the  heavy  de- 
dand  for  shell  making  purposes.  The 
renewal  of  shrapnel  orders,  after  con- 
siderable of  the  old  equipment  has  been 
diverted  to  the  making  of  the  American 
shells,  has  necessitated  the  replacement 
of  many  tools  by  those  who  are  now- 
working  on  the  18-pounders.  The  ab- 
normal conditions  that  prevail  in  the 
States  make  it  very  difficult  to  obtain 
equipment  from  American  builders  so 
that  the  Canadian  tool  builders  have  been 
required  to  stimulate  their  output. 
Dealers  here  who  have  been  unable  to 
obtain  required  delivery  of  new  equip- 
ment are  acquiring  all  available  used 
machinery  suitable  for  their  shell  cus- 
tomers. The  demand  for  ship  working 
machinery  has  declined  in  volume  but  the 
requirements  for  small  tools  and  supplies 
are  as  great  as  ever.  Dealers  report  a 
heavy  demand  for  all  classes  of  small 
supplies  and  tools  for  shell  production, 
and  where  these  have  to  be  brought  in 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


2> 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Launchings  of  ships,  both  steel 
and  wood,  are  becoming  matters  of 
frequent  occurrence  in  Canada,  and 
the  industry  is  reaching  the  sum- 
mit of  its  capacity. 

Most  of  the  Ontario  cities  report 
that  there  is  a  fair  supply  of  labor 
now.  Some  of  the  smaller  centres 
find  that  it  is  hard  to  get  and  retain 
the  more  highly  skilled  men. 

The  agitation  is  still  going  strong 
in  some  centres  for  an  increase  in 
the  price  of  copper,  which  is  now 
fixed  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment at  23 '/zc  per  pound. 

Some  munition  contracts  placed  in 
Canada  recently  have  a  stability  to 
them  that  was  unknown  before.  One 
of  these  orders  will  run  a  shop  at 
800  per  day  up  to  January  1,  1920. 

American  pig  iron  producers  ex- 
press satisfaction  at  the  way  the 
War  Board  is  handling  affairs.  The 
pig  iron  men  discussed  many  plans 
to  make  production  greater  and  keep 
down  costs. 

Cool  weather  of  the  past  fortnight 
has  helped  blast  furnace  operations 
to  shove  up  production  records. 

There  is  a  decided  shortage  of 
good  scrap  at  United  States  points, 
especially  anything  in  the  line  of 
good  heavy  melting  steel. 

A  campaign  is  being  carried  on  in 
United  States  to  secure  reports  on 
all  sources  of  available  scrap  in  the 
country. 


from   the  States  the  uncertain   delivery 
is  often  very  annoying. 

Scrap  Without  Feature 

Trading  in  scrap  and  old  materials  }s 
continued  in  a  quiet  manner  with  nothing 
of  interest  to  report.  Conditions  of 
handling  the  metal  has  changed  greatly 
during  the  past  year  so  that  the  dealers 
are  not  the  factor  they  formerly  were. 
Much  of  the  dealing  is  now  done  direct 
from  the  producer  to  the  consumer  and 
in  this  way  the  dealer  has  practically 
been  eliminated.  Considerable  busino 
is  still  done  in  old  machinery  scrap  for 
grey  iron  foundries,  and  the  transactions 
in  old  metals  are  still  carried  on  in  fair 
volume.  The  present  market,  however, 
is  one  of  firmness  with  quotations  hold- 
ing to  the  high  level. 


SHARP  ADVANCE  IN 

ALL  SIZES  OF  CHAIN 

And   the  Tendency  „f  the  Market   is   ,„ 
Move  to  Still  Higher  Figure 
TORONTO.-There   is  still   one  word 
hat  desenbes  the  busy  rtate  of  trade  in 

bt:irs''rrr:;rtr.-.^-?-;" 

,u,  *  cases,  fcach  plant  that  gets  or 
ders  for  new  business  wants  to  wt  nro 
ducfon  started  as  soon  J  Z^blJ^Z 

wester?  fr'  f  "'■'^^"'^y  -'*  h^t^  onthe 
Se  to  ?h  '\^^«"«™*tted  in  a  large 
aegree  to  the  business  passing  her* 
Some  contractors  from  this  district  are 

tn  wiS'th"  '""'"'="'  ^"'"'^  -  ---- 
rdian  dL  ^*  'T''"""  "^  ^-J^iPment.  Can- 
.-dun  dealers  have  a  very  large  volume 
of  business  just  now,  and  they  are  worT 

ill  sYtuTti^f '"^'«  '-"'-  ^»  -P^  ^'fh 
The  Upward  Tendency 

ago  that  there  would  soon  be  an  upward 
revs.on  of  the  schedule  at  which  cha1n3 
were  being  traded.     It  has  taken  pW 
and  the  mcrease  amounts  to  two  cents 

BBb"  Tk"  '"  ^'"''"'  ^''''"  B.  bToI 
UBB.     There   are  .some   185  varieties  of 

trr'"  r".  '""'  ^"  '""^  -"^^t  In 
ract  It  IS  a  business  all  by  itself.       The 

American  industry  has  a  very  strong  in- 
fluence on  the  Canadian  market  both  "n 

engths  of  Cham  are  being  called  for  at 
the  present    moment     for     use     in     the 
emergency  fleet,  and  there  is  the  added 
element  of  excessive  haste  in  the  matter, 
ine   British  government  will    not    allow 
the  export  of  the  hand-made  variety,  for 
which  there  used  to  be  such  a  demand 
In  fact  there  was  a  time  when  all   the 
navies   of    the    world    specified     British 
hand  made  chain  on  account  of  the  purity 
of  the   iron   used    in    them.      Even     t'"> 
German    navy    used    the    British      chain 
Ihere   has    been   a   big   inroad   made   on 
this    trade     in     recent     years     by     the 
machine-welded   product,   makers  of  the 
latter  claiming  that  there  is  a  uniformity 
of  strength  that  cannot  be  placed  in  i> 
hand-made  chain.       Big     quantities     of 
hand-made   chain   were   replaced   by  the 
machine-made    variety    in    work    on    the 
Welland   Canal,  when  it  was  found  that 
the  former  was  not  standing  up  under 
the   heavy   strain   in   dredge    work,    e' 
Inch  chain  is  quoted  to-day  at  14V4c  per 
pound  against  last  week's  price  of  12 %c. 
and   the  dealer  who  sells  it  claims  that 
he   is   not   making  as  much   as   when   it 
was  listed  at  the  lesser  price  as  he  can- 
not pass  the  increase  in  the  entirety  on 
to  the  consumer.     In  addition  to  the  big 
demand  the  makers  in  the  States  claim 
that  preference  now  goes  to  plate  mills, 
and  in  consequence  they    are    short    of 
material.     The  tendency  is  for  a  higher 
price  in  chains,  and  this  is  likely  to  be- 
come more  noticeable  in  the  very  near 
future. 

Scrap   Metals 
There  has  been  a  fair  volume  of  busi- 
ness  passing   in   the   second  hand   metal 


26 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Vo'ume  XX; 


trade  duringf  the  week,  but  there  is 
absolutely  nothing  in  the  form  of  a 
feature  in  the  whole  situation.  The  sit- 
uation in  the  American  market  is  quite 
similar  to  that  here  at  present.  Steps 
are  being  taken  now  to  have  a  survey 
taken  of  the  scrap  situation  across  the 
line,  and  circulars  are  being  mailed  to 
dealers  inquiring  the  amount  of  stock 
on  hand  now  and  the  amount  they  had 
a  year  ago.  The  inquiries  also  take  in 
all  lots  of  unprepared  scrap  that  are  be- 
ing withheld  from  the  market,  principally 
in  the  form  of  obsolete  railways,  old 
mine  heads  and  tipples  which  are  not  be- 
ing operated,  unused  bridges  or  similar 
structures,  old  manufacturing  plants  not 
in  operation — in  fact  any  material  which 
can  be  shipped  to  the  scrap  yard  for  pre- 
paration. 

In  Canada  reports  are  sent  out  by 
dealers  each  month  showing  the  amount 
of  scrap  coming  into  the  yard  and  the 
amount  sent  out.. 

It  may  yet  be  found  necessary  to  comb 
out  the  country  to  increase  the  amount 
of  melting  scrap  coming  into  the  market. 

The  high  price  of  tin  does  not  bring 
in  any  in  the  way  of  scrap.  Tin  stands 
very  low  in  the  amount  of  it  that  is  re- 
covered— in  fact  its  principal  use  in  that 
form  is  for  the  purpose  of  alloys. 

There  are  no  changes  in  prices  being 
paid  by  dealers  for  scrap  metals  this 
week. 

Non-Ferrous   Metals 

Canadian  dealers  are  not  much  in- 
clined to  the  belief  that  there  will  be  a 
higher  price  set  for  copper  in  United 
States.  The  suggestion  has  been  made 
that  there  will  be  two  prices — one  for 
the  large  producer  and  another  or  high- 
er for  the  small  mine.  Early  sugges- 
tions were  that  companies  whose  cost 
was  aDove  a  certain  figure  should  re- 
ceive a  premium  over  the  lower  cost  pro- 
perties. Now  it  appears  that  instead  of 
having  the  cost  the  determining  factor 
there  is  a  possibility  that  companies 
turning  out  10,000,000  pounds  of  copper 
or  less  each  year  will  receive  preferen- 


tial treatment  over  the  larger  mines.  The 
reason  for  such  a  course  is  not  readily 
apparent,  and  it  is  hardly  likely  to  come 
to  pass. 

Tin  may  yet  reach  higher  levels,  at 
least  that  is  the  latest  word  from  New 
York  markets.  Price  advances  do  not 
seem  to  have  the  effect  of  increasing  the 
amount  coming  on  the  market.  The  only 
supposition  is  that  there  is  none  to  be 
brought  out. 


MANY  LARGE  ORDERS 

STILL  BEING  PLACED 

War  Demands  Are  Still  Reaching  Ahead 
and  Run  Into  Immense  Sums 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

NEW  YORK,  July  3.— Shipbuilders, 
ordnance  manufacturers,  aircraft  build- 
ers and  a  host  of  other  industries  en- 
gaged in  war  work,  are  constantly  in  the 
market  for  machinery,  and  many  small 
orders  have  been  placed  during  the  past 
week. 

Aside  from  the  Bethlehem  Shipbuild- 
ing Corporation,  which  is  still  buying 
machine  tools  and  cranes  heavily,  most 
of  the  orders  closed  are  of  a  miscellane- 
ous character,  but  some  large  inquiries 
are  coming  from  gun  and  shell  manufac- 
turers. The  Watertown  Arsenal  wants  a 
large  number  of  machines  for  its  motor 
carriage  department  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  mobile  gun  carriages,  and 
Bullard  Engineering  Works,  Bridgeport, 
is  buying  additional  equipment  ft)r  its 
gun  shop. 

The  Symington  Machine  Corporation 
has  purchased  equipment  in  the  East  for 
its  large  shell  plant  at  Chicago,  while  the 
American  Steel  &  Machinery  Co.,  Pull- 
man, 111.,  has  purchased  the  machinery 
necessary  for  its  projectile  factory  in  the 
Central  West  through  the  American  Clay 
Machinery  Co.,  Bucyrus,  Ohio,  which  is 
the  parent  organization.  The  Wright- 
Martin  Aircraft  Corporation  is  prepar- 
ing to  purchase  $1,500,000  worth  of  tools 
for  its  Long  Island  City  plant,  which  will 


LITTLE  CEREMONY  IN  TAKING 

MEN  IN  U.  S.  FOR  THE  FORCES 


"They  are  not  standing  on  much  cere- 
mony in  connection  with  the  drafting  of 
men  for  the  army  in  some  of  the  United 
States  points,"  remarked  a  Canadian, 
whose  business  relations  cause  him  to 
make  frequent  trips  across  the  border, 
"nor  does  it  seem  to  make  a  very  great 
deal  of  difference  what  a  man  is  working 
at. 

"I  happened  to  be  in  a  shop  in  Bay 
City  a  few  days  ago,"  he  remarked,  "and 
while  I  was  in  conversation  vnth  the 
manager  of  the  place  the  police  van 
nulled  up  before  the  factory.  Three  or 
four  officers  went  in  and  in  short  time 
came  out  with  four  young  men.  I  was 
informed  that  this  was  not  the  first  time 
it  had  happened.  The  men  taken  off  by 
the  police  had  probably  not  reported  for 
the  draft  in  which  they  were  called.  This 


shop  was  working  on  war  orders,  too, 
but  not  in  a  direct  way." 

The  Canadian  went  on  to  explain  that 
in  many  cases  the  shop  that  is  doing 
work  on  a  sub-contract  is  not  getting 
war  preference  in  the  same  way  as  it  is 
being  shown  to  the  first  contractor.  In 
the  instance  to  which  he  referred  the 
shop  was  working  on  chucks,  these  to  be 
supplied  to  a  firm  that  was  making  war 
purpose  machinery. 

He  was  also  impressed  with  the  num- 
ber of  men  there  seemed  to  be  in  several 
of  the  United  States  points  that  he  called 
at  during  the  week.  The  labor  situation 
in  many  of  the  points  there  is  not  nearly 
as  acute  as  it  is  on  this  side  of  the  line, 
owing  to  the  much  larger  population, 
f  nd  the  smaller  proportion  of  it  that  has 
donned  the  uniform. 


be   equipped   to   produce   fifty   motors   a 
day. 

Crane  manufacturers  are  receiving 
numerous  small  orders  from  shipyards, 
steel  works,  copper  producers,  electrical 
equipment  manufacturers  and  from 
makers  of  pumps  and  war  munitions. 
The  New  York  Shipbuilding  Corporation 
has  issued  a  supplementary  list  for  four- 
teen cranes,  the  American  Car  &  Foun- 
dry Co.  has  closed  for  six  cranes,  and  the 
Vulcan  Iron  Works,  Wilkesbarre,  Pa., 
has  bought  eight  cranes.  The  General 
Electric  Co.  has  ordered  cranes  for  its 
West  Lynn,  Mass.,  and  for  its  Schenec- 
tady, N.Y.,  plants.  Among  copper  pro- 
ducers the  Braden  Co.  has  purchased  con- 
veying machinery,  the  Nichols  Co.  is 
taking  bids  on  cranes,  as  is  also  the 
Michigan  Copper  &  Brass  Co.  of  Detroit. 

The  Carolina  Shipbuilding  Corporation 
has  closed  for  $400,000  worth  of  ma- 
chinery, some  of  which  is  already  boxed 
ready  for  shipment  to  Wilmington,  where 
fabrication  of  the  steel  for  the  fore-and- 
aft  portions  of  twelve  large  steel  ships 
of  the  Isherwood  type  will  be  built  by  the 
Government.  The  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation  has  just  ordered  36,000  tons 
of  steel  for  these  ships,  15,000  tons  of 
which  will  be  shipped  to  Roanoke,  Va., 
where  the  Virginia  Bridge  Co.  will  fab- 
ricate the  plates  and  shapes  for  the  mid- 
ships and  the  remainder  of  the  tonnage 
will  go  direct  to  Wilmington.  The  steel 
is  to  be  delivered  in  thirty  days,  and  the 
first  keel  will  be  laid  in  August.  The 
Federal  Shipbuilding  Co.  will  build  two 
additional  ways  at  Kearney,  making 
twelve  in  all.  Additional  launchings  at 
this  yard  will  take  place  speedily,  and  it 
is  expected  that  twenty  boats  will  be 
launched  and  that  ten  will  be  fully  equip- 
ped and  ready  for  sea  service  this  year. 

More  Orders 

Among  the  other  manufacturers  who 
have  placed  orders  for  machinery  re- 
cently are  the  Worthington  Pump  &  Ma- 
chinery Corporation,  which  has  bought 
tools  for  its  Buffalo  plant;  the  United 
States  Cast  Iron  &  Pipe  Foundry  Co.  has 
bought  cranes  for  its  Scottdale,  Pa., 
works,  and  the  International  Arms  & 
Fuse  Corporation,  Bloomfield,  N.J.,  which 
has  bought  machine  tools.  Railroads  are 
still  buying  moderately;  the  Pennsyl- 
vania has  revised  its  recent  inquiry  for 
cranes. 

Government  orders  for  approximately 
250,000  tons  of  finished  steel  have  been 
distributed  by  the  War  Industries  Board, 
nearly  half  of  which  is  for  car  construc- 
tion. The  Carnegie  Steel  Co.  will  fur- 
nish 50,000  tons  of  structural  shapes  and 
40,000  tons  of  bars  to  the  Pressed  Steel 
and  Standard  Steel  Car  Companies. 
Sheet  manufacturers  have  received  or- 
ders for  15,000  tons  of  sheets  for  car 
construction  and  60,000  tons  of  blue  an- 
nealed and  black  sheets  for  export  to 
France.  Orders  for  about  20,000  tons  of 
plain  and  barbed  wire  have  also  been  dis- 
tributed for  shipment  to  France  over  the 
third  quarter  of  the  year.  Independent 
plate  manufacturers  have  received  addi- 
tional orders  for  30.000  tons  of  sheared 
plates  for  ship  work.     The  Railroad  Ad- 


July  4,  1918 


27 


SELECTED   MARKET    QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  fini«K,.,l  m..-,;.!  -„»-„__ 


into 


a  record  of   pnces  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
the   manufacture  of    mechanical  and    general  engineering   products. 

PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 
Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 


Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace 32  00 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

FINISHED  IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  55 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  50 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 4  50 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Refined  iron 5  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand    steel,   No.    10   gauge,   base     4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh  *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh 'S  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  'S  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  60 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

*Govemment  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

31.5 
50.5 
51.5 
22.1 
22.1 
22.1 
22.1 
85.1 


1 

iy2 

2 

2% 

3 

4 


2 

2% 

3 

3% 

4 

4% 

5 


8L 

8 

9 
10  L 
10 


15  39 
20  82 
24  89 
33  49 

53  53 

70  00 
87  86 

104  10 

;  36  08 

54  70 

71  53 
90  62 

107  37 
122  56 
142  82 
185  28 
241  57 
253  75 
292  32 
350  18 
324  80 
418  18 


Montreal 23 . 1 

St.  John,  N.B 38.1 

Halifax 39 . 1 

Toronto 18.9 

Guelph 18.9 

London 18.9 

Windsor 18.9 

Winnipeg 64.9 

METALS 

Montreal 

Lake  copper $30  00 

Electro  copper  30  00 

Castings,  copper 29  00 

Tin 125  00 

Spelter 10  50 

Lead 9  50 

Antimony 15  50 

Aluminum    50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal 

Plates,  Vi  up $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50 

WROUGHT  PIPE 
Effective  Feb.  5,  1918. 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per    100    feet 


Toronto 

$28  50 

28  50 

28  00 

125  00 

9  50 

9  50 

16  00 

50  00 


Toronto 

$10  00 
10  10 


"> 12  24 

in 16  56 

in 19  80 

in 26  64 

in 42  72 

in 56  85 

in 70  84 

in-    •  •  •' 83  93 

Standard  Lapweld 

in $  29  60 

m 44  46 

in 58  14 

in 72  68 

in 86  11 

in :     97  79 

in 114  00 

in 147  80 

in 192  80 

in 202  60 

VI 238  30 

in 279  50 

in 259  20 

m 333  70 

Prices— Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4 "  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

_  ,.    ,  Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,  light   $19  00      |19  00 

Copper,  crucible 22  60        22  60 

Copper,  heavy 22  60        22  60 

Copper  wire 22  50        22  60 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       22  00 

New  brass  cuttings  ....  16  00 
Red  brass  turnings  .  .  .  .  18  00 
Yellow  brass  turnings  . .   12  50 

Light  brass 10  00 

Medium  brass 12  00 

Heavy  brass 16  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 30  00 

Rails 26  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron .  34  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00 

Steel  axles 38  00 

Mach.  shop  tnrn'gs 9  00 

Cast  borings 12  00 

Stove  plate 19  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50 

Heavy  lead 7  00 

Tea  lead 5  50 

Aluminum 21  00 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fll.  hd.,  iteel     1* 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

„•";?." add     M 

Machine   screws,   o.   and   fil.    hd., 

^j ''•■»" •  ■ add    26 

Nuts,  square  blank  add  |1  60 

Nuts,  square,  Upped add     1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add     1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  nvets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burrs  only,  list  plus so 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger  $8  60 

otructural  rivets,  as  above 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72V4 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright. . . .  67H 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   ...  37^ 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass  ...'.'.  32 % 

Wood  screws,,  flat,  bronze 27% 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bronze 26 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

o    .  Per  Cenl. 

■set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws.. 
Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws  . . 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in 20 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  lii 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus  10 


20 
net 


Studs 


net 


21  50 
14  00 

17  00 
12  50 

9  50 
12  00 
14  00 
21  00 
12  00 
12  00 
20  00 
24  00 
23  00 
30  00 
20  00 
17  00 
30  00 
35  00 

8  50 
12  00 

19  00 

6  50 

7  00 
5  75 

20  00 


% 
% 


in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
hi. 


6  eo 

$  8  00 

6  16 

7  29 

5  16 

7  29 

6  66 

8  12 

8  28 

10  41 

BOLTS.  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 65 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts  ....     6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 
steel , 27% 


Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus  .. . ..  10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet^ 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and lo 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plus  20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  30,  10 

Thumb  screws   20 

Thumb  nuts 86 

Patch  bolts '.add  40.  10 

Co  d  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in.. .  .add  |4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 

BILLETS 

r.  .  ...  P*'  m—  ton 

Bessemer  billets $47 

Open -hearth  billets 47 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61 

Forging  billets 00 

Wire  rods  .  -. 67 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  25  $5  30 

Cut  nails 5  70  6  85 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   80* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger .$7  60 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0 

Pure  Manila  rope 0 

British  Manila  rope 0 

New  Zealand  hemp 8 

Transmission  rone,  Manila  0 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    ani 

Toronto     ^"^ 


50 
60 
00 
00 
00 


3i 

39 
S3 
8S 
45 


28 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly    0  50 

Solder,  guaranteed   0  53 

Babbitt  metals   18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  53 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt  16  05 

Red   dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,  per 

cwt. 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  35 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  0  71 

Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.   . .  1  95 

Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .  1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 2  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  03 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  03% 

Borax  crystal  and  granular   ...  0  12 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 1  80 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  20 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...     35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1  %   in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus  ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Disconnts  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

15*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

"%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 

black.  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

fb.;  class  C,  24 %c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28..  $  8  00  $  8  00 
Sheete,  black,  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets 9  00  8  65 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.       9  50  9  50 

Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Oorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

"^olbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 9  20 

Premier.  10%  oz 9  50 

/.inc  sheets   20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%  in.,  $14.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.85;  %  in., 
$13.50;   7-16  in.,  $12.90;    %   in.,   $13.20; 


$13.00:  ?8  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  H.H.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  M  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and  Imperial    50 

Nicholson    40 

Black   Diamond    40 

J.  Barton  Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta    Files    37^ 

Disston 50 

Whitman  &  Barnes    50 


BOILER   TUBES. 


Size. 


Seamless 


1      in $36  00 

IV4  in 40  00 

1  '/*  in 43  00 

1%  in 43  00 

2  in 50  00 

2y4  in 53  00 

2V4  in 55  00 

3  in 64  00 

3'/«  in 

3^4  in : 77  00 

4  in 90  00 


I.apwe'.dcd 


$. 


36  00 
36  00 
36  00 
38  00 
42  00 
50  00 
58  00 
60  00 
75  00 


Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 
OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per,  gal 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital   49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lird  oi'.  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil  39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  'lacing,  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides  1  75 

TAPES. 

Ch«sterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape.  50  ft 3  50 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft.. . .     3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck. . 
Emery  in  kegs,  American. . . . 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to 

Emery  glue 28  to 

Tripoli  composition 06  to 

Crocus   composition 08  to 

Emery  composition 08  to 

Rouge,  silver 35  to 

Rouge,  powder 30  to 

Prices  Per  Lb. 
ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 

Grits,  80  and  finer 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod . . 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heavier, 
base 


25 
00 
07 
05 
30 
09 
10 
09 
50 
45 


.08% 
.06 

0  38 
0  43 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  46 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  Atlas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  ...  17% 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 16 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    12 

Standard    . . .   13%      Keen     10% 

No.  1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    15 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 

Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  09 

Mixed  colored  10 

This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...   10%      Best  grades..   15% 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin 70  to     .70 

Zinc   23  to     .25 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronli> 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  50     43  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  00 

Copper      sheet,     tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz.   . . 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 57  00     45  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 45  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25       $13  25 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  .  .   13  25         13  25 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50         12  50 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic   $   .22 

Acid,  hydrochloric oflf 

Acid,  hydrofluoric    09% 

Acid,  nitric    10 

Acid,  sulphuric 03% 

Ammonia,  aqua 14% 

Ammonium   carbonate 20 

Ammonium,  chloride 40 

Ammonium    hydrosulphuret 50 

Ammonium  sulphate 30 

Arsenic,  white 25 

Copper,  carbonate,  anhy 45 

Copper,  sulphate 17 

Cobalt,   sulphate    90 

Iron  perchloride 20 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 65 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1.50 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute).      .20 

Silver  chloride  (per  oz.) 85 

Silver  nitrate  (per  oz.) 75 

Sodium  bisulphite 25 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 65 

Sodium  cvani^e,  127-130?'« 50 

Sodium  hydrate 18 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.  5.00 

Sodium  phosphate 18 

Tin   chlorid>    85 

Zinc  chloride 90 

Zinc  sulphate 18 

Prices  per  lb.  unless  otherwise  stated. 


July    11,   1918 


-«fe_ 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  Ttianufacturina  intere»t». 
^^ol-  XX.  TORONTO.  JULY  11,  1918  y^       N^l 

EDITORIAL   CONTENTS  ^    - 

DETERMINING  THE  EFFICIENCY  OF  GEAR  DRIVES   29-32 

GENERAL 32 

COMBINATION  TURRET  LATHE  FOR  BAR  AND  CHUCKING  WORK  33.35 

GENERAL 35 

RECONSTRUCTION  RECEIVES  ORGANIZED  ATTENTION  FROM  BRITISH  GOVT... 36-38 
GENERAL 38 

FROM  THE   MEN   WHO  PRODUCE    39.4I 

Handling    Material    for  Assemblies Babbiting     Bearings. . .  .'Straighteniog  »*--Car  ~ 

Wheel A  Million  Pieces  of  Hard  Wire  and  How  They  Were  Cut  Off. .  "  ^■ 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT .  ■  .42-43 

Improved  Floor  Type  Boring,  Drilling  and  Milling  Machine. 

EDITORIAL 44 

U.S.  Labor  Demand  Receives  Official  Recognizance. ..  .Our   Need   For   Ships. ..  .Signs 
of  the   Times. 

CANADA  BURNS  HER  NATURAL  RESOURCES  45 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   46-50 

Summary.  ..  .Toronto    Letter. ..  .Pittsburg  Letter. ..  .New     York     Letter. ..  .Montreal 
Letter ....  Washington  Letter. 

SELECTED   MARKET  QUOTATIONS   (Advtg.  Section)   55-56 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS   (Advtg.  Section)    58-65 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,  The  Financial  Post.  MacLean's  MaKazine,  Farm«ri'  Magailne. 
Canadian  Grocer.  Dry  Goods  Review,  Men's  Wear  Review,  Printer  and  PubHaher,  Bookseller  and 
Stationer,  Canadian  Machinery  and  Manufacturing  News,  Power  Houae,  Sanitary  Engineer, 
Canadian   Poandryman,   Marine  EnKineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Addreas:  Maepobco,  Toronto;  Atabek,  London,  Ens. 

ESTABLISHED   1887. 


(ANADIAN  MACHINEElf 


Manufactur 


NG  News 


J.  M.  WIL90N,  Editor.  B.  G.  NSWTON,  Manaccr. 

Associate  Editor*:  A.  G.  WEBSTER,  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 

A.   R.    KENNEDY 

Eaatem  Representative :  E.  M.  Pattison  :  Ontario  Representative :  S.  S.  Moore ; 

Toronto   and   Hamilton   Representative :   J.   N.   Robinson. 

CHIEF  OFFICES: 

CANADA — Montreal,  Southam  Bulldinc.  28   Bleury  Street,  Telephone   1004:   Toronto,   14S-1SS   University   Ave.,   Tsto- 

phone   Main   7324 ;    Winnipeg,    1207    Union    Trust   Building,    Telephone  Main   3449. 
GREAT   BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MaeLean   Company  of  Great  Britain,  Limited,  88  Fleet  Street.  K.C.,  K.  J.  Dodd, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    addresa :  Atabek,    London,    England. 
UNITED  STATES— New  York,   R.   R.   Huestia,   Room  620,  111     Broadway,    N.Y.,    Telephone    Rector    8971:    Boaton. 
C.    L.    Morton.    Room    733.    Old    South    Building,    Telephone   Main    1204.      A.    H.    Byrne,    Room   900.    Lytton    BkW.. 
14   E.  Jackson   Street,   Chicago,    Phone  Harrison    1147. 
SUBSCRIPTION     price;— Canada,     Great    Britain,    South  Africa  and  the  West  Indies,  U.M  a  year:  United  States. 
$3.50   a   year ;   other  countrica.    84.00   a   yaar ;  Single  Copies,   15  cents.     Invariably  in  advance. 


96 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can  Operate  This  Miller 


and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


44 


HENDEY' 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description. 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.  S.  A. 

Canadian  Agents :  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. ; 
A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St..  Winnipee;  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John.   N.B. :   Williams  &   Wilson,   Montreal. 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS 


Albion    Mach.    Co M 

Allstt   Machine   Co O 

Allen    Mfc.    Co.    75 

Amalsamated    Machinery     Corp.     ...  17 

Almond  Jai.   Co.,  T.  •  A IS 

ArehibaM.     Chas « 

Annstniog   Bros.    Tool    Co.     75 

Atkins   &    Co.,    Wm.    12 

Aorora    Tool    Works    81 


B 

Balid    Machine    Co 78 

Banileld,    W.    H.,   &   Sons   BS 

Barnes    Co.,    Wallace    66 

Barnes,   W.    F.,    &   John 81 

Bertnun    &    Son£,    John    1 

Bertrams,    Ltd bS 

Baton    Mach.    Tool    Co.    18 

BUw    Co.,    E.    W 28 

Boker   &   Co.,    H 12 

Brant/ord  Oven  &  Rack  Co c3 

BrUgefonl   Mach.    &    Tool    Works TG 

Briv.ol     Company     74 

Brown   A  Sharpe  Mfg.    Co.    El 

Budden,    Banbury    A. 66 


Canafia    Foundries   &   FoiKin«s>   Ltd.  9 
.Canada    Machinery    Corporation     — 

Outside   bock   cover 

Canada  Wire  *   Iron  Goods  Co.    ...  iO 

Can.     Barker    Ca     71 

Can.     Riimely    Co.     71 

Can.    Drawn    Steel   Co.    74 

Can.    FairhankvlMonie    Co.    32 

Canadian    Lindensuui   Oo 67 

Canada    Metal    Co.     ffl 

Can.    8    K    F   Co.,   Ltd 31 

Can.     Steel    Foundries    1 

Carlylc    JcAinson    Machine    Co 8 

Cbapouui  Doutrif   Ball    Hearing  Co...  21 

OlaMifled     AdvertisinK     66 

eonsolidated    I'rels    Co 83 

Curtis   A    Curtis  Ca    M 

Cushmau   Chuck    Co 74 


.  Darf»'Bourar>nTfIle     Co 76 

Deloro   Mmeltlng   &    Reflninc  Co.....  II 

Dennis    Wire   It    Iron    Gooda   Co 73 

Dominion    Iron    U    Wref^king    Co 69 

Dominion  Steel    Kwndry  Co.    74 

Drury  it  Co..  H.  A M 


Elm  Cutting  Oil  Co.  .. 
Enushevsky  &  Son,  B. 
Erie    Foundi-y    


76 

77 


Federal  Engineering  Co. .   Ltd 65 

Fetherstonhaugh    &   Co 66 

Firth   &  Sons,   Thoa 7 

For[l.emith    Machine    C« 10 

Foss  .Mach.  &  Supply  Co.,  Geo.  F... 

Inside  back   covei 

Fry's    (London),     Ltd.     2S 


O 

Gait   Machine  Screw  Co.    .... 

Garvin  ^Machine   Co.    

Garlock-Wffllker   Machy.    Co.    . 

Geometric    Tool    Oo 

Gilbert  &  Barker  .Mfg.  Co.    .. 

Gooley    &    Bdlund    

Grant    Gear    Works,    Inc 

Grant    Mfg.    &    Machine   Co. . 

G  reenfield    Machine    Co 

Greenfield   Tap  &  Die  Corp. 


70 
19 
fc8 


77 
76 


Hamilton  Gear  &  Machine   Co 70 

Hamilton    Machine    Tool    Works    ...  5 

Hanoa   &   Co.,    M.    A 9 

Har\'ey   Co.,   Arthur  C 4 

Hawkridge     Bros 64 

Hendey    Machine    Co 96 

Hepburn.  John  T 5 


High    Speed    Hammer  Co. 

Hinckley  Madi.   Works  

Hoyt  Meal   Co 

Hunter   Saw    &   Machine    Co.    ... 
Hurlburt-Rogera     Machinery     Co. . 

Hydraulic  -Machinery   Co.    

Hyde    Engineering   Works    


Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co. 
Iron   WoriM,   The    


Jacobs     MTg.     Co 

Jardine  &   Co.,   A.    B 

Johnson  Machine  Ca.  Carlyle 
Joyce,    Koebel    &    Co 


2t 

76 
78 
77 
73 


30 
64 


27 
13 


Knight  Metal  Products  Co n- 


Landis  Machine  Co.    U 

Latrobe   Electric   Steel    Co 4 

M 

Magnolia   -Metal    Co.    76 

Manufacturei-s     Equipment     Co 20 

.Marion    i&    Marion    6S 

.Marsh    Engineering    Works    61 

.Ma.heson    &    Co.,    1 68 

.Matth(?ws,  Jas.   H.,   &  Co 29 

Mayer    Bros.    Co W 

-MoCoy-Brandt-Machy.    Co 68 

.MoDougall    Co.,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside   back    cover 

McLaren   Belting   Co.,   J.   C 77 

Mechanical    Engineering    Co 8 

.Mechanics    Tool   Case    Mfg.    Co. 77 

-Metalwood    JUg.    Co.     23 

Morton    Mfg.     Co 63 

Murchey   Machine   &   Tool    Co.    61 


National    Acme   Co , C.  71 

.Nicholson    FUe    Ca    20 

Niles-Bement-Pand Inside    front    cover 

Nonnac    Machine    Co.     66 

N'orthem    Crane    Works    71 

.Norton,     A.     0 77 

.Norton     Ca      3D 

Nova    Scotia    Steel  &    Coal   Co 16 


O 


Oakley    Chemical    Co 76 

Ontario   Lubricating   Co 75 


Page  »eel    &    Wire  Co 7k 

Parmenter   &    Biilloch   Co 75 

Peerless  'Machine   Co 20 

Pittsburgh    .Steel    Stamp   Oo 78 

Plewes,     LU\ (3 

Port    Hope    Pile    Mfg.    Co. 30 

Positive    Clutch   &    Pulley    Works....  78 

Pouffhkeopsie   Chamber  of   Commerce  67 
Pratt   A    Whitney — Inside    front    cover 

Piillcn.     E 5! 

R 

Racine  Tool  ft  Machine  Co. 22 

RhoJcf    Mfg.    C-.     .,..  26 

Riverside    .Machinery    Depot    67 

Roeloffton    Machine    &   Tool    Co 15 


Elliott   *    WhitebaU    Mach.    A    Tool  L'AIr  Liouide   Society   94 

Ca      70    I.,ancaAire  Dynamo  A  Motor  Co 87 


S 

Shore  Instrument  &  Mfg.  Co.. 

Shiistc-  Co..   F.    B 

.Silver    Mfg.    Co 

Simonds   Canada  Saw   Co 


Skinner    Chuck    Co 74 

Sleeper   &  Har;ley,    Inc 9 

Standard    Alloya    Co 13 

Standard    Fuel    Engrg.    Co 89 

Standard   Machy.   &   Supplies,  iLtd. ..  6 

Starr     .Mfg.     Co 67 

Starret    Co..    L.    S 26 

Steel    Co.    of    Canada    3 

Steptoe    Co.,    John    21 

St.    L,iwrence   Welding   Co 13 

St.ill  Co,    Inc.,   D.   H 78 

Stow    Mfg.     Oo.     87 

S  reeter,     H.     E 7 

Strong.   Kennard  &  .Nutt  Co..  The..  78 

Swedish    CniciWe    Steel    Co 78 

T 

Tabor    -Mfg.    Co 78 

Tate-Jones  &  Co.,   Inc 89 

Taylor    Instrument    Co.     89- 

Toledo  Alachine  &  Tool  Co 23 

Tootney,     Inc.,     Frank     68 

Toronto     Iron     Works     74. 

Trahern    Pump    Co 89 

U 

Union    Tool    Chest   Co 77 

United  .Brass  &  Lead  Co.,  l,t-'l 73,  78 

United    Hammer   Co, 76: 

United    Sta-es    Electrical    Tool    Co...  29- 

V 

Vanadium-Alloys    Steel     5- 

Victor    Tool    Co.    Ca 26 

Victoria    Foundry    Co 77 

Vulcan  Crucible  Steel   i.'o 4 

W 

Wells    Bros,    of    Canada 28' 

West   Tire    Setter    Ca    22 

Wheel   Tracing  Tool  Co.    75. 

Wliitcomb-BlaLsdcU    Mach.    Tool   Co.  14 

Whiting    Foundry    &    Equip.    Co 76 

Wilkinson    &   Kompass    : 77 

Williams  .Machinery   Co..    A.    R...    57,  CT 

Williams    &    Co.,    J.    H 87 

William.s   Tool   Co 18 

Willson   &  Co.,   T.    A 78 

Z 

Zenith  Coal  &  Steel  Co P8 


toDIANMACHINERY 


?"? 


AND 


Volume  XX    No.  2 


Manufacturing  News 


July  11,1918 


Determining  the  Efficiency  of  Gear  Drives* 

Alden  Absorption  D3mainotor  Used  With  Motor  Suspended  in  Cradle — Both  Field 

and  Armature  Free  to  Move — Results  of  Tests  on  Bevel  Gears  and 

Worm  Drives  Given  in  Charts 

by  C.  M.  Allen  and  F.  W.  Roys 


APPARATUS  for  determining  the 
efficiency  of  gears  and  other  drives 
has  recently  been  developed  and 
used  for  making  tests  in  the  Mechanical 
Engineering  Laboratories  of  the  Wor- 
cester Polytechnic  Institute.  The  fun- 
damental principle  of  the  apparatus  con- 
sists in  the  direct  measurement  of  the 
loss  of  power  in  the  gear  drive  instead  of 
the  usual  method  of  determining  the  in- 
put and  output  and  subtracting  one  from 
the  other. 

2.  Since  the  efficiency  of  good  geared 
drives  is  relatively  high,  the  input  and 
output  are  very  nearly  equal,  and  any 
small  errors  in  the  measurement  of  these 
relatively  large  quantities  will  make  a 
very  large  per  cent,  error  in  the  differ- 
ence, which  is  the  power  loss. 

3.  It  is,  therefore,  evident  that  a  me- 
thod by  which  the  loss  may  be  measured 


Theory  of  Apparatus  Used  in  the  Tests 

4.  The  theory  of  the  apparatus  which 
was  used  in  the  tests  is  as  follows:— An 
electric  motor  is  so  hung  in  a  cradle  that 
both  its  armature  and  field  are  free  to 
turn.  The  armature  shaft  is  connected 
directly  to  the  pinion  gear  shaft  and  the 
driven  shaft  directly  to  an  Alden  absorp- 
tion dynamometer.  The  reaction  of  the 
motor  field  is  balanced  by  the  action  of 
the  absorption  dynamometer  through  by 
a  simple  lever.  The  arms  of  the  lever 
are  accurately  proportioned  to  the  ratio 
of  the  gears. 

5.  The  general  idea  of  the  apparatus 
is  as  follows:— An  electric  induction 
motor  is  hung  in  a  cradle  on  double  rol- 
ler bearings,  and  an  arm  attached  to 
the  motor  casing  makes  a  cradle  dyna- 
mometer. The  motor  shaft  is  connected 
directly  to  the  drive  shaft  and  an  Alden 


[C6v/VT£fflV£/6T 


■directly  and  independently  of  the  input 
and  output  would  be  very  much  more  ac- 
curate. 

•Paper   read    before   the   spring    meeting   of   the 
American    Society    of    Mechanical    Engineers. 


MAKING    TESTS. 


dynamometer  is  put  on  the  driven  shaft. 
These  dynamometers  are  so  arranged 
that  the  force  exerted  by  the  end  of  the 
arms  is  downward.  The  arms  of  the 
dynamometers'  are   of  equal   length   and 


at  the  end  of  each  is  a  fixed  knife  edge. 
A  lever  with  three  knife  edges  mountea 
upon  it  has  the  two  outer  knife  edges  ad- 
justed so  that  the  distance  between  them 
is  equal  to  the  distance  (horizontal)  be- 
tween the  dynamometer  knife  edges. 
The  third  knife  edge  divides  this  dis- 
tance into  segments  whose  ratio  to  each 
other  is  the  same  as  the  .  gear  ratio. 
These  three  knife  edges  lie  in  the  same 
straight  line.     The  lever  is  now  placed 


£ 


■■tH" 


.T 


trt 


FIG.   2— DIMENSIONED    SKETCH   OF 
APPARATUS 


directly  over  the  line  between  the  dyna- 
mometer knife  edges,  and  is  supported 
by  the  third  knife  edge  which  rests  on 
platform  scales.  The  end  knife  edges  of 
the  lever  are  connected  to  the  dyna- 
mometers in  such  a  way  that  the 
high-speed  dynamometer  is  connected 
to  the  long  arm  of  the  lever.  A  counter- 
weight and  a  rider  weight  are  mounted 
upon  the  lever.    See  Fig.  1. 

Method  of  Testing 

6.  The  method  of  testing,  so  far  as  the 
operation  of  the  lever  system  is  concern- 
ed, is  identical  for  all  tests,  and  there- 
fore the  explanation  of  its  action  is 
made  perfectly  generaL 

7.  The  centre  of  gravity  of  the  Alden 
brake  was  very  nearly  in  the  horizontal 
plane,  so  that  a  slight  movement  of  the 
arm  did  not  measurably  affect  its  bal- 
ance. The  cradle  dynamometer  was  so 
loaded  that  its  centre  of  gravity  was 
only  a  short  distance  below  the  shaft 
centre,  and  a  load  of  2  lb.  at  the  end 
of  the  arm  was  enough  to  entirely  upset 
its  equilibrium.  The  lever  was  then 
placed  in  position  as  described  above 
and  statically  balanced  by  means  of  the 
counterweight  shown  in  Fig.  1.  A  long 
pointer  attached  to  the  lever  showed  the 


30 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX- 


position  of  the  system  relatively  to  the 
-nitial  condition  of  balance. 

8.  When  the  rider  weight  W  was  in 
its  initial  position,  the  load  P,  (see  Fig. 
1 )  was  noted  as  the  initial  reading  of  the 
platform  scales. 

9.  The  variables  entering  into  the  bal- 
ance of  this  appai;atus  are  then  the 
forces  P,,  P,  and  P,,  and  the  displace- 
ment of  the  rider  weight.  P,  may  be 
measured  at  any  time  while  the  appa- 
ratus is  in  operation  and  so  may  the 
displacement  of  the  rider  weight. 

10.  It  should  be  noted  here  that  the 
amount  of  P.  has  nothing  to  do  with 
the  calculation  of  the  power  loss,  which 
is  found  as  follows: 

Method  of  Measuring  Power  Loee 

11.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  preceding 
description  and  from  Fig.  1  that  P,x= 
Pjr  for  100  per  cent,  efficiency;  but 
since  the  efficiency  is  never  100  per  cent., 
P,x  must  exceed  P.y  by  the  amount 
necessary  to  overcome  the  loss  in  mo- 
ment. This  difference  immediately  up- 
sets the  balance  of  the  lever,  of  course, 
but  equilibrium  may  again  be  restored 
by  shifting  the  position  of  the  rider 
weight  in  the  proper  direction.  This  dis- 
placement of  the  rider  weight  is  there- 
fore a  measurement  of  the  change  of 
moment,  and  when  corrected  for  the 
speed  of  the  apparatus  it  is  a  measure- 
ment of  the  power  loss. 

12.  Here  the  input  power  is  automat- 
ically balanced  against  the  output  and 
any  little  change  in  the  latter  is  imme- 
diately taken  care  of  by  the  motor,  and 
it  is  impossible  for  the  apparatus  to  be 
out  of  balance  except  by  the  amount  of 
the  transmission  loss.  This  is  the  fea- 
ture of  the  method  which  distinguishes 
it  from  all  others. 

13.  The  power  transmitted  by  the  drive 
may  be  computed  by  noting  the  change 
in  the  load  P,  on  the  platform  scales, 
and  such  computations  will  be  shown 
later. 

14.  In  operation  it  was  found  necessary 
to  start  the  apparatus  and  let  it  run 
for  several  minutes  before  takin?  note 
of  the  initial  position  of  the  lever.  The 
lero  reading  was  frequently  checked 
during  the  period  of  testing. 

Efficiency  Test  of  Bevel-Gear  Drive 

15.  Data  of  Gears  and  Apparatus.  The 
?ears  were  5  per  cent,  nickel  steel,  case- 
[lardened,  5  pitch,  1%-in.  face.  They  were 
:ut  by  the  Brown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co. 
jnd  were  mounted  by  them  on  ball  bear- 
ings especially  designed  for  testing  pur- 
poses. Following  are  the  preliminary 
iata  employed: 

dumber  of  teeth  in  gear,  52. 

Vumber  of  teeth  in  pinion,  14. 

Ratio,  52-^14  =  3.714. 

fotal    length   of  lever   between   outside 

knife  edges  (see  Fig.  3),  3.95  ft. 
Length  of  long  arm  of  lever,  3.112  ft.= 

37.344  in. 
Length  of  short  arm  of  lever,  0.838  ft. 

=  10.056  in. 
Length  of  dynamometer  arms,  31.6  in. 

A  force  of  2  lb.  at  31.5  is  equivalent 
:o  1  h.p.  at  1,000  r.p.m.,  for  which  the 
expression   1   hp^^  will  be  used. 

16.  Calculation  of  Horsepower  Loss 
from  Movement  of  Rider.    Referring  to 


TABLE  1    D.\T.\  OF  EFFICIENCY  TEST  OF  BEVEL-GEAR  DRIVE 
Practicau-y  no  Lubrication  , 


R.p.m. 
of 

Scale 
pan. 

Pi 

0.2122  P, 

z 

0.7591 

P, 

Input, 

Input, 
actual 

Rider 

Hp. 

Output, 

Eff'y. 
per 
oent 

motor 

lb. 

lb. 

ft. 

hpiooo 

hp. 

hpitoo 

loss 

hp. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

1115 

5 

200 

42.44 

1.70 

1.291 

43.731 

21.86 

24  37 

0  746 

0.832 

23.532 

96.6 

1112 

5 

200 

42  44 

1.70 

1.291 

43.731 

21  86 

24  37 

0  810 

0  903 

23.467 

96  3 

1112 

5 

200 

42  44 

1.70 

1.291 

43  731 

21.86 

24.37 

0.770 

0.859 

23  511 

96.5 

1112 

5 

200 

42.44 

1.70 

1.291 

43.731 

21  86 

24.37 

0.820 

0.914 

23  456 

96  3 

1)19 

5 

200 

42.44 

1.70 

1  291 

43.731 

21  86 

24.37 

0.806 

0.899 

23.471 

96.4 

1146 

160 

33  95 

1  25 

0  949 

34  899 

17.45 

19.92 

0.660 

0.753 

19  167 

96.2 

1146 

160 

33  95 

1  25 

0.949 

34  899 

17  45 

19  92 

0  615 

0  702 

19.218 

965 

J 141 

160 

33.95 

1.25 

0.949 

34.899 

17.45 

19.92 

0.620 

0.708 

19.212 

96.4 

1141 

160 

33.95 

1.25 

0.949 

34.899 

17.45 

19.92 

0  612 

0.699 

19.224 

96  S 

1138 

160 

33.95 

1  25 

0.949 

34.899 

17.45 

19.92 

0.610 

0.696 

19.224 

96.5 

1160 

3 

120 

25.46 

1.00 

0.759 

26.219 

13.11 

15  14 

0.486 

0.561 

14  579 

96.3 

1150 

3 

120 

25.46 

1.00 

0.759 

26.219 

13.11 

15.14 

0.490 

0.566 

14.574 

96.2 

1150 

3 

120 

25.46 

1.00 

0.759 

26  219 

13.11 

15  14 

0  486 

0.561 

14.579 

96.3 

1150 

3 

120 

25.46 

1  00 

0.759 

26-^19 

13  11 

15  14 

0.484 

0  .559 

14.581 

96.3 

1172 

2 

80 

16.97 

0  62 

0  471 

17.441 

8  72 

10.25 

0.316 

0.371 

9.889 

96.4 

1172 

2 

80 

16.97 

0.62 

0.471 

17  441 

8  72 

10.25 

0.310 

0  364 

9.886 

96.4 

1177 

2 

80 

16.97 

0.62 

0.471 

17.441 

8.72 

10.25 

0.308 

0.367 

9.888 

96.4 

1196 

40 

8.49 

0.40 

0.337 

8.827 

4  42 

5  26 

0.196 

0.234 

5.026 

95.55 

1196 

40 

8.49 

0.40 

0.337 

8  827 

4  42 

5.26 

0  204 

0.243 

5.017 

95  35 

1190 

40 

8.49 

0  40 

0  337 

8.827 

4  42 

5  26 

0.204 

0.243 

5.017 

95  35 

1205 

20 

4.245 

0.37 

0.281 

4.526 

2  26 

2.72 

0.184 

0  222 

2.498 

91  9 

1205 

20 

4.245 

0.37 

0  281 

4.526 

2.26 

2.72 

0.184 

0  222 

2.498 

91.9 

Fig.  3,  a  fores  of  2  lb.  at  P,=l  hp„^,. 
Therefore  2  X  37.344  =  inch-pounds  of 
moment  in  lever  necessary  for  1  hp,^,, 
and  if  the  rider  weight  is  3  lb.,  then  for 
this  to  balance  1  hp^^,  3x  must  equal 
2X37.344,  whence  x=:24.893,  and  there- 
fore a  movement  of  24.893  in.  of  the  rider 
is  equivalent  to  1  hp^^  for  a  3-lb.  rider. 

17.  If  the  rider  weighs  but  1%  lb., 
then  the  same  displacement  means  only 
^  hPiiTO-  -^  paper  scale  was  made  ac- 
cording to  these  figures  and  was  fast- 
ened to  the  lever.  The  readings  for  hp. 
loss  were  taken  from  it  throughout  the 
test. 

18.  Calculation  for  Horsepower  Input. 
Referring  to  Fig.  2,  since  the  initial  load 
of  P,  was  taken  with  the  rider  weight 
W  already  on  the  lever,  a  change  in  the 
position  of  W  does  not  change  P,,  but 
merely  changes  the  moment.  Therefore, 
in  moment  equations  of  the  lever,  re- 
gardless of  where  the  centre  of  moments 
is  taken,  the  arm  of  the  moment  of  W 
is  always  the  distance  from  the  zero 
position. 

19.  The  force  P,  is  a  measure  of  the 
input  power  if  the  speed  is  known,  and 
it  is  merely  necessary  to  calculate  this 
value  in  order  to  solve  the  problem.  Con- 


sidering;   the    moment    equation    of    the 
lever,  we  have 

0.838  P  — 3.95  P,  -\-  Wxt=0 
whence 

P.  =  0.838  P3  -f  1^x^5.95 
If  ^^  =  3  lb., 

P,  =0.2122  P., -f  0.759  X 
if  ^=1.5  lb., 

P,  =  0.2122  P,-f  0.379  a; 

X  being  the  displacement  of  W  measured 

in  feet. 

20.  Referring  to  Table  1,  for  accuracy 
of  recorded  data  the  values  in  column  5 
(xft.)  and  column  10  (rider  hp,^,)  should 
vary  together  since  they  both  refer  to- 
the  displacement. 

21.  Column  10  is  recorded  for  one  pur- 
pose and  read  from  the  paper  scale  di- 
rectly in  hp,^,  while  column  5  is  record- 
ed for  another  purpose  and  the  measure- 
ment is  recorded  in  feet  measured  by  an 
ordinary  rule. 

22.  It  is  necessary  to  read  the  values 
recorded  in  column  10  with  as  great  ac- 
curacy as  possible,  but  the  approximate 
distance  to  the  mean  position  as  deter- 
mined in  column  10  is  as  close  as  it  is 
necessary  to  record  the  values  of  col- 
umn 5. 

23.  The  values  in  column  10  after  cor- 
rection for  speed  give  the  total  loss   in 


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ll/f 

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-6 

-4 

r 

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1^ 

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f- 

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TIC 

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OA 

0  9jr 

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4 

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?-' 

MoRiEPOWER.    INPUT 

FIG.    8— HORSEPOWER    EFFICIENCY    CURVE   OF    BEVEL    GEAR    DRIVE 

Gear  ratio  26  to  7  ;  revs,  per  min.  of  pinion  about   1,200 


July    11,   1918 


.CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


TABLE  2    DATA  OF  EFFICIENCY  TEST  OF  BEVELOEAR  DRIVE 
Heavt  Oa  AND  Gbaphite  Lubrication 


R.p.m. 

of 
motor 


1109 
1109 
1109 
1106 
1106 
1106 
1139 
1139 
1135 
1164 

net 

1160 
1!75 
1175 
1175 
1194 
1194 
1194 
1200 
1200 
1200 


Scale 
pan, 
lb. 


I' 


200 
200 
200 
200 
200 
200 
160 
160 
160 
120 
120 
120 
80 
80 
80 
40 
40 
40 
20 
20 
20 


0.2122  P, 


42.44 
42.44 
42.44 
42.44 
42.44 
42.44 
33.95 
33.95 
33.95 
25.46 
25.46 
25.46 
16.97 
16,97 
16.97 
8.49 
8.49 
8.49 
4.245 
4.245 
4.245 


0.379  X 


1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

0.90 

0.90 

0.90 

0.53 

0  53 

0.53 

0  50 

0.50 

0.50 

0.50 

0.50 

0.50 

0.50 

0.50 

0.50 


0:474 
0.474 
0.474 
0.474 
0.474 
0  474 
0.341 
0.341 
0.341 
0.201 
0.201 
0.201 
0  189 
0.189 
0.189 
0  189 
0.189 
0.189 
0.189 
0.189 
0.189 


42.914 
42.914 
42.914 
42  914 
42.914 
42.914 
34  291 
34.291 
34.291 

25.661 
25.661 
25.661 
17.159 
17.159 
17.159 
8,679 
8.679 
8.679 
4.434 
4.434 
4.434 


Input, 
I'Piooo 


21.457 
2r.457 
21.457 
21.457 
21.457 
21  457 
17.145 
17.145 
17.145 
12.830 
12.830 
12.830 
8.579 
8.579 
8  579 
4.339 
4.339 
4.339 
2.217 
2.217 
2.217 


Input, 

actual 

hp. 


23.72 
23.72 
23.72 
23.72 
23.72 
23.72 
19  49 
19.49 
19.49 
14.91 
14.91 
14.91 
10  08 
10.08 
10.08 
5.19 
5.19 
5.19 
2.67 
2.67 
2.67 


Rider 
hpiooo 


0.330 

0.300 

0  302 

0.301 

0.303 

0.300 

•0  228 

0.220 

0.225 

0.124 

0.124 

0.123 

0.120 

0.120 

0.120 

0.120 

0.120 

0.120 

0.120 

0.120 

0.120 


lo88 


0.365 

0.332 

0  334 

0.333 

0  335 

0.332 

0.259 

0.2.'i0 

0  256 

0.144 

0.144 

0.143 

0.141 

0.141 

0.141 

0.143 

0.143 

0.143 

0  144 

0.144 

0.144 


Output 
hp. 


23.365 
23.388 
23.388 
23  387 
23.385 
23.388 
19.231 
19.240 
19.233 
14.766 
14.766 
14.767 
9.939 
9.939 
9  939 
5  057 
5  057 
5  057 
2.526 
2  526 
2  528 


Kll'y, 
per 
cant 


98.4 
98.5 
98  5 
98.5 
98  S 
98.5 
98  6 
98  7 

98  6 
99.0 

99  0 
99.0 
98  45 
98  45 
98  45 
97.4 
97.4 
97  4 
94  6 
94  6 
94  6 


power  and  become  therefore  the  whole  of 
the  numerator  of  the  equation  for  loss 
of  efficiency,  namely, 

Hp.  loss 

Loss  of  efficiency  = 

Hp.  input 
These  values  for  hp.  loss  are  recorded 
to  three  significant  figures,  but  the  third 
is  somewhat  in  doubt,  and  therefore  the 
absolute  accuracy  is  only  through  two 
significant  figures. 

24.  In  figuring  hp.  input  it  is  neces- 
sary to  use  the  value  P,,  which  is  obtain- 
ed by  means  of  the  equation  P,=0.2122P, 
-|-0.759x,  where  x  is  the  value  in  column 
5.  The  maximum  variation  in  feet  from 
the  mean  position  (column  10)  is  less 
than  0.1  ft.,  but  suppose  that  it  was  0.1 
ft.;  then  column  5  might  have  been  1.8 
instead  of  1.7  as  in  the  first  recorded  line. 

25.  To  see  what  the  effect  of  such  a 
discrepancy  would  he,  the  following  com- 
putations have  been  made,  taking  x=1.8 
and  x=1.7,  respectively: 

P,  =  200        0.2122  P.,  =  42.44 
P,  =  42.44  4-  0.759  x  ' 

=42.44-f-(0.759X1.8)    or 

=  42.44  -(-  (0.759  X  1-'^) 

=  42.44  4-1.36  or  =  42.44-1-1.29 

=  43.80  or  43.75. 

26     As  hp,„..  input  =i4P,   then    hp^^^ 
equals  either  21.90  or  21.865,  and 


Hp.  loss        Rider  hp 


whence 


Hp.  input      Input  hp„ 


Loss  of  efficiency: 


0.746 


0.746 


21.90       21.855 

27.  It  is  thus  seen  that,  measuring  as 
accurately  as  possible,  the  numerator  is 
only  accurate  to  the  second  piace,  the 
third  being  in  doubt;  and  that  the  sec- 
ond place  in  the  denominator  is  sure  and 
the  third  fairly  sure,  although  considered 
in  doubt.  Therefore  the  denominator  is 
as  accurate  as  the  numerator. 

28.  The  numerator  is  as  accurate  as 
the  apparatus  will  allow  data  to  be  read, 
and  therefore  the  inaccuracy  of  the  data 
of  column  5  has  no  effect  on  the  final  ac- 
curacy of  the  work. 

29.  In  Test  No.  1,  the  data  of  which 
are  given  in  Table  1,  practically  no  lubri, 
cation  was  used,  the  gears  having  been 
washed  off  with  gasoline.  Previous  to 
this  there  had  been  oil  and  graphite  on 
the  gears  and  some  of  the  graphite  still 
remained  on  the  teeth.  However,  after 
running  for  a  while  they  were  practically 
non-lubricated.  The  3-lb.  rider  had  to 
be  used  in  this  case  because  of  the 
amount  of  the  friction  loss,  which,  by 
the  way,  was  sufficient  to  cause  the  gears 
to  heat  considerably. 


TABLE   3    DATA   OF  EFFICIENCY   TEST   OF   BEVEL-GEAR   DRIVE 
Heavy  Oil  and  Graphite  Lubrication.    Graphite  and  Oil  Blended  better  than  in  Test 

or  Table  2 


R.p.m. 

or 

Scale 
pan. 

P, 

lb. 

0.2122P, 

t 

0.379  T 

P, 

Input, 

Input, 

Rider 

Hp. 

Output, 

Eff'y 

motor 

lb. 

ft. 

hPiooo 

hp. 

hp^ow 

loss 

hp. 

cent 

1122 

5 

2)M 

42.44 

1.18 

0.417 

42.857 

21.428 

24.09 

0.27 

0.303 

23.787 

08  7 

1124 

5 

200 

42.44 

1.16 

0.417 

42.857 

21.428 

24.09 

0.27 

0.303 

23.787 

98.7 

1143 

4 

160 

33.95 

0.80 

0.303 

34.253 

17.126 

19.58 

0.19 

0.217 

19.363 

98  8 

1141 

4 

160 

33  95 

0.80 

0.303 

34.253 

17.126 

19.58 

0.185 

0.212 

19.388 

98.8 

1182 

3 

120 

25.46 

0.58 

0.220 

25.880 

12.840 

14.91 

0.14 

0.163 

14.747 

99.0 

1177 

2 

80 

18.97 

0.50 

0.189 

12.159 

8.579 

10.08 

0.12 

0.141 

9.939 

98.4 

1195 

1 

40 

8.49 

0.50 

0.189 

8.679 

4.339 

5.19 

0.12 

0.143 

5.057 

97.4 

1200 

i 

20 

4.246 

0.50 

0.189 

4.434 

2.217 

2.47 

0.12 

0.144 

2.526 

94.6 

30.  Table  1  gives  only  a  few  of  the 
results  actually  obtained,  for  the  appa- 
ratus was  started  time  after  time  and  the 
balance  by  the  rider  gave  the  same  re- 
sults over  and  over  again. 

31.  The  next  test  was  made  to  see  howr 
much  the  efficiency  would  be  increased 
with  good  lubrication.  Accordingly  some 
heavy  oil  and  flaked  graphite  were  mixed 
and  used  as  a  lubricant.  The  efficiency 
was  so  much  increased  that  the  IHi-lb. 
rider  weight  was  sufficient,  and  again  it 
was  found  that  the  same  results  were 
obtained  time  after  time.  The  recorded 
data  appear  in  Table  2. 

32.  Later,  after  the  graphite  and  oil 
had  become  more  perfectly  blended,  an- 
other test  was  made,  the  recorded  daU 
for  which  are  given  in  Table  3. 

33.  The  efficiency  curves  for  these 
three  testa  are  all  given  in  Fig.  4.  The 
difference  between  the  results  of  non- 
lubricated  and  lubricated  conditions  is 
perfectly  clear.  The  test  with  the  more 
perfect  blending  of  the  lubricant  showed 
results  identical  with  the  previous  one 
except  as  indicated  by  the  dash  line  at 
the  end  of  the  upper  curve.  This  show- 
ed that  the  lubricant  was  not  squeezed 
out  from  between  the  teeth  at  quite  so 
low  a  pressure. 

34.  The  form  of  the  curves  and  the 
consistency  of  the  readings  convinced  the 
experimenters  that  very  reliable  results 
had  been  obtained. 

Efficiency  of  Worm-Gear  Drive 

35.  Data  of  Gear,  Worm  and  Appara- 
tus. The  gear  was  made  of  phosphor 
bronze  with  40  teeth;  pitch  diameter, 
10.5704  in.;  throat  diameter,  10.9964  in.; 
circular  pitch,  0.8302  in.;  angle  of  teeth 
with  axis,  38°  16'  5";  normal  circular 
pitch,  0.6518  in.;  thickness  of  tooth. 
C.3568  in. 

36.  The  worm  was  made  of  Aurora 
steel,  case-hardened,  and  had  9  teeth; 
pitch  diameter,  3.015  in.;  outside  diame- 
ter, 3.441  in.;  circular  pitch,  1.0524  in.; 
angle  of  teeth  with  axis,  51°  43'  55'; 
thickness  of  tooth,  0.295  in.;  lead,  7.4719 
in. 

37.  This  drive  was  made  by  the  Brown 
&  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co.,  and  mounted  by  ther> 
in  a  ball-bearing  case  especially  design- 
ed for  the  purpose  of  testing.  "The  set- 
up of  the  apparatus  was  the  same  as  for 
the  bevel-gear  tests  (see  Fig.  2),  except 
that  the  positions  of  the  knife  edges  on 
the  lever  were  changed  to  agree  with 
the  new  gear  ratio,  giving  the  following 
dimensions: 

Number  of  teeth  in  gear  

Number  of  teeth  in  worm 


40 


Ratio,  40-1-9   

4.444 

Total  length  of  lever  between  outside 

knife  edges   3.645  ft. 

Length  of  long  arm  of  lever 

2.9755  ft.=35.72  in. 

Length  of  short  arm  of  lever 

0.6695  ft=8.04  in. 

Length  of  dynamometer  arms 

31.5  in. 

38.  Calculation  of  Horsepower  Loss, 
from  Movement  of  Rider.  "The  calcula- 
tion for  horsepower  loss  in  this  case  is 


32 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


the  same  as  for  the  bevel-gear  test  ex- 
cept for  the  change  in  length  of  the 
lever  arm  and  the  weight  of  the  rider. 
In  this  test  a  6-lb.  rider  was  used  and 
the  equation  is  as  follows: 
6x==2X35.72 
from  which 

x=11.91 
therefore  a  movement  of  11.91  in.  of  the 
rider  is  equivalent  to  1  hp,„„  for  a  6-lb. 
rider.  A  paper  scale  laid  out  according 
to  these  figures  was  used  throughout  this 
test. 

39.  Calculation  for  Horsepower  Input. 
The  equations  are  of  the  same  form  as 
those  for  the  bevel-gear  test  and  the  fig- 
ures are  as  follows: 

0.6695P,— 3.645P,— Wx=0 

and  for  W=6, 

P,=0.1837P,— 1.647X 

X  being  the  displacement  of  W  measured 

in  feet. 

40.  Ck)nsiderable  trouble  was  experi- 
enced at  first  in  getting  the  initial  bal- 
ance of  the  apparatus  as  it  was  not  at  all 
sensitive.  However,  it  was  soon  found 
that  the  weight  of  the  Alden  dynamo- 
meter caused  a  deflection  of  the  shaft 
and  consequently  friction  on  the  oil-re- 
taining ring  of  the  gear  case,  which  had 
a  very  small  clearance.  When  the  weight 
of  the  dynamometer  was  taken  from  the 
shaft  by  means  of  a  cord  passed  around 
the  hub  and  an  equalizing  bar  above,  to 


TABL£  4    DATA  OF  EFFICIENCY  TEST  OF  WORM-GEAR  DRIVE  ♦ 
Texas  Co'a.  Tsvban  Ob.  Ldsrication 


tTl1 

^:::ti:::::  T 

r- 

--rd^'  =  =  — "■ 

~  ^  >  H*"  ' 

5"X 

« 

Mt 

. .  1  1  1  1  1  1  i-J 

H0«Se«'OwtR  .INPUT 

FIG    4^HORSEPOWER-EFFICIENCY 
CURVES   OF  WORM  GEAR  DRIVE 
Results  at  two  different  temperatures  of   lubricat- 
ing bath.     Ratio  40  to  9 ;  rev.  per  min.  of 
worm   about  1.200. 

which  the  ends  of  the  cord  were  attached, 
the  apparatus  became  sensitive  at  once. 
The  purpose  of  the  equalizing  bar  was 
to  lift  the  weight  without  introducing 
any  moment  for  slight  movements  of  the 
dynamometer  casing. 

41.  This  apparatus  ran  without  any- 
where near  as  much  vibration  as  the 
bevel-gear  apparatus  and  it  was  accord- 
ingly easier  to  handle. 

42.  A  heavy  oil  sold  by  the  Texas  com- 
pany under  the  name  of  Thuban  oil  was 
used  for  lubrication.  The  power  loss  in 
these  gears  was  so  large,  however,  that 
the  temperature  of  the  oil  bath  increased 
very  rapidly.  No  tests  were  run  to  de- 
termine the  limit  of  this  rise  or  rate  of 
increase,  but  tests  were  made  at  certain 
selected  temperatures.  Data  of  these 
tests  are  given  in  Table  4. 

43.  By  testing  at  constant  tempera- 
ture the  effect  of  the  change  in  viscosity 
of  the  oil  on  the  action  of  the  lever  was 
eliminated,  but  the  effect  on  the  effi- 
ciency is  clearly  shown  by  the  curves 
in  Fig.  4. 

44.  It  is  of  course  obvious  that  no  test 
could  actually  be  made  at  constant  tem- 
perature, and  the  tests  were  really  made 
by  kesping  the  load  constant  and  noting 


IP 

iCa 

i 

o 

N^ 

N 

< 

is 

11-^ 

I' 

i . 

O 

m 

i--2 

c  »  a 

1109 

not 

i 

200 
200 

36  73 
36.73 

1  72 
1.88 

2  83 

3  09 

39  56 

39  82 

19.78 
19  91 

21  96 
22.10 

1  65 
1  90 

1  93 

2  11 

20  03 

19  99 

91  3 
90  5 

80 
150 

1137 
1137 

4 
4 

ISO 
160 

29.38 
29.38 

1.42 
1  48 

2.34 
244 

31  72 
31  82 

15  86 
15  91 

18  03 
18  10 

1  44 

1  50 

1  635 
1  706 

16  395 
16.394 

90  7 
90  6 

80 
150 

1156 
115S 

3 

3 

120 
120 

22  03 
22.03 

1.23 
1.10 

2  03 
1.81 

24  06 
23.84 

12  03 
11.92 

13.91 
13.75 

1.24 
1  10 

1  435 
1  270 

12  475 
12.480 

89.7 
90.8 

80 
150 

117S 
1175 

2 
2 

80 
80 

14  69 
14.69 

0.92 
0.82 

1  515 
1  35 

18  205 
16  04 

8.102 
8.02 

9  52 
9  42 

094 
0.82 

1  105 
0  964 

8  413 
8  456 

88  3 
89.9 

80 
150 

1193 
1193 

1 
1 

40 
40 

7.345 
7.345 

0.70 
0  53 

1.15 
0  872 

8  46 
8  217 

4  23 
4  11 

5  05 
4  90 

0.70 
0  54 

0  835 
0  645 

4  215 
4.2§$ 

83.5 
86.1 

80 
ISO 

1200 
l.'OO 

20 
20 

3  673 
3.673 

0.68 
0  45 

1  12 
0  740 

4.793 
4.413 

2.39 
2.20 

2.76 
2.65 

0.68 
0.46 

0  807 
0  554 

1.9St 
2  09». 

70.7 
79  1 

80 
150 

the  loss  as  the  temperature  went  up. 
These  readings  were  recorded,  however, 
as  if  the  tests  had  been  constant-tem- 
perature tests. 

45.  It  is  interesting  to  note  in  Fig.  4 
that  at  the  lowed  temperature,  when  the 
oil  was  viscous,  the  efficiency  at  light 
load  was  quite  low,  while  at  the  higher 
temperature  the  efficiency  increased,  as 
one  would  expect,  on  account  of  its  tak- 
ing less  power  to  churn  up  the  thinner 
oil.  But  at  the  other  end  of  the  curves, 
that  is,  the  high-power  end,  the  reverse 
condition  is  found,  indicating  the  inabil- 
ity of  the  oil  to  maintain  proper  lubri- 
cation at  high  tooth  pressures  when  it 
becomes  thin. 

46.  Again  the  form  of  the  curves  and 
the  consistency  of  the  data  obtained  point 
to  the  reliability  of  the  apparatus. 

47.  It  is  accordingly  concluded  that 
this  apparatus  will  measure  accurately 
the  efficiency  of  any  positive  shaft  drive 
where  both  shafts  are  rotating  at  con- 
stant speed,  and  that  it  seems  to  be  the 
best  method  yet  devised  for  testing  gear 
drives  for  efficiency,  since  it  measures 
directly  the  actual  power  loss. 

48.  While  thisl  paper  has  describOd 
only  tests  of  bevel-and  worm-gear  drives, 
tests  of  other  drives  have  been  made, 
and  the  method  is  applicable  to  all  types. 


TESTING  GUNS  FOR  AIRCRAFT 

The  Browning  machine  gun  has  suc- 
cessfully undergone  a  test  to  determine 
its  value  for  use  with  aircraft.  This  is 
one  of  three  types  of  machine  guns  with 
which  the  rate  of  fire  can  be  so  synchron- 
ized with  the  revolutions  of  the  pro- 
peller of  a  tractor  airplane  that  the  gun 
can  be  fired  by  the  pilot  of  a  combat 
plane  through  the  revolving  blades.  Fir- 
ing in  that  fashion,  it  is  necessary  to 
aim  the  machine  gun  by  steering  the 
plane  directly  at  the  target.  The  direc- 
tion of  the  plane  gives  direction  to  the 
fire  and  the  pilot  can  fire  the  machine 
gun  while  controlling  the  plane. 
Connected  With  Engine 

Airplane  propellers  revolve  at  from  800 
to  2,000  revolutions  per  minute.  The 
machine  gun  is  connected  with  the  air 
plane  engine  by  a  mechanical  or  hydrau- 
lic device,  and  impulses  from  the  crank 
shaft  are  transmitted  to  the  machine  gun. 


The  rate  of  fire  of  the  machine  gun  is 
constant  and  its  fire  is  synchronized  with 
the  revolving  propeller  blades  by  "wast- 
ing" a  certain  percentage  of  the  impulses 
it  receives  from  the  airplane  engine  and 
by  having  the  remaining  impulses  trip 
or  pull  the  trigger  so  that  the  gun  fires 
just  at  the  fraction  of  the  second  when 
the  propeller  blades  are  clear  of  the  line 
of  fire. 

The  pilot  operates  the  gun  by  means 
of  a  lever  which  controls  the  circuit  and 
allows  the  impulses  to  trip  the  trigger. 
Severe  Test  Given  Gun 
The  test  given  the  Browning  gun  was 
severe.  A  gun  was  mounted  on  the 
frame  of  an  American  combat  plane  and 
connected  with  the  airplane  engine.  The 
test  was  conducted  on  the  ground  and  in 
place  of  the  propeller  a  metal  disk  was 
attached  to  the  crank  shaft.  The  Brown- 
ing gun  was  then  required  to  register 
hits  on  the  metal  disk  as  it  revolved  at 
varying  speeds  from  400  to  2,000  revolu- 
tions per  minute.  The  slightest  "hang 
fire"  or  delay  in  action  on  the  part  of  the 
gun  would  have  been  shown  by  the  fail- 
ure of  the  bullets  to  hit  precisely  on  the 
spot  on  the  disk  representing  the  centre 
of  the  zone  of  fire.  The  gun  functioned 
perfectly. 

The  Browning  gun  to  be  used  with  air- 
craft is  the  heavy'  type  with  the  water 
jacket  removed. 

Will  Also  Use  Marlin  Gun 
Besides  the  Browning,  the  United 
States  will  also  employ  the  Marlin  air- 
craft gun  as  a  synchronized  weapon. 
Several  thousand  of  these  have  been 
manufactured  and  the  gun  is  in  quantity 
production. 

The  British  and  French  use  the  Vick- 
ers  as  a  synchronized  machine  gun. 

The  Lewis  aircraft  machine  gun  is 
used  by  the  British,  French,  and  Ameri- 
can forces,  but  for  a  different  purpose. 
In  a  two-seated  combat  plane,  fixed  ma- 
chine guns  are  mounted  forward  to  be 
operated  by  the  pilot  and  flexible  guns, 
are  mounted  to  be  operated  by  the  ob- 
server in  the  rear  seat  of  the  plane.  The 
observer  operates  Lewis  guns  on  flexible 
mounts,  firing  to  right  or  left  of  the 
plane. 

It  is  of  vital  importance  to  have  abto- 
lute  reliability  of  function  in  a  synchro- 
nized machine  gun  on  tractor  airplanes. 


July    11,   1918 


38 


Producing  Special  Steel  to  Suit  Specific  Purposes 

New    Strip    Mill    at    Massillon,    Ohio,    Adapts    Steel    to    Methods    and    Machines — 
Produces  Rolled  Strips  With  Wide  Range  of  Uses  in  Standard  and  Alloy 
Steels — Designed  to  Eliminate  Manufacturers'  Troubles 


FOR  years  it  has  been  to  a  great  ex- 
tent customary  and  quite  necessary 
tor  manufacturers  of  machines  and 
parts  to  consider  what  material  wa|. 
available  in  the  market  and  then  adapt 
their  work  and  product  to  that  condition. 
This  has  sometimes  placed  them  at  great 
disadvantage  and  has  been  a  check  to 
extensive  improvements  and  develop- 
ment. 

Within  the  last  few  years  the  use  of 
alloys  in  steel  making  has  passed  beyond 
the  experimental  stag  into  standard  use 
and  practice.  It  has  been  the  means  of 
establishing  new  industries  and  develop- 
ing new  machinery  and  new 
method.  In  one  product  the  evolu- 
tion has  promoted  a  plant  totally 
different  to  any  heretofore  devised. 
It  is  the  installation  at  Massillon, 
Ohio,  of  the  plant  of  the  National 
Pressed  Steel  Company,  which  was 
specially  designed  and  built  for 
rolling  strips  by  an  improved  me- 
thod and  practice  for  a  wider  range 
of  uses  in  standard  and  alloy  steels. 

Organized  Effort 

Realizing  the  needs  of  the  situ- 
ation a  group  of  young  men  fa- 
miliar with  the  difficulties  incident 
to  the  deep  drawing,  stamping:, 
forming  and  pressing  of  steel  pro- 
ducts, and  also  the  need  for  new 
and  better  qualities,  set  out  to  build 
a  mill  to  meet  the  demands.  Their 
aim  was  to  produce  a  wider  range 
of  sizes  and  the  proper  quality  and 
physical  characteristics  in  hot  and 
cold  rolled  strips  especially  adapt- 
ed to  this  particular  class  of 
work. 

Representative  lots  of  steel  intended 
for  stamping  and  similar  purposes  were 
carefully  examined  by  microscope  analy- 
sis and  other  methods,  all  of  which  in- 
dicated the  fact  that  while  in  the  past 
research    work   had   been   carried   on    to 


improve  the  composition  of  steels  in  gen- 
eral, and  that  while  some  attention  had 
been  given  to  scale  elimination,  etc.,  very 
little  thought  had  been  given  to  the  sub- 
ject of  mechanical  treatment.  This  inves- 
tigation and  careful  research  convinceo 
the  designers  that  new  methods  and  prac- 
tice were  necessary. 

All  the  information  and  data  obtained 
pointed  to  the  necessity  for  a  departure 
from  standard  machinery,  methods  and 
practice.  Before  designing  the  machin- 
ery, equipment  and  plant,  which  for  the 
new  purposes  required  many  innovations 
in  heating  and  rolling,  it  was  considered 


containing  thirty-seven  questions,  each 
one  important  to  the  establishment  of 
the  new  methods  thought  necessary,  and 
so  prepared  as  to  require  little  time  and 
effort  in  giving  the  answers.  This  was 
sent  to  a  large  number  of  manufacturers 
producing  pressed  and  drawn  steel  spe- 
cialties, and  brought  forth  immediate 
and  enthusiastic  response.  The  returns 
reached  forty-seven  per  cent.,  which  an- 
swered in  whole  or  in  part  the  entire 
abstract. 

With  the  complete  data  and  reliable 
information  then  at  hand  bearing  on  size, 
finish,  analysis,  quality,  physical  charac- 


Fig.  1  is  a  view  of  the  charging  end  of  No.  1  Heating  Furnace  together  with  the  Electric  Overhead 
Travelling  Crane  serving  it.  The  slabs  are  picked  up  by  this  Crane  by  means  of  a  magnet  and 
placed  on  the  skids  in  front  of  the  Massive  Pushers.  These  machines  are  of  unusually  heavy  design 
and  are  electrically  controlled  and  operated.  As  hot  slabs  are  drawn  for  rolling,  cold  ones  are 
pushed  into  the  furnace  at  the  rear  or  charging  end.  Fig.  2  shows  a  partial  end  and  side  view 
of  the  No.  1  Heating  Furnace  with  a  portion  of  the  Mill  Approach  Table.  Roller  Table  and  of  the 
delivery  end  of  the  Slab  Transfer  in  the  foreground.  Above  the  top  of  the  furnace  may  be  seen 
the  pipes  through  which  is  conveyed  the  air  and  powdered  coal,  by  means  of  which  the  furnace  is 
heated. 


necessary  to  consult  the  trade  purchasing 
and  using  this  class  of  steel  in  order  to 
obtain  complete  data  and  authentic  in- 
formation. 

Survey  of  Requirements 
An  ab=:tract  was  accordingly  prepared 


teristics,  the  design  of  this  unusual  plant 
was   undertaken  by  the  company's  own 
men,  carefully  adhering  to  basic  prin- 
ciples.     In    spite    of   adverse    conditions 
in    material    and    machinery    markets, 
weather,  etc.,  in  ten  months  and  one  day 
from  the  time  ground  was 
broken   the  plant  was  m 
operation. 

This  plant  with  its 
special  equipment,  new 
methods  and  practice  is 
now  producing  a  material 
of  such  physical  property 
and  quality  that  without 
any  annealing  it  can  be 
used  in  a  great  many 
cases  where  formerly  an- 
nealed strips  were  con- 
sidered a  necessity. 

Inspection    of     Raw     Ma- 
terial 

Raw  material  is  receiv- 

...       ,    .  ,  ,.       y,      ,        u    ,,       H  .,..,.;i,,^.   Mill   Motor     which    was    designed    and    built   especially    for    this    installa-      ed    in    the    form    of     slabs 

io^n.  '  t'o  :nr TauL'n';  ir^n^^r^n.^it^  V^use^  -^n" a ^s" 'uncanny    feeling.       Its  .^^'l^^,, --'^^^'-'trjme'nd-o'us'^rwe        and  billets  and  is  Unloaded 
from  full  speed  in  one  direction  to  full  speed  in  the  opposite  direction     g.vmg    no    >"d'«t  »"    of    the    "^IT'™^;,  """^      f^Om  the  cars  by  means  of 

^rr"r?  t;nids  Tt"is"'pt:id'';;'wHh''^a''s"<:r^'  ft-  ;zx  '^^::r\^^'f:rir^^riL^^T:^  ^Les  carrying  rect- 

to   withs^d   the   tirlfic   stresses   produced   by    reason   of   its  high   speed   revolution-  the  r.m   of  th,s   fly    wheel   travelling      ^„       j^,     uftj^g     magnets. 

more    than    four    miles   per    mitiute. 


34 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Before  any  material  is  placed  in 
stock  or  used,  each  piece  is  care- 
fully inspected  for  seams,  pipes, 
or  any  other  defects  which  could  be 
rolled  into  the  steel  by  later  mani- 
pulation and  not  detected  until  the  mate- 
rial was  in  the  customer's  presses.  The 
stockyard  has  a  capacity  of  from  fifteen 


*iJi;Ca 


Fig.   6 — This  siiows  a   view   looking   down   througli 

the  mill  from  a  point  near  the  24   in.  Universal 

Mill  Rollers  Pnlpit. 


to  twenty  thousand  tons  of  steel  and  ad- 
joins the  mill  building. 

Great  care  and  attention  were  given 
to  the  desig^i  and  detail  for  the  furnaces 
to  insure  uniform  heating.  They  are  of 
the  large  continuous  reheating  type, 
using  powdered  coal  as  fuel.  All  parts 
and  accessories  were  specially  designed 
and  constructed  for  this  method  of  heat- 
ing. Pushers,  drawing  machinery,  door 
hoists,  transfer  tables  and  all  equipment 
auxiliary  to  the  furnaces  are  electrically 
operated.  The  steel  is  transferiea  xo 
the  roughing  mill  in  a  unique  manner, 
and  in  such  a  way  that  practically  all 
furnace  scale  is  removed. 

Roughing  Mill 

The  roughing  mill  is  a  high-speed  24- 
inch  two  high  universal  mill  and  is  driven 
by  a  Westinghouse  reversing  motor  sim- 
ilar to  those  used  in 
blooming  mills  but  smal- 
ler and  much  faster.  An 
idea  of  the  extreme  pro- 
portions of  the  mill  will 
be  conveyed  by  the  state- 
ment that  the  housings 
weigh  approximately  42 
tons  each,  and  that  ail 
other  parts  are  corres- 
pondingly heavy.  When  it 
is  borne  in  mind  that  this 
company  produces  large 
quantities  of  special  alloy 
steels  in  the  form  of  strips 
up  to  No.  00  gauge  x  24 
inches  wide,  the  necessity 
for  such  heavy  units  will 
be  appreciated.  The  ex- 
treme rigidity  of  the  mill 
and  foundations  are  also 
realized    upon    considering 


holds  the  width  dimension  to  slight  vari- 
ation. 

If  the  material  is  brought  lo  g:aui>:e 
on  the  roughing  mill,  the  strip  is  turneJ 
over  after  rolling  in  order  to  facilitate 
inspection  and  remove  any  slight  remain- 
ing scale.  It  is  then  transferred  to  a 
leveller  or  straia;htener  of  extremely  nig- 
ged construction.  From  this  the  product 
i?  delivered  to  the  hot  bed. 

Finishing  Light  Material 

When  producing  lighter  material  only 
tlie  roughing  operations  are  used  on  the 
nmghing  mill,  as  a  train  of  finishinc: 
iiills  has  been  provided  for  the  final 
I):isses.  These  mills  are  operated  entiip- 
1  •  by  mechanical  means — no  manual  la- 
bor being  required.  Driving  power  is  fur- 
r.ished  by  a  Westinghouse  motor  of  the 
Kramer  type,  permitting  a  wide  range 
i'  operating  speeds  with  good  electrical 
liciencies. 

From  these  mills  the  material  is  de- 
1  vered  to  hot  bed  or  coiler  as  may  be 
rsquired.  On  leaving  the  hot  bed  the 
strips  are  cut  to  length  and  piled  by  a 
mechanical  piler,  placed  in  stock  if  they 
are  to  be  shipped  as  plain  hot  rolled  ma- 
terial, or  transferred  to  the  finishing  de- 
partment if  additional  treatment  is  re- 
quired. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  slitting,  shear- 
ing, oiling  and  liming  machinery,  the 
finishing  department  has  extensive  fa- 
cilities for  heat  treating  and  pickling. 
Each  furnace  has  a  charging  capacity 
of  approximately  twenty-five  tons  and 
also  the  necessary  mechanical  means  for 
reading  and  heat  control,  assuring  uni- 
form heat  treatment.  The  furnace  men 
can  observe  and  control  the  furnace 
temperature  at  all  times,  but  the  record- 
ing instruments  and  the  records  are  seen 
only  by  the  department  superintendent, 
who  thus  has  a  definite  and  accurate 
record  of  all  conditions  and  every  oper- 
ation employed  on  past  work.  The  pick- 
ling vats  are  of  the  plunger  type  in  stan- 
dard details,  hut  of  large  size  for  pick- 
I'nw  large  pieces  whether  flat  or  coiled. 


further  investigation  through  their  phy- 
sical and  chemical  testing  laboratories. 
These  laboratories  provide  to  the  inspec- 
tion department  all  tests  needed  to  in- 
sure thorough  knowledge  of  materials 
produced,  the  extent  of  tests  being  de- 
pendent upon  character,  quality  and  ulti- 
mate use  of  material  on  order. 

The  plant  has  a  number  of  unusual 
and  interesting  features. 

(a)  Electricity  used  for  power 
throughout. 

(b)  Practical  elimination  of  hard  phy- 
sical and  hand  labor  which  formerly  has 
been  the  rule. 

(c)  Large  clean,  well  lighted  and 
well  ventilated  buildings. 

(d)  Extensive  methods  atid  extra  care 
to  eliminate  scale. 

(e)  Unusual,  heavy  equipment  to  bring 
size  variation  to  a  minimum. 

(f)  Unusual  rolling  methods  to  pro- 
duce steels  and  alloys  in  steel  of  superior 
quality  and  new  characteristics. 

Experiments,  investigation  and  re- 
search as  continued  by  this  organization 
will  doubtless  develop  further  data  and 
information  to  enable  production  of  ma- 
terials with  other  new  qualities  and  char- 
acteristics, and  thus  the  field  for  speci- 
alties manufactured  from  such  source  of 
supply  will  be  extensively  broadened  and 
developed. 

■» 

HOW  WORKMEN  TEST  STEEL 

The  Steel  Treating  Research  Society 
of  Detroit  have  done  good  work  in  recent 
months  in  directing  attention  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  vital  steel  problems.  At  a 
recent  meeting  they  were  addressed  fay 
John  F.  Keller  of  Purdue  University, 
Ind.,  who  made  some  interesting  state- 
ments regarding  the  methods  by  which 
workmen  test  various  steels. 

Some  Common  Methods 

Among  the  various  ways  of  judging 
the  quality  of  steel,  the  most  common 
are:  trade  or  quality  stencil  marks, 
labels  pasted  on  the  bars,  bars  painted 
different  colors,   general   shape     of    the 


In  Fie.  6  are  shown  the  Transfer  Tables  acrvinK  the  16  in.  I'inishinK  Mill.  The  WestinKhousc  Motor  used  for  drivinB 
this  Mill  is  shown  in  Fig.  7.  As  in  the  case  of  the  motors  drivlnt?  the  Universal  Mill  this  motor  was  also  designed 
especially    to    meet    the   requirements    of    this    particular    installation. 


„  that  when 
finishing  .50  carbon  steel  less  than  one- 
thousandth  of  an  inch  (.001)  is  allowed 
for  spring  of  the  mill.  The  vertical  rolls 
on  this  mill  are  designed  and  operated 
to  that  proper  side  work  may  be  given 
the  steel.     This  method  of  rolling  also 


The  steam  for  heating  pickle  liquors 
and  other  miscellaneous  heating  pro- 
cesses is  generated  by  a  boiler  placed 
over  the  annealing  furnace  flues. 

Research  Department 

The    research    department    continui^fa 


material,  appearance  of  surface,  heft  or 
weight,  ring  or  tone  of  metal  when  drop- 
ped, feeling,  intuition,  smell,  fracture 
test,  fire  and  water  test,  service  test, 
and  spark  test. 

The  first  two  are  the  most  dependable 
methods,  except  that  if  the  steel  is  kept 


July  11,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


ss 


in  a  damp  place  the  labels  will  drop  off 
in  the  course  of  time  due  to  rust.  The 
third  method  is  dependable  if  a  general 
scheme  of  colors  is  used  for  the  different 
brands  of  steel  and  the  system  is  intel- 


It  is  surprising  how  many  expert  tool- 
men  will  select  material  by  intuition; 
and  because  of  their  opinion  they  work 
the  tool  into  shape  regardless  of  any  in- 
dication in  its  cutting  properties  that  the 


in    Kig.   ^   several  ui   these  furnaces   are  shown,   while  in   Fig.  9  is  shown  a  corner  of  the  PicklinK  .Department. 


lig-ently  applied.  There  is,  however,  m 
many  factories  extreme  carelessness  and 
indifference  in  the  painting  of  valuable 
stock;  in  one  factory  seven  grades  of 
stetel  were  painted  one  color. 

Shape 

Many  workmen  select  steel  by  its 
general  shape;  for  instance,  a  hexagon 
section  will  represent  screw  stock  and 
an  octagon  section  will  indicate  cold 
chisel  steel.  But  this  method  of  select- 
ing should  not  be  tolerated,  because  steel 
can  be  manufactured  into  any  form  or 
shape  desired,  except  stellite,  which  is 
cast  into  form.  It  may  surprise  some 
engineers  to  learn  that  many  tool  steels 
are  selected  by  the  appearance  of  the 
surface.  If  the  bars  are  smooth  and 
have  sharp  comers,  it  is  evidence  to  the 
workmen  of  first-class  steel.  Without 
other  evidence,  expensive  labor  is  put 
upon  the  tool  and  usually  only  when 
hardening  is  the  mistake  discovered. 
Smooth  surfaces  and  sharp  corners  indi- 
cate work  at  low  temperatures,  while 
rough  surfaces  and  round  corners  are 
caused  by  an  iron  ovide  scale  when  the 
metal  is  laid  down  at  high  temperature; 
therefore,  the  appearance  of  the  surface 
does  not  indicate  the  quality  or  composi- 
tion of  the  metal. 

Tone 

Many  workmen,  not  satisfied  by  the 
shape,  appearance  and  weight,  drop  the 
metal  on  a  hard  floor  or  a  heavy  piece 
of  iron;  if  the  ring  is  a  sharp  tone,  the 
metal  is  thought  to  be  a  good  quality  of 
steel.  The  finer  the  grain  the  more 
homogeneous  the  structure,  and  the 
harder  the  metal,  the  sharper  is  the 
tone.  These  qualities  are  developed  by 
elements  in  the  metal  by  working,  and 
by  heat-treating  at  a  moderately  low 
temperature.  On  the  other  hand,  wrought 
iron  will  emit  a  dull  tone  owing  to  the 
presence  of  about  2  per  cent,  of  slag  and 
the  usual  methods  of  working  such  metal 
at  a  high  temperature.  This  method  is 
not  reliable  or  dependable,  because  woi^ 
and  heat-treatment  will  affect  the  tones 
emitted  when  the  material  is  struck  or 
dropped. 


metal  may  be  undesirable.  Their  mis- 
take is  usually  discovered  when  attempt- 
ing to  harden  the  metal  or  when  putting 
it  into  service.  It  is  said  that  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  a  man  nicks 
a  bar  of  stock  with  a  cold  chisel,  breaks 
it  in  two,  and  immediately  smells  the 
fracture,  claiming  that  a  good  quality 
of  steel  smells  like  ammonia.  There  is 
no  ammonia  in  steel.  Many  of  the  tests 
used  by  workmen  are  just  as  reliable. 

Fracture 

The  fracture  test  does  not  represent 
the  true  quality  of  metal,  but  rather  in- 
dicates the  last  heating  operation  to 
which  the  metal  was  subjected.  A  frac- 
ture that  has  a  coarse  granular  ap- 
pearance may  not  mean  that  the  material 
is  of  inferior  quality,  but  that  it  was  laid 
down  at  high  heat  and  the  crystals  re- 
tained the  size  corresponding  to  that 
heat.  There  are  exceptions  to  this  rule, 
however,  for  many  of  the  elements  in 
alloy  stetels  prevent  or  retard  crystal- 
lization at  high  temperature.  High- 
speed steel  shows  an  unusually  fine 
grain  after  being  heated  to  2,250°  F.; 
on  the  other  hand,  carbon  tool  steel 
heated  to  its  critical  temperature  and 
immediately  quenched  shows  a  fine  silky 
structure,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  the  aver- 
age mechanic  is  able  to  distinguish  these 
metals  when  they  are  placed  together  for 
comparison.  If  a  small  piece  of  carbon 
tool  steel  is  heated  to  just  above  its  cri- 
tical temperature,  about  1,450°  F.,  known 
as  a  dark  cherry  red,  and  immediately 
quenched  in  water,  it  will  be  hard 
enough  to  resist  a  sharp  file;  and  when 
fractured  it  should  show  a  fine  silky 
structure.  If  low  or  inferior  grade  of 
carbon  steel  is  treated  in  this  manner 
the  surface  may  be  hard  enough  to  resist 
a  file  but  the  fracture  will  not  show  a 
fine  structure. 

Haphazard 

Many  workmen  as  well  as  the  ex- 
experimental  engineer  select  available 
material  at  hand  without  any  determin- 
ation as  to  quality,  and  then  put  expen- 
sive labor  upon  the  part  or  tool.  When 
finished,  it  will  be  tried  out  in  service, 


and  if  it  fails,  something  else  is  tried. 
Such  failures  are  usually  found  in  the 
scrap  heap.  The  service  test,  however, 
has  its  advantages  if  the  engineer  has 
a  knowledge  of  the  material  so  tested. 
This  information  is  invaluable 
as  it  is  the  combination  of 
successes  and  failures  that 
gives  the  empirical  knowledge 
that  completes  the  perfect  un- 
derstanding of  theory.  A  re- . 
cord  of  the  life  work  of  a  piece 
of  steel  and  accurate  data  are 
the  most  powerful  tools  that 
an  engineer  has.  Therefore, 
the  scrap  teap  of  failures  is 
the  most  instructive  place 
about  a  plant. 

The  spark  method  is  based 
on  the  action  of  the  oxygen 
of  the  air  on  the  combustible 
element  present  in  iron  and 
in  many  of  the  alloying  ele- 
ments contained  in  the  differ- 
ent steels,  which  act  ex- 
plosively when  heated  to  a  tempera- 
ture necessary  for  combustion.  To  pro- 
duce bright  sparks  as  the  result  of  heat- 
ing finely  divided  particles  of  metal,  the 
heat  must  be  intense  enough  to  cause 
chemical  combustion  between  the  oxygen 
of  the  air  and  the  particles  of  metal. 

ENGINEERS     WANT     SPECIAL     IN- 
STRUCTION  FOR  WOMEN 
STUDENTS 

At  a  recent  joint  session  of  the  De- 
troit section  of  the  American  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  and  the  Detroit 
Engineering  Society,  the  following  mo- 
tion was  passed: 

"WHEREAS    the     demands     of    the 
country  for  men  and  means  to  fight  the 
war  has  resulted  in  a  deficiency  of  skill- 
ed workers  in  the  trades  and  professions;  . 
and 

"WHEREAS  the  women  of  this  country 
could  with  a  short  period  of  training  fit 
themselves  to  fill  these  positions,  as  wo- 
men have  done  in  other  countries  at  war; 
and 

"WHEREAS  among  the  things  which 
women  could  do  advantageously  are, 
drafting  and  tracing,  inspection  and  test- 
ing of  materials,  both  physically  and 
chemically ; .  therefore 

"RESOLVED  that  the  universities, 
colleges  and  technical  schools  throughout 
the  land  be  asked  to  consider  the  ques- 
tion of  meeting  this  demand  by  providing 
special  courses  of  instruction  open  to 
women  students  qualified  to  pursue  such 
courses,  and  further 

"RESOLVED  that  employers  who 
could  use  such  skilled  help  exert  their 
influence  with  their  universities,  colleges 
and  technical  schools,  and  co-operate 
with  them  in  developing  and  making 
available  a  great  body  of  intelligent  and 
adaptable  women  who  are  as  eager  and 
willing  to  serve  their  country  as  their 
brothers; 

THEREBY  bringing  about  not  only 
increased  effectiveness  in  fighting  the 
war  but  also  a  greater  mutual  respect 
and  saner  relationship  of  our  men  and 
women." 


Volume  XX. 


Reconstruction  Receives  Organized 

Attention  from  the  British  Government 

Eighty-seven  Bodies  in  Fifteen  Groups  Cover  the  Field  of  Effort — Problems  of  the 
Future  Are  Being  Foreseen  When  Possible  and  Every  Preparation 

Made  For  Their  Solution 


rHE  manner  in  which  the  British 
nation  has  organized  itself  to  meet 
each  succeeding  problem  of  the 
ir  has  been  one  of  the  most  surprising 
atures  of  the  times.  The  improbability 
at  the  world  will  be  dominated  by  the 
iin  has  led  to  attention  being  given  to 
timate  conditions,  and  the  question  of 
iw  to  prepare  for  them  has  resulted  in 
eation  in  Britain  of  the  Ministry  of 
jconstruction  which  has  appointed 
irious  commissions  and  committees  to 
lal  with  prospective  problems. 
The  various  matters  dealt  with  cover 
'ery  phase  of  activity  from  trade  de- 
dopmeht  to  the  treatment  of  aliens — 
om  coal  and  power  to  labor  and  ein- 
oyment.  The  eighty-seven  bodies  are 
•ranged  in  fifteen  groups  as  follow, 
hile  a  summary  of  their  constitution 
id  scope  is  appended,  the  parentheses 
dicating  the  department  which  directs 
le  particular  committee. 

I.  Trade  development,  under  which 
rouping  are  five  committees  dealing 
ith  general  aspects  and  nine  dealing 
ith  specific  phases  of  the  situation. 

II.  Finance,  with  two  committees. 

III.  Raw  materials,  with  six  commit- 
!es. 

IV.  Coal  and  power,  with  two  commit- 
;es  and  four  sub-committees. 

V.  Intelligence,  with  two   committees. 

VI.  Scientific  and  industrial  research, 
'ith  two  research  boards,  five  standing 
ommittees,  seven  research  committees, 
our  inquiry  committees,  and  three  pro- 
isional  organization   committees. 

VII.  Demobilization  and  disposal  of 
tores,  with  eight  committees. 

VIII.  Labor  and  employment,  with  two 
ommittees. 

IX.  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  with 
our  committees. 

X.  Public  Administration,  with  six 
ommittees. 

XI.  Housing,  with  four  committees. 

XII.  Education,  with  eight  commit- 
ees  and  commissions. 

XIII.  Aliens,  with  two  committees. 

XIV.  Legal,  with  three  committees. 

XV.  Miscellaneous,  with  three  commit- 
ees. 

An  idea  of  the  many  matters  which  it 
8  believed  will  require  careful  consider- 
ition  upon  the  cessation  of  hostilities 
nay  be  gained  from  a  summary  of  these 
commissions  and  committees;  directed  in 
»ach  case  by  the  department  indicated  in 
parentheses  after  the  name  of  the  com- 
mittee. 

The  Development  of  Trade 

Commercial  and  Industrial  Policy 
Committee  (the  Prime  Minister). — To 
consider  the  commercial  and  industrial 
policy  to  be  adopted  after  the  war,  with 


special  reference  to  the  conclusions 
reached  at  the  economic  conference  of 
the  Allies  and  to  the  following  questions: 
(a)  What  industries  are  essential  to  the 
future  safety  of  the  nation,  and  what 
steps  should  be  taken  to  maintain  or 
establish  them?  (b)  What  steps  should 
be  taken  to  recover  home  and  foreign 
trade  lost  during  the  war  and  to  secure 
new  markets?  (c)  To  what  extent  and 
by  what  means  the  resources  of  the  em- 
pire should  and  can  be  developed?  (d) 
To  what  extent  and  by  what  means  the 
sources  of  supply  within  the  empire  can 
be  prevented  from  falling  under  foreign 
control  ? 

Dominions  Royal  Commission. — To  in- 
quire and  report,  upon  (a)  the  natural 
resources  of  the  five  self-governing  do- 
minions and  the  best  means  of  develop- 
ing these  resources;  (b)  the  trade  of 
these  parts  of  the  empire  with  the 
United  Kingdom,  each  other  and  the  rest 
of  the  world;  (c)  their  requirements  and 
those  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  the  mat- 
ter of  food  and  raw  materials,  together 
with  the  available  sources  of  supply; 
(d)  to  make  recommendations  and  sug- 
gest methods  consistent  with  existing 
fiscal  policy  by  which  the  trade  of  each 
of  the  self-governing  dominions  with  the 
others  and  with  the  United  Kingdom 
could  be  improved  and  extended. 

The  Development  of  Industries 

Industrial  Development  Commission 
(Government  of  India). — To  examine  and 
report  upon  the  possibilities  of  further 
industrial  development  in  India  and  to 
submit  its  recommendations  with  special 
reference    to    the     following     questions: 

(a)  Whether  new  openings  for  the  pro- 
fitable employment  of  Indian  capital  in 
commerce  and  industry  can  be  indicated; 

(b)  whether,  and  if  so,  in  what  manner, 
the  government  can  usefully  give  direct 
encouragement  to  industrial  development 
(1)  by  rendering  technical  advice  more 
freely  available,  (2)  by  the  demonstra- 
tion of  the  practical  possibility  on  a 
commercial  scale  of  particular  industries, 
(3)  by  affording,  directly  or  indirectly, 
financial- assistance  to  industrial  enter- 
prises, or  (4)  by  any  other  means  which 
are  not  incompatible  with  the  existing 
fiscal  policy  of  the  government  of  India. 

Belgian  Trade  Committee  (Foreign 
Office  and  Board  of  Trade).— (1)  To  in- 
quire into  all  matters  relative  to  trade 
between  the  British  Empire  and  Belgium 
with  a  view  to  increasing  and  developing 
that  trade  by  every  desirable  means; 
(2)  to  investigate  as  far  as  possible  all 
means  to  be  adopted  in  order  to  attain 
ihe  object  set  out  in  par.  1.  The  com- 
mittee will  examine  into  the  supplies  and 


requirements  of  the  respective  countries 
(in  so  far  as  they  have  relation  to  its 
scope)  and  give  advice  as  to  how  trade 
between  them  can  be  best  established, 
developed  and  increased.  It  will  obtain 
information  and  evidence  from  all  avail- 
able sources  and  endeavor  to  render  all 
possible  assistance  in  regard  to  shipping, 
manufactures,  imports  and  exports,  and 
trade  generally  between  the  empire  and 
kingdom;  (3)  the  committee  will  consist 
of  three  representatives  appointed  by 
the  Foreign  Office  and  three  representa- 
tives appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade. 
A  chairman  and  secretary  will  be  chosen 
from  their  number.  The  committee  shall 
have  power  to  add  to  its  numbers  by  the 
appointment  of  such  persons  of  ex- 
perience in  the  matters  with  which  it  has 
to  deal  as  it  may  think  expedient,  and 
it  will  also  consult  from  time  to  time 
other  representatives  of  commerce  hav- 
ing special  knowledge  of  Belgian  trade, 
shipping  and  finance;  (4)  it  is  particu- 
larly laid  down  that  the  purpose  of  this 
committee  shall  be  a  general  one  and 
that  it  shall  not  be  part  of  its  duties  to 
foster  the  advancememnt  of  the  trade 
of  any  particular  individual  or  firm  nor 
to  devote  its  assistance  to  any  special 
branch  of  trade  or  industry  except  in  re- 
lation to  the  general  principles  for  which 
it  is  established. 

Trade  Relations  After  the  War  Com- 
mittee (Board  of  Trade). — To  investi- 
gate the  general  questions  of  trade  re- 
lations after  the  war  with  a  view  to  the 
successful  promotion  of  British  trade, 
and  also  with  the  object  of  devising 
measures  for  the  prevention  of  the  ef- 
fective resumption  of  Germany's  policy 
of  peaceful  penetration. 

Committee  on  the  Chemical  Trades 
(Ministry  of  Reconstruction).— To  advise 
as  to  the  procedure  which  should  be 
adopted  for  dealing  with  the  position  of 
th  chemical  trade  after  the  war,  with 
a  view  to  the  creation  of  some  organiza- 
tion which  should  be  adequately  repre- 
sentative of  the  trade  as  a  whole  and 
by  means  of  which  the  trade  may  be 
enabled  hereafter  to  continue  to  develop 
its  own  resources  and  to  enlist  the  closest 
co-operation  of  all  those  engaged  in  the 
chemical  industry. 

The  Engineering  Trades 
Engineering  Trades  (New  Industries) 
Committee  (Ministry  of  Reconstruction). 
—To  compile  a  list  of  the  articles  suit- 
able for  manufacture  by  those  with 
engineering-trade  experience  or  plant, 
which  were  either  not  made  in  the  United 
Kingdom  before  the  war,  but  were  im- 
ported, or  were  made  in  the  United 
Kingdom  in  small  or  insufficient  quanti- 


July    U,    1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


8T 


ties,  and  for  which  there  is  likely  to  be 
a  considerable  demand  after  the  war, 
classified  as  to  whether  they  are  capable 
of  being  made  by  (1)  women,  (2)  men 
and  women,  or  (3)  skilled  men;  and 
ting'  out  the  industries  to  which  such 
iv  manufactures  would  most  suitably 
he  attached;  and  to  make  recommenda- 
tions (a)  on  the  establishment  and  de- 
velopment of  such  industries  by  the 
transfer  of  labor,  machines,  and  other- 
wise; (b)  as  to  how  such  a  transfer 
could  be  made,  and  what  organization 
would  be  requisite  for  the  purpose,  with 
due  regard  to  securing  the  co-operation 
of  labor. 

Board  of  Trade  Committees  on  the 
Coal,  Electrical,  Engineering,  Iron  and 
Steel,  Nonferrous-Metal  and  Textile 
Trades,  and  on  the  Shipping  and  Ship- 
building Industries. — To  consider  the 
position  of  these  trades  and  industries 
after  the  war,  with  special  reference  to 
international  competition,  and  to  report 
what  measures,  if  any,  are  necessary  or 
desirable  to  safeguard  that  position. 

Financial  Facilities  Board 

Financial  Facilities  Committee  (Treas- 
ury and  Ministry  of  Reconstruction). — 
To  consider  and  report  whether  the  nor- 
mal arrangements  for  the  provision  of 
financial  facilities  for  trade  by  means 
of  existing  banking  and  other  financial 
institutions  will  be  adequate  to  meet  the 
needs  of  British  industry  during  the 
period  immediately  following  the  ter- 
mination of  the  war,  and,  if  not,  by  what 
emergency  arrangements  they  should  be 
supplemented,  regard  being  had  in  par- 
ticular to  the  special  assistance  which 
may  be  necessary  (a)  to  facilitate  the 
conversion  of  works  and  factories  now 
engaged  upon  war  work  to  normal  pro- 
duction; (b)  to  meet  the  exceptional  de- 
mands for  raw  materials  arising  from 
the  depletion  of  stocks. 

Enemy  Debts  Committee  (Foreign 
Office). — To  report  on  the  arrangements 
to  be  adopted  for  the  liquidation  of  the 
commercial,  banking  and  other  financial 
transactions  between  British  and  enemy 
persons,  the  completion  of  which  was  pre- 
vented by  the  outbreak  of  war,  and  for 
this  purpose  to  consider  the  returns  made 
to  the  custodians  of  enemy  property,  and 
to  the  public  trustee  and  the  foreign 
claims  office,  and  an.v  information  on 
matters  relating  thereto.     - 

Committees   on   Raw    Materials 

Central  Committee  on  Materials  Sup- 
ply (Ministry  of  Reconstruction). — To 
consider  and  report  upon  (1)  the  nature 
and  amount  of  the  supplies  of  materials 
and  foodstuffs  which  in  the  committee's 
opinion  will  be  required  by  the  United 
Kingdom  during  the  period  which  will 
elapse  between  the  termination  of  the 
war  and  the  restoration  of  a  normal  con- 
dition of  trade;  (2)  the  probablbe  require- 
ments of  India,  the  dominions  and  crown 
colonies  for  such  supplies  at  the  close  of 
hostilities;  (3)  the  probable  requirements 
of  belligerents  and  neutrals  for  such  sun- 
plies  at  the  close  of  hostilities;  (4)  the 
sources   from    which    and    the    conditions 


under  which  such  supplies  can  be  ob- 
tained and  transported  and  in  particular 
the  extent  to  which  they  might  be  ob- 
tained from  the  United  Kingdom  or 
within  the  empire  or  from  allied  or 
neutral  countries;  (5)  the  question 
whether  any  measure  of  control  will  re- 
quire to  be  exercised  in  regard  to  the 
nature  and  extent  of  any  such  control. 

Building  Materials  Supply 

Committee  on  the  Supply  of  Building 
Materials   (Ministry  of  Reconstruction). 
—  (1)   To  inquire  into  the  extent  of  the 
probable  demand   for  building  material 
for  all  purposes  which  will  arise  in  the 
country  during  the  transition  period  and 
the  extent  of  the  available  supply  and 
form  of  such  material;  (2)  to  inquire  how 
far  the  quantities  of  material  now  avail- 
able  are  capable  of  increase,   what  are 
the   difficulties   in   increasing   them,   and 
how  these  difficulties  can  be  removed,  and 
to  report  to  what  extent  an  increase  in 
production   will   affect   the   price   of   the. 
materials;  (3)  in  the  event  of  the  supply 
of  material  or  labor  being  insufficient  to 
fulfill  the  total  building  demand,  to  con- 
sider the  principles  and  method  by  which 
the  priority  of  various  claims  should  be 
settled,    and    to    report    what    steps    are 
necessary  to  insure  that  the  manufacture 
of  the  materials,  so  far  as  they  are  at 
present  inadequate,  shall  be  extended  in 
time   to   secure   sufficient   quantities   for 
use   when   required   on   the  cessation   of 
hostilities  and  to  i-ecommend  what  steps 
should  be  taken  during  the  war  to  facili- 
tate a  prompt  commencement  of  building 
work  at  that  time;   (4)  generally  to  con- 
sider and  report     upon     any  conditions 
affecting  the  building  trades  which  tend 
to  cause  unduly  high  prices  and  to  make 
recommendations  in  regard  to  any  mea- 
sure of  control  which  it  may  be  desirable 
to  exercise  over  the  purchase,  production, 
transport  or   distribution  of  materials. 
Cotton  at  Home  and  Abro?d 
Committee  on  Cotton  Growing  Within 
the  Empire    (Board  of  Trade). — To  in- 
vestigate the  best  means  of  developing 
the  growing  of  cotton  within  the  empire 
and  to  advise  the  government  as  to  the 
necessary  measures  to  be  taken  for  this 
purpose. 

Coal  Conservation  Committee  (Minis- 
try of  Reconstruction). — To  consider  and 
advise  (1)  what  improvements  can  be 
effected  in  the  present  methods  of  mining 
coal  with  a  view  to  prevent  loss  of  coal  in 
working  and  to  minimize  cost  of  produc- 
tion; (2)  what  improvements  can  be 
effected  in  the  present  methods  of  using 
coal  for  production  of  cower,  light  and 
heat,  and  of  recovering  by-products  with 
the  view  to  insure  the  greatest  possible 
economy  in  production  and  the  most  ad- 
vantageous use  of  the  coal  substance;  (3) 
whether,  with  a  view  to  maintaining  in- 
dustrial and  commercial  oosition,  it  is 
desirable  that  any  stens  .should  be  taken 
in  the  near  future,  and  if  so.  what  stens 
to  secure  the  develonment  of  new  coal 
fields  or  extensions  of  coal  fileds  already 
being  worked. 

Mining,  Power  Generation  and  Trans- 
mission. Carbonization  and  Geological 
Subcommittees. — The  question  of  the  ap- 


plication of  carbonization  to  the  prepara- 
tion of  fuel  for  industrial  and  commer- 
cial purposes. 

Committee  on  Supply  of  Electricity 
(Board  of  Trade).— To  consider  and  re- 
port what  steps  should  be  taken  whether 
by  legislation  or  otherwise,  to  insure  that 
there  be  an  adequate  and  economical  sup- 
ply of  electric  power  for  all  classes  of 
consumers  in  the  United  Kingrdom,  par- 
ticularly industries  which  depend  upon  a 
cheap  supply  of  power  for  their  develop- 
ment. 

Scientific  aiid  Industrial  Research 

The  following  21  committees  have  been 
established  by  the  department  of  scien- 
tific and  industrial  research: 

Fuel  Research  Board. — To  investigate 
the  nature,  preparation  and  utilization 
of  fuel  of  all  kinds,  both  in  the  laboratory 
and,  where  necessary,  on  an  industrial 
scale. 

Cold  Storage  Research  Board. — Ap- 
pointed to  organize  and  control  research 
into  problems  of  the. preservation  of  food 
products  by  cold  storage  and  otherwise. 

Standing  Committees  on  Engineering, 
Metallurgy,  Mining  and  Glass  and  Optical 
Instruments. — To  advise  the  council  on 
researches  relating  to  the  lines  of  activity 
named  and  on  such  matters  as  may  be 
referred  to  the  committee  by  the  advisory 
council. 

.loint  Standing  Committee  on  Illunmin- 
ating  Engineering. — To  survey  the  field 
for  research  on  illumination  and  illumin- 
ating engineering,  and  to  advise  as  to  the 
drections  in  which  research  can  be  un- 
dertaken with  advantage. 

Mine  Rescue  Apparatus  Research  Com- 
mittee.— To  inquire  into  the  types  of 
breathing  apparatus  used  in  coal  mines, 
and  by  experiment  to  determine  the  ad- 
vantages, limitations  and  defects  of  the 
several  types  of  apparatus,  what  improve- 
ments in  them  are  possible  and  whether  it 
is  advisable  that  the  types  used  in  mines 
should  be  standardized,  and  to  collect 
evidence  bearing  on  these  points. 

Abrasives  and  Polishing  Powders  Re- 
search Committee. —  (1)  To  conduct  in- 
vestigations on  abrasives  and  polishing 
powders  with  a  view  to  their  preparation 
and  use  as  one  factor  in  accelerating  the 
output  of  lenses  and  prisms  for  optical 
instruments  not  only  for  peace  require- 
ments but  in  connection  with  the  war; 
(2)  to  investigate  the  preparation  and 
properties  of  abrasives  and  polishing 
powders. 

Food  Research  Committee. — To  direct 
research  on  problems  in  the  cooking  of 
vegetables  and  meat,  and  in  bread  mak- 
ing, to  be  undertaken  bv  two  scholars  of 
the  committee  of  council. 

Building  Material  Research  Committee. 
— To  make  arrangements  for  carrving  out 
researches  on  building  construction  in- 
stituted by  the  department  at  the  instance 
of  the  Local  Government  Board  Commit- 
tee or  otherwise,  to  be  responsible  under 
the  council  for  the  direction  of  such  re- 
searches, and  to  deal  with  such  other 
matters  as  may  be  referred  to  the  commit- 
tee from  time  to  time  by  the  council. 

Electrical  Research  Committee. — A 
committee  of  direction  appointed  in  con- 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


nection  with  certain  researches  affecting 
the  electrical  industry. 

Committee  for  Research  on  Vitreous 
Compounds  and  Cements  for  Lenses  and 
Prisms. — To  conduct  researches  into  the 
preparation,  properties  and  mode  of  em- 
ployment of  cements  for  lenses  and 
prisms;  to  prepare  a  reference  list  of 
vitreous  compounds,  their  composition, 
densities,  refractive  indices  and  disper- 
sive powers. 

Tin  and  Tungsten  Research  Board.  — 
The  Cornish  Chamber  of  Mines  has  been 
invited  to  nominate  a  representative  of 
the  landlords  and  a  representative  of  the 
mine  owners  to  serve  on  the  board.  A 
committee  of  control  appointed  in  con- 
nection with  certain  researches  into  tin 
and  tungsten. 

Lubricants  and  Lubrication 

Lubricants  and  Lubrication  Inquiry 
Committee. — To  prepare  a  memorandum 
on  the  field  for  research  on  lubricants 
and  lubrication,  which  will  contain  an 
analysis  of  the  problems  involved,  to- 
gether with  a  suggested  scheme  of  re- 
search, which  would  be  most  likely  to 
lead  to  valuable  results. 

Chemistry  of  Lubricants  Subcommittee. 
— To  collect  and  review  the  existing  in- 
formation relating  to  the  chemistry  of 
lubricants  and  lubricating  oils. 

Zinc  and  Copper  Research  and  Inquiry 
Committee. — To  collect  and  review  the 
existing  information  as  to  the  copper  and 
zinc  industries  upon  which  future  re- 
search must  be  based,  to  formulate  pro- 
posals for  carrying  out  research  sug- 
gested by  the  Brass  and  Copper  Tube 
Association  of  Great  Britain  into  the  best 
methods  of  making  sound  castings  of 
copper  and  brass  for  tube  making  and 
to  prepare  an  estimate  of  their  cost,  and 
to  report  to  t^e  advisory  council. 

Irish  Peat  T-quiry  Committee. — To  in- 
quire into  and  consider  the  experience 
already  gained  in  Ireland  in  respect  of 
the  winning,  preparation  and  use  of  peat 
for  fuel  and  for  other  purposes,  and  to 
suggest  what  means  shall  be  taken  to 
ascertain  the  conditions  under  which  in 
the  most  favorably  situated  localities  it 
can  be  profitably  won,  prepared  and 
used,  having  regard  to  the  economic  con- 
ditions of  Ireland;  and  to  report  to  the 
Fuel  Research  Board. 

Demobilization  and  Disposal  of  Stores 

Demobilization  of  the  Army  Commit- 
tee.— To  consider  and  report  upon  the 
arrangements  for  the  return  to  civil  em- 
ployment of  officers  and  men  serving  in 
the  land  forces  of  the  crown  at  the  end  of 
the  war. 

Officers'  Resettlement  Subcommittee. — 
To  consider  and  report  what  arrange- 
ments require  to  be  and  can  be  made  on 
demobilization  for  resettlement  of  officers 
in  civil  life,  and  also  of  men  belonging  to 
classes  to  which  in  the  main  officers 
belong. 

Disabled  Officers'  Employment  Com- 
mittee (India  and  Colonial  Offices). — To 
assist  disabled  or  invalided  officers  who 
may  be  desirous  of  obtaining  employment 
in  India,  Burma,  the  Eastern  colonies 
and  Malay  States. 

War  Office  Demobilization  Committee. 


— To  consider  questions  requiring  settle- 
ment in  connection  with  the  demobiliza- 
tion of  the  army  in  so  far  as  they  fall 
within  the  province  of  the  war  depart- 
ment; to  act  as  a  link  with  the  committee 
of  the  Ministry  of  Reconstruction,  and 
to  prepare  a  draft  scheme  of  demobiliza- 
tion. 

Demobilization  Coordination  Committee 
(Admiralty,  War  Office  and  Ministry  of 
Labor). —  (1)  To  consider  how  far  the 
proposed  special  arrangements  to  de- 
mobilize immediately  peace  is  declared 
men  specially  required  in  connection  with 
the  work  of  demobilization  can  or  should 
be  extended  to  other  men  belonging  to 
the  public  services  or  to  similar  "pivotal" 
men  in  industry;  (2)  to  coordinate  the 
working  of  the  demobilization  scheme  of 
the  war  department  with  the  resettle- 
ment scheme  of  the  ministry  of  labor; 
(3)  to  settle,  during  demobilization,  in- 
structions with  regard  to  priority  which 
may  appear  to  be  rendered  necessary  on 
public  grounds  or  by  the  sort  of  employ- 
ment in  the  different  industries. 

Civil  War  Workers 

Civil  War  Workers'  Committee  (Min- 
istry of  ■  Reconstruction). — To  consider 
and  report  upon  the  arrangements  which 
should  be  made  for  the  demobilization  of 
workers  engaged  during  the  war  in  na- 
tional factories,  controlled  establishments 
and  other  plants  engaged  in  the  produc- 
tion of  munitions  of  war  and  on  govern- 
ment contracts  or  in  plants  where  sub- 
stitute labor  has  been  employed  for  the 
duration  of  the  war. 

Horse  Demobilization  Committee  (War 
Office). — To  frame  proposals  for  the  de- 
mobilization of  horses  and  mules  in  rela- 
tion to  the  general  scheme  of  demobiliza- 
tion. 

Disposal  of  War  Stores  Advisory  Board 
(Ministry  of  Reconstruction). — To  expe- 
dite the  preparation  of  any  necessary  in- 
ventories of  property  and  goods  of  all 
descriptions  held  bv  government  depart- 
ments, and  to  consider  and  advise  upon 
the  disposal  or  alternative  form  of  use  of 
any  property  or  goods  which  have  or  may 
become  during  or  on  the  termination  of 
the  war  surplus  to  the  requirements  of 
any  department  for  the  purposes  of  that 
department. 

Labor  and  Employment 

Committee  on  Relations  Between  Em- 
ployers and  Employed  (Ministry  of  Re- 
construction)—  (1)  To  make  and  consider 
suggestions  for  securing  a  permanent  im- 
provement in  the  relations  between  em- 
ployers and  workmen;  (2)  to  recommend 
means  for  securing  that  industrial  con- 
ditions affecting  the  relations  between 
employers  and  workmen  shall  be  system- 
atically reveiewed  by  those  concerned 
with  a  view  to  improving  conditions  in  the 
future. 

Women's  niployment  Committee  (Min- 
istry of  Reconstruction) — To  consider  and 
advise  in  the  light  of  experience  gained 
during  the  war  upon  the  opportunities 
for  the  employment  of  women,  and  the 
conditions  of  such  employment  in  clerical, 
commercial,  agricultural  and  industrial 
occupations  af  ter  the  war. 


Aliens  Committee  (Ministry  of  Recon- 
struction).— To  consider  (a)  the  ques- 
tions which  will  arise  at  the  end  of  the 
war  in  connection  with  the  presence  in 
this  country  of  persons  of  an  enemy  na- 
tionality and  whether  the  repatriation  of 
such  is  desirable,  and  if  so,  in  what  cases; 
(b)  what  restrictions,  if  any,  should  be 
imposed  after  the  war  on  admission  of 
alisns  to  this  country  and  their  residence 
here;  (c)  whether  any  changes  in  the 
law  or  practice  of  nationalization  have 
beon  shown  by  the  experience  of  the  war 
i,o  be  required  in  the  public  interest. 

Interdependent  Conference  on  Missions 
in  India. — To  consider  the  conditions  on 
which  aliens  should  after  the  war  be  al- 
lowed to  conduct  missionary  or  educa- 
tional work  in  India. 

Civil  Aerial  Transport  Committee  (Air 
Ministry) . — To  consider  and  report  to  the 
air  board  with  regard  to  (1)  the  steps 
which  should  be  taken  with  a  view  to  the 
development  and  regulation  after  the  war 
of  aviation  for  civil  and  commercial  pur- 
poses from  a  domestic  and  imperial  and 
an  international  standpoint;  (2)  the  ex- 
tent to  which  it  will  be  possible  to  utilize 
for  this  purpose  the  trained  personnel  and 
the  aircraft  which  the  conclusion  of 
peace  may  leave  surplus  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  naval  and  military  air  ser- 
vices of  the  United  Kingdom  and  over- 
seas dominions. 


SEVERE  COLD  working  of  a  metal  is 
apt  to  produce  the  form  of  decay  known 
as  seasoning  cracking.  Hard  drawn  brass 
rods  and  tubes  occasionally  crack,  both 
in  use  and  in  storage,  when  transferred 
to  a  warmer  climate  or  exposed  to 
slight  corrosion.  This  decay  is  due  to 
the  existence  of  severe  internal  stresses 
in  the  metal  caused  by  the  unqual  de- 
formation of  the  inner  and  outer  layers. 
The  cracks  are  commonly  transverse. 
While  seasoning  cracking  is  generally 
hastened  by  exposure  to  temperatures 
above  normal,  heating  sometimes  pre- 
vents this  form  of  decay.  Seasoning 
cracking  may  also  be  caused  by  ammonia 
or  other  agents;  when  the  chemical 
agent  acts  rapidly  the  cracking  may  oc- 
cur with  almost  explosive  violence. 
Very  hard  drawn  rods  of  brass  or 
bronze  will  sometimes  fly  to  pieces  when 
attacked  with  a  solution  of  a  mercury 
salt  or  of  ferric  chloride. 


A  SUITABLE  varnish  for  rust  preven- 
tion can  be  manufactured  from  the  fol- 
lowing recipe: — Resin  six  parts,  sandar- 
ac  nine  parts,  gumlac  three  parts,  tur- 
pentine six  parts,  and  rectified  alcohol 
nine  parts.  The  resin,  sandarac  and 
gumlac  should  be  mixed  together  in  a 
pounded  condition  and  then  carefully 
heated  until  melted.  When  they  are  well 
melted,  the  turpentine  should  be  added 
very  gradually,  stirring  all  the  while.  The 
mixture  should  then  be  digested  until 
dissolution  takes  place.  Then  add  recti- 
fied alcohol  tip  to  the  amount  stated  above. 
It  .should  afterwards  be  filtered  through 
fine  cloth  or  thick  filter  paper  and  pre- 
served in  well-stoppered  bottles  so  that  no 
evaporation  can  take  place. 


July    11,    1918 


3S 


^ 


FROM  THE  MEN 
WHO  PRODUCE 

Methods,  Machining  Devices,  Systems  and  Suggestions  From 
Shop  And  Drafting  Room 


HANDLING  MATERIAL  FOR  ASSEM- 
BLIES 

By  D.  O.  Barrett 

IM  any  establishment  involving  the 
assembling  of  finished  stock  the 
basis  of  all  recorded  observations  is, 
of  course,  the  bill  of  material  listing 
the  various  parts  to  be  used,  together 
with  sizes  of  same,  kind  of  material,  and 
any  other  pertinent  information.  These 
bills  are  made  out  for  all  the  smaller 
units  of  the  machine  which  may  be  as- 
sembled and  carried  in  stock  as  such. 
The  general  bill  will  then  cover  the  en- 
tire machine,  this  comprising  the  various 
assemblies  together  with  the  other  items 
necessary. 

A  sample  bill  of  material  is  shown  for 
a  piston  assembly  for  an  oil  engine,  the 
rod  and  rings  being  fitted  and  the  whol« 
carried  as  a  unit  entering  into  the  final 
assembly  of  the  engine.  It  is  not  the 
purpose  here  to  enter  into  any  lengthy 
discussion  of  stockroom  practice  but 
merely  to  show  a  couple  of  methods 
which  have  been  used  to  cover  the  trans- 
fer of  stock  to  the  assembly  floor  and 
give  a  complete  record  of  same,  enabling 
an  accurate  cost  to  be  obtained  of  the 
finished  machine. 

The  long  card  shown  was  used  in  tV"^ 
assembling  of  farm  tractors.  When  the 
order  came  to  the  shop  to  assemble  a 
certain  number  of  machines  the  cost 
clerk  made  out  one  of  these  cards  for 
each  tractor  in  the  lot,  this  bearing  the 
serial  number  as  well  as  designating  the 
type  and  any  specials  to  be  carried.  This 
card  constituted  the  order  on  which  the 
assembly  foreman  built  the  machine. 
When  ready  to  start  work,  the  bottom 
stub  of  the  card  was  removed  and  turned 
into  the  stockroom  which  then  supplied 
all  the  material  called  for  on  the  bill 
specified.  The  stockkeeper  then  return- 
ed this  stub  to  the  cost  clerk,  who 
checked  out  of  "finished  stock"  and 
charged  to  "work  in  process,"  the  com- 
plete bill  of  material.  The  card  was 
perforated  between  the  various  stubs  so 
that  these  could  be  easily  removed.  A 
rubber  stamp  was  used  in  filling  in  the 
card  with  tractor  number,  size,  etc.  This 
tag  was  tied  to  the  tractor  in  a  con- 
spicuous place  so  that  it  could  be  in- 
spected at  any  time  during  its  progress. 
When  completely  erected  the  inspector 
removed  the  corresponding  stub  and  sent 
in  with  his  O.K.,  the  tractor  then  going 
to  the  test  shop,  and  as  each  operation 


K«r«M 

S*Ur  OU 

Shlpp«4  U 


:.*/ 


TrBclM   N«. 


R<r«lT«4  O.K. 


Tr*cl«r   N*. 


was  completed  the  corresponding  stub 
was  sent  in  to  the  cost  clerk  so  that  the 
man  in  charge  of  production  could  tell  at 
a  glance  where  any  certain  tractor  was 
located  and  whether  production  was  be- 
ing kept  up  to  the  predetermined 
schedule.  No  requisitions 
were  required  to  secure  any 
material  as  the  proper  stub 
served  this  purpose  while  all 
reference  to  the  amount  of 
material  necessary  wa? 
made  to  the  original  bill  of 
material  as  specified  by 
number  on  the  stub.  This 
method  worked  very  satis- 
factorily as  it  enabled  a  care- 
ful check  at  all  times  on  ma- 
chines going  through  the 
shop. 

In  the  building  of  large  oil 
engines  the  conditions  were 
somewhat  different  from 
those  encountered  in  the 
manufacture  of  tractors. 
Where  the  latter  could  be  put 
t'^rough  in  large  lots  it  was 
often  necessary  for  the  as- 
sembler to  work  on  several 
of  these  larger  engines  be- 
fore one  would  be  entirely 
finished.  It  was  quite  a  joo 
for  the  stockkeeper  to  record 
all  the  various  material  as 
called  for  as  it  was  obviously 
impossible  to  deliver  the 
amount  for  a  complete 
engine  at  one  time.  Mistake^ 
were  constantly  occurring  in 
trying  to  charge  off  the  var- 
ious items  from  the  stock 
cards  which,  in  this  case, 
were  kept  in  the  stock  room. 
To  obviate  this  trouble  a 
combined  bill  and  checking 
list  was  printed,  one  of  these 
being  made  out  for  each  en- 
gine at  the  time  the  assembly 
order  was  given.  Of  course 
the  most  of  the  informatior 
at  the  top  of  the  sheet  could 
not  be  entered  until  the  en- 
gine was  shipped. 

Several  sheets  were  re- 
quired for  a  complete  engine 
and    these    were,    bound    to- 


gether, beino;  practically  a  repetition  of 
the  general  bill  of  material  though  it  did 
not  replace  this  and  was  intended  to  be 
used  for  all  the  various  sizes  of  the  same 
type.  As  the  material  was  called  for  and 
issued   a   small  rubber  stamp  was  used 


lU 


»-3o/»P. 


Id 

MM.  N».  A  3  & 


y 


ISkSSm^iXr 


lik !^ 


Aja 


SHIPPING  BQUIPMENT 


ISA- 


CRATED 


IMtU.       I  O 


Tr»et*r  N«. 


2^i- 


CRATING  MATERIAL 


to 


fK-i.f> 


RfcdTt^  O.K. 


7<?t,        "- 


PAINTED 


lO 


lw>p«ctor'«  O.K. 


2SA. 


MOUNTED 

"      So 


LM  K».  lO. 


Inspcctoff'B  OJC. 


MOUNTING  MATERIAL 
7<y^  gl»      JO i^w*-     to 


■um><4  oji; 


IStor«hM*«r» 


TESTED 


IMH*.    I  t> 


Innpttef'*  O.K. 


It    i 


ERECTED 


i.«m».  /n 


li,iip«T<»r'«  O.K. 


"k^ 


Al3. 


ERECnNG  MATERIAL 

F»nllit-< 


■  N^,(0 


IMU  


FORM   USED    IN   ERECTING.   TESTING    AND   CRATING 
TRACTORS. 


4G 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  ri  I  K  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


BILL 


0  F 


MATERIAL 


Date. .10 


18   -  17. 


THE  BROfH  EKCISK  CO. 

Assembly .PISTOK,  10'. 

¥ype. .  .Stat Symbol. ...%,. 


.H.P. 


.40. 


B.K.    No... . 

.12 

No.   Sheets. 

..1 

Sheet  No... 

Ho. 
Re<l'd. 

Part 
Nunb«r. 

Name  of  Fart. 

aaterlal. 

Sise. 

Draw. 

No. 

1 

K160 

Piston. 

C.I. 

10" 

825 

5 

K165 

Piston  Rlne. 

C.I. 

10" 

830 

1 

KL170 

Piston  Rod. 

C.R.S. 

8"   X  48". 

825 

1 

KL171 

I'laton  LocXnut. 

S.F. 

2"  Half. 

1 

iai72 

Piston  Rod  Nut. 

S.F. 

2"   Full. 

BILL  OF  MATERIAL  USED  IN   TRACTOR  WORK. 


to  record  the  date  in  the  proper  column. 
As  much  information  as  possible  con- 
cemingr  the  engine  was  put  on  the  sheet 
so  as  to  form  a  complete  and  permanent 
record  which  might  be  used  later  for 
reference  should  any  repairs  be  ordered. 
In  engines  of  this  size  it  is  impossible 
to  discard  pieces  which  may  not  come 
exactly  to  specified  sizes  and  another 
piece  may  be  especially  made  to  fit 
them.  Naturally,  if  some  record  is  not 
made  of  this,  trouble  will  occur  later 
should  a  duplicate  of  one  of  these  pieces 
be  ordered.  When  the  engine  was  com- 
pletely assembled  the  material  was  all 
charged  off  the  stock  cards.  Np  material 
other  than  called  for  on  the  regular  bill 
of  material  was  given  out  and,  should 
any  be  needed,  it  was  necessary  for  the 
assembler  to  secure  a  requisition  from 
the  foreman  and  the  material  was  then 
entered  on  one  of  the  blank  lines. 

When  the  sheets  were  sent  to  the 
office  the  prices  were  filled  in  from  the 
cost  cards  and  the  value  of  the  com- 
pleted ensrine  as  shipped,  obtained.  For 
the  class  of  work  for  which  it  was  used 
this  method  gave  results  which  were 
accurate  and  with  a  minimum  of  labor. 


BABBITTING  BEARINGS 

By  D.  A.  Hampson. 

"M.  H.  P.'s"  article  on  babbitting  in 
the  May  16th  issue  is  so  complete  and  so 
clear  that  one  hesitates  to  add  anything 
to  it.  However,  a  few  supplementary 
thoughts  may  not  be  out  of  place  en- 
tirely. 

When  babbitt  is  heated  in  a  pot  and 
poured  from  ladles  dipped  in  the  pot 
chilling  is  bound  to  occur.  If  cold  ladles 
are  dipped  in  the  molten  babbitt  the  tem- 
perature of  the  babbitt  in  both  the  ladles 
and  the  pot  is  considerably  lowered-r- 
often  so  much  that  by  the  time  the  sec- 
ond ladleful  reaches  the  bearing  it  is  en- 
tirely too  cool  to  attempt  to  pour.  A 
remedy  for  this  trouble  is  to  heat  the 
ladle  or  ladles  with  the  babbitt  as  soon 
as  it  softens  up;  with  this  method  the 
ladle  is  of  the  same  temperature  as  the 
babbitt  when  pouring  begins  arid  the 
first  and  subsequent  dippings  do  not 
start  wrong  by  cooling  the  metal  far  be- 
low pouring  temperature. 

The  writer  has  poured  plenty  of  bear- 
ings with  paper  wrapped  around  the 
shaft,  but  must  confess  that  in  the  hands 


of  the  average  workman,  who  only  runs 
a  bearing  once  in  a  while,  the  method  can 


not  be  called  a  success.  On  a  rough  job, 
where  the  object  isi  simply  to  fill  a  hole 
or  where  the  bearing  is  to  be  bored,  the 
paper  may  do,  though  it  is  fussy  at  best, 
and  he  who  doesn't  get  the  babbitt  inside 
the  paper  at  times  is  lucky  indeed.  If  a 
lubricant  is  desired  to  get  the  mandrel 
out  easily  or  as  a  protection  for  the 
shaft,  a  coating  of  red  or  black  lead  is 
about  the  best  thing  going.  Red  lead  is 
obtainable  at  the  most  distant  jobs;  if 
rubbed  on  the  mandrel  evenly  and  heavy 
enough  so  the  latter  shows  its  own  color 
just  faintly,  the  bearing  when  poured 
will  be  a  running  fit  and  needs  but  a  touch 
with  a  scraper.  In  manufacturing  a  line 
of  machines  which  required  a  good  many 
square  threaded  babbitted  nuts  one  of 
the  slowest  jobs  was  to  get  the  screws 
out  of  the  nuts  and  to  scrape  and  tap  the 
nuts  to  a  decent  working  fit.    The  writer 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL 
AND  CHECKING  UST 


Saitt  OrJtr  No..X!ii).%.A       Datt  Issued.  J^JUX^S-WiA.. 


Customer. .A^IK^—^Mjf.fil^.fLo. AiUlress.^lD.t..rWi.^.,..Qia\a. 

Their  Order  No.. .\&^...  Dow.lV-7r.*-.-.ll Wmted.ti[r,iAr.lA.  SMpped.^t^^^O.. 

Engine  Np.^.^.li:.?^.....  Horsepower. .A.S.....  Boreof  C!yUnder....\..Q!l.'\^.i 

Shipped  io..'>tlm J.O.nti At.-5.iioilX...^)Aa_."X*M/.^ 

Car  Initials  and  /Viim»«r.tJ..V-H- J.4fl.P.3l*..-  RouHng..^^'^.H.>ti,..^.ifi.St.0.i 


•sr 

PART  NO. 

NAMS    or    PANT 

oe«»,PT.,. 

DATR    WaUEO 

m^ 

1 

1 

B»e 

\-IO-l&. 

1 

4 

Top  bearing— ehort 

1-    ll-l ft 

1 

6 

Top  bearing — long 

.• 

Babbitt  tor  bottom    ^^-^TVi'i) 

n^y.  l<1-tk  Em«». 

,  . 

Babbitt  (or  top              3^ -t^    N 

b'4-.' 

.1 

4 

Shima 

F.k... 

., 

1 

lO-R 

Bearing  cap— goT.  aide 

l-.\1.-^a 

1 

lO-L 

Bearing  cap— pull  aid! 

4 

16 

Top  bearing  damp  acrewa 

r'Havx   SV 

•  ■ 

8 

Nuta-hill       1  •■ 

4 

14 

Wedge  adj.  acrewa 

1 

7 

Wedge-abort 

1 

8 

Wedge-long 

4 

Adjuating  screw  pins 

vi-" 

9 

Cam  case  cover  screws 

WL-vlAi" 

' 

'            ' 

TSS- 

PAItT  MO. 

NAME    op    PART 

o»e.,PT». 

OATB    WO ugn 

P«e. 

1 

Drain  cock 

V-^" 

1 

Drain  cock 

y»" 

1 

Drain  plug 

y»' 

3 

Z230 

Spray  plug  assembly 

B.  M.  No.  18 

1 

Z360 

Fuel  pump  assembly 

B.  M.  No.  17 

Fuel  line  bottom— la  pump 

,1 

Te»         4- 

1 

■Plufl       it" 

«- 

M.ppl.*    -L-"*** 

I 

Un.•r^       dx-i-  TO-.IV+    V 

\ 

S'^yee^    E.\La«l  .     K 

SHippr 

NG  EQUIPMENT 

"SSi- 

PART  NO. 

NAMB    or    PART 

DCRCRIPTIOM 

OATK  1— use 

pukk 

Friction  clutch  complete 

BM#     A^. 

bOxlfyATL- -Rlkjl 

-  li-'  K,»- 

3  H  P  engine  complete 

/©"■polUy. 

On    %Wy.it.. 

Filter 

3(1^1, 

Torxih 

d»». 

' 

Starting  bar 

■i 

Fly  wheel  wedgea 

80  ft. 

3>nhtorMt 

BILL    OP"   MATERIAL    AND    CHECKING    LIST   FOR    TRACTORS. 


July    11,    1918 

tried  the  red  lead  scheme  on  the  nuts  and 
did  away  with  all  those  slow  processes 
at  one  stroke.  The  lead  (powder)  is 
mixed  to  the  consistency  of  paint  and  ap- 
plied to  the  screws  with  a  brush;  this 
gets  it  on  the  sides  of  the  screw  as  well 
as  top  and  bottom.  The  screws,  after 
pouring,  are  turned  out  of  the  nut  with 
a  %-in.  lathe  dog,  though  the  dog  is 
needed  only  for  a  starter,  for  as  soon  as 


METHOD    OF    STRAIGHTENING 
WHEELS. 

started  the  screws  can  be  turned  by  hand 
and  are  found  to  be  a  first-class  running 
fit  without  shake. 

A  mistake  made  by  too  many  is  in  not 
providing  means  for  the  air  to  escape. 
It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  babbitt  blown 
fifteen  feet  in  the  air  by  failing  to  pro- 
vide an  escape  for  the  air  which  was 
trapped  and  compressed.  If  an  unusually 
large  pouring  hole  is  provided  the  stream 
of  babbitt  being  poured  does  not  shut 
it  entirely,  and  an  outlet  is  thus  pro- 
vided. But  in  most  small  work  we  see 
one  or  two  %-in.  holes,  one  or  both  of 
which  are  used  for  pouring  holes.  If 
only  one  hole  is  used  for  pouring,  the  air 
can  escape  from  the  other  very  nicely, 
but  if  there  is  only  one  hole  (and  that 
of  such  small  size)  that  rarely  is  suffi- 
cient, and  we  have  a  demonstration  of 
that  old  principle  of  physics  that  "two 
bodies  cannot  occupy  the  same  space  at 
the  same  time." 

Too  small  a  pouring  is  bad  practice  in 
any  case  where  a  larger  one  can  be  put 
in.  A  %-in.  hole  is  as  small  as  should 
be  used;  it  gives  the  workman  a  chance 
to  "hit  the  hole"  with  the  babbitt  and 
also  to  let  out  a  little  air.  But  with  the 
large  hole,  one  or  more  small  ones  for 
the  air  to  get  out  are  advisable;  if  the 
casting  is  intricate,  they  help  greatly,  in 
filling  up  all  over.  And  once  the  pouring 
has  been  started,  it  should  be  kept  up 
just  as  fast  as  the  metal  will  run  through 
the  hole — better  faster  than  slower. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

STRAIGHTENING   A  CAR  WHEEL 

By  M.  I.  D. 

ft-essed  steel  wheels  are  fast  replacing 
cast  iron  ones  for  service  on  hand  and 
gasolme  propelled  rolling  stock  used  by 
mspection,  electrical,  and  track  gangs 
on  our  modem  railroads.  A  section 
through  a  typical  wheel  is  shown  in  Fig 
2.  The  steel  is  'A-inch  thick,  it  is  cen- 
tred m  a  cast  hub,  and  driven  through 
a  1%-mch  axle.  Every  once  in  a  while 
one  of  thes«  axles  would  get  bent  and 
would  be  brought  in  for  us  to  straighten. 
At  least,  the  men  said  the  axles  were 
bent_we  invariably  found  the  fault  to 
be  in  the  wheel. 

Our  way  of  straightening  the  wheel  is 
shown  in  the  accompanying  sketch.  The 
wheel  was  first  tested  to  locate  the  high 
side  in  the  lathe  if  the  bend  was  small 
and  by  eye  if  it  was  very  noticeable,  and 
then  the  assembly  was  clamped  on  the 
bed  of  a  heavy  planer  with  the  bad  wheel 
down.  This  wheel  was  clamped  so  the 
bend  was  in  the  direction  of  the  length 
of  the  bed.  Two  men  stood  on  the  planer 
and  using  the  axle  as  a  bar,  pushed  and 
pulled  in  the  right  direction  while  a  third 
hammered  on  the  kink  in  the  "spoke." 
By  bending  and  trying,  the  wheel  would 
be  straightened  in  short  order,  often  a 
badly  bent  one  being  fixed,  in  a  half 
hour's  time.  The  axles  were  invariably 
of  a  size  to  resist  any  deformation  dur- 
ing the  work. 


A  MILLION  PIECES  OF  HARD  WIRE 
—HOW  THEY  WERE  CUT  OFF 

By  D.  A.  Hampson. 

One  of  the  operations  in  a  munition 
job  that  the  shop  had  taken  "on  con- 
tract" was  to  cut  up  a  million  pieces  of 
%-inch  spring  wire  in  various  lengths 
from  1  inch  to  30  inches.  Now  the  shop 
had  handled  quite  a  little  wire  work  in 
times  past  and  had  cutters  for  various 
sizes  of  a  type  shown  in  fig.  1.  Two 
worn-out  files  would  be  softened,  teeth 
ground  off  one  side  of  each  and  tangs 
cut  off,  and  a  pivot  bolt  put  through  one 
end.  Then  a  hole  to  suit  the  size  of  wire 
to  be  cut  would  be  drilled  quite  close  to 


HAND    SHEAR    FOR    CUTTING    WIRE 

the  pivot  and  the  ex-files  hardened 
again.  In  use  one  of  the  blades  would 
be  held  in  a  vise  and  the  other,  drilled 
to  stand  at  right  angles,  would  be  pulled 
by  hand  to  cut  the  wire.  This  made 
cheap,  durable,  and  always  obtainablt 
cutters  but  not  applicable  to  so  many 
pieces  at  a  time  or  such  hard  wire — be- 
sides being  too  slow,  it  would  develop  a 


41 


sore  4iand  squad  of  too  large  proportions. 

Fig.  2  shows  the  Vire  cutter  as  madt 
up  and  operated  in  a  not-much-used 
shaper.  A  tool  steel  block  with  a  hole 
for  the  wire  to  slide  through  is  held  in 
the  shaper  vise.  The  block  carries  a  cuU 
ter  kept  up  close  by  a  shoulder  screw 
and  returned  by  a  coil  spring.  A  piece 
in  the  tool  post  strikes  the  cutter  at  each 
forward  stroke  and  shears  oflT  the  wire. 
The  hole  in  the  block  is  tapered  up  to 
within  Vt  inch  of  the  cutting  edge  run- 
ning back  to  H-inch  at  the  rear  and 
making  it  easy  for  the  workman  to  find 
the  hole  with  the  wire.  Straightened 
spring  wire  in  standard  three-foot 
lengths  was  purchased.  In  cutting  up, 
the  longest  lengths  were  cut  first,  fol- 
lowed by  shorter  ones  down  to  the  small- 
est and  reducing  the  waste  to  almost 
nothing.  -' 

There  were  in  use  in  the  shop  gauges 
of   the   sliding  jaw   type   with   bars   of 


CUTTING    A    MILLION    PIECES    OF    WIRE   IN 
A    SHAPER. 


about  1  'fhch  square  section.  One  of 
these  was  requisitioned  as  a  stop  for 
length  and  clamped  so  the  adjustable 
jaw  was  in  line  with  the  cutting  hole 
in  the  block.  This  formed  a  most  con- 
venient arrangement  and  like  the  rest  of 
the  outfit'tfed  up  very  little  money  in 
special  tools  to  be  discarded  when  the 
job  was  over.  With  the  shaper  running 
at  forty  strokes  a  minute,  the  operator 
was  able  to  cut  a  wire  every  other  stroke. 
But  four  sharpenings  were  necessary  on 
the  entire  job,  less  would  have  done  but 
for  the  fact  that  a  very  square  end  and 
a  round  wire  right  up  to  the  end  were 
required. 


IN  SOME  hydraulic  power  stations 
there  is,  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year, 
a  surplus  of  energy  available,  which  is 
commonly  unavoidably  run  to  w'nate. 
This  has  been  the  case  (says  Engineer- 
ing) at  the^^ten  power-station  of  the 
Zurich  Electrical  Power  Company.  At 
the  same  time  it  has  been  necessary  to 
maintain  for  certain  purposes  a  small 
steam  plant.  The  company  accordingly 
decided  to  utilize  the  surplus  of  power 
available  for  maintaining  steam  in  a 
boiler  for  this  plant.  The  boiler  fitted 
has  1,800  sq.  ft.  of  heating  surface,  and, 
with  a  maximum  consumption  of  84  to 
86  kw.,  is  able  to  supply  3,800  lb.  of 
steam  per  twenty-four  hours,  which 
suffices  to  run  the  feed-pumps  and  to 
keep  hot  the  machines  and  the  piping. 


12 


Volume  XX 


' — ^.  I  |'«vw 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  ivorking 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


IMPROVED  FLOOR  TYPE  BORING, 

MILLING  AND  DRILLING 

MACHINE 

THIS  machine  is  driven  from  a  mo- 
tor mounted  on  top  of  the  column. 
The  drive  is  direct  connected  to 
main  drive  shaft,  there  being  no  belting 
whatever  involved  in  this  design.  The 
spindle  drive  is  controlled  by  a  pair  of 
friction  cone  clutches,  located  at  back  of 
saddle,  and  accessible  for  adjustment. 
This  arrangement  provides  a  reversal  of 
spindle  for  back  faping  and  tapping.  The 
driving  pinion  for  the  spindle  meshes 
with  a  large  diameter  gear  face  cut  di- 
rectly on  the  face  plate.  This  location 
of  spindle  driye  prevents  spindle  torsion, 
and  as  a  result  eliminates  one  of  the 
most  frequent  causes  of  chatter  when 
milling.  The  front  end  of  spindle  slidejj 
through  an  adjustable  bearing  carried  iii 
the  spindle  sleeve,  but  the  spindle  docs 
not  rotate  in  this  bearing.  The  rotating 
motion  is  taken  in  another  adjustable 
bearing,  and  on  the  external  diameter 
of  the  spindle  sleeve.  The  advantage  of 
this  design  is  a  provision  of  take-up  for 
wear  on  the  sliding  spindle  bearing. 

A  very  prominent  feature  of  this  tool, 
and  one  which  is  exclusive  in  this  design, 
is  the  sensitive  and  powerful  concentric 
screw  feed  of  spindle,  accomplished  by 
means  of  a  differential  train  of  gears. 
The  only  thing  that  limits  the  length  of 
spindle  feed  when  it  is  traversed  by  this 
method  is  the  factor  of  practicc^jljty,  as 
there  is  no  mechanical  limit  of  feed,  such 
as  is  encountered  with  a  rack  and  pinion 
or  an  auxiliary  screw  feed.  This  method 
of  feeding  permits  continuous  traverse 
of  spindle  without  resetting.  The  feed 
is  applied  between  main  bearings,  requir- 
ing no  overhanging  support  at  end  of 
saddle. 

The  spindle  is  traversed  by  a  long 
bronze  nut  which  engages  square  thread 
on  the  spindle,  and  which  has  a  bearing 
only  on  the  sides  of  the  spindle,  thread. 
It  will  be  seen  that  this  arrangement 
provides  a  very  long  bearing,  and  as  the 
two  rotate  together  at  the  same  rate  of 
speed,  except  when  feed  is  engaged,  the 
possibility  of  wear  is  very  remote.  How- 
ever, in  case  of  wear,  there  is  an-adjusl- 
ment  to  take  it  up.  The  end  thrust  in 
either  direction  is  taken  on  ball  bearings 

The  thrust  of  spindle  when  milling  is 
taken  in  a  most  rigid  manner,  directly 
on  the  main  saddle  casting,  and  is  en- 
tirely independent  of  the  end  thrust  of 


spindle  for  boring.  The  principle  of 
carrying  feed  and  speed  gear  trains  iii 
the  saddle  as  one  unit  lends  to  the  ma- 
chine a  facility  for  operation  not  readily 
surpassed. 

There  are  twelve  changes  of  speed,  and 
twelve  changes  of  feed  embodied  in  this 
design.  All  feeds  are  at  the  same  rate 
per  revolution  of  spindle,  whether  applied 
to  spindle,  saddle  or  column  traverse,  and 
no  two  of  them  can  be  engaged  at  tht 
same  time.  It  is  notable  in  connectio'i 
with  this  speed  and  feed  arrangement 
that  any  one  of  the  twelve  feeds  can  be 
applied  to  any  one  of  the  twelve  spindle 
speeds,  making  in  reality  one  hundred 
and  forty-four  actual  rates  of  feed. 
Power  rapid  traverse,  independent  of  the 
regular  feeds,  is  provided  for  spindle, 
saddle  and  column  in  every  direction. 
With  one  lever,  machine  can  be  instantly 
started  and  stopped,  or  reversed,  indepen- 
dent of  main  drive  or  motor. 

The  gear  shifts  are  all  of  the  sliding' 
transmission  type,  and  are  tightly  and 
neatly  enclosed,  a  feature  that  adds  not 
only  to  the  life  and   appearance  of  the 


machine,  but  also  provides  that  safety 
for  the  operator  so  essential  to  State  law 
requirements  and  rapid  production  of 
work. 

All  traversing  gears  are  located  coa- 
sistent  with  the  most  approved  methed 
of  design,  that  is,  between  the  ways,  and 
close  to  the  guiding  side. 

The  gears  and  shafts  are  made  of 
chrome  nickel  steel,  specially  heat  treat- 
ed. The  spindle  is  made  of  high  carbon 
hammered  crucible  steel  and  accurately 
ground  to  secure  correct  alignment. 

The  oiling  of  the  saddle  parts  is  ac- 
complished by  the  syphon  system,  which 
insures  a  continuous  supply  of  clean  oil 
to  the  bearings.  The  counterweight  for 
the  saddle  operates  inside  the  column,  oul 
of  the  way  of  the  operator,  thus  assuring 
safety  in  accordance  with  State  laws. 

When  this  machine  is  correctly  align- 
ed in  position  with  the  rigid  outer  sup- 
port column,  and  the  wide,  unyieldmg 
floor  plate,  it  possesses  to  a  remarkable 
degree  those  features  which  make  it  an 
indispensable  tool  in  factories  and  ship- 
yards  handling    a    variety    of    massive 


r 


BORING     MILL     ADAPTED     FOR     MANY     OPERATIONS. 


July   11,   1918 

castinKS  which   must  be  machined  accu- 
rately and  quickly. 

After  several  years  of  experience,  de- 
signing and  experimenting  in  a  very 
practical  way,  the  manufacturers  of  this 


C  A  N  A  D  I"  AN    M  A  C  II I  N  K  R  Y 

were  explained  in  a  very  clear  and  in-  ■ 
teresting  way  by  Mr.  Maybee. 

The  second  subject  was  an  address  by 
Mr.  Holmes  of  the  Invalided  Soldiero' 
Commission  on  "The  Training  of  Disabled 


43 


foriB  men  are  placed  there  and  .that  a 
careful  gupervision  is  kept  over  the  men 
and  their  work  by  the  Government  Com- 
mission during  the  period  of  their  in- 
struction. The  men  rec»/ve  pay  from 
the  Government  and  instruction  from  the 
firm.  Over  90  per  cent,  of  the  men  so 
placed  have  made  good  and  are  now  earn- 
ing or  making  good  progress  towardh 
earning  a  comfortable   income. 

The  principal  point  brought  out  was 
that  the  returned  men  should  not  be 
dumped  upon  the  industrial  field  and  left 
to  shift  for  themselves  but  their  cases, 
must  be  studied  individually  and  the 
men  allotted  to  positions  suiting  not 
only  the  man's  natural  capacity  but  also 
the  nature  of  his  wounds  or  physical  de- 
ficiency. 


GEAR    BOX    WITH    COVER    REMOVED    SHOWING    MECHANISM. 


machine  are  thoroughly  convinced  of  its 
high  efficiency  under  severe  service.  One 
of  its  greatest  advantages  is  its  univer- 
sal range  of  adaptability.  It  may  be  used 
to  bore,  mill,  drill,  tap,  spline,  and  for 
oil  grooving  or  rotary  planing  at  one  set- 
ting. When  swivel  table  is  used,  the  dif- 
ferent sides  of  work  may  be  finished 
without  resetting.  The  design  of  this 
machine  is  such  that  its  actual  manipu- 
lation requires  a  relatively  low  propor- 
tion of  the  operator's  time,  creating  a 
wider  opportunity,  and  a  greater  incen- 
tive, for  him  to  increase  production. 

This  machine,  of  improved  design,  is 
built  by  the  Landis  Tool  Company,  of 
Waynesboro,  Pa.  It  has  been  designed 
especially  to  meet  the  requirements  in  '-x 
general  way,  of  shipyards,  navy  yards, 
turbine  works,  etc.,  and  will  handle  a 
wide  range  of  heavy  machine  work. 
Briefly  it  combines  the  necessary  dura- 
bility and  simplicity  of  operation  to  in- 
sure accuracy  and  quantity  of  all  work 
usually  machined  on  floor  type  boring 
machines. 


Soldiers  in  the  Industries."  The  train- 
ing of  returned  soldiers  falls  into  three 
classes — that  of  the  hospitals,  then  in 
the  re-education  schools  and  lastly  in  the 
shops  of  the  industries  themselves.  With 
this  last  department  Mr.  Holmes  dealt 
and  explained  the  organization  ana 
methods  of  handling  the  work.  It  is 
with  this  industrial  phase  of  the  train- 
ing that  the  engineers  and  employers 
should  be  closest  in  touch.  It  is  here 
that  they  can  help  most. 

Mr.  Holmes  explained  how  the  prelimi- 
nary survey  is  made  of  each  plant  be- 


FEED  CHANCE    LEVERS 


JULY  MEETING   OF   ONTARIO  SEC- 
TION OF  A.  S.  M.  E. 

A  well  attended  meeting  of  The  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers, 
Ontario  Section,  and  the  Toronto  Branch 
of  the  Engineering  Institute  of  Canada 
was  held  in  the  lecture  room  of  the  En- 
gineers' Club  on  Wednesday  evening, 
July  3.     Two  subjects  were  presented. 

The  first  was  a  very  interesting  paper 
by  Mr.  Edward  Maybee  on  "Patents  of 
Invention."  This  covered  particularly 
the  part  of  the  patent  field  of  interest 
to  engineers  and  a  number  of  points 
which  are  generally  not  well  understood 


FEED  REVEflSE 

LtVlff 


PERMANENT    EXHIBITION    OF    MA- 
CHINERY IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 

A  permanent  display  and  salesroom  for 
machinery  and  mechanical  appliances  is 
being  planned  in  New  York  City,  to  be 
operated  by  what  is  known  as  the  Mer- 
chants and  Manufacturers'  Exchange  of 
New  York,  the  display  and  salesroom 
being  located  in  the  Grand  Central  Pal- 
ace, Lexington  Ave.  and  46th  St.  The 
machinery  exhibition  will  occupy  an  en- 
tire floor  of  the  building,  having  an  area 
of  50,000  square  feet  of  floor  space.  For 
the  convenience  of  the  buyer,  a  general 
information  bureau  and  reading  room  will 
also  be  maintained  where  important  trade 
and  technical  journals  and  catalogues  will 
be  kept  on  file.  All  communications 
should  be  addressed  to  the  Machinery 
Sales  Department,  Grand  Central  Palace, 
New  York  City. 

♦ 

KAING  GRASS  grows  in  great  profus- 
ion in  all  parts  of  Burma,  frequently 
reaching  a  height  of  10  ft.  As  a  paper- 
making  material  it  may  be  classed  with 
esparto  grass,  and  is  much  cheaper, 
though  the  quality  of  the  pulp  is  not 
quite  so  good  as  that  obtained  with 
esparto. 


HC  mo  MILLING 

DISTRiaUTION  LEVEN. 


FEED  AND 

HAPID  TRAVERSE  LCVEII 


SPEED  CHANGE  LrvmS 


SLOTTING  CLAMP  I 


STARTINC 
STOPPING   AND 
REVERSING   LEVER 

-■      / 
MILLING  DISTRIBUTION   LEVER 


MILLING  CLAMP  i 


HAND  WHEEL  FOR  SADDLE 
SPINDLE   AND  COLUMN   FEEDSJ 


.■^D   FEED  DISTRIBUTION   Ltv 

FRONT  VIEW   OF   GEAR   BOX. 


44 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The   MacLean    Publishing   Company 

LIMITED 

(ESTABLIBHBD  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-Pre«ident 

B.  V.  TYBRELU   General  Manaeer 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5*> 

A  weekly  ioumal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manttfaeturinK  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY,  Asst.  Editor. 

Associate  Editors : 
A.  G.  WtSBSfTBR    J.  H.  RODGERS   (Montreal)     W.  F.  SUTHE21LAND 


Office    of    Publication,    143163    University    Avenue,    Toronto,    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


JULY  11,  1918 


No.  2 


COAL  AND  COLD 

ADVICES  from  ali  coal  producing  centres  in  Canada 
and  the  United  States  reveal  a  similarity  of  opinion 
regarding  the  coal  situation  which  demands  all  the 
attention  and  action  which  it  is  possible  to  give. 

Some  time  ago  it  was  stated  that  no  coal  would  go  to 
Montreal  from  Nova  Scotia  this  summer  for  the  simple 
reason  there  are  no  ships  available.  While  there  may  be 
some  small  amount  taken  up  by  rail,  the  great  bulk  of  the 
fuel  supply  must  be  water-borne  during  the  shipping 
season. 

It  is  now  stated  that  the  Nova  Scotia  coal  output  con- 
tinues to  decrease.  Commenting  on  this  the  Sydney  cor- 
respondent of  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  writes: 

"For  the  first  six  months  of  1918  the  production  has 
fallen  off  from  the  record  of  the  first  six  months  of 
1917  by  about  330,000  tons,  and  it  is  only  too  probable 
that  by  the  end  of  the  year  the  total  outputs  will  be  less 
than  those  of  1917  by  about  330,000  tons,  and  it  is  only 
too  probable  that  by  the  end  of  the  year  the  total  out- 
puts will  be  less  than  those  of  1917  by  almost  half  a 
million  tons.  At  the  same  time  it  is  hoped  the  rate  of 
decline  in  the  last  half  of  1918  will  not  be  so  rapid  as  it 
was  during  the  last  six  months.  That  is  the  best  that 
can  be  hoped  for." 

The  problem  of  coal  production  is  not  the  least  of  the 
problems  that  face  the  Allied  leaders,  and  if  the  coal  pro- 
duction declines  to  a  point  where  it  restricts  the  output  of 
munitions  and  the  transport  of  troops  the  gravity  of  the 
situation  will  appear  in  its  true  light.  According  to  our 
authority  quoted  above  things  are  approaching  such  a 
point  that  if  activities  vital  to  the  success  of  the  war  are 
touched  the  private  consumer  will  have  to  freeze,  if  need 
be,  because  the  needs  of  the  army  and  navy  come  before 
the  requirements  of  people  at  this  time. 


U.S.  LABOR  DEMAND  RECEIVES  OFFICIAL 
COGNIZANCE 

SCARCITY  of  common  labor  and  lack  of  workers  in  the 
coal   mining  industry  are  imperiling  all   other  war 
production  in  the  United  States  at  the  present  mo- 
ment. 

A  shortage  of  between  300,000  and  400,000  common 
laborers  exists  in  the  war  industries  across  the  line,  while 
the  skilled  labor  supply  is  also  seriously  inadequate  as  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  that  one  large  munitions  plant  turning 
out  heavy  calibre  guns  is  short  2,000  machinists,  while  the 
war  plants  of  Connecticut  and  Maryland  alone  are  under- 
manned by  35,000  skilled  machinists.  Immediate  relief  is 
sought  by  assigning  the  United  States  Employment  Ser- 


vice to  act  as  a  centralized  government  agency  in  recruiting 
workers  for  war  work  from  the  non-essential  industries  as 
quickly  as  possible,  in  view  of  the  amount  of  work  which 
will  devolve  upon  it  after  August  1,  after  which  private 
recruiting  for  unskilled  help  for  war  work  becomes  ef- 
fective. 

That  the  machinist's  work  is  vital  to  the  success  of  the 
war  is  shown  by  the  decision  of  the  authorities  in  the 
States  to  ultimately  extend  the  ban  to  include  skilled 
workers,  the  mobilization  of  whom  will  also  be  handled  by 
the  Federal  Employment  Service,  assisted  by  the  Inter- 
national Association  of  Machinists,  afliliated  with  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  who  are  putting  their 
whole  weight  behind  the  war  labor  supplying  program. 

An  absence  of  labor  troubles  from  now  on  would  seem 
to  be  likely  in  view  of  the  fact  that  deferred  classification 
of  all  skilled  machinists  registered  in  the  draft,  and  fur- 
loughs of  skilled  machinists  now  in  military  service  are 
advanced  as  chief  remedial  measures. 


OUR  NEED  FOR  SHIPS 

THE  argument  has  several  times  been  advanced  in 
hese  columns  that  Canada  must  consider  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  shipbuilding  industry  on  a  permanent 
basis  if  we  are  to  place  our  products,  and  particularly  our 
manufactures,  in  those  markets  where  they  can  be  disposed 
of  to  the  best  advantage.  Foreign  nations  may  seek  out 
agricultural  products  with  their  own  ships  but  they  will 
want  to  bring  manufactured  goods  to  our  shores,  not  to 
take  them  away. 

This  argument  is  appealing  in  the  United  States  in  a 
somewhat  different  way.  In  an  address  before  the  Illinois 
Manufacturers'  Association,  Edward  N.  Hurley,  chairman 
of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  declared  that  the 
United  States  would  be  in  such  a  favorable  position  as  re- 
gards tonnage  after  the  war  that  it  was  up  to  the  manu- 
facturers to  increase  their  output  so  that  the  ships  might 
be  operated  to  advantage. 

If  the  United  States  has  plenty  of  ships  after  the  war 
and  Canada  has  but  few  it  does  not  take  a  great  deal  of 
figuring  to  arrive  at  a  conclusion  as  to  which  country  will 
be  in  the  best  position  to  develop  foreign  trade. 


SIGNS  OF  THE  TIMES 

LABOR  and  material  are  the  two  principal  founda- 
tions on  which  organized  industry  is  based.  Take 
away  either  of  these  and  the  other,  along  with 
such  resultant  activities  as  consumption,  distribution,  etc., 
is  completely  nullified, 

This  interdependence  is  proven  by  the  action  of  the 
Ford  Motor  Co.,  of  Canada,  the  closing  of  whose  factory 
is  attributed  to  difficulty  in  obtaining  materials  coupled 
with  labor  troubles. 

The  universality  of  the  company's  products  was  such 
that,  combined  with  the  known  profitableness  of  its  busi- 
ness in  the  past,  its  retirement  from  active  business,  even 
though  only  temporary,  is  another  indication  of  those 
changes  in  business  which  are  taking  place  slowly  but 
surely,  and  which  have  in  the  course  of  the  past  two  years 
brought  home  to  us  gradually  the  present  state  of  world 
affairs. 

That  the  entry  of  the  United  States  into  the  war  would 
have  certain  far-reaching  effects  on  Canadian  industry  was 
admitted  by  many,  but  the  man  in  the  street  has  not  yet 
realized  the  extent  to  which  business  is  restricted  by  legi- 
timate measures  originating  at  Washington. 

Although  Ford  cars  may  not  be  made  in  Canada  for  the 
present  their  price  does  not  bring  them  within  the  category 
of  banned  imports,  but  the  closing  of  an  establishment 
which  has  had  an  annual  output  approaching  30,000  cars 
will  bring  home  the  true  aspect  of  affairs  much  more  effec- 
tively than  the  prohibition  of  some  particular  grade  of 
metal  on  which  comparatively  few  people  ever  cast  eyes. 


July   11,   1918 


45 


CANADA  BURNING  HER  NATURAL  WEALTH  LIKE  A 
DRUNKEN  SAILOR  SPENDING  HIS  MONEY 


CANADA  is  burning  up  her  natural  resources  and  her 
wealth  at  the  same  pace  as  a  drunken  sailor  spends 
his  cash.  Of  course  the  official  reports  do  not  put  it 
that  way.  They  state  total  figures  and  leave  the  public 
to  draw  its  own  conclusions. 

Apparently  Canada  is  going  to  lead  in  a  few  things, 
so  the  Dominion  breaks  into  the  head  of  the  procession, 
and  is  able  to  announci-  that  as  far  as  a  per  capita  fire 
loss  is  concerned    it  leads  the  world. 

Something  to  be  proud  of  and  get  enthusiastic  over, 
isn't  it? 

Canada's  rate  is  $2.73  for  every  man,  woman  and  child. 
Put  the  thing  in  a  table  so  it  can  be  seen  and  appreciated. 
It   looks   like   this: — 

Canada $2.73 

United    States    2.26 

England    64 

France 74 

Germany    .28 

Switzerland .13 

Well,  that's  one  thing  to  talk  about.  We've  got  the 
"Germans  beat  ten  to  one  at  burning  up  and  destroying 
property  and  natural  wealth. 

Since   Confederation 

Since  Confederation  the  fire  loss  in  Canada,  excluding 
forest  fires,  has  been  $700,000,000.  Of  this  sum  $350,000,- 
000  is  made  up  of  direct  fire  losses,  $150,000,000  represents 
the  cost  of  maintaining  public  and  private  fire  protection 
services,  whilst  $197,000,000  is  the  amount  of  insurance 
premiums  paid,  but  not  returned  to  policy-holders  in  com- 
pensation for  losses.  In  addition,  nearly  200  people  are 
burned  to  death  and  about  500  seriously  injured  by  fire 
every  year.  In  the  four  normal  years,  1912-15,  Canada's 
annual  per  capita  fire  loss  was  $2.73. 

The  Timber  Losses 

Just  how  great  has  been  Canada's  timber  loss  from 
fire  is  not  known.  It  cannot  be  computed.  At  best  it  can 
simply  be  guessed  at  or  estimated.  British  Colombia  has 
paid  a  great  price  for  having,  all  the  fool  fire  setters 
loose  in  that  province.  The  railroads  have  done  a  nasty 
lot  of  business  for  that  province,  but  the  roads  have 
done  a  lot  better  in  recent  years. 

The  camper  has  done  his  bit  to  burn  up  forests  and 
settlements  and  bridges.  There  have  been  campers  and 
prospectors  tearing  loose  over  the  mountains  of  British 
Columbia  who  wouldn't  know  enough  to  eat  out  of  a  nose 
bag  when  the  whistle  blew  for  noon.  The  experienced 
bushman,  the  timber  cruiser  and  the  prospector — these 
men  don't  start  fires.  They  know  all  too  well  what  it 
means.  They  know  the  horror  of  the  wall  of  fire,  of  the 
poor  meagre  chance  of  beating  the  fire  to  a  lake  or  river. 
They  put  their  camp  fires  out  when  they're  through  and 
they  don't  drop  burning   matches. 

A  Sorry  Spectacle 

The  foothills  of  British  Columbia  bear  silent  and  tragic 
witness  to  what  fire  has  done  there.  Great  stretches  of 
timber,  the  heart  and  life  burned  out  of  it,  charred,  barren 
and  good  for  nothing  except  firewood — and  no  person 
is  keen  for  firewood  in  a  land  teeming  with  coal. 

The  story  of  British  Cohimbia's  forests  is  the  story 
t)f  Canada's  industrial  and  domestic  life  as  far  as  fire  is 
concerned. 

And  the  most  damning  part  of  it  all  is  that  there's 
no  excuse  for  it. 

The  best  proof  of  this  is  actual  experience.  Take 
the  case  of  the  Massey-Harris  plant  in  Toronto.  In  30 
years  the  fire  loss  has  not  amounted  to  $500. 

It  has  cost  them  something  to  keep  up  their  own  (ire 
department.     But  they  have  realized  on  that  investment. 


Other  ExtravaKanceR 

And  the  method  of  carrying  on  insurance  businesn  is 
extravagant,  according  to  reports  of  the  Conservation 
Commission.  Prom  1869  to  1916,  the  public  has  paid  the 
insurance  companies  65  cents  for  distributing  every  dollar 
of  indemnity.  This  gives  food  for  thought,  when  it  is 
remembered  that,  under  present  Government  management, 
the  collection  of  customs  and  inland  revenue  costs  less  than 
five  per  cent,  of  the  receipts.  Since  the  establishment 
of  Government  insurance  in  New  Zealand  in  1905,  the 
rates  on  mercantile  risks  have  been  reduced  10  per  cent, 
and  on  dwellings  33  and  one-third  per  cent.  The  report 
asserts  that  insurance  agents  in  Canada  are  paid,  on  the 
average,  a  commission  of  slightly  over  20  per  cent.,  ob- 
viously a  large  expenditure  on  middlemen.  It  is  also 
stated  that  the  number  of  agents  is  excessive,  a  circum- 
stance which  makes  necessary  a  higher  commission  than 
is  economically  necessary. 

The  whole  system — pardon  the  word — of  burning  up 
property  and  carrying  insurance  in  Canada  is  a  long  way 
from  being  what  it  should  be.  There's  a  grand  chance 
for  some  good  stiff  punishment  for  our  fire  fiends,  and 
a  splendid  opportunity  for  a  generous  rattling  of  dry 
bones. 

Preventible  fires  are  nothing  short  of  national  robbery, 
and  it's  time  to  call  a  quick  halt  to  this  form  of  plundering 
the  common  storehouse  of  Canada's  wealth. 


There's  a  Heap  of  These  Men 

The  phrase  we  hear  "grass  widower,"  is  a  piece  of 
slang,  of  course,  it  really  means  a  lonely  man,  a  victim 
of  remorse.  His  wife  has  gone,  his  family,  too,  to  sea- 
shore or  to  stream,  or  to  the  country  there  to  sip  of 
honey  and  of  cream. 

And  Henry  John,  he  stays  at  home  to  dwell  in  single 
bliss,  and  murmurs — to  himself,  of  course — there  ain't 
no  life  like  this. 

He  tells  the  folks  who  live  next  door  he  is  one  lonely 
coon,  and  he  hopes  the  woman  of  his  heart  will  hike  back 
awful  soon.  He  sets  his  table  a  la  carte,  he  dines  in 
lavish  style,  he  heaps  .the  dishes  in  the  sink — a  "great 
and  glorious  pile. 

"The  boys"  drop  in  to  comfort  him,  to  cheer  his  weary 
hours,  to  help  him  shuffle  up  the  deck  and  shake  the  king 
and  bowers. 

They  help  him  wash  his  woes  away  with  fellowship 
divine,  while  Henry  brings  the  wash  upstairs  in  cold  and 
sparkling  wine.  He  help.=  his  guests  down  off  the  porch, 
this  man  chuck  full  of  sorrow,  and  hopes  theyll  -be  in 
shape   again   to   go   to   work   to-morrow. 

At  other  times  he  greets  the  girls  with  most  profuse 
salaam,  and  goes  a  fierce,  blood-curdling  pace  for  a  decent 
married  man. 

He  dons  his  Sunday  meetin'  clothes  and  wears  'em 
through  the  week,  and  smokes  cigars  and  cigarettes  until 
the  curtains  reek.  He  leads  a  whirlwind  pace,  by  gum, 
this  bachelor  pro  tem,  you'd  never  think  of  naming  him 
the  loneliest  of  men. 

Then  once  a  week  he  writes  a  line  to  the  woman  of 
his  choice,  and  tells  her  he  is  dying  sick  for  the  music 
of  her  voice. 

He  writes  an  awful  hunk  of  lies,  sends  kisses  to  the 
kids,  and  says  he  needs  a  home-made  meal  to  fortify 
his  ribs.  Of  course  he  tells  her  not  to  mind  about  his 
sorry  plight,  although  he  sheds  a  peck  of  tears  as  he 
thinks  of  her  each  night. 

But  he  tells  her  just  to  stay  right  on  and  finish  her 
vacation,  and  that  for  her  he'll  willingly  forget  his  deso- 
lation. 

This  letter  reaches  dear  Lucille,  she  bubbles  o'er  with 
pity,  to  think  of  her  dear  Henry  John  a-swelterin'  in 
the   city.- — Ark. 


46 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


The  Old  Tin  Can  Is  Receiving  Attention 

Restrictions  Being  Placed  on  its  Manufacture  in  United  States — War  Board  Insists  on 

Selling  Price  Being  Mentioned  in  Every  Case — Metals  Have  Advanced 

in  Several  Lines  During  Past  Week 


APPARENTLY  the  War  Board  at  Ottawa  has  decided 
on  the  question  of  price  regrulation,  and  events 
show  that  they  are  not  to  be  turned  aside  by  ob- 
jections on  the  part  of  dealers.  Orders  for  release  of 
material  from  warehouses  that  do  not  include  in  the 
information  the  selling  price  per  pound  are  promptly 
returned.  Apart  from  that  there  is  not  any  tightening 
of  the  regulations  at  Ottawa,  and  the  general  run  of 
orders  get  through  all  right.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it  is 
amazing  the  number  of  industries  in  Canada  that  are  in- 
directly engaged  on  war  work.  Orders  for  repairs  on 
plants  in  nearly  every  case  can  be  traced  to  war  work 
on  either  first  or  secondary  contracts,  and  in  this  way 
sufficient  warrant  is  found  for  passing  on  the  request 
for  supplies  of  steel  or  other  much-wanted  war  materials. 
United  States  government  is  taking  steps  to  spread 
out  the  available  supply  of  box  tin,  and  to  keep  it  from 
being  used  for  anything  that  can  stand  aside  for  the 
time  being.  Canners  are  denied  access  to  the  tin  market 
in  some  cases  until  the  middle  of  September,  and  in  other 
lines  the  canning  of  certain  products  is  stopped,  as  it  is 
considered  that  a  sufficient  supply  is  on  hand  for  imme- 
diate requirements. 


Dealers  in  scrap  metals  in  a  large  way  are  interested  in 
the  much-talked  of  proposal  to  scrap  the  railroad  run- 
ning from  London  to  Port  Stanley.  Any  big  lot  of  scrap 
would  be  acceptable  to  the  market  at  this  time,  although 
it  is  debatable  if  much  of  the  trackage  would  ever  get 
to  the  scrap  yards,  as  the  demand  for  rails  for  re-laying 
is  keen,  even  for  the  60-pound  type  such  as  is  used  in 
the  London  road.  A  mile  of  such  track  represents  about 
100  tons  of  metal  in  the  rails  alone. 

There  is  not  much  change  in  the  machine  tool  situation 
as  it  has  existed  for  a  number  of  weeks  past.  Dealers 
and  jobbers  are  still  behind  in  deliveries  of  equipment 
to  contractors.  The  demand  for  production  of  munitions 
is  still  persistent  and  continuous.  One  large  Toronto 
plant  has  finished  the  first  operation  on  its  British  contract, 
and  starts  at  once  tooling  for  American  business.  Forgings 
for  this  contract,  it  is  understood,  will  be  done  in  Toronto, 
so  that  there  will  be  very  little  hauling  between  the  point 
of  forging  and  machining. 

Price  advances  in  metals  have  been  frequent  during 
the  week,  the  scrap  quotations  following  on  after  increases 
in  the  other  lists.  Copper,  zinc,  lead  and  antimony  have 
all  increased. 


SHIPYARDS  AND  MUNITION  PLANTS 

ARE  LARGE  BUYERS  OF  MACHINERY 


SpecimI  to  CANADIAN  HACHINERT. 


MONTREAL,  July  9.— Munitions  and 
shipbuilding  vie  wiOi  each  other  in  su- 
premacy of  industrial  activity.  The  re- 
cent announcement  that  larger  output 
of  shrapnel  was  desired  has  stimulated 
the  shell  industry,  and  owing  to  the  re- 
verting of  the  smaller  tools  to  the  pro- 
duction of  the  75  m.m.  American  shell 
the  demand  for  such  equipment  has  been 
increased.  During  the  past  week  the 
shipyard  of  Fraser,  Brace  Co.  floated  two 
of  the  four  3,000  tons  wooden  vessels, 
now  under  construction.  Considerable 
local  interest  has  been  shown  in  the  re- 
laxation of  priority  certificates  for  steel, 
but  the  situation  is  still  one  where  little 
surplus  steel  is  available  for  other  than 
essential  needs.  Contrary  to  expecta- 
tions the  price  of  copper  has  been  ad- 
vanced to  26  cents,  as  a  result  of  freight 
advances  and  higher  cost  of  production. 
Machine   tool   activity  has   recently   in- 


creased following  the  placing  of  shrapnel 
orders. 

Pig  Iron  Stronger 

As  a  result  of  the  higher  cost  of  trans- 
portation and  other  conditions  the  situ- 
ation has  become  stronger  at  the  new 
price  recently  fixed  by  the  governing 
board.  The  45  cent  advance  is  now  effec- 
tive on  Pittsburgh  iron,  Bessemer  being 
quoted  at  $36.60  and  basic  at  $33.40  per 
ton;  No.  2  foundry  is  now  $34.40  per  ton. 
Local  conditions  are  unchanged  with 
little  iron  available  for  the  market,  as  a 
consequence  no  quotations  are  available. 

Steel  Unchanged 

Although  it  has  been  that  the 
priority  regulations  have  been  somewhat 
relaxed,  the  situation  here  will  not  be 
influenced  to  any  great  extent,  as  the 
conditions  will  remain  practically  the 
same.    As  one  dealer  puts  it  the  priority 


contracts  now  at  the  mills  awaiting  ful- 
filment are  ample  to  keep  the  producers 
busy  for  the  next  six  months,  so  that  it 
will  be  very  small  volumes  of  material 
that  will  be  available  for  disposal  under 
the  open  selling  basis.  Should  operations 
warrant  a  continuance  of  this  ruling  it 
would  likely  be  some  time  before  the  re- 
lief would  be  felt  here.  Dealers,  how- 
ever, report  improvement  in  the  delivery 
of  steel  from  the  States,  but  the  possi- 
bility of  securing  early  shipments  of 
material  ordered  now  appears  to  be  as 
remote  as  ever.  Semi-finished  steel  pro- 
ducers are  now  negotiating  with  the 
War  Board  with  the  object  of  arriving 
at  an  agreement  for  revision  of  fixed 
prices.  Early  announcement  may  be  ex- 
pected in  this  connection.  The  market 
is  still  one  of  government  requirements 
and  prices  here  are  firm  and  unchanged. 
Metals 
The  strength  of  the  general  market 
continues  and  the  demand  has  been 
steady.  Due  largely  to  the  higher  cost 
of  transportation  the  prices  on  some  of 
the  metal  show  a  stronger  tendency. 
Copper  prices  have  been  revised,  tin  is 


July    11,   1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


47 


unsettled  but  has  declined  locally.  Spelter 
is  higher  under  increased  demand.  Lead 
has  also  advanced.  Antimony  and  alu- 
minum are  steady  and  unchanged. 

Copper. — The  recent  action  on  the  part 
of  the  U.  S.  War  Industries  Board  in 
agreement  with  the  producers,  in  ad- 
vancing the  fixed  price  on  copper,  came 
as  a  sudden  surprise  to  the  majority,  as 
it  was  not  anticipated  that  a  departure 
from  the  old  price  would  be  adopted  at 
thi';  time.  The  uncertainty  that  has  pre- 
vailed for  the  past  few  weeks  as  to  what 
attitude  the  government  would  take  re- 
garding a  new  price  has  created  a  situ- 
ation that  will  require  some  attention 
before  the  market  can  resume  a  normal 
tone.  Sales  that  have  been  made  recently 
fc  for  future  delivery  will  necessitate  some 
Jf  revision  owing  to  the  chang'ed  conditions. 
Buyers  may  wish  to  hold  the  producer 
to  the  former  price,  while  the  latter  may 
claim  the  higher  price  just  fixed.  How- 
ever the  market  or  government  price  of 
26  cents  will  be  the  basis  for  the  next 
period's  operations,  but  it  may  be  some 
little  time  before  normal  trading  is  es- 
tablished. The  local  demand  continues 
steady  but  not  heavy,  and  metal  is  hard 
to  get.  Dealers  have  advanced  prices  to 
30  and  31  cents,  this  being  one  cent 
higher  than  the  quotation  of  last  week. 

Tin. — Some  relief  has  been  shown  in 
the  tin  situation  but  the  market  is  still 
an  uncertain  one.  Further  restrictions 
have  been  placed  on  export  of  metal 
from  England  and  the  tension  here  is 
still  pronounced.  New  York  quotations 
are  normal  at  92  cents  per  pound.  Deal- 
ers here  report  a  better  supply  with  the 
demand  good.  Prices  asked  are  easier, 
a  fair  average  being  $110  per  hundred; 
this  is  15  cents  per  pound  lower  than  a 
week  ago. 

Spelter. — Interest  in  this  metal  has 
revived  as  a  result  of  the  activity  that 
has  recently  been  displayed  by  heavy 
trading  in  the  States.  Brass  interests 
are  good  buyers  and  the  general  demand 
shows  improvement.  Dealers  here  quote 
11  cents,  an  advance  of  %  cent  per 
pound. 

Lead. — Coupled  with  the  advance  in 
:  American  freight  rates,  the  renewed  de- 
mand for  shrapnel  has  increased  the 
strength  of  this  metal  and  higher  prices 
are  in  order.  The  American  trust  price 
is  on  a  par  with  the  open  market,  the 
nominal  quotation  being  slightly  over  8 
cents  per  pound.  Local  demand  has  im- 
proved and  an  advance  of  one  cent  places 
the  current  price  at  10%  cents  per 
pound. 

Machine   Tools   and    Supplies 

Considerable  activity  is  still  evident  on 
every  side  and  the  demand  for  shell 
making  machinery  continues  to  be  a 
characteristic  feature.  The  requirements 
for  the  75  m.m.  shell  and  also  the  British 
shrapnel  are  quite  heavy  and  shell 
makers  are  active  buyers  of  used  ma- 
chinery. One  firm  here  which  is  erect- 
ing a  new  plant  to  take  care  of  additional 
business  on  the  American  .75  are  expect- 
ing to  obtain  equipment  in  the  near 
future  from  a  plant  specially  organized 
to  construct  the  tools  required.     Dealers 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


It  has  been  found  that  in  aome 
cases  U.  S.  jobbers  had  large  stocks 
of  steel  on  hand,  which  they  had  been 
accumulating  for  years,  and  holding 
for  fear  of  running  out  of  certain 
sizes. 

Advances  are  noted  to-day  in  sev- 
eral lines  of  scrap  metals,  especially 
copper-s.  The  action  of  U.  S.  in  rais- 
ing the  price  for  electrolytic  is  given 
as  the  cause. 

The  War  Trade  Board  at  Ottawa 
adheres  to  the  ruling  of  having  the 
selling  price  stated  on  all  orders  re- 
leased from  warehouses.  Orders 
where  this  is  omitted  are  promptly 
returned. 

Orders  for  boiler  tubes  reaching 
Toronto  this  week  are  on  a  scale 
large  enough  to  clean  out  most  of  the 
local  stocks. 

U.  S.  prohibits  manufacture  of 
condensed  milk  as  a  measure  to  con- 
serve the  supply  of  sugar. 

Cans  cannot  be  supplied  to  pre- 
serve beans  until  the  15th  of  Septem- 
ber. This  will  release  thousands  of 
boxes  of  tin  plate  in  the  next  two 
months. 

Dealers  in  scrap  in  Toronto  are 
waiting  for  developments  in  the  pro- 
posed scrapping  of  the  London-Port 
Stanley  rOad.  The  rails  there  should 
run  about  100  tons  to  the  mile,  but 
the  chances  are  they  would  never 
be  sold  in  as  scrap. 


report  enquiry  in  excess  of  the  supply 
and  delivery  in  many  cases  behind 
schedule.  This  also  applies  to  consider- 
able of  the  accessories  that  are  used  in 
large  quantities  in  munition  factories. 
Shipyards  are  still  good  buyers,  particu- 
larly in  the  way  of  the  smaller  tools, 
such  as  air-operated  tools,  etc. 

Scrap  Unsettled 

Dealers  report  a  quiet  situation  with 
little  trading.  Some  business  is  being 
done  for  immediate  requirements  but 
future  business  is  dull.  Prices  are  un- 
certain but  unchanged. 


WAR  BOARD  INSISTS 

ON  PRICE  MATTERS 

Orders  With  This  Information  Left  Out 
Have  No  Chance  to  Get  Past 

TORONTO.— There  are  firms  entering 
the  market  to-day  for  steel,  machinery 
and  supplies,  and  who  are  now  receiving 
every  consideration  in  the  way  of  pre- 
ferred treatment,  that  a  year  or  so  ago 


were  not  considered  to  be  of  much  ac- 
count. In  fact  »ome  accounts  that  were 
begging  at  that  time  are  now  looked 
upon  as  good  business  to  handle.  The 
war  has  practically  put  them  on  their 
feet.  And  there's  quite  a  chance  of  a 
number  of  these  establishments  stayinjf 
in  business  after  the  war  ends. 

But  the  war  and  business  connected 
with  it  continues  to  be  the  centre  of  all 
deals  put  through  on  a  large  scale  now. 
There  are  big  concerns  in  Canada  now  — 
big  enough  to  rank  as  right  at  the  top, 
whose  output  is  at  least  85  per  cent,  on 
a  strictly  war  basis.  The  phrase  war 
basis  provides  a  much  larger  place  to 
work  in  than  might  be  imagined  at  first. 

There  are  some  disappointments  goinj; 
the  rounds  in  the  matter  of  securing  de- 
liveries for  promised  war  purpose  ma- 
chinery. The  strike  of  the  moulders  a 
little  while  back  hindered  the  work  in 
some  cases,  and  other  causes  have  all 
tended  to  retard  the  work.  The  contrac- 
tor for  shell  work  who  is  getting  delivery 
of  his  equipment  on  time  to  allow  him 
to  live  up  to  his  delivery  schedule  is  a 
fortunate  person. 

Advances,  quite  sharp  in  some  cases, 
are  noted  this  week  in  the  prices  offered 
for  copper  scrap,  either  light,  crucible, 
heavy  or  copper  wire.  The  reason  assign- 
ed is  the  action  of  United  States  Govern- 
ment in  advancing  the  price  of  No.  1 
electrolytic  copper  from  23 Vic  to  26c. 

Price   Regulation 

The  War  Trade  Board  at  Ottawa  is 
standing  pat  on  its  determination  to  find 
out  the  values  at  which  material  is  pass- 
ing under  permit  from  the  Canadian 
warehouses.  In  a  few  cases  orders  have 
gone  forward  to  Ottawa  without  the 
blank  for  the  price  being  filled  in.  In- 
variably these  orders,  although  of  the 
war  preference  sort,  are  returned  at  once. 
Dealers  in  the  great  majority  of  cases 
show  a  tendency  of  playing  square  with 
the  War  Board.  They  state  the  price 
at  which  they  are  selling  exactly  accord- 
ing to  facts.  "If  the  War  Board  decides 
that  we  are  doing  business  on  too  large 
a  margin  of  profit,"  declared  one  dealer 
to-day,  "it  will  probably  give  us  a  chance 
to  get  together  on  the  proposition  and 
get  our  case  in  the  right  light  at  Ot- 
tawa." As  a  matter  of  fact  there  is 
little  complaint  about  orders  being  turr.- 
ed  back  from  Ottawa.  Dealers  weeS 
them  out  before  they  go  through,  but 
even  at  that  there  are  not  as  many  re- 
fusals from  Ottawa  as  there  were  a  few 
months  ago. 

Using  Large  Amounts 

Orders  placed  this  week  at  Toronto  for 
four-inch  boiler  tubes  are  large  enough 
to  well  nigh  make  a  record.  Some  of 
them  are  well  into  the  carload  size.  The 
establishment  of  chemical  works  here  on 
a  fairly  large  scale,  and  the  nature  of 
the  business  they  are  carrying  on,  means 
that  there  will  continue  to  be  a  large 
and  insistent  demand  for  tubes.  In  fact 
it  is  doubtful  if  there  are  many  tubes 
left  in  Toronto  warehouses  right  now. 
Buying  is  becoming  increasingly  difficult 
but  in  spite  of  that  there  has  not  been  a 
tendency  to  chase  the  prices  up,  as  it  has 


48 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


been   a  number  of  weeks  since  an  ad- 
vance has  been  recorded  in  tubes. 

Securing  Ekiuipment 

As  the  volume  of  American  business 
being  placed  in  Canada  increases  there 
is  a  noticeable  increase  in  the  numbei 
of  American  firms  looking  for  business 
in  Canada.  One  large  Toronto  shop  that 
has  turned  out  an  enormous  number  of 
the  six-inch  shells  on  British  order  is 
clearing  up  the  last  of  the  work  on  this. 
In  fact  the  first  operation  has  been  sus- 
pended, and  the  work  of  tooling  for  the 
9.5  will  be  undertaken  in  the  course  of  a 
few  weeks.  Forging  for  this  machining 
is  expected  to  be  carried  on  in  Toronto. 
The  American  Government  is  apparently 
ready  to  give  reasonable  encouragement 
to  Canadian  firms  with  good  reputation 
preferably  those  that  have  done  well  in 
turning  out  satisfactorily  work  on  Cana- 
dian and  English  orders.  Advances  of 
considerable  amounts  have  been  made  in 
several  instances.  The  idea  behind  it  ail 
apparently  is  that  it  is  the  desire  of  the 
U.  S.  Government  that  production  shall 
begin  as  soon  as  possible,  and  Canadian 
contractors  shall  not  have  to  hold  back 
in  the  rushing  through  of  the  work  for 
lack  of  available  funds. 

Scrap  Metal  Situation 

Several  Toronto  firms  are  awaiting  for 
further  developments  in  connection  with 
the  proposed  scrapping  of  the  railroad 
running  from  London  to  Port  Stanley. 
In  fact  Toronto  dealers  have  looked  the 
proposition  over  several  times,  and 
seem  to  be  standing  back  now  waiting 
for  the  next  move  on  the  part  of  the 
London  people.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it 
is  hardly  likely  that  the  rails  there  will 
ever  come  into  the  scrap  market,  al- 
though they  would  be  very  acceptable. 
But  for  re-laying  purposes  they  would 
bring-  a  higher  price  than  scrap,  and 
it's  money  that  will  determine  such  a 
matter,  as  well  as  the  need  for  rails,  al- 
though they  are  of  the  60  pound  sort. 
In  a  mile  of  such  track  there  would  be 
about  100  tons  of  metal. 

Prices  on  several  lines  of  metals  mov- 
ed up  this  week.  The  lines  affected  are 
light  copper,  crucible  copper,  heavy  and 
copper  wire,  new  brass  turnings  and 
red  brass  turnings.  The  increase  is  one 
cent  per  pound.  United  States  govern- 
ment has  placed  the  price  of  No.  1 
electrolytic  copper  from  2.3%  to  26c., 
and  the  prices  of  scrap  are  trailing  a- 
long  in  the  same  direction.  There  is  a 
tendency  in  some  circles  to  buy  heavy 
on  copper  in  anticipation  of  further  ad- 
vances. Dealers  are  not  anxious  to 
«trip  their  yards  on  this  tendency  until 
they  see  exactly  what  the  future  is  go- 
ing to  hold  for  them  in  the  way  of  re- 
stocking chances. 

More    Advances 

There  have  been  increases  noted  in 
many  lines  of  metals  during  the  week. 
All  grades  of  copper  are  up.  Lake  cop- 
per and  electro  copper  are  quoted  at 
29%,  and  copper  castings  at  28Vi. 

Tin  still  moves  around  the  $1.25  mark. 


The  tin  market  is  a  peculiar  thing  just 
now.  United  States  government  is 
taking  some  rather  drastic  steps  in  or- 
der to  spread  out  the  available  supply 
of  box  tin.  Certain  canning  factories 
are  shut  off  while  until  late  in  the 
season,  and  it  is  not  permissible  to  can 
certain  brands  of  milk,  as  it  is  consider- 
ed that  there  is  a  sufficient  supply  of 
this  on  hand  to  last  for  some  time  to 
cDme.  High  prices  bring  very  few  of- 
ferings to  the  market,  and  the  fact 
that  a  certain  figure  is  named  is  no  in- 
dication that  a  sale  has  actually  taken 
place  at  that  point.  Yet,  notwithstand- 
ing all  this,  there  are  no  concerns  that 
we  have  heard  of  that  are  pinched  hard 
in  this  country  for  a  supply  of  tin. 
Prices  are  sky  high  and  there's  not 
much  to  be  had,  but  it  hasn't  come  to 
the  point  of  real  hardship  yet. 

Spelter  advanced  quite  sharply  also 
and  is  now  on  the  list  at  lie.  Lead, 
antimony  and  aluminum  are  also  among 
the  prices  to  advance. 


CONTROL  OUTPUT 

OF  MACHINERY  NOW 


U.   S.   Government  Takes   Another   Step 

Towards  Having  Situation  Well 

In  Hand 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

NEW  YORK,  July  10.— Greater  con- 
trol of  the  machinery  industry  is  bein^ 
taken  by  the  Government,  the  latest 
phase  being  the  reference  of  all  orders 
for  travelling  cranes  to  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  before  final  action  may  be 
taken.  Representatives  of  crane  build- 
ers in  New  York  this  week  were  notified 


that  a  decision  had  been  reached  by  the 
Government  to  control  the  manufacture 
as  well  as  the  sale  of  travelling  cranes. 
It  will  be  recalled  that  a  Government 
Committee  at  Washington  already  has 
supervision  over  all  orders,  prices,  and 
priority  shipments  of  locomotive  cranes 
and  it  is  expected  that  the  same  method 
will  be  used  in  dealing  with  travelling 
cranes  and  possibly  with  other  conveying 
machinery. 

As  a  result  of  this  action  the  Bethle- 
hem Shipbuilding  Corporation  has  sub- 
mitted the  orders  which  it  was  about  to 
distribute  for  100  travelling  hammer-head 
and  tower  whirley  cranes  to  the  War  In- 
dustries Board,  but  it  has  placed  large 
orders  for  fabricating  machinery  and  for 
machine  tools  calling  for  the  expendi- 
ture of  several  million  dollars,  which  to- 
gether with  the  cranes  are  to  be  install- 
ed at  the  Liberty  ship  plant  at  Alameda, 
Calif.  The  Bethlehem  Corporation  has 
also  asked  for  bids  on  fifty  machines  to 
be  installed  in  extensions  now  being  madt 
to  its  Sparrow's  Point  (Md.),  shipyard. 

Other  large  inquiries  for  conveying 
machinery  are  in  the  market  including 
94  hoists  for  the  Johnstown  plant  of  the 
Cambria  Steel  Co.  For  the  Baltimore 
&  Ohio  Railroad  locomotive  shop  at  Cum- 
berland, Md.,  the  Westinghouse,  Church, 
Kerr  &  Co.  have  bought  more  cranes, 
and  are  negotiating  for  machine  tools 
and  for  fabricating  machines.  The  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  Co.  is  preparing  to  buy 
cranes  and  machine  tools  for  a  new  loco- 
motive shop  at  Marietta,  Pa. 

Several  shipyards  have  either  bought 
or  are  in  the  market  for  cranes  includ- 
ing the  Federal,  the  New  York  Ship  and 
the  Downey  Shipbuilding  Corporation. 
The  Navy  Department  is  inquiring  in  the 


HE  CAN'T  SEE  WHY  MACHINE  TOOL  BUSI- 
NESS SHOULD  SLUMP  AFTER  WAR 


Dealers  in  machine  tools  and  supplies 
are  fond  of  discussing  the  chances  of 
their  business  when  peace  is  declarea, 
and  in  the  period  immediately  following 
the  war.  The  most  of  the  dealers  are 
up  to  their  necks  in  business  at  the  pres- 
ent moment.  This  applies  to  jobbers  as 
well  as  to  the  makers  of  tools. 

"I  can't  see  where  the  business  is  goin,; 
to  have  much  of  a  slump  following  the 
war,"  stated  one  well-known  manufac- 
turer recently.  "When  you  look  at 
the  way  the  machinery  has  been  run,  at 
the  way  in  which  much  of  it  has  been 
thrown  together,  and  then  consider  that 
a  great  deal  of  it  is  single-purpose  ma- 
chinery, you  will  see  that  I  am  right 
in  the  views  I  have  on  this  matter. 

"You  must  remember,"  he  continued, 
"that  there  has  been  a  tremendously  bi? 
element  of  haste  in  all  this  war  work, 
I  don't  say  that  the  work  has  been  slop- 
ped over,  but  I  do  contend  that  there  has 
been  such  a  rush  for  machinery  that  it 
has  not  been  built  up  to  the  standard  of 
other  equipment  turned  out  in  normal 
times  by  the  same  shops.  Then  this  one 
operation  day  and  night  plays  the  deuce 


with  a  machine.  Put  a  lathe,  say  a  tur- 
ret lathe  for  instance,  on  rough  turning 
for  a  long  time,  three  shifts  every 
twenty-four  hours,  and  let  it  stay  there, 
with  all  the  wear,  tear,  pressure  and 
grind  right  down  the  one  channel,  and 
you  are  going  to  have  a  machine  that 
after  a  year  or  so  is  not  going  to  do  other 
work  nicely  for  you.  That  is  a  point 
that  others  may  dispute,  but  I  am  speak- 
ing from  actual  observation  and  experi- 
ence in  war  plants  since  this  war  started. 
Then  on  top  of  that  remember  that  a 
great  deal  of  the  equipment  that  goes 
into  plants  now  is  single-purpose  ma- 
chinery. When  it  gets  through  turning 
out  the  contract  on  munitions  it  is  good 
only  for  the  scrap  market,  unless  some 
person  gets  busy  in  the  meantime  and 
scares  up  rumors  of  another  war  that 
will  call  for  the  production  of  shells.  I 
can't  see  where  the  machine  tool  busi- 
ness is  due  for  a  slump  after  the  war. 
It  seems  to  me  that  there  is  going  to  be 
a  great  big  demand  for  good  machinery, 
and  that  this  demand  will  extend  to  a 
great  manv  lines  that  have  been  practi- 
cally standing  still  since  the  outbreak  of 
the  war." 


July  11,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


49 


Philadelphia  market  for  58  lathes  and 
another  list  has  been  issued  for  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  delivery. 

Steel  Bars  Wanted 

There  is  a  very  heavy  demand  for  shell 
steel  bars  from  the  Government,  especi- 
ally for  the  sizes  used  in  manufacture 
of  75  mm.  gun  projectiles,  but  most  of 
the  mills  rolling  shell  bars  have  capacity 
sold  over  the  next  four  or  five  months 
and  some  of  the  large  rail  mills  whicn 
have  been  rolling  shell  bars  are  prepar- 
ing to  return  to  the  manufacture  of 
standard  section  rails  for  the  Railroad 
Administration,  which  has  called  for 
practically  2,000,000  tons  to  be  shipped 
this  year.  Two  companies  in  the  Phila- 
delphia district  are  preparing  to  manu- 
facture 8-inch  semi-steel  shells  and  have 
issued  tentative  inquiries  for  machine 
tools.  The  American  Shell  C,  Pater- 
son,  N.J.,  has  bought  additional  equip- 
ment to  increase  production  of  75  mm. 
shells.  The  Kokomo  Steel  &  Wire  Co., 
Kokomo,  Ind.,  having  received  a  sheli 
contract  from  the  Government  will  spend 
$3,000,000  for  new  buildings  and  machin- 
ery to  enable  it  to  execute  the  contracL 


The  Western  Cartridge  Co.,  East  Alton, 
111.,  is  preparing  to  triple  its  production 
and  will  need  additional  equipment.  The 
Otis  Elevator  Co.,  Chicago,  has  bought 
additional  equipment  for  its  plant  where 
it  is  making  recoil  gun  mechanisms,  and 
the  Four  Lakes  Ordnance  Co.,  Madison, 
Wisconsin,  is  buying  additional  tools  to 
increase  production  of  guns. 

Want   Equipment 

Several  steel  companies  are  in  the  mar- 
ket for  additional  equipment  and  one  list 
of  machine  tools  has  been  issued  for  a 
plant  in  the  Shenango  Valley,  the  Atlas 
Crucible  Steel  Co.,  Dunkirk,  N.Y.,  has 
bought  cranes  and  the  Midvale  Steel  & 
Ordnance  Co.  is  still  negotiating  for  ma- 
chinery for  its  new  gun  plant. 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board,  the  purchase  of 
52  acres  of  land  has  been  made  at  Bir- 
mingham, Ala.,  upon  which  to  erect  a 
fabricating  shop  to  serve  shipyards  in 
the  South,  especially  those  at  Jackson- 
ville, Fla.,  and  Savannah,  Ga.  The  stee! 
plate  will  be  furnished  by  the  Bessemer 
and  Fairfield  mills. 


THE    PRODUCTION    OF    COAL    CONTINUES 
TO  DECLINE  IN  MARITIME  PROVINCES 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


SYDNEY,  N.S.,  July  10.— A  settlement 
of  the  wage  dispute  between  the  Nova 
Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Company  is  announc- 
ed, an  agreement  having  been  reached 
by  the  company  granting  a  small  in- 
crease in  wages  to  the  men  who  were  not 
affected  by  the  findings  ot  the  Royal 
Commission.  The  workmen  of  the  Do- 
minion Iron  &  Steel  Company  are  also 
dissatisfied  with  the  findings  of  the 
Commission,  and  the  company  has  offer- 
ed an  increase  to  the  higher  paid  men, 
which  has  not  yet  been  accepted.  Some 
of  the  more  strongly  organized  unions, 
such  as  the  bricklayers  and  moulders, 
are  not  satisfied  with  the  increase  offer- 
ed, and  are  demanding  wages  and  work- 
ing conditions  such  as  exist  in  urban  cen- 
tres in  the  United  States  and  in  Ontario. 
There  is  a  tendency  among  the  skilled 
trades  to  endeavor  to  introduce  union 
rules  and  conditions,  a  tendency  that  is 
bound  to  come  into  conflict  with  the 
management  of  large  operations  employ- 
ing a  great  number  of  men,  such  as  steel 
works.  In  industrial  operations  of  such 
magnitude  and  complexity  it  is  difficult 
for  the  management  to  deal  individually 
with  all  the  specialized  trades  that  are 
represented  on  the  payroll,  or  to  recog- 
nize any  differentiation  in  worth  or  status 
among  employees,  whose  activities,  while 
they  may  differ  in  detail,  are  really  part 
of  one  general  manufacturing  process. 
This  phase  of  the  labor  question  is  bounu 
to  cause  some  friction  sooner  or  later. 
It  is  not  expected  that  any  stoppage  oF 
work  is  likely  to  take  place  at  any  of 
the  Nova  Scotia  steel  plants  at  this  time 
and  it  may  be  confidently  anticipated  that 
a  general  settlement  of  all  outstanding 
labor  questions  will  shortly  be  reached. 


Coal   Output  Declines 

The  coal  output  continues  to  decline. 
For  the  first  six  months  of  1918  the  pro- 
duction has  fallen  off  from  the  recoro 
of  the  first  six  months  of  1917  by  about 
330,000  tons,  and  it  is  only  too  probable 
that  by  the  end  of  the  year  the  total 
output  will  be  less  than  those  of  1917 
by  almost  half  a  million  tons.  At  the 
same  time  it  is  hoped  the  rate  of  decline 
in  the  last  half  of  1918  will  not  be  so 
rapid  as  it  was  during  the  last  six 
months.  That  is  the  best  that  can  be 
hoped  for. 

The  same  tendency  is  to  be  noted  in 
the  production  of  bituminous  coal  in  the 
United  States  and  in  Great  Britain,  and 
to  those  who  know  the  situation  the 
problem  of  coal  production  is  not  the 
least  among  the  problems  that  face  the 
Allied  leaders.  If  the  coal  production 
declines  to  a  point  where  it  restricts  the 
output  of  munitions  and  the  transport  of 
troops,  the  gravity  of  the  situation, will 
appear  in  its  true  light,  and  things  arc 
approaching  such  a  point.  The  hard- 
ships which  may  be  inflicted  on  private 
consumers  by  a  shortage  of  fuel  in  Win- 
ter appeal  most  strongly  to  the  man  in 
the  street,  and  the  efforts  of  the  Fuel 
Administrator  in  the  United  States  and 
the  Fuel  Controller  in  Canada  have  been 
directed  towards  the  amelioration  of  the 
condition  of  the  domestic  consumer,  both 
as  to  price  and  quantity.  But  the  oper- 
ation of  war  factories,  the  transport  of 
men  and  supplies,  and  the  general  oper- 
ation of  the  machinery  of  war  depends 
entirely  upon  coal.  If  these  activities 
are  touched,  then  the  private  consumer 
will  have  to  freeze,,  if  need  be.  because 
the  grim  actualities  of  war  will  compel 
that  the  needs  of  the  army  and  the  navy 


shall  come  before  the  requirements  of 
the  people  at  home.  It  is  not  pleasant 
to  perform  the  work  of  an  alarmist,  but 
it  is  all  too  certain — whether  the  war 
continues  or  not— that  there  will  be  a 
shortage  of  coal  throughout  North  Am- 
erica next  Winter  much  more  severe  than 
was  experienced  last  Winter. 

The  excavation  of  the  site  of  the  new 
plate  mill  at  Sydney  is  proceeding:  vi;.?- 
orously. 


TAKING  MEASURES 

TO  SAVE  TIN  PLATE 

U.  S.  Has  Stopped  Supply  to  Bean  Can- 

ners  and  to  Condensed  Milk  Plants 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

PITTSBURGH,  July  10.— Practically 
all  the  steel  produced  is  still  going 
out  against  Government  orders  or 
against  the  preference  schedule  of  the 
more  e8.sential  purposes  for  which  steel 
should  be  used  at  this  time.  Any  steel 
that  might  remain  after  the  priorities 
and  preferences  were  satisfied  would  be 
available  for  general  distribution,  but 
only  under  permission  granted  by  the 
Directorate  of  Steel  Supply.  That  there 
will  be  such  a  surplus  eventually  is  com- 
monly believed,  but  not  until  the  present 
rate  of  shipping  steel  to  the  war  activi- 
ties causes  them  to  call  for  a  reduction 
in  their  quotas.  The  object  of  the  pres- 
ent regulations  is  to  cause  stocks  to  ac- 
cumulate in  connection  with  these  acti- 
vities, particularly  shipbuilding  and  shell 
making. 

While  the  control  of  steel  shipments 
is  very  rigid  as  to  its  general  scope  and 
purpose,  there  are  increasing  evidencea 
that  the  War  Industries  Board  does  not 
intend  to  permit  the  industries  that  are 
not  accorded  any  preferential  treatment 
by  the  present  regulations  to  suffer  any 
unnecessary  hardship.  It  is  intimated 
that  there  will  be  relaxations  from  time 
to  time  to  permit  important  business  to 
go  ahead  provided  it  does  not  interfere 
with  the  main  object  of  winning  the 
war.  The  immediate  reference  is  to 
manufacturing  consumers,  in  the  less  es- 
sential industries,  who  have  some  stocks 
of  steel  on  hand,  but  require  some  addi- 
tional sizes  or  descriptions  of  steel  in 
order  to   utilize   that   on   hand. 

Stocks   of    Steel 

The  fact  that  steel  has  been  decidedly 
scarce  for  nearly  three  years  should  not 
be  taken  as  proof  that  there  are  no  stocks 
in  the  hands  of  buyers  at  the  present 
time,  for  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  reverse 
is  the  case  in  many  instances  if  not  in 
the  majority.  What  has  been  called  a 
"scarcity"  of  steel  for  more  than  two 
years  has  not  been  a  famine,  but  rather 
a  difficulty  in  securing  prompt  deliveries, 
and  unusual  delays  in  securing  deliveries 
of  some  sizes  or  descriptions.  The  na- 
tural result  of  this  condition  has  been 
to  cause  jobbers  and  manufacturing  con- 
sumers, as  a  measure  of  protection,  to 
seek  to  pile  up  stocks  so  that  they  would 
be  safe  from  loss  when  there  were  delays. 
It  was  not  so  much  a  scarcity  of  steel 
for  the  immediate  requirements  of  the 


50 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


buyers,  but  an  inability  to  obtain  as  much 
as  was  desired.  It  is  the  testimony  of 
an  authority  quite  familiar  with  the  posi  ■ 
tion  of  jobbers  that  in  the  main  they 
have  to-day  heavier  stocks,  in  point  of 
tonnage,  than  they  had  two  years  ago. 
and  yet  the  jobbers  have  been  urging  tlie 
authorities  to  devise  a  system  of  prefer- 
ential treatment  for  them,  particularly 
along  the  line  of  enabling  them  to  re- 
place freely  any  steel  that  they  sell  for 
direct  or  indirect  war  purposes.  Many 
cases  are  arising  of  manufacturing  con- 
sumers who  seek  assurance  of  future 
supplies  when  it  turns  out  that  they  have 
stocks  to  last  them  for  some  time  still, 
frequently  for  a  couple  of  months.  By 
the  time  these  buyers  really  need  any 
considerable  quantities  of  steel  there  may 
be  a  fair  supply  available  for  them,  and 
as  already  indicated  the  Director  of 
Steel  Supply  is  likely  to  accord  small 
tonnages  of  steel  to  those  who  already 
have  a  considerable  tonnage,  but  need 
some  extra  steel  in  order  to  round  out 
their  stocks.  In  this  connection  the  di- 
rector is  naturally  influenced  by  the  fact 
that  this  will  enable  business  to  go  on, 
keep  money  in  circulation,  and  produce 
profits  out  of  which  taxes  can.  be  paid. 
Sales  and  Deliveries 

There  is  an  interesting  difference  in  the 
interpretation  of  the  regulations  by  some 
of  the  producers.  The  majority  of  pro- 
ducers interpret  the  regulations  as  ap- 
plying to  deliveries  only,  thus  permitting 
sales  to  be  made  irrespective  of  the  use 
to  which  the  material  would  be  put  if 
delivered,  there  being  of  course  no  guar- 
antee when  the  sale  is  made  as  to  when 
delivery  will  occur,  if  ever.  Other  manu- 
facturers insist  that  the  regulations  d'o 
not  permit  them  to  make  sales  except 
of  material  the  delivery  of  which  is  pro- 
vided for  by  the  regulations.  As  to  de- 
liveries there  is  practically  no  difference 
of  opinion,  the  regulations  being  quite 
well  understood  and  being  interpreted 
substantially  alike  by  all  interests.  As  a 
concrete  illustration,  the  American  Steel 
&  Wire  Company  adheres  to  the  policy 
announced  in  its  recent  circular,  of 
accepting  business  freely  from  its 
regular  customers  for  delivery  when- 
ever this  becomes  feasible.  Very 
nearly  all,  if  not  all,  of  the  inde- 
pendent wire  producers  adhere  to  the 
policy  of  not  accepting  business  from 
ordinary  commercial  buyers  who  are  not 
accorded  any  preference  treatment  in  the 
matter  of  deliveries.  They  do  not  deny 
that  matters  may  eventually  so  shape 
themselves  that  the  deliveries  will  be  pos- 
sible, but  they  maintain  that  when  all 
mills  are  filled  for  about  three  months  to 
come  there  is  no  use  in  booking  addi- 
tional business  at  this  time  unless  it  is 
of  the  kind  that  is  accorded  preferential 
treatment. 

More  Tin  Plate 

For  the  purpose  of  conserving  sugar 
the  Food  Administration  has  issued  an 
order  prohibiting  the  manufacture  of 
condensed  milk.  Evaporated  milk  is  not 
included  as  it  does  not  involve  the  use 
of  much  if  any  sugar.  There  are  large 
stocks  of  milk  in  existence  and  further 
accumulation  is  quite  unnecessary.  Thip 
procedure   will   release    a    considerable 


quantity  of  tin  plate.  Another  order  has 
been  issued  affecting  the  supply  of  tin 
plate,  restricting  the  packing  of  dried 
beans  until  September  15.  The  can 
manufacturers  are  not  permitted  to  sup- 
ply cans  to  the  industry  until  the  date 
mentioned,  and  tin  plate  makers  are  not 
allowed  to  supply  tin  plate  to  the  bean 
packers  who  make  their  cans.  Special 
exceptions  will  be  made  in  case  of  lots 
of  beans  showing  so  much  moisture  that 
they  might  not  keep.  It  is  estinvatcd 
roughly  that  the  two  orders  will  release, 
for  other  purposes,  about  a  million  boxes 
of  tin  plate  in  the  next  two  months,  and 
some  of  this  may  be  available  for  in- 
creasing exports  over  the  provisions  al- 
ready made.  The  tin  plate  miils  vjxpect 
io  produce  regularly  about  three  and  a 
rjuiiiter  million  base  boxes  of  tin  plate 
a  month  during  the  remainder  of  the 
year,  and  this  will  bring  the  calendar 
year's  output  to  fully  36,000,000  boxes. 
Arrangements  were  recently  perfected 
whereby  each  tin  plate  plant  will  be  fully 
supplied  with  steel.  Each  plant  is  ra- 
tioned with  so  many  tons  per  week  per 
mill.  The  only  weakness  of  the  system, 
as  viewed  in  the  trade,  is  that  the  only 
proviso  against  an  accumulation  of  steei 
it  a  plant  that  has  lost  time  or  has  other- 
wise failed  to  consume  steel  at  the  sched- 
uled rate  is  that  the  plant  is.  expected 
to  report  any  accumulations  that  may 
occur  and  some  plants  may  neglect  to 
m'-ike  5^uch  reports. 


STORAGE  OF  COAL 

Some  notes  on  the  storage  of  coal  with 
reference  to  the  prevention  of  spontan- 
eous combustion  were  given  by  Mr.  John 
H.  Anderson  before  the  Institute  of 
Marine  Engineers,  London. 

The  author  said  that  his  remarks  were 
based  in  particular  on  experience  gained 
with  a  heap  containing  just  over  16,000 
tons.  The  heap  consisted  entirely  of 
small  bituminous  coal,  of  several  kinds, 
washed  and  otherwise,  some  being  of  a 
character  supposed  to  be  dangerous  for 
storing.  Under  these  conditions  extra 
care  was  exercised.  Temperature  read- 
ings were  taken  at  14  different  places 
nearly  every  day,  and  occasionally  also 
at  the  vent  pipes,  of  which  there  were 
50.  Further,  to  find  the  hottest  part, 
readings  were  taken  at  every  foot  from 
top  to  bottom  at  certain  places.  Pre- 
vious experience  indicated  that  the 
warmest  place  was  between  6  ft.  and  8ft. 
from  the  surface;  hence  7ft.  was  estab- 
lished as  a  standard  depth  for  temper- 
ature records.  The  temperature  tubes 
were  %in.  or  1  in.  gas  tubing,  driven  in 
from  the  top  to  the  bottom  pf  the  coal 
and  long  enough  to  project  2  ft.  or  3  ft. 
above  it.  In  most  cases  the  vent  pipes 
were  old  scrap  tubes  about  8  ft.  long  and 
3  in.  or  4  in.  in  diameter,  and  were 
driven  down  to  the  7  ft.  mark,  their  ends 
being  flattened,  chisel-shape,  to  facili- 
tate driving. 

By  taking  periodical  readings  of  the 
temperature  of  the  pile  and  comparing 
them  with  previous  readings  ample 
warning  was  obtained  to  prevent  a  fire. 
If  a  readying  of  90°  F.,  which  was  adopt- 
ed as  a  warning  temperature,  was  ob- 
tained at  any  place  four  other  tempera- 


ture tubes  were  driven  down  north,  south, 
east  and  west  about  10  ft.  from  the 
warm  tube.  The  tube  which  gave  the 
highest  reading  next  day  was  then  made 
the  centre,  and  other  pipes  put  down  in 
its  direction,  the  idea  being  to  locate  the 
source  of  heating.  When  the  warmest 
place  was  found  an  additional  vent  pipe 
would  be  put  in  there,  and  this  generally 
arrested  the  rise  of  temperature.  If, 
however,  it  did  not,  a  trench  was  dug  a 
foot  deep  on  each  occasion — that  is  if 
the  readings  remained  at,  say,  100°  for 
three  days  the  trench  would  be  3  ft.  deep. 
In  fact  a  temperature  of  100°  was  never 
reached,  but  on  four  occasions,  when  95' 
was  recorded  at  a  point  where  the  coal 
was  deposited  to  a  depth  of  16  ft.,  a 
trench  was  dug.  Probably,  however,  this 
trenching  would  have  been  unnecessary 
had  additional  vent  pipes  been  inserted. 
If  a  fire  occurs,  although  plenty  of  water 
should  be  available  to  quench  it,  it  is 
better  to  dig  all  round  it,  and  if  possible 
remove  the  hot  coal. 

In  general  the  depth  of  the  heap 
should  not  exceed  12  ft.  to  14  ft.  for  small 
graded  coals,  or  9  ft.  to  12  ft.  for  un- 
washed mixed  coals.  As  regards  slacks, 
a  good  deal  depends  on  the  composition. 
The  author  allowed  two  heaps  of  this 
material  10  ft.  deep  to  rise  to  120°  before 
moving  them,  and  they  gave  considerable 
trouble;  even  when  they  were  reduced  to 
6  ft.  there  was  a  tendency  for  them  to 
increase  in  temperature.  Anything,  such 
as  pieces  of  wood,  pit  props,  rags,  waste, 
shavings,  and  straw,  that  ignites  at  a 
lower  temperature  than  the  fuel  should 
be  kept  out  of  the  heap.  As  a  rule  the 
greatest  danger  is  up  to  about  three 
months  from  the  time  the  coal  is  taken 
out  of  the  pit. 

♦^ 

NEW  POWER  STATION  AT 
GLASGOW 

The  total  power  capacity  of  the  new 
electric  power  station  now  under  con- 
struction at  Glasgow,  and  to  be  opened 
next  year,  is  150,000  kilowatts  or  200,000 
horse-power.  The  central  station  is  at 
Dalmarnoek,  and  electricity  will  be  trans- 
mitted at  a  pressure  of  20,000  volts 
(three-phase  alternating  25  periods  per 
second)  to  distributing  centres  in  other 
districts  of  the  city. 

A  site  measuring  ISVz  acres  has  been 
t'riken  in  hand  bordering  the  River  Clyde, 
and  an  ample  supplv  of  condensing  water 
is  obtained  from  that  river.  The  first 
portion  of  the  works  already  completed 
comprise  a  water  intake,  a  screening 
house,  two  water  culverts,  switch  house, 
turbine  engine  room,  two  boiler  houses, 
workshop  and  store,  and  a  complete  coal- 
handling  plant  capable  of  dealing  with 
100  tons  of  coal  per  hour.  The  cost  of  this 
coal  plant  is  £24,800. 

The  first  instalment  of  the  machinery 
will  consist  of  three  15,000  kilowatts  (20,- 
000  horse-power)  turbines,  which  will  be 
coupled  direct  to  alternating  current 
generators;  also  three  1,000  kilowatt 
(1,300  horse-power)  turbo  sets  for  driv- 
ing auxiliary  m.achinerv.  It  is  proposed 
to  add  plant  units  of  15.000  kilowatts  as 
the  demand  increases,  while  tnrhines  of 
30.000  kilowatts  can  be  installed  if  found 
to  be  necessary. 


July   11,  1918 


SELECTED   MARKET   QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into    the   manufacture  of    mechanical  and   general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal    Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

FINISHED  IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  55 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  50 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 4  50 

Steel  hoops   7  50 

Refined  iron 5  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base  4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  ^  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh  ....  *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  'S  50 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal 23.1  31.5 

St.  John,  N.B 38.1  50.5 

Halifax 39.1  51.5 

Toronto 18.9  22.1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18.9  22.1 

Winnipeg 64.9  85.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper $31  00  $29  50 

Electro  copper   31  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper   30  00  28  50 

Tin 110  00  125  00 

Spelter    11  50  11  00 

Lead    10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  50  18  00 

Aluminum  50  00  58  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,'  V*  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 
Effective  Feb.  5,  1918. 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per   100   feet 

%  in $  6  90  $    8  00 

%  in 6  16  7  29 

%  in 5  16  7  29 

%  in 6  55  8  12 

%  hi 8  28  10  41 


1       in 12  24  15  39 

1^   in 16  56  20  82 

iy2   in 19  80  24  89 

2  in 26  64  38  49 

2%   in 42  72  63  53 

3  in ■ 55  85  70  00 

3^4   in 70  84  87  86 

4  in 83  93  104  10 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in $  29  60  $  36  08 

2%   in 44  46  64  70 

3  in 58  14  71  53 

31/2   in 72  68  90  62 

4  in 86  11  107  37 

4%   in 97  79  122  56 

5  in 114  00  142  82 

S       in 147  80  185  28 

7  in 192  80  241  57 

8  L  in 202  50  263  75 

8  in 233  30  292  32 

9  in 279  50  350  18 

10  L  in 259  20  324  80 

10       in 333  70  418  18 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4'  and  under,  45%. 
iVz"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal    Toronto 

Copper,  light    $19  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible 22  50  23  50 

Copper,   heavy    22  50  23  50 

Copper  wire    22  50  23  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       22  00  21  50 

New  brass  cuttings    ...   16  00  15  00 

Red  brass  turnings   18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings  . .   12  50  12  50 

Light  brass 10  00  9  50 

Medium  brass 12  00  12  00 

Heavy  brass 15  00  14  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 30  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  34  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.  shop  tum'gs 9  00  8  50 

Cast  borings 12  00  12  00 

Stove  plate 19  08  19  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead 7  00  7  00 

Tna  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 65 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends , net 

Machine   screws,   n.   and   rd.   hd., 

steel 27H 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fll.  hd.,  iteel 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine   screws,   0.   and   fll.   hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank  add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  pins 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright. . . . 

Wood  screws,-  flat,  brass  

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


eo 

26 
$1  60 
1  76 

1  76 

2  00 
30 
60 
25 

$8  60 
8  40 
72H 
67% 
37% 
32  V4 
27H 
25 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws  net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in.. . .     26 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1  %  in to 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1V4 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus    10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus  10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and 10 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers  net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus    20 

Collar  screws  list  plus  30,     16 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts 66 

Patch  bolts add  40,     10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1 V4  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in. .add    7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  ffroM  ton 

Bessemer  billets $47  60 

Open-hearth  billets  ■    47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 67  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  25      $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70        6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  60 

Spikes,  %  and  6-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila •  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  88 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  8S 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto    net 


tfQ       M 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly    0  60 

Solder,  guaranteed   0  53 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  53 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  leO-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt 16  05 

Red  dry  lead,   100-lb.  kegs,  per 

cwt 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  35 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  0  71 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 2  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  03 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  03% 

Borax  crystal  and  granular  ...     0  12 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 1  80 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  20 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills  25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks . . .  list  plus    40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus 40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

16^  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15 %c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

fb.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Sheets,  black,  No.  28.. 
Sheets,  black.  No.  10.. 
Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets   

Can.  plates,  all  bright. 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 

Premier,  10%  oe 

Zinc  sheets 20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%   in.,  $14.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.86;   %   in., 
$13.50;   7-16  in.,  $12.90;    %   in.,  $13.20; 


Montreal 
$   8   00 

10  00 

Toronto 

$  8  00 
10  00 

9  00 
9  50 

8  65 

9  50 

Lapwelded 

$••• 

36 

00 

36 

00 

36 

00 

38  00 

42 

00 

50 

00 

58 

00 

60 

00 

75 

00 

9  20 

9  50 

20  00 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
Vs.  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  ^4  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan   50 

P.H.  and  Imperial    50 

Nicholson    40 

Black  Diamond    40 

J.  Barton  Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta    Files    37^4 

Disston    50 

Whitman  &  Barnes   50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless 

1  in $36  00 

1%  in 40  00 

1%  in 43  00 

1%  in 43  00 

2  in 50  00 

2%  in 53  00 

2H  in 55  00 

3  in 64  00 

3%  in 

3%  in 77  00 

4  in 90  00 

Prices  per  100  ft,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital 49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BELTING— NO.  1  OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  50 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft. . .     3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  25 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck..  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to       05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to      50 

Rouge,  powder 30  to      45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 
ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod . .  0  38 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heavier, 
bast 0  « 


Volume  XX. 

Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  4ft 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  4& 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  Atlas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  ...  17^ 

Grand  19%      Ideal  17^ 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 16 

X  L  C  R  ...  18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    ....   12 

Standard 13%      Keen     10%, 

No.  1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25  Anvil    15 

Axle    20  Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 

Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  09 

Mixed  colored  10 

This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...  10%      Best  grades  ..   15% 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin  ''O  to     .70 

Zinc'.'..'.' 23  to     .26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     4'8  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in ' 46  00    44  00 

Copper     sheet,     tinned,     . 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz  base 57  00    45  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 45  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     TWtwnt* 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26      $13  25 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft  . .  13  25        18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50         12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 


Acid,  boracic 

Acid,  hydrochloric 

Acid,  hydrofluoric   

Acid,  nitric    

Acid,  sulphuric 

Ammonia,  aqua 

Ammonium  carbonate    

Ammonium,  chloride 

Ammonium   hydrosulphuret    .  ■  ■  • 

Ammonium  sulphate 

Arsenic,  white 

Copper,  carbonate,  anhy 

Copper,  sulphate 

Cobalt,  sulphate    

Iron  perchloride  

Lead  acetate 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 

Nickel  carbonate 

Nickel  sulphate 

Potassium  carbonate 

Potassium  sulphide  (substitute) . 

Silver  chloride  (per  oz.)    

Silver  nitrate  (per  oz.)  

Sodium  bisulphite 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130%   

Sodium  hydrate •  •  • 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs. 

Sodium  phosphate 

Tin   chloride    

Zinc  chloride 

Zinc  sulphate 

Prices  per  lb.  unless  otherwise 


$   .22 

.  off 
.09% 
.10 
.03% 
.14% 
.20 
.40 
.50 
.30 
.25 
.45 
.17 
.90 
.20 
.35 
.25 
.65 
.35 
1.60 
.20 
.85 
.75 
.25 
.06 
.50 
.18 
5.00 
.18 
.85 
.90 
.18 

stated. 


Julyl8,l9i8.  CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


A 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
Vol.  XX.  TORONTO,  JULY  18,  1918  N^l 

EDITORIAL   CONTENTS      ^^  vA^^ 

SOME   CONSIDERATIONS  REGARDING   MODERN  PLANT  ORGANIZATION— VII.. .  .53-55 
GENERAL    55 

U.S.  Readjusts  Industries  For  War  Work Conditions  in  Newfoundland. 

COMBINATION  TURRET  LATHE  FOR  BAR  AND  CHUCKING  WORK   56-58 

GENERAL ; 53 

Creating  the  Real  Man  Type. 

CORROSION  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL  AND  ITS  PREVENTION— VI 59.6O 

GENERAL go 

Big   U.S.  Firm's   Campaign   For   Liberty   Loan. 

PRINCIPLES   OF   MECHANICAL  SKETCHING  AND  DRAWING— IV 61-62 

THE   MACHINING  OF  AERO   ENGINE   PARTS    '. 63-65 

GENERAL   65 

Saves  Money  by  Arc  Welding The  Lacquering  of  Small  Brass  or  Bronze  Castings. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   ! 66-67 

All   Steel   Bench   Drawer One-ton   Industrial    Hoist.  ..  .Filing   Machine   For   Bench 

Work. 

GENERAL    67 

Raw   Material,   Germany's  Needs  For. 

EDITORIAL 68 

FARMERS  HEAD  THE  LIST  OF   CAR  OWNERS 69 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   70-74 

Summary.  ..  .Toronto    Letter. ..  .Pittsburg  Letter. ..  .New     York    Letter. ..  .Montreal 
Letter. ..  .Washington   Letter. 

SELECTED   MARKET  QUOTATIONS 73-74 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS   (Advtg.  Section) 60-67 


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ESTABLISHED  1887. 


@IAD1AN  liACHINEiar 

-•  Manufactur  ng  News 


L 


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112 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can  Operate  This  Miller 


and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


a 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  fall  description. 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.  S.  A. 

Canadian  A^enU :  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. ; 
A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipeg:  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co., 
St.  John,  N.B.;  Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS 


A 

Oikenhead    Haidware    Co.    61 

Albion    JJachine     Co.     68 

.\llatt    Machine    Co.    66 

Allen     Mfg.     Co 92 

Almond    Mfg.    Co 9 

Amalgamailed    Machinery    Cotp 16 

Armstrong    Brae.     Tool    Co U 

Annstrong.     Whitworth    of    Canada.  6 

Atkins   &    Co.,    V/m.    18 

B 

BairrI    Machine    Co K 

Banfleld,    W.    H.,    &   Sons    75 

Barnes,    Wallace,    Co 67 

Beaiidry    €o.     »i 

Bertnun    &  dona    Co.,    Jolin    1 

Bertrams,     Ltd 66 

Billon    Mach.    Tool  Co.    a) 

Blake    &    John-WM    Co 101 

BlMint    Co..    T.    G 22 

Bnintford   Oien  &  Back  Co 66 

Btidgefonl    Mach.    A    Tool    Works..  92 

Bristol     Company     90 

Brown,     BoKgs    C,o 11 

Brown    Engineering    Corp.     73 

Budden,    lianbnry     A 67 

Butterfleld    &    Co.    89 

C 

Canada     Emery    Wheels    (1 

Canada   Poimdries  A   Forgings,   l.td.  9 

Canada    Machinery    Corporation    

Outside    back    corer 

Canada    McUl    Co 82 

Canada    Wire    &    Iron    Goods    Cki...  28 

Can.     Barker    Co 74 

Can.     B.     K.     .Mopim    Co 66 

Can.     r>e«mon«I-Stephan    Co,    87 

Can.     Fairbanksn.Morse    Co 32 

Can.     lng«>rw>l]-Kai)d    Co 79 

Can.    Laco-Philips    Co 103 

Can.    LiiKlerman    Co.    68 

Can.     Rumely     Co 71 

ran.    H.    K.    F.    Co.,    t,td.     4 

Can.    Steel    Fonudriet    7 

Can    Welding    Co W 

Carlyle,    Johnson.    Mach.     Co 8 

Chaiiman    Double    Ball    Bearing    Co.  81 

rhesterman     A     Co.,     Jas W 

Cincinnati    Iron    t    Steel    Co 7 

Claaslfled    Advertising    68 

Clereland    I'miimatic    Tool    Co C8 

Consolidated    Press    Co 27 

Corentry     Chain     Co 110 

Cnrlls    A    Onrtis    31 

Cnabman    Chnck    Co.     K 

D 

JHriOtaa  iUt.   Co.,  Thoa.   C3 


r>avifr-Bournonville    Co.     92 

Deloro   Smelting    &    Keaning    Co.    ..  19 

Domiaion    Forge    &    Stamping    Co. . .  82 

Dominion    Iron    &    Wrecking   Co 71 

Dominion    Steel    Foxmdry    Co 13 

E 

Elliott    &    Whitehall     71 

Elm    Cuting    Oil    Co 9: 

EnusheTsky    &   Son,    B 93 

Erie     Foundry      26 


Fatrley-Daridson     Steel     Co.,     Inc..  14 

l-ederal    Engineering    Co.,    Ltd 67 

Feracvite    .Machine    Co 7fi 

FeiTaciite    M«<Thine    Oo 76 

Ford-Smith   .Macldne  Co la 

Fry's    (London).    Ltd 76 


Garlock-Walker  Machy.    Co.    71 

fiarrin    Macliine   Co.    85 

Geometric  Tool  Co 69 

Gilbert  &  Barker  .Mfg.  Co. MS 

Grant  Gear  Works   97 

Grant  Mfg.    &    Machine   Co 26 

Orcenfleld  Machine    Co 92 

Greenfield    Tap    &    Die    Corp 31 


Hamilton    Gear    &    Machine    Co. 
Hamilton    Machine  Tool  -Co.    .. 

Hanna    &    Co.,    M.    A 

Harvey   &   Co.,    Arthur  C 

Hawkridge    Bros.     

Hendey    .Machine    Co 

Henry  &  Wright  Mfg.    Co 

Hepburn,    John    T.     

Hinckley    Mach.     Works    

Homer  &   Wihion    

HoyL    .Metal    Co 

Hull  Iron  &  Steel  Foundries 
Hunter  fiaw  &  Machine  Co.  ... 
Hurlburt-Rogers    Machinery    Co. 

Hydraulic    Machy.    Co.     

Hyde   Engineering  Co 


Independent   Pneumatic  Tool   Co. 


Jacobs    Mfg.    Co 

JanHne   ft   Co.,    A.    B 

Johnson  Machine  Co.,   Carlyle 

K 

K<'mpBmith    Mfg.    Co 

Knight  Metal  Products  Co.   ... 


74 

IE 
6 

14- 

66 
112 
101 

16 

99 

73 

M 

24 

9i 

91 

26 

n 


..    86 
..    13 


18 
76 


L'Alr    LiQulde    Society 


Landis    Machine    Co 93 

Lancashire    Dynamo   &    Motor    Co. ..63-99 

L.ltrobe    Electric   Steel   Co 12 

M 

MacKinnon,     Holmes     &     Co 66 

Manufacturers    EquipmenH    Co 81 

Marsli    Engineering   Works,    Ltd 63 

.Marten    .Mach 75 

Matheson    &    Co.,    1 69 

.Matthe\v.'i,  .Tas.    H.,  &  Co 28 

.Mayer    Bros.    Co 22 

.McCoy-Brandt    Machy.    Co.    70 

.McDougall  Co.,  Ltd.,  R 

Inside    back    cover 

McLaren,  J.    C,   Belting   Co 91 

Mechanical    'Engineering    Co 107 

.Metalwood    ilfg.    Co 27 

Morse  Twist    Drill   &  LMach.    Co.    ...  97 

.Morton    .Mfg.    Co 06 

llutclkcy    .Machine   *.   Tool    Co 87 

N 

National    Acme   Co 80 

New   Britain  'Machine  Co 22 

Nicholson     File     86 

Nilea-Bement-Pond — Inside  front    cover 

Noimac  '.Machine   Co.    67 

\oi^  hem    Crane    Works    90 

.Norton.    A.    0 93 

Norton    Co.    30 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co 21 

O 

f)akley   Chemical  Co.    92 

Ontario    Lubricating    Co 91 

P 

Page    Steel    Wire   Co 91 

I'aimenter    &     Bulloch    Co 91 

I'eerlciis    .Machine    Co.    82 

Perrin,     Wm.     B 27 

Petrie  of  .Montreal,  H.  W 23 

I'ittahurgh    Steel   Stamj)   Co 92 

Plewes,    l,ld 66 

Port  Hape   File  Mfg,   Co 30 

Positive  Clutch  &  Pulley  Works  ....  92 

Pouglikeepsie    68 

Prat  A   Whdtiiry. .....Inside  front  cover 

Ptlllan,    E 66 

Puro  .Sanitary   Drink'g  Fountain  Co.  63 

B 

Racine   Tool    A    .Machine   Co 81 

n<-(il-Pri'ntice    Co 29 

KlchaKls    .Sand    Blast  Mach.    Co.    ...  79 

llldoiit    A    .Mayhee    67 

Rivfrsidc     Machinery    Depot    69 

Rockfonl    KrIIling   Machine    Co Ifll 

Roelofson   Machine  A  Tool    Co 15 


8 

Shuster   Co.,    F.    B 90 

Sidney   Tool    Co 80 

Silver  Mfg.  Co 991 

.SImonds    Canada   Saw    Co 82 

Shmner    C^huck    Co 93 

Smith   Mfg.    Co.,    Philip    2S 

Stanianl     AlloyS    Co t 

Standard     Fuel     Engrneenng    Co.     ..  105 
Standard   Machy.   A  Supplies,  LUl.i,  17 

SUrr    .Mfg.     Co 69 

.Starrett    Co..     L.    8 83 

Steel    Co.    of   Canada    3 

.Stepoe,    John,    Co 2! 

.St.    Lawrence    Welding    Co 13 

StoU    Co..    D.    H 93 

Stow   i.Mtg.    Co gg 

Sii.mB.    Kenuaid  A   Nutt  Co.,    The..  93 

T 

Tabor    .Mfg.     Co 9(1 

Taylor.    J.    A.    M 93 

Taylor   Instrument  Co 106 

Tliwing    Instrument  Co !M 

Ti>ronto  Testing  Laboratory.  Ltd.    ...  98 

Toronto    Tool    Co.     73 

Toroirto    Iron    Works    90 

Traheni    Pump   Co 66 

U 

United  Brass  A  Lead,  Ltd 74,  91 

V 

Vanadium-Alloys     Seel     Co.     12. 

Victoria    Foundry   Co 93 

ViUcan  Crucible  Steel  Co 12 

W 

Walton    Co.,    The    86 

Welland  Machine  A  Fwrndries,   Ltd.  73 

Welding    A    Supplies,    Ltd 84 

Wells    Bros.    Co.    of   Canada    28 

Whitcomb-lilaisdell    .Mach.    Tool    Co.  20 

Wheel  Truclug  Tool  Co 91 

Whiting  Foundry  A  ISquip.    Co 93 

Whitney    .Mfg.    Co 87 

Wniilman   &    Barnes  .Siipply   Co 26 

Wilkinson    A    Kompaas    SO 

Williams.   A.  R.,   Mach.   Co...  5B,  57,  09 

Williams   A   Co..  J.    H 107 

Wilson    A    Co.,    T.    A 93 

Wilt     Twist     Drill     C-o 5 

Wlnilsor    .Machine    A    Tool    Works..  26 

Winnipeg    Electric    Railway    Co.    ...  70 

Winnipeg    Machy.    Exchange    68 


GnadianMachinery 


/:i 


AND 


Volume  XX    No.  3 


Manufacturing  News 


July  18, 191K 


SomeConsiderationsRegardingModernPlantOrganization-7 

By  M.  H.  POTTER 

The  factors  which  enter  into  the  successful  manufacturing  business  of  to-day  are  inter- 
dependent to  an  ever-increasing  degree.  Location,  type  of  building,  transportation  facilities 
staff  organization  and  plant  equipment  are  features  which  require  to  be  considered  both 
singly  and  as  a  whole  in  relation  to  the  particular  product  to  be  undertaken.  A  clear  and 
concise  idea  of  such  considerations  is  necessary  before  entering  any  one  line  of  manufacture 


CORRESPONDENCE 

THE  discussion  of  that  most  im- 
portant phase  of  a  business 
house's  outside  relations — its  cor- 
respondence, falls  under  two  heads:  (1) 
Incoming  mail  and  (2)  outgoing  mail. 

1. — Incoming   Mail 

Every  transaction  handled  by  a  busi- 
ness house,  except  cash  sales,  must  soon- 
er or  later  be  dealt  with  by  the  corres- 
pondence department,  and  to  facilitate 
and  simplify  the  methods  of  conduct  and 
of  keeping  records  is  the  first  aim  in  or- 
ganizing this  department.  Above  all, 
simplicity,  combined  with  accuracy,  is  to 
be  desired,  as  a  system  is  useless  in 
which  a  letter  is  filed  away  so  elabor- 
ately or  carelessly  that  it  can  never  be 
found  again. 

The  head  of  the  department  is  respon- 
sible to  the  business  manager.  He  has 
charge  of  the  following  duties,  perform- 
ed singly  or  in  conjunction  with  persons 
under  him: 

1.  Disposal  of  incoming  mail. 

2.  Stenographic    correspondence,    etc. 

3.  Mailing. 

4.  Filing. 

In  a  large  business  a  central  room  or 
mailing  department  is  the  most  satisfac- 
tory and  convenient  way  of  handling 
mail.  Hence  all  incoming  and  outgoing 
mail  should  be  received.  Telegrams 
should  be  received  and  signed  for  in  this 
department  and  delivered  to  the  person 
or  department  for  whom  they  are  in- 
tended. 

Treatment  of   Incoming  Mail 

The  letter  carrier  should  deliver  to 
this  department  all  the  mail,  taking  re- 
ceipts here  for  registered  and  special  de- 
livery letters  and  collecting  postage  due. 

The  mail  should  then  be  carefully 
sorted  by  the  head  clerk  of  this  depart- 
ment or  one  of  his  assistants,  the  per- 
sonal mail  being  separated  from  the 
company's.  Personal  letters  are  de- 
livered unopened.     Individual  letters  ad- 


dressed conjointly  to  the  firm  are  de- 
livered to  the  head  of  the  department  in 
which  the  person  is  located.  Letters  of 
importance  go  to  higher  officials.  Routine 
letters  are  passed  on  to  the  regular  cor- 
respondents. The  company's  mail  should 
be  handed  to  one  or  more  clerks  to  be 
opened,  they  in  turn  passing  it  to  others 
to  remove  the  contents.  Clerks  should  be 
very  careful  to  pin  all  enclosures  to  let- 
ters to  which  they  belong.  The  mail  is 
then  passed  on  to  others,  who  apply  the 
receiving  stamp.  It  is  better  to  stamp 
all  mail  on  the  back  to  avoid  disfiguring 
the  face  of  the  letter.  When  stamped 
the  head  clerk  should  note  the  depart- 
ment to  which  the  letter  belongs  and 
place  it  in  a  basket  or  pigeon-hole  of  a 
case  marked  with  the  name  of  the  de- 
partment. When  the  mail  is  all  sorted, 
according  to  departments,  it  is  delivered 
by  a  boy  to  the  respective  departments. 
A  convenient  way  to  carry  the  mail  is  in 
a  strong  leather  bag  divided  into  com- 
partments, marked  with  the  name  of 
each  department. 

If  firms,  when  writing  on  different 
subjects,  would  write  one  letter  on  each 
subject  and  address  it  to  the  department 
in  question,  it  would  simplify  the  de- 
livery of  mail  very  much,  and  also  insure 
its  going  direct  to  the  department  to 
whom  it  belongs.  Much  time  would  be 
saved  in  delivery  and  possibly  misplace- 
ment or  loss  of  letter  avoided.  Refer- 
ence should  be  made  to  the  person  whose 
letter  is  being  answered.  Very  often  a 
letter  merely  addressed  to  the  company 
will  go  the  rounds  of  all  the  departments 
for  a  day  or  two  before  it  is  finally 
claimed  by  the  person  to  whom  it  be- 
longs. 

The  distributing  of  incoming  mail 
should  be,  of  course,  in  the  hands  of  a 
thoroughly  reliable  person,  familiar  with 
the  names  of  the  persons  connected  with 
the  company  and  the  matter  handled  by 
the  various  departments. 

To  facilitate  filing  and  also  keep  a 
clear   memorandum,  of   the   business   on 


hand  the  clerk  might  note  on  small  cards 
the  business  of  each  letter,  the  depart- 
ment or  official  to  whom  it  is  sent,  or  any 
other  special  remark.  Such  cards  can  be 
attached  to  their  respective  letters,  and 
when  returned  in  the  evening  would  be 
endorsed  with  the  action  taken  and  then 
filed,  furnishing  a  complete  record  of  the 
transaction. 

Personal  Letters 

Personal  letters  sent  to  employees  in 
care  of  the  firm,  or  business  letters 
which  are  addressed  to  the  employees  in- 
dividually, should  be  discouraged.  In  the 
first  instance,  such  mail  only  clogs  up 
the  machinery  of  the  office.  In  the  second, 
important  matters  may  be  delayed  on  ac- 
count of  the  absence  of  the  person  to 
whom  sent.  Many  business  houses  now 
print  above  their  stationery  a  request 
that  letters  pertaining  to  the  business 
should  always  be  addressed  to  the  firm. 

•    Stenographic  Correspondence 

After  letters  have  been  received,  dis- 
tributed, and  read,  they  remain  to  be 
answered.  In  some  cases  the  heads  of 
the  business  have  their  own  private  sec- 
retaries, but  the  general  bulk  of  the  cor- 
respondence is  undertaken  by  a  staff  of 
stenographers,  under  the  supervision  of 
a  chief  stenographer.  It  is  usual  to  have 
the  stenographers  in  a  room  separate 
from  the  rest  of  the  office.  Calls  for 
stenographers  are  sent  to  the  chief,  who 
selects  one  of  his  staff  according  to  the 
amount  of  work  he  or  she  has  got  at  the 
moment,  and  so  arranges  that  sten- 
ographers are  not  confined  exclusively 
to  the  services  of  one  department. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  chief  stenographer 
to  see  that  the  mechanical  qualities  of 
the  letters  sent  out  are  perfect;  that  care 
is  given  to  spelling  and  punctuation,  etc., 
and  that  the  work  is  done  promptly. 

There  are  several  ways  of  keeping 
supervision  upon  the  work  of  individual 
stenographers.  Probably  the  best  is  that 
in  which  the  chief  stenographer,  in  send- 


54 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


ing  a  stenographer  to  take  letters,  gives 
him  or  her  a  daily  card,  which  is  to  be 
filled  out  with:  (1)  Stenographer's  name; 
(2)  dictator's  name;  (3)  time  of  taking 
notes;  (4)  time  of  transcription;  (5) 
number  of  letters.  A  duplicate  is  kept  by 
the  chief  stenographer,  who  files  it,  and 
from  that  source  can  make  up  a  weekly 
statement  of  work  done  by  individuals. 
The  stenographer  in  transcribing  her 
notes  makes  carbon  copies  of  all  letters. 
The  letters  are  sent  to  the  proper  de- 
partment or  person  for  signature,  while 
the  carbon  copy  is  attached  to  the  letter 
to  which  it  is  a  reply  and  is  ready  for 
filing. 

Filing 
The  object  of  filing  is  to  keep  an  easily 
available  record  of  correspondence,  and 
it  is  important  that  it  should  be  in  the 
hands  of  careful  operators.  Filing  may 
be  done  according  to  four  methods — 
alphabetical,  geographical,  numerical, 
and  by  subjects — these  having  been  gen- 
erally accepted  as  the  most  efiicient. 
Whatever  system  is  employed,  care 
should  be  taken  that  all  folders  and 
drawer  files  are  of  standard  size.  The 
letter  is  first  placed  in  a  folder,  and  the 
folders  are  put  into  vertical  drawer  files, 
the  divisions  or  grades  being  of  card- 
board, the  tabs  on  which  are  a  trifle 
higher  than  those  of  the  folders.  Each 
folder  should  bear  the  name  of  the  de- 
partment to  which  the  filed  letter  refers, 
and  be  filed  in  front  of  the  guide  for  that 
division. 

Alphabetical 

When  the  correspondence  is  small,  this 
is  the  most  usual  form.  The  guides  are 
printed  with  the  alphabet  in  sub-divi- 
sions. Firms  with  which  a  large  corres- 
pondence is  carried  on  should  have  a 
separate  folder.  In  the  alphabetical  sys- 
tem the  correspondence  is'  filed  alpha- 
betically under  the  name  of  the  corres- 
pondent. Though  not  absolutely  neces- 
sary, an  auxiliary  card  index  will  often 
be  required  in  the  alphabetical  file  also, 
particularly  to  locate  letters  signed,  by 
individuals,  but  filed  under  the  names  of 
the  concerns  whom  they  represent.  Let- 
ters from  infrequent  correspondents  go 
into  a  miscellaneous  folder. 

Geographical 

The  geographical  system  is  adaptation 
of  the  simple  alphabetical  system  of  a 
very  large  business.  In  this  system  the 
primary  divisions  of  the  catalogue  are 
geographical  ones,  usually  the  provinces. 
If  desired,  these  are  still  further  divided 
into  cities.  The  matter  is  filed  alpha- 
betically under  the  names  of  the  corres- 
'pondents  residing  in  each  geogrraphical 
section.  In  firms  which  have  a  large  staff 
of  salesmen  on  the  road  this  method  is  to 
be  preferred. 

By  Subjects 

In  the  index  by  subjects  all  papers  re- 
lating to  a  given  subject,  irrespective  of 
the  names  of  the  correspondents,  are 
filed  together.  This  method  is  rather 
unusual,  and  only  used  by  manufacturers 
or  manufacturers'  agents  who  make  or 
distribute  many  varieties  of  articles. 
Here  the  guides  bear  the  name  of  the 
articles,  and  the  folders  the  names  of  the 


various  materials.  A  cross  index  is 
usually  necessary  under  this  system,  to 
make  sure  of  finding  a  letter  without 
difficulty. 

Numerical 

This  method  is  usually  resorted  to  by 
houses  which  have  a  large  mail  from  re- 
gular correspondents,  and  is  much  used 
in  advertising  departments.  In  the 
numerical  system  each  correspondent  is 
assigned  a  number,  under  which  all  his 
correspondence  and  all  papers  relating  to 
him  are  filed.  In  this  case  the  guides  are 
numbered  by  tens,  increasing  consecu- 
tively, the  folders  bearing  unit  numbers. 
One  folder  is  given  to  each  house,  and  in 
cases  where  the  correspondence  over- 
flows additional  folders  bearing  the  same 
number  may  be  filed  alongside.  As  na- 
turally the  system  of  numbers  gives  no 
clue  by  itself  to  the  names  of  the  cor- 
respondents, there  should  be  an  accom- 
panying card-index,  the  cards  of  which 
have  the  name  of  the  firm,  address  and 
file  number,  with  cross-reference  cards, 
and  in  some  instances  another  color  for 
the  individual  members  of  the  firm,  both 
sets  referring  to  the  same  folder. 

The  files  should  at  all  times  be  kept 
in  perfect  order,  and  no  one  should  have 
access  to  them  but  the  filing  clerk  or 
clerks.  All  letters  should  be  removed 
only  by  such  clerks,  and  should  be  re- 
turned promptly.  To  insure  their  re- 
turn a  memorandum  should  be  placed  in 
their  stead  in  the  file.  Once  or  twice  a 
year  letters  are  transferred  from  the 
current  files  to  stored  filing  cases.  There 
should  always  be  at  least  six  months' 
correspondence  in  the  current  files. 

Tickler  File 

When  a  letter  is  to  be  taken  up  or  fol- 
lowed up  at  a  specific  future  date  two 
carbon  copies  are  made,  one  of  which  is 
filed  with  the  correspondent's  letter,  the 
other  being  placed  on  the  tickler  or  re- 
minder file,  the  guides  of  which  are 
•  labeled  according  to  date.  The  memory 
is  thus  jogged  at  the  proper  time  and  no 
small  detail  is  forgotten.  The  file  is  kept 
in  the  ordinary  filing  department,  but 
each  correspondent  has  a  desk  file  of  his 
own  covering  the  correspondence  with 
which  he  is  concerned.  Letters  to 
branches,  which  are  frequently  in- 
quiries, should  have  a  blank  space  there- 
on for  replies,  the  original  being  used. 
When  this  is  returned  to  the  inquirers  it 
is,  therefore,  complete  and  reference  does 
not  have  to  be  made  to  the  copy. 

Outgoing  Mail 

Letter  writing  has  always  been  one  of 
the  fine  arts,  but  it  is  only  within  recent 
times  that  any  attention  has  been  paid 
to  business  correspondence.  Although 
personal  writing  is  being  driven  back  by 
the  telegraph,  postcard,  and  telephone, 
letter  writing  in  business  is  day  by  day 
being  advanced  to  greater  efficiency  by 
the  introduction  of  the  personal  element. 

The  Outer  Form  of  a  Letter 

Business  organization  has  this  fatal 
faculty,  that  it  conduces  to  mechanical 
adherence  to  certain  well-established 
rules.       The  letters  of  one  firm  imitate 


those  of  another  or  of  all  until  corres- 
pondence becomes  a  series  of  set  phrases. 
Forms  become  stereotyped  and  language 
either  too  bald  or  too  prolix.  A  letter 
may  be  written  more  or  less  vague  on 
stationery  which  is  an  eyesore,  clumsily 
crushe<l  into  an  envelope  half-opened  and 
insufficiently  addressed.  It  is  allowed  to 
leave  the  office  not  alone,  but  in  the  com- 
pany of  equally  faulty  mail  matter.  And 
the  harassed  head  of  the  business,  seeing 
the  balances  dwindling,  wonders  why, 
with  the  best  salesmen,  an  organization 
almost  perfect  and  goods  all  that  he 
claims  them  to  be,  his  rival  outstrips  him 
in  the  race.  As  a  hint  he  might  well 
look  at  the  correspondence  methods  of 
his  rival. 

The  company  which  prides  itself  on  its 
standing  will  make  a  special  feature  of 
its  letter  writing,  with  careful  attention 
to  every  detail  of  form,  typing,  and  sta- 
tionery. Nothing  is  too  trivial  to  be 
overlooked.  A  man  might  as  well  go  out 
to  a  reception  with  his  clothes  unbrushed 
as  send  out  slipshod  letters. 

Letter-Heads 

The  letter  should  be  engraved  or  litho- 
graphed. If  type  is  used  it  should  be 
.simple  and  bold.  Occasionally  lettering 
may  be  printed  from  the  line  block. 
Bright  colors  should  be  avoided.  It  is 
better  to  use  black.  The  trade  mark  may 
be  introduced,  but  it  is  out  of  place.  Tht 
letter  should  include: 

1 — The  name  of  the  individual  or  firm. 
2 — The  address. 

3 — Department  of  issue  to   which  re- 
plies are  to  be  addressed. 
4 — Telephone  number. 

It  might  also  display  the  names  of 
the  officers,  cable  address,  foreign 
branches  or  agencies,  and  nature  of  busi- 
ness. But  care  should  be  taken  not  to 
create  confusion  by  overloading.  The 
less  space  used  the  better.  Advertiiing 
should  rarely  be  permitted  to  enter  into 
a  letter-head.  It  is  not  the  proper  place 
for  it. 

Printed  Matter 

Take  a  few  minutes  and  glance  over 
the  stationery  you  are  now  using.  Is  it 
good  printing?  Does  every  letter,  rule 
and  other  characters  stand  out  clear  and 
sharp?  Or  are  the  characters  broken  in 
places,  with  scarcely  enough  ink?  Look 
on  the  back  of  your  letter-heads,  etc.  Are 
the  letters  and  rules  piercing  through, 
so  that  they  can  be  plainly  read  from  the 
back  of  the  sheets?  Are  the  sheets 
marked  on  the  back  with  offset,  or 
smeared  with  ink?  If  any  of  these  de- 
fects are  noticeable  the  work  is  not  good 
enough.  Insist  on  the  use  of  some  of  the 
latest,  clear-cut  type  faces.  Where 
printed  forms  are  used  largely  in  the 
mechanical  departments  of  a  factory 
stock  reports,  time  sheets,  memo,  blanks, 
etc.,  it  is  the  experience  of  every  busi- 
ness man  that  the  heads  of  the  depart- 
ments frequently  make  use  of  the  last 
sheets  before  ordering  an  additional  sup- 
ply. To  prevent  delay  the  printer  should 
be  instnicted  on  receiving  an  order  for 
the  blanks  to  place  in  stock  and  hold  un- 
til the  next  order  two  or  three  pads  of 


July  18,  1918  a 

one  hundred  sheets  each  of  the  work  in 
question. 

The  business  man  can  prevent  consid- 
erable waste  in  printing  by  ordering  all 
sheets,  forms,  blanks,  etc.,  tablated  in 
pads  of  one  hundred  sheets  each.  Tho 
sheets  do  not  then  become  scattered  or 
soiled,  and  are  more  conveniently 
handled  in  the  mechanical  departments. 
Envelopes 

The  envelope  should  be  printed  in  ex- 
act conformity  with  the  accompanying 
letter.  Thus  if  the  name  of  the  depart- 
ment appears  in  the  enclosure  it  should 
appear  on  the  front  of  the  envelope  also, 
in  the  left-hand  corner.  If  delivery  is 
not  made,  the  envelope  will  thereupon 
be  returned  without  delay  to  the  proper 
quarter.  A  small  matter,  but  one  of  the 
many  which  go  toward  making  up  a 
good  impression,  is  the  folding  of  the 
letter.  The  folding  of  the  sheet  should 
be  carefully  done,  so  that  on  opening  the 
envelope  the  first  thing  to  be  seen  is  the 
firm  name  in  the  heading. 

Typewritten  Letters 

Much  depends  upon  the  make-up  of  a 
letter.  The  type  should  not  be  smeary, 
and  erasures  should  be  avoided.  Group 
your  type  lines  symmetrically  and  even 
up  your  margins.  If  you  have  a  short 
letter  set  it  in  the  middle  of  the  page. 
Don't  crowd  it  up  at  the  top.  Indent 
your  paragraphs,  and  if  you  want  per- 
fect clearness  leave  space  between  each. 

Contents  of  a  Letter 

Every  letter  should  contain  six  things: 

1 — Day,  month,  year. 

2 — Name  and  address  of  person  to 
whom  sent. 

3 — Opening  salutation,  sir,  etc. 

4 — Body  of  the  letter. 

5 — Complimentary  ending,  yours  truly, 
etc. 

6 — Signature;  if  typed,  followed  by 
signature  of  official. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  business  let- 
ter, as  representing  an  agent,  should  be 
couched  in  language  as  much  like  that 
of  conversation  as  possible.  This  is  not 
true.  There  are  some  simple  require- 
ments of  a  good  letter  which  are  entirely 
subservient  to  the  individuality  of  the 
writer.  Remember,  first,  that  the  letter 
should  carry  some  of  the  personality  of 
the  writer.  Know  what  you  want  to  say 
before  you  begin,  and  say  it  in  your 
letter  in  such  a  way  that  the  reader  can 
not  fail  to  see  its  logic.  Be  brief,  but  not 
too  abrupt.  Don't  eliminate  everything 
that  goes  to  make  smooth  reading,  but 
don't  try  to  tell  too  much. 

Let  your  letter  be  grammatically  cor- 
rect, but  don't  be  afraid  to  use  expres- 
sions of  every-day  use.  Keep  clear  of 
stereotyped  forms.  Regulate  "yours  of 
even  date,"  "would  say,"  etc.;  discard 
them,  and  also  omit  "herewith,"  "please 
find  enclosed,"  "the  same"  and  "thank- 
ing you  in  advance." 

Routine  Letters 

Purely  routine  letters  have  been 
greatly  simplified  in  some  offices  by  pre- 
paring in  advance  a  series  of  form  para- 
graphs, which  are  kept  on  file.  With  a 
series  of  these  form  paragraphs  in  front 
of  him  the  writer  can  frequently  dictate 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

an  entire  letter  by  merely  stating  to  the 
stenographer  that  she  is  to  use  form 
paragraphs  No.  1.  No.  4,  etc.,  as  the  case 
may  require.  The  great  saving  of  time 
in  this  way  is  at  once  apparent. 
Disposal  of  Untgoing  Mail 

All  outgoing  mail  is  in  the  hands  of 
the  outgoing  mail  clerk,  or  a  staff  of 
clerks  under  one  head.  Their  duties  are 
to  see  that  the  outoing  mail  is  gathered 
and  brought  to  the  mail  room,  that  it 
contains  all  the  specified  enclosures 
and  IS  properly  stamped  and  mailed. 
V,  here  large  quantities  of  mail  are  to  be 
sent  out  both  time  and  clerk  hire  are 
economized  by  addressing  and  stamping' 
machines. 

The  various  stenographers  should  ad- 
dress their  own  envelopes  and  make 
their  own  enclosures;  or  some  one  else  in 
the  department  must  be  made  responsible 
for  this  work,  in  order  that  enclosures 
for  letters  shall  be  enclosed  in  their  pro- 
per envelopes.  Where  an  enclosure  is 
to  b.e  inserted  it  is  well  to  put  the  word 
"enclosure"  at  the  bottom  of  the  letter. 
To  get  the  mail  off  as  promptly  as  pos- 
sible a  boy  should  be  sent  around  to  the 
different  departments  every  hour  to  col- 
lect all  that  is  ready  to  go  out.  The 
plant  and  branch  miil  may  be  allowed 
to  accumulate  until  the  time  for  sendin? 
it,  a  schedule  for  which  may  be  obtained 
at  the  post  office.  Most  of  the  mail  of  a 
laree  business  house  will  come  to  the 
mail  room  at  the  close  of  the  day.  This 
can  not  always  be  avoided,  but  sc  far  as 
possible  mail  should  be  sent  to  the  mail 
room  at  more  frequent  intervals. 


65 


U.  S.  READ.TTTST    INDUSTRIES    FRO 
WAR  WORK 

For  the  purpose  of  developing:  new 
industrial  resources  to  meet  the  war  de- 
mands of  the  Government,  and  quickly 
to  disclose  additional  means  of  increasing 
production,  the  U.  S.  War  Industries 
Board  has  just  established  a  Resources 
and, Conversion  Section.  Mr.  Charles  A. 
Otis,  of  Cleveland,  former  president  of 
the  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the 
United  States,  has  been  appointed  Chief 
of  this  Section. 

To  carry  out  the  plans  of  the  War 
Industries  Board,  it  has  been  decided  to 
divide  the  country  into  twenty  regional 
croups  and  to  organize  each  region 
through  the  commercial  organizations 
within  the  region. 

In  each  of  these  regions  all  types  of 
industry  represented  in  the  membership 
of  the  business  organizations  and  in 
addition  all  industries  which  may  not 
be  a  part  of  such  membership  will  be 
invited  to  co-operate. 

The  purpose  of  this  regional  system  is 
immediately  to  make  a  careful  survey 
of  every  section  of  the  country  to  de- 
termine what  industries  not  now  doing 
war  work  may  be  utilized  for  such  work, 
and  also  to  ascertain  what  industries  al- 
ready engaeed  on  work  for  the  Govern- 
ment are  able  to  take  on  additional  con- 
tracts or  increase  their  production  of 
munitions  and  war 'supplies. 


SURFACE  HARDENLNG  BRONZE 
AND  COI'PER 

In  occasional  instances  it  is  desirable 
to  harden  the  surface  of  copper  and 
bronze,  such  things  as  dies  being  prefer- 
ably so  dealt  with  to  enable  them  to  with- 
stand wear.  This  hardening  is  best  done 
by  alloying  tin  into  the  surface  of  the 
metal  after  the  articles  are  finished,  the 
process  being  as  follows:— Metal  which  is 
machined  all  over— and  not  mere  castings 
having  the  "skin"  left  on-is  taken  and 
all  grease  and  dirt  removed  by  well  scour- 
ing with  caustic  potash  or  soda,  rinsing 
m  clean  water  and  drying  in  non-resinous 
sawdust.  The  articles  are  then  heated  to 
a  red  heat  and  thinly  coated  with  pure 
tin,  and  the  heat  continued  for  some  min- 
utes, when  all  excess  of  tin  is  wiped  off 
with  a  piece  of  tow  and  the  heat  main- 
tained until  the  tin  left  is  absorbed,  after 
which  the  articles  are  allowed  to  cool  in 
the  air.  Or  the  articles  can  be  thoroughly 
cleaned  and  have  the  surface  thinly  coated 
with  tin  in  the  usual  way,  using  zinc 
chloride  as  a  flux.  The  work  must  then 
be  thoroughly  washed  in  hot  water  to 
removed  any  excess  of  chloride  of  zinc, 
dried  quickly,  and  then  heated  to  redness 
in  a  muffle  in  which  a  reducing  atmos- 
phere is  maintained,  the  process  being 
complete  as  soon  as  the  tin  is  absorbed. 
As  the  metals  are  somewhat  tender  at  red 
heat,  they  should  be  kept  on  an  iron  plate 
or  fire-clay  tile  during  the  period  of  heat- 
ing. It  is  also  possible  to  secure  this  kind 
of  surface  alloying  with  a  blow-pipe 
flame,  because  absorption  takes  place  at  a 
red  heat,  as  most  persons  using  a  copper 
soldering  bit  find  out  to  their  cost  on 
occasion,  and  a  "burnt"  tinned  soldering 
bit  wants  some  hard  work  to  file  it  up 
clean  and  fit  for  use  for  its  proper  pur- 
pose. The  same  principle  is  involved  in 
"pyro-plating"  on  steel,  in  this  case  silver 
and  gold  leaf  being  used,  and  partly  al- 
loyed with  the  steel  by  heat  in  a  close 
muffle. 


THE  SUCCESSFUL  men  are  they  who 
have  worked  while  their  neighbors'  minds 
were  vacant  or  occupied  with  passing 
trivialities,  who  have  been  acting  while 
others  have  been  wrestling  with  inde- 
cision. They  are  the  men  who  have  tried 
to  read  all  that  has  been  written  about 
their  craft;  who  have  learned  from  the 
masters  and  fellow-craftsmen  of  experi- 
ence, and  profited  thereby;  who  have  gone 
about  with  their  ej-es  open,  noting  the 
good  points  of  other  men's  work,  and  con- 
sidered how  they  might  do  it  better.  Thus 
they  have  carried  themselves  above  medi- 
ocrity, and  in  striving  to  do  things  the 
best  they  could,  have  educated  themselves 
in  the  truest  manner. — Santa  Fe  Maga- 
zine. 


TO  BRONZE  east  iron  thoroughly  cleanse 
the  metal  and  rub  it  smooth.  Apply 
evenly  a  coat  of  sweet  or  olive  oil  and  heat 
the  iron,  being  careful  that  the  tempera- 
ture does  not  rise  high  enough  to  burn  the 
oil.  Just  as  the  oil  is  about  to  decompose, 
the  cast  iron  will  absorb  oxygen,  and  this 
forms  upon  the  surface  a  brown  oxide  skin 
which  holds  securely,  and  is  so  hard  that 
it  will  admit  of  a  high  polish. 


56 


Volume  XX. 


Combination 
Turret  Lathe 


for 


Bar  and  Chucking 
Work 


By  Oskar  Kyln 


CURRENT  events  with  their  ever- 
increasin  ,  demmds  on  the  machine 
shop  resources  of  theh  world,  both 
in  equipment  and  labor,  have  resulted  in 
widespread  use  of  machine  tools  which 
enable  semi-skilled  labor  to  rapidly  pro- 
duce work  of  high  accuracy. 

Turret  lathes  in  particular  occupy  a 
prominent  place  in  the  category  of  labor- 
saving  tools  influenced  thuswise,  and  a 
recent  example  of  this  class  of  machine 
is  described  herewith.  It  is  now  being 
built  by  the  Foster  Machine  Co.,  Elkhart, 
Ind.,  and  is  designated  No.  2-B  universal 
turret  lathe,  possessing  combined  fea- 
tures for  both  bar  and  chucking  work. 

This  turret  lathe  is  designed  to  handie 
bar  work  up  to  ZV*  in.  in  diameter  and 
30  in.  in  length,  and  chucking  work  up  to 
13  in.  in  diameter.  It  is  possible,  how- 
ever, due  to  the  larger  swing  over  the 
boms  of  the  carriage  to  handle  lighter 
chucking  work  up  to  20  in.  in  diameter. 
As  shall  be  noted  more  in  detail  below, 
the  designer  claims  for  this  machine  the 
distinction  of  being  the  most  universal 
machine  of  its  class  on  the  market  to- 
day. This  claim  is  based  on  several 
peculiar  features  of  construction,  the  ex- 
ceeding wide  and  well-balanced  speed  and 
feed  ranges  and  the  numerous  standard, 
semi-standard  and  special  tools  and  at- 
tachments with  which  the  machine  can 
be  equipped.  These  features  have  made 
the  machine  capable  of  handling  econo- 
mically work  of  widely  different  nature 
and  quantity  covering  a  range  of  work 
from  small  lots  of  one-half  dozen  or 
less  pieces  up  to  work  in  large  quantities 
where  the  machine  is  runnina;  continu- 
ously for  months  on  one  and  the  same 
job. 

Head  and  Red 
Fig.  2  shows  an  interior  view  of  the 
head  with  the  head  cover  removed  and 
the  gears  exposed.  The  twelve  feed 
changes  ranging  from  12  to  325  r.p.m. 
are  obtainable  by  means  of  sliding  eears. 
The  levers  for  operating  these  sliding 
gear  clusters  are  mounted  conveniently 
on  the  top  of  the  head  cover  as  shown  in 
Fig.  1.  The  start,  stop  and  reverse 
friction  clutch  is  mounted  on  the  back 
gear  shaft  and  operated  by  the  lever 
fhown  directly  over  the  front  spindle 
box. 


The  machine  is  driven  by  a  4  in.  wide 
belt  on  a  15  in.  diameter  pulley,  the 
speed  of  which  pulley  for  high-speed 
cutting  tools  is  500  r.p.m.  For  stellite 
cutters  when  a  higher  cutting  speed  is 
required  a  pulley  speed  of  up  to  750 
r.p.m.   is   recommended. 

The  belt  running  at  a  speed  of  1,960 
feet  per  minute  is  capable  of  delivering 
to  the  machine  up  to  8%  h.p.,  which  cor- 
responds to  a  torque  at  the  spindle  nose 
of  43,000  inch  pounds,  at  a  spindle  speed 
of  12  r.p.m.  The  reason  for  this  seem- 
ingly excessive  power  of  the  head  is  that 
this  machine  is  frequently  called  upon 
to  take  up  to  4  or  5  cuts  simultaneously 
at  a  comparatively  coarse  feed  which  the 
machine  is  easily  capable  of  doing.  The 
friction  clutch  is  capable  of  pulling  a 
load  equal  to  about  twice  the  power  de- 
livered by  the  belt.  The  gears  through- 
out the  head  are  of  the  Fellows  stub 
tooth  standard,  advantages  of  which  are 
added  strength  and  smoother,  quieter 
action.  All  the  sliding  gear  clusters  and 
the  gears  engaging  same  are  carbonized 
and  heat  treated. 

The  gears  run  in  an  oil  bath  and 
the  bearings  throughout  the  head  are 
automitically  lubricated  by  means  of  the 
splaih  f.om  the  gears. 


The  bed  is  very  liberally  dimensioned 
and  heavily  ribbed  internally  which 
makes  same  capable  or  resisting  exceed- 
ingly heavy  cutting  strains  without  fehe 
slightest  tremor  or  deflection. 

Square  Turret,  Cross  Slide  and  Carriage 

The  cross  slide  carriage  wnicii 
bridges  and  travels  on  the  two  very 
liberally  dimensioned  ways  of  the  bed  is 
shown  clearly  in  title  cut.  The  rear  end 
of  the  cross  slide  is  built  in  the  shape 
of  a  table  on  which  standard  or  special 
tool  holders,  such  as  required  to  carry 
wide  forming  tools  or  multiple  necking 
tools  can  be  mounted.  The  square  tur- 
ret mounted  on  the  cross  slide  is  indexed 
and  bound  by  means  of  the  lever  handle 
mounted  on  the  top  of  same.  The  lock- 
bolt  which  is  of  the  cylindrical  vertical- 
ly-mounted type  is  located  directly  un- 
derneath the  working  position  of  the 
cutting  tool. 

Fig.  4  shows  a  view  of  the  rear  halt 
of  the  carriage  apron  with  gears  and 
drop-off  lever  in  place.  The  sliding  gear 
clusters  and  the  gears  engaging  same 
are  made  of  chrome  nickel  steel.  The 
gear  tooth  form  is  that  of  the  Fellows' 
stub  tooth  standard.  The  lower  gears 
in  the  apron  run  in  an  oil  bath  and  all 


:^-,i?.f  ^>%-v-v^'  Vx  v-4>^^*---s^-  ^  -■■  ~^A'  ^.tAsi^^^y,  .vij 


FIG.   1— UNIVERSAL  TUKRET  LATHE  WITH  CHUCKING  EQUIPMENT 


July  18,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


57 


FIG.   2— VIEW   OF  HEAD  WITH  COVER   REMOVED.   SHOWING   GE  \RS :   FIG.   4— REAR   HALF   OF   CARRIAGE   APRON    WITH   GEARS 
AND   SHAFT  IN   PACLE ;   FIF.   5 -HEXAGON   HEAD   AND   SADDLE   WITH  BAR  TOOLS   IN   PLACE:  FIG.   7— VIEW  SHOWING 

SCREW-CUTTING    ATTACHMENT    AND    CARRIAGE    STOP 


the   lower  bearings    in    same    are    auLo- 
matically  lubricated. 

For  the  longitudinal  gauging  and 
duplicating  of  the  work  the  carriage 
apron  is  equipped  with  six  independent 
adjustable  stop  screws  mounted  in  an 
indexable  stop  spool  and  abutting  in 
turn  a  sliding  stop  rod  mounted  in  a 
bracket  secured  to  the  bed.  This  butt- 
ing of  the  stop  screw  against  the  stop 
rod  causes  the  drop-off  lever  to  drop  and 
thus  disengage  the  feed  friction.  The 
advantage  of  a  drop-out  feed  friction 
above  that  of  a  drop-out  worm  is  ob- 
vious, being  that  of  instantaneous  en- 
gagement. For  duplicating  and  gauging 
diameters  of  the  work,  a  large  diameter 
dial  is  mounted  on  the  cross-feed  screw, 
which  dial  has  in  turn  on  same,  adjust- 
able observation  stops.  The  cross-feed 
is  disengaged  by  means  of  the  short  lever 
shown  pointing  to  the  right  on  the  car- 
riage  apron. 

The  twelve  feed  changes  range  for  the 
longitudinal  feed  from  .0055  in.  to  .150 
in.  per  spindle  revolution  and  for  the 
cross  feed  from  .0029  in.  to  .080  per 
spindle  revolution.  Six  of  these  feed 
changes  and  the  reverse  for  same  are 
obtainable  by  means  of  the  sliding  gears 
in  the  apron,  which  changes  are  multi- 
plied by  two  changes  obtainable  in  the 
gear  box  at  the  head  end  of  the  bed  and 
which  changes  give  two  speeds  to  the 
feed  rod. 

Hexagon   Turret   and   Saddle 

The  main  turret  which  is  of  the  hollow 
hexagon  type  and  very  liberally  propor- 


tioned, is  shown  in  Fig.  5  with  bar  tools 
mounted  on  same.  The  turret  saddle 
which  has  an  exceptionally  long  bearing 
on  the  bed  has  mounted  on  same,  an 
apron  very  similar  in  design  to  that  il- 
lustrated anJl  described  above  for  the 
carriage.  The  drop-off  feed  friction 
which  is  automatically  disengaged  in  a 
manner  similar  to  that  operating  the 
feed  friction  for  the  carriage  apron  is 
here  controlled  by  stops  adjustably 
mounted  on  a  long  stop  roll  located  be- 
tween the  ways  of  the  bed.  This  stop 
roll  is  long  enough  to  take  care  of  work 


up  to  the  maximum  length  capacity  of 
the  machine. 

The  saddle  is  equipped  with  quick 
traverse  which  is  operated  by  means  of 
a  lever  mounted  on  the  front  side  of  the 
saddle  and  shown  in  Fig.  5.  The  quick 
traverse  mechanism  itself  is  illustrated 
clearly  in  Fig.  6,  being  mounted  on  the 
rear  side  of  the  saddle.  It  consists  of 
a  right  and  left  hand  screw  with  nuts 
which  are  intermittently  locked  by  means 
of  a  double  friction  controlled  by  the 
lever  on  the  front  side  of  the  saddle  as 
mentioned    above.       A     rod     adjustably 


FIG    6—REAR  VIE^;'  OF  2-B  UNIVERSAL  TURRET  LATHE  WITH   AUTOMATIC  CHUCK 

AND   MOTOR  DRIVE 


58 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


mounted  in  a  bracket  secured  to  the  rear 
end  of  the  bed  automatically  disengages 
the  quick  traverse  and  thus  limits  the 
rearward  movement  of  the  saddle.  The 
quick  traverse  screw  which  is  fully  pro- 
tected from  chips  and  dirt  by  means  ot 
the  telescoping  tube  is  driven  by  a  bolt 
from  the  main  driving  pulley. 

Automatic  Chuck  and  Bar  Feed 

The  automatic  chuck  which  is  of  the 
standard  collect  type  construction  is 
shown  in  Fig.  6.  The  main  point  of  in- 
terest in  connection  with  same  is  the 
short  overhang  of  the  end  of  the  auto- 
matic chuck  beyond  the  front  spindle 
bearing'.  A  new  lever  action  for  operat- 
ing the  automatic  chuck  wedsre  has  been 
introduced  and  has  proven  to  facilitate 
greatly  the  ease  of  operating  the  auto- 
matic chuck  and.  increased  the  gripping 
power  of  same.  The  bar  feed  head 
travels  on  two  parallel  bars,  the  outer 
ends  of  which  are  supported  in  a  rigid 
stand. 

Attachments 

As  has  already  been  mentioned,  the 
machine  can  be  equipped  with  screw- 
cutting  and  taper  attachments.  The 
screw-cutting  attachment,  which  is  of 
the  leader  and  follower  tvpe.  can  be  seen 
clearly  in  Fig.  7.  The  leader,  which  is 
mounted  on  the  main  feed  rod,  is  capable 
of  cutting  two  pitches  of  threads  in  the 
multiples  of  one  and  four  of  that  of  the 
pitch  of  the  leader.  The  follower  is 
mounted  in  a  lever  in  a  projection  of  the 
carriage  apron. 

The  taper  attachment  which  is  of  ex- 
ceedingly rigid  construction  is  mounted 
on  the  rear  end  of  the  carriage  and 
operates  directly  on  the  cross-feed  nut. 
Same  is  very  simple  in  design  and  can 
be  seen  clearly  in  Fig.  6. 

Standard  Tool  Equipments 

Very  extensive  and  comolete  tool 
equipments  for  both  bar  and  chucking 
work  are  desiened  for  this  machine. 
Fig.  1  shows  the  machine  with  a  few  of 
the  chucking  tools  mounted  on  the  hexa- 
gon turret  but  this  illustration  can  only 
give  a  faint  idea  of  the  real  merits  of 
same  and  the  extent  to  which  the  de- 
signer has  studied  and  solved  the  prob- 
lem of  standard  tools.  Fitr.  5  shows  a 
view  of  the  most  commonly  used  bar 
tools. 

CJeneral 

The  machine  can  be  driven  either  from 
a  countershaft  or  by  means  of  an  in- 
dividual motor  which  is  usually  mounted 
on  the  front  leg  in  .i  manner  shown 
clearly  in  Fig.  5, 

The  system  of  supplying  coolant  in 
abundant  nuantitv  to  the  cutting  tools 
has  been  ti'oroughly  studied  and  is  also 
shown  clearly  in  Fig.  6. 

The  machine  weighs,  comnlete  with 
automatic  chuck  and  bar  feed  but  without 
standard  tools,  5,200  pounds. 


CREATING  THE  REAL-MAN  TYPE 

By  James  E.  Cooley 

WE,  who  are  part  of  the  great 
planetary  system,  and  who  oc- 
cupy a  small  patch  on  this  hemi- 
sphere, need  to  undergo  a  reconstruction; 
a  change  tremendously  broadening,  be- 
fore we  can  boast  of  greatness  and 
civilization    outvying    that    of    historic 


time.  We  need  to  bury  our  prejudices, 
our  weaknesses  to  overcome  helpless- 
ness, and  to  undergo  a  rebuilding,  in 
order  to  become  a  stronger  race  of  men 
and  women 

We  need  to  make  a  few  radical  move^- 
and  do  things  almost  the  other  way 
round  from  what  we  are  in  the  habit 
of  doing  them.  Our  high  order  of  in- 
telligence is  far  below  what  we  would 
have  posterity  think  it  is.  It  has  little 
of  the  summit-height,  the  cloud-alti- 
tude upreach;  and  we  are  not  as  yet  a 
race  of  "high-brows." 

We  are  sadly  lacking  in  dash  and 
spirit.  No  evolutionary  period  confronts 
us.  We  are  still  too  languorously  hide- 
bound to  beds  of  ease  and  stolid  in- 
difference. Our  growth  is  too  slow.  We 
still  are  lacking  in  the  power  of  con- 
structive thinking  and  acting,  too  deep- 
ly absorbed  in  things  that  are  of  little 
or  no  permanent  value  to  us.  Being 
such,  we  are  sadly  neglecting  that, 
which  might  lead  to  our  higher  welfare, 
to  a  higher  progressive  state  of  exist- 
ence. 

There  are  a  thousand  and  one  details 
in  life  that  demand  our  present  atten- 
tion; and  one  is  as  fully  important  as 
the  other.  It  becomes  us  to  know  what 
each  of  these  are.  It  becomes  us  to 
know  how  each  of  these  needs  hand- 
ling. And  it  becomes  us  to  tackle  them 
vigorously  and  with  our  greatest  energy. 

The  proper  and  necessary  step  to 
take  to  start  us  moving  towards  a  high- 
er progressive  plane  is  first,  to  get  the 
right  perspective,  and  then  to  plunge 
ahead.  If  debris  and  refuse  adorn  your 
premises,  if  your  home  or  factory  and 
their  contents  are  in  upheaval  and  dis- 
order, clean  and  straighten  these  up. 
Have  a  place  for  everything,  and  every- 
thing in  it's  prouer  place.  Straighten 
and  clean  up  your  person.  Keep  your 
body  clean,  your  nails  evenly  pared  and 
manicured.  Have  your  clothes  spick 
and  snan.  Keep  the  soles  of  your  shoes 
well  shod,  your  worn-over  heels  trim  and 
smooth.  Keep  in  condition  always.  Do 
not  neglect  the  least  little  thing,  nor  do 
these  things  at  spasmodic  intervals. 
Be  re<?ular,  erect,  and  strictly  attentive. 
"Get  the  habit"  and  get  it  strongly. 

If  you  proceed  in  this  course,  others 
will  follow  you  in  their  turn.  You  will 
have  begun  to  do  your  work  better. 
You  will  feel  better.  Your  spirit  will 
become  more  animated,  to  move  with 
greater  forwardness.  In  this  line  of 
"culture"  the  ground  plan  of  a  progres- 
sive state  will  have  been  laid.  A 
thousand  and  one  improvements  are 
bound  to  spring  up  on  this.  Men  like 
yourself  will  strive  more  fervently.  The 
study  of  medicines,  the  arts,  and  inven- 
tion, will  take  on  a  new  encouragement. 
Diseases,  such  as  cancer,  the  "great- 
white  plague,"  will  be  overcome;  or 
each  new  disease  or  epidemic  will  be 
checked  as  soon  as  it  appears.  Child- 
hood will  get  its  full  growth.  Infant 
mortality  will  be  a  thing  of  the  past. 
And  new  scientific  discoveries  will  be  the 
order  of  the  day. 

But  we  must  first  understand  that  it 


behooves  us  to  wake  from  our  indiffer- 
ence and  indolence  and  take  energetic 
measures  and  direct  our  efforts  only  in 
those  things  most  useful  and  progres- 
sive. Putting  down  what  hinders;  puri- 
fying what  is  unclean,  and  making 
habitable  and  healthy  all  places  wherein 
mankind  works  and  dwells. 

It  is  only  as  we  work  ourselves  up 
and  have  that  filled  -  with  -  vivacity 
promptness;  that  filled-with-battle-spirit- 
and-plunge  go;  that  clear-as-a-crystal 
positiveness  that  we  shall  make  any 
noticeable  headway  in  whatever  we  try 
to  attempt.  But  having  these,  develop- 
ing them  to  the  fullest,  we  are  on  safe 
ground  to  go  ahead  in  trying  to  do 
something  useful  and  big. 

Again  we  may  repeat,  it  is  only  when 
we  get  the  right  perspective,  sense  the 
need  or  Heedlessness  of  things,  and  face 
them  squarely,  and  work  indefatigably, 
that  we  are  going  to  overcome  the  ills, 
the  menaces,  and  inconveniences  that 
man  is  heir  to.  It  is  only  as  we  create 
the  real  man  type — the  man  with  a 
constructive  mind — with  the  broad  and 
higher  outlook  on  things  and  affairs. 
SweepinPT,  where  it  needs  brushing,  dig- 
ging up  what  should  be  removed. 

The  difference  between  this  type  and 
the  present  one  is  the  difference  be- 
tween one  who  is  confident  and  self-as- 
sertive, from  one  who  is  hesitant  and 
vacillating;  or  the  difference  between  a 
being  having  an  unbreakable  vertebrae, 
a  stiff  back-bone,  from  one  who  is  hope- 
lessly spineless.  The  man  who  uses  his 
brain,  who  is  sure-footed  and  forward, 
has  the  upper-hand  on  himself  and  his 
work  and  lacks  nothing.  Behind  him, 
his  confidence  is  his  own  fortress;  ahead 
of  him,  his  self-assertiveness  is  his 
field  of  prreat  human  endeavor. 

Over  the  vast  assemblage  with  with 
this  earth  is  peopled,  one  must  look 
long  to  find  the  very  few  if  any  of  this 
tvpe.  It  becomes  us  therefore,  to  create 
them.  First,  beginning  with  our  own 
personal  selves,  and  then  enthusing 
others  to  become  supreme  and  foremost, 
to  do  a  man's  part,  and  act  a  man's  part. 
Where  scenes  and  environments  require 
changing,  where  trackless  fields  and 
r'eserts  are  still  untrod,  where  seas  and 
'worlds  remain  undiscovered,  there  is  our 
work  ahead,  there  is  our  right  task,  our 
rightful   inheritance.  , 

If  you  have  become  this  real-man 
type,  that  looks  eagerly  forward  with 
a  hopeful  view,  a  broader  outlook  on 
each  coming  morrow,  if  you  have  be- 
come fully  aroused  out  of  a  stone-hard 
stupor,  if  you  have  developed  your 
strenq;th,  your  unobscurable  powers  of 
scrutiny  to  see  the  grand  possibilities  of 
destroying  the  evils  and  errors  of  life, 
creating  anew  what  is  antiquated,  if  you 
have  become  a  sound  vigilant  body, 
clothed  with  mightiness  and  greatness, 
all  then  that  you  do,  all  that  you  at- 
tempt to  do,  you  will  not  only  add  to 
your  glorification  but  you  will  stand 
out  as  an  incomparable  real,  live,  ac- 
tive human  being,  a  credit  to  your  race 
and  time.—  ' 


July  18,  1918 


69 


Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel,  and  Its  Prevention-VI 

By  Abe  Winters 


FARADA\'S  law  of  the  corrosion  of 
metal      in      weak      acidulated      so- 
lutions    and     electrical     energy  ap- 
plied   to    the    anode    is     1.0448    grains 
of     iron     per     square     foot     per     am- 
pere    hour.       The     film     formed     over 
the  surface  of  iron  or  steel  by  the  pro- 
cess under  consideration  is  an  in.sulating 
film,    the    insulating    properties    of    the 
film  render  the  processed  metal  imper- 
vious to  galvanic  currents  or  electrolytic 
corrosion  as  long  as  the  film  is  intact 
at   every   joint.     Hydrated   rust  carries 
over   20    per   cent,    of   moisture,   and    so 
long  as  It  can  attack  a  fresh  surface  of 
iron  and  cast  off  the  thin  film  of  oxide 
as  It  forms  it  will  release  enough  oxygen 
to  begin  another  cycle  of  action.    A  pin 
scratch  on   a  phosphorized  steel   surface 
will   be   sufficient   to   allow   corrosion   to 
begin  and   eventually  destroy  the  entire 
article.     Tests  made  under  our  personal 
supervision   verify   this    statement. 

Rust  which  forms  on  iron  or  steel  is 
hygroscopic  and   carries  24  per  cent    of 
moisture  as  it    forms.      This     moisture 
never  dries   out  under  any  atmospheric 
heat  conditions,  but  is  ever  ready  for  a 
chemical    decomposition;     the     hydrated 
red  rust  being  nearly  twice  the  volume 
of  the  iron  from  which  it  is  formed   adds 
Its  efforts  to  the  free  hydrogen  to  push 
through  the  phosphate  film  and  eventu- 
ally create  havoc  over  the  entire  surface 
This  mechanical  action  is  far  more  ener- 
getic than  mere  casual  observation  would 
lead  one  to  imagine.     A  very  important 
requisite   of  rust-proofing  coatings   is   a 
galvanic  property  to  protect  the  under- 
lyin-?    iron    which    may   become    exposed 
by  scratches  or  pinholes.     This  property 
IS  totally  absent  in  coatings  produced  in 
phosphorous-manganese      solutions       by 
simple  immersion.     The  coating  is  non- 
metallic   and   the   temperature   at  which 
the  solution   (212°   Fahr)   does    not     in- 
fluence the  structure   of  the   metal   sur- 
face  or  expand   the  pores  of  steel  suffi- 
ciently  to   permit  a  penetration   exceed- 
ing .001  inch. 

Properties  of  an  Ideal  Rust  Preventative 
An  ideal  protective  coating  should  be 
completely      resistant,      not      only      to 
chemical    corrosive   agencies   but   should 
be  hard  and  tough  to  resist  mechanical 
wear  or  abrasion.     It  should  be  capable 
of    protecting    the    underlying   metal    by 
galvanic  action.     All  rust-proofing  films 
formed  in  acidulated  solutions  containing 
manganese    dioxide,    calcium    or     ferric 
oxides,    do    not    possess    properties    con- 
ducive to  automatic  galvanic  protection, 
furthermore  these  solutions  are  more  ex- 
pensive   to    operate    commercially     than 
the  average  manufacturer  would  expect 
after  only  a  partial  investigation  of  the 


process  It  is  not  the  Intention  of  the 
writer  to  absolutely  condemn  phosphor^ 
ous-manganese  rust-proofing  for  iron 
and  steel,  the  process    has    many    very 

totally  ineffective  or  unscientific.  The 
phosphate   coating   is   more  resistive   to 

admitted.  If  the  coating  is  further  pro- 
tected by  oil,  wax  or  paint  the  results 
are  often  very  satisfactory.  Responsible 
authorities  agree  that  for  many  pur- 
poses particularly  on  sm.all  wares,  the 
phosphate  process  is  efficient  and  may 
be  used  commercially  at  reasonable  cost 
Ihe  excessive  costs  are  usually  the  re- 
sult of  high  chemical  expense  and  un- 
necessary  waste. 

Group  No.  4 
In  this  group  we  have  several  metals 
which  are  electro-positive  to  iron,  which 
would  give  us  the  desired  result;  some 
Of  these    are   antimony,   arsenic    potas- 
sium, sodium  or  zinc,  but  about  the  only 
practical    or   commercial    metal    in     the 
class  is  zinc.     Zinc  is  a  peculiar  metal 
of  pronounced  characteristics.     It  is  re- 
latively low    in    malleability,     ductility 
tenacity  and  infusibility  when  compared 
with  other  metals.     Zinc  has  a  meltin<r 
point  of  419  degrees  C,  and  under  at- 
mospheric   pressure    a    boiling    point    of 
918  degrees  «.     On  this  basis  of  silver 
at  100,  zinc  has  an  electrical  conducti- 
vity of  29  and  a  heat  conductivity  of  36. 
It  is  practically  non-corrosive  in  the  at- 
mosphere,  a    thin   protective"  coating   of 
carbonate  of  zinc  forming  upon  it.     Zinc 
is   one   of  the    highest    electro     positive 
metals,   it  having  a   potential    of     0.493 
volts. 

Hot  galvanizing,  or  the  application  of 
molten  zinc  to  a  metal  is  a  commonly 
known  process.  The  quality  of  the  coat- 
ing depends  not  only  upon  the  size  and 
nature  of  the  article  but  also  to  a  large 
extent  upon  the  skill  of  the  operator, 
who  must  use  care  and  give  constant 
attention  to  the  work. 

Cold   galvanizing  or  electro-plating  is 
the   process   of  depositing  a   coating  of 
zinc  upon  the  metal   to  be  protected  by 
means   of  an  electric    current     and     an 
electrolyte.     For    many    purposes     cold 
galvanizing  has  proven  particularly  effi- 
cient, but,  has  never  been  regarded  as  a 
practical    rust-proofing   process   for   use 
on   wares   which   are   subjected     to     un- 
usual  corrosive    influences    or    ordinary 
abrasive   action   resulting   from    natural 
causes.     There  are  several  very  simple 
formulas  for  acid  zinc  plating  solutions, 
these    being    more    generally    employed. 
Cyanide  zinc  plating  solutions  are  to  be 
preferred    for    some    purposes,    but    the 
maintenance  cost  of  cyanide  solutions  is 


an  important  consideration  in    commer- 
cial practice. 

Sherardizing 
The   Sherardizing   process   of   coatinir 
'ron  and  steel  with  a  rust-proof  film  of 
zmc    was    discovered    in    an     accidental 
manner  by  Mr.  Cowper  Cowlea  of  Lon- 
don   England,   but   is   not   essentially  a 
modem  idea  as  a  process  practically  the 
same   was   known    in   prehistoric   times; 
It,  however    was  used    for    a     different 
purpose.      Copper    tools,     vessels,     etc 
were   placed    in    the   ground    in    certain 
localities    and    kept    hot    by    fires    built 
over   the   spot,   on   removal    the   copper 
was  found  to  have  acquired  a  light  yVl- 
low  color  and  become  harder.    This  was 
really  dry  galvanizing  although  an  alloy- 
ing of  the  two  metals  was  not  recogniz- 
or  <.r?      l^^^  history  Aristotle  records 
the     bleaching  of  copper"  by  the  same 
method. 

Sherardizing  is  to-day  a  patented  pro- 
cess but  IS  without  doubt  the  most  effec- 
tive   rust-proofing    process     known     for 
general  purposes.     Naturally  there  are 
many  cases     where     the     requirements 
favor  such  processes  as  the  application 
of  vitrified  enamel,  phosphate  films  or 
hot  galvanizing,  but  for  the  majority  of 
niodern  commercial  needs  the  treatm»nt 
of  iron  and  steel  by  the  electro-Sherard- 
izing  process  is  the  acme  of  perfection 
for  the  p-oduction  of  protective  coatings 
Samuel  Trood  has  refined  the  process  of 
Sherardizing  as   follows:   A   process   of 
sublimation,     occlusion     and      adhesion, 
when  considered  in  connection  with  the 
theory  of  ions.     The  process  of  passing 
directly  from  the  solid  state  to  the  gas- 
eous  state  and  from  the  gaseous  state 
direct  to  the  splid  state,  in  both  cases 
stepping  over  the  liquid  state,  is  called 
sublimation. 

Zinc  as  a  solid  may  change  into  vapor 
without    passing    into    the   liquid    state. 
For  an  exact  definition  of  the  physical 
condition  of  a  body  a  knowledge  of  the 
values   of  all   its  variable   properties  is 
required.     The  three  most  important  of 
these    are     temperature,     pressure     and 
volume   occupied   by   unit    mass    of    the 
substonce.    It  is  a  well  known  fact  that 
the     common      metals      are     extremely 
porous.     This  is  visible  under    a     high 
power    magnifying     glass,    as     well     as 
readily  demonstrated  by  certain  physical 
experiments.    The  condition  of  the  metal 
may  be  graphically     described     as     re- 
sembling a  sponge  soaked  with  water. 
Occlusion 
When  a  porous   solid    is    easily     per- 
meated by  a  gas  and  condensation  on  the 
surface  of  the  pores  of  the  solid  takes 
place  it  is  called  occlusion.    An  example 


60 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


of  this  may  be  seen  in  the  absorption  of 
90  volumes  of  ammonia  in  one  volume 
of  charcoal.  Nearly  all  metals  absorb 
gases  and,  being  heated,  will  allow  them 
to  pass  through  readily.  An  example 
of  this  is  the  fact  that  hydrogen  will 
pass  through  heated  iron.  When  a  gas 
is  in  contact  with  a  solid  there  are  mole- 
cular forces  drawing  the  particles  to- 
gether and  this  produces  a  surface  con- 
densation of  gas  on  the  solid.  An  ex- 
ample of  this  is  the  frosting  of  window 
panes  in  irregular  figures.  There  also 
appears  to  be  an  electrical  condition  ac- 
companying the  evolution  of  gases  from 
a  metal  inasmuch  as  the  evolved  gases 
usually  contain  a  number  of  free  ions. 
Naturally  the  exposed  surface  of  the 
metal  is  the  only  portion  which  actively 
takes  part  in  evolving  gases  so  that  the 
larger  the  area  of  surface  exposed  the 
gn"eater  the  evolution  of  gas,  other  con- 
ditions being  equal. 

To   be   continued 


BIG  U.  S.  FIRM'S  CAMPAIGN 
FOR  LIBERTY  LOAN 

Final  reports  of  the  Liberty  Loan  Cam- 
paign among  employees  of  the  Westing- 
house  Electric  &  Mfg.  Company  and  its 
subsidiaries  show  that  the  total  subscrip- 
tion was  $2,601,000.  Of  this,  $2,217,000 
was  taken  by  employees  of  the  parent 
company.  Three  subsidiaries  showed  100 
per  cent,  of  employees  subscribing — the 
R.  D.  Nuttall  Company,  the  Krantz  Mfg. 
Company  and  the  Pittsburgh  Meter  Com- 
pany. In  addition  to  this,  the  Krantz 
employees  subscribed  the  largest  per  cent. 
of  the  total  payroll — 10.4  per  cent,  and 
the  larg:est  amount  per  subscriber  $87.27. 
Electric  Company  employees  to  the  num- 
ber of  32,048  subscribed  $69.18  per  capita, 
5.2  per  cent,  of  the  payroll.  All  figures 
show  a  gratifying  increase  over  those  of 
the  second  loan,  showing  that  Westing- 
house  men  and  women  are  solidly  back- 
ing their  four  thousand  fellow  workers 
now  with  the  colors. 


MEETING  HELD  DURING  THE  PROGRESS     OF    THE    LIBERT"?    LOAN     CAMPAIGN. 


THE     KAISER'S     EFFIGY 


In  order  to  cover  the  entire  works 
thoroughly  from  office  boy  to  executive, 
team  captains  were  appointed  who  in  turn 
selected  their  lieutenants  and  teams.  The 
members  of  these  teams  sold  every  em- 
ployee a  bond,  or  got  a  very  satisfactory 
reason  for  the  refusal. 

In  one  instance,  when  a  widow  woman, 
the  sole  support  of  several  children,  felt 
that  she  simply  could  not  afford  the  pur- 
chase of  a  bond,  the  women  employees  of 
her  section  chipped  in  and  secured  one  for 
her,  every  woman  contributing. 

Speaking  of  the  part  the  girls  played  in 
the  campaign,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
the  telephone  and  sales  records  depart- 
ments, composed  practically  altogether  of 
girls,  were  among  the  100  per  cent,  depart- 
ments, that  is,  every  employee  a  bond 
owner. 

Considerable  enthusiam 
was  aroused  among  the 
workers  by  the  appearance 
•dUning  the  campaign,  cf 
Sousa's  Great  Lakes'  Mar- 
ine Band,  that  gave  a  con- 
cert in  one  of  the  large 
aisles  of  the  works,  and 
was  cheered  to  the  echo 
by  thousands  of  Westmg- 
house  employees  who  gath- 
ered to  listen. 

Considerable  amusement 
was  afforded  on  this  ocas- 
ion  by  the  appearance  of  a 
grotesque  effigy  of  the 
Kaiser,  which  was  hung 
in  full  view  of  the  large 
crowd.  This  likeness  was 
built  by  some  of  the  em- 
ployees out  of  nearby  ma- 
terials and  clothed  in  oli 
discarded   rainrnfen"-. 


As  might  be  expected  in  a  company 
employing  over  30,000  people,  compar- 
able to  a  good-sized  city,  the  third  Liberty 
Loan  Campaign  possessed  some  unusual 
features. 


SO  MANY  new  problems  face  naval  de- 
signers and  marine  engineers  to-day  that 
it  is  well  to  note  with  exactness  the  ad- 
vances which  have  been  made  in  mech- 


anical efficiency,  and  the  notorious  short- 
comings for  which  modern  engineering 
is  seeking  a  remedy.  Even  the  scheme 
of  standardized  ships,  does  not  claim  any 
advantage  beyond  that  of  economy  in 
building  a  number  of  vessels  of  identical 
type,  so  that  the  engineer  cannot  expect 
from  the  reproduction  of  familiar  ex- 
perience implied  in  such  a  scheme  any 
help  in  overcoming  the  problems  of  en- 
gine equipment,  boiler  designs,  propeller 
eccentricities,  skin  resistance,  fuel  econo- 
my and  so  on. 

The  engine  room  of  any  ship  generates 
enough  engineering  questions  to  pro- 
vide societies  with  ample  material  for 
discussion.  From  the  voluminous  dis- 
cussions which  have  taken  place,  it  is 
possible  to  ascertain  the  status  of  the 
Diesel  engines,  none  of  which,  by  the 
way,  resemble  the  original  productions 
of  Diesel,  the  nominal  inventor  of  them. 
The  marine  Diesel  is  bound  to  undergo 
changes  before  it  becomes  an  all-round 
proposition,  and  it  is  to  this  that  many 
engineers  are  devoting  themselves  at  the 
present  moment.  The  possibilities  of 
application  to  war  vessels  can  be  stated 
briefly.  Modern  destroyers  and  light 
cruisers,  as  a  rule,  are  propelled  by 
means  of  high-speed  turbines,  supplied 
with  steam  by  water-tube  boilers  of 
large  power  per  unit  and  generally  oil- 
fired.  Speed  being  the  great  essential 
for  such  vessels,  lightness  and  compact- 
ness of  machinery  are  vital.  Such 
steam-propelling  machinery  with  auxil- 
iaries will  weigh  from  27  lb.  to  35  lb. 
per  shaft  H.P.  The  lightest  Diesel  en- 
gines weigh  (without  the  auxiliaries) 
about  56  lb.  per  B.H.P.  and  consume,  say, 
about  Vz  lb.  of  fuel  per  B.H.P.,  whereas 
steam  turbine  installations  with  auxil- 
iaries, weigh  about  half  as  much  per 
S.H.P.,  the  consumption  of  oil  fuel  being 
rather  under  1  lb.  per  B.H.P. 


July  18,  1918 


61 


FROM  THE  MEN 
WHO  PRODUCE 

Methods,  Machining  Devices,  Systems  and  Suggestions  From 
Shop  And  Drafting  Room 


THE   CAUSE    OF   BROKEN    CRANK- 
SHAFTS 

By  Maurice  M.  Clement 

THE  breaking  of  the  crankshaft  in 
the  engine  is  a  more  common  oc- 
currence than  is  generally  supposed 
It  is  often  a  break  that  only  can  be  re- 
paired by  supplying  a  new  shaft;  there 
is  at  times  a  great  deal  of  contention  on 
the  part  of  the  owner  of  the  engine  in 
trying  to  establish  a  flaw  in  the  material, 
whether  one  really  exists  or  not.  In 
many  of  these  cases  the  claims  of  de- 
fect are  well  founded  when  superficial 
appearances  only  are  considered;  I  am 
not  far  wrong  in  saying  that  in  70  per 
cent.,  of  broken  cranks  the  break  shows 
that  at  least  a  portion  of  the  shaft's 
diameter  has  been  parted  for  some  time, 
in  other  words,  the  separated  points 
indicate  an  old  break  for  from  one-half 
to  two-thirds  the  diameter  of  the  shaft 
or  less. 

Only  the  remainder  of  the  diameter 
shows  a  fresh  break.  The  parts  show- 
ing an  old  break  often  have  the  appear- 
ance of  never  having  been  united;  with 
this  condition  of  affairs  an  owner  of  a 
shaft  is  apparently  justified  in  laying 
claim  to  a  defect,  and  his  claim  should 
receive  every  consideration  that  justice 
and  fairness  demands,  but  the  real  con- 
dition that  leads  up  to  and  causes  the 
break  should  not  be  lost  sight  of;  in 
the  large  majority  of  cases  we  can  feel 
sure  broken  shafts  are  the  result  of 
loose  journal  boxes.  It  is  not  an  un- 
common thing  to  see  an  engine  in  oper- 
ation that  shows  the  crank  shaft  jump- 
ing in  one  or  both  journal  boxes  at  each 
impulse  the  piston  receives. 

It  is  a  matter  that  may  have  been 
noticed  by  the  operator  and  lightly  re- 
garded; in  his  opinion  it  is  only  a  tri- 
vial matter.  Oftentimes  this  loose  con- 
dition of  the  boxes  entirely  escapes  the 
notice  of  the  operator.  But  it  is  not 
a  difficult  matter  to  see  how  loose  boxes 
may  result  in  broken  shafts;  in  the  first 
place,  we  must  consider  the  heavy  fly- 
wheels that  are  carried  on  the  gas  en- 
gine shaft,  these  heavy  wheels  are  quite 
necessary  on  a  moderate  speetl  engine  of 
the  single  cylinder  type  to  get  the  best 
results  in  power  development,  steady 
speed  and  fuel  consumption.  If  pro- 
perly carried  by  the  shaft  they  are  real- 
ly an  aid  to  its  long  life  rather  than  a 
detriment. 

Broken  crank  shafts  would  in  my  opin- 
ion be  a  very  uncommon  thing,  if  the 
journal    boxes    and    wrist    boxes    were 


more  carefully  looked  after  and  kept 
properly  adjusted.  The  intent  of  a  box 
or  a  number  of  boxes  carrying  a  revol- 
ving shaft  is  to  keep  the  shaft  in  per- 
fect line  at  all  times.  A  box  cannot  ac- 
complish its  purpose  on  a  gas  engine  if 
it  is  not  carefully  and  snugly  adjusted 
all  of  the  time.  The  sudden  force  ap- 
plied to  the  piston  of  the  gas  engine  and 
through  it  and  the  connecting  rod  to  the 
crank  shaft  tends  to  lift  the  shaft  out 
of  its  journal  box  bed  at  each  impulse, 
even  with  the  weight  of  the  heavy  fly- 
wheels crowding  it  constantly  down- 
ward into  its  bed.  If  the  boxes  are 
snugly  fitted,  this  lifting  motion  can- 
not occur,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  if  the 
box  caps  are  loose,  each  impulse  raises 
the  shaft  and  wheels,  and  as  soon  as  the 
force  of  the  impulse  subsides  the  weight 
of  the  wheels  and  shaft  bring  it  down 
into  its  bed  again  with  a  thump. 

Now  if  only  one  journal  box  is  loose 
and  the  other  one  is  properly  adjusted, 
the  lose  end  of  the  shaft  only  will  jump, 
throwing  the  shaft  out  of  line  at  each 
impulse;  this  condition  may  be  regarded 
as  even  worse  than  where  both  boxes 
are  loose,  now  add  to  the  loose  box  or 
boxes  the  weight  of  the  belt  and  drive 
pulley  on  the  shaft  and  the  cause  for  a 
great  many  breaks  can  be  easily  ex- 
plained. 

As  before  intimated,  a  shaft  seldom 
breaks  all  at  once.  The  condition  that 
really  causes  the  break  has  been  in 
existence  and  started  the  trouble  a  long 
time  before  the  final  complete  rupture 
comes;  there  is  an  unintentional  and  un- 
due strain  on  the  shaft  every  time  it 
jumps  in  the  boxes,  this  continual  heavy 
strain  at  regular  intervals  soon  causes 
what  is  known  as  crystallized  condition 
of  the  metal  in  that  part  of  the  shaft 
where  the  greater  strain  occurs. 

The  crystallizing  of  the  metal  de- 
stroys the  tensile  strength  of  it,  and  it 
becomes  fragile,  usually  this  crystallized 
condition  begins  at  a  point  on  the  outer 
circumference  of  the  shaft  and  travels 
toward  the  center.  It  does  not  neces- 
sarily, and  in  fact  not  generally,  affect 
the  entire  circumference.  A  third  or 
half  of  the  circumference  only  is  the 
rule.  At  this  fragile  point  a  crack  is 
started  by  reason  of  the  continued  jump- 
ing of  the  shaft  in  its  bearings;  as  the 
crystallized  condition  grows  the  crack 
grows  deeper  until  finally  the  good  metal 
remaining  is  no  longer  able  to  with- 
stand the  strain  and  breaks  in  two; 
when  the  broken  ends  are  now  examined, 


the  fresh  break  shows  only  so  far  as 
the  good  or  adhesive  metal  held  on.  The 
original  crack  may  have  been  started 
weeks  or  months  before,  and  the  con- 
stant motion  caused  the  broken  parts  to 
rub  together  until  they  often  appear  as 
if  they  have  never  been  united. 

Many  times  the  owner  of  the  engine 
uses  the  expression,  "that  was  never 
welded  properly,"  or  "the  shaft  was  on- 
ly partly  welded."  The  common  opinion 
or  supposition  among  many  engine  own- 
ers that  crank  shafts  are  welded  to- 
gether is  illfounded.  Cranks  are  gener- 
ally made  by  either  the  drop  forging 
or  steel  casting  process.  No  welding 
process  whatever  enters  into  their  for- 
mation. Another  process  of  making 
crank  shafts  is  cutting  them  out  of  solid 
steel  billets;  the  large  majority  of 
broken  shafts,  I  believe,  are  a  direct  re^ 
suit  of  a  jump  in  one  or  both  journal 
boxes. 

A  peculiar  case  came  under  my  notice 
recently.  Three  shafts  in  one  25  H.P. 
engine  broke  within  a  period  of  one 
year,  and  all  of  them  broke  at  practi- 
cally the  same  point;  the  conclusion  was 
that  some  unusual  condition  existed 
bout  this  engine  which  was  to  blame. 
Upon  investigation,  it  was  found  that  a 
special  length  was  required  in  this  shaft 
for  the  purpose  of  accomodating  an  ex- 
tra heavy  and  wide  belt;  an  extension 
shaft  was  coupled  on  to  the  end  of  the 
regular  shaft  and  an  outer  bearing  was 
supplied  for  this  extension.  The  outer 
bearing  was  found  to  be  out  of  line  with 
the  boxes  on  the  engine  base,  and  in 
order  to  run  at  all  with  cool  boxes  the 
operator  concluded  he  must  run  with 
very  loose  box  caps;  he  did  so,  with  the 
result  already  stated. 

I  never  look  at  a  jumping  shaft  but  I 
feel  an  immediate  desire  to  get  out  of  the 
engine  room  as  far  away  as  possible 
from  the  engine  until  it  is  shut  down 
and  the  boxes  adjusted.  And  yet  how 
many  an  operator  will  tell  you  that  he 
has  operated  his  engine  with  loose  boxes 
for  a  long  time,  others  are  as  particular 
to  have  the  journal  boxes  of  their  en- 
gines properly  adjusted  as  they  are  to 
have  a  good  igniting  spark. 

Another  fruitful  source  of  crank  shaft 
breaking  in  the  gas  engine  is  premature 
ignition  of  the  charges,  which  results  in 
pounding  in  the  cylinders.  Ignition  in 
these  cases  comes  before  the  piston  has 
completed  its  compression  stroke  and  the 
expansive  force  resulting  from  the  ex- 
plosion tends  to  reverse  the   piston  in- 


62 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


stantly  and  drive  it  back;  but  the  mo- 
mentum of  the  flywheel  is  sufBcient  to 
overcome  this  reversing  force.  The  re- 
sult of  this  clash  of  forces  is  an  extra 
heavy  strain  on  the  crank  shaft  and 
possibly  to  other  parts  of  the  engine. 
The  crank  shaft  is  an  extraordinary 
vital  part  of  the  engine,  as  well  as  a 
costly  one,  and  it  is  therefore  important, 
that  every  owner  and  operator  see  to  it 
that  anything  tending  to  affect  adverse- 
ly smooth  running  should  be  promptly 
remedied. 

Especially  is  it  necessary  to  give  all 
reasonable  amount  of  time  and  attention 
to  seeing  that  the  wrist  and  journal 
boxes  are  in  snug  adjustment  and  pro- 
perly lubricated. 


A  CARTRIDGE  JOB 

By  D.  A.  H. 
SOME  thirty  thousand  cartridges  for  the 
Ross  .303  rifle  had  been  assembled  with 
their  jackets  when  it  was  discovered  that 
the  jackets  had  somehow  been  underfilled 
and  the  charge  of  lead  in  them  was  too 
light.  It  was  decided  to  "draw"  the 
jackets  and  scrap  them,  but  to  save  the 
cartridge  cases  and  the  work  was  sent 
out  to  a  job  shop  as  being  the  proper 
place,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  "the 
regular  work  of  the  plant.  Anyone  who 
has  tried  to  pull  the  case  off  the  jacket 
of  a  Ross  bullet  will  tell  you  that  it  is 
more  difficult  than  almost  any  other 
make,  the  fit  being  unusually  tight  and 
the  jacket  being  set  in  farther  than  in 
most  cases.  A  simple  rig  was  made  that 
extracted  the  jackets'  without  any  trouble 


JIG    FOR    DRAWING    JACKETS    OF    ROSS 
RTPLE    CARTRIDGES. 

though  they  were  considerably  damaged 
in  the  process. 

A  casting  was  made  up  to  be  held  in  a 
vise;  to  facilitate  this,  a  lug'  was  cast 
on  the  under  side  for  the  jaws  to  grip 
upon,  which  made  a  solid  rig  to  work 
with  as'  the  plate  itself  rested  on  top  of 
the  vise.  Two  jaws  of  tool  steel  were 
pivoted  near  one  edge  of  the  plate  with 
the  working  ends  projecting  over  the 
edge  where  they  were  acted  upon  by  flat 
springs.  The  lever  shown  was  fitted  with 
a  swivel  piece  having  a  hole,  the  size  of 
the  cartridge  case  just  under  the  head, 
placed  in  line  with  the  space  between 
the  two  jaws.    This  constituted  the  de- 


vice which  it  will  be  seen  worked  on  the 
toggle  principle. 

In  use,  the  cartridge  was  slipped 
through  the  hole  in  the  swivel  block  and 
the  thumb  kept  against  the  head  while 
it  was  pushed  between  the  jaws  against 
the  pressure  of  the  springs,  the  latter 
being  comparatively  light.  A  pull  on  the 
lever  in  the  opposite  direction,  coupled 
with  the  spring  pressure,  caused  the  jaws 
to  bite  in  the  jackets  and  resist  further 
movement;  with  the  jackets  held  fast, 
the  cases  had  to  draw  off  as  the  lever 
was  pulled  further,  sufficient  length  be- 
ing provided  to  make  the  work  easy. 
One  of  the  jaws  was  extended  to  form 
a  knockout,  a  touch  on  it  freeing  the 
jacket  which  rolled  into  a  box  beside  the 
vise. 


straight  and  true  in  the  lathe  but  very 
uneven  when  assembled  on  the  car. 
There  is  no  backing  provided  by  the 
chuck  and  it  is  hard  to  grip  so  a  cut  can 
be  taken  over  all,  especially  if  the  jaws 
are  a  little  worn. 


TURNING  ALUMINUM  DISCS 

By  D.  A.  N. 

On  the  well  known  Metz  automobile, 
the  transmission  is  of  the  friction  type 
with  the  driven  member  an  aluminum 
disk  about  18  inches  in  diameter  and  5  16 
inch  thick,  mounted  on  a  deeply  ribbed 
spider.  In  the  course  of  time  ami 
through  abuse,  this  disk  gets  scored  up 
so  badly  that  shifting  is  difficult  and  the 
driver  wears  out  very  rapidly.  The  log- 
ical way  to  reface  the  disk  is  to  leave 
it  on  the  spider  where  it  is  well  sup- 
ported and  a  good  means  of  driving  is 
available,  but  no,  the  Metz  owner  usually 
does  his  own  work  and  he  sees  what  is 
evident  to  the  trained  mechanic,  that  it 
is  easier  to  remove  the  dozen  screws 
that  attach  the  disk  than  to  remove 
bearings  and  brackets  and  take  out  the 
whole  driven  unit.  Thus  there  comes  to 
the  machine  shop  an  aluminum  disk  IS 
inches  in  diameter  by  V4  inch  thick,  or 
less,  to  be  turned  off  true  and  straight. 

One  way  to  do  the  job  well  is  to  drill 
and  tap  the  face  plate  of  the  lathe  for 
flat-headed  screws  and  to  screw  the  disk 
to  the  faceplate  just  as  it  is  fastened  to 
the  spider  in  the  car.  This  is  the  ideal 
way,  hut  some  men  will  not  want  to  drill 
up  a  face  plate  (a  practice  which  is  hard 
to  control,  once  started)  and  others  may 
not  have  a  face  plate  big  enough. 

The  planer  will  do  the  job  quite  satis- 
factorily and  will  turn  out  a  disk  that  is 
of  more  uniform  thickness  than  will  a 
lathe  that  does  not,  of  itself,  face 
straight.  By  clamping  the  disk  flat  on 
the  table  and  cutting  not  more  than  two 
inches  of  width  at  a  time  a  satisfactory 
progress  is  made  and  a  good  cut  secured. 
Care  must  be  exercised  to  keep  the  piece 
well  clamped  at  all  times — it  should  not 
be  entirely  loosened  up  until  the  job  is 
done.  After  cutting  a  section,  the  clamps 
are  shifted,  but  before  shifting  a  clamp 
is  put  front  and  back  on  the  newly  planed 
part  to  keep  it  down  and  clamps  are  put 
at  the  edge  of  the  section  to  be  next  cut. 
A  little  hustle  on  the  part  of  the  planer 
man  will  produce  as  good  and  quick  a 
job  as  could  be  done  on  a  lathe.  If  a  pol- 
ish is  desired,  sand  paper  over  a  wood 
block  will  answer. 

The  question  will  be  asked,  "Why  not 
chuck  the  disk?"  It  is  so  thin  that  it 
buckles  under  the  grip  of  the  chuck  jaws 
which    means    that   the   cut    might    be 


THE  DECAY  OF  METALS 

By  decay  of  metals  is  meant  changes 
of  an  unfavorable  character  that  take 
place  when  in  use  or  in  storage,  es- 
pecially those  that  proceed  completely 
through  the  mass  of  the  metal.  The 
simplest  of  these  is  the  disintegration 
due  to  molecular  change  of  the  kind 
known  in  chemistry  as  allotropic.  This 
is  especially  observable  in  tin,  which  be- 
comes unstable  at  644  degrees  F.  and 
may  gradually  change  from  a  tough 
white  metal  into  a  gray  powder.  This 
condition  is  first  manifested  as  small 
spots  at  which  mounds  of  gray  powder 
soon  appear.  In  a  short  time,  each 
spot  becomes  a  hole,  which  rapidly  per- 
forates the  metal.  A  peculiarity  of 
this  trouble  is  that  it  rapidly  spreads 
from  one  place  to  another,  like  an  in- 
fectious disease;  it  is  therefore  known 
as  the  "tin  plague."  In  cold  countries 
like  Russia,  the  tin  roofs  of  the  affected 
areas  are  quickly  destroyed  when  the 
process  of  decay  is  started.  It  seems 
as  though  the  powder  must  be  carried  by 
the  wind,  and  that  wherever  it  settles 
it  starts  the  tin  decaying.  Tin  is  also 
likely  to  undergo  a  molecular  change  at 
the  temperature  of  boiling  water.  This 
is  shown  by  the  columnar  structure  that 
is  frequently  found  in  pieces  of  broken 
condenser  worms.  Allotropic  changes 
occur  also  in  lead,  especially  lead  sheets 
subjected  to  the  application  of  solutions 
containing  lead  salts.  This  change  does 
not  appear  to  be  connected  with  the  im- 
purities in  ordinary  lead,  as  it  seems  to 
occur  as  readily  with  common  sheet  lead 
and  the  purest  assay  foil. 

Decay  may  also  be  due  to  the  move- 
ment of  gases  dissolved  in  a  metal.  This 
is  the  cause  of  the  brittleness  of  nickel 
wires  used  as  resistances  in  electric 
furnaces.  The  heating  of  the  wire  sets 
free  the  dissolved  gases  invariably  con- 
tained in  nickel.  As  the  cooling  between 
two  periods  of  use  is  too  rapid  for  a 
complete  reversal  of  the  process,  a  part 
of  the  gas  remains  undissolved  between 
the  grains  of  metal.  As  this  alternate 
heating  and  cooling  continues,  the  grains 
separate  and  the  wire  crumbles. 


RATE  MAKING— The  mere  fact  that  in 
the  case  of  the  wholesale  customer  for 
electric  energy  the  public  service  company 
would  be  exposed  to  the  competition  of  a 
possible  isolated  plant,  whereas  in  the 
case  of  the  retail  customer  there  is  no 
possibility  of  his  supplying  himself,  does 
not  afford  any  legal  justification  for  dif- 
ference in  charge.  In  other  words,  the 
possibility  of  competition  is  not  to  be  tak- 
en into  consideration  in  determining  the 
reasonableness  of  the  classification. — 
Louis  D.  Brandeis. 


July  18,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


63 


The  Machining  of  Aero  Engine  Parts 


FIG.   1— A  GROUP  OF  ROTARY  ENGINE  DETAILS  MACHINED  ON  TURRET 

LATHES 

The  machining  of  many  of  the  parts  of  Aero  engines  necessi- 
tates considerable  care  and  ingenuity  for  its  accomplishment.  The 
following  article  reproduced  through  the  courtesy  of  Alfred  Her- 
bert, Ltd.,  illustrates  soTne  of  the  more  difficulty  operations. 


THE  rotary  type  of  aeroplane  en- 
gine must  of  necessity  be  accur- 
ately balanced,  since  the  whole 
engine  revolves  at  a  very  high  speed.  It 
is  necessary,  therefore,  that  the  com- 
ponents be  machined  all  over,  which  ne- 
cessitates a  larger  proportion  of  lathe 
work  in  this  type  of  engine  than  in  the 
fixed  type.  Almost  all  the  lathe  work  is 
suitable  for  handling  on  combination 
turret  lathes  or  capstan  lathes,  and  with 
correctly  designed  lay-outs  of  tools  may 
be  machined  with  female  labor  to  the 
close  limits  required  on  such  work.  The 
fact  that  most  of  the  work  is  slender  and 
liable  to  distortion  necessitates  roughing 
out  all  over  before  starting  the  finishing 
operations,  and  this  has  the  advantage 
that  in  consequence  the  tools  can  be 
spread  evenly  over  the  operations  so  as 
to  avoid  undue  complication  and  con- 
fusion to  the  operator. 

The  crankcase  at  the  left  liand  side  is 
a   formidable    piece    of   lathe   work,   the 


form  of  the  rough  material  being  the 
cylindrical  block  of  steel  shown.  The 
centre  portion  of  this  block  is  trepanned 
out,  and  the  blank  roughly  machined  to 
shape  before  being  handled  on  the  com- 
bination turret  lathe.  The  holes  for  the 
cylinders  are  also  rough  bored. 

Our  No.  9  combination  turret  lathe  is 
used  for  the  finishing  operations,  which 
are  split  up  into  six  chuckings.  One  of 
these  operations  is  shown  in  Fig.  2,  the 
work  being  held  in  an  18-in.  Coventry 
chuck.  The  special  boring  head  is 
worthy  of  note,  and  is  shown  in  greater 
detail  in  Fig.  3.  It  carries  four  cutting 
tools,  which  are  clamped  in  steal  blocks 
bolted  -to  the  easting.  Boring  heads  of 
this  type  assist  greatly  in  increasing 
production,  and  should  be  employed  if  the 
quantities  of  work  are  sufficient  to  jus- 
tify making  them. 

Fig.  4  shows  another  of  the  operations 
in  which  profiling  slides  are  used  for 
finishing  the  interior  of  the   crankcase. 


As  the  internal  spherical  surface  is  in- 
terrupted by  the  cylinder  holes,  it  is  not 
possible  to  form  it,  and  it  is,  therefore, 
traverse  bored  by  a  single  point  profiling 
slide  actuated  by  a  former  carried  in  the 
square  turret. 

The  piece  of  work  shown  in  Fig.  5  on 
a  No.  4  capstan  lathe  is  the  short  end  of 
the  crankshaft;  it  is  located  in  the  spe- 
cial fixture  by  the  pin  which  has  been 
previously  turned.  The  hole  is  taper,  and 
is  finished  with  reamers. 

In  Figs.  6  and  7  we  show  two  opera- 
tions on  the  medium  nose  piece  which  is 
bolted  to  the  front  end  of  the  crankcase. 
This  carries  the  propeller  boss,  the 
shank  being  tapered  to  suit. 

There  are  four  operations  on  the  No. 
9  combination  turret  lathe;  at  the  first 
and  third  the  work  is  held  as  in  Fig.  6, 
whilst  at  the  second  and  fourth  the  work 
is  held  as  in  Fig.  7.  The  first  and  second 
operations  rough  out  the  work,  leaving 
about  1  ra/m  on  all  surfaces,  whilst  the 
third  and  fourth  operations  are  sizing 
operations  on  the'  corresponding  sur- 
faces. At  operations  1  and  3  both  sides 
of  the  rim  are  finished,  so  that  it  can  be 
clamped  on  to  a  face  plate  fixture  in 
operations  2  and  4.  The  special  double 
facing  tool  will  be  seen  on  the  back  of 
the  cross  slide  (Fig.  6). 

A  very  difficult  piece  of  lathe  work, 
shown  in  Fig.  8,  is  the  thrust  block  with 
which  the  connecting  rods  engage.  The, 
stamping  is  of  high  tensile  steel,  and  the 
three  grooves  are  trepanned  simultane- 
ously. The  trepanning  head  shown  is  for 
roughing,  but  in  the  finishing  and  sizing 
heads  lateral  adjustment  is  provided  for 
the  cutters,  which  are  arranged  to  cut  on 
one  side  of  the  grooves  only.  Similar 
trepanning  heads  are  used  for  machin- 
ing the  thrust  block  liners,  which  are 
-  finally  pressed  into  the  thrust  blocks. 

Figs.  9  and  10  show  two  operations  on 
a  propeller  boss.  At  the  first  operation 
the  taper  bore  and  the  two  sides  of  the 
flange  are  machined.  The  multiple  cut- 
ter boring  bar  shown  in  position  carries 
a  series  of  round  cutters,  which  step  out 
the  taper  bore  very  closely  to  shape, 
leaving  a  comparatively  small  amount 
for  the  taper  reamers  to  remove,  which 


FIG.    2— FIRST    OPERATION    ON    THE    CRANK    CASE 


FIG.    3-THE    SPECIAL    MULTIPLE    CUTTER    BORING    HEAD 
USED   AT  THE   FIRST   OPERATION 


61 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FIG.  4— ONE  OF  THE  FNISHmo  OPERATIONS  ON  THE  CRANK 

CASE.   SHOWING   THE    SPECIAL    PROFILING   SLIDES    FOR 

THE    INTERNAL    SURFACES 


FIG.  7     FOURTH  OPEUATION  ON  THE  MEDIUM  NOSE  PIECE 

THE    WORK    IS    SIMILARLY    CHUCKED    AT    THE 

SECOND  OPERATION 


FIG.   0     THE  SHORT   END    OF   THE   CRANKSHAFT    MACHINLD 
ON  A  CAPSTAN   LATHE 


FIG    8-  MACHINING   THE   GROOVES   IN  THE  THRUST  BLOCK 
WITH   A    SPECIAL   TREPANNING    HEAD. 


^^^■J'^iSSr   OPERATION    ON   THE    MEDIUM    NOSE    PIECE 

THE  LAYOUT  FOR  THE  THIRD  OPERATION  IS  VERY 

SIMILAR 


FIG.  9— FIRST  OPERATION  ON   PROPELLER  BOSS 


July  18,  1918. 

in  consequence  stand  up  for  long  periods 
without  grind. ng.  At  the  second  opera- 
tion the  work  is  clamped  on  to  a  face 
plate  fixture  mounted  on  to  a  Coventry 
chucli,  whilst  the  outside  of  the  boss  is 
turned  and  the  end  counterbored. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


E 


45 


erations   the   pre-heating  oven   is  never  industry  the  best  man  will  win.     It  is 


used. 


SAVES  MONEY  BY  ARC-WELDING 

Arc-welding  has  been  brought  promin- 
ently before  the  public  through  the  fact 
that  it  was  used  to  restore  the  broken 
engine  castings  of  the  interned  German 
ships.  When  breaking  these  castings 
the  Germans  thought  they  could  not  be 
repaired,  and  that  it  would  require  a  year 
or  more  to  replace  them.  However,  even 
before  the  ships  could  be  otherwise  over- 
hauled and  made  ready  for  transport  ser- 
vice the  broken  castings  had  all  been  re- 
paired and  were  good  as  new.  This 
achievement  has  im- 
pressed the  value  of 
are-welding  upan  the 
minds  of  many  shop 
managers,  and  in  many 
plants  castings  and 
other  parts  of  appar- 
atus which  in  the  past 
would  have  been  scrap- 
ped as  hopelessly  dam- 
aged, are  now  perfect- 
ly restored  by  the  arc- 
welding  process  ac 
small  cost  and  great 
saving  of  time. 

One  large  manufac- 
turer, working  on 
munitions,  has  install- 
ed a  Westinghouse 
arc  -  welding  equip- 
ment for  the  sole  pur- 
pose of  making  toots 
for  turning  shells. 

Ordinarily  these  tools  f"-  ---J-  from 
high   speed  steel  and  cost  about     $12.00 

each.    This  manufac*- — -■•  '    — ^^j 

steel  for  the  tip  of  the  tool  only,  welding 
it  to  a  shank  of  carbon  or  machine  steel, 
and  in  this  manner  the  tools  are  produced 
at  a  cost  of  $2.00  to  $4.00. 

For  several  weeks  this  plant  has  been 
turning  out  240  welded  tools  per  day,  the 
men  working  in  shifts  of  four,  which  is 
the  capacity  of  this  outfit. 

The  equipment  consists  of  a  500-ampere 
arc-welding  motor-generator  with  stand- 
ard control  panel,  and  three  outlet  panels 
for  metal-electrode  welding,  and  one  spe- 
cial outlet  panel  for  the  use  of  either 
meal  or  graphite  electrodes.  This  special 
panel  is  intended  to  take  care  of  special 
filling  or  cutting  processes  which  may  be 
necessary  from  time  to  time,  but  it  is 
ordinarily  used  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
other  panels,  for  making  tools. 

These  four  panels  are  distributed  a^>out 
the  shops  at  the  most  advantageous  points 
for  doing  the  work,  it  not  being  necessary 
to  have  them  near  the  motor-generator  or 
main  control  panel. 

For  tool  making,  which  involves  the 
hardest  grades  of  steel,  a  pre-heating 
oven  is  used,  not  because  it  is  necessary 
for  making  a  perfect  weld,  but  because 
otherwise  the  hard  steel  is  likely  to  crack 
from  unequal  cooling,  and  also  because 
pre-heating  makes  it  easier  to  finish  the 
tool  after  the  welding  process  has  been 
comnletod.    For  ordinary  arc-welding  op- 


I 


INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION 

By  A.  L.  Haas.  . 
"T  is  a  matter  of  common  knowledge 
that  a  statutory  measure  of  far- 
reaching  importance  is  before  the 
people  of  Great  Britain  in  the  form  of  a 
new  education  bill.  In  addition  to  co- 
ordinating virtually  all  existing  educa- 
tional resources  the  new  Minister  of 
Education,  Mr.  Fisher,  has  incorporated 
some  basic  compulsory  proposals  as  to 
the  age  for  school  leaving.  The  two 
most  radical  proposals  are  compulsory 
school  attendance  to  a  minimum  age  of 
fourteen  and  compulsory  part  time  at- 
tendance up  to  the  age  of  eighteen.  These 
two  proposals  affect  every  child.  Besides 


FIG.   10— SECOND  OPERATION  ON  THE  PROPELLOR  BOSS 


this,  secondary  education  is  put  upon  a 
new  footing,  and  the  entire  cost  to  the 
nation  of  the  reforms  will  be  consider- 
able. 

Some  rather  anteresting  and  arrasting 
appeals   are    being   made    in    the   public 
press  to  ensure  the  passage  of  the  bill 
by  unanimous  consent  of  the  peop'e. 
Influence  on  Engineering  Industry 

The  following  extracts  from  this  ma- 
terial have  a  force  and  meaning  outside 
the  precise  subject  and  will  bear  pub- 
licity for  their  own  sake.  They  are  pub- 
lished by  the  Manchester  firm  of  Tootal, 
Broadhurst,  Lee  &  Co.,  and  it  speaks  well 
for  industry  when  so  prominent  a  firm 
has  the  public  spirit  to  circulate  such 
apepals  broadcast,  and  so  deprive  in- 
dustry of  child  labor  and  remove  a  long- 
standing reproach  in  the  textile  trade 
of  Great  Britain: 

"Reason  is  always  on  the  side  of 
right." 

"The  State  can  no  more  misuse  the 
minds  of  its  children  with  impunity  than 
a  man  with  impunity  can  starve  a  hoist 
or  neglect  an  engine." 

"Just  as  the  force  and  power  of  an 
engine  must  be  directed  by  a  trained  man. 
so  the  energy  arid  strength  of  a  man 
must  be  directed  by  his  trained  intelli- 
gence." 

"The  battles  of  the  future  will  be  in- 
dustrial battles." 

"Nothing  is  to  be  gained  by  a  good 
conceit  of  ourselves  or  a  round  abuse  of 
our  rivals.  One  thing>  only  is  inevitably 
sure,  and  this  is  that  in  the  rivalry  of 


Nature's  law." 

"The  best  man  is  the  most  intelligent 
man." 

"The  future  of  the  world  belongs  to 
the  democracy,  which  is  the  most  rich  in 
education  and  mental  efficiency,  which 
is  the  most  strong  in  moral  power,  and 
which  is  most  vitally  conscious  of  life  as 
a  blessing.  The  manufacturer  who  uses 
bad  machinery  is  beaten  by  the  manu- 
facturer who  uses  good  machinery.  The 
bad  machine  may  be  handled  by  a  genius 
and  the  good  machine  by  a  fool,  but  the 
bad  machine  will  never  be  as  efficient  as 
the  good.  The  machinery  of  the  modem 
State  is  its  democracy." 

Citizens  Should  be  Self- Achieving 

"It  is  in  the  highest  interest  of  the 
State  that  all  its  citizens  should  feel 
themselves  capable  of  achieving  better- 
ment. No  worker  can  be  really  interest- 
ed, whatever  his  wages  or  the  conditions 
of  his  employment,  if  he  feels  that  this 
vital  instinct  has  been  frustrated  in 
childhood. 

"Education  should  mean  the  nation's 
wise  development  of  each  citizen's  whole 
nature.  It  should  not  only  enable  a 
man  to  improve  his  fortune,  but  to  en- 
large his  interests.  It  should  not  only 
provide  the  citizens  with  a  chance  of  get- 
ting on  in  the  world,  but  give  him  a  more 
interesting  world  in  which  to  get  on. 

"Nearly  all  our  social  problehns  can  be 
traced  back  to  ignorance.  Almost  all 
the  unrest  of  modem  times  may  be 
traced  back  to  the  feeling  of  the  indivi- 
liual  that  his  instinct  for  betterment  has 
been  frustrated. 

"The  tremendous  industrial  rivalrieb 
of  the  future  demand  that  we  shall  hr.ve 
as  few  social  problems  and  as  little  un- 
rest as  possible." 

Contemporary  Effort 

It  is,  of  course,  also  known  that  con- 
t-^mporaneously  with  huge  military  effort 
Great  Britain  is  putting  forth  equally 
great  efforts  not  merely  in  industrial 
production,  but  in  industrial  reconstruc- 
tion. The  war  has  laid  many  a  prejudice 
to  rest  and  a  new  social  order  is  appear- 
ing. It  will  be  impossible  to  resurrect 
past  conditions  and  equally  futile  to  re- 
ritain  under  the  industrial  conditions  im- 
posed by  war.  As  a  consequence  great 
strides  forward  are  being  made  in "  in- 
dustrial ideas  and  in  trying  to  solve  the 
one  outstanding  problem  of  every  demo- 
crat'c  country — that  of  labor. 

The  measure  of  success  attending  the 
new  ideas  may  not  he  commensarale 
with  the  thought  and  trouble  involved, 
but  a  revised  system  of  education  open 
to  all  and  sundry  will  have  an  important 
bearing  on  the  future. 

The  heritap-e  of  freedom  should  be  en- 
hanced intelligence  and  a  new  concep- 
tion of  life  and  ideas;  failing  training 
and  education,  both  are  impossible. 
Amonq;  the  many  new  pronosals..for  the 
stability  and  settlement  of  the  future  in- 
dustrial era,  none  promise  more  than 
new  educational  ideals,  and  labor  every- 
where is  well  advised  if  it  supports  the 
widest  possible  scheme  of  education,  for 
it  is  the  one  certain  road  whereby  the 
newer  generation  start  with  eauality  of 
opportunity,  which  is  at  all  events  the 
beginning  of  individual  equality. 


66 


Volume  XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


ALI^STEEL  BENCH  DRAWER 

THE  all-steel  bench  drawer  illus- 
trated is  desired  to  meet  the 
needs  of  those  whose  re- 
quirements do  not  demand  the 
wooden  back,  bottom,  and  front  of  the 
frictionless  type  built  by  the  New  Bri- 
tain Machine  Co.  The  hem  of  triple 
thickness  around  upper  edge  and  the 
welding  of  all  joints  combine  to  pro- 
duce a  drawer  of  remarkable  strength 
and  durability. 


ALL    METAL    TOOL     DRAWER,     SLIDE     AND     COVER. 


With  the  common  type  of  bench  how 
almost  universally  used,  having  a  thin- 
ner back  plank  than  front  one,  an  open 
space  is  left  between  the  back  plank  and 
the  ordinary  type  of  drawer  which  in- 
vites pilfering.  In  this  drawer  however, 
a  solid  sheet  metal  top  prohibits  any 
tampering  at  rear  and  prevents  blocking 
or  a  lockout  through  wedging  of  con- 
tents. In  addition  it  serves  to  exclude 
any  oil  or  water  that  might  by  accident 
soak  through  from  above. 

The  slide  ways  are  integral  with  the 
top  and  give  to  the  drawer  a  smooth, 
free  movement  without  binding  or 
cramping  tendency.  The  handle  is  of 
generous  size  with  a  shape  of  special  de- 
sign which  affords  a  very  comfortable 
handhold.  A  cylinder  lock  of  good  grade 
with  two  individual  keys  is  provided. 
Master  keying,  if  desired,  may  be  had 
at  cost.  The  possession  of  master  key 
by  foreman  will  prevent  the  stowing  of 
contraband  in  drawers. 

The  drawer  is  sold  as  a  unit,  requires 
no  fitting,  and  is  easily  and  quickly  in- 
stalled without  any  cutting  of  bench.  To 
apply,  the  two  stops  are  removed  and 
the  drawer  pulled  completely  out  from 


slide  ways.  After  fastening  top  to  un- 
derside of  bench  with  wood  screws,  in- 
sert drawer  and  replace  stops. 

INDUSTRIAL   HOIST 

The  Albro-Clem  Elevator  Co.'  of  Phila- 
delphia have  recently  placed  on  the  mar- 
ket a  one-ton  direct  connected  electric 
hoist,  for  warehouse  and  dock  work. 

This  is  a  self-contained  hoisting  unit 
and  embodies  a  primary  worm  gear  re- 
duction having  a  steel  worm  and  bronze 
wheel  running  in 
0.,  and  a  secondary 
internal  spur  gear 
reduction  in  the 
main  drum. 

The  hoist  is  dri- 
ven by  a  5  h.p.  elec- 
tric motor,  direct 
connected,  which  is 
furnished  for  any 
system   of  current. 

The  line  pull  or 
capacity  on  the  main 
drum  of  this  hoist 
is  2.500  lbs.  at  a 
hoisting  speed  of 
40  ft.  per  minute,  or 
the  machine  can  be 
furnished       for      a 


line  pull  or  capacity 
of  1,500  lbs.  at  a 
hoisting  speed  of 
80   ft.   per   minute. 

All  control  of  this 
hoist  is  by  one  lev- 
er, which  controls 
all  operations  of 
starting,  stopping 
and  holding  the 
load. 

The  brake  is  au- 
tomatic electric,  and 
is  capable  of  hold- 
ing any  load  up  to 
full  capacity  in  any 
position. 

This  hoist  comes 
with  a  cord  and  at- 
tachment plug  so 
that  it  can  be  set 
up  and  put  in  oper- 
ation without  any 
previous  arrange- 
ment. 

This  is  a  very 
convenient  type  of 
hoist,    and    with    it 


a  great  deal  of  work  can  be  accomplish- 
ed   with   unskilled   help. 
■"  FILING   MACHINE 

A  filing  machine  which  effects  a  con- 
siderable saving  in  the  cost  of  filing  and 
results  in  more  accurate  work  is  shown 
herewith. 

A  square  tempered  steel  spindle  is  accu- 
rately ground  and  fitted  into  hand-scrap- 
ed adjustable  boxes,  which  hold  the  file 
in  a  rigid  firm  line  without  possibility 
of  twisting. 

The  spindle  is  constructed  with  %-in. 
hole  to  receive  files  with  %-in.  round 
shanks,  or  any  file  may  be  used  by  grind- 
ins:  the  tang  so  the  sides  are  parallel 
and  forcing  it  into  a  hole  in  a  short  piece 
of  %-in.  rod.  The  stroke  is  adjustable 
from  0  to  2-in. 

The  table  is  adjustable  to  any  angle 
required  and  quickly  locked.  The  driv- 
ing shaft  is  supported  by  an  outer  bear- 
ing. All  working  parts  are  enclosed  in 
a  dust-proof  case  with  oil  cups  for  all 
bearings. 

This  filing  machine  is  manufactured 
by  the  W.  F.  Davis  Machine  Tool  Co., 
New  York. 


WAREHOUSE    AND    DOCK     HOIST. 


July  18,  1918. 


GERMANY  NEEDS  RAW  MATERIAL 

The  growth  of  scientific  knowledge 
with  its  resultant  influence  on  the  de- 
velopment of  industry  has  caused  a 
gradual  and  increasing  appreciation  of 
the  value  of  raw  materials — it  is  now 
beyond  doubt  that  the  intensive  indus- 
trial efforts  of  Germany,  while  primarily 
intended  to  aid  in  the  domination  of  the 
world,  also   pointed     out     the     absolute 


FILING    MACHINE. 

necessity   for   control    of   raw    materials 
as  a  primary  step  in  the  programme. 

Now  that  the  sands  of  time  and  the 
hand  of  fate  are  giving  some  indications 
of  final  events  it  is  interesting  to  study 
the  attitude  of  the  German  mind  and  an 
article  by  Prince  Du  Loewenstein  Wert- 
heim  Frenderburg  in  Die  Wirklichkeit  is 
illuminating  as  showina;  the  important 
part  which  raw  materials  played  in 
causing  the  war  and  will  play  in  the 
settlement 

An  Empty   Storehouse 

After  the  war  is  over,  he  says,  the 
German  Empire  will  resemble  a  great 
store  which  has  sold  out  its  stocks.  In 
the  first  three  years  of  war,  goods,  most 
of  them  raw  material,  to  the  value  of 
$4,000,000,000  were  prevented  from  en- 
tering Germany.  There  is  an  absolute 
shortage  of  everything  "from  cotton  to 
sulphur,  from  seal  bacon  to  platinum." 
That  shortage  is  a  serious  danger,  for 
it  stands  to  reason  that  just  as  a  man 
out  of  breath  cannot  run,  a  pumped-out 
state  cannot  engage  in  a  new  war.  She 
must  first  of  all  get  her  breath. 

The  prince  thinks  it  probable  that  a 
new  war  will  follow  the  close  of  the  pre- 
sent war.  "Does  anyone  imagine,"  he 
asks,  "that  the  peace  will  bring  with  It 
sudden  quiet?  Our  statesmen  cannot 
tell.  Hitherto  thev  have  not  been  very 
reliable  augurs.  This  war  has  surprised 
them,  notwithstanding  a  hundred  warn- 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

ings.  Our  statesmen  had  dreamed  of 
work  brotherhoods,  and  then  war  came. 
One  lesson  we  have  to  learn — to  be  on 
our  guard.  We  must  cast .  away  our 
amazing  sentimentality — this  dangerous 
inheritance  of  the  Teutonic  race.  We 
must  see  things  as  they  really  are." 

Prince  Loewenstein  points  out  that  at 
the  conclusion  of  peace  things  will  be 
no  better  so  far  as  raw  material  is  con- 
cerned unless  steps  are  taken  before- 
hand. Even  should 
peace  open  every 
market  in  the 
world,  it  would  not 
prevent  the  wildest 
competition  for  raw 
material  and  food 
supplies.  Every  cot- 
ton spinner  will 
struggle  to  obtain 
a  quick  supply  of 
cotton,  every  gar- 
dener will  strive  for 
seeds,  every  far- 
mer for  oilcakes. 
English  and  Ger- 
man, French  and 
Austrian,  all  will 
madly  struggle  for 
supplies.  And  those 
who  in  war  were  al- 
lies will  be  econom- 
ic enemies  on  the 
markets. 

Want      Materials, 
Not   Money 

"The  spinner 
must  have  cotton  if 
the  homecoming  tex- 
tile workers  are  to  have  employment, 
and  if  he  is  to  pay  his  burden  of  taxa- 
tion. What  will  happen  when  these 
millions  return  from  the  front  and 
cannot  be  .employed  because  of  the 
lack  of  raw  material  ?  We  must  not 
rely  on  the  possibility  of  obtaining  sup- 
plies simply  by  paying  for  them.  Money 
will  not  bring  in  the  goods,  and  will 
foreign  countries  accept  our  paper? 
Besides,  tonnage  will  have  sunk  to  the 
verv  lowest.  Against  these  inevitable 
economic  catastrophes,  which  in  certain 
circumstances  can  be  almost  as  destruc- 
tive as  war  itself,  there  is  only  one  pos- 
sible course — prevention." 

The  scheme  of  "prevention"  is  thus  de- 
veloped. "The  victors  in  the  great  war, 
that  is  to  say,  the  Central  Powers,  must 
insert  this  condition  in  the  peace  instru- 
ment: 'We  demand  a  portion  of  the  war 
indemnity  in  raw  material,  and  this  im- 
mediately and  before  other  powers  have 
been  supplied.'  The  victors  must  be  the 
first  to  eat.  We  thus  get  our  goods 
through  the  State.  These  goods  are  gi- 
ven over  to  our  industrials,  to  our  farm- 
ers, traders,  etc.  In  this  way  the  State 
would  fructify  all  necessary  channels  in 
a  way  hitherto  unimagined  and,  besides, 
in  this  wav  we  gain  a  good  start  over 
all  competitors  among  foreign  nations." 

Raw  Materials  a  Cure-All 
Prince   Loewenstein   shows   how    Ger- 


67 


many  in  this  way  could  re-establish  its 
national  economics  and  avoid  the  catas- 
trophe of  unemployment,  exorcise  the 
spectre  of  want,  and  banish  all  danger. 
The  manufacturer  gets  his  material,  the 
farmer  his  fodder,  the  trader  his  goods, 
the  workman  his  earnings,  the  people 
their  food,  and  the  State  its  indemnity. 
"England  must  supply  tin  and  wool, 
and  as  for  Colonies  like  Canada,  it  must 
yield  us  copper,  nickel,  cobalt  and  leather. 
Australia  must  produce  spelter,  wool, 
grain  and  frozen  meat,  and  other  colonies 
jute,  leather,  fats  and  oils,  rubber,  rice, 
tea,  cocoa,  etc.  South  Africa  will  supply 
us  with  gold,  and  Egypt,  should  it  still 
remain  under  British  rule  with  cotton. 
Prance  will  give  us  olive  oil  other  oils 
and  wine  and  Algeria  will  give  us  cork 
and  phosphates.  Italy  will  supply  vege- 
tables, sulphur,  raw  silk,  hemp  and  oil, 
and  from  Russia  wheat,  barley,  flax,  oil- 
cake, leather,  eggs,  platinum  and  bis- 
muth." 

This  process  of  indemnification  must 
continuous  until  the  entire  indemnity,  as 
far  as  possible,  has  been  paid.  "It  is 
only  in  this  way  and  by  such  means  that 
the  war  and  its  consequences  can  be 
changed  for  us  into  a  source  of  blessing 
which  will  again  raise  our  land  and 
people  to  their  old  height,  which  will 
save  them  from  the  abyss  of  want,  from 
crushing  taxation,  from  mass  emigration. 
Destiny  compels  us  to  take  these  steps, 
and  we  must  take  them  or  perish.  It 
would  be  a  crime  were  we  to  allow  false 
magnanimity  or  a  palsied  will  to  prevent 
us  utilizing  our  victory  to  the  full.  If 
we  neglect  this  opportunity  all  eternity 
will  never  give  us  such  another  chance." 


CORROSION  IS  accelerated  by  the 
contact  of  dissimiliar  metals.  As  a  single 
metal  in  the  annealed  and  cold-worked 
conditions  differs  in  its  electrical  pro- 
perties, the  contact  of  the  two  favors 
corrosion,  so  that  a  metal  which  is  local- 
ly cold-worked  is  particularly  likely  to 
corrode.  For  this  reason  the  corrosion 
of  a  cold-rolled  metal  takes  place  in 
such  a  way  that  the  rolling  lines  be- 
come clearly  visible,  pitting  or  groves 
appearing  in  a  direction  parallel  wit 
that  of  rolling.' 


S^MFTTMES  cracking  is  started  bv 
superficial  corrosion,  the  corroding  agent 
separating  the  "Trains  of  the  surface  lay- 
er, acting  in  the  same  way  as  a  crack. 
At  the  same  time  internal  stresses  may 
inc~ease  the  liability  of  corrosion  by 
opening  up  cleavages  in  the  grains,  thus 
effe"tin<'  a  path  along  which  the  corrod- 
incr  a"ent  may  enter,  even  though  the 
st"e-ses  may  not  have  produced  any 
cracks. 


SILVFT^  ARTICLES  that  are  badly 
tarnis'-ed  should  be  treated  first  with 
alcohol  or  other  lacouer-remover,  then 
treated  with  cyanide  to  remove  tarnish, 
rin'-p'  ii  water,  dried  in  sawdust  and 
lacquered. 


68 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The     MacLean      Publishing     Company    system,  where  win  an  explosion  cause  the  most  damage, 

"        '       what  machines  are  most  vital  or  difficult  to  replace,  where 


LIMITEa) 

(SSTABLISHBD  ISSS) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  PrMident      H.  T.  HXmTEE.  Viee-Pre»ident 

H.  V.  TYRREXL.   G«nenl  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

(JnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  News*^ 

A  weekly  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  mannfaetnrinE  intereett. 


a  G.  NEWTON.  Manager. 


A.  R.  KENNEDY,  Asst  Editor. 


Associate  Editors: 
A.  G.  WEBSTER    J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal)     W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 


Office    of    Publication.    I4S163    University    Avenue.    Toronto,    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


JULY  18,  1918 


No.  3 


HIDDEN  DANGERS 

THE  extent  to  which  enemy  inspired  incendiaries  and 
sabotage   has   prevailed   in   the   United    States   has 
been   so   much   greater  than   in   Canada   that   many  . 
of  our  plant  owners  may  have  permitted  themselves  to 
be  bullied  into  a  false  feeling  of  security. 

The  great  scale  on  which  certain  war  contracts  were 
carried  out  by  American  firms,  particularly  in  the  manu- 
facture of  explosives,  offered  very  many  opportunities 
for  outrage  by  enemy  agents,  and,  in  view  of  the  God- 
forsaken conscience  with  which  the  Hun  nation  is  afflicted, 
the  wonder  is  that  the  destruction  of  plants  has  been 
so  small. 

Much  good  work  has  been  done  by  United  States 
authorities  in  dealing  with  the  danger  by  means  of 
counter-propaganda,  and  they  have  also  compiled  sum- 
mary of  precautions  which  everyone  can  take. 

An  ounce  of  prevention  is  better  than  a  pound  jof  cure, 
and  precautions  against  enemy  damage  are  iust  as  essen- 
tial as  precautions  against  fire,  contagious  disease  or  any 
other  known  and  avoidable  danger.  Despite  the  care  and 
knowledge  displayed  in  the  erection  of  war  time  factories, 
there  are  always  some  few  things  which  need  adjusting 
after  work  is  started  and  many  of  these  involve  a  high 
degree  of  tact  and  good  administration  before  they  are 
finally  disposed   of. 

Despite  the  presence  of  foreigners  in  considerable  num- 
bers, Canadian  plants  have  been  almost  entirely  free 
from  organized  effort  at  disturbance.  The  comfortable 
circumstances  in  which  many  well-behaved  aliens  have 
been  able  to  maintain  themselves  have  convinced  them 
of  the  golden  value  of  silence,  which  attitude  may  have 
been  further  induced  by  lack  of  opportunity  and  absence 
of  contact  with  official  agents.  Such  conditions  have 
doubtless  tended  to  weaken  the  desire  to  destroy  which 
is  such  an  ennobled  Hunnish  virtue,  and  many  aliens  in 
Canada  who  might  at  one  time  have  been  carried  away 
with  reckless  admiration  for  the  Kaiser  are  not  now 
disposed  even  to  sacrifice  their  job  for  him  let  alone  get 
a  jail  term. 

A  systematic  survey  of  conditions  across  the  line  has 
resulted  in  a  distinct  line  of  organized  effort  by  the  manu- 
facturers. Employees  are  divided  into  four  classes: 
Native-bom,  naturalized  citizens,  friendly  aliens  and  alien 
enemies.  Certificates  of  naturalization  are  looked  at 
askance  and  something  more  convincing  than  the  desire 
for  a  job  is  now  necessary  to  secure  citizenship  papers. 

An  analysis  of  the  plant  should  be  made,  accompaniad 
by  a  map  so  that  vulnerable  spots  may  be  located  and 
indicated.  Where  will  a  fire  do  the  greatest  damage. 
where  is  waste  accumulated,  w?iat  hydrant  is  most  vital 
in  extinguishing  a  fire,  where  is  the  control  of  the  lighting 


can  goods  in  transit  be  tampered  with  easiest?  These 
and  many  other  suggestions  will  occur  when  being  con- 
sidered. 

An  equally  important  feature  is  the  kind  of  men  in 
charge  of  these  points.  Germany  waited  forty  years  to 
start  the  war  and  her  agents  may  be  expected  to  wait 
just  as  patiently  to  finish  it.  The  Hun  has  shown  that 
he  does  not  expect  to  escaoe  destruction  and  wishes  all 
others  to  share  his  fate  with  him.  Unless  the  loyalty  of 
all  men  in  responsible  positions  is  absolutely  unquestioned, 
the  possibility  is  always  oresent  that  they  will  "keep 
mum"  until  the  final  chapter  and  then  let  loose  a  pro- 
gram of  sabotage  and  crime  which  will  be  appalling. 
This  possibility  cannot  be  overlooked  with  impunity  no 
matter  how  clear  a  man's  record.  It  is  part  of  their 
job  to  remain  above  suspicion. 

The  protection  of  important  machinery  and  plant  by 
isolation  is  a  problem  that  has  received  much  attention 
and  wire  fences,  bari-ed  windows  and  armed  guards 
abound  with  a  frenuency  which  is  now  accepted  as  a 
matter  of  course.  No  sane  visitor  expects  to  get  through 
important  plants  with  the  ease  and  freedom  formerly 
existing  but  it  is  the  manufacturers'  duty  to  see  that 
innocent  appearing  workmen  do  not  gather  information 
in  the  course  of  their  work  which  would  be  withheld  from 
personal  acquaintances  of  the  firm.  Inconsistency  in  this 
respect  involves  a  degree  of  risk  which  is  not  realized 
as  it  ought  to  be. 

Finally,  employees  should  be  treated  so  that  no 
grievance  remains  unadjusted  long  enough  to  become  a 
sore.  Works  must  be  fool  proof  as  well  as  bomb  proof 
and  anv  slieht  disagreement  may  develop  overnight  into 
a  dispute  which  may  only  be  settled  after  a  strike  and  other 
events  have  wrought  their  damage  through  delay,  in- 
creased cost  and  other  difficulties  which  mitigate  against 
the  winning  of  the  war. 

Delay  is  bad  at  any  time,  just  now  it  is  dangerous 
as  well  as  expensive.  See  that  your  employees  are  proof 
against  it. 


REMOVING  OUR   BURDENS 

THE  hope  for  meeting  the  burdens  which  the  war 
has  placed  upon  us  in  the  way  of  interest  obligations 
is  in  the  production  of  goods  which  will  utilize  our 
natural  resources  and  which  can  also  be  manufactured 
with  our  present  resources  and  marketed  with  more  or 
less  facility. 

The  attitude  of  Canadian  manufacturers  toward  ex- 
port business  has  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion  in 
recent  months,  and  in  view  of  disparaging  remarks  from 
some  parties  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Canadian 
Bank  of  Commerce  has  not  (grounds  for  attributing  to 
Canadian  manufacturers  reluctance  to  enter  foreign  mar- 
kets. 

Discussing  the  impression  that  a  foreign  buyer  is  not 
as  reliable  to  do  business  with  as  a  domestic  customer, 
the  bank  referred  to  declares  this  to  be  erroneous — "It  is 
true  that  the  foreign  importer  frequently  seeks  time  on 
his  purchases,  so  that  if  our  exporters  hope  to  secure 
orders  in  countries  where  it  is  usual  to  allow  30,  60,  90 
or  120  days  on  purchases,  credit  must  be  granted  in 
accordance  with  the  prevailing  custom.  Credit  risks  must, 
of  course,  be  carefully  scrutinized  in  the  foreign  markets 
as  in  those  at  home,  but  the  banks  and  mercantile  agencies 
are  only  too  pleased  to  secure  reports  on  foreign  traders 
and  to  place  their  facilities  at  the  disposal  of  all  ship- 
pers. .  .  A  great  many  of  our  exporters  are  inclined 
to  insist  on  cash  with  the  order  or  cash  on  production  of 
the  documents  at  the  shipping  port,  but  little  can  be 
gained  in  endeavoring  to  develop  an  export  business  along 
these  lines.  .  .  Other  exporting  countries  have  seen  fit 
to  grant  reasonable  credit  where  conditions  warrant  it, 
and  if  our  exporters  hope  to  succeed  in  their  foreign 
endeavors  they  must  at  least  accord  similar  terms;  other- 
wise the  business  will  go  elsewhere." 


July  18,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


FARMERS  HEAD  THE  LIST 
OF  CAR  OWNERS 

Have  It  on  the  Skilled  Trades  by  a  Two  to  One 
Shot — Some  Particulars 


WHEN  an  old  pras  bus  of  the  vintage  of  1907  or  so 
wheezes  by  the  chances  are  that  you  turn  around 
and  murmur  "Ice."  Or  else  you  give  some  person 
a  nudge  and  say  "Some  boat  that." 

Yet  the  old  cars  that  ambled  around  in  the  days  of 
1903  had  a  place  in  the  motor  world  that  the  super-six 
can't  crowd  into  now.  The  gas  wagon  that  came  into 
existence  when  there  were  only  two  or  three  to  a  town 
was  a  centre  of  admiration.  The  man  who  owned  it  was 
a  greater  man  than  the  chap  after  whose  grandfater  the 
main  street  was  named,  and  almost  on  a  par  with  the 
deacon  who  tapped  the  corner  stone  of  the  new  church 
with  a  silver  trowel. 

Motor  cars  were  first  licensed  in  Ontario  back  in  1903. 
In  that  year  the  honor  roll  of  horse  scarers  contained  the 
names  of  220  guilty  parties.  The  horse  in  1903  that 
couldn't  put  its  hind  legs  over  the  dash  board  at  the  op- 
proach  of  a  car  wasn't  worth  wasting  the  pasture  on. 

In  1907  the  registration  included  517  cars  owned  in 
Ontario.  The  following  figures  tell  the  growth.  Take  the 
difference  between  1916  and  1917.  Of  course  it's  war  time 
and  people  aren't  supposed  to  have  any  money  for  cars,  but 
have  they?    Read  the  figures: 

1917— 

Passenger  car  registration    78,861 

Motor  truck   4,929 

Total 83,790 

1916— 

Passenger  car  registration 51,589 

Motor  truck   2,786 

Total     .^ 54,375 

Increase  in  1917  24,486 

Of  course  the  farmers  aren't  supposed  to  be  making  any 
money.  It's  just  as  hard  a  job  to  get  a  farmer  to  admit 
that  he's  making  money  as  it  is  to  get  an  editor  to  admit 
that  he's  not  writing  good  stuff  all  the  time. 

Well  now,  working  from  the  point  that  farmers  are  not 
making  any  money,  let's  see  where  the  figures  lead  us. 
You'll  have  to  do  a  heap  of  explaining  to  make  them  jibe 
with  the  hard  luck  story.     Here  they  are: — 

Farmers     23,409 

Skilled  Trades   10,937 

Merchants,  Manufacturers,  etc 14,825 

Physicians 2,605 

Other  professions   3,394 

Commercial   Travellers    ■.  . . .     1,079 

Taxicabs    1,662 

Miscellaneous 20,950 

Total 78,861 

It  is  also  worthy  of  note  that  the  small  truck,  the  de- 
livery type,  is  by  far  the  most  numerous.    The  figures  are: 

Ambulances,  etc 41 

%-ton  trucks    2,072 

%-ton  and  1-ton  trucks 1,563 

1%-ton  and  2-ton  trucks 513 

2%-ton  trucks   24 

3-ton  and  3V^-ton  trucks   575 

4-ton  and  5-ton  trucks '. 118 

6-ton  and  up 23  . 

Total  registration   4,929 


Here's  a  Bit  of  a  Sermon 

HE  went  one  day  to  get  a  job,  he  had  to  earn  some 
cash,  to  pay  his  laundry  ticket  up  and  square  his 
bed  and  hash.  He  had  his  nerve  ten  feet  in  length, 
of  chest  he  had  a  heap;  he  wasnt  lackin'  not  a  bit  in  big 
hunks  of  conceit. 

He  wasn't  goin'  to  do  a  job  where  he  would  soil  his 
fist,  or  cause  a  spot  to  camp  upon  the  watch  upon  his 
wrist. 

He  didn't  want  to  swing  a  pick,  nor  drive  an  Irish  lathe, 
or  be  a  sewer  digger  and  camp  within  a  cave.  He  wanted 
cash  for  all  he  did,  of  that  there  was  no  doubt,  but  he  didn't 
want  to  get  hooked  up  with  too  much  work  about. 

He  knew  about  a  drill  he  did,  he  knew  about  a  file,  the 
things  he  knew  if  stacked  on  edge  would  make  up  quite  a 
pile. 

He  worked  one  year  upon  a  farm,  he  used  to  drive  a 
binder,  he  knew  about  a  lathe,  by  gum,  likewise  about  a 
grinder. 

He'd  seen  a  man  who  had  a  son,  and  this  chap  had  been 
told  about  another  friend  of  his  who  knew  just  how  to 
mold.  He'd  often  watched  a  smithy  work  about  the  dust 
and  heat,  and  seen  him  nail  the  boots  upon  the  Clydesdale 
horses'  feet,  and  so  he  knew  about  this  job,  he  learned  by 
observation,  but  not  by  rollin'  up  his  sleeves  and  not  by 
perspiration. 

And  every  time  he  got  a  job  he  lasted  half  a  day,  they 
always  reached  to  tie  a  can  on  this  here  reckless  jay. 

There's  a  heap  of  truth  in  this  here  yam,  if  you  will 
flop  your  ear,  and  dip  your  head  across  this  way  so  you 
can't  help  but  hear — ^on't  try  to  jump  around  and  make 
a  hopeless,  foolish  dazzle,  but  pick  one  job  and  then,  me 
boy,  just  lick  it  to  a  frazzle. — ARK. 


D^nakiy  m  CtntUiU  PMm   . 


10 


Volume  XX. 


11 

MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 

ML 

WMi^^Ji 

t^,  -i"'^^      z'  y   y^^^j^^^^^^^^H 

Pushing  the  Sale  of  New  Machinery  Now 

Dealers  Find  it  Gives  Better  Satisfaction — Fabricating  Plants  Are  in  Reality  Working 
on  a  Warehouse  Basis  Now— Plating  Chemicals  Advance 

Regularly  Now 


WAR  time  trade  makes  new  grooves,  and  it  is  sur- 
prising the  way  in  which  Canadian  business  firms 
fit  their  lines  to  these  channels.  For  instance, 
several  bridge  and  fabricating  plants  are  now,  to  all 
intents  and  purposes,  in  the  warehousing  business.  They 
send  out  stock  lists  regularly  to  the  trade,  and  the  trade 
is  glad  of  a  chance  to  get  supplies  from  their  large 
stocks,  because  they  have  many  lines  on  hand  that  are 
not  being  rolled  at  the  mills  either  in  Canada  or  United 
States  at  present. 

Steel  jobbers  have  numerous  searchings  in  their  efforts 
to  fill  orders  sent  to  them.  In  many  cases  the  parts  for 
which  their  searches  are  being  conducted  are  standard 
lines,  and  in  normal  times  there  would  be  no  more  trouble 
in  securing  them  than  in  buying  tea  at  a  grocery  store. 
An  order  for  beams,  for  instance,  is  likely  to  cause  quite 
a  bit  of  farming  out  before  all  the  sizes  are  located. 
Jobbers  in  nearly  every  case  are  working  well  together, 
and  in  this  way  orders  are  made  ready  for  shipment, 
which  would  otherwise  be  an  impossibility. 

There  is  a  tendency,  and  a  considerable  one,  too,  to 
purchase  new  instead  of  second-hand  machinery.  One  of 
the  largest  dealers  in  this  line  stated  this  week  that  his 
firm  was  discouraging  trading  in  second-hand  machinery, 
and  their  experience  was  that  there  were  better  results 
for  all  in  the  new  machinery  trade.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  there  is  not  a  very  large  amount  of  used  machinery 
coming  into  the  warehouses.  About  the  only  notable 
exception   to   this   is   part  of  a   Hamilton   plant  that   is 


now  in  the  warehouses  of  a  Toronto  firm,  following  the 
completion  of  a  munitions  contract. 

Price  advances  have  been  few  during  the  week  in 
general  lines.  The  one  exception  to  this  might  be  in 
chemicals  that  are  used  in  plating.  There  are  price  re- 
visions almost  daily  in  these  lines,  and  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  keep  a  list  at  the  point  where  it  can  be  called 
correct  in  every  detail.  Prices  for  much  used  in  plating 
work  are  at  abnormally  high  levels,  and  there  does  not 
appear  to  be  any  good  sign  pointing  to  a  let-up  in  the 
tendency  of  high  value.  Against  this  it  is  interesting  to 
note  the  manner  in  which  some  steel  products  have  kept 
to  their  level  for  months  in  the  fact  of  keen  demand 
and  difficulty  in  securing  supplies.  There  has  not  been, 
for  instance,  a  change  in  the  prices  quoted  on  Canadian 
steel  bars  at  the  mills  for  over  nine  months,  and  indications 
are  for  the   present  level   remaining. 

American  producing  points  are  running  well.  The  hot 
weather  is  going  to  hurt  production  at  the  open  hearth 
furnaces,  blast  furnaces  and  rolling  mills.  But  they  have 
been  for  some  time  now  giving  a  production  performance 
of  well  over  90  per  cent.  The  scarcity  of  good  scrap 
metal  is  also  hindering  the  best  results  at  the  open 
hearths.  Heavy  melting  steel  is  also  in  great  demand, 
but  the  supply  is  not  good,  and  whatever  comes  on  the 
market  is  quickly  taken  up. 

Prices  on  second-hand  copper  and  brass  are  stronger 
on  the  Canadian  markets  this  week,  again  following  the 
lead  of  the  higher  fixed  price  in  U.S.  for  copper. 


POOR  QUALITY  OF  SCRAP  HINDERS  THE 

LARGER  PRODUCTION  AT  U.S.  POINTS 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  July  17.— The 
partial  report  of  the  production  of 
steel  ingots  in  June  indicates  that  the 
total  production  in  the  month  was  at 
the  rate  of  about  42,860,000  gross  tons 
a  year,  against  rates  of  42,960,000  tons 
in  May,  and  42,930,000  tons  in  April. 
Thus  there  was  a  slight  decrease  but 
that  is  splitting  hairs.  The  general 
position  is  that  since  early  in  March, 
or  after  the  recovery  from  the  great 
curtailment  of  the  winter,  production 
has  been  at  a  practically  uniform  rate 
of  about  42.900,000  tons  a  year,  or  90 
per  cent,  of  the  full  capacity.  That  the 
other  10  per  cent,  prodiiction  was  not 
realized  was  due  to  the  trying  condi- 
tiona  existing,  a  little  shortage  of  labor. 


in  point  of  numbers,  a  little  slackness 
in  labor  performance  in  many  quarters, 
unusual  difficulties  in  making  repairs 
and,  most  important  of  all,  the  poor 
quality,  on  the  whole,  of  the  scrap  avail- 
able and  some  shortnessi  in  the  total 
supply. 

There  is  no  shortage  of  pig  iron  of 
any  consequence,  though  there  was  a 
very  severe  shortage  in  the  winter.  Out- 
put would  not  be  increased,  but  would 
rather  be  decreased,  by  the  open-hearth 
furnaces  using  more  pig  iron  and  less 
scrap.  What  they  would  like  is  a  scrap 
of  better  quality,  more  heavy  melting 
steel  so  that  they  would  not  be  driven 
to  use  so  much  indifferent  material, 
particularly  steel  turnings. 


Thus  far  in  July  the  weather  has  been 
extremely  favorable,  for  the  season,  but 
some  curtailment  in  output  this  montii 
and  next  is  certain  on  account  of  the 
heat.  This  may  be  made  up  by  better 
operations  in  September  and  October, 
but  in  general  the  production  rate  of 
the  last  four  months  indicates  approxi- 
mately what  is  to  be  expected  for  the 
remainder  of  the  year.  The  rate  is  just 
a  trifle  better  than  the  average  rate  of 
1917  and  a  shade  better  still  as  com- 
pared  with    the    1916   output. 

Distribution    of    Material 

Recently  the  War  Industries  Board 
prescribed  some  additional  regulations 
for  the  distribution  of  pig  iron  and  steei 
nroducts,  and  as  there  is  not  likely  to 
be  any  further  important  change  in  the 
regulations  it  may  be  of  interest  to  set 
down  precisely  the  manner  in  which  ma- 
terial is  to  be  distributed.  The  sequence 
is    as    follows:    Priorities    A  A,    A     and 


July  18,  19J8  ^ 

B;   Class   C,  preference   material;    Class 
D,  permit  material. 

The  priority  certificates  are  precise 
in  that  they  call  upon  a  pro<lucer  to  fur- 
nish to  a  consuming:  activity  a  precise 
quantity  of  certain  material.  As  a  ruie 
the  material  is  material  required  for  a 
strictly  direct  war  use.  The  producer 
is  not  required  to  ship  against  all  the 
priority  certificates  furnished  him  be 
fore  he  does  anything:  towards  shipping; 
Class  C  material,  but  he  is  required  to 
provide  for  filling  such  priorities  with 
the  greatest  promptness  that  seems, 
necessary. 

Class  C  material  is  material  coming 
under  the  "schedule  of  purposes  entitled 
to  preference  treatment"  prescribed 
under  date  of  June  6th  and  subsequently 
modified  slightly.  The  list  starts  with 
ships  and  ends  with  public  utilities.  The 
precise  distribution  as  to  quantities,  etc., 
is  left  entirely  to  the  producers.  They 
are  supposed  to  know,  or  ascertain,  the 
exact  use  to  which  a  customer  will  put 
any  lot  of  material. 

Class  D  material  is  what  is  left.  A 
shipment  in  this  category  can  be  made 
only  upon  permit,  secured  from  the 
Director  of  Steel  Supply  upon  applica 
tion  by  the  producer,  not  the  buyer. 
One  exception  is  made,  a  blanket  permit 
being  issued  covering  any  shipment  not 
over  five  tons,  with  this  proviso,  that 
at  the  end  of  the  month  the  producer 
must  report  each  individual  shipment 
of  this  character  with  a  statement  of 
belief  hat  the  shipment  was  "in  the 
public   interest." 

Thus  the  system  prescribes  that  one 
great  class  of  material.  Class  C,  shall 
be  distributed  by  the  producers  after 
their  own  fashion,  simply  following 
strictly  the  general  regulation  laid 
down,  as  to  the  sequence  of  the  "pur- 
poses" for  which  the  material  is  in- 
tended by  the  buyer.  On  the  one  hand, 
however,  there  is  material  the  producer 
is  required  to  furnish,  through  the  pri- 
orities, while  on  the  other  hand  there  is 
material  which  cannot  be  shipped  at  ali 
except  by  permit.  Thus'  there  is  one 
general  flow  of  material,  with  certain 
exceptional  material  forced  and  certain 
other  exceptional  material  restricted. 
Theoretically  it  looks  like  an  excellent 
system,  with  a  minimum  of  red  tape 
and  a  maximum  employment  of  the 
producers'  knowledge  of  the  trades  they 
undertake  to  serve.  Practically  it  is 
the  common  testimony  of  the  producers 
that   it   is    working   very   well. 

The  War  Industries  Board  is  endeav- 
oring to  reduce  the  volume  of  priorities 
extant  by  granting  from  week  to  week 
less  than  are  filled.  Apparently  its  par- 
ticular activity  in  this  direction  is  to 
seek  to  have  the  various  Government 
departments  reduce  their  applications 
for  priorities,  there  being  reason  to  sus- 
pect that  more  have  been  called  for 
than  were  really  needed.  Thus  as  time 
passes  there  should  be  more  material 
for  Class  C,  and  eventually  perhaps  more 
flowing  over  into  Class  D.  Whether 
permits  in  the  case  of  Class  D  will  be 
granted  freely  or  reservedly  experience 
does  not  yet  show,  except  that  it  is 
the    testimony    of   some    producers    that 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Tl 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


As  evidence  of  the  volume  of  busi- 
ness in  the  New  York  machine  tool 
market,  we  are  advised  that  in- 
quiries this  week  represent  $25,000- 
000  worth  of  business,  allowing  for 
all   shrinkage. 


The  demand  for  cranes  is  so  heavy 
that  some  shops  are  booked  far  into 
1919  with  this  sort  of  business. 


The  supply  of  scrap  reaching  Am- 
erican open  hearth  furnaces  is  of  a 
very  inferior  sort.  There  is  no 
marked  shortage  of  pig  iron  at  the 
steel  mills  now. 


The  arrival  of  the  hot  summer 
weather  is  almost  certain  to  have  the 
effect  of  curtailing  the  output  at  the 
rolling  mills  and  furnaces. 


The  Baldwin  locomotive  works  is 
to  build  a  new  locomotive  plant  at 
Chicago.  It  will  call  for  12,000 
tons  of  steel. 


Dealers  are  pressing  the  sale  of 
new  machinery  to  a  greater  extent 
than  ever,  claiming  that  a  more  sat- 
isfactory business  can  be  done  this 
way  than  by  handling  used  machines. 


Plating  chemicals  are  again  on  the 
rise,  the  advances  in  some  lines  be- 
ing quite  marked. 


The    prices   on    bars    at    Canadian 
mills  are  making  a  unique  record.in 
that  they  have  not  advanced  for  the  • 
last  nine  months. 


Several  bridge  and  fabricating 
plants  are  almost  in  the  warehous- 
ing business  now,  selling  out  their 
stock  to  the  trade.  Their  usual  line 
of  business  is  at  a  standstill,  and 
the  mills  are  not  rolling  many  of 
the  lines  with  which  they  are  well 
stocked 


Scrap  prices  on  brass  and  copper 
are  advanced,  following  the  higher 
fixed  prices  granted  by  U.S.  war 
board  for  copper. 

the  War  Industries  Board  is  quite  rea- 
sonable in  considering  individual  cases, 
without  an  undue  reverence  for  the 
strict  letter  of  its  general  regulations. 
The  Jobbers 
The  case  of  the  .jobbers  has  been  sei- 
tled,  and  apparently  in  a  way  that  gives 
them  about  all  they  could  have  asked 
for.  They  are  required,  on  the  one  hand, 
only  to  furnish  material  from  stock 
according  to  the  same  rules  as  obtain 
with  the  manufacturers  with  respect  to 
the  preference  Ifet,  and  to  report  ship- 
ments so  that  they  can  be  checked  ac- 


cording to  the  regulations,  but  on   the 
other   hand    they   are   assured    replace- 
ment,  from    the   mills,    of   all    material 
thus  shipped.     Inasmuch  as  the  jobbers 
for    the    main    part    have     faily    large 
stocks,  they  should  be  able  to  get  along 
rather  comfortably.     There  is,  further- 
more, to  be  some  replacement  of  male- 
rial  hitherto  supplied  for  war  activities. 
Prospects   of   General    Supplies 
Consumers   whose   activities  are   cov- 
ered by  the  preference   lirt  need    have 
little    concern    as    to    supplies.       Those 
given   no   general   recognition,  but  who 
can   obtain   deliveries   only   by   the   pro- 
ducer  securing   a   permit,   are   likely   to 
receive  little   for   the   time   being.     In- 
stances   are    multiplying,    however,     of 
important  war  activities  becoming  well 
stocked    with    steel,    whereby    in    indivi- 
dual   cases   they   will   not   require  ship- 
ments   to    be    continued    indefinitely    at 
the  rate  of  the  past  two  or  three  months. 
In   some  cases   mills  have   already  been 
instructed   to  divert  shipments  to  other 
consumers    in    the    same    class   of   acti- 
vity.    Some  forge  shops   making    shell 
blanks,  for  instance,  have  become  load- 
ed with  material,  also  some  fabricating 
shops    making    ship    parts.      Diversions 
to  other  shops  may  in  turn  give  them 
an  ample  reserve.     Accordingly,  in  some 
quarters  it  is  argued  that  as  time  passes 
there  will  be  more  material  flow  over 
from    the    lowest    items    in    the    prefer- 
ence category,  into  Class  D. 


FIRM  DENIES  MANY 

RUMORS  AFLOAT 


Lymbumers   Use   Full   Page   In   Regard 
to  Accident  at  Their  Plant 

LjTiaburner,  Ltd.,  Montreal,  had  an  ac- 
cident in  their  plant  on  Saturday  morning, 
when  part  of  the  third  floor  collapsed. 
Five  names  are  given  as  the  casualty  list. 
They  are  Henry  David,  Napoleon  Prevost, 
Amade  E.  Thibeault,  Joseph  Beaudoin  and 
Joseph  Boyette,  all  of  Montreal.  Appar- 
ently there  were  so  many  wild  statements 
made  about  the  accident  that  the  manage- 
ment considered  it  necessary  to  officially 
contradict  them  a  full  page,  signed  by  E. 
Halley,  vice-president  and  general  man- 
ager was  useS  in  Montreal  papers  for  this 
purpo.se,  and  stated: 

To  correct  the  many  false  and  unfound- 
ed rumors  that  were  falsely  circulated  in 
connection  with  an  accident  that  occurred 
at  our  plant  this  morning:  Lymburner, 
Limited,  situated  at  360  St.  Paul  St.  East, 
makes  this  full  page  announcement  in  the 
Standard:  There  is  always  a  certain 
class  of  people  who  like  to  talk  in  a  sen- 
sational manner  and  who  are  therefore 
very  often  more  detrimental  to  society 
than  they  are  useful,  and  it  is  those  people 
alone  whom  we  hold  criminally  responsible 
for  the  sensational  manner  in  which  sen- 
sational news  travels,  and  it  is  to  the 
public  and  our  business  associates  that  we 
say:  "Our  plant  was  not  wrecked  in  any 
manner,  shape  or  form,  -and  that  the  loss 
of  life  was  not  as  sensationally  reported. 
"We  wish  to  state  to  our  business  associ- 
ates and  business  clients  that  business  is 
going  on  as  usual." 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FEAR  OF  TRAFFIC  TIE-UP  IS  THE 

WORST  FEATURE  IN  MONTREAL  NOW 


MONTREAL,  July  17. 
interest  is  at  present  centered  in  the 
possible  developments  of  the  next  few 
days,  regarding  the  attitude  of  the  rail- 
road shipment  towards  the  ruling  of  the 
Railway  War  Board,  respecting  the 
wages  and  working  conditions  of  these 
employees.  Unless  the  next  24  hours 
develops  a  more  encouraging  tone,  the 
transportation  problem  will  become  one 
of  the  greatest  yet  experienced.  Recent 
conferences  have  failed  in  securing  a 
satisfactory  solution,  as  the  men  are  de- 
termined to  stand  solid  for  their  de- 
mands. Should  a  strike  result,  the  ear- 
ly collapse  of  traffic  would  undoubtedly 
follow,  as  deferred  repairs  to  rolling 
stock  and  mechanical  equipment  would 
be  followed  by  a  virtual  tie-up  of  trans- 
portation. 

No  additional  contracts  have  been 
placed  for  shells  but  firms  that  have  re- 
cently obtained  orders  are  changing  ov- 
er or  otherwise  preparing,  for  produc- 
tion operations.  Several  new  plants  are 
about  ready  and  others  are  progressing 
rapidly.  Metal  markets  are  operating 
steadily  but  activity  is  normal. 

Steel  Steady 

The  feature  of  the  week  is  still  the 
activity  that  marks  the  shell  making 
industry.  Renewal  of  orders  hns  re- 
vived many  plants  that  during  the  past 
year  had  practically  stopped  or  great- 
ly curtailed  operations. 

The  return  of  the  9.2  size  to  local 
production  has  resulted  in  further  forg- 
-  ing  operations.  The  Canada  Cement 
are  again  making  forgings  for  this  size 
and  anticipate  machining  in  the  near 
future.  The  Dominion  Bridge  are  pre- 
paring to  utilize  their  6  inch  forging 
equinment  for  the  production  of  9.2 
shells,  machining  operations  on  which 
will  he  done  by  the  St.  Lawrence  Bridge 
Co.  Various  plants  are  now  forging 
shrapnel  fnd  work  on  this  type  of  shell 
will  soon  be  progressing  on  last  year's 
capacity. 

General  steel  conditions  throughout 
the  district  show  little  change,  dealers 
reporting  nothing  of  special  character. 
Priority  regulations  are  somewhat  re- 
laxed— in  form — but  the  possibilities  of 
acquiring  steel  for  other  than  essential 
purposes,  remains  a  contending  factor. 
With  the  advent  of  the  hot  weather  it 
is  anticip.'"-!  ;r,al  steel  mills  \»  ''  be 
somewhat  effected  and  a  consequence 
production  is  expected  to  show  a  falling 
ofl'  Imoortation  of  coal  i.-:  well  main- 
tameu  but  in  many  cases  the  lack  nf 
shortage  facilities  makes  it  difficult  for 
some  interests  to  prepare  for  future 
eventualities.  One  dealer  here  reports 
the  movement  of  fuel  to  be  very  good 
but  looks  for  some  scarcity  during  the 
coming  winter. 

Metals 

Apart  from  the  continued  uncertain- 
ty prevailing  in  the  tin  situation  the 
general  metal  market  is  one  of  steady 
but    featureless     activity.     Copper     has 


Spcciml  to  CANADIAN  HACBINERT. 

Considerable       steadied   following   the    recent   advance. 


Business  in  tin  is  still  carried  on  under 
a  cloud  of  uncertainty.  Activity  in  the 
other  metals  is  normal  with  no  price 
changes  to  repart. 

Copper. — Local  interest  has  again  re- 
sumed a  normal  character  now  that  the 
tension  of  uncertainty  has  been  removed 
by  the  recent  revision  of  the  price  of 
this  metal.  Dealers  report  a  steady 
business  but  almost  the  entire  volume 
of  metal  disposed  of  is  intended  for 
government  or  other  essential  industries 
connected  with  war  requirement^.  One 
local  firm  is  doing  a  very  extensive  busi- 
ness in  the  brass  and  copper  tubing  and 
their  needs  are  at  present  quite  large. 
Dealers  here  have  recently  rvisd  their 
quotations  to  meet  the  changed  condi- 
tions at  the  source  of  supply.  The  new 
prices,  which  went  into  effect  last  week, 
are  on  a  basis  of  30  and  31  cents. 

Tin. — The  situation  here  is  still  one 
on  which  the  dealers  are  unable  to 
throw  any  clear  light,  so  that  present 
operations  are  carried  on,  more  or  less 
in  the  dark.  Dealers  repovt  steady 
sales  for  immediate  requirements  but 
are  unable  to  supply  tin  for  definite 
future  deliveries.  Spot  tin  is  scarce  and 
visible  metal  is  uncertain.  Dealers  are 
still  quoting  $1.10  per  lb.  but  the  ten- 
dency is  upward. 


While  the  new  demand  for  machine 
tools  is  not  exceptionally  heavy,  the  en- 
quiry for  all  classes  of  equipment  is 
well  maintained.  Many  plants  that  have 
been  preparing  for  the  manufacture  of 
American  shells  are  busily  engaged  in 
acquiring  machinery  and  good  progress 
is  being  made  on  installation.  The  new 
155  m.m.  shell  plant  of  Caron  Bros,  is 
about  completed  and  tools  are  now  being 
placed.  Several  other  local  firms  are 
waiting  on  equipments  that  has  been  or- 
dered for  some  time.  One  dealer  re- 
ports that  considerable  enquiry  for 
equipment  has  recently  developed  from 
American  sources  but  definite  action  has 
been  delayed.  One  local  machine  build- 
er has  already  disposed  of  considerable 
machinery  to  American  buyers.  Sales 
of  accessory  supplies  are  very  active, 
particularly  in  relation  to  munition 
plant  requirements. 

Scrap  Metals  Stronger 

Apart  from  the  passive  interest  that 
has  been  shown  in  the  advance  on  old 
copper  and  brass  scrap,  caused  by  the 
recent  revision  of  the  refined  metal 
Drice,  the  market  is  devoid  of  special 
feature  and  dealers  report  a  condition 
that  is  otherwise  unchan-^ed.  The  local 
advances  confined  to  copper  and  brass 
scraps,  the  former  showing  a  one  cent 
and  the  latter  from  Vi  to  %  cent  ad- 
vance. Present  quotations  on  old  cop- 
per range  from  20  cents  for  light  to 
23%  cents  for  heavy  and  wire.  Com- 
position turnings  are  quoted  at  22% 
cents  per  lb. 


AFTER  THE  WAR  WILL  BE  THE  TIME 

TO  EXPERIMENT  ON  STANDARDIZATION 


"I  believe  that  standardization  can 
be  attempted  to  much  greater  advan- 
tage in  certain  lines  in  times  of  peace 
than  in  times  of  war,"  stated  a  well- 
known  designer  of  machine  tools  to 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY  to-day. 
"There  is  a  lot  of  talk  being  done  on 
fiis  but  when  it  is  all  ironed  out  I  can't 
see  where  it  amounts  to  a  very  great 
deal. 

"The  one  thing  we  have  to  keep  in 
mind  at  all  times  is  that  this  war  is 
not  a  permanent  affair,  and  the  element 
of  haste  is  perhaps  the  greatest  thin? 
that  enters  into  it.  We  might  be  able 
to  turn  out  something  very  fine  five 
years  from  now,  but  what  are  the  Ger- 
mans going  to  do  in  the  meantime.  They 
are  certainly  not  going  to  sit  down  and 
crack  their  heels  waiting  for  us  to  turn 
out  some  standardized  form  of  equip- 
ment to  fight  them  with.  I'll  grant  you 
that  it  is  much  better  to  have  a  ma- 
chine gun  thsn  a  club  when  you  go  to 
war,  but  if  you  have  not  got  the  ma- 
chine gun  would  you  refuse  to  use  the 
club?  Perhaps  that's  ^  bit  hom<>lv  -"j 
an  illustration,  but  I  think  you  will  see 
my  point  from   it." 

In  the  Motor  Works 

"Where  would  standardization  work 
out  to  the  best  advantage?"  inquired 
this  paper. 

"Well,  that's  a  pretty  big  question  and 
it  would  stand  a  whole  lot  of  answer- 


ing, but  it  seems  that  the  best  place 
for  this  to  be  worked  out  might  be  in 
the  airplane  motors  and  in  heavy  trucks. 
The  latter  would  be  preferable 
because  I  don't  think  it  is  possible  to 
make  a  standard  motor  for  aiiT)Iane 
work  that  will  be  efficient  in  the  months 
ahead  of  us.  There  are  so  many  types 
of  planes  for  different  work  that  it 
seems  hard  that  we  should  get  one 
power  plant  for  them  that  would  be 
equally  successful  in  all.  People  are 
making  the  same  mistake  here  as  they 
make  in  the  States.  Thev  get  th^e 
Henry  Ford  plant  idea  in  their  head, 
and  they  think  they  will  run  the  whole 
war  machine  on  the  same  standardiza- 
tion scheme  that  Ford  has  used  to  make 
his  car  the  success  it  is.  There  are 
two  things  that  kill  that  idea  and  they 
are  (1)  that  bulding  autos  and  fight- 
ing the  Germans  are  two  different 
things,  and  (2)  it  took  Ford  almost  ten 
years  to  get  that  plant  of  his  lined  up 
to  where  he  wanted  it.  Then  again,  the 
life  of  much  of  the  machinery  at  the 
front  is  short.  They  want  it  quickly 
and  they  want  a  lot  of  it.  We  can 
have  all  the  fire-place  conferences  we 
want  on  standardization  after  the  war, 
but  it  seems  to  me  that  the  thing  now 
is  to  shove  in  the  juice  and  get  the 
stuff  produced.  There's  a  large  amount 
of  100  ner  cent,  efficiency  outside  of 
standardization." 


July  18,  1918. 


7: 


SELECTED   MARKET    QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of   prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into    the   manufacture  of    mechanical  and   general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

FINISHED  IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  4  55 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  50 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 4  50 

Steel  hoops 7  50  ■ 

Refined  iron 5  50 

.Vorway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 6  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base    4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  QO 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh  *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh »3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *3  50 

P.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

!^teel  bars 4  10 

■^itructural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

*Govemment  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 
,,       ^         ,  C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal   23 . 1  315 

St.  John,  N.B 38.1  50.5 

Halifax 39.1  51  5 

Toronto 18.9  22  1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18. 9  22  1 

Wmnipeg 64.9  85.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper $31  00  $29  50 

Electro  copper  31  00  29  50 

Castings,   copper    30  00  28  50 

J'n, 110  00  125  00 

Spelter    H  50  n  OO 

Lead    ]0  50  10  00 

Antimony I5  50  ig  QO 

Aluminum  50  00  58  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

_,  Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00  $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50   10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 
Effective  Feb.  5,  1918. 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per   100   feet 

H  in $  6  90  $    8  00 

%  in 5  16  7  29 

^  in 5  16  7  29 

%  in 6  55  8  12 

%  h» 8  28  10  41 


1  in 12  24  15  39 

1^    in 16  56  20  82 

iy2    in 19  80  24  89 

2  in 26  64  38  49 

21/4    in 42  72  53  53 

3  in 55  85  70  00 

3%   in.    ; 70  84  87  86 

4  in 83  93  104  10 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in $  29  60  $  36  08 

21^   in 44  46  54  70 

3  in 58  14  71  53 

31/2    in 72  68  90  62 

4  in 86  11  107  37 

4%    in 97  79  122  56 

5  in 114  00  142  82 

8       in 147  80  185  28 

7  in 192  80  241  67 

8  L  in 202  50  253  75 

8  in 233  30  292  32 

9  in 279  50  350  18 

10  L  in 259  20  324  80 

10       in 333  70  418  18 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 
4%'  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,   light    $20  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   23  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 23  50  24  50 

Copper  wire    23  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       22  50  22  00 

New  brass   cuttings    ...    16  50  15  00 

Red  brass  turnings   18  50  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings..   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass    10  25  9  50 

Medium  brass 12  00  12  00 

Heavy  brass    15  00  14  50 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 30  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  34  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.  shop  tum'gs 9  00  8  50 

Cast  borings 12  00  12  00 

Stove  plate 19  00  19  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead 7  00  8  00 

Toa  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts '6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 
steel 27H 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fll.  bd.,  steel 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.   and   fil.    hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  Ust  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


1* 

n> 

26 

11  5( 
1  7f 

1  71 

2  (M 
30 
60 
25 

$8  5( 
8  4( 
72  M 
67M 
..     37^ 
..     32^ 
..     27^ 
..     25 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  ne 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in. . . .  28 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in 80 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus  10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus  10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  flUet, 

list  plus It 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  If 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plus  2ft 

Collar  screws  list  plus  30,  10 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  5C 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  0( 
BILLETS 

Per  srrou  toi 

Bessemer  billets $47  5e 

Open-hearth  billets 47  6« 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  OC 

Forging  billets 60  OC 

Wire  rods 67  Ofl 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  -. $5  25       $5  3C 

Cut  nails 6  70        8  68 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  BO 

Spikes,  M  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8^4 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 6  34 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  33 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  S8 

Transmission  rone,  Manila  0  48 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up ^2^ 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto    net 


74 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


1  03 
1  95 
1   98 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  meUls   18  to  70 

SoIderinK  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wmI,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  lOO-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt.  16  05 

Red  dry  lead,   lOO-Ib.   kegs,  per 

cwt. 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  35 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

I*ure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal. 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . . 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  . 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04Vi 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular....     0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whitin?,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .     33 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  dnlls  to  1 14  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40^o 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list    Warehouse  price 
at  Montreal  and  Toronto 
IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 
Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 
class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 
15*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 
7'4%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 
plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 
fittings;  class  B  black,  24 %c  lb.;  class  C 
black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 
lb.;  class  C,  24 %c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 
SHEETS     . 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28.. 
Sheets,  black.  No.  10.. 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets  

Can.  plates,  all  bright. 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G. 
Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G. 
Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28. . 
Colbome  Crown,  No.  28 
Premier,  No.  28  U.S.  . . 

Premier.  10%  oz 

Zinc  sheets 20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

M   in.,  $14.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.85;  ^   in., 
113.60;   7-16  in.,  $12.90;    H    in.,  $13.20; 


1  8  00 
10  00 

$  8  00 
10  00 

9  00 
9  50 

8  65 

9  50 

26*06 

9  50 
20  00 

$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
H  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and  Imperial    50 

Nicholson    40 

Black  Diamond    40 

J.  Barton  Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta    Files    37V4 

Disston    50 

Whitman  &  Barnes    50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless 

1  in $36  00 

1%  in 40  00 

IH  in 43  00 

1%  in 43  00 

2  in 50  00 

2%  in 53  00 

2%  in ■. ...     55  00 

3  in 64  00 

3%  in 

3\4  in 77  00 

4  in 90  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Rovalite,  per  gal.,  bulk  ...   l^ 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital   49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil  39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil   13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides  1  "75 

TAPES.     . 

Chpsterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape.  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft. . .     3 


I.npweldeH 

$... 

36 

00 

36 

00 

36 

00 

38 

00 

42 

00 

60 

00 

58 

00 

60 

00 

75 

00 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck . .  2 

Emery  in  kegs.  American. . . . 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to 

Emery  glue 28  to 


50 

25 
00 
07 
05 
30 
09 
10 
09 
50 
45 


Tripoli  composition 06  to 

Crocus   composition 08  to 

Emery  composition 08  to 

Rouge,  silver 36  to 

Rouge,  powder 30  to 

Prices  Per  Lb. 
ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod . .  0  38 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heavier, 
bas* 0  43 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 9  44 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  Atlas    18\i 

Peerless  21  X  Empire  ...   17% 

Grand  19%      Ideal  17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 16 

X  L  C  R  . . .  18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    ....   12 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    15 

Axle    20  Anchor .   11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  09 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...   10%      Best  grades..   15% 
ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin     70  to     .70 

Zinc   23  to     .26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Pars,  %  to  2  in 42  50     48  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 57  00     45  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 45  00     44  0» 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal    Tsrant* 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25       $13  25 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft  . .   13  25         13  25 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft  12  50         12  50 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLA-nNG  CHEMICALS. 


Acid,  boracic   

Acid,  hydrochloric   

Acid,  nitric    

Acid,  sulphuric  

Ammonia,  aqua    

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret  .... 

Ammonium  sulphate 

Arsenic,  white    

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy   

Copper,  sulphate    

Cobalt,  sulphate   

Iron  perchloride   

Lead  acetate   

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate  .... 

Nickel  carbonate    

Nickel  sulphate 

Potassium  carbonate 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute) 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    

Silver  nitrate    (per  oz.)    

Sodium  bisulphite    

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 

Sorlium  cyanide,  127-130<?5.   

Sodium  hydrate    

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs. 

Sodium  phosphate   

Tin   chloride    

Zinc  chloride   

Zinc  sulphate 

Prices   per   lb.   unless  otherwise 


.25 

.06 

.14 

.06 

.22 

.33 

.40 

.40 

.15 

.27 

.75 

.22 

.20 

.40 

.35 

.25 

.15 

.35 
1.80 
2  25 
1.45 
1.20 

.30 

.05 

.50 

.22 
5.00 

.16 

.85 

.90 

.20 
stated. 


9«r 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  JULY  25,  1918  No 


^ 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS        ^.^"^^ 

CANADA'S  NATIONAL  STEEL  PLANT   7 .7^.>    76-81 

GENERAL 80-81 

Tool   Steels. ..  .Works'  Accidents,  Their   Causes  and  Remedies. 

HEAT  TREATING,  TEMPERING  AND  ANNEALING  82-86 

MANUFACTURING  THE  18-PDR.  BRITISH  SHRAPNEL  87-90 

CANADA  MACHINERY  CORPORATION'S  NEW  SHOPS  .... 91 

MANUFACTURING  THE  BRITISH  6-IN.  MARK  XIIL  H.E.  SHELL 92-97 

CUTTING  TEST   PIECES  WITH   THE   OXY- ACETYLENE  TORCH 97 

THE  CHEMIST  AND  METALLURGIST  IN  THE  MUNITIONS  INDUSTRY  98-103 

FROM  THE  MEN  WHO  PRODUCE    104-108 

Efficient  Appliances  For  Economic  Shell  Production. . .  .An  Effective  Method  of  Us- 
ing the  Cylinder  Gauge  on  the  6-in.  H.E.  Shell. 
THE  NEW   SHELL  HAS  BROUGHT  OUT  NEW   METHODS   IN   THE    CANADIAN 

PLANTS 109-113 

GENERAL 114 

Optics  and  Mathematics. ..  .Acid  Resisting  Iron. . .  .C.P.R.  Display  of  Canada's  Re- 
sources. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT  115-118 

Special  Boring  Lathe....  26  in.  Shell  Boring   Lathe ....  75-mm.   Shell   Boring   Lathe 
. . .  .Overhead  Carriers. .  .Knurling  Machine  . . .  .Cutting-off  and  Base  Facing  Machine. 

CAN  TAKE  NO  CHANCE  ON  SHELL  INSPECTION  119 

EDITORIAL 120 

Are  Standing  the  Test  Well Can  You  Run  a  Quarter  Mile? Paving  the  Road 

For  High  Prices. 

YOUR   WAR   CONTRACTS   WILL    STOP    SOME  DAY   121 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS 122-125 

Summary. ..  .Toronto   Letter Pittsburgh  Letter New   York   Letter. ..  .Wash- 
ington Letter.  ..  .Montreal  Letter.    ■ 
INDUSTRIAL    DEVELOPMENT    OF    CHATHAM  HAS  BEEN  QUITE  MARKED  ....        126 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS   (Advtg.  Section)    146-148 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS  (Advtg.  Section)    150-158 

THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  G«n.  Maa. 

Publuhera  of  Hard««re  and  Metal.  The  Financial  Po»t,  MacLean'»  Magrazln*.  Fanners'  Macaxin^ 
Canadian  Grooer.  Dry  Goodi  Beview,  Men'a  Wear  Review.  Printer  and  PubHaher,  Bookaeller  and 
Stationer,  Canadian  Machinery  and  Manufacturins  News,  Power  Hoaae,  Sanitary  Enrineer, 
Canadian   Fonndrymaa,   Marine  Encineerins  of  Canada. 

Cable  Addreis :  Maepubeo,  Toronto ;  Ataljek,  liOndon,  Xnc. 

BSTABLISHED  1887. 


dNADIAN  liACHlNERir 


Manufactur 


NG  News 


A.  R.  KENNEDY,  Editor.  B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manaser. 

Aasoeiate  Editnn:  A.  G.  WEBSTER,  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 

Eastern  Representative ;  E.  M.  Pattison ;  Ontario  Representative ;  S.  S.  Moore ; 

Toronto   and   Hamilton   Representative:   J.   N,    Robinson. 

CHIEF  OFFICES: 

CANADA— Montreal.  Southam   BniMing,  28   Bleury  Street,  Telephone   1004:   Toronto,    lit-IEt   Univsrsity  Ave.,   T«W. 

phone    Main    7324;    Winnipei,    1207    Union    Trust    Building.    Telephone   Main    8449. 
GREAT   BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MaeLean    Company  of  Great  Britain,  Limited.  8S  Fleet  Street.  I.C.,  K.  J.  Dod4, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address:  Atabek,    London,    England. 
UNITED  STATES — New  York,   R.   R.  Huestis.   Room   620,  111     Broadway.    N.Y..    Telephone    Rector    8971;    Boston. 
C.    L.    Morton,   Room   733,    Old   South    Building,   Telephonp  Main   1204.     A.   H.   Byrne,   Room  900,   Lyttion  Bids., 
14    E.    Jackson   Street,    Chiearo,    Phone   Harriaon    1147. 
SUBSCRIPTION     PRICE— Canada,     Great    Britain.    South  Africa  and  the  West  Indies.  U.M  a  year;  United  States. 
$3.50  a   year ;   other  countries,    94.00   a   year ;   Single  Copies.   Ifi  cents,     InvariaJbly  in  advance. 


246 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can  Operate  This  Miller 


and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


HENDEY 


99 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description. 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.  S.  A. 

Cana^an  Aseiits:  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto.  Ont. ; 
A.  R.  Williams  Macliinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipet;  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John,   N.B. ;   Williams  &   Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX 

M 

McAvity  ft   Son.   Ltd.,  T 204 

Main   Belting  Co 168-169 

Magnolia    Metal    Co 178 

Manufacturers  Equipment  Co..  64 
Manufacturers    Production    Co..     82 

Marion   ft   Marion    158 

Marsh  Engineering  Works   159 

Matheson    ft    Co.,    I ..;..    162 

Matthews    ft    Co.,    Jas.    H 88 

Mayer  Bros.   Co 30 

McArthur    Beltings.    Ltd 40 

HcDougall   Co.,   Ltd.,   R 89 

McLaren  Belting  Co.,  J.  C.  ...  222 
Mechanical  Engineering  Co.  ...  89 
Mechanics  Tool  Case  Mfg.  Co.  223 
Metals   Coating  Co.   of  Canada, 

Ltd 84 

Metalwood     Mfg.     Co.  85 

Millers   Falls   Co 62 

Monarch    Mach.    Tool    Co 87 

Morse  Chain   Co 172 

Iforton    Mfg.    Co 158 

Mueller    Mach.    Tool    Co 42-43 

Muir    ft    Co..    Wm 157 

Mulliner  Ediund  Tool  Co 52 

Murehey  Machine  ft  Tool  Co...   188 
N 

National   Acme  Co 227 

National   Lathe   Co 190 

National  Machy.   Co 221 

Nelson-Blanek    Mfg.    Co.- 64 

New   Britain    Mach.    Co 27 

New  Metal  Tool  Steel  Co.  ..  10 
Newton    Mach.   Tool    Works    ..     57 

Nicholson    File    Co 6« 

Niles-Bement- Pond.  Inside    ft.    cover 

Normae  Machine  Co 157 

Northern    Crane    Works    220 


TO    ADVERTISERS— Continued  from  page  244 


Northwestern    Iron    Works    162 

Norton,    A.    0 223 

Norton   Co 88 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  ft  Coal  Co.  . .     18 


Oakley  Chemical  Co.    .' 65 

Ontario   Lubricating    Co 70 

Oxyweld    Co 74 


Page  Steel   ft   Wire   Co 223 

Parmenter   ft   Bulloch  Co 221 

Pedlar   People,    Ltd 236 

Peerless    Machine    Co 66 

Perrin,   Ltd..   Wm.   R 213 

Petrie  of  Montreal.  Ltd.,  H.  W.  29 
PitUburgh   SUel   Stamp   Co.    ..   222 

Philadelphia    Gear  'Works     171 

Plessissville    Foundry    Co 156 

Plewes,   Ltd 166 

Port  Hope  File  Mfg.  Co 66 

Positive  Clutch  ft  Pulley  Works  223 
Poughkeepsie  Ch.  of  Commerce  160 
Pratt  &  Whitney  Co.Inside  ft.  cover 

Pre»t-0-Lite    Co..    Inc 208 

Preston  Machy.  Co 20 

Prltchard-AndrewB    Co 80 

Pollen,   E 188 


Racine    Tool     ft    Machine    Co. 

41.   68,    59 

Reynolds    Engineering    Co.     . . .  233 

Rhodes  Mfg.   Co 206 

Rickert-Shafer    Co 235 

Rice.  Lewis  ft  Son 219 

Richards-Wilcox  Canadian  Co.  81 
Richards      Sand      Blast     Mach. 

Co 212 


Riverside   Machinery   Depot    . . .    161 
Roelofson    Machine    &    Tool    Co.     26 


Sadler    ft    Haworth    166 

Sholdons,    Ltd 78 

Shore  Instrument  ft  Mfg.  Co.    .     80 

Shuster   Co..    F.    B 221 

Sidney   Tool    Co. ..Inside  back    cover 

Silver   Mfg.   Co 40 

Simonds  Canada  Saw  Co 70 

Skinner    Chuck    Co 220 

Smith    &    Mills    Co 46 

Smooth-On    Mfg.    Co 76 

Standard  Alloys   Co 9 

standard  Fuel  Engineering  Co.  214 
Standard    Machy.     ft     Supplies, 

Ltd 6,   23 

Starr  Mfg.  Co 162 

Starrett  Co.,    L.    S 61 

Steel   Co.   of  Canada 3 

Steinle    Turret    Mach.     Co...  192-193 

Steptoe   Co.,    John    200 

Steele.     Ltd.,     Jas 157 

Stirk,  John,  ft  Sons    167 

Bt.    Lawrence    Welding    Co.     . .        7 

StoU    Co.,    Inc.,    D.    H 224 

Stow    Mfg.    Co 82 

Streeter,   H.   E 7 

Strong.    Kennard    &    Nutt    Co., 

The 222 

Superior  Corundum  Wheel  Co..  36 
Swedish  Crucible   Steel  Co.    ...  220 


Tabor  Mfg    Co 228 

Tate-Jonea    ft    Co.,    Inc 216 

Taylor,  J.  A.  M 169 

Taylor    Instrument    Co 214 

Thwing   Inptrument  Co 224 

Terminal    Mach.     Co 163 

Toledo    Machine    ft    Tool    Co...  202 


Toomey,     Inc.,    Frank     164 

Toronto   Iron   Works    220 

Toronto   Pottery   Co 224 

Toronto  Type  Foundry  Co.    .  .  .90-91 
Trahem  Pump  Co 71 


Union    Drawn     Steel    Co 221 

Union   Tool   Chest   Works    222 

United     Brass      &      Lead     Co., 

Ltd 224,  231 

United  Hammer   Co 222 

United   States  Eiec.   Tool  Co.    .     88 


Vanadium- Alloys   Steel   Co 16-17 

V:ctor   Tool   Cii 183 

Victoria   Foundry   Co 28 

Vulcan    Crucible    Steel    Co.    ...     11 

W 

Walcott    Lathe    Co 195 

Warner    &    Swasey    Co 22 

Williams   &   Wilson.   Ltd 160 

Welding   &   Supplies   Co 76 

Welland,    City    of    196 

Wells   Bros,    of   Canada    69 

West    Tire    Setter    Co 210 

Wheel  Trueing  Tool    Co 189 

Whiting  Foundry  Equip.  Co...  223 
Whiton    Machine    Co.,    D.    E.    . .   223 

Wilkinson    &    Kompass    68 

Williams   Machinery   Co..   A.   K. 

146,  147,  161 

Williams  &  Co.,  J.  H 79 

Williams   Tool   Co 60 

Willson  &  Co..  T.  A 224 

Wilt   Twist   Drill    Co 5 

Windsor  Mach.  ft  Tool  Wks..  287 
Worth  Engineering  Works  ...  1B8 
Wright  Mfg.  Co 88 


Yates   Machine  Co..    P.    B 81 

Yeates  Machy.  ft  Supply  Co... 72-73 


Zenith  Coal   ft   Steel  Co 161 


GnadianMachinery 

MANUFACfURfNG  NEWS 


Volume  XX.  No.  J. 


July  25,  1918 


eid  i  an    N  at  i  o  nal 
Steel  plant 

By  Hi/rSuther/and  7^J]^^^^|   J 


GROUP  OF  BUILDINGS  AT  ENTRANCE  TO  PLANT. 


THE  industrial  activities  of  the  last 
few  years  have  brought  about  far- 
reaching  advances  in  almost  every 
line  of  endeavor.  This  is  particularly 
true  in  the  metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel. 
The  electric  furnace  is  playing  an  im- 
portant role  in  this  advance  and  its  de- 
velopment to  the  point  where  it  can  be 
depended  upon  for  the  quantity  produc 
tion  of  high  grade  steel  such  as  is  re- 
quired in  the  government  specifications 
for  shell  and  other  munitions  of  war  is 
of  much  interest. 

The  metallurgical  processes  connecteo 
with  the  refining  of  steel  are  now  well 
established  and  the  ability  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  quantity  production  and 
quality  combined  with  the  ease  with 
which  scrap  steel  can  be  used  as  the  raw 
material  make  this  process  admirable 
from  many  points  of  view.  In  the  open 
hearth  furnnce  the  ratio  of  scrap  to  pig 
iron  charged  may  be  as  high  as  75  per 
cent,  but  in  the  electric  furnace  it  readilj 
approaches  100  per  cent.  This  fact, 
coupled  with   the  cost  of  labor  will  un- 

tAssociate    Editor.    Canadian    Machinerr. 


doubtedly  operate  to  the  advantage  of 
the  electric  furnace  after  the  war. 

The  scrap  resulting  from  the  operation 
of  munition  plants  serves  as  an  admirable 
source  of  raw  material  for  use  in  the 
electric  furnace,  and  this,  with  the  ade- 
quate supply  of  power  available  deter- 
mines the  equipment  installed  in  the 
plant  operated  by  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  for  the  British  government  and 
described  below. 

The  preliminary  work  and  plans  ■■svcp 
done  under  the  direction  of  Col.  David 
Carnegie  by  Perin  and  Marshal  of  New 
York,  and  the  construction  work  was  iet 
to  Roger  Mills  and  Sons  of  Toronto.  The 
engineering  since  required  has  been  en- 
tirely in  the  hands  of  the  staff  of  en- 
gmeers  which  forms  a  permanent  part 
of  the  organization. 

Plant   Layout 

This  plant,  believed  to  be  the  largest 
electric  steel  plant  yet  constructed,  is 
admirably  planned  with  ample  facilities 
for  the  economical,  handling  of  all  ma- 
terials. Standard  gauge  railroad  tracks, 
about  five  miles  in  a'l  provide  and  serve 


every  individual  unit  of  the  plant,  in 
many  cases  permitting  the  loading  and 
unloading  of  the  cars  under  cover. 

The  various  functions  of  the  plant 
naturally  center  around  the  electric  fur- 
naces and  a  major  portion  of  the  track- 
age and  equipment  has  to  do  with  the 
handling  of  the  raw  material,  steel  turn- 
ings. Much  of  this  material  is  stored  in 
open  stock  piles  in  the  plant  yards  and 
is  handled  by  locomotive  cranes  equip- 
ped witn  electro-magnets.  The  remain- 
der is  stored  under  cover  in  a  covered 
stock  pile  adjacent  to  the  main  furnace 
plant.  This  building  has  a  capacity  of 
about  12.000  tons  of  turnings  and  is 
equipped  with  two  ten-ton  Northern  trav- 
elling cranes  with  55-in.  electro-magnets. 

Bays  project  from  the  main  charging 
floor  out  over  the  stock  pile  at  each  fur- 
nace, and  the  24-in.  gauge  tilting  scrap 
cars  serving  the  furnaces  are  loaded  by 
crane,  pass  to  the  weighing  scales  and 
are  then  dumped  at  a  point  between  the 
furnaces  convenient  for  their  hand  charg- 
ing. 

As  may  be  noticed  in  the  "'iccompany- 
ing  cross-section   the  layout  affords  ex- 


CANADIAN    MACHINKRY 


Volume  XI 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  MELTING   HOUSE  SHOWING    ARRANGEMENT   OK    I-l'RNACES,    CHARIING    AND    CASTING   FLOORS. 

TOP   IS    BEING    RBLINED    AT   THE    LEFT    HAND    FOREGROUND. 


A    FURNACE 


cellent  storage  space  in  the  lean-to  on 
both  the  charging  and  casting  floors. 
This  space  accomodates  the  ferro-olloys> 
and  fluxing  materials  used  in  the  various 
slagging  operations.  The  building  in 
which  the  ten  electric  furnaces  are  in- 
stalled is  610  ft.  long,  75  ft.  span,  and 
is  of  standard  mill  construction.  As 
above-mentioned  the  transformers  and 
stock  bins  are  housed  in  a  lean-to  25  ft. 
wide  which  runs  the  full  length  of  the 
building. 

The  transformer  room  is  enclosed  in 
hollow  tile  and  is  raised  above  the  fur- 
nace-charging floor,  thus  permitting  the 
bins  for  storing  the  various  materials 
used  in  refining  to  be  placed  directly 
underneath  and  convenient  to  the  fur- 
naces. The  three-phase  1,500  kv.-a 
transformers  are  located  directly  behind 
the  furnfices  which  they  serve,  permit- 
ting a  direct  connection  through  flexible 
leads  to  the  furnace  electrodes,  six  2,000 
m.c.m.  cables  being  used  to.  each  phase. 
The  primary  current  is  suDplied  at  13,200 
volts,  and  equipment  is  of  standard  type, 
13,200   volt     electroyltic     lightning   ar- 


restors  and  30,000  volt  oil  switches  be- 
ing installed. 

Thury  Regulators 

The  Thury  regulators  common  to  this 
type  of  furnace  are  mounted  in  the 
transformer  room  while  the  indicating 
instruments  and  winch  operating  con- 
trollers are  mounted  behind  the  furnaces 
which  they  serve.  This  regulating 
equipment  supplied  by  the  Westinghouse 
Company  provides  automatic  regulation 
of  the  current  supplied  to  the  furnaces 
and  produces  a  uniformly  constant  cur- 
rent at  the  electrodes  subject  to  control 
by  the  operator  in  charge. 

The  furnace  electrodes  are  raised  and 
lowered  by  means  of  a  motor-operated 
hoisting  mechanism  or  winch,  the  motors 
in  turn  being  controlled  by  means  of  the 
regulator.  Current  transformers  arc 
installed  in  the  high-tension  circuit  of 
the  furnace  transformers  and  these  are 
connected  to  the  coils  of  the  regulator, 
one  fixed  and  one  movable  in  such  a  way 


that  when  the  furnace  current  is  at  its 
proper  value  the  movable  coil  is  held  la 
equilibrium  by  a  spring.  When  the  cur- 
rent rises  above  or  falls  below  its  normal 
value  this  equilibrium  is  destroyed  and 
the  coil  and  the  rocking  lever  to  which  it 
is  attached  are  swung  one  way  or  the 
other  and  thus  engage  tappets  and  in 
turn  release  pawls  which  fall  into  notches 
in  the  rim  of  a  tappet  wheel  which  is 
given  a  reciprocating  motion  about  its 
centre.  These  pawls  are  located  upon  a 
rocker  arm  which  makes  contact  witii 
either  one  of  two  sets  of  carbon  contacts 
and  according  as  one  set  or  the  other  of 
these  contacts  is  made,  the  winch  motor 
is  operated  in  one  direction  or  the  other, 
thus  raising  or  lowering  the  electrodes. 
A  rheostat  is  provided  in  the  current 
transformer  circuit  which  shunts  a  por- 
tion of  the  current  and  provides  a  means 


CROSS  SECTION  OF  TURNINGS   STORAGE  AND  MELTING  HOUSE.     THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    LOADING    PLATFORM    BINS    AND 

TRAKSFORMER    ROOM     IS    CLEARLY    VISIBLE. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


77 


FURNACE    TILTED    AT    THE    FINISH    OF    THE    MELT    AND    STEEL    BEING    TEEMEO 

INTO     LADLE. 


of  maintaining     any     constant     current 
value  desired. 

In  a  plant  of  this  size  it  is  necessary 
to  provide  some  means  of  central  control 
from  which  switching  operations  can  be 
carried  out.  This  need  is  filled  by  the 
main  control  room  centrally  located  be- 
tween the  two  sections  into  which  the 
transformer  room  is  divided.  This  con- 
trol room  houses  the  main  control  switch- 
boards and  projects  out  into  the  furnace 
room  giving  the  operators  a  clear  view 
of  the  furnaces.  The  switchboards  in 
this  room  carry  the  control  and  service 
switches  and  the  recording  and  indicating 
meters  for  the  plant  load. 

Under  the  main  control  room  space 
has  been  allocated  to  the  service  equip- 
ment needed  for  the  operation  of  the 
plant.  This  equipment  is  located  on  the 
ground  or  casting  floor  level  and  consists 
of  a  eO-cell  storage  battery  for  the  oper- 
ation of  the  remote  controlled  high- 
tension  oil  switches,  200  and  300  kw. 
motor  generator  sets  for  230-volt  direct 
current,  an  air  compressor,  oil  pumpb, 
etc. 

Furnaces 

Ten  furnaces  are  installed,  all  of  six 
tons  capacity,  and  of  the  Heroult  type. 
These  furnaces  are  located  on  a  charging 
floor  about  12  ft.  above  the  casting  floor, 
the  space  underneath  being  given  over  to 
the  tilting  mechanism  and  the  oil  burners 
for  pre-heating  the  teeming  ladles.  The 
tilting  mechanism  is  protected  from  ac- 
cidental breakages  in  the  furnace  lining 
by  a  brick-lined  steel  pan  which  carries 
any  metal  away  and  into  the  slag  pit. 
Nine  of  the  furnaces  have  a  basic  lining- 
while  the  tenth  is  acid. 

Heats  are  poured  at  short  intevals, 
between  forty  and  fifty  being  run  off  n 
the  course  of  a  twenty-four  hour  day. 
each  heat  taking  about  four  hours  foi 
its  completion. 

The  control  of  each  melt  is  a  matter 
of  skill  and  judgment  on  the  part  of  tho 
furnace  operators  controlled  and  rigor- 
ously checked   by  analyses   of  the   steel 


made  during  the  melt.  The  laboratory 
in  which  these  tests  are  made  is  housed 
in  a  separate  building  insuring  cleanli- 
ness and  the  quiet  conditions  necessar; 
to  accurate  work.  A  balance  room  is 
provided  where  all  weighing  necessarj 
to  the  analyses  is  made. 

The  steel,  when  ready,  is  teemed  into 
bottom-pour  ladles,  preheated;  these  in 
turn  serve  the  ingot  molds.  The  ingol 
molds  of  cast  iron  are  of  a  size  best 
adapted  to  the 
shell  forging  de- 
sired and  the  bil- 
lets in  the  case 
of  the  6-in.  shell 
weigh  about  200 
lbs.  Hot  tops  for 
the  ingot  molds 
are  made  in  the 
plant,  '  and  the 
care  taken  in 
pouring  as  well 
as  the  shape  of 
the  ingot  molds 
and  hot  tops  in- 
sures the  absence 
of  piping  except 
in  the  crop  end. 
Before  each  in- 
got has  com- 
pletely solidified 
a  metal  identifi- 
cation tag  is  in- 
serted in  the 
crop  end. 

Two  methods 
of  pouring  the 
ingots  are  in  use. 
In  one  of  these 
the  ingot  molds 
are  stood  on  end 
in  rows  on  the 
floor,  while  in 
other  eighty- 

four  of  them  are 
mounted  on  one 
truck  and  the 
truck  moved  in- 
stead       of       the  SCENE  IN 


erase.  This  results  in  a  considerable 
saving  of  metal  in  the  avoidance  of 
splashing. 

Four  Northern  cranes  ar«  installed  m 
the  melting  house  each  with  15-ton  main 
hoists  and  a  10-ton  auxiliary.  The.se 
cranes  not  only  serve  the  teeming  ladles 
but  are  used  for  other  operations,  one 
of  their  principal  uses  being  the  moving 
of  the  furnace  tops  to  a  space  provided 
at  each  end  of  the  charging  floor  for 
relining. 

Breaking  and  Cutting-Off  Shop 

As  soon  as  the  ingots  are  cold  they  are 
sent  to  the  breal'jng  and  cutting-off  shop. 
This  is  in  a  separate  building  and  a 
feature  which  has  much  to  do  with  pro- 
duction first  makes  its  appearance  here. 
Manual  labor  is  eliminated  in  all  pos- 
sible ways  and  conveyors  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  each  particular  operation  are 
used  throughout.  The  ingots  are  carried 
from  the  furnace  room  to  the  cutting-off 
shop  by  means  of  a  link  belt  conveyor 
running  between  the  two  buildinjs,  and 
are  taken  off  the  conveyor  and  placed  on 
tables  serving  the  cutting-off  machines. 
Here  they  are  stamped  with  the  mell, 
number  and  are  then  picked  up  and  plac- 
ed in  the  cutting-off  machines,  made  by 
the  Williams  Tool  Co.  of  Erie,  Pa.  To 
deal  with  the  ingots,  seventeen  of  these 
machines  have  been  installed  in  two 
rows  down  the  center  of  the  shop  and 
pneumatic  hoists  are  provided  which 
eliminate  all  manual  labor. 

The  ingots  are  cut  about  half  way 
through  and  are  then  transferred  to  an- 
other conveyor  which  carries  them  to  tht 
pneumatic  hammer.  This  hammer  breaks 


MELTING    HOUSE-  POURING   INGOTS. 


7d 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XZi. 


"1 

^ 

VIEW  IN   CUTTING  AND  BREAKING  SHOP        SHOWING     CUTTING-OFF     MACHINES, 
MARKING  TABLES  AND  PNEUMATIC  HOISTS 


off  the  crop  end  which  falls  to  one  side, 
down  a  chute,  and  into  a  conveyor,  from 
which  it  eventually  finds  its  way  into 
the  furnaces  again.  The  shell  billet  rolls 
the  other  way  on  to  another  conveyor, 
undergoes  its  first  inspection  and  is 
ready  for  forging. 

One  ingot  in  each  melt  is  marked  with 
a  distinctive  paint  and  drillings  are  made 
from  this  to  determine  the  chemical 
analysis  of  the  steel. 

The  two  illustrations  shown  of  the 
cutting  and  breaking  shop  give  a  clear 
ioea  of  the  layout  and  amount  of  equip- 
ment necessary. 

Forge  Shop 

The   forge   shop,   located   adjacent   to 


the  cutting  and  breaking  shop,  is  a 
spacious  steel  building  admirably  plan- 
ned for  the  handling  and  routing  of  the 
billets  through  the  various  operations. 
The  billets  as  they  are  received  from  the 
cutting  and  breaking  department  weigh 
about  158  lbs.  and  measure  about  6%  in. 
average  diameter.  Each  lot  as  it  is  re- 
ceived is  piled  back  of  the  furnaces,  care 
being  taken  throughout  all  the  operations 
to  keep  all  billets  belonging  to  the  same 
heat  number  together,  and  separate  from 
other  lots. 

The  furnaces,  of  which  there  are  seven, 
are  of  the  continuous  type,  and  taking 
in  the  billets  at  the  rear  end  deliver 
them  at  the  proper  temperature  at  the 


BREAKING     OFF    THE     CROP     END     OF    THE 

BILLETS    IN    THE    CUTTING    AND    BREAKING 

SHOP 


front.  Oil  firing  is  used,  the  oil  pressure 
being  about  forty  pounds  and  the  air 
pressure  ten  ounces.  Two  underground 
oil  tanks  are  provided  into  which  the  fuel 
is  run  directly  from  the  tank  cars. 

The  hydraulic  forging  presses  are  five 
in  number  and  are  all  of  500-ton  capa- 
city made  by  the  Southwark  Foundry 
and  Machine  Co.  A  water  coolina;  sys- 
tem is  employed  to  somewhat  reduce  the 
temperature  of  the  dies  and  punches,  a 
perforated  pipe  surrounding  the  upper 
end  of  the  punch.  The  billets,  while 
passing  through  the  furnaces  turn  and 
come  to  a  uniform  temperature,  and  on 
reaching  the  front  are  ready  for  pierc- 


FORaE    SHOP— FURNACES      AND    HYDRAULIC    PRESSES. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


79 


VIEW   IN   TEST   BILLET   SAW   ROOM. 


Power  House 

The  hydraulic  pumping  equipment 
necessary  for  the  operation  of  a  forgo 
room  of  this  size  must  necessarily  be  of 
some  magnitude.  'This  equipment  is 
housed  fn  a  separate  building  and  from 
the  accompanying  engraving  a  good  idea 
of  the  layout  may  be  gained.  A  battel  y 
of  seven  200-gal.  Dean  pumps,  made  by 
the  Worthington  Pump  Co.  are  installed. 
These  pumps  are  geared  to  200  h.p., 
2  200  volt  Westinghouse  motors  running 
at  500  revs,  per  min. 

The  autor  starters  and  other  switch- 
ing equipment,  together  with  the  neces- 
sary switching  equipment  and  meters, 
are  installed  on  the  wall  adjacent  to  the 
motors  which  they  control. 

Two  28-in.  accumulators  of  Souths  ark 
make  are  also  installed  in  this  building 
and  the  oil  pumps  for  the  oil-burning 
system  are  located  near  the  oil  tanks 
aajacent  to  the  forge  house. 


ing.  The  billet  is  dropped  into  the  dii 
and  a  centering  ring  placed  on  it  to  guide 
the  punch.  The  piercing  and  drawing  of 
the  six-inch  shell  forging  are  done  in 
one  operation,  the  piercing  causing  an 
upward  extension  of  the  metal  out  of  the 
die.  The  return  stroke  of  the  press 
withdraws  the  punch  and  the  forging  is 
forced  up  out  of  the  die  by  a  kicker  and 
is  removed  and  dropped  into  a  conveyor 
for  removal  to  the  cooling  beds. 

The  various  heats  are  still  kept  sepa- 
rate, and  when  the  forgings  axe  suf- 
ficiently cooled  ihey  are  again  inspected, 
stamped  with  the  heat  number,  and  one 
or  two  of  them  picked  at  random  and 
taken  to  the  saw  room. 

These  forgings  are  used  for  the  var- 
ious mechanical  tests  demanded  by  the 
government.  The  base  is  cut  off  in  Wil- 
liam's cutting-off  machine  similar  to 
those  in  the  breaking  and  cutting-off 
shop  described  above  and  test  pieces  are 
sawn  out  of  both  sides  by  a  battery  of 
Peerless  high-speed  saws  made  by  :he 
Peerless  Machine  Co.,  Racine.,  Wis. 
These  saws  cut  the  test  piece  out  at  one 
operation  by  means  of  a'  double  saw. 
Followin-r   this   the   bases   are   inspected 


GOTHIC    STEEL,    MEIHUD    OF    HA.NDLING    THE   UAKS    PREPARATORY  TO  NICKING. 


for  piping  or  other  flaws  and  the  test 
pieces  are  turned  down  to  the  proner 
section  for  the  government  test. 


VIEW  OV    POWER    HOUSE   SHOWING    HYDRAULIC    PUMPS    AND    ACCUMULATORS. 


Billet  Plant  for  Gothic  Steel 

One  of  the  interesting  features  in  con- 
nection with  this  plant  has  to  do  with 
the  cutting  of  the  bars  of  Gothic  steeli 
into  billets  of  the  proper  size  for  forg- 
ing and  the  advantages  of  conveyors  in 
Che  increasing  of  production  and  elimin- 
ating labor  are  nowhere  better  shown 
than  here.  The  steel  as  it  is  received 
from  the  cars  is  stacked  in  piles  accord- 
ing to  heat  number,  and  as  required  is 
picked  up  by  air  hoists  and  placed  on  the 
gravity  conveyor  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tion of  the  steel  yard. 

The  steel  travels  on  this  conveyor  to 
the  first  position  in  the  cutting-off  shop 
where  each  bar  is  marked  from  gauges 
to  the  proper  length.  The  bars  next  pass 
on  the  the  same  conveyor  to  the  nicking 
position  where  they  are  ni  k<A  to  the 
proper  depth  by  the  oxyacetylene  torch. 
As  shown,  two  gangs  of  men  work  at  thi^ 
position  and  using  torches  and  apparatus 
supplied  by  L'Air  Liquide  Society  rapidly 
nick  the  bars  on  one  side  to  tlie  proper 
depth  of  about  one  half  inch.  The 
torches  are  provided  with  supporting 
wheels  which  render  the  operation  easi  -r 
to  fciform. 


80 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


NICKING  THE   GOTHIC  STEEL  BY   THE  OXY-ACETYLENE  TORCH. 


After  the  nicking  operation  the  meit 
number  is  stamped  on  each  portion  of 
the  bar,  and  the  bars  still  travelling  for- 
ward are  brought  to  the  horizontal  bull- 
dozer, where  they  are  broken  into  re- 
quired lengths.  The  next  operation  is 
the  inspection,  one  man  being  stationed 
at  this  point  to  swing  the  billets  in  such 
a  manner  that  the  inspectors  may  readily 
view  the  end  again.  The  billets  are  next 
stamped  again  and  pass  on  to  the  load- 
ing system. 

One  of  the  plant's  many  sidings  is 
located  alongside  the  cutting  shop  and 
the  billets  are  loaded  into  the  cars  by 
means  of  an  ingenious  gravity  carrier 
system,  it  being  possible  to  load  three 
cars  simultaneously.  The  engraving 
shows  this  system  to  advantage,  the 
tables  in  the  foreground  serving  as  a 
place  to  store  billets  while  cars  are  being 
shunted.  The  billets,  when  going  to  the 
tables  are  carried  on  a  continuation  of 
the  carrier  from  the  dull-dozer,  but  when 
being  loaded  into  cars  are  carried  up  the 
elevator  to  the  distributing  center  where 
they  are  guided  into  the  proper  conveyor 
by  the  man  stationed  at  this  point.  A 
removable  extension  of  the  conveyors 
carries  the  billets  into  the  cars  where 
they  are  piled  for  shipment. 

An  extremely  high  rate  of  production 
is  maintained  in  this  department,  a  rate 
of  10,000  per  day  being  easily  maintain- 
ed. This  rate  is  possible  through  the 
co-ordination  of  the  working  force  and 
by  means  of  the  conveyors,  which  were 
supplied  by  the  Canadian  Matthews 
Gravity  Carrier  Co.,  Toronto. 

Welfare 

The  present  trend  towards  better 
working  conditions,  protection  from  in- 
dustrial accidents,  and  a  humanitarian 
interest  in  the  employees'  general  wel- 
fare, is  well  illustrated  in  the  plant  un- 
der consideration. 

Much  can  be  done  in  the  prevention 
of  accidents  by  proper  guarding  of  points 
of  possible  danger  and  by  the  provision 
of  warning  signs  where  necessary.  One 
especially  commendable  feature  in  the 
operation  of  this  plant  is  seen  in  the  ex- 
plicit instructions  for  starting  and  con- 
trolling the  apparatus  of  the  plant. 


These  instructions  are  in  most  cases 
painted  in  large  letters  on  a  prominent 
part  of  the  motor-starting  gear  and 
leave  nothing  to  the  operator's  ex- 
perience and  memory. 

All  accidents  can  never  be  eliminated 
and  where  such  occur  they  are  taken 
care  of  in  the  company's  own  hospital 
with  its  staff.  A  bright  and  airy  ward 
is  provided  for  the  more  serious  cases, 
and  a  well-equipped  operating  room  anu 
diet  kitchen  form  part  of  the  hospital. 

Meals  are  served  at  cost  to  the  men 
and  staff,  and  while  conforming  to  the 
many  food  regulations  at  present  in 
force  these  meals  are  both  sufficient  in 
quality  and  quantity  to  meet  the  demands 
of  those  engaged  in  strenuous  labor. 

The  men's  dining  room  seats  200,  and 
the  men  may  either  sit  down  at  a  hot 
dinner  of  meat 
or  fish  with  cof- 
fee, tea  or  milk, 
vegetables  and 
dessert,  or  if  de- 
sired may  pur- 
chase at  cost 
sandwiches  and 
other  food  for 
c  o  n  s  u  mpt  i  on 
elsewhere.  To- 
bacco is  also  sold. 
The  staff  din- 
ing room  is  hous- 
ed in  a  separate 
building  adjacent 
to  the  general 
offices  and  in  the 
two  dining  rooms 
accommodation  is 
provided  for 

about  fifty  meals 
at  a  time.  A  well 
appointed  kitchen 
is  provided  and 
the  meals  here 
are  also  served  at 
cost. 

A  fire  brigade 
formed  of  certain 
of  the  men  em- 
ployed     in      the 

plant  forms  a  very  necessary  feature 
for  the  operation  of  the  fire  fighting 
apparatus  with  which  the  plant  is  equip- 
ped. 


TOOL  STEELS 
By  L.  V.  R. 
The  enormous  increase  in  the  output 
of  munitions  has  involved  so  large  a 
demand  for  special  tool  steels  that  a 
concise  statement  of  the  moat  efficient 
heat  treatment  provides  an  acceptable 
contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  sub- 
ject, and  should  be  of  great  value  to 
both  tool  makers  and  users.  The  special 
properties  of  these  steels  demand  ther- 
mal treatment  totally  different  from  that 
of  ordinary  carbon  steel,  and  many  tool- 
makers  have  been  long  in  realizing  this, 
and  thus  obtaining  the  best  value  of 
the  expensive  constituents  which  impart 
the  essential  properties.  In  order  to  ap- 
preciate more  fully  the  causes  of  hard- 
ness in  these  special  tool  steels— by 
which  term  is  understood  those  steels, 
in  which  elements  other  than  carbon 
have  been  added  to  impart  the  desirable 
properties — the  cause  of  hardening  and 
the  effect  of  tempering  on  carbon  steels 
are  first  outlined.  In  the  annealed 
state  carbon  in  steel  exists  as  a  definite 
carbide  below  700  deg.  C.  As  the  tem- 
perature is  raised  beyond  this  point  the 
independent  crystals  of  carbide  cease  to 
exist,  and  the  carbide  is  in  a  state  of 
solution  in  the  iron.  It  is  in  this  con- 
dition that  it  imparts  hardness.  Quench- 
ed from  this  temperature  the  carbide 
is  forcibly  retained  in  this  solution  form 
which  causes  the  hardening.  A  carbon 
steel  thus  hardened  to  its  maximum  de- 
gree, however,  possesses  a  very  low 
elastic  limit,  and  is  consequently  quite 
brittle. 

This  initial  brittleness  is  removed  by 
tempering,  which  relieves  the  internal 
stresses  set  up  in  quenching.     The  soft- 


AFTER  THE  GOTHIC  BARS  ARE  NICKED  HY  THE  OXY- 
ACETYLENE  TORCH  THEY  ARE  CONVEYED  TO  THE  BULL- 
DOZER SHOWN  AND  BROKEN  INTO  BILLETS  OF  THE 
PROPER  LENGTH. 


ening  caused  by  tempering  is  due  to 
some  of  the  carbide  of  iron  retained  in 
solution  by  quenching  being  again  de- 
deposited.     The   amount   is   readily   con- 


July  25,  1918 

trolled  by  the  temperature  of  tempering, 
so  that  any  combination  of  properties 
between  the  extremely  hard  and  brittle 
and  the  relatively  soft  annealed  state 
can  be  obtained. 

With  carbon  steels  it  is  only  possible 
to  harden  completely  if  the  mass  of  the 
steel  is  small.  Remarkable  differences 
in  properties  are  produced  by  compar- 
atively slight  differences  in  the  rate  of 
cooling. 

With  special  steel  however,  this  equi- 
valent  of   quick   cooling    is    obtained   by 
the  addition  of  elements  such  as  nickel, 
manganese,     tungsten     and     chromium. 
These  lower  the  normal  temperature  of 
the    carbide    charge,     the   variation     of 
temperature   being   such   that   it   can   be 
brought  down  to  ordinary  temperatures. 
Thus,  in  these  steels,  the  properties  are 
modified     from     within,     and     therefore 
practically    the    same    quenching    effects 
are    obtained    through    the    whole    mass. 
The  effect  of  rate  of  cooling  is  well  il- 
lustrated in  the  case  of  chromium  steel. 
Thus    in   a    steel   containing   over   6   per 
cent,  chromium  and  63  per  cent,  carbon, 
it    was    found    that   with    two    lin.    cube 
specimens,  heated  to  1,000  deg,  C,  one 
cooled   on   an   asbestos   pad    in    still   air, 
and  taking  about  half  an  hour  to  reach 
normal  temperature,  gave  a  Brinell  hard- 
ness number  of  642;   while   the   second 
cooled    slowly    in    the    furnace    over      a 
period    of    one    hour,    gave    a    hardness 
value  of  only  281   on  the   same  scale. 

Importance  of  Temperature 

With  tungsten  steels  the  hardening 
temperature  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 
Broadly  speaking,  this  should  be  prac- 
tically as  high  as  possible,  short  of  act- 
ually melting  the  metal.  Thus  if  air- 
hardened  from  1,050  deg.  C,  the  steel 
loses  its  hardness  more  quickly  than  if 
hardened  from,  say,  1,250  deg.  C,  and, 
further,  it  does  not  show  anything  like 
the  same  degree  of  secondary,  hardening. 
The  reason  for  this  is  that  the  tungsten 
present  does  not  go  completely  into 
solution  until  a  temperature  of  the  order 
of  1,250  deg.  C,  is  reached.  Further, 
the  hardness  thus  acquired  is  retained 
through  reheating  up  to  500  deg.  C,  but 
in  addition,  by  increasing  the  secondary 
heating  to  600  deg.  C,  a  marked  increase 
in  the  hardness  takes  place,  and  reaches 
a  value  in  excess  of  that  obtained  when 
first  hardened. 

Finally,  the  addition  of  chromium  to 
the  composition  usual  for  high  speed 
cutting  steel — for  example,  18  per  cent, 
tungston,  6  per  cent,  chromium,  and 
63  per  cent,  carbon — induces  considerable 
hardness  in  the  air  hardened  state,  but 
this  markedly  falls  off  as  reheating  to 
500  deg.  C,  takes  place,  while  at  600 
deg.  C,  a  substantial  secondary  harden- 
ing takes  place  which  makes  the  mater- 
ial much  harder  than  initially  air-hard- 
ened. These  facts  are  of  great  impor- 
tance, and  indicate  the  desirable  heat- 
treatment  of  tools  before  putting  into 
use.  This  essential  secondary  hardnes3 
can  be  effected  by  either  (1)  air  hai-den- 
ing  and  reheating  to  the  necessary  temp- 
eratures,   or    (2)     quenching     from     the 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


81 


GRAVITY  CARRIER  USED  IN  DISTRIBUTING  BILLETS  TO  FREIGHT  CARS. 


hardening  temperature  in  a  suitable 
bath  of  molten  lead  or  suitable  liquid 
which  is  kept  at  the  correct  temperature. 
The  suggestion  of  some  workers  that 
this  secondary  treatment  is  not  necesary 
in  order  to  obtain  the  best  cutting 
speeds,  and  that  the  same  effects  ean  be 
obtained  by  using  the  air-hardened  tool 
and  slowly  increasing  the  cutting  speed 
to  the  maximum,  is,  in  a  limited  sense, 
true,  the  frictional  heat  of  the  work 
done  subjecting  the  tool  to  the  second- 
ary temperature;  but  this  treatment  in- 
volves undue  wear  of  the  tool,  as  it 
passes  through  a  relatively  soft  con- 
dition. 


WORKS  ACCIDENTS,  THEIR  CAUSES 
AND  REMEDIES 

.  By  M.  A.  R. 
An  investibation  of  the  factors  con- 
cerned in  the  causation  of  industrial  ac- 
cidents has  recently  been  conducted  by 
Dr.  H.  H.  Vernon  on  behalf  of  the  Health 
of  Munition  Workers'  Committee,  and 
the  results  are  now  available.  Data  re- 
lating to  upwards  of  30,000  accidents 
were  collected  at  four  factories  during 
periods  ranging  from  nine  months  to 
over  forty  years.  Some  interesting  con- 
clusions are  drawn  and  various  sugges- 
tions arel  made  for  lessening  the  risks 
to  which  factory  workers  are  exposed. 

While  speed  of  production  is  an  ex- 
tremely important  factor.  Dr.  Vernon 
tays  that  accidents  are  very  largely  due 
to  carelessness  and  inattention,  ard 
could  be  diminished  by  preventing  the 
workers  from  talking  to  one  another.  At 
all  the  factories  the  night  shift  workers 
suffered  fewer  accidents  than  those  on 
the  day  shift.  This  was  due,  not  to  the 
smaller  output  but  the  calmer  mental 
state  of  the  night  workers. 

These  workers  have  for  the  most  part 
i^orgotten  the  excitement  and  pleasures 
indulged  in  shortly  before  coming  on  to 
night  shift,  and  they  have  nothing  but 
an  unexhilarating  breakfast  and  bed  to 
look  forward  to.  Such  a  mental  state  is 
impossible  of  acl}ievement  by  the>  day 
shift  workers,  but  something  in  the  way 


of  mental  calm  and  equilibrium  can  be 
attained  by  stopping  all  conversation  ex- 
cepting that  relating  to  the  work  in 
hand.  If  the  workers  would  consent  it 
would  be  a  good  plant  to  induce  tem- 
porary deafness  by  plugging  the  ears 
and  so  shut  out  the  noise  of  the  ma- 
chinery, which  is  in  itself  an  important 
cause  of  distraction  and  fatigue.  Again, 
if  it  were  practical  it  would  be  of  value 
to  shut  out  the  sight  of  surrounding  ob- 
jects by  separating  the  lathes  or  other 
machines  from  one  another  by  partitions. 

Hours  Influence  Fatigue 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  production 
of  excessive  fatigue,  with  its  accompany- 
ing increase  of  accidents,  can  be  almost 
entirely    avoided    by    choosing    suitable 
hours  of  labor.     It  can  also  be  combated 
by  the   introduction  of    seats     for'\  the 
standing  workers  to  rest  on  occasionally 
when  they  are  not  actually  working,  and 
of  the  most  suitable  seats  possible  for 
sedentary    workers.      The    influence    of 
fatigue  on  accidents  to  women  was  strik- 
ingly shown  at  a  fuse  factory,  when  the 
operatives  were  working  a  twelve-hour 
day,  or  seventy-five  hours  a  week.      The 
women's  accidents  were  2%   times  more 
numerous    th^n    in    the   subsequent   ten- 
hour  day  period,  but  the  men's  accidents 
showed  no  difference.     Also  the  women 
were  treated  for    faintness    nine    times 
more  frequently  than  the  men,  and  wen 
given     sal-volatile     twenty-three     timei 
more  frequently,  whereas  in  the  subse- 
quent ten-hour  day    period    they     were 
treated  for    faintness     and     given     val- 
volatile  only  three  times  more  frequent- 
ly. 

it  was  found  that  w^omen  suffered 
twice  as  frequently  as  the  men  from 
sprains,  and  were  especially  liable  tc 
wrist  sprains  at  the  fuse  factory,  as  they 
had  not  sufficient  strength  to  push  home 
the  clamping  lever  of  the  lathes.  Tho 
women  at  the  shell  factories  suffered 
nearly  four  times  more  bums  that  the 
men,  chiefly  from  hot  metal  turnings,. 
Hence  the  sprains  could  be  reduced  by 
alterations  of  machinery  and  the  burns 
by  protecting  the  hands. 


Volume  XX. 


Heat  Treatment  and  the  Hardening  and  Tempering  of  Steel 

By  Prof.  C.  A.  Edwards,  D.Sc. 
Metallurgical  Dept.  Manchester  University 

Heat  treating  of  steel  mutt  depend  to  a  large  extent  upon  its  carbon  content  and  upon 
it9  other  constituents.  The  author,  m  a  paper  read  before  the  Manchester  Association  of 
Engineers,  gives  interesting  facts  relative  to  heat  treating  in  general,  both  carbon  and  alloy 
steels  being  dealt  with. 


THE  very  wide  variety  of  steels 
which  are  used  in  the  industries  o£ 
the  present  day  are  somewhat  ar- 
bitrarily classified  into  two  groups. 
These  are  the  carbon  steels  and  the  !>o- 
called  special  steels. 

As  regards  carbon  steels,  the  chief  ele- 
ments other  than  iron,  which  are  almost 
invariably  present  in  this  class  are  car- 
bon, manganese,  silicon,  sulphur  and 
phosphorus.  Phosphorus  and  sulphur 
may  definitely  be  regarded  as  im- 
purities; phosphorus  renders  the  metal 
"cold-short,"  whilst  sulphur  makes  it 
"hot-short"  or  brittle  when  at  a  forginj; 
temperature.  The  presence  of  small 
quantities  of  silicon  in  carbon  steel  is 
often  a  distinct  advantage,  especially 
when  considering  the  casting  properties 
of  the  metal.  With  the  correct  amount 
of  silicon  present,  the  formation  of  blow 
holes  can  be  prevented,  and  the  contrac- 
tion which  takes  place  during  solidifica- 
tion can  be  reduced  to  a  minimum,  which 
means  less  trouble  as  regards  "piping" 
and  "drawing." 

In  all  carbon  steels  the  presence  of  a 
certain  amoant  of  manganese  is  essen- 
tial. The  action  of  this  element  is  two- 
fold: (1)  It  reduces  any  oxide  of  iron 
which  may  have  formed  in  the  steel  dur- 
ing the  final  stages  of  its  manufacture, 
and  since  the  influence  of  very  small 
percentages  of  oxide  of  iron  is  so  highly 
deleterious  as  to  make  it  almost  impos- 
sible to  forge  the  material,  the  first 
action  of  manganese  is  that  of  a  cleanser 
of  the  liquid  metal.  (2)  An  excess  of 
manganese  over  that  required  to  de- 
oxidise the  metal  is  necessary  to  com- 
bine with  the  sulphur  present,  and  thus 
convert  that  element,  from  the  objection- 
able compound  sulphide  of  iron  into  the 


FIG.   1— TEMPERING   TEMPERATURE. 

relatively  inert    compound    sulphide    of 
manganese. 

Carbon. — This  is  the  most  important 
constituent  of  all  steels.  As  regards  an- 
nealed carbon  steels,  the  influence  of 
carbon  is  more  or  less  progressively  to 
raise  the  nltimat«  stress  from,  say,  18 


♦on  per  square  inch  when  no  carbon  is 
present,  up  to  something  of  the  order  of 
40  tons  with  0.90  per  cent,  of  carbon.  A 
still  greater  variation  in  the  proportion 
of  these  steels  can  be  brought  about  by 
subjecting  them  to  different  heat  treat- 


easy  to  appreciate  the  peculiar  properties 
of  special  steels. 

In  the    completely    annealed    or     soft 
state  the  carbon  exists  as  carbide  or  iron, 


10 

/ 

-^ 

/- 

^ 

^ 

■«• 

i 

' 

s 

1.. 

i 

/ 

1,0 

1 

^ 

/^ 

to 

y 

L_,_ 

O    t    4     9     9    10   1*  1*    10  1*  ao  XI  »* 

nrvBitagtNUIut.  OOOptrema.  Cea-imt, 

FIG.     3 


ment.  Briefly,  heat  treatment  may  be 
stated  to  consist  (1)  of  hardening  the 
metal  by  quenching  from  a  temperatuie 
which  depends  upon  the  carbon  content, 
and  (2)  tempering  the  hardened  material 
by  heating  to  certain  low  temperatures 
which  are  selected  in  accordance  with  the 
particular  properties  it  is  desired  to  ob- 
tain. It  may  here  be  useful  to  note,  that 
providing  the  quenching  is  properly  con- 
ducted, the  degree  of  hardness  that  is 
attained  increases  more  or  less  propor- 
tionately as  the  carbon  percentage  is 
raised  to  0.90. 

It  is  quite  unnecessary,  even  if  there 
were  time  and  space  at  the  author's  dis- 
posal, to  attempt  to  give  a  detailed  des- 
cription of  the  facts  relating  to  the  cause 
of  the  hardening  that  is  produced  as  a 
result  of  this  simple  quenching  treat- 
ment; and  still  less  is  it  desirable  to  give 


"i  id   ii  Si  fi  it  it  K  io  i^  Ko 

FIG.    2. 

an  account  of  the  many  conflicting 
theories  which  have  been  advanced  Co 
explain  why  the  hardness  is  thus  increas- 
ed. Nevertheless,  it  will  be  advantageous 
briefly  to  draw  attention  to  one  or  two 
of  the  more  salient  features  in  this  con- 
nection, because  they  will  make  it  more 


thn)9tttaff9-  Carbon 

FIG.    4— NICKLE    STEELS. 


Fe.,C,  distributed  throughout  the  mass  of 
iron.  When  this  mixture  is  heated  no 
physical  change  occurs  until  a  tempera- 
ture of  700  deg.  C.  is  reached.  At  that 
temperature,  however,  what  were  pre- 
viously independent  crystals  of  the  com- 
pound Fe,C,  and  iron,  cease  to  exist,  the 
carbide  is  dissolved  by  the  iron.  This 
change  is  accompanied  by  an  evolution 
of  heat. 

The  action  of  the  above  constituent  in 
steel,  when  heated  to  700  deg.  C,  is  in 
many  respects  similar  to  that  of  the  two 
solids,  ice  and  salt,  when  they  are 
brought  into  contact  at  a  temperature 
above  minus  21  deg.  C.  The  only  dif- 
ference being  that  in  the  latter  instance 
the  solution  which  is  formed  is  liquid, 
whilst  in  the  former  it  is  solid.  In  both 
cases  the  original  constituents  can  be 
separated  from  solution  by  cooling  when 
the  latent  heat  of  solution  is  again  given 
out. 

Before  carbon  steel  can  be  hardened  by 
quenching  it  must  be  heated  to  and 
quenched  from  a  temperature  it  which 
the  carbide  of  iron  is  in  solution.  If  the 
quenching  is  sufficiently  rapid  it  prevents 
the  separation  of  the  carbide  and  the 
evolution  of  heat  which  accompanies  that 
change,  and  it  is  the  forcible  retention  of 
the  carbide  in  this  state  which  causes  the 
hardening.  If  a  carbon  steel  such  as  is 
used  for  machine-cutting  purposes  is 
hardened  to  its  maximum  degree,  it 
would  posses?)  a  very  low  elastic  limit 
and  would  consequently  be  quite  brittle. 

The  well-known  operation  of  temper- 
ing is  applied  to  remove  this  initial 
brittleness  and  the  internal  stresses 
which  are  set  up  in  the  quenching  treat- 
ment. The  change  of  hardness  that  is 
brought  about  by  tempering  carbon 
steels  at  different  temperatures  is  quali- 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


83 


tatively  illustrated  in  Fig.  1,  paare  267; 
the  softening  is  due  to  the  carbide  of 
iron  which  was  kept  in  solution,  hy  the 
sudden  cooling  from  hiarh  temperatures, 
being  again  deposited.    Sines  the  amount 


FUf.5 


and,  in  consequence  of  this,  steels  with 
almost  any  desired  combination  of  pro- 
perties can  be  readily  obtained.  There  is 
one  great  advantage  in  the  use  of  these 
special   steels,  namely,   their  properties 


IMoul  hittial  TmnparaJurt,  UXOCC.      InfUunce  of  TntOal  Ttn^sraturrf  on  CrttiaiL  CooHnff  Klcct^. 

FIG.    6. 


of  carbide  in  solution  can  be  regulated 
by  controlling  the  temperature  of  tem- 
pering, it  will  be  seen  that  any  combin- 
ation of  properties  between  the  extreme- 
ly hard  and  brittle  and  the  relatively 
soft  annealed  states  can  be  obtained.  The 
same  results  can  be  produced,  though  the 
operation  is  by  no  means  so  readily 
standardized,  by  quenching  the  metal  in 
different  mediums  or  by  varying  the  tem- 
perature of  theh  quenching  liquids.  In 
both  these  circumstances  the  action  is  to 
vary  the  rate  of  cooling,  and  this  go- 
verns the  temperature  at  which  the  car- 
bide change  tends  to  take  place,  and  aiso 
the  amount  of  that  transformation  which 
actually  occurs. 

With  carbon  steels  it  is  only  possible 
completely  to  harden  the  metal  if  the 
mass  of  steel  is  small.  In  other  words 
these  remarkable  differences  in  the  pro- 
perties are  produced  by  comparatively 
slight  differences  in(  the  rate  at  whicn 
the  mass  is  cooled  from  the  high  temper- 
ature. For  example,  the  exceedingly 
hard  state  is  obtained  if  the  time  taken 
in  cooling  down  from,  say,  900  deg.  C,  is 
only  a  few  seconds,  but  the  metal  is  quite 
soft  if  the  time  taken  to  cool  over  the 
same  range  of  temperature  is  something 
of  the  order  of  5  minutes.  Hence,  it  is 
obviously  impossible  to  bring  about  any 
material  change  of  hardness  or  tensile 
propertieai  throughout  the  mass  of  a 
large  carbon  steel  forging  by  modifying 
the  rate  of  cooling.  With  special  steels, 
however,  this  difficulty  is  completely 
overcome  by  the  introduction  of  such 
elements  as  nickel,  manganese,  tungsten, 
chromium,  etc,  which  may  be  regarded 
as  producing  the  same  effect  as  is  at- 
tained by  quenching  ordinary  carbon 
steels. 

Broadly  speaking,  the  above  and  other 
elements  lower  the  normal  temperature 
of  the  carbide  change,  and  thus  influence 
the  general  mechanical  properties  of  the 
mass  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of 
rapidly-cooling  carbon  steels.  By  vary- 
ing the  percentage  of  these  special  con- 
stituents the  temperature  of  the  carbide 
change  can  be  lowered  to  any  degree 
down    to    the   atmospheric    temperature, 


are  modified  from  within,  and  therefore, 
practically  the  same  quenching  effects 
are  obtained  through  the  whole  mass. 

In  a  lecture  of  this  kind  it  would  hi 
impossible  to  give  anything  like  a  com- 
plete description  of  the  properties  of  all 
the  special  steels  which  are  in  use,  but 
it  is  hoped  that,  by  taking  a  few  typical 
examples  of  some  of  the  more  interesting 
cases,  members  will  be  able  to  form  a 
fairly   good   idea    of   the    action    of   the 


i^pecial  elements     which     are     used     in 
modem  steel   metallurgy. 

Nickel  Steels. — The  influence  of  nickel 
upon  the  thermal  critical  points  of  iron 
is  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  2. 
The  line  AB  shows  the  position  of  the 
critical  points  as  they  occur  when  the 
specimens  are  slowly  cooled  from  moder- 
ately high  temperatures.  This  curve, 
which  also  depicts  the  transformation 
from  the  non-magnetic  into  the  magnetic 
£tate,  indicates  that  with  about  25  per 
cent,  of  nickel  the  change  does  not  take 
place  until  the  atmosphere  temperature 
IS  reached.  Therefore,  with  25  per  cent, 
of  nickel  and  a  very  small  percentage  of 
carbon,  the  steel  is  non-magnetic  at  0 
deg.  C.  If,  however,  such  a  sample  is 
cooled  to  below  0  deg.  C.  the  magnetic 
transformation  is  effected,  and  these 
properties  are  retained  even  when  the 
temperature  is  subsequently  raised  to 
above  500  deg.  C.  The  corresponding 
changes  with  lower  percentages  of  nickel 
and  a  rising  temperature  are  illustrated 
by  the  line  A'  B'. 

It  follows  from  what  has  just  been  said 
that  steels  containing  from  0  per  cent, 
to  25  per  cent,  of  nickel  when  at  tem- 
peratures, within  the  A,  B  B',  may  be 
either  non-magnetic  or  magnetic  accord- 
ing to  whether  they  approached  those 
ranges  of  temperature  by  being  heated 
or  cooled.  This  group  of  steels  is,  there- 
fore, knowa  as  the  irreversible  series, 
because  the  magnetic  transformation  is 


AFTER    CURVE    21;    COOLING    VELOCITY    16 
MIN..    28    SEC;    HARDNESS    337. 


FIG.   7— AFTER   CURVE   22..    COOLING  VELO- 
CITY  12  MIN..   33  SEC;  HARDNESS  398. 


FIG.    8— AFTER    CURVE    23 ;    COOLING    VELO- 
CITY  12  MIN.,  8   SEC;   HARDNESS   503. 


AFTER    CURVE    25;    COOLING     VELOCITY 
MIN.,     35     SEC;     HARDNESS     664. 


84 


CANADIANMACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


not  a  reversible  reaction  as  regrards  con- 
stancy of  temperature. 

Some  idea  of  the  eflFect  of  nickel  upon 
the  tensile  strength  of  iron  will  be  ob- 
tained from  a  glance  at  Fig.  3. 


that  such  facts  can  be  advantageously 
utilized  for  certain  special  purposes. 
Starting  with  a  steel  containing  7  per 
cent,  of  nickel  and  0.10  per  cent,  of  car- 
bon, it  is  possible  by  simply  carburizing 


If        i»  1*        10         s  e         a  it  o'"* 

CooUnff  Rates  in.  Minutes 

FIG.  1»— EFFECT  OF  INITIAL  TEMPERATURE  ON  CRITICAL  COOLING  VELO- 
CITIES  AND   HARDNESS. 


In  this  diagram  the  lower  curve  repre- 
sents the  tensile  strengths  of  slowly-cool- 
ed specimens,  whilst  the  upper  one  cor- 
responds with  th^  quenched  materials. 
With  the  introduction  and  increase  of 
carbon  up  to  0.9  per  cent,  to  the  nickel- 
iron  alloys,  the  effect  is  more  rapidly 
to  raise  the  tensile  strength,  in  other 
words,  the  carbon  acts  in  the  same  di- 
rection as  an  increased  percentage  of 
nickel.  Thus,  for  example,  with  no  car- 
bon the  maximum  ultimate  stress  is  ob- 
tained with  15  per  cent,  of  nickel,  whilst 
with  0.9  per  cent,  of  carbon  practically 
the  same  properties  are  produced  with 
only  7  per  cent,  of  nickel.  One  interest- 
ing result  of  this  has  been  indicated  by 
Dr.  Gnillet,  as  follows: 

Prom  the  diagram  Fig.  3  it  will  be 
observed  that  a  slowly-cooled  steel  witii 
7  per  cent,  of  nickel  and  4ess  than  0.12 
per  cent,  of  carbon  hae  a  tensile  strength 
of  35  ton»;".to  38  tons  per  square  inch,  an 
elast^  limit' of  25  tons  to  28  tons,  and 
elongation  of  about  30  per  cent.  When 
it  is  renfemb^eif  tlia^jt-wteel  containing 
the  same  amoyint  v^  nickel  along  with 


noe       tt0o       itoo       toco       tec     

hilUal  Timpelraturv  Digrmt^  C 

FIG.  II— EFFECT  OF  INITIAL  TEMPERATURE 
ON    HARDNESS   WITH   AIR  COOLING. 

0.9  per  cent,  of  carbon,  possesses,  even 
after  slow  cooling,  practically  the  same 
mechanical  properties  as  a  hardenca 
cutting  tool,  it  will  be  readily  recognized 


the  surface  and  then  allowing  the  article 
to  cool  slowly,  to  obtain  the  same  results 
as  by  carbonizing  and  quenching  an  or- 
dinary mild  carbon  steel.  If  this  is  done 
with  the  necessary  care  all  the  worries 
which  accompany  case-hardening  by 
quenching  can  be  avoided. 

As  a  result  of  investigating  a  large 
number  of  nicked  steels.  Dr.  Guillet  has 
constructed  a  diagram  (Fig.  4)  which 
summarizes  the  data  he  got. 

Whilst  this  chart  is  a  very  useful  one, 
particularly  as  regards  the  effect  of  vary- 
ing compositions  upon  the  internal  struc- 
ture of  the  steels,  there  are  certain  de- 
fects which  need  a  more  complete  ex- 
planation that  he  has  given.  Perhaps  the 
most  important  point  in  this  connection 
is  that  no  account  is  taken  of  the  in- 
fluence of  initial  temperature  and  rate 
of  cooling.  The  question  of  time  is  an 
extremely  important  one  and,  as  I  hope 
to  show  later,  it  needs  very  careful  con- 
sideration. In  fact,  it  is  the  author's 
opinion  that  metallurgists  will  in  the  fu- 
ture have  to  pay  far  more  attention  to 
the  quantitative  examination  of  the  time 
factor  than  they  have  generally  done 
hitherto.  The  necessity  of  studying  the 
influence  of  time  becomes  particularly 
manifest  when  we  come  to  consider 
chromium  steels. 

Chromium  Steels. — Until  quite  recent- 
ly different  investigators  held  diametri- 
cally opopsite  views  as  regards  the  func- 
tion of  chromium  in  steel.  Some  were  of 
the  opinion  that  this  element  tended  to 
retard  the  carbide  transformation  and 
thus  render  the  steel  more  or  less  self- 
hardening,  whilst  others  maintained  that 
it  both  raised  the  temperature  of  that 
change  and  facilitated  its  completion. 
Recent  work  has  shown  that  this  diver- 
sity of  opinion  was  due  to  the  influence 
of  the  time  factor  not  being  properly 
appreciated. 

When  making  experiments  with  a  steel 
containing  a  little  over  6  per  cent,  of 
chromium  and  0.63  per  cent,  of  carbon, 
the  author  observed  the  following  facts: 
Specimens,  1  in.  cube,  were  heated  to 
1,000  deg.  C,  and  then  allowed  to  cool  in 


the  following  manner — one  was  taken  out 
of  the  furnace  and  allowed  to  cool  on  an 
asbestos  pad,  in  still  air,  taking  about 
half  an  hour  to  reach  the  ordinary  tem- 
perature, and  the  other  was  more  slowly 
cooled  in  the  furnace,  the  time  taken  be- 
ing about  an  hour.  The  former  was  ex- 
tremely hard,  but  the  latter  was  quite 
soft.     The  hardness  values  were: 

Brinell 
Hardness  No. 

Cooled  in  air 642 

Cooled  in  furnace 281 

These  facts  clearly  demonstrate  that 
the  rate  of  cooling  plays  an  important 
role  in  determining  whether  the  steel  be- 
comes what  is  known  as  self-hardened 
or  not,  and  they  lead  to  a  thorough  in- 
vestigation of  the  influence  of  time  and 
temperature  upon  the  hardness  of  this 
and  other  chromium  steels. 

For  this  purpose  specimens,  1  in.  cube, 
were  heated  in  a  small  electrical-resist- 
ance furnace  and  then  cooled  at  varying 
rates.  In  order  to  obtain  the  necessary 
variations  in  the  rate  of  cooling,  the 
samples  had  to  be  moved  to  different 
positions  inside,  and  in  some  cases  out- 
side the  furnace.  In  all  experiments  ac- 
curate cooling-curve  data  were  taken 
and  hardness  determination  made. 

A  typical  series  of  cooling  curves  are 
given  in  Fig.  5,  along  with  the  corres- 
ponding rates  of  cooling  and  hardness 
values.  A  few  representative  micro- 
structures  are  also  given  in  Figs.  6,  7,  8 
and  9.  The  curves  and  data  in  Fig.  5 
are  particularly  instructive,  for  they  give 
a  clear  indication  of  the  close  connection 
which  exists  between  the  character  of 
the  carbide  critical  point  and  the  hard- 
ness of  the  steel.  Comparing  the  curve 
No.  20  with  No.  21,  it  will  be  noticed  that 
the  increased  cooling  rate  has  lowered 
the  temperature  at  which  the  carbide 
change  commenced,  but  in  spite  of  this, 
when  the  transformation  once  began,  the 
evolution  of  heat  was  so  great  as  to  cause 
the  temperature  of  the  mass  to  be  raised 
from  700  deg.  up  to  730  deg.  C.  In  curve 
No.  22  the  change  did  not  begin  until 
680  deg.  C,  and  the  heat  that  was  then 
developed  was  not  sufficient  to  give  such 
a  high  rise  of  temperature  as  in  curve 
No.  21.  With  curve  No.  23,  which  was 
only  25  seconds  quicker  than  the  previous 
one,  the  character  of  the  point  is  quite 
different;  there  is  no  real  rise  of  temper- 
ature, but  merely  a  retardation  in  the 
rate  of  cooling,  and  it  will  be  observed 
that  this  comparatively  slight  accelera- 
tion in  the  cooling  rate  has  produced  a 
material  increase  in  the  hardness  of  the 
steel.  With  still  quicker  rates,  the  car 
bide  change  can  be  completely  suppres- 
sed, and  when  this  is  accomplished  the 
maximum  hardness  is  attained.  The 
structures  in  Figs.  6,  7,  8  and  9  confirm 
this,  the  dark  areas  represent  those  in 
which  the  carbide  has  fallen  out  of  solu- 
tion whilst  the  light  areas  correspond 
to  an  extremely  hard  constituent  wherein 
the  carbon  has  been  retained  in  solution. 

Similar  results  got  with  the  same  steel 
when  cooled  from  different  initial  ten- 
peratures  are  plotted  in  Fig.  10,  page 
268.  Here  it  will  be  seen  that  as  the 
initial  temperature  is  raised  the  rate  of 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


85 


cooling  may  be  decreased  to  a  consider- 
able extent  and  hardening  of  the  mecal 
is  still  brought  about.  In  other  words, 
the  critical  rates  of  cooling  which  are 
represented  by  breaks  in  the  respective 
curves  become  longer  as  the  initial  tem- 
perature is  raised.  It  should  be  notad 
that  the  rates  that  are  plotted  in  this 
diagram  are  strictly  comparable,  that  is 
to  say,  they  are  times  taken  to  cool  the 


/ 

/ 

^ 

f 

, 

^ 

y 

/ 

/ 

/ 

'' 

/ 

/ 

pr 

■ 

/ 

c 

f 

A 

_»«» 

FIG.    13-  COOLING    RATE    IN    MINUTES. 


it » ti  ft  ii  uaaU  40 it ii hit  ^itti  j-j  o"" 

FIG.    12— COOLING   RATE  IN  MINUTES. 

specimens  over  a  given  range  of  temper- 
ature which  was  the  same  for  all  experi- 
ments. The  hardnesses  that  were  ob- 
tained for  this  steel  when  cooled  in  the 
air  from  varying  initial  temperatures 
are  plotted  in  Fig.  11,  page  268. 

The  critical  cooling  rates  at  which 
hardening  of  the  steel  becomes  evident 
that  have  been  referred  to  above  ar  not 
only  influenced  by  the  temperature  from 
which  the  cooling  commences,  but  also 
by  the  carbon  and  chromium  content  of 
the  metal.  To  illustrate  this  it  is  only 
necessary  to  compare  the  results  that 
have  been  got  for  three  other  samples, 
with  those  that  have  already  been  des- 
cribed. 

If  we  first  consider  a  steel  containing 
12.6  per  cent,  of  chromium  and  0.28  per 
cent,  of  carbon,  after  cooling  at  various 
speeds  from  1,200  deg.  C,  we  find  that 
its  hardening  characteristics  are  widely 
different  fron\  those  of  a  steel  with  6.0 
per  cent,  chromium  and  0.63  per  cent, 
carbon.  The  hardness-rate  data  for  the 
two  specimens  are  plotted  side  by  side 
in  Fig.  12.  The  hardness  of  the  two 
samples  in  the  annealed  state — repre- 
sented by  the  horizontal  branches  cf  the 
two  curves — are  substantially  d^rerent, 
and  there  is  a  similar  differenoa  between 
the  maximum  hardness  obtained  by 
quick  cooling.  Perhaps  the  most  in- 
teresting feature  is  that  with  6  per  cent, 
of  chromium,  the  cooling  rate  at  which 
hardening  appears  is  12.5  minutes, 
whilst  the  corresponding  rate  for  the 
steel  containing  12.6  per  cent,  of 
chromium  is  50  minutes.    An  even  better 


conception  of  the  effect  of  composition 
in  this  connection  will  be  gained  by  an 
examination  of  the  curves  in  Fig.  13, 
which  relate  to  steels  having  the  follov/- 
ing  compositions. 

Chromium.   Carbon. 

A  6.18  0.37 

B   6.15  0.63 

C    6.16  0.97 

In  this  series  the  chromium  is  practi- 
cally the  same  in  each  case,  whilst  the 
carbon  varies  from  0.37  per  cent,  to  0.97 
per  cent.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  re- 
spective curves. in  Fig.  13,  that  sample 
A  was  more  readily  hardened  than  B,  but 
that  B  was  more  easily  hardened  than  C. 
This  statement  is  not  intended  to  apply 
to  the  degree  of  hardness  which  can  be 
attained,  but  purely  to  the  critical  cooling 
rate.  These  facts  lead  us  to  rather  a 
novel  idea  from  a  metallurgical  stand- 
point, for  it  would  appear  that  by  start- 
ing with  a  steel  containing  6  per  cent,  of 
chromium  and  1  per  cent,  of  carbon,  if 
the  carbon  content  could  be  reduced  in 
any  given  part  of  an  article  to  something 
below  0.60  per  cent.,  it  would  then  only 
be  necessary  carefully  to  adjust  the  rate 
of  cooling  to  get  those  parts  with  the 
low  percentage  of  carbon  intensely  hard 
whilst  the  other  portions  would  remain 
relatively  quite  soft.  In  other  words,  by 
a  process  of  decarburizing  any  required 
surface  it  should  be  possible  to  produce 
the  well-known  case-hardening  effects 
which  are  now  produced  by  carburizing 
other  steels. 

Some  rather  crude  laboratory  experi- 
ments have  been  made  in  this  direction, 
and  the  results  have  shown  that  case- 
hardening  can  be  accomplished  in  this 
way.  Whether  this  is  likely  to  prove  to 
be  of  any  real  practical  value  or  not  the 
author  is  at  present  unable  to  say,  but  it 
would  be  well  worth  making  further  ex- 
periments with  that  in  view.  It  might 
be  possible  to  control  the  process  as 
easily  as  the  carburizing  of  the  nickel 
steel  already  cited,  and  if  that  is  found 
to  be  the  case,  in  ordinary     times     tiie 


chromium  steel  should    be    considerably 
cheaper. 

Tempering  ef  Chromium  Steel 

For  discussing  the  influence  of 
chromium  upon  the  tempering  properties, 
attention  will  be  confined  to  one  example 
which  has  been  selected  on  account  of  its 
indirect  bearing  on  the  question  of  high- 
speed cutting  tools.  Results  are  plotted 
in  Fig.  14,  which  illustrate  the  effect  on 
the  hardness  of  tempering  a  hardened 
steel,  containing  6  per  cent,  of  chromium 
and  0.63  per  cent,  of  carbon,  at  progres- 
sively increasing  temperatures.  These 
results  may  be  summarised  as  follows: 
As  the  temperature  is  raised  to  a  little 
above  300  deg.  C,  the  Brinell  hardness 
falls  from  above  700  to  well  below  600. 
After  heating  between  300  deg.  and  500 
deg.  C.  the  hardness  becomes  a  little 
higher  than  it  was  after  treating  at  300 
deg.  C.  With  temperatures  above  500 
deg.  C.  there  is  a.  rapid  fall  in  the  Brinell 
hardness.  It  should  be  noted  that  the 
percentages  of  chromium  and  carbon  in 
this  steel  are  the  same  as  are  usually 
present  in  a  high-speed  cutting  tool; 
there  is,  however,  no  tungsten  present, 
and  without  that  element  such  a  steel 
cannot  be  used  for  cutting  at  high  speeds. 

Tempering  of  Tungsten  Steel 

The  effect  of  heating  a  hardened  steel 
containing  0.63  per  cent,  of  carbon  and 
19.28  per  cent,  of  tungsten  is  shown  dia- 
grammatically  in  Fig.  15.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  the  absence  of  chromium  this 
material  is  typical  of  a  high-speed  steel. 
In  this  instance  it  will  be  observed  that 
the  Brinel  hardness  of  the  steel  after 
hardening  in  an  air  blast  from  about 
1,300  deg.  C,  is  only  500,  but  that  this 
value  does  not  fall  after  the  material  has 
been  heated  to  temperatures  up  to  500 
deg.  C.  Further,  by  increasing  the 
secondary  heating  to  a  little  over  600 
deg.  C.  1  marked  increase  in  the  hard- 
ness takes  place,  and    reaches    a    value 


CARBON o  eaf. 

CHHomiuM. eis% 

TUNSSTEH HIL. 


CARBON o-en 

TUNeSTEN....I9-2aX 
CHROMIUM.   -NIL. 


"t^be   40C  eot  too  noo 
FIG.  1^.. 


tue  eeo  MB    noo 

2»y  mam  C. 
FIG.  15. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  X 


which  is  jfreater  than  it  was  when  first 
hardened. 

Temperinfr  of  Chromium    Tungsten    and 
High-Speed  Cutting  Steel 

With  steel  containing  18  per  cent,  of 
tungsten,  6  per  cent,  of  chromium  ana 
0.63  per  cent,  of  carbon,  the  effect  of  re- 


Hi'Mtoo'Mk' 


JitframtC 


FIG.  18. 


FIG.  17. 


heating  properly  hardened  samples  is 
shown  in  Fig.  16.  Here  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  steel  is  very  hard  in  the  air- 
hardened  state,  and  that  the  hardness 
falls  rather  markedly  as  the  reheating  is 
raised  to  500  deg.,  but  at  600  deg.  C.  a 
substantial  secondary  hardening  sets  m 
which  makes  the  material  much  harder 
than  it  was  in  the  initially  air-hardened 
state. 

These  facts  are  of  considerable  im- 
portance from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
machine  shop,  for  they  mean  that  high- 
speed tools  should  be  treated  in  such  a 
way  that  they  possess  this  secondary 
hardness  before  they  are  put  into  use. 
This  can  be  effected  in  one  of  two  ways: 
(1)  The  tool  may  be  air-hardened  in  the 
usual  manner  and  then  reheated  to  the 
necessary  temperature,  or  (2)  the  same 
results  can  be  obtained  by  hardening  the 
tool  by  quenching,  from  the  hardening 
temperature,  in  a  bath  of  molten  lead 


or  suitable  liquid  which  is  kept  at  the 
correct  temperature. 

It  has  been  suggested  by  some  workers 
that  this  secondary  treatment  is  not 
necessary  in  order  to  get  the  best  cut- 
ting speeds  out  of  a  tool,  and  that  the 
same  results  can  be  obtained  by  using 
the  tool  in  the  airhardened  state  and 
slowly  increasing  the  cutting  speed  to 
the  maximum.  It  is  quite  true  that  if 
this  is  done  the  frictional  heat  of  the 
work  done  will  indirectly  subject  the  tool 
to  the  secondary  heating,  but  in  so  doin(? 
it  must  be  remembered  that  the  tool  be- 
comes unduly  worn  as  a  result  of  its 
having  unnecessarily  to  pass  through  a 
relatively  soft  condition. 

Hardening  Temperature 

The  temperature  from  which  high- 
speed steels  are  hardened  is  perhaps  the 
most  important  in  the  treatment  of  this 
class  of  steel.  Broadly  speaking,  this 
should  be  practically  as  high  as  possible 
short  of  actually  melting  the  metal.  This 
is  very  clearly  demonstrated  in  Fig.  17, 
which  represents  the  influence  of  re- 
heating samples  of  the  same  high-speed 
steel  referred  to  above,  that  have  been 
air-heated  from  1.050  deg.  C.  In  this 
instance  it  will  be  noted  that  the  steel 
loses  its  hardness  more  quickly  than  il 
it  had  been  hardened  from,  say,  1,25'0 
deg.  C,  and  further  it  does  not  show 
anything  like  the  same  degree  of  second- 
ary hardening. 

The  difference  in  this  respect  is  due 
entirely  to  the  fact  that  the  tungsten 
present  in  these  steels  does  not  complete- 
ly go  into  solution  until  temperatures  ap- 
proaching 1,250  deg.  C.  are  attained;  and 
since  it  is  to  this  element  when  in  solu- 
tion that  we  owe  the  property  of  second- 
ary hardening  and  the  power  of  retain- 
ing hardness  at  high  temperatures,  little 
or  no  return  is  obtained  from  that  costly 
element  unless  the  tool  is  heated  to  a 
high  temperature  prior  to  hardening.  It 
should  be  stated  that  care  must  be  taken 
not  to  heat  the  steel  to  such  an  extent 
that  a  partial  melting  occurs,  for  this 
leads  to  an  embrittling  of  the  tool. 

Experiments  have  been  made  to  deter- 
mine the  variations  in  the  specific 
gravity  of  high-speed  steel  after  being 
air-hardened  and  tempered  at  different 
temperatures.  A  series  of  these  results 
are  plotted  in  Fig.  18,  along  with  the 
hardnesses.     A  change  in  the  hardness 


is  apparently  always  accompanied  with 
a  corresponding  alteration  in  the  volume. 
Thus,  with  each  increase  of  hardness 
there  is  an  increase  of  volume. 

Photomicrograph  No.  19  is  typical  of 
the  structure  of  all  chromium-tungsten 
cutting  steels  when  in  the  annealed  con- 
dition; No.  29  represents  the  normal 
structure  of  a  properly  hardened  sample; 
whilst  No.  21  shows  what  occurs  if  the 
steel  is  overheated,  that  is,  partly  melted 
in  the  hardening  operation.  The  white 
irregular-shaped  areas  or  constituent  at 
the  crystal  boundaries  in  No.  21  are  ex- 
exceedingly  brittle,  and  impart  very  in- 
ferior cutting  properties  to  a  tool. 


CONSERVE    OR    PERISH 

Whether  we  have  a  high  tariff  or  no 
tariff,  an  income  tax  or  a  head  tax, 
direct  or  indirect  taxation,  bimetalisni 
or  a  single  standard,  national  banks  or 
state  banks,  are  matters  which  concern, 
to  be  sure,  the  temporary  convenience 
of  the  members  of  society,  but  their 
prejudicial  adjustment  is  easily  remedi- 
able; when  ill  effects  become  apparent, 
the  inconveniences  may  be  removed'  with 
but  little  harm  to  the'  community  -and 
none  to  mankind  at  large,  or  to  the  fu- 
ture. But  whether  fertile  lands  are 
turned  into  deserts,  forests  into  waste 
places,  brooks  into  torrents,  rivers 
changed  from  means  of  power  and  inter- 
course into  means  of  destruction  and 
desolation — these  are  questions  which 
concern  the  material  existence  itself  of 
society,  and  since  such  changes  become 
often  irreversible,  the  damage  irrcmi- 
able,  and  at  the  same  time  the  extent 
of  available  resources  becomes  smaller 
in  proportion  to  population,  their  con- 
sideration is  finally  much  more  important 
than  those  other  questions  of  the  day.  . . 
Only  those  nations  who  develop  their 
national  resources  economically,  and 
avoid  the  waste  of  that  which  they  pro- 
duce, can  maintain  their  power  or  even 
secure  the  continuance  of  their  separate 
existence. 

IRELAND  has  a  number  of  ancient  water 
power  developments.  Some  of  the  corn 
mills  have  been  uninterruptedly  operated 
by  water  power  since  the  seventh  century, 
one  of  which  is  known  as  St.  Fechin's  in 
County  Westmeath.  Mills  driven  by  water 
power  were  known  in  the  fifth  century. 


FIG.  19— ANNEALED  HIGH  SPEED  STEEL. 


HARDENED    HIGH    SPEED    STEEL. 


HIGH     SPEED     STEEL     HARDENED     AT    TOO 
HIGH     TEMPERATURE. 


July  25,  1918 


British   Government 

Calls  for  Increased 

Production  of 

Shrapnel 


By  A.  G.  WEBSTER 
Associate  Editor  Canadian  Machinery 


THE  new  18  pounder  shrapnel  Mark 
XII.  shell  which  is  now  being 
manufactured  in  Canada  differs 
from  Mark  IX  in  one  or  two  particulars 
but  is  essentially  the  same  shell.  The 
Mark  XII.  shell  is  .615  in.  shorter  than 
the  older  type;  the  walls  are  a  shade 
thicker  but  the  base  is  the  same.  The 
high  outside  diameter  of  the  body  "s 
3.290  in.  and  the  low  3.280  in.,  whereas 
the  Mark  IX.  shell  was  H  3.29  in.  and 
L  3.27  ins.  The  powder  cup  is  deeper 
and  smaller  in  diameter,  as  also  the  dia- 
phragm. These  variations  do  not  neces- 
sarily involve  any  great  change  in  the 
method  of  production  although  the  firm 
at  which  the  methods  are  employed  as 
described  below,  has  introduced"  a  num- 
ber of  new  features  as  a  result  of  the 
experience  gained  in  making  the  pre- 
ceding types  of  shrapnel.  New  devices 
have  been  developed  and  adopted  for  cer- 
tain operations,  with  the  result  that  pro- 
duction per  m.achine  has  been  increased 
with  a  corresponding  gain  in  effeciency. 
In  view  of  the  fact  that  more  shrapnel 
contracts  are  being  placed  in  Canada, 
the  method  of  manufacture  as  described 
below  will  not  be  without  interest. 

Cut  Off  Open  End 

The  first  operation  is  to  cut  off  the 
open  end,  which  is  done  on  regular  cut- 
ting-off  machines  built  by  John  H.  Hall 
&  Son,  Brantford.  The  shell  is  held  in 
the  machine  by  a  universal  chuck  and 
the  correct  position  obtained  by  means 
of  a  rod  gauge  carried  in  a  bracket  on 
the  bed.  When  the  shell  is  placed  in  the 
chuck,  the  rod  is  pushed  down  the  bore 
as  far  as  it  will  go  and  the  shell  pulled 
out  until  the  rod  bottoms  in  the  shell. 
The  shell  is  then  tightened  up  in  the 
chuck,  the  rod  gauge  withdrawn  and  cut 
started.  There  are  two  parting  tools, 
back  and  front,  both  working  simultan- 
eously and  operated  by  the  same  feed 
screw  in  the  cross  slide. 

Rough  Facing  Base 

The  second  operation,  rough  facing 
the  base,  is   done   on  a   Hall  cutting-off 


machine  and  also  a  special  machine  built 
by  the  Hamilton  Gear  &  Machine  Co., 
Toronto.  The  Hall  machine  has  one 
facing  tool  on  front  of  cross  slide.  There 
is  a  rod  in  the  head  for  fixing  the  posi- 
tion of  the  shell.  One  roughing  cut  is 
taken  across  the  base  to  remove  super- 
fluous metal  preparatory  to  the  next 
operation. 

The  standard  Hall  tool  blocks  were 
changed  so  that  the  high-speed  steel  tool 
may  be  cut  off  the  bar  without  forging, 
the  tool  being  set  at  a  slant  of  16  de- 
grees, the  same  as  an  Armstrong  tool 
holder.  This  construction  saves  all  forg- 
ing and  about  half  the  grinding  of  a 
standard  tool. 

The  Hamilton  Gear  &  Machine  Co.'s 
cutting-off  machine  is  used  for  cutting 
off  the  open  end  and  base  at  one  oper- 
ation. The  machine  is  belt-driven 
through  gears  from  the  main  spindle, 
the  tool    slides    being     driven     through 


side  is  a  bar  held  in  a  bracket  for  locat- 
ing the  shell  in  the  correct  position. 

Rough  Turn  Body 

At  the  third  operation  the  body  is 
rough  turned,  copper  band  recess  rougli 
formed  and  base  faced.  Hartness  flat 
turret,  double  spindle  lathes  which  are 
used  exclusively  for  this  work  were  built 
by  the  Jones  &  Lamson  Machine  Co., 
Springfield,  Vt.  This  type  of  lathe  is 
well  known  but  the  tooling  fixtures  were 
specially  designed  for  this  particular 
service.  The  turret  which  is  square  has 
three  sets  of  tool  fixtures,  each  set  is 
in  duplicate  as  the  lathe  has  two  spindles 
and  two  shells  are  thus  machined  at  a 
time.  The  tools  on  the  first  turret  face 
chamber  the  base  diameter  to  help  the 
tools  when  beginning  the  cut  for  rough 
turning.  The  shell  body  is  rough  turned 
for  a  distance  of  about  7%  ins.  from  the 
base.     The   tool  used   is    'A    in.   by   1   \n 


ROUGH  TURN  BODY  AND  COPPER  HAND  RECESS  ON  JONES  &  LAMSON  TURRET  LATHE. 


worm  gears.  There  is  a  tool  post  on 
either  side  of  the  chuck  containing  the 
parting  and  facing  tool  respectively.  The 
chuck,  which  is  of  special  design,  is 
opened  at  the  side  by 'means  of  a  tommy 
bar.     On  the   frame  of  machine  at  one 


high-speed  steel  held  in  the  regular 
Jones  and  Lamson  roller  tu-ner  on  the 
second  face  of  the  turret.  The  fixture 
has  a  hole  for  allowing  it  to  pass  over 
and  around  the  shell  as  the  cut  proceeds. 
The  turning  tool  is  situated  on  one  side 


88 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


of  the  fixture  and  there  are  two  rollers 
on  the  opposite  side.  The  function  of 
the  rollers  is  to  hold  the  shell  up  to  the 
tool  and  at  the  same  time  support  it. 
The  rollers  eng;age  with  the  shell  after 
it  has  been  machiner  and  follow  imme- 


Pewder  Cup  Pocket  and  Diaphragm  Seat 
At  the  next  operation  the  fifth,  the 
shell  is  faced  to  length,  the  open  and 
tapered,  the  powder  cup  pocket,  dia- 
phragm seat  and  the  part  of  body  just 
above  the  seat  are  machined.    This  oper- 


ROUGH   AND   FINISH   BORING,   NOSE   TAPER   AND   FACING   NOSE   ON    JONES    &    LAMSON 

TURRET    LATHE. 


diately  behind  the  turning  tool.  The 
turning  tool  works  in  a  rocker  so  that  iL 
can  be  moved  away  from  the  work  by 
a  small  lever  when  the  cut  is  finished 
and  so  allow  the  turret  to  be  drawn  back. 

The  third  set  of  tooling  fixtures  was 
developed  by  the  company  for  facing  the 
base,  forming  the  base  radius  and  rough 
machining  the  copper  band  recess.  The 
tool  ladder  is  L  shaped  and  has  three 
tools.  One  tool  set  in  a  forward  posi- 
tion faces  the  base.  The  next  tool  at  the 
root  of  the  L  then  forms  a  small  radius 
and  the  third  tool  roughs  the  recess. 
This  fixture  has  also  two  rollers  set  op- 
posite to  the  tools  for  supporting  the 
shell. 

The  shells  are  held  in  universal  scroll 
chucks  with  floating  scroll  so  that  the 
pawls  do  not  govern  the  position  of  the 
shell.  The  shell  is  mounted  on  a  mandril 
fitted  to  the  interior  of  the  lathe  spindle 
and  is  centered  by  two  conical  collars 
sliding  on  the  mandril  and  driven  into 
the  tapering  bore  of  shell  by  coil  springs 
which  are  compressed  by  one  action  of 
shoving  the  forging  on  the  mandril.  This 
latter  is  accomplished  by  moving  the 
turret  forwards  towards  the  head. 

Forming  Base  Radius 

The  fourth  operation  is  a  short  one 
and  consists  of  finishing  the  base  radius. 
An  engine  lathe  which  is  used  for  this 
operation  has  a  special  fixture  attached 
to  the  cross  slide.  This  fixture  has  a 
forming  tool  on  one  side  and  a  roller  on 
the  opposite  side  to  steady  the  shell. 
When  the  shell  has  been  chucked,  the 
lathe  carriage  is  brought  up  to  the  work. 
A  bar  on  the  fixture,  operated  by  hand, 
feeds  the  tool  forward  by  means  of  a 
rtck  and  pinion  and  forms  the  radius. 


ation  is  done  in  a  Jones  &  Lamson  flat 
turret,  single  spindle  lathes,  the  shell 
being  held  in  an  automatic  chuck  special- 
ly designed  for  this  purpose.  The  turret 
has  four  sets  of  tools. 

The  first  tool  is  a  boring  bar  with  a 
forming  cutter  at  the  end  for  roughing 
the  powder  cup  seat,  diaphragm  seat  and 
the  part  of  shell  body  immediately  above 
the  diaphragm  seat.  The  second  tool  is 
a  boring  bar,  the  same  as  the  first  which 
takes  a  second  cut  on  the  powder  cup 
seat,  etc.  The  bar  holder  on  the  turret 
has  a  mortice  carrying  a  cutter  for  fac- 
ing theh  open  end.     The  third  tool  is  a 


ing  to  the  contour  of  shell  at  the  base, 
inside.  The  lubricant  is  fed  through  the 
bars  to  the  tips. 

Wave  and  Undercuts. 

The  sixth  operation  forming  the  wave 
lines  and  undercuts  in  the  copper  band 
recess  is  done  on  heavy  duty  Le  Blond 
lathes  equipped  with  Bertram  attach- 
ments. This  attachment  which  is  fixed 
to  the  ^athe  bed  consists  briefly  of  two 
fixtures,  the  front  for  waving  and  the 
back  one  for  undercutiina:.  The  waving 
fixture  has  a  roller  which  engages  with 
a  cam  on  the  chuck  face  and  is  pressed 
against  the  cam  by  means  of  a  spring. 
The  cam  causes  the  fixture  to  oscillate 
and  form  the  waves.  The  fixture  hold- 
ing the  waving  tool  is  fed  in  by  means 
of  a  cam  fastened  to  the  lathe  carriage, 
the  cam  forcing,  theh  tool  in  when  the 
carriage  is  traversed. 

The  fixture  at  the  back  carries  two 
undercutting  tools,  each  being  fed  in  ai, 
an  angle  by  cams  in  a  similar  mannet 
to  the  waving  tool.  The  waving  and 
undercutting  is  done  simultaneously. 
The  back  fixture  also  carries  a  guide 
pin  which  is  swung  over  to  locate  the 
shell  in  its  correct  position.  The  front 
part  of  shell  is  held  in  a  universal  chuck 
and  the  base  is  carried  in  a  cup  centre 
on  the  tailstock.  Oil  is  used  in  a  lubri- 
cant. 

Heat  Treatment  and  Forging  Nose 

The  heat  treating  installation  at  pre- 
sent comprises  coal-fired  furnaces,  but 
continuous  oil-fired  furnaces  for  harden- 
ing the  shells.  This  is  the  seventh  oper- 
ation. The  shells  are  first  hardened  and 
then  tempered.  The  shells  are  healed 
for  40  minutes  in  a  temperature  of  about 
1,450  degrees  Fahr.  and  then  quenched 
in  oil.  When  a  batch  of  shells  have  been 
quenched  the  oil  flows  out  of  the  tank 
by  gravity  to  an  underground  tank 
equipped  with  cold  water  coils  whick. 
cool  the  oil  before  it  is  pumped  back  to 
the  quenching  tank.     The  shells  are  re- 


WAVING     AND    UNDERCUTTING     COPPER     BAND     RECESS     WITH     BERTRAM 

ATTACHMENT. 


cutter  for  forming  the  taper  on  the  open 
end,  while  the  fourth  is  a  boring  bar 
which  is  similar  to  the  first  and  second, 
finishes  the  powder  cup  seat  etc.  The 
cutters  on  the  boring  bars  are  in  one 
piece  and  are  the  same  shape,  conform- 


moved  from  this  tank  when  practically 
empty.  The  oil  is  circulating  almost 
continually  in  order  to  keep  it  cool.  A 
Bristol  recording  thermometer  is  used 
for  noting  the  temperature  of  the  oil 
in  the  tank. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


89 


The  shells  are  tempered  in  a  gas  fur- 
nace for  40  minutes  and  are  then  allowed 
to  cool  gradually.  The  degree  to  whicn 
the  temperature  is  drawn  is  regulated 
by  the  resultant  schleroscope  reading. 

The  eighth  operation,  the  schleroscope 


haven,  Conn.  The  fifth  tool  consists  of 
a  fixture  with  a  cutter  for  rough  forming 
the  outside  nose  profile.  All  the  stops 
are  set  on  this  machine  when  it  is  be'ng 
tooled  up,  the  stops  being  located  under 
the  turret. 


BORING   AND   THREADING   NOSE.    FORMING   PROFILES    AND   FACING  NOSE  ON  JONES 

LAMSON  TURRET  LATHE. 


test,  now  follows.  Before  being  tested 
the  shells  are  buffed  in  three  places  on 
the  body,  the  band  recess  is  cleaned  up 
and  base  cleaned  up  on  a  grinder.  The 
bore  of  shell  is  also  cleaned  with  a  wire 
brush.  The  shells  are  then  placed  on 
the  schleroscope  and  several  readings 
taken  on  the  scale,  the  readings  ranging 
from  32  to  35  degrees.  At  this  stage 
one  shell  from  a  series  of  500  is  selected 
for  the  tensile  test.  The  test  piece  5 
in.  long  is  cut  out  from  the  body  of 
shell,  from  the  band  recess  up  towards 
the  nose,  machined  to  the  required  shape 
and  sent  to  the  government  laboratory. 
The  requirements  of  the  test  piece  are 
a  tensile  strength  »f  48  tons,  yield  30 
tons  and  an  elongation  of  12  per  cent. 

Lead  pots  are  installed  for  "heating  the 
open  end  of  shells  before  being  closed  in. 
The  hydraulic  nosing  press  was  built  by 
the  Hamilton  Gear  and  Machine  Co.,  and 
operates  at  a  pressure  of  1,500  lbs.  per 
sq.  in.  Closing  in  the  nose  is  the  ninth 
operation. 

Nose  Threads  and  Profiles 

The  tenth  operation  consists  of  boring 
and  facing  the  hole  in  the  nose,  inside 
and  outside  profiles  and  threading  the 
nose.  This  operation  is  done  on  a  Jones 
&  Lamson,  flat  turret,  single  spindle 
lathes  equipped  with  an  automatic  chuck. 
There  are  five  sets  of  tools  on  the  turret. 
The  first  set  rough  bores  the  holes,  faces 
the  nose  and  reughs  the  inside  profile 
for  a  short  distance  behind  the  threads. 
This  set  of  tools  consists  of  two  round 
steel  bars  one  turned  over  at  the  end  for 
profiling  and  the  second  ground  with  a 
square  side  for  rough  boring  the  hole, 
while  the  third  is  square  tool  for  facing 
the  nose.  The  second  tool  in  the  turret 
consists  of  a  short  bar  holding  a  form- 
ing cutter  for  finishing  the  inside  pro- 
file. The  third  tool  consists  of  a  bar 
with  a  single  pointed  tool  and  a  facing 
cutter.  The  former  finishes  the  bore 
and  the  cutter  forms  the  fuse  socket  seat 
bevel.  The  fourth  tool  is  a  collapsible 
tap  for  threading  the  nose.  The  tap  was 
made  by  the  Geometric  Tool  Co.,  New- 


Grind  Base  Diameter 

The  eleventh  operation  is  grinding  the 
base  diameter,  that  is  the  part  of  shell 
between  the  band  recess  and  base.  This 
operation  is  done  on  an  ordinary  engine 
lathe  equipped  with  an  automatic  chuck. 
The  grinding  wheel  is  on  a  fixture  at- 
tached to  the  lathe  carriage  and  it  h.ns 
an  independent  drive,  and  also  a  fi/n 
exhaust  for  carrying  away  dust. 

Finish  Turning  Body 

Finish  turning  the  body  and  outside 
profile  is  the  twelfth  operatioa.  This  is 
done  on  an  engine  lalhe  equipped  with 
a  forming  cam  on  the  carriag.'.  The 
L.ase  of  shell  is  held  in  p  jiiu.;k  and  a 
ir.itaded  centre  is  screwed  into  the  nose 
and  carried  on  the  tailstock  centre.  A 
single  pointed  turning  tojl  is  used,  the 
feed  being  controlled  by  the  came  which 


Inspecting  and  Marking 

After  the  shells  have  oeen  finish- 
turned  they  are  washed  in  a  hot  solution 
of  soda  and  water  to  remove  the  grease, 
etc.  The  preliminary  government  in- 
spection follows  when  the  shells  are 
carefully  examined,  gauged  and  weighed. 

The  shells  are  also  arranged  accord- 
ing to  their  series  and  passed  along  to 
the  marking  machine.  This  machine, 
which  was  built  by  the  Hamilton  Gear  ti 
Machine  Co.,  is  power  driven  and  has  a 
die  holder  which  marks  the  shell  resting 
in  a  horizontal  position  on  two  rollers. 
The  marks  are  18  pdr.  XH.,  initials  of 
the  manufacturer,  date,  and  series  num- 
ber. The  heat  number  is  marked  on  the 
shell  body  by  a  similar  machine. 

Copper  Band  Press 

The  copper  band  press  was  made  by 
the  Hamilton  Gear  &  Machine  Co.  It 
has  six  hydraulic  cylinders  and  operates 
at  a  pressure  of  1,600  lbs.,  per  sq.  in.  In 
the  centre  of  the  press  there  is  a 
plunger  operated  by  a  foot  lever  outside. 
When  the  shell  is  put  in  the  press  it  is 
raised  up  a  short  distance  by  means  of 
the  foot  lever  and  the  pressure  applied 
twice.  The  shell  being  given  a  turn  be- 
tween each  squeeze.  This  applies  tne 
pressure  to  the  middle  of  the  band  op- 
posite the  waves.  The  foot  lever  is  then 
released  and  the  shell  settles  down  to  the 
normal  position.  The  pressure  is  then 
applied  three  times,  the  shell  being  again 
given  a  turn  between  each  squeeze.  The 
pressure  is  applied  on  the  side  of  the 
band  completely  filling  the  recess  and 
forcing  it  into  the  undercuts. 

Copper  Band  Turning 

The  copper  bands  are  turned  on  engine 
lathe  fitted  up  for  this  purpose.  The 
base  end  is  held  in  a  chuck  while  the 
nose  which  has  the  screwed  centre  is 
carried  on  the  tailstock  centre.  A  fixture 
on  the  lathe  bed  carries  two  tools,  front 
and  back. 


FINISH  TURN    OPERATION    ON    SHRAPNEL   BODY    AND    PROFILE. 


is  located  under  the  cross  slidt.  A  spring 
keeps  the  tool  box  against  the  cam  and 
also  forms  the  correct  profile.  The  cut 
sLarts  at  the  band  reces.i,  t-••a^'cli  along 
fir.lshing  the  body  and  Lh^:;!  the  nose 
profile.  ' 


The  tools  are  mounted  vertically,  the 
back  tool  being  inverted.  The  band  is 
roughed  by  the  back  tool  while  the  front 
tool  makes  the  finishing  cut,  the  opera- 
tor traversing  the  tool  slide  back  and 
forward  to  marks  on  the  rim  of  a  9  in. 


90 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


hand  wheel,  giving  a  very  fine  control 
over  the  diameter  of  the  finished  band. 
The  fixture  also  carries  a  rest  for  a 
hand  turning  tool  which  removes  the 
burrs. 

Assembling  and  Loading 
The  shells  pass  on  to  the  assembling 


TURNING  COPPER   BAND. 


department  where  the  tin  powder  cup, 
diaphragm  and  firing  tube  are  placed 
in  position.  The  tube  is  screwed  into  the 
diaphrag;m.  The  shells  are  then  loaded. 
A  shell  is  placed  under  a  hopper  which 
measures  each  charge  of  bullets.  At  the 
bottom  of  the  hopper  is  a  box  contain- 
ing approximately  the  quantity  of  bullets 
required.  When  the  box  is  pulled  out  it 
discharges  underneath,  the  bullets  fall- 
ing through  a  funnel  into  the  shell.  At 
the  same  time  a  slide  on  top  of  the  box 
closes  the  exit  from  the  hopper  prevent- 
ing the  bullets  from  falling  down  when 
the  shell  is  being  loaded.  A  stop  on  the 
bench  locates  the  shell  in  the  proper 
position  for  loading.  Each  shell  holds 
about  292  bullets,  ^  in.  diameter,  and 
weighing  41  to  the  pound.  The  charge 
of  bullets  weighs  rather  over  7  pounds. 
The  shell  is  rapped  to  settle  the  bullets 
and  then  weighed. 

The  shells  then  pass  on  to  be  filled 
with  hot  resin  at  350  degrees.  There  are 
two  resin  boilers,  one  above  the  other 
and  heated  by  gas  burners.  To  prevent 
any  possibility  of  fire  the  top  boiler  has 


an  overflow  into  the  bottom  boiler  which 
also  has  an  overflow  into  a  tank  under 
the  table  and  away  from  the  fire.  Thei'e 
is  a  thermometer  on  the  lower  boiler. 
The  shells  are  filled  from  the  lower  boiler 
by  a  %  in.  stream  of  resin  up  to  the 
middle  of  the  threads  in  the  nose.  The 
shells  are  then 
weighed,  and 

weight  corrected 
by  bullets  or 
buckshot. 

The  brass  nose 
socket  is  first 
entered  in  the 
threads  by  hand 
and  then  screw- 
ed in  tight  on  a 
drill  press  equip- 
ped with  a  special 
three-bladed  tool, 
something  after 
the  style  of  a  box 
mill  which  grips 
with  the  blades, 
digging  into  the 
brass  socket  as 
the  drill  spindle  is  faced  down  by  hand. 
The  firing  tubes  are  at  present  being 
soldered  into  the  brass  socket  but  a  new 
method  is  being  developed  for  doing  this 
work.  The  new  device  is  something 
along  the  line  of  a  boiler  tube  expander, 
which,  when  turned  round  in  the  tube, 
expands  it  in  the  socket.  The  new  type 
of  socket  will  not  have  a  level  at  the 
edge   of  the   hole. 

Finishing  Socket 

The  brass  socket  is  finished  in  a  single 
purpose  lathe  built  by  the  Hamilton  Gear 
&  Machine  Co.  At  this  operation  the 
inside  face  of  socket  is  finished,  socket 
profile  turned  and  recess  formed.  The 
fixture  on  lathe  carriage  has  three  tools. 
The  first  is  a  cutter  at  the  front  which 
roughs  the  socket  profile.  The  second 
tool  in  the  centre  removes  the  projecting 
end  of  firing  tube  and  cleans  up  the  face 
of  socket.  When  this  tool  has  finished 
its  work  the  third  tool  at  the  back  forms 
the  recess.  The  middle  tool  holder  carries 
a  swinging  stop  for  locating  the  shell  in 
the  correct  position.    This  stop  is  swung 


back  before  the  operation  begins. 

The  socket  is  then  cleaned  and  hand 
tapped,  the  V*  in.  grub  screw  hole  hand 
tapped  and  powder  cup  cleaned  out  with 
compressed  air. 

Final  Operations 

The  brass  sockets  are  first  inspected 
and  the  shells  sorted  into  their  proper 
series.  The  shells  are  then  weighed; 
this  is  the  final  weighing.  The  proof 
shell  is  taken  out,  one  from  each  series 
and  the  shells  then  undergo  the  final 
inspection. 

The  shells  are  given  two  coats  of  black 
paint  on  a  machine  having  six  spindles 
rotated  by  power.  The  second  coat  is 
put  on  when  the  shells  are  dry,  the  body 
being  painted  lack  and  the  nose  red. 
The  shells  are  afterwards  placed  on 
shelves  to  dry  and  the  paint  inspected. 
A  nose  plug  is  screwed  into  the  nose 
socket  and  the  shells  are  packed,  six  in 
a  box. 

Weights 

The  18  pdr.  shrapnel  weighs  18  lbs. 
8  ozs.  with  fuse  and  powder  charge  and 
16  lbs.  10  ozs.  14  drs.  without  the  fuse. 
At  the  preliminary  inspection  before  the 
copper  band  is  pressed  on  the  shell 
weighs  7  lbs.  10  ozs.  8  drs. 

The  shell  forging  comes  to  the  plant 
with  the  heat  number  on  the  base.  This 
is  transferred  to  the  open  end  after  the 
base  is  cut  off.  A  symbol  is  used  to  rep- 
resent the  heat  number  throughout  the 
various  operations  until  marking  when 
the  original  number  is  substituted  for 
the  symbol.  The  symbol  or  mark  is 
transferred  to  the  body  when  the  open 
end  is  tapered  and  again  to  the  base  in 
the  hardening  room.  It  is  transferred 
finally  to  the  body  at  the  marking  oper- 
ation. 

The  shells  are  inspected  and  gauged 
after  each  operation,  in  addition  to  the 
preliminary  and  final  government  in- 
spections. An  economical  method  of  us- 
ing tool  steel  is  in  vogue  at  this  plant. 
Pieces  of  tool  steel,  too  small  to  be  useo 
in  the  ordinary  way  are  electric  arc  weld- 
ed to  mild  steel  shanks,  one  or  more  tips 
to  a  shank.  These  "-elded  tips  have 
proved  both  serviceable  and  economical. 


LOADING,     ASSEMBLING     AND     FINAL     INSPECTION     DEPARTMENT. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


>1 


CANADA      MACHINERY      CORPORA- 
TION'S NEW  SHOP 

THE  Canada  Machinery  Corpora- 
tion has  recently  made  an  impor- 
tant extension  to  its  plant  at  Gait, 
Ont.,  which  will  enable  this  progressive 
concern  to  extend  the  scope  of  its  acti- 
vities and  take  care  of  the  increasing 
volume  of  business.  The  new  building 
which  was  erected  by  P.  H.  Secord  & 
Sons  of  Brantford,  Ont.,  will  be  used 
as  a  machine  shop,  and  the  machinery 
that  will  be  installed  there  will  be  built 
in  the  company's  own  shops.  The  new 
shop  will  be  particularly  useful  for 
building  the  larger  types  of  machine 
tools  as  the  layout  will  permit  of  heavy 
machinery  being  installed  and  ample 
space  for  handling  big  castings.  The 
building  is  of  steel  and  brick  construc- 
tion and  is  practically  fireproof.  The 
building  is  182  feet  long  and  consists 
of  three  bays. 

The  centre  bay  is  51  feet  wide  and  36 
feet  high  and  covered  with  a  gable  roof. 
As  this  portion  of  the  building  projects 
above  the  other  bays  ample  light  for 
the  centre  of  the  building  is  pro- 
cured by  means  of  lantern  windows. 
These  windows,  swivelling  in  the  centre 
and  being  under  control  from  the  floor, 
give  excellent  ventilation.  A  twenty- 
five  ton  Niles  electric  crane,  24  feet  a- 
bove  the  floor,  makes  it  possible  to 
handle  the  heaviest  castings  or  machines 
along  the  entire  length  of  the  building 
and  to  load  or  unload  same  to  or  from 
the  G.  T.  R.  switch,  which  enters  the 
building  at  the   south   end. 

The  second  or  west  bay  is  46  feet  wide 
and  is  lighted  by  what  is  practically  an 
all  glass  wall.  The  east  bay,  which  is 
89  feet  wide,  is  covered  by  a  modem 
saw  tooth  type  roof,  which  provides 
the  maximum  amount  of  light  and  ven- 
tilation. The  smaller  cranes  are  in- 
stalled in  this  bay. 


What  at  once  attracts  the  notice  of 
every  practical  shop  man  is  the  entire 
absence  of  steam,  water,  or  heating 
pipes  or  electric  wiring,  all  these  ser- 
vices being  contained  in  underground 
distribution  ducts.  These  ducts,  into 
which  one  may  descend  by  trap  doors 
in  the  floor,  are  very  large  and  act  pri- 


tools  used  in  this  section  of  the  country, 
including  10  ft.-16ft.  boring  mill,  large 
planers,  and  large  horizontal  borers,  the 
remainder  being  utilized  to  build  such 
large  and  heavy  iron  tools  as  have  pre- 
viously been  built  by  this  firm  only  with 
difficulty.  The  west  bay  will  be  filled 
with   somewhat  lighter  machinery,  while 


INTERIOR     VIEW    OF    NEW.  SHOP     AT    THE    CANADA     MACHINERY     CORPORATION, 


marily  to  convey  heat  to  the  various 
portions  of  the  building,  and  are  built 
of  solid  concrete. 

The  heating  apparatus  consists  of  a 
large  steel  plate  fan  with  direct  con- 
nected steam  engine,  and  headers  of 
steam  coils  installed  by  Sheldons,  Ltd., 
of  Gait.  It  is  situated  in  the  centre  of 
the  east  bay.  This  system  of  heating 
has  the  advantage  in  that  while  it  will 
rapidly  warm  up  a  building,  it  provides 
an  even  distribution  of  heat  as  well  as 
a  constant  change  of  air. 

The  matter   of  daytime  lighting  having 


the  east  bay  will  consist  of  an  erecting 
floor  for  lighter  tools  and  of  a  smithing 
shop,  which  will  be  located  at  the  south 
end.  The  blacksmith  shop  is  provided 
with  a  cement  floor. 

Electricity  generated  by  steam  in  the 
company's  present  power  house  and  con- 
ducted to  the  various  points  of  service 
by  underground  ducts  is  the  form  of 
power  to  be  used,  but  by  means  of  a 
rotary  transformer  Hydro  current  can 
also  be  used  for  overtime  work  and 
lighting. 


CENTER  BAY,  FROM  THE  NORTH. 


Both  of  these  latter  portions  of  the 
building  have  a  clear  overhead  space  of 
16  feet.  The  total  area  of  the  building 
is  34,400  sq.  ft.,  unobstructed  by  inter- 
ior walls  or  other  obstructions  excepting 
the  steel  columns. 

The  flooring  consists  of  a  thick  con- 
crete base  overlaid  by  2-inch  pine 
planking  bedded  in  pitch,  and  in  turn 
covered   by   hardwood    matched   flooring. 


been  fully  explained  in  the  preceding  de- 
scription it  remains  only  to  say  that 
every  eff'ort  has  beben  made  to  have  the 
artificial  lighting  unexcelled.  While  the 
lower  portions  of  the  building  interior 
are  painted  black,  the  upper  portions 
are  white  for  the  purpose  of  making 
the  building  as  l^right  as  possible. 

The  centre  flooi   is  to  be  used  in  part 
for  the  placing  of  some  of  the  heaviest 


SCIENCE    AND    BUSINESS 

In  several  British  industries,  native 
raw  materials  are  now  being  utilized 
where  before  the  war  such  materials 
were  imported  from  the  continent  sim- 
ply because  the  manufacturer  did  not 
happen  to  know  that  ample  supplies  of 
the  same  were  at  his  very  door,  a  fact 
of  which  he  would  have  been  informed 
had  he  consulted  competent  scientific 
authorities.  This  is  well  illustr.-?.ted  in 
the  case  of  one  of  the  largest  steel  cor- 
porations of  England  which,  until  1914, 
had  been  importing  from  Austria,  through 
a  German  firm,  a  certain  material  for 
lining  its  converters.  As  time  wore  on, 
and  the  supply  diminished,  complacency 
gave  place  to  anxiety.  Finally,  the 
directors  decided  to  call  in  scientific  ad- 
vice. They  were  referred  to  the  geo- 
logists who  informed  them  that  a  bount- 
tiful  supply  of  the  material  in  question 
was  available  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  their  own  plant.  The  information 
was  acted  upon,  a  shaft  was  sunk  at  no 
great  distance  from  their  furnaces,  and, 
as  a  result,  the  company  is  now  mining 
in  sufficient  quantities  on  its  own  account 
the  material  formerly  imported. 


92 


Volume   XX. 


Manufacturing  the 

British  6  in. 

Mark  XIII.  H.E.  Shell 


By  A.  G.  Webster* 


AT  the  present  time  the  munitions 
plants  in  Canada  are  producing 
more  6  in.  H.  E.  shells  than  any 
other  type,  and  in  the  particular  plant 
covered  in  this  article  the  methods  used 
will  be  of  some  value  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  production  has  considerably  exceed- 
ed contract  requirements,  thus  indicating 
unusually  high  efficiency.  In  passing 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  very  good 
production  records  have  been  obtained 
in  the  past  on  other  types  of  shell.  To 
enable  the  reader"  to  judge  as  to  the 
size  of  the  plant  it  may  be  stated  that 
at  the  present  time  production  is  running 
at  the  rate  of  3,700  shells  in  24  hours 
with  every  possibility  of  the  4,000  marli 
being  reached  at  no  distant  date. 

The  shell  shop  is  divided  into  two 
sections,  "A"  and  "B"  plant.  Each  plant 
is  distinct  in  its  layout,  but  the  system 
and  character  of  the  operations  are  iden- 
tical. The  machine  tools  used  for  cer 
tain  operations  vary  in  some  cases,  but 
the  same  results  are  being  obtained,  so 
there  is  in  reality  very  little  difference 
between  the  two  plants,  at  least  not 
sufficient  to  draw  any  fine  distinctions 
and  for  the  sake  of  brevity  both  plants 
will  be  included  together. 

The  outstanding  feature  in  the  layout 
of  this  plant  is  the  system  of  tables  in- 
stalled to  facilitate  the  handling  of  the 
shells.  After  the  shells  leave  the  cut- 
ting off  machine,  at  the  first  operation, 
they  never  touch  the  floor  until  they 
are  boxed  for  shipping.  Not  only  does 
this  system  tend  to  increase  efficiency, 
but  it  also  saves  an  enormous  amount 
of  time  and  energy,  the  latter  being  a 
particularly  important  factor  when  con- 
sidering the  weight  of  the  6-inch  shell. 
A  number  of  women  are  employed,  which 
would  be  hardly  possible  except  by  hav- 
ing some  system  of  handling  the  shelU 
with  a  minimum  amount  of  lifting  and 
carrying.  The  tables  extend  in  rows 
practically  the  full  length  of  the  shop 
while  the  machines  are  arranged  in  rows, 
in  groups,  on  either  side  of  the  tables. 
In  some  cases  as  many  as  5  rows  of 
machines,  with  4  in  a  row,  are  installed. 
The  general  system  of  drive  is  from  line 
■hafts  motor-driven  and  hangers  equip- 


ped with  S  K  F  ball  bearings.  The 
shells  start  one,  end  of  the  shop,  pro- 
ceed up  one  side  and  down  the  other, 
finishing  at  the  end  where  they  started. 
Wherever  possible  air  chucks  are  used 
with  collet  chucks  or  expanding  man- 
drels according  to  the  character  of  the 
work. 

The  shell  which  is  being  produced  ac 
this  plant  i&l  the  British  6-inch  Mark 
XIII.  high  explosive.  The  forgin^- 
weighs  120  pounds,  is  6%  inches  diameter 
and  not  less  than  23  inches  long. 

Cut  Off  Open  End 

The  first  procedure  is  to  mark  the 
shell  at  the  point  where  the  open  end 
has  to  be  cut  off.  The  shells  are  lifted 
from'  the  ground  to  a  table  by  an  air 
hoist.  A  gauge  is  placed  on  the  shell 
and  a  mark  punched  on  the  outside  bod>, 
near  the  open  end.  The  mark  is  gaugea 
in  relatioi>  to  the  bottom  of  the  bore. 
The  shells  are  then  rolled  along  to  the 
cutting-off  machines  supplied  by  John  S. 
Hall   &   Sons,  Brantford,   Ont.,  and  are 


arranged  between  rows  of  tables.  The 
machines  have  two  high-speed  steel  cut- 
off tools  set  opposite  and  operated  sim- 
ultaneously towards  the  centre  by  a 
cross  feed  screw  which  is  operated  by 
worm  gears  driven  from  the  head-stock 
gear.  The  shells  are  lifted  from  the 
tables  to  the  machines  by  pulley  blocks 
and  overhead  runways,  one  for  each  ma- 
chine. Production  per  machine  per  hour 
is  18. 

Centering  Base 
The  second  operation,  drilling  the  cen- 
tre in  base,  is  done  on  a  machine  equip- 
ped with  an  expanding  mandrel  and  a 
sliding  fixture  holding  a  No.  5  combin- 
ation drill  and  countersink.  This  fix- 
ture, which  has  an  independent  drive 
from  the  countershaft,  is  moved  out  of 
the  way  when  the  shell  is  placed  on  the 
mandrel  and  then  placed  in  a  central 
position.  The  handwheel  on  the  spindle 
feeds  the  drill  forward  when  forming 
the  centre  in  the  bore. 


•Awoclate  KdHor.  CanmdUn  Maehincnr 


FIRST  ROUGH  TURN  OPERATION  ON  A  MONTREAL  LATHE 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  II  I  N  K  R  Y 


93 


First   Rough   Turn 

Bridgeford  and  Montreal  lathes  are 
installed  for  rough  turning  the  body, 
which  is  the  third  operation.  The  Bridge- 
ford  lathes  are(  driven  through  a  fric- 
tion clutch  while  the  Montreal  lathes 
have  a  clutch  in  the  headstock  and  a 
friction  pulley  driven,  direct  from  the 
countershaft.  The  thrust-bearing  is 
equipped  with  S  K  F  ball  bearings. 
The  mandrel,  which  is  of  the  short  ex- 
panding type,  has  four  rollers  whicii 
grip  the  bore  tight  immediately  the  tool 
begins  to  cut.  One  roughing  cut  is  taken 
the  entire  length  of  the  shell.  The  tool 
used  is  "Stellite"  welded  tip,  the  cuttin.^r 
speed  being  60  feet  per  minute  with  78- 
inch  feed.  The  rough  turning'  reduces 
the  outside  diameter  to  6.13  inches. 
Overhead  runways  and  Wright  hoists  are 
installed  for  handling  the  shells  between 
the  tables  and  lathes.  Production  per 
machine  per  hour  is  8. 

Boring  Operations 

The  fourth  operation  comprises  the 
fiT&i  and  second  rough  bore  and  finish 
bore.  Hepburn  single  purpose  machines 
are  used  for  this  operation.  They  are 
equipped  with  Hyde  air-operated  chucks 
and  S  K  F  thrust  bearings.  The  loose 
pulley  is  also  equipped  with  S  K  F  ball 
bearings.  The  first  rough  boring  is  done 
with  a  single  pointed  tool  which  roughs 
the  straight  part  of  the  bore.  The  sec- 
ond rough  boring  is  done  with  a  boring- 
head,  which  rousrhs  the  bore,  the  con- 
tour and  base.  The  third  tool  is  similar 
to  the  second  and  it  finishes  the  shell 
inside.  The  second  and  third  boring  bars 
have  a  straight  cutter  on  the  bar  proper, 
while  the  end  section  or  point  carries 
the  forming  cutters  for  contour  and  base. 
Cutting  lubricant  is  fed  through  each  of 
the  bars  to  the  point.  High-  speed  steel 
is  used  for  this  operation,  the  speed  for 
the  roughing  being  about  60  feet  per 
minute  with  a  Vs-inch  feed.  The  bore  is 
4.24  inches  in  diameter  after  machining. 
Production  about  15  per  hour. 


FORMING  CHAMFER  ON   OPEN   END   OF   6-INCH   SHELL 


Rough  Face  Base 

The  fifth  operation  is  cutting  off  the 
base,  which  is  done  on  a  number  of  cut- 
ting-off  machines  by  various  makers, 
principally  the  John  S.  Hall  &  Sons,  Al- 
latt  Machine  Tool  Co.,  and  T.  H.  Sym- 
ington. These  machines  have  universal 
chucks  with  a  stop  in  the  centre  to  fix 
the  position  of  the  shell.  The  lathe  car- 
riage is  stationary*  and  the  cross  slide 
carrying  the  tool  post  provides  for  the 
feed.  A  high  speed  steel  tool  is  used 
for  this  work.     Production   14  per  hour. 

Re-Centre 

The  base  centre  has  been  removed  at 
the  previous  operation  so  the  base  has 
to  be  centced.  The  re-centreing  is  done  on 
Le  Blond  lathes  having  expanding  man- 
drels operated  by  Hyde  air  chucks.  The 
tool  holder  or  cross-slide  holds  a  No.  5 
combination  drill  and  countersink.     The 


BORING    6-INCH    SHELL    ON    HEPBURN     LATHE. 


drilling  fixture  is  moved  out  of  the  way 
when  putting  the  shell  on  the  mandrel 
and  then  moved  back  to  a  central  posi- 
tion. The  feed, is  taken  care  of  by  the 
lathe  carriage.  In  this  case  the  shell 
rotates  and  the  drill  is  stationary. 

Second  Rough  Turn 

Another  rough  turning  operation  now 
follows.  This  is  the  second  and  turns 
the  shell  concentric  with  the  new  centre. 
Le  Blond  and  Davenport  lathes  are  used 
on  this  work.  The  mandrel  has  self- 
tightening  rollers,  as  used  on  the  firit 
rough  turn.  A  "Stellite"  tool  is  used  at 
this  operation,  the  speed  being  90  feet 
per  minute  and  feed  %  inch.  The  outside 
diameter  is  now  6.08  inches.  Production 
14  per  hour. 

Chamfer  Ol>en  End 

At  the  eighth  operation  the  open  enci 
is  chamfered  for  about  2  inches  down 
to  relieve  the  nose  for  the  forging.  Hep- 
burn lathes  equipped  with  Hyde  air 
chucks  are  used  for  this  work.  A  fix- 
ture is  mounted  on  the  lathe  carriage, 
having  two  tools,  one  is  at  an  angle  for 
hogging,  and  forms  the  chamfer  while 
the  other  is  square  and  faces  up  the  open 
end.  The  outside  diameter  of  open  end 
after  chamfering  is  5.14  inches.  Produc- 
tion 60  per  hour. 

Buffing  Bore 

The  continuity  of  the  long  table  is  at 
this  point  broken  by  a  cross  table.  The 
shells  which  have  been  rolling  from  one 
operation  to  another,  now  are  transfer- 
red to  cross  table  and  examined.  A  let- 
ter is  also  painted  on  the  body  to  indi- 
cate more  clearly  the  heat  number.  The 
heat  number  was  transferred  to  the  boQ> 
from  the  base  before  the  base  was  cut 
off  at  the  fifth  operation. 

Near  the  cross  table  is  a  row  of 
grinding  machines  for  buffing  the  bore 
which  is  the  ninth  operation.  The  buff- 
ing machine  has  a  long  horizontal  spin- 
dle, at  the  end  of  which  are  two  short 
fingers,  each  holding  a  piece  of  abra- 
sive material.     The  high  speed  of  this 


94 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


BUFFING  BOKE  6-INCH  SHELLS 


spindle,  3,000  r.p.m.,  causes  the  fingers. 
to  fly  out  by  centrifugal  action.  The 
internal  bufRng  machines  were  built  by 
the  Roelofson  Machine  &  Tool  Co.,  Gait, 
Ont. 

The  shell  which  rests  on  a  carriage  fit- 
ted with  roller-bearings  is  moved  back 
and  forth  while  the  spindle  is  rotating 
and  the  bore  being  ground.  This  oper- 
ation gives  a  smooth  finish  to  the  bore 
by  removing  tool  marks.  The.  spindles 
of  these  machines  run  in  S  K  P  ball-bear- 
ings and  the  countershaft  is  also  equip- 
ped with  these  ball-bearings.  The  shells 
are  then  carried  back  to  the  cross  bench 
and  cleaned  out. 

Forging    Nose 

The  tenth  operation  is  forging  the 
nose.  In  the  "B"  plant  there  are  five 
"Mecol"  six-hole  furnaces,  and  tbree  Per- 
rin  hydraulic  presses.  In  "A"  plant 
there  are  three  "Mecol"  furnaces  and 
two  Perrin  presses.  The  pressure  for 
these  presses  is  supplied  by  a  vertical, 
motor  driven,  triplex  pump,  built  by  the 
Canadian  Boomer  Boschert  Press  Co., 
Montreal.  Accumulators  are  installed  in 
connection  with  the  presses  and  pumps. 
The  furnaces  are  arranged  in  one  row 
and  have  a  gravity  conveyor  running 
the  entire  length  iri.  front.  The  shells 
roll  from  a  table  to  the  conveyor  and 
are  then  pushed  along  the  conveyor  lo 
the  furnaces.  The  furnaces  are  oil- 
fired  and  the  correct  heat  is  judged  by 
the  appearance  of  the  nose.  Too  much 
heat  causes  a  coating  of  scale  and  too 
much  air  in  the  furnace  will  also  pro- 
duce the.  same  result.  If  the  nose  is 
heated  too  far  down  it  is  liable  to  buckle 
when  in  the  press. 

The  presses  are  situated  in  front  of 
the  furnaces  and  have  an  overhead  run- 
way. The  shells  are  lifted  from  the 
furnace  by  tongs  suspended  from  the 
runway',  and  placed  on  the  press  table. 
The  dies  are  in  the  head  of  the  press 
and  the  table  is  pushed  up  by  the  ram 
underneath.  When  the  nose  has  been 
forged  the'  shells  are  carried  by  sus- 
pended tongs  to  a  table.    A  continuation 


of  the  overhead  system  extends  out  into 
the  machine  shop  and  the  shells  are  car- 
ried by  ton^'i  to  another  table  where 
they  remain  until  cool.  The  profile  ex- 
tends 6.28  inches  from  end  of  nose. 

Ream  and  Seat  Fuse  Hole 

A  resumption  is  now  made  of  the  ma- 
chining operations.  The  nose  haviiiij 
been  forged,  the  fuse  holet  can  be  ma- 
chined. This  operation  is  done  on  turret 
lathes  or  on  engine  lathes  equipped  with 
a  turret.  The  machines  used  are  Le- 
Blond  and  Davenport  lathes  equipped 
with  Hannifin  air  chucks. 

The  turret  contains  five  high-speed 
steel  tools.  The  first  is  a  flat  hogging 
drill  for  roughing  the  hole.  The  second 
is  a  single  pointed  tool  for  rough  boring, 
while  the  third  is  a  double  cutter  for 
forming  the  fuse  seat  bevel.  The  fourth 
is  a  single  pointed  tool  for  finishing  bor- 
ing the  hole,  while  the  fifth  is  a  reamer 


for  reaming  the  hole.      The  hole  is  1% 
inch  diameter  after  this  operation. 

Finish   Turn 

The  twelfth  operation  is  finish  turn 
on  Le  Blond,  American  and  also  Bridge- 
ford  axle  lathes  equipped  with  self- 
lightening  mandrils,  as  used  at  the  other 
turning  operations.  The  profiling  at- 
tachment is  carried  on  brackets  at  the 
rear  of)  the  lathe.  The  brackets  carry 
a  shaft  with  a  clamp  attached,  acting 
as  a  pivot  for  the  radius  bar  which  con- 
nects with  the  cross  slide  carrying  the 
tool  post.  The  tool  starts  cutting  at 
the  base  end  of  shell  and  tr?.vels  forward 
parallel  to  the  shell  up  to  the  shoulder. 
During  this  time  the  carriage  and  pro- 
file attachment  travel  along  together 
until  the  bar  at  the  back  comes  up  to 
a  stop.  When  this  bar  hits  the  stop, 
profiling  begins.  The  clamp  being  fixed 
to  th5  bar  remains  stationary  against 
the  stop  and  therefore  draws  the  tool 
post  by  means  of  the  radius  bar,  thus 
forming  the  profile.  The  profiling  at- 
tachment was  developed  at  this  plant. 
Before  the  shell  is  removed  from  the 
lathe  the  carriage  is  moved  back  to  the 
base  end,  and  the  base  diameter  turned 
to  5.91  inches  for  a  distance  of  1% 
inch  from  the  base.  The  body  is  now 
5.97  inches  diameter  outside.  The  radius 
of  the  outside  profile  is  11.92  inches. 
The  tool  used  for  this  operation  is  "Slel- 
lite"  1  3/16  inch  round  and  the  cutting 
speed  is  75  feet  per  minute,  with  1/lG 
inch  feed.     Production  9  per  hour. 

Inside  Profile 

The  thirteenth!  operation  is  forming 
the  inside  profile  behind  the  nose.  This 
IS  done  on  American  lathes  equipped  with 
Hyde  air  chucks.  A  special  tool  is  used 
lor  this  work.  It  consists  of  a  curved 
bar  held  in  the  tool  holder,  the  bar  hav- 
ing a  curved  high  speed  stetel  cutter  to 
form  the  profile  to  the  required  curve. 
The  bar  is  put  through  fuse  hole  and 
fed  up  to  the  work  by  means  of  the 
cross  slide  upon  which  is  the  tool  holder. 


FURNACES  AND  PRESSES  FOR  CLOSING  IN  OPEN  END  AND  FORMING  NOSE  OF  SHELL 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


95 


MACHINES    FOR    SANDBLASTING    BASE    OF    6-INCH    SHELL 


The  radius  of  the  profile  is  11.92  inches. 
Production  8  per  hour. 

Rough  Base  Recess 

Roughing  the  base  recess  and  formin^^ 
the  radius  is  the  fourteenth  operation. 
The  lathes  used  are  principally  Le  Blond 
and  Davenport  equipped  with  Hannilin 
air  chucks.  There  are  also  some  Phoe- 
nix and  Miller  lathes  equipped  respec- 
tively with  Hannifin  and  Hyde  air 
chucks. 

The  tooling  fixture  is  of  special  de- 
sign and  has  two  high  speed  steel  tools. 
One  is  a  square  cutter  for  hogging  out 
the  base,  while  the  other  tool,  which  is 
close  to  it,  forms  the  riveting  strip  and 
the  radius.     Production  15  per  hour. 

Finish   Base   Recess 

This  operation,  the  fifteenth,  is  simi- 
lar to  the  preceding  one  except  that  cne 
base  recess  only  is  machined.  This  is 
the  finishing  operation  for  the  base  re- 
cess which  is  %  inch  deep  and  4.5  inch 
diameter.  The  machines  used  are  prac- 
tically the  same  as  above  but  there  is 
only  one  tool  which  is  a  plain  high-speed 
steel  cutter. 

Copper  Band  Recess 

At  the  nex?  and  sixteenth  operation 
the  recess,  undercut  and  waves  are  form- 
ed for  the  copper  band.  Le  Blond 
lathes  with  Hannifin  air  chucks  are  prin- 
cipally used  for  the  operation.  The  fix- 
ture holding  the  tools  is  fastened  to  the 
lathe  bed.  The  front  tool  forms  the 
recess  and  waves,  while  the  back  tools 
form  the  undercut.  The  wave  forming 
tool  is  oscillated  by  means  of  a  cam  on 
the  chuck  face,  a  spring  being  utilized 
to  keep  the  roller  on  the  fixture  up  to 
the  cam.  The  back  fixture  has  two  un- 
dercutting tools  which  feed  in  at  an 
angle  of  20  degrees. 

The  feed  for  all  the  tools  is  taken 
care  of  by  the  lathe  carriage.  Attachci 
to  the  carriage  are  two  shaped  bar? 
one  for  each  fixture.  As  the  carriage 
moves  forward  the  bars  cause  the  toois 
to  travel  in  while  cutting.  When  the 
waves  and  undercuts  have  been  formed, 
a  lever  pivoted  to  the  back  fixture  and 
carrying  a  small  cutter,  is  brought  cvn 


to  clear  up  the  recess.  There  are  two 
waved  ribs  V*  inch  apart,  and  the  recess 
on  the  outside  is  .67  inch  wide  and  3 
inches  from  the  base.  The  wave  ribs 
have  an  angle  of  70  degrees.  Productiip 
38  per  hour. 

Nose  Recess 
The  seventeenth  operation  is  form- 
ing the  recess  in  nose  behind  the  threads. 
The  recess  is  2  inches  diameter  and  about 
.14  inch  wide.  The  operation  is  per- 
formed on  Le  Blond  lathes  equipped  with 
air  chucks.  A  bar  in  the  tool  holder 
has  a  small  high  speed  steel  tool  at  the 
end  for  cutting  the  recess.  Production 
50  per  hour. 

Threading  Fuse  Hole 

The  eighteenth  operation,  threading 
the  fuse  hole,  is  done  on  Holden-Morgeri 
and  Cowan  thread  milling  machines.  The 
shell  is  p.ut  into'  the  head  of  machine 
from  the  back  and  the  cover  fastened 
on.  The  milling  hob  is  on  a  separate 
fixture,  with  independent  drive.  The 
sTiell  makes  one  revolution  while  the 
threads    are    being    cut.      A   high    speed 


steel  hob  is  used  and  the  cutting  speed 
is  75  feet  per  minute.  The  threaiis 
are  14  to  the  inch,  right  hand.  Produc- 
tion 20  per  hour. 

Sand  Blast 

At  this  stage  the  shells  are  washed 
in  a  solution  of  soda  and  hot  water  to 
remove  the  grease,  etc.  They  are  then 
laid  in  a  horizontal  position  on  revolv- 
ing rollers  and  dried  with  compressed 
air. 

The  next  operation,  No.  20,  is  sand- 
blasting the  bore.  A  number  of  ma- 
chines built  by  the  Gray  Mfg.  Co.,  To- 
ronto, are  installed  for  this  operation. 
The  shell  is  held  in  a  fixture  nose  down 
and  slowly  rotated  while  the  sand  blast 
is  injected  from  below.  Sand-blasting 
removes  the  tool  marks  and  gives  a 
smooth  finish  to  the  inside  of  shell. 

The  shells  now  undergo  the  prelimi- 
nary Government  'inspection,  all  the 
shells  being  carefully  examined,  gauged 
and  weighed. 

Base  Plate 

The  base  plate   which   is  riveted  into 


^^^^^Bb^m  m  ^J^'^WJK^^^ 

^^^^^1 

^H 

•^^^^^^^^ 

.it^ftK/ttL 

RIVETIING   BASE   PLATE   WITH   AIR  HAMMER 


»6 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FINISHING   BASE   RECESS   AND   FORMING   RIVETING   STRIP 


the  shell  base  is  a  drop  forging  iM 
inches  diameter  and  %  inch  thick.  The 
base  plates  are  turned  up  and  faced  on 
Davenport  lathes  equipped  with  air 
chucks,  in  two  operations.  At  the  first, 
the  diameter  is  turned  and  bevel  formed 
while  at  the  second  the  plate  is  faced. 
When  turning  the  diameter  the  plate  is 
held  up  tight  by  pressure  from  the  tail 
centre,  against  a  knurled  driving  plate. 
When  the  plate  is  being  faced  it  is  held 
ii\  a  chuck.  Davenport  and  American 
lathes  are  used  principally  for  this  oper- 
ation. The  hise  plates  are  fitted  .n  tha 
bise  recess  after  tha  preliminary  Gov- 
ernment inspection. 

Copper    Band 

The  shells  are  rolled  along  the  table 
to  have  the  copper  band  put  in  the  re- 
cess prior  to  being  pressed  in  They 
then  go  to  the  presses. 

The  copper  band  presses  .vere  built  by 
the  West  Tire  Setter  Co.,  and  are  oper- 
ated by  hydraulic  power.  An  ey  bolt 
is  screwed  into  the  fuse  hole  and  the 
shell  is  lifted  from  the  table  to  the  press 
by  a  chain  hoist.  A  pressure  of  about 
1,300  pounds  is  applied  twice,  the  shell 
being  moved  round  between  each  appli- 
cation. The  shell  is  then  lifte-l  out  and 
rolled  alon^  the  table  to  tne  bps©  rivet 
ting  machines. 

Rivet  Base  Plate 

Rivetting  the  base  plate  is  the  twen- 
tieth operation,  which  is  done  on  a  ma- 
chine built  by  the  Roelofson  Machine  & 
Tool  Co.,  Gait,  Ont.,  fronr^  suggestions 
fuTiwshea  by  the  3im  to  v/i:<>m  the  ma- 
rnine  was  supplied.  Tas  machine  is 
similar  in  design  to  tne  topper  band 
turning  maciiine  built  bj  tiic  same  con- 
cern, but  it  has  one  or  i^r.-n  special  ton- 
tures  embodied  m  its  con.struction.  The 
.spindle  has  a  worm  gear  drive  and  is 
fitted  with  a  quick  actir?  oill-'i  chuck. 
The   spindle  rotates  at   Id  r.p.m.      The 


machine  has  a 
fixture  on  the 
bed  for  holding 
the  air  hammer 
at  the  required 
angle.  During 
the  first  two 
revolutions  the 
strip  on  the 
base  is  rivetted 
over.  The  ham- 
mer is  then 
moved  in  a 
short  way  and 
the  operation 
completed.  A 
feature  of  the 
machine  is  the 
accuracy  ob- 
tained in  the 
method  of  hold- 
ing and  operat- 
ing the  air 
hammer. 
Face  Base 
The  bases  are 
now  faced  up, 
twenty-sixth  op- 
eration, on  a 
row  of  "Amer- 
ican" lathes 
equipped  with  air  chucks,  an  ordi- 
nary facing  tool  being  used. 

The  shells  then  travel  aloifj  the  table, 
pass  O'er  the  scales,  aii.l  aro  weighed. 
The  mean  weight  o.f  b.ioil  at  this  sta.?e 
is  S5  pounds,  12  ounces,  th.-  high  be'r,> 
86  pounds  3  ounces  aiil  low  S4  poum's 
14  ounces. 

The  following  marks  are  then  stampeo 
on  the  base:  6-in.  H.  R.  XIII.  L.,  date, 
and  firm's  initials.  The  heat  number 
is  stamped  on  the  body. 

Tap   Fuse   Hole   and   Reseat 

A  number  of  minor  operations  now 
follow,  the  first  being  to  tap  the  fuse 
hole,  which  is  done  with  a  hand  tap. 
The  fuse  seat  is  then  finished  on  a  drill 
press,  having  a  special  reseating  tool. 
The  fuse  hole  is  then  rstapped. 

The  shells  are  again  washed  in  a  solu- 
tion of  soda  and  hot  water  and  drm& 
by  compressed  air  while  being  revolvca 


on  rollers  fitted  into  the  table.  A  Gray 
sand  blas|  machine  is  installed  in  thi3 
department  for  removing  varnish  from 
the  shell  bore  if  they  have  failed  to  pass 
inspection  after  varnishing. 
Varnish  and  Bake 

When  the  shell  is  being  varnished  it 
is  laid  on  revolving  rollers  fitted  in  the 
table,  sprayed  inside  with  varnish  and 
brushed.  Only  a  very  thin  coat  of  shel- 
lac varnish  is  applied. 

The  shells  are  then  baked  for  two 
hours  at  a  temperature  of  400  degrees. 
The  oven,  which  is  heated  by  electricity 
will  hold  three  trucks  or  a  total  of  80 
shells  at  a  time.  The  shells  are  placed 
on  the  trucks,  which  are  mounted  on 
wheels,  and  placed  in  the  oven.  When 
the  baking  process  has  been  completed 
the  shells  are  removed  to  a  table  to 
cool  off.  The  varnish  is  then  inspected. 
A  "Tycos"  electric  contact  type  pyro- 
meter is  installed  in  connection  with  the 
baking  oven. 

Turn   Copper   Band 

When  the  shells  are  cool  and  tho 
threads  and  container  seat  have  been 
cleaned,  they  are  moved  along  to  have 
the  copper  band  turned.  This  operation 
is  done  in  a  Roelofson  Machine  Tool  Co. 
band  turning  machine.  The  forming  tool 
is  held  in  a  tool  post  at  the  front,  and 
the  band  is  finished  with  a  hand-turninj? 
tool.  The  hand  tool  removes  the  bur''s 
at  the  side  of  band  down  to  the  shell 
body.     The   production   is   120  per  houi. 

The  final  inspection  is  made  after  the 
copper  band  has  been  turned.  This  is 
a  Government  inspection  and  all  the 
shells  are  carefully  gauged,  weighed  and 
examined.  A  plug  is  screwed  in  the  fuse 
hole  and  the  shells  are  then  greased  and 
packed  two  in  a  box. 

The  final  weights  are  as  follows:  High 
85  lbs.,  15  o-i.  2  drs.;  mean,  85  lbs.,  8  oz., 
and  low,  84  lbs.  10  oz.  11  drs.,  the  to.- 
erance  is  thus  about  1  lb.  4%  oz.  The 
mean  weight  after  the  inside  profile 
has  been  formed  isf  87  lbs.,  4  oz.,  and 
at  the  preliminary  inspection  the  mean 
weight  is  82  lbs.,  11  oz.  The  base  plate 
weighs  2  lbs.  1  oz.  finished,  and  the  cop- 
per band    18   oz.   rou^h   and    12   oz.   fin- 


TURNING  COPPER  BAND  6-INCH  SHELL 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


97 


ished.  The  shells  go  through  the  various 
operations  in  series  of  300.  There  is 
no  tensile  test  for  6-in. shells,  but  two 
shells  are  taken  from  each/  series,  one 
which  is  cut  up  in  four  sections  and  one 
proof  shell  for  the  firing  test.  The  test 
shells  are  taken  out  at  the  final  inspec- 
tion. 


CUTTING  TEST  PIECES  FROM 
SHELLS 

A  new  machine  for  cutting  test  pieces 
from  shells  by  means  of  an  oxy-acetylene 
torch,  has  been  developed  and  put  on  the 
market  by  the  W.  R.  Carter  Welding  Co., 
York  street,  Hamilton,  Ont.  The  machine 
is  being  built  for  6-inch,  9.2-inch  and  12- 
inch  shells. 

The  frame  of  the  machine  consists  of 
angles  welded  together,  forming  a  stand 
for  carrying  the  shell  and  cutting  outfit. 
As  will  be  seen  from  the  illustration,  the 
oxy-acetylene  torch  is  carried  or.  a  fixture 
which  can  be  moved  lengthways  on  the 
machine  as  well  as  across.  The  fixture  is 
traversed  by  means  of  a  screw  and  hand- 
wheel. 

The  shell  as  shown  in  the  illustration  is 
resting  on  longitudinal  rollers  revolved 
by  the  crank  through  gears.  The  test 
piece  is  first  cut  out  from  the  shell  body 
as  shown,  the  fixture  carrying  torch  trav- 
elling along  while  cutting  in  a  longitu- 
dinal direction.  When  cutting  across,  the 
shell  is  turned  by  means  of  the  crank, 
while  the  torch  is  in  operation.  While 
the  base  is  being  cut  off  the  torch  is  sta- 
tionary and  the  shell  is  turned  round. 
The  complete  operation  has  been  done  in 
four  minutes. 


WOMAN   IN   WORKSHOPS 

By  R.  E.  D. 

There  is  very  little  attention  bein^ 
paid  to  the  future  of  female  labor  in 
engineering,  although  it  is  generally  ad- 
mitted that  it  will  be  one  of  the  most 
difficult  problems  we  shall  have  to  solva 
during  the  period  of  reconstruction.  It 
is  surprising  that  women  were  not  en- 
gaged in  engineering  before  the  war 
considering  that  they  were  employed  in 
many  industries  that  were  manifestl> 
iess  suited  to  them;  but  there  is  some 
consolation  in  the  thought  that  in- 
sular conservatism  was  not  responsible 
for  this,  as  even  in  Germany  their  value 
was  not  realized  until  some  sufficient 
male  labor  could  not  be  had.  They  have 
become  so  important  a  part  of  the  pro- 
ducing machine  now  that  it  is  difficult 
to  see  how  they  can  be  ejected  from  it 
when  the  most  pressing  need  for  tiicir 
labor  is  past.  This  is  looking  at  it  from 
the  purely  economic  standpoint  and  ig- 
noring the  social  danger  that  would  be 
incurred  by  throwing  these  women  on 
the  labor  market.  Many  of  them  will 
return  to  their  domestic  duties  when 
their  husbands  return  from  the  army, 
but  many  more  will  desire  to  make  their 
new  vocation  their  life  work,  and  it  is 
in  the.  interests  of  industry  that  they 
should  be  allowed  to  do  so.  But  their 
sphere  of  usefulness  is  limited,  and  their 


greatest  value  is  not  realized  when  {hey 
are  employed  at  work  for  which  they  are 
unsuited.  For  example,  girls  or  women 
may  be  useful  in  the  coreshop,  but  the 
heavy  labor  of  the  foundry  floor  is  the 
man's  work.  It  would  have  been  a  wise 
policy  if,  when  it  was  first  determined 
to  introduce  women  into  the  engineering 
workshops,  a  committee  of  experts  had 
been  appointed  to  consider  any  advice 
on  the  best  method  of  training  them 
for  suitable  classes  of  work.  We  might 
now  have  had  a  great  army  of  really 
skilled  women  workers  who  would  have 
released  more  men  for  the  colors. 

It  is  erroneous  to  suppose  that  the 
only  opponent  of  woman  labor  is  the 
skilled  male  worker.  The  foremen's  op- 
position has  been  potent  during  the  war. 
The  workman's  prejudice  is  logical,  and 
is  usually  based  on  the  fear  of  under- 
cutting. The  history  of  woman  in  in- 
dustry is  not  pleasant  reading.  Invari- 
ably she  has  been  used  to  keep  down 
the  rate  of  wages,  and  consequently, 
lower  the  living  standard.  The  only  way 
to  eliminate'  the  risk  is  to  abolish  sex 
rivalry.  If  workmen  would  open  their 
unions  to  woman,  they  would  find  them 
loyal  members  of  their  craft.  It  may  be 
admitted,  however,  that  women  in  cer- 
tain work  require  more  help,  because 
of  the  physical  weakness,  than  men,  and 
it  may  thus  be  economical  to  an  em- 
ployer to'  pay  them  the  same  rate  of 
wages  as  men.  This  difficulty  could  bs 
adjusted  amicably,  however,  between  tiie 
.vovkers  and  employers  in  conference. 

The   war  period   has   seen   new   devel- 


opments in  engineering.  The  petrol 
engine  has  advanced  wonderfully,  and 
the  manufacture  of  aeroplanes,  while  it 
is  not  likely  that  it  will  continue  in  its 
present  conditions  or  proportions,  ii>!  a 
permanent  addition  to  engineering  acti- 
vity. It  is  probable  that  it  is  in  motor 
car  and  aeroplane  work  that  women 
will  scor(^  her  greatest  successes,  al- 
though even  in  the  general  works  there 
is  room  for  her.  It  will  be  interesting 
to  observe  the  effect  of  women's  entrance 
into  engineering  shops  on  workshop  con- 
ditions. She  enters  with  a  mind  un- 
biased and  unbittered  by  the  memories 
of  industrial  struggles  and  unprejudiced 
by  worn  out  customs.  Women  may  be 
inherently  no  more  conscientious  than 
men,  but  the  "ca  canny"  policy  is  not 
likely  to  be  favored  by  them;  indeed,  it 
is  more  a  disease  than  a  policy,  a  disease 
which  has  become  chronic  because  of 
the  stupid  relations  between,  employets 
and  men  in  the  past.  Apart  altogether 
from  their  influence  on  wages,  however, 
it  is  probable  they  will  demonstrate  a 
zeal  of  reforms  effecting  the  hygiene 
and  sanitary  conditions  of  the  shops, 
which  will  make  for  efficiency  and,  ocn- 
sequently,  increased  productivity. 


ACCURACY  is  a  prime  factor  of  con- 
servation. An  American  engineer  stated 
recently  that  he  had  seen  a  British 
plant  employing  eleven  thousand  per- 
sons making  over  American-made  fuses. 


CUTTING     TEST     PIECE     FROM     SHELL     FORGING     BY     OXy-.\CETYLENE    TORCH. 


98 


Volume  XX 


The  Chemist  and  Metallurgist  in  the  Munitions  Industry 

Growth  of  Munitions  Industry  Stimulates  Demand  for  the  Technically  Trained  Man — 

Particularly  so  in  Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Fields — Every  Plant  of  Sufficient 

Size  Now  Recognizes  Need  for  Skilled  Supervision  of  All  Plant  Processes 

By  F.  E.  Gardiner 
Chief  chemist  and  Metallurgist  for  the  Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  and  the  Dominion  Copper  Products  Co. 


THE  marvelous 
growth  of  the 
munitions  indust- 
try  in  Canada  during 
the  past  three  years  has 
ed  to  an  ever-increasing 
demand  for  men  of  tech- 
nical training  along 
chemical  and  metal- 
lurgical lines.  Before 
the  war  it  was  the  ex- 
ception rather  than  the 
rule  to  see  men  of  this 
training  employed,  even 
in  the  large  industrial 
plants;  to-day  almost 
every  plant  engaged  in 
any  form  of  munition 
activity  employs  at  least 
one  man  thoroughly 
trained  in  chemical  and 
metallurgical  practice. 
The  duties  of  the  works' 
chemist  and  metallurgist  are  many  and 
varied,  depending  on  the  work  in  which  his 
engaged,  as  well  as  the  laboratory  facili- 
ties at  his  disposal. 

Since  the  spring  of  1915,  when  they 
first  embarked  on  their  munitions  acti- 
vities, the  Dominion  Bridge  Co.  and  ths 
Dominion  Copper  Products  Co.  have 
manufactured  a  wide  variety  of  products. 
All  sizes  of  shells,  from  the  18  pounacr 
shrapnel  to  the  9.2  high  explosive  shell, 
British,  Russian  and  Belgian  cartridge 
cases,  copper  driving  bands  from  3  incii 
to  9.2  inch,  marine  engines  and  boilers, 
brass  and  copper  tubes  and  sheets,  and 
miscellaneous  smaller  components  of 
many  kinds,  have  been  some  of  the  muni- 
tion products  which  have  been  manufac- 
tured at  these  plants.  Looking  at  the 
question  from  the  light  of  their  ex- 
perience I  will  endeavor  to  show  in  a 
general  way  the  part  the  metallurgist 
plays  in  the  different  operations  which 
go  to  make  up  the  finished  product.  The 
same  work  that  is  carried  on  by  the 
metallurgical  department  in  the  plants 
of  these  two  companies,  will  be  carriei! 
on  to  a  greater  or  lesser  extetil.  in  any 
of  our  large  munition   plants. 

The  general  work  of  the  chemist  will 
lie  along  the  following  lines: 

1.  Chemical  analysis  of  raw  materials 
or  finished  product. 

2.  Supervision  and  regulation  over  ali 
heat  treatment  necessary  to  pro- 
duce the  finished  product. 

3.  Physical  testing  of  all  materials, 
both  in  course  of  manufacture  and 
as  a  finished  product. 

4.  Microscopic  exnmination  of  the 
various  materials  used. 

5.  Miscellaneous  testinj;  anl  experi- 
mental work. 


CHEMICAL     LABORATORY     AT     DOM.     BRIDGE     CO. 

Heat  Treatment  of  75  m.m.  U.  S.  Shells 

The  specifications  laid  down  for  nearly 
all  shells  of  a  small  calibre  call  for  them 
to  be  heat  treated,  after  which  they  must 
satisfy  certain  physical  requirements. 
The  United  States  75  m.m.  shell  after 
treatment  has  to  have  an  elastic  limit  of 
45,000  lbs.  per  in.,  an  ultimate  tensile 
strength  of  90,000  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  and 
an  elongation  of  15  per  cent. 

In  heat  treating  steel  to  achieve  any 
desired  result  it  is  a  great  advantage  to 
know  beforehand  the  chemical  composi- 
tion of  the  steel.  Here  is  where  the 
chemist  comes  in.  He  makes  an  analysis 
of  the  steel  and  passes  it  on  to  the  metal- 
lurgist who  uses  this  information  as  his 
experience  directs.  In  hardening  shells 
of  any  kind  the  following  are  the  main 
factors  influencing  the  success  of  the 
operation. 

1.  Uniform  heat  to  the  correct  temper- 
ature. 

2.  Good  quenching  medium,  kept  at  a 
low  temperature. 

3.  Uniform   tempering  to  the  correct 
temperature. 

The  failure  to  observe  any  of  these 
three  factors  will  often  lead  to  a  failure 
in  the  steel  and  cause  serious  delays  in 
the  production  of  the  shop,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  additional  cost  of  retreatment. 

Uniformity  of  heating  is  dependent  on 
several  conditions,  chief  of  which  are  the 
nature  of  the  furnace  used,  the  kind  of 
fuel,  and  the  efficiency  of  the  labor.  As 
a  general  thing  it  may  be  said  that  large 
furnaces  of  the  automatic  and  mechani- 
cal types,  using  either  oil  or  gas  as  a 
fuel,  will  give  better  and  more  uniform 
results  than  the  smaller  furnaces  of  the 
Datch  type.  Their  radiation  losses  will 
also  be  much  smaller  and  thus  lead  to 


increased  efficiency  and 
lower  fuel  costs  in  oper- 
ation. However  excel- 
lent results  can  be  se- 
cured from  the  batch 
type  of  furnace  also, 
although  these  results 
are — to  a  much  greater 
degree  than  in  the  case 
of  the  larger  type  of 
furnace  —  dependent 
upon  the  care  and  sup- 
ervision exercised  over 
their  operation  as  well 
as  the  quality  of  the 
labor  operating  them. 

Another   factor    that 
greatly    influences    the 
uniformity  of  heating  is 
the  use  of  pyrometers. 
Any  good  rugged  ther- 
mocouple   of    the    base 
metal   type    used    with 
a  high  resistance  indicator  is   suitable, 
and  it  will  be  found  that  once  the  men 
get  accustomed  to  working  by  pyrometer 
control,  using  their  judgment  as  to  time 
and  color  as  a  check  against  the  pyro- 
meter readings,  very  uniform  and  suc- 
cessful hardening  will  result. 

A  good  quenching  oil  should  have  a 
high  flash  point,  high  thermal  conduc- 
tivity, a  low  volatility,  good  specific 
gravity,  and  uniform  viscosity.  A  well 
blended  fish  and  mineral  oil  possessing 
a  flash  point  of  400  degrees  Fahr.  and  a 
specific  gravity  of  about  .900,  will  gen- 
erally be  found  to  meet  these  require- 
ments. The  reason  for  keeping  the  oil 
at  as  low  a  temperature  as  possible  is 
something  that  is  obvious  to  everyone. 
An  oil  that  is  continually  kept  at  a  high 
temperature  suffers  a  great  decrease  in 
quenching  power  and  is  bound  to  disLiii 
off  a  certain  fraction  of  its  lighter  and 
more  volatile  constituents,  leaving  the 
heavier  ones  behind,  which  still  further 
lessens  its  effectiveness. 

The  correct  temperature  for  hardening 
and  tempering  sheel  steel  depends  upon 
its  critical  point,  which  is  determined  by 
the  percentage  of  carbon  present.  In 
general,  the  lower  in  carbon  the  steel  is 
the  higher  the  temperature  it  is  raised  to 
for  hardening,  and  the  lower  the  temper- 
ature it  is  drawn  back  to.  The  range  of 
temperature  that  we  have  found  to  give 
good  results  in  hardening  75  m.m.  shells 
varies  from  1,500  to  1,575  degrees  Fahr., 
according  to  the  carbon  content,  and  the 
tempering  range  from  9.50  to  1,100  de- 
grees Fahr.;  the  carbon  content  of  steel 
treated  under  these  conditions  has  varied 
all  the  way  from  .35  to  .55  per  cent. 

Forging  6  Inch  and  9.2  Inch  Shells 

Another  branch  of  the   munitions   in- 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


dustry  in  which  great  strides  have  been 
made  is  the  manufacture  of  shell  forg- 
ings.  All  sizes  of  shells  from  the  18 
pounder  weighing  only  25  lbs.  in  the 
rough,  to  the  big  9.2  inch  shell  weighing 
375  lbs.  have  been  successfully  forged  in 
this  country.  The  Dominion  Bridge 
Company  have  been  forging  the  6  incii 
high  explosive  shell  for  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  for  the  past  two  years 
and  are  now  making  9.2  inch  forgings 
for  the  American  government.  The  bil- 
lets are  heated  in  underfired  furnaces 
equipped  with  Ferguson  burners  and  use 
oil  as  a  fuel,  and  are  subsequently  pierced 
on  700  ton  Southwark  hydraulic  presses. 
After  forging  the  shells  must  pass  cer- 
tain physical  tests. 

The  British  specifications  for  forgings 
of  this  size  call  for  a  yield  point  of  not 
less  than  19  long  tons  per  sq.  in.,  a  ten- 
sile strength  of  from  35  to  49  tons,  and  a 
minimum  elongation  of  17  per  cent. 
Needless  to  say  these  requirements  are 
not  always  met  with,  so  that  a  subse- 
quent treatment  of  the  steel  is  very  often 
necessary. 

The  chief  cause  of  failure  will  usually 
be  found  in  the  overheating  of  the  steel 
before  forging,  and  it  is  very  hard  to 
make  the  average  heater  realize  the  great 
effect  that  any  severe  overheating  has 
upon  the  physical  properties  of  the  steei. 
Constant  supervision  and  care  over  the 
heating  of  the  billets  is  the  chief  essen- 
tial to  successful  forging  work.  Billets 
which  have  been  slowly  and  uniformly 
heated  to  a  temperature  of  from  1,900  to 
2,000  degrees  Fahr.  will  be  found  to  forge 
just  as  easily  as  those  whose  heating  has 
been  hastened  and  which  emerge  from 
the  furnace  drippin?;  at  a  temperature 
anywhere  up  to  2  300  degrees  Fahr.  NoL 
only  will  the  correctly  heated  billtt 
forge  just  as  readily  as  the  overhe'ite'i 
om  but  the  results  from  its  physical 
tests  will  be  immeasurably  superior  and 
the  steel  will  have  a  very  much  better 
structure.  Knowing  the  analysis  of  the 
steel  we  can  often  greatly  affeet  its  physi- 
cal properties  by  the  method  of  coolin<j 
after  forging.  Cool  high  carbon  steels  as 
slowly  as  possible,  the  reverse  for  low 
carbon  ones. 

For  purposes  of  heat  treating  the  forg- 
ings  which   fail   to   pass   the   tests   may 
.  be  classified  as  follows: 

Forgings   failing  in   yield   or  tensile. 
Forgings  which  fail   in  eloneation. 
Forgings  which  exceed  the  high  ten- 
sile limit. 

The  failures  of  forgings  from  the  firsi. 
cause  may  generally  be  ascribed  to  over- 
heating, but  it  often  happens  that  the 
steel  is  so  low  in  carbon  that  the  ordin- 
ary methods  of  cooling  after  forging  are 
not  sufficiently  rapid  to  enable  it  to  pasi 
the  physical  tests  even  if  it  has  been 
forged  at  the  proper  temperature.  The 
steel  in  any  forging  whose  failure  has 
been  due  to  overheating  alone  can  usuaib 
be  brought  into  a  condition  which  will 
enable  it  to  pass  the  test,  by  the  heat 
treatment  known  as  "normalizing."  This 
merely  consists  of  heating  the  forgin:4S 
slowly  and  evenly  to  a  temperature,  weil 
above  their  critical  range  and  hold- 
ing them  at  this  temperature  Icr 
a  length  of  time  which  depends  upon  th? 


severity  of  their  previous  treatment,  and 
the  results  of  their  first  physical  testi, 
removing  them  from-  the  furnace,  stand- 
ing them  on  end  to  cool,  as  far  apart  as 
possible,  and  allowing  a  good  circulation 
of  air  to  pass  around  them.  A  temper- 
ature of  1,550  degrees  Fahr.  will  oe 
found  to  be  good  average  practice  for 
this  operation,  which  should  be  carried 
on  as  a  continuous  one,  if  possible. 

Those  forgings  whose  failure  is  due 
to  a  combination  of  low  carbon  and  over- 
heating will  require  a  quicker  cooling 
than  that  given  by  the  normalizing 
treatment.  This  -treatment  is  known  as 
"air  cooling,"  and  as  its  name  implies, 
it  cools  the  forging  by  the  artificial  use 
of  air.  The  apparatus  used  for  this 
purpose  differs  in  construction  in  almost 
every  plant  using  it,  but  in  the  main  Us 
general  features  are  the  same.  The  ap- 
paratus designed  and  adopted  by  the  Do- 
minion Bridge  Company  cools  four  6  inch 
forgings  every  9  minutes  and  consists  in 
essential,  of  an  inner  pipe  of  3  inches 
diameter,  which  enters  the  shell,  and  an 
outer  casing  of  8  inches  diameter  into 
which  the  shell  slides.  The  outer  casing 
is  hinged  so  that  when  the  shell  enters, 
the  hinged  section  is  clamped  down  and 
the  air  blast  turned  on.  The  air  used  is 
at  a  pressure  of  about  8  ounces,  and  i& 
supplied  by  a  No.  9  Sturtevant  blower. 
The  temperature  of  the  shell  as  it  enters 
the  apparatus,  varies  from  1,550  to  1,600 
degrees  and  its  cools  in  9  minutes  to 
about  600  degrees  Fahr. 

The  results  achieved  by  the  use  of  tiiis 
appliance  are  very  good  and  the  tensile 


found  in  the  nature  of  the  steel  itself, 
flaws  often  appearing  in  the  fractured 
test  bars.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  do 
anything  with  steel  whose  failure  is  due 
to  flaws,  but  where  the  failure  in  elonga- 
tion has  been  caused  by  overheating,  the 
steel  will  usually  respond  to  the  normal- 
izing treatment,  or  if  not,  to  a  light 
anneal. 

Failures  on  account  of  high  tensile 
can  generally  be  traced  to  the  high  per- 
centage of  the  hardening  elements,  car- 
bon and  manganese  in  the  steel,  to  over- 
heating or  to  a  combination  of  both.  In 
order  to  lower  the  tensile  strength  of  a 
steel  it  is  necessary  to  retard  the  speed 
of  cooling,  or  in  other  words  to  anneal 
it.  For  steel  possessing  very  high  phy- 
sical properties,  with  a  high  percentage 
of  carbon  and  manganese,  furnace  cool- 
ing may  be  necessary,  but  as  this  is  a 
very  expensive  proposition  and  also 
greatly  slows  up  production,  it  is  only 
resorted  to  in  cases  of  extreme  neces- 
sity. Removing  the  forgings  quickly 
from  the  furnace  after  they  have  reach- 
ed and  been  held  at  the  desired  temper- 
ature long  enough,  piling  them  in  layers 
in  an  iron  box  or  pit,  carefully  protect- 
ing them  from  all  drafts,  and  covering 
them  with  a  heavy  layer  of  ashes,  will 
invariably  be  found  to  give  the  desired 
results.  The  tensile  strength  may  easily 
be  lowered  5  tons  by  this  method  of 
treatment  and  production  will  not  be 
held  up  as  in  the  case  of  furnace  cooling. 

In  treating  forgings  by  any  of  the 
above  processes,  it  is  needless  to  say 
that  a  knowledge  of  the  chemical  analy- 


HEATED    9.2    BILLET    EMERGING    FKO.M    THE    lUK.NACK. 


strength  can  often  be  raised  anywhere 
froin  2  to  8  tons,  with  a  corresponding 
increase  in  yield.  This  plant  has  suc- 
cessfully treated  steel  by  this  method,  as 
low  as  .35  per  cent,  carbon. 

Failure  in  elongation  is  usually  caused 
by  overheating,  but  also  may  be  due  Lo 
forging  at  too  low  a  temperature.  This 
latter  condition,  however,  is  seldom  met 
with  in  everyday  forging  practice.  An- 
other cause  of  low   elongation  is  to  be 


sis  of  the  steel  treated,  as  well  as  the 
result  of  its  previous  physical  test,  is 
necessary  to  achieve  the  best  result.?. 
Careful  temperature  control,  which  can 
only  be  obtained  by  good  pyrometer 
regulation  is  also  very  essential. 
Treatment   of   Marine   Engine   Forgings 

The  building  of  marine  engines  is  an- 
other new  industry  to  a  large  number 
of  plants  in  this  country.     Every  marine 


100 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FORGING  9.2  SHELLS  AT  THE  PLANT  OF  THE  DOMINION  BRIDGE  CO. 


engine  has  to  have  a  lar^e  number  of  its 
parts,  such  as  connecting  rods,  piston 
rods,  crank  shafts,  etc.  made  out  of  forc- 
ed steel.  These  forgings  all  have  to  be 
annealed  and  have  to  meet  very  exacting 
physical  requirements.  Take  for  instance 
Lloyd's  specifications  for  marine  engine 
forgings.  These  specifications  call  for 
a  tensile  strength  of  from  28  to  32  tons 
per  sq.  in.,  area  of  the  test  piece  being 
%  inch,  with  a  minimum  elongation  of 
25  per  cent,  over  2  inches  for  steel  of  32 
tons  tensile,  and  29  per  cent,  for  steel 
of  28  tons  tensile.  In  addition  to  this 
tensile  test  a  bar  cut  from  the  test 
coupon  of  section  1  inch  by  %  inch,  mast 
stand  bending  cold  through  an  angle  of 
180  degrees. 

A  steel  that  will  conform  to  these 
rigid  requirements  is  not  always  easily 
attained  owing  to  the  enormous  and  ever 
increasing  demands  upon  the  steel  mills. 
Such  being  the  case,  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
metallurgist  to  use  whatever  steel  he 
can  obtain,  if  it  has  any  chance  at  all 
of  passing  specifications,  and  endeavor 
to  put  this  steel  in  such  a  condition  aftei' 
forging,  by  an  intelligent  application  of 
the  rules  of  steel  heat  treatment,  that  it 
will  conform  to  the  required  physical  re- 
quirements. Generally  speaking,  when 
a  steel  of  any  given  carbon  content  pos- 
sesses its  lowet  tenile  properties,  it  al.«o 
possesses  its  maximum,  or  very  nearly 
its  maximum,  ductility.  Thus,  if  we  are 
using  a  steel  whose  carbon  content  is 
on  the  high  side,  this  steel  must  be  an- 
nealed very  carefully,  and  slowly  cooled, 
in  order  to  meet  the  physical  require- 
ments as  given  above. 

Slow  cooling,  especially  through  the 
critical  range  of  the  steel,  enables  the 
maximum  amount  of  ferrite.  or  pure  iron 
crystals  to  separate  out  from  the  iron- 


carbon  alloys,  and  this  gives  us  the  re- 
sults we  are  after;  that  is,  low  tensile 
strength  and  high  ductility.  Sometimes 
even  this  treatment  will  not  enable  the 
steel  to  successfully  pass  the  bend  test, 
in  which  case  a  double  annealing  may  be 
resorted  to.  This  consists  in  heating  the 
steel  well  above  its  critical  range,  say 
to  1,500  degrees  Pahr.,  slowly  cooling  in 
the  furnace  to  1,200  degrees,  reheatin.i,- 
to  just  under  the  above  critical  point, 
which  depends  upon  the  carbon  content 
of  the  steel,  but  is  generally  in  the 
neighborhood  of  1,350  degrees,  and  then 
allowing  the  steel  to  cool  in  the  furnace. 
Vnis  treatment  will  invariaoly  ra,i  ;j  tht 
tensile  a  little,  but  gives  the  steel  great 
ductility  and  cold  bending  properties. 
The  steel  also  shows  a  large  reduction  of 
area  and  breaks  with  a  well  cupped  silky 
fracture. 


Steel  low  in  carbon  should  not  be  given 
such  a  thorough  anneal  and  should  be  al- 
lowed to  cool  in  the  air  whenever  pos- 
sible. Our  own  experience  has  been  that 
any  steel  rangii.fj  from  .25  to  .35  carbon, 
and  from  .40  to  .80  manganese,  will  meat 
these  requirements  if  intelligently 
handled.  A  steel  that  will  always  give 
good  satisfaction  for  marine  engine  work 
would  be  one  of  .30  carbon  and  .50  man- 
ganese. If  a  steel  of  this  composition  is 
carefully  annealed  at  from  1,450  to  1,500 
degrees  its  physical  properties  will  al- 
ways be  found  to  come  within  the  limits 
laid  down  above. 

The  method  of  handling  any  forging 
work  of  this  character  in  use  at  the  plant 
of  the  Dominion  Bridge  Company  is  as 
follows:  Every  billet  which  comes  into 
the  shop  is  numbered  consecutively,  drill- 
ings taken  and  a  chemical  analysis  made. 
When  forB;ings  are  made  from  this  par- 
ticular billet,  the  original  billet  number 
is  stamped  on  each  forging  and  also  on 
the  test  coupon,  which  is  left  on  the  end 
of  one  of  the  forgings  made  from  every 
billet.  In  this  way  one  test  covers 
all  forgings  made  from  the  same 
billet  and  all  duplications  of  testing 
is  thus  avoided.  The  forgings  are 
grouped  together  in  the  annealing 
charge,  according  to  the  chemical  compo- 
sition of  the  billet  from  which  they  were 
made,  and  all  forgings  of  approximately 
the  same  chemical  composition  are  an- 
nealed together  and  receive  identical 
treatment. 

Cast  House  Practice  of  the  Dominion 
Copper  Products  Co. 
Passing  now  from  the  ferrous  branch 
of  metallurgical  operations  as  exampli- 
fied  by  the  products  of  the  Dominion 
Bridge  Co.,  we  come  to  the  non-ferrous 
field  in  the  Dominion  Copper  Products 
Co.  From  a  metallurgical  standpoint 
one  of  the  chief  differences  between  steel 
and  the  non-ferrous  metals  and  alloys 
such  as  copper  and  brass,  is  the  fact 
that  we  can  bring  steel  from  a  dead  soft 
to  a  glass  hard  condition  by  simply  heat- 
ing it  above  its  critical  point  and  quench- 
ing it  in  water.  Such  is  not  the  case 
with  copper  or  brass.  In  order  to  harden 
either  of  these  metals  it  is  necessary  to 
change  their  structure  by  the  application 
of  some     mechanical     strain,     and     the 


FURNACE  USED   FOR  HEAT  TREATMENT  OF  FORGINGS  SHOWING  AIR  COOLING 

APPARATUS    IN    PLACE. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


101 


CASTING    BRASS    TUBES    IN    CAST-HOUSE    OF    DOMINION     COPPER     PRODUCTS     CO. 


greater  this  strain  is  the  harder  the 
metal  becomes,  with  a  consequent  de- 
crease in  ductility. 

In  any  copper  or  brass  rolling  mill  the 
first  place  where  any  chemical  or  metal- 
lurgical work  occurs,  is  in  the  cast  house, 
where  the  different  alloys  are  made.  The 
raw  materials  that  enter  into  the  compo- 
sition of  the  different  alloys  are  firsl 
carefully  sampled  and  analysed  to  insure 
that  no  foreign  elements  are  added  to 
the  alloys  by  impurities  existing  in  the 
virgin  metals.  Copper,  zinc,  tin  and 
lead,  are  the  chief  metals  used  in  rolling 
mill  alloys.  After  the  virgin  metals  have 
satisfied  the  chemical  requirements,  the 
charge  for  any  given  alloy  is  weighed 
out  into  pans  and  conveyed  to  the  cast 
house  to  be  melted  and  cast  into  different 
kinds  of  moulds.  The  furnaces  used  for 
melting  at  the  plant  of  the  Dominion 
Copper  Products  Co.  are  of  the  pit  fired 
type,  the  fire  chambers  being  15  by  15 
inches  in  cross  sectional  area,  with  a 
grate  at  the  bottom  on  which  the  fuel 
and  the  crucibles  rest.  The  fuel  used  is 
anthracite  coal  and  the  draft  for  com- 
bustion is  supplied  by  stacks  86  feet  high 
and  2  feet  8  inches  in  diameter,  each 
stack  supplying  20  fires. 

The  charse  is  melted  in  graphite 
crucibles  of  different  sizes,  holding  from 
160  to  220  lbs.  In  making  ordinary  cart- 
ridge brass  the  procedure  is  as  follows: 
The  scrap  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the 
crucible  and  the  copper  ingots  are  laid 
on  its  rim  to  heat  up.  After  the  scrap 
has  melted,  about  a  handful  of  coarse 
salt  is  added,  then  the  copper,  and  the 
charge  is  completely  covered  with  char- 
coal. When  the  copper  has  melted  the 
spelter  is  added  little  by  little  about  10 
or  15  minutes  before  pouring.  The  aver- 
age time  for  a  charge  of  200  lbs.,  includ- 
ing charcring,  melting  and  casting,  :s 
about  two  hours.  The  molten  charge  is 
then  poured  into  moulds  and  allowed  to 
cool. 


The  chief  alloys  made  are  Muntz 
metal,  an  alloy  of  60  per  cent,  copper 
and  40  per  cent,  zinc,  used  chiefly  for 
condenser  heads  and  tubes  made  by  tiie 
hot  piercing  process;  Admiralty  metal, 
70  per  cent,  copper,  29  per  cent  zinc,  and 
1  per  cent,  tin,  used  for  condenser  tubes 
on  account  of  its  great  resistance  to  cor- 
rosion; cartridge  brass,  70  per  cent, 
copper  and  30  per  cent,  zinc;  2  and  1 
brass,  as  its  name  implies,  an  alloy  con- 
taining 2  parts  of  copper  and  1  of  zinc; 
and  several  kinds  of  bronzes  which  gen- 
erally contain  varying  amounts  of  tm 
in  addition  to  the  copper  and  zinc. 

In  order  to  insure  uniformity  of  pro- 
duct it  is  necessary  that  frequent  sam- 
ples of  the  various  mixtures  cast  be  ta- 
ken daily.  This  is  done  by  the  foreman 
caster,  who  marks  the  number  of  the 
mixture  on  the  sample  button,  and  it  is 
then  sent  to  the  laboratory  and  analyzed. 
Any  variation  from  the  desired  analysis 
is  rectified  by  changing  the  mixture,  in 


this  way  the  different  alloys  are  cast  to 
a  composition  very  closely  approximat- 
ing that  desired. 

One  of  the  main  objections  towards 
the  melting  of  copper  and  zinc  alloys  in 
fuel  fired  furnaces  is  ,  the  unsanitaiy 
conditions  existing  in  the  cast  house,  es- 
pecially in  the  summer  months,  and  the 
consequent  inability  of  the  plant  to  keep 
experienced  help.  Other  objections  are 
to  be  found  in  the  high  cost  of  fuel,  cru- 
cibles and  labor,  and  the  high  meial 
losses,  generally  due  to  the  volatilization 
of  the  zinc.  All  these  facts  contribute 
to  a  feeling  among  brass  men  that  a 
solution  of  these  difficulties  will  be  found 
in  the  electric  furnace.  Numerous  elec- 
tric furnaces  have  been  tried  out  in  the 
various  mills  of  the  United  States  during 
the  past  two  years.  The  experience  de- 
rived from  these  different  experimental 
furnaces  has  seemed  to  show  that  an  elec- 
tric furnace  of  the  induction  type  is  best 
suited  for  the  melting  of  these  brasses  ' 
high  in  zinc.  This  type  of  furnace  is 
capable  of  very  accurate  heat  control,  has 
a  high  thermal  efficiency,  and  keeps  the 
metallic  losses  down  to  a  very  low  point. 
The  Dominion  Copper  Products  Co.  is  at 
present  installing  an  induction  furnace 
of  the  Foley  type,  having  a  -melting  ca- 
pacity of  1,000  lbs.  per  hour.  The  elec- 
tric furnace  as  applied  to  brass  melting 
is  only  in  its  infancy,  but  if  it  meets  with 
anything  like  the  same  success  that  it 
has  in  the  steel  industry  it  will  eventu- 
ally find  a  very  wide  application  in  the 
non-ferrous  field. 

Copper  Refining  Furnaces 

In  any  rolling  mill  handling  copper 
there  is  always  large  scrap  accumula- 
tions which  it  is  not  economical  to  return 
to  the  cast  house  for  fcnielting.  Such 
products  are  usually  in  the  form  of  light 
turnings,  metal  recovered  from  east 
house  ashes,  mill  sweepings,  black  cop- 
per from  the  cupola  and  miscellaneous 
copper  scrap  of  all  kinds.  To  handle  this 
metal,  as  well  as  other  metal  they  receive 
from  outside  sources,  the  Dominion  Cop- 
per Products  Co.  have  two  copper  refin- 
ing furnaces  of  15  and  25  tons  capacity 
per  24  hours.  These  furnaces  are  of  the 
ordin?.ry   reverberatory    type,   fired     by 


MfMRJR 


CASTING  COPPER  SLABS. 


102 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XI 


soft  coal.  They  are  set  up  on  cast  iron 
plates  resting  on  brick  piers,  and  the 
bottom  and  the  inside  of  the  furnace 
which  come  in  contact  with  the  molten 
copper,  are  made  of  silica  brick.  The 
draft  is  supplied  to  each  furnace  by 
meaus  of  a  brick-lined  flue  of  two  feet 


material  is  very  high  in  copper  and  con- 
sequently of  considerable  value. 

Black  Copper  From  the  Cupola 

The  next  step  in  the  scheme  of  metal- 
lurgical operations  is  therefore  to  re- 
cover this  copper  from  the  slag.  This 
is  done  by  smelting  the  slag  in  a  cupola. 


BACK     VIEW     OF    THE     15-TON     FURNACE    SHOWING     CHARGING     FLOOR. 


interior  diameter,  which  leads  into  a 
60-foot  firebrick-lined  stack,  of  three  feet 
interior  diameter. 

A  charge  is  tapped  from  each  furnace 
every  24  hours  and  the  refined  copper  is 
either  cast  into  ingots  for  use  in  the  caat 
house,  bowl  cakes  to  be  drawn  out  into 
tubes  or  bands,  or  cake  copper  to  be 
rolled  out  into  sheets.  The  moulds  are 
placed  on  a  circular  rack  revolving  about 
a  central  post  by  which  it  is  supported. 
The  molten  copper  is  tapped  from  the 
furnace  into  a  clay-lined  tilting  spout, 
and  from  there  into  the  moulds. 

A  typical  analysis  of  the  copper  which 
comes  from  these  furnaces  would  be. 
copper  99.87  per  cent.,  oxygen  0.08  per 
cent.,  other  impurities  0.05  per  cent.  This 
percentage  of  oxygen  which  exists  in 
copper  in  the  form  of  cuprous  oxide,  is 
necessary,  as  it  enables  the  copper  to  be 
cast  free  from  blowholes  and  also  checks 
the  ill-effects  of  any  other  impurities 
which  may  be  present  in  the  copper. 
Copper  containing  this  amount  of  oxygen 
is  in  its  "tough  pitch"  condition,  and  it 
is  in  this  state  that  it  exhibits  its  best 
physical  properties.  When  fractured  it 
should  show  a  rose  pink  color  and  have 
a  silky  structure. 

During  the  process  of  refining  copper 
considerable  slag  is  made,  the  amoui.l 
and  composition  of  this  slag  depending 
to  a  great  extent  on  the  nature  of  the 
charge  to  be  refined.  TThe  following  is 
typical   analysis   of   a  refined 


using  coke  as  a  fuel  and  roasted  pyrites 
and  limestone  as  a  flux.  Besides  the 
refining  copper  and  fluxes,  the  charg>; 
usually  consists  of  mill  sweepings,  fine 
material  recovered  from  the  cast  house 
ashes,  ashes  from  the  cupola  flue,  and 
old  bricks  from  the  worn  out  refining 
furnace  linings  which  are  generally  im- 
pregnated with  copper  to  a  considerable 
extent.  These  various  materials  are 
weighed  and  charged  into  the  cupola  in 
regular  sequence,  as  many  as  75  charges 
being  melted  down  in  24  hours,  and  from 
5  to  7  tons  of  black  copper  averaging  !)5 
per  cent  copper  Tecovered  per  day.  This 
material  goes  back  to  the  refining  fu- 
nac3  and  completes  the  cycle  of  opera- 
tions. 


Daily  analyses  are  made  of  the  slag 
from  the  cupola.  This  is  necessary  in 
order  to  keep  it  of  the  proper  composi- 
tion to  get  the  requisite  degree  of  fluid- 
ity, and  the  right  fluxing  action  to  insure 
a  good  copper  recovery.  The  fluxes  that 
are  used  are  also  sampled  and  analysed 
as  any  considerable  amount  of  impurities 
present  in  them  would  have  deleterious 
effects  upon  the  melting  operations.  For 
instance,  the  occurrence  of  much  alumina 
in  the  limestone  with  the  presence  of 
much  sulphur  in  the  pyrite  under  would 
form  a  quantity  of  copper  matte  which 
would  lead  to  considerable  trouble  in  the 
subsequent  refining. 

Annealing  of  Brass  and  Copper 

Another  part  of  the  metallurgist's 
work  in  a  brass  rolling  mill  deals  with 
the  annealing  of  the  material  in  the  pro- 
cess of  manufacture.  After  a  certain 
amount  of  work  has  been  accomplished 
on  either  brass  or  copper  it  is  necessary 
to  anneal  it  before  more  work  can  be 
performed.  Annealing  changes  the 
highly  distorted  and  elongated  structure 
of  rolled  brass  to  a  uniform  crystalline 
structure  and  the  metal  becomes  soft  and 
ductile.  The  temperature  and  time  of 
annealing  depends  upon  the  previous 
work  performed  on  the  brass  and  also 
upon  the  degree  of  softness  required. 
To  anneal  brass  or  copper  to  a  dead  soft 
condition  a  uniform  heat  of  from  1,200 
to  1,250  degrees  Fahr.  will  usually  be 
found  to  be  sufficient.  The  same  applies 
to  the  heat  treatment  of  brass  as  to  that 
for  steel,  namely,  that  good  temperature 
control  cannot  be  effected  without  the  use 
of  accurate  pyrometers. 

The  annealing  furnaces  in  use  at  the 
plant  of  the  Dominion  Copper  Products 
Co.  are  of  the  underfired  type,  using  oil 
as  a  fuel.  The  material  to  be  annealed  is 
loaded  upon  sheet  iron  pans,  drawn  into 
the  furnace  by  long  hooks,  passes 
through  the  furnace  and  out  at  the  oppo- 
site end  where  it  is  either  sprinkled  with 
water  or  left  to  cool  by  standing  in  the 
air. 

Microscopic  Examination  of  the  Metals 
The  foregoing  resume  of  the  everyday 
work  of  the  plant  chemist  and  metallur- 
gist has  dealt  with  his  work  mainly  from 
a  strictly  chemical  and  metallurgical 
standpoint.  Another  branch  of  worK 
which  comes  within  the  field  of  the  met- 


Copper,  40.0  per  oent;  silica,  29.5  per 
cent.;  iron,  9.4  per  cent.;  lime,  2.5  per 
cent. 

A»  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  this 


ANNEALING  FURNACES  IN  PLANT  OF  DOMINION  COPPER  PRODUCTS  CO. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


103 


TAPPING  BLACK  COPPER 


FROM  THE  CUPOLA,  DOMINION  COPPER 
PRODUCTS  CO. 


allurgist  and  in  which  great  strides  have 
been  made  during  the  past  few  years,  is 
the  science  of  metallography  or  the 
microscopic  examination  of  metals.  By 
means  of  this  science  the  metallurgist  is 
able  to  ascertain  if  the  treatment  he  has 
given  any  metal  in  process  of  manufac- 
ture has  achieved  the  desired  results  and 
imparted  to  the  metal  that  structure 
which  it  must  have  if  it  is  to  meet  the 
requisite  physical  tests.  A  microscopic 
examination  of  a  piece  of  metal,  steel 
or  brass,  will  often  g-ive  the  metallurgist 
information  which  it  might  take  days 
to  find  out  by  other  means.  Not  only 
will  it  justify  or  condemn  the  accuracy 
of  his  treatment  but  it  will  often  locale 
for  him  causes  of  failure  or  deterioration 
in  metals  which  could  never  be  detected 
by  ordinary  chemical  or  physical  examiit- 
ation. 

A  case  in  point  came  up  at  the  plant 
of  the  Dominion  Bridge  Co.  a  short  time 
ago.  Several  furnace  plates  which,  were 
used  in  the  construction  of  marine  en- 
gine boilers,  when  heated  and  flanged, 
showed  serious  cracks  and  flaws  in. the 
steel.  At  first  sight  these  defects  look- 
ed as  if  they  might  be  due  to  overheat- 
ing or  to  red  shortness  in  the  steel  due 
to  a  hif^h  sulphur  content.  A  chemical 
analysis  showed  the  sulphur  to  be  low 
and  a  physical  test  cut  from  the  portion 
of  the  steel  adjacent  to  the  cracks  gave 
results  well  within  the  limits  for  a  steel 


of  that  quality.  A  specimen  that  con- 
tained several  cracks  was  then  polished, 
etched  and  examined  under  the  micro- 
scope. The  structure  of  the  steel  was 
good  and  no  signs  of  overheating  were 
in  evidence.  Finally  about  1-32  was 
filed  off  the  face  of  the  specimen  and  it 
was  repolished.  An  examination  then 
disclosed  the  cause  of  the  failure.  Em- 
bedded in  the  steel  were  particles  of  slag 
and  all  around  the  edges  of  the  cracks 


broken  up  partj^les  oj^sla^.could  be  seen, 
showing  that  tKese  cracks  had  all  taken 
place  where  the  larger  slag  particles 
had  originally  existed  in  the  steel.  This 
is  only  one  instance  of  the  use  of  the 
microscope  for  the  examination  of 
metals. 

Physical  Testing  and  Miscellaneous  Work 

In  the  larger  munition  -plants  the 
metallurgist  generally  also  performs  the 
duties  of  a  testing  engineer.  He  carries 
out  all  the  tensile,  compression,  bend  and 
any  other  tests  called  for  in  the  specifi- 
cations for  the  finished  product.  A  well 
equipped  testing  laboratory  where  physi- 
cal tests  can  be  made  at  a  moment's  no- 
tice will  often  save  the  manufacturer 
considerable  money,  especially  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  new  industry  when  things 
are  generally  more  or  less  in  the  experi- 
mental stage. 

Other  tests  which  the  works  chemist 
may  be  called  upon  to  make  include  the 
testing  of  a  coal  or  oil  for  calorific  power 
or  for  some  impurities  such  as  sulphur, 
which  might  be  detrimental  to  a  certain 
melting  or  heating  operation  if  present 
in  excess.  The  testing  and  analysis  of 
refractory  materials  of  all  kinds  such  as 
fire  brick,  clays,  sands,  and  graphite 
also  come  within  the  scope  of  hlB  work. 
The  examination  of  quenching  oils,  cut- 
ting compounds,  greases,  scraps,  and  in 
fact  any  of  the  innumerable  materials 
of  this  nature  which  enter  into  the  var- 
ious shop  processes  may  also  be  a  part 
of  the  chemist's  daily  work. 

From  this  outline  of  the  work  of  the 
chemist  and  the  metallurgist  in  one  of 
our  large  industrial  plants  engaged  ir> 
the  production  of  munitions  it  will  be 
seen  that  he  enters  directly  or  indirectly 
into  some  stage  or  other  of  almost  any 
of  the  finished  products  of  the  shop. 

To  sum  up,  the  chemist  and  the  metal- 
lurgist have  played  a  prominent  part  in 
the  development  of  the  munitions  indus- 
try in  Canada  and  all  signs  point  to  the 
probability  that  in  the  future,  when  the 
industrial  expansion  will  lie  along  more 
peaceful  lines,  the  chemist  will  be  able 
to  still  further  widen  the  scope  of  his 
many  activities. 


PHYSICAL  TESTING  LABORATORY.  DOMINION   BRIDGE  CO. 


101 


Volume  XI 


FROM  THE  MEN 
WHO  PRODUCE 


Methods,  Machining  Devices,  Systems  and  Suggestions  From 
Shop  And  Drafting  Room 


Efficient  Appliances  for  Eco- 
nomic Shell  Production 


BY  J.  H.  RODGERS 
Associate  Editor  Canadian  Machinery 


SUCCESSFUL  munition  production 
cannot  be  attained  by  concentra- 
ing  on  any  one  particular  detail  of 
manufacture  but  must  be  dependent  upon 
the  co-ordinate  combination  of  every  es- 
sential factor  involved  in  the  entire 
problem  of  shell  making  from  the  cast- 
ing of  the  billet  to  the  crating  and  ship- 
ping of  the  finished  product.  However, 
it  will  invariably  be  conceded  that  ef- 
ficient equipment  and  shop  facilities  are 
probably  the  most  important  require- 
ments for  rapid,  economic,  and  success- 
ful production.  Apart  from  the  well  es- 
tablished effectiveness  of  the  single  pur- 
pise  machine,  the  achievements  of  shell 
manufacturers  are  responsible,  very 
largely,  to  the  special  appliances  that 
have  been  developed  for  accomplishing 
certain  operations  in  connection  with 
this  industry,  and  which  have  generally 
been  designed  to  meet  specific  conditions. 
Varied  experience  on  the  part  of  plant 
superintendents,  and  their  assistants,  riot 
forgetting  the  mechanics  themselves, 
have  been  responsible  for  the  many 
different  devices  constructed  for  per- 
forming identical  operations.  In  certain 
instances  shop  atmosphere  has  been  par- 
ticularly accountable  for  the  design  of 
home-made  equipment,  as  available  ma- 
terial''h«jj>»very  of teft  been  adapted  to  a 
purpose  widely  different  from  that  for 
which  it  was  primarily  intended. 

It  is,  therefore,  not  surprising;  to  see 
the  wide  range  of  fixtures  now  in  use 
in  many  of  the  large  munition  factories, 
and  in  almost  every  instance  performins; 
the  work  with  the  highest  degree  of 
satisfaction. 

The  following  illustrations,  with  the 
accompanying  descriptions,  indicate  a 
few  of  the  large  number  of  accessories 
that  have  been  instrumental  in  the  suc- 
cessful manufacture  of  the  various 
shells,  and  likewise  the  maintenance  of 
the  different  tools  required  for  the  work. 

Determining  a   Basis  for  Machining 
Operations 

Rough  boring  of  the  fuse  hole  in  the 
nose  of  the  shell  is  an  operation  in 
which  much  care  is  required  to  assure 
concentricity  with  the  walls  in  the  main 


portion  of  the  forging.  Owing  to  the 
slight  variation  in  dimensions  that  are 
unavoidably  created  during  the  forging 
process,  it  is  often  very  difficult  to  de- 
termine just  the  exact  point  from  which 
machining  should  be  based.  While  the 
piercing  of  a  hot  billet  may,  to  the  un- 
initiated, appear  quite  a  simple  oper- 
ation, the  production  of  uniform  forg- 
ings  is  dependent  upon  so  many  diff- 
erent conditions  that  it  is  virtually  im- 
possible to  find  any  two  finished  forg- 
ings  exactly  identical  in  every  particular. 
Slight  variation  in  the  physical  nature 
of  the  steel,  uneven  or  irregular  heat- 
ing, presence  of  scale  on  the  surface  of 
the  billet,  careless  placing  in  the  dies, 
press  out  of  alignment,  etc.,  are  some 
of  the  factors  that  decide  the  final  quali- 
ty of  the  product. 


ri=] 


Generally,  however,  sufficient  stock  is 
available  on  all  portions  of  the  forgings 
to  assure  the  production  of  the  finished 
shell,  at  least  respecting  the  specified 
dimensions;  physical  defects  may  arise 
from  the  same  or  other  causes.  The  point 
therefore,  is  to  select  some  place  on  the 
forging  that  will  minimize  the  machin- 
ing difficulties  contingent  on  such  ir- 
regularities. The  superintendent  of  a 
plant  that  has  had  very  good  success  on 
both  the  8  inch  and  the  6  inch  shells, 
has  figured  that  a  position  on  the  pro- 
file about  midway  between  the  nose  and 
the  tangential  point  of  the  radius  is  the 
portion  least  subject  to  the  discrepan- 
cies of  the  forging  operations. 

Invariably,  the  greatest  wear  on  the 
forging  punch  will  take  place  atthe 
extreme  nose  or  at  the  juncture  of  the 
lower  taper  and  the  long  comparatively 
paralled    section.  Consequently,      the 

neutral  point  will  obviously  be  between 
these  two  positions;  thus  the  reason  for 
selecting  the  aforesaid  point  as  a  basis 
of  operations.  This  method  is  adopted 
both  for  the  initial  centering  and  also 
the  subsequent  boring  of  the  nose. 


FIG.   1— FIXTURE  FOR  BORING  AND  CHAMFERING  NOSE 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


106 


rry-~rn 


J??^W 


FIG.     2— CENTERING     DEVICE. 


Boring  the  Nose  for  Fuse  Hole 

In  the  sketch  Fig.  1  is  illustrated  the 
device  that  has  been  devised  for  the  bor- 
ing of  the  nose  on  the  6  inch  shells, 
after  the  outer  portion  has  been  machin- 
ed. The  attachment  is  applied  to  a 
Baker  Drill,  the  main  support  for  the 
shell  being  secured  to  the  vertical  slide 
of  the  main  upright.  Fitted  to  this 
casting  is  the  cylinder  B,  in  which  the 
tubular  plunger  C  is  contained.  To  the 
bottom  of  this  piston  is  fitted  the  head 
D  and  the  ordinary  air  brake  cylinder 
washer  E;  the  inlet  for  the  operating 
air  is  shown  at  F.  A  thin  disc  is  fitted 
to  the  upper  end  of  the  plunger  to  sup- 
port the  base  of  the  shell.  Suitable 
wooden  framework  is  provided  on  a  level 
with  the  receiving  and  discharging  run- 
ways to  facilitate  the  handling  of  the 
shells.  When  the  shell  has  been  elevat- 
ed to  its  working  position  the  profile  of 
the  nose  at  the  neutral  point  is  forced 
into  the  receiving  ring  K  which  is  held 
in  position  in  the  bracket  J  by  means 
of  the  screws  shown.  For  ordinary 
work,  where  the  hole  is  comparatively' 
even  and  not  too  small,  the  pressure  of 
the  air  is  sufficient  to  retain  the  shell 
in  the  proper  position,  but  where  exces- 
sive pressure  is  required  in  the  drilling 
of  the  nose  the  shell  can  be  additionally 
held  by  the  action  of  a  strap  clamp  H 
that  is  located  on  the  upper  end  of  the 
operating  cylinder,  and  grips  the  plung- 
er when  the  same  has  been  forced  up- 
ward. The  roughing  and  the  facing  cut- 
ters are  shown  in  position  above  the 
shell. 

Importance    of    Initial    Centering 

A  detail  that  is  of  vital  importance 
in  the  ultimate  success  of  the  finished 
product,  and  one  that  has  been  often 
emphasized  as  an  essential  feature  in 
connection   with   efficient   production,    is 


the  initial  centering  of  the  shells  prior 
to  any  of  the  following  machining  opera- 
tions. Too  much  attention  cannot  be 
given  to  this  simple  but  apparently  in- 
significant detail.  Upon  the  accuracy 
of  the  primary  centering  of  the  nose 
or  the  base,  as  the  case  may  be,  de- 
pends the  final  success  or  failure  of 
the  shell  making  process.  Owing  (to 
the  boring  of  the  shell  being  the  most 
difficult  in  the  many  operatios  on  the 
shell  it  is  the  recognized  practice  to 
work  from  the  rough  bore  when  a 
start  is  made  pn  the  gauging  and  drill- 
ing of  the  center  from  which  the  outer 
portion  is  to  be  turned.  Common  prac- 
tice is  to  use  expanding  arbors  for 
holdinjg    the   forging    while    this    center- 


feature  in  connection  with  centering 
devices  is  to  have  the  mass  rigid  and 
as  accurate  as  conditions  will  permit, 
and  also  to  so  design  them  that  their 
operation  will  be  as  rapid  as  possible 
consistent  with  satisfactory  work. 

Special   Centering    Device 

The  devices  that  have  been  con- 
structed for  the  efficient  performance 
of  this  operation  have  been  quite  num- 
erous and  few  plants  have  adopted  the 
exact  method  for  accomplishing  the 
work,  and  it  would  probably  be  difficult 
to  pick  out  any  particular  one  that  was 
more  efficient  than  any  of  the  others, 
each  having  their  own  pecularities  and 
advantages.  The  one  here  illustrated 
has  given  very  good  satisfaction  in  the 
shop  in  which  it  is  now  used.  The  at- 
tachment is  fitted  to  an  ordinary  engine 
lathe  the  spindle  of  which  is  equipped 
with  a  suitable  extending  arbor 
holding  and  revolving  the  shell.  On 
the  top  of  the  traverse  carriage  is  fitted 
the  brackets  A.  A.  and  B.  B.,  these 
brackets  supporting  the  two  cross  slides 
C  and  D,  which  are  lined  in  position 
by  the  pouring  of  babbit  in  one  or  other 
of  the  brackets  when  the  complete 
fixture  is  in  proper  alignment.  The 
main  bearing  casting  E  that  carries 
the  centering  spindle  F  is  fitted  with 
three  bearings  to  maintain  alignment 
of  the  spindle.  This  is  kept  revolving 
continually  and  the  center  drill  and  the 
countersink  are  used  alternately  by 
changing  in  the  small  cam  operated 
chuck  H.  The  connecting  rods  J  are 
attached  to  the  lower  portion  of  the 
cross  slide  and  also  to  the  operating 
shaft  L  by  means  of  the  short  link  K. 
By  the  movement  of  the  handle  M  this 
toggle  arrangement  provides  a  rapid 
means  for  displacing  the  drill  spindle 
out  of  a  working  position  for  the  con- 
venient placing  and  removing  of  the  shell 
from  the  arbor.  The  positive  stop  N 
assures   the   exact     alignment     of     the 


FIG.   3.     RECENTERING   ARBOR. 


ing  is  being  performed.  Generally  the 
method  adopted  is  to  grip  the  inner 
walls  on  the  parallel  portion  of  the 
bore,  but]  as  stated  above  the  better 
method  is  to  select  a  neutral  point  on 
the  inner  profile  whjere  the  irregulari- 
ties are  less  likly  to  appear,  or  if  so 
they    are    less    pronounced.      The    chief 


spindle  when  the  same  is  returned  to  a 
working  position.  By  running  the  arbor 
in  the  opposite  direction  to  that  of  the 
drill  spindle  additional  assurance  is  given 
to  greater  accuracy.  In  this  case  the 
work  revolves  at  50  R.  P.  M.,  the  small 
drill  at  600  R.  P.  M,  and  the  reamer  or 
countersink  at  350  R.  P.  M. 


106 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Centering  Arbor 

An  arbor  for  recentering  the  shells 
after  the  boring  has  been  completed  is 
shown  in  Fig.  3.  In  this  case  the  shell 
is  centered  at  two  points,  at  the  open 
end  and  also  at  the  section  just  adjoining 
the  inner  profile.     The  main  portion  of 


vised  the  simple  attachment  illustrated 
in  the  sketch  Fig.  4.  In  many  respects 
this  chuck  has  similar  features  to  those 
of  other  makes  but  the  interesting  point 
in  connection  with  this  particular  one 
is  the  arrangement  of  the  control  at 
the   rear   of   the   lathe    spindle. 


•■     -^»       -H 


FIG.  4.  ASSEMBLY  OF  COLLET  CHUCK. 


the  arbor  A,  which  is  made  of  cast  iron, 
is  equipped  with  a  large  flange  at  the 
back  end  for  bolting  to  the  face  plate 
of  the  lathe.  Contained  in  the  1% 
inch  hole  through  the  center  of  this 
piece  is  the  operating  bar  B,  which  has 
three  equidistant  tapered  slots  shaped 
in  as  shown  at  C,  these  being  placed  at 
an  angle  approximating  6  degrees.  The 
grripping  jaws  D  operated  through  slots 
cut  in  the  outer  end  of  the  main  arboi. 
These  are  collapsed  by  the  action  of  the 
ordinary  ring  spring  shown.  For  the 
centering  of  the  open  end  the  three 
hardened  blocks  E  are  fitted  into  the 
body  of  the  arbor  A.  The  handle  for 
controlling  the  operation  of  the  jaws 
is  threaded  to  the  rear  end  of  the  arbor, 
the  position  of  the  jaws  being  de- 
termined by  the  location  of  the  said 
handle.  The  recess  G  in  the  handle  is 
a  close  fit  for  the  cross  bar  H  which  is 
a  driving  fit  in  the  central  operating 
rod.  For  screw  operated  arbors  it  is 
much  better  to  have  the  control  handle 
within  easy  reach  of  the  operator,  par- 
ticularly where  the  actual  machine  work 
takes  but  a  small  portion  of  the  total 
time. 

Collet  Chuck  for  6-Inch  Shells 

Debate  has  often  arisen  as  to  whether 
the  use  of  air  operated  chucking  devices 
have  any  particular  advantages  over  the 
hand  operated  type.  When  all  things 
are  considered,  apart  from  the  possible 
increase  in  the  rapidity  of  operation,  it 
is  doubtful  if  the  adoption  of  the  air 
has  any  outstanding  advantages  over 
appliances  operated  by  the  hand  method. 
The  upkeep  in  both  cases  is  often  con- 
siderable but  the  initial  outlay  in  respect 
to  a  complete  installation  of  air  gen- 
erating equipment  is  frequently  a  sub- 
ject not  generally  favored,  by  the  small 
manufacturers  in  particular.  An  objec- 
tional  feature  that  is  often  evident  m 
the  operation  of  screw  chucks  is  the  use 
of  a  sledge  to  free  the  jaws  from  the 
work  after  the  handle  has  been  released. 
To  overcome    this  trouble  one  plant  de- 


To  the  -face  plate  A  of  the  lathe  is 
secured  the  main  cylindrical  portion  of 
the  collet  chuck,  the  outer  diameter 
running  in  the  steady  rest  C  for  added 
rigidity.  The  split  collet  is  provided 
with  exceptionally  long  bearing  on  a 
taper  of  about  6  degrees  with  the  axis 
of  the  lathe  spindle.  The  inner  end  of 
the  draw  rod  is  fitted  with  a  head  that 
is  located  in  a  pocket  formed  by  the  tail 
of  the  collet  and  a  special  ring  E,  the 
latter  having  an  opening  in  the  center 
to  allow  the  tit  on  the  base  of  the  shell 
to  enter  undisturbed.  The  screws  F  are 
fitted  with  hardened  points  which  enter 
corresponding  slots  in  the  collet  to  pre- 
vent the  same  from  turning  under  the 
action  of  the  screw.  Fitted  to  the  rear 
end  of  the  spindle  is  the  collar  G,  which 
in  turn  supports  the  flanged  bush  H,  a 
retaining  bronze  washer  I  being  located 
between  it  and  the  end  of  the  lathe  spin- 
dle. The  handle  J,  which  rides  free  on  the 
shaft  S  when  the  lathers  in  operation,  is 
fitted  with  a  clutch  faceK,  corresponding; 
to  that  on  the  back  end  of  the  bush   H, 


Volume  XX. 

Expanding  Driver 

A  simple  expanding  driver  is  shown 
in  Fig.  4a.  The  steel  container  A  is 
fitted  to  the  spindle  of  the  lathe,  a 
recess  being  provided  to  take  the  inner 
end  of  the  draw  rod  B,  this  recess 
adding  to  the  rigidity  and  ease  with 
which  the  screw  may  be  operated.  The 
hardened  steel  plug  D  is  provided  with 
three  slots  having  a  taper  of  3  degrees 
with  the  axial  line  of  the  lathe  spindle. 
The  jaws  E  are  the  ordinary  h:.rder.ed 
type  and  may  be  serrated  as  shown  for 
roughing  operations. 

Importance  of  Smooth   Bores 

Apart  from  the  actual  operation  in 
connection  with  the  machining  of  the 
shells,  the  upkeep  of  the  tools  is  a  detail 
that  requires  considerable  attention  to 
enable  the  work  of  munition  making  to 
be  accomplished  with  maximum  speed 
and  economy.  Successful  production  is 
dependent  as  much  on  efficient  methods 
of  tool  maintenance  as  effective  methods 
of  machining  operations.  This  is  not 
only  true  in  respect  to  some  of  the  more 
important  essentials  but  likewise  to 
many  incidental  details  that  are  very 
often  put  down  as  of  minor  significance. 
Probably  few  details  are  more  important 
as  having  a  vital  bearing  on  successful 
shell  production  as  the  resultant  work  of 
boring  cutters.  In  this  particular  it 
might  be  safe  to  say  that  more  trouble 
has  been  occasioned  than  in  all  the 
others  combined. 

The  importance  of  smooth  bores  en- 
tirely free  from  any  irregularity  of  any 
kind  has  been  emphasized  ever  since  the 
inception  of  the  shellmaking  activity. 
The  action  of  the  shell  in  flight  is  such 
that  dangerous  consequences  may  result 
from  even  the  slightest  roughness  or  ir- 
regularity in  the  bore  of  the  shell.  To 
make  this  more  clear,  it  must  be  under- 
stood that  the  charge  contained  in  the 
high  explosive  shell  is  very  susceptible 
to  the  action  of  the  friction,  so  that  the 
slightest  scratch  may  form  the  basis  of 
a  premature  explosion,  an  occurrence 
that   must  be  guarded  against  by  every 


FIG.    5— PROFILE 

which  is  threaded  to  the  draw  rod  S  as 
indicated.  To  tighten  or  release  the 
chuck  the  clutch  K  is  used,  and  the 
action  being  positive  in  either  direction, 
prevents  the  seizing  of  the  collet  jaws 
on  the  surface  of  the  shell. 


GRINDING    DEVICE. 

means  in  the  power  of  those  responsible 
for  the  safekeeping  of  the  men  at  the 
guns.  The  rifling  action  of  the  bore  of 
the  cannon  has  an  instantaneous  effect 
on  the  shell  proper,  and  this  revolvina; 
action  cannot  very  well  be  immediately 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


107 


transferred  to  the  inner  explosive 
charge.  The  sudden  centrifugal  motion 
set  up  in  the  shell  itself,  when  dis- 
charged, causes  a  relatively  opposite 
motion  on  the  inner  charge;  that  is,  the 
direction  of  motion  of  the  shell  and  the 
charge  are  both  the  same  but  the  speed 
of  the  former  is  much  the  greater,  and 
until  their  motion  becomes  uniform,  the 
possibility  of  premature  explosion  is 
ever  present.  For  this  reason  it  is  im- 
perative that  every  caution  be  taken  to 
guard  against  such  an  eventuality,  thus 
the  care  that  is  exercised  in  attaining 
a  bore  that  will  minimize,  if  not  elimin- 
ate, the  danger  contingent  to  imperfect 
shells. 

The  smooth  bore  of  the  shell  has  been 
a  feature  in  connection  with  shell  pro- 
duction that  has  been  given  very  much 
attention,  but  absolute  perfection  is  next 
to  impossible,  as  it  may  not  be  generally 
known  that  an  exceptionally  smooth  bore 
may  develop  what  appears  to  be  physical 
defects  that  inexperienced  inspectors 
may  have  difficulty  in  passing.  This 
however,  is  a  factor  that  mi-jht  very  well 
be  overcome  with  a  little  instruction  or 
enlightenment  on  the  part  of  the  In- 
spectors. The  essential  consideration 
under  known  conditions  is  to  produce  a 
bore  that  will  be  as  free  from  iinw'-- 
fections  as  present  practice  is  capable 
of  accomplishing. 

Maintenance  of  Boring  Cutters. 

The  maintenance  and  the  accuracy  of 
boring  cutters  are  the  prime  factors  in 
the  production  of  work  that  will  meet 
the  strict  requirements  of  shell  specifi- 
cation. The  numerous  designs  of  boring 
bars  and  cutters  that  have  been  devel- 
oped for  this  particular  operation,  to- 
gether with  many  appliances  constructed 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  same,  has 
clearly  shown  the  efforts  that  have  been 


grinding  of  such  too!  to  the  proper 
contour  not  having  been  given  much 
attention,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  de- 
vising appliances  to  handle  the  work. 
Recently  however,  certain  plants  have 
constructed    fixtures    and    other    devices 


D  is  held  in  position  by  the  cap  C,  and 
is  inclined  at  an  angle  with  the  axis  of 
the  grinding  spindle,  of  about  6  degrees. 
The  object  of  this  is  to  alter  the  clear- 
ance on  the  cutting  edge  of  the  cutters. 
The    inclination    is    such    that   with    the 


FIG.     7— FACE    GRINDING    ATTACHMENT. 


that  have  practically  eliminated  the 
possibility  of  inaccuracy  resulting  from 
the  inability  of  the  workmen  to  adapt 
themselves  to  this  important  detail. 
Such  devices  have  not  only  aided  in  pro- 
ducing better  work  at  less  cost  but  have 
virtually  removed  the  human  element  in 
the  errors  that  might  arise  from  faulty 
ground  cutters. 

Interesting   Grinding   Fixture 

One  of  these  mechanical  and  almost 
automatic  grinding  fixturls  is  shown  in 
Fig.  5.  This  cut  shows  the  device  as 
developed  by  the  Montreal  Tramways 
Co.  for  grinding  the  boring  cutters  for 
the  6-inch  Mark  XI.  shell.  The  sket.>,h 
Fig.  6  will  illustrate  more  clearly  the 
construction  of  the  device.  It  was  de- 
cided   to    utilize    an    old    planer   for   the 


FIG.    6— FIXTURE     FOR     GRINDING     CUTTERS. 


made  to  overcome  the 
cidental  to  maximum 
accuracy  of  the  boring 
regards  the  shape  and 
has  invariably  been  left 
and  experience  of  the 
served  for  this  purpose, 


difficulties   in-  groundwork  of  this  apparatus,  owing  to 

efficiency.     The  the   unique   advantages    such   a   machine 

cutters,  both   as  had    for    the    operation    and    application 

the   dimensions,  of  the  parts.     The  main  casting  A,  for 

to  the  judgment  supporting  the  boring  arbor,   is  pivoted 

tool    makers   re-  at  the  point  B,  by  i-  pin  which  is  secured 

,  the  mechanical  to  the  table  of  the  planer.     The   arbor 


tip  of  the  bar  in  the  circular  direction, 
gives  a  variation  of  from  about  7  de- 
grees clearance  at  the  nose  of  the  cutter 
to  a  nil  clearance  at  the  extreme  base 
cf  the  cutter.  This  not  only  pio'Idei  an 
ideal  cutting  angle  for  that  portion  of 
the  cutter  at  which  the  bulk  of  the  work 
is  performed  but  also  furnishes  a  non- 
cutting  support  and  guide  for  that  sec- 
tion of  the  cutter  that  has  often,  under 
other  conditions,  given  no  end  of  trouble. 
One  of  the  difficulties  that  has  fre- 
quently been  experienced  in  the  boring 
of  the  various  shells  has  been  the 
tendency  of  the  cutler  Lo  ;.';ouq:e  out  a 
recess  at  the  base  of  the  shell,  which 
could  seldom  be  detected  by  the  naked 
eye,  but  was  quite  evident  under  the 
cxcjmination  of  the  inspectors  with  suit- 
iblc  instruments  for  the  detection  of  such 
imperfections,  the  result  being  that 
many  shells  were  rejected  for  this 
reason. 

Secured  to  the  cross  rail  of  the  planer 
is  a  special  casting  that  carries  the 
grinding  spindle  F,  to  the  nose  of  which 
is  secured  the  wheel  chuck  G.  It  might 
be  stated  that  this  impromptu  pot  chuck 
is  made  from  the  upper  portion  of  a 
spoiled  shell,  the  walls  having  been 
lightened  to  facilitate  the  operation.  The 
grinding  wheel  H  is  held  in  position  by 
the  large  nut  I.  These  wheels  are  made 
specially  for  this  purpose,  the  diameter 
of  the  hole  being  such  as  to  give  the 
best  results.  Adjusting  nuts  J  are  pro- 
vided on  the  rear  of  the  grinding  spindle 
to  take  up  any  lost  motion  in  the  shaft. 
Stops  are  located  on  the  planer  table 
to  rculate  the  position  of  the  bar  when 
grinding  the  parallel  and  also  the  tap- 
ered portion.  When  grinding  the  straight 
sections  the  fixture  is  firmly  clamped 
by  means  of  the  clamp  N.  The  position 
of  the  pin  B  is  so  arranged  that  when 
the  bar  is  being  moved  from  one  fixed 
position  to  the  other  the  radius  between 
the  parallel  and  the  tapered  section,  is 
automatically  formed.  After  these  cut- 
ters have  been  ground  in  this  manner 
the  only  requirement  is  a  slight  applica- 


108 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX.. 


tion  of  the  oil  stone  to  remove  any 
small  burrs  that  have  been  formed.  The 
longitudinal  feeding  arrangement  is 
shown  in  the  half  tone  cut  Fig.  5. 

Grinding  Nose  of  Cutter 

A   somewhat  similar  device  has  been 
developed  in  the  same  shop  for  gn"inding 
the  face  and  end  radius  of  these  same 


suspended  and  balanced  this  gauge  is  apt 
to  be  the  bugbear  of  any  examination 
room  and  the  "willing  horse"  generally 
gets  the  job  of  using  it. 

The  method  of  using  this  gauge  varies 
in  different  plants  but  it  is  usual  to  bal- 
ance it  in  some  way  by  means  of  a  balance 
weight  working  through  an  overhead 
pulley.     In  small  shops  the  gauge  is  gen- 


FIG.  8.    GRINDING   ENDS  OF  BORING   CUTTERS. 


cutters.  This  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  7,  and 
a  line  drawing  of  the  device  is  shown 
in  Fig.  8.  The  foundation  for  this  ap- 
paratus is  a  long  piece  of  channel  iron, 
upon  which  is  secured  an  ordinary  com- 
pound rest  B,  the  upper  portion  C 
supporting  the  small  angle  iron  D,  to 
which  in  turn  is  bolted  the  small  slide 
E  that  carries  the  electric  grinder  F. 
Lateral  feed  to  the  grinder  is  ootained 
by  means  of  the  small  handle  G.  Also 
secured  to  the  channel  iron  is  the  disc 
casting  I,  the  central  pin  of  which  is 
located  directly  below  the  center  of  the 
nose  radius  of  the  cutter  when  the  same 
is  in  a  grinding  position.  Pivoted  on  the 
pin  I,  is  the  casting  J,  which,  by  the  way, 
is  a  discarded  trolley  base;  to  this  cast- 
ing is  secured  the  bracket  K  for  retain- 
ing the  bar  M  in  position,  ai;  additional 
support  being  provided  at  N,  in  the 
shape  of  an  adjustable  Y  support.  A 
dust  cap  is  provided  to  protect  the  bear- 
ing I  from  the  dust  of  the  wheel.  As 
shown  by  the  small  end  sketch,  the  bar 
is  tipped  in  two  directions  so  that  when 
the  fixture  is  swung  around  to  grind  the 
radius  the  clearance  will  correspond 
with  that  obtained  on  the  preceding 
operation.  Stops  that  are  shown  in  Fig. 
7  are  provided  to  determine  the  exact 
position  for  either  cutter. 


erally  suspended  near  to  the  weighing 
scales  and  each  shell  is  gauged  as  it 
comes  off  the  scales.  This  method  is 
objectionable  as  it  causes  violent  vibra- 
tion in  the  vicinity  of  the  scales  and  tends 
to  make  weighing  inaccurate.  It  also 
necessitates  the  standing  up  of  the  shell 
immediately  after  coming  off  the  scales 
which  is  a  needless  time  and  muscle  ab- 
sorbing operation.  The  most  efficient 
method  of  using  this  gauge  is  by  means 


AN  EFFECTIVE  METHOD  OF  USING 

THE  CYLINDER  GAUGE  ON 

6-IN.  H.  E.  SHELLS 

By  J.  S.  Downie 

The  cylinder  gauge  which  is  used  for 
gauging  concentricity  of  driving  band 
with  body  of  shell  is  often  a  very  awkward 
one  to  use.  It  is  heavy,  weighing  about 
45  lbs.,  and  if  the  band  on  the  shell  hap- 
pens to  be  "high"  in  diameter  or  slightly 
eccentric,  the  gauge  gets  jambed  down 
over  the  band  and  is  often  the  occasion  of 
considerable  vexation  and  profanity  be- 
fore it  is  again  got  free.    Unless  properly 


of  an  overhead  runway  suspended  imme- 
diately above  where  a  line  up  of  shells  is 
to  be  examined  on  the  bench. 

The  writer  found  the  equipment  shown 
on  the  accompany  sketch  answer  the  pur- 
pose admirably.  The  runway  is  formed 
of  a  special  'I'  section  of  steel  2%  x  % 
and  can  be  bought  in  lengths  suitable  for 
any  length  of  room  and  with  the  requisite 
fittings  and  equipment.  The  cylinder 
gauge  is  so  arranged  that  it  will  hang 
from  the  runway  and  be  free  to  run  along 
a  whole  line-up  of  shells  for  the  entire 
length  of  the  room.  The  proper  suspen- 
sion of  the  balance  weight  is  essential. 
A  weight  which  is  not  properly  hung  or 
is  not  of  the  right  form  will  frequently 
cause  considerable  bodily  injury  to  the 
fingers  or  head  of  an  unwary  examiner. 

The  balance  weight  is  of  lead  and  is 
securely  guided  and  held  in  place  by  the 
suspension  wire  rope  and  cannot  injure 
the  examiner  or  the  surface  of  the  gauge. 
The  double  runner  which  is  a  standard 
fitting,  acts  as  a  double  sheave  when  in- 
verted and  linked  together  as  shown.  It 
also  allows  of  the  gauge  being  swivelled  to 
any  angle.  This  equipment  has  been  found 
to  answer  all  the  purposes  for  which  it 
was  intended  very  satisfactorily. 


Enlarging  Business 

The  Cincinnati  Iron  and  Steel  Co.  have 
changed  their  organization  and  are  novf 
known  as  the  Cisco  Machine  Tool  Co. 
The  company  have  just  lately  erected  a 
new  building  which  gives  them  machine 
working  space  of  two  floors  64  x  230, 
this  being  exclusive  of  offices,  ware- 
rooms,  show  rooms,  shipping  rooms  and 
storage  rooms  which  are  in  separate 
buildings.  This  building  is  equipped  with 
all  modern  facilities,  cranes,  runways 
and  every  possible  contrivance  for  the 
comfort  of  the  workmen,  while  they  have 
also  installed  considerable  new  machin- 
ery, including  a  62  x  48  x  28  planer,  a 
3%  boring  mill,  4-foot  radial  drill,  two 
new  milling  machines,  new  keyseaters, 
arbor  presses,  upright  drills  and  lathes, 
so  as  to  increase  production.  The  idea 
will  be  to  double  the  number  of  men 
that  are  employed,  and  to  keep  up  to  its 
present  quality  the  Cisco  lathe. 


METHOD  OF  HANDLING  CYLINDER  GAUGE. 


ACID  in  oil  will  cause  corrosion  when  in 
contact  with  moisture.  The  presence  of 
sulphuric  acid  may  be  determined  by  a 
solution  of  barium  chloride  in  distilled 
water,  a  few  drops  of  which  put  into  the 
oil  after  it  has  been  thinned  with  an  equal 
amount  of  gasoline  or  benzine  will  cause 
a  whitish  precipitate  if  acid  is  present. 
In  the  absence  of  moisture  the  acid  is  not 
so  active  and  may  escape  notice. 

A  NEW  polishing  composition  has  been 
patented  made  of  8  oz.  ceresin,  2  oz.  bees- 
wax, 2  oz.  parafin,  6  oz.  linseed  oil,  28 
oz.  spirits  of  turpentine  and  1  dram  of 
carbolic  acid.  The  first  three  ingredients 
are  first  mixed  together  and  heated  to 
the  liquid  form;  the  mixture  is  poured 
into  the  turpentine,  the  remaining  con- 
stituents added,  and  the  whole  stirred 
until  slightly  cold. 


July  25,  1918 


109 


The  New  Shell 

Has  Brought 

Out  New 

Methods  in 

the  Canadian 

Plants 


Machining  the 

75-mm. 
in  Modern  Shop 


BY  A.   G.   WEBSTER 
Associate  Editor  Canadian  Machinery 


THE  75  mm.  shell  being  manufac- 
tured at  the  plant  covered  in  this 
article  is  of  the  high  explosive 
type,  and  a  number  of  interesting 
methods  have  been  devised  for  their  pro- 
duction, some  operations  of  course  differ- 
ing from  those  used  for  other  types  of 
shell. 

The  75  mm.  forgings,  which  are  made 
in  Canada  have  a  minimum  length  of 
11.825  in.,  a  maximum  diameter  of  3.3  in., 
and  weigh  22  lbs.  The  forging  is  very 
similar  to  the  shrapnel,  having  the  nose 
end  open,  but  at  the  base  there  is  a  tit 
or  boss.  The  shells  have  to  be  heat 
treated  and  the  nose  closed  in  as  in  the 
shrapnel  shell.  All  forgings  have  a  heat 
number  stamped  on  the  base  and  forg- 
ings bearing  the  same  heat  number  are 
kept  in  a  separate  group.  Each  group 
is  put  through  the  various  operations  as 
a  unit  and  a  certain  percentage  is  taken 
from  each  group  for  testing  purposes. 
Each  group  is  held  until  the  results  of 
the  test  have  been  made  known  when  tne 
remainder  of  the  operations  are  proceed- 
ed with. 

Cutting  Off  Open  End 

The  first  machining  operation  is  cutt- 
ing off  the  open  end  on  cutting-off  ma- 
chines built  by  John  Hall  &  Sons,  Brant 
ford,  Ont.  The  shell  is  held  in  a  univer- 
sal chuck,  the  point  to  start  the  cut  be- 
ing determined  by  putting  a  gauge  in- 
side the  bore,  the  outer  end  of  gau^e 
returning   over  the   shell   and   the  front 


cutting-off  tool  being  placed  in  line  with 
the  end  of  gauge.  There  are  two  tools, 
front  and  back,  mounted  on  the  carriage, 
both  feeding  in  and  cutting  simultan- 
eously. When  the  end  has  been  cut  a 
beveled  reamer  at  the  end  of  a  bar  is 
inserted  in  the  bore  to  remove  burrs  from 
the  inside  edge  of  hole.  The  cutting-off 
is  only  a  roughing  operation,  the  extra 
metal  being  removed  when  the  nose  is 
being  machined  after  closing  in. 

Centering  Base 

After  the  open  end  has  been  cut  off 
a  center  is  drilled  and  countersunk  in  the 
tit  on  the  base.  In  this  operation  the 
shell  is  held  on  an  expanding  mandrel 
while  the  combination  drill  and  counter- 
sink is  attached  to  a  fixture  on  the  bed 
of  machine.  The  drill  is  fed  forward  by 
means  of  a  hand  lever.  The  buttons  or 
the  mandrel  are  drawn  in  before  the  shell 
is  placed  on  it  by  means  of  a  system  of 
rods  and  levers  operated  by  a  foot  lever. 
When  the  shell  is  placed  on  the  mandrel 
the  foot  lever  is  released  and  the  buttons 
forced  outwards  by  springs,  grip  the  bore 
of  the  shell.  The  rod  operating  the  but- 
tons on  the  mandrel  passes  through  the 
head  of  the  machine  and  is  connected  by 
rods  and  levers  to  the  foot  lever. 

Rough  Turning  Body 

The  third  operation  consists  of  rouj,h 
turning  the  body  on  a  Bertram  lathe 
equipped  with  an 'air  chuck  operating  a 
short  expanding  mandrel  for  holding  the 


open  end  of  the  shell  while  the  base  is 
supported  by  the  tail  center.  The  man- 
drel has  two  serrated  buttons  which  are 
forced  out  by  the  action  of  the  air  chuck 
and  grip  the  bore  of  the  shell. 

Two  tool  rests,  back  and  front  are 
mounted  on  the  cross  slide,  the  front  tool 
makes  the  first  and  heavier  cut,  begin- 
ning at  the  base  end,  which  is  immediate- 
ly followed  by  the  back  tool  making  a 
lighter  cut.  Both  tools  used  are  Stellite, 
and  the  cutting  speed  is  67  ft.  per  min. 

Inside  Boring 

The  next  and  fourth  operation  is 
rough  and  finish  boring  the  inside  of 
shell  on  a  Bertram  turret  lathe.  The 
lathe  is  equipped  with  a  Manufacturer's 
Equipment  Co.'s  air  chuck  and  a  Ber- 
tram collet  chuck  for  holding  the  shell. 
There  are  three  tools  held  in  the  turret 
which  are  employed  in  the  following  se- 
quence. The  first  tool  is  a  bar  with  a 
forming  cutter  at  the  end  for  roughing 
the  base  inside.  The  second  tool  is  a 
boring  bar  for  roughing  the  inside  con- 
tour of  shell.  This  bar  has  also  small 
cutter  at  its  base  for  rough  facing  up 
the  nose.  The  third  boring  bar  has  a 
similar  cutter  for  finishing  the  contour 
and  also  a  forming  cutter  for  finishing 
the  base  inside.  This  bar  has  also  a  small 
cutter  at  its  base  for  finishing  the  face 
of  nose.  The  finishing  cut  is  made  at 
a  slower  speed  than  the  first  two.  All 
three  bars  have  a  small  hole  drilled  the 
entire  length  to  convey  the  cutting  lu- 


110 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


BOUGH  AND  FINISH  BORING   OPKRATIONS. 


bricant  to  the  tip  to  wash  away  the  chips 
as  well  as  lubricate  the  cutter.  A  flex- 
ible tube  is  attached  to  the  base  of  each 
boring  bar,  connecting  it  with  the  lu- 
bricant supply  tank. 

Grinding  Bore 

A  minor  operation  is  performed  at  this 
stage  to  clean  up  the  base  inside.  This 
is  a  grinding  or  buffing  operation.  The 
machine  has  a  horizontal  spindle  at  the 
end  of  which  is  a  grinding  wheel  of 
special  shape.  While  the  spindle  is  be- 
ing revolved  the  shell  is  held  up  to  the 
wheel  and  the  base  inside  finished. 

Cut  Off  Base 

The  next  operation  is  cutting  off  the 
base  on  John  Hall  &  Sons  cutting- off 
machines  equipped  with  air  and  collet 
chucks.  There  is  a  bar  stop  inside  the 
head  to  locate  the  shell  in  the  correct 
position.  The  machine  has  two  tools, 
back  and  front,  both  cutting  simultan- 
eausly.  This  operation  removes  the  tit 
which  has  carried  the  countersunk  centre. 

Re-Tuming  Outside  Body 

The  seventh  operation  consists  of  re- 
turning the  outside  of  shell  to  make  the 
outside  concentric  with  the  bore  of  shell. 
This  operation  is  performed  on  C.M.C. 
lathe  equipped  with  a  Manufacturers' 
Equipment  Co.'s  air  chuck  and  an  ex- 
panding mandrel.  The  mandrel  has  four 
serrated  buttons  for  gripping  the  bore 
of  shell.  The  machine  has  two  tools, 
back  and  front,  which  take  one  light  cut 
the  entire  length  of  the  shell  and  tncn 
another  cut  from  the  base  up,  for  about 
2  inches. 

Finish  Base  Thickness 

The  next  operation,  the  eighth,  is  to 
bring  the  base  to  the  required  thickness. 
Before  the  shell  is  put  on  the  lathe  it 
is  gauged  to  ascertain  how  much  metal 
has  to  be  removed  to  bring  the  base  to 
the  required  thickness.  The  gauge  used 
for  this  purpose  consists  of  two  parallel 
rods  connected  at  one  end  by  a  swinging 
arm.  One  rod  is  put  in  the  shell  until 
it  bottoms  and  the  other  has  two  feet 
which  rest  on  the  shell  body  while  at  the 
end  it  has  a  centre  punch  for  marking 
where  the  shell  has  to  be  cut  off  at  the 
base. 

A  C.  M.  C.  lathe  equipped  with  an  air 
chuck  and  Bertram  collet  chuck  is  used 


for  facing  the  base.  There  is  a  stop  in 
the  collet  chuck  to  locate  the  shell  in  the 
correct  position.  Usually  a  light  cut  is 
all  that  is  necessary  to  make  the  base 
the  required  thickness.  The  shell  is  then 
gauged  again  to  see  if  the  proper  amount 
of  metal  has  been  cut  off.  The  base 
is  left  on  the  "high"  side  after  being 
machined.  At  this  stage  the  shells  are 
carefully  gauged  and  the  bore  examined 
by  inspectors  to  catch  any  imperfections 
before  the  shells  are  taken  to  the  heat- 
treating  department  where  the  nose  is 
closed  in  and  the  shells  heat  treated. 
This  is  the  first  government  inspection. 

Closing  In  Nose 

This  heat-treating  department  contains 
a  furnace  and  press  for  the  nose  opera- 
tion and  two  continuous  furnacfes  for  the 
heat  treatment.  The  furnace  for  the 
nosing  operations  will  heat  nine  shells 
at  a  time.  It  is  fired  with  oil  fuel.  The 
press  is  a  rebuilt  Bertram  power-driven 
punching  machine  with  the  dies  bolted 
to  a  plate  attached  to  the  ram.  The  seat 
for  the  shell  base  is  fixed  to  the  table 
which  is  stationary.     The  seat  is  so  de- 


signed that  the  shell  can  be  slid  into  it; 
thus  requiring  less  head  room  when  lift- 
ing the  shell  in  and  out.  The  press  is 
located  quite  near  the  furnace  so  that 
the  operator  can  take  the  shell  from  the 
furnace  and  place  it  in  the  press  at  one 
motion.  The  ram  is  released  by  a  foot 
lever  when  the  shell  is  in  position. 

Heat  Treatment 

The  hardening  and  tempering  furnaces 
are  both  of  the  continuous  type  and  are 
the  same  design  and  size.  This  type  of 
furnace  has  two  oil  burners  at  each  end, 
one  at  each  side  near  the  bottom.  The 
hearth  of  the  furnace  is  inclined  so  that 
the  shells  when  fed  in  at  the  back  can 
roll  down  gradually  towards  the  front 
end.  The  rolling  motion  is  assisted  by 
a  pusher  at  the  back  which  is  located 
just  outside  the  furnace  and  at  the  point 
where  the  shells  are  fed  into  the  furnace. 
The  pusher  has  a  reciproeatinj?  motion 
and  is  operated  by  a  pulley  through  a 
belt  from  the  line  shaft.  Two  rows  of 
shells  are  fed  through  the  furnace  giv- 
ing a  production  of  about  one  thousand 
in  a  twelve-hour  shift. 

The  hardening  furnace  is  maintained 
at  a  temperature  of  1,550  degrees  Fahr., 
and  it  takes  each  shell  about  38  minutes 
to  pass  through.  After  being  heated  the 
shells  are  quenched  in  an  oil  bath  and 
then  passed  on  to  the  tempering  furnace. 
The  oil  is  cooled  by  pumping  it  to  a  tank 
outside  and  then  back  again  to  the 
quenching  tank.  The  temperature  in  the 
tempering  furnace  is  around  1,100  to 
1,150  degrees  Fahr.  and  the  time  occupied 
is  the  same,  viz.,  38  minutes.  The  shells 
are  cooled  off  gradually  after  being 
in  the  tempering  furnace.  Hoskins 
thermo-electric  pyrometers  are  installed 
for  controlling  the  temperature  in  these 
two  furnaces  and  also  indicating  and  re- 
cording instruments. 

Brinell  and  Tensile  Tests 

At  this  stage  of  manufacture  it  is 
necessary  to  prove  that  the  shells  possess 


ROUGH    TURNING,    OUTSIDE    BODY. 


July  25,  19l!j 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


lit 


FUKNACE    AND    PRESS    FOR    CLOSING    IN    OPEN    END    AND    FORMING   NOSE. 


the  required  degree  of  hardness.  It  is 
es.sential  that  the  physical  properties  of 
the  shell  should  be  within  certain  well  de- 
fined limits  which  are  obtained  by  the 
heat  treatment.  There  is  a  Brinell  test, 
which  corresponds  to  the  schleroscopa 
test,  and  also  a  tensile  test.  There  is 
also  a  hydraulic  test  which  will  be  re- 
ferred to  later. 

For  the  Brinell  test,  ten  per  cent,  of 
the  shells  are  tested,  which  is  equivalent 
to  50  out  of  each  group  of  500.  In  this 
method  each  shell  to  be  tested  is  placed 
on  an  Olsen  testing  machine.  A  flat 
spot  is  first  ground  on  the  shell  body 
when  it  is  placed  on  a  V  block  which  is 
so  adjusted  that  the  pressure  will  always 
come  in  a  radial  line  with  the  axis  of  the 
shell.  A  hard  steel  ball  is  then  pressed 
into  the  shell  making  an  indentation 
10  mm.  across  under  a  pressure  of  6,600 
lbs.  The  readings  which  are  taken 
through  a  microscope  should  give  be- 
tween 3.9  and  4.5  mm.  The  pressure  is 
applied  for  15  seconds,  but  as  slight 
variation  in  the  dimensions  of  the  indent 
may  arise  from  unequal  lenq-th  of  time 
of  applied  pressure,  it  is  desirable  to 
check  the  period  of  time  accurately. 

For  the  tensile  test,  one  out  of  every 
thousand  shells  is  selected  and  two  test 
pieces  cut  out  on  a  milling  machine.  The 
test  pieces  are  machined  to  the  required 
shape  and  sent  to  a  government  labora- 
tory for  the  tensile  test,  each  group  of 
shells  is  held  up  until  the  result  of  the 
test  is  known. 

Boring  Nose  and  Recess 

After  the  shells  have  been  heat  treated 
and  tests  have  proven  satisfactory  they 
are  taken  over  to  have  the  nose  finished 
off.  This  is  done  on  a  number  of  turret 
lathes  built  by  the  Davis  Machine  Tool 
Co,  Rochester,  N.Y.  All  these  machines 
have  air  and  collet  chuck  equipments  for 
holding  the  shell.  The  turret  holds  five 
tools,  the  first  consisting  of  a  stop  which 
bottoms  in  the  bore  and  a  double  end 
cutter  for  facing  up  the  nose  end.  The 
second  tool  rough  bores  the  nose  and  re- 


cess. A  reamer  is  then  passed  through 
the  nose,  finishing  the  part  that  will  be 
threaded,  while  the  fourth  tool  finishes 
the  recess  behind.  The  fifth  tool  faces 
off  the  end  of  nose  to  length. 

Threading  N«se 

The  nose-threading  operation  is  done 
on  a  Bertram  turret  lathe,  the  turret  be- 
ing equipped  with  two  Murchey  collap- 
sible taps.  The  lathes  have  air  and  collet 
chuck  equipment.  Two  collapsible  taps 
are  used  for  this  work,  it  has  been  found 
that  better  results  were  obtained  than 
by  using  one  tap  only.  The  strain  on  the 
taps  is  diminished  and  more  accurate 
threads  are  formed. 

Finish  Turning  Body 

A  number  of  C.  M.  C.  lathes  are  used 
for  this  operation  which  consists  of 
finish  turning  the  nose  profile  and  body 
as  far  as  the  copper  band.  These  lathes 
are  al-so  equipped  with  air  chucks  and 
collet  chucks  for  holding  the  base  of 
shell.     The   screwed   centre   which     has 


been  inserted  in  the  nose  is  carried  on 
the  tail  centre. 

Th  forming  cam  which  is  situated  un- 
der the  work  has  a  spring  for  holding 
the  roller  on  the  cross  slide  up  to  the 
cam,  thus  forming  the  correct  profile. 
A  light  cut  only  is  taken  at  this  opera- 
tion. 

Grinding  the  Bourrelet 

A  special  operation  is  necessary  for 
finishing  the  bourrelet  as  there  are  prac- 
tically no  limits  to  the  size,  and  it  also 
must  be  very  smooth.  The  bourrelet  is 
finished  on  a  Ford-Smith  grinding  ma- 
chine, equipped  with  air  and  collet 
chucks.  The  screwed  centre  is  retained 
in  the  nose  and  carried  on  the  tail  centre. 

Facing  Base 

Two  or  three  short  operations  now 
follow.  The  first  is  facing  the  base  and 
the  second  is  finishing  that  part  of  the 
body  near  the  base  not  machined  when 
the  body  was  finished.  Both  operations 
are  performed  on  C.  M.  C.  lathes  equip- 
ped with  air  and  collet  chucks,  and  a 
light  cut  is  taken  with  an  ordinary  turn- 
ing tool. 

Copper  Band  Recess 

The  recess  for  the  copper  band  for  the 
75  mm.  shells  differs  from  the  shrapnel 
in  that  it  is  knurled  instead  of  having 
waved  ribs.  The  purpose,  of  course,  is 
the  same,  to  prevent  the  copper  band 
from  moving  round.  The  machine  for 
this  work  has  the  standard  air  and  collet 
chucks. 

The  tools  are  mounted  on  the  cross 
slide,  back  and  front,  with  a  drop  down 
stop  between  them.  The  stop  is  for  the 
purpose  of  adjusting  the  shell  in  the 
correct  position.  The  front  cutter  which 
forms  the  groove  is  used,  first  by  being 
fed  up  to  the  work,  when  the  groove  has 
been  formed  the  back  tool  is  brought  into 
play  and  a  straight  rib  formed. 

Knurling 

The  shells  are  then  taken  over  to  a 
machine  nearby  to  be  knurled.  The 
knurling  machine  consists  of  a  cradle 
with  four  smooth  rollers  for  carrying  the 
shell  in  a  horizontal  position.  A  lever 
forces  the  cradle,  and  with  it  the  shell. 


HE,\T    TREATING     DEPARTMENT    SHOWING     CONTINUOUS     FURNACE. 


112 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FINAL     INSPECTION. 


-  .v*m*'S«~**»        «* 

,^,^%%%^**     .*  i^Y 

s 

FI.NISH  TURN,   BODY  AND'  PROIILE. 


up,  bringing  the  groove  in  contact  with 
the  knurl.  The  knurl  is  fixed  on  a  hori- 
zontal spindle  and  is  driven  by  a  pulley 
from  the  line  shaft.  While  the  knurl  re- 
volves, the  groove  is  pressed  up  against 
it,  thus  forming  the  knurl  in  the  groove. 

Chamfering 

The  end  of  the  shell  body  at  the  base 
is  chamfered  to  take  the  cartridge  case 
and  a  chamfer  is  also  formed  near  the 
copper  band  groove,  on  the  base  side. 
The  angle  of  chamfer  in  the  first  case 
is  9  degrees  and  in  the  second  4  degrees. 

The  machine  is  equipped  in  a  similar 
manner  to  that  used  for  forming  the 
groove  as  described  above,  except  that 
the  tooling  is  slightly  different.  One 
tool  holder  is  mounted  on  the  cross  slide 
with  two  chamfering  tools.  Between 
them  is  a  roller  which  engages  with  the 
shell  body  and  allows  the  cutters  to 
work  concentrically. 

Base  Cover  Groove 

The  75  mm.  shell  has  a  brass  base 
cover  to  protect  it  from  the  corrosive 
action  of  the  explosive.  A  circular 
groove  is  formed  in  the  base  in  which 
this  cover  is  secured.  A  Bertram  lathe 
with  air  and  collet  chuck  equipment  is 
used  for  this  operation. 

The  too'insr  arrangement  winch  was 
designed  soeciallv  for  the  work  consists 
of  a  fixture  containing  two  tools.  The 
first  tool  roughs  the  groove  and  is  fed 
up  to  a  stop.  The  second  tool  which  ''.-- 
operated  by  a  lever  and  has  been  moved 
away  from  the  work  is  then  fed  forwards 
towards  the  shell  bqse  and  forms  the 
undercut.  This  tool  slides  forward  at  an 
angle  to  form  the  undercut. 

Hydraulic  Test 

The  next  operation  is  the  internal 
hydraulic  test  done  in  a  Metalwood 
hydraulic  testing  machint.  There  are 
two  of  these  machines  each  having  a  ca- 
pacity ranging  from  1.200  to  1,.500  shells 
per  day.  The  shell  is  first  filled  witli 
water,  or  sealed,  in  the  tank  and  place-! 
nose  down  in  the  press.  A  pressure  of 
10,000  lbs.  per  sq.  inch  is  applied  inside 
the  shell.  This  test  is  made  in  order 
to  detect  by  excessive  expansion  any  de- 
fects such  as  leakage  or  defective  and 


porous  material,  as  well  as  heat  cracks, 
resulting  from  improper  heat  treatment. 
The  permanent  expansion  of  any  shell 
over  .003  will  cause  rejection.  The  pres- 
sure is  applied  for  15  seconds  and  the 
expansion  readings  are  taken  at  a  point 
about  %  in.  below  the  bourrelet. 

The  extension  of  the  shell  body  is 
measured  while  the  pressure  is  being 
applied.  The  measuring  device  consists 
of  a  clamp  which  grips  the  shell  body 
and  also  carries  an  indicator.  When  the 
shell  expands  outwards  under  pressure 
the  indicator  shows  the  amount  of  ex- 
tension. Ten  per  cent,  of  each  group 
of  shells  are  subjected  to  this  test. 

Cleaning  and  Sand  Blast 

A  series  of  less  important  operations 
now  follow,  the  first  being  sizing  the 
nose  threads  which  is  done  with  hand 
taps.  The  shells  are  then  washed  in  hot 
soda  water  to  remove  grease  and  dirt, 
etc.,  and  then  taken  to  the  sand  or  shot 
blast.      This    operation,   which     removes 


tool  marks  and  scale  from  the  shell  is 
done  on  two  machines  supplied  by  the 
Gray  Mfg.  Co.,  Toronto.  The  shell  is  held 
nose  down  in  a  fixture  which  is  revolved 
slowly,  while  shot  drawn  into  the  air  line 
is  injected  into  the  shell  bore. 

Nicking  the  nose  is  the  next  operation, 
being  performed  on  a  bench  miller.  The 
shell  is  clamped  in  a  horizontal  position 
on  a  fixture  on  the  table  of  the  machine, 
then  a  small  slot  or  nick  is  milled  in  the 
nose.  The  shells  at  this  stage  are  care- 
fully examined,  gauged  and  weighed,  etc. 
This  is  the  second  government  inspec- 
tion. 

Copper  Band  Operations 

The  shells  are  now  ready  for  the 
copper  band.  The  band  is  pressed  into 
the  groove,  cold,  on  an  hydraulic  wheel- 
press  rebuilt  for  this  particular  service. 

The  copper  band  is  turned  on  a 
Symington  machine  equipped  with  air 
and  collet  chucks.  A  stop  in  centre  of 
chuck  fixes  the  correct  position  of  the 
shell.      The    shell    no'-e    is    carried    on    a 


METALWOD  PRESSES  FOR  INTERNAL  HYDRAULIC  TEST-NOTE   INDICATOR   ON   SHELL. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


118 


shell  is  finished.  The  varnish  and  lac- 
quer were  supplied  by  Lowe  Bros.,  To- 
ronto. 

Final  Operations 

A  wooden  plug  is  screwed  into  the 
nose  after  the  threads  have  been  greased 
with  vaseline.  The  shells  are  then  pack- 
ed nine  in  a  box  and  shipped. 

Final  Inspection 

The  final  government  inspection  is 
made  after  the  varnishing  operation.  All 
shells  are  carefully  examined,  weighed 
and  gauged  before  shipment.  The  mean 
weight  of  a  75  mm.  shell  finished  without 
the  fuse,  is  9Vi  lbs.  with  9  ozs.,  tolerance 
between  the  high  and  low  limits.  All 
shells  are  gauged  after  each  operation. 

The  air  chucks  referred  to  above  were 
supplied  by  the  Manufacturers  Co., 
Chicago,  and  the  collet  chucks  by  John 
Bertram  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  Dundas,  Ont.  The 
shells  are  moved  from  one  operation  to 
another  by  means  of  trucks  holding  112 
shells  each.  The  trucks  were  supplied 
by  the  Lansing  Co.,  Lansing,  Mich.,  and 
also  by  John  Watson  Mfg.  Co.,  Ayr,  Ont. 


TKUCKS  USED  FOR  CONVEYING  SHELLS  BETWEEN  THE  VAUIOL., 


cup  centre  on  tailstock  centre. 

The  forming  tool  is  at  the  back  on  the 
cross  slide,  while  at  the  front  is  a  tool 
rest  used  for  hand  turning  when  trim- 
ming the  band. 

Pressing  Base  Cover 

At  this  operation  the  base  is  finished. 
A  lead  disc  with  the  brass  cover  is  laid 
on  the  base  of  shell  and  the  cover  rolled 
into  the  groove,  machined  out  at  an 
earlier  operation.  The  base  cover  is 
pressed  on  in  a  drill,  the  spindle  being 
equipped  with  a  special  device  containing 
three  hard  steel  balls.  The  shell  is  held 
in  a  box  vise  on  the  drill  table  while  the 
base  cover  is  being  rolled.  The  rolling 
expands  the  brass  cover,  forcing  it  into 
the  groove.  The  middle  of  the  cover  is 
pressed  down  against  the  base  during 
the  operation  by  a  spring  stop  in  centre 
of   rolling  fixture. 

The  flat  lead  disc  is  2.2  in.  diameter 
and  .03  in.,  thick.  The  brass  base  cover 
which  is  sliprhtly  cupped,  is  2.56  in.  dia., 
and  .02  in.  thick. 

The  body  of  the  shell  is  now  marked 
with  the  firm's  initials  and  the  lot  num- 
ber. The  machine  used  for  this  opera- 
tion is  a  Bertram  marking  machine. 

Shot  Blast  and  Wash 

The  shells  are  again  cleaned  in  a  Gray 
shot  blast  machine,  the  same  type  as 
described  in'  a  previous  operation.  The 
shells  are  then  washed  in  hot  solution 
of  borax  and  water  and  rinsed  with  cold 
water  by  means  of  a  bubbler.  The  shells 
are  afterwards  laid  on  a  bench  and  dried 
with  compressed  air. 

Varnish  and  Lacquer 

The  shells  are  coated  inside  with  a  thin 
layer  of  shellac  varnish  to  protect  the 
steel  from  the  corrosive  action  of  the 
explosive.  The  shell  is  varnished  while 
rotating  on  belt-driven  rollers  let  into 
the  table.     The  varnish  is  sprayed  in  by 


an  Eclipse  air-brush  after  which  the  var- 
nish is  air  dried.  A  brass  bushing  is 
placed  over  the  threads  in  the  nose  be- 
fore the  varnish  is  sprayed  in. 

A  coat  of  blue  lacquer  is  applied  to  the 
shells,  lacquer  being  used  instead  of 
paint.  This  operation  is  done  on  a  Can- 
adian Fairbanks-Morse  painting  machine 
which  enables  six  shells  to  be  lacquered 
at  a  time.  The  machine  has  six  stands 
for  the  shells,  the  stands  being  rotated 
slowly  by  an  endless  chain  drive.  A 
wheel  upon  which  the  stands  are  mount- 
ed is  rotated  by  hand.  The  wheel  is 
mounted  on  ball  bearings  and  requires 
very  little  effort  to  turn  it  round  as  each 


Electrical  Fittings,  Engineering  Plants 
and  Accessories,  Metal  Works,  Etc. — A 

well  known  English  manufacturing  firm 
wish  to  get  into  touch  with  good  Cana- 
dian houses  willing  to  act  as  their  agents 
for  definite  territories  in  the  following 
lines:  Electrical  light  fittings,  engine 
details  for  automobiles,  aeros  and  ma- 
rine work,  machined  parts,  sheet  and 
tube  metalwork,  architectural  and  art 
metalwork,  wrought  ironwork,  engineering 
plants  for  electrical  power,  pumping  and 
other  purposes,  heating,  ventilating  and 
cooking  plants  and  accessories,  automo- 
biles, etc.  (Address  British  Trade  Com- 
missioner in  Canada,  367  Beaver  Hal' 
Square,  Montreal,  referring  to  British 
Trade  Inquiry  No.  3003.) 


SAND  BLASTING  BORE  OF  SHELL. 


114 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Vo'ume  XX. 


OPTICS  AND  MECHANISM 
By  A.  L.  Haas 

The  matter  of  precision  and  the  ability 
to  work  to  fine  limits  is  intimately  bound 
up  with  the  means  open  for  exaggeration 
and  multiplication  of  error.  Indeed,  fine 
work  is  only  possible  by  extending  the 
range  of  normal  vision  to  detect  the  in- 
finitesimal. Magnification  steps  in  to  the 
aid  of  the  limited  human  senses  of  touch 
and  sight  and  large  scale  reproduction  is 
the  only  means  open  for  comparison  of 
small  diflFerences.  Whitworth  relied  upon 
touch,  or  as  the  mechanic  terms  it,  feel, 
and  when  he  utilized  a  gravity  piece  to 
render  difference  in  feel  immaterial,  he 
referred  the  matter  of  exact  size  to  the 
impartial  pull  of  the  earth's  mass. 

Vision  Extension 

Mostly,  however,  precision  is  a  matter 
of  vision  extension;  although  the  old- 
time  mechanic  by  trained  touch  obtained 
exact  duplication  within  very  small  lim- 
its, and  so  obtained  comparative  size,  he 
was  for  want  of  vision  unable  to  determine 
end  length. 

The  sense  of  vision  has  a  very  limited 
range  with  any  certainty,  perception 
stops  long  before  the  minute  differences 
which  are  of  mechanical  importance  are 
reached;  hence  extraneous  aid  must  be 
gnven  that  these  are  appreciated  and  more 
especially  determined. 

All  recent  precision  advance  has  been 
done  by  the  application  of  optics  to  deter- 
mine inexactitudes.  A  beam  of  light  is 
the  straightest  thing  known  or  imagin- 
able and  magnification  originating  in 
astronomy  and  microscope  has  received 
vast  study  from  mathemetician  and  sci- 
entist. At  present  the  field  of  optics  as 
applied  to  the  mechanical  industry  is  per- 
haps the  most  fascinating  of  all  the  en- 
gineering combinations  yet  effected. 

The  Engineer's  Position 

One  remarkable  thing  about  the  en- 
gineer is  that  he  occupies  the  centre 
position  in  the  web  of  science.  He  makes 
contact  with  the  fringes  of  almost  all 
material  activity  and  takes  and  leaves  at 
pleasure  all  the  discoveries  made  in  other 
quarters;  and  because  such  is  his  mis- 
sion, wrests  them  to  ends  of  direct  prac- 
tical utility. 

This  peculiar  position  has  led  to  some 
hybrid  activities.  There  are  chemists 
with  very  fair  mechanical  knowledge, 
engineers  versed  in  chemistry,  chemical 
engineers  who  design  and  install  the  ap- 
paratus for  chemical  manufacture  on  a 
large  scale. 

There  is  also  the  side  of  materials;  the 
specialist  chemist  who  is  termed  metal- 
lurgist is  often  remarkable  for  his  me- 
chanical skill,  while  most  engineers  have 
at  least  a  nodding  acquaintance  with 
metallurgy. 

A  Rare  Combination 

The  combination  of  engineering  and 
optics  is  rather  rare,  yet  the  mechanical 
expert  with  a  mathematical  turn  will  find 
in  the  subject  of  optics  not  merely  an  in- 
teresting hobby  but  one  directly  applic- 
able to  the  problems  of  precision.  Optical 
apparatus  is  the  province  of  the  instru- 


ment maker  from  whose  ranks  sprang 
James  Watt,  the  patron  saint  of  the  en- 
gineer. 

The  marriage  of  mechanism  with 
optics  should  give  the  mechanical  indus- 
try,— indeed  has  already,  and  is  still  giv- 
ing it — apparatus  whose  refinement  mag- 
nifies error  and  determines  infinitesimal 
size.  It  is  a  most  promising  field  certain 
to  afford  considerable  expansion  in  the 
near  future.  A  beam  of  light  is  an  exact 
straight  line,  a  perfect  mirror  is  a  plane 
surface,  angles  can  be  determined  by 
stellar  observations  and  all  easily  deter- 
mined and  checked  to  an  accuracy  un- 
dreamed of  in  mechanical  practice. 

A  Question  of  Apparatus 

The  sextant,  level  and  theodolite  need 
reapprehension  in  an  infra-sense  into  the 
realm  of  the  machine  shop  and  while  the 
problems  and  apparatus  involved  are  com- 
plex, they  are  yielding  to  patient  treat- 
ment. One  thing  certain  is  th^.t  the  basis 
of  mathematics  as  it  concerns  optics  is 
already  a  well  worked  field  so  that  it  is 
more  the  practical  determination  by  suit- 
able apparatus  which  is  in  question. 

The  dial  indicator,  the  micrometer,  the 
measuring  machine  enlarged  vision  and 
determined  fine  errors;  ontical  means 
may  be  expected  to  magnify  such  deter- 
mination a  hundredfold,  making  such 
determination  more  absolute  pro  rata. 

The  work  of  the  N.P.L.  in  this  realm 
deserves  nothing  but  unstinted  praise^ 
and  a  large  extension  to  engineering 
optics  will  be  of  the  greatest  value  to  the 
industry  at  large  and  the  greater  perfec- 
tion of  its  product. 


ACID  RESISTING  IRONS 

By  V.   R.   0. 

The  chief  acid-resisting  irons  are 
silicon  alloys,  containing  up  to  15  per 
cent,  of  silicon.  They  are  known  under 
different  trade  names,  such  as  Tant- 
iron,  Ironac,  Duriron,  etc.  They  are 
characterized  by  extreme  hardness, 
which  renders  it  impossible  to  machine 
them.  Apparatus  involving  their  use 
should  be  of  simple  form,  and  should  not 
require  any  machining,  except  perhaps, 
facing  by  grinding.  Their  tensile 
strength  is  low,  and  they  should  not  be 
subjected  to  high  pressures.  They  are 
brittle,  and  a  4  per  cent,  silicon-iron 
shows  a  cubical  crystal  surface  when 
fractured.  There  is  considerable  diffi- 
culty in  casting  to  avoid  soft  patches. 
The  effective  life  of  a  concentrated  nit- 
ric acid  pump  may  be  as  long  as  six 
months.  The  metal  takes  a  very  high 
polish  and  does  not  rust.  Thick  castings 
cannot  be  produced  as  internal  stresses 
cause  fracture. 

The  following  are  typical  analyses  of 
(1)   Duriron  and   (2)   Tantiron: 

Per  cent. 

(1)   Silicon    14  to  14.5 

Manganese     0.25  to  0.35 

Total    carbon    0.20  to  0.60 

Phosphorus    0.05  to  0.10 

Sulphur under  0.05 

Melting  point  2,550  deg.  Fah.  Sp.  gr. 
7.0.        Compression    strength    70,000    lb. 


per   square   inch      Tensile    strength      25 
per   cent,   less   than   cast   iron. 

Per  cent. 

(2)  Silicon    14  to  15. 

Sulphur 0.05  to  0.15 

Phosphorus    0.05  to  0.10 

Manganese    2.0  to     2.6 

Carbon   (graphit)    ....     0.75  to  1.25 
Melting  point  about   2,550  deg.  Fah.Sp. 
gr.   6.8.     Tensile   strength   6    to    7   tons 
per  square  inch. 


C.P.R.  DISPLAYS   RESOURCES 
OF  CANADA 

Visualizing  in  a  striking  manner  a 
large  number  of  the  diverse  natural  re- 
sources of  Canada,  the  C.  P.  R.  has  just 
opened  to  the  public  an  exhibit  at  the 
Windsor  street  station,  Montreal. 
This  exhibit,  which  is  situated  in  a  room 
immediately  adjoining  the  main  en- 
trance to  the  station  on  Osborne  street, 
has  been  prepared  by  the  collaboration  of 
the  Quebec  Government  and  the   C.P.R. 

One  half  comprises  the  Quebec  exhibit, 
consisting  of  samples  of  the  resources 
of  the  province — lumber,  asbestos,  and 
other  minerals,  grain,  maple  sugar,  fur- 
bearing  animals,  such  as  the  ermine, 
marten,  mink,  fox  and  beaver,  and  fish 
and  game  birds. 

The  C.P.R.  exhibit  has  been  gathered 
from  the  entire  Dominion.  A  splendid 
display  of  grains  produced  in  the  fertile 
fields  of  Western  Canada  is  a  special 
feature.  Supplementing  this  is  a  big 
collection  of  fruits,  forestry  products 
and  minerals.  A  number  of  colored 
transparencies  show  the  methods  used  in 
developing  the  forest  resources  of  Can- 
ada, from  the  primary  state  to  the  fin- 
ished product,  such  as  wooden  ships. 
Other  transparencies  illustrate  some  of 
the  summer  resorts  along  the  company's 
lines.  Complete  and  recent  statistics  of 
all  the  country's  resources  add  conviction 
to  the  display.  The  exhibit  is  installed 
in  handsome  showcases,  brilliantly  lit; 
and  it  is  interesting  to  know  that  all  the 
material  used  in  the  construction  room  is 
Canadian  material  exclusively. 


RESEARCH    DIVIDENDS 

The  great  laboratory  of  the  General 
Electric  Company  at  Schenectady  is 
maintained  at  an  annual  cost  of  over 
$500,000  and  employs  seventy-five  in- 
vestigators, including  among  them  sev- 
eral who  are  eminent  in  the  world  of 
pure  science.  One  of  the  products  is 
the  tungsten  lamp  which  is  now  manu- 
factured by  twenty-two  factories  scat- 
tered over  the  country.  This  lamp,  ac- 
cording to  a  very  careful  estimate  made 
in  1911,  was,  at  that  time,  effecting  a 
power  saving  valued  at  .$240,000,000  per 
annum.  Since  then  the  consumption  of 
this  type  of  lamp  has  increased  three- 
fold and  further  research  has  increased 
its  efficiency  of  light  production  nearly 
25  per  cent.  The  research  workers  are 
discouraged  from  thinking  of  financial 
results,  as  discoveries  are  more  likely 
to  be  made  by  those  who  are  working 
in  the  scientific  spirit. 


July,  1918 


115 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


SPECIAL  BORING  LATHE  IN  VARIED 
MODELS 

SHOWN  in  the  accompanying  illustra- 
tions are  two  of  the  several  types  of 
special  lathes  developed  for  shell 
work  by  the  Gisholt  Machine  Company, 
Madison,  Wis.  Many  of  these  machines 
have  been  built  for  shell  work  and  are 
now  installed  and  operating  in  munition 
plants  in  England,  France  and  Italy.  At 
the  present  time  several  lots  are  going 
through  the  factory  and  are  destined  for 
American  shell  shops,  some  being  of  the 
25-in.,  and  others  of  the  16-in.  machine, 
both  of  which  are  shown.  Though  de- 
signed for  shell  work  they  are  adaptable 
for  other  purposes.  The  25-in.  machine 
illustrated  is  one  of  an  installation  to  be 
used  in  boring  6-in.  or  155  mm.  shells. 

In  one  of  the  accompanying  illustra- 
tions is  shown  a  sketch  of  the  155  mm. 
U.  S.  howitzer  shrapnel,  and  also  one 
of  the  155  mm.  U.  S.  high-explosive 
shell.  The  letters  A.  B  and  C  in  the  case 
of  the  shrapnel  and  A,  B,  C  and  D  in 
the  case  of  the  high-explosive  shell  in- 
dicate the  finished  surfaces  on  the  in- 
side of  both  shells  which  can  be  ad- 
vantageously handled  on  the  new  lathe, 
using  either  a  single  point  cutter  in  the 


16"    SIMPLIFIED    LATHE    EQUIPPED    WITH    COLLET    CHUCK    AND    TOOLS    FOR    BORING 
AND    THREADING    NOSE    END    OF    SHBLLS    UP    TO    165-MM. 

boring  bar  with  a  former  block  on  the 
taper  attachment,  or  boring  heads  locat- 
ed on  the  boring  bar,  and  with  the  cross- 
slide  carriage  set  central.  The  taper 
attachment  is  shown  on  the  back  of  .the 
machine. 

Notable    in    the    machine    is    the   rigid 
design  and  massive  construction  of  the 


f ////// A' //// /^y/ A> //// //W77 


'^/y /}  ^ // )/ y/  //////  ////// ^  P^^h-^ 


2,V'  BORING  LATHE  EQUIPPED  FOR  BORING  6"  SHELL'?. 


TVPE  OF  WORK  DONE. 

taper  attachment  (shown  ready  to  re- 
ceive former  block),  and  of  the  cross- 
slide  carriage  vvhich  is  shown  ready  for 
the  boring  bar.  In  the  machine  illus- 
trated the  cross-slide  carriage  is  bored 
to  3  inches  in  diameter,  although  the 
diameter  may  be  made  to  vary  with  the 


116 


25-  BORING  LATHE  EQUIPPED  JXJR  STRAIGHT   BORING  OPERATIONS 
OR    WITH   BORING   HEADS. 


requirements.  Also  to  be  noted  is  that 
the  cross-slide  carriage  bears  the  entire 
width  of  the  slide,  which  is  18  in.  wide 
and  24  in.  long. 

The  25-in.  machines  are  made  in 
several  models,  some  carrying  turrets, 
others  simple  tool  posts,  etc.  They  may 
be  built  with  collet  chucks  as  shown,  or 
with  24-in.  three-jaw  scroll  chucks,  or 
four-jaw  independent  chucks  as  may  be 
deemed  best  to  handle  the  required  work. 
The  16-in.  lathes  have  a  3% -in.  and  6^- 
in.  spindle  bore  while  all  the  25-in. 
machines  have  a  6^ -in.  spindle  bore. 
The  several  models  make  possible  com- 
binations of  chucks  and  carriage  equip- 
ment adaptable  for  a  wide  range  of  work 
in  general  manufacturing  as  well  as  in 
the  production  of  shells. 


26-INCH  SHELL  BORING  LATHE 

The  accompanying  line  drawing  illus- 
trates a  recently  designed  lathe  specially 
adapted  for  shell  work.  The  bed  is  of 
particularly  heavy  construction,  24  inches 
wide,  18  inches  deep,  with  an  overall 
length  of  10  feet,  6  inches.  The  head  stock 
is  made  very  rigid  and  is  fitted  with  extra 
large  bearings,  the  front  beinc;  15  inches 
in  diameter  and  12  inches  long,  and  the 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

rear  bearing  6 
inches  diameter 
with  a  length  of 
10  inches.  The 
spindle  is  fitted 
with  an  air-oper- 
ated collet  chuck, 
the  pneumatic 
cylinder  being 
located  at  the  rear 
of  the  spindle.  The 
power  drive  is  very 
effective,  the  main 
pulley  being  20 
nch  belt.  Motion  is 
transmitted  by  a 
train  of  heavy  cut 
gears,  the  first  pair 
having  a  face  of 
•3%  inches  of  4  d.p. 
and  the  second  pair 
4-inch  face  with  a 
4  d.  p. 

The  carriage  which 
is  36  inches  low,  is 
fitted  with  adjusting  jibs  at  the  back  and 
the  front.  The  feed  rack  is  of  extra 
strength,  having  a  face  of  2%  inches  with 
3  d.  p.  Carriage  feed  is  of  the  friction 
type,  a  face  with  a  contact  of  1%  inches 
by  9  inches  diameter.  This  is  located 
in  the  hub  of  the  pilot  wheel.  Feed  is 
obtained  from  a  two-step  pulley  using  a 
3-inch  belt.  The  carriage  apron  is  of 
the  heavy  double  plate  type,  back  gearea 
plate  made  of  steel  with  bronze  bushed 
bearings.  The  spindle  thrust  is  taken 
by  a  special  ball  bearing  fitted  to  the  for- 
ward end  of  the  rear  bearing.  The  ap- 
proximate weight  of  this  machine  is  10,- 
000  pounds.  The  cut  shows  the  lathe 
adapted  for  shell  boring,  but  it  can  be 
readily  converted  for  rough  or  finish 
turning  by  changing  the  attachment  on 
the  carriage.  The  machine  is  fitted  witn 
a  profiling  fixture  and  can  be  supplied 
with  a  turret  if  desired,  by  the  manu- 
facturers, H.  W.  Petrie  of  Montreal,  Ltd. 


7.5  MM.  BORING  LATHE 

The  Canada  Machinery  Corpora- 
tion, Gait,  Ont.,  has  recently  placed 
on  the  market  a  lathe  for  boring 
75  mm.  shells.  The  design  of  the  lathe 
IS  new  and  was  developed  by  this  con- 
cern   after   an    extended    experience    in 


Volume  XX. 

ihe  manufacture  of  shell  making  machin- 
ry.  This  lathe  is  of  substantial  con- 
struction, an  essential  feature  in  ma- 
chines of  this  type,  while  it  is  also  sim- 
ple in  design  and  easy  to  operate. 

The  bed  is  unusually  deep  and  heavy 
and  is  made  with  solid  cros)  bridges. 
It  is  also  built  with  two  large  flat  sheers 
on  which  the  carriage  traverses,  ensur- 
ing ample  wearing  surface.  The  head  is 
of  strong  construction,  ensuring  great 
rigidity  at  all   times. 

The  spindle  is  a  semi-steel  casting  of 
large  size'  and  is  provided  on  one  end 
with  a  compressed  air  cylinder  operatin,jf 
a  collet  chuck.  This  chuck  is  controlled 
by  a  conveniently  situated  air  cock  and 
is  so  arranged  that  it  extends  within  the 


26-INCH     SHELL     LATHE.       END     ELEVATION. 

spindle,  thus  bringing  it  within  the  front 
bearing,  ensuring  rigidity.  It  is  instan- 
taneous in  action  and  will  keep  its  align- 
ment under  the  heaviest  work.  The  spin- 
dle has  taper  bearings  which  are  of 
large  size,  the  front  bearing  being  7 
inches  diameter  by  12  inches  long  and 
the  back  bearing  5%  inches  diameter  by 
5  inches  long,  provision  being  made  to 
take  up  the  wear.  One  spindle  speed 
only  is  provided  on  the  regular  machine 
but  a  two-speed  countershaft  can  be 
supplied,  at  an  extra  cost,  which  will 
give  two  speeds  of  desired  range. 

The  feed  to  the  carriage  is  simple  and 
efficient,  obtainable  by  means  of  a  feed 
rod  which  carries  a  heavy  worm,  which 


26-INCH    SHELL    LATHE.      SIDE    ELEVATION. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


117 


linked  together  for  strength  and  flexi- 
bility. 

In  the  installation  shown  the  shells  are 
passed  from  one  machine  to  the  other  on 
tables  but  are  picked  up  off  the  table  and 
placed  on  the  machines  by  the  block  anU 
tackle  suspended  from  the  carriers. 


75-MM.    BORING    LATHE. 


by  means  of  a  conveniently  situated 
lever  engages  a  worm  wheel  and  pinion 
operating  on  the  rack  bolted  to  the  bed. 
This  feed  rod  is  driven  through  a  two- 
speed  gear  box,  which,  in  operation,  is 
driven  by  a  belt  from  the  spindle.  The 
feed,  being  thus  belt  driven,  offers  par- 
ticular advantage  over  a  positive  driven 
feed  insomuch  that  it  may  be  left  en- 
gaged to  assist  the  operator  in  the  diffi- 
cult bottoming  operation,  which  is  im- 
possible with  the-  positive  driven  feed, 
thus  increasing  the  speed  of  this  opera- 
tion. 

An  automatic  trip  is  provided  in  addi- 
tion to  the  hand  trip.  This  trip  is  set 
at  the  desired  point  and  the  bars  in  the 
turret  set  for  the   correct  depth. 

The  turret  is  mounted  on  a  cross  slide 
on  the  carriage  and  is  solid  and  massive 
throughout.  It  is  provided  with  three 
holes  to  hold  the  boring  bars  and  is 
traversed  across  the  carriage  for  differ- 
ent operations  by  means  of  a  rack  and 
pinion  operated  by  a  large  hand  wheel  on 
top  of  the  turret.  A  suitable  stop  i.? 
provided  for  locating  each  bar  centrally 
and  a  clamp  handle  is  also  provided 
for    locking    securely    in    position. 

A  pump  of  approved  design  is  provided 
to  supply  an  ample  and  constant  flo\v 
of  cutting  lubricant  to  the  boring  bars 
and  the  piping  is  so  arranged  that  tiia 
bar  which  is  working  is  the  only  on 3 
to  receive  this  supply.  A  steel  oil  pa  i 
is  provided  to  collect  the  cuttings  an  i 
to  return  the  cutting  lubricant  to  the 
pump. 

The  gear  ratio  of  drive  is  5.17  to  ' 
The  fast  and  loose  pulleys  are  16  inch 
diameter  by  SVt  inches  face,  the  spee  1 
being  5.75  r.p.m.  The  holes  in  turret 
are  1  15/16  inch  diameter.  The  weig'-l 
of  the  machine  is  3.000  pounds  and  flo  -- 
space  occupied  3  feet  by  8  feet,  cubic 
measurements,  150  cubic  feet. 


duction   and   an   item  which   affects    the 
balance  sheet  to  a  large  extent. 

The  tracks  conveying  devices 
manufactured  by  the  Richard 
Wilcox  Co.,  London,  Ont.,  h!i\e 
the  advantage  of  years  of  prior 
development  and  experience  in 
their  production.  The  track 
used  for  the  shell  is  a  troliey 
track  made  up  of  a  formed  tube 
of  sheet  steel  totally  enclosing 
the  carrier.  These  tracks  are 
furnished  in  any  length  and  ad- 
lustable  brackets  are  furnished 
for  support.  The  track  section 
permits  the  use  of  switches, 
curves  and  turntables  to  any  de- 
sired extent. 

The  carriers  are  made  in 
plain  or  ballbearing  types 
and  for  extremely  heavy 
loads  a  sufficient  number  of  carriers  ara 


KNURLING   MACHINE   FOR   75   MM. 
SHELLS 

The  Canada  Machinery  Corporation, 
Gait,  Ont.,  has  designed  a  new  machine 
for  rolling  the  knurl  on  the  seat  for 
the  copper  band  on  75  mm.  shells.  The 
machine  has  already  achieved  consid- 
erable success,  for  it  is  being  used  by 
four  of  the  largest  makers  of  75i  mm. 
shells  in  Canada  and  also  by  a  number 
of  firms  in  the  United  States.  The  ma- 
chine is  also  being  built  to  use  for  the 
same  purpose  on  4.5  inch  and  155  mm. 
shells.  By  substituting  plain  rollers  for 
knurls  the  machine  can  also  be  used 
for  rolling  smooth  the  bourellet  on  the 
millimeter  sizes  of  shells. 


OVERHEAD  CARRIERS  AND  HOISTS 
FOR  MUNITION  PLANTS 

Adequate  means  for  the  handling  of 
shells  as  they  pass  from  one  machine  to 
another  is  a  big  factor  in  quantity  pro- 


DETAIL    VIEW    OF  rHAIN    BLOCKS 
AND    CARRIERS. 


arra::cemext  of  ciain  hoists  and  carriers 

SERVING    lathes. 


The  machine  is  of  simple  but  strong 
construction  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
accompanying  illustration.  The  opera- 
tion of  knurling  is  done  as  rapidly  as 
the  shells  can  be  handled,  the  mechanism 
beini'  so  designed  that  no  chucking  l^ 
necessary,  thus  resultiny  in  high  pro- 
auction. 

When  the  shell  is  placed  in  the  ma- 
chine it  rests  on  a  pair  of^  adjustable 
cradles  with  its  base  up  against  a  stop 
on  the  head  to  locate  it  in  the  correct 
position.  A  lever  which  is  in  a  vertical 
position  is  then  pulled  down  to  the  hori- 
zontal, this  motion  lifting  a  cradle  or 
yoke  which  carries  the  two  lower  knurls 
and  outer  rolls.  A  steel  eccentric  2M 
inch  face,  acting  on  a  roll  of  the  same 
width,  operated  by  the  lever,  which  is 
2  feet  long,  brings  the  shell  into  con- 
tact with  the  knurling  collars.  The  outer 
rolls  on  the  lower  knurling  spindlei, 
referred  to  above,  hold  the  shell  in  line 
while  in  operation.  The  motion  of  the 
voke  is  governed  by  means  of  an  adjust- 
ing screw  located  at  the'  front  of  the 
machine. 

The    upper    knurling    collar    only    is 
driven,    the    lower    knurls    revolving    by 
friction.  The  knurling  collars  are  2  15/16< 
inches  diameter  with  3  16  inch  face,  the 


1X8 


C  A  N  AD  I  A  J^    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


been  installed,  making  early  delivery 
possible  on  further  orders  for  these 
machines. 


KNURLING   MACHINES    FOR    75    AND    155-M.M. 


upper  one  being  driven  by  a  1  5/16  inch 
spindle  running  in  long  phosphor  bronze 
bearings  while  the  lower  knurls  are  fast- 
ened to  steel  spindles  running  in  bear- 
ings in  the  yoke.  The  spindle  carrying 
the  upper  knurl  runs  at  100  r.p.m.  and 
IS  geared  up  to  300  r.p.m.  at  the  driving 
pulley.  The  outer  end  bracket  bearing 
of  this  spindle  is  remova|)le  &r  chang- 
ing knurls.  .  ,     ■ 

When  the  knurling  operation  has  been 
completed,  the  lever  is  raised  up,  the 
lower  knurls  come  away  from  the  shell 
which  now  rests  on  the  adjustable 
cradles.  The  cradles  arrest  the  motion 
of  the  shell  and  hold  it  clear  of  the 
knurling  collars  while  it  is  being  re- 
moved from  the  machine,  as  is  the  case 
when  the  shell  is  being  placed  in  the 
machine.  The  knurling  machine  weighs 
1,200  pounds  and  occupies  a  space  36 
inches  by  48  inches. 

When  this  machine  is  built  for  rolling 
the  bourellet,  plain  rols  are  used  in- 
stead of  knurls.  In  this  case  all  the 
rolls  are  power-driven  through  gears  in 
the  head  of  the  machine.  The  shell  is 
supported  in  the  same  way  and  the  yoke 
is  also  used  in  the  same  way  as  for 
knurling.  When  rolling  the  bourellet  the 
nose  of  the  shell  lies  towards  the  head 
of  the  machine. 


shaft  by  a  steel  lever  conveniently 
placed.  Plenty  of  belt  surface  is  as- 
sured on  the  crowned  18  in.  dia  by  6% 
in.  face  driving  pulley,  eliminating  the 
tight  belt  with  its  usual  troubles.  Equal- 
ly satisfactory  results  are  obtained, 
driving  from  either  lineshaft  or  counter- 
shaft. 

The  chuck  is  integral  with  the  spindle. 
Forgings  are  held  by  a  simple  method, 
sometimes  called  the  "pot"  system,  con- 
sisting of  4  hardened  steel  set-screws  of 
generous  size.  A  second  set  of  hard- 
ened steel  set-screws  acts  as  a  concrete 
inside  the  spindle. 

Several  other  minor  changes  have  also 
been  made. 

This  machine  is  manufactured  by  The 
Globe  Engineering  Co.  Ltd.,  Hamilton, 
Can.    Additional  equipment  has  recently 


MOTORSHIP  ADVANTAGES 

By  D.  Street. 

THE  super-Diesel  internal  combustion 
engine  will  play  a  very  important  part 
in  the  near  future  in  ship  design  and 
propulsion.  This  type  of  engine  was  in- 
vented by  Otto,  perfected  by  Daimler, 
and  brought  to  its  highest  state  of  effi- 
ciency by  Diesel  and  Junkers.  Its  opera- 
tion is  based  on  the  principle  of  rational 
conversion  of  coal  into  power — in  other 
words,  it  utilizes  this  fuel  in  the  form 
of  the  by-products  of  coal,  such  as  gas, 
benzol,  and  other  inferior  substances 
which  are  derived  from  the  distillation 
of  coal  in  coke  ovens,  gas  retorts  and 
gas  producers.  This  method  gives  a  dis- 
tinct advantage  in  multiplying  the  use- 
fulness of  a  ton  of  coal,  resulting  in  a 
higher  output  of  heat,  light  and  power 
from  the  same.  The  values  thus  added 
to  the  national  income  are  difficult  to 
estimate.  This  type  of  engine  has  also 
opened  up  a  new  and  extensive  field  for 
the  exploitation  of  mineral  oils,  such  as 
crude  petroleum,  etc.,  which  formerly 
only  had  a  limited  range  of  usefulness 
and  has  set  a  new  value  on  oil  lands. 

The  oil  engine  has  now  become  dom- 
inant in  the  navies  of  Europe,  and  the 
imperative  need  of  the  most  up-to-date 
equipment  applies  to  merchant  vessels  as 
well  as  those  for  war  purposes.  Motor- 
ships  are  coming  to  be  recognized  as  far 
more  economical  than  those  propelled  by 
steam,  not  only  in  economy  of  fuel  and 
labor,  but  in  the  greater  cargo  space  that 
the  same  sized  ship  of  this  type  affords 
over  that  of  a  steam-propelled  vessel. 
Due  to  the  absence  of  boilers  and  fun- 
nels, motorships  are  clear  of  many  work- 
ing obstructions  and  give  large  unre- 
stricted room  for  loading  and  discharg- 


CUTTING   OFF   AND  BASE   FACING 
MACHINE. 

No  doubt  6  in.  and  155  m.m.  manu- 
facturers will  readily  appreciate  the 
operating  advantages  of  the  "Improved" 
No.  2  Globe  cutting-off  and  base-facing 
machine,  illustrated  herewith. 

In  this  machine,  a  powerful,  easy  drive 
is  obtained  by  two  sets  of  steel  gears, 
3%  in.  face,  having  ratios  of  5.75  and 
6.30  to  1.  The  shifting  mechanism  con- 
sists of  a  positive  steel  clutch  of  ample 
proportions,    operated    on    the    driving 


CUTTING  OFF     AND     BASE-FACING     MACHINE. 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


119 


CAN  TAKE  NO  CHANCE 

ON  SHELL  INSPECTION 

Defects   Should   bo   Caught   Right   in   the   Machine 
Making  the   Faulty  Operation 

ByJ.  H.  R. 


The  chairman  of  (he  Imperial  Munitions  Board  in 
discussing  shell  making  with  a  representative  of  this 
paper  some  weeks  ago,  made  a  point  that  is  brought 
out  in  the  following,  viz.,  that  each  shell  is  a  unit,  and 
is  either  good  or  bad  by  itself.  There  is  no  such  thing 
as  a  fairly  good  shell.  It  is  either  good  or  bad,  right  or 
wrong.  Moreover,  it  may  be  the  first  operation  or  so 
that  determines  this.  This  article  points  out  the  need 
for  close  attention  to  points  where  the  100  per  cent, 
efficiency  standard  is  being  broken  down. 

FEW  problems  relating  to  the  manufacture  of  muni- 
tions have  created  more  difficulties  than  that  of  in- 
spection, and  yet  this  important  factor  has  often  been 
=0  sadly  neglected  or  overlooked  as  to  result  in  gross  in- 
efficiency. The  essential  bearing  that  thorough  inspection 
has  to  "the  successful  production  of  munitions  was  not 
clearly  recognized  during  the  incipient  stages  of  this  in- 
dustry, the  consequence  being  that  the  percentage  of  re- 
jected shells,  due  to  faulty  forging  or  machining,  was  very 
frequently  so  large  that  drastic  measures  were  required  to 
prevent  an  occurrence  of  such  possibilities.  One  of  the 
primary  considerations  in  connection  with  the  manufacture 
of  ammunition  is  the  high  degree  of  accuracy  that  is  re- 
quired in  the  various  operations;  not  that  the  working 
limits  are  finer  than  any  hitherto  performed,  but  that  many 
of  those  firms  receiving  initial  contracts  had  net  been  ac- 
customed to  work  to  the  standardization  necessary  for 
quantity  output. 

The  Supervisor's  Work 
Some  impressions  of  a  supervisor  of  inspection  are  set 
down  in  the  following  statements.  "When  it  became  ap- 
parent that  all  engineering  concerns  in  Canada  would  be 
given  the  opportunity  to  assist  the  arsenals  in  producing 
the  maximum  quantity  of  ammunition  that  would  be  re- 
quired, many  contracts  were  accepted  on  the  supposition  of 
what  had  done  another  might  easily  accomplish.  With  the 
possible  exception  of  a  few  tool  manufacturers  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  the  original  shell  makers 
had  been  accustomed  to  working  to  the  fine  limits  or  low 
tolerances  required  in  shell  specifications.  With  their  past 
experience  only  as  a  guiding  influence  many  firms  failed, 
utterly,  to  realize  the  part  which  inspection  would  play 
in  determining  their  intimate  degree  of  success. 

"It  would  be  serving  no  particular  purpose  to  enlarge 
very  much  of  the  number  of  failures  brought  about  by  the 
lack  of  foresight  shown  by  some  in  their  desire  to  ignore, 
or  at  least  minimize,  efficient  shop  inspection,  but  some  of 
my  experiences  would  have  been  almost  ludicrous  if  they 
had  not  been  associated  with  such  loss  of  time  and  material, 
and  waste  of  valuable  highly  skilled  labor.  For  instance, 
in  the  early  days  of  the  war  it  was  a  common  sight  to  see 
some  shops  making  the  most  elaborate  inspection  of  their 
product  along  similar  lines  to  the  Government  and  imme- 
diately before  submitting  to  the  same,  while  at  the  same 
time  there  were  not  enough  inspectors  at  the  different  ma- 
chines to  check  the  work  at  a  very  low  percentage.  The 
result  of  this  policy,  in  many  cases,  was  that  their  shop 
inspection  would  send  hack  for  repairs  anything  from  50 
to  75  per  cent,  and  probably  reject  as  scrap  25  per  cent. 
The  Better  Way 
"By  an  efficient  shop  inspection  whereby  only  reliable 
inspectors  were  placed  at  the  various  machines  to  check 
up  100  per  cent,  of  the  work,  with  full  authority  to  imme- 
diately stop  a  machine  at  the  first  sign  of  faulty  work, 
the  following  would  have  to   and   can  be   obtained: 

(a)   Operators  on  machines  are  able  to  give  all  their 


attention  to  the  actual  machining  deiailb  and  go  straight 
ahead  without  the  anxiety  of  knowing  whether  he  was 
making  bad  work  or  not,  as  the  inspector  would  be  the  per- 
son who  would  at  once  stop  him  on  the  first  appearance  of 
defective  work.  The  tool-setter  or  foreman  would  become 
immediately  acquainted  with  the  trouble,  so  that  the  tools 
could  be  adjusted  or  repaired,  or  altered  to  suit  the  re- 
quired conditions.  Where  the  machine  is  at  fault  it  may 
be  necessary  to  stop  the  same  until  such  time  as  it  can  be 
fixed  or  replaced.  By  this  practice  it  is  virtually  impos- 
sible for  spoiled  shells  to  accumulate  between  machining 
operations. 

(b)  When  shells  have  to  be  rectified  a  considerable  part 
of  the  profit  is  lost  on  the  shell,  and  good  men's  time  is 
utilized  in  repairing  the  same  when  it  might  be  better 
applied  to  the  country's  needs  in  other  branches  of  engi- 
neering. Very  few  firms  stop  to  consider  the  cost  of  this 
repair  work,  the  machine  installation  required,  and  the 
number  of  shells  that  are  returned  for  repairs,  many  of 
which  eventually  find  their  way  to  the  scrap  heap. 

(c)  A  shell  when  lost  in  the  machining  means  that  a 
shell  has  been  forged  for  nothing;  surely  this  alone  is  a 
loss  to  the  country  in  fuel,  material,  and  labor,  and  involv- 
ing the  additional  work  required  in  replacing  the  shell  that 
has  been  destroyed. 

A  Dangerous  Trick 
"Some  superintendents  are  apt  to  exclaim — 'We  can 
afford  to  lose  five  per  cent,  scrap' — but  never  stop  to  con- 
sider how  they  are  going  to  regulate  it  at  the  said  five  per 
cent.,  for  as  each  shell  passes  through  exactly  the  same 
sequence  of  operations  it  is  obvious  that  if  a  bad  piece  is 
produced  from  a  machine  it  is  logical  to  assume  that  the 
same  fault  will  occur  on  the  next  piece  or  subsequent  shells 
at  this  specific  operation,  and  considering  that  in  the  manu- 
facture of  some  types  of  shells  there  are  from  35  to  40  dif- 
ferent operations,  there  is  every  opportunity  of  making  25 
per  cent,  of  scrap  when  the  management  are  satisfied  to 
tolerate  a  five  per  cent,  rejection.  A  far  better  viewpoint 
is  to  look  for  100  per  cent,  perfect,  and  even  with  good  in- 
spection, the  best  tooling,  rigid  machinery,  and  above  all 
positive  stops,  errors  are  almost  certain  to  occur,  so  that 
on  the  expiration  of  the  contract  if  it  is  found  that  three 
per  cent,  has  been  rejected  by  faulty  machining  and  in  the 
Government  inspection,  the  firm  getting  such  results  can 
feel  highly  satisfied. 

Must  Have  Control 
"To  obtain  these  results  requires  an  investment  of  five 
per  cent,  for  inspection,  in  relation  to  the  value  of  the 
article,  providing  the  following  conditions  are  adhered  to. 
Procuring  a  man  in  charge  of  inspection  controlling  an  or- 
ganization entirely  separated  from  the  production  depart- 
ment; that  is,  the  man  must  be  an  engineer  and  thoroughly 
capable  of  taking  responsibility,  and  guaranteeing  absolute 
first  class  work  to  the  directors  who  engage  him.  He 
must  have  a  free  hand  to  control  any  machine  or  group  of 
machines,  which  is  making  material  contrary  to  the  draw- 
ings or  specifications. 

"By  maintaining  a  very  high  quality  of  work  liirough- 
out  the  shop  further  inspection  of  the  finished  article  is 
hardly  necessary  except  where  parts  are  liable  to  become 
affected  by  subsequent  opera tiDns.  With  detail  inspection 
the  great  advantage  to  be  derived  is  the  regular  flow  in 
large  quantities  which  pass  through  the  Government  in- 
spection showing  a  minimum  of  defects,  and  is  the  state  in 
which  the  Government  expect  it  to  be  in  when  it  reaches 
this  department,  as  most  Government  inspectors  have  a 
very  strong  objection  to  performing  inspection  work  for 
the  company  making  the  shells — work  that  should  have 
been  done  in  the  shop,  or  further  at  the  very  machine  that 
performed  the  operation  for  which  the  shell  has  been  re- 
jected. Slight  errors,  and  cases  where  the  operators  con- 
sider they  will  take  a  chance,  often  exclaiming — 'That  is 
good  enough' — will  eventually  lead  to  trouble  before  the 
shell  passes  the  final  Government  inspection.  The  rule  for 
inspection  must  be  to  insist  on  perfection  of  the  product 
at  each  machine  and  in  every  detail,  and  then  and  only 
fhen  will  the  contractor  get  the  results  which  he  hoped 
for  and  expected  at  the  time  when  he  took  the  contract." 


120 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The   MacLean   Publishing   Company 

LOUTBD 

(BSTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  Prwident      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Viee-Pteiident 

H.   V.  TYRREa^L.   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^MANUFACTURING  NEW5-> 

h  weekly  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON,  Manager.  A.   R.  KENNEDY.   Man.   Editor. 

Asaoeiate  Editors: 
A.  G.  WEBSTER    J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal)     W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 

Office    of     Publication.     143163    University    Avenue,    Toronto,     Ontario.        '"p 


Vol.  XX. 


JULY  25,  1918 


No.  4 


Are  Standing  the  Test  Well. 

ALTHOUGH  reports  that  have  been  spread  for  some 
time  might  lead  Canadians  to  expect  a  falling  off 
in  the  number  of  shops  operating,  reports  of  closings 
are  few  and  unusual. 

So  much  was  heard  of  drawing  the  deadline  between 
essential  and  non-essential  industries,  and  closing  off  the 
latter,  that  drastic  measures  were  always  supposed  to 
be   just   around   the   corner. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  Canada's  war  performance  is 
demonstrating  that  her  industries,  for  the  most  part, 
are  not  of  the  non-essential  kind. 

The  very  fact  that  so  many  of  them  are  being  recog- 
nized by  the  War  Board  when  they  want  to  enter  the 
market  for  supplies  is  sufficient  proof  of  this.  In  many 
cases,  although  a  shop  may  not  have  a  direct  contract, 
it  is  working  on  a  sub-contract,  and  in  this  way  helping 
to  speed  up  production. 

Some  of  the  foundries  making  lines  "that  can  wait" 
are  suffering  from  a  lack  of  pig  iron  or  scrap  of  good 
enough  grading  to  make  a  fit  substitute. 

On  a  broad  scale,  though,  industrial  Canada  is  stand- 
ing the  acid  test  of  essential  or  non-essential  in  good 
shape.  It  is  good  evidence  that  Canada's  industrial  life 
is  based  on  concerns  turning  out  necessities  rather  than 
things  that  people  imagine  they  want,  but  in  reality  are 
much  better  without. 


well.    But  sifted  out,  it  would  come  to  "Can't  be  bothered." 
"Can't   be    bothered"    in   reality   accounts   for   a   heap 
of  stuff  that  manages  to  crawl  away  under  some   other 
guise. 

The  man  in  the  city  is  in  many  cases  a  poor  prune 
when  it  comes  to  physical  fitness.  He  rides  in  his  auto 
or  on  a  street  car  to  work,  rides  to  lunch,  rides  home, 
and  imagines  he's  a  regular  bang-up  Adonis  if  he  can 
cut  the  lawn  and  carry  out  the  garbage  without  having 
a   vacation   between   the   movements. 

But  when  it  comes  right  down  to  brass  tacks  there 
are  few  people  who  bother  keeping  in  shape.  The  loss 
is  to  themselves,  to  their  employers  and  the  nation.  And 
in  the  aggregate  the  loss  in  efficiency  to  the  nation  is 
staggering,  for  no  man  can  allow  himself  to  degenerate 
into  a  jelly-fish  and  keep  the  consequences  entirely  to 
himself. 


Can  You  Run  a  Quarter  Mile  ? 

DOES  the  average  man  take  care  of  himself?  The 
individual  might  be  inclined  to  answer  such  a  query 
in  the  affirmative,  but  having  given  the  nod  of  the  head, 
he  might  have  quite  a  time  convincing  any  person  else 
that  he  was  right. 

Here's  what  one  real  authority  has  to  say  of  the 
matter:  "Words  are  inadequate.  Neither  tongue  nor  pen 
can  do  justice  to  this  subject.  The  average  man  would 
puff  and  blow  like  a  porpoise  if  he  attempted  to  run  a 
quarter  of  a  mile.  He  would  be  stiff  and  sore  for  days 
if  he  walked  five  miles  at  a  brisk  gait." 

And  the  chances  are  that  the  man  who  made  that 
statement  was  mighty  close  to  absolute  fact.  Here  and 
there  is  an  exception  to  the  case,  but  these  exceptions 
are  conspicuous  by  reason  of  their  rarity. 

If  men  were  asked  why  they  allow  their  muscles  to 
become  soft,  flesh  flabby  and  joints  wheezy,  they  would 
have  an   array   of  excuses   that  would   shape  up   fairly 


Paving  the  Road  For  High  Prices 

HE  following  is  a  sample  of  the  stuff  that  runs  the 
gauntlet  of  the  Ontario  press  every  few  days: 

Ontario  housewives  will  have  to  go  a  little  light 
on  preserving  this  fall  as  the  fruit  crop  of  the 
province  has  turned  out  very  poorly.  Cherries, 
plums,  pears  are  all  very  scarce,  and  apples  did 
no  do  so  very  well,  either.  Peach  trees  in  the 
Niagara  peninsula  were  killed  by  the  frost  to  the 
extent  of  about  10   per  cent. 

Cherries  are  the  first  on  the  list  to  reach  the  market, 
and  there  are  cherry  trees  all  over  the  country  breaking 
for  the  want  of  some  person  to  pick  the  fruit. 

The  same  talk  of  winter  killing  of  peach  trees  gets 
hatched  over  in  the  Niagara  belt  every  year  just  as 
sure  as  the  water  runs  over  the  Falls.  Niagara's  fruit 
correspondents  would  indeed  be  a  flotilla  of  lame  ducks 
if  they  couldn't  get  that  old  winter-kill  story  out  of  cold 
storage  and  let  it  prance  around  a  little  every  spring 
and   summer. 

What's  the  idea?  To  get  the  people  ready  to  pay  top 
prices  for  fruit?  Or  to  get  them  at  the  stage  where 
they'll  grab  at  the  first  grist  of  colic  apples  that  get 
peddled  inside  the  city  limits  ?  Or  to  educate  'em  so 
that  green  gooseberries  at  20  cents  a  quart  will  look 
like  an  8.30  bargain-  well  worth  grabbing  for  ? 

The  prices  for  fruit,  between  the  embargo  and  the 
price  grabbers,  will  be  high  enough,  without  the  press 
getting  up  on  its  hind  legs  and  hollering  in  advance  that 
the  housewife  had  better  be  prepared  in  advance  to  be 
mulcted  to  the  limit  for  every  pint  of  fruit  she  manages 
to  tuck  away  in  the  cellar  for  winter  use.  She  knows 
mighty  well  it  will  happen  without  papers  going  to  the 
trouble  of  putting  grease  on  the  skids  for  the  price 
boosters. 


Our  idea  of  good  luck  is  for  a  family  to  go  through 
the  cherry  picking  season  without  any  of  the  members 
carrying  a  broken  leg  in  a  sling. 


Before  you  start  a  strike,  make  certain  that  it  isn't 
going  to  make  it  easier  for  the  German  troops  to  do 
the   same   thing   in   a   different  way. 


It's  a  fatal  mistake  for  the  man  who  has  been  operating 
an  automatic  machine  to  imagine  that  as  a  mechanic  he's 
not  far  removed  from  the  expert  tool  maker. 


A  man  with  a  mania  for  figures  has  it  that  about 
12  million  men  of  all  armies  have  seen  front  line  service, 
and  of  this  number,  according  to  reports  from  the  various 
capitals,  some  18  million  have  been  taken  prisoners. 
Statistics  are  surely  interesting  and  instructive. 


July  25,  1918 


121 


Your  War  ContractsW  ill  Stop  Some  Day 


THE  inanufaftureit'  of  Canada  who  can  line  up 
with  the  war  group  have  little  to  worry  about 
at  present  in   regard  to  business.     They   can 
get  it — all  they  can  handle.     And  the  great  per- 
centage of  it  is  in  the  line  of  repeat  operations  and 
long  runs. 

There  is  no  need  to  worry  about  the  sales  and 
collection*.  The  only  trouble  albout  the  latter  is 
at  times  in  the  matter  of  adjustment  for  rejects  and 
the  labor  loss  necessary  to  find  the  defect  that  makes 
the  rejection   necei5sary. 

Are  the  Canadian  firms,  the  steel  and  iron  con- 
cerns, the  machining  plants,  big  and  small,  living 
in  the  present  alone,  or  are  they  looking  to  the 
future?  The  fact  that  you  have  been  a  success  in 
turning  out  war  orders  L^  not  proof  positive  that  you 
are  going  to  be  a  success  when  the  war  work  closes 
and  you  have  to  get  out  and  hustle  for  business 
in  the  open  market. 

The  real  test  of  Canadian  efficiency  has  not 
yet  come.    It  is  coming  in  the  future. 

Remember  this.  Industrial  plants  in  Canada  are 
keyed  up  for  production — for  very*  large  production. 
They  have  turned  out  an  amount  and  a  quality  of 
which  they  can  be  proud.  Canadians  were  afraid 
of  munitions  business  when  it  was  first  a  possibility. 
They  shivered  at  the  fuse  game.  But  they  went 
in.  They  turned  out  successful.  They  made  muni- 
tions for  Canada,  for  Britain,  for  United  States  and 
other  Allied  nations. 

But  don't  get  away  from  this.  This  "keyed-up" 
process  has  not  been  common  to  Canada  alone.  The 
plants  of  other  nations  are  under  the  .same  strain. 

Their  organization,  built  to  fight  the  same 
battle  as  we  are  fighting,  mil,  at  the  ter- 
mination of  the  war,  be  out  to  meet  us  in 
open  competition  for  our  own  markets  and  the 
markets  of  the  world. 

If  their  production  methods  are  better  than  ours 
— if  they  can  make  better  goods  at  our  price — if 
they  can  make  equally  good  products  at  a  lower 
price — the  Canadian  industrial  world  is  going  to  be 
in  for  hard  sledding  and  a  poor  .session. 

The  Canadian  munitions  producer  with  the  big 
organization  has  the  government  as  the  responsible 
party  to  pay  the  h\Tis — it  has  as  its  sales  force  the 
dump  cart  of  war  need  at  its  factory  door,  and  the 
dump  cart  has  been  backed  up  there  for  a  good 
many  months. 

Now,  then,  look  ahead.  When  the  government 
ceases  to  order,  and  the  dump  cart  moves  away,, 
what  is  going  to  happen? 

Unless  the  firm  has  kept  its  production  costs  on 


a  level,  or  something  approaching  it,  with  peace 
time,  competitive  prices — unless  efficiency  has  march- 
ed along  with  this  great  volume  of  business — there 
is  going  to  be  a  .season  of  discharging  hands  that 
will  make  the  employment  office  dizzy. 

This  is  not  alone  the  opinion  of  Canadian 
Machixery.  It  is  the  belief  of  some  of  the 
very  best  leaders  of  industry  in  Canada  at  the 
present  moment. 

Men  who  realize  this  are  men  who  see  in  the 
present  volume  of  business  not  simply  an  oppor- 
tunity for  profits,  but  a  rasponsibility  for  maintain- 
ing the  industrial  and  labor  equilibrium  in  the 
period  following  the  end  of  the  war. 

The  men  who  do  not  and  will  not  realize  this 
situation  are  those  who  rush  into  the  labor  market 
and  take  500  hands — use  them  as  long  as  it  suits 
their  pui7)ose  and  immediately  after  fire  them  into 
a  glutted  labor  market.  To  them  there  is  no  human 
.tiide  in  industry.  To  a  large  extent  they  undo  the 
work  of  manufacturers  whose  chief  delight  is  in 
the  welfare  of  their  men,  and  make  it  doubly  hard 
to  kick  dov.n  some  of  the  na.sty  barriers  that  fanatics 
persist  in  building  up  between  capital  and  laibor. 

Right  now,  when  business  is  good — when  you 
can  afford  to  do  it — look  ahead. 

Don't  wait  until  the  Allied  governments 
come  around  and  say,  "Gentlemen,  we  have 
no  more  war  orders.  You  will  have  to  do 
something  else  now  or  close  up  your  shop." 

Don't  be  caught.  Don't  have  to  tell  a  deputation 
of  your  workmen  that  you  don't  know  on  what 
date  your  plant  will  re-open. 


122 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVFXOPMENTS 


-tma 


Hot  Weather  Not  Helping  Production 

Hard  on  Men  at  Furnaces  and  Rolling  Mills — Brisk  Demand  For  High-Speed  Steel- 
Scrap  Situation  is  Not  Showing  Any  Signs  of  Improvement 


THE  weather  has  been  much  against  high  marks  in 
production  in  the  steel,  iron  or  rolling  plants  during 
the  week,  and  it  is  only  fair  to  assume  that  the 
figures  have  shown  a  falling  off.  Against  this,  however, 
■there  has  been  a  season  of  fairly  cool  weather,  making 
£ood  production  possible  and  quite  easy  to  maintain. 

Reference  is  made  in  several  despatches  from  American 
points  to  some  Canadian  bars  having  been  sold  to  non- 
essential industries  in  the  New  England  states  at  a  price 
above  the  figures  fixed  by  United  States  government. 
One  of  the  steel  trade  men  of  Canada  who  knew  of  the 
case  in  point  said  that  the  affair  took  place  some  time 
ago — in  fact  the  beginning  of  the.  deal  was  at  a  time 
before  United  States  entered  the  war,  and  the  amount 
in  question  was  not  large.  He  made  it  plain  that  the 
practice  is  not  now  carried  out,  and  expressed  surprise 
that  the  incident  was  deemed  of  sufficient  size  to  ever 
get  into  print. 

Plants  turning  out  pig  and  steel  have  quite  a  problem 
in  keeping  the  fine  balance  necessary  in  the  disposal  of 
their  output  so  that  the  foundries  and  machine  shops 
shall   be   equally   well    served. 

The  question  of  the  supply  of  scrap  is  coming  to  the 
front  more  than  it  has  ever  done  before  both  in  this 
country  and  United  States.     In  the  Republic  there  is  a 


regular  combing-out  process  in  operation  for  old  material, 
and  a  determined  effort  is  being  made  to  bring  it  all 
from  any  of  the  hiding  places  where  it  may  be  taking 
cover.  But  the  railroads  are  holding  tight  to  old  cars, 
locomotives,  etc.,  and  they  are  also  abandoning  a  much 
smaller  quantity  of  old  rails  than  formerly.  U.S.  mill 
men  are  also  raising  another  point  that  does  not  occur 
to  the  casual  observer.  Many  of  the  plants  forging 
American  orders  in  Canada  are  served  with  U.S.  steel. 
These  are  machined  in  this  country,  and  the  scrap  turn- 
ings from  all  this  is  used  up  in  this  country,  thus  denying 
the  American  mills  of  considerable  material.  The  plate 
mills  are  still  the  favored  lot  in  the  war  group,  and  con- 
tinue to  draw  a  very  large  tonnage  of  raw  steel.  The 
effect  of  this  is  that  rod  and  wire  mills  are  running  only 
about  60  per  cent. 

Dealers  in  high  speed  steel  are  doing  a  big  business 
now — in  fact  the  chances  seem  to  be  that  their  high 
figures  for  volume  of  trade  are  being  touched  this  quarter. 
There  are  many  plants  just  on  the  verge  of  the  production 
stage,  and  when  this  is  the  case  the  demand  for  high 
speed  is  brisk.  This  condition,  added  to  the  number  of 
plants  already  operating,  and  the  scarcity  of  skilled  men 
makes  a  situation  that  is  very  favorable  to  the  dealers' 
m  high  speed  goods.  Rumors  were  heard  of  a  new  list 
on  carbon  goods,  but  it  has  not  yet  materialized. 


THE  HOT  WEATHER  HAS  A  TENDENCY 

TO  PULL  DOWN  PRODUCTION  TOTALS 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


MONTREAL,  July  22.— The  hot  wave 
of  the  past  few  days  coupled  with  the 
general  holiday  season,  has  acted  as  a 
quieting  feature  on  business  generally. 
As  is  usual  under  these  conditions  the 
steel  mills  and  foundries  have  been  forced 
to  curtail  slightly  on  production.  Con- 
tinued activity  in  the  munitions  industry 
is  still  a  feature.  Some  plants  under  con- 
struction are  nearing  completion  and  in 
a  few  weeks  operations,  are  expected  on  a 
production  basis.  For  this  reason  the 
machine  tool  trade  is  quite  active  and 
manufacturers  are  exceptionally  busv  'n 
making  the  desired  equipment,  the  bulk 
of  which  will  be  made  in  local  plants. 
Old  materials  are  quiet  with  scrap  metals 
firm  and  stronger. 

Hot  Weather  Affects  Mills 

Conditions  are  relatively,  unchanged 
from  those  of  the  past  few  weeks.      The 


demand  or  rather  the  requirements  con- 
tinue quite  heavy,  particularly  for  ship 
yards  and  the  munitions  plants.  Local 
rolling  mills  have  been  affected  by  the 
extreme  heat  of  the  past  few  days  and 
the  tonnage  output  has  suffered  some- 
what in  consequence.  However,  the  favor- 
able weather  during  the  earlier  portion 
of  the  month  enabled  them  to  maintain 
production  at  a  good  figure,  so  that  unless 
the  hot  spell  is  prolonged  the  mills  antici- 
pate an  early  return  to  previous  activity. 
Several  steel  foundries  are  again  busily 
engaged  in  making  billets  for  the  9.2  inch 
shells  and  other  sizes. 

Plants  working  on  the  machinery  of  the 
large  shells  are  well  under  way  and  are 
rapidly  attaining  the  steady  production 
stage.  A  feature  that  may  serve  as  a 
basis  for  an  early  revision  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  Canadian  steel  supply,  is  the  re- 
port that  some  steel  has  been  disposed  of 


to  firms  in  the  States  that  are  not  duly 
entitled  to  the  same  under  present  condi- 
tions. If  investigation  proves  such  to  be 
the  ease  the  Government  may  take  steps 
to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  the  movement 
Dealers  here  report  a  steady  enquiry 
with  slightly  better  delivery  on  material 
coming  from  United  States  mills.  Quot- 
ations are  firm  and  well  maintained. 
High  Speed  Steels  Active 

Now  that  many  plants  are  nearing 
the  production  stage  on  American  shell 
contracts,  the  demand  for  high  speed 
steels  is  showing  a  relative  increase. 
Local  manufacturers  of  small  tools,  such 
as  cutters,  reamers,  etc.,  are  very  busy, 
and  as  stated  by  one  laree  concern — "The 
apparent  shortage  of  skilled  labor  for  the 
making  of  tools  in  shell  plants,  has  added 
to  the  demands  upon  the  small  high  speed 
tool  manufacturer,  so  that  our  business  in 
this  respect  has  shown  a  steady  increase." 
Prices  are  steady  and  well  maintained  at 
about  $2.25  per  lb. 

Metals  Steady 

The  general  metal  situation  is  without 
feature.    Copper  is  higher  and  supply  is 


July  25,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


123 


scarce.  Tin  is  still  uncertain  but  price 
is  unchanged.  Spelter  has  weakened. 
Lead  is  dull. 

Copper. — The  market  here  has  a  strong 
tendency  owing  to  the  fact  that  metal  is 
hard  to  obtain.  Little  American  copper  is 
available  while  the  general  demand  is 
good.  Dealers  are  now  asking  30%  and 
31%  cents    an  advance  of  %  cent  per  lb. 

Tin.— The  supply  of  tin  here  is  amole 
to  meet  immediate  requirements  but  deal- 
ers state  that  delivery  of  metal  is  very 
indefinite.  The  quotation  of  $1.10  is  still 
maintained  but  is  a  nominal  figure. 

Spelter. — A  quiet  week  in  spelter  has 
resulted  in  a  weaker  market,  as  reflected 
in  a  %  cent  decline  locally.  Dealers  here 
are  now  asking  11  cents  per  lb. 

New  Machinery  Desired 

The  demand  for  machine  tools  at  the 
present  time  is  quite  active,  not  that  many 
new  orders  are  being  placed,  but  the  re- 
quirements for  several  new  munition 
plants  are  receiving  considerable  atten- 
tion. In  the  aggregate  the  bulk  of  this 
equipment  will  be  of  the  special  purpose 
type,  and  much  of  the  machinery  for  the 
local  plants  is  being  constructed  in  the 
city.  It  is  notable  that,  with  few  excep- 
tions, the  bulk  of  inquiries  is  for  new  ma- 
chines, some  few  that  have  seen  service 
have  been  disposed  of.  Dealers  report  an 
active  effort  on  the  part  of  certain  hold- 
ers of  old  machinery  to  offer  them  for 
sale,  tempted  by  the  condition  of  the  mar- 
ket, but  as  a  lot  of  this  is  unsuited  for 
existing  conditions,  the  dealers  are  not  in- 
clined to  handle  this  business.  Owing  to 
the  abnormal  demand  for  supplies  nov- 
existing  in  the  States,  dealers  report  some 
difficulty  in  getting  delivery  on  equipment 
coming  in  from  American  points.  Cana- 
<lan  small  tool  manufacturers  are  par- 
ticularly busy  at  the  present  time. 

Some  Scraps  Scarce 

Apart  from  the  marked  scarcity  in  some 
scraps  the  situation  is  comparatively  de- 
void of  feature  of  any  kind.  Dealers  re- 
port a  steady  but  quiet  business.  Slight 
increase  has  been  noted  in  the  non-ferrous 
field  and  dealers  are  asking  prices,  for  old 
copper,  slightly  in  advance  of  last  week. 
Crucible  and  heavy  coppers  are  up  an- 
other cent,  the  price  quoted  being  24% 
cents.  Composition  turnings  are  %  cent 
stronger  at  23  cents.  Medium  brass  is 
quoted  at  13  cents,  an  advance  of  one  cent 
per  lb.  Scarcity  of  cast  iron,  both  ma- 
chine and  stove  plate,  has  made  these  mar- 
kets stronger.  The  former  is  quoted  at 
$35  and  the  latter  at  $24  per  ton,  the  ad- 
vances being  $1  and  $5  respectively. 
Heavy  lead  is  now  quoted  at  8  cents,  an 
advance  on  the  week  of  one  cent  per  lb. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


VERY  HEAVY  CALL  ON 

HIGH  SPEED  GOODS 

Toronto  Dealers  Say   That   Run  During 

Past  Weeks  Has  Touched  the 

High  Mark 

TORONTO.— The  hot  weather  seems 
to  make  no  difference  on  the  volume  of 
business  that  continues  to  pass  through 
the    houses    dealing    in    machine    tools. 


Toronto  dealers  state  that  the  de- 
mand for  high-speed  cutters  is 
greater  than  ever. 

Steel  and  iron  plants  have  a  prob- 
lem trying  to  dispose  of  their  supply 
so  as  t3  keep  the  proper  balance  be- 
tween pig  iron  and  steel. 

Heavy  melting  steel  and  machinery 
scrap  are  much  in  demand.  Not 
much  comes  to  the  market  as  the 
government  takes  the  munitions 
plants'  scrap,  and  many  large  firms 
sell  directly  to:  the  trade. 

Copper  producers  are  not  satis- 
fied with  the  new  price  and  are 
working  tor  a  figure  around  27  or 
27 '/2C.  The  price  standing  for  some 
weeks  before  that  was  23 '/2c. 

A  Pittsburg  despatch  states,  "the 
country  is  being  combed  for  old  ma- 
terial." This  helps  only  a  little  as 
railways  are  holding  tight  to  old  cars 
and  locomotives,  and  abandoning 
smaller  quantities  of  old  rails. 

United  States    points    claim     that 
much  unfinished  steel  is  leaving  the 
country,  and  being   finished  inother 
countries,  thus  depriving  U.  S.  of 
the  scrap  metal  from  the  process. 

Plate  mills  are  drawing  an  un- 
precedented supply  of  raw  steel, 
making  it  more  difficult  for  other 
plants  to  get  a  supply.  Rod  and 
wire  mills,-  sheet  mills,  merchant 
pipe  and  bar  mills  are  not  drawing 
60  per  cent  of  their  former  supply 
or  raw  steel. 

equipment  and  supplies.  Large  plants 
that  have  been  getting  ready  for  new 
contracts  are  receiving  generous  deliv- 
eries of  machinery,  and  in  some  cases 
it  is  expected  that  the  first  operations 
will  be  under  way  in  a  few  weeks. 

Jobbers  are  handling  greater  volumes 
of  trade  than  has  passed  their  way  for 
some  time.  They  find  deliveries  niucn 
more  prompt  than  they  have  been  fur 
some  time.  Prices  have  remained  for 
the  most  part  the  same  as  quoted  last 
week. 

The  copper  situation,  while  based  on 
the  higher  price  level,  has  few  fea- 
tures locally,  although  it  is  attracting 
no  small  amount  of  attention  in  other 
sections. 

The   Steel   Situation 

Canada  is  handling  a  large  amount 
of  steel  now.  Our  own  men  in  many 
places  are  being  trained  to  steel  mill 
operations.  A  few  years  ago  there  were 
few  furnace  or  roller  men  in  Ontario, 
but  their  number  is  rapidly  increasing. 
Steel  men  find  that  the  Canadian,  when 
trained,   makes   a   g6pd   steel   mill   man, 


and  can  hold  his  own  in  any  effort 
made  to  speed  up  production. 

There  is  quite  a  problem  facing  the 
iron  and  steel  men  of  the  Dominion  at 
present,  in  trying  to  keep  a  nicely  ad- 
justed balance  between  the  amount  of 
material  going  out  as  pig  iron  and  pass- 
ing over  to  the  open  hearth  furnaces 
for  further  finishing  in  the  plants. 
There  might  be  an  easy  tendency  on  the 
part  of  the  mills  to  put  through  a  larger 
amount  than  usual  for  the  steel  trade, 
for  there  is  an  enormous  demand  ju»t 
now  for  plate,  sheet,  etc.  However,  there 
is  a  nice  balance  that  must  be  kept  ad- 
justed between  pig  iron  and  steel,  for 
in  so  many  cases  the  machine  shop  and 
foundry  are  to  all  intents  and  purposes 
pirt  of  the  same  institution  as  far  as 
the  finished  product  is  concerned.  As 
one  steel  man  remarked  to  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  a  few  days  ago,  "What 
wou'd  be  the  use  of  going  ahead  and 
filling  up  our  steel  plant  and  shutting 
off  the  foundrymen  ?  Such  a  course 
might  give  us  a  slice  of  good  paying 
business  for  a  time,  but  it  would  be 
mighty  poor  business  in  the  end  for 
steel  men  to  try  and  disturb  the  balance 
between  foundries  and   machine  shops." 

As  a  matter  of  fact  there  are  not 
many  foundries  on  essential  work  that 
are  pinched  for  pig.  Against  this  there 
are  lines  that  are  not  being  well  sup- 
plied, but  in  many  cases  they  are  not 
in  the  war  group. 

Scrap  Is  Scarcer 

The  scrap  metal  trade  is  not  brisk. 
Buyers  are  anxious  to  get  material  to 
sell  quickly,  but  that  is  the  kind  where 
there  is  the  greatest  shortage.  Heavy 
melting  steel  and  good  machinery  scrup 
are  much  desired  just  now.  At  U.  S. 
points  the  shortage  is  quite  marked, 
and  firms  are  willing  to  bring  the  stuff 
a  considerable  distance,  paying  the  ex- 
cess freight  charges  in  order  to  secure 
the  metal.  Many  sales  for  the  more  de- 
sirable sorts  are  made  at  a  maximum 
price  with  the  allowance  of  3%  pOx' 
cent,  for  brokerage  added  to  that. 

One  local  dealer  who  was  in  Buffalo 
during  the  week  reports  that  the  yards 
there  are  makin?:  a  strong  bid  for  avail- 
able scrap,  as  the  mills  in  that  d'«frict 
are  urgent  for  a  supply  of  second-hand 
material. 

The  Copper  Price 

While  the  local  quotations  on  coppti 
remain  unchanged  this  week,  there  are 
signs  that  the  price  problem  has  not  yet 
been  finally  adjusted,  and  changes  later 
on  may  have  a  distinct  bearing  on  the 
situation.  On  May  23rd  when  the  price 
v.-as  fixed  at  23.50c,  it  did  not  meet  the 
approval  of  the  producers,  and  they  did 
not  a^ree  to  the  price  or  date.  The  sales 
made  after  May  23rd  by  producers  were 
srenerally  drawn,  not  at  a  definite  price, 
but  at  Government  price  ruling  at  time 
of  the  delivery  for  which  the  copper 
was  sold.  As  the  War  Industries  Board 
gave  out  that  the  price  was  fixed  at  23.50c 
until  August  15th,  and  as  the  president 
approved  same,  consumers  accepted  con- 
tracts for  July  and  delivery  before  Aug- 
ust   15th,    worded    at   the    Government 


124 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


price  at  time  of  delivery,  having  tne 
positive  official  statement  that  price  up 
to  that  date  was  23.50c,  and  sold  their 
manufactured  goods  against  their  cop- 
per purchase  on  this  basis.  Now  they 
find  they  have  to  pay  26.00c  or  2V4c  per 
pound  higher  on  their  undelivered  con- 
tracts. 

Machinery  Trade 

Several  large  deliveries  were  com- 
pleted this  week,  the  equipment  being 
for  plants  that  are  now  ready  to  beirin 
work  on  their  new  orders.  Some  of  the 
'  contractors  complain  of  annoying  delays, 
but  these  are  due  to  some  sub-contractor 
falling  down  on  delivery  of  a  minor  part. 

The  demand  for  high  speed  steel  hus 
never  been  at  a  much  higher  level  than 
it  is  right  now.  Some  local  dealers  state 
that  the  past  week's  business  on  cutters 
alone  has  been  away  beyond  the  aver- 
age. Munitions  shops  make  heavy  de- 
mands on  high  speed  goods. 

There  was  a  rumor  in  some  of  the 
places  of  business  to-day  tihat  there 
would  soon  be  an  advance  in  carbon 
goods.  This  is  referred  to  Canadian 
firms,  but  so  far  no  new  list  showing 
a  recent  increase  has  arrived  from  lead- 
ing Canadian  makers. 


LARGE  ORDERS  FOR 

MACHINE  TOOLS 

Figures  Are  Still  Spoken  of  in  Millions 
in   Regard   to   the   Purchases 

SpKial  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

NEW  YORK,  July  24.— Large  sup- 
plementary contracts  for  guns,  shells, 
aircraft  and  airplane  motors  are  on  the 
point  of  being  placed  by  the  Govern- 
ment; in  fact,  several  substantial  or- 
ders were  released  in  the  last  week 
and  manufacturers  who  have  called  for 
prices  on  large  lots  of  tools  for  shop 
equipment  are  only  awaiting  Govern- 
ment approval  to  close  contracts  for 
the  machinery.  The  demand  for  heavy 
tools  used  by  shipyards  and  ordnance 
makers  is  very  active  and  there  is  a 
fair  inquiry  for  small  and  medium  sized 
tools.  Some  of  the  manufacturers  of 
large  tools  have  already  begun  plant 
extensions  to  keep  pace  with  the  re- 
quirements of  the  Government. 

Government  approval  having  been  re- 
ceived by  the  Wright-Martin  Aircraft, 
Corporation  for  its  proE:ramme  to  large- 
ly increase  output  of  Hispano-Suiza  mo- 
tors, orders  for  600  machine  tools  to  be 
installed  at  the  Long  Island  City  plant 
have  been  distributed;  40  motors  a  day 
will  be  constructed  at  Long  Island  and 
production  at  the  New  Brunswick,  N.J., 
plant  will  be  increased  from  500  to  750 
motors  every  month.  In  addition,  parts 
of  motors  wiU  be  manufactured  at  the 
Plainfield,  N.J..  factory,  previously  own- 
ed by  the  Bosch  Magneto  Co.,  which  was 
recently  acquired  by  the  Wright-Martin 
interests  from  the  Alien  Property  Cus- 
todian. The  Willys-Overland  Co.,  El- 
myra,  N.Y..  has  received  an  additional 
contract  for  Liberty  airplane  motors 
which  it  will  manufacture  at  its  Willys- 
Morrow  plant.  The  Standard  Aircraft 
Corporation,  Elizabeth,  N.J.,  having 
large  Government  contracts,  is  about  to 
increase  the  size  of  its  factory. 


Another  Government  contract  for 
heavy  type  of  Browning  guns  has  been 
awarded  to  the  Marlin-Rockwell  Corpor- 
ation, New  Haven,  Conn.,  and  other  New 
England  gun  makers  have  put  out  large 
lists  of  tools  to  increase  plant  capacity 
in  anticipation  of  Government  orders. 
The  Taylor-Wharton  Iron  &  Steel  Co.  is 
buying  additional  machinery  for  its  Tioga 
gun  plant  at  Philadelphia.  The  new 
shell  plant  at  Chicago  belonging  to  the 
Symington-Chicago  Corporation,  is  al- 
ready under  construction  and  an  order 
for  about  5O0  tons  of  steel  has  beei; 
placed  for  additional  buildings.  The 
Studebaker  Corporation  of  South  Bend, 
Ind.,  which  already  has  received  Gov- 
ernment war  munition  orders  rangin.; 
from  $20,000,000  to  $50,000,000,  is  build- 
ing a  new  shell  plant  to  cost  $300,000, 
having  been  assured  of  all  the  shell  or- 
ders it  can  handle  for  the  next  two  years, 
according  to  reports  in  the  trade.  The 
Wisconsin  Gun  Co.,  Milwaukee,  which  is 
now  making  3-inch  field  pieces  for  the 
Government,  has  placed  a  large  order 
for  tools  which  will  double  its  ordnance 
capacity. 

A  shell  maker  in  the  Central  West 
has  placed  an  order  for'  150  single-pur- 


pose lathes  with  a  Cincinnati  tool  builder. 
The  New  York  trade  has  received  two 
inquiries  for  shell-making  tools  from 
South  America.  The  John  Thompson 
Press  Co.,  New  York,  and  the  New  De- 
parture Co.,  Bristol,  Conn.,  that  are  mak- 
ing war  munitions,  have  purchased  ad- 
ditional shop  equipment. 

Builders  of  tractors  and  gas  engines 
have  been  buying  machine  tools  in  the 
Chicago  market,  including  the  Interstate 
Motor  Co.,  Muncie,  Ind.,  the  Palls  Motor 
Corporation,  Sheboygan  Falls,  Wiscon- 
sin, and  the  J.  I.  Case  Co.  Threshing 
Machine  Co.,  Racine  Wisconsin. 

Railroads  ars  releasinir  some  orders, 
the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  having  purchased 
large  too's  in  the  East  and  the  New  YorK 
Centra!  having  made  purchases  in  Chi- 
cago. The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  is  also 
buying  equipment  for  its  Altoona  and 
Marietta,  Pa.,  shops,  and  fifteen  other 
railroads  are  actively  in  the  market 
for  machine  tools  which  will  cost  $5,- 
000,000  in  the  aggregate. 

Two  ship  berths  with  auxiliary  shops 
and  erecting  buildings  will  be  construct- 
ed at  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yards  bv  the 
Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks;  40,000-ton 
battleships  will  be  built  on  these  ways. 


D.  H.  MacDOUGAL  BECOMES  HEAD  OF 

THE  NOVA  SCOTIA  STEEL  AND  COAL  CO. 


Announcement  is  made  by  the 
officials  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal 
Co.  that  D.  H.  McDougall  has  taken  the 
position  of  president  of  that  company. 
Mr.  McDougall  has  for  some  time  been 
the  general  manager  of  the  Dominion 
Steel  Corporation.  Although  none  of 
the  officials  interviewed  would  admit 
it,  the  new  appointment  may  be  the 
outcome  of  the  failure  of!  negotiations 
which  were  pending  some  time  ago  for 
amalgamation  between  these  two  large 
concerns. 

It  is  understood  that  F.  H.  Crockard, 
who  was  brought  to  Canada  from  the 
Southern  States  to  take  charge  of  the 
Nova  Scotia  Steel  business  had  been  quite 
anxious  to  see  the  amalgamation  brought 
about  and  that  the  failure  of  this  was 
primarily  the  cause  of  his  leaving  the 
Scotia  company.  The  announcement  Df 
the  dropping  of  these  negotiations  was 
made  in  these  columns  some  weeks  ago. 
Mr.  Crockard  had  had  a  long  experience 
in  the  steel  business  of  the  United  States 
and  was  reputed  to  have  been  about  the 
highest  paid  official -of  that  industry  in 
Canada,  receiving,  it  is  reported,  a 
salary  equal  to  $100,000  per  year,  to- 
gether with  certain  bonuses  on  produc- 
tion. 

Some  surprise  will  be  occasioned  by 
the  announcement  that  Mr.  McDouoall 
has  been  appointed  president  of  the 
Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co.  as  the 
Dominion  Co.  with  which  he  has  been 
associated  for  some  time  has  very  large 
and  important  undertakings  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  many  of  them  being  based  on 
war  contracts  which  that  company  ha& 
taken  on  from  the  Dominion  Government. 
Mr.  McDougall  is  essentially  a  Canadian 
in  every  sense  of  the  word,  in  his  train- 


ing, and  in  his  practice,  and  in  his  know- 
ledge of  mining  conditions,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Dominion.  His  training  in- 
cludes a  first  hand  knowledge  of  the  iron 
ores  of  Newfoundland,  of  coaling  con- 
ditions, and  of  steel  manufacture,  as  well 
as  an  engineering  experience  of  a  very 
wide  and  varied  character.  His  training 
has  been  of  such  a  character  that  it 
vould  give  him  a  first  hand  knowledge 
of  every  detail  in  connection  with  the 
steel  business  and  enable  him  to  appre- 
ciate the  problems  of  every  department 
from  the  office  work  through  the  mill 
and  down  to  the  men  doing  the  most 
menial  sort  of  work  around  the  plant,  as 
he  has  been  taught  to  work  with  his 
hands  as  well  as  hi^^  head.  There  are 
few  men  in  the  East  who  have  been  more 
successful  in  dealing  with  the  varied 
complex  and  difficult  labor  problems  that 
have  been  arising  from  time  to  time  than 
Mr.  McDougall.  For  some  years  past  he 
has  had  to  face  the  peculiar  conditions 
of  producing  more  steel  than  ever  before 
and  having  fewer  men  to  produce  it 
with. 

It  was  in  1909  that  Mr.  McDougall 
first  received  his  appointment  as  as- 
sistant general  manager  of  the  Dominion 
Coal  Co.  and  at  that  time  the  labor  con- 
ditions in  connection  with  the  plant  were 
not  in  a  very  happy  frame  as  a  str'ke 
of!  the  workmen  had  been  in  progress 
there  for  some  time.  A  year  later  he  was 
successful  in  closing  the  protractivt 
stoppage  of  work  at  the  Spring  Hill 
mines.  During  the  time  that(  Mr.  Mc- 
Dougall has  been  in  charge  of  the  man- 
agement of  the  Dominion  Coal  Co.  at 
Glace  Bay  he  has  succeeded  in  raising 
the  production  figures  of  that  corpora- 
tion from  3%  to  5  million  tons.     Uni"-- 


July  25,  1918 

his  direction  new  coal  mines  were  opened 
up  and  as  quicltly  as  this  was  done  thty 
were  equipped  with  the  most  modern  ma- 
chinery. Central  power  stations  were 
conceived  and  instaalled  and  other  oper- 
ations co-ordinated  in  such  a  way  as  to 
produce  the  result  indicated  above.  It  is 
also  stated  that  the  plans  on 
which  Mr.  McDougall  had  been  working 
at  Sydney,  were  such  that  the  produc- 
tion of  steel  ingots  there  would  have 
been  placed  at  a  figure  equal  to  35,000 
tons  per  month  inside  of  a  few  months. 
Coke  ovens  of  the  very  latest  type  and 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

a  modern  blast  furnace  are  included  in 
the  equipment  with  which  he  expected 
to  produce  the  results.  The  construc- 
tion of  the  new  plate  mill  on  which  a 
great  deal  of  Government  work  was  to 
have  been  done  also  came  very  closely 
under  Mr.  McDougall's  connection,  and 
it  is  likely  that  he  will  have  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  this  work  well  under 
way  before  he  leaves  that  company. 
So  far  no  announcement  has  been  made 
by  the  Dominion  Steel  Corporation  re- 
garding a  successor!  to  Mr.  McDougall 
as  the  general  manager  of  that  corpor- 
ation. 


12 


PLATE  MIILS  ARE  THE  HOGS  OF  RAW 

STEEL  AND  OTHER  INDUSTRIES  SUFFER 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  July  24.— It  is 
claimed  the  interesting  discovery  has 
been  made  that  some  Canadian  steel 
has  been  sold  in  New  England  at  prices 
far  above  the  Government  limits,  and  for 
non-essential  purposes,  while  steel  made 
in  the  United  States  has  been  sold  in 
large  quantities  to  Canada  at  the  set 
limits.  It  is  stated  the  subject  will  be 
taken  up  with  the  British  Mission. 

The  rate  of  steel  production  was  dis- 
cussed in  last  report,  with  particular  re- 
ference to  the  rate  in  June  as  indicated 
by  the  monthly  report  of  the  American 
Iron  and   Steel   Institute.     Since  then   a 
new  complexion  has  been  given  the  situ- 
ation by  Institute  announcing  that  one 
of  its  members  understated  its  June  out- 
put by  46,516  tons.     This  means  that  the 
rate   of   steel   ingot   production    in   June 
was  at  the  rate  of  about  43,500,000  gross 
tons  a  year  instead  of  the  rate  of  42,860,- 
000  tons  indicated  by  the  original  repori. 
While  the  change  is  apparently  a  slight 
one,  it  makes  it  that  June  was  the  best 
month  of  the  quarter  instead  of  the  poor- 
est, also  that  since  the  very  low  produc- 
tion rate  of  last  January  there  has  been 
a   successive  improvement    each    month. 
Thus    there    is    much   better  ground   for 
hoping  that  further  increases  in  the  rate 
will  occur  later  in  the  year.      July    and 
Auo:ust   may   show   declines,  on  account 
of  hot  weather,  but  thus  far  in  July  the 
weather  has  been  normally  favorable  for 
the  season. 

Want  Old  Material 

That  the  full  output  indicated  by  the 
rated  capacity  of  not  less  than  47,000  OUO 
tons  can  be  attained  is,  however,  quite 
improbable,  by  reason  of  the  shortage  of 
scrap  and  the  poor  quality  of  the  sup- 
plies available,  as  noted  in  last  report 
There  are,  of  course,  no  prospects  of  im- 
provement in  the  scrap  supply.  The  coun- 
try is  being  combed  for  old  material  but 
at  best  such  material  would  be  of  poor 
Quality.  The  difficulty  arises  largely  from 
the  nature  of  industrial  operations  now 
being  carried  on.  The  railroads  are 
vvrecking  few  cars  and  locomotives  and 
abandoning  smaller  quantities  of  old  rails 
than  usual,  while  there  is  very  little  tear- 
:ne;  down  of  old  bridges  and  buildings 
Furthermore,  there  is  reason  to  estimate 
that  more  unfinished  steel  than  usual  is 


leaving  the  country,  the  scrap  arising 
from  the  finishing  operations  being  pro- 
duced abroad  instead  of  at  home,  and 
there  are  practically  no  importations  of 
scrap.  Thus  the  industry  will  probablj 
have  to  peg  along  at  a  rate  of  production 
under  what  would  occur  if  conditions  as 
to  operations  were  normal.  A  slight  im- 
provement in  steel  production  may  occur 
if  pig  iron  production  increases,  though 
as  a  rule  the  steel  works  want  more  arid 
better  scrap  rather  than  more  pig  iron. 

War  Requirement's 

The  rate  of  production  is,  however,  dis- 
tinctly  better  than   the  rate   in   1917  or 
1916  because  while  the  output  is  lower  in 
proportion   to  capacity  there   have   beei. 
material  increases  in  capacity.    The  rate 
of  steel  ingot  output  of  43.500.000  gross 
tons  a  year  means  an  output  of  finished 
rolled  steel  of  nearly  if  not  quite  36,000,- 
000  net  tons  a  year,  or  about  3,000,000 
tons  a  mtmth.     In  a  fresh  statement  as 
to   steel   requirements   and    supplies    the 
WarlndustriesBoard  has  now  put  the.  war' 
programme   as   requiring   20,000.000   net 
tons  or  perhaps  21,000,000  net  tons,  dur- 
ing the  second  half  of  this  year,  while  it 
points   out  that  the  industry  has  never 
produced  more  than  16,500,000  net    tons 
in  a  half  year.    There  is.  however,  consid- 
erable  basis  for  hoping   that   18,000,000 
tons  can  be  produced,  possibly  more.  Steel 
producers  as  a  class  remain  chary  of  ac- 
cepting the  War  Industries  Board's  state- 
ment of  requirements  at  face  value,  hav- 
ing doubts  whether  the  various  war  acti- 
vities that  call  upon  the  Director  of  Steel 
Supnly  for   their  various   tonnages  will 
really  be  able  to  consume  the  full   ton- 
nages within  the  period  set.  No  one  ques- 
tions that  there  are  precisely  formulated 
requirements  totalling     20,000,000     tons 
the  point  being  how  soon  the  tonnage  can 
actually  be  fabricated  or  otherwise  util- 
ized. 

Plates  are  being  produced  at  the  rate 
of  500,000  net  tons  a  month,  and  the  ma- 
jor portion  of  the  tonnage  is  going  to 
the  shipbuilding  industry,  but  there  is  a 
moderate  tonnage  of  Bessemer  steel 
plates  going  into  carbuildin*  and  other 
items  of  essential  nature  but  not  abso- 
lutely requiring, open-hearth  stock.  Pro- 
duction of  shell  steel  may  be  estimated 
at  not  much  under  500  000  tons  a  montl.. 


so  that  about  one-third  the  total  finishe 
rolled  steel  output  is  going  into  thes 
two  Items.  Tin  plate,  formerly  a  ver 
small  item  in  point  of  tonnage,  account 
now  for  more  than  150,000  net  tons  i 
month.  The  structural  mills  are  operat 
ing  very  nearly  at  capacity,  with  thi 
r.eavy  demand  for  shapes  for  shipbuild 
ing  and  for  various  large  constructio: 
jobs  of  the  army,  and  are  perhaps  turn 
iiig  out  a  larger  tonnage  than  ever  be 
fore. 

Where  Steel  Is  Scarce 

On  account  of  the  erection  of  so  manj 
new  plate  mills,  and  for  the  pushing  ol 
all  plate  mill  capacity  to  the  limit,  the 
plate  mills  are  drawing  an  altogether  un- 
precedented proportion  of  the  total  sup- 
ply of  raw  steel.  The  shell  steel  is  al- 
from  the  usual  finishing  channels,  while 
the  tin  plate  branch  is  taking  more  steel 
Chan  ever  and  possibly  also  the  struc- 
tural mills. 

With  these  heavy  drains  it  is  readily 
seen  how  the  other  finishing  departments, 
the  rod  and  wire  mills,  the  sheet  mills, 
the  merchant  pipe  mills  and  the  merchant 
bar  mills,  are  not  getting  anything  like 
their  normal  tonnage  of  crude  steel  to 
finish.  It  is  reported  that  the  wire  rod 
mills  are  restricted  to  60  per  cent,  of 
their  normal  full  supply.  The  sheet  mills, 
which  the  Director  of  Steel  Supply  only 
a  few  weeks  ag'o  desired  to  be  limiied 
to  a  75  per  cent,  operation,  are  now  linea 
up  by  a  new  system  of  distributing  steel 
to  them,  to  an  operation  of  about  60  per 
cent.  Some  merchant  bar  mills  are  al- 
most idle,  others  running  only  fairly  well, 
depending  on  the  sizes  and  shapes  they 
are  fitted  to  make. 

Thus  steel  in  various  finished  forms 
that  are  not  required  in  particularly 
large  quantities  for  the  direct  war  work 
are  made  very  scarce  nevertheless,  and 
there  is  no  finished  form  which  is  plen- 
tiful or  even  in  fair  supply. 

The  total  demand  for  steel  that  is 
given  no  priority  or  preference,  the  so- 
called  "unessential"  steel,  is  not  estimat- 
ed at  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  the  total 
at  the  outside.  If  steel  were  available 
for  this  demand  it  would  be  steel  called 
Class  D,  left  after  the  priorities  and  pre- 
ferences are  taken  care  of,  but  there  is 
no  such  steel,  to  speak  of,  and  it  could 
not  indeed  be  rolled  under  the  regula- 
tions, which  require  a  permit  (Class  D 
steel  is  subject  to  permit,  except  five- 
ton  lots)  not  simply  for  the  shipment  of 
the  material  but  also  for  the  production. 
If  a  mill  had  a  surplus  of  raw  steel  it 
would  have  to  hold  the  steel  in  ingot 
form.  The  War  Industries  Board  has 
even  announced  that  shell  steel  discards 
may  not  be  shipped  without  permit, 
though  it  intimates  that  the  permits  may 
be  granted  with  some  freedom. 


LIFE  IDEALS— The  life  ideals  of  a 
modern  educated  person  cannot  be  ac- 
quired from  books  or  sermons,  but  must 
be  rediscovered  or  at  least  reconstructed 
by  hipiself,  and  tested  in  his  experience. 
The  process  of  acquiring  true  "weather- 
proof" ideals  involves  hard  work,  devo- 
tion, and  close  attention,  like  any  other 
human  activity. — V.  Karapetoff. 


126 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Vo'.ume  XX. 


THE  INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENT 

OF  CHATHAM  HAS  BEEN  QUITE  MARKED 


Although  the  manufacturers  of  Chat- 
ham, Ont.,  have  not  derived  much  benefit 
from  the  largre  orders  for  shells  that  have 
been,  and  are  still  being  placed,  in  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  the  industrial  de- 
velopment in  the  district  has  been  con- 
siderab'e.  Only  one  firm,  the  Hays  Wheel 
Co.,  is  engaged  upon  munitions,  produc- 
ing approximately  400  six-inch  shells  per 
day.  The  development  in  Chatham  has 
been  of  a  general  character,  incidentally 
reflecting  the  fivorable  situation  of  this 
city  as  an  industrial  centre.  The  char- 
acter of  the  development  and  nature  of 
the  industries,  foreshadows  a  continu- 
ance of  prosperity  after  the  war  and 
comparatively  little  readjustment,  as  the 
general  line  of  product  manufactured 
may  be  said  to  be  of  the  peace  time  vari- 
ety. In  other  words,  the  manufacturers 
will  continue  in  the  sama  line  of  produc- 
tion after  the  war  as  now.  By  reason 
of  its  treoariphical  location,  Chatham  is 
favorably  situated  as  an  industrial  cen- 
tre. Being  only  a  short  distance  from 
Detroit,  has  been  an  attraction  for  Am- 
ericin  capital,  a  fartor  which  has  been 
larfrelv  instrur»ient">l  in  the  development 
of  many  Canadian  border  cities.  Chatham 
is  also  the  centre  of  a  laro-e  "nd  nros- 
perous  agricultural  district;  the  advan- 
tages of  this  may  be  seen  in  the  erowth 
of  certain  industries,  particularly  the 
Gray-Campbell  Co.  carriage  works,  who 
make  a  fine  line  of  buggies,  etc.,  and 
the  Dominion  Sugar  Co.  The  last  men- 
tioned concern  has  built  a  large  modern 
factory  costing  $1,200,000  for  makinyr 
beet  sugar,  the  beets  of  course  being 
grown  in  the  vicinity.  The  well  known 
Chicago  firm,  the  Libby,  McNeil  &  Libby 
Co.,  has  recently  established  a  large  and 
modern   factory   in   Chatham   for   manu- 


lacturina;  pickles  from  vegetables  grown 
in  the  surrounding  district. 

Another  American  concern,  tlie  Cana- 
dian Des  Moines  Steel  Co.,  has  a  plaut 
here  for  making  steel  tanks  and  similar 
products.  The  Gray-Dort  automobile  is 
made  in  Chatham  and  in  this  connection 
it  is  interesting  to  note  that  practically 
all  the  parts  of  this  car,with  the  exception 
of  the  motor,  are  made  in  Canada.  At 
cue  time,  and  not  very  long  ago,  practi- 
cally all  the  parts  in  the  majority  of 
Canadian-built  cars  were  imported  Iroir. 
the  United  States  and  assembled  at  th>; 
Canadian  factory.  The  Gray-Dort  Mo- 
tors, Ltd.,  which  is  operated  under  tiie 
rr-nagement  of  Robert  and  W.  M.  Gray 
of  Chatham,  has  extended  its  activities 
recsntly  by  taking  over  a  factory  former- 
ly owned  by  the  Blondy  Mfg.  Co.  for 
building  car  bodies. 

The  output  of  Gray-Dort  cars  has  been, 
so  far  this  year,  considerably  greater 
than  was  estimated,  a  further  impetus  to 
Chatham's  industrial  activity.  It  is  not 
unlikely  that  the  company's  No.  1  plant 
on  Colborne  street  will  have  to  be  ex- 
tended to  take  care  of  the  increasing  de- 
mand for  its  product. 

Among  the  older  concerns  connected 
with  the  engineering  industry  in  Chat- 
ham miy  be  mentioned  the  Dow&Iey 
Sprinrr  &  Axle  Co.,  Park  Bros.,  Mc- 
Keough  &  Trotter,  and  the  Chatham  Mal- 
leable &  Steel  Co.  T^e  International 
Harvester  Co.  have  completed  the  con- 
^'ruetion  o'  i  fo'indrv  and  other  build- 
ings at  their  plant  here. 

Natural  gas  from  the  Tilbury  fie'ds 
has  been  an  important  factor  in  the  de- 
velopment of  Chatham  as  a  manufac- 
turing city.  Gas  is  largely  used  at  the 
local  factories  for  generatins:  steam  and 
also  for  lighting  purposes.    The  Chatl'?iii 


Electric  Co.  uses  natural  gas  entirely, 
generating  about  1,600  h.p.  by  means  of 
gas  engines  and  also  using  gas  under  tiie 
boilers  for  its  steam  plant.  Hydro  power 
is  installed  in  Chatham,  which  is  an  ad- 
ditional advantage  for  manufacturers  as 
well  as  for  the  citizens  as  a  whole.  Cheap 
power  and  two  railway  systems  are  thui 
available  for  manufacturers,  both  impor- 
tant considerations  in  the  growth  of  a 
nii.nufacturing  centre.  The  steady 
growth  of  Chatham  is  reflected  in  tlie 
building  construction  going  on  in  the  city 
and  the  increase  in  building  permits. 

♦ 

Gas  engines  of  the  four-cylinder 
double-acting  type  working  on  the  four- 
stroke  cycle  have  been  made  in  units  up 
to  4,000  horse-power,  and  engines  on  the 
two-stroke  cyc'e  have  also  been  con- 
structed in  large  numbers  and  high  pow- 
ers, and  have  given  a  satisfactory  per- 
formance up  to  5,000  horse-power.  It  is 
estimated  that  to-day  the  gas  engines  at 
work  represented  4,000,000  shaft  horse- 
power. The  Diesel  engine  of  the  hori- 
zontal type,  made  double-acting  with 
two  cranks,  a  pair  of  cylinders  be- 
ing arranged  tandem  on  each  crank, 
has  been  constructed  in  units  up 
to  4  000  horse-power,  and  vertical  en- 
gines single-acting  and  working  on  a 
two-stroke  cycle  up  to  2,500  horse-power. 
This  latter  type  is  that  generally  pre- 
ferred in  marine  work,  but  for  sub- 
marines six-cylinder  engines  of  1,000 
horse-Dower,  with  a  four-stroke  cycle  and 
2,000  horse-power  entines  wit^  a  t'vo- 
stroke  cycle  have  been  used.  The  fuel 
consumption  of  the  Diesel  engine,  assum- 
ing fuel  oil  to  have  a  thermal  value  of 
18  000  B.Th.Us.  per  lb.  works  out  at  .47 
lb.  per  shaft  horse-power  per  hour,  giv- 
ing an  efficiency  of  about  30  per  cent,  as 
compared  with  that  of  a  steam  engine 
equipment,  in  which  the  coal  consump- 
tion was  1.5  lb.  ner  indicated  horse- 
power per  hour,  which  was  10  per  cent. 


Current  Events  in  Photograph 


SCREENING  THE 
SEADOGS 

Nowhere  has  the  art  of 
camouflage  been  more 
successfully  used  than  in 
the  spectacular  attack  on 
the  U-Boat  bases  of  Zee- 
brugge  and  Ostend.  Un- 
der a  screen  of  smoke  the 
ships  of  the  fleet  were 
enabled  to  get  close  en- 
ough to  bottle  up  the 
U-Boats.  This  photograph 
was  taken  on  board  the 
Iris,  one  of  the  covering 
ships  used  in  the  Zee- 
brugge  raid.  One  of  the 
officers  is  turning  on  the 
tap  to  release  the  smoke 
that  made  a  screen  like  a 
mist  between  the  attack- 
ing ships  of  the  fleet  and 
the  land  batteries. 


lite-'        .y^                 JIUKIi^u^^^^ 

1 

1          ^i^ 

^                                                                                        IPr"" 

'         S^%. 

GnadianMachinery 

AN  D 


la-; 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.  No.  5. 


August  1,  1918. 


Promotion  the  Real  Way  to  Keep  Employees 

The  Employment  Department  of  Any  Organization  Should  Seek  to  Pass  on  Only  the 

Most  Suitable  Applicants  to  Departments  Where  Openings  May  Have 

Occurred — How  the  Wcrk  Can  be  Co-ordinated 


THE  raising  of  the  standard  of  effi- 
ciency of  the  working  force,  in- 
dividually and  as  a  whole,  in  order 
that  the  purchasing  power  of  the  wage- 
dollar  may  be  increased,  is  the  broad 
function  of  the  employment  department. 
The  employment  department  is  the  de- 
partment whose  duty  it  is  to  develop  the 
efficiency  of  the  workers,  directly  or 
indirectly,  and  to  bring  about  a  con- 
dition in  which  the  individual  employee 
will  render  as  nearly  as  possible  100 
per  cent,  to  his  employer. 

Personal  efficiency  is  composed  of  var- 
ious proportions  of  brains,  health,  in- 
struction, loyalty,  enthusiasm,  ambition, 
ability  to  co-operate,  personality  and 
character.  This  purpose  can  best  be 
served  through  a  centralized  employment 
department,  under  a  manager  reporting 
directly  to  the  general  manager  of  the 
company — a  department  composed  of 
four  divisions,  as  follows:  first,  the  em- 
ployment division,  which  assumes  the 
task  of  selecting  and  engaging  the  help; 
second,  the  medical  division,  whose  func- 
tion, of  course,  is  to  see  to  the  physical 
health  of  the  employees;  third,  the  in- 
struction division,  through  which  the 
employees  are  given  the  opportunity  to 
increase  their  special  ability  and  train- 
ing; fourth,  the  welfare  division,  whose 
purpose  is  to  create  a  favorable  mental 
background  for  the  workers.  Let  us 
consider  these  divisions  in  order. 

Employment  Division 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  manager  of  the 
employment  division  to  keep  in  touch 
with  the  sources  of  labor  supply  and  en- 
easre  workers  best  qualified  to  fill  the 
.  'is  occuring  in  the  organization. 
These  vacancies  are  reported  to  it  on 
labor  recjuisitions  received  from  the  ex- 
ecutives of  the  operating  departments. 
When  a  mechanical  engineer  constructs 
a  machine,  he  naturally  exercises  the 
greatest  care  as  to  the  quality  of  the 
material  he  puts  into  it.  Similarly, 
when  a  human  engineer  is  constantly  at 


By  M.  H.   POTTER 


work  building  up  an  efficient  working 
force,  he  must  use  the  best  care  and 
discrimination  in  choosing  the  units 
which  are  to  comprise  it.  Subsequent 
training  is  indispensable  and  frequently 
is  instrumental  in  transforming  un- 
promising employees  into  efficient  work- 
ers; but  the  value  of  the  training  is 
greatly  increased  when  it  is  applied  to 
responsive  material  and  the  result  is 
much  better. 

The  employment  office  file  in  which 
are  classified  by  kinds  of  work  the  ap- 
plication blank  filled  out  by  individuals 
who  have  called  seeking  employment,  is 
the  most  fruitful  source  of  supply. 
Quite  naturally,  for  every  position  that 
is  open  there  are  several  applicants. 
Only  one  can  be  selected  for  the  par- 
ticular vacancy,  but  among  the  others 
are  invariably  several  who  are  well 
qualified  for  consideration  when  other 
vacancies   occur. 

Another  source  of  supply  is  that  re- 
presented by  the  payroll.  Whenever  a 
position  of  any  importance  is  to  be  fill- 
ed, by  going  through  the  present  organ- 
ization there  will  be  found  persons  who 
can   be   promoted   to   that  position. 

Of  course,  splendid  material  ,for 
stenographic  and  clerical  work  can  us- 
ually be  obtained  from  the  high  schools, 
the  principals  of  which  are  naturally  in- 
terested in  placing  their  graduates. 
Similar  material  of  a  clerical  nature 
can  often  be  obtained  from  the  various 
typewriting  agencies  who,  in  a  similar 
way,  are  interested  in  placing  their 
clients. 

As  a  rule  there  are  several  employ- 
ment bureaus  of  the  city  always  at 
service,  but  owing  to  the  nature  of  their 
clientele,  much  undesirable  material 
passes  through  their  doors.  Too  many 
bureaus  of  this  kind  operate  in  a  mech- 
anical way,  without  giving  the  vocation- 
al guidance  to  which  applicants  are 
entitled.  Too  frequently  they  feel  their 
duty  is  done  when  they  give  an  appli- 
cant a  letter  of  introduction  to  an  em- 


ployer regardless  of  whether  or  not  he 
IS  particularly  equipped  for  the  em- 
ployer s  service  or  whether  he  is  accept- 

A  vast  quantity  of  material  is  avail- 
able through  the  classified  advertising 
columns  of  the  newspapers.  Advertis- 
ing of  this  kind  naturally  brings  a  cer- 
tam  proportion  of  applicants  who  are 
hopelessly  unfit,  but  these  can  be  rapid- 
ly eliminated  and  desirable  applicants 
retained  for  more  complete  analysis  and 
examination.  Except  where  immediate 
action  is  needed,  the  blind  advertisement 
IS  more  satisfactory  than  the  advertise- 
ment which  mentions  the  employer's 
name.  Blind  advertisements  automati- 
cally eliminates  much  of  the  hopeless 
material  and  enable  the  manager  of  the 
employment  division  to  exercise  prelim- 
inary judgment  by  analyzing  the  letters 
received  from  the  applicants. 

Applicants  for  positions  are  shown 
into  an  anteroom,  where  those  who  are 
obviously  undesirable  are  weeded  out. 
Those  who  deserve  further  consideration 
are  requested  to  fill  out  application 
blanks  which,  '  when  complete,  show 
their  age,  their  previous  business  ex- 
perience, the  names  of  their,  previous 
employers,  the  length  of  their  service 
and  their  reasons  for  leaving  those  em- 
ployers, their  previous  salary  and  the 
salary  expected,  and  the  names  of  refer- 
ences. Each  of  these  blanks  is  deliver- 
ed to  the  manager  of  the  employment 
division,  who  thus  has  a  chance  to  ana- 
lyze each  applicant's  previous  experience 
before  the  applicant  himself  is  shown  in- 
to the  managers  'inner  office. 

Doubtless  each  employment  manager 
has  hisi  own  particular  system  of  sizing 
up  applicants.  Immediately  after  the 
interview  or  during  it,  the  manager  of 
the  employment  division  fills  out  one  of 
our  analysis  cards  with  which  it  is  pos- 
sible to  mentally  reconstruct  the  appli- 
cant at  any  future  time,  in  order  to 
consider  him  for  any  later  vacancy,  if 
he  is  not  employed  immediately.       The 


128 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


analysis  cards  conUin  eight  divisions,  as 
follows: 

Personality. 
Build. 

English. 

Type  of  mind. 

Executive. 

Detail. 

Promotive. 

Mechanical. 

Analytical. 
Appearance. 
Mentality. 

Super  alert. 

Alert. 

Average. 

Slow. 

Dull. 
Initiative. 
Remarks. 

The  phrases  explain  themselves.  Let 
us  assume  that  a  certain  applicant  has 
called  at  the  employment  office,  has  hii- 
ed  out  an  application  blank,  has  been  in- 
terviewed by  the  manager  of  the  em- 
ployment division,  and  has  passed  satis- 
factorily. The  applicant  is  then  con- 
ducted to  the  executive  of  the  operatmg 
department  for  whom  he  has  been 
secured,  and  is  interviewed  by  that  ex- 
ecutive, whose  decision  is  final.  If  tne 
applicant  similarly  satisfies  the  oper- 
ating executive,  he  is  then  sent  back 
to  the  employment  division  and  exam- 
ined by  the  physician  in  the  medical 
division.  If  the  physican  gives  him  a 
clean  bill  of  health,  the  employee  s 
then  told  where  and  when  to  report  by 
the  employment  division,  is  given  final 
instructions,  and  is  made  to  feel  as  much 
at  home  as  possible. 

Letters  of  inquiry  are  then  sent  to  the 
persons  named  as  references  by  the  ap- 
plicant. The  value  of  these  references 
is  moral  rather  than  practical,  as  few 
employers  will  voluntarily  stand  in  the 
way  of  an  ex-employe  of  theirs  secur- 
ing employment  elsewhere. 

If  the  applicant  should  be  rejected  by 
the  executive  in  the  operating  depart- 
ment, he  is  similarly  sent  back  to  the 
employment  division,  where  he  is  either 
placed  elsewhere  in  the  organization  or 
told  that  his  aplication  will  be  considered 
snould  anj  other  vacancies  arise  for 
which  he  is  qualified.  Occasionally  the 
judgment  of  the  manager  of  the  em- 
ployment division  and  the  operating  ex- 
ecutive will  differ  in  this  way;  yet  the 
employment  department  never  makes  an 
issue  of  such  a  case  or  endeavors  to 
force  an  employee  upon  an  unwilling 
executive.  Such  an  issue  would  not 
only  be  bound  to  arouse  antagonism  on 
the  part  of  the  operating  executive, 
which  in  turn  would  be  fatal  to  harmon- 
ious and  efficient  work  on  the  part  of  the 
employment  department,  but  it  would 
also  fail  of  its  purpose,  inasmuch  as 
whether  or  not  the  operating  executive 
has  the  legislative  activity  to  reject  an 
applicant  recommended  by  the  employ- 
ment department,  he  at  least  has  the 
ability  to  make  things  so  unpleasant  for 


the  new  employee  that  he  would  willing- 
ly resign. 

However,  the  engaging  o#  help  is  not 
the  complete  function  of  the  employ- 
ment department.  This  division  similar- 
ly acts  as  a  clearing-house  of  labor  be- 
tween department  and  department  and 
makes  possible  a  condition  in  which  one 
department  may  be  laying  off  help  while 
another  department  of  the  same  com- 
pany is  engaging  help  of  the  same 
character.  It  is  obligatory  upon  the  em- 
ployment division  also  to  keep  as  ac- 
curate a  report  as  possible  of  the  per- 
formance of  employers  and  to  transfer 
those  who  are  misplaced  to  other  posi- 
tions for  which  they  are  better  fitted  by 
temperament.  An  employee  who  works  at 
his  job  because  he  is  fitted  for  it,  be- 
cause he  enjoys  it,  and  therefore,  puts 
enthusiasm  into  his  work,  is  worth  far 
more  to  his  employer  than  the  worker 
who  works  indifferently  at  his  job  only 
because  he  is  paid  for  it  and  who  quits 
as  on  principle  immediately  on  the 
stroke  of  the  bell. 

Medical  Division 

The  work  of  this  division  dovetails 
somewhat  with  the  work  of  the  employ- 
ment division.  The  hospital  consists  of 
a  waiting  room,  an  outer  office,  where 
bandages  are  applied  and  minor  injuries 
treated  by  the  orderlies,  and  the  inner 
office,  where  the  doctor  holds  his  exam- 
inations. An  orderly  is  in  attendance 
both  day  and  night  and  a  physician  is  in 
attendance  every  afternoon.  Two  nurses 
are  constantly  in  attendance  at  the 
women's  hospital  during  the  day  and 
night. 

Instruction  Division 

Three  good-sized  rooms,  well-lighted, 
comprise  the  quarters  of  the  instruction 
division.  Instruction  is  the  process  of 
training  a  new  employee  capable  of  de- 
livering perhaps  10  per  cent,  service 
into  a  trained  worker  capable  of  deliver- 
ing 90  per  cent.  service  or  better. 
Methods  of  this  training  differ  with  dif- 
ferent concerns.  Some  concerns,  owing 
to  the  nature  of  their  work,  find  it  best 
to  maintain  schools,  under  salaried 
teachers,  for  this  purpose.  Other  con- 
cerns have  their  instruction  work  done 
departmentally  by  persons  designated  to 
that  task  or  even  by  foremen  and  fellow 
employees.  Where  the  instruction  work 
is  done  in  this  way,  the  employment  de- 
partment should  be  an  interested  party. 
It  should  either  exercise  direct  contro' 
or  a  strong  advisory  influence. 

Welfare  Division 

The  work  of  this  division  has  direct 
reference  to  the  state  of  mind  of  the 
employee.  This  division  of  the  work  is 
founded  on  the  certainty  that  an  em- 
ploye who  is  happy  and  satisfied  and 
free  from  anxiety  and  who  works  under 
favorable  physical  conditions  will  do 
better  work  and  more  of  it  than  an 
employe  who  is  dissatisfied,  fearful  of 
the  future,  and  who  does  his  work  in  an 
unfavorable    physical    environment.    For 


want  of  a  better  name,  this  division  of 

the  work  is  called  "welfare  work." 

Industry  is  coming  to  regard  person- 
nel as  one  of  the  big  factors  to  be  con- 
sidered in  every  undertaking,  and  if  it  is 
so,  then  the  work  of  the  welfare  de- 
partment is  an  economic  necessity.  But 
this  work  must  be  conducted  along 
economic  lines,  as  every  other  depart- 
ment is  conducted,  every  dollar  spent  on 
it  must  yield  100  cents  in  return. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  welfare  division 
to  go  after  the  fundamental  things 
first.  The  question  of  wages  and  hours 
of  labor  are,  of  course,  such  broad  sub- 
jects that  all  the  administrative  officials 
of  the  company  collaborate  on  them.  The 
welfare  division,  however,  gives  constant 
attention  to  matters  of  almost  equal 
significance,  the  conditions  under  which 
the  employes  work — light,  air,  safety 
devices,  sanitary  arrangements.  It  is 
not  reasonable  to  expect  an  employe  to 
reach  his  or  her  place  of  work  in  the 
willingnes,  if  he  has  to  pass  through 
the  gamut  of  dark,  congested  coat 
rooms  and  either  climb  several  flights  of 
stairs  or  wait  his  turn  to  get  into  an 
elevator  together  with  a  crowd  of  other 
workers,  al  as  vexed  as  he.  To  bring 
the  individual  employe  to  the  frame  of 
mind  where  he  is  able  to  deliver  effi- 
cient services,  it  is  obvious  that  the  em- 
ployer, through  the  welfare  division, 
should  arrange  for  those  physical  sur- 
roundings which  will  breed  self-respect, 
cheerfulness    and    confidence. 

Restaurants  are  maintained,  where 
the  employes  can  secure  their  meals  at 
minimum  rates  without  going  outside. 
Restaurants  of  this  kind  are  largely 
self-supporting.  Good  food  makes  for 
good  health,  especially  when  served 
under  agreeable  conditions,  and  the 
lunch  hour  is  the  time  when  the  em- 
ployes meet  socially. 

In  addition  a  recreation  room  where 
those  who  wish  to  talk  and  engage  in 
more  active  persuits  are  permitted  to 
make  as  much  noise  as  they  wish.  It 
has  been  found  that  rest  rooms,  smoking 
rooms  and  recreation  rooms  justify  their 
expense  many  times  over  bby  keeping 
the  employes  in  the  building  during  the 
noon  hour. 

In  General 

By  the  very  nature  of  its  field,  the 
employment  department  must  be  a  ser- 
vice department.  It  is  not  an  operat- 
ing department,  but  it  should  work  hand- 
in-glove  with  the  genuinely  sincere  way 
to  increase  their  own  efficiency,  through 
increasing  the  efficiency  of  their  em- 
ployes. It  should  not  seek  credit  for 
what  it  does,  only  results— onwhich  in 
the  end  is  must  stand  or  fall.  Many  of 
its  achievements  for  the  improvement  of 
the  working  force  must  beb  accomplish- 
ed indirectly,  by  counsel  and  advice,  and 
the  credit  oftentimes  must  go  elsewhere. 
If  by  its  activity,  either  direct  or  in- 
direct, there  results  permanent  economic 
advantage  to  the  company  through  the 
improvement  of  its  human  relations,  the 
employment    department     will    take  its 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


129 


place  in  the  organization  as  one  of  the 
productive  departments. 

The  Plan  of  Promotion 

An  adequate  system  of  promotion  Is 
the  solution  not  only  of  holding  em- 
ployes in  an  organization,  but  also  of 
the  employment  problem. 

There  is  to-day  much  emphasis  upon 
the  proper  selection  of  employees,  and 
many  and  elaborate  systems  have  been 
undertaken  for  a  scientific  placement. 
These  are  not  in  army  wise  to  be 
criticized,  for  the  selection  of  the  indivii- 
duals  comprising  any  organization  is 
important,  and  any  plan  that  will  cause 
the  employment  manager  to  plan  his 
duties  carefully  and  to  give  each  decis- 
ion on  the  fortunes  of  others  careful 
consideration  is  to  be  commended.  It 
must  beb  realized,  however,  that  even 
more  important  is  holding  and  helping 
these  employees  after  they  have  been 
selected,  and  providing  an  adequate 
systematized  plan  of  advancement  for 
them.  It  has  been  so  figured  in  some 
plants  that  efliicient  placement  becomes 
almost  automatic,  and  a  supply  of  de- 
sirable applicants  for  any  position  is 
constantly  available.  The  following 
three  points  are  important: 

1.  The  necessity  of  attracting  desir- 
able applicants. 

2.  The  necessity  of  holding,  fitting  and 
promoting  those  already  employed. 

3.  The    interdependence  of    these    two. 
This  plan  of  promotion  considers  each 

employee  as  occupying  three  positions 
in  the  organization,  and  considers  these 
three  positions  as  constantly  changing  in 
an  upward  spiral,  as  the  man  is  promot- 
ed from  the  lowest  position  that  he  oc- 
cupies. The  three  positions  are  as  fol- 
lows: first,  and  lowest,  the  position  that 
the  man  has  last  occupied  in  the  organ- 
ization; second,  the  position  that  the 
man  is  occupying  at  present  in  the  or- 
ganization; third,  and  highest,  the 
position  that  the  man  will  next  ocupy. 
In  the  first  position  the  worker  ocupies 
the  place  of  the  teacher,  this  position 
being  at  the  time  occupied  by  two  other 
men,  that  is,  by  the  worker  doing  the 
work,  who  receives  little  or  no  instruc- 
tion in  the  duties  of  that  position  ex- 
cept in  an  emergency,  and  by  the  worker 
below  who  is  learning  the  work.  In  the 
second  position  the  worker  is  actually 
in  charge  of  the  work,  and  is  constantly 
also  the  teacher  of  the  man  next  below 
him,  who  will  next  occupy  the  position. 
He  is  also,  in  emergencies,  a  learner  of 
the  duties  of  his  present  position  from 
the  man  above  him.  In  the  third  posi- 
tion the  worker  occupies  the  place  of 
the  learner,  and  is  being  constantly  in- 
structed by  the  man  in  the  duties  of  the 
position  immediately  above. 

Naturally  a  plan  like  this  demands  a 
close  co-ordination  of  all  positions.  This 
is  provided  for  through  the  master  pro- 
motion chart.  This  chart  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  man  in  charge  of  promot- 
ion. It  consists  of  a  schematic  arrange- 
ment of  all  positions  in  the  organiz- 
ation, so  arranged  as  to  provide  for 
lines  of  most  rapid  advancement,  along 


the  various  functions  and  subfunctions, 
under  which  the  measured  functional 
management  by  which  it  works.  The 
great  advantage  of  such  a  chart  is  that 
it  makes  possible  visualizing  the  com- 
plete problem  of  the  organization's 
needs  in  teaching  and  preparing  its 
members.  The  direct  product  of  this  is 
that  the  man  in  charge  of  promotion 
sees  clearly  the  needs  and  the  means  of 
filling  them,  the  demand  and  the  supply. 
The  important  by-product  is  the  gradual 
evolution  of  permanent,  rapid,  direct 
paths  of  promotion.  Another  by-pro- 
duct of  this  chart  is  the  fact  that  the 
promotion  head,  the  promotion  manager, 
or  chief  of  promotion,  as  he  has  been 
variously  called,  can  arrange  for  shift- 
ing or  transferring  the  worker  easily,  if 
he  sees  that  he  has  been  improperly 
placed,  or,  if  he  develops  abilities  along 
some  unexpected  line.  This  is  often  the 
case  under  this  type  of  management 
where  there  is  great  opportunity  for  the 
development  of  talent,  as  well  as  ap- 
parent, abilities. 

Upon  the  promotion  charts  the  re- 
cords of  each  and  every  member  of  the 
organization  are  separately  kept.  When 
a  worker  becomes  a  member  of  the  or- 
ganization he  is  called  into  the  depart- 
ment in  charge  of  advancement  or  pro- 
motion, and  given  one  of  these  charts. 
Upon  it  is  shown  his  present  position, 
■  and  he  and  the  man  in  chargj  outline 
together  his  possible  and  probable  line 
of  advancement.  The  projected  line  of 
promotion  is  outlined  in  green,  and  upon 
it  are  placed  the  dates  at  which  it  is 
hoped  he  may  reach  the  various  stages 
of  advancement.  At  set  times  the  work- 
er and  the  promotion  chief,  or  one  of 
his  helpers,  meet,  and  the  line  of  actual 
progress  of  advancement  of  the  worker 
is  traced  upon  the  map  in  red,  with  the 
dates  achieving  the  various  positions. 
The  two  then  consult  as  to  existing  con- 
ditions, the  special  reading  and  study- 
ing necessary  for  fitting  for  the  new 
positions,  possible  changes,  or  better- 
ments. 

The  ultimate  success  of  this  plan  de- 
pends upon  the  principles  that  under- 
ly  it,  giving  every  man  a  square  deal, 
a  maximum  chance  for  cooperation, 
advancement  and  prosperity,  in  other 
words,  the  opportunity  for  simultaneous 
individual   and   social    development. 


ROMANCE    OF    GAS    BY-PRODUCTS 

By  I.  T.  H. 
There  is  nothing  more  remarkable  in 
the  fairy  tales  of  industry  than  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  Cinderellas  have  been 
taken  from  the  kitchen,  so  to  speak,  and 
given  precedence  over  their  step  sisters. 
In  soap-making,  for  instance,  at  one  time 
the  soap  was  the  only  thing  that  mattered 
and  the  glycerine  which  was  produced  at 
the  same  time  from  the  fats  and  oils 
was  run  down  the  drain.  Now  the  soap 
works  are  busy  night  and  day  primarily 
making  glycerine  for  munitions,  and  the 
soap  is  almost  a  waste  product.  It  has 
been  very  similar  in'^as  making.  At  one 
time  the  gas  liquor  with   its  evil   smell 


was  merely  a  nuisance,  now  nearly  all 
our  ammonia  for  fertilizing  the  fields,  a 
large  part  of  our  sulphur,  and  the  cy- 
anides for  the  extraction  of  gold  are  ob- 
tained from  it.  Not  long  ago  the  re- 
covery of  tar  from  the  bottoms  of  pits 
and  canals,  where  it  had  been  run  to  get 
rid  of,  was  quite  a  business,  but  tar  now 
gives  us  the  bases  of  our  aniline  colors, 
many  of  our  most  valuable  medicines,  and 
even  perfume;  while  the  tar  oil  becomes 
at  the  touch  of  the  chemist's  wand,  lyd- 
dite, trinitro-toluol,  and  similar  sub- 
stances for  the  terrible  high  explosives 
for  our  shells,  mines,  and  torpedoes.  So 
valuable  have  the  benzol  and  toluol  be- 
come that  the  tar,  however  carefully  it  be 
treated,  does  not  supply  enough,  and  pro- 
cesses have  been  at  work  for  some  time  to . 
recover  the  comparatively  small  quanti- 
ties that  exist  in  coal  gas  itself.  So  far 
these  methods  have  been  only  partially 
successful.  According  to  a  new  process,  it 
will  be  possible  to  secure  about  two  gal- 
lons of  benzol  and  a  tenth  of  that  quan- 
tity of  toluol  from  every  1,000  cubic  feet 
of  gas.  The  method  is  simplicity  itself. 
The  gas  passes  through  a  tower  filled 
with  lumps  of  porous  material  saturated 
with  oil,  which  absorbs  the  whole  of  the 
benzol  and  toluol,  and  then  by  the  simple 
application  of  steam  separates  them; 
they  float  on  the  top  of  the  condensed 
water,  and  can  be  drawn  off  ready  for 
use,  requiring  only  to  be  separated  from 
one  another  by  distillation.  The  dis- 
covery will  add  very  greatly  to  our  re- 
sources not  only  for  making  high  explo- 
sives during  the  war,  but  also  for  our 
rapidly  growing  aniline  dye  industry  in 
both  war  and  peace;  and  later,  when  our 
big  guns  are  at  rest,  it  will  provide  a 
source  of  fuel  for  our  motor  vehicles. 


The  exportation  of  refrigerated  beef 
is  one  of  the  impoitant  features  of  the 
Brazilian  export  trade  during  the  past 
few  years.  From  1914,  the  first  year  of 
the  war,  the  exports  have  increased  from 
1  ton  to  66,452  tons  in  1917.  Brazil  is 
unquestionably  destined  to  become  one 
of  the  great  meat-producing  countries  of 
the  world,  and,  not  only  do  its  present 
exports  bear  out  this  fact,  but  the  estab- 
lishment of  large  packing  plants,  many 
of  the  mbeing  financed  by  large  Ameri- 
can firms,  shows  clearly  that  the  future 
prospects  of  the  country  as  a  producer 
of  fresh  meat  are  very  promising.  More 
than  50,000  tons,  or  nearly  80  per  cent, 
of  the  total  of  refrigerated  beef,  went  to 
Italy;  Egypt  took  nearly  6,000  tons, 
France  over  5,000  tons,  and  Great  Brit- 
ain nearly  4,000. 


Gage  glasses  are  very  susceptible  to 
surface  abrasions,  even  so  minute  as  to 
be  unobservable.  If  one  receives  the 
slightest  scratch  inside  or  out,  it  should 
not  be  used,  and  in  handling  or  keeping 
them  in  stock,  no  metal  of  any  nature 
should  be  allowed  to  come  in  contact 
with  them.  They  are  particularly  liable 
to  break  if  iron  or  steel  touches  them 
and  should  never  be  laid  even  temporarily 
with  tools,  as  is  frequently  done. 


130 


Volume  XX. 


Making  Shrapnel  and  High  Explosive  Shell  Bars 

Weight  and  Balance  of  a  Shell  Made  From  Solid  Bar  Steadier 
Than  That  of  a  Cast  Shell  in  Flight  Through  the  Air 

By  W.  S.  Standiford 


IMMENSE  quantities  of  shrapnel  and 
high-explosive  shells  have  been  made 
in  U.S.  for  the  Allies  and  since  the 
United  States  has  joined  in  the  conflict 
considerable   amounts   of   munitions   are 


make  the  18  pound  projectile  used  in 
British  field  guns,  and  it  will  be  noted 
that  sufficient  metal  is  allowed  on  t,h§ 
above  sized  bar  to  permit  of  the  machin- 
ing operations.      In  the  first  illustration, 


FIG.  1— ILLUSTRATES  BOX  AND  EDGING  PASS  ROUGHING  ROLLS.  THE  DEEPEST  PASS 
IN  THE  BOTTOM  ROLL  BEING  WHERE  THE  STEEL  BILLET  IS  ENTERED  FROM  THE 
FURNACE.  THIS  STYLE  OK  GROOVE  REDUCES  THE  METAL  VERY  RAPIDLY.  THE 
VIOLENT  CHANGE  IN  SECTION  FROM  THE  BOX  AND  EDGING  PASSES  TO  THE  SQUARE 
ONES    THE    STEEL    FIBROUS    IN    NATURE    WHICH    IS    A    HIGHLY    DESIRABLE    QUALITY 

IN  IRON  AND  STEEL. 


required  by  the  American  Forces;  as 
steel  bars  are  the  basis  from  which  the 
shells  are  manufactured,  the  design  of 
the  rolls,  their  proper  adjustment  and 
handling  should  be  subjects  of  much  in- 
terest. 

At  first  thought  one  might  suggest 
that  the  shells  be  manufactured  faster 
and  better  from  castings  containing  the 
chamber  for  powder  and  bullets,  thus 
leaving  very  little  metal  to  remove  in 
the  machining  processes,  as  contrasted 
to  the  existing  practice  of  punching  a 
hole  in  a  solid  steel  blank  and  then  fin- 
ishing the  interior  and  exterior.  But 
castings  cannot  be  uaed  in  this  case  for 
cast  metal  usually  contains  airholes, 
making  it  dangerous  material  for  shells; 
were  cast  shells  used,  there  would  be 
danger  of  their  bursting  in  the  guns. 

Another  reason  is,  that  the  weight 
and  balance  of  a  shell  made  from  a 
solid  bar  has  a  steadier  flight  through 
the  air  than  one  made  from  a  casting, 
since  in  the  latter,  the  heavier  ingre- 
dients of  the  steel  settle  to  the  bottom 
during  the  cooling,  making  certain 
parts  of  the  walls  heavier  than  others, 
which  obviously  disturbs  its  balance  dur- 
ing flight.  Steel  bars  as  munition  ma- 
terial have  the  carbon  and  other  in- 
gredients equally  distributed,  for  the  rol- 
ling process  mixes  them  equally,  making 
the  metal  fibrous  in  character. 

The  size  of  the  round  bar  is  .3%  inches 
in    diameter; .  this    is    the    size   u.sed    to 


are  represented  the  roughing  rolls,  the 
latter  being  three-high;  which  design 
rapidly  reduces  the  steel  as  compared 
with  the  two-high  ones;  quick  reduction 
of  the  hot  bars  at  the  start  is  most 
important,  for  the  metal  must  be  work- 
ed while  it  is  at  a  high  heat,  this  makes 
it  fibrous,  which  is  a  desirable  qualify, 
since  this  condition  makes  for  strength 
in  iron  and  steel;  the  roughing  rolls 
contain  two  boxes  and  two  edging  pass- 
es; the  others  being  put  in  on  an  angle. 


Box  and  edging  passes,  by  their  shape, 
allow  heavy  drafts  to  be  used,  whicii  is 
exerted  upon  the  tops  and  bottoms  af 
the  bars,  there  being  no  work  done  on 
the  sides.  The  heated  metal  from  the 
furnace  goes  into  the  deepest  box  pass, 
it  is  then  pushed  into  the  next  largest 
one  between  the  middle  and  top  rolls; 
being  now  turned  over  on  its  side,  it 
goes  through  the  edging  pass  in  the  bot- 
tom roll  and  is  repeated  through  the 
top  edging  pass. 

The  steel  in  the  shape  of  a  long 
square  bar  is  now  ready  to  be  rolled  in 
the  angle  shaped  passes  which  next  en- 
gage our  attention;  these  have  an  angle 
of  95  deg.  and  by  their  position  in  the 
rolls,  work  the  bars  mostly  on  the  top 
and  bottom  corners — the  corners  at  the 
sides  have  no  work  done  on  them.  The 
bar  goes  through  the  angle  passes  al- 
ternately, until  it  is  reduced  to  four 
inches  in  diameter;  then  it  is  ready  for 
rolling  in  the  hand  rounds  or  finishing 
rolls  which  appear  in  the  second  illus- 
tration. 

Any  person  looking  at  a  set  of  hand 
round  rolls  in  the  housings  or  a  drawing 
of  them  would  wonder  how  they  could 
make  a  round  bar,  as  the  grooves  ap- 
pear to  have  an  oval  shape  instead  of 
a  circular  one,  but  this  is  a  case  where 
appearances  are  deceptive;  the  grooves 
are  put  in  by  means  of  round  steel 
plugs,  which  are  ground  after  hardening, 
as  the  latter  throws  them  out  of  true 
circular  form. 

Each  roll  contains  one-half  of  the 
grooves  for  making  various  sized  round 
bars;  after  the  round  groove  is  put  in 
by  means  of  the  plug,  the  sides  near 
the  top  are  cut  away  at  an  angle  by 
using  another  tool,  the  reason  for  this 
being  that  it  prevents  a  long  ridge  or 
fin   from    forming    on    each    side    of    the 


FIG.  2  SHOWS  THE  APPEARANCE  OK  THE  PASSES  IN  THE  FINISHERS.  THESE  PASSES 
IN  THE  ROLLS  APPEAR  ANYTHING  BUT  ROUND.  THE  CUTAWAY  PARTS  OF  EACH  PASS 
BEING  NECESSARY  TO  LET  THE  BAR  LEAVE  ROLLS  EASILY  WITHOUT  TEARING  IT  AT 
THE  JOINTS  OF  THE  ROLLS.  THE  SHADED  SECTION  OF  A  BAR  IN  THE  FINISHING 
PASS    SHOWS    HOW    A    BAR    LOOKS    IN    THE    OVAL-SHAPED    PASS. 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


131 


bar  at  the  joint  of  the  rolls.  The  fol- 
lowing description  of  the  rolling  of  a 
bar  will  show  how  it  is  made  round  in- 
stead of  oval.  The  four  inch  square  bar 
from  the  roughing  rolls  is  sent  once 
through  the  3%  inch  pass,  it  is  then 
turned  over  at  a  right  angle  to  its  pre- 
vious position  and  is  pushed  into  the 
3%  inch  finishing  pass;  as  the  bar  from 
the  3%  inch  groove  goes  through  the 
3%  inch  one,  the  metal  spreads  out  in 
the  extended  sides  and  is  about  7/16  of 
an  inch  wider  at  the  sides  as  a  result. 

The  part  that  touched  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  the  pass  being  the  correct  size, 
it  is  then  again  turned  over  at  a  right 
angle  so  that  the  wide  part  will  touch 
the  top  and  bottom  of  the  grooves,  and 
rolled  again;  the  part  of  the  bar  rolled 
to  the  finished  size  now  faces  the  cut 
away  portions  of  the  pass,  but  does  not 
touch  it,  therefore  it  keeps  the  right 
diameter  while  the  wide  part  of  the  bar 
is  being  rolled  to  size.  This  is  followed 
by  again  turning  it  to  a  right  angle  to 
its  previous  position  and  giving  it  its 
final  rolling;  the  shaded  outline  of  the 
finished  bar  indicates  that  the  total 
width  of  the  cut  away  clearance  part  of 
the  pass  is  slight.  In  buying  steel  for 
shrapnel  shells,  the  requirements  of  the 
purchaser  are  most  exacting,  with  the  re- 
sult that  the  manufacture  of  shrapnel 
and  high-explosive  bars  is  costly. 

As  an  example,  bars  for  high-explosive 
shells  call  for  a  discard  of  40  per  cent, 
of  the  ingot;  bars  for  shrapnel,  30  per 
cent.,  and  ordinary  steel  bars  about  15 
per  cent.  The  bars  for  high-explosives 
and  shrapnel  shells  are  subjected  to  a 
rigid  inspection,  the  demand  for  a  large 
ingot  waste  by  the  purchaser  is  due  to 
the  latter's  desire  to  secure  a  metal 
free  from  airholes  and  segregation, 
which  would  interfere  with  the  proper 
working  of  the  shells  in  the  guns. 


THE 


PRODUCTION  OF  LIQUID 
AMMONIA 

Bv  Mark  Meredith 


Until  the  beginning  of  the  war 
Holland  was  dependent  for  its  sup- 
ply of  liquid  ammonia  upon  Eng- 
land, Germany  and  more  particularly 
Belgium.  At  the  commencement  of  1915 
no  liquid  ammonia  was  to  be  had  in  Hol- 
land, as  not  only  the  ammonia  itself,  but 
also  the  steel  cylinders  for  containing  it, 
had  been  commandeered  in  the  beni','er- 
ent  countries,  or  declared  contrabrand  of 
war.  This  caused  much  trouble  to  the  in- 
dustries making  use  of  low  temperatures. 
Calculation  showed  that  the  total  annual 
consumption  of  Holland  would  amount 
to    something    like    27,000    kilogrammes. 

At  the  Arnheim  gasworks  all  the  am- 
moniacal  liquor  produced  was  generally 
converted  into  pure  concentrated  am- 
monia solution:  but  during  the  war  the 
high  prices  of  sulphate,  and  the  national 
need  for  artificial  fertilisers,  led  to  part 
of  the  ammonia  being  sent  out  as  sul- 
phate. The  ammonia  as  driven  off  is 
saturated  with  water;  but  it  is  import- 
ant now  to  obtain  it  as  dry  as  possible, 


to  ensure  the  safe  working  of  refriger- 
ating machines.  The  restrictions  in  this 
connection  are  therefore  of  increasing 
severity.  Whereas  some  twenty  years 
ago  0.9  to  1  per  cent  of  water  was  per- 
mitted in  liquified  ammonia,  the  maxi- 
mum now  allowed  has  been  lowered  to 
0.4  to  0.5  per  cent.  The-  drying  proper- 
ties of  chloride  of  lime  cannot  be  made 
use  of,  as  it  combines  with  ammonia. 
Caustic  soda  too  is  valuable  in  these  days, 
so  there  remains  only  as  an  available 
drying  agent  burnt  lime.  This,  however, 
has  insufficient  drying  effect,  except  un- 
der pressure.  With  the  pressure  at 
normal,  the  lifne  generally  left  0.9  to  1 
per  cent  of  .water  in  the  gas.  The  most 
effective  means  of  producing  totally  an- 
hydrous ammonia — with  0.05  per  cent  of 
water — is  by  evaporating  the  liquified 
ammonia,  and  subsequent  reliquifying  of 
this  volatilised  first  product. 

At  the  Arnheim  works  efforts  have 
been  made  to  eliminate  the  greater  part 
of  the  water  by  cooling.  To  t^e  current 
of  wet  ammonia  gas,  there  is  added  liqui- 
fied ammonia  at  a  recrular  temperature. 
By  the  evaporation  of  the  liquified  gas 
the  temperature  falls  as  low  as  15  deg. 
C.  Thus  the  water  is  condensed,  after 
which  the  gas  is  led  throu<rh  the  dryine 
apparatus.  The  condensed  water  is  of 
course  saturated  with  ammonia  and 
leaves  the  compression  plant  through  a 
syphon.  The  amount  of  liquid  ammonia, 
about  7  per  cent  of  the  total  bulk  pro- 
duced, is  naturally  not  lost,  as  it  is  lioui- 
fied  a"-ain.  It  is  taken  from  cylinders 
and  not  from  the  general  storage  holder, 
to  permit  of  control  of  the  quantity  used. 
After  this  treatment  the  gas  passes 
through  two  towers  filled  with  lumps  of 
burnt  lime;  the  inlet  being  at  the  upper 
side,  the  outlet  at  the  under  side.  Pro- 
vision is  made  for  subsequent  treatnrient 
of  the  gas  with  caustic  soda  lumps  in  a 
separate  tower. 

After  these  processes  the  gas  passes 
to  a  large-  storage  holder,  from  which  it 
goes  to  compressing  plant  very  similar 
"to  that  in  use  for  the  manufacture  of  ice, 
except  that  there  is  no  brass  and  the 
compression  cylinder  stands  m  circula- 
ting cooling  water.  Mineral  oil  is  used 
for  lubrication,  an  oil-separator '.  being 
placed  after  the  compressor  for  removing 
the  surplus  oil.  In  spite  of  this  cooling 
the  ammonia  gas  when  compressed  at 
frota  7  to  10  atmosnheres  becomes  warm. 
#is  condensed  in  a  lartre  cooling  coil,  and 
then  collected  in  a  storage  receiver  of 
about  70  gallons  capacity,  thereafter 
being  emptied  from  this  into  the  steel 
bottles. 

On  the  pressure  side  of  the  compressor, 
and  above  the  cooling  coil,  there  is  a 
blow-off  tap.  The  permanent  gases, 
and  more  especially  the  air,  which  ac- 
company the  ammoniacal  gas  from  the 
stills  are  blown  off  during  the  workmg, 
and  conducted  through  water  for  the  re- 
tention of  the  ammonia.  From  the  stor- 
ao-e  receiver  the  ammonia  is  charged  into 
steel  bottles,  after  these  have  all  been 
emptied  by  a  small  pump  operated  by  the 
gas  engine  which  drives  the  compressor. 


The  chennical  and  physical  properties  of 
gaseous  and  liquified  ammonia  are  well 
known;  but  there  is  one  peculiarity  which 
may  be  referred  to — the  high  expansion 
co-efficient  of  the  liquid.  At  ordinary 
temperatures  this  expansion  is  less 
marked,  but  at  slightly  raised  tempera- 
tures the  increase  becomes  very  marked 
gramms. 

At  10.0°  C.  pressure  is  88.2  lb.  per  sq.  in. 

"  50.0°  C.         "         "  294.0  lb. 

"  65.7°  C.         "         "  455.7  lb. 

"  67.7°  C.        "        "  860.0  lb.        " 

Thus,  for  a  rise  of  temperature  of  only 
2  degrees  C,  the  pressure  is  almost 
doubled.  The  filling  of  the  bottles 
therefore  needs  special  care,  for  when 
the  expansion  is  not  taken  into  account 
an  explosion  of  the  bottle  is  to  be  feared. 
The  delivery  of  high  ammonia  during  the_ 
first  year  amounted  to  40,000  kilo- 
grammes. 

♦ 

EASTERN  SPRUCE  FOR  AERO- 
PLANES 

So  great  is  the  demand  for  airplane 
spruce  by  the  Allies  that  eastern  as 
well  as  Sitka  spruce  is  now  being  used. 
Canada  has  large  resources  of  eastern 
spruce,  which  has  hitherto  been  used 
mostly  for  the  manufacture  of  pulp, 
paper  and  lumber,  and  the  British  War 
Mission  is  at  present  trying  to  secure 
in  eastern  Canada  as  large  an  amount 
as  possible  of  the  grades  suitable  for 
airplane  manufacture. 

Eastern  spruce  has  for  some  time 
been  used  for  airplane  construction  in 
the  United  States,  although  only  a  very 
small  percentage  of  this  timber  is  suffi- 
ciently clear  for  this  purpose.  Tests 
made  by  the  United  States  and  Canadian 
governments  show  that  where  material 
of  suitable  quality  can  be  found,  this 
species  serves  admirably  for  airplane 
construction  and  may  be  expected  to  sup- 
plement the  supplies  of  Sitka  spruce 
from  the  Pacific  Coast,  which  are  only 
now  beginning  to  approach  adequate 
proportions. 

The  timber  for  use  in  airplanes  has 
to  be  sawed  parallel  to  the  bark,  instead 
of  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  log,  as  is 
done  for  lumber.  In  this  way,  straight- 
grained  boards  are  obtained,  having  the 
highest  possible  percentage  of  material 
free  from  knots  and  possessing  a  max- 
imum of  strength. 


ESTHETIC 

Two  fair  munition  workers  were  dis- 
cussing their  personal  affairs. 

"Got  a  chap  yet,  Liz?"  enquired  one. 

"Yes;  and  he's  a  regular  toff.  He's 
manager  at  — " 

"You  don't  say  so!  Why,  they  tell  me 
he's  real  refined." 

"Rather!  Why,  he  took  me  to  a  res- 
taurant last  week,  and  when  we  had 
coffee  he  poured  it  into  a  saucer  to  cool 
it,  but  he  didn't  blow  it  like  common 
people  would— he  fanned  it  with  his 
hat."  • 


132 


Volume  XX. 


The  Duty  of  the  Employer  in  the 

Reconstruction  of  the  Crippled  Soldier 


In    the    Past    the    Pension    System    Proved    a    Failure    Constructively 
Compensation  For  Physical  Disability  is  Rehabilitation 
For  Self-support 

By  Douglas  C.  McMurtrie, 

Diraetor  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled  Men,  New  York   City. 


The   Only 


SOON  after  the  outbreak  of  hostili- 
ties the  European  countries  began 
the  establishment  of  vocational 
training  schools  for  the  rehabilitation  of 
disabled  soldiers.  They  had  both  the  hu- 
manitarian aim  of  restoring  crippled 
men  to  the  greatest  possible  degree  and 
the  economic  aim  of  sparing  the  commu- 
nity the  burden  of  unproductivity  on 
the  part  of  thousands  of  its  best  citi- 
zens. The  movement  had  its  inception 
with  Mayor  Edouard  Herriot  of  the  city 
of  Lyons,  France,  who  found  it  dif- 
ficult to  reconcile  the  desperate 
need  for  labor  in  the  factories  and 
munition  works  while  men  who  had 
lost  an  arm  or  a  leg  but  were 
otherwise  strong  and  well  were 
idling  their  time  in  the  public 
squares.  He  therefore  induced  the 
municipal  council  to  open  an  indus- 
trial school  for  war  cripples  which 
has  proved  the  example  and  in- 
spiration for  hundreds  of  similar 
schools  since  founded  throughout 
France,  Italy,  Germany,  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Canada. 

The  disability  of  some  crippled 
soldiers  is  no  bar  to  returning  to 
their  former  trade,  but  the  injuries 
of  many  disqualify  them  from  pur- 
suing again  their  past  occupation. 
The  schools  of  training  prepare 
these  men  for  some  work  in  which 
their  physical  handicap  will  not 
materially  interfere  with  theid  pro- 
duction. 
Influence  of  Previous  Training 

The  education  of  the    adult     is 
made  up  largely  of  his  working  ex- 
perience.      The     groundwork     of 
training    in    his     past    occupation 
must,   under  no  circumstances   be 
abandoned.    The  new    trade    must 
be  related  to  the  former  or  be,  per- 
haps, an   extension  or   specializa- 
tion of  it.    For  example,  a  man  who 
had  done  manual  work  in  the  build- 
ing trades  may  be  instruction  in 
architectural  drafting  and  the  in- 
terpretation of  plans  be  fitted  for 
a  foreman's  job,  in  which  the  lack 
of  an   arm   would   not  prove  a   serious 
handicap.    A  trainman  who  had  lost  a  leg 
might  wisely  be  prepared    as    a     tele- 
grapher, so  that  he  could  go  back  to  rail- 
road work,  with  the  practice  of  which  he 
is  already  familiar. 

Whatever  training  is  given  must  be 
thorough,  for  an  adult  canot  be  sent 
out  to  employment  on  the  same  basis  as 
a  boy  apprentice.  He  must  be  adequate- 
ly prepared  for  the  work  be  is  to  under- 
take. 

The  one-armed  soldier  is  equipped  wiln 


working  appliances  which  have  supplant- 
ed the  old  familiar  artificial  limb.  The 
new  appliances  are  designed  with  a  prac- 
tical aim  only  in  view;  they  vary  ac- 
cording to  the  trade  in  which  the  indi- 
vidual is  to  engage.  For  example,  tiid 
appliance  for  a  machinist  would  be  quito 
different  from  that  with  which  a  wood 
turner  would  be  provided.  Some  appli- 
ances have  attached  to  the  stump  a  chuck 
in  which  various  tools  or  hooks  can  in- 
terchangeably be  held.    The  wearer  uses 


LEARNING  THE   OPERATION   OF   A   DRILL   PRESS. 

these  devices  only  while  at  work;  for 
evenings  and  holidays  he  is  provided  with 
a  "dress  arm"  which  is  made  in  imita- 
tion of  the  lost  member. 

Avoid  Temporary  Dependence 

An  important  factor  in  the  success  of 
re-educational  work  is  an  early  start, 
.so  that  the  disabled  man  shall  have  no 
chance  to  go  out  unemployed  into  the 
community.  In  even  a  short  period  of 
exposure  to  the  sentimental  sympathy  of 
family  and  friends  his  "will  to  work"  is 


so  broken  down  that  it  bacomea  difficult 
again  to  restore  him  to  a  stand  of  inde- 
pendence and  ambition.  For  this  reason 
therefore,  the  plan  for  his  future  is  made 
at  as  early  a  date  as  his  physical  condi- 
tion admits,  and  training  is  actually  un- 
der way  before  the  patient  is  oat  of  the 
iiospital. 

In   the   readjustment   of  the  crippled 

soldier  to  civilian  life,  his  placement  in 

employment  is  a  matter  of  the  greatest 

moment.     In  this  field  the  employer  has 

a  very  definite  responsibility. 

But  the  employer's  duty  is  not 
entirely  obvious.  It  is,  on  the  con- 
trary, almost  diametrically  oppo- 
site to  what  one  might  superficial- 
ly infer  it  to  be.  The  duty  is  not 
to  "take  care  of"  from  patriotic 
motives  a  given  number  of  disabled 
men,  finding  for  them  any  odd  jobs 
which  are  available,  and  putting 
the  ex-soldiers  in  them  without 
much  regard  to  whether  they  can 
earn  the  wages  paid  or  not. 

Yet  this  method  is  all  too  com- 
mon. A  local  committee  of  em- 
ployers will  deliberate  about  as  fol- 
lows: "Here  are  a  dozen  crippled 
soldiers  for  whom  we  must  find 
jobs.  Jones,  you  have  a  large  fac- 
tory; you  should  be  able  to  take 
care  of  six  of  them.  Brown,  can 
you  not  find  places  for  four  of 
them  in  your  warehouse?  And 
Smith,  you  ought  to  place  at  least 
a  couple  in  your  store." 

Such  a  procedure  cannot  have 
other  than  pernicious  results.  In 
the  first  years  of  war  the  spirit  of 
patriotism  runs  high,  but  experi- 
ence has  shown  that  men  placed  on 
this  basis  alone  find  themselves 
out  of  a  job  after  the  war  has  been 
over  several  years,  or  in  fact,  after 
it  has  been  in  progress  for  a  con- 
siderable period  of  time. 

Charity  Jobs  Deteriorating 
A  second  weakness  in  this 
method  is  that  a  man  who  is 
patronized  by  giving  him  a 
charity  job  comes  to  expect  as 
a  right  such  semi-gratuitous  support. 
Such  a  situation  breaks  down  rather  than 
builds  up  character,  and  makes  the  man 
progressively  ?  weaker  rather  than  a 
stronger  member  of  the  community.  We 
must  not  do  our  returned  men  such  in- 
jury- 

The  third  difficulty  is  that  such  a  sys- 
tem does  not  take  into  account  the  man's 
future.  Casual  placement  means  em- 
ployment either  in  a  makeshift  job  as 
watchman  or  elevator  operator  such  as 
we  should  certainly  not  offer  our  disabled 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


183 


COACH    BUILDING    IN    THK    RAILROAD    SHOPS. 


men  except  as  a  last  resort — or  in  a  job 
beyond  the  man,  one  in  which,  on  the 
cold-blooded  considerations  of  product 
and  wages,  he  cannot  hold  his  own.  Jobs 
of  the  first  type  have  for  the  worker  a 
future  of  monotony  and  discouragement. 
Jobs  of  the  second  type  are  frequently 
disastrous,  for  in  them  a  man,  instead 
of  becoming  steadily  more  competent  and 
building  up  confidence  in  himself,  stands 
still  as  regards  improvement  and  loses  ' 
confidence  every  day.  When  he  is  drop- 
ped or  goes  to  some  other  employment, 
the  job  will  have  had  for  him  no  perma- 
nent benefit. 

Twelve  men  sent  to  twelve  jobs  may 
all  be  seriously  misplaced,  while  the  same 
twelve  placed  with  thought  and  wisdom 
and  diff'erently  assigned  to  the  same 
twelve  jobs  may  be  ideally  located.  If 
normal  workers  require  expert  and  care- 
ful placement,  crippled  candidates  for 
employment  require  it  even  more. 

Eojplpyer's  Duty 

The  positive- aspect  of  the  employer's 
duty  is  to  fin4i^(.^r  the  disabled  man  a 
constructive  jot*'' Which  he  can  hold  on 
the  basis  of.competency  alone.  In  such 
a  job  he  can  be  self-respecting,  be  happy, 
and  look  forward  to  a  future.  This  is 
the  definite  patriotic  duty.  It  is  not  so 
easy  of  execution  as  telling  a  superin- 
tendent to  take' care  of  four  men,  but 
there  is  infinitely  more  satisfaction  to 
the  employer  in  the  results,  and  infinitely 
greater  advantage  to  the  employee.  And 
it  is  entirely  practical,  even  in  dealing 
with  seriously  disabled  men. 

A  cripple  is  only  debarred  by  his  dis- 
ability from  performing  certain  oper- 
ations. In  the  operations  which  he  can 
perform,  the  disabled  man  will  be  just 
as  efficient  as  his  non-handicapped  col- 
league, or  more  so.  In  the  multiplicity 
or  modern  industrial  processes  it  is 
quite  possible  to  find  jobs  not  requiring 
the  operations  frOm  which  any  given  type 
of  cripples  are  debarred.    For  such  jobs 


as  they  can  fill  the  cripple  should  be 
given  preference. 

Thousands  of  cripples  are  now  hold- 
ing important  jobs  in  the  industrial 
world.  But  they  are  men  of  exceptional 
character  and  initiative  and  have,  in 
general,  made  their  way  in  spite  of  em- 
ployers rather  than  because  of  them. 
Too  many  employers  are  ready  to  give 
the  cripple  alms,  but  not  willing  to  ex- 
pend the  thought  necessary  to  place  him 
in  a  suitable  job.  This  attitude  has  help- 
ed to  make  many  cripples  dependent. 
With  our  new  responsibilities  to  the 
men  disabled  in  fighting  for  us,  the  point 
of  view  must  certainly  be  changed.  What 
some  cripples  have  done,  other  cripples 
can   do — if  only   given   an   even   chance. 

The  industrial  cripple  should  be  con- 
sidered as  well  as  the  military  cripple, 
for  in  these  days  of  national  demand  for 
the  greatest  possible  output  there  should 


not  be  left   idle   any   men   who  can   be 
made  into  productive  workers. 

With  thoughtful  placement  effort, 
many  men  can  be  employed  directly  on 
the  basis  of  their  past  experience.  With 
the  disabled  soldiers  who  profit  by  the 
training  facilities  the  Government  will 
provide,  the  task  should  be  even  easier. 

A  Patriotic  Duty 

This,  then,  constitutes  the  charge  ot 
patriotic  duty  upon  the  employer: 

To  study  the  jobs  under  his  jurisdiction 
to  determine  what  ones  might  be  satis- 
factorily held  by  cripples.  To  give  the 
cripples  preference  for  these  jobs.  To 
consider  thoughtfully  the  applications  of 
disabled  men  for  employment,  bearing  in 
mind  the  importance  of  utilizing  to  as 
great  an  extent  as  possible  labor  which 
would  otherwise  be  unproductive.  To 
do  the  returned  soldier  the  honor  of  offer- 
ing him  real  employment,  rather  than 
proffering  him  the  ignominy  of  a  charity 
job. 

If  the  employer  will  do  this,  it  will 
■be  a  great  factor  in  making  the  com- 
plete elimination  of  the  dependent  crip- 
ple a  real  and  inspiring  possibility. 


Maintaining  a  constant  water  level  ir- 
respective of  the  rate  of  evaporation 
affords  considerable  protection  to  the 
boiler,  inasmuch  as  the  danger  of  low 
water  is  removed,  and  the  danger  of  in- 
juring the  engine  or  other  steam-using 
machine,  due  to  slugs  of  water  being 
carried  over  from  the  boiler  is  entirely 
eliminated. 


A  POINT  deserving  of  attention  from 
brass  founders  is  the  marking  of  run- 
ners with  a  certain  mark  for  each  class 
and  mixture  of  metal.  In  some  cases 
the  molder  can  put  a  certain  mark  with 
his  tools,  but  if  a  stamp  be  used  to 
denote  each  particular  mixture,  the  men 
who  chip  off  the  runners  can  easily  dis- 
tinguish what  class  of  metal  it  is  made 
from,  and  the  scrap  gates  can  be  kept 
quite  separate. 


muun^if 


RECEIVING  INSTRUCTION   IN   THE  MACHINISTS'  TRADE. 


134 


Volume  XX. 


Good  Progress  Made  at  Dominion's  New  Plant 

Actual  Building  Operations  Were  Under  Way  Before  the  Shops  Were  Completed — 
Excellent  Progress  Has  Been  Made  on  the  Work 


GOOD  progress  is  being  made  in  the 
construction  of  the  new  plant  for 
the  Dominion  Shipbuilding  Co.  at 
the  foot  of  Bathur.st  street,  Toronto,  and 
actual  shipbuilding  operations  are  under 
way  although  the  shops  are  not  com- 
pleted. 

The  main  building  is  485  feet 
by  210  feet  divided  into  two  sections, 
the  first  section  comprising  the  plate 
shop  and  the  second  section  the  join- 
ers shop  with  mould  loft  above.  The 
power  plant  is  also  included  in  the  main 
building  while  the  furnaces  are  in  an 
annex  adjoining  the  eastern  end  of  the 
plate  shop. 

The  building  is  of  steel  construction 
with  steel  roof  trusses  while  the  outside 
walls  are  fireproof,  being  made  of  steel 
mesh  treaded  with  "Gunite."  All  par- 
titions walls  are  of  hollow  tile  con- 
struction. The  windows  have  Finestra 
steel  sash.  The  roof  of  the  plate  shop 
is  corrugated  iron  while  the  roof  over 
the  mould  loft  is  made  up  of  boarding 
covered  with  built-up  roofing  material. 
The  steel  work  was  supplied  and  erected 
by  the  Dominion  Bridge  Co. 

The  furnaces  for  heating  angles  and 
ship   shapes   etc.,    which    are    oil   fired, 


were  designed  by  John  Main  and  in- 
stalled by  the  Canadian  Incinerator  Co., 
Toronto.  A  considerable  section  of  the 
floor  in  one  bay  of  the  main  building 
is  laid  out  for  working  up  angles  and 
other  shapes.  The  other  four  bays  of 
the  plate  shop  each  have  a  "Northern" 
electrically  operated,  overhead,  travel- 
ling, 3  ton  crane,  while  the  equipment 
consists  generally  of  punching  and  shear- 
ing machinery,  etc.,  for  fabricating 
plates,  etc.,  for  the  ships  under  con- 
struction. All  the  machines  are  motor 
driven.  Some  delay  has  been  exper- 
ienced in  obtaining  the  woodworking 
machinery,  otherwise  the  joiners,  shop 
would  now  be  in  operation. 

The  foundations  have  been  laid  and 
steel  work  has  been  erected  for  another 
building  which  will  be  325  feet  by  155 
feet  and  will  take  in  the  machine, 
blacksmith,  pipe  and  electrical  shops. 
The  construction  of  the  second  building 
will  be  similar  to  the  first.  In  order  to 
carry  on  the  construction  of  the  ships, 
while  the  new  shops  are  being  erected 
temporary  woodworking  and  black- 
smith shops  and  stores,  etc.,  are  being 
used.  It     is     expected    that    the    new 

plant  will  be  completed  and  in  operation 


this  Fall.  The  site  of  the  plant  covers 
about  16  acres  and  is  |)ttictically  all 
made  land.  The  concrete  retaining 
walls  were  constructed  and  the  site 
made  by  the  Toronto  Harlf&ir  Commis- 
sion, being  part  of  the  sclltfSle  for  de- 
veloping: the  harbor  front. 

At  the  present  time  one  hull  is  being 
n'ated  and  keels  laid  for  two  other  huls. 
The  company  expects  to  deliver  three 
ships  this  season  including  one,  the 
"Troja,"  which  left  in  June  for  Montreal 
in  ballast.  Over  the  shipbuilding  berths 
are  the  electrically  operated  gantries 
having  a  span  of  68  feet.  Both  these 
gantries  are  complete  except  for  the 
motors  which  have  not  been  installed 
yet.  There  are  five  berths  altogether, 
so  the  company  will  be  able  to  build 
that  number  of  ships  at  a  time  when 
the  plant  is  finished.  The  Dominion 
Shipbuilding  Co.  will  have  a  plant  up- 
to-date  in  every  feature  and  a  valuable 
acquisition  to  the  shipbuilding  industry 
in  Canada.  Construction  work  on  the 
plant  was  started  in  December,  1917, 
and  considering  the  severe  weather  in 
the  winter  and  difficulty  of  obtaining 
steel  excellent  progress  has  been  made 
with  the  work. 


I  VIEWS    TAKEN    AT    THE    PLANT    OF    THE    DOMINION    SHIPBU  LDING    CO. 


August  1,  1018. 


135 


The  Types  and  Industrial  Uses  of  Pyrometers 

The  necessity  for  accurate  temperature  control  of  industrial  processes  has  led  to  the 
development  of  the  various  types  of  pjirometetx  in  present  day  use,  from  the  delicate 
laboratory  uppliance  to  that  of  an  indnstrial  manufactv/riny  appliance.  The  following 
article  reproduced  through  the  courtesy  of  Alfred.  Herbert,  Ltd.,  illustrates  some  of  the 
types  and  their  uses. 


THERE  is  no  need,  at  the  present 
time,  to  insist  upon  the  necessity 
for  pyrometers  in  connection  with 
heatinjc  processes,  because  that  necessity 
is  well  recognized. 

Contrasting  the  position  to-day  with 
that  which  existed  say  fifteen  years  ago, 
we  find  that  the  pyrometer  has  advanced 
from  the  limited  position  of  a  delicate 
laboratory  instrument  to  that  of  an  in- 
dustrial manufacturing  appliance.  When 
the  pyrometer  was  only  to  be  used  in  the 
laboratory,  in  the  hands  of  specially 
trained  experts,  the  problem,  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  instrument 
maker,  was  relatively  simple,  al- 
though the  instrument  maker  did 
not  so  consider  it  in  those  days. 
The  laboratory  pyronK-ter  made 
occasional  excursions  into  the 
works,  usually  with  ■  disastrous 
results,  at  any  rate,  to  the  pyro- 
meter. 

However,  it  became  obvious 
that  the  information,  with  regard 
to  the  influence  of  accurate  tem- 
perature regulation  upon  the  re- 
sulting product  could  not  be  of 
any  industrial  value  unless  pyro- 
meters could  be  applied  to  the 
industrial  heating  processes  in- 
volved, therefore  it  was  neces- 
sary to  design  pyrometers  which 
could  be  used  safely  in  the  works. 

The  time  has  now  come  when 
the  user  of  pyrometers  under  in- 
dustrial conditions  should  know 
more  about  the  principles  upon 
which  those  instruments  operate, 
the  various  factors  which  enter 
into  the  design  and  successful  ap- 
plication of  any  type  of  pyro- 
meter to  industrial  heating  pro- 
cesses. 

Pyrometer  Classification 

Pyrometers  may  be  divided 
into  two  broad  classes  as  fol- 
lows: 

"A."  "Contact"  or  inserted 
pyrometers,  in  which  some  por- 
tion of  the  apparatus  is  actually 
subjected  to  the  temperature  to 
be  measured  such  as: 

1.  Expansion  instruments,  the 
mercury-in-glass  thermometer, 
and  various  other  types  in  which 
differential  expansion  of  some 
kind,  either  liquid  or  solid,  is  the 
means  of  measurement. 

2. — The  electric  resistance  thermo- 
meter, depending  for  its  action  upon  the 
change  in  resistance  by  a  coil  of  wire 
when  its  temperature  changes. 

■3.— The  thermo-electric  or  thermo- 
couple pyrometer,  depending  for  its  ac- 
tion upon  the  electro-motive  force  or  volt- 
age developed  at  the  junction   between 


two  dissimilar  metals  or  alloys  when  that 
junction  is  heated  to  a  temperature  dif- 
ferent from  the  remainder  of  the  electric 
circuit. 

4. — Melting-point  pyrometers,  in  which 
the  melting  of  some  alloy  or  mixture  of 
salts  or  clay  indicates  the  passage  above 
a  certain  fixed  temperature,  these  may  be 
termed  "fixed  point  pyrometers." 

"B."  "Distant"  pyrometers,  in  which  no 
part  of  the  instrument  is  subjected  to  the 
actual  temperature  to  be  measured,  but 
which  operates  entirely  at  a  distance 
from   the  hot  body  under  measurement, 


comprismg: — 

5. — The  optical  pyrometer,  in  which  the 
measurement  of  temperature  is  made  by 
matching  the  brightness  or  color  of  the 
hot  body  against  that  of  a  standard  in  the 
instrument  and  computing  the  tempera- 
ture by  the  adjustment  which  has  to  be 
made  in  the  instrument. 

6. — The    "total    radiation"    pyrometer, 


which  measures  the  temperature  of  the 
hot  body  by  means  of  the  radiated  energy 
therefrom,  both  luminous  and  non- 
luminous. 

Variation  In  Indications 
It  must  be  remembered  that  a  pyro- 
meter in  which  the  sensitive  portion  is 
subjected  to  the  temperature  measures 
actually  the  temperature  of  its  sensitive 
portion.  It  is  clear  that  the  temperature 
of  the  "hot  junction"  may  be  different 
from  the  material  in  the  furnace,  bath  or 
other  apparatus,  due  to  the  conditions 
briefly  mentioned  below. 

(a)  Thermal  conduction  of  the 
pyrometer  sheath.  It  is  usual,  and 
generally  necessary,  to  employ  an 
outer  sheath  to  protect  the  actual 
thermo-couple  from  the  action  of 
the  furnace  gases  or  the  material 
in  a  bath.  Heat  is  transmitted 
from  the  furnace  gases  or  bath 
through  the  sheath  to  the  thermo 
couple  "hot  junction,"  and  if  this 
sheath  is  of  large  cross  section 
some  of  this  heat  will  be  con- 
ducted away  along  the  length  of 
the  sheath  and  will  not  reach 
the  thermo-couple.  This  lost  heat 
may  result  in  the  thermo-couple 
junction  being  at  a  lower  tem- 
perature than  the  furnace  or  bath 
'if  sufficient  depth  of  insertion  is 
not  provided. 

(b)  Temperature  inequality  in 
the  furnace  or  bath.  In  direct 
fired  furnaces,  particularly  when 
the  door  or  other  opening  is 
large  in  relation  to  the  furnace 
and  is  opened  frequently,  large 
differences  may  exist  between 
different  parts  of  the  furnace. 

(c)  Unless  the  material  which 
is  under  treatment  is  left  in  the 
furnace  or  bath  a  sufficient  time 
it  will  not  attain  the  temperature 
of  the  furnace,  and  therefore 
may  be  at  a  much  lower  temper- 
ature than  that  measured  by  the 
inserted  pprometer. 

These,  conditions  and  limita- 
tions apply  with  equal  force  to 
other  types  of  pyrometer  than 
the  thermo-couple — in  fact,  in  the 
case  of  the  electric  resistance  or 
expansion  instruments  the  larger 
bulk  of  the  sensitive  portion  may 
aggravate  the  resulting  errors. 

Suitability  of  Contact  Pyrometers 

From  the  foregoing  considerations  it 
will  be  clear  that  the  "contact"  or  insert- 
ed pvrometer  is  suitable  for  those  cases 
in  which  the  material  under  treatment  re- 
mains in  a  closed  furnace  or  in  a  bath  for 
a  time  sufficient  to  ensure  reasonable 
equality  of  temperature,  and  to  cases  la 


136 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FIG.    2. 


FIG.    3. 


1 


which  the  furnace  temperature,  as  meas- 
ured by  the  pyrometer,  is  kept  at  a  steady 
figTire  and  the  material,  of  uniform  heat 
capacity,  is  fed  into  and  out  of  the  furn- 
ace at  a  uniform  rate. 

Distant  Pyrometers 

Turning  to  the  "distant"  pyrometers, 
optical  or  total  radiation,  the  measure- 
ment being  made  by  the  radiated  light  or 
heat,  the  pyrometer,  if  correctly  used, 
will  measure  the  temperature  of  the  sur- 
face presented  to  it.  That  surface  may 
be  the  inner  wall  of  a  furnace  or  the 
material  in  a  furnace.  The  use  of  a 
radiation  or  optical  pyrometer  is  subject 
to  the  following  limitatiops: 

(d)  Unless  the  pyrometer  is  specially 
calibrated  for  other  conditions,  the  hot 
body  under  measurement  must  be  within 
a  deep  enclosure  which  is  fairly  uniform- 
ly heated.  If  these  conditions  do  not  ob- 
tain the  measurement  will  be  dependent 
upon  the  reflecting  power  of  the  surface 
of  the  hot  body.  It  is,  however,  possible 
to  calibrate  these  pyrometers  for  given 
surfaces  out  in  the  open  or  to  apply  a  fac- 
tor to  the  observed  reading. 

(e)  The  heat  or  light  radiated  from  the 
hot  body  to  the  pyrometer  must  not  be 
intercepted  by  smoke  or  gases  containing 
•olid  particles.  In  the  case  of  the  op- 
tical   instrument   luminous   flames,   even 


though  not  containing  solid  particles, 
may,  nevertheless,  affect  the  reading  very 
largely.  The  "total  radiation"  instru- 
ment is  very  little  affected  by  clear 
flames,  hence  this  latter  type  is  frequent- 
ly preferable  for  use  by  relatively  un- 
skilled observers. 

The  remarks  under  (d)  and  (e)  show 
that  the  "distant"  pyrometer  is  particu- 
larly suitable  for  work  of  an  exploring 
nature  and  for  the  measurement  of  tem- 
perature of  individual  pieces  of  material 
or  particular  parts  of  a  furnace.  It  is 
also,  of  course,  preferable  where  the  tem- 
peratures to  be  measured  are  very  high 
and  where  consequently  the  life  of  the 
thermo-couple  sheath  and  sensitive  tip 
would  be  short. 

The  "total  radiation"  instrument  has 
the  advantage  of  being  practically  auto- 
matic in  action,  so  that  it  can  be  used  as 
a  simple  indicating  or  as  a  recording  in- 
strument, it  does  not  require  manipula- 
tion or  adjustment  by  the  user.  It  has 
the  disadvantage  of  requiring  a  relative- 
ly large  hot  body  surface  for  measure- 
ment, though  this  disadvantage  is  more 
apparent  in  the  laboratory  than  in  works 
practice. 

The  optical  pyrometer  can  not  be  made 
directly  indicating  or  recording,  it  de- 
pends upon  the  adjustment  by  the  user 


to  make  a  measurement.  It  is,  how- 
ever, useful  when  the  hot  body  under 
measurement  is  small. 

Turning  again  to  the  thermo-couple 
pyrometer,  experience  shows  that  the  de- 
tail arrangement  and  application  of  the 
instrument  to  the  furnace  or  bath  have 
a  very  large  influence  upon  its  success. 

Pyrometer   Location 

If  the  pyrometer  is  inserted  through 
the  crown  of  the  furnace,  as  shown  at 
Station  4  in  Fig.  1,  and  projects  deeply 
into  the  furnace  space,  it  is  frequently 
found  to  be  in  the  way  of  the  work  in 
the  furnace.  If  the  same  position  is  re- 
tained and  the  depth  in  the  furnace  re- 
duced, one  or  two  troubles  may  be  met. 
If  the  furnace  is  uniformly  heated  the 
pyrometer  may  read  low  due  to  insuf- 
ficient depth  of  insertion.  If,  alternative- 
ly, the  furnace  is  heated  largely  by  radia- 
tion from  the  furnace  crown  and  flames 
at  a  higher  temperature  are  passing 
along  under  the  furnace  crown  to  main- 
tain its  temperature,  then  the  pyrometer 
will  have  its  hot  junction  directly  in  the 
path  of  these  flames,  and  will  tend  to 
measure  their  temperature  rather  than 
that  of  the  material  in  the  furnace.  Add- 
ed to  this  trouble  is  the  fact  that  the 
life  of  the  pyrometer  sheath  would  b« 
short  under  these  circumstances. 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    Mj^CHINERY 


137 


Occasionally  insertion  through  the  side 
of  the  furnace  is  preferable  in  the  man- 
ner shown  at  Station  7,  Fig.  2,  though 
the  same  class  of  difficulty  may  arise 
here.  A  preferable  method  of  insertion 
is  shown  at  Station  9,  in  Fig.  2.  In  this 
arrangement  a  pocket  or  channel  is  cut 
in  the  side  of  the  furnace  and  the  pyro- 
meter sheath  installed  therein.  In  this 
way  the  flames  in  the  furnace  will  not 
impinge  directly  upon  the  sheath,  the 
sheath  being  heated  largely  by  radiation 
from  the  furnace  walls  and  from  the 
material  in  the  furnace. 

In  a  large  number  of  furnaces  the  ar- 
rangement is  such  that  the  pyrometer 
sheath  has  to  cross  an  outer  fire  or  flue 
space  before  reaching  the  working  space 
of  the  furnace,  and  here  again  special 
consideration  must  be  given  to  the  de- 
tails of  installation.  The  gases  in'  this 
fire  space  may  be  at  a  temperature  very 
different  from  that  in  the  working  space 
of  the  furnace,  and  this  temperature  will 
influence  the  reading  of  the  pyrometer 
unless  particular  care  is  taken  to  keep 
that  temperature  away  from  the  sensitive 
tip  of  the  pyrometer.  Two  different 
methods  of  installation  are  shown  at 
Stations  10  and  12,  in  Fig.  2,  to  meet 
such  cases. 

When  considering  the  application  of 
the  pyrometer  to  a  bath  of  molten  salt 
or  metal,  the  sheath  is  extremely  im- 
portant, but  it  is  not  at  all  easy  to  secure 
a  satisfactory  sheath  where  the  tempera- 
ture is  high.  The  bath,  however,  has  the 
great  advantage  of  giving  good  heat  con- 
duction from  the  bath  to  the  sheath  and 
approximate  equality  of  temperature  in 
various  parts  of  the  bath.  Typical 
methods  of  installation  are  shown  at 
Station  5,  Fig.  1,  and  Station  8,  Fig.  2. 

In  the  foundry  work  on  low  melting 
alloys,  non-ferrous  alloys  and  aluminium 
constitutes  a  field  in  which  the  use  of  the 
thermo-couple  pyrometer  is  being  rapidly 
extended.  Previous  to  the  adoption  of  the 
Hoskins'  alloys  nickel-nickel  chromium, 
there  was  no  practicable  thermo-couple 
which  could  be  inserted  unprotected  by  a 
sheath  in  these  metals,  the  alloying  effect 
was  so  great  that  the  thermo-couple  was 
destroyed   after  a  very  few  readings. 

The  use  of  a  sheath,  as  indicated  at 
Station  11,  in  Fig.  2,  is  legitimate  only 
where  the  time  lag  due  to  the  heat  ca- 
pacity of  the  sheath  is  not  an  objection. 
Usually  in  foundry  work  the  time  lag 
of  the  sheath  is  an  objection,  and  for- 
tunately in  such  cases  the  Hoskins'  alloy 
thermo-couple  provides  a  solution  of  the 
problem. 

It  is  made  with  fairly  thick  wires,  and 
the  tip  of  the  thermo-couple  is  inserted 
directly  into  the  molten  metal,  but  re- 
moved as  soon  as  a  steady  reading  is  at- 
tained. The  thermo-couple  wires  are  al- 
loyed away  by  the  molten  metal  at  a 
rate  varying  with  the  nature  of  the  alloy 
being  melted,  but  with  non-ferrous  alloys 
and  aluminium  this  rate  is  sufficiently 
slow  to  enable  a  large  number  of  read- 
ings to  be  made  before  a  thermo-couple 
renewal  is  necessary.  When  that  re- 
newal is  necessary  its  cost  is  not  very 


large,  therefore  the  method  is  commer- 
cially justifiable. 

After  the  fused  junction  between  the 
two  alloys  has  been  destroyed  by  the 
molten  metal  the  metal  itself  forms  a 
junction  so  that  this  use  of  the  pyrometer 
can  be  continued  without  making  a  new 
junction. 

Details    of    Electric    Circuits 

Time  and  money  spent  upon  the  details 
of  the  electric  circuit  of  a  thermo-couple 
pyrometer  are  a  good  investment.  It  is 
a  mistake  to  wire  up  a  pyrometer  with 
"bell  wire."  It  has  been  found  that  heavy 
cable  well  protected — as,  for  instance,  by 
screwed  conduit,  as  shown  at  Station  12, 
Fig.  2 — is  well-worth  the  time  and  trouble 
taken  in  the  first  installation.  Similarly 
switch  connections  should  be  large,  simple 
and  easily  adjusted.  It  should  be  re- 
membered that  the  voltages  available  in 
pyrometer  circuits  are  extremely  low, 
frequently  only  small  fractions  of  a  volt 
and  that  circuit  accessories  which  are 
quite  suitable  for  lighting  or  power  cir- 
cuits will  not  give  reliable  results  in  a 
pyrometer  circuit,  the  voltage  is  not 
enough  to  break  down  a  film  of  oxide  or 
othe"  surface  corrosion. 

The  indicating  or  recording  instru- 
ments to  be  used  with  the  thermo-couple 
should  be  sufficiently  robust  to  withstand 
the  unavoidable  rough  usage  frequently 
met  with  in  industrial  work.  Delicate 
suspensions  are  quite  out  of  place  in  the 
works.  Notwithstanding  the  maximum 
robustness  attainable,  it  is  advisable  to 
choose  favorable  positions  for  instru- 
ments which  are  permanently  installed. 

Radiation   Pyrometers 

In  the  case  of  the  "total  radiation" 
pyrometer  protecting  sheaths  are  not  re- 
quired, and  therefore  the  application  of 
these  instruments  is  in  many  cases  much 
simpler.  In  view  of  the  valuable  ex- 
ploring service  which  can  be  obtained 
from  a  radiation  pyrometer,  that  instru- 
ment is  most  frequiMitly  maae  in  a  port- 
able form,  though  there  are  many  cases 
also  where  it  is  permanently  installed 
as  a  recording   instnimant. 

When  considering  a  hot  body  inside  a 
furnace  or  other  approximately  uniformly 
heated  enclosure,  the  temperature  meas- 
ured is  that  of  the  surface  presented  to 
the  instrument.  For  instance,  at  Station 
1,  Fig.  3,  the  surface  being  measured 
is  the  back  wall  of  the  furnace. 

At  Station  2  the  peep  hole  has  bean 
coned  out  to  allow  of  measurement  of 
the  temperature  of  the  hot  bodies  lying 
on  the  floor  of  the  furnace.  This  figure 
also  indicates  a  method  whereby  a  num- 
ber of  hot  bodies  being  treated  together 
may  be  made  to  provide  a  large  enough 
surface  for  the  pyrometer,  although  in- 
dividually the   hot  bodies   are   small. 

In  Station  3  the  door  is  shown  raised 
to  measure  the  temperature  of  the  hot 
body  "c." 

As  previously  mentioned,  the  radiation 
pyrometer  requires  a  relatively  large  hot 
body,  but  where  a  single  small  hot  body 
is  under  treatment  it  is  possible  to  mea- 
sure its  temperature  if  it  is  allowed  to 
rest  upon   the   floor  of  the  furnace   or 


against  the  wall  of  a  furnace  and  to  heat 
up  until,  by  the  eye,  it  has  the  same 
brightness  as  the  surface  against  which 
it  rests.  Station  4  in  Fig.  3  illustrates 
this  method  of  use. 

In  using  a  radiation  pyrometer  it  is, 
of  course,  necessary  to  prevent  flames 
from  the  furnace  reaching  the  pyrometer; 
it  is  equally  necessary  to  prevent  furnace 
gases  from  entering  the  pyrometer  re- 
ceiving tube,  although  these  gases  may 
not  be  visible  as  flames.  There  is  usually 
little  chance  of  this  happening,  but  where 
the  danger  does  exist  it  may  be  guarded 
against  by  arranging  a  cross  blast  of  air 
to  blow  away  any  flames  or  products  of 
combustion  which  might  otherwise  enter 
the  receiving  tube  of  the  pyrometer. 
Such  an  arrangement  is  shown  at  Station 
4,  Fig.  3. 

In  the  foundry  the  radiation  pyrometer 
is  useful  for  exploring  the  temperature 
of  a  pot  furnace.  In  order  that  the  tem- 
perature as  measured  may  be  indepen- 
dent of  the  nature  of  the  surface  under 
measurement  the  lid  of  the  furnace  is 
only  partially  removed,  as  shown  at  Sta- 
tion 6,  Fig.  3. 

Station  7  shows  a  method  whereby  the 
radiation  pyrometer  is  used  upon  an  ad- 
justable bracket  for  permanent  work  as, 
for  instance,  a  recording  instrument. 

As  mentioned  previously,  the  radiation 
pyrometer  may  be  used,  by  means  of  a 
special  calibration,  upon  hot  body  sur- 
faces which  are  out  in  the  open  and  not 
in  uniformly  heated  enclosures.  In-  such 
cases  the  reflecting  power  of  the  hot  body 
must  be  taken  account  of. 

Any  surface  -frhich  has  reflecting  power 
will  radiate  less  energy  than  a  non- 
reflecting  body;  it  is  not  what  is  known 
technically  as  a  "black  body,"  that  is, 
it  is  not  a  body  which  would  appear 
dead  black  if  it  were  cool. 

Fortunately  the  oxidised  surfaces  of 
iron,  steel,  copper,  whether  molten  or 
solid,  radiate  with  an  efficiency  which  is 
approximately  a  uniform  percentage  be- 
low that  of  the  "black  body,"  therefore 
the  radiation  pyrometer  may  be  cali- 
brated for  use  under  such  circumstances 
with  sufficient  accuracy  for  industrial 
purposes. 

For  instance,  the  temperature  of  a 
forging  under  the  hammer  may  be 
measured,  without  interrupting  the  pro- 
cess, in  a  manner  indicated  diagram- 
matically  at  Station  8,  Fig.  3.  Of  course, 
in  such  cases,  it  is  necessary  to  remove 
dross  or  any  non-adherent  scale  before 
a  measurement  is  made. 

When  Le  Chatelier  first  developed  his 
thermo-couple  pyrometer  he  employed 
thermo-couple  wires  of  pure  platinum 
against  platinum  alloyed  with  10  per 
cent,  of  rhodium.  He  chose  these  wires 
because  they  were  of  high  melting  point 
and  were  relatively  unalterable. 

It  has  subsequently  been  found,  how- 
ever, that  these  wires  are  influenced 
seriously  by  reducing  gases  and  the 
metal  vapors  which  may  exist  in  those 
gases.  The  wires  become  crystallized  and 
also  suffer  a  fall  in  E.M.F.,  and  there- 
fore a  change  of  calibration,  frequently 
of  large  amount,  before  the  wires  frac- 
tured. 


138 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Owing  to  the  high  expense  of  platinum 
in  these  alloys  the  wires  are  necessarily 
very  thin  and  therefore  liable  to  rapid 
attack,  while  the  user  is  tempted  to  con- 
tinue their  use  as  long  as  possible  owing 
to  the  very  high  cost  of  replacement. 

Having  chosen  the  alloys,  the  problem 
was  then  to  devise  a  galvanometer  suit- 
able for  use  as  an  indicating  instrument. 
The  alloys,  being  expensive,  were  used 
in  the  form  of  very  thin  wires,  about  a 
fiftieth  of  an  inch  diameter;  they  were 
therefore  of  high  electrical  resistance 
and  subject  to  a  large  increase  in  re- 
sistance when  heated  up  in  the  furnace. 
In  order  to  mask  the  change  in  calibra- 
tion which  would  follow  this  increase  in 
resistance,  an  indicating  instrument  was 
used  which  had  a  very  high  internal  re- 
sistance so  that  the  change  in  resistance 
in  the  circuit  was  relatively  small.  Since 
the  copper  wire  in  the  coil  of  this  in- 
dicating instrument  was  itself  subject 
to  an  increase  in  resistance  when  the 
instrument  became  hot,  a  further  "bal- 
last" resistance  had  to  be  added  in  the 
form  of  a  wire  whose  resistance  did  not 
increase  when  heated  up.  The  net  result 
of  this  high  internal  resistance  was  an 
instrument  having  very  weak  moving 
forces,  because  the  electro-motive  force 
or  voltaee  of  the  platinum-platinum 
rhodium  thermo-couple  was  in  itself  very 
small. 

The  discovery  that  "base  metals" — 
that  is,  cheaper  alloys — could  be  used  as 
reliable  thermo-couple  opened  up  a  new 
field  in  pyrometry,  and  it  has  been 
found  that  for  all  except  very  high  tem- 
peratures the  base  metal  thermo-couple 
forms  a  reliable  industrial  pyrometer. 
The  Hoskins'  alloys,  nickel-nickel- 
chromium  or  nickel  chromium-nickel 
copper  have  the  advantage  that  they  are 
much  cheaper  than  the  platinum  alloys. 
and  therefore  may  be  used  in  the  form 
of  thick  wires,  and  the  further  advantage 
of  a  much  larger  e'ectro-motive  force. 
As  the  wires  are  thick  they  are  of  low 
resistance,  and  fortunately  also  they 
have  very  small  increase  in  resistance 
when  they  are  heated  up  in  the  furnace. 
Therefore  the  necessity  of  having  an  in- 
dicating instrument  of  high  internal  re- 
sistance is  no  longer  usually  prominent. 
If  the  whole  circuit  resistance  is  low  the 
current  flowing  in  the  circuit  will  be 
proportionately  larger,  and  the  net  result 
is  that  the  moving  forces  in  a  low  resist- 
ance "base  metal"  pyrometer  using  the 
Hoskins'  alloys  are  of  the  order  of  fifty 
times  as  great  as  those  of  the  high 
resistance  platinum  alloy  pyrometer. 
The  gain  in  robustness  and  suitability 
for  industrial  work  will  be  obvious. 

It  has  been  pointed  out  already  that 
a  sheath  is  necessary  to  protect  the 
thermo-couple,  as  far  as  possible,  from 
the  influence  of  contaminating  vapors. 
In  the  case  of  the  platinum  alloy  thermo- 
couple this  sheath  must  be  literally  im- 
pervious to  gases.  Unfortunately,  the 
only  materials  which  can  approach  this 
condition  of  imperviousness  are,  in  them- 
selves, fragile — for  instance,  silica 
(quartz)  or  glazed  porcelain.  In  indus- 
trial work  it  is  the  sheath  which  sets  the 


practical  limit  to  the  temperature  at 
which  a  platinum  alloy  thermo-couple 
may  be  used,  and  this  maximum  tem- 
perature is  unfortunately  many  hundreds 
of  degrees  below  the  melting  point  of  the 
thermo-couple  wires,  therefore  the  fact 
that  the  melting  point  is  very  high  is 
really  of  no  practical  value. 

Admittedly,  the  base  metal  alloys  have 
much  lower  melting  points,  but  since  the 
question  of  the  sheath  sets  the  limit  still 
lower  than  the  melting  point,  this  fact 
is  of  small  practical  interest  under  in- 
dustrial circumstances.  To  formulate  an 
approximate  general  rule  it  may  be  said 
thrt  above  1,000°  C.  for  continuous  work 
or  1,300°  C.  for  intermittent  work,  no 
thermo-couple  could  be  used  under  in- 
dustrial conditions  usually  obtaining. 
For  this  reason  the  preference  for  the 
radiation  pyrometer  becomes  greater  as 
the  temperature  increases. 

Of  course  the  adoption  of  the  low  re- 
sistance circuit  is  quite  out  of  the  ques- 
tion with  a  platinum  alloy  thermo- 
couple, but  the  low  resistance  circuit 
cannot  be  advanced  as  an  entire  dis- 
advantage to  the  base  metal  thermo- 
couple because  the  conditions  of  me- 
chanical robustness  would  usually  make 
advisable  a  fairly  heavy  gauge  of  copper 
connecting  wire,  and  in  any  case  the 
cost  of  the  copper  connections  is  re- 
latively a  small  fraction  of  the  total 
installation  cost.  In  the  choice  of  a 
sheath  for  a  base  metal  thermo-couple 
the  field  is  very  much  wider;  metal 
sheaths  may  be  used  with  conseiuent 
increase  in  mechanical  robustness  and  re- 
duction in  cost.  The  Hoskins'  nickel 
chromium  alloys  cast  in  the  form  of  a 
sheath  give  particularly  good  service 
under  severe  conditions  up  to  about 
950°  C.  Of  course,  such  a  sheath  can- 
not be  used  with  a  platinum  alloy 
thermo-couple  because  the  metal  vapors 
emanating  from  the  sheath  itself  would 
contaminate  the  thermo-couple. 
To  be  continued 


THE  IRON  SITUATION  IN  JAPAN 

On  account  of  the  iron  and  steel  situ- 
ation in  the  United  States,  where,  be- 
cause of  successive  orders  placed  by  the 
government  for  military  requirements, 
and  the  increasing  private  demands  that 
have  developed  in  that  country  the  de- 
mand has  greatly  exceeded  the  supply, 
the  manufacture  and  delivery  of  steel  for 
exportation  to  Japan  cannot  be  under- 
taken unless  the  government's  orders  are 
first  completely  filled.  Because  of  these 
government  restrictions,  even  the  orders 
already  contracted  for,  to  say  nothing 
of  new  orders,  cannot  be  shipped  abroad 
without  the  government's  consent,  so 
naturally  delay  is  inevitable.  The  ques- 
tion of  how  long  this  situation  may  last 
cannot  be  easily  fathomed.  At  any  rate, 
for  the  present  the  import  of  American 
iron  into  Japan  cannot  be  proceeded  with 
satisfactorily. 

In  anticipation  of  higher  quotations 
that  may  result,  exporters  and  manufac- 
turers in  the  United  States  are  induced 
to  make  conditional  contracts  for  Japan- 


ese orders  consequent  upon  the  difficulty 
in  obtaining  licenses  to  ship.  On  the 
other  hand,  Japanese  merchants  are 
holding  over  their  orders  fearing  any 
future  turn  of  events.  This  naturally 
results  in  the  gradual  decrease  of  im- 
ports, and  it  is  impossible  to  know  what 
change  may  occur  in  the  market  so  long 
as  imports  of  iron  and  steel  cannot  be 
carried   on   satisfactorily. 

The  price  of  iron  has  run  up  over  20 
per  cent,  during  the  last  month,  while 
plate  iron  has  also  advanced,  due  to 
shortage  of  stocks.  The  ordinary  inch 
goods  rule  at  yen  45-46  per  100  kin,  and 
the  two-fifth  inch  goods  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  yen  46-47  per  100  kin. 

In  the  early  part  of  May  two-fifth  inch 
goods  were  somewhere  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  yen  1,100  per  ton,  but  now  the 
price,  of  yen  1,200  is  reached.  Rod  iron 
has  had  a  sharp  rise  within  the  last  few 
days,  and  at  the  same  time  the  market 
for  such  has  been  very  busy.  Round 
iron,  on  account  of  its  cheaper  quota- 
tions, advanced  also,  the  ordinary  inch 
j^oods  being  quoted  at  yen  14,  and  the 
square  goods  at  yen  15-19  per  100  kin. 
Nails  and  other  minor  goods  have  con- 
siderably stiffened,  3-5-inch  to  1  1-5-inch 
goods  bringing  yen  32  per  100  kin. 

Galvanized  plate  iron  rules  higher  by 
yen  3-40  to  yen  3-50,  while  galvanized 
wire  has  advanced  about  5  per  cent.  All 
of  these  have  advanced  by  20  to  30  per 
cent,  since  last  week.  It  is  thought  that 
another  strong  tone  may  prevail  with  the 
difficulty  in  importing  American  iron 
goods. 


UTILIZATION  OF  WESTERN 
LIGNITE 

A  plan  for  the  utilization  of  Western 
lignite  that  is  likely  to  have  far-reaching 
results  has  been  formulated  by  the  Coun- 
cil for  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research, 
of  which  Dr.  A.  B.  Macallum  is  chairman. 

The  provinces  of  Manitoba  and  Sas- 
katchewan import  annually  from  Penn- 
sylvania about  a  half  million  tons  of  an- 
thracite for  domestic  fuel,  and  send  out 
of  the  country,  therefore,  more  than 
$4,000,000.  There  are  in  these  provinces 
it  is  estimated,  about  fifty-seven  million 
tons  of  lignite  of  a  poor  grade,  and  con- 
sequently, disqualified  from  serving  as 
domestic  fuel.  It  has  been  demonstrated, 
however,  that  they  can  be  carbonized  and 
briquetted,  and  that  the  product  thus 
created  is  an  equivalent  of  anthracite. 

As  a  result  of  these  investigations, 
conducted  by  the  lignite  committee,  of 
which  R.  A.  Ross,  of  Montreal,  is  the 
chairman,  the  council  recommend  that 
the  government  establish  a  plant  in 
southern  Saskatchewan  to  turn  out  30,- 
000  tons  of  this  fuel  yearly,  the  estimat- 
ed cost  of  which  would  not  probably  ex- 
ceed $7  per  ton  at  the  plant.  The  three 
governments  concerned  are  about  to  sign 
the  proposed  agreement,  the  Dominion 
Government  having  already  involved  its 
share  of  the  total  cost  of  the  plant.  The 
governments  expect  to  appoint  the  com- 
mission to  operate  the  plant  at  an  early 
date. 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


139 


CONTINUOUS  SHELL,  HEAT  TREATING 

FURNACE  FOR  75  AND  155  M.M.  WORK 


A  CONTINUOUS  furnace  for  heat- 
treating  75  mm.  and  155  mm.  shells 
is  being  manufactured  by  the 
Strong,  Carlisle  &  Hammond  Co.,  Cleve- 
'and,  Ohio.  This  furnace,  which  can  be 
used  for  both  hardening  and  drawing 
operations,  is  of  the  underfired  type, 
constructed  with  a  working  tile  floor  27 
in.  wide  by  20  ft.  long.  In  operation  the 
flame  from  the  gas  or  oil  burners  enters 
a  combustion  chamber  beneath  the  work- 
ing tile  floor,  and  the  products  of  com- 
bustion escape  through  ports  in  the  arch. 
The  furnace  shown  in  the  accompanying 
illustration  is  oil-fired  from  burners  at 
the  side  and  is  being  used  for  treating 
75  mm.  shells.  In  heat-treating  75  mm. 
shells,  four  rows  of  shells  are  passing 
through  the  oven  at  a  time,  and  each  row 
is  supported  by  two  1%  in.  steel  bars. 
The  nose  of  one  shell  pushes  against  the 
base  of  the  shell  just  in  front  of  it.  At 
the  charging  end  of  the  furnace  is  a  table 
supporting  the  shells  and  also  two  cross- 
heads  that  move  horizontally.  Each 
cross-head  pushes  two  rows  of  shells 
through  the  oven.  The  cross-heads  are 
moved  back  and  forth  by  means  of  two 
cranks  that  are  rotated  by  means  of  a 
worm  gear  and  worm.  The  balance  of 
the  drive  consists  of  a  pinion,  gear  and 
two  cone  pulleys.  The  cone  pulleys  are 
used  so  that  the  speed  can  be  slightly 
varied.  In  heat-treating  larger  shells 
up  to  155  mm.  the  charging  end  of  the 
furnace  is  equippel  with  a  hydraulic 
ram  in  place  of  the  crank  arrangement 
described  above.  The  manufacturers  can 
supply  a  master  clock  and  bells  so  that 
the  bells  will  ring  at  certain  intervals 
and  notify  the  operator  that  the  hydrau- 
lic ram  is  to  be  operated.  When  fitted 
with  this  arrangement  the  furnaces  for 
the  larger  shells  are  not  automatic  like 


the  furnace  for  heating  the  75  mm. 
shells. 

The  furnaces  are  shipped  from  the  fac- 
tory completely  set  up  and  crated.  Up- 
on arrival  at  the  customer's  plant  it  is 
only  necessary  to  remove  the  skids  and 
make  one  air  and  one  oil  connection  for 
the  burners. 

The  hood  over  the  charging  end  as 
shown  in  the  illustration  was  installed 
to  carry  away  the  heat  which  helps  to 
keep  the  room  cool.  The  pullies  and  belt 
shown  at  the  left  hand  of  the  illustration 
drive  the  crank  feeding  arrangement. 
The  quenching  tank  is  shown  at  the  far 
end  of  the  furnace. 


BECOMING  AN  ENGINEER 
By  Batiste  Lefore 

My  name  is  Batiste  Lefore,  I  am  ze 
french  mans,  I  have  been  having  ze 
troubles  wis  ze  steam  plant  las  week. 

I  was  ze  sweep  de  floor  man  in  ze 
factory  but  every  time  de  engineer  clean 
out  dose  boilers  he  ask  for  Batistee  to 
help  hem.  Well  dat  engineer  he  go  to 
fight  de  hun  and  me  Batistee  being  old 
fellow,  I  stay  home.  De  boss  say 
Batistee,  how  you  like  to  be  engineer 
and  mak  tree  dollar  a  day.  I  say,  sure 
for  dat  is  fine  job,  all  dere  is  to  do  is 
shovel  in  coal  to  keep  dat  steam  up,  oil 
up  de  engine  and  shafting,  lace  de  belts, 
sharpen  de  knives,  wash  de  windows,  and 
sit  down  when  nobody  can  find  anyting 
for  me  to  do.  Sure,  I  make  a  grab  for 
such  a  snap  and  de  next  morning  I  am 
on  de  job  at  5  a.m.  I  fill  up  the  fire 
hole  wid  coal  and  at  7  a.m.  de  whistle 
I  blow  for  start  work,  de  big  valve  called 
safety  she  be  blowing  at  de  same  time. 


CONTINUOUS    FURNACE   FOR    HEAT  TREATING  75-MM.    SHELLS. 


After  awhile  de  Boss  come  in  and  say, 
damn  it  Batistee  why  you  let  dat  safety 
valve  below.  I  say  I  tink  she  do  dat  for 
safety.  He  look  at  de  glass  and  say 
where  is  de  water,  I  tell  him  it  is  in  de 
boiler  I  nevaire  take  eet  out.  He  yelled 
pull  out  your  fire  or  she  will  blow  up, 
den  he  runs  away  and  I  runs  after  him. 
Well  pretty  soon  de  fire  goes  out  and 
we  get  the  boiler  men  to  fix  her  up 
again  and  de  boss  show  me  how  to  put 
in  de  water  and  say  do  not  let  the  safety 
valve  plow  so  much.  I  am  getting  on 
fine  and  one  day  when  I  am  painting  de 
walls  a  feller  comes  in  and  says  are 
you  de  engineer,  I  tell  him  I  am  him. 
He  say  I  am  inspector  Dan  Sharpise. 
Where  is  your  certificate?  I  say,  what 
is  dat.  He  say  a  licence.  I  tell  him  I 
am  not  a  dog  and  do  not  need  a  tag.  He 
say  you  go  to  dose  examiners  and  get 
a  licence  or  I  put  you  in  ze  coop.  I  say 
sacre,  I  not  go  in  any  hen  coop.  1  go 
to  see  dese  examiner  fellow.  He  say 
Batiste  vos  you  an  engineer?  I  say  sure. 
He  say  describe  de  engine  you  run.  I 
tell  him  dere  is  a  pipe  to  take  de  steam 
in  and  anoder  one  to  take  it  out*  and  a 
rod  runs  out  and  in  and  turns  de  wheels 
around.  McGee  he  say.  Ha  name  de 
valve  on  de  engine.  I  tell  him  de  only 
valve  on  de  engine  is  de  one  de  Boss 
called  de  trottle.  He  say,  hang  it  man, 
I  mean  de  valve  in  de  steam  chest.  I 
tink  dat  McGee  he  been  having  some  2% 
per  cent,  to  talk  about  chests  on  de 
engine. 

He  ask  me  do  I  know  how  much  lead 
and  lap  de  valve  him  got.  I  start  to 
laugh  for  I  tink  he  joke  me.  I  say  sure 
McGee.  I  tie  de  string  to  dot  valve  and 
lead  him  around  de  mill,  and  let  him  lap 
up  some  milk  like  a  cat.  Den  McGee 
be  get  red  in  de  face  and  say  damn 
some  times  more.  Den  McGee  ask  me  if 
it  is  good  plan  to  put  valve  between 
boiler  and  safety  valve,  and  I  say,  sure, 
because  if  I  had  valve  dere  I  could  shut 
him  when  de  steam  gets  high  pressure. 
He  say  damn  again.  He  say  to  me  I 
expect  if  de  water  got  out  of  de  glass 
and  a  big  fire  on  you  would  run  away. 
I  say,  sure,  again,  dat  is  just  what  I  did 
do  a  little  while  ago.  He  say,  see  here 
Batistee,  you  no  damn  good  as  an  en- 
gineer, go  away  and  learn  sometings  and 
come  back  next  year.  Anyhow  I  am 
going  to  write  to  dose  correspondence 
schools  on  Yongs  street,  Toronto,  and 
pretty  soon  I  will  be  a  mail  order  en- 
gineer wid  a  salary  of  $3  a  day,  and 
noding  for  Sunday  or  overtime  work. 
By  gar,  dere  is  a  lot  to  learn  in  dat 
engineering. 

The  best  blowoff  valve  arrangement 
is  to  place  a  quick-opening  straight-way 
valve  next  to  the  boiler  with  an  asbestos- 
packed  iron  body  plug  cock  of  the  angle 
type  at  the  elbow  connecting  the  straiirht 
blowoff  pipe  with  the  main  blowoff  line 
connection. 

The  hottest  part  of  the  boiler  furnace 
is  just  behind  the  bridgewall  and  fre- 
quently it  will  be  f  our)d  tjiat  more  scale 
is  thrown  here  than  at  any  other  point. 


140 


Volume  XX. 


Principles  &  Practice  of  Mechanical  Sketching  &  Drawing -IV 

Every  Mechanic  Should  Know  How  to  Make  and  Interpret  Mechanical  Drawings  and  Sketches 
of  the  Simpler  Types — A  Practical  Course  Prepared  Especially  For  Younger  Men 

and  Newcomers  in  the  Industry 

By  Terrell  Croft 


ORTHOGRAPHIC  PROJECTIONS 

MAKE  your  drawing  tell  the  whole 
story.  Remember  that  mechani- 
cal drawing  is  a  language,  and 
that  any  working  sketch  which  you  may 
turn  out  is  a  graphic  description  of  what 
is  to  be  made  or  done.  If  the  sketch  is 
incomplete — if  it  lacks  the  requisite  di- 
mensions or  views  or  details — the  result 
is  the  same  as  when  an  author  omits 
certain  important  words  from  his  book. 
Be  always  certain  that  the  ideas  which 
you  desire  to  convey  are  shown  complete- 
ly. Don't  be  selfish  when  you  make  a 
sketch,  but  consider  that  probably  others 
besides  yourself  may  have  to  work  from 
or  refer  to  it  in  the  future.  Details  count 
for  much   in   mechanical   drawings. 

If  the  thing  is  considered  solely  from 
the  standpoint  of  economics  it  can  be 
demonstrated  readily  that  it  is  extreme- 
ly wasteful  to  omit  proper  information 
from  drawings.  The  pattern-maker,  the 
machinist,  the  erector,  and  others  down 
along  the  line  may  spend  an  aggregate 
of  hours  in  ferreting  out  from  a  sheet 
facts  which  could  have  been  incorporate<l 
in  a  few  moments  by  the  originator  of 
the  sketch. 

Proportions  and  Perspective 

Practically  all  working  drawings  are 
orthographic  drawings,  and  the  different 
"views"  which  comprise  them  are  ortho- 
graphic projections.  While  orthographic 
is  rather  a  long  and  awkward  word,  it 
is  used  so  frequently  that  it  is  essential 
the  serious  student  of  the  language  of 
lines  (mechanical  drawing)  understands 
precisely  what  it  means.  It  is  the  inten- 
tion, therefore,  to  now  examine  the  situ- 
ation rather  minutely.  The  underlying 
principle  is  very  important  because,  as 
suggested  above  it  is  the  basis  of 
practically  all  engineering  drawing.     If 


a  man  once  masters  the  principles  which 
it  is  proposed  to  discuss,  he  will  thereby 
be  saved  much  future  time  and  trouble — 
both  in  the  making  and  in  the  reading  of 
working  drawings. 

What  the  word  "orthographic"  means 
may  be  ascertained  by  referring  to  any 
standard  dictionary.  There  it  will  be 
found  that  it  is  applied  not  only  to  draw- 
ing but  to  music  and  to  grammar.  In 
each  case  orthographic  relates  to  the 
rendering  of  a  thing  in  its  true  sense  or 
true  proportion.  Thus,  orthography  in 
grrammer  relates  to  the  correct  spelling 
of  words.  Orthography  in  music  has  to 
do  with  the  representation  of  tones  and 
effects  by  the  proper  characters.  An 
orthographic  drawing  is  one  which  is  in 
correct  proportion. 

There  is  a  distinction  between  an  or- 
thographic and  a  perspective  drawing. 
In  an  orthographic  drawing  (for  example 
any  ordinary  working  drawing)  the  lines 
are  in  their  true  proportions.  In  a 
perspective  drawing  the  lines  are  not  in 
their  correct  proportions  although  they 
appear  to  the  eye  to  be  so.  If,  in  a  per- 
spective drawing  the  lines  are  in  their 
correct  proportions  they  will  not  appear 
to  the  eye  to  be  correct. 

For  example,  consider  the  perspective 
drawing  (Fig.  1)  of  the  steam  chest 
cover.  This  appears  to  the  eye  to  be  in 
proportion  and  to  be  a  fair  representa- 
tion of  the  object  under  consideration. 
However,  since  this  is  a  perspective 
drawing  it  is  really  not  in  proportion. 
As  shown  in  Fig.  2,  which  is  a  reduced 
reproduction  of  Fig.  1,  the  lines  extend- 
ing away  from  the  realer  intersect  at  a 
vanishing  point  P.  It  is  apparent  then 
that  in  Fig.  1  the  line  LG  is  shorter 
than  the  line  EF,  whereas  in  the  actual 
object  we  know  that  these  two  lines  rep- 
resenting edges  would  be  of  precisely  the 


same  length.  Also  in  Fig.  1  GK  is  shorter 
than  FJ,  while  in  the  actual  cover  they 
would  be  of  exactly  equal  dimensions. 

Orthographic   Projection  Necessary 

From  a  consideration  of  the  facts  out- 
lined just  above  it  is  evident  that  per- 
spective drawings  are  not  suitable  for 
general  engineering  purposes  for  which 
it  is  usually  desirable  to  represent  edges, 


^7  // 


HG,    1     PERSPECTIVE    VIEW    OF    STEAM    CHEST   COVER 


FIG.  2— SHOWING  HOW  THE  LINES  OF  A 
PERSPECTIVE  DRAWING  MAY  IF  PRO- 
JECTED   INTERSECT    AT    A    DISTANT    POINT. 

surfaces,  and  comers  in  their  true  pro- 
portions. But  with  orthographic  draw- 
ings this  requirement  of  true  proportion 
is  satisfied,  as  will  be  described. 

The  function  of  a  working  drawing  or 
working  sketch  is  to  show  on  one  plane 
— the  surface  of  the  paper  upon  which 
the  sketch  is  made — a  picture  of  the  ob- 
ject under  consideration.  The  object 
which  the  drawing  shows  has  three  di- 
mensions— length,  breadth  and  thickness 
— while  the  plane  upon  which  the  draw- 
ing is  made  has  only  two  dimensions, 
length  and  breadth.  By  utilizing  the 
principles  of  orthographic  projection  it 
is,  as  will  be  shown,  possible  to  plot  on 
the  apper  plane  a  picture  (usually  com- 
prising two  or  more  views  of  the  object 
in  question)  which  will  show  it  in  true 
proportion  and   in  all  of  its  details. 

An  example  illustrating  how  an  object 
may  be  shown  in  orthographic  drawing 
is  given  in  Fig.  3.  If  the  steam  chest 
cover  of  Fig.  1  be  observed  with  only  one 
eye  (E,  Fig.  3)  open,  the  observer,  stand- 
irig  so  that  he  is  directly  in  front  of  the 
center  of  the  object,  will  then  see  mere- 
ly a  rectangle  (A'  and  B',  Fig.  3).  If 
now  a  sheet  of  glass,  S,,  be  inserted  at 
right  angles  to  the  line  of  vision  and  on 
this  glass  a    trace    of    the    rectangular 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


141 


outline  as  it  appears  to  the  observer  be 
made  with,  say  a  pencil  of  soap,  this 
trace,  AB,  will  also  be  a  rectangle.  This 
rectangle  will,  obviously,  be  an  ortho- 
graphic drawing  of  the  front  of  the 
steam  chest  cover  because  it  is  a  repro- 
duction in  correct  proportion  of  the 
front  of  the  cover.     But  it  is  apparent 


Complete  Views 

These  three  views  traced  on  the  faces 
of  the  glass  box — the  front  view,  the 
top  view,  and  the  end  view — completely 
determine  the  over-all  dimensions  and 
the  contour  of  the  object.  But,  as  drawn 
on  the  glass  box  in  Fig.  5,  each  of  the 
three  lies  in  a  different  plane.     If  the 


FIG.    8-    ILLUSTRATING    THE    IDEA    OF    ORTHOGRAPHIC    PROJECTION. 


that  this  one  front  view  of  the  cover  does 
not  give  sufficient  information  to  enable 
a  manufacturer  who  has  never  seen  the 
cover  to  reproduce  it  in  his  shop.  This 
front  view  tells  nothing  as  to  the  depth 
or  the  contour  of  the  body  of  the  casting. 
If,  however,  another  glass  sheet  (S,, 
Fig.  4)  be  arranged  directly  over  the 
cover  and  at  right  angles  to  sheet  S,, 
then  the  top  view  of  the  object  can  be 
traced  with  the  soap  pencil  on  this  glass 
pane.  The  front  and  top  views  thus 
obtained  give  considerable  information 
relating  to  the  construction  of  the  cover 
but  do  not  define  it  completely.  To  in- 
sure more  adequate  definition  another 
end  view  (E^  and  E,,  Fig.  5)  can  be 
traced  if  the  cover  is  arranged  in  a 
glass  box  on  the  end  of  which  the  end- 
view  trace  is  drawn  with  the  soap 
pencil. 


information  which  these  views  convey  is 
to  be  transferred  to  a  sheet  of  drawing 
paper,  all  three  of  the  views  must  some- 


SftttTa    f^   et* 


Tt^    l</f^ 


FIG.    4-  TOP   AND    FRONT    VIEWS    OF   STEAM 

CHEST     COVER     TRACED     ON     TWO     GLASS 

SHEETS    WHICH    ARE    ARRANGED    AT   RIGHT 

ANGLES   TO    ONE    ANOTHER. 


FIG.     5— THE     STEAM     CHEST     COVER     IN     A 

GLASS     BOX     ON     THE     SIDES     OF     WHICH 

IMAGES    HAVE    BEEN    TRACED. 

how  or  other  be  transferred  to  the  same 
plane.  How  this  may  be  done  is  de- 
lineated in  Fig.  6.  The  glass  sheets 
upon  which  the  end  view  and  the  top 
view  were  traced  have  each  been  swung 
through  an  angle  of  90°  so  that  now 
they  all  lie  in  the  same  plane  with  the 
sheet  upon  which  the  front  view  was 
drawn.  In  Fig.  6  these  three  views 
have  been  shown  shaded  to  insure  that 
they  will  stand  out  clearly.  In  the  actual 
drawings  on  the  glass  the  views  would, 
of  course,  appear  in  outline  as  shown 
in  Figs.  4  and  5.  If  a  piece  of  tracing 
cloth  or  paper  be  stretched  over  the 
glass  plates  of  Fig.  6,  we  could  then 
trace  on  this  sheet  the  orthographi': 
drawing  of  the  chest  cover,  which  would 
appear  as  shown  in  Fig.  7. 

Three  different  views  are,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  7,  usually  necessary  to  define 
adequately  the  proportions  of  an  object. 
The  front  view  is  sometimes  called   the 


front  elevation  or  vertical  projection  be- 
cause it  is  a  reproduction  of  the  projec- 
tion of  the  object  on  a  vertical  plane. 
The  top  view  is  also  sometimes  called  the 
plan  or  the  horizontal  projection.  The 
side  view  is  sometimes  called  the  side 
elevation  or  profile   projection. 


FIG.  6  HOW  THE  IMAGES  TRACED  ON  THE 

SIDES   OF   THE   GLASS   BOX   MAY   BE 

ROTATED  SO  THAT  THEY  ALL  LIE  IN  THE 

SAME  PLANE. 


How  planes,  edges,  and  corners  are 
represented  in  orthographic  drawings  will 
for  the  most  part,  be  evident  from  a  con- 
sideration of  what  has  preceded.  Thus 
it  is  true  that  in  an  orthographic  draw- 
ing, an  edge  is  always  represented  by  a 
line.  If  it  is  assumed  that  the  line  of 
vision  of  the  observer  is  at  right  angles 


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STE\M    CiEST  O.VE^; 
T.IE     LMaGES    of    T 


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OVER  TRACED  FROM 
3    GLASS    PLANES    OF 


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fnour    Vt£w~ 

FIG.  8  ORTHOGRAPHIC  DRAWING  OF  THE 

STEAM  CHEST  COVER  REARRANGED  SO  AS 

TO  CONFORM  TO  STANDARD  USAGE. 


142 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


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FIG.  9  — ORT-'Or.RAPHIC  DRAWING  WITH 
THE  DIFFERENT  VIEWS  BROUGHT  TO- 
GETHER BUT  WITHOUT  DOTTED  LINES  TO 
INDICATE  HIDDEN  SURFACES  AND  INTER- 
SECTIONS. 


-"-«* 


>   1 1 
1   ,  ^-- 

1     1 
1    1 

1     1 

Mil 

•-I-M 
1  1      1 
1  1    .1 

1 

— t—  — 
1 
1 

1     1 
.      .1 — 1- 

FIG.     10— PARTIALLY     COMPLETED    ORTHO- 
GRAPHIC     WORKING      DRAWING      OF      THE 
STEAM  CHEST  COVER 


to  the  line,  then  the  line  will  be  shown 
in  its  true  length.  A  straight  edge  or 
surface  viewed  at  its  end  appears  on  the 
drawing  as  a  point.  A  comer  of  the 
object  always  appears  on  the  drawing 
as  a  point  regardless  of  the  direction 
from  which  it  is  viewed. 

Invisible  or  hidden  surfaces  or  edges 
are,  when  observed  side  on,  represented 


FIG.     11— HOLLOW     BLOCK     WITH     INTERN- 
ALLY    PROJECTING    LUG. 

in  the  orthographic  drawing  by  dotted 
lines.  No  dotted  lines  are  shown  in 
Fig.  7.  How  they  should  be  introduced 
will  be  treated  later. 

Arrangement  of  Views 

In  arranging  the  views  in  an  ortho- 
graphic drawing  it  is  usually  customary 
to  place  the  top  view  in  the  upper  left- 
hand  comer  of  the  sheet,  front  view  be- 
low it,  and  the  end  view  at  its  right,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  8.  This  is  ordinarily  the 
preferable  practice  as  it  allows  space  in 
the  lower  right-hand  comer  of  the  shegt 
for  the  title.  However,  there  is  no 
reason  why  one  of  the  other  possible 
arrangement  should  not  be  followed, 
provided  the  ideas  of  orthographic  pro- 
jection    are    used     con8iBt«ntly.      Thus, 


COVEH. 

Or ii-isir  Haw. 


fi~  J48e~ 


FIG.     12— THE    COMPLETED     WORKING    DRAWING    OF    THE     STEAM     CHEST    COVER. 


rig.  7  shows  a  perfect  reproduction  of 
the  steam  chest  cover.  It  may  at  times 
be  desirable  to  show  above  its  plan  view 
a  rear  view  of  the  object  and  in  addition 
a  right-end  view  and  a  left-end  view. 
Or  it  may  serve  more  satisfactorily  to 
show  a  left-end  view  without  a  right-end 
view. 

To  complete  the  orthographic  drawing 
of  the  steam  chest  cover  shown  in  Fig.  8 
into  a  finished  product,  the  first  step 
would  be  to  move  the  views  closer  to- 
gether, which  would  result  in  the  plot 
detailed  in  Fig.  9.  Also  the  bolt  holes, 
H,  which  have  been  omitted  from  Figs. 
2  to  8,  inclusive,  to  insure  simplicity, 
should  be  included.  Next,  the  dotted 
lines  representing  invisible  surfaces 
should  be  incorporated.  The  resulting 
sheet  will  then  appear  as  in  Fig.  10. 
The  importance  of  the  dotted  lines  is 
apparent  when  one  considers  that  unless 
these  are  shown  one  would  not  be  able 
to  learn  from  the  drawing  (Fig.  9) 
whether  the  depression  ABCD  extended 
entirely  through  the  block  as  shown  in 
Fig.  11  or  only  partially  through,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  1  and  specified  by  the 
dotted  line  MN  in  Fig.   10.     Finally  to 


Number  of  Views  Required 

The  number  of  views  necessary  to 
definitely  describe  the  object  in  the  pic- 
ture language  of  orthographic  drawing 
is  a  thing  which  must  be  determined  for 
each  case  on  its  merits.  For  example, 
occasionally,  as  illustrated  in  the  anchor- 
bolt  example  of  Fig.  13,  one  view  with 
appended  notes  transmits  all  of  the  data 
that  is  necessary.  It  is  seldom,  however, 
that  one  view  of  an  object  defines  it  suf- 
ficiently. If  one  considers  that  the 
general  contour  of  the  top  views  of  the 
objects  of  Figs.  1,  11  and  16  would  be 
precisely  the  same,  the  importance  of 
this  feature  is  apparent.  A  side  or  a 
front  view  would  be  necessary  to  show 
the  difference  in  contours  of  the  objects 
of  Figs.  1  and  16.  How  the  construction 
of  Fig.  11  is  shown  by  dotted  lines  to 
be  different  from  that  of  Fig.  1  has  been 
explained  in  connection  with  the  discus- 
sion of  Fig.  12.  Certain  objects,  such  as 
the  cylindrical  spacer  of  Fig.  14,  can  be 
shown,  so  that  there  is  no  possibility 
of  misunderstanding  their  contour,  with 
two  views. 

Another  example  of  a  two-view  draw- 
ing is  that  diagrammed  in  Fig.  15,  which 


^auAHi    Nuts 


I    eif^o  f»,/H  ^ttcM  cFi'A  /liu  sun  /r'. 


T 


T 


'Sa 


FIG    IS— AN   ANCHOR   BOLT.     EXAMPLE  OF   AN    ISOMETRIC   DRAWING  IN    WHICH   ONE 
VIEW   TELLS    THE    WHOLE    STORY. 


complete  the  drawing  (Fig.  12)  add  the 
center  lines,  dimensions,  dimension  lines, 
arrow  heads  and  title.  Note  (Fig.  12) 
how  screw  threads  for  the  tapped  hole 
T    are  indicated. 


shows  the  perspective  view  and  the 
orthographic  projections  of  a  east  iron 
channel  washer  or  plate  which  may  be 
used  for  clamping  shaft  hangers  or 
similar  devices  to  a  twin-channel  girder 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


143 


/'susFccni/e    V/cm 


6  .  I 
Slope   TQ  rir 
//vs/oe  e^  J-Sti^M- 


/'cnsfecr/  v£     V/£w 


FIG.  14— PLAN,  ELEVATION  AND 
PERSPECTIVE  VIEW   OF  CYLIN- 
DRICAL    SPACER. 


CHANNEL  OR    I" 
WASHER. 


BEAM  FLANGE 


Cffsco  Hfies 


LIQUID  FUEL  APPLICATIONS 

According  to  one  of  the  large  oil  com- 
panies, liquid  fuel  is  to  be  found  giving 
highly  efficient  service  in  bakeries,  brew- 
eries, brass  and  other  foundries,  bed- 
stead factories,  bolt  and  nut  works,  boiler 
shops,  cement  works,  cycle  works,  chemi- 
cal works,  dyers'  works,  drop-forging 
works,  dynamite  works,  distilleries,  en- 
gine works,  elecricity  generating  sta- 
tions, glass  works,  pottery  works,  rail- 
way works,  steel  rolling  mills,  sugar  re- 
fineries, shipyards,  tube  works,  tool 
works,  tramway  undertakings,  water- 
works, wagon  works,  and  wire  works. 
Amongst  more  or  less  unfamiliar  pro- 
cesses in  which  it  is  used  are  tempering 
magnets,  drying  tea,  smelting  tin  and 
ore,  shrinking  tires,  soldering,  heating 
rivets,  distilling  petroleum,  bending 
plates,  heating  buildings,  galvanizing, 
dust  destruction,  carbonizing  lamp  fila- 
ments, and  singeing  cloth.  It  is  also  used 
in  many  metallurgical  processes  in  addi- 
tion to  those  mentioned. 

To  face  a  cast-iron  pulley  with  leather 
apply  acetic  acid  to  the  face  of  the  pul- 
ley with  a  brush,  which  will  roughen  it 
by  rusting,  and  then  when  dry  apply  a 
cement  made  of  one  pound  of  fish  glue 
and  one  half  pound  of  common  glue, 
melted  in  a  mixture  of  alcohol  and  water. 
The  leather  should  then  be  placed  on  the 
pulley  and  dried  under  pressure. 


Channel    Fi^Nces. 
PemrecTive    View. 


FIG. 


DETAILS   OF   CHANNEL   PLATE,    CAST   IRON. 


or  roof  truss.  An  object  necessitating 
three  views  for  its  perfect  definition  is 
the  flange  washer  described  in  Fig.  17. 

Isometric  Example 

An  example  of  a  three-view  isometric 
drawing  is  given  in  Fig.  18  which  shows 
the  proportions  of  a  casting  which  has 
been  utilized  very  effectively  in  certain 
industrial  shops  and  plants  for  support- 
ing overhead  motors  and  shaft  hangers. 
These  beams,  for  such  they  are,  are 
clamped      between       two       twin-channel 


tional  reproduction  and  section  lines  will 
be  treated  in  a  future  article. 


The  fire  point  of  an  oil  is  the  lowest 
temperature  at  which  the  oil  itself 
ignites  from  its  vapors  when  a  small 
test  flame  is  quickly  approached  near  its 
surface  and  quickly  removed.  Since  the 
fire  point  is  always  above  the  flash 
point  the  fire  point  value  becomes  of 
minor  importance  for  this  paper. 


FIG.    lg-<;AST    IRON    MOTOR    OR    SHAFT   HANGER    SUPPORT   TO    SPAN    ACROSS    TWO 
CHANNEL    GIRDER    (THIS    IS    AN    EXAMPLE    OF    AN    ISOMETRIC    DA  AWING    FOR    WHICH 
THREE    VIEWS    ARE    NECESSARY. 


FIG.     16— RECTANGULAR     BLOCK     WITH    EX- 
TENSION   PROJECTING    FROM    UPPER    FACE. 


girders  which  are  erected  for  their  re- 
ception. The  construction  thus  provided 
is  fireproof  and  very  substantial. 

Sometimes  sections  are  used  in  com- 
bination with  orthographic  views  to  in- 
dicate the  construction  of  an  object. 
Fig.  19,  which  shows  a  cable  or  pipe-rack 
casting  which  is  designed  to  hook  over  a 
bolt  inserted  through  a  web  of  a  steel 
tee,  constitutes  a  good  illustration  of  this 
practice.      The    general    subject   of   sec- 


FIG.    19^-CABLE   OR    PIPE   RACK    DETAILS.      THIS    SHOWS    HOW    SECTIONAL   VIEWS   MAY 

BE   USED   IN    COMBINATION    WITH    ORTHOPEDIC    PROJECTIONS    TO    CONVEY    THE 

REQUIRED    INFORMATION. 


144 


Volume  XX. 


FROM  THE  MEN 
WHO  PRODUCE 

Methods,  Machining  Devices,  Systems  and  Suggestions  From 
Shop  And  Drafting  Room 


Efficient  Appliances  for  Eco- 
nomic Shell  Production — II 

By  J.  H.  RODGERS 
Associate  Editor   Canadian   Machinery 


Radius  Grinding  Cutter. 

While  the  production  of  the  18  pdr.  r.as 
been  discontinued  here  in  Canada  many 
devices  were  developed  for  the  rapid  and 
economic  manufacture  of  this  size  of 
high  explosive  shell.  A  very  interesting 
and  serviceable  device  for  the  grinding 
of  the  boring  cutters  is  illustrated  in 
Fig.  9,  and  as  this  attachment  could  be 
easily  applied  to  almost  any  make  of 
small  grinding  machine,  the  same  prin- 
ciple might  very  well  be  adapted  to 
many  other  lines  of  similar  work.  The 
appliance  consists  of  a  base  A  that  can 
be  secured  to  the  table  of  the  machine. 
The  upper  portion  of  this  base  is  fitted 
with  a  slide  in  which  is  placed  the  rest 
B,  the  top  surface  of  which  is  inclined 
at  an  angle  of  about  6  degrees  for  grind- 
ing the  clearance  on  the  cutters  that  are 
held  in  a  specially  designed  block  E, 
which  is  provided  with  pivot  hole  so 
located  as  to  revolve  on  the  pin  G  to 
form  the  radius  on  either  side  of  the 
cutter,  the  block  being  reversed  to  per- 
form the  operation  on  the  opposite  side. 
The  cutters  are  held  in  position  by  means 
of  the  screw  F. 

Stops  H  and  I  are  provided  at  the  de- 
sired positions  to  regulate  the  travel  of 
the  block  from  one  position  to  another, 
and  also  act  as  a  guide  when  grinding 
the  straight  portion  on  the  face  or  the 
side.  Close  adjustment  is  obtained  by 
the  screw  J  and  locking  nut  K. 

Unique  Grinder  For  Shell  Bore 

It  is  seldom  that  the  bore  of  the  shells 
is  sufficiently  smooth  after  the  ftnis,h 
tooling  has  been  performed,  and  for  this 
reason,  and  likewise  to  conform  to  the 
specifications  it  is  necessary  that  some 
method ,  be  adopted  to  put  a  finish  on 
the  bore  that  will  meet  the  requirement 
of  the  contract  and  pass  the  examina- 
tion of  the  inspectors.  The  method  gen- 
erally adopted  for  this  purpose  has  been 
to  grind  out  the  irregrularities  by  some 
simple  device  constructed  for  the  work. 
Many  different  appliances  have  been 
developed  for  smoothing  the  surface  and 
nearly  all  of  them  have  particular  ad- 
vantages that  have  kept  them   in   con- 


tinual service.  As  has  been  the  case 
in  all  other  impromptu  appliances  the 
available  material  about  a  plant  has 
been  the  chief  reason  for  the  wide  vari- 
ance in  the  design  of  this  and  similar 
wheel  E,  a  thrust  ring  F  being  fitted  to 
the  forward  .end  of  the  shaft  I  which  is 
supported  in  the  long  babbited  tubing 
K,  the  latter  being  securely  held  in  the 
casting  L.  A  dust  cap  M  is  located  on 
the  forward  end  of  the  chuck.  The  grind- 
ing wheel  H  is  fitted  to  the  end  of 
the  shaft  I  which  is  supported  in  the 
equipment. 

The  device  shown  in  Fig.  10  may 
appear  quite  complicated  but  it  has 
proved  very  efficient  and  is  of  specia! 
interest  owing  to  its  unique  construc- 
tion and  its  method  of  operation.  The 
supporting  frame  is  made  from  two  S 
shaped  structural  members  held  in  posi- 


tion by  the  channel  irons  shown.  Two 
solid  steady  rests  are  secured  on  one 
end  that  carry  the  large  collet  chuck  D 
that  is  operated  by  means  of  the  hand 
long  babbited  tubing  K,  the  latter 
being  securely  held  in  the  casting 
L.  A  dust  cap  M  is  located  on  the 
forward  end  of  the  tube  to  prevent 
the  dust  from  destroying  the  bearing. 
A  piece  of  cold  rolled  shafting  is  secured 
in  the  middle  of  this  casting  L,  which 
acts  as  a  plunger  in  the  cylinders  T  T, 
one  of  these  being  located  at  either  end 
of  the  machine  and  supported  in  suitable 
brackets — not  shown.  The  adjustment 
of  the  cutting  wheel  is  obtained  bv 
means  of  the  nut  Q  that  is  fitted  to  a 
rod  P  connected  to  the  bracket  at  the 
point  O.  The  fixture  is  so  arranged  on 
the  shaft  R  that  by  a  simple  movement 
the  support  together  with  the  grinding 
shaft,  can  be  swung  aside  to  remove  the 
shell  from  the  chuck.  The  longitudinal 
feed  for  the  grinding  wheel  is  obtainea 
by  a  combination  of  compressed  air  and 
oil,  the  latter  being  contained  in  a  couple 
of  spoiled  8  inch  shells  and  so  connected 
that  the  air  supply  coming  through  the 
pipe  2  is  supplied  at  will  to  either  cyl- 
inder by  the   control     of  the   three-way 


0    a 

n  1 

1 

n 

\ 

-^y 

1 — 1 

flltt  />/». 

/I 

FIG.  9     RADIUS  GEINDING  FIXTURE   18  PDR.  H.E.  SHELLS. 


Augrust  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


145 


FIG.     1(K    DEVICE    FOR    GRINDING    BORE. 


cocks  4,  4,  these  being  so  connected  that 
they  operate  in  unison.  As  the  air 
passes  through  the  pipes  5  and  into  the 
upper  portion  of  the  shell  reservoir,  the 
oil  is  forced  up  the  pipes  U  and  against 
the  cold  rolled  shaft  plunger.  The  speed 
of  the  movement  can  be  regulated  by 
adjusting  the  valve  V  whereby  the  flow 
can  be  adjusted  to  suit  the  desired  con- 
ditions. This  appliance  while  rather 
cumbersome  has  nevertheless  given  very 
good  results. 

Another  Method  For  Grinding  Bore 

A  somewhat  simpler  device  designed 
for  the  same  purpose  is  shown  in  Fig. 
11.  In  this  particular  case  the  bearings 
for  the  grinding  shaft  is  composed  of 
two  11-ineh  hangers  fitted  to  a  suitable 
plank  B,  the  shaft  being  operated  by 
the  pulley  C.  On  the  grinding  end  of 
the  shaft  is  the  piece  D  in  whuh  is 
supported  the  two  arms  E  that  carry 
the  grinding  wheels  F;  these  are  circular 
in  shape  and  held  in  position  by  the 
small  nuts  shown.  To  renew  the  cutting 
properties  of  the  wheels  it  is  simply 
necessary  to  slacken  the  nuts  and  give 
wheels  a  slight  turn.  The  carriage  is 
composed  of  a  wooden  framework 
mounted  on  two  small  trucks  that  run 
in  a  parallel  direction  to  the  grinding 
spindle  on  the  track  H.  It  is  very  ad- 
visable that  the  axis  of  the  shell  when 
resting  on  the  carriage  should  be  cen- 
tral with  the  inner  shaft,  as  any  eccen- 
tricity would  tend  to  destroy  the  regular 
operation  of  the  fixture. 

Three-Piece   Boring   Cutter 

Boring  bars  are  numerous  in  design 
but  the  general  principal  is  invariably 
the  same.  In  the  one  here  shown  In 
Fig.  12  the  cutter  is  made  in  three  dis- 
tinct pieces,  the  portion  used  to  form 
the  base  of  the  shell  and  the  profile 
being  located  in  the  end  of  the  bar, 
while  the  parallel  section  of  the  bore  is 
derived  by  the  two  side  cutters.  The 
reason  for  this  design  was  the  saving 
that  was  effected  in  the  use  of  high 
speed  steel,  as  smaller  bars  could  be 
used  in  making  the  cutters.  The  side 
cutters  can  be  adjusted  by  means  of  the 
two  small  headless  screws  E.  The  cut- 
ting lubricant  is  distributed  to  the  side 


by  two  inclined  holes  leading  off  from 
the  central  hole. 

Three-Bladed   Cutter   Head 

A  three-bladed  cutter  that  has  given 
excellent  satisfaction  is  illustrated  in 
Fig.  13.  The  cutter  head  A,  which  u 
made  of  machine  steel  or  cold  rolled,  is 
fitted  by  means  of  a  screw  and  taper, 
to  the  machine  steel  bar  B  which  is  held 
in  position  in  the  turret  or  back  rest  of 
the  machine.  Three  equidistant  slots 
are  milled  out  in  the  head  A  to  receive 
the  three  cutters  C  C  and  D,  the  last 
one  having  an  extension  on  the  forward 
end  for  facing  purposes,  a  suitable  slot 
being  milled  across  the  face  for  support 
to  this  cutter.  These  cutters  are  secured 
in  position  by  means  of  wedge  blocks  E 
and  fillister  screws  F.  The  use  of  the 
three  cutter  method  has  a  stiffening 
tendency  and  assists  in  steadying  the 
cutter  when  in  operation. 

Finishing  Inside  Profile. 

Following  the  nosing  operation  of  the 


comes  a  difficult  proposition  to  accomi»- 
lish  this  purpose,  particularly  if  the 
irregularities  on  the  inner  profile  are 
very  pronounced.  The  small  opening 
left  in  the  nose  of  the  shell  prevents  the 
use  of  a  boring  bar  that  will  be  stiff 
enough  to  do  any  serious  amount  of 
machining,  so  that  the  bars  that  have 
been  developed  for  this  purpose  are  gen- 
erally of  a  character  that  great  care  re- 
quires to  be  exercised  in  their  operation. 
The  one  shown  in  Fig.  14  is  similar  to 
that  used  in  a  large  number  of  plants, 
this  being  comprised  of  a  solid  bar  so 
shaped  as  to  give  the  maximum  rigidity 
under  the  conditions  present.  In  order 
to  obtain  the  maximum  holding  power 
for  the  screws  they  are  placed  near  the 
center  of  the  bar,  and  for  this  reason 
the  back  edge  of  the  cutter  is  provided 
with  three  slots  through  which  the 
screws  pass.  The  outer  end  of  the  bent 
bar  is  turned  to  receive  the  small  roller 
shown  that  serves  as  a  guide  for  the 
finishing  position  of  the  cutter,  prevent- 
ing the  same  from  cutting  below  the 
point  intended.  Lubricant  is  forced  to 
the  cutter  through  the  center  of  the  bar 
and  out  through  the  inclined  opening. 
In  using  these  cutters  it  is  necessary 
that  the  shank  be  removed  from  the 
support  before  the  bar  can  be  removed 
from   the   shell. 

Special  Inside  Profiling  Device. 

A  very  interesting  p^'ofiling  device  wus 
developed  by  the  engineers  of  a  large 
plant  for  cleaning  out  the  shell  after  the 
nose  has  been  closed.  The  main  body  A 
of  the  fixture  is  made  from  a  steel  forg- 
ing, the  shank  turned  to  fit  the  hole  of 
a  turret  and  additionally  supported  by 
means  of  the  keyway  B.  The  cutting 
tool  C  is  contained  in  the  slot  cut  in  the 
center  of  the  bar  extension  and  is 
pivoted  by  the  stud  D,  the  outer  end  of 
the  cutter  swinging  through  a  small  arc 


FIG.    11.     GRINDING    BORE    OK   6-IN.    SHELL. 


shells  and  for  the  same  reason  explained 
in  a  previous  section  of  this  article,  it 
is  necessary  that  any  "irregularitie.s  in 
the  interior,  resulting  from  the  bottling 
operation,  should  be  removed  before  the 
shell  can  be  accepted  by  the  inspectors. 
Owing  to  the  confined  space  that  is  now 
left  for  machining     of  any  kind  it  be- 


and  being  a  working  fit  at  the  point  E. 
The  device  is  operated  by  the  handle  F 
which  is  secured  to  the  sleeve  G  threaded 
in  the  boss  on  the  main  holder.  Through 
the  center  of  the  sleeve  is  fitted  the  bolt 
I,  the  ball  head  of  which  bears  against 
the  tail  of  the  cutter.  This  tail  is  main- 
tained against  the  head  J  by  the  action 


14« 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FIG.    12— BORING    BAR    HEAD 


FIG.    18— FINISH    BORING    BAR. 


FIG.    14— INTERNAL    PROFILING    TOOL.      WATEROUS    ENGINE    WORKS. 


of  the  spring  P  against  the  nut  M  which 
is  locked  on  the  screw  K,  which  in  turn 
passes  through  the  sliding  piece  L.  The 
adjustable  screw  N  serves  as  a  positive 
stop  when  the  desired  position  of  the 
cutter  is  attained.  The  retainer  O  is 
securely  bolted  to  the  main  holder  by 
means  of  the  bolts  Q.  A  small  groove 
R  in  the  forward  end  of  the  cutter  al- 
lows the  cutter  to  come  back  against  the 
stop  S,  and  when  in  this  position  the 
cutter  is  practically  in  the  center  of  the 
bar,  leaving  the  same  free  to  be  re- 
moved from  the  shell  without  removing 
the  holder  from  its  fixed  position. 


degree  Fahr.  for  every  55  feet  of  depth. 
There  are  many  regions,  however,  where 
this  increase  in  temperature  is  far  ex- 
ceeded. Hundreds  of  areas  are  to  be 
found  in  the  United  States  where  the 
temperature  rises  one  degree  for  every 
20  or  25  feet  of  depth.  There  is  a  lo- 
cality near  Boise,  Idaho,  where  three 
wells  driven  to  only  400  feet  yield  800,000 
gallons  of  water  daily  at  a  temperature 
of  170'. 


It  is  Mr.  Wales's  plan  to  sink  a  well- 
casing  wherever  the  geothermic  condi- 
tion are  favorable  until  a  stratum  of 
high  temperature,  say  350°  to  450°  Fahr. 
or  higher  is  penetrated.  Surrounding 
this  shaft  a  number  of  other  casings 
would  be  sunk.  Water  would  be  injected 
into  the  heated  stratum  through  the  cen- 
tral well-casing,  and  the  head  of  the 
water  would  cause  it  to  percolate 
through  the  surrounding  strata,  from 
which  it  would  absorb  heat  and  oj  con- 
verted into  steam.  The  steam  would  then 
rise  through  the  circle  of  well-casings 
surrounding  the  central  water  shaft,  and 
could  be  employed  for  power  or  heat.  In 
this  way  a  large  zone  embracing  several 
acres  could  be  utilized  to  form  the  active 
heating  surface,  drawing  heat  tnrouph 
the  contiguous  rock  from  an  enormous 
radiant  rock  contract  and  allowing  an 
inflow  of  heat  from  millions  of  tons  of 
the  earth's  mass.  The  permanence  of 
such  an  evaporative  surface  is  amply 
proved  by  the  maintenance  of  hot  arte- 
sian wells,  which  are  to  be  found 
throughout  the  world. 

There  are  many  areas  in  this  country 
where  borings  not  over  b,000  feet  woul.l 
give  the  necessary  temperature,  and 
others  of  1,500  feet  or  less  would  supply 
all  the  heat  required.  In  some  places 
thesteam  generated  might  have  to  be 
used  indirectly  because  of  the  earth  salts 
held  in  suspension;  but  no  doubt  these 
salts  could  very  profitably  be  recovered 
and  would  add  to  the  value  of  the  instil- 
lation.— Jour.   Frank.   Inst. 

BUREAU  FOR  INVENTORS  AT 
WASHINGTON  NOW 

The  following  statement  is  autthorized 
by  the  War  Department: 

In  order  to  secure  prompt  and  thorough 
investigation  of  inventions  submitted  to 
the  War  Department  an  "Inventtions 
Section"  has  been  created  as  an  agency 
within  the  General  Staff.  All  inventions 
of  a  mechanical,  electrical,  or  chemical 
nature  submitted  to  the  War  Department 
for  inspection,  test,  or  sale  are  now  con- 
sidered by  this  section. 

May   be   Sent   by    Mail 

Inventions  may  be  sent  by  mail  or  may 


GEOTHERMIC  STEAM  GENERATION 

The  remarkable  achievement  of  suc- 
cessfully utilizing  underground  volcanic 
heat  for  the  generation  of  power  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Lardarello,  Central 
Tuscany,  Italy,  naturally  suggests  the 
possibility  of  applying  the  same  method 
in  other  localities.  Such  utilization  of 
the  internal  heat  of  the  earth,  however, 
is  dependent  upon  exceptional  physical 
conditions,  and  it  has  occurred  to  an 
'Vmerican  engineer,  Mr.  Nathaniel  B 
B.  Wales,  that  these  conditions  could  be 
produced  artificially.  The  increase  in 
temperature  of  the  earth's  strata  in  pro- 
portion to  its  depth  shows  a  mean  aver- 
age for  the  entire  earth  surface  of  one 


INSIDE   PROFILING  TOOL, 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


147 


be  submitted  in  person,  accompanied  by 
written  descriptions  or  drawings.  They 
go  first  to  an  examining  board  having 
technical  knowledge  of  the  classes  of  in- 
ventions they  handle,  whose  investiga- 
tions determine  whether  the  inventions 
have  merit.  Those  with  merit  are  re- 
ferred to  the  Advisory  Board,  which  de- 
termines in  each  case  whether  it  should 
be  put  in  the  hand  of  some  of  the  nu- 
merous testing  and  developing  agencies, 
or  if  it  should  go  to  one  of  the  staff  or 
supply  departments  for  test  and  consid- 
eration of  its  adoption,  and  final  acquire- 
ment of  title  if  such  action  is  desirable. 
When  completed  the  board  will  have  12 
to  15  members  to  cover  fully  all  of  the 
various  technical  problems  which  may 
come  before  it. 

Assisted  by  Agencies 

In  testing  and  developing  inventions 
and  in  considering  problems  presented  by 
staff  departments,  the  Advisory  Board 
works  in  connection  with  a  number  of 
agencies.  Among  them  are  the  follow- 
ing: Research  Council;  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards; War  Committee  of  National  Tech- 
nical Societies  (this  committee  consists 
of  two  members  detatiled  from  each  of  the 
10  important  technical  societies  in  the 
United  States)  ;  laboratories  and  shops  of 
the  staff  and  supply  departments  of  the 
Army;  Patent  Ofllce;  Aircraft  Production 
Board;  all  Army  Service  Schools;  C.  L 
Norton,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, Cambridge,  Mass.;  Dr.  Charles  P 
Steinmetz,  General  lectrical  Co.,  Sche- • 
nectady,  N.Y.,  etc. 

Information   for   Inventors 

Any  person  desiring  to  submit  an  in- 
vention for  consideration,  test,  sale  or 
development  should  do  so  by  letter,  giv- 
ing in  order  the  following  information- 
Name  and  object  of  the  invention;  any 
claim  for  superiority  or  novelty;  any  re- 
sults obtained  by  actual 
whether  the  invention 
whether      remuneration 


AT  ONK  TIME  ALL  THE  FILES  IN 

USE  WERE  TURNED  OUT  BY  HAND 


experiment; 
IS  patented; 
is  expected; 
whether  the  invention  has  been  before 
any  other  agency;  whether  the  writer  is 
owner  or  agent;  the  number  of  inclosures 
with  the  letter.  A  written  description 
and  sketches  or  drawings  of  suflicient  de- 
tail to  afford  a  full  understanding  of  the 
cases  should  also  be  submitted.  Should 
the  invention  be  an  explosive  or  other 
chemical  combination,  the  ingredients 
and  processes  of  mixture  should  be  stated. 
The  Inventions  Section  will  not  bear 
the  expense  of  preparation  of  drawings 
and  descriptions,  nor  advance  funds  for 
personal  or  traveling  expenses  of  in- 
ventors. 

All  Matter  Confidential 
Any  matter  submitted  will  be  treated 
as  confidential.  The  inventor  will  be  noti- 
fied of  each  step  taken  during  the  investi- 
gation of  his  invention.  All  communica- 
tions should  be  addressed:  Inventions 
Section,  General  Staff,  Army  War  Col- 
lege, Washington,  D.C. 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  FILES 

By  Mark  Meredith. 
For  many  years  files  were  made  en- 
tirely by  hand,  and  at  the  present  time 
the  best  files  are  still  made  in  that 
manner.  The  file  may  be  called  a  metal- 
cutting  or  abrasion  tool,  and  it  removes 
the  metal  by  means  of  a  series  of  sharp- 
edged  parallel  ridges,  all  inclined  at  an 
angle  of  about  50  degrees  to  the  axis  of 
the  tool.  There  are  numerous  types  of 
file  differing  in  fineness  of  cut,  and  these 
are  all  divided  into  two  broad  classes  of 
"double  cut"  and  "float  cut,"  or  a  "single 
cut."  The  former  have  two  rows  of  cut- 
ting edges  equally  inclined  to  the  axis 
and  the  latter  have  only  one.  In  prepar- 
ing the  files  steel  blanks  are  first  forged 
which  have  been  previously  sheared  or 
rolled  to  the  section  required  for  the  tool. 
This  blank  is,  of  course,  of  soft  steel,  and 
it  is  held  on  the  anvil  by  means  of  a  strap 
which  passes  round  the  tang  and  is  held 
down  by  the  foot  of  the  operator.  If  the 
underside  has  been  cut  already,  or  is  not 
flat,  it  is  protected  from  damage  by  in- 
terposing lead  or  pewter  as  a  soft  sup- 
port. 

Then,  using  a   chisel   which   is   rather 
wider  than  the  blank,  the  operator  makes 
a  series  of  cuts  parallel  to  each  other  and 
at  the   proper  angle.     The    hammer    is 
chosen  with  great  care  to  be  of  such  a 
mass  as  to  cause  the  burr  from  each  cut 
to  rise  to  the  right  height.    The  distance 
of  one  cut  from  the  next  is  gauged  by 
resting   the   inclined   chisel   against   the 
last  burr  when  cutting  the  next.     By  in- 
creasing the  slope  of  the  chisel  the  dis- 
tance apart  of  the  burr  is  increased  and 
vice-versa.    It  is  obvious  that  the  great- 
est skill  and  practice  is  required  to  strike 
the  chisel   with   the  right  force,  and   to 
keep  its  inclination  constant  over  many 
hundreds  of  cuts.  The  height  of  the  burrs 
as  well  as  their  distance  from  each  other 
governs  the  fineness  or  coarseness  of  the 
cut.     In  the  ordinary  double-cut  flat  file 
there  are  6  degrees  of  fineness  respec- 
tively, called  rough,  middle,  bastard,  sec- 
ond cut,  smooth,  and  dead  smooth.  Float- 
cut  files  are  made  in  the  rough,  bastard 
and  smooth  varieties.    In  making  double- 
cut  files  the  first    series    of    cuts    are 
smoothed  over  very  slightly  before  mak- 
ing the  second  series.     Lancashire  used 
to  make  the  best  files,  and  even  now  no 
place  can  compete  with  it  for  the  finest 
files,  such  as  watchmakers  use.    There  is 
a  file  that  has  been  made  in  Lancashire 
on  which  there  were  300  cuts  to  the  inch. 
The  rasp  cuts  in  virtue  of  a  number 
of  triangular  shaped  projecting  burs  dis- 
tributed over  its  surface.  These  are  made 
with  a  three-cornered  pointed  punch    or 
chisel.     They  are  distributed  as  evenly 
as  possible,  the  great  object  of  the  file- 
cutter  being  to  arrange  that  one  cut  shall 
not   come    behind    the    other.      There    is 
thus  great  skill  in  arranging  by  the  eye 
a  pattern  in  which  the  number  of  cuts 
per  square  inch  shall  be  uniform  and  yet 
in  which  thev  are  rightly  and  irreorularlv 
placed  relative  to  the  axis  of  the  tool. 


Rasps,  again,  are  made  in  rough,  bastard 
and  smooth  cuts. 

The  wide  use  of  aluminum  has  brought 
into  use  files  of  the  "dreadnought"  type. 
In  these  the  cut  is  single  and  is  normal 
to  the  axis,  or  nearly  so.  It  is  very 
coarse  and  the  teeth  are  deep  and  trian- 
gular in  section.  As  a  rule  they  are  not 
straight,  but  are  shaped  in  arcs  or  cir- 
cles arranged  parallel  to  each  other.  This 
coarse  type  of  file  is  necessary  because 
the  aluminum  being  soft  rapidly  clogs 
the  teeth  of  the  ordinary  file,  making  the 
edges  so  that  they  will  not  cut.  For  the 
purpose  of  filing  up  metal  patterns,  often 
on  awkward  concave  surfaces  it  is  best 
to  take  old  files,  and  having  softened 
them,  to  cut  straight  dreadnought  tyjw 
teeth  on  them  with  a  three-cornered  file. 
The  files  are  then  bent  to  suit  the  cavi- 
ties and  corners  which  have  to  be  work- 
ed, and  are  rehardened  by  heating  and 
plunging  into  oil.  In  this  way  a  most 
ingenious  set  of  tools  can  be  made  to  per-- 
form  all  sorts  of  impossible  jobs  with 
ease  and  accuracy. 

Returning  to  the  orthodox  file  cut  in 
the  soft  steel  blank,  the  next  operation 
is  to  straighten  the  file  out  accurately. 
It  is  then  hardened,  the  teeth  being  pro- 
tected from  burning  in  the  heating  pro- 
cess. After  hardening  the  quality  of  the 
cut  is  improved  by  exposure  to  a  blast 
of  fine  sand. 

Numerous  attempts  have  been  made 
even  in  the  eighteenth  century  to  devise 
machines  to  replace  the  hand  file-maker. 
These  all  attempted  to  imitate  his  action 
by  means  of  an  arm  carrying  a  chisel, 
the  latter  being  struck  by  a  hammer, 
which  is  operated  mechanically.  The 
successful  machines  of  the  present  day 
carry  the  blank  on  a  table  which  ad- 
vances very  slowly  under  a  chisel  or 
hammer  which  reciprocates  rapidly.  By 
varying  the  rate  of  the  transverse  of  the 
table  the  coarseness  of  the  cut  can  be 
altered.  But  it  still  remains  a  fact  that 
the  hand-operator  can  make  the  best  file, 
and  this  is  attributed  curiously  enough 
to  the  advantage  of  a  certain  amount  of 
irregularity  in  the  teeth  of  the  hand-cut 
file  which  it  is  very  difficult,  if  not  im- 
possible, for  the  machine  to  imitate. 

"Dear  Clara,"  wrote  the  young  man, 
"pardon  me,  but  I'm  getting  so  forgetful. 
I  proposed  to  you  last  night,  but  really 
forgot  whether  you  said  yes  or  nor." 

"Dear  Will,"  she  replied  by  note,  "so 
glad  to  hear  from  you.     I  know  I  said 
'No'   to   someone  last  night,  but  I  had 
forgotten  just  who  it  was." 
♦ 

In  response  to  many  inquiries  from 
private  persons  as  to  the  desirability  of 
saving  and  selling  old  tin  cans,  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  says  it  has  been 
told  by  a  detinning  company  that  cans 
free  from  rust  and  foreign  matter  are 
worth  $12  a  ton,  f.o.b.  factory.  It  takes 
from  7,000  to  8,000  cans  to  weigh  a  ton, 
and  the  company  says  it  is  not  advisable 
to  collect  the  cans  except  in  larg«  towns. 


148 


Volvune  XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


THE  "ALL-ANGLE"  GRINDERS  BROUGHT 

OUT  AND  MADE  IN  TORONTO  FACTORY 


The  "AIl-An,?le"  universal  grinder 
which  has  been  perfected  by  W.  J.  Rennie, 
superintendent  of  the  Toronto  Type 
Foundry  Co.,  Toronto,  and  is  being  built 
by  this  concern,  is  a  new  tool  embodying 
a  number  of  interesting  features.  The 
outstanding  feature  is  the  large  variety 
of  work  that  can  be  done  on  this  grinder 
without  extra  attachments.  All  angles 
and  tapers  can  be  got  by  adjusting  the 
grinding  head"  and  there  is  no  necessity 
for  using  internal,  cylindrical  or  univer- 
sal attachments,  thereby  eliminating  a 
large  too!  cupboard  and  also  effecting 
a  great  saving  in  time  in  setting  up 
the  grinder  for  working.  This  grinder 
can  be  placed  in  any  position  in  the  tool- 
room as  no  belts  or  countershaft  are 
necessary.  The  machine  has  indenen- 
dent  motors  which  can  be  run  on  a 
lighting  circuit.  The  accompanying; 
illustrations  show  the  general  design 
of   the   grinder  and   location    of  attach- 


ments for  certain  classes  of  work. 
The  grinding  head  is  graduated  to 
obtain  any '  required  angle  in  ver- 
tical or  horizontal  positions  and  by  this 
means  extremely  accurate  work  can  be 
obtained. 

The  grinding  head  consists  of  a  motor 
mounted  on  a.  sliding  fixture  which  can 
swivel  on  the  drop  head.  The  drop  head 
is  constructed  so  that  it  can  be  turned 
round  to  any  angle  as  shown  on  the  gra- 
duated scale  or  can  be  dropped  down, 
or  tilted  over  also  to  any  angle  as  shown 
on  another  graduated  scale  at  the  back. 
The  motor  spindle  which  runs  at  10,000 
r.p.m.  carries  at  the  front  end  an  ex- 
ternal grinding  wheel,  while  at  the  back 
end  of  spindle  is  a  "C"  attachment  for 
surface  or  large  internal  grinding; 
mounted  on  top  of  the  motor  is 
a  bracket  carrying  a  belt-driven  spin- 
dle running  at  30,000  r.p.m.  This  carries 
an  "A"  attachment  for  small  diameters. 


GRINDING    A    MILLING    CUTIER,    HELD    ON    AN    ARBOR.         THE    GRINDING    HEAD 

IS     TILTED     TO     OBTAIN     CLEARANCE.     THE     EXACT     CLEARANCE     BEING     SHOWN 

ON     A     GRADUATED     SCALE. 


The  bent  crank  operates  the  sliding  fix- 
ture to  adjust  the  grinding  head  in  posi- 
tion and  there  is  also  a  screw  for  fine 
feed.  The  drop  head  can  be  locked  in 
any  position. 

The  table  is  in  two  parts,  upper  and 
lower.  The  lower  part  works  in  slides 
while  the  upper  works  on  a  pivot  and  can 
be  set  at  any  angle  up  to  10  degrees 
from  zero  either  way;  the  angle  being 
noted  from  the  graduated  scale  at  one 
end.  The  table  is  traversed  by  means  of 
the  upper  hand  wheel  at  the  side  and 
is  provided  with  stops  at  the  front  fast- 
ened in  a  groove.  The  hand  wheel  ha? 
a  graduated  scale.  The  drive  head  can 
be  equipped  with  a  drive  plate  or  chuck, 
or  used  as  a  headstock.  When  used  as 
a  drive  head,  it  is  driven  by  a  motor 
attached  to  the  table.  Both  drive  head 
and  motor  are  equipped  with  S  K  F 
ball  bearings.  The  table  also  has  a 
tailstock  for  certain  operations.  The 
centres  will  allow  for  a  swing  of  11 
inches.  The  in  and  out  motions  of  the 
table  are  operated  by  the  hand  wheel 
at  the  front.  This  wheel  has  a  gradu- 
ated scale  for  feed  control.  A  useful 
attachment  is  the  universal  finger  or  tool 
rest.  This  attachment  can  be  set  in 
any  position  and  at  any  angle. 

The  knee  upon  which  the  table  os 
mounted  can  beswung  around  to  any 
angle,  the  pillar  having  a  graduated 
scale  for  noting  the  angle.  The  knee  is 
operated  in  a  vertical  direction  by  means 
of  a  telescopic  screw,  by  bevel  gearing. 
The  type  of  screw  provides  for  a  longer 
range  of  travel  without  measuring  the 
height  of  the  machine.  The  screw  oper- 
ating gear  has  ball  bearings.  The  knee 
is  operated  by  the  lower  hand  wheel  on 
the  left  side.  The  base  of  the  grinder 
is  box  section  and  has  four  plugs,  one 
at  each  corner  for  the  motor  connec- 
tions. 

For  external  grinding  the  work  is 
held  on  an  arbor  or  drive  plate  and  the 
grinding  wheel  placed  in  any  required 
angle  or  position.  The  machine  is  par- 
ticularly well  adapted  for  grinding  steel 
profile  gauges  for  shells  owing  to  the 
peculiar  form  of  the  gauge  and  great 
accuracy  required.  For  this  work  the 
former  and  work  are  held  on  an  angle 
plate  attached  to  the  table  and  the  grind- 
ing  head   placed   in   a   horizontal    posi- 


Aujrust  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


■>. 


149 


Floor  space,  48  inches  by  54  inches. 

Net  weight,  875  pounds. 

Shipping  weight,  domestic,  1,000 
pounds.  Shipping  weight,  foreign,  1,250 
pounds. 

Shipping  measurements,  domestic,  5 
feet  by  2  feet  10  inches  by  3  feet. 

Shipping  measurements,  foreign,  4 
feet  9  inches  by  2  feet  4  inches  by  3  feet 
3  inches. 


GRINDING     FACE     OF     A     STEEL     DIE.       THE     GRINDING     HEAD     IS     SET     OVER     INTO 
THE    VERTICAL    POSITION    TO    NINETY    DEGREES.      THE    MOTOR    IS    THEN    TILTED 
TEN    DEGREES    TO     GIVE    A     CONCAVE    SURFACE    TO     THE    DIE. 


tion.  The  slide  is  left  free  to  allow 
the  former  to  raise  and  lower  the  grind- 
ing head.  When  grinding  blanking 
dies,  the  table  is  set  at  zero,  and 
the  grinding  head  is  set  over  into  the 
vertical  position  to  90  degrees.  The 
motor  is  tilted  to  give  a  concave  sur- 
face to  the  die. 

For  internal  grinding  the  work  is  held 
in  a  chuck  or  bolted  to  the  drive  plate. 
The  grinding  head  is  used  ia  a  horizon- 
tal position  and  turned  round  so  that 
either  the  "C"  or  "A"  attachments  can 
be  used,  according  to  the  diameter  of 
l^ole  to  be  ground. 

The  following  specification  gives  some 
of  the  principal  dimensions  and  features 
of  the  "All-Angle"  grinder.  The  grind- 
ing motor  is  of  the  universal  type  built 
in  any  voltage  from  80  to  300.  The  main 
spindle  speed  is  10,000  r.p.m.,  which  is 
the  same  for  the  "C"  attachment  for 
internal  and  surface  grinding.  The  speed 
of  the  "A"  attachment  for  internal 
grindin!<  of  small  diameters  is  30,000 
r.p.m.  The  driving  motor  is  a  varia- 
able  speed  universal  ball  bearing  motor 
with  controller  for  20  speed  variations. 
The  controller  is  attached  to  the  knee 
under  the  table. 

Longitudinal  movement  of  table,  18% 
inches. 

Cross  movement  of  table,  7  inches. 

Vertical  movement  of  table  below  the 
grinding   wheel   centre,    19    inches. 

Surface  grinding  vertical  movement 
w^ith  grinding  head  in  vertical  position, 
oVs   inches. 

Will  take  work  15  inches  long  and 
swing    11%    inches. 

Surface  dimensions  of  table,  28  x  5Vz 
inche.s 

Internal  grinding,  either  straight  or 
taper,  from  5/16  to  10  inches  in  diameter 
and   up  to  6   inches   in  depth. 


The  table  swings  around  the  column 
through  360  degrees. 

The  grinding  motor  swings  through  a 
vertical  plane  of  90  degrees. 

The  g:rinding  motor  will  slide  in  a 
plane  parallel  to  its  base  to  a  depth  of 
5%  inches,  operated  by  feed  lever. 

The  grinding  motor,  swivel  base,  and 
sliding  base  can  be  revolved  360  degrees. 
The  grinding  motor  will  revolve  through 
360  degrees  in  a  plane  parallel  to  and 
above  the  sliding  base. 


TRIPLE  GEARED  ENGINE   LATHE 

The  triple  geared  engine  lathe  shown 
in  the  accompanying  illustration,  built 
by  the  Canada  Machinery  Corporation 
has  been  redesigned  and  improved.  The 
lathe  which  is  of  strong  construction  is 
made  in  two  sizes  36  in.  and  42  in. 
swing. 

It  is  equipped  with  four  step  cone  and 
back  geared  drive  and  in  addition  with 
a  triple  geared  drive  direct  to  face  plate. 
This  arrangement  combines  great  driving 
power  and  an  ample  number  of  spindle 
speeds.  This  lathe  is  a  modern  high 
speed  tool  of  great  strength  and  extreme 
accuracy.  It  is  provided  with  a  deep 
bed,  giving  maximum  stiffness  under 
cut.  By  means  of  feed  box  immediately 
below  the  headstock  three  changes  may 
be  instantly  obtained.  The  saddle  is 
substantial  throughout  with  great 
strength  in  the  bridge — the  bridge  hav- 
ing a  bearing  on  the  flat  surface  inside 
the  V,  in  addition  to  the  two  V  bearings. 
fhe  machine  in  detail  is  as  follows: 

The  bed  is  unusually  deep  and  rigid, 
and  is  thoroughly  braced  with  cross  ribs 
of  box  section.  It  is  provided  with 
three  inverted  V's  of  liberal  proportions. 
The  headstock  and  the  tailstock  each 
rest  on  one  V  and  one  flat  surface,  and 
the  saddle  bears  on  two  V's  and  also  on 
the  flat  surface.     The  brackets  attached 


GRINDING     ON     SIDE     OF     A     HARDENED     STEEL     PROFILE     GAUGE     FOR     4.5     H.E. 

SHELLS.      NOTE    THE    POSITION    OF    THE    FORMER     AND    WORK    ON    THE    ANGLE 

PLATE.       DUPLICATE     GAUGES     OF     INNUMERABLE     DESIGNS     CAN 

THUS     BE    PRODUCETD. 


150 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


GRINDING     THE     HOLE     IN     A     SPIRAL    MILLING     CUTTER.       THE     GRINDING     HEAD 
IS     SET    OVER     THE    TABLE     UNTIL     THE     "A"     ATTACHMENT     IS     IN     LINE     WITH 

THE     SPINDLE. 


to  the  bed  are  made  with  a  tongue  fit- 
ting a  groove  in  the  bed,  and  the  rack 
is  securely  screwed  and  dowelled  to  the 
bed. 

Headstock  throughout  is  unusually  mas.- 
sive  and  is  of  the  four-step  cone  triple 
geared  to  face  plate  type.  It  is  equip- 
ped with  split  phosphor  bronze  bearings. 
The  spindle  is  turned  from  our  special 
high  carbon  spindle  steel  and  has  a  hole 
bored  from  the  solid  throughout  its  en- 
tire length.  It  is  accurately  turned  and 
carefully  ground  to  size.  The  cone  has 
four  steps  of  extra  wide  faces  to  enable 
wide  belts  to  be  used,  and  in  this  par- 
ticular we  have  more  power  in  our 
lathes  than  found  in  other  engine  lathes 
of  similar  sizes.  The  saddle  is  large 
and  rigid,  having  a  bearing  its  full 
length  on  the  Vs.  The  apron  is  of  the 
double  walled  type,  there  being  a  double 
bearing  for  all  pinion  studs.  All  gears 
in  the  apron  are  of  steel.  The  hand- 
wheel  is  not  geared  directly  to  the  rack 
on  the  bed  but  indirectly  through  a  re- 
ducing intermediate  gear  to  facilitate 
the  movement  of  the  saddle.  When  the 
lathe  is  used  for  screw  cutting  the 
rack  pinion  is  drawn  out  of  mesh  by  a 
knob  handle  on  the  end  of  the  pinion 
stud. 

Three  changes  of  feed  are  obtainable 
through  the  feed  box  on  the  bed  below 
the  headstock.  By  changing  the  gears  on 
me  head  and  quadrant  plate  any  desirea 
feed  may  be  obtained.  It  is  impossible 
to  engage  either  the  automatic  cross  or 
longitudinal  feeds  when  the  machine  is 
.  set  for  screw  cutting,  or  vice  versa.  The 
thread  on  the  lead  screw  is  used  for 
screw  cutting  only.  The  feeds  may  be 
instantly  reversed  in  the  apron  by  a 
convenient  lever.     The  saddle  is  securely 


clamped  when  using  the  cross  feed.  The 
lead  screw  is  reversed  for  right  and 
left  hand  threads  by  means  of  the  re- 
verse plate  on  the  head.  The  feed  gears 
in  the  head  are  arranged  so  that  quick 
threads  up  to  8  in.  lead  can  be  cut  by 
putting  on  gear  to  suit. 

Thread  chasing  dial,  for  indicating  cor- 
rect point  for  engaging  nut  for  thread 
cutting,  is  provided  on  the  carriage, 
obviating  the  necessity  for  stopping  the 


operated  by  a  rod  convenient  to  the 
operator.  The  shape  of  the  tailstock  is 
such  as  to  permit  compound  rest  to  be 
set  at  right  angles  without  interfering. 
The  spindle  is  graduated  in  inches  and 
fractions  of  an  inch  for  use  in  boring. 
The  tailstock  is  adjustable  across  its 
base  by  means  of  a  screw  to  permit  of 
its  being  set  over  to  turn  taper,  the 
base  bebing  graduated  for  this  purpose. 

Standard  equipment  includes  counter- 
shaft with  two  friction  pulleys,  neces- 
sary shifters,  follow  rest,  steady  rest, 
face  plate,  change  gears  and  necessary 
wrenches.  Special  attachments,  such  as 
taper  attachment,  turret  on  the  bed,  or 
saddle,  turret  tool  post,  etc.,  can  be  fur- 
nished at  an  extra  price  when  so  desired. 
Motor  drive. — The  lathes  can,  if  so  de- 
sired, be  arranged  to  be  driven  direct  by 
constant  or  variable  speed  motor,  or  by 
single  pulley  drive. 

The  distance  between  centres,  14  ft. 
bed,  for  the  86  in.  lathe  is  6  ft.  1  in., 
and  for  the  42  in.  lathe  5  ft.  11  ins.  The 
weight  of  machine  complete  with  14  ft. 
bed  is  15,500  pounds  and  17,000  pounds 
respectively.  For  both  machines  the 
width  of  belt  on  cone  is  5%  in.,  steps 
on  cone  4,  number  of  speeds  to  spindle 
24,    diameter   of   front     spindle   bearing 

6  in.,  and  length  10  in.,  diameter  of 
rear  spindle  bearing  5%   in.,  and  length 

7  in.,  diameter  of  hole  through  spindle 
3%   in. 


BEVEL  GRINDER  AND  AUTOMATIC 
MILLING  SAW  SHARPENER 

The  accompanying  illustrations  show 
two  machines  recently  marketed  by  the 
Machinery  Company  of  America,  Big 
Rapids,  Mich.     Figs.  1  and  2  show  front 


36   AND   42.1NCH   TRIPLE   GEARED  ENGINE  LATHE 


lathe  when  screw  cutting.  Micrometer 
adjustment  is  provided  on  the  handles 
of  the  cross  screw,  graduated  in  5/1000's 
and  1^32's  of  an  inch.  Compound  tool 
rest  is  provided,  with  base  graduated  in 
degrees. 

Tailstock  is  rigid  and  heavy,  and  is 
clamped  to  the  bed  by  two  bolts  conven- 
iently situated.  It  is  also  provided  with 
a  pawl  engaging  in  a  rack  cast  in  the 
bed,  which  serves  to  take  the  heavy 
strain  of  the  clamping  bolts  and  gives 
a  positive  brace  when  the  machine  is 
engaged   on   heavy   work.     The   pawl   is 


and  back  views  of  the  bevel  grinder. 
This  grinder  is  suitable  for  theg  rinding 
or  sharpening  of  circular  cutters  or 
knives  commonly  used  on  meat  paper, 
cork  cloth,  etc.,  and  will  grind  from  with- 
in 10  inches  of  centre  to  within  %  inch. 
Thus  a  cutter  of  4  inches  diameter  may 
be  bevel  ground  to  a  maximum  width  of 
1  Vi  inch. 

General  Description 
The  operation  of  the  machine  is  very 
simple  and  all  adjustments  will  be  readily 
understood.     A  hand  adjustment  is  pro- 
vided for  a  quick  centering  of  the  cutter. 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


151 


according-  to  its  diameter,  for 
proper  contact  with  the 
grinding  wheel.  A  hand- 
wheel  adjustment  feeds  the 
grinding  wheel  to  or  from 
the  cutter,  during  the  grind- 
ing process.  A  hand  lever 
affords  lateral  movement  of 
the  grinding  wheel  across  the 
surface  of  the  cutter.  The 
angle  or  degree  of  the  bevei 
grrind  is  adjustable  to  suit 
the  requirements  of  cutters 
of  different  gauges,  dia- 
meters, etc.  The  grinder  i.s 
equipped  with  a  water  tank 
so  that  the  grinding  is  done 
wet  and  tendency  to  heat  and 
impair  the  cutter  is  avoided. 
An  adjustable  stop  or  back 
rest  of  fibre  is  mounted  be- 
hind the  cutter  opposite  the 
grinding  wheel,  which  sup- 
ports the  cutter  rigidly  and 
prevents  chatter  or  improper 
vibration.  A  guard  is  pro- 
vided for  the  grinding  wheel 
to  prevent  it  throwing  dust 
and  water. 

The  grinding  can  be  done 
very  rapidly  and  satisfactor- 
ily, and  if  a  cutter  is  but 
slightly  dulled  the  time  re- 
quired for  the  grinding  is 
negligible. 

The  machine  is  provided 
"with  every  adjustment  neces- 
sary to  afford  a  bevel 
grind  of  any  width  up  to  IMs  inches  on 
cutters  not  over  twenty  inches  in  dia- 
meter, and  that  sufficiently  exceed  a 
3-inch  minimum  diameter  to  permit  a 
bevel  grind  of  required  width. 

The  automatic  slitting  or  milling  saw 
sharpener  shown  in  Fig.  3  was  designed 
especially  for  regrinding  and  recutting 
slitting  or  milling  saws  2  inches  to  10 
inches  in  diameter,  usual  spacing,  and  is 
especially  well  adapted  to  the  reclaiming 
of  very  thing  slitting  saws  with  fine 
tooth  spacings,  which  in  the  past  on  ac- 
count of  having  no  efficient  means  of  re- 
sharpening  have  been  discarded.  With 
this  grinder  they  may  be  resharpened 
repeatedly  until  the  entire  value  is  re- 
ceived from  the  blade. 

Utility 

The  grinding  of  the  teeth  is  absolutely 
uniform;  the  cutting  points  are  kept  per- 
fectly "in  spacing,'  equalizing  the  strain 
on  the  saw,  and  keeping  them  always 
sharp  and  in  perfect  condition,  insuring 
smooth,  fast-cutting  with  reduced  fric- 
tion and  heating  of  the  blade  in  the  cut. 
The  action  is  full  automatic,  requiring 
very  little  attention  on  the  part  of  the 
operator  after  being  placed  in  operation 
and  has  a  very  rigid,  strong  body  mount- 
ed on  a  substantial  pedestal,  bringing  it 
up  to  a  convenient  height  to  the  operator. 
All  essential  working  parts  are  entirely 
enclosed  in  the  body,  fully  protected  from 
all  dust,  dirt  and  other  foreign  master. 
All  moving  parts  are  provided  with  am- 
ple adjustments  for  taking  up  wea;-  and 
insuring  absolute  accuracy  of  a-^-tion  and 
durable  service  without  deterioration. 
The    very   best   of   workmanship    is    put 


BB 

^f^^' 

p 

-H''y^>4l^^M 

^^^^^^^^^H» 

^  ^A 

A"^ 

E 

^v^--^^^^ 

3 


FIG.     1   -KRONT    VIEW    OK    BEVEL    GRINDER.      FIG.    2— BACK    VIEW    OF    BEVEL    GRINDER. 
FIG.    3— AUTOMATIC    MILLING    SAW    SHARPENER. 


upon  this  machine  throughout.  Any  stan- 
dard shape  or  spacing  of  tooth  may  be 
readily  obtained  by  hand  wheel  adjust- 
ments conveniently  located  to  tiic  oper- 
ator. 


QUICKLY   ADJUSTABLE  BENCH 
VISE 

The  Barnett  Foundry  &  Machine  Com- 
pany, Irvington,  N.J.,  has  just  brought 
out  a  machinist's  bench  vise  under  the 
name  of  "Winans'  New  Idea  Vise''  that 


exert  a  pressure   many  times  that  pos- 
sible with  a  screw. 

The  adjustments  from  zero  to  maxi- 
mum are  made  instantly  with  oni.  sliding 
movement.  The  pawl  eccentric  and  slid- 
ing jaw  form  a  toggle  joint,  bringing  the 
greatest  pressure  to  bear  on  Lhe  top  part 
of  the  jaws,  causing  the  work  to  be 
clamped  tightest  at  the  working  part. 
The  moving  member  of  the  vise  slides 
away  from  the  operator  and  Uiere  is  no 
handle  between  operator  and  the  vise. 
The  gripping  plates  are  hardened  and 
ground,  and  the  rack  and  pawl  are  also 
Hardened  steel. 

A  feature  of  importance  is  that  the 
whole  vise  may  be  removea  from  its 
:-wivel  base  and  taken  to  surface  p'ate, 
drill  press  or  milling  machine  for  con- 
tinuous operations,  since  the  base  of  the 
vise  is  accurately  machined  to  right 
angles  with  the  jaws.  These  vises  are 
made  in  standard  sizes  of  jaws  from  3 
inches  to  8V4  inches,  and  optnings  of 
3V6  to  12  inches. 


QUICKLY    ADJUSTABLE    BENCH    VISE. 


embodies  several  novel  features.  Refer- 
ence to  the  illustration  herewith  present- 
ed will  show  its  general  characteristics. 
It  will  be  seen  that  the  old  fashioned 
i^crew  and  lever  has  been  replaced  by 
a  pawl  and  rack.  This  is  actunt.^d  by  a 
ba'idle  on  an  eccentric  shaft,  which  will 


A  certain  learned  Queen's  counsel  was 
arguing  a  commercial  case  before  a 
learned  judge.  In  doing  so  he  had  oc- 
casion to  speak  repeatedly  of  an  "ec- 
centric," and  the  judge  at  length  asked 
him  what  an  eccentric  was.  The  magis- 
trate said  he  was  familiar  with  the  term 
as  applied  to  individuals  but  not  to 
things.  The  Queen's  counsel  at  once 
complied.  "An  eccentric,"  he  said,  "is 
a  circular  disk  whose  centre  is  not  in  the 
middle." 


152 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

UMITED 

(BSTA3LISHBD  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-President 

H.  V.  TYRREILL.   General  Manaser 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

(JnadianMachinery 

^  Manufacturing  News*^ 

A  weekly  ioamal  devoted  to  tbe  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests, 
B.  G.  NEWTON.   Manaser.  A.   R.  KENNEDY.  Man.  Editor. 

Associate  Editors : 
A.  G.  WEBSTER     J.  H.  RODGERS   (Montreal)     W.  F.  SITTHEBLAND 


Office    of    Publication.    143153    University    Avenue,    Toronto,    Ontario. 


results  for  the  firm,  has  a  responsibility,  and  that  respon- 
sibility is  to  try  and  bring:  others  up  to  the  same  standard 
of  efficiency  he  himself  has  reached.  Firms  are  often 
forced -to  ^ftend^  hundreds  and  thousands  of  dollars  in 
exfierimentirig:  to-  find  out  what  some  other  group  of  men 
already  know.  The  result  is  that  industry — viewed  from 
the  larger  scope  in  the  national  field — loses,  and  a  tre- 
mendous amount  of  energy  is  wasted,  all  because  the 
mechanic  with  the  knowledge  saw  best  to  keep  it  to 
himself. 

Remember  this.  You  are  not  going  to  be  any  poorer 
because  some  person  else  knows  as  much  as  you  do. 
It  is  not  going  to  cut  the  ground  from  under  your  feet 
because  you  help  some  other  chap  to  get  the  training 
that  will  enable  him  to  hold  down  a  good  position  and 
do  the  work  well.  Your  reward  will  be  greater  than  any 
that  a  paper  can  pay  for  your  material.  It  will  be  in 
the  form  of  satisfaction  in  having  helped  some  person 
to  make  two  dollars  where  he  was  making  one,  and  in 
making  a  good  mechanic  out  of  the  chap  who  is  now 
being  pitchforked   out  of  the  sbop  as  a  handyman. 


\\>\.    XX. 


AUr.UST  1,   1918 


No.  5 


A  Strike  That  Should  Not  Have  Been 

THE  business  of  a  good  many  cities  was  interfered  with 
■when  the  postmen  went  on  strjke.  Mails«^wer^_Jtield 
up,  important,  orders  cancelled" -and*iio  snialI<'raoru^t«^: 
los*  resisted. 

The  department  at  Ottawa  should  never  have  allowed 
that  strike  to  come  to  pass.  The  fact  that  it  did  was 
evidence   of   administrative    incompetence. 

The  men  were  underpaid — grossly  so,  and  the  trouble 
was  on  the  horizon  a  long  time  before  it  broke. 

If  any  department  of  Canada's  government  is  due 
for  a  rattling  of  dry  bones,  the  finger  points  to  the  post 
office  department. 


Mistaken  Idea  of  Secrets  of  the  Trade 

DID  you  ever  come  in  contact  with  the  mechanic  who 
was  always  afraid  that  some  person  else  in  the  shop 
would  learn  his  ways  and  methods  of  doing  certain  jobs  ? 
The  chances  are  that  if  you  have  had  much  experience 
you   have  met  this  chap   several   times  over. 

He  has  failed  and  failed  miserably  to  gfrasp  the  idea 
that  giving  away  knowledge  does  not  make  him  any 
poorer,  neither  does  the  withholding  of  it  make  him 
any  richer. 

There  are  men  to-day  who  might  have  developed  into 
real  good  mechanics  had  it  not  been  for  the  "stand  pat" 
type  of  mechanic  with  whom  they  became  associated  early 
in  their  experience.  This  mechanic,  perhaps  a  foreman, 
failed  to  make  the  trade  interesting.  He  kept  his  ways 
and  devices  under  a  bushel.  He  always  made  it  a  plan 
to  let  the  new  man  "go  in  and  find  out  for  himself."  He 
may  have  done  it  to  try  and  develop  initiative  in  the,.; 
men  under  him,  but  it  does  not  work  out  that  way.  Ap- 
prentices came  to  him,  they  served  their  time,  and  they 
went  their  way.  They  might  have  been  experts — they 
might  have  left  that  shop  qualified  to  go  in  any  place 
and  begin  work — they  might  have  gone  out  knowing  that 
they  were  "real  mechanics."  But  they  didn't.  They  may 
have  dropped  into  better  environment  later  on,  when  they 
would  have  a  chance  to  develop  the  real  things  of  the 
trade.  But  the  fact  remains  that  there  are  shops,  and 
plenty  of  them,  where  the  mechanics  have  not  yet  learned 
the  great  truth  that  it  pays  handsomely  to  make  the 
young  apprentice  a  capable  hand  before  he  leaves  the 
shop. 

There  is  another  phase  to  this  same  situation,  and 
that  is  the  experience  that  mechanics  can  pass  along 
and  put  on  record  through  the  medium  of  such  papers  as 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY.  The  mechanic  who  has  had 
experience   that   makes   work   easier,   that  brings   better 


Alberta  And  Its  Big  Problem 

\  LBERTA  coal  is  surely  having  a  merry  time  trying 
■'^■to  make  its  bow  to  the  people  of  Winnipeg.  If  all 
the  energy  that  has  beun  spent  in  investigating  and  re- 
porting had  been  applied  directly  to  the  production  and 
application  of  coal  there  would  be  quite  a  few  bins  filled 
',i^  Jtb;  the  ears  by  now. 

*"  Herejs  the  waythe  situation  is  summed  up  in  one  of 
the    numerous    reports    that   have    been    issued: 

In  this  connection,  it  is  claimed   that  the  majority 
of  Winnipeg  dealers  are  absolutely  hostile  to  Alberta 
coal,  while  a  few  who  are  genuinely  boosting  it  are 
carried  away  by  their  zeal  and  led  to  extravagant 
claims  which  must  result  in  dissatisfied  consumers. 
Now  the  thing  most  necessary  seems  to  be  a  quota  of 
dealers  who  will  have  just  the  right  amount  of  thuse  in 
their  system.     They  must  not  blow  off  too  hard  or  the 
consumers  will  expect  too  much.     Neither  must  they  be 
too  frigid  or  the  frigidity  is  likely  to  extend  to  the  order 
books.     Apparently  it  has  not  occurred  to  them  to  let  the 
dealers  get  out  and  peddle  coal  like  they  used  to  pitchfork 
real   estate  bargains  around. 

But  apart  from  what  the  people  of  Winnipeg  think 
of  Alberta  coal,  or  what  the  operators  think  of  the  people 
of  Winnipeg  the  fact  remains  that  it's  a  long  cry  between 
the  present  production  of  Alberta  mines  and  what  should 
be  forthcoming  to  meet  the  winter  needs  of  Western 
Canada.     One   report  just  issued  has   this  to  say: 

That  a  short  crop  of  wheat  in  Southern  Alberta, 
and  Western  Saskatchewan  will  reduce  the  amount 
of  coal  consumed   in   that  area. 

That  the  short  crop  will  release  much  labor  for 
the    mines   this   fall. 

That  the  short  crop  will  release  sufficient  rolling 
stock  from  the  normal  traffic  in  wheat  to  carry 
Alberta  coal  Eastward  through  the  crop  moving 
teason,  thereby  averting  the  danger  of  a  calamitous 
■shortage   of  fuel   in   Manitoba. 

That  labor  conditions  are  intolerable,  alien 
miners,  instead  of  the  operators,  are  actually  operat- 
ing the  mines  at  present.  In  this  connection  the  de- 
;  'partment  of  labor  and  the  mine  administrator  are 
severely  criticized,  it  being  declared  that  their 
method  of  keeping  the  mines  operating  is  to  grant 
every  demand,  no  matter  how  unreasonable,  made 
by  the  miners. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  the  West  has  about  three 
months  left  before  the  coal  burning  season  starts,  it's 
a  mild  statement  to  remark  that  the  situation  west  of 
the   Great  Lakes  looks  serious. 


OUR  idea  of  a  man  with  great  foresight  is  the  chap  who 
whacks  moths  out  of  his  winter  underwear  while  the 
thermometer  shows  95  in  the  shade. 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


133 


HAS  FAITH  IN  CANADA 

American   Has   Developed   a   Nice   Selling    Business 
For    Steel    Trade    in    Canada 


SCORES  THE  "DEAD  ENDS" 


TT  seems  to  have  been  the  trend  in  recent  years,  and 
I  especially  in  connection  with  the  industrial  develop- 
ment of  Canada,  that  the  drift  of  steel  men  has  been 
northward.  This  is  true  in  connection  with  the  actual 
operations  in  the  steel  plants  as  well  as  with  the  sales 
end   of  the   steel    and    iron   business. 

Ralph    B.    Norton,    Canadian    agent    of    the    Kayser, 
Ellison  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Sheffield,  England,  was  bom  in  Essex, 


RALPH    B.    NORTON. 


Invesigation  Into  Causes  of  Some  of  the  Recent  Fires 
That  Have  Occurred  in  Toronto 


Mass.,   in    1880,   his    parents    having    come    previously    to 
that  country  from   England.  ^     ,  v.     ; 

Shortly  after  leaving  school  he  entered  the  steel  busi- 
ness in  the  employ  of  the  New  England  agent  of  Kayser 
Ellison  &  Co.,  Sheffield,  and  the  Crucible  Steel  Co.  of 
America.  For  13  years  he  was  connected  with  this  branch 
through  its  various  offices,  becoming  conversant  with  all 
lines  of  steel  and  making  a  special  study  of  alloy  steels 
He  travelled  extensively  through  Eastern  United  States 
and  became  one  of  the  best  known  steel  salesmen  m  that 

section 

While  in  Sheffield  in  1913  Mr.  Norton  accepted  a  com- 
mission to  open  a  branch  for  Kayser,  Ellison  &  Cojn 
this  country.  Although  this  mill  was  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  progressive  in  Sheffield,  it  was  not  so  well 
known  here,  but  in  five  years'  time  by  unt.rmg  work 
perseverance  and  up-to-date  methods  he  has  brought  *  us 
new  branch  to  a  par  with  the  older  established  English 

""on  the  outbreak  of  war  and  the  curtailment  of  English 
shipments,  his  acquaintance  with  the  American  steel 
manufacturers  and  sources  of  supply  enabled  him  to  take 
care  of  his  ever-increasing  trade.  Mr.  Norton  is  of  a 
genial  disposition,  and  has  won  a  host  of  f"end«^^oth 
in  the  East  and  in  Ontario,  where  he  contemplates  open- 
ing a  second  branch.  „  ,  j  ;„  *„n  „* 
He  became  greatly  attached  to  Canada  and  is  full  of 
praise  for  the  way  our  Canadian  manufacturers  have 
risen  to  the  call  for  greater  production  in  every  line 
He  is  confident  that  any  difficulties  arising  m  business 
conditions  through  adjusting  ourselves  to  times  of  peace 
will  be  met  in  the  same  unconquerable  fashion. 


'"T'HE  deputy  fire  marshal  for  Ontario,  Geo.  F.  Lewis, 
A  conducted  an  investigation  into  the  Thor  Ironworks 
fire.  The  matter  of  its  possible  origin  was  gone  into  at 
some  length,  also  the  methods  employed  in  fighting  it, 
water  pressure,  etc.  Considerable  evidence  was  brought 
out  regarding  the  employment  of  foreigners  and  the 
need  for  rigid  care  in  this  regard. 

The  part  Of  the  greatest  importance,  however,  was 
that  applying  to  the  fire  fighting  forces  and  the  supply 
of  water.  The  "dead  end"  situation  in  water  mains  is 
one  that  probably  exists  in  every  city,  and  what  applies 
in  Toronto  will  have  equal  force  and  warning  in  other 
centres.  One  matter  that  was  brought  out  in  the  investi- 
gation was  the  fact  that  it  was  quite  possible  for  foreign- 
ers or  any  person,  for  that  matter,  to  enter  certain  parts 
of  the  works  at  any  time,  a  practice,  which  in  the  opinion 
of  the  investigators,  should  be  curtailed  as  far  as  possible 
in  times  like  these. 

The  Shortage  of  Water 
In   connection   with    the   actual   circumstances   of   the 
fighting  of  the  fire,  Lieutenant  Mitchell  on  being  examined 
stated  that  the  first  line  of  hose  was  connected  with  the 
hydrant  at  the  Thor  Iron  Works  gate,  and  with  that  he 
fought  the  fire  from  the  water  front  side  till  their  hose 
caught  fire  and  they  were  cut  off.     It  was  shown  that  for 
about  six  minutes  the  pressure  on  the  first  line  of  hose 
was   alright,  but  as   soon   as  additional   lines  were   laid 
they   took   away   the  pressure.     It  was   even   established 
that  when  the   pressure   started   to   go  down   they  could 
only  hit  about  the  bottom  of  the  second  floor  and  it  con- 
tinued to  drop  until  their  hose  was  burnt  and  they  were 
cut  off  entirely.     The  department  that  was  fighting   the 
fire  at  the  Thor  Works  had  to  depend  upon  the  Bathurst 
and  the  Spadina  main.    The  hydrant  at  the  foot  of  Spadina 
about  fourteen  hundred  feet  distance  was  also  used.     It 
is  on  a  five-inch  main  and  also  a  "dead  end,"  so  that  all 
the  water  the  fire  department  had  to  fight  the  fire  with 
was  from  2  six-inch  mains  on  "dead  ends."     The  Spadina 
Ave.  connection  wasn't  much  good  as  a  fire  fighting  pro- 
position either  on  account  of  the  friction.     There  would 
be  very  little  pressure  after  the  water  got  through  the 
1,600    feet   of   hose    running   from    Spadina    Ave.    to    the 
scene  of  the  fire. 

The  Evidence  of  the  Chief 
The  chief  of  the  Toronto  Fire  Department  himself  in 
giving  evidence  said,  "that  the  big  trouble  was  we  didn't 
have  enough  water.  The  firemen  were  hampered  by  the 
lack  of  hydrants,  bad  roads,  as  well  as  lack  of  water, 
together  with  the  necessity  of  laying  long  lines  of  hose." 
The  chief  also  added  that  there  was  no  reason  why  that 
plant  would  have  been  entirely  burned  like  that  if  we 
had  had  roadways  and  the  water.  It  was  also  brought 
out  by  the  chief  that  he  had  applied  to  the  Water  Works 
Department  of  Toronto  for  blue  prints  showing  the  location 
of  hydrants  and  sizes  of  mains  in  the  various  streets 
throughout  the  city,  and  had  not  yet  got  them  and  was 
thus  without  the  proper  scientific  knowledge  from  a  fire 
fighting  standpoint  of  what  he  was  up  against. 

At  one  time  during  the  investigation  Mr.  Lewis,  the_ 
deputy  fire  marshal  for  the  Province,  asked  the  fire  chief 
this  question:  "If  you  had  had  proper  water  pressure 
at  these  fires  the  chances  are  it  would  have  reduced  the 
fire  wastage  enormously?"  and  the  chief  answered  quite 
frankly  to  this  that  it  would  have  made  a  wonderful 
difference. 

William  Cofbett,  district  chief  in  the  fire  department, 
in  his  evidence  went  on  to  show  that  the  fire  department 
was  badly  hampered  on  account  of  bad  and  crooked 
roads,  and  insufficient  water  supply  in  fighting  the  Thor 
Iron  Works  fire,  together  with  the  delay  caused  by  laying 
Continued  on  page  76.  Mtsc" 


0/ 


154 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


War  Industries  Get  the  Preference 

Firms  Making  Other  Lines  Are  Having  Hard  Time  Securing  Supplies  From  War  Trade 
Board — Small  Chance  of  Any  Material  For  the  Commercial 

Users  of  Steel 


THE  Canadian  manufacturer  who  is  not  working  on 
war  orders  is  not  faring  well  in  some  cases,  and 
the  future  has  not  much  in  store  for  him  if  he 
has  to  come  to  the  War  Board  asking  for  supplies.  True, 
the  situation  is  not  one  that  has  developed  over  night, 
but  the  drift  in  that  direction  has  been  gradual  and  very 
persistent  for  some  weeks,  until  now  in  some  industrial 
for  pig  Iron  had  been  turned  down  by  the  War  Trade  Board, 
centres  it  is  being  quite  marked.  Only  this  week  one 
manufacturer  in  Toronto  was  informed  that  his  request 
His  lines  are  soil  pipe,  fittings  and  boilers  for  stoves. 
At  present  his  firm  has  enough  material  on  hand  to  run 
for  six  weeks,  but  at  the  expiration  of  that  period  he 
will  be  out  if  he  cannot  secure  assistance,  or  turn  quickly 
to  other  lines  that  will  find  favor  with  the  War  Trade 
Board. 

There  has  been  a  feeling  in  the  steel  trade  that  about 
thi§  time  of  year  there  would  be  some  steel  for  distri- 
bution to  the  commercial  users.  It  had  been  thought  that 
after  a  three-months'  concentration  on  war  work  the 
demands  would  have  been  overtaken.  Just  how  far  this 
guess  is  wide  of  the  mark  is  shown  by  figures  given  out 
to-day  in  United  States.  It  appears  that  the  estimates 
of  the  requirements  of  the  war  group  there  for  steel 
for  the   second  half  of  1918  will  be   20  millions   tons   of 


steel,  while  at  present  the  mills  are  only  producing  at 
the  rate  of  about  16  million  tons  for  that  period.  There 
seems  to  be  little  prospect  of  bringing  production  figures 
much  past  the  point  where  they  now  are.  From  this  it 
will  be  seen  that  there  is  small  chance  of  commercial 
users  of  steel  either  in  Canada  or  United  States  getting 
any  supplies  this  year. 

The  fortunes  of  war  bring  many  peculiar  turns  in 
the  market.  Only  a  few  weeks  ago  the  talk  was  about 
the  great  quantities  of  steel  rails  at  Vancouver  on  order 
of  the  Russian  government.  This  week  in  New  York 
some  200  large  machine  tools  are  offered  to  the  trade 
because  they  had  not  been  shipped  to  their  Russian 
orders.  And  it  is  also  reported  that  agents  from  industrial 
and  government  quarters  in  Brazil  are  in  American  cities 
this  week  asking  about  the  chances  of  securing  machine 
tools  for  the  manufacture  of  munitions  to  the  order  of 
Brazil. 

The  demand  for  pig  iron  and  scrap  is  not  satisfied 
in  Ontario  or  any  part  of  the  Dominion.  At  American 
points  it  is  being  cornered  for  war  work  absolutely.  A 
survey  was  recently  taken  in  United  States,  as  a  result 
of  which  some  300,000  tons  of  pig  were  taken  from  non- 
war  industries  and  turned  over  to  firms  that  were  work- 
ing on  essential  contracts. 


MONTREAL  SEES  NO  CHANGE  OF  STEEL 
BEING  SERVED  FOR  COMMERCIAL  PURPOSES 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

MONTREAL,  August  1.— Continued 
hot  weather  has  somewhat  affected  the 
tone  of  regular  operations,  and  this  is 
reflected  in  almost  every  line  of  activity, 
in  particular,  those  industrial  plants 
working  on  the  production  of  furnace 
steel.  Rolling  mills  and  steel  foundries 
have  experienced  a  strenuous  week  ow- 
ing to  the  continued  hot  wave.  Machine 
tool  trade  has  shown  a  languid  tendency 
but  the  volume  of  business  has  been 
quiet  heavy,  owing  to  the  early  require- 
ments of  shell  plants  now  under  con- 
struction. Metals  have  had  a  compara- 
tively quiet  week  with  prices  well  main- 
tained. Old  materials  are  without  fea- 
ture at  steady  prices. 

Production   Slightly   Reduced 
As     generally     expected     during   the 
summer  months,    the   output    from   the 
steel  mills  throughout  the  district    has 


shown  a  falling  off,  and  should  the  ex- 
treme hot  weather  continue  this  feature 
will  become  additionally  emphasized  dur- 
ing the  coming  weeks.  Another  factor 
that  materially  affects  production  is  the 
holiday  season  when  many  are  away 
from  the  offices  and  factories.  Steel, 
both  in  the  form  of  bars  and  billets 
for  the  recent  renewal  orders  for  shrap- 
nel and  high  explosive,  is  being  made  in 
larger  quantities.  During  the  past  few 
weeks  it  has  been  rumored  that  steel 
would  be  more  easily  obtained  for  other 
than  essential  war  work,  but  as  stated 
in  previous  letters,  the  situation  has 
shown  no  tendency  to  change  towards 
a  more  favorable  distribution  of  steel; 
as  a  matter  of  fact  the  increasing  de- 
mands in  the  United  States  for  all  class- 
es of  war  supplies  has  resulted  in  re- 
ducing any  quantity  that  might  appear 
available  for  non-essential  consumption. 


The  abnormal  requirements,  however, 
make  it  very  difficult  to  acquire  steel 
for  ordinary  purposes,  but  owing  to  the 
indirect  bearing  that  all  existing  activi- 
ties have  to  the  actual  prosecution  of 
the  war,  the  business  that  might  be 
termed  of  no  importance  is  very  hard 
to  define.  It  is  this  condition  that  in- 
creases the  necessity  of  careful  super- 
vision in  the  distribution  of  the  output 
from  the  mills. 

While  it  is  possible  that  some  action 
may  be  contemplated,  on  the  part  of  the 
Canadian  Government,  in  the  matter  of 
some  form  of  price  regulations,  it  is  not 
taken  seriously  by  the  steel  men  here. 
The  comparative  volume  of  material 
that  is  produced  in  Canada  to  what  is 
received  from  American  mills,  makes  the 
regulation  of  steel  prices  here  a  very 
difficult  problem,  and  one  that  could 
not  very  well  be  solved  satisfactorily 
under  existing  conditions.  Dealers  here 
report  a  quiet  period,  largely  as  a  re- 
sult of  weather  and  the  holiday  season. 


August  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


155 


Prices  continue  firm  and  unchanged  on 
a  market  that  is  exclusively  confined  to 
war  activities. 

Features  Developing  in  Metals 
The  week  has  passed  without  any 
local  developments  and  the  markets  con- 
tinues steady  and  firm.  Interesting  fea- 
tures however,  are  looked  for  in  the  near 
future  owing  to  the  movement  in  copper 
circles  regarding  a  further  revision  of 
price,  and  to  the  uncertainty  prevailing 
in  tin,  as  a  result  of  recent  restrictions 
imposed  on  shipments  of  metal  from 
is  very  heavy,  exceeding  the  visible  sup- 
ply. Lack  of  inquiry  has  weakened  the 
spelter  market.  Antimony  is  stronger 
with  aluminum  steady. 

Copper. — Further  agitation  for  an- 
other advance  on  copper  has  created  a 
situation  similar  to  that  prevailing  just 
prior  to  the  last  recent  revision,  so  that 
the  general  tone  of  the  market,  if  it  may 
be  termed  such,  is  one  of  uncertainty, 
coupled  with  a  nervousness  on  the  part 
of  the  trade  in  covering  their  require- 
ments. Few  sales  are  made  apart  from 
price  at  time  of  delivery,  so  that  those 
consumers  with  sufficient  for  immediate 
requirements  are  reluctant  to  place  fur- 
ther orders  under  these  conditions. 
Local  dealers  report  a  good  business 
with  supplies  hard  to  obtain.  Quotations 
are  firm  at  30%  and  31%  cents  per  lb. 
Tin. — Developments  at  the  source  of 
supply  are  taking  a  turn  that  may 
eventually  result  in  materially  affecting 
present  uncertain  conditions,  and  these 
developments  will  not  tend  to  ease  the 
tension  of  the  past  several  months. 
Closer  regulation  of  shipments  of 
Straits  tin  will  mean  a  further  period  of 
nervousness,  particularly  on  this  side  of 
the  Atlantic.  Dealers  here  report  a  de- 
clining supply  but  are  able  to  satisfy 
customers  for  their  most  urgent  re- 
quirements. This  week's  quotation 
show  a  stronger  a  stronger  situation,  the 
5  cent  advance  placing  the  price  (nomin- 
al) at  $1.15  per  lb. 

Lead.— The  heavy  demand  for  lead  and 
the  evident  scarcity  has  created  a  strong- 
er undertone  in  this  metal.  Dealers  here 
continue  to  quote  10%  cents  but  look  for 
a  stronger  market. 

Good  Business  in  Machine  Tools 
While  the  present  demand  for  equip- 
ment is  not  excessive,  the  dealers  and 
manufacturers  are  actively  engaged  in 
placing  machines  that  have  been  on  or- 
der for  some  time.  The  rapid  progress 
that  has  been  made  in  the  erection  of 
several  local  munition  plants,  to  take 
care  of  American  and  new  shrapnel  or- 
ders, has  required  the  speeding  up  of 
machinery  delivery.  This  equipment  is 
coming  along  in  good  volume  and  it  is 
anticipated  that  little  delay  will  result 
after  the  completion  of  the  buildings. 
New  tools  are  the  ones  particularly  in  de- 
mand but  very  good  business  has  been 
done  in  used  equipment.  One  machinery 
house  here  recently  disposed  of  the  en- 
tire shell  equipment  of  a  large  locomo- 
tive plant,  the  total  value  approximating 
$250,000.     Much  of  this  machinery  was 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


NON-WAR  INDUSTRIES 

CAN'T  GET  SUPPLIES 


Reliable  figures  compiled  in  the 
United  States  show  that  the  war  re- 
quirements for  the  second  half  of 
the  year  will  be  twenty  million  tons 
of  steel,  while  the  output  looks  to 
be  about  sixteen  and  a  half  million 
tons.  This  would  indicate  that  there 
is  a  very  small  possibility  of  any 
steel  being  left  over  for  commer- 
cial  users. 

Although  the  story  has  been  in 
circulation  ever  since  U.  S.  began 
to  manufacture  war  material  that 
there  was  sure  to  be  a  labor  short- 
age in  the  steel  industry,  the  fact 
remains  that  at  the  present  time 
in  spite  of  recruiting,  and  all  other . 
drains  upon  labor,  that  the  mills 
and  furnaces  are  all  very  well  fur- 
nished with  labor. 

A  list  of  some  200  machine  tools 
which  originally  sold  through  Rus- 
sian firms,  have  been  placed  on  the 
New   York  market. 

Agents  from  Brazil  are  now  in 
New  York  getting  figures  from 
dealers  there  on  a  number  of 
tools  for  munition  work  in  Brazil. 

United  States  steel  men  are  all 
agreed  that  it  is  not  advisable  to 
build  any  more  furnaces  there  at 
the  present  time 

As  a  result  of  a  survey  of  the 
available  pig  iron  in  the  U.  S.  some 
three  hundred  thousand  tons  were 
taken  from  plants  working  on  non- 
essential contracts  and  given  over 
to  plants  that  were  filled  up  with 
war   orders. 

Several  Ontario  firms  have  been 
notified  that  their  request  for  a 
supply  of  pig  iron  have  been  re- 
fused by  the  war  trade  board. 

Several  of  the  large  producers 
in  American  points  have  notified 
their  old  customers  that  if  they 
wish  to  secure  allottments  of  pig 
iron  for  1919,  they  will  have  to  get 
their  plants  into  shape  to  handle 
war  contracts. 

A  record  is  made  this  week  in  an 
unusual  way,,  in  that  no  changes 
are  recorded  in  the  market  prices 
of  steel  or  iron. 


absorbed  by  other  plants  in  the  district. 
Local  builders  of  special  shell  machinery 
are  very  active.  Demand  for  all  classes 
of  supplies  continues  very  heavy. 


Pig  Iron  Being  Cut  Off  and  Saved  for 
Group  of  War  Industries 

TORONTO.— From  time  to  time  the 
statement  has  appeared  that  there  was 
a  tightening  up  in  the  supply  of  basic 
materials  to  the  various  institutions  in 
the  Dominion.  Although  a  great  deal 
does  not  appear  on  the  surface,  evidence 
is  occasionally  found  which  goes  to  show 
that  the  supply  of  such  materials  as  pig 
iron  isi  being  dealt  out  to  the  war  group 
in  quantities  in  keeping  with  their  needs. 
In  fact  it  is  seldom  that  a  complaint  is 
heard  from  any  of  these  firms  that  they 
are  being  held  up  for  want  of  material. 
There  is  a  fairly  good  system  workedi  out 
by  which  the  War  Board  keeps  the  situ- 
ation pretty  well  in  hand. 

Other  firms  are  not  faring  so  well. 
The  representative  of  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY has  met  several  outside  foun- 
drymen  this  week  who  were  in  the  city 
in  search  of  pig  or  good  scrap.  They  are 
not  being  well  served,  and  in  some  cases 
the  supply  has  diminished  to  such  a  point 
that  a  temporary  shut-down  is  in  sight 
unless  something  comes  along  to  relieve 
the  situation,  and  that  something  is  very 
uncertain  at  the  moment. 

Just  to-day  one  firm  in  Toronto,  man- 
ufacturing hardware  supplies,  soil  pipes, 
fittings,  stove  boilers,  etc.,  was  turned 
down  in  its  request  for  pig  iron.  This 
firm  has  enough  material  on  hand  to 
run  along  about  six  weeks,  and  unless 
it  can  go  over  to  war  work,  the  pros- 
pects are  for  a  shut-down  for  a  time 
at  least. 

Steel  Prices  Hold 
No  changes  are  made  in  any  of  the 
quotations  in  the  steel  market  to-day, 
and  indications  point  to  a  continuance 
of  values  that  have  been  named  for 
some  days.  From  information  received 
at  this  office  it  would  seem  that  there  is 
a  fairly  large  amount  of  structural  build- 
ing waiting  until  there  can  be  a  supply 
of  material  for  that  purpose.  Inquiries 
have  been  made  at  several  of  the  firms 
dealing  in  structural  steel,  and  the  in- 
formation is  invariably  given  that  it  is 
useless  to  put  in  the  order  at  Ottawa, 
for  the  simple  reason  that  the  War  Board 
will  not  entertain  it. 

Conditions  in  United  States  are  reflect- 
ed here  to  a  large  extent.  In  a  recent 
survey  made  of  the  pig  iron  situation 
there,  some  300,000  tons  of  pig  iron  were 
found  in  the  hands  of  industries  that  the 
War  Board  there  refused  to  recognize 
as  "essential."  Recognition  being  denied 
them,  this  amount  of  material  was  con- 
fiscated and  placed  with  firms  that  were 
working  on  strictly  war  contracts.  No 
such  action  has  been  taken  here,  because 
supplies  are  hardly  allowed  out  in  pro- 
portions large  enough  to  permit  of  smch 
a  situation. 

Scrap  Metals 
There  is  very  little  trade  moving  in 
the  scrap  metal  market  this  week.  Deal- 
ers are  keen  to  secure  anything  in  the 
nature   of  good   foundry   scrap  for  the 


U6 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


demand  for  it  is  very  marked.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  though,  users  of  materials 
that  usually  go  into  scrap  in  the  course 
of  time  are  holding  to  them  now,  as  the 
cost  of  replacement  is  a  feature  that  they 
have  to  consider.  Railroads  in  Canada 
are  following  the  same  policy  as  those 
in  the  States,  and  they  are  making  their 
stock  work  overtime  to  cope  with  the 
transportation  problems  that  they  are 
facing. 

.\lthough  prices  for  copper  scrap,  turn- 
ings and  wire  advanced  quite  sharply  in 
sympathy  with  the  new  fixed  price  in 
United  States,  dealers  do  not  report  any 
larger  amounts  coming  into  the  market. 

Occasionally  the  question  of  reclaiming 
tin  comes  up.  No  doubt  the  $1.25  per 
pound  price  at  which  tin  is  moving  has 
something  to  do  with  the  agitation  to  re- 
claim certain  portions  of  it.  There  is 
nothing  of  a  practicable  nature  in  the 
proposal  as  far  as  this  country  is  con- 
cerned. It  would  take  between  seveh 
and  eight  thouiind  tin  cans  to  weigh 
a  ton,  and  the  value  of  the  cans  would 
be  about  $12  at  the  factory,  according  to 
present  prices. 

In  Narrower  Margins 

Dealing  in  copper  is  coming  gradually 
into  a  smaller  compass.  Dealers  are 
not  able  to  go  into  the  market  and  buy 
all  they  want.  There  are  limits  now, 
and  they  are  very  closely  defined,  with 
the  consequence  that  the  available  supply 
of  copper  is  becoming  scarce. 

Prices  for  certain  kinds  of  copper,  for 


special  uses,  are  advancing  very  much 
In  excess  of  the  price  for  the  commodity 
fixed  by  the  authorities.  For  instance, 
copper  in  the  form  used  by  photo-engrav- 
ers is  a  hard  thing  to  obtain  and  prices 
on  that  line  have  been  advanced  quite 
sharply,  the  result  being  higher  prices 
for  printing  illustrations,  etc. 

Dealers  here  report  only  one  minor 
change  in  market  quotations,  lead  hav- 
ing moved  up  a  half  cent  per  pound. 

Machinery  and  Supplies 

Machinery  for  munitions  plants  com- 
prises the  principal  class  of  business 
moving  now.  In  this  connection  it  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  Leaside  Mu- 
nitions Co.  are  proceeding  with  the  con- 
struction of  a  new  plant  for  machining 
12-inch  shells.  Orders  for  a  considerable 
amount  of  the  machinery  have  been  plac- 
ed and  also  the  contract  for  the  trans- 
mission equipment.  Local  dealers  report 
business  as  being  fairly  good  but  with 
a  quieter  tendency.  Express  shipments 
<;ontinue  slow  and  are  not  much  quicker 
than  freight  shipments. 

An  advance  has  been  made  in  electric 
weld-proof  coil  chain.  New  prices  now 
named  range  as  follows:  3/16  x  5,  $18.25; 
%-inch,  $15.65;  5/16-inch,  $13.15;  %- 
inch  and  larger,  $11.90.  A  corresponding 
increase  in  other  sizes  and  qualities  has 
'also  been  put  into  effect.  Practically  the 
entire  line  of  the  Stanley  Rule  and  Level 
Co.'s  goods  has  advanced.  Prices  gener- 
ally on  machine  shop  supplies  are  hold- 
ing firm,  with  a  shortage  in  some  lines. 


BRIEF  REPORTS  ON  SCRAP  AND 

PIG  AT  BIG  PRODUCING  POINTS 


Reports  on  the  pig  iron  situation  in 
the  various  industrial  centres  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

Pittsburgh. — The  survey  of  the  pig 
iron  supply  recently  conducted  has  re- 
sulted in  close  to  300,000  tons  of  iron 
under  contract  to  certain  consumers  be- 
ing taken  from  them  and  given  over  to 
companies  working  on  big  war  contracts. 
•  Chicago. — The  smelters  in  general 
have  enough  iron  with  which  to  carry 
on  current  operations  but  some  of  them 
are  not  sure  how  they  will  fare  when 
their  present  stock  is  exhausted. 

Birmingham,  Ala. — The  inquiry  for 
1919  delivery  has  increased  but  the  book- 
ing of  orders  has  not  resulted.  The  mak- 
ing of  tentative  agreements  with  the 
understanding  with  regular  customers 
that  if  they  shall  be  on  war  work  in 
1919,  the  iron  will  doubtless  be  forth- 
coming, is  about  as  far  as  the  producers 
have  gone.  A  large  company  has  issued 
notices  to  customers  informing  them  of 
the  necessity  of  getting  on  a  war  basis 
at  once  if  they  wish  to  be  considered 
in  the  list  of  1919  iron  customers. 

St.  Louis. — Stove  foundries  are  badly 
in  need  of  pig  iron  and  a  considerable 
tonnage  could  be  disposed  of  to  these 
plants  if  the  same  were  available. 

Buffalo. — At  the  present  time  Govern- 
ment work  is  taking  up  practically  the 
output  here,  but  the  furnace  men  hope 
later  on  in  the  second  half  to  have  some 
IjiPP.  tSC  distribution  on  old  contracts.^ 


Philadelphia. — The  producers  of  pig 
iron  here  are  not  showing  any  great 
readiness  to  take  on  1919  business,  for 
the  reason  that  they  are  not  certain  that 
their  products  will  go  to  the  parties  to 
whom  they  sell.  It  has  been  their  ex- 
perience that  large  quantities  of  their 
material  have  been  taken  by  the  Gov- 
ernment and  sent  to  parties  who  have 
not  been  customers  of  theirs  in  previous 
times.  And  at  the  same  time  their  own 
trade  was  neglected. 

Cincinnati. — An  investigation  of  the 
situation  affecting  the  stove  makers  re- 
veals the  fact  that  very  few  of  them  in 
this  territory  have  sufficient  to  carry 
them  through  the  year. 

New  York. — The  general  opinion  here 
seems  to  be  that  there  will  not  be  a 
pig  shortage  and  at  the  present  time 
shipments  are  moving  forward  satisfac- 
torily so  that  few  complaints  from  the 
melters  are  heard. 

The  Scrap  Metal  Reports 

The  reports  on  the  scrap  metal  situa- 
tion from  the  various  industrial  :,en',res 
are  in  part  as  follows: 

Pittsburgh. — As  a  result  of  the  recent 
movement  on  the  part  of  the  authorities 
to  bring  all  available  scrap  on  the  mar- 
ket, a  good  quantity  of  this  has  been 
found,  but  the  trouble  is  that  much  of  it 
is  from  very  remote  points.  Whether  it 
will  be  moved  or  not  is  a  question  that 
has  not  been  settled  because  the  freight 


rates  to  bring  it  to  the  smelting  points 
would  be  very  high.  There  is  a  very 
decided  scarcity  of  steel,  making  scrap 
and  the  quantity  of  material  is  getting 
past  what  in  ordinary  times  would  be 
quickly  rejected. 

Chicago. — More  steel  scrap  should  be 
coming  out  and  that  it  is  not  is  charged 
to  indifference  which  should  not  exist  at 
this  time,  and  a  continuance  of  this  atti- 
tude may  lead  to  a  serious  shortage. 

St.  Louis. — Some  of  the  railroads  are 
offering  small  lots  of  scrap  from  day  to 
day  as  they  accumulate,  or  as  they  can 
be  picked  up  with  the  short  labor  sup- 
ply. Firms  that  are  filled  up  with  mili- 
tary work  seem  to  have  very  little  diffi- 
culty in  securing  smelting  material. 

Buffalo. — The  demand  for  scrap  is 
particularly  heavy  and  largely  exceeds 
the  supply.  Numerous  inquiries  are  still 
unsatisfied.  Heavy  melting  steel  also 
continues  in  demand  at  a  rate  that  ex- 
ceeds the  supply. 

Cleveland. — It  is  said  that  many  foun- 
dries would  be  glad  to  use  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  scrap  in  their  mixture  than 
at  present.  They  are  unable  to  do  so  as 
most  of  the  pig  iron  that  is  being  sup- 
plied is  low  in  silicon. 


RUSSIAN  ORDERS 

NOW  ON  MARKET 

Tools  Made  in  States  Were  Never  Ship- 
ped to  the  Eastern  Land 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

NEW  YORK,  Aug.  1.— Makers  of 
guns  and  shells  have  placed  contracts 
for  machinery  in  the  last  week  calling 
for  the  expenditure  of  $3,000,000  and 
similar  contracts  are  pending  involving 
the  expenditure  of  $5,000,000.  Manufac- 
turers of  aircraft  and  builders  of  ships 
have  also  placed  substantial  contracts  for 
machine  tools  and  other  machinery.  The 
conversion  of  many  metal  working  shops 
in  the  Central  West  into  war  munition 
plants  is  resulting  in  a  steady  stream 
of  small  orders  for  shop  equipment. 

The  Otis  Elevator  Co.,  New  York,  is 
about  to  place  orders  for  165  machines 
to  be  installed  in  its  Yonkers,  N.Y.,  plant 
for  the  manufacture  of  recnneratnrs  on 
gun  recoil  mechanism.  The  Himoff 
Machine  Co.,  Astoria,  N.Y.,  that  is  mak- 
ing gun  mounts,  is  buying  boring  and 
other  heavy  machinery.  The  American 
Car  &  Foundry  Co.  is  seeking  to  place 
an  order  for  132  24-inch  lathes  for  the 
turning  of  shells  to  be  installed  in  it's 
Cincinnati  plant.  The  same  company  re- 
cently purchased  150  henvy  tyne  lathes 
with  the  Niles  Tool  Works  Co.  Hamilton, 
Ohio,  for  the  turning  of  large  projectiles 
for  the  United  States  Government. 

Big  12-inch  Orders 

The  Maxwell  Motor  Co.  has  received 
an  additional  contract  from  the  Govern-t 
ment  for  the  machining  of  an  enormous 
quantity  of  12-inch  shells.  The  contract 
price  is  approximately  $40,000,000,  mak- 
ing this  company's  total  war  business 
$75,000,000.  To  expedite  the  work,  the 
Government  will  give  financial  assistance 


I 


August  1,  1918.  CANADIAN    MACHINERY  -W- 


A  NEW  24"  PLAIN  TURNING  LATHE 

Designed  and  Built  specially  for 
Plain  Turning  operations  and  for 
Rapid  Reduction  of  surplus  stock 

Main  Features 

Steel  Gears  (Headstock  and  Apron) 

Enclosed  Headstock  (Patent  Applied  for) 

Gears  and  Bearings  Run  In  Oil 

Ball  Thrust  to  Spindle 

Large  Wearing  Surfaces 

Special  Carriage  and  Apron  Construction 

Write  or   Wire  tor  Specifications,  Prices  and  Deliveries 

The  A.  R.  Williams   Machinery    Co. 

LIMITED 
64  Front  Street  West  -  .  -  TORONTO 


//   any   advertisement   interests  you,    tear  it    out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


74 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


in  building  a  $4,000,000  addition  to  the 
company's  plant  at  Detroit.  The  Win- 
chester Arms  Repeating  Co.,  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  is  buying  $500,000  worth  of  shop 
equipment  to  make  additional  Browning- 
guns  for  the  Government.  The  New 
England  Westinghouse  Co.,  Springfield, 
Mass.,  has  bought  tools  for  gun-making 
and  the  American  Can  Co.,  Edgewater, 
N.J.,  has  purchased  supplementary  tools 
for  shell  work.  American  Radiator  Co., 
Bayonne,  N.J.,  is  buying  additional  ma- 
chinery to  increase  the  output  of  guns. 

These  Didn't  Go  Over 
A  list  of  200  miscellaneous  tools  which 
were  originally  sold  to  Russian  manu- 
facturers has  been  made  out  by  a  local 
dealer  who  is  now  offering  the  machinery 
to  American  manufacturers,  as  the  tools 
were  never  shipped  and  are  still  carried 
in  New  York  warehouses.  The  Brazilian 
Mission  is  getting  figures  from  New  York 
dealers  on  a  number  of  tools  for  muni- 
tion work  in  Brazil. 

The  Scullin  Steel  Co.,  St.  Louis,  which 
is  building  a  munition  plant  for  the  War 
Department,  has  awarded  a  contract  for 
forge  shop  machinery  to  a  Cleveland 
manufacturer. 

The  Mobile  Shipbuilding  Co.,  which  has 
been  building  wooden  ships  for  the  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation,  has  received  a 
$12,000,000  contract  to  build  twelve  5,000- 
ton  steel  ships;  each  boat  will  require 
1,670  tons  of  steel  plates  and  shapes  or 
a  total  of  20,000  tons  and  bids  are  now 
being  taken  on  the  fabrication  of  the 
full  tonnages  of  steel,  but  it  is  possible 
that  half  of  the  tonnage  may  be  fabri- 
cated at  Mobile  where  additional  shops 
and  also  three  more  shipways  will  be 
constructed.  Cranes  and  machinery  for 
the  new  plant  will  be  purchased  in  the 
near  future. 

The  Bethlehem  Shipbuilding  Corpora- 
tion is  planning  to  build  two  more  ship- 
ways  at  its  Moore  works,  Elizabethport, 
N.J.,  and  also  three  additional  ways  at 
its  Sparrows  Point,  Maryland,  plant. 
Ocean  going  tugs  will  be  built  at  Eliza- 
bethport and  cargo  ships  at  Sparrows 
Point. 

Have  Large  Orders 
The  Todd  Shipyards  Corporation,  New 
York,  recently  received  an  additional 
$15,000,000  contract  from  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  to  build  twelve  7,500- 
ton  freight  boats  which  will  be  construct- 
ed at  Tacoma,  Washington.  The  Govern- 
ment contracts  now  held  by  the  Todd  in- 
terests amount  to  $75,000,000.  Several 
new  shipbuilding  companies  have  been 
incorporated,  including  the  Fabricating 
Ship  Corp.,  Richmond,  Va.,  with  a  capi- 
Ul  of  $1,000,000,  and  the  Connecticut 
Shipbuilding  Corp.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
The  Baltimore  Drydocks  and  Shipbuild- 
ing Co.  is  making  plant  additions  and  in- 
stalling new  machinery. 

A  14-inch  high-pressure  cold  water 
connection  to  the  space  below  the  dis- 
charge deck  of  a  pump  will  prove  a 
quick  and  effective  remedy  for  vapor 
bound  pumps,  also  an  automatic  valve  is 
sometimes  connected  to  this  space  for 
exhausting  the  air  or  vapor. 


THERE'S  NO  CHANCE  FOR  STEEL 

BEING  LEFT  FOR  COMMERCE  YET 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


PITTSBURGH,    Pa.,    Aug.    1.— There 
has     been     considerable     discussion      in 
steel  trade  circles  the     past     week     of 
the     War     Industries     Board's     genera! 
statement,  mentioned  in  this  correspond- 
ence a  week  ago,  that  the  war  require- 
ments  in   finished  steel  for   the   second 
half  of  the  year  are  fully  20,000,000  net 
tons,  while  the  prospect,  based  on  past 
performance,  is  for  an  output  of  16,500,- 
000  tons.     The  trade  does  not  doubt  that 
there  are  items  which  make  up  a  total  of 
20,000,000   tons    or   more,   but   in    some 
quarters   there   are   doubts   whether  the 
consuming  activities  can,  actually  utilizo 
the  amount  of  steel  they  are  calling  for, 
by  the  end  of  the  current  year.  The  time 
element,  they  insist,  is  precisely  as  im- 
portant as   the   tonnage   element.     Par- 
ticular attention  is  being  directed  to  the 
fact  that  while  as  to  the  direct  war  acti- 
vities the  War  Industries  Board  has  its 
records  of  orders  placed  and  its  schedules 
of  orders  to  be  placed,  in  the  case  of  the 
commercial     industries    that    are    given 
preference  and  should  be  supplied  with 
steel  it  can  have  no  information  of  cor- 
responding character,  but  must    depend 
upon  estimates.     If  the  direct  war  acti- 
vities,  involving   the    steel    the   Govern- 
ment itself  buys,  were  to  count  up  20,- 
000,000  tons,  then  there  would  be  no  use 
in   including  the  "more   essential"  com- 
mercial activities  in  the  preference  list, 
for  that  would  be  an  altogether  empty 
honor.     These   essential    commercial   in 
dustries,  including  those  engaged  in  the 
production   and   preparation   of  food,  in 
the  production  of  fuel  and  in  the  manu- 
facture  of  clothing,   together   with    the 
public    utilities    in    general,    are    all    ex- 
pected to  get  steel,  and  more  or  less  ac- 
cording as  the  supply  stretches. 

Nothing  for  Unessentials 

One  thing  has  been  made  quite  clear, 
that  there  will  be  little  if  any  steel  for 
the  "unessentials"  or  "less  essentials," 
these  terms  being  used  more  or  less  in- 
terchangeably. In  the  first  place,  the 
supply  will  not  stretch  through  the  pre- 
ference list,  involving  Class  C  steel,  and 
then  into  the  miscellaneous  or  unessential 
demands,  such  steel  being  designated  as 
Class  D  steel,  when  there  is  any.  In  the 
second  place,  these  consuming  industries 
that  are  not  accorded  any  preference 
represent  a  very  small  quantity  of  stee" 
in  the  aggregate.  If  only  they  are  to 
be  denied  steel  there  is  not  much  steel 
saved.  Various  attempts  have  been  made 
to  compile  a  list  of  the  "unessentials" 
but  the  compilers  get  nowhere.  They 
start  out,  with  a  great  flourish,  by  set- 
ting down  "pleasure  automobiles,"  not 
calling  them  "passenger  automobiles"  as 
the  producers  insist  upon  doing,  but  when 
they  come  to  the  next  line  and  the  lines 
following  they  have  to  leave  them  blank. 
The  "preference  list"  is  so  comprehen- 
sive that  there  is  scarcely  anything  left. 
There  are  items  of  demand  that  in  nor- 
mal times  would  be  very  important,  but 


the  industries  involved  have  almost  com- 
pletely effaced  themselves,  with  the 
country  on  a  war  basis,  partly  voluntary 
and  partly  forced  by  influences. 

The  problem  of  steel  distribution, 
therefore,  is  to  make  the  steel  last  down 
through  the  preference  list,  not  to  have 
it  extend  beyond. 

Labor  Conditions 

There  being  so  little  that  can  be  done 
to  improve  the  distribution  of  steel,  at- 
tention  is   directed   more  to   production. 
It  is  regarded  as  decidedly  not  feasible 
to  build  additional   plants.     That  would 
require   a   great  deal   of  time   and   con- 
sume labor,  materials  and  transportation 
facilities.     What  is  of  more  importance 
is   to   obtain   maximum   production   with 
the  plant  equipment  now  available.  The 
problem   is  largely  one   of  labor  supply 
and    labor   performance.      It   is   remark- 
able   that    the    iron    and    steel    industry 
is  in  as  good  shape  as  it  is,  when  it  is 
recalled    that   ever   since    the    fore    part 
of  1915  there  has  been  more  or  less  of  a 
"labor  scare."     It  will   be   recalled   that 
the    industry    reached   an    unprecedently 
low  rate  of  operation  towards  the  close 
of  1914.     Then  early  in   1915  conditions 
began  to  pick  up.     As  demand  increased 
it    was    seriously    contended    that   there 
would  not  be  sufficient  labor  to  operate 
the  furnaces  and  mills  at  capacity,  should 
demand   arise   such    as   to    warrant   full 
operation.    Some  labor  had  left  the  coun- 
try  on   account   of   the   war   in   Europe, 
and    immigration    was   practically    stop- 
ped, although   prior  to  the  war  the  net 
increase   in   population,   due  to  the  pas- 
senger movement,  had  been  about  60,000 
persons  a  month  for  two  years.  Through- 
out 1916,  although  operations  at  capacity 
had    been    reached,     there     were     fresh 
scares.     Then  when  the  Government  be- 
gan drafting  men  to  the  colors  the  whole 
thing  had  to  be  gone  through  with  over 
again. 

Nevertheless  the  condition  to-day  is 
that  the  mills  and  furnaces  are  fairly 
well  recruited  with  labor.  There  have 
been  various  offsets  to  the  drain  of  la- 
bor, and  nearly  the  whole  of  the  offset 
can  be  traced  to  the  wonderful  work 
the  Government  has  been  doing,  through 
various  important  activities.  It  created 
a  Labor  Policies  Board  which  should  de- 
vise means  to  secure  the  best  perform- 
ance. As  a  result  of  its  deliberations 
the  United  States  Employment  Service  is 
now  being  put  into  operation  throughout 
the  country.  Employers  engaged  in  war 
work  and  employing  100  men,  are  nol 
permitted,  after  August  1,  to  recruit 
labor  except  through  this  one  service. 
Its  methods  promise  to  be  drastic,  call- 
ing upon  non-war  industries  to  give  up 
men.  Then  there  are  the  conciliators 
of  the  Department  of  Labor,  who  seek 
to  catch  cases  of  industrial  unrest,  or 
strikes  being  fomented,  in  their  incipi- 
ency,  and  many  a  strike  has  been  avert- 
ed, or  speedily  settled,  by  the  work  of 


Augrust  1,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Immediate 

Delivery 

on 

Four  New 

Montreal 

Boring 

Lathes 

with 

Air  Chucks 

and 
Steel  Collets 


75 -Six  Inch  Shells 
in  Ten  Hours 

Is  the  record  for  Rough  Turning 
made  on  the  Montreal  Lathes  built 
by  us — and  they  are  doing  it  right 
along. 

Here's  the  reason 
All  Steel  Gears 
Increased  Belt  Speed 
Ball  Thrust  To  Spindle 

We  have  introduced  a  number  of  worth-while 
improvements.     Let  us  tell  you  about  them. 

The  A.R.Williams  Machinery  Co. 


Limited 


64  WEST  FRONT  ST. 


TORONTO,  CAN 


//  any   advertisement   interefts   you,    tear  it  out  yiow  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


T 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


SCORES  THE  "DEAD  ENDS" 

(Continued  from  page  153) 

long  lines  of  hose.  The  fire  itself  was  not  of  an  extra- 
ordinary or  very  serious  character  from  a  fire  fighting 
standpoint  when  the  department  got  there. 

Too  Many   Dead  Ends 

William  Randall,  the  Toronto  superintendent  of  main- 
tenance and  distribution  of  the  Water  Works  Department 
submitted  certain  plans,  and  in  answer  to  questions  put 
to  him  it  was  brought  out  that  in  the  city  there  are  at 
the  present  time  no  less  than  556  of  these  "dead  end" 
water  mains.  It  is  well  known  that  it  is  impossible 
from  a  fire  fighting  standpoint  to  secure  the  same  pres- 
sure from  a  dead  end  main  as  it  is  fro.n  a  main  through 
which  there  is  a  constant  flow  of  water.  One  of  the 
questions  in  regard  to  the  Spadina  Ave.  service  brought 
out  a  remark  to  this  effect,  "They  practically  had  no  water 
there  at  all,"  and  the  answer  to  this  was  "no"  because 
the  water  was  used  by  the  engines  on  Bathurst  Street 
and  on  the  lines  that  were  connected  up  on  this  hydrant, 
before  it  ever  could  reach  that  branch. 

A   New   By-law    Needed 

The  deputy  fire  marshal  in  conclusion  draws  attention 
to  this  report  to  a  number  of  things  he  considers  to  be 
very  essential  in  keepings  the  fire  loss  down,  among  other 
things  mentioning  smoking  on  premises,  grass  fires,  old 
shacks  as  a  fire  menace,  watchmen's  service.  He  also 
states  that  the  City  of  Toronto  seems  to  be  lacking  in 
their  authority  to  enforce  the  requirements  of  a .  proper 
inspection  system  and  should  without  delay  enact  a  by-law 
substantially  as  follows: — 


Section  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Chief  of  the  Fire  De- 
partment to  inspect,  or  cause  to  be  inspected,  all  buildings, 
yards  and  alleys,  as  often  as  may  be  necessary,  but  not  less 
than  four  times  a  year  in  the  mercantile  and  manufacturing 
districts,  and  twice  a  year  in  other  districts,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining,  and  causing  to  be  corrected,  any  con- 
ditions liable  to  cause  fire,  or  any  violation  of  any  by-law 
affecting  the  fire  hazard.  Whenever  said  Chief  or  other 
duly  authorized  person  shall  find  any  buildings  especially 
liable  to  fire  by  want  of  repair,  or  by  reason  of  dilapidated 
condition,  or  defective  chimneys,  stoves,  furnaces,  etc.,  or 
by  reason  of  any  other  cause,  and  when  he  or  they  shall 
find  in  any  building,  or  upon  any  premises,  dangerous  com- 
bustible or  explosive  substances,  or  accumulations  of  rub- 
bish, waste  paper,  empty  boxes,  or  other  inflammable  ma- 
terial, especially  liable  to  fire,  or  shall  find  obstructions  to 
or  on  fire  escapes,  stairs,  passage-ways,  doors,  etc.,  a  record 
shall  be  made  of  such  inspection,  and  the  Chief  of  the 
Fire  Department,  the  Deputy  Chief,  or  the  District  Chiefs 
of  the  Fire  Department  shall  order  the  aforesaid  matters 
and  things  repaired,  removed  or  remedied,  within  a  reason- 
able time  specified  in  said  order. 

Section  2.  The  Chief  of  the  Fire  Department  shall  keep  a 
permanent  record  of  all  notices  given  pursuant  to  the 
power  hereby  conferred,  and  of  all  inspections  and  the 
results  of  such  inspections,  together  with  details  of  the 
measures  taken  to  correct  any  defects  or  inadequacies  so 
found. 

Section  3.  The  Chief  of  the  Fire  Department,  Deputy  Chief,  or 
District  Chiefs,  or  the  Police,  or  either  or  both  of  them,  are 
authorized  to  enter  at  all  reasonable  times,  upon  any  prop- 
erty in  order  to  ascertain  whether  the  provisions  of  the 
by-laws  are  obeyed,  and  to  enforce  and  carry  the  same 
into  effect. 

Section  4.  PENALTY.  Every  person  found  guilty  of  failure 
or  neglect  to  comply  with  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  by- 
law, or  with  the  requirements  of  any  notice  or  order  issued 
under  the  authority  of  this  by-law,  shall  be  liable  upon 
summary  conviction  to  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  five  dol- 
lars ($5.00)  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars   ($50.00). 

.Section  5.  All  former  by-laws  or  parts  of  by-laws  inconsistent 
herewith  are  hereby  repealed. 


these  conciliators,  whose  work  is  rarely 
heard  of  except  locally.  Then  there  is 
the  National  War  Labor  Board,  of  whirh 
former  President  William  H.  Taft  is  one 
of  the  two  chairmen,  v/hich  has  jurisdic- 
tion over  cases  of  particular  importance 
and  has  been  very  successful.  There 
are  various  other  activities  that  have 
been  helpful,  particularly  in  encouraging 
men  to  work  halrliler  througlj  motives  of 


patriotism  in  these   trying  days. 

It  is  beginning  to  dawn  upon  the  i^rade 
that  remarkable  work  has  been  done, 
and  that  labor  supply  for  war  industries 
and  industries  closely  associated  with  the 
prosecution  of  war  is  not  going  to  be 
nearly  as  scarce  as  would  have  been  im- 
agined considering  the  amount  of  indus- 
trial activity  and  the  large  number  of 
men  called  into  war  service. 


TRIED  THE  BONUS  SYSTEM  TO  SECURE 

PRODUCTION  IN  MUNITIONS  PLANT 


Some  of  the  firms  in  Toronto  that  are 
taking  on  contracts"  for  big  shells  are 
doing  the  first  few  operations  this  week, 
and  it  will  not  be  long  bef «£e  they  have 
production  up  to  their  former  standards  ■ 
on  other  lines  of  work.  Qne  question 
that  is  not  yet  fully  settled  is  the  ex- 
tent to  which  women  will  be  able  to 
find  employment  in  the  shops  doing 
the  large  caKhre  work. 

"The  question  of  handling  the  larger 
shell  is  going  to  take  a  little  considera- 
tion," remarked  the  official  of  jone  of  the  - 
plants  this  morning.  "In  om-  case  v\' 
find  that  the  gravity  system  that  was 
quite  capable  of  doing  the  other  sizes  is 
not  going  t«  handle  the  big  shell  satis- 
factorily. And  speaking  of  handling," 
he  continued,  "it  is  one  of  the  items 
that  simply  runs  away  with  money  all 
the  time,  and  it  is  always  a  hard  factor 
in  overhead.  There  is  about  as  much 
non-prodnctive  effort  in  the  making  of 
shells  for  this  reason  as  in  anything 
we  have  ever  handled  here.  Try  as  you 
will  it  can't  be  cut  very  much  lower  than 
a  good  many  of  the  .shops  have  it  now, 


but  even  yet  it  runs  into  a  lot  of  money 
in  the  course  of  a  month.  Firms  want 
to  get  production  at  the  maximum  fig- 
ure, and  they  want  to  have  the  machines 
constantly  going,  and  it  all  means  that 
the  material  has  to  be  brought  to  the 
machines  in  a  constant  supply,  and  of 
course  that  all  means  that  more  hands 
have   to  be  engaged. 

The  Women  Workers 

"Our  own  experience,"  he  continued, 
''has  led  us  to  the- belief  that  we  would 
Ifke  to  emplo^^  women  workers  here. 
"When  we  were  pressed  for  production 
some  time  ago  we  adopted  a  bonus 
scale  in  our  shops.  We  paid  the  same 
money  to  men  and  women  workers  on 
piece  work  operations,  and  they  worked 
under  the  same  conditions.  We  made  it 
a  practice  as  well  to  give  a  $2  bonus 
every  time  a  shop  record  was  made  or 
broken.  We  did  not  ask  the  worker 
to  wait  until  pay  day  and  have  th« 
amount  added  then,  but  went  on  the 
view  that  a  bird  in  the  hand  is  worth 
two   in  the  bush.     We  would  hang  up 


the  shop  marks  on  certain  operations. 
Well,  the  thing  was  a  big  success  all  the 
way  through.  As  soon  as  a  worker 
beat  out  a  figure  that  had  been  previ-! 
ously  high  in  the  shop,  an  order  was 
given  on  the  pay  office,  and  the  bonus 
of  $2  was  handed  over  right  away.  It' 
was  interesting  to  watch  who  would  get 
the  most  of  these,  men  or  women.  It 
was  our  experience  that  three  out  of 
five  times  the  record  bonus  was  paid 
over  to  a  woman.  And  as  I  said  be- 
fore, the  men  and  women  were  working 
under  exactly  the  same  conditions,  and 
were  getting  the  same  rate  of  pay  for 
their  work." 


ANOTHER    METROPOLITAN    DAILY 

GOES  UNDER  DEPARTMENT 

STORE  CONTROL 

It   will   be    remembered    that   Stewart , 
Lyon,    editor    of     The     Globe,     Toronto, 
and    the    editor    of    a    Winnipeg    daily, 
speaking  at  the  annual  meeting    of    the 
Canadian    Press    Association,     lamented 
the  fact  that  editors  of  the  metropolitan  , 
daily   newspapers  had  not  a  free  hand. 
They  were  hampered  by  their  big  adver-  , 
tisers,  the  owners  of  departmental  stores. ' 

Rodman  Wanamaker,  of  John  Wana- 
maker  &  Co.'s  big  departmental  store 
of  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  who  con- 
trols the  Philadelphia  Press  Record  and 
North  American,  has  just  been  appoint- 
ed by  the  will  of  the  late  James  Gordon 
Bennett  to  the  control  of  the  New  York 
Herald  and  the  New  York  Evening  Tele- 
yram.  Although  in  control  he  has  not 
been,  nor  will  he  be  active  personally  in 
newspaper  work.  It  is  interesting  to  ob- 
serve another  big  daily  newspaper  pass 
under  departmental  store  control. 


GnadianMachinery 


AND 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.  No.  5. 


August  8,  1918 


Your     Uncle  Sam  "  is  Not  a  Bluffer  in  Any  Sense 

A  Review  of  His  War  Activities  Will  Demonstrate  That  He  Has 

Gone  in  for  Keeps — In  the  Past  He  Has  Shown  a  Tendency  to  do 

Things  in  a  Big  Way  and  at  Once 

By  GEO.  A.  SIMPSON,  Sales  Manager   Steel  Co.  of  Canada. 


NOTWITHSTANDING  the  follow- 
ing, which  I  clipped  from  a  Cana- 
dian paper,  your  "Uncle  Sam"  is 
not  a  bluffer,  and  this  the  Hun  will  find 
out  to  his  sorrow: 

Washington,  July  9. — Publication 
in  Swiss  papers  of  the  text  of  Sec- 
retary of  War  Baker's  letter  to 
President  Wilson,  giving  the  Am- 
erican troops'  movement  to  Europe 
by  months,  caused  German  authori- 
ties to  permit  its  publication  in  Ger- 
many, according-  to  a  despatch  re- 
ceived from  Berne. 

The  Koelnisclie  Zeitung  published 
the  latter  under  the  heading  "Am- 
erican Bluff,"  the  despatch  says,  and 
commented  as  follows: 

"Mr.  Baker  thinks  he  will  be  able 
to  dissipate  all  doubts  about  exacti- 
tude of  his  figures  with  his  recita- 
tions. It  is,  however,  only  the  usual 
American  bluff.  We  know  from  re- 
liable sources  that  the  figures  in 
question  are  inordinately  exagger- 
ated and  in  no  way  correspond  to  the 
truth." 

And  furthermore,  he  will  understand — 
if  he  does  not  already  know — that  the 
figures  furnished  by  Secretary  of  War 
Baker  are  not  "inordinately  exaggerat- 
ed," but  they  do  correspond  to  the  truth 
Inasmuch  as  they  only  represent  a  small 
fraction  of  the  force  that  will  be  exerted 
for  the  cause  of  humanity  before  the 
allied  armies  reach  Berlin. 

A    Nation   of   Enthusiasts 

The  American  is  an  enthusiast,  fos- 
tering an  ambition  unbridled  by  tradi- 
tionary restraint,  for  in  him  commingles 
the  souls  of  the  sturdy  Pilgrim  Fathers, 
T)eFet  with  the  cares  of  existence,  con- 
quering nature,  felling  trees,  navigating 
rivers  and  fertilizing  valleys,  and  the 
souls  of  the  Colonists  fighting  for  liberty 
and  independence.  He  is  the  child  of  a 
country  as  boundless  as  the  ocean,  whose 
rivers  are  like  rolling  lakes,  and  the 
lakes  like  inland  seas,  the  forests,  the 
mountains,    the    plains,    Niagara    itself 


with  its  world  of  waters — all  owe  their 
.magnificence  to  their  immensity;  and  by 
transference,  not  unnatural  although 
fallacious,  the  Sons  of  Uncle  Sam  have 
modelled  their  ideas  and  expressions  on 
the  huge  scale  of  their  magnificent  coun- 
try, and  history  proves  that  anything 
they  have  seriously  set  themselves  to  do, 
they  have  successfully  accomplished.  But 
this  is  to  his  credit,  as  nothing  great 
has  ever  been  accomplished  without  en- 
thusiasm, but  he  is  not  a  bluffer. 

It  is  true,  and  I  must  admit  that  the 
words  "bluff"  and  "bluffer"  are  often 
applied  to  American  statements  and  to 
those  who  make  them.  As  to  why  they 
should  be  applied  to  the  extent  they  are, 
I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand,  unless  it 
is  through  the  application  of  a  mental 
attitude  that  parallels,  in  a  sense,  that 
of  the  German  toward  the  English.  Dur- 
ing the  course  of  the  war,  I  have  been 
asked  a  number  of  times  by  residents 
of  the  United  States  what  has  England 
done  to  incur  the  hatred  of  Germany — 
as  no  one  seems  to  question  that  a  deep- 
seated  hatred  does  exist — and  to  tho=e 
who  first  propounded  the  question,  I  was 
at  a  loss  to  make  an  answer.  There- 
fore, I  undertook  to  analyze  the  subject 
and  I  asked  myself  the  question,  "What 
has  England  done  to  Germany?"  and  for 
the  life  of  me  I  could  not  reach  any  logi- 
cal conclusion,  other  than  the  one  I  will 
later  outline  which  justifies  in  the  Ger- 
man mind  the  Song  of  Hate,  or  the  toast 
of  "Der  Tag"  which,  in  English,  is  "The 
Day,"  meaning  the  day  on  which  they 
could  pick  a  fight  and  thereby  show-  their 
brutal  superiority  over  a  race  that  they 
recognized,  but  would  not  admit,  were 
their  superiors  in  every  commendable 
particular.  I  have  therefore  concluded 
that  their  hatred  is  cau.sed  by  a  mental 
attitude,  born  of  the  fact  that  the  Eng- 
lishman is  a  gentleman  and  as  such  is 
recognized  by  every  nation  with  whom 
he  comes  in  contact. 

Mighty  Handy  With  a  Knif.; 
I  have  before  me  a  mental  picture — 


not  altogether  imaginary,  as  I  have  at- 
tended gatherings  where  different  na- 
tionalities have  sat  at  the  same  table 

and  I  can  see  the  German,  fat  and  coarse, 
with  his  napkin  stuck  inside  his  collar, 
disposing  of  his  soup  with  musical  ac- 
companiment, using  his  knife  and  fork 
with  the  same  elegance  that  a  plumbev 
would  use  his  tools;  in  fact,  the  knife 
is  more  to  his  liking  than  the  fork.  I 
have  watched  him  through  the  meal,  ill 
at  ease,  feeling  that  he  was  not  in  Har- 
mony with  the  thought  and  enviroun.ent 
of  representative  men.  I  have  seen  irm 
called  on  to  make  a  speech,  or  respond- 
ing to  a  toast,  rising  awkwardly  and 
even  where  he  could  speak  good  Eng- 
lish, it  sounded  to  me  like  someone  garg- 
ling his  throat.  In  other  words,  the 
German  is  coarse;  he  is  the  offspring  of 
a  race  of  butchers,  soap-boilers  and  brew- 
ers, and  he  knows  it  and  shows  it.  On 
the  other  hand,  across  the  table  the  Eng- 
lishman, respecting  all  the  good  man- 
ners recognized  in  well-ordered  society, 
is  called  upon  to  respond  to  a  toast, 
and  with  the  grace  of  a  Chesterfield, 
he  rises  to  the  occasion  and  in  a  few' 
well-selected  words,  he  makes  his  re- 
sponse. The  German  knows  he  is  not 
the  equal  of  the  race  from  which  this 
gentleman  sprang,  and  therefore  '  dis- 
misses the  subject  by  saying  under  his 
breath  "Englander  Schwein." 

But  the  English  are  not  swine,  neither 
is  your  Uncle  Sam  a  bluffer,  yet  a  state 
of  mind  has  been  created  and  does  exist 
all  over  the  world,  including  Canada, 
which  prompts  the  dismissal  of  a  state- 
ment, involving  big  figures  or  vast  un- 
dertakings, made  by  an  American,  as 
"American  bluff."  To  this  I  have  ap- 
plied the  test  and  I  wish  to  go  on  record 
and  state  in  the  most  emphatic  language, 
that  all  through  the  history  of  the  United 
States  I  cannot  find  one  instance  where 
statements  have  been  made  which,  I  will 
admit,  sounded  like  "bluffs,"  which  have 
not  been  fulfilled.  And  I  can  only  coi.- 
clude  that  the  reason  the  word  "bluff" 
or  "bluffer"  has  been  applied  by  the  peo- 


158 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


pie  of  every  nation,  who  do  not  realize 
the  stride  your  Uncle  Sam  is  making, 
is  because  they  cannot  grasp  the  magni- 
tude of  the  statements  made  and  they 
dismiss  the  subject  as  "American  bluff," 
while  those  who  do  realize  it,  resent  it 
with  the  same  remark. 

Their  Declaration  of  Independence, 
whereby  they  severed  their  allegiance 
from  a  crazy  German  King,  sitting  on 
a  British  Throne,  was  no  bluff;  neither 
was  the  Emancipation  Proclamation, 
which  gave  freedom  to  the  slaves,  a  bluff. 

Couldn't  Grasp  the  Idea 

As  a  slight  indication  of  the  extent 
to  which  the  word  "bluff"  or  "bluster" 
has  been  applied  to  the  inventive  mindo 
and  the  unbridled  energy  of  the  Ameri- 
can people  and  as  to  how  poorly  it  serv- 
ed as  descriptive  of  their  accomplish- 
ments, I  may  state  a  little  incident  that 
I  well  remember  and  have  many  times 
repeated.  I  was  standing  on  the  rail- 
road platform  in  Newport,  Monmoulh- 
shire,  awaiting  a  train  to  take  me  to  my 
home.  I  was  then  a  boy,  attending  a 
British  Public  School.  There  were  a 
number  of  other  passengers  waiting  foi* 
the  same  train,  among  them  being  the 
vicar  of  the  parish  of  Trevethin,  a  well 
known  and  renowned  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England.  He  was  talking  to 
some  farmers,  who  lived  in  his  district, 
and  the  conversation  ran  about  as  fol- 
lows: He  told  them  that  he  had  received 
a  letter  from  a  former  member  of  the 
church,  who  had  emigrated  to  America, 
stating  that  there  had  been  invented  and 
there  was  now  in  use  in  the  United  States 
a  machine  that  while  being  drawn 
through  the  field,  would  cut  the  wheat, 
put  it  up  into  sheaves,  bind  it  and  drop 
it,  ready  for  being  put  into  shocks,  as  it 
went  along. 

The  conversation  was  interesting  to 
me  as,  boylike,  I  had  profound  respeet 
for  the  vicar.  I  now  recall  the  expres- 
sion of  doubt  on  the  faces  of  the  fann- 
ers, and  the  smile  from  the  vicar  who 
acquiesced  with  their  thoughts,  ana  I 
can  now  hear  him  distinctly  stating  that 
he  very  much  doubted  that  such  a  ma- 
chine could  be  made  and  applied  in  gen- 
eral use,  with  which  the  farmers,  who 
were  at  that  time  cutting  their  wheat 
with  a  sickle,  were  very  much  in  accord. 

When  we  consider  what  the  sons  of 
Uncle  Sam  have  done  for  the  agricultural 
world  and  realize  that  their  first  at- 
tempts were  classed  as  "bluffs."  we  can 
more  fully  appreciate  how  ridiculous  and 
uncalled  for  the  ex- 
pression is.  And 
what  applies  to  the 
endeavors  of  Uncle 
Sam  in  the  produc- 
tion of  agricultural 
implements  applies 
to  everything  he  has 
seriously  under- 

taken. 

Three  Days  vs.  Four 
Weeks 

As  a  boy  I  went 
to  sea  in  an  English 
sailing  ship,  and  I 
remember  very  well 
my  first  introduc- 
tion to  what  I  then 


considered  "bluff."  We  had  crossed  the 
Atlantic  from  England  to  tne  West  In- 
dict, with  a  cargo  of  coal  and  ha  1  run 
down  to  Pensacola,  Florida,  for  our  re- 
turn cargo  of  lumber.  After  we  hai  ,lis- 
charged  our  ballast,  we  were  towed  out 
into  the  bay,  where  our  complete  cargo 
of  logs  had  been  rafted  and  was  there 
awaiting  us.  I  remember  b.'Tring  tne 
-tevedore,  an  Irishman,  by  the  wsy,  by 
the  name  of  Pendleton,  who  had  lived  the 
best  part  of  his  life  in  the  Ur.iied  States, 
tailing  his  gang  that  he  expected  to  loud 
tie  ship  in  about  three  days.  While  I  was 
a  very  young  boy  at  the  time,  I  shool; 
my  head  and  if  I  didn't  say  "bluff,"  I 
thought  it.  Notwithstanding  we  were 
loaded  and  ready  to  sail  vwithin  the 
prescribed  time  and  we  arrived  in  Eng- 
land some  ninety  days  later,  where  it 
took  the  English  stevedore  and  his  force 
some  four  weeks  to  unload  what  the 
American  gang  had  loaded  in  a  little 
over  three  days.     No  bluff  about  that. 

Some  years  later  I  was  on  the  Isthmus, 
of  Panama.  It  was  shortly  after  the  col- 
lapse of  the  French  company,  who  had 
undertaken  to  build  the  canal.  All  t'  e 
machinery  and  equipment  was  lying  in 
idleness  and  rusting.  The  Isthmus  was 
reeking  at  that  time  with  yellow  fever 
and  disease  and  any  man  who  spent  much 
time  there  took  his  life  in  his  hand.  I 
was  then  advised  it  was  impossible  to 
build  the  Panama  Canal,  and  to  drive 
home  this  statement,  my  advisers,  point- 
ing to  Monkey  Hill,  which  in  those  days 
was  the  famous  burying  ground  of  the 
workers  on  the  Isthmus,  said  there  were 
more  men  buried  in  the  cemetery  on  that 
hill  than  there  were  ties  in  the  Panama 
railroad.  In  later  years  Uncle  Sam  un- 
dertook to  "dig  the  ditch"  and  the  first 
thing  he  did  was  to  clean  up  the  Isthmus 
from  ocean  to  ocean.  The  greatest  sani- 
tary engineers  the  world  knew  were  put 
on  the  job  and  when  this  part  of  the  work 
was  done  and  the  Isthmus  made  fit  for  a 
white  man  to  live  on,  that  great  organ- 
izer. Major  Goethals,  the  canal  builder, 
was  ordered  by  President  Roosevelt  "to 
make  the  dirt  fly."  As  to  how  well  he 
did  this  work  is  now  a  matter  of  history; 
but  the  facts  are  the  work  on  the  can-»l 
especially  any  reference  to  the  gigantic 
dredging  operations,  were  often  referred 
to  as  Amrican  bluff,  and  when  the  date 
set  for  the  completion  of  the  work  was 
mentioned,  it  usually  broueht  forth  the 
stereotyped  reply,  "bluff."  Nevertheless, 
the  canal  was  completed  and  ships  pass- 
ing through  it  fifteen  months  prior  to  the 


official  date  set  for  its  completion.  Surely 
this  cannot  be  termed  "bluff." 

They  Came — They  Saw 

If  my  memory  serves  me  right,  it  was 
in  the  year  1890  that  the  British  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute  visited  the  United 
States  as  guests  of  the  American  steel 
manufacturers.  At  that  time  I  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  T.  A.  Gillespie  Co.  We 
were  laying  natural  gas  pipe  lines  into 
the  city  of  Pittsburgh  and  some  of  our 
construction  records  had  evidently  reach- 
ed England.  When  the  members  of  the 
Institute  reached  Pittsburgh,  it  was  my 
pleasure  to  take  charge  of  a  party  of  six 
to  conduct  them  through  the  steel  mills 
at  Homestead  and,  incidentally,  outline 
to  them  what  was  being  done  in  connec- 
tion with  the  bringing  of  natural  gas 
into  the  city.  In  my  party  was  the 
president  of  the  Institute,  Sir  E.  Windsor 
Richards  of  Midllesboro.  Mr.  Clement 
Crowther,  of  Crowther  Bros.,  Kidder- 
minster, and  Mr.  Isaac  Butler  of  the 
Panteg  Steel  Works,  in  whose  mills  I 
had  worked  in  England,  also  a  number 
of  others,  all  of  whom  were  descendants 
of  families  long  connected  with  the  iron 
and  steel  industry. 

I  recall  now  the  statements  they  made 
on  going  through  the  mills  and  their 
utter  amazement  at  what  they  termed 
"the  gigantic  buildings"  and  what  in 
their  minds  was  the  enormous  output, 
which  these  mills  were  producing.  They 
told  me  then  they  had  heard  of  these 
big  undertakings,  but  had  discounted 
them  very  largely,  as  they  thought  it 
was  merely  "American  bluster,"  but  they 
were  satisfied  that  what  they  actually 
saw  was  greatly  in  excess  of  what  had 
been  reported. 

When  I  showed  them  the  gas  lines, 
which  passed  very  close  to  Homestead 
before  crossing  the  river  into  Pittsburgh, 
and  stated  to  them  that  we  had  secured 
and  cleared  the  right  of  way,  dug  and 
filled  in  the  ditch  and  laid  eleven  miles 
of  36-inches  diameter  continuous  steel 
piping  in  less  than  five  months,  they 
were  astounded  and  Mr.  Crowther  re- 
marked that  at  home  (meaning  in  Eng- 
land) they  would  not  have  concluded  the 
debate  in  Parliament  in  that  time  as  to 
whether  the  right  of  way  should  be 
granted  or  not. 

Making  of  Tin  Plate 

It  was  just  about  this  time  that  the 
subject  of  manufacturing  tin  plate  was 
being  considered  seriously  in  the  United 
States,  and  I  so  ad- 
vised these  gentle- 
men, and  while  thev 
were  willing  to  ad- 
mit that  all  the 
statements  that  had 
been  made  in  refer- 
ence to  pig  iron  and 
steel  had  been  more 
than  fulfilled,  nev- 
ertheless it  was  not 
possible  in  their 
mind  for  any  one 
to  take  Great  Bri- 
tain's place  in  the 
production  of  tin 
plate.       They   were 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


159 


inclined  to  jokingly  infer  that  my  state- 
ments in  connection  with  this  industry 
bore  a  little  resemblance  to  "bluflf."  I 
may  state  that  to-day  the  United  States 
leads  the  world  in  the  production  of  tin 
plate,  likewise  pig  iron  and  iron  and 
steel. 

There  was  no  question  as  to  the  effect 
of  what  they  saw  on  the  minds  of  the 
members  of  the  British  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute,  or  as  to  the  benefits  obtained 
through  their  visit,  as  they  all  returned 
singing  the  praises  of  your  Uncle  Sam 
and  voted  unanimously  that  he  was 
not  a  "bluffer."  And  on  the  Americans, 
who  had  come  into  contact  and  associat- 
ed with  this  magnificent  body  of  repre- 
sentative Englishmen,  the  impression 
was  indelibly  stamped  that  they  were 
gentlemen  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 

I  could  go  on  indefinitely  reciting 
statements  that  were  regarded  as 
"bluff,"  but  which  were  fulfilled  to  the 
letter.  While  the  Alfonsos  and  Isabellas 
sneered  at  what  they  termed  "American 
bluff,"  your  Uncle  Sam  was  not  bluffing 
when  he  lifted  the  heel  of  Spanish  tyr- 
rany  from  the  neck  of  the  Cuban  and 
cleaned  up  the  Island  of  Cuba  and  dredg- 
ed the  harbor  of  Havana  and  thereby  got 
rid  of  the  filth  of  centuries,  which  made 
this  beautiful  island  a  hot  bed  of  bubonic 
plague  and  yellow  fever.  As  a  result 
to-day  there  is  no  more  beautiful  spot 
on  the  Western  hemisphere  than  the 
Island  of  Cuba  and  the  city  of  Havana. 
It  is  true,  while  doing  his  work,  he  lost 
by  death,  through  yellow  fever,  an  emi- 
nent sanitary  engineer,  but  he  completed 
the  job  and  made  good  his  wildest  state- 
ments. And  what  is  more — he  paid  the 
bill  and  to-uay  Cuba  is  proud  to  be  rec- 
ognized as  a  protege  of  Uncle  Sam. 

The  Boxer   Incident 

And  while  I  am  referring  to  paying 
bills,  I  might  state  that  during  the  Boxer 
Rebellion  in  China,  when  the  six  big  na- 
tions of  the  world  undertook  to  quell  the 
disturbance,  they  all  went  in  with  tHe 
understanding  that  China  would  pay  full 
indemnity  for  every  expense  incurred  in 
the  undertaking.  After  the  work  had 
been  accomplished  and  the  civilized 
nations  had  withdrawn,  which,  by  the 
way,  does  not  include  Germany,  as  she 
stuck  and  took  possession  of  Tsing  Tau 
Peninsula  and  refused  to  be  dispossessed, 
maintaining  that  she  was  holding  this 
possession  as  payment  for  the  expense 
she  had  been  put  to,  they  rendered  their 
bilTs — which  ran  into  enormous  figures — 
and  all  of  them  are  being  paid  with  the 
exception  of  the  one  rendered  by  your 
Uncle  Sam,  which  he  returned  to  China 
marked  "paid  in  full,"  with  thanks  for 
the  privilege  of  being  given  an  oppor- 
tunity to  render  such  a  service  to  hu- 
manity. Surely  this  is  not  "American 
bluff." 

The  feeding  of  Belgium  in  the  early 
part  of  this  war  was  no  bluff;  neither 
is  the  feeding  of  the  Allied  armies  to- 
day, or  that  part  that  your  Uncle  Sam 
has  played  in  this  great  war  from  the 
beginning.  Referring  to  the  feeding 
of  the  armies  to-day,  I  am  reading  from 
an  address  made  by  Sir  William  A.  M. 
Goode,    an    officer   of    the    British    Food 


Ministry,  before  the  Consumers'  Coun- 
cil, in  which  he  gave  striking  figures, 
showing  how  the  people  of  the  United 
States  by  self-imposed  food  restrictions 
have  aided  greatly  in  maintaining  the 
food  supply  of  the  armies  in  the  field. 
Sir  William  said: 

"From  July,  1917,  to  April,  1918, 
the  United  States  exported  to  the 
Allies  80,000,000  bushels  of  wheat 
products.  It  was  calculated  by  Her- 
bert Hoover,  United  States  Food 
Administrator,  that  fifty  million  of 
this  represented  the  voluntary  sacri- 
fice of  the  American  people.  Ameri- 


can exports  of  pork  products  to  the 
Allies  in  March,  1918,  were  308,000,- 

000  pounds.  This  was  accom.plished 
by  porkless  days  and  ceaseless  hog 
production  in  the  United  States.  In 
January,  Sir  William  continued,  the 
Allies  asked  Mr.  Hoover  for  seventy 
million  pounds  of  frozen  beef  month- 
ly for  three  months.  In  March  86,- 
000,000  pounds  of  frozen  beef  were 
shipped.  This  was  due  almost  wholly 
to  meatless  days  in  the  United 
States." 

Had  this  statement  been  made  by  an 
American,  it  would,  no  doubt,  have  been 
dismissed  as  "bluff." 

1  would  like  to  furnish  some  more  fig- 
ures and  I  would  if  space  permitted,  but 
suflice  to  say  it  rtquired  more  than  bluff 
to  supply  Great  Britain  and  France  with 
over  1,500,000  horses  and  mules;  millions 
of  tons  of  steel  and  shell  forgings,  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  tons  of  barbed 
wire,  and  tens  of  millions  of  completed 
shells,  machine  guns,  revolvers,  together 
with  hundreds  of  millions  of  pounds  of 
powder  and  cordite  to  assist  in  deliver- 
ing these  shells  into  the  ranks  of  the 
Germans  by  way  of  British  guns.  Add 
to  this  the  enormous  quantity  of  machine 
tools  and  equipment  that  was  shipped  to 
England  and  France,  which  enabled  them 
to  speed  up  and  take  care  of  their  own 
requirements.  Add  to  these  transports, 
trench  diggers,  tanks,  automobiles,  medi- 
cal supplies,  clothing,  shoes — in  fact, 
mountains  of  supplies — that  were  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  the  very  existence 
of  the  allied  armies  in  the  field.  We  grant 
he  was  paid  for  all  this,  but  that  he  was 
entitled  to.  What  I  wish  to  bring  to  your 
-lotice  is  the  magnitude  of  this  under- 
taking and  the  manner  in  which  it  was 
carried  out,  and  many  times  during  the 
early  period  of  the  war  I  heard  state- 
ments made  by  these  American  produc- 
ers, who  had  undertaken  this  magnifi- 
cent work,  referred  to  as  "American 
bluff." 

Some  1918  Accomplishments 

The  building  of  the  Liberty  Mill  at' 
Homestead  in  six  months  for  the  rolling 
of  ship  plates,  the  construction  of  a  one- 
hundred-million-dollar  ordnance  plant  on 
Neville  Island  in  the  Ohio  River,  near 
Pittsburgh;  the  building  of  shipyards 
from  ocean  to  ocean  and  the  launching 
of  ninety-four  ships  on  the  Fourth  of 
July  are  merely  incidents  iti  the  vast 
war  programme  mapped  out  by  Uncle 
Sam.  Yet  any  one  of  these  undertakings 
is  stupendous.  They  form  parts  of  the 
American  war  machine,  and  you  can  take 
it  from  me  that  when  this  force  gets 
properly  started,  there  is  no  power  on 
earth  can  stop  it.  It  is  no  bluff;  it  is 
Uncle  Sam's  contribution  to  a  righteous 
cause,  and  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  his 
Allies,  he  will  drive  it  across  the  Rhine. 

While  I  know  from  experience  that 
the  great  majority  of  Canadians  fully 
realize  and  appreciate  that  Uncle  Sam 
is  a  good  neighbor  and  that  he  is  not  a 
bluffer,  I  also  know  there  are  small 
cliques  of  narrow-minded  individuals  in 
Canad-i,  who  ire  earning  their  Iron 
Crosses  and  doing  good  work  for  the 
Kaiser    by    sneeringly    applying    to    all 


160 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


things  American  the  word  "bluff"  and 
thereby  attempting  to  discount  their 
most  sincere  efforts.  Such  individuals 
should,  in  my  judgment,  be  reported  to 
the  proper  authorities,  where  they  would 
be  given  an  opportunity  to  prove  whether 
their  remarks  were  merely  expressions 
of  their  personal  opinions,  or  whether 
they  were  paid  for  with  German  gold. 

The  Wrong  Viewpoint 

An  incident  I  shall  ever  remember  and 
long  regret  happened  on  a  train  some 
months  ago.  I  was  sitting  in  the  parlor- 
car.  We  were  leaving  Hamilton,  going 
to  Toronto  with  a  friend,  and  across 
from  us  sat  the  president  of  a  large 
Canadian  manufacturing  company.  He 
was  reading  a  Buffalo  paper  and  evident- 
ly some  of  the  headlines  did  not  please 
him.  Handing  ths  paper  to  me,  he  point- 
ed to  an  article  and  remarked:  "What 
do  you  think  of  that  American  bluff?" 
The  article  referred  to  a  loan  of  a  few 
billions  to  the  Allies  and  incidentally 
spoke  of  helping  to  deliver  the  punch 
that  would  knock  out  the  Hun.  I  saw 
nothing  objectionable  in  the  article  and 
called  his  attention  to  the  fact  that  he 
was  reading  an  American  newspaper,  and 
I  further  stated  that,  in  my  judgment,, 
the  help  we  would  get  from  Uncle  Sam 
was  necessary  and  that  had  the  United 
States  not  entered  the  struggle  to  take 
the  place  of  recreant  Russia,  Germany 
might  have  forced  a  peace  of  her  own 
devising  upon  the  Allies,  to  which  he 
objected,  stating  definitely  that  he  would 
rather  see  the  Allies  beaten  than  have 
that  bluffer  take  any  of  the  credit.  The 
cruelty  of  this  remark  was  sufficiently 
effective  to  stun  both  of  us,  to  whom  it 
was  directed,  and  while  we  felt  like  beat- 
ing him  up,  or  handing  him  over  to  the 
police,  we  ignored  him;  but  not  without 
takin?  his  mental  measure  and  conclud- 
ing he  was  either  crazy  or  profoundly 
pro-German,  preferably  the  former. 

I  fully  realize  that  Canada  could  exist 
without  her  neighbor;  but  it  would  not 
be  a  very  modern  existence,  neither 
would  it  be  a  very  progressive  one.  But 
I  also  realize  that  we  can  get. along  much 
better  with  the  United  States  than  with- 
out. We  are  absolutely  dependent  on 
Uncle  Sam  for  a  whole  lot  of  our  com- 
forts. Take  hard  coal  for  one — yet  not- 
withstanding there  was  a  great  shortage 
last  year  due  to  the  war,  it  is  a  fact, 
the  homes  of  Canada  were  more  com- 
fortably heated  than  the  homes  in  the 
United  States,  and  I  know  that  the  orders 
from  Washineton  relating  to  the  distri- 
bution of  certain  miterials  were  positive, 
as  a  prominent  official  there  told  me  that 
Canada  was  being  treated  as  one  of  the 
States.  This  spirit  prevails  and  gov- 
erns the  actions  of  Uncle  Sam  in  all  his 
dealings  with  Canada. 

Canadians  should  not  forget  that 
AnHo-Americans  wrote  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  and  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States;  they  produced  George 
Washington.  Abraham  Lincoln  and 
Woodrow  Wilson;  they  were  the  makers 
of  trails  and  the  givers  of  laws;  they 
opened  up  the  American  wilderness;  they 
drove  the  roads  and  bridged  the  streams 
ani  the  roads  they  drove  were  straight 


and  the  laws  they  gave  were  broad  and 
kind,  and  to-day  the  eyes  of  the  world 
are  looking  west  for  they  know  that 
your  Uncle  Sam  is  not  a  bluffer.  They 
are  beginning  to  realize  what  America 
stands  for. 

The  Spirit  of  America 
My  message  is  prompted  by  the  most 
sincere  thought  and  best  wishes,  because 
I  want  Canadians  especially  to  know 
what  the  spirit  of  America  is.  I  want 
to  get  into  their  very  souls  the  passion 
and  love  for  the  sons  of  Uncle  Sam  that 
the  sons  of  Uncle  Sam  have  for  them. 
I  want  them  to  understand  that  their 
heart  is  as  great  as  the  nation  over 
which  their  emblem  of  liberty  flies,  and 
what  is  more,  it  beats  true  and  in  sym- 
pathy with  all  that  can  be  termed  human 
fellowship.  It  is  consecrated  to  the  high- 
est ideals  of  humanity  in  its  noblest 
form.  The  spirit  of  America  is  liberty, 
but  it  does  not  invade  the  rights  of 
others,  for  it  well  knows  that  to  enjoy 
liberty,  it  must  extend  it  to  others.  It 
pleads  for  the  rights  of  men  to  think, 
to  reason,  to  investigate  to  the  end,  that 
the  future  may  be  enriched  with  the 
thoughts  of  honest  men.  It  implores 
every  human  being  to  be  a  soldier  in 
the  army  of  progress,  and  it  extends  to 
him  every  right  it  claims  for  itself,  be- 
lieving that  when  all  men  give  to  all 
others  all  the  rights  they  claim  for 
'^'lemselves,  the  world  will  be  civilized. 
Uncle  Sam  has  had  his  difficulties,  but 
they  have  stimulated,  rather  than  stifled, 
his  energy  and  the  spirit  of  America, 
born  of  liberty,  justice  and  truth,  has 
surmounted  a  greater  variety  and  com- 
bination of  obstacles  than  I  believe  ever 
fell  to  the  share  of  any  one  people  in  the 
same  space  of  time,  and  to-day  it  is  re- 
turning to  the  world  the  fruits  of  the 
belief  that  the  universe  was  planned  for 
good  and  the  "blessings  of  Creation  were 
intended  for  the  admiration  and  benefit 
of  all  mankind. 


STORAGE  OF  COAL 

Some  notes  on  the  storage  of  coal  with 
reference  to  the  prevention  of  spontan- 
eous combustion  were  given  by  Mr.  John 
H.  Anderson  before  the  Institute  of 
Marine  Engineers,  London. 

The  author  said  that  his  remarks  were 
based  in  particular  on  experience  gair.cd 
with  a  heap  containing  just  over  16,000 
tons.  The  heap  consisted  entirely  of 
small  bituminous  coal,  of  several  kinds, 
washed  and  otherwise,  some  being  of  a 
character  supposed  to  be  dangerous  for 
storing.  Under  these  conditions  extra 
care  was  exercised.  Temperature  read- 
ings were  taken  at  14  different  places 
nearly  every  day,  and  occasionally  also 
at  the  vent  pipes,  of  which  there  were 
50.  Further,  to  find  the  hottest  part, 
readings  were  taken  at  every  foot  from 
top  to  bottom  at  certain  places.  Pre- 
vious experience  indicated  that  the 
warmest  place  was  between  6  ft.  and  8ft. 
from  the  surface;  hence  7ft.  was  estab- 
lished as  a  standard  depth  for  temper- 
ature records.  The  temperature  tubes 
were  %in.  or  1  in.  gas  tubing,  driven  in 
from  the  too  to  the  bottom  of  the  coal 
and  long  enough  to  project  2  ft.  or  3  ft. 
above  it.     In  most  cases  the  vent  pipes 


were  old  scrap  tubes  about  8  ft.  long  and 
3  in.  or  4  in.  in  diameter,  and  were 
driven  down  to  the  7  ft.  mark,  their  ends 
being  flattened,  chisel-shape,  to  facili- 
tate driving. 

By  taking  periodical  readings  of  the 
temperature  of  the  pile  and  comparing 
them  with  previous  readings  ample 
warning  was  obtained  to  prevent  a  fire. 
If  a  readying  of  90°  F.,  which  was  adopt- 
ed as  a  warning  temperature,  was  ob- 
tained at  any  place  four  other  tempera- 
ture tubes  were  driven  down  north,  soutn, 
east  and  west  about  10  ft.  from  the 
warm  tube.  The  tube  which  gave  the 
highest  reading  next  day  was  then  made 
the  centre,  and  other  pipes  put  down  in 
its  direction,  the  idea  being  to  locate  the 
source  of  heating.  When  the  warmesl, 
place  was  found  an  additional  vent  pipe 
would  be  put  in  there,  and  this  generally 
arrested  the  rise  of  temperature.  If, 
however,  it  did  not,  a  trench  was  dug  a 
foot  deep  on  each  occasion — that  is  if 
the  readings  remained  at,  say,  100°  for 
three  days  the  trench  would  be  3  ft.  deep. 
In  fact  a  temperature  of  100°  was  never 
reached,  but  on  four  occasions,  when  95' 
was  recorded  at  a  point  where  the  coal 
was  deposited  to  a  denth  of  16  ft.,  a 
trench  was  dug.  Probably,  however,  this 
trenching  would  have  been  unnecessary 
had  additional  vent  pipes  been  inserted. 
If  a  fire  occurs,  although  plenty  of  water 
should  be  available  to  quench  it,  it  is 
better  to  dig  all  round  it,  and  if  possible 
remove  the  hot  coal. 

In  general  the  depth  of  the  heap 
should  not  exceed  12  ft.  to  14  ft.  for  small 
graded  coals,  or  9  ft.  to  12  ft.  for  un- 
washed mixed  coals.  As  regards  slacks, 
a  good  deal  depends  on  the  composition. 
The  author  allowed  two  heaps  of  this 
material  10  ft.  deep  to  rise  to  120°  before 
moving  them,  and  they  gave  considerable 
trouble;  even  when  they  were  reduced  to 
6  ft.  there  was  a  tendency  for  them  to 
increase  in  temperature.  Anything,  such 
as  pieces  of  wood,  pit  props,  rags,  waste, 
shavings,  and  straw,  that  ignites  at  a 
lower  temperature  than  the  fuel  should 
be  kept  out  of  the  heap.  As  a  rule  the 
greatest  danger  is  up  to  about  three 
months  from  the  time  the  coal  is  taken 
out  of  the  pit. 

♦ 

APPROVAL  VS.  CRITICISM 

I  am  a  believer  in  the  fact  that  men  do 
their  greatest  accomplishments  by  pro- 
per encouragement,  not  by  criticism.  I 
have  yet  to  see  the  man,  however  great 
and  exalted  his  situation,  who  is  not  sus- 
ceptible to  the  approval  of  his  fellow- 
man.  I  have  yet  failed  to  see  the  man, 
who  is  worth  calling  a  man,  who  does 
not  put  forth  his  best  efforts  under  tlie 
approval  o<"  his  fellow-men.  And  the 
severest  criticism  that  can  come  to  any 
man  is  not  to  find  fault  with  him,  but  not 
to  notice  him  at  all. — Schwab. 


Changed  Hands. —  John  T.  Hepburn, 
Limited,  of  Toronto  has  taken  over  the 
plant  of  the  Martin  Pump  &  Machine 
Company,  47  Dawes  Avenue.  The  inten- 
tion is  to  manufacture  Hepburn  special 
shell  lathes  for  the  present,  and  later 
a  complete  line  of  steam  and  water 
pumps. 


August  8,  1918 


161 


New  Plant  of  the  Fred  Thompson  Co.,  Montreal 

Growth  and  Development   of   the    Electrical  Business  and  the 

Increasing  Demand  for  All  Sorts  of  Equipment  Has  Brought 

.  With  it  the  Necessity  for  Greater  Buildings  to  Handle  the  Work 


FEW  activities  of  the  present  have 
shown  such  remarkable  develop- 
ments as  that  of  electrical  industry. 
Much  of  this  expansion  has  resulted 
through  the  agitation  for  greater  fuel 
conservation,  so  that  many  firms  in  the 
electrical  branches  have  required  addi- 
tional plant  facilities  to  handle  the  in- 
creasin.?  business.  The  Montreal  firm  of 
Fred  Thompson  Company  Limited,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  best  known  in  the  elec- 
trical industry  throughout  the  Dominion, 
has  recently  erected  and  occupied  a  new 
three-story  factory  on  Genevieve  St.,  a 
short  distance  from  their  previous  loca- 
tion on  Craia;  Street,  where  they  had  been 
carrying  on  business  for  the  past  nine- 
teen years.  This  firm  had  its  origin  in 
1894,  being  first  founded  by  Fred  Thomp- 
son, a  pioneer  in  the  electrical  business. 
Mr.  Thompson  came  to  Montreal  in  1882 
and  held  the  position  of  chief  electrician 
with  the  old  "Royal"  Electric  Company, 
for  nearly  twelve  years.  The  initial  office 
of  the  present  firm  was  located  in  a 
amall  room  of  the  old  Temple  Building 
on  St.  James  St.  Under  the  capable 
leadership  of  its  present  head  the  com- 
pany had  a  steidy  expansion,  the  cul- 
mination being  the  recently  well  equipped 
;ind   modern  establishment. 

A  Well  Built  Place 

The  new  three-storey  and  basement 
building  has  a  total  floor  space  of  over 
30,000  square  feet,  and  is  of  brick  and 
concrete  fireproof  mill  construction,  well 
lighted  from  three  sides  with  metal  sash 


NEW  PLANT  OF  FRED  THOMPSON  CO..  MONTREAL. 

IN    THE    REAR. 


SECOND   FLOOR   WITH   OFFICES 


windows.  Fire  doors  are  provided  on  the 
floor  level  of  each  stairway,  each  door 
fitted  with  fusible  links.  The  various 
floors  are  arranged  to  accommodate  the 
different  departments  to  the  best  advan- 
tage, facilities  being  provided  to  handle 


NEW     PLANT    OF    FRED    THOMPSON     CO..     MONTREAL.       GROUND     FLOOR     WITH 
SECTION   OF  MACHINE   SHOP   TO   RIGHT. 


the  work  rapidly  and  economically.  The 
top  floor  is  fitted  out  as  a  drafting  and 
designing  room,  storeroom, pattern  room, 
transformer  department,  and  the  coil 
making  department.  The  front  section 
of  the  second  floor  is  reserved  for  the 
general  and  private  offices,  while  the 
back  portion  is  equipped  for  repairs  and 
testing  of  the  smaller  electrical  equip- 
ment; here  all  general  repairs,  winding, 
assembling  and  testing  are  carried  on. 
A  portion  of  this  floor  is  set  aside  for 
impregnating  and  baking  of  the  parts. 
Located  on  the  concrete  floors  are  the 
dipping  and  impregnating  tanks  and  the 
electrically  heated  baking  ovens,  with  an 
overhead  travelling  crane  that  handles 
all  motor  parts,  heavy  coils,  etc.,  be- 
tween the  tanks  and  the  ovens.  This 
department  with  the  switchboards  and 
accessories  is  amply  provided  with  the 
necessary  facilities  for  testing  at  all 
voltages  and  also  at  any  of  the  frequen- 
cies desired  on  alternating  current,  and 
also  at  any  of  the  required  voltages  on 
direct  current  equipment. 

The  receiving  and  shipping  room  is 
located  on  the  ground  floor,  also  the 
general  show  room,  conveniently  arrang- 
ed for  the  display  o  fall  new  and  ready- 
for-sale  second-hand  machinery.  The 
rear  portion  of  this  floor  is  reserved  for 
the  machine  shop,  and  a  general  repair- 
ing and  assembling  department  for  the 
heavier  equipment.  In  the  basement  are 
located  the  presses  and  machines  for 
punching  and  cutting  the  discs  for  the 
stators  and  rotors,  and  also  for  the  in- 


162 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


duction  motors  manufactured  by  the 
firm.  Storagre  space  is  also  provided 
for  second-hand  machinery,  motor  cast- 
ing, pulleys,  heavy  hardware,  etc.;  also 
the  heating  apparatus. 

Each  floor  is  provided  with  overhead 
runways  for  portable  chain  blocks  to 
facilitat«  the  handling  of  the  work. 
A  Turnbull  freight  elevator  operates 
from  the  basement  to  the  top  floor  to 
transfer  material  from  one  department 
to  another,  .\ccommodation  in  the  way 
of  wash  rooms  and  toilets  is  providea 
for  the  workmen. 

This  company  makes  a  specialty  of 
electrical  repairs  of  every  description— 
from  fan  motors  to  the  largest  electrical 
units  now  in  use.  They  also  manufac- 
ture induction  motors  up  to  25  h.p.  capa- 
lity  and  expect  in  the  near  future  to  en- 
large in  this  connection.  They  design 
and  construct  electrical  equipment  of  ali 
kinds,  transformers,  magnetic  apparatus, 
coils,  etc.,  for  special  purposes.  The> 
buy,  sell  and  exchange  new  and  second- 
hand electric  motors,  generators,  etc., 
Sruaranteeing  all  repairs  that  go  through 
their  factory.  The  new  factory  was  de- 
oigrned  and  constructed  by  Jas.  H.  Hun- 
ter of  Montreal.  The  present  oflieers 
of  the  company  which  was  incorporf.tsd 
as  a  joint  stock  company  in  1913,  are: 
Fred  Thompson,  president  and  general 
manager;  Clarence  Thompson,  vice- 
president  and  secretary-treasurer;  H.  A. 
McPhee,  superintendent;  A.  Walker,  and 
J.  B.  Lacroix.  electrical  engineers. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  LIBERTY  MOTOR  AS 

AUTHORIZED  BY  WAR  DEPARTMENT 


NOTHING  LIKE  SYSTEM 

"Don't  tell  me  you  can't  remember 
things!"  said  Tom  to  John.  "Memory  is 
all  a  matter  of  system.  Now,  in  what 
year  was  the  battle  of  Agincourt 
fought?" 

John  pleaded  that  his  memory  failed 
him  on  .that  interesting  historical  fact. 

"Exactly!"  replied  Tom.  Now,  how 
many  days  are  there  in  a  week?" 

"Seven,"  came  the  answer. 

"Very  well.  Twice  seven  is  fourteen. 
Multiply  by  a  hundred — fourteen  hun- 
dred. Number  of  days  in  June,  thirty. 
Half  of  thirty,  fifteen.  Fifteen  and 
fourteen  hundred?" 

"Fourteen  hundred  and  fifteen,"  mur- 
mured John. 

"Right!  That's  the  year  the  battle 
was  fought.  System,  my  boy.  That's 
what  does  it — Sj-stem." 


AN  UNSOPHISTICATED  WITNESS 

On  a  recent  public  occasion  Chas.  M. 
Schwab  had  occasion  to  refer  to  the 
coaching  of  witnesses  and  told  of  a  fore- 
man who  worked  for  him  once,  who  had 
come  to  Washington  to  appear  before  a 
committee  that  was  investigating  some- 
thing. "I  thought  I  had  him  pretty  weK 
coached;  I  thought  I  had  him  well  train- 
ed what  to  say.  I  sat  in  the  corner  and 
watched  him  and  presently  found  that  he 
was  straying  a  little  from  the  training, 
and  I  shook  my  head  at  him,  and  in  old- 
fashioned  mill  style  he  looked  at  me  and 
said,  "Well,  damn  it,  Charlie,  that's  what 
you  told  me  to  say." 


The  War  Department  authorizes  the 
tollowing  statement  : 

The  designs  of  the  parts  of  the  Liberty 
engine  were  based  on  the  following: 

Cylinders — The  designers  of  the  cylin- 
ders for  the  Liberty  engine  followed  the 
practice  used  in  the  German  Mercedes, 
English  Rolls-Royce,  French  Lorraine- 
Dietrich,  and  Italian  Isotta  Fraschini  be- 
fore the  war  and  during  the  war.  The 
cylinders  are  made  of  steel  inner  shells 
surrounded  by  pressed-stesl  water  jack- 
ets. The  Packard  Company  by  long  ex- 
periment had  developed  a  method  of  ap- 
plving  these  steel  water  jackets. 

The  valve  cages  are  drop  forgings 
welded  into  the  cylind'^r  head.  The  prin- 
cipal departure  from  European  practice 
is  in  the  location  of  the  holding-down 
flange,  which  is  several  inches  above  the 
mouth  of  the  cylinder,  and  the  unique 
method  of  manufacture  evolved  by  the 
Ford  Company.  The  output  is  now  ap- 
proximately 1,700  cylinder  forgings  per 
day. 

Camshaft  and  Valve  Mechanism  Above 
Cylinder  Heads — The  design  of  the  above 
is  based  on  the  Mercedes,  but  was  im- 
proved for  automatic  lubrication  with- 
out wasting  oil  by  the  Packard  Motor 
Car  Company. 

Camshaft  Drive — The  camshaft  drive 
was  copied  almost  entirely  from  the  Hall- 
Scott  motor;  in  fact  several  of  the  gears 
used  in  the  first  sample  engines  were 
supplied  by  the  Hall-Scott  Motor  Car 
Company.  This  type  of  drive  is  used 
by  Mercedes,  Hispano-Suiza,  and  others. 

Angle  Between  Cylinders^^ — In  the  Lib- 
erty the  included  anele  between  the  cyl- 
inders is  45  degrees;  in  all  other  existing 
12-cylinder  engines  it  is  60  de-rrees.  This 
feature  is  new  with  the  Liberty  engine, 
and  was  adopted  for  the  purpose  of 
bringing  each  row  of  cylinders  nearer 
the  vertical  and  closer  together,  so  as  to 
save  width  and  head  resistance.  By  the 
narrow  angle  greater  strength  is  given 
to  the  crankcase  and  vibration  is  reduced. 

Electric  Generator  and  Ignition — A 
Delco  ignition  system  is  used.  It  was 
especially  designed  for  the  Liberty  en- 
gine to  save  weight  and  to  meet  the  spe- 
cial conditions  due  to  firing  12  cylinders 
with  an  included  angle  of  45  degrees. 

Pistons — The  pistons  of  the  Liberty 
engine   are   of  Hall-Scott  design. 

Connecting  Rods — Forked  or  straddle- 
tvpe  connecting  rods,  first  used  on  the 
French  DeDion  car  and  the  Cadillac  mo- 
tor car  in  this  country,  are  used. 

Crankshaft — Crankshaft  design  fol- 
lowed the  standard  12-cylinder  practice, 
except  as  to  oiling.  Crankcase  follows 
stanqard  practice.  The  45-dpgree  angle 
and  the  flange  location  on  the  cylinders 
made  possible  a  very  strong  box  section. 

Lubrication — The  first  system  of  lubri- 
cation followed  the  German  practice  of 
using  one  pump  to  keep  the  crankcase 
empty,  delivering  into  an  outside  reser- 
voir, and  another  pump  to  force  oil  un- 
der   pressure    to    the    main    crankshaft 


bearings.  This  lubrication  system  also 
followed  the  German  practice  in  allow- 
ing the  overflow  in  the  main  bearings 
to  travel  out  the  face  of  the  crank  cheeks 
to  a  scupper  which  collected  this  excess 
for  crankpin  lubrication.  This  is  very 
economical  in  the  use  of  oil  and  is  still 
the  German  standard  practice. 

The  present  system  is  similar  to  the 
first  practice,  except  that  the  oil,  while 
under  pressure,  is  not  only  fed  to  main 
bearings  but  through  holes  inside  tht- 
crank  cheeks  to  crankpins,  instead  of 
feeding  these  crankpins  through  scup- 
pers. The  difference  between  the  two 
oiling  systems  consists  of  carrying  oil 
for  the  crankpins  through  a  hole  inside 
the  crank  cheek  instead  of  up  the  out- 
side face  of  the  crank  cheek. 

Propeller  Hub— The  Hall-Scott  propel- 
ler-hub design  was  adapted  to  the  povv-er 
of  the  Liberty  engine. 

Water  Pump — The  Packard  type  of 
water  pump  was  adapted  to  ths  Liberty. 

Carburetor — A  carburetor  was  devel- 
oped by  the  Zenith  Company  fo.-  the 
Liberty  Engine. 

Bore  and  Stroke — The  bora  and  stroke 
of  the  Liberty  engine  is  5  by  V  inc/.es, 
the  same  as  the  Hall-Scott  A-5  and  A-7 
engines,  and  as  in  the  Hall-Scott  12- 
cylinder  engine. 

Remar.ci — ihe  ide:v  of  deve'o,;i;'.j  Lib- 
erty en^inas  Oj:  4,  o,  8  and  i2  cyLnders 
with  the  above  character.stics  \.as  fi.st 
thought  of  about  May  25,  1917.  The  idea 
was  developed  in  conference  with  repre 
sentatives  of  the  British  and  French  mis- 
sions. May  28  to  June  1,  and  was  sub- 
mitted in  the  form  of  sketches  at  a  joint 
meeting  of  the  Aircraft  (Production) 
Board  and  the  Joint  Army  and  Navy 
Technical  Board,  June  4.  The  first 
sample  was  an  8-cylinder  model,  deliver- 
ed to  the  Bureau  of  Standards,  July  3, 
1917.  The  8-cylinder  model,  however, 
was  never  put  into  production,  as  ad- 
vices from  France  indicated  that  de- 
mands for  increased  power  should  make 
the  8-cylinder  model  obsolete  before  it 
could  be  pioduced. 

Work  was'  thsii  co.ic2nlra^e ".  on  the 
12-cylinder  engine,  and  one  of  the  ex- 
perimental engines  passed  the  50-hour 
test  August  25,  1917. 

After  the  preliminary  drawings  were 
made,  engineers  from  the  leading  engine 
builders  were  brought  to  the  Bureau  of 
Standards,  where  they  inspected  the  new 
designs  and  made  suggestions,  most  of 
which  were  incorporated  in  the  final  de- 
sign. At  the  same  time  expert  produc- 
tion men  were  making  suggestions  that 
would  facilitate  production. 

The  Liberty  12-cylinder  engine  passed 
the  50-hour  test,  showing,  as  the  official 
report  of  August  25,  1917,  records,  "thai 
the  fundamental  construction  is  such 
that  very  satisfactory  service  with  a 
long  life  and'  high  order  of  efficiency 
will  be  given  by  this  power  plant,  and 
that  the  design  has  passed  from  the  ex- 
perimental stage  into  the  field  of  proven 
engines." 


August  8,  1918 


ld9 


How  the  Vickers  Co.  Have  Turned  Out  War 

Material 

Makers  of  a  Great  Variety  of  War  Material — Secrecy  of  Methods 

in  the  Old  Land  is  Giving  Way  to  Well  Placed  and  Directed 

Publicity  by  the  Authorities 

IN  the  earlier  part  of  the  wai  con- 
s'derable  secrecy  was  insisted  on  by 
the  various  governments  respecting 
the  activity  of  the  numerous  industries 
contributin-;;  to  the  war  effort.  As  de- 
velopments proceeded  apace  it  latterij 
became  apparent  that  much  benefit  m 
the  way  of  moral  support  and  stimulation 
of  output  would  result  from  judicious 
publicity  regarding  some  of  the  spect- 
iicular  and  novel  features  of  the  situa- 
tion. 

One  of  the  mo.«t  pleasing  features  has 
been  the  constant  frequency  with  which 
the  King  and  Queen  have  visited  nu- 
merous factories,  mills,  mines  and  ex- 
plosives works  throughout  England  and 
Scotland,  resulting  indirectly  in  much 
public  interest  in  the  plants  visited.  As 
a  result  of  such  events  a  number  of 
ijhotographs  were  recently  published  b^ 
"Engineering,"  of  London,  Eng.,  showing 
some  departments  of  national  and  pri- 
vately-owned establishments  which  had 
been  visited  by  their  Majesties. 

Howitzer  Production 

The     well-known      Vickers'      concern 


FIG    1— ONE  OF  THK   FIFTEEN    BAYS    Al 

COMPANY     IN     ENGLAND. 


lUi;  NEW  HOWITZER  SHOP  OF  THE  VrCKERS' 


FIG.   5— VIEW   OF   ONE   OF 


EIGHT   BAYS   OF   A   LARGE   SHELL   SHO  :'    FIVE   M3NTH3   AFTER  THE   SITE  WAS  OCCUPIED. 


1C4 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


FIG.    6— FORGING    9.2    IN.    SHELLS    IN    A    BRITISH    NATIONAL 
PROJECTILE     FACTORY. 


HG. 


-WOMEN     PRESSING     BANDS     ON     9.2     IN.     SHELLS     IN     A 
BRITISH   NATIONAL  PROJECTILE  FACTORY. 


occupies  a  prominent  place  in  the  muni- 
tions world  and  a  view  of  an  entirely  new 
howitzer  shop  at  one  of  their  establish- 
ments is  shown  in  Fig.  1,  while  represen- 
tative howitzers  built  there  are  shown  in 
Figs.  2,    and  4. 

The  building  of  this  howitzer  shop  was 
commenced  in  August,  1915,  the  site  be- 
ing a  private  wooded  park,  and  the  build- 
ing, which  is  admirably  designed  and 
completed  in'  a  thoroughly  permanent 
character,  has  an  area  of  172,000  sq.  ft., 
made  up  of  15  bays,  all  of  uniform  di- 
mensions and  equipped  with  specially  de- 
signed plant  and  machines  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  various  units  of  howitzers. 

When  construction  was  started  the 
firm  guaranteed  a  certain  monthly  out- 
put in  August,  1916,  but  the  building 
was  so  quickly  erected  andi  the  plant 
installed  that  the  original  output  was 
exceeded  within  nine  months  of  the  site 
being  taken  over  by  the  builders.  Since 
then  a  considerable  part  of  the  field  and 
howitzer  equipment  of  the  British  army 
has  originated  in  this  shop. 

Much  of  the  important  work,  even  in 


this  department,  is  carried  out  by  women 
machine  workers  under  the  supervision 
of  male  trained  experts,  who  by  this 
broad-minded  action  are  performing  a 
loyal  service  to  their  country.  A  certain 
small  proportion  of  the  men,  however, 
take  a  narrow  view  on  the  question  of 
labor  dilution  and  endeavor  ti\  support 
their  views  by  aggressive  action. 

It  is  not  permitted  to  enter  into  detail 
regarding  the  design  of  the  weapons 
produced,  but  the  views  shown  are  large- 
ly self-explanatory. 

A  Prominent  Plant 

Illustration  Fig.  6  shows  the  interior 
of  one  of  eight  bays  of  a  large  shell  shop 
which  was  erected  by  the  Vickers'  firm 
immediately  after  the  outbreak  of  war. 
Commencing  the  foundation  work  in  Oc- 
tober, 1914,  the  plant  had  a  considerable 
output  of  large-size  shell  in  the  spring 
of  1915.  Fig.  6  was  taken  five  months 
after  the  site  was  occupied. 

The  eight  bays  are  each  60  ft.  wide 
and  from  400  to  475  ft.  in  length,  and  in- 
clude  a   gallery  270   ft.   Ions;   where  the 


FIG.    »— 6    IN.    BRITISH    HOWITZER. 


smaller  shells  are  manufactured  entirely 
by  female  labor. 

A  feature  of  the  work  done  at  this 
plant  was  the  remarkable  variety  of 
shells  turned  out.  This  statement  is  not 
made  in  disparagement  of  highly  special- 
ized plants,  but  was  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  company,  having  a  completely  ex- 
perienced staff  prior  to  the  war,  was  able 
to  give,  for  the  benefit  of  new-coming 
firms,  the  nucleus  of  new  shell-manu- 
facturing staffs,  and  in  this  way;  their 
indirect  services  were  of  as  much  in- 
fluence as  the  direct  production  of  shells. 

National   Projectile  Factories 

Figs.  6  and  7  are  two  views  in  a  Na- 
tional projectile  factory.  The  plant  il- 
lustrated was  commenced  in  September, 
1915,  and  delivered  the  first  shell  in  the 
following  March.  There  are  20  bays  of 
similar  construction  ranging  in  length 
from  600  ft.  to  925  ft.,  and  in  width  from 
50  ft.  to  38  ft.  The  total  area  of  the 
plant  is  37%  acres,  of  which  12%  acres 
are  covered  by  buildings. 

A  self-contained  power  plant  had,  to 
be  provided  of  6,000  horse  power  to  pro- 
vide hydraulic  power  for  the  forging 
presses,  electricity  for  light  and  power, 
and  compressed,  air  for  the  pneumatic 
tools.  Owing  to  the  predominance  of 
women  workers  every  machine  tool  is 
fitted  with  a  crane  to  reduce  fatigue  of 
operation  to  the  lowest  point.  A  very 
complete  system  of  transportation  is  in- 
stalled, while  the  trackage  of  industrial 
railway  throughout  the  shops  exceeds 
three  miles. 

National  shell-filling  factories  follow- 
ed as  a  natural  sequence  and  the  Vickers. 
Co.  participated  in  this  work  largely. 
The  plant  referred  to  has  a  total  area 
of  400  acres,  the  buildings  alone  covering 
over  1,000,000  sq.  ft.  Within  the  works 
are  11  miles  of  railway,  while  3Vi  miles 
of  timber  runways  were  constructed  to 
obviate  the  necessity  of  the  workers  go- 
ing across  open  ground  and  running  the 
risk  of  entering  buildings  with  grit  on 
their  boots. 


August  8,  1918 


165 


Germans  Are  Ignorant  of  What  Is  Happening 

Captain  Len  Morrison  Spent  Two  Years  in  a  German  Prison  Camp 

— Says  Civilian  Population  is  Suffering  From  Lack  of  Necessities 

— In  France  Early  in  1915 


THE  following  details  of  the  treat- 
ment accorded  to  prisoners  in  Ger- 
many given  to  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY by  Captain  Len  Morrison  of 
Toronto,  who  was  repatriated  and  arriv- 
ed home  last  week,  does  not  improve 
one's  appreciation  of  German  kultur. 
Captain  Morrison  as  an  officer  received 
much  better  treatment  than  is  accorded 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  other  prison- 
ers, and  while  he  did  not  see  how  these 
other  men  were  used  he  heard  many 
accounts  of  almost  unbelievable  cruelty. 
Captain  Morrison  is  a  son  of  James 
Morrison  of  the  Jas.  Morrison  Brass 
Mfg.   Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Toronto. 

He  was  in  England  taking  part  in  the 
shooting  at  Bisley  when  war  was  declar- 
ed and  at  once  made  application  to  en- 
list for  active  service.  He  was  ad- 
vised by  the  British  authorities  to  re- 
turn to  Canada  at  once  and  join  his  own 
regiment,  the  10th  Royal  Grenadiers. 
He  at  once  cabled  his  services  to  Col. 
Brock,  the  O.  C.  of  the  Grenadiers,  and 
soon  after  arriving  in  Canada  was  sent 


to   Valcartier  and   from   there   to  Eng- 
land. 

Hit  at  Ypres 

He  was  sent  to  France  early  in  Feb- 
ruary of  1915  and  at  the  second  battle 
of  Ypres,  in  which  the  Canadians  lost 
so  heavily,  was  sent  up  to  the  firing 
line  in  charge  of  reinforcements  for 
the  13th  Battalion.  Owing  to  conditions 
he  was  unable  to  connect  with  that  unit 
and  while  battling  with  the  Germans  in 
a  trench  into  which  he  had  ordered  his 
men,  was  struck  by  a  machine  gun  bul- 
let in  the  right  leg  just  above  the  knee. 
A  compound  fracture  resulted  and  the 
bullet  passed  on  and  injured  the  left 
leg  also. 

While  Captain  Morrison  was  having 
his  injury  dressed  by  a  soldier  the  man 
looked  up  and  saw  the  Germans  coming 
and  at  once  took  to  his  heels.  Just 
about  this  time  the  British  artillery 
opened  a  heavy  fire  on  the  advancing 
Germans.  Captain  Morrison  was  caught 
in  this  and  was  frequently  covered  by 
the   dirt   thrown   up   when   shells   burst. 


FIG.    2—9.2    IN.    HOWITZER    ON    SIEGE    MOUNTING. 


r-^'-<ii.»  ■ 

& 

^^^^^^!^^^^^^^^^^^B^SH 

^^^v 

^2^^^^^^^^^^^^^E 

►-— ""^^r^^^S^'iH 

i^^H 

^^m 

FIG.    4—9.2    IN.    FIELD    HOWITZER. 


CAPTAIN  LEN  MORRISON 

but  escaped  serious  injury.  He  dragged 
himself  along,  slowly  and  painfully,  until 
he  found  a  more  sheltered  place  and 
then,  after  fixing  up  his  wounds  as  best 
he  could,  waited.  It  was  36  hours  be- 
fore he  was  picked  up  by  a  party  of 
Germans. 

Saxons  All  Right 
"I  was  fortunate  at  first  in  falling 
mto  the  hands  of  Saxons,"  said  Captain 
Morrison.  "The  Bavarian  troops  are 
very  rough  and  the  Prussians  even 
wors€.  When  I  saw  the  party  coming 
I  just  shut  my  eyes  and  waited  for  the 
worst,  not  knowing  into  whose  hands 
I  was  going  to  fall.  The  men,  although 
they  were  in  a  hurry,  treated  me  kindly 
enough  and  carried  me  to  a  sheltered 
spot  and  after  putting  a  rubber  sheet 
under  me,  put  another  one  over  me 
and  a  greatcoat  on  top  of  that  and 
left  me.  It  was  a  good  thing  they 
had  fixed  me  up  as  it  commenced  to 
rain  and  came  down  pretty  heavy  nearly 
all  night.  Next  morning  one  of  the 
Saxons,  a  young  private,  gave  me  his 
own  ration  of  coffee  and  bread.  I  gave 
him  some  cigarettes.  Soon  after  a 
medical  officer  came  and  my  wounds  were 
attended  to  and  I  was  sent  to  a  rail 
head.  Here  I  was  placed  in  charge  of 
a  young  officer  who  could  speak  excel- 
lent English.  He  told  me  he  had  been 
in  New  Tfork  when  the  war  started,  and 
when  I  told  him  I  was  from  Toronto 
he  said  he  had  been  there. 

Gloated  Over  It 

"Soon  after  the  officer  had  left  me 
and  while  I  was  waiting  to  be  lifted 
on  the  train,  I  had  my  first  experience 
of  German  kultur.  I  was  quite  helpless 
as  far  as  my  legs  were  concerned  and  a 
German  soldier  who  had  been  watching 
me  came  over  and  kicked  my  leg  as 
hard  as  he  could.  Fortunately  he  kick- 
ed the  left  leg,  which  was  not  frac- 
tured.    In  order  to  deceive  him  I  made 


166 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


a  face  as  thougrh  he  had  hurt  me  badly 
and  he  went  away  in  great  glee." 

Captain  Morrison  was  taken  to  the 
hospital  at  Ghent,  where  he  spent  six 
months  and  was  well  treated.  As  soon 
as  he  w^as  able  to  get  around  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Craefeld  Prison  Camp, 
in  Westphalia.  This  is  only  eighteen 
miles  from  the  Holland  border  and  as 
attempts  to  escape  are  made  almost 
every  night  the  discipline  is  severe. 
There  were  1,200  prisoners  there  when 
Captain  Morrison  arrived,  of  whom  300 
were  British  officers.  One  of  the  first 
things  he  noticed  was  the  manner  ir 
which  the  German  military  authorities 
keep  the  people  in  the  dark  as  to  what 
is  happening  in  the  outside  world.  The 
prisoners  were  permitted  to  have  the 
German  newspapers  and  translations  of 
the  news  was  made  by  officers  who  were 
able  to  re«d  German.  The  news  was 
obviously  all  carefully  gone  through  be- 
fore it  was  allowed  to  be  published  and 
everything  that  was  in  the  nature  of 
a  German  success  was  made  the  most  of 
while  reverses  of  any  kind  were  not 
mentioned. 

People  in  the  Dark 

"The  whole  policy,"  said  Captain 
Morrison,  "is  to  keep  the  people  in  ig- 
norance of  what  is  happening  They 
were  fed  up  on  tales  of  the  prodigious 
successes  of  the  German  armies." 

One  of  the  plans  of  the  military  au- 
thorities is  to  keep  the  prisoners  mov- 
ing. Captain  Morrison  was  not  kept  at 
any  of  the  prison  camps  for  any  length 
of  time.  The  reason  probably  is  that 
when  the  men  become  familiar  with 
their  surroundings  they  have  a  better 
chance  to  escape.  The  worst  prison 
camps  in  Germany  are  in  Hanover,  and 
it  was  to  one  of  these  that  Captain 
Morrison  was  soon  sent. 

"We  were  given  such  short  notice  that 
\ve  were  to  be  moved,"  he  said,  "that 
many  had  to  leave  without  even  a  chance 
to  get  together  their  belongings.  Many 
of  the  officers  under  the  impression  that. 
they  might  stay  at  Craefeld  for  some 
little  time  had  from  their  own  private 
funds  fixed  up  their  quarters  by  hav- 
ing them  repapered  and  additional  fur- 
niture moved  in.  They  were  rather 
rudely  surprised  at  being  given  no 
chance  to  even  get  things  they  needed. 
We  were  simply  rounded  up  into  par- 
ties and  told  we  were  to  be  moved  and 
had  to  wait  until  the  authorities  were 
ready  to  move  us,  which  wasn't  long. 
From  Craefeld  I  was  taken  to  Schwarm- 
stedt,  and  after  a  couple  of  weeks  there 
was  taken  to  Holzminden.  Both  these 
camps  are  in  Hanover.  The  sand  which 
surrounds  the  quarters  is  full  of  fleas 
and  the  sanitary  arrangements  were 
very  bad.  The  beds  were  full  of  ver- 
min and  the  heat  was  something  terrific. 
While  we  were  allowed  to  make  pro- 
tests regarding  conditions  absolutely  no 
notice  was  taken  of  them.  We  had  to 
do  our  own  washing  and  cooking  with 
the  scantiest  of  appliances.  Many  of 
the  men  suffered  greatly  and  there  was 
a  great  deal   of  sickness.     One   of  the 


common  things  which  results  from  being 
kept  in  a  German  prison  camp  very 
long  is  loss  of  memory.  Up  to  this  time 
we  had  been  able  to  get  a  fair  variety 
of  food,  but  it  was  not  long  before 
conditions  in  Germany  began  to  be  fell 
in  our  camps.  At  Holzminden  each 
morning  we  were  given  coffee  made  out 
of  acorns  and  unpalatable  stuff.  At 
noon  and  in  the  evening  we  each  got  a 
bowl  of  soup  which  was  made  from  some 
kind  of  weeds  and  was  anything  but 
inviting.  These  camps  are  known  as 
strafe  or  punishment  camps  and  they 
certainly  are  well  named." 

Some   More   Kultur 

At  Holzminden  the  camp  command- 
ant was  Captain  Neimyer  and  his  one 
mission  in  life,  according  to  Captain 
Morrison  is  to  go  around  and  make 
things  miserable  for  the  prisoners. 

"Nothing  would  satisfy  him,"  said 
Captain  Morrison;  "his  one  idea  was  to 
roam  around  looking  for  trouble.  The 
iieat  was  terrific  but  he  decided  that  it 
would  be  most  unwise  to  allow  the  win- 
dows to  be  open  at  nights.  The  mat- 
tresses on  which  we  had  to  sleep  were 
very  dirty,  so  between  Captain  Neimyer, 
the  hot  weather,  poor  food,  the  fleas  and 
other  troubles  we  suffered  considerably. 
This,  of  course,  pleased  the  captain.  We 
had  to  take  our  bath  in  the  horse  trough 
and  had  no  soap. 

"People  in  this  country  who  think  the 
war  has  affected  them  have  no  idea 
at  all  of  what  the  people  in  Germany 
are  enduring.  Everything  is  being  sac- 
rificed for  the  needs  of  tlie  army.  There 
is  such  a  scarcity  of  leather  that  the 
majority  of  civilians  now  wear  either 
wooden  shoes  or  shoes  with  a  flexible 
steel  sole.  Clothing  is  very  scarce  and 
high  priced.  Food  is  the  worst,  though. 
The  Germans  who  are  not  fighting  fare 
very  badly.  Our  sentries  were  gener- 
ally old  men  unfitted  for  active  service 
and  I  have  often  seen  them  go  to  the 
garbage  piles  in  the  camps  and  en- 
deavor to  scrape  out  from  tins  which  had 
reached  us  through  the  Red  Cross  little 
scraps  of  fats  or  grease.  Not  infre- 
quently loaves  of  bread  which  had  been 
sent  to  us  would  reach  us  in  a  blue, 
mouldy  condition  from  delays  in  trans- 
mission. It  was  unfit  for  us  to  eat 
and  when  we  threw  it  away  the  loaves 
would  be  eagerly  taken  by  these  men. 
"While  we  were  not  allowed  to  mingle 
with  the  civilians,  we  could  judge  of 
conditions  from  the  walks  we  were  per- 
mitted to  take  on  giving  our  parole  not 
to  attempt  to  escape.  There  was  un- 
mistakable evidence  in  the  pinched  faces 
of  the  peonle,  their  tattered  clothes,  the 
wan  and  sickly  looks  of  the  women  and 
children  that  they  were  being  deprived 
of  the  essentials  of  life. 

"It"  is  this  sort  of  thing  that  is  weaken- 
ini  the  courage  of  the  German  people. 
When  they  find  out  what  they  have  been 
compelled  to  suffer  and  how  they  have 
been  misled  by  the  militarists  there  will 
be  a  great  reckoning." 

From  Holzminden  Captain  Morrison 
was  sent  to  Heidelberg  and  on  account 


of  his  physical  condition  arrangements 
were  made  to  send  him  to  Switzerland. 
With  90  others  he  left  Heidelberg  at 
3  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  was  taken 
across  the  border.  From  then  on  all  was 
smooth  sailing  and  he  was  sent  from 
there  to  England  and  from  there  home. 


"GARABED" THEORY 

IS  SHOT  TO  PIECES 

Commission    Don't    Give    Him    Any    En- 
couragement Following  His 
Demonstration 

A  matter  that  was  attracting  consider- 
able attention  by  engineers  and  scien- 
tists has  been  settled.  A  representative 
body  of  men  representative  of  the  best 
that  United  States  has  in  the  way  of 
research  and  technical  knowledge,  have 
decided  that  the  "Garabed"  principle  is 
not  sound.  The  finding  they  have  hand- 
ed out  is  put  in  very  lenient  words. 

For  a  time  after  the  tests  were  made 
there  was  a  bit  of  hope  that  there  fhight 
be  a  favorable  report  on  the  case,  but 
that  was  entirely  dissipated  when  the 
official  report  came  out  in  the  Official 
Bulletin  published  at  Washington.  The 
report  does  not  give  Mr.  Giragossian 
much  hope  of  further  encouragement. 
Nothing  has  come  out  to  show  exactly 
on  what  principles  he  was  working.  In 
fact  the  secrecy  in  which  he  was  viork- 
ing  is  carried  out  in  the  report  issued  by 
the  Department  of  Interior.  It  could 
hardly  say  less  and  say  anything  at  all. 

Following  is  the  official  signed  report: 

We,  the  undersigned,  who  are  members 
of  the  commission  duly  appointed  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  pub- 
lic resolution  No.  21,  Sixty-fifth  Con- 
gress, hereby  certify  that  Mr.  Garabed 
T.  K.  Giragossian  showed  us  on  Saturday, 
June  29,  1918,  a  model  embodying  the 
principles  of  his  invention  known  as 
the  "Garabed."  We  found  that  the 
model  was  not  in  shape  to  run  or  devel- 
op power.  The  inventor  admitted  that 
he  had  no  working  machine  and  that 
he  was  merely  explaining  principles. 
We  do  not  believe  that  his  principles  are 
sound,  that  his  device  is  operative,  or 
that  it  can  result  in  the  practical  de- 
velopment or  utilization  of  free  energy. 

Witness  our  signatures  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  this  29th  day  of  June,  1918. 

James  A.  Moyer,  director,  Massachu- 
setts State  Board  of  Education. 

Edward  F.  Miller,  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology. 

M.  de  Kay  Thompson,  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology. 

Edwin  B.  Wilson,  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology. 


Hamilton,  Ont.— The  E.  T.  Wright  Co., 
of  Hamilton  are  contemplating  the  erec- 
tion of  a  150  ft.  by  56  ft.,  one  story  and 
basement  addition,  to  their  present  fac- 
tory. The  building  will  be  so  construct- 
ed as  to  permit  of  further  extension 
should  occasion  require. 


August  8,  1918 


167 


Repeated  Impact  Test  Gives  the  Best  Results 

Various  Devices  Have  Been  Brought  Out  to  Secure  Accurate 
Temperature  Control  —  Dr.  Stanton  Has  Done  Some  Valuable 
Work  in  This  Connection — A  Wide  Field  in  Which  to  Experiment 


CLOSELY  connected  with  the  ques- 
tion of  heat  treatment  is  the  subject 
of  mechanical  tests  upon  the  treat- 
ed material.  Attention  has  been  recent- 
ly directed  to  the  very  great  importance 


FIG.     4. 

of  such  mechanical  tests.  It  is  not  pro- 
posed here  to  enter  deeply  into  the  ques- 
tion of  hardness  tests,  but  experience 
suggests  that  the  form  of  test  most  fre- 
quently used  does  not  necessarily  indi- 
cate what  will  be  the  resistance  of  the 
hardened  surface  to  the  abrasion  to  be 
met  with  in  ordinary  wear.  In  those 
tests  which  base  the  measurement  upon 
the  rebound  of  a  weight  from  the  har- 
dened surface  it  appears  possible  that 
the  mass  of  the  hardened  piece  enters 
into  the  measurement,  and  it  is  sug- 
gested that  figures  attained  in  this  man- 
ner should  be  regarded  primarily  as  com- 
parative between  pieces  of  the  same  mass. 
Of  course  it  is  very  clearly  recognized 
that  this  comparative  information  is  ex- 
tremely valuable  and  these  remarks  are 
only  made  as  a  suggestion  for  further 
investigation. 

A  variety  of  tests  are  now  made  upon 
materials  used  in  engineering  work — for 
instance,  tensile  strength,  elastic  limit  and 
yield  point.  There  is  also  the  single  im- 
pact test,  for  instance,  the  izod  test.  It 
is  found,  however,  that  when  you  have 
all  the  data  which  these  tests  can  give 
that  there  may  exist  large  and  critical 
differences  between  two  materials,  whose 
tests  are  apparently  the  same,  when 
these  materials  are  subjected  to  actual 
use  in  a  piece  of  mechanism. 


To  discover  such  differences,  the  re- 
peated impact  test  is  extremely  valuable. 
It  is  probably  well  known  that  Dr.  Stan- 
ton devised  a  machine  for  making  such 
repeated  impact  tests  in  1908,  and  ex- 
periments with  his  machine  have  shown 
that  extremely  valuable  information  can 
be  obtained  by  subjecting  the  material 
to  a  succession  of  shocks  or  impacts  of  a 
known  amount,  each  shock  being  small 
individually,  but  the  cumulative  effect  re- 
sulting in  the  breakage  of  the  sample. 

In  the  various  forms  in  which  this  re- 
peated impact  testing  has  been  worked 
out  certain  disadvantages  were  found 
with  regard  to  the  detail  arrangement 
of  the  mehcanism.  For  instance,  in  one 
form  it  was  found  that  the  energy  of 
the  blow  was  not  strictly  calculable  be- 
cause it  w-as  uncertain  how  much  mass 
was  operating.  The  hammer  which  de- 
livered the  blow  was  attached  by  a  lever, 
and  it  was  impossible  to  calculate  exactly 
bow  much  of  this  lever  entered  into  the 
effective  mass  of  the  hammer.  It  was 
further  found  that  the  nature  of  the  sur- 
face upon  which  the  machine  was  mount- 
ed influenced  to  a  large  extent  the  re- 
sulting figures. 

Repeated  Impact  Testing  Machine 

To  get  over  these  difficulties,  Mr.  C.  G. 
Eden  v/^-'-ed   out  a  desi-^n    of    repeated 
-  impact  machine,  and  in  conjunction  with 
him  I  have  developed  the  machine  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  4.     The  hammer  is  with- 


The  base,  which  supports  the  test- 
piece,  is  massive  and  rigid;  it  will  there- 
fore experience  only  a  negligible  move- 
ment or  deflection  during  the  time  in 
which  the  falling  hammer  delivers  its 
blow.  For  this  reason  it  is  immaterial 
to  the  results  attained  whether  the  ma- 
chine be  mounted  on  a  concrete  floor  or 
a  wooden  bench. 

To  demonstrate  this  featu'-e  of  the  de- 
sign, the  tests  tabulated  below  were  made 
under  extreme  conditions.  In  the  first 
two  tests,  marked  "rigid,"  the  machine 
was  firmly  bolted  down  on  a  concrete 
floor,  while  in  the  remaining  two,  mark- 
ed "floating,"  the  machine  was  loosely 
supported  upon  a  bed  of  folded  canvas 
strips  five  inches  wide,  set  up  on  edge. 
This  last  condition  was  the  most  non- 
rigid  mounting  that  could  be  contrived. 
The  material  tested  was  an  alloy  steel, 
the  samples  being  cut  from  the  bar  as  it 
came  from  the  mill  and  not  subjected  to 
any  heat  treatment.  It  will  be  seen  that, 
notwithstanding  the  extreme  conditions 
of  moun'-'ng,  the  results  are  in  very  fair 
agreement. 

Sample  Condition  of     Number  of     Dep.  from  mean 
No.  Machine      Impact  Blows      (1138  blows) 

1  Rigid  1104  —  34     —  3.07r 

2  Rigid  1120  —  18     —   1.6% 

3  Floating  1186  -1-48      +   *.2% 

4  FloatirK  1142  +      4     +    0.4% 

The  illustration  in  Fi?.  4  r'ives  -• 
general  idea  of  the  external  appearance 
of    the    machine.      The     whole     of     the 


a.*jjii  4  G-TBovc — gc 


T 


S>i'mi-ciTeular  gToo»5  '0€'ii/u  A    OSi'dttpl 


I^V 


± 


FIG.   4 


-^6- 


out  attachments,  and  falls  freely  under 
the  influence  of  gravity,  the  whole  fall- 
ing mass  of  the  hammer  is  symmetrically 
disposed  above  the  point  of  impact,  and 
the  actual  height  of  the  fall  may  be 
measured  easily,  so  that  the  true  energy 
'of  the  blows  is  calculable  to  a  high  de- 
gree of  accuracy. 


mechanism  is  secured  to  and  supported 
by  the  main  casting,  which  also  acts  as 
a  cover  to  the  tank  or  box  casting.  Pro- 
jecting through  the  side  of  the  tank,  but 
not  seen  in  the  ilustration,  is  the  main 
spindle.  This  may  be  driven  by  a  1-in. 
belt  from  any  convenient  countershaft, 
or  alternatively    by    an    electric    motor 


168 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


with  suitable  gear  or  worm  reduction. 
The  power  required  is  about  one-tenth 
horse- power. 

Mechanism 

The  main  spindle  carries  a  dog  clutch 
normally  in  engagement  and  driving  a 
cam.  A  roller  bears  on  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  cam  and  is  attached  to  the 
lower  end  of  the  rod  H.  It  is  so  guided 
that  it  rises  and  descends  at  each  rota- 
tion of  the  cam.  Fixed  on  the  rod  H  is 
an  arm  J,  which  engages  with  the  lower 
face  of  the  hamer  M,  thus  when  the  rod 
H  rises,  by  rotation  of  the  cam,  the  ham- 
mer M  is  also  lifted.  The  hammer 
slides  freely  between  two  sets  of  three- 
point  guiding  screws,  these  screws  being 
carried  by  the  two  castings  seen  attach- 
ed to  the  standard  G  and  its  fellow  on 
the  opposite  side. 

Mounted  upon  the  standard  G  is  a 
sleeve  W,  free  to  rotate  about  the 
standard  but  normally  held  in  a  fixed 
position  by  the  spring  L.  Clamped  on 
the  sleeve  W  is  an  adjustable  catch  K. 
As  soon  as  the  arm  J  has  lifted  the 
hammer  M  sufficiently,  the  spring  L 
causes  a  partial  rotation  of  the  sleeve 
W,  so  that  when  the  arm  J  descends,  the 
hammer  is  held  by  the  catch  K.  The 
lower  inclined  face  in  engagement  with 
the  roller  arm  N,  attached  to  the  sleeve 
further  descent  of  the  arm  J  brmgs  its 
W.  fn  such  a  manner  that  the  catch  K 
releases  the  hammer  M,  allowing  it  to 
fall  upon  the  test-piece  O. 

The  test-piece,  the  size  and  details  of 
which  are  further  discussed  below,  is 
carried  by  two  hardened  steel  bushes  in 
the  plummer  blocks  PP.  It  is  rotated 
through  180  deg.  between  successive 
blows.  One  end  of  the  sample  is  slotted 
to  engage  with  a  universal  joint  drive, 
and  is  kept  in  engagement  by  a  screw  R 
The  universal  joint  is  driven  throueh  a 
free  wheel  and  clutch  T  by  the  chair.  S. 
One  end  of  the  chain  is  attached  to  the 
roller  bearing  on  the  cam  already  des- 
cribed, and  the  other  end  carries  a  weight 
suitably  gruided;  the  rotation  of  the  test- 
piece  begins  and  ends  entirely  between 
the  successive  blows. 

The  revolutions  of  the  test-piece  are 
recorded  by  a  counter  V,  and  of  course, 
the  number  of  blows  is  found  by  multi- 
plying the  counter  record  by  two.  When 
the  test-piece  breaks  it  comes  in  contact 
with  an  arm  X,  and  thereby  trips  the 
clutch  and  stops  the  machine.  The  tank 
is  partially  filled  with  oil  to  provide 
efficient  lubrication  of  the  cam  and  other 
surfaces. 

The  hammer  is  shod  with  a  tup  of 
hardened  tool  steel.  The  height  of  the 
drop  depends  on  the  position  of  the  ad- 
justable catch  K  on  the  sleeve  W,  and 
may  be  varied  from  one  to  four  and  a 
half  inches  (25  to  11.3  m/m).  To  allow 
a  wide  range  of  tests,  two  hammers  are 
provided,  weighing  5  lbs.  and  2  lbs.  (2.26 
and  0.91  kilos)  strength. 

Using  the  5  lbs.  hammer,  the  main 
spindle  may  be  driven  at  any  speed  up 
to  about  60  revolutions,  or  with  the  2  lbs. 
hammer  up  to  about  90  revolutions  per 


minute,  giving    60    and    90    blows    per 
minute  respectively. 

Test  Pieces 

The  machine  is  adapted  for  test- 
pieces  of  dimensions  similar  to  those 
adopted  by  Dr.  Stanton;  these  are  illus- 
trated in  the  upper  diagram  in  Fig.  2. 
It  will  be  seen  that  a  V  notch  is  cut  in 
the  region  of  impact  to  localise  the 
stresses.  The  angle  at  the  bottom  is  90°, 
and  is  made  as  sharp  as  possible.  As  an 
alternative,  a  semicircular  groove,  as 
shown  in  the  middle  diagram  of  Fig.  5 
may  be  used,  and  such  a  groove  appears 
to  offer  several  practical  advantages 
over  the  V  groove.  Referring  to  the 
upper  diagram  in  Fig.  2,  it  may  be  as- 
sumed that  the  action  of  the  hammer, 
when  it  falls  upon  the  test-piece,  is  to 
produce  a  very  slight  but  sudden  bend- 
ing at  the  section  of  smallest  diameter, 
that  is,  at  the  bottom  of  the  groove,  as 
indicated  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  3. 
This  will  produce  an  area  of  compression 
at  "A,"  and  will  tend  to  start  slipping 
between  the  crystals,  due  to  tension,  at 
"B."  Of  course  the  process  is  reversed 
at  the  next  blow  because  the  test-piece 
has  been  turned  through  180°  in  the 
meantime. 

It  will  be  admitted  that  it  is  quite  im- 
possible to  turn  a  groove  having  a  true 


port — in  fact,  it  has  been  found  with 
test-pieces  of  this  shape  fracture  will  be- 
gin at  the  point  coinciding  with  the  end 
of  the  area  of  contact  between  the  tup 
and  the  test-piece.  There  is  a  further 
disadvantage  that  the  action  of  the  blow 
will  distort  the  cross  section  of  the  ma- 
terial at  the  plane  of  fracture. 

The  semi-circular  groove,  as  shown  in 
the  middle  diagram  in  Fig.  2,  is  free 
from  the  disadvantages  of  both  of  the 
other  types.  It  serves  to  locate  the 
plane  of  fracture  sufficiently  closely,  the 
effective  diameter  at  the  bottom  of  the 
groove  is  measured  easily,  any  small  de- 
parture from  the  nominal  curvature  is 
without  practical  effect  upon  the  results 
and  the  actual  area  of  fracture  is  not 
distorted  by  the  hammer  blows.  Re- 
entrant angles  are  frequently  designed 
in  machines  with  a  fillet  of  such  radius, 
therefore  the  results  have  a  more  direct 
bearing  on  actual  engineering  practice. 

The  following  tests  were  made  to  in- 
vestigate the  effect  of  the  shape  of  the 
groove.  The  material  was  a  commercial 
mild  steel,  annealed  by  heating  to  900" 
C.  and  cooling  in  the  furnace.  The  tests, 
as  a  whole,  demonstrate  the  relatively 
unreliable  nature  of  commercial  mild 
steel.  They  show  clearly,  however,  the 
greater  approach  to  uniformity  with  the 
semi-circular  groove,  they  also  show  the 
small  influence  of  large  variations  in 
the  curvature  of  the  groove. 

Number 

Shape  of       Radius  of  of  Imp. 

Groove.  Grove.      Blows 


FIG.  5. 

geometric  angle,  there  must  be  some 
minute  curve  at  the  bottom  of  the 
groove.  The  size  of  this  curve  will  de- 
termine the  axial  extent  of  the  regions 
of  compressive  and  tensile  stresses.  Since 
this  size  is  in  any  case  very  small  with 
a  nominally  sharp  V,  it  is  obvious  that 
the  variation  between  the  size  of  curve 
in  different  test-pieces  will  be  relatively 
large  and  will  tend  to  introduce  an  ele- 
ment of  uncertainty  into  the  test  results. 
It  may  be  argued,  in  addition,  that  since 
no  capable  engineer  would  design  a  ma- 
chine with  a  sharp  re-entrant  angle  the 
conditions  of  test  are  largely  artificial. 

Another  shape  of  sample  has  been 
proposed,  as  shown  in  the  lower  dia- 
gram of  Fig.  2,  having  a  relatively  large 
portion  of  reduced  diameter,  but  this  is 
not  advised.  The  end  of  the  tup  of  the 
hammer,  being  a  plane  surface,  will 
bear  upon  the  test-piece  over  a  consider- 
able length  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
test-piece,  and  it  is  probable  that,  ow- 
ing to  the  minute  bending  of  the  sample, 
the  local  stresses  at  the  ends  of  the  area 
of  contact  are  greater  than  at  the  plane 
equi-distant  between   the   points  of  sup- 


Diam.  at 
Sample  bottom  of 
No.        groove. 


inches 


3 

4 
5 
6 

7 

8 

9 

10 


8 

188 

260 

70 

0.06 

548 

o.oe 

590 

0.O4 

410 

0.04 

484 

inches 

0.400  Sharp  "V" 

0.400  Sharp  "V" 

0.400  Sharp  "V" 

0.400  Sharp  "V" 

0.400  Semi-circular 

0.400  Semi-circular 

0.400  Semi-circular 

0.400  Semi-circular 

As  an  indication  of  the  valuable  in- 
formation to  be  obtained  with  this  re- 
peated impact  machine,  the  summary  of 
tests  in  the  table  below  is  interesting. 

Eden-Foster  Repeated 
Mater.     Iiod  Impact  Ft.  lbs.       Impact  No.  of  Blows. 
Max       Min.      Mean      Max.     Mm.      Mean 
A        104  7        90.7        97.7  584        468  521 

B  71.'7        45.0        58.4        1478        782        1140 

These  results  show  that  the  "Izod" 
test  does  not,  by  itself,  give  a  reliable 
indication  of  the  dynamic  respectively. 


MAY     TRANSFER     ROYAL     NAVAL 
COLLEGE 

THAT  the  decision  has  been  practically 
reached  to  transfer  the  Royal  Naval  Col- 
lege from  Kingston,  Ont.,  to  Esquimalt, 
B.C.,  is  the  announcement  made  recently 
through  the  offices  of  the  capt.-supt.  of 
the  Esquimalt  dockyard.  The  naval  col- 
lege, which  was  removed  to  temporary 
quarters  at  Kingston  following  the  dis- 
aster last  December,  is  to  be  transferred 
here  temporarily,  pending  the  erection  of 
new  college  buildings  at  Halifax.  It 
was  announced  that  the  naval  students 
will  be  accommodated  in  one  of  the  large 
buildings  available  in  the  Esquimalt 
dock  yards,  which  can  easily  be  converted 
for  the  purpose.  It  is  understood  that 
the  naval  students  will  be  installed  at 
Esquimalt  by  August. 


August  8,  1918 


169 


Method  of  Estimating  Cost  of  Machine  Work 

The  Manufacturer  Cannot  Continue  to  Stay  in  Business  and 

Estimate  Too  Low — Some  of  the  Irregularities  That  Come  Into 

the  Question  of  Figuring  on  Jobs  For  the  Trade 

By  DONALD  A.  HAMPSON,  ASSOC.  MEM.  A.S.M.E. 


UNDER  this  heading  a  construction 
engineer  relates  his  experience  in 
getting  bids  on  some  castings  and 
machine  work.  The  work  was  for  re- 
placement on  some  hydraulic  equip- 
ment for  a  large  city;  bids  were 
asked  from  a  dozen  shops,  nine  of  which 
quoted  their  hourly  rates  and  the  other 
three  quoted  prices  of  $750,  $1,020  and 
$1,890.  Evidently  the  wide  variance  in 
these  three  latter  rather  peeved  the  en- 
gineer for  he  goes  on  to  say  .  .  . 
"cannot  take  a  drawing  and  make  an 
estimate  from  it"  .  .  .  "when  a  job 
is  taken  to  a  contract  shop,  expect  to  be 
overcharged  as  a  matter  of  course,"  . 
.  .  "small  manufacturers  with  their 
inefficient  methods,"  etc.  Such  remarks 
ought  not  to  go  unchallenged,  and  having 
been  in  the  despised  small  manufacturer 
class  I  will  present  some  of  the  points 
from  the  other  side. 

Afraid  of  Fair  Price 

It  is  an  undeniable  fact  that  many 
manufacturers  and  many  machinists  are 
unable  to  estimate  the  cost  of  a  given 
piece  of  work;  it  is  also  true  that  many 
manufacturers  (small  ones  only)  are 
afraid  to  ask  a  fair  price  for  their  work 
in  advance  and  to  add  a  margin  for 
safety  to  cover  those  little  necessary 
uncertainties  and  losses  which  are 
reasonably  sure  to  crop  up.  Without  a 
doubt,  the  nine  replies  that  named  no 
price  came  from  shops  in  this  class,  and 
it  must  be  said  from  their  standpoint 
that  they  were  justified  in  quoting  only 
hourly  rates,  while  the  shops  themselves 
may  have  been  run  efficiently  and  the 
management  been  entirely  honest. 

The  three  bids  of  $750,  $1,020  and 
$1,890  likewise  may  have  been  made  with 
all  honesty,  the  $1,020  bid  probably  rep- 
resenting a  fair  average  price  and  the 
others  extremes  either  way.  It  is  easily 
probable  that  the  difference  in  prices 
has  come  from  different  shop  equipment 
and  methods  and  different  market  prices 
for  labor  and  materials  in  different  lo- 
calities. Such  being  the  case,  each  shop 
bid  a  fair  price  and  is  justified  in  stick- 
ing to  it.  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  the 
fees  of  consulting  engineers  vary  fully 
as  much — yet  the  man  with  a  Broadway 
suite  is  fully  as  honest  and  as  capable 
as  his  struggling  brother  in  the 
north-west  whose  bid  is  fifty  per  cent, 
less. 

In  the  case  that  we  are  considering 
a  complaint  was  made  about  the  slow- 
ness with  which  the  bids  came  in.  It  is 
j  easy  to  settle  that  and  the  answer  sheds 
some  light  on  the  widely  different  prices, 
too.  Many,  many  drawings  do  not  state 
the  limits  which  the  inachinist  and  the 
estimator  must  know,  which  denotes 
certain  finishes  and  fits,  and  which  are 


supplied  with  all  the  notes  that  any  man, 
other  than  a  mijjd  reader,  should'  have 
before  an  intelligent  estimate  can  be 
made.  Such  shortcomings  are  to  be  ex- 
pected on  the  drawings  of  inventors  and 
laymen,  but  the  work  of  engineering  de- 
partments is  open  to  criticism  at  times 
also  as  witness  the  following. 

And  in  Three  Days! 

The  largest  steel  and  machinery  firm 
in  the  U.S.,  outsid*  of  several  trusts, 
found  its  plants  overtaxed  and  decided 
to  put  several  of  its  products  out  on  con- 
tract. Our  shop  asked  for  a  chance  to 
bid  on  some  of  the  work,  and  received 
a  fifty  pound  roll  of  prints  and  a  letter 
stating  that  "we  must  have  your  esti- 
m,ate  in  three  days."  The  work  amount- 
ed to  a  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and 
could  be  spread  out  over  seven  months 
— the  estimate  though  must  be  hustled. 
Imagine  our  surprise  when  an  examina- 
tion of  the  prints  showed  sixteen  letters 
denoting  sixteen  different  finishes,  but 
no  key  to  the  finishes  being  shown  on 
the  prints.  Hence  we  knew  no  limits 
and  finishes  except  by  guesswork.  Fur- 
ther, steels  and  bronzes  of  snecial 
analyses  were  required,  standard  bolt 
and  nuts  were  carefully  detailed — pre- 
sumably to  be  made  up,  though  a  dozen 
machine  screw  manufacturers  kept  them 
in  stock — and  even  locks  that  could  be 
found  in  hardware  catalogues  were  de- 
tailed. What  kind  of  an  estimate  could 
be  made  on  such  .information  ?  Only  a 
few  weeks  ago  an  engineer  asked  us  for 
a  figure  on  forty-eight  15  in.  cylinders, 
and  his  drawings  failed  to  show  a  finish 
on  the  outside,  which  would  add  forty 
per  cent,  to  the  labor  (a  finish  that  we 
guessed  he  wanted,  and  that  he  really 
did). 

All  of  which  is  not  intended  as  a  knock, 
but  just  to  show  that  "much  might  be 
said  on  both  sides,"  and  that  a  spirit  of 
tolerance  and  co-operation  is  of  mutual 
advantage.  I  should  have  liked  a  chance 
to  bid  on  the  drawings  which  raised  the 
question,  but  I  contend  that  because  my 
price  was  higher  or  lower  than  the 
others  or  the  engineer's  guess,  it  would 
not  mean  that  any  of  us  was  wrong. 

No  Standard  of  Prices 

There  is  such  a  thing  as  a  fixed  stand- 
ard of  accuracy  which  is  good  the  world 
over,  but  no  standard  of  prices,  yet  on 
work  which  is  not  made  in  quantities, 
two  men  on  the  same  block  might  make 
widely  different  estimates,  and  both  of 
them  be  correct  for  their  own  shop.  It's 
all  a  matter  of  equipment  and  ingenuity 
on  these  jobs  of  a  few  pieces,  modified 
by  the  local  scale  for  commodities — cost 
systems  and  efficiency  methods  here 
count  for  but  little  if  the  shop  force  is 


well  directed.  System  and  the  proper 
tools  and  large  quantities  will  make  the 
cost  per  piece  the  same  in  the  East  as  in 
the  West — but  that's  anotiher  game. 

That  first  class  shops  "slip  up"  on  this 
estimating  problem  may  be  proven  by 
two  instances.  An  Ohio  manufacturer 
whose  equipment  and  men  have  always 
been  the  best  that  money  could  get,  and 
whose  line  was  as  near  to  shell  work  as 
any  could  be  outside  of  the  military  field 
recently  gave  a  talk  before  an  engineer- 
ing body,  relating  their  experience  on  a 
shell  contract  in  1915,  how  their  esti- 
mates were  far  too  low,  their  deliveries 
six  months  behind,  and  unlocked  for 
troubles  all  along  the  way.  If  first  class 
men  with  every  facility  can't  estimate 
duplicate  work  in  big  quantities  is  it 
fair  to  brand  as  inefficient  small  manu- 
facturers who  incorrectly  estimate  the 
time  on  a  single  piece?  Another,  an 
Eastern  machine  tool  plant  took  on  some 
contract  work  for  an  automobile  con- 
cern. Both  firms  have  a  nation-wide 
reputation  for  good  work,  one  in  the 
.small  lathe  field  and  the  other  in  the 
$5,000  car  field.  The  machine  tool  firm 
lost  nearly  50  per  cent,  on  their  contract, 
presumably  because  they,  too,  "cannot 
take  a  drawing  and  estimate  from  it." 

Defends  the  Machine  Shop 

There  are  many  machinists  that  will 
resent  the  slur  on  contract  and  jobbing 
shops  and  their  charges.  Granted  that 
there  are  unscrupulous  men  in  the  ma- 
chine business  as  in  every  other,  that 
there  are  city  shops  running  in  cellars 
that  never  see  the  light  of  day,  and 
country  shops  doing  business  in  convert- 
ed barns  with  a  junk  pile  supporting  one 
outsiide  wall  (this  combination  known  as 
the  "foundry"),  yet  the  majority  of  city 
and  country  shops  are  honestly  run,  and 
rank  far  above  establishments  in  the 
building  trades  which  do  not  come  in  for 
such  slurs.  One  marked  difference  be- 
tween the  machine  and  building  trades  is 
that  the  former  work  the  longer  hours, 
under  stricter  supervision,  must  deliver 
of  a  skill  and  intelligence  of  a  high  or- 
der, and  the  shop  and  men  get  less  per 
hour  than  in  a  branch  where  the  entire 
"trade"  can  be  learned  in  a  month.  The 
employer  in  the  former  case  has  to  pro- 
vide equipment  of  the  most  expensive 
and  extensive  kind,  has  to  figure  a  job 
down  to  the  last  five  cents,  and  is  sub- 
jecte<l  to  a  multitude  of  useless  factory 
laws  that  tempt  him  to  sell  out  and  put 
his  money  in  the  savings  bank. 

Yet,  because  the  contract  shop  charges 
for  the  time  it  took  to  collect  and  put 
away  tools  and  blocking,  for  the  set-up 
on  a  single  job,  and  for  the  six  hours 
setting  up  as  well  as  the  two  hours  that 
it  took  for  the  actual  cut,  it  is  over- 


170 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX 


charging.  I  have  had  a  man  contend 
that,  because  he  was  charged  the  same 
for  a  cut  .005  in.  deep  a  for  one  %  in. 
deep,  he  was  overcharged,  his  contention 
being  that  the  work  was  so  much  less  in 
the  one  case. 

Can't  Figure  Too  Low 

The  facts  in  the  matter  are  these:  any 
•mall  manufacturer  is  in  business  to 
sUy  if  he  can  and  he  will  meet  his  cus- 
tomers half  way  both  in  charges  and 
estimates,  but  he  cannot  continue  to 
figure  too  Iww  and  stay  in  business. 
Maybe  the  equipmsnt  of  one  shop  is  such 
thai  It  c_.i  do  boring  to  better  advantage 
than  any  other  kind  of  work,  but  the 
shop  will  take  other  work  as  it  comes 
along  and  charge  the  usual  rates  for  it 
by  the  hour,  it  cannot  be  expected  to  do 
this  other  work  for  the  same  price  as  a 
specialist  in  that  particular  line.  The 
proprietor  is  honest  and  so  is  his  loyal 
gang  of  men  who  work  more  minutes  to 
the  hour  than  any  plumber  who  ever 
came  down  the  pike,  but  to  live  they 
must  at  least  break  even  on  their  work. 
I  have  had  a  painter  complain  about  the 
brushes  he  had  to  buy  for  his  men;  has 
equipment  ended  with  brushes  and  lad- 
ders, mine  began  with  machine  tools  ano 
high-speed  steel  and  drills  (and  included 
brushes  as  a  minor  item)  and  yet  m  our 
locality  working  painters  got  20  cents 
more  an  hour  than  machinists  and 
charges  for  work  were  in  proportion. 
If  the  small  manufacturer  got  a  little 
more  of  the  $1  to  ?2  an  hour  work  he 
wouldn't  remain  a  small  manufacturer 
long  Doctors  and  lawyers  are  entitled 
to  their  fees  whether  they  win  or  lose 

why  should  not  machine  shops  get  a 

fair  price  when  they  have  to  win  to  col- 
lect at  all? 


THE  INDIVIDUAL  DRIVE  BECOMING 

MORE  POPULAR  IN  ENGLISH  SHOPS 

By   P.   E.   R. 


ECONOMIC  STEP  BY  ENGINEERS 

The  Canadian  Engineering  Standards 
Committee,  constituted  with  official  rep- 
resentation from  the  departments  of  the 
government,  the  Canadian  Manufactur- 
ers' Association  and  the  important  tech- 
nichal  organizations,  has  been  formed  in 
Montreal,  and  wriU  be  of  paramount  im- 
portance in  economic  production  in  Can- 
,ida  It  will  also  have  the  effect  of  har- 
monizing British  and  American  practice. 
Its  primary  objects  are  to  secure  mter- 
changeability  of  parts,  to  cheapen  manu- 
facture by  the  elimination  of  waste  en- 
tailed in  producing  a  multiplicity  of  de- 
signs for  one  and  the  same  purpose,  to 
effect  improvement  in  workmanship  and 
design,  and  'by  concentration  rather  than 
by  diffusion  of  effort  to  expedite  delivery 
and  reduce  maintenance  charges  and 
storage. 

At  the  organization  meeting  Sir  John 
Kennedy,  the  dean  of  the  engineering 
profession  in  Canada  was  unanimously 
appointed  chairma,  and  P.  H.  Vaughan 
and  Capt.  R.  J.  Durley  vice-chairmen. 
Dr.  John  Bonsall  Porter  was  elected 
honorary  secretary-treasurer,  and  Frank 
S.  Keith,  secretary.  The  headquarters 
of  the  organization  will  be  at  the  En- 
l^neering  Institute  Building,  176  Mans- 
field street,  Montreal. 


Individual  motor  drive  for  metai 
working  tools  is  becoming  standard  prac- 
tice and  it  is  interesting  to  note  some 
of  the  applications  of  electric  drive  as 
developed   in   England. 

The  drawing  Fig.  1  shows  a  curve  of 
a  machine  arranged  for  self-contained 
electric  drive,  single  speed,  through 
gearing  and  motor  mounted  on  top  of 
the  machine.  A  strong  cast  iron  frame- 
work is  attached  across  the  machine 
standards,  and  the  whole  driving  gear 
is  mounted  on  planed  faces  on  this  cast- 
ing. A  compound  wound  motor  of  35 
b.  h.  p.  with  starter  is  used  to  drive  a 
5-foot  square  machine  to  run  at  ap- 
proximately 600  revolutions  per  minute. 

The  two  gear  wheels  run  in  an  en- 
closed oil  bath  and  the  two  shafts  are 
supported  in  self-oiling  bearings,  with 
provision  for  returning  oil  running  out 
of  same'  to  the  reservoir.  The  quick 
return   of  the  table   is   operated   by   the 


on  the  photograph  gives  a  different  cut- 
ting speed  without  stopping  the  machine. 
There  is  no  unnecessary  friction  and  no 
claw  clutches.  There  are  no  sliding 
gears  to  break  and  no  noisy  gears,  nor 
leaky  gear  boxes  to  drop  oil  on  to  work 
before  the  finishing  cut  is  taken. 
The  accompanying  curves  Figs.  4  and 

5  were  taken  with  a  Lancashire  electric 
drive  ,which  is  said  to  be  economical  in 
power  and  has  a  perfect  regenerative 
and  cushioning  effect  at  reversal.  On  a 
belt-driven  planer  the  reversal  of  the 
pulleys  and  the  consequent  slipping  of 
the  belt  causes  a  large  amount  of  power 
to  be  wasted  at  each  reversal  This 
waste  becomes  larger  as  the  stroke  is 
decreased. 

In  order  to  prove  this  the  following 
tests  have  been  taken  on  the  two  rack 
driven  planers   (1)   A  5  ft.  6  in.  x  3  ft. 

6  in.  X  12  ft.  planer  was  arranged  with 
motor    belt    drive    and    three    flywheels 


<— 22— > 
StroHe 

Beft  commenced  /Vj  6urn 

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^^ 

^^ 

■ . 

. 

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^ — ' 

■ 

10 


IcNGTH  or  Stpohe  /N  /i£T 


motor  shaft  extension,  so  that  the  gears 
do  actual  work  during  the  cutting  stroke 
only.  It  will  be  noted  that  no  crossed 
belt  is  necessary. 

Fig.  2  shows  a  5-foot  square  planing 
machine,  fitted  with  an  English  electric 
planer  equipment,  while  illustration  Fig. 
3  shows  a  4-foot  square  planing  ma- 
chine to  plane  10  feet  long,  fitted  with 
a  special  four-speed  countershaft,  self 
contained  electric  drive,  the  motor  being 
directly  coupled  to  quick  return  shaft. 
The  size  of  motor  used  with  this  ma- 
chine is  20  b.  h.  p.  compound  wound, 
and  runs  at  approximately  400  revolu- 
tions per  minute. 

It  is  said  to  be  possible  with  this 
drive  to  obtain  cutting  speeds  of  ap- 
proximately 30,  40,  50  and  60  feet  per 
minute  with  a  constant  return  speed  of 
90-100  feet  per  minute.  All  the  bear- 
ings in  this  machine  are  self-oiling. 
Each   turn    of   the    hand    wheel    shown 


KIG.   1. 

for  reducing  the  peak  and  assisting  the 
reversal.  (2)  A  4  ft.  x  4  ft.  x  12  ft. 
planer  was  equipped  with  a  "Lanca- 
shire" drive  and  in  both  cases  the  cut 
ting  speed  was  50  ft.  per  minute  and 
return  speed  150  ft.  per  minute.  The 
load  on  the  bed  slides  in  each  test  was 
4  tons. 

The  test  was  made  with  a  watt  hour 
meter  and  the  curves  show  the  total 
power  taken  from  the  mains  in  both 
cases  with  various  strokes.  In  the  above 
tests  the  electrical  machines  were  only 
partially  loaded  as  the  planers  were  not 
cutting,  therefore  under  ordinary  work- 
ing conditions  the  efficiency  of  the  "Lan- 
cashire" drive  as  compared  with  the  belt 
drive  would  be  still  more  pronounced. 


F.  W.  Field,  British  Board  of  Trade 
Commissioner,  has  just  completed  a  tour 
of  all  Ontario  manufacturing  centres. 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


171 


FIG.    2— AN    ENG-LISH   S-FT.    SQUARE    PLANER    FITTED    WITH    ELECTRIC    DRIVE 
INTERIOR   OF   MACHINE   SHOP. 


Most  tack  manufacturers  have  methods 
of  their  own  which  are  carefully  guard- 
ed and  which  are  claimed  to  affect  con- 
siderably the  earning  capacity  of  the 
plant  and  the  quality  of  the  product,  both 
very  important  factors  in  these  days  of 
keen  competition. 

The  tack  plant  which  the  Steel  Com- 
pany of  Canada,  Ltd.,  operates  at  its 
Canada  works,  Hamilton,  Ont.,  is  run 
on  a  highly  efficient  and  profitable  ba.sis. 

The  company  furthermore  has  this 
advantage  that  it  rolls  its  own  sheets  or 
tack  plate,  to  use  the  trade  term,  and  is 
thus  assured  both  as  to  even  quality  and 
regular  supply  of  the  raw  material.  The 
tack  plate  which  is  rolled  at  the  com- 
pany's principal  plant  at  Hamilton  is* 
made  in  certain  definite  sizes  and  in 
gauges  ranging  from  21  to  10,  the  size 
and  gauge  varying  according  to  the  size 
of  tack  to  be  made  from  the  sheet.  The 
sheets  are  delivered  to  the  Canada  works 
in  bundles  arid  are  stored  there  until  re- 
quired. 

Pickling  and  Baking 

The  sheets  at  this  stage  carry  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  scale  which  must  be  re- 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  TACKS 

THE  majority  of  users  of  the 
humble  tack  have  no  conception  as 
to  the  amount  of  work  involved  in 
its  production  or  the  number  of  processes 
that  are  necessary  lo  produce  this  com- 
mon but  very  important  article.  To  look 
at  a  tack  one  would  hardly  believe  that 
so  much  expenditure  of  labor  and  skill 
was  necessary  in  its  manufacture,  but 
in  reality  such  is  the  case.  The  fact  that 
tacks  are  manufactured  in  large  quan- 
tities on  a  high-production  basis  enables 
the  manufacturer  to  operate  his  plant 
profitably  in  spite  of  the  low  cost  to  the 
consumer.  The  amount  of  profit  depends 
to  a  large  extent  upon  the  layo-.t  j  t'l-: 
plant   and     methods     emplo"3 '.  c-; 

methods,  while    being    very     similar     in 


BgLT      DriVC 

Test  taken  with 

vr-t   r>lants  vary  in  certain  particulars 
which    may   be    termed    trade     secrets. 


FIG.   i—A   4-FT.    ENGLISH   SQUARE    PLANING    MACHINE    WITH    4-SPEED    COUNTERSHAFT 
AND   SELF-CONTAINE)D   ELECTRIC   DRIVE. 


'LANCA3WIHC'  DbivC  ■ 

Recording  Ammeter. 

FIG.  4. 

moved.  This  is  done  in  the  pickling 
process.  The  sheets  are  laid  in  racks, 
end  up,  and  dipped  in  tubs  containing 
vitriol,  a  fairly  strong  solution  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  which  removes  the  scale  and 
makes  the  sheets  bright  and  clean.  The 
rack,  with  its  load  of  sheets  is  then  lifted 
out  and  placed  in  another  tank  contain- 
ing lime,  which  removes  the  acid  ad- 
l^ering  to  the  sheets.  The  sheets  then 
undergo  a  baking  process  which  restores 
the  material  to  its  normal  condition  and 
neutralizes  the  effect  which  the  acid  has 
had  on  the  physical  properties  of  the 
steel.  The  baking  is  done  in  coke-fired 
ovens  heated  to  a  high  temperature. 
After  baking  the  sheets  are  ready  to  be 
converted  into  tacks  in  another  depart- 
ment. 

Making  the  Tacks 

The  tack  machines  are  arranged  in 
long  rows,  the  material  being  fed  to  the 
machines  in  the  form  of  strips  by  boys 
who  can  take  care  of  three  or  four  ma- 
chines each.  At  one  end  of  this  room 
is  a  power  shear  for  shearing  the  sheets 
into  strips  of  varying  widths  according 
to  length  of  tacks  into  which  they  will  be 
converted.  For  the  same  reason  the 
gauges  vary.    The  tacks  are  made  from 


ITS 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


%  in.  to  1%  in.  long,  inclusive.  The  tack 
machine,  which  is  rather  a  complicatea 
piece  of  mechanism,  operates  at  a  high 
speed,  accompanied  by  considerable  noise 
as  the  process  is  more  akin  to  stamping 
than  anything  else.  The  most  important 
feature  is  the  timing  and  adjustment  of 
the  tools  in  the  machine.  There  are  ten 
tools  in  each  machine,  and  each  tool  must 
get  to  a  given  point  and  away  again  to 
allow  the  next  tool  to  do  its  part  of  the 
work.  Needless  to  say  this  requires  very 
careful  adjustment,  particularly  on  ac- 
count of  the  high  speed  and  nearness  of 
the  tools  to  each  other.  The  strips  are 
placed  on  the  machine  by  the  operator 
and  then  are  automatically  fed  with  tools, 
the  tacks  falling  into  a  pan  underneath 
the  machine. 

Varieties  of  Tacks 

Tacks  are  made  in  various  finishes, 
bright,  blued,  galvanized,  tinned,  copper, 
brass  or  nickel-plated,  coated  and  Japan- 
ned. Blued  tacks  are  obtained  by  heating 
them  in  a  blueing  machine  or  heater. 
The  bright  tacks  are  first  annealed  and 
then  passed  through  tumblers  which 
gives  them  the  bright  finish  desirable 
lor  certain  purposes.  The  galvanized, 
tinned  and  plated  tacks  are  treated  by 
being  dipped  in  the  ordinary  way. 
Picking  Process 

The  next  operation  is  an  important 
one,  particularly  as  far  as  the  consumer 
is  concerned  for  the  public  demands  per- 
fect tacks.  During  the  process  of  con- 
verting the  steel  strip  into  tacks  there 
is  a  certain  amount  of  unavoidable  wast- 
age, because  the  two  ends  of  the  strip 
being  square  will  not  make  tacks.  These 
ends  come  through  with  the  good  tacks 
and  have  to  be  eliminated  in  the  picking 
process. 

The  picker  is  an  inclined  revolving 
screen,  a  different  screen  being  used  for 
each  size  of  tacks.  The  defective  work 
falls  through  the  holes  in  the  screen  and 
the  good  tacks  pass  down  inside  and  fall 
into  a  box  at  the  bottom.  The  good 
tacks  are  then  taken  to  the  packing  room 
and  put  up  in  bulk,  25  lb.  and  50  lb. 
boxes,  cartons,  etc.,  according  to  the  re- 
quirements of  the  customer.  Before  be- 
ing packed  the  tacks  are  all  weighed  so 
that  each  box,  carton  or  package  co:-. 
tains  the  correct  amount  of  tacks.  The 
boxes,  etc.,  are  then  stored  until  ship- 
ped. 

The  tacks  are  made  in  a  large  number 
of  varieties  and  sizes  for  various  trades. 
In  many  cases  the  form  of  the  tack 
varies,  but  the  process  is  the  same.  The 
form  an:l  size  of  the  tools  employed  in 
the  tack  machines  vary  in  proportion 
to  the  variety  and  sizes  of  tacks  manu- 
factured. For  this  reason  a  considerable 
amount  of  work  is  involved  in  making 
the  tools  for  the  machines  and  in  keeping 
them  in  good  working  order.  The  tools 
must  of  necessity  be  correct  in  form 
otherwise  unsatisfactory  work  would  ba 
the  result. 


Orangerille,  Ont. — Dods  Knitting  Co. 
will  erect  a  $40,000  extension  to  their 
plant. 


.MINING  DISCOVERY  MADE  IN 
CANADA 

The  Forest  Products  Laboratories  of 
the  Forestry  Branch  of  the  Department 
of  the  Interior  have  found  a  substitute 
for  pine  oil,  now  in  such  demand  for  the 
reduction  of  ores  by  the  oil-flotation  pro- 
cess. 

What  the  oil-flotation  process  means 
to  the  mining  world  is  shown  by  the 
statement  of  a  leading  mining  journal 
that  a  certain  great  mine,  which  form- 
erly recovered  70  per  cent,  of  the  metal 
from  its  ores,  was  now,  by  this  process, 
recovering  90  per  cent. 

To  work  this  process  there  has  been 
required  up  to  the  present  pine  oil  ex- 
tracted from  the  "hard"  pine  trees  of 
the  Southern  States.  The  erection  of 
oil-flotation  plants  all  over  the  United 
States  so  increased  the  demand  for  pine 
oil  that  the  price  went  rapidly  bounding 
upward,  and  it  seemed  as  if  in  a  short 
time  the  supply  coming  across  the  line 
to  Canadian  plants  would  be  entirely 
shut  off. 

Work  Done  by  Canadians 

Cobalt  is  one  of  the  districts  most 
concerned,  and  some  of  the  aggressive 
operators  there  started  experimenting  in 
the  way  of  trying  to  make  for  themselves 
a  pine  oil  from  Canadian  stumps.  While 
these  experiments  were  not  barren  of 
results  by  any  means,  the  miners  quickly 
realized  that  this  was  the  work,  not  of 
miners  in  small  experimental  plants,  but 
of  specialists  in  well-equiipped  labora- 
tories. They  therefore  applied  to  the 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  who,  having 
established  about  a  year  before  the 
Forest  Products  Laboratories  of  the 
Forestry  Branch  for  just  such  investi- 
gations, started  the  laboratories  to  work 
on  the  problem. 

The  work  was  done  by  Canadians.  It 
achieved     its     twofold      object.  The 

chemists  found  that  they  could  make 
pine  oil  from  red  pine  stumps,  such  as 
may  be  seen  any  day  on  a  trip  on  any 
of  the  railway  lines  running  through  the 
"pine  plains"  on  which  Camp  Borden  is 
situated.  Had  this  been  the  only  dis- 
covery it  would  mean  that  Canada  would 
have  had  in  this  time  of  war  to  establish 
a  new  industry  involving  the  collection 
of  pine  tree  stumps  over  a  large  area 
and  assembling  them  at  one  place  for 
distillation.  It  is  possible,  but  not  likely, 
that  such  an  industry  may  be  establish- 
ed, as  the  amount  of  turpentine  in  the 
stumps  of  northern  pine  is  limited,  and 
pine  oil  is  secured  from  turpentine  by 
a  second  distillation. 

Substitute  Found 

But  the  second  object  of  the  search  was 
of  still  greater  importance.  It  was  dis- 
covered that  one  of  the  creosote  oils, 
thrown  off  as  a  by-product  of  the  hard- 
wood distillation  industry,  would  serve 
in  the  oil-flotation  process  equally  well 
with  pine  oil.  This  by-product  up  to 
that  time  had  so  little  market  value  that 
a  good  deal  of  it  was  burned  for  fuel. 
It  is  produced  now  at  the  rate  of  nearly 
twelve  hundred  gallons  per  day  in  Can- 
ada. 

It  seemed  at  first  almost  too  good  to 
be  true  that  a  comparatively  waste  pro- 


duct would  take  the  place  of  the  costly 
pine  oil,  but  the  new  oil  was  thoroughly 
tested  in  the  ore-dressing  station  of  the 
mines  branch,  Ottawa,  before  public  an- 
nouncement was  made.  The  result  of 
this  division  of  labor  between  the  go- 
vernment and  the  miners  is  that  the  go- 
vernment chemists  solved  the  scientific 
problem  and  the  miners  are  now  working 
out  the  practical  application  in  their 
plants,  with  increase  in  economy  and 
efficiency.  The  miners  get  a  much 
cheaper  material,  and  the  wood  distil- 
lation plants  have  now  a  market  for  an- 
other of  the  by-products  of  their  in- 
dustry. Both  industries  are  naturally 
pleased  with  the  result.  It  means  also 
that  money  formerly  sent  abroad  is  kept 
at  home  to  build  Canadian  industries. 


WOULD  REGAIN  ONTARIO  TRADE 

British  Columbia  will  reopen  its  To- 
ronto lumber  office.  Some  months  ago 
L.  B.  Beale  was  recalled  to  Victoria  and 
the  office  was  closed  because  of  war  fi- 
nancial conditions.  B.  C.  lumber  interests 
have  been  conducting  a  very  serious  lobby 
to  have  this  reopened,  on  the  ground 
that  all  the  good  work  done  by  the  office 
has  proved  of  great  value  to  the  B.C. 
'.umber  industry.  The  business  connec- 
tions created  by  the  office  went  by  the 
board  when  it  was  closed. 

Just  at  present  there  is  strong  com- 
petition for  Ontario  business,  of  which 
the  American  lumbermen  are  getting  the 
biggest  share.  The  need  for  the  re- 
sumption of  an  educational  campaign  to 
crease  the  use  of  B.  C.  lumbsr  in 
Ontario  has  been  forced  upon  the  govern- 
ment of  the  far  Western  province,  and 
an  agitation  was  commenced  recently  to 
push  the  claims  of  the  B.C.  product  in 
the  Ontario  field.  It  was  felt  that  the 
demand  in  this  province  for  Douglas  fir 
and  other  .  timber  from  the  coast  was 
down  to  an  irreducible  minimum,  and 
with  the  slump  in  wooden  shipbuilding 
throughout  all  Canada  this  has  caused  a 
decision  to  expand  the  present  markets. 

Mr.  Beale,  who  was  formerly  in  charge 
of  the  Toronto  office,  has  been  appointed 
special  lumber  commissioner  for  British 
Columbia  to  Europe.  He  will  seek  to 
extend  the  market  for  British  Columbia 
products  in  Great  Britain,  France  and 
other  countries.  He  will  come  East  in 
the  very  near  future,  and  will  make  a 
survey  of  conditions  in  Eastern  Canada 
before  departing  for  Europe. 

Architects  in  Ontario  have  been  ex- 
tensive users  of  Georgia  pine  and  other 
American  woods  for  building  purposes, 
and  it  was  largely  through  Mr.  Beale's 
work  in  the  East  that  the  British  Co- 
lumbia lumber  began  to  win  greater 
popularity.  The  Toronto  office  was  clos- 
ed at  a  time  when  B.C.  lumbermen  were 
too  busy  filling  orders  for  outside  terri- 
tory to  make  use  of  the  Ontario  field 
to  the  best  advantage. 

The  decision  to  institute  another  cam- 
paign is  an  important  one  to  the  build- 
ing trades  in  Ontario,  indicating  that  an- 
other Canadian  industry  is  seeking  to  re- 
establish itself  on  a  permanent  basis 
after  the  unusual  conditions  occasioned 
by  the  war  have  to  a  large  extent  been 
altered. 


August  8,   1918 


173 


FROM  THE  MEN 
WHO  PRODUCE 

Methods,  Machining  Devices,  Systems  and  Suggestions  From 
Shop  And  Drafting  Room 


METHOD  AND  TOOLS  FOR  MACHIN- 
ING A  SPLIT  RING 

By  F.  Scriber. 

An  interesting-  example  of  machining 
by  thp  use  of  special  tools  is  describea 
and  illustrated  in  this  article.  The  part 
to  be  operated  upon  is  the  split  ring 
shown  in  Fig.  1.  This  ring  is  machined 
from  a  bronze  casting,  the  operation  of 
splitting  apart  being  the  last  that  is 
performed  upon  it,  with  the  exception 
of  burring. 

In  handling  this  piece  it  is  first  grip- 
ped in  a  three-jawed  chuck,  the  hole  is 
hored  and  faced,  it  is  next  gripped  by 
the  inside  diameter  and  the  opposite  sidt 
is  faced,  these  portions  being  indicated  by 
finished  marks.  The  outside  is  unfinished 
with  the  exception  of  filing  and  that  part 
of  the  work  which  is  of  particular  inter- 
est consists  of  drilling  the  holes,  spot 
facing  and  cutting  apart.  For  the  drill- 
ing and  reaming  operations  we  proceed 
to  drill  by  using  a  jig  such  as  is  shown 
in  Fig.  2.  The  holes  to  be  drilled  and 
reamed  are  four  in  number,  A,  B,  C,  and 
D,  Fig.  2.  The  ring  is  placed  in  the  ji^ 
in  the  manner  shown  locating  from  the 
hole  on  the  stud  E.  When  the  work  is 
placed  on  this  stud  the  slip  collar  F  is 
slid  in  place  and  the  work  is  securely 
clamped  into  position  by  means  of  a 
hand  knob  G.  For  radial  location  around 
the  centre  of  the  large  hole  the  boss  X 
is  forced  against  the  head  of  the  bushing 
H  by  means  of  the  thumb  screw  J,  these 
arrangements  locate  the  part  so  that  all 
work  produced  in  this  jig  will  be  inter- 


iron  A  in  which  are  placed  two  pins  B 
and  C;  one  of  these  pins  C  is  flatted  off 
on  the  side  so  as  to  permit  of  slight  vari- 
ations in  the  centre  distance  of  the  work. 
The  part  is  slipped  on  to  these  two  pins 


work  is  being  removed.  A  headless  screw 
G  with  a  check  nut  J  on  it  is  used  under 
the  heel  of  the  clamp  while  the  base  of 
the  fixture  H  is  made  of  cast  iron.  This 
fixture  has  two  tongues  F  which  fit  in 


FIG.  2— JIG  IN  WHICH  RING  IS  DRILLED. 


in  the  manner  shown  and  the  surface  X  is 
spot  faced.  To  spot  face  the  surface  Z 
it  is  only  necessary  to  slip  the  work  off 
the  pins,  turn  it  over  half  a  revolution 
and  slip  it  back  on  again.  It  is  not 
necessary  with  this  tool  to  provide  any 
means  for  clamping  the  work.  The  angle 
iron  is  of  course  clamped  down  to  the 
drill  press  and  by  using  a  regular  coun- 
terbore  with  a  teat  on  it  this  operation 
is  readily  performed. 

Having  now  completed  the  machining 
on  the  ring  it  is  split  in  half  on  the  mill- 
ing machine,  using  the  fixture  shown  in 


the  slots  of  the  milling  machine  tabie, 
and  a  slot  K  is  cut  across  the  top  of  the 
fixture  as  clearance  for  the  saw  which 
splits  the  ring. 

These  fixtures,  while  not  expensive, are 
very  efficient  in  operation  and  are  a  very 
good  investment  for  handling  such  work 
in  moderate  quantities. 


COPPER  BAND  CRIMPING  DEVICES 

Rejected  shells  have  often  resulted 
from  defective  copper  bands.  This 
trouble    frequently    arises    through    the 


• 



\ 



J 

'' 

1     \ 

1     1 

1       1 

RING    THAT    IS    TO    BE    MACHINED    AND    SPLIT. 


FIG.   .^—FIXTURE   FOR  SPOT  FACING. 


changeable,  suitable  bushings  as  is  ob- 
vious being  used  for  guiding  the  drills. 
The  next  operation  on  this  part  is 
shown  in  Fig.  3.  This  consists  of  spot 
facing  the  bosses  where  indicated  and  a 
very  simple  tool  is  provided  in  this  con- 
nection.    This  tool  consists  of  an  angle 


Fig.  4.  The  ring  is  again  located  on  two 
pins  A  and  B,  at  this  time  it  is  clamped 
to  the  fixture  by  means  of  the  two  clamps 
C,  the  clamps  being  constructed  in  the 
usual  manner  with  nuts  and  washers  D 
used  for  clamping  purposes.  The  spring 
E  is  for  holding^  the  clamp  up  while  the 


copper  band  being  unevenly  located 
when  it  is  placed  on  the  shell,  the  effect 
being  to  force  the  metal  into  the  groove 
in  an  irregular  manner,  so  that  when  the 
ring  is  subsequently  turned  it  is  found 
to  be  defective.  A  very  useful  tool  that 
has  been  designed  to  overcome  this  ob- 


174 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


m 


FIG.    4— FIXTURE    FOR   SPLITTING   RING   APART. 


jection  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  line 
sicetch.  The  purpose  is  to  crimp  the  band 
correctly  in  position  before  the  operation 
of  banding  in  the  hydraulic  press.  Where 
a  large  number  of  shells  are  handled  the 
device  has  proved  a  great  labor  saver  and 
also  been  the  means  of  eliminating  much 
of  the  trouble  formerly  experienced 
through  defective  bands.  To  operate  the 
shell  is  first  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
fixture  and  then  the  copper  band  is  placed 
over  the  nose  end,  and  tapped  to  the  de- 
sired position  by  means  of  the  steel 
forging  that  is  designed  to  pass  over  the 
shell.  The  device  is  so  constructed  that 
the  copper  band  can  only  be  forced  to  a 
location  in  correct  alignment  with  the 
groove.  When  in  this  position  the  handle 
is  pulled  around  and  the  cam  plate  forces 
the  cams  inward,  pinching  the  copper 
band  into  its  desired  recest.    The  shell  is 


then  removed  and  is  ready  for  the  hy- 
draulic press  operation.  The  entire  opera- 
tion occupies  about  10  seconds. 


not  so  important  as  the  operations  that 
follow  the  finishing  of  the  interior.  It 
is  necessary  that  the  centre  in  the  base 
upon  which  the  final  turning  is  pei'form- 
ed,  be  placed  in  exact  alignment  with 
the  finished  bore  of  the  shell,  and  in 
order  to  do  this  it  is  imperative  that 
the  tools  upon  which  this  operation  is 
accomplished,  be  rigid  and  highly  accur- 
ate. The  arbor  here  illustrated  has 
given  very  good  satisfaction  and  the 
work  performed  has  been  of  the  highest 
quality.  The  shank  of  the  mandrel  is 
made  to  fit  the  spindle  of  a  small  lathe, 
the  outer  portion  of  the  shank  being 
supported  in  the  steady  rest  shown.  The 
open  end  of  the  shell  is  centrally  lo- 
cated at  the  inner  end  of  the  arbor  by 
the  cone  shaped  ring  which  is  forced 
outward  by  the  action  of  the  compres- 
sion spring.  This  allows  for  any  slight 
variation  in  the  length  of  the  shells.  The 
cast  steel  plunger  fitted  into  the  nose 
of  the  arbor  acts  upon  the  three  cast 
steel  tempered  jaws,  forcing  them  out 
to  the  inner  wall  of  the  shell  and  bring- 
ing the  same  concentric  with  the  axis 
of  the  arbor  and  also  prevent  undue 
wear  upon  the  gripping  jaws.  Very 
little  pressure  is  required  to  operate  the 
jaws,  and  the  pressure  of  the  drill  when 
working  is  sufficient  to  maintain  the 
shell  in  position. 


RECENTERING  ARBOR 

In  the  efficiency  of  shell  production 
an  essential  factor  is  that  of  the  con- 
centricity of  the  walls  after  the  mach- 
ing  has  been  completed.  During  the 
preliminary    operations    this    feature    is 


DEVICE    IJ.SED    I.N    CKI.MPING    COPPER    BAND    ON    SHELLS. 


Two  Hamilton  boys,  Duncan  M.  Stew- 
art and  Charles  C.  Dickson,  have  been 
appointed  to  prominent  positions  on  the 
executive  of  the  French-American  Con- 
structive Company,  of  New  York,  a  con- 
cern, it  is  said,  with  unlimited  financial 
backing,  that  has  recently  come  into  be- 
ing for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  com- 
merce and  industrial  rehabilitation  in 
the  Allied  countries  as  soon  as  the  war 
is  concluded.  This  company  has  been 
organized  ostensibly  to  promote  trade  be- 
tween Canada  and  the  United  States  and 
the  Allied  countries,  to  act  as  distributors 
for  Allied  concerns  wishingto  have  trade 
intercourse  with  either  Canada  or  the 
United  States,  and  to  purchase  direct 
from  Canadian  or  American  concerns  for 
buyers  in  the  European  Allied  countries. 
The  Duponts — a  name  that  stands  for 
some  substance  in  the  realm  of  finance — 
are  large  shareholders  of  the  new  com- 
pany. Duncan  M.  Stewart,  manager  of 
the  company,  is  a  brother  to  Charles 
Stewart,  of  the  Hamilton  civic  water- 
works department.  Charles  C.  Dickson, 
vice-president  of  the  company,  who  re- 
ceived his  early  business  training  in  the 
offices  of  the  old  Great  Northwestern 
Railway  in  Hamilton,  is  a  son  of  M.  C. 
Dickson,  of  the  Consumers'  Lumber  Com- 
pany, Limited. 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


175 


REPAIRING  A  LINE  SHAFT 

By  J.  H.  Houldsworth. 

A  main  line  shaft  broke  between  two 
couplings  as  shown  in  sketch,  and  was 
repaired  in  the  following  manner: 

The  shaft  was  6  inches  diameter,  and 
the  repair  had  to  be  executed  as  quickly 
as  possible.     The  first  thing    done    was 


spends  with  the  elevation  of  said  line  is 
brought  into  coincidence  with  the  line. 
The  instrument  is  then  ready  to  use. 

It  will  be  seen  that  distances  to  the 
right  or  left  are  read  from  the  horizontal 
scale,  while  elevations  are  read  directly 
on  the  arm.  The  use  of  this  instrument 
lessens  the  error  that  is  often  made  of 
counting  the  wrong  number  of  squares, 


to  take  a  bar  of  steel  and  make  two 
keys  %  inch  wide  at  the  centre  and 
1  1/16  inch  at  the  ends  by  %  inch  thick 
and  12  inches  in  full  length.  The  key- 
way  was  drilled  out  with  the  shaft  in 
place  with  a  portable  electric  drill,  then 
chipped  out  with  an  air  gun  and  the 
keys  made  a  good  fit,  two  being  placed 
diametrically    opposite    each    other. 

Four  %-inch  holes  were  drilled  and 
tapped  in  the  shaft  and  fillister  head 
screws  were  made  with  a  long  head  to 
allow   them   to   be   screwed    home   tight. 

Although  a  new  piece  of  shaft  was 
secured,  we  had  no  occasion  to  use  it, 
as  since  the  repair  was  made  the  whole 
thing  was  welded  with  a  portable  outfit 
which  made  a  very  satisfactory  job  and 
at  a  much  less  cost. 


as  distances  and  elevations  are  read  di- 
rectly on  the  scales.  The  instrument  is 
adapted  particularly  for  very  rough,  un- 
dulating sections.  When  plotting  flat 
sections  no  vertical  scale  is  necessary. 
With  the  use  of  this  instrument  sections 
can  be  plotted  on  plain,  unruled  paper. 


The  elongation  figures  show  a  tendency 
to  rise  slightly  as  the  temperature  falls 
from  550  deg.  to  350  deg. 

At  250  deg.  Cent,  the  rate  of  softening, 
while  still  considerable,  is  much  less 
rapid.  Between  600  and  800  hours  are 
required  for  complete  softening,  and  here 
also  the  same  ultimate  value  of  tenacity 
is  reached  as  at  higher  temperatures. 

From  200  deg.  to  100  deg.  Cent,  inclusive 
the  rate  of  softening  is  slow,  and  as  the 
temperature  of  100  deg.  is  approached, 
very  slow.  The  actual  sequence  of 
changes  can  be  classified  conveniently 
under  three  heads: 

(1)  A  comparatively  rapid  drop  in 
tenacity  in  the  first  hour. 

(2)  A  tendency  either  to  cease  falling 
or  actually  to  rise,  such  rise,  in  one  case 
only,  bringing  the  tenacity  up  to  the 
original  value.  This  period  is  in  most 
cases  completed  in  100  hours. 

(3)  A  relatively  very  slow  fall  of  ten- 
acity sets  in  and  is  maintained  on  the 
whole  steadily. 

These  tests  are  still  in  progress.  As- 
suming the  present  rate  of  loss  of  work- 
hardness  to  be  maintained,  assuming 
also  that  the  metal  ultimately  reaches 
the  same  tenacity  as  specimens  tested  at 
the  higher  temperatures,  periods  of  the 
order  of  from  one  to  three  years  will  be 
required  for  completion. 

It  follows  that  no  object  is  gained  by 
using  aluminum  of  this  particular  de- 
gree, of  work-hardness  at  temperatures 
which  are  likely  to  exceed  200  deg.  Cent. 


NOVEL  CROSS  SECTION  PLOTTING 
SCALE 

By  Frank  C.  Perkins. 
THE  accompanying  drawing  shows  the 
construction  of  a  new  cross-section  plot- 
ting scale  recently  designed  by  Edw.  A. 
Zorsch  of  Rochester,  N.Y.  The  instru- 
ment consists  of  a  horizontal  piece  and 
an  arm.  The  horizontal  part  has  a  bev- 
eled straight  edge,  a  scale,  and  a  groove 
running  longitudinally.  The  arm  has  a 
beveled  straight  edge  with  unnumbered 
graduation  thereon,  a  looped  flexible 
taper  suitably  graduated  and  made  to 
move  adjacent  to  the  straight  edge,  and  a 
spindle  at  the  outer  end  by  means  of 
which  the  flexible  tape  can  be  moved 
back  and  forth.  The  inner  end  of  the 
arm  has  a  piece  which  fits  in  the  groove 
of  the  horizontal  member,  and  an  index 
which  cooperates  with  the  horizontal 
scale. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  when  using  the 
instrument  for  plotting  sections  the 
horizontal  member  is  placed  with  its 
straight  edge  on  a  horizontal  line  of  the 
cross-section  paper.  The  line  is  then 
given  an  elevation,  after  which  the  loop- 
ed tape  scale  on  the  arm  is  moved  until 
that  number  on  the  tape  which  corre- 


r 

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y 

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y 

^ 

^ 

^ 

*" 

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-^ 

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■Pm.|.rrr,.[M-,Tr 

pr  -'-ryv ■: 

1"ili''''''Wi'''i 

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( 

THE  EFFECT  OF  HEAT  ON  COLD 
ROLLED  ALUMINUM 

IN  a  paper  read  before  the  Institute 
of  Metals  by  H.  C.  H.  Carpenter  and 
L.  Tavener  some  interesting  facts  were 
brought  forth  relating  to  the  behaviour 
of  aluminum  sheets  when  heated. 

The  effect  of  heating  cold-rolled  alu- 
minum sheet  at  temperatures  from  550 
deg.  to  300  deg.  Cent,  inclusive  is  to 
cause  a  very  rapid  softening  of  the 
metal  as  measured  by  the  tenacity  and 
the  percentage  elongation.  As  regards 
tenacity,  the  same  ultimate  value  is 
reached  in  all  cases.  Softening  is  com- 
plete in  96  hours,  and  from  550  deg.  to 
350  deg.  inclusive  nearly  the  whole  of 
this  occurs  in  the  first  hour  of  the  test. 


in  practice. 

The  cold-rolled  aluminum  has  been 
shown  to  lose  a  considerable  proportion 
of  its  work-hardness  as  a  result  of  being 
heated  in  the  temperature  range,  200  deg. 
to  100  deg.,  with  hardly  any  recovery  of 
plasticity,  as  judged  by  the  el\)ngation 
test. 

Le  Chatelier's  view  that  annealing  a 
hard-worked  metal  was  an  easy  thing  to 
do  was  not  borne  out  by  the  tests  given 
in  the  paper,  as  far  as  aluminum  was 
concerned.  On  the  contrary,  there  was 
much  evidence  that  Howe's  view  that 
many  changes  were  going  on  concur- 
rently was  the  fact  with  aluminum  as 
with  the  other  metals  which  Howe  ex- 
amined. 


176 


Volume   XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


FILING    MACHINE 

The  filing  machine  illustrated  has 
been  designed  by  the  Barry  Manufactui- 
ing  Co.,  Chicago,  111.,  to  fill  a  want  in 
the  tool  room  of  a  machine  that  may  be 
used  for  filing,  lapping,  metal  jig-saw- 
ing, etc.  It  is  especially  useful  in  mail- 
ing dies,  punches,  jigs,  patterns,  and 
gauges,  and  also  provides  a  marked  sav- 
ing in  finishing  small  parts.  The  fea- 
tures of  the  machine  provide  for  much 
more  rapid,  accurate  and  smoother  work 
than  is  possible  by  hand  filing  and  in- 
sures a  saving  of  at  least  200  per  cent. 
The  patented  file  holder  on  this  machine 
admits  of  using  any  file,  regular  or  spe- 
cial, without  other  equipment;  jig  or 
hack  saws  can  also  be  used  for  sa^-ing 
out  dies  and  templets.  The  machine 
throughout  is  constructed  with  reference 
to  durability  and  convenience  in  opera- 
tion. 

The  table  is  adjustable  four  ways,  to 
give  any  angle  or  clearance  required  on 
any  work.  Indicator  scales  and  needles 
attached  to  table  permit  of  accurate  ad- 
justment. 

Roughing  attachment  provides  a  cam 
feed  for  fast  roughing  of  dies  and  other 
work,  and  when  not  in  use  can  be  in- 
stantly removed. 

Adjustable  fingers  on  either  side  of 
table  hold  work  ft;-]nly  without  marring 
and  allow  it  to  he  moved  freely  in  any 
direction  on  the  table. 

The  ways  are  mounted  above  and  to 
the  back  of  work  table;  filings,  emery 
powder  or  other  abraders  falling  from 
work  cannot  deposit  on  the  drive  shaft 
or  other  working  parts.  Crossheads  are 
slidably  mounted  on  guide  rods  and  carry 
file  supporting  arms  adapted  to  operate 
below  and  above  table;  the  distance  be- 
tween arms  is  readily  adjustable  to  ac- 
commodate different  lengths  of  file  or 
similar  instruments,  the  lower  arms  may 
he  adjusted  to  operate  close  to  table  fur 
different  lengths  of  stroke. 

The  file  holder  will  hold  ordinary  or 
round  shank  files,  readily  adjusting  itself 
to  taper  of  shank  of  file  or  similar  tool. 
When  the  file  is  worn  in  one  spot  it  may 
be  shifted  until  the  whole  file  is  worn  on 
all  sides. 

The  countershaft  is  attached  to  base 
of  machine  and  has  a  three-step  cone, 
carrying  a  IVi-inch  belt,  which  gives 
speeds  of  200.  350  or  600  strokes  per  min- 
ute; the  drive  being  controlled  by  foot 


11  ^-^ 


UNIVERSAL    FILING    MACHINE. 


treadle.     Driving  belt  on  counter  shaft 
is  2  inches. 

Motor  drive  can  be  used  if  desireil. 
One-half  h.  p.  motor  of  any  type  with 
speed  between  1,200  and  1,800  r.p.m.  can 
be  used. 


HEAD   TESTING    MACHINE 

The  "Lea"  lead  testing  machine,  sold 
by  C.  H.  Tracy  Co.,  Boston,  has  a  three- 
point  bearing — two  stationary  and  one 
adjustable — making  it  easy  and  quick 
to  level.  The  thread  contact  point  and 
the  micrometer  head  are  carried  on  a 
ball-bearing  carriage,  or  slide,  so  deli- 
cately adjusted  that  the  operator  can 
blow  it  back  and  forth  with  his  breath 
when  the  contact  point  is  not  engaged. 


The  thread-contact  point  is  held  to  its 
work  by  means  of  a  spring,  and  it  may 
be  moved  from  one  thread  to  another  by 
pulling  it  back  by  means  of  the  small 
knurled  handle  shown.  The  thread  gage 
to  be  tested  is  carried  between  centers. 
To  test  the  lead  the  contact  point  is 
placed  in  position  in  one  of  the  threads 
and  then  the  micrometer  spindle  is  ad- 
justed so  that  the  pointer  on  the  dial 
indicator  points  to  zero.  The  thread- 
contact  point  is  then  moved  along  one, 
two  or  more  threads,  as  the  case  may  be, 
and  the  micrometer  readings  taken  and 
compared  to  the  theoretical  amount. 
Drunken  threads  are  easily  detected  by 
turning  the  gage  part  way  around  and 
again   measuring. 

In  doing  the  measuring  the  micrometer 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


177 


is  designed  to  mount  a  wheel  14  in.  in 
diameter  with  2  in.  face,  while  the  other 
will  mount  wheels  3  in.  wide  and  either 
18  or  20  in.  in  diameter. 


TESTING    MACHINE    KOR    INSPECTING    THE    PITCH    OF    SCREW    GAUGES. 


spindle  is  adjusted  so  as  to  bring  the 
dial  indicator  pointer  again  to  zero. 
From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  dial 
indicator  is  not  used  to  actually  measure 
with  but  only  to  show  the  correct  amount 
of  pressure  to  apply  to  the  micrometer 
spindde.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  mi- 
crometer sleeve  carries  a  graduated 
gearwheel  while  meshed  with  a  pinion 
attached  to  a  special  counter.  By  the 
use  of  the  large  graduate  wheel,  readings 
are  obtained  to  0.0001  in.  As  the  wheel 
turns  it  operates  the  counter,  so  that  the 
operator  can  read  his  measurements  di- 
rectly and  instantly,  which  greatly  adds 
to  the  speed  with  which  a  gage  may  be 
inspected.  In  using  the  micrometer  no 
damage  is  done  in  case  the  spindle  over- 
runs considerably.  When  it  is  not  ad- 
visable to  depend  on  micrometer  read- 
ings, Johansson  blocks  may  be  used  be- 
tween the  dial  spindle  and  the  micro- 
meter spindle.  A  plug  is  also  provided 
so  that  the  dial  indicator  may  be  remov- 
ed and  a  solid  plug  used  in  place  of  the 
indicator  spindle.  Johansson  blocks  can 
then  be  used  between  the  contact  points 
as  before.  The  machine  will  test  thread 
gages  up  to  6  in.  in  diameter  and  6  in. 
long.     It  weighs  approximately  60  lbs. 


PORTABLE  RADIAL  GRINDING  MA- 
CHINE 

The  Mummert  Dixon  Co.,  Hanover, 
Pa.,  have  bought  out  a  portable  radial 
grinding  machine.  The  machine  is  pri- 
marily intended  for  general  light  grind- 
ing and  buffing  work,  and  the  wheel  can 
be  raised  as  high  as  a  man  can  reach  or 
brought  down  to  the  floor,  in  addition 
to  being  turned  into  any  position  be- 
tween a  plane  at  right  angles  to  the  floor 
and  one  parallel  with  it,  as  well  as  hav- 
ing a  slight  longitudinal  movement. 

The  machine  is  a  self-contained  unit 
and  is  readily  portable.  The  grinding 
wheel,  which  is  8  in.  in  diameter,  with  a 
1  in.  face,  is  driven  by  a  motor  mounted 
at  the  rear  end  of  the  tubular  arm.  This 
motor,  which  receives  its  supply  of  cur- 
rent from  an  adjacent  lighting  socket,  is 
coupled  to  a  shaft  running  through  the 
tubular  arm  to  a  set  of  hardened  steel 
spiral  gears  in  the  head.  These  gears 
are  enclosed  in  an  oil  tight  gear  and  in- 


crease the  speed  from  1,800  to  2,800 
r.p.m.  The  head,  arm  and  motor  are 
carried  on  a  two-wheel  ball-bearing  trol- 
ley, which  rolls  back  and  forth  on  a  steel 
track  for  a  distance  of  30  inches.  A  rack 
and  pinion  on  each  side  of  the  carrying 
frame  is  relied  upon  to  keep  the  trolley 
in  alignment.  The  motor  tends  to  balance 
the  head,  and  as  it  is  mounted  below  the 
center  of  the  trolley  shaft,  keeps  the 
A'hole  weight  in  equilibrium  when  the 
workman  releases  his  hold.  The  bolster 
of  the  frame  carrying  the  trolley  is 
mounted  on  the  upper  end  of  a  trunion 
which  turns  in  the  base.  In  this  way  the 
arm  and  the  grinding  head  can  be  turn- 
ed entirely  around  the  base,  thus  giving 
a  full  radial  grinding  machine.  It  is  also 
possible  to  twist  or  turn  the  head  com- 
pletely around  so  that  the  top,  either 
side  or  bottom  of  a  casting  can  be 
ground. 

When  .the  machine  is  being  moved 
the  trolley  can  be  locked  in  the  middle 
of  the  frame,  and  by  inserting  a  lock  pin 
the  bolster  can  be  locked  to  the  base  so 
that  it  will  not  turn  radially.  This  ar- 
rangement, it  is  pointed  out,  will  be 
found  advantageous  when  the  machine  is 
being  moved  over  the  floor,  since  the  arm 
can  be  used  as  a  guide, ,  similar  to  a 
waggon  tongue. 

In  addition  to  the  machine  illustrated 
two  larger  sizes  are  built.     One  of  these 


BROKEN  GAUGE  GLASSES 

By  M.  M. 

The  following  hints  concerning  broken 
gauge  glasses  cannot  be  too  forcibly  im- 
pressed upon  engineers.  It  is  not  only  a 
matter  of  knowing  how,  but  also  being 
able  to  practically  apply  the  knowledge 
effectively  and  expeditiously.  The  cocks 
on  the  boiler  should  be  immediately  shut 
and  the  glass  replaced  without  delay. 
The  new  glass  should  be  free  from  flaws 
or  scratches,  with  ends  ground  square 
or  fire-finished  and  of  the  correct  length. 
If  too  long  it  would  restrict  the  passage 
of  steam  to  the  glass;  if  too  short,  the 
packing  may  work  over  the  edges  of  the 
glass.  In  many  makes  of  gauges  the 
correct  length  of  the  glass  is  stamped  on 
the  framing. 

Before  replacing  it,  the  whole  of  the 
old  packing  should  be  removed,  and  the 
screws  of  the  adjusting  glands  made 
easily  workable.  The  packing  should  be 
placed  on  the  glass,  and  while  screwing 
up  the  bottom  gland  the  glass  should  be 
kept  in  contact  with  the  metal  of  the 
lower  cock.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to 
screw  up  the  upper  gland  hard  before 
the  lower  one,  as  this  may  lift  the  glass, 
and  perhaps  allow  the  lower  packing  to 
choke  the  orifice. 

The  glands  should  at  first  be  screwed 
up  hand-tight,  after  which  the  steam  and 
drain  cocks  should  be  opened  a  small 
amount  to  heat  the  glass  gradually,  when 
after  a  short  interval  the  water  cock 
should  be  gradually  opened,  and  then  the 
drain  cock  closed,  the  steam  and  water 
cocks  being  then  fully  opened  gradually, 
and  the  glands  adjusted  as  required.  The 
glass  should  now  be  tested  by  closing  the 
steam  cock  and  opening  the  drain,  when 
water  should  rush  out  freely.  The  water 
cock  should  then  be  closed  and  the  steam 
cock  opened,  when  steam  should  rush  out 
freely.  When  the  drain  is  closed  and  the 
water  cock  open,  careful  note  should  be 
made  of  how  the  water  rises  in  the  g'ass. 
It  should,  if  the  fitting  is  properly  made, 
rise  smartly  to  the  water  level  of  the 
other  glass. 


I'UKIAULE   RADIAL   GRINDER 


178 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


The   MacLean    Publishing   Company 

LntlTED 

(ESTABLISHED  ISSS) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  Pr«id.nt      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vie«-Pr«iid«.t 

H.  V.  TYRRBILL.   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS  OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^  MANUFACTURING  NEW5-> 

4  ,rMkjy  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufaeturinc  interota. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY,  Man.  Editor. 

Auociate  Editors: 
A.  G.  WEBSTER    J.  H.  BODGERS  (Montreal)     W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 


Office    of    Publication.    1«1BS    University    Avenue.    Toronto,    Ontario. 


V..1.  XX 


AUCil'ST  S 


No.  6 


I 


Courtesy  Does  Not  Cost  Very  Much 

T  doesn't  cost  a  very  great  deal  to  be  courteous.     It's 

the  cheapest  thing  in  which  a  man  can  invest  and  yet 
it  pays  handsome  dividends.  An  experience  that  was 
related  to  us   this  week   is  well   worth  passing  on. 

A  representative  of  a  big  house  with  branches  in 
nearly  all  the  worth-while  cities  of  the  world,  had  occasion 
to  make  two  calls  in  the  same  city — and  that  same  city 
was  Toronto. 

The  traveller  was  a  high-priced  man,  an  expert  in 
his  line,  and  he  considered  it  was  in  the  interests  of  both 
the  firms  in  question  that  he  should  call  on  them.  He 
was  too  well  versed  in  his  business  to  take  up  more  time 
than  was  absolutely  necessary.     Here  is  his  experience: 

"The  first  place  I  called  was  a  firm  employing  some 
three  hundred  people.  1  asked  to  see  the  general  man- 
ager. My  card  was  taken,  and  after  waiting  some  time 
the  messenger  boy  went  in  again,  and  came  back  with 
the  information  that  the  manager  was  busy.  I  knew 
there  was  no  one  in  his  office  for  I  could  see  in  his  window 
before  coming  into  the  building  in  the  first  place.  After 
another  short  wait  he  came  out  of  his  office,  and  I  was 
forced  to  grab  him,  book-agent  style,  to  tell  him  I  was 
around  the  premises.  I  could  get  no  hearing  at  all.  He 
would  not  even  pass  me  on  to  his  superintendent  or  pur- 
chasing agent.  I  left  and  I  will  never  go  into  that  build- 
ing again,  neither  will  I  be  particular  to  look  after  that 
man's  business  if  he  sends  it  to  me. 

"The  next  call  I  made  was  at  the  other  end  of  the 
city.  There  was  a  little  room  where  callers  waited  until 
the  manager  was  able  to  see  them.  I  seated  myself  there 
and  within  a  very  short  time  I  had  a  chance  to  see  the 
man  I  wanted.  I  did  not  even  have  to  brush  past  a 
secretary  or  ring  a  bell.  That  manager  came  out  and 
shook  hands  with  me  and  asked  me  to  come  in  and  sit 
down.  I  told  him  the  firm  I  was  from  and  what  T  wanted 
to  show  him.  He  rang  for  his  superintendent  and  then 
said,  'Both  the  superintendent  and  I  are  very  busy  to- 
day, but  we  will  give  you  20  minutes  right  away.'  I 
had  not  taken  up  five  when  the  superintendent  said  he 
was  interested  enough  to  have  me  come  into  the  factory 
with  him  and  go  into  the  matter  in  detail.  That  satisfied 
the  manager.  I  closed  a  nice  order  there  and  dropped 
in  to  thank  the  manager  after  for  his  courtesy  and  kind- 
ness. That  manager  controls  four  times  as  much  business 
as  the  first  man,  and  so  I  take  it  his  time  must  have 
been  worth  much  more.  He  could  have  turned  me  down 
»nd  I  know  he  would  have  done  it  in  such  a  way  that  I 
would  have  been  satisfied  with  his  decision." 

That   same    thing   happens   every   day    in    the   week. 


There's   nothing    so   very   new    in   it  at   all,   its   newness 
consisting  in  the  fact  that  it  happens  so  often. 

But  get  it  into  you.  Get  it  into  your  staff  Get  it 
into  your  men  that  meet  the  public.  Paste  it  in  their 
hats  and  stamp  it  on  the  soles  of  their  boots.  Courtesy 
costs  nothing  at  all,  but  its  presence  makes  and  keeps 
wholesome  business  conditions,  and  its  absence  spoils 
and  mars  the  whole  landscape,  and  kills  off  business 
chances  faster  than  any  other  power  can  build  them  or 
pull   them   together. 


Trained  Hands  For  Farms  and  Shops 

THE  farming  community  in  Canada  has  been  making 
very  serious  objections  to  the  taking  of  green  hands 
hands  on  the  farm. 

In  many  cases  they  are  referred  to  as  useless,  and 
the  statement  is  made  that  a  farmer  takes  so  long  in 
instructing  them  in  the  work  that  they  are  really  a 
loss  in  the  end. 

On  the  face  of  it  the  farmers  seem  to  be  able  to 
put  up  a  pretty  good  case. 

But  what  has  been  the  experience  of  the  manufac- 
turer, of  the  merchant,  of  the  publisher  and  of  every 
branch  of  industrial  life  since  the  beginning  of  the  war? 

All  through  it  has  been  a  case  of  do  the  best  you 
can    with    the    material    at   hand. 

If  a  publisher  were  to  take  the  attitude  regarding  a 
prospective  employee:  "You  are  not  experienced.  You 
are  not  a  good  journalist  of  proved  worth,  therefore  I 
don't  want  you,"  what  would  be  the  result?  There  jvould 
be  so  many  empty  chairs  in  the  office  that  the  publication 
would   never  reach   the  public. 

And  what  of  the  manufacturer?  There  has  been  a 
scarcity  of  available  men  that  has  been  almost  over- 
whelming in  spots.  Could  the  manufacturer  give  in- 
structions to  his  employment  office  that  they  were  to 
say  to  every  applicant  for  work,  "If  you  are  not  a  skilled 
mechanic  there  is  no  use  of  you  applying  here  for  a 
job?"  Not  much.  There  would  be  very  little  production 
were  that  the  case. 

The  publisher  has  had  to  take  the  greenhorn  and 
train  him.  He  has  had  to  lose  money  and  time  on  him 
for  weeks  before  he  was  able  to  earn  his  salt,  and  a  good 
many  times  he  found  out  that  after  weeks  of  attempted 
training  he  had  picked  a  lemon. 

The  manufacturer  has  had  in  many  cases  to  conduct 
very  costly  experiments  to  find  out  how  far  he  could  go 
in  employing  unskilled  men  in  his  shop.  There  have  been 
breaks  and  annoyances  without  end,  but  the  manufacturer 
had  to  make  the  best  of  it,  and  "carry  on,"  and  like  the 
publisher  he  has  accepted  the  situation  as  it  stood  and 
made  the  best  of  it. 

Why  should  the  farmer  not  look  at  the  thing  in  the 
same  way?  He  cannot  have  trained  help  when  it  is 
denied  to  the  rest  of  the  community.  There  are  cases 
where  greenhorns  to  farm  work  are  making  good  as 
they  have  done  in  other  lines.  It  takes  no  greater  skill 
to  drive  a  binder  than  it  does  to  run  a  lathe,  and  the 
wielding  of  a  hoe  is  no  more  complicated  than  the 
writing  of  a  heavy  editorial. 

The  farmer  can  get  a  whole  lot  of  service  out  of  the 
greenhorn  help  if  he  will  set  himself  seriously  to  it. 


A  NUMBER  of  the  daily  papers  are  howling  away  that 
Canada's  assortment  of  Cabinet  Ministers  should  hustle 
back  home  from  London,  England,  and  attend  to  affairs 
at  Ottawa.  Then  again  there's  not  a  few  who  incline 
to  the  belief  that  we  get  along  remarkably  well  when 
the   whole   outfit's   a   long   way  from   home. 


IT  USED  to  be  considered  a  bit  smart  to  refer  to  the 
farmer  as  a  hayseed,  but  when  one  stops  to  think  that 
farmers  lead  the  automobile  .procession,  and  are  the  lead- 
ing group  in  paying  off  mortgages — well,  it  all  tends  to 
popularize  the  hayseed  group. 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINEEY 


179 


ANDREW  GLEN  CAME 

FROM  SCOTLAND  IN  1912 

And  Has   Been   Manager  of   the  John  T.   Hepburn 

Plant  for  Two  Years— A  Want  Ad.  Brought 

the  Right  Man 


I 


F  your  father's  name  is  trusted  to  one  or  two  initials  for 
what  individuality  it  had— if  his  name  was  Smith, 
Brown  or  Jones,  for  instance — no  fair  body  could  blame 
you  for  secretly  wishing  you  could  swap  names  with  An- 
drew Glen.  His  name  is  more  than  likeable;  it  is  Scotch 
both  going  and  coming.     So  is  he. 

Fifteen  years  ago,  as  a  lad  of  sixteen,  he  started  work 
in  the  plant  of  Lees  Anderson,  which  is  on  the  Clyde  at 
Glasgow.  Had  young  Glen  been  a  few  years  older,  or  had 
no  business  depression  followed  the  Boer  war.  Lees  An- 
derson, makers  of  marine  engines,  might  be  on  the  high- 
tide  of  prosperity  to-day.  As  it  happened,  however,  they 
carried  on  until  the  subject  of  this  sketch  learned  all  their 
drawing  oflfice  could  teach  in  two  and  a  half  years. 


II  -ipnj;  iiiyiWHK ''mflH--»B<in  dwonstrated  that  he  knew  a 
thing  or  two  atout  cranes.  (John  T.  Hepburn,  Limited, 
manufactured  cranes  exclusively  up  till  the  outbreak  of 
hostilities).  Moreover,  Glen  showed  rather  unusual  ability 
in  directing  work  to  speedy  accomplishment  as  well  as 
in  the  perfect  planning  of  it.  Consequently,  within  two 
years  following  his  engagement,  he  was  made  manager. 

Almost  simultaneously  with  his  appointment,  the 
urgent  needs  of  war  called  for  a  radical  change  in  pro- 
duct. The  manufacture  of  cranes  could  wait;  the  manu- 
facture of  shells  and  shell-making  machines  could  not. 
Glen's  was  a   man-size  job  all   right! 

How  did  he  handle  it?  The  well-known  Hepburn 
special  lathe  for  munition  makers  is  one  favorable  answer. 
Another  is  the  fact  that  John  T.  Hepburn,  Limited,  recent- 
ly acquired  the  plant  of  the  Martin  Pump  &  Machine 
Company,  in  which  forty  men  are  already  employed  and 
which  will  produce  at  least,  three  Hepburn  special  lathes 
daily.  A  third,  and  equally  significant  answer,  is  the 
fact  that  two  hundred  and  fifty  men  are  employed  at 
the  parent  plant,  now  manufacturing  six-inch  shells  as 
well  as  special  shell  lathes.  A  fourth — is  a  fourth  needed  ? 
No.  Just  consider  that  Andrew  Glen  has  yet  to  count 
his   thirty-second   birthday. 

"It  isn't  the  salary  cushion  of  an  executive's  chair — 
it  isn't  that,"  he  said,  "that  drives  a  man  to  study  and 
work  his  way  into  it.  I  think  it  is  our  competitive  system, 
the  pitting  of  men  against  men.  The  failure  is  all  eyes 
for  the  immediate  dollar.  Not  so  the  man  who  wins. 
He  keeps  half  an  eye  on  the  dollar  and  an  eye  and  a 
half  on  his  work  and  on  the  textbooks  and  technical 
magazines  that  help   him   master  it." 

Young  machinists  need  not  conclude  that  an  hour  or 
two  of  serious  study  after  work  will  prevent  their  en- 
joying healthful  recreation.  Andrew  Glen  snatched  time 
to  play  association  football  and  to  win  more  than  one 
road  race,  ten-mile  marathons  included.  He  has  his 
medals  still. 

His  life  mirrors  ability  to  do  the  things  worth  doing. 
True,  he  confessed,  "I've  never  had  time  to  get  mar- 
ried." 

But  there's  time  yet — he's  only  thirty-one. 


ANDREW    GLEN 

The  last  pulley  had  hardly  stopped  in  the  Lees  Ander- 
son plant  before  young  Glen  was  applying  what  he  had 
le&rned — and  learning  more — in  the  plant  of  Alexander 
Chaplin  &  Company — one  of  the  largest  crane  makers  in 
Glasgow.  Another  two  and  a  half  years  at  the  pay  of  an 
apprentice,  and  he  graduated  as  a  full-fledged  mechanical 
draftsman. 

But  Andrew  Glen  had  not  been  content  to  work  and 
learn.  He  had  wanted  to  study  and  learn  as  well. 
During  the  years  of  his  apprenticeship,  therefore — years 
with  more  nine-hour  working  days  than  many  men,  let 
alone  youths,  care  to  manhandle — he  studied  at  nights. 
Three  evenings  a  week  he  attended  technical  college.  Nor 
did  he  reach  it  by  walking  across  the  street.  It  was  six 
miles  from  his  home. 

About  the  time  that  Babcox  &  Wilcox  of  Renfrew, 
which  is  near  Glasgow,  discovered  that  a  good  man  like 
Glen,  either  goes  up  or  goes  out,  John  T.  Hepburn,  of  John 
T.  Hepburn,  Limited,  Toronto,  concluded  that  the  Old 
World  owed  the  New  the  man  he  needed.  And  he  used  the 
New  World  method  to  find  him — that  is  to  say,  he  adver- 
tised. 

Glen  answered  his  advertisement,  interviewed  Mr.  Hep- 
burn's brother-in-law  and,  two  weeks  later,  took  charge  of 
the  drawing  office  of  John  T.  Hepburn,  Limited.  This  was 
in  the  year  1912.  If  questioned  to-day,  Mr.  Hepburn 
would  probably  say  no  advertisement  of  his  ever  paid  bet- 
ter than  the  small  help  wanted  that  found  Andrew  Glen. 


An  Appetite's  A  Bad  Thing  Now 

T^HIS  cost  of  living  is  a  thing  what  causes  me  to  fret — 
I'm  worried  in  the  day  time,  and  at  night  I  can't 
forget.  Why  everything  folks  get  to  eat  is  priced  so 
bloomin'  high,  that  a  purse  would  need,  by  gum,  to  reach 
well    nigh   unto   the   sky. 

We  used  to  buy  the  sausage  cheap,  about  ten  cents 
a  yard,  a  nickel  for  a  T-bone  steak,  and  "bout  the  same 
for  lard. 

A.nd  liver,  too;  land  sakes  alive,  they  used  to  get  it 
free — it  used  to  cost  ten  cents  for  lunch  and  less'n  that 
for  tea.  And  look  at  spuds,  the  Irish  kind,  the  onions 
and  the  beets,  and  every  other  thing  that  comes  in 
servin'  up  the  eats. 

And  if  you  want  a  dozen  eggs,  the  big  ones  and  the 
slim,  it  costs  you  over  half  a  bone,  why  say,  they  don't 
begin  to  touch  the  good  old  buying  times,  now  gone  a 
long  time  hence,  when  hen  fruit  used  to  sell  galore  at 
twelve  and  thirteen  cents. 

When  we  was  kids  we  used  to  take  a  quarter  to  the 
store,  and  have  a  list  a  foot  in  length  of  what  we  hustled 
for. 

And  for  that  coin  we  used  to  get  some  butter  and 
some  ham,  some  eggs  and  rice,  a  pound  of  tea,  and  salmon 
in  a  can.  We  used  to  stack  up  all  these  things  upon 
the  kitchen  range — and  dig  deep  in  our  jeans  to  land 
the   coin   we   got   in   change. 

We  passed  up  ham  and  bacon,  too,  and  roasts  of  every 
sort,  to  try  and  keep  our  carcasses  from  wanderin'  into 
court.  And  ground  up  steak  has  got  the  boots,  rump 
roasts  have  gone  likewise — we  never  get  a  hunk  of  ham, 
nor  dig   in   on   meat  pies. 

It  is  a  sad,  a  lonely  world,  there's  just  one  thing,  by 
heck — we  sometimes  buy  a  slab  of  chuck  what's  carved 
from   off  the  neck. — .\RK. 


180 


ai«£  Jt  ?M^i.  Volume   XX 


iMARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


Final  Allotment  Made  by  Ottawa  War  Board 

Dealers  Who  Are  Trying  to  Handle  the  Business  Finding  it 

Harder  to  Secure  Actual  Supplies  Than  the  Permits  Covering 

Them — More  U.S.  Contracts  Going  to  be  Given  Out? 


DEALERS  in  Canada  who  are  trying  to  spread  around 
the  available  supply  of  steel,  among  the  many  firms 
that  present  orders  for  same,  are  having  troubles 
of  their  own  during  these  months.  It  would  appear  that 
the  procedure  is  this  way:  The  authorities  at  Washing- 
ton, through  the  war  board  there,  give  a  certain  pro- 
portion of  the  output  of  U.S.  mills  to  Canada  every 
month.  It  is  then  up  to  the  War  Board  at  Ottawa  to 
distribute  this  supply.  This  really  means  that  the  War 
Board  at  Ottawa  has  got  to  take  on  itself  the  onus  of 
stating  which  firms  in  Canada  shall  have  a  preference  on 
available  supply  of  material,  and  the  agricultural  and 
other  interests  are  not  going  to  stand  aside  while  the 
distribution  is  taking  place  unless  they  are  being  favor- 
ably considered   in  it. 

Although  nothing  definite  has  been  given  out  yet, 
it  would  not  be  surprising  were  an  announcement  to 
appear  in  the  near  future  that  the  American  war  con- 
tracts in  this  country  were  to  be  considerably  enlarged. 
Rumors  from  some  of  the  steel  centres  in  the  U.S.  which 
are  very  reliable,  state  that  new  sizes  are  being  con- 
sidered there  and  also  draw  attention  to  the  fact  that 
a  very  much  increased  autput  of  shell  steel  is  asked 
for  in  the  next  few  months.  Canadian  firms  have  made  an 
enviable  reputation  for  themselves  by  the  way  in  which 
they  have  handled  U.S.  business  on  previous  occasions. 
No  doubt  they  would  be  favorably  considered  in  any  ex- 
tension to  the  war  program  of  the  republic. 

Although  reports  have  not  indicated  it,  the  labor 
situation    is   causing    some    trouble   in    certain    localities. 


One  place  where  it  shows  very  plainly  is  in  regard  to  the 
scrap  metal  situation.  Reports  from  a  large  number  of 
the  big  centres  in  the  U.S.  state  that  the  labor  shortage 
is  causing  some  delay  not  only  in  the  bringing  in  of 
material  in  the  first  place  but  also  in  the  sorting  after 
it  reaches  the  yards.  In  this  way  it  is  retarded  from 
a  quick  move  to  the  foundries,  where  it  is  very  much 
needed   at  the   present  time. 

Agents  in  this  country  who  are  handling  British  high 
speed  steel  believe  that  an  effort  may  be  made  by  the 
firms  in  the  Old  Country  to  get  better  shipping  facilities 
to  this  land.  In  the  last  few  months  there  has  been  a 
tremendous  demand  for  high  speed  steel  by  almost  every 
factory  handling  war  orders  in  Canada,  and  U.S.  firms 
have  cut  into  his  business  to  a  very  great  extent.  And 
in  order  to  protect  their  interests  here,  British  firms  are 
likely  to  make  a  very  determined  effort  to  get  their  goods 
into  the  Canadian  market  as  quickly  as  possible.  Ship- 
ping facilities  have  worked  against  them  in  this  regard 
in  the  past  in  no  uncertain  way. 

Prices,  as  a  general  thing,  have  been  holding  remark- 
ably firm  during  the  week.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  whole 
range  of  prices  has  shown  very  little  tendency  to  change. 
Reports  to-day  indicate  that  galvanized  sheets  are  likely 
to  go  up.  The  mills  cannot  secure  the  black  sheets  for 
galvanizing,  and  the  chances  are  that  as  a  result  all 
light  gauges  of  sheets  will  go  up.  Apart  from  this  no 
price  changes  or  indication  of  changes  are  reported  during 
this  week. 


FINDING  IT  HARDER  TO  DRAW  NOW 

FROM  UNITED  STATES  SOURCES 


Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Que.,  Aug.  7,  1918.— 
Desoite  the  fact  that  the  present  period 
is  generally  one  affecting  trade  con- 
ditions, the  activities  at  the  present  time 
are  almost  normal  in  character.  Pro- 
duction has  fallen  off  slightly  but  not 
sufficient  to  affect  the  general  con- 
ditions. The  steel  situation  has  develop- 
ed an  acute  turn  owing  to  the  inability 
to  "et  material  in  from  the  American 
mills.  The  metal  market  is  operating 
under  considerable  tension  due  to  the 
scarcity  of  some  of  the  metals.  Old 
materials  are  quiet  with  dealers  report- 
ing a  nervous  undertone. 


Tension  in  Steel  Situation 
The  continued  demand  for  steel, 
coupled  with  the  decline  in  production, 
as  a  result  of  the  warm  weather,  has 
maintained  the  tension  that  has  marked 
this  situation  during  the  past  several 
months.  That  this  condition  may  be 
still  further  emphasized  is  shown  by  the 
increased  difficulty  in  obtaining  shin 
plates  from  the  States.  Trade  in  steel 
plates  has  virtually  been  taken  out  of 
the  hands  of  the  War  Trade  Board  as 
the  mills  in  the  States  are  unable  to 
meet  the  present  abnormal  trade  re- 
quirements.      Plates     for     shins     under 


Government  contract  are  coming  through 
but  with  less  regularity  than  formerly 
and  shipyards  are  consequently  working 
at  a  disadvantage.  Unless  plates  are 
specifically  required  for  essential  uses 
no  consideration  whatever  will  be  given 
to  orders  placed  for  material.  Local 
supply  of  steel  plates  is  rapidly  being 
depleted  an  dthe  situation  is  taking  on  a 
very  acute  turn.  Shell  steel  is  coming 
along  in  fairly  good  volume,  but  the  out- 
put has  been  interferred  with  by  the  holi- 
day season,  and  labor  shortage.  Found- 
ries are  active  producing  billets  for  the 
recent  contracts  for  9.2  inch,  155  m.m., 
and  shrapnel  shell  forgings.  In  the 
semi-finished  steel  trade  the  sifting  out 
of  so-called  non-essential  activities  has 
added  to  the  difficulties  of  obtaining 
material  for  enterprises  indirectly  asso- 
ciated with  war  work.    The  market  here. 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


181 


if  such   it  may  be   termed,  is  relatively 
quiet   and   all    quotations    are    firm,    but 
virtually  on  a  nominal  basis. 
Metals 

The  feature  of  the  week  appears  to 
be  the  difficulty  experienced  by  dealers 
in  obtaining  metal  to  meet  their  imme- 
diate requirements.  Tin  continues  to  be 
the  center  of  interest  and  the  develop- 
ments in  London  have  had  the  tendency 
to  strengthen  the  market  here.  Copper 
is  hard  to  obtain  and  the  situation  is 
very  firm.  Lead  is  showing  a  tendency 
to  advance  owing  to  scarcity.  Spelter 
is  weaker  on  quiet  demand.  Antimony 
and  aluminum  are  both  quiet,  but  com- 
paratively firm. 

Copper. — The  difficulty  in  obtaining 
supplies  of  copper  from  the  United  States 
refineries  has  placed  the  dealers  here  in 
a  very  uncertain  position,  and  the  gen- 
eral situation  is  one  of  extreme  nervous- 
ness. Local  stocks  are  declining  and  the 
undertone  is  noe  likely  to  develop  into  a 
stronger  market.  Agitation  for  further 
price  regulation  continues  to  keep  the 
trade  in  tensive  mood.  Dealers  here  re- 
port a  rising  market,  quotations  at  31 
and  32  cents  being  an  advance  of  Mi 
cent  over  last  week. 

Tin. — The  situation  in  this  metal  is 
again  developing  a  very  acute  stage  ow- 
ing to  the  inability  to  acquire  sufficient 
tin  to  meet  the  requirements  of  essential 
needs.  The  uncertainty  of  delivery  from 
England  and  other  sources  gives  the 
market  a  nervous  tone,  and  with  local 
stocks  gradually  falling  off  prices  here 
have  advanced  to  the  previous  high. 
Dealers  for  some  few  weeks  past  have 
been  quoting  the  nominal  price  of  $1.10 
per  pound,  but  this  week  have  again  ad- 
vanced to  $1.25. 

Lead. — Dealers  are  having  some 
trouble  supplying  the  demands  of  cus- 
tomers owing  to  the  apparent  scarcity  of 
the  metal.  The  present  requirements  are 
relatively  heavy  and  stocks  here  are 
light.  The  market  is  very  firm  at  10^/4 
cents,  but  the  tendency  is  upwards. 

Machinery  Demand  Slackening 

Afalling  off  in  the  general  demand  for 
machine  tools  marks  the  developments 
for  the  week.  Shell  machinery  is  not 
quite  so  active  but  this  is  to  be  expected, 
as  most  of  the  plants  recently  receiving 
renewal  or  new  contracts  have  placed 
their  equipment  orders.  The  chief  con- 
cern of  both  dealer  and  manufacturer  is 
getting  the  delivery  of  the  different  tools 
required.  Shipment  of  equipment  com- 
ing in  from  the  states  is  very  indefinite 
and  the  delays  are  causing  considerable 
inconvenience  to  the  producing  trade. 
Partly  used  machinery  is  selling  well, 
and  this  equipment  can  be  secured  more 
easily  than  new  tools  owing  to  the  fact 
that  second-hand  machinery  is  not  con- 
trolled by  tre  same  selling  regulations. 
Trading  in  this  respect  is  comparatively 
heavy  and  tools  are  quite  plentiful. 

General  machine  shop  supplies  and  ac- 
cessories continue  very  active  and  the 
market  is  very  firm. 

Nervousness  in   Scrap 

Apart  from  the  nervous  tone  created 
here  over  the  report  that  copper  scraps 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Reports  from  the  big  scrap  metal 
centres  make  it  appear  certain  that 
a  shortage  of  labor  is  causing  con- 
siderable delay  in  sorting  scraps  and 
getting  it  out  to  the  consumers. 

In  every  case  now  dealers  who  are 
getting  a  supply  of  pig  iron  are  tied 
up  on  government  contracts  so  that 
it  is  impossible  for  them  to  use  any 
material  for  any  other  purpose. 

Steel  jobbers  in  Canada  are  find- 
ing it  more  difficult  to  secure  their 
supplies  from  Ottawa.  It  appears 
that  a  certain  allotment  is  made  at 
Washington,  to  Canadian  con- 
sumers, and  it  is  up  to  Ottawa  to 
distribute  that. 

A  request  came  in  to  the  Ameri- 
can market  this  week  for  the  supply- 
ing of  a  large  number  of  machine 
tools  to  manufacture  bayonets.  This 
is  about  the  first  time  that  this  work 
has  been  taken  up. 

Pittsburg  reports  to  this  paper 
that  it  is  a  much  easier  matter  to 
secure  a  license  from  the  War  Board 
there  than  it  is  to  secure  the  material 
itself  after  getting  the  license.  The 
supply  of  steel  is  far  short  of  the 
distribution  for  which  the  license 
provides. 

Reports  are  in  circulation  that  the 
shell  programme  of  the  United 
States  is  to  be  greatly  extended. 
Some  details  have  been  given  out, 
but  on  the  whole  information  is  lack- 
ing as  to  the  number  and  size  of 
shells  to  be  brought  out  in  the  next 
few  weeks  or  months. 


Absolutely  no  information  at  all 
is  being  given  out  by  the  authorities 
in  regard  to  the  building  of  the 
greatest  ordnance  factory  in  the 
world  at  Neville  Island.  It  is  stat- 
ed that  the  first  guns  will  be  turned 
out  from  there  the  beginning  of 
1920.  As  a  matter  of  fact  this  date 
will  be  hastened  by  a  good  many 
months. 


would  shortly  weaken  and  prices  decline, 
the  situation  is  comparatively  unchang- 
ed. The  general  demand  has  quieted 
down  and  buying  is  almost  exclusively 
for  consumers  immediate  requirements. 
The  marked'  uncertainty  has  developed 
a.  reluctancy  on  the  part  of  consumers 
and  trade  on  all  metals  has  become  re- 
stricted. Quotations  are  firm  with  an 
unsteady  underljone. 


HARDER  TO  KEEP 

ORDER  BOOKS  CLEAR 

Washington  Gives  Lump  Portion  to  Can- 
ada, to  be  Divided  by  OtUwa 
War  Board 

TORONTO.-The  steel  jobbers  are 
finding  It  harder  to  fill  the  orders  that 
are  pounng  in  on  them,  and  they  are 
Komg  to  find  it  harder  later  on.  There 
IS  no  end  of  orders,  and  is  mav  be  sup- 
posed every  firm  sending  in  an  order  is 
quite  sure  that  his  work  is  of  the  ut- 
most importance  toward  the  winning  of 
the  war  and  should  beb  shoved  right 
through  Washington  and  Ottawa  and 
any  other  centre  that  has  to  do  with  the 
granting  of  the  license.  Washington,  in 
allocating  the  output  of  American  mills, 
lumps  the  portion  that  shall  go  to  the 
Canadian  users,  and  tosses  that  over  to 
the  War  Board  at  Ottawa,  and  it  is  then 
up  to  that  body  to  go  ahead  and  worry 
with  the  Canadian  consumers,  trying  to 
keep  the  strictly  war  business  concerns 
to  the  front.  The  further  this  system 
IS  put  into  effect  the  more  trouble  there 
is  bound  to  be,  and  the  harder  the  work 
that  will  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  War  Board 
at  Ottawa. 

Prices  have  shown  no  great  tendency 
to  change  during  the  week.  The  holiday 
at  the  week-end  has  eased  matters  up 
a  little,  although  in  some  cases  there  are 
tendencies  that  prices  will  move  along 
again  soon.  From  the  way  matters  are 
moving  it  looks  as  though  galvanized 
sheets  were  due  for  a  higher  level.  The 
mills  are  finding  it  harder  to  secure  a 
supply  of  the  black  sheets  to  galvanize. 
In  fact  all  the  light  gauges  of  sheets  are 
liable  to  go  to  higher  levels  before  many 
days. 

There  is  no  improvement  in  the  boiler 
tube  situation  especially  as  it  affects 
the  smaller  sizes.  There  is  a  fair 
amount  of  the  larger  sizes  left,  but  the 
big  demand  just  now  is  for  the  size 
around   two   inches. 

Scrap  Metal  Situation 

Prices  that  have  been  quoted  by  the 
dealers  during  the  last  week  will  con- 
tinue to  govern  the  dealing  during  the 
next  week  er  so  unless  something  very 
unusual  turns  up.  There  is  always  a 
period  of  price  stagnation  around  this 
time  of  the  year,  and  the  only  thing  that 
has  turned  up  to  interfere  with  it  re- 
cently was  the  trend  of  copper  and  brass 
upwards  following  the  action  of  the  U. 
S.  government  in  raising  the  fixed  price 
on  copper. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  there  is  a  good 
deal  of  scrap  passing  just  now  that  the 
dealers  are  not  touching  in  the  trans- 
action. One  of  the  largest  dealers  in 
this  district  stated  to-day  there  were 
many  of  the  mills  with  a  good  supply 
of  heavy  melting  scrap  on  hand,  and  he 
did  not  know  where  it  had  been  secured. 
There  is  only  a  fair  volume  of  business 
moving.  Scrap  is  not  being  located 
easily,  and  in  many  cases  those  who  se- 
cure it  in  the  first  place  are  forced  to 
go  farther   afield   for   it   than  formerly, 


182 


and  in  this  way  they  want  more  for  their 
work.  The  labor  problem  not  only  in  the 
scrap  yards  but  in  the  premises  of 
some  of  the  big  scrap  sources  keeps  a 
lot  from  the  market.  There  is  not  the 
help  available  to  properly  sort  the  ma- 
terial, and  so  it  is  held  back. 

No  definite  word  has  been  given  out 
regarding  the  disposal  of  the  electric 
line  from  London  that  is  passing  into 
the  hands  of  the  scrap  merchants.  There 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

is  quite  a  bit  of  interest  locally  in  the 
deal  and  it  is  known  that  several  of  the 
dealers  have  made  a  number  of  trips  to 
London  to  look  the  proposition  over.  It 
ought  to  be  definitely  known  in  the  next 
few  days  what  will  be  done.  Foundries 
continue  to  inquire  for  good  machine 
scrap  to  ease  off  on  their  piles  of  pig, 
especially  if  they  are  not  in  a  line  that 
will  be  guaranteed  a  supply  by  the  war 
Boa.d  at  Ottawa. 


THOSF  WHO  GET  PIG  IRON  ARE 

TIED  TIGHT  TO  THE  GOVERNMENT 


Reports  received  from  the  various  pro- 
ducing points  in  United  States  on  the 
pig   iron   situation   are   as   follows:" 

Philadelphia. — Small  lots  from  the  Vir- 
ginia makers  are  being  sold  to  some  of 
the  foundry  iron  buyers  here.  Only  two 
cars  per  customer  are  now  being  dis- 
tributed and  sales  are  being  made  only 
after  receiving  declarations  of  purpose 
from  the  consumers.  Delivery  will  be 
made  after  all  priority  and  allocated 
orders  have  been  shipped. 

Boston. — Some  Virginia  iron  has  been 
arriving  here  in  the  last  few  days  but 
none  of  it  has  ever  come  into  the  open 
market  as  it  has  all  been  directed  to 
consumers'  destinations.  These  custo- 
mers are  on  the  preferential  list  and 
were  tied  up  forty  different  ways  by 
the  Government  and  only  one  or  two 
cars  for  each  customer  were  received. 
Good  progress  is  being  made  on  onld 
contracts. 

Pittsburgh. — Inquiries  for  both  steel 
making  and  foundry  iron  continue  to 
come  forward  here  in  very  large  volumes 
but  the  producers  generally  continue  to 
withhold  making  any  promises.  Rather 
a  new  feature  here  is  that  many  of  the 
producers  consider  that  it  would  be  good 
policv  on  their  part  to  make  contracts 
on  three  months'  terms,  claiming  that 
that  is  the  period  for  which  the  Govern- 
ment regulates  the  prices. 

New  York. — Some  of  the  Alabama  fur- 
naces have  been  taking  considerable  or- 
ders here  for  future  deliveries  and  some 
of  the  foundrymen  may  have  thought 
they  were  in  for  fairly  good  supplies. 
Later  orders,  however,  have  it  that  in- 
structions from  the  producers  to  the 
agents  were  to  cut  down  on  these  orders 
so  they  were  reduced  very  materially. 
All  of  the  iron  thus  sold  was  without 
any  guarantee  of  any  kind  and  delivery 
is  to  be  made  only  after  all  the  Govern- 
ment orders  are  filled. 

Buffalo. — There  is  an  inclination  here 
amone  the  furnace  men  to  leave  the  dis- 
tributing of  their  future  products  to  the 
authorities  at  Washington  as  they  ap- 
parently reckon  that  the  Government 
people  will  get  it  sooner  or  later.  In 
one  case  a  furnace  man  here  took  on 
1919  business  during  the  last  week  but 
that  was  from  an  old  customer  whose 
plant  is  working  100  ner  cent,  on  Gov- 
ernment orders,  and  he  desired  simply 
to  be  covered  as  a  matter  of  preference. 

Cleveland. — TTie  demand  here  for  pig 


iron  continues  to  be  very,  very  heavy 
and  most  of  the  consumers  are  able  to 
show  without  any  doubt  that  any  iron 
consigned  to  them  will  be  used  for  es- 
sential purposes  and  on  this  account 
shipments  are  going  forward  quite  free- 
ly. The  call  now  for  iron  for  steel 
purposes  is  simply  tremendous  and  it  is 
thought  here  that  a  number  of  the  fur- 
naces that  are  now  turning  out  pig  iron 
will  be  ordered  in  the  very  near  future 
to  switch  over  to  the  basing  material 
before  the  month  is  finished. 

Cincinnati. — It  appears  almost  certain 
now  that  the  stove  makers  here  will  have 
to  curtail  their  product  to  a  consider- 
able extent  as  only  a  few  of  them  have 
been  able  to  make  contracts  for  iron. 
The  word  has  been  pased  along  that  only 
those  that  have  contracts  calling  for 
the  supplying  of  towns  for  army  pur- 
poses will  be  able  to  get  all  the  iron 
they  need  an  dthe  others  will  have  a 
hard  time  in  getting  metal  that  is  to 
be  used  in  the  non-essential  work. 

St.  Louis. — The  war  plants  in  this  dis- 
trict are  practically  getting  all  the  pig 
iron  they  require  at  the  present  time. 
Stove  makers  and  others  who  turn  out 
specialized  lines  are  feeling  the  pig 
iron  shortage  and  in  many  cases  they 
have  been  resorting  to  the  use  of  an 
unusually  heavy  tonnage  of  scrap. 

Birmingham,  Ala. — The  belief  is  ex- 
pressed in  some  quarters  here  that  those 
who  have  been  anticipating  an  increase 
in  production  of  pig  iron  are  going  to 
be  disappointed.  Inquiries  are  coming 
in  very  rapidly  and  it  would  be  a  very 
easy  matter  to  sell  the  entire  product 
for  1919. 


WANT  TOOLS  FOR 

MAKING  BAYONETS 

Unusual    Demand    Made    For    a    Large 
Quantity  of  War  Machinery 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

NEW  YORK,  Aug.  7.— Gun  makers  are 
the  largest  purchasers  of  machinery  in 
the  market  at  present  and  several  large 
contracts,  calling  for  the  expenditure  of 
$5,000,000  to  $6,000,000,  are  still  before 
manufacturers;  at  the  same  time,  new  in- 
nuiries  for  machine  tools  have  fallen  off 
in  the  past  ten  days,  which  is  accounted 
for  by  the  recent  Government  decree, 
practically  establishing  a   barred  indus- 


Volume   XX. 

trial   zone  on   the  middle  Atlantic   sea- 
board and  in  New  England. 

As  various  factories  in  the  middle 
West  are  converted  into  munition  plants 
there  is  naturally  an  increase  in  the 
placing  of  many  small  orders  for  metal 
working  machinery.  Dealers  and  dis- 
tributors of  tools  in  Chicago  have  bene- 
fited largely  from  this  business,  working 
at  very  high  pressure.  The  volume  of 
business  has  been  made  up,  however,  of 
numerous  small  sales  rather  than  of  in- 
dividual large  lists.  At  Cincinnati  and 
Cleveland  there  has  been  a  falling  off 
in  large  inquiries  as  well  as  in  New  York 
and    in   Philadelphia. 

For  Making  Bayonets 

An  interesting  development  has  been 
the  active  demand  for  the  lighter  types 
of  milling  machines.  This  phase  of  the 
situation  has  been  brought  out  by  manu- 
facturers in  Milwaukee,  who,  within  the 
last  week  have  received  telegraphic  in- 
quiry from  an  Eastern  manufacturer  of 
bayonets  for  62  light  milling  machines. 
This  is  the  largest  inquiry  for  such  light 
tools  that  has  ever  come  before  the 
Milwaukee  trade,  but  as  the  Government 
is  now  placing  large  orders  for  muni- 
tions in  the  Central  West,  this  demand 
is  likely  to  increase  rather  than  other- 
wise. 

Still  in  Millions 

The  Midvale  Steel  and  Ordnance  in- 
quiry for  300  to  400  machine  tools  and 
for  104  cranes  to  be  installed  in  the  six- 
teen-inch  howitzer  plant  at  Nicetown  and 
calling  for  an  expenditure  of  about  $2,- 
000,000,  are  still  before  the  trade.  Nego- 
tiations also  continue  on  about  $3,000,000 
worth  of  cranes  for  the  Neville  Island 
Ordnance  plant  that  is  being  built  by  the 
United  States  Steel  Corp.  Plans  for 
these  works,  while  not  completed,  have 
progressed  sufficiently  to  make  it  cer- 
tain that  the  American  Bridge  Co.  will 
be  called  upon  to  fabricate  150,000  tons 
of  structural  steel  for  the  various  build- 
ings to  be  constructed  in  the  next  eighteen 
months.  As  a  result,  the  American 
Bridge  Co.  has  been  compelled  to  refuse 
several  large  Government  orders  calling 
for  about  30,000  tons  of  steel  for  the  con- 
struction of  nitrate  plants  and  other  mili- 
tary buildings. 

Marine  Shapes 

The  pressing  demand  for  the  fabrica- 
tion of  steel  for  shhipbuilding  has  caused 
the  American  Bridge  Co.  to  devote, 
temporarily,  its  Trenton,  New  Jersey, 
shop,  entirely  to  the  fabrication  of  ma- 
rine shapes.  These  plans  have  caused 
the  suspension  of  the  steel  barge  building 
at  Trenton  for  which  the  shops  were 
especially  equipped  about  three  years 
ago.  The  Bridge  Co.  is  fabricating  steel 
at  Trenton  for  fifty  ships,  30  of  which 
are  being  constructed  by  the  Merchant 
Shipbuilding  Corp.  Bristol,  Pa.,  and  20 
by  the  Federal  Shipbuilding  Co.  at 
Kearny,  New  Jersey.  Incidentally,  the 
Federal  Co.,  which  has  just  ordered  two 
more  cranes,  expects  '--  '  — "^  its  second 
9,600-ton  boat  for  the  Government  about 
Aug.  10th. 

The  Newport     News     Shipbuilding  & 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


183 


Drydock  Co.  has  put  out  a  revised  list  of 
15  cranes  for  its  marine  boiler  plant  at 
Richmond,  Va.  The  Bethlehem  Ship- 
building Corp.  has  come  into  the  market 
for  six  additional  special  cranes  for  its 
Alameda,   California,  works.     Purchases 


of  34  cranes  for  marine  boiler  shops  are 
being  made  by  the  Sun  Shipbuilding  Co., 
Chester,  Pa.,  and  by  the  Barber  Asphalt 
Paving  Co.,  the  latter  for  its  Iroquois 
works  at  Buffalo. 


MUCH  EASIER  TO  SECURE  LICENSE 

THAN  THE  GOODS  TO  FILL  THE  ORDER 


i 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

PITTSBURG,  Pa.,  Aug.  7.— There  was 
a  time  when  it  was  difficult  to  secure 
export  licenses.  The  much  stricter 
measure  of  steel  control  by  the  War  in- 
dustries Board  has  made  it  easier  to  se- 
cure the  licenses,  but  of  course  it  is  more 
difficult  to  secure  steel.  In  other  words, 
steel  shipments  are  so  difficult  to  secure 
that  once  the  War  Industries  Board  per- 
mits any  steel  to  be  shipped  the  War 
Trade  Board  does  not  see  that  it  has  oc- 
casion, as  a  rule,  to  demur  at  granting 
the  export  license.  In  the  case  of  Can- 
ada, requests  for  licenses  are  made  to 
the  Canadian  authorities,  who  in  turn 
apply  to  the  War  Trade  Board  at  Wash- 
ington. 

New  regulations  issued  from  time  to 
time  relating  to  the  distribution  of  steel 
cause  more  or  less  confusion  for  a  while, 
but  they  soon  come  to  be  well  understood 
and  the  mills  find  it  easy  to  follow  the 
regulations,  so  far  as  the  regulations  are 
concerned.  Their  difficulty  is  in  the  fact 
that  the  supply  of  steel  is  far  short  of 
the  distribution  for  which  the  regula- 
tions provide.  Time  after  time  the  steel 
industry  has  looked  forward  to  a  surDlu" 
of  steel,  or  at  least  to  a  condition  when 
the  quantity  required  would  not  exceed 
the  supply,  and  repeatedly  it  has  been 
disappointed.  The  relations  between  re- 
quirements and  supply  have  been  growing 
tenser  even  in  the  past  week  or  two  and 
mills  have  now  given  up  any  expecta- 
tions that  steel  will  become  relatively 
plentiful. 

Expanding   War    Program 

The  shell  program  has  been  greatly  ex- 
tended. Some  details  have  been  given  out, 
but  on  the  whole,  information  is  lacking 
as  to  the  number  and  size  of  shells  to  be 
handled  in  the  next  few  weeks  or  months. 
What  is  definitely  known  by  the  steel 
trade  is  that  it  is  called  upon  to  furnish 
much  more  shell  steel  than  formerly.  One 
estimate  is  that  in  place  of  425,000  tons 
a  month  lately  furnished  there  is  to  be 
provided  500.000  tons  a  month  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  year.  These  fig:ures  are 
probably  below  the  mark  rather  than 
above. 

The  extent  to  which  consumption  of 
steel  in  shipbuilding  is  expected  to  grow 
is  clearly  brought  out  by  the  fact  that 
there  is  now  accumulated  something  like 
a  million  tons  of  steel  at  shipyards  and 
the  fabricating  plants  serving  them,  but 
C.  M.  Schwab,  Director  General  of  Ship- 
building, wants  to  increase  this  stock, 
and  is  calling  upon  the  plate  mills  to 
make  stronger  efforts.  It  is  plain  that 
if  with  rate  of  shipping  in  the  past  few 
months  a  million  ton  stock  could  be  ac- 
cumulated in  so  short  a  time,  the  rate 
of  shipping  was  far  in  excess  of  the  rate 


of  consumption,  hence  if  heavier  ship- 
ments are  desired  it  means  that  the  rate 
of  consumption  is  expected  to  increase 
very  greatly.  This  can  readily  be  under- 
stood, for  the  shipways  now  in  operation 
should  work  more  and  more  rapidly  as 
time  passes  and  there  are  many  ship- 
ways  still  to  be  completed.  It  is  a  curi- 
ous thing  that  there  is  no  official  infor- 
mation, in  anything  like  complete  form, 
of  the  number  of  steel  shipways  complet- 
ed and  to  be  completed.  Fragmentary  in- 
formation on  the  subject  makes  it  clear 
that  the  number  in  actual  operation  at 
present  will  be  largely  augmented. 
Greatest  in  World 
As  is  well  known,  the  greatest  ord- 
nance factory  in  the  world  is  being  built 
on  Neville  Island,  in  the  Ohio  river,  a 
few  miles  below  Pittsburgh,  through  the 
formation  of  a  partnership  between  the 
United  States  Government  and  the 
United  States  Steel  Corporation.  The 
partnership  contract  is  a  remarkably 
brief  one.  The  Steel  Corporation  sup- 
plies the  organization  and  engineering 
services,  gratis,  also  the  blast  furnace,  al- 
ready existing  and  the  steel-making  de- 
partment it  will  build,  these  to  remain 
the  property  of  the  corporation.  The 
Government  supplies  all  the  money  for 
building  the  ordnance  factory  proper,  and 
will  own  it.  The  main  offices  of  the  "U. 
S.  Steel  Corporation  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment" arfe  located  in  the  building  in 
which  this  report  is  written.  Despite 
the  magnitude  of  this  undertaking  and 
the  great  public  interest  there  is  in  it, 
there  is  absolutely  no  information  g^ivert 
out  for  publication.  When  the  announce- 
ment was  first  made  in  Washington  it 
was  intimated  that  the  plant  would  turn 
out  its  first  big  guns  early  in  1920.  The 
statement  is  rather  amusing,  as  it  merely 
represents  the  War  Department  profiting 
by  its  experience  in  connection  with  the 
aircraft  program,  which  was  set  for  a 
little  bit  too  short  a  time,  hence 
much  criticism  when  it  was  not  carried 
out.  The  guns  will  undoubtedly  be  in 
actual  service  before  the  beginning  of 
1920.  Illustrative  of  the  lack  of  informa- 
tion on  the  subject,  one  of  the  Pittsburgh 
daily  papers  prints  a  statement  that  the 
contract  for  the  "grading  and  founda- 
tions" has  been  let,  amounting  to  $5,000,- 
000  or  $6,000,000,  which  is  quite  absurd, 
for  Neville  Island  requires  no  grading 
and  the  cost  of  foundations  is  necessarily 
only  a  small  fraction  of  the  cost  of  the 
buildings  and  machinery  they  will  sup- 
port. Equally  out  of  line  is  a  statement 
published  in  all  seriousness  that  the  Am- 
erican Bridge  Company  will  be  called 
upon  to  fabricate  150,000  tons  of  steel 
for  the  buildings  during  the  next  18 
months,  while    tne    total  fabricated  steel 


will  be  200,000  or  250,000  tons.  Either 
the  time  mentioned  is  altogether  too  long, 
or  there  is  included  a  large  amount  of 
fabricating  for  gun  carriages,  etc.,  as 
the  plant  operates.  One  thing,  however, 
is  well  known.  The  plant  will  specialize 
upon  very  large  guns,  particularly  14- 
inch  and  larger,  with  their  ammunition, 
and  its  operation  will  not  interfere  in  any 
way  with  the  regrular  shell  program  as 
being  expanded  from  time  to  time. 

Steel  for  Jobbers 
The  War  Industries  Board's  regula- 
tions dated  July  2,  relating  to  supplies 
of  steel  for  jobbers  during  August,  have 
been  received  in  various  moods  by  the 
steel  mills.  The  general  program,  previ- 
ously formulated,  is  for  jobbers  to  con- 
fine their  shipments  to  the  purposes  on 
the  preference  list,  report  the  shipments 
by  month.  A  special  arrangement  has 
been  made  for  August,  however. 
This       is       that       the  mills       ship 

jobbers  during  August  an  amount  of  steel 
equal  to  the  average  monthly  shipments 
in  the  first  half  of  this  year.  The  re- 
placement steel  was  given  Priority  B-4 
and  it  is  assumed  that  the  August  ship- 
ments are  to  be  regarded  as  having  the 
same  priority.  Some  mills  point  out  that 
they  could  not  ship  in  August  without 
having  scheduled  the  material  weeks  be- 
fore. Others  observe  that  they  have  so 
many  higher  priorities  that  they  could 
ship  very  little  material  against  a  B-4. 
Others  explain  that  they  have  no  specifi- 
cations from  jobbers  on  which  they  would 
venture  to  ship,  expecting  the  material  to 
be  what  the  jobbers  most  need.  They 
have  specifications  filed  last  November, 
and  the  jobber,  given  the  privilege  of  re- 
ceiving a  certain  tonnage  of  steel,  might 
want  an  entirely  different  description 
now.  Other  mills  say  they  have  studied 
the  regulations  and  expect  to  experience 
no  difficulty  in  carrying  them  out.  It  is 
partly  a  matter  of  temperament  and 
partly  a  difference  in  the  position  of  dif- 
ferent mills. 

Production 

Production  continues  very  satisfactory 
indeed,  considering  the  conditions.  In 
every  previous  year  there  has  been  a 
sharp  curtailment  in  July  and  August, 
due  to  the  heat.  This  year  the  industry 
has  run  through  more  than  half  the 
period  and  is,  in  substance,  maintaining 
the  excellent  rate  shown  in  June. 


SHELL  CASE  BLEW 

TOY  OFF  FURNACE 

The  Unlucky  Number  13  Was  The  Num- 
ber That  Contained  Live  Matter 


The  Judson  Iron  Works,  Oakland,  Cal., 
received  a  carload  of  scrap  from  Arizona 
last  week  which  nearly  wrecked  the 
plant.  The  load  included  a  number  of 
3-in.  and  5-in.  shell  cases,  and  some  of 
them  proved  to  be  still  loaded.  The  ex- 
plosion of  one  of  these  shells  in  a  fur- 
nace blew  off  the  top  of  the  furnace  a- 
narrowly  missed  doing  some  very  serious 
damage.  Investigation     revealed     25 

such   shell   cases  in  the  shipment,  13   of 
which  were  loaded. 


184 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


SHORTAGE  OF  LABOR  MAKES  IT 

HARD  TO  SECURE  SCRAP  NOW 


In  connection  with  the  scrap  metal 
situation  in  many  of  the  large  points 
in  the  United  States  it  would  appear 
that  the  labor  shortage  is  one  of  the 
biggest  factors  interfering  with  the  sort- 
ing and  securing  of  supply  for  the 
foundrymen.  Reports  from  the  various 
centres  are  as  follows: — 

New  York. — A  great  many  of  the 
larger  yards  here  have  been  forced  to 
curtail  operations  on  account  of  the 
labor  shortage.  Cast  scrap  remains  in 
particularly  heavy  demand  with  the  bulk 
of  this  material  going  to  local  foundries. 
Reflecting  the  continued  sharp  demand 
for  cast  scrap  are  the  higher  prices  now 
being  paid  for  stove  plates  and  grate 
bars. 

Boston. — There  is  a  large  volume  of 
trade  moving  but  labor  is  holding  back 
a  good  number  of  the  contracts  and 
causing  some  serious  delay  in  the  filling 
of  them.  It  is  a  safe  estimate  to  say 
that  in  some  weeks  the  yards  are  un- 
able to  handle  any  more  than  50  per 
cent,  of  their  work,  while  at  the  outside 
60  per  cent,  efficiency  has  been  about 
the  normal  figure  during  this  sommer. 

Philadelphia. — Small  lot  trading  seems 
to  characterize  the  scrap  situation  here, 
as  it  seems  to  be  very,  very  difficult 
to  locate  any  large  tonnages.  Borings 
and  turnings  are  being  eagerly  sought 
by  blast  furnaces  to  increase  their  out- 
put of  pig  iron  and  reduce  the  coke  con- 
sumption. The  labor  situation  is  also  a 
very  acute  one  here,  although  in  some 
cases  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  yards 
that  are  having  trouble  in  securing  men 


are  the  yards  where  they  are  not  paying 
sufficient  wages.  Several  reports  have 
been  circulated  here  to  the  effect  that 
the  Government  intends  to  commandeer 
all  the  available  scrap,  but  this  report 
is  denied  almost  as  quickly  as  it  is  put 
in  circulation. 

Pittsburgh. — The  stocks  of  scrap  in  the 
yards  of  dealers  here  are  reported  to 
be  very  low  and  in  some  cases  entirely 
exhausted.  Large  orders  are  not  coming 
into  the  yards  here  at  all,  as  it  is  ex- 
plained in  many  cases  all  the  scrap  is 
being  used  in  the  district  where  it 
originates. 

Buffalo. — The  opinion  of  many  of  the 
large  scrap  dealers  here  is  that  the 
labor  problem  is  the  biggest  thing  they 
have  to  go  up  against  at  the  present 
iime.  Not  only  are  the  yards  handicap- 
ped by  the  lack  of  men  but  the  con- 
sumers say  that  they  have  not  sufficient 
help  to  handle  the  scrap  when  it  comes 
to  them.  Many  of  the  dealers  are  not 
able  to  classify  and  sort  the  stock  as  it 
comes  to  them  and  because  of  this  they 
are  not  able  to  pass  it  on  quickly  to  the 
trade.  In  fact  some  tonnages  of  scrap 
have  been  refused  in  this  locality  lately 
because  there  is  not  the  labor  supply 
to  deal  with  them. 

Cleveland. — Heavy  melting  melting 
8teel  is  in  particularly  heavy  demand 
here  just  now  but  the  supply  is  no 
better  than  before.  There  appears  to  be 
a  very  large  stock  in  the  yards  of  some 
of  the  dealers  but  is  of  a  miscellaneous 
character  and  requires  a  very  great  deal 
of   handling   and   sorting   of   a    more    or 


less  skilful  character  before  it  can  be 
placed  on  the  market.  Some  of  the  deal- 
ers say  that  with  a  new  25  per  cent, 
increase  in  freight  rates  they  are  losing 
money  on  contracts  that  were  figured  on 
a  rather  narrow  margin. 

St.  Louis. — One  thing  that  is  very 
noticeable  in  the  scrap  supply  situation 
here  is  that  railroad  offerings  are  be- 
coming very  scarce.  In  fact  in  some 
cases  they  have  almost  reached  the 
point.  This  week  there  were  hardly  any 
lists  at  all  from  the  transportation  com- 
panies and  it  is  not  likely  that  any  will 
be  sent  out  in  the  near  future.  Since 
the  Government  took  control  of  the  rail- 
ways there  is  a  tendency  as  a  matter  of 
policy  on  their  part  to  sell  all  scrap 
direct  to  the  consumers,  and  dealers 
claim  that  in  this  way  they  are  being 
eliminated  from  the  transaction.  Re- 
ports from  American  points  would  also 
seem  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  very 
acute  situation  in  the  sheet  steel  mar- 
kets. Many  of  the  salesmanagers  for 
the  large  concerns  know  quite  well  that 
the  jobbers  are  in  dire  need  of  all  grades 
of  sheets.  The  jobbers  are  lo  wbecause 
supplies  to  them  have  been  curtailed 
very  materially  during  the  last  60  days. 

Other  reports  claim  that  in  the  Pitts- 
burgh district  the  mills  are  showing  a 
further  decrease  in  sheets.  It  is  esti- 
mated there  that  the  output  does  not 
exceed  55  per  cent,  of  the  capacity. 

Report  from  Chicago  claims  that  the 
extreme  heat  during  the  past  fortnight 
has  had  some  effect  in  reducing  the  out- 
put  of   the   sheet   mills. 


Current  News  in  Photograph 


GAS  MASKS 

GOVE  RNMENT 
e  X  p  e  r  ts  of  all 
c  o  u  n  t  r  ies  are 
constantly  trying  to 
develop  means  of 
p  r  o  t  e  ction  against 
poisonous  gases, 
against  which  the 
men  have  t  o  battle 
daily.  Masks  of  all 
types  are  used  con- 
tinually in  most  at- 
tacks. Our  photo 
shows  the  masks  now 
used  by  our  Allies 
and  the  enemy.  From 
left  to  right  they  are : 
A  m  e  r  i  can,  British, 
French  and  German 
masks. 


August  8,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


185 


SELECTED   MARKET    QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of   prices  cunent  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into    the   manufacture  of    mechanical  and   general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal  Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base   5  25 

Steel  hoops   7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel,  No.   10   gauge,  base  4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh  ♦2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh ♦S  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *3  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  60 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 

C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal   23.1  31.5 

St.  John,  N.B 38.1  50.5 

Halifax 39.1  51.5 

Toronto 18.9  22.1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18.9  22.1 

Winnipeg 64.9  85.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper    32  00  29  50 

Castings,   copper    31  00  28  50 

Tin     125  00     125  00 

Spelter    11  00  11  00 

Lead    10  50  10  00 

50  18  00 
58  00 


Antimony 15 

Aluminum   50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 
Effective  Feb.  5,  1918. 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per  100   feet 
$ 


1 

1% 

2 

2% 
3 
3% 

4 

2 

2% 

3 

4 

4% 
5 
6 


in 12  24 

in 16  56 

in 19  80 

in 26  64 

in 42  72 

in 55  85 

in -. 70  84 

in 83  93 

Standard  Lapweld 

in $  29  60 

in 44  46 

in 58  14 

in 72  68 

in 86  11 


15 

39 

20 

82 

24 

89 

33 

49 

53 

53 

70 

00 

87 

86 

104 

10 

i  36 

08 

54 

70 

71 

53 

90 

62 

107  37 

122 

56 

142 

82 

185 

28 

241 

57 

253 

75 

292 

32 

350 

18 

324 

80 

418 

18 

in 97  79 

in 114  00 

in 147  80 

in 192  80 

8  L  in 202  50 

8  in 233  30 

9  in 279  50 

10  L  in 259  20 

10       in 333  70 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 

4V4"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 


% 

in. 

% 

in. 

% 

in. 

% 

in. 

% 

in. 

6  90  : 

$  8  00 

5  16 

7  29 

5  16 

7  29 

S  66 

8  12 

8  28 

10  41 

Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal 

Copper,   light    $20  00 

Copper,  crucible 24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00 

New  brass  cuttings    ...  16  50 

Red  brass  turnings   ....  18  50 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .  13  00 

Light  brass    10  25 

Medium  brass   13  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...  24  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron ....  30  00 

Rails 26  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00 

Steel  axles 38  00 

Mach.  shop  turn'gs 9  00 

Cast  borings 12  00 

Stove  plate    24  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50 

Heavy  lead    8  00 

Tea  lead 5  50 

Aluminum 21  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %"  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 5 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends ; net 

Machine   screws,   ft.   and   rd.   hd., 

steel 27H 


Toronto 

$20  00 
24  50 
24  50 
24  00 

22  00 
15  00 

18  00 
13  00 

9  50 
12  00 

22  00 
12  00 
12  00 
20  00 
24  00 

23  00 
33  00 
20  00 
17  00 
30  00 
35  00 

8  50 
12  00 

19  00 
6  50 
8  00 
5  75 

20  00 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  ill.  hd.,  steel 
Machine  screws,  fl.  and  rd.  hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.   and   fit.   hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank  add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  Hat  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %'  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


1« 
SO 

26 

11  50 
1  75 

1  76 

2  00 
30 
60 
25 

$8  50 
8  40 
72  V4 
67% 
37% 
32% 
..     27% 
..     26 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Ont. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 80 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws  net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in.. . .  28 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in 80 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins  10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  10 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  pins  86 

Collar  screws   list  plus  SO,  10 

Thumb  screws 80 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1  %  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  ffrofla  taa 

Bessemer  billets (47  50 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 67  00 

Government  prices. 

F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails  6  70        S  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  M 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila #41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  88 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  Vi-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto    net 


186 


C  A  N  A  1)  I   \  X    MACHINERY 


Voluime   XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  stricUy  0  W 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metaU    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  l»0-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pare,  cwt   16  06 

Red  dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

g^rt. 1°  "0 

Glue,  English 0  85 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  .  .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth li»t  Pj*".?© 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04V4 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  C«Ht. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1V4   in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus ' 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    lo 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills  26 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers   50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 76 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus 40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

16*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  46%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

lb.;  class  C,  24i^c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montrral     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28.. 
Sheets,  black.  No.  10.. 
Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets   

Can.  plates,  all  bright. 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head, 28  B.W.G. 
Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G. 
Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28.. 
Colbome  Crown,  No.  28 
Premier,  No.  28  U.S.  . . 

Premier,  10%  oz 

Zinc  sheets 20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%  in.,  114.35;  6-16  in.,  $13.86;  %  in., 
$13.50;   7-16  in.,  $12.90;    %    in.,  $13.20; 


$  8  00 
10  00 

$  8  00 
10  00 

9  00 
9  60 

8  66 

9  60 

2606 

'926 

9  60 

20  00 

$... 

36  00 

36 

00 

36 

00 

38 

00 

42 

00 

60 

00 

58  00 

60 

00 

75 

00 

$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  hi.  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and   Imperial    50 

Nicholson    40 

Black   Diamond    40 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta    Files    37H 

Disston    ■ 50 

Whitman  &  Barnes   50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size  Seamless 

1  in $36  00 

1%  in 40  00 

IHin 43  00 

l%in 43  00 

2  in 60  00 

2%  in 63  00 

2%  in 55  00 

3  in '. 64  00 

3%  in 

3H  in 77  00 

4  in 90  00 

Prices  per  100  ft,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital  49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BEL-nNG— NO.  1  OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   ..30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  96 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft. . .     3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck. . 
Emery  in  kegs,  American. . . . 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to 

Emery  glue 28  to 

Tripoli  composition 06  to 

Crocus   composition 08  to 

Emery  composition 08  to 

Rouge,  silver 86  to 

Rouge,  powder 30  to 

Prices  Per  Lb. 
ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 

Grits,  80  and  finer 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  In.  rod. . 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heaTier, 
baM 


25 
00 
07 
05 
30 
09 
10 
09 
50 
45 


,08% 
,06 

0  88 
0  48 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  44 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cta.  perlb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  AUas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  ...   17% 

Grand 19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    . . .   19%      X  press 1* 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    IS 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    16 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipera. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  M 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  diflcouat  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard    ...  10%      Best  grades  ..  16% 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin  70  to     .70 

Zinc   23  t«     .26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Tarorit" 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  00 

Copper     sheet,     tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz  base 67  00     46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     1W*Bt« 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25       $13  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft  . .   13  25         18  25 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50         12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  ' 

Acid,  hydrochloric  

Acid,  nitric    

Acid,  sulphuric  

Ammonia,  aqua    •• 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret  .... 

Ammonium  sulphate 

Arsenic,  white    

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy   

Copper,  sulphate    

Cobalt,  sulphate  

Iron  perchloride   

Lead  acetate   

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 

Nickel  carbonate   

Nickel  sulphate 

Potassium  carbonate 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute) 

Silver   chloride    (per  oz.)    

Silver  nitrate    (per   oz.)    

Sodium  bisulphite    

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130  (^ 

Sodium  hydrate   

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs. 

Sodium  phosphate   

Tin   chloride    

Zinc  chloride  

Zinc  sulphate 

Prices    per   lb.   unless   otherwise 


;  .25 

.06 

.14 

.06 

.22 

.33 

.40 

.40 

.15 

.27 

.75 

.22 

.20 

.40 

.35 

.25 

.15 

.35 
1.80 
2  25 
1.45 
1.20 

.30 

.05 

.50 

.22 
5.00 

.16 

.85 

.90 

.20 
stated. 


August  15,  1918.  119 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  AUGUST  15,  1918  No.  7 

EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

GENERAL    199 

RAPID    GROWTH    OF    CANADIAN    RAILWAY    CLUB    200-203 

FROM   THE   MEN   WHO   PRODUCE    204-206 

Simple  Chart  to  Eliminate  Figuring  Out  Cist  Gears ....  Compressed  Air  For  Clean- 
ing Motors. ..  .Oils  and  Their  Uses....  The  Inspection  Department. ..  .The  Vis- 
cosity of  Oil. 

PROGRESS   IN   NEW   EQUIPMENT    ..207-209 

Resiliometer ....  Safety    Switch ....  Interchangeable  Counterbore  or  Spot  Facer. 

NEW  WORKS  OF  THE  WESTINGHOUSE  CO 187-189 

GENERAL 188-189 

Working   With    or   Against   Other   Shift. 

THE   FORMATION   OF  THE   DIAMOND 190-194 

GENERAL    194 

A   MODERN   MACHINE   SHOP    195-197 

GENERAL 197 

RUST   SPOTS   TURNED   OUT   TO   BE   OIL   STAINS    198 

EDITORIAL    210 

SPECIALIST  IN  FINE  SCIENTIFIC  TOOLS 211 

MARKET    DEVELOPMENTS 212-216 

Summary.  . .  .Toronto  Letter.  . .  . Montreal  Letter.  . . .  Pittsburg    Letter.  .  . . New   York 

Letter. 

SELECTED   MARKET  QUOTATIONS    217-218 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS  (Advtg.  Section)    66-73 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,  The  Financial  Post.  MacLean's  Magazine,  Farmers'  Magazine. 
Canadian  Grocer,  Dry  Goods  Review,  Men's  Wear  Eeview,  Printer  and  Publisher.  Bookseller  and 
Stationer,  Canadian  Machinery  and  Manufacturing  News.  Power  Hotue.  Sanitary  Engineer. 
Canadian   Foundryman,   Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address :  Macpubco.  Toronto ;  Atabelc.  London.  En«. 

ESTABLISHED  1887. 


(ANADiAN  Machinery 


Manufaqu 


NG  News 


A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Editor.  B.  G.   NEWTON.  Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  A.  G.  WEBSTER.  J.  H.  RODGZIRS.  W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 
Eaatem  Representative :  E.  M.  Pattison ;  Ontario  Representative :  S.  S.  Moore ; 
Toronto    and    Hamilton    Representative :    J.    N.    Robinson. 
CHIEF   OFFICES: 
CANADA— Montreal.  Southam   Building.  28   Bleury  Street,  Telephone    1004:   Toronto.    14t-16S  University   Ave..   Tele- 
phone   Main    7324;    Winnipeg.    1207    Union    Trust    Building.    Telephone   Main   8449. 
GREAT   BRITAIN — LONDON.  The  MacLean   Company   of  Great  Britain.  Limited.  88  Fleet  Street.  E.G..  E.  J.  Dodd, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.       Cable    address:  Atabek,    London.    England. 
UNITED    STATES— New   York,    R.    R.    HuestU,    Room   €20,   111     Broadway,     N.Y.,     Telephone     Rector     8971;     Boston. 
C.    L.    Morton.    Room    733.    Old    South    Building,    Telephone   Main    1204.      A.    H.    Byrne.    Room    900.    Lytton   Bide.. 
14   E.   Jackson   Street.   Chicago.    Phone  Harrison   1147. 
SUBSCRIPTION     PRICE — Canada.     Great    Britain,    South  Africa  and  the  West  Indies.  $3.0*  a  year;  United  Stataa. 
$3.50    a    year ;    other   countries.    $4.00    a    year ;    Single  Copies.    15   cents.     Invariai>ly   in  advance. 


120 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Anybody  Can 


Operate  This   Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


a 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Agents:  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co..  Toronto.  Ont. : 
A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipeg;  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co..  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co., 
St.  John.  N.B.;   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

Aikenbead    Hardware    Go.    60 

ARiioii     Madijne     Co.     74 

Allatt     .Machine     Co. 98 

Allen     Mfg.     Co.     Sg 

AbDoad    Mfg.     Co 91 

Amalgamated    Machinery    Com.    .]'.'.  13 

AndenoD     Co.,     Geo 97 

Annstrung    Bros.    Tool    Co    .'.'.".'.*  96 

Armstrong,     Whitnorth     of     Canada  6 

Atkins   A  Co.,   Wm 12 

B 

Baiid    Machine    Co inn 

Banfteld,   W.    H..  *   Sons   '.'...'.    78 

Barber-Colman     Co.     81 

Barnes,    Wallace,    Co.    ■"    73 

Bertram   *    Sons  Co.,    John    .  1 

Bertraias,     Ltd "    73 

Blake    Jk    Johnson    Co.    ......'., 107 

Blount    Co..    J.    «J '  ^ 

Brastfoid  Oven  A  Rack  i'-o.    '. 73 

BrMg«<oid     Msch.     Ic    Tool    WoHls..  n) 

VUMUM     ComiMny     97 

BiWD,    BoKgs  Co ],[.'    jj 

Brown    Engineering    Com.    ..  "79 

Sudden.    Hanbury   A.    .....  73 

Bntterfleld  *  Co.    '.'.'.,"    95 

C 

Canada    Emery    Wheels    M 

Canada    Foundries  A    Forgings,   Ltd.  9 

Canada     Machinery  .  Corporalon 

,.       ,       ,.  .  ,     „    Outside    back    coier 

Canada    Metal     Co.     « 

Can.    Barker  Co j8 

Can.    Bond   Hanger  *   CoupiiiigCo!  28 

Can.    Ueamond^tepban    Co......  £ 

Can.    Pairt>anks-Mone    Co.     .  32 

<:an.    Ingeisoll-Rand    Co.    .            '  "  9 

Can.    Laco-f>haii»    Co. a 

Can.    Link   Belt  Co a 

Can.    Rmnely    Co S 

Can.  8  K   F  Co.,  Ltd.   ..    S 

Can.    HIeel    Foundries I 

Can.     Welding     Co in 

Cartjle.    Johnson.    Mach.     Co!;::::.;:  8 

St-sSsn"*!"?;;. "51  »'"*-«  <^,g 

'Hi^iHed     Adrerti.ing     .,'; ™ 

C,(-relsnd    Pneumatic   Tool   Co.':;:::uB 
Oonadldatad     Press    Co.     .,  m 

ftttnlry   Chain    Co.    ...  ,„ 

ror-1,   A   CortJs SI 

cosjinian  chiKk  <V) ::;::::::;  « 

D 
ItatKjKic    MIg.   Co.,  ThisL  n 

Daruson  Ttoi  Mfg.  Co.  ....::;;:::;;  »? 


I>avit*-B<rtlmonrine     €0.      inrt 

Ikloro    Smelting    &    Refining   Co....    15 

Demiia    Wire  &    Iron    Goods   Co 88 

Dominion  Forge  &  Stamping  Co...  86 
I>ominion  Iron  &  Wrecking  Co.....  T! 
Ilominion   Steel   Foimdrs'  Co.    1C6 

E 

Elliot     «:    Whitehall     79 

Kim    Cutting   Oil    Co.    79 

Elm   Cutting    Oil    Co 100 

Enuahersky    &   Son,    B "  UB 

Erie    Foundry    :    gg 

F 

Federal   Engineering  Co.,  I/td.    ..  .       73 

Fereacnle    .Macliino    Co icn 

Fetheratonhaugh     &     iCo 73 

Pord«mith    Machine    Co.     ..    .  1) 

Fry's  (London).  Ltd 92 

G 

Oarlock- Walker    Mschy.    Ca     7; 

Oanrin   .Madrine  Co us 

Geometric    Tool    Co "  "    67 

Giddings    &   iLewis    '  ini 

Gilbert  &    Barker   Mfg.    Co 116 

Grant    Gear    Works    '95 

Grant    Mfg.    &    Machine   Co.    .       ""91 
Greenfield    Machine   Co.  ;  "  ,^ 

OreenflBld   Tap  *   Vie  Cotv" '.'■'.'.'.'.'.    'a 
Opeeoleafs,    Ltd. ~ 

H 

SjSil'™   Oear  4   Machtoe  Co. 86 

Hamilton    Machine    Tool    Co..  7 

Hanna  A   Co.,   iM.    A ""     « 

Harrey  «  Co.,  Arthur  C 4 

Hawkridee    Bros j! 

Hendey    Machine    Co. tm 

Henry  &  Wright  Mfg.  Co.....'.'.:...::  V» 
Hepburn,    John    T.  ? 

Hinckley    Mach.    Worki";;;:;;;; J 

Hiancr    A    Wilson    S 

HoK    Metal     Co.     ...         ,m 

Hull  Iron  4  Steel  rauA&ii'u  ":::."  {4 
«"",^'-  Saw  &  Machine  Co.....  HO 
Huranut^Rocera  Miwhlneiy  (Co  M 
Hydraulic  Machy.  Co.  ..  .  ""  » 
Hyde    Engineering    Co.    ;;;::  joo 

I 

Icdetiendent    Pneumatic    Tool    Co...    30 

J 

J&cobs    Mfg.    Co 94 

Jardine  *  Co.,  A.  B.   ...      13 

Jenejr    City    Mach.    Co. :::::::;    97 


.lohu^on    .Mac-hine    Co.,    CarlyJe 8 

.     Jones  &    Glassco   Co.    26 

K 

Kahler,     C.     H 74 

Kempsmith     Mfg.    Co IS 

K7iigiU   .Metal   I'rc/llicta  Co 91 

!L 

L'.\ir     Liquide     Society     24 

Laodis    Macbme     Co 101 

Latrotje   Electric   Steel   Co. 4 

M 

Manufacturers     Equipment     Co JJ5 

.Marsh    Bnglneeriog   Works,    Ltd 71 

Mar. en      Madi W 

Matheson   &    Co.,    I « 

Matthews,    Jas.    H.,    *    Co. 28 

Mayer    Bros.    Co W 

M6t)oi«all   Co.,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside  back  cover 

'McKinnon    Steel    Co 73 

.McLaren    Belthig    Co.,    J.    C ICil 

MecJianical    l<}nKiueering   Co.    Ill 

Metalwnod     Mfg.     Co 89 

.Morne     Chain     Co 25 

i.Morse    TwiJit    Drill    &    -Mach.    Co....lC« 

(Morton    Mfg.    Co 73 

Murchey  .Machine   &  Tool  Co W2 

N 

National    Acme    Co 18 

New    Britain    Machine    Co 29 

NicholiMin    File    95 

NileK^Itomcnt-I'ond Jnside    front    cover 

Norma*:   IMachine    Co.     72 

Northern   Crane   Worku    98 

Norton,  A.   0 101 

Norton   Co 28 

Nova  Scoia  Steel  &  Coal  Co 20 

O 

Oakley    Chemical    Co 101 

Ontario    Lubricating   Co 99 

Ormsby    Co 74 

Oirweld    Co    « 

P 

Page   Bteel    Wire   Co 99 

Pannenter   &    Bulloch    Co 99 

Peerleaa  Machine  Co.    91 

Peck,  Stow  &  Wilcox  Co.    16 

Perrin,   Wm.    R.    89 

Petrie  of  Montreal,   H.    W 19 

Pittsburgh  Steel  Stamp  Co 99 

Plowes,    Ltd 73 

Port  Hope  File   Mfg.   Co 30 

Positive  Clutch  &  Pulley  Works  ....  W 

Poughkeepsie    74 


I'ratt  &    Wtiitney Inside  fron:   cover 

Pullan.    E 73 

Pnro  Sanitary  Drink'g  Fountain  Co.    71 
R 

Racine  Tool  &    Machine  Co 92 

Reed"Prentice  Co 31 

Richards  Sand   Blast   Mach.   Co.    ...  UU 

Ridou:    &    Maybee    73 

Riverside     Machinery     Depot     75 

Rockford    Drilling    Machine    Co.     ...  107 

Roelofson   Machine  &   Tool    Co 17 

8 

fihuster  Co.,    F.    B 97 

Sidney    Tool    Co 8 

Silver   Mfg.    Co 99 

fiimondfi    Canada    Saw   Ca    92 

Skinner    Chuck    Co 97 

Standard    Fuel    Engineering    Co.    ...  Ill 
Standard   Machy.    &  Supplies.    Ltd. .6.   21 

Starrett  Co.   L.   S 93 

Steel  Co.  of  Canada  3 

Steptoe,  John  Co 22 

S:.   Lawrenc:  Welding  Co 13 

Stoll    Co..    D.   U 97 

Stow    Mfg.    Co 107 

Strong.    Kennard   &  Nutt  Co.,   The.    96 
T 

Tabor   .Mfg.   Co.    99 

Ta.vlor,    J.    A.    M 99 

Ta,vlor    Instmment    Co 96 

Thwing    Instrument   Co.     96 

Toronto  Testing  Laboratory,  Ltd.    ...    98 

Toronto    Tool    Co 79 

Toronto    Iron     Works : 97 

Trahem    Pump    Co.     Ice 

U 

United   Brass   &   Lead,    Ltd 79.   99 

Uni.ed   Hammer   Co.    100 

V 

Vanadium-Alloys   Steel  Co.    Front  cover 

Victoria   Foundry   Co 99 

Vulcan  Crucible  Steel  C« 4 

W 

Walton    Co.,    The     91 

VVelland   .Machine   &   Foundries.   Ltd.  80 

Wells    Hrf«.    Co.    of   Canada    30 

Whitcomto-Blaisdell    Mach.    Tool   Co.  12 

Wheel   Trueing    Tool    Co 96 

Whitmg  Foimdry  &   Equip.  Co 82 

Whitney    uMfg.     Co.     82 

Whitman   &   Banies  .Supply  Co 80 

Wilkinson   &  Kompass   96 

Williams,  A.  R.,  Mach.  Co.  66,  7S,  M,  85 

Williams    &    Co.,    J.    H 91 

Williams   &  Wilson   Co. 75 

Wilson   &   Co,    T.    A 98 

Wilt    Twist    Drill   Co.    6 

Windsor   IMaciiine    &    Tool    Works..  22 


GnadianMachinery 

AND 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.  No.  6. 


August  15,  1918. 


New  Works  of  Westinghouse  at  Philadelphia 

The  New  South  Philadelphia  Plant  of  This  Company  Was  Put 
Up  in  Record  Time — A  Little  Over  a  Year  Ago  the  Present  Site 

Was  a  Plowed  Field 


SPURRED  on  by  the  need  for  ships, 
the  Westinghouse  Electric  and 
Manufacturing  Company  has  made 
a  record  in  the  erection  and  opera- 
tion of  its  South  Philadelphia 
works,  now  devoted  entirely  to  the  pro- 
duction of  ship  propulsion  machinery  for 
the  navy  and  merchant  fleet.  A  little 
over  a  year  ago  the  present  site  was  a 
plowed  field;  now  it  contains  seven  large 
buildings  which  give  employment  to 
2,500  people.  These  buildings,  compris- 
ing a  floor  space  of  over  600,000  square 
feet,  include  a  pattern  storage  shop, 
foundry,  forge  shop,  power  house,  erect- 
ing shop,  and  two  machine  shops. 

The  location  is  Essington,  or  South 
Philadelphia,  about  nine  miles  from 
Philadelphia  on  the  banks  of  the  Dela- 
ware River.  Two  steam  railroads,  an 
olectric  line  and  the  river  afford  means 


of  transportation,  though  the  last  men- 
tioned has  not  as  yet  been  utilized. 

The  greatly  increased  demands  on  the 
Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufactur- 
ing Company  for  steam-electric  generat- 
ing units,  led  to  the  necessity  of  seeking 
enlarged  facilities,  as  those  at  East 
Pittsburgh  were  already  crowded,  and 
the  South  Philadelphia  site,  embracing 
500  acres,  was  chosen  as  possessing  more 
desirable  qualifications  than  any  other 
considered. 

It  is  expected  that  eventually  this 
plant  will  be  of  a  size  comparable  with 
the  East  Pittsburgh  works,  which  now 
employ  in  the  neighborhood  of  25,000 
people,  and  cover  a  floor  space  of  over 
100  acres. 

A  portion  of  the  land  will  be  devoted 
to  a  town  site  capable  of  accommodating 
abopt    5,000  "people,    though    as    yet   no 


housing  has  been  erected  in  deference 
to  the  desire  of  the  government  that  all 
building  activities  be  restricted  to  those 
closely  related  to  the  production  of  ma- 
terials needed  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
war. 

An  interesting  feature  is  the  use  of 
standard  gauge  trucks  through  the  yards 
and  buildings  so  that  all  transportation 
whether  railway  or  interworks,  is  carried 
en  the  same  tracks,  and  maintenance  of 
tracks  and  equipment  of  different  gauges 
is  avoided. 

Electric  energy  for  operation  of  the 
works  is  obtained  in  the  summer  months 
from  the  Philadelphia  Electric  Company 
at  66,000  volts,  and  through  the  steam 
turbines  in  the  company's  plant  in  the 
winter  months,  when  the  exhaust  steam 
is  used  to  heat  the  buildings.  Distribu- 
tion of  current  i5  made  throughout  the 


EXTERIOR    View    OK    FOUNDRY. 


188 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


have  been  in  charge  of  Mr.  H.  T. 
Herr,  vice-president,  who  has  had  as  his 
assistant,  Mr.  R.  B.  Mildon,  who  has  had 
general  supervision  of  the  construction 
of  the   plant. 

The  plant  has  been  erected  by  West- 
inghouse,  Church,  Kerr  &  Company,  with 
which  firm,  Mr.  Calvert  Townley,  assist- 
ant to  president,  has  handled  all  busi-, 
ness  relations,  subject  to  the  approval 
of  the  president,  Mr.  E.  M.  Herr. 


WESTINGHOUSE   KRECTING  SHOP. 


WORKING  WITH  OR  AGAINST  THE 
OTHER  SHIFT 

By  J.  H.  Rodgers. 
Factory  harmony  may  frequent- 
ly prove  to  be  a  very  important 
faclor  in  determining  the  result- 
ant efficiency  of  any  industrial  plant. 
This  not  only  applies  to  the  smoothness 
and  regularity  in  which  the  work  pro- 
gresses through  the  sequence  of  the 
many  detail  operations,  but  to  the  con- 
scientious co-ordination  of  the  different 
parties  involved  in  the  achievement  of 
the  results  desired.  Apart  from  what 
has  been  attained  by  the  adoption  of 
automatic,    semi-automatic,    and    special 


grounds  at  6,600  volts  by  means  of  lead 
covered  cables  laid  underground  to  sub- 
sUtions  located  in  the  various  buildings. 
Here  it  is  changed  to  the  current  of  the 
proper  kind  or  character  for  the  work  to 
be  performed. 

Compressed  air  for  manufacturing 
purposes  is  obtained  from  synchronous 
motor-driven  air  compressors  located  in 
the  substations. 

Water  for  all  purposes  except  drinking 
and  cooking  is  obtained  from  the  Dela- 
ware River  through  an  open  canal,  which 
terminates  in  a  reinforced  concrete  box 
on  the  testing  floor  in  the  erecting  shop, 
where  an  adequate  supply  of  water  is 
required  for  testing  purposes. 

A  similar  and  parallel  canal  acts  as  an 
outlet  and  storm  sewer,  the  entire  in- 


stallation having 
been  designed  to 
take  care  of  antici- 
pated plant  devel- 
opment. 

A  n  unusually 
elaborate  sewage 
disposal  plant,  em- 
bodying the  Imhoff 
system  with  lime 
as  a  precipitant, 
has  been   installed. 

The  selection  of 
the  site  and  the 
general  direction  of 
all  the  activities 
incident  to  the 
erection  and  oper- 
ation of  the  plant 


INTERIOB    VIEW    OF    MACHINE    SHOP. 


STOKAGE    BATTERY    TRUCK    FOR   INTER-SHOP    AND    YARD    WORK. 


purpose   machines   for     increasing     and 
maintaining  production  at  maximum  fi- 
gures, the  human  element  still  remains 
the  foundation  upon  which  the  structure 
stands  or  falls.     From  the  head  execu- 
tive to  the  small  errand  boy,  every  in- 
termediate  employee   is   responsible   for 
the  performance  of  certain  duties  upon 
which  depends  the  success  or  failure  of 
the  enterprise.    Weakness  in  any  struc- 
ture must  inevitably  mean  its  partial  or 
total  collapse.    To  reipair  this  defective 
for   serious    results    are    effected    is   not 
only  a  necessity,  but  it  is  equally  essen- 
tial that  the  cause  of  the  trouble  should 
be  located,  and   steps  taken   if  possible 
to  prevent  an  occurrence  of  the  trouble. 
In     many    manufacturing     establish- 
ments, production  is  often  affected  by  the 
petty  dislikes  or  grievances  of  some  of 
the   workmen    or    foremen,    or   the    lack 
of  co-operation  between  different  depart- 
ments, in  which  interharmony  and  mu- 
tual understanding   is  of  vital   import- 
ance,  when   considering   plant   efficiency 
as  a'  whole.     It  may  often  happen  that 
individual  inefficiency  can  be  traced  to 
a  certain  workman— at  least  as  far  as 
outward    appearances    prove— but    upon 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


189 


INTERIOR     OF     SUBSTATION,     WKSTINGHOUSE     PLANT. 


closer  investigation  it  may  be  learned 
that  others  are  indirectly  involved  for 
the  unsatisfactory  achievement. 

The  Way  to  Success 

Nowhere  is  close  co-operation  more 
urgently  required  than  in  those  factories 
where  progressive  operations  are  carried 
on  in  the  manufacture  of  this  product. 
This  applies  particularly  to  the  shell 
making  industry  as  an  outstanding 
example  of  production  on  a  highly 
standardized  basis.  In  the  majority  of 
munition  plants  the  character  of  the 
work  and  the  quantity  produced  requires 
the  installation  of  equipment  that  will 
virtually  meet  the  predetermined  re- 
quirements. These  expectations  are  in- 
variably based  on  the  supposition  tha.t 
the  workmen  employed  will  continue  to 
operate  their  machines  with  comparative 
re;.?ularity  to  avoid  unnecessary  dis- 
organization in  the  routing  of  the  work. 


Needless  Squabbling 

Mutual  misunderstanding  or  petty  dif- 
ferences may  lead  to  conditions  that  can- 
not but  reflect  on  the  progress  of  the 
work,  and  consequently  the  ultimate 
output.  The  writer,  on  several  occas- 
ions, has  listened  to — and  been  inwardly 
amused  at — ^somewhat  heated  harangues 
between  two  employees  on  adjacent  ma- 
chines as  to  the  careless  manner  of  the 
former  in  getting  rid  of  the  shells  after 
his  own  work  had  been  accomplished. 
Some  men  are  so  selfishly  inclined  that 
little  or  no  consideration  is  given  to 
anyone  or  anything,  unless  they  can  di- 
rectly benefit.  In  one  of  the  instances 
just  referred  to  it  appeared  a  particular 
delight  for  the  first  man  to  place  his 
mate — on  the  succeeding  operation — to 
the  extreme  inconvenience  in  picking  up 
the  shell  for  his  particular  operation. 
A  Friendly  Spirit 
A  feature  that  seems  to  have  received 


il'DOOR    SUBSTATION    AT   NEW    WES  1 .;.  t.l.u  ^  sE    PLANT. 


little  attention  is  the  possibilities  that 
might  be  derived  by  developing  a  more 
friendly  spirit  among  the  men,  particu- 
larly between  those  men  that  are  called 
upon  to  operate  the  same  machine  on 
the  different  shifts.  In  many  instances 
these  two  men  never  see  each  other,  and 
where  two  workmen  with  widely  differ- 
ent characteristics  are  operating  the 
same  machine — one  by  day  and  the 
other  at  night — it  is  quite  reasonable  to 
expect  that  perfect  harmony  cannot  ex- 
ist between  the  two  unless  some  kind  of 
mutual  understanding  exists  between 
them,  and  which  can  only  be  acquired  by 
personal  contact.  I  have  spoken  to  men 
who  have  told  me  that  it  was  sometimes 
an  hour  before  they  got  going  owing  to 
the  inability  to  locate  the  tools  and  put 
the  same  in  condition  to  his  own  particu- 
lar taste.  Asking  one  of  these  as  to  the 
'•are  he  exercised  in  leaving  the  machine 
and  tools  in  good  condition  for  the  night 
hand,  he  replied,  "Why  should  I  worry, 
I  have  to  look  out  for  myself  when  I 
come  in  in  the  morning,  why  shouldn't 
he?" 

To  illustrate  what  might  be  done  in 
this  direction,  I  might  cite  an  instance 
where  the  peak  of  efficiency  was  attain- 
ed in  machine  tool  operation.  It  was  in 
connection  with  shell  making,  and 
strange  to  say  was  brought  to  my  notice 
by  one  of  those  who  made  a  remark 
similar  to  that  quoted  above.  To  quote 
the  "dissatisfied"  workman — "I  wish  I 
liad  a  night  mate  like  this  chap  next  me, 
he  succeeds  in  getting  out  from  5  to  10 
per  cent  more  work  than  I  do  and  ap- 
pears to  do  so  with  a  lot  les.s  trouble." 
Upon  inquiring  from  the  lad  referred  to 
I  learned  that  the  man  on  the  night  shift 
was  his  own  brother  and  that  they  had 
made  a  close  study  of  the  machine  and 
operation,  with  the  object  of  making  the 
most  of  their  opportunity.  "We  always 
endeavor,"  he  told  me,  "to  have  a  few 
minutes  together  on  the  change  of  the 
shift  to  explain  anything  that  will  pos- 
sibly assist  the  other  in  his  work  during 
his  period.  By  doing  this  we  can  learn 
the  condition  of  the  shells  then  passing 
through,  whether  it  is  a  series  of  hard 
or  mild  steel,  so  as  to  guide  us  in  the 
grinding  of  our  tools  and  the  general 
operation  of  the  machine.  Not  only  in 
the  actual  operations  do  we  have  a  mu- 
tual understanding,  but  in  the  location 
of  all  accessories  such  as  oil  cans, 
wrenches,  gauges  and  all  other  tools,  we 
have  made  a  practice  of  having  these 
•always  in  their  own  place  so  that  no 
hunting  is  required  when  one  or  the 
other  of  us  require  them.  By  this 
method  we  have  been  able  to  devote  all 
the  time  to  the  actual  work  in  hand  and 
I  believe  that  our  record  is  not  equalled 
by  any  other  two  men  in  the  shop." 

It  was  not  that  either  of  these  young 
fellows  were  better  workmen  than  others 
in  the  shop,  but  that  they  had  started 
out  with  the  idea  that  a  minute  saved 
was  a  minute  earned,  and  in  the  piece- 
work principles  of  production  the  min- 
utes saved  invariably  meant  money 
earned.  The  results  of  these  two  men 
were  not  only  satisfactory,  but  highly 
profitable. 


190 


Volume  XX 


Man  vs.  Nature  in  Manufacture  of  Diamonds 

Experiments  Have  Been  Conducted  Trying  to  Devise  Process 
That  Would  Successfully  Produce  Precious  Stones — Attempts 
Have  Been  Made  to  Melt  Carbon,  but  With  Indifferent  Success 

By   SIR   CHARLES   PARSONS,   F.R.S. 


MANY  theories  have  advanced  to 
account  for  the  origin  of  dia- 
monds, but  I  propose  on  this  oc- 
casion to  confine  myself  to  what  has 
been  done  in  the  way  of  systematic  re- 
searches and  investigations  on  this  sub- 
ject, and  to  consinder  whether  it  is  pos- 
sible to  arrive  at  reliable  and  definite 
conclusions  based  on  adequate  found- 
ations. 

Henry  Moissan  must  be  credited  with 
having  been  the  first  experimenter  to 
make,  and  to  identify  with  certainty, 
genuine  artificial  diamonds.  In  the 
"Fours  Electrique,"  published  in  1897, 
his  researches  and  experiments  are  very 
fully  described  in  minute  detail.  He 
generously  alludes  to  the  previous  ex- 
periments of  Marsden,  published  in  the 
Proc.  R.S.,  1880-1881,  and  says  he  was 
the  first  to  observe  that  if  silver  is 
melted  in  a  carbon  crucible  and  raised  to 
the  melting  point  of  steel,  on  cooling, 
black  diamond  is  sometimes  found  in  the 
centre  of  the  ingot.  He  moreover,  states 
that  he  has  repeated  the  experiments  of 
Marsden  and  found  that  when  a  small 
mass  of  silver  is  quickly  cooled,  a  satis- 
factory yield  of  black  diamond  results, 
but  that  transparent  diamonds  are  never 
produced  in  silver.  Moissan  further 
adds:  "The  work  of  Marsden  is  of  the 
highest  interest,  because  he  observed 
quite  correctly  the  great  number  of  dif- 
ferent crystallized  products  which  may 
be  formed  at  the  solidifying  point  of 
silver  when  it  gives  up  its  oxygen,  alu- 
mina, silica,  silcide  of  carbon,  &c." 
Moissan  in  1892  developed  the  electric 
furnace  and  applied  it  to  his  classical 
experiments,  which  resulted  in  the  pro- 
duction of  minute  transparent  diamonds 
in  small  ingots  of  iron,  and  also  black 


diamonds  in  ingots  of  silver,  when  high- 
ly heated  and  quickly  cooled  in  water 
or  in  chills.  Moissan  attributes  the  for- 
mation of  the  diamond  in  silver  and  also 
in  iron  to  the  compressive  forces  pro- 
duced by  the  contraction  of  the  outer 
layers  and  dilation  of  the  molten  nucleus 
when  setting. 

What  occurs  in  a  mass  of  iron  so 
treated,  I  propose  to  discuss  at  some 
length,  and  to  lay  before  you  evidence 
that  the  gases  occluded  in  the  metal  are 
the  real  cause  of 'the  production  of  dia- 
mond, and  not  the  bulk  pressure  as  has 
been  previously  supposed.  We  shall  see 
that  the  weight  of  diamond  found  in  an 
ingot  of  iron  has  in  one  case  reached 
1  -^  20,000  part  of  the  weight  of  the 
ingot,  or  about  1  -^  1000  part  of  the 
carbon  present — and  that  its  quantity  is 
of  about  the  same  order  as  the  amount 
of  carbon  present  as  carbon  monoxide  oc- 
cluded in  the  ingot.  Moissan  expressed 
the  opinion  that  iron  in  a  pasty  con- 
dition was  the  matrix  of  the  diamond, 
and  that  great  pressure  was  the  deter- 
mining factor,  which  compelled  a  minute 
fraction  of  the  carbon  present  to  appear 
as  diamond,  and  in  his  experiments  he 
further  speaks  of  the  probability  of  car- 
bon being  liquefied  when  under  a  pres- 
sure sufficient  to  prevent  its  volatiliz- 
ation, and  that  from  the  liquid  state  it 
may  pass  into  the  crystalline  or  rounded 
form  on  cooling.  Crookes,  in  his  lecture 
delivered  before  the  British  Association 
at  Kimberley,  in  1905,  emphasized  the 
same  view  as  to  the  probability  of  the 
crystallization  or  carbon  directly  from 
the  molten  state  on  cooling.  Crookes  in 
the  same  lecture  also  stated:  "It  is  cer- 
tain from  observations  I  have  made,  cor- 
roborated   by   experience   gained   in   the 


laboratory,  that  iron  at  a  high  temper- 
ature and  under  great  pressure  condit- 
ions existent  at  great  depths  below  the 
surface  of  the  earth — acts  as  the  long- 
sought  solvent  for  carbon,  and  will  al- 
low it  to  crystallize  out  in  the  form  of 
diamond." 

Thare  is  no  prima  facie  reason 
against  this  view.  The  calories  evolved 
in  the  combination  of  graphite  and  oxy- 
gen are  about  %  of  one  per  cent,  less 
than  those  evolved  in  the  combination 
of  diamond  and  oxygen,  indicating  that 
graphite  at  ordinary  temperature  is,  to 
this  extent,  the  stable  state.  The  bulk 
pressure  which  has  operated  in  some  of 
our  experiments  would,  however,  seem 
to  have  been  amply  sufficient  to  turn  the 
balance  in  favor  of  diamond  instead  of 
graphite.  The  uncertainty,  on  the  other 
hand,  as  to  the  compressibilities  and 
specific  heats  of  the  allotropic  forms  un- 
der high  pressures  and  at  high  temper- 
atures renders  speculation  of  little  value 
as  to  what  may  occur  at  the  melting 
point  of  carbon.  All  we  know  is,  that 
up  to  the  pressures  and  temperatures 
reached  in  our  experiments  no  indication 
of  a  change  from  graphite  to  diamond 
has  been  produced. 

I  will  now  briefly  describe  some  of 
our  experiments  which  seem  to  bear  most 
directly  on  the  subject.  Before  doing  so 
it  is  desirable  first  to  describe  the  ap- 
paratus  employed. 

The  first  experiments  were  made  in 
1886  to  1888  under  an  80-ton  press  and 
with  current  supplied  from  a  turbo-gen- 
erator of  35  horse-power;  the  results 
were  given  in  a  paper  to  the  Royal  So- 
ciety in  1888.  The  experiments  were 
resumed  in  1907  with  a  new  equipment 
which    consists   of   a   2000-ton   hydraulic 


A9Be»T0S 
A  M<CD  I.WCII  -^ 


ASieSTM     ^ 

MICA     iNSULATio*! 


Rufts£"  cur 
PACK  IMS 


t/ULCANlXCO 


FIG.  1 


FIG.  2. 


FIG.  3 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


191 


press  and  a  storage  battery  of  360 
kilowatts  normal  output.  The  battery 
can  be  coupled  for  2,  4,  8,  16,  48  volts 
as  required,  and  the  mains  and  main 
switch  can  carry  currents  up  to  80,000 
amperes  to  the  hydraulic  press,  which 
is    placed    by    itself    in    a    small    strong 


undum  and  sodium  carbonate,  which  pro- 
duced a  grey  sblid  which  detonated. 

We  now  pass  on  to  consider  the  ex- 
periments designed  to  melt  carbon  in 
bulk,  and  I  deal  with  them  in  some  de- 
tail because  so  much  prominence  has 
hitherto  been  given  to  this  aspect  of  the 


^ 


FIG.    4. 


house,  partly  below  ground,  with  walls 
of  2ft.  thickness  reinforced  with  steel 
bars— the  door  is  of  steel  3in.  thick— 
the  roof  is  of  light  galvanized  iron.  The 
moulds  under  the  press  are  further  en- 
closed by  2in;  thick  telescoping  steel 
rings  raised  into  position  by  steel  ropes 
and  counterweights.  These  precautions, 
as  experience  proved,  were  necessary, 
as  several  violent  explosions  occurred 
which  cracked  the  steel  rings  and  blew 
off  the  roof.  A  charge  of  iron  and  car- 
bon when  confined  and  raised  to  a  high 
temperature  may  be  very  violent  if  sud- 
denly released  by  the  melting  of  the  pole 
pieces.  A  steel  mould  of  9in.  diameter 
was  first  used,  but  smaller  moulds  of 
4in.  and  2in.  diameter  have  given  sat- 
isfactory experiments  and  are  more 
easily  and  quickly  repaired  and  admit  of 
higher  pressures  under  the  press.  We 
will  first  consider  the  experiments  on 
carbon,  and  compounds  of  carbon  when 
heated  under  pressure  by  means  of  a 
central  conducting  core  through  which 
an   electric   current   is   passed. 

The  result  of  treating  benzine,  paraf- 
fin, treacle,  chloride  and  bisulphide  of 
carbon,  &c.,  under  pressures  up  to  4400 
atmospheres  resulted  in  the  production 
of  a  soft  coating  of  amorphous  carbon 
on  the  heating  rod,  and  when  the  current 
was  very  intense  the  carbon  rod  and  the 
contiguous  layer  were  transformed  into 
graphite.  In  one  experiment  several 
pounds  of  carbon  dioxide  snow  were 
added  to  the  charge,  which  consisted  of 
magnesia,  and  was  so  arranged  that 
evaporation  of  the  heating  carbon  rod 
took  place  in  an  atmosphere  of  carbon 
dioxide  and  carbon  monoxide,  under  a 
gaseous  pressure  of  4400  atmospheres, 
the  condensate  resulting  being  soft 
graphite.  Upwards  of  200  chemical  re- 
actions arranged  to  deposit  carbon  were 
tested  under  high  pressure  and  central 
heating.  After  each  experiment  samples 
were  taken  from  various  parts  of  the 
charge  and  carefully  analysed  for  dia- 
mond, the  methods  of  the  analyses  gen- 
erally following  those  of  Moissan  and 
Crookes.  Small  residues  of  diamond  oc- 
casionally occurred,  but  the  appeared  to 
be  associated  with  the  presence  of  iron 
in  the  charge,  whether  introduced  inten- 
tionally or  from  the  melting  of  the  pole 
pieces,  short  circuits,  or  from  other 
causes.  On  the  whole,  there  was  no  evi- 
dence that  diamond  had  been  produced 
by  any  of  the  chemical  reactions,  some 
of  which  were  violent  and  caused  ex- 
plosions, and  expanded  the  container. 
Some  were  endothermic,  such  as  carbor- 


question.  The  barriers  used  were  com- 
posed of  quick-lime,  marble,  titanium 
oxide,  or  magnesia  calcined  in  the  elec- 
tric furnace;  of  these  magnesia  gave 
the  best  results,  being  the  more  slowly 
converted  into  carbide.  Intense  heat 
was  applied  in  one  experiment  for  5 
sec,  but  sufficient  in  amount  to  melt 
the  graphite  core  six  times  over,  the 
only  result  being  a  slight  alteration  of 
the  structure  of  the  graphite.  Threfall 
independently  came  to  the  conclusion 
from  his  experiments  at  about  the  same 
time  (1907),  that  under  100  tons,  or 
15,000  atmospheres  pressures  per  square 
inch,  graphite,  electrically  heated,  re- 
mained graphite.  It  appeared,  however, 
desirable  further  to  investigate  the  pos- 
sibility of  carbon  losing  its  electrical 
conductivity  when  approaching  its  melt- 
ing point,  as  alleged  by  Ludwig  and 
others,  and  of  shunting  the  current  from 
itself  on  to  the  contiguous  molten  layers 
of  the  insulating  barrier  surrounding  it. 
There  had,  however,  been  no  indication 
of  such  a  change  having  occurred,  even 
momentarily;  it  rather  seemed  that  the 
graphite  core  had  been  partially  vapor- 
ised and  condensed  in  the  cooler  parts 
of  the  charge.  The  experiment  was,  how- 
ever, repeated  with  rods  of  iron  and 
tungsten  -imbedded  in  the  core,  so  that 
should  the  temperature  of  volatilisation 
of  the  metals  under  a  pressure  of  12,000 
atmospheres  exceed  that  necessary  to 
liquefy  carbon  under  the  same  pressure, 
the  presence  of  these  metals  might  pro- 
duce a  different  result!  No  change,  how- 
ever, occurred,  though  in  one  experiment 
the  pressure  was  raised  to  15,000  atmos- 
pheres. A  different  method  of  attack 
was  then  arranged  which  would  ensure 
that  carbon  should  be  subjected  to  an  ex- 
tremely high  temperature  concurrently 
with  high  pressure,  obtained  by  the 
rapid  compression  of  the  hottest  possi- 
ble flame,  that  of  acetylene  and  oxygen, 
with  a  slight  excess  of  the  former  to 
provide  the  carbon.  The  arrangement 
was  as  follows: — A  very  light  piston 
made  of  tool  steel  was  carefully  fitted 
to  the  barrel  of  a  duck  gun  of  0.9in. 
bore;  the  piston  was  flat  in  front,  light- 
ened out  behind  and  fitted  with  a  cupped 
copper  gas  check  ring,  the  cup  facing 
forward;  the  total  travel  of  the  piston 
was  36in.  To  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  was 
fitted  a  prolongation  of  the  barrel 
formed  out  of  a  massive  steel  block,  the 
joint  being  gas-tight.  The  end  of  the 
bore  in  the  block  was  closed  by  a 
screwed-in  plug  made  of  tempered  tool 
steel,   also   with'  a    gas-tight   collar.      A 


small  copper  pin  projected  from  the  cen- 
tre of  the  plug  to  give  a  record  of  the 
limit  of  travel  of  the  piston.  The  gun 
was  loaded  with  2  drachms  of  black 
sporting  powder,  which  amount  had  been 
calculated  from  preliminary  trials.  The 
barrel  in  front  of  the  piston  was  filled 
with  the  mixture  of  acetylene  and  oxy- 
gen. It  was  estimated  that  this  mixture 
would  explode  when  the  piston  had 
travelled  about  half-way  along  the  bore; 
when  fired  the  piston  travelled  to  with- 
in %in.  of  the  end,  as  had  been  estimat- 
ed, giving  a  total  compression  ratio  of 
2888  to  1.  As  a  result  it  was  found  that 
the  surfaces  of  the  end  plug,  the  fore 
end  of  the  piston,  and  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  bore  up  to  %in.  from  the 
end  of  the  plug  had  been  fused  to  a 
depth  of  about  .Olin.,  and  were  glass 
hard,  the  surface  of  the  copper  pin  had 
been  vaporised,  and  copper  sprayed  over 
the  face  of  the  end  plug  and  piston.  The 
end  plug,  which  had  been  hardened  and 
tempered  to  straw  colour,  showed  signs 
Oft  compression,  and  the  bore  of  the 
block  for  %in.  from  the  plug  was  en- 
larged by  .023in.  in  diameter,  both  in- 
dicating that  a  pressure  above  15,000 
atmospheres   had   been    reached. 

A  little  brown  amorphous  carbon  was 
found  in  the  chamber,  which  was  easily 


FIG.  B. 

destroyed  by  boiling  sulphuric  acid  and 
nitre,  there  was  no  diamond  residue 
from  this.  There  was,  however,  a  small 
crystalline  residue  from  the  melted  layer 
of  the  end  plug,  from  which  was  isolat- 
ed one  non-polarising  crystal,  probably 
diamond,  but  too  small  to  identify  with 
certainty.  Considering  the  light  weight 
of  the  piston  and  the  short  duration  of 
the  exposure  of  heat,  the  small  diameter 
and  volume  of  the  end  clearance  space, 
the  effects  would  seem  to  indicate  that 
a  very  abnormal  temperature  had  been 
reached,  many  times  greater  than  exists 
in  the  chambers  of  large  guns.  There 
was,  however,  no  evidence  of  any  melt- 
ing and  re-crystallisation  of  the  carbon 
present.  A  calculation  made  by  T 
Stanley   Cook,  based  upon  the  ratio  of 


192 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  X    M  A  C  II  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


compression  and  a  final  pressure  of  15,- 
0000  atmospheres,  indicates  that  a 
temperature  of  between  15,250  deg. 
Cent,  and  17,700  deg.  Cent,  was  reached, 
the  exact  temperature  depending  upon 
the  amount  of  dissociation  or  combina- 
tion existing  between  the  elements  at  the 
time. 
I  It  seemed  desirable  to  try  the  effect 
of  still  higher  pressures,  so  a  rifle,  .303 
bore,  was  fitted  with  a  specially  strong 
breech  mechanism  by  Rigby,  capable  of 
withstanding  a  charge  of  cordite  90  per 
cent,  in  excess  of  the  service  charge. 

Tile  gun  was  fixed  with  its  muzzle 
6in.  from  a  massive  block  of  steel,  in 
which  a  hole,  303  diameter,  had  been 
drilled  to  a  depth  somewhat  greater  than 


due,  one  made  with  graphite  wrapped  in 
tissue  paper,  the  bullet,  however,  in  this 
case  having  grazed  the  side  of  the  hole, 
and  thus  producing  some  molten  iron  by 
the  friction;  the  other  with  the  incan- 
descent bridge,  where  again  some  molt- 
en metal  would  probably  occur.  The 
residues  were  in  all  cases  exceedingly 
small,  and  not  more  than  would  be  pro- 
duced from  a  very  small  amount  of  iron 
melted,  carburised,  and  quickly  cooled. 

There  was  no  evidence  of  any  incipient 
transformation  of  carbon  in  bulk  into 
diamond  that  could  be  detected  by  an- 
alysis. 

The  pressure  on  impact  of  steel  bullet 
fired  into  a  hole  in  a  steel  block  which 
it   fits    is    limited   by    the    coefficient   of 


-"  MuzzLC   OF  -303  i»ifLe 


OKIOINAL     HOLt 

eeroRt  rutMO 


BULLCT-    xrTtJ? 
FKflNO 


FIG.    6 

the  length  of  the  bullet,  and  in  align- 
ment with  the  bore  of  the  gun;  cylindri- 
cal bullets  of  steel,  with  a  copper  driv- 
ing band,  were  chiefly  used,  shorter  than 
the  service  bullet,  and  about  one-half  of 
the  weight,  some  with  cupped  noses  to 
entrain  material,  some  with  coned  noses 
to  match  the  bottom  of  the  hole  in  the 
block.  The  velocity  with  90  per  cent,  ex- 
cess charge  was  estimated  to  be  about 
5000  ft.-seconds.  The  substance  to  be 
compressed  was  placed  either  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  hole  when  a  conical-nosed 
bullet  of  mild  steel  was  used,  or  over 
the  mouth  of  the  hole  when  a  cupped- 
nose  of  tool  steel  was  employed.  About 
100  experiments  were  made.  The  sub- 
stances tested  included  graphite,  sugar 
carbon,  Tjisulphide  of  carbon,  oils,  &c., 
grraphite  and  fulminate  of  mercury,  fine- 
ly divided  iron  and  fine  carborundum, 
olivine  and  graphite,  &c.  After  each 
shot  the  bullet  and  surrounding  steel 
were  drilled  out,  and  the  chips  and  en- 
trained matter  analysed. 

Several  experiments  were  also  made 
with  a  bridge  of  arc  light  carbon  placed 
over  the  hole  and  raised  to  the  limit  of 
incandescence  by  an  electric  current,  and 
the  shot  fired  through  it  into  the  hole 
at  the  moment  the  carbon  commenced 
to  vaporise,  as  observed  in  a  mirror  from 
without.  Also  an  arc  bebtween  two  car- 
bons was  arranged  just  over  the  hole, 
and   the   shot  fired   through   it. 

r>f  all  the  experiments  only  two  yield- 
ed a  reasonable  amount  of  diamond  resi- 


FIG.   7    . 

compressibility  of  steel,  and  with  a  vel- 
ocity of  5000  ft.-seconds  is  about  2000 
tons  per  square  inch.  Measurements 
made  from  a  section  through  the  block 
and  bullet  showed  that  the  mean  retar- 
dation on  the  frontal  face  after  the  im- 
pact till  it  had  come  to  rest  was  abobut 
600  tons  per  square  inch. 

Several  experiments  were  made  by 
substituting  a  tungsten  steel  block,  and 
a  hole  tapering  gently  from  .303in.  at 
the  mouth  to  .125in.  at  the  bottom.  The 
mild  steel  bullet  was  deformed  by  the 
tapered  hole,  and  a  greatly  increased 
velocity  imparted  to  the  nose.  Progres- 
sively increased  charges  were  used  ,and 
even  with  relatively  small  chargs  the 
block  cracked  on  the  second  round.  With 
the  90  per  cent,  excess  charge,  the  block 
always  split  on  the  first  shot,  but  this 
probably  occurred  after  impact,  and  not 
till  the  full  instantaneous  pressure  had 
been  exerted,  which  was  estimated  to  be 
greater  than  with  the  plain  hole,  prob- 
ablby  exceeding  5000  tons,  a  pressure 
about  equal  to  that  at  the  centre  of  the 
earth. 

In  these  latter  experiments  graphite 
was  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  The 
analysis  yielded  nothing  but  graphite. 

Experiments  on   Pressure   in  Cast  Iron 
When   Cooled. 

It  has  been  generally  assumed  that 
iron  rich  in  carbon  expands  on  setting, 
and  that  this  supposed  property  is  a 
contributory   cause   in   the   formation   of 


diamond  by  increasing  the  pressure  in 
the  ingot. 

We  made  several  experiments  by 
pouring  iron,  saturated  with  carbon, 
from  the  electric  furnace  through  a  nar- 
row git  into  a  very  massive  steel  mould, 
closed  at  the  Jjottom  with  a  breesch 
screw — Fig.  9.  When  cold  the  breech 
screw  was  easily  removed,  and  there  was 
no  sign  of  there  having  been  any  appre- 
ciable pressure  on  the  threads.  Not  be- 
ing sure  that,  because  of  capillarity,  the 
corners  of  the  mould  had  been  quite 
filled,  a  steel  mandril  was,  immediately 
after  pouring,  forced  down  the  git  hole 
by  a  press  giving  a  fluid  pressure  in 
the  mould  of  75  atmospheres.  The  ob- 
served pressure  on  the  breech  screw  ap- 
peared not  to  have  exceeded  this  pres- 
sure. Highly  carburised  iron,  therefore, 
does  not  expand  with  any  considerable 
force  on  setting. 

The  reason  why  a  lump  of  cast  iron 
thrown  into  a  ladle  of  molten  metal  first 
sinks  to  the  bottom  and  soon  rises  and 
floats  on  the  surface  is  probably  that 
cast  iron  is  about  seven  times  stronger 
in  compression  than  in  tension.  There- 
fore, when  a  sufficiently  thick  layer  of 
cold  metal  has  been  heated,  the  interior 
is  torn  asunder  by  the  expansion  of  the 
outer  skin,  and  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  whole  mass  is  diminished. 

We  may,  therefore,  safely  conclude 
that  when  iron  is  suddenly  cooled,  the 
only  compressive  bulk  pressure  that  is 
brought  to  bear  on  the  interior  is  that 
arising  from  the  contraction  of  the  outer 
layers  after  setting,  and  with  highly  car- 
burised iron  this  can  only  be  moderate 
because  of  the  low  tensile  strength  of 
the  metal,  and  cannot  exceed  about  1000 
atmospheres. 

Moissan  observed  that  spherules  or 
globules  of  iron  with  cracks  never  con- 
tained diamond.  To  such  he  attributed  a 
loss  of  mechanical  pressure;  we  now 
think  that  they  merely  provide  an  out- 
let for  the  occluded  gases  from  the 
metal.  We  have  made  experiments  by 
pouring  highly  carburised  iron  and  al- 
loys of  iron  on  to  iron  plates,  the  cool- 
ing taking  place  from  one  side  only,  and 
under  such  conditions  no  diamond  re- 
sults; in  fact  ,it  only  occurs  when  the 
ingot  or  spherule  is  cooled  on  all  sides 
simultaneously  so  that  a  gas-tight  skin 
is  formed  all  over  before  the  centre  is 
cooled. 

Since  my  paper  to  the  Royal  Society, 
in  1907,  the  experiment  of  heating  iron 
in  a  carbon  crucible,  and  transferring  it 
to  a  steel  die,  and  subjecting  it  to  11,- 
200  atmospheres,  has  been  repeated,  this 
pressure  being  many  times  greater  than 
can  occur  in  a  cooled  ingot,  and  it  has 
been  found  that  if  the  iron  is  allowed  to 
set  bebfore  the  pressure  is  applied,  the 
amount  of  diamond  is  much  greater  than 
if  pressed  when  very  hot,  and  while  still 
molten,  and  that  under  the  former  con- 
dition it  is  about  the  same  as  when  the 
crucible  is  cooled  in  water.  The  only  rea- 
son that  suggests  itself  to  account  for 
this  is,  that  when  pressure  is  applied, 
dwhile  very  hot,  some  of  the  iron  per- 
meates  the   carbon   of   the  crucible,   and 


August  15,  1918. 

because  of  the  greater  specific  heat  and 
lesser  conductibility  of  the  carbon,  the 
iron  next  to  and  in  the  carbon  remains 
molten  after  the  ingot  has  been  cooled 
from  the  top  by  direct  contact  with  the 
steel  cup  on  the  face  of  the  plunger; 
thus  when  cooling,  the  occluded  gases 
have  a  free  exit  from  the  ingot  through 
the  molten  metal  (which  is  pervious  to 
gas)  into  the  carbon  of  the  crucible,  and 
are  not  retained  in  the  ingot  to  the  same 
extent  as  when  it  has  set  before  press- 
ing, and  is  enclosed  on  all  sides  in  an 
envelope  of  iron  impermeable  to  the 
gases. 

These  experiments,  I  think,  it  will  be 
agreed,  dispose  of  the  bulk-pressure 
theory  of  the  production  of  diamond  in 
cooled  iron.  In  fact,  none  of  our  experi- 
ments have  shown  that  bulk-pressure 
has  any  effect  whatever  on  the  produc- 
tion of  diamond  unless  in  so  far  as  it 
may  affect  the  amount  and  distribution 
of  the  occluded  gases  within  the  ingot. 
Several   experiments   were   made  to  try 


C  A  x\  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  II  I  N  K  R  Y 


"•uzzLt  or  -303*  mftt' 


PIG.     8. 

the  effect  of  extremely  quick  cooling,  by 
transferring  a  crucible  with  a  charge  of 
iron  from  the  electric  furnace  to  the 
press  and  submerging  it  in  carbon  diox- 
ide snow,  and  also  in  water,  at  6000  at- 
mospheres—the analysis  showed  very 
little  diamond.  Other  experiments  where 
extremely  quick  cooling  was  effected  not 
Tinder  pressure  confirmed  the  view  that 
quick  cooling  as  such  is  not  a  factor  in 
the  production  of  diamond  ,and  that  car- 
bon is  not  caught  in  a  state  of  transi- 
tion by  quick  cooling. 

Experiments  were  made  on  oxidising 
alloys  of  iron  by  superheated  steam 
after  heating  in  the  electric  furnace; 
large  residues  of  crystalline  oxides  of 
the  metals  of  the  alloys  resulted  as  had 
been  observed  by  Marsden  in  silver,  and 
there  also  was  a  small  percentage  of  the 
residue  (about  5  per  cent.)  of  very  min- 
ute crystals  which  burnt  in  oxygen,  and 
had  a  specific  gravity  of  .3.5,  and  are, 
therefore,  diamond. 

This  part  of  the  subject  appears  to 
merit  further  investigation. 

Experiments  Under  Vacuum. 

The  presence  of  diamond  in  some  me- 
teorites suggested  a  series  of  experi- 
ments under  various  degrees  of  vacuum 
up  to  the  highest  obtainable. 

It  seems  probable  that  in  past  ages 
some  meteoric  matter  may  have  been 
melted  by  collision  or  ejected  into  space 
in  a  molten  space  and  cooled  by  radia- 


tion, and  that  under  such  conditions  ab- 
sence, or  diminution,  of  occluded  gases 
might  be  a  factor  conducive  to  crystal- 
lisation of  diamond. 

More  than  fifty  experiments  were 
made  with  electrical  heating  of  a  carbon 
crucible  under  vacuum.  Fig.  11  shows  the 
first  container  used,  which  was  evacuat- 
ed to  about  1-6  mm.  of  mercury  by  three 
steam  jets  in  series  with  an  air  pump 
and  jet  condenser. 

This  apparatus  was  subsequently  re- 
placed by  a  molecular  air  pump  of  very 
large  capacity  working  in  series  with 
two  other  pumps,  which  could  maintain 
an  X-Ray  vacuum  during  the  whole  of 
an  experiment.  Fig.  12  shows  the  con- 
tainer. The  suction  outlet  to  the  pump 
is  18in.  in  diameter. 

When  in  this  apparatus  iron  and  al- 
loys of  iron  were  heated  under  high 
vacuum,  the  large  volume  of  gas  given 
off  by  the  metal  was  very  striking,  and 
unless  the  heating  was  very  gardual 
much  of  the  metal  was  ejected  from  the 
crucible.  It  became  quite  apparent  from 
the  experiments  that  metal  ejects  the 
occluded  gases  slowly  and  absorbs  them 
slowly.  It  was  remarkable  that  in  no 
experiment  under  a  vacuum  higher  than 
2  mm.  was  diamond  ever  found  in  the 
ingot  crucible,  but  it  was  found  in  the 
ejected  iron  which  had  not  fully  parted 
with  its  occluded  gases.  Here  again  we 
have  impressed  on  us  by  these  experi- 
ments that  occluded  gases  are  essential 
to  the  production  of  diamond  in  cooled 
iron.  Experiments  were  made  under  low 
vacuum — Fig.  10 — averaging  about  lin. 
of  mercury,  the  gas  in  the  container  be- 
ing 95  per  cent,  carbon  monoxide.  The 
heating  up  was  prolonged  and  the  cool- 
ing was  effected  solely  by  radiation  and 
convection,  and  was  relatively  slow,  oc- 
cupying 15.  sec.  from  switching  off  the 
current  to  the  setting  of  the  metal.  Some 
of  the  diamonds  produced  in  this  way, 
the  largest  measured  0.7  mm.  in 
length. 

Let  us  for  a  moment  recur  to  the  ex- 
'  periments  designed  to  impose  the  great- 
est possible  bulk  pressure  on  carbon  and 
also  on  iron.  The  experiments  designed 
to  melt  carbon  have  been  carried  up  to 
15,000  atmospheres  steady  pressure, 
and  to  300,000  atmospheres  momentary 
pressure,  which  pressures  are  nearly  up 
to  the  maximum  possible  with  the  ma- 
terials at  our  disposal.  300,000  atmos- 
pheres, or  2000  tons  per  square  inch,  is 
about  o^ie  half  the  probable  pressure 
at  the  centre  of  the  earth — but  only  a 
fraction  of  one  thousandth's  part  of  the 
pressure  at  the  centre  of  large  stars  or 
also  of  the  pressure  produced  by  the  im- 
pact of  large  bodies  in  space.  By  such 
collisions  and  intense  heating  and  cool- 
ing, short  or  prolonged,  of  large  masses 
might  occur  by  the  adiabatic  compres- 
sion of  the  central  portions  of  the  col- 
liding bodies.  Under  such  conditions  the 
Moissan  effect  might  be  produced  on  a 
large  scale,  and  if  heating  and  cooling 
of  iron  are  the  only  essential  conditions, 
would  result  in  the  production  of  large 
diamonds.     One  scurce  of  diamond  may. 


193 

therefore,  be  attributed  to  prehistoric 
falls  of  meteorites.  The  artificial  re- 
production of  such  conditions  is  obvious- 
ly beyond  our  reach.  Up  to  the  present, 
as  we  have  said,  the  only  proved  source 
of  artificial  diamonds  is  from  iron  or 
silver  intensely  heated,  and  then  cooled 
with  more  or  less  rapidity.  I  now  pass 
on  to  further  consideration  of  this  ques- 
tion. 

We  have  seen  that  the  evidence  is 
very  strong,  or  perhaps  conclusive,  that 
the  occluded  gases  which  escape  on  the 
setting  of  the  metal  and  during  cooling 
are  a  vital  factor,  and  that  unless  such 
gases  are  retained  within  the  ingot  no 
diamond  results.  We  have  further  seen 
that  great  pressure  on  the  metal  when 
molten  and  cooling  makes  no  difference' 
in  the  yield,  also  that  the  retention  of 
the  occluded  gases  is  in  this  case  like- 
wise essential.  The  experiments  under 
vacuum   have   shown   that  if  the   metal* 


FIG.    9. 

has  had  time  to  lose  its  occluded  gases 
no  diamond  occurs,  so  that  we  may  con- 
clude that  under  all  bulk  pressures  on 
the  metal  occluded  gases  are  an  essen- 
tial factor. 

Let  us'  consider  what  happens  inside 
an  ingot  or  spherule  when  rapidly  cooled 
simultaneously  on  all   sides.     It  is  first 
surrounded  by  a  thin  coating  of  solidi- 
fied metal,  which  below  600  deg.  Cent. 
is  nearly   impervious  to  gases.     As  the 
coat  thickens',  layer  within  layer,  more 
and  more  gas  is  ejected  by  the  solidify- 
ing   metal,    and    is    forced    inwards,    the 
diminishing  nucleus  of  molten  metal  and 
its  semi-solidified  centre  layer  still  per- 
vious   to    gas   receives    the   charge,    and 
as  this  process   progresses  the   pressure 
may   rise    higher     and      higher,   though 
there    may   be   a    limit   to    the    pressure 
against  which  the  metal  is  able  to  eject 
gas   when     setting.     All     we,   however, 
know    is    that    the    mechanical    strength 
of  the  ingot  or  spherule   places  a  limit 
of   about   1000   atmospheres   to  the  gas- 
eous pressure  when  concentrated  into  a 
small  nucleus.     In  the  case  of  some  iron 
alloys  which  occlude  more  gas  than  iron, 
most  of  the  spherules  are  split  or  shred- 
ded with  an  appearance  consistent  with 

this  view. 

It  would  seem  that  the  chief  and  only 
function  of  quick  cooling  in  the  produc- 


194 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  11 1  M  E  1<  V 


Volume  XX 


tion  of  diamond  in  an  in«:ot  or  spherule 
is  to  bottle  up,  and  to  concentrate  into 
local  spots  within  it,  under  high  pres- 
sure, the  gases  occluded  in  the  metal 
which,  during  slow  cooling,  would  par- 
tially escape,  while  the  remainder  would 
become  evenly  distributed  throughout 
the  metal. 

Crookes'  microscopical  examination  of 
diamonds  with  polarised  light  supports 
this  view.  I  now  quote  a  passage  from 
his  lecture  at  Kimberley  in  1905.  He 
says:  "I  have  examined  many  hundred 
diamond  crystals  under  polarised  light, 
and,  with  few  exceptions,  all  show  the 
presence  of  internal  tension.  On  rotat- 
ing the  polariser,  the  black  cross  most 
frequently  seen  revolves  round  a  partic- 
ular point  in  the  inside  of  the  crystal; 
on  examining  this  point  with  a  high 
power,  we  sometimes  see  a  slight  flaw, 
more  rarely  a  minute  cavity.  The  cav- 
ity is  filled  with  gas  at  enormous  pres- 
sure, and  the  strain  is  set  up  in  the 
stone  by  the  effort  of  the  gas  to 
escape." 

Diamonds  appear  to  be  formed  in  the 
metal  after  it  has  set.  Moissan  found 
that  the  diamond  occurred  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  ingot,  and  he  remarks  that 
natural  diamonds  must  have  been  formed 
in  a  pasty  matrix,  because  they  never 
show  evidence  of  attachment  to  a  hard 
body.  But  the  most  conclusive  proof 
seems  to  be  that  we  have  found  that  a 
diamond  is  rapidly  corroded  by  highly 
carburised  iron  just  before  setting,  so 
that  a  microscopic  diamond  could  not 
exist   in   molten  metal  for  a   second. 

On  the  whole  I  think  that  diamond  is 
probably  formed  at  a  temperature  of 
about  690  deg.  Cent.,  one  of  the  points 
of  recalescence,  while  the  metal  is  still 
somewhat  pervious  to  gases. 

A  heat  treatment  at  high  tempera- 
tures in  the  electric  furnace  appears  to 
be  essential  ,and  it  is  probably  required 
to  form  carbides,  within  the  mass,  other 
than  those  of  iron,  and  which  react  with 
the  occluded  gases  after  solidification. 
The  view  that  carbon  monoxide  is  the 
most  important  of  the  occluded  gases  is 
supported  by  the  increased  yield  of 
diamond  from  iron  which  has  absorbebd 
much  of  this  gas  before  cooling,  and 
also  by  the  fact  of  its  combination  with 
the  metals,  and  also  with  silica  and 
sulphur  as    carbonyls.     Its    remarkable 


action  in  association  with  iron  on  car- 
borundum appears  further  to  emphasise 
this  view.  In  this  connection  Carpenter 
observed  some  years  ago  that  the  gases 
given  off  from  cast  iron  at  red  heat 
under  high  vacua  contained  silica.  We 
have  seen  that  in  rapidly  cooled  iron 
the  occluded  gases  must  be  much  com- 
pressed at  the  time  the  diamond  is 
formed,  and  Mond  has  shown  that  pres- 
sure, in  the  case  of  iron,  increases  the 
yield  of  ferro  carbonyl  ,and  also  is  es- 
sential to  the  formation  of  the  carbonyls 
of  some  other  metals. 

There  is  strong  evidence  to  support 
the  view  that  the  action  may  take  place 
solely  between  iron  carbobrundum,  sul- 
phur, and  carbon  monoxide.  It  is,  how- 
ever, probable  that  other  metals  may 
also  be  involved,  and  that  the  action  is 
one  of  great  complexity.  It  must  al- 
ways be  remembered  that  the  yield  of 
diamond  is  extremely  small,  and  there- 
fore very  small  traces  of  some  of  the 
elements  may  suffice  to  satisfy  the  ac- 
tion. Very  little  is,  however,  known  and 
patient  experimental  research  has  here 
a  most  attractive  field.  As  I  have  said, 
the  largest  percentage  of  diamond  we 
found  in  cooled  iron  was  estimated  to 
be  1  -;-  20,000  the  weight  of  the  iron, 
and  1  H-  1000  part  of  the  carbon  pre- 
sent, and  if  we  assume  that  the  iron 
contained  a  volume  of  carbon  monoxide 
equal  to  .69  of  the  volume  of  the  ingot — 
a  common  proportion  —  the  weight  of 
carbon  in  the  carbon  monoxide  exactly 
equals  the  weight  of  diamond.  The  yield 
of  diamond  from  the  South  African  Blue 
Ground  of  the  De  Beers  Mine  in  1904 
was  1  -=-  5,400,000  of  the  weight,  so  that 
the  yield  from  cooled  iron  in  the  best 
experiment  has  been  270  times  greater. 

I  am  not  disposed  to  speculate,  but 
may  venture  to  suggest  that  it  would 
seem  probable  that  if  a  large  mass  of 
iron  .alloyed  with  other  elements,  was 
submitted  to  suitable  heat  treatment, 
and  after  setting,  but  when  still  at  a 
temperature  permeable  to  gas,  was  sub- 
jected to  carbon  monoxide  at  a  pres- 
sure of  about  1000  atmospheres  for  a 
long  time  that  segregations  might  take 
place  slowly  within  the  mass,  and  dia- 
monds in  payable  quantity  and  size 
might  be  produced.  This  experiment 
virtually  consists  in  replacing  the  cold 
metal  envelope  thrown  around  the  ingot 


by  a  gaseous  envelope  at  a  superior 
pressure,  which  will  not  only  imprison 
the  occluded  gases,  but  further,  by  the 
ingress  of  additional  gas  into  the  metal, 
may  induce  the  formation  of  diamond 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  ingot.  It 
may  be  found  that  higher  gaseous  pre 
sures  than  those  permissible  in  a  cooled 
ingot  may  increase  the  yield,  and  if 
is  found  to  be  the  case  they  can  be 
easily  applied. 

In  rapidly  cooled  iron  there  is  a  steep 
temperature  radient  in  the  metal,  but 
when  under  gases  at  high  pressure  it 
seems  probable  that  the  natural  ten- 
dency to  segregation  on  slow  cooling 
may  suffice  to  determine  the  local  con- 
centrations  which  form   diamond. 

The  presence  of  crystals  of  silica, 
alumina  and  magnesia  ,and  the  spinels 
and  pyrope,  &c.,  associated  with  dia- 
mond in  rapidly  cooled  iron  alloys,  and 
also  when  oxidised  by  steam,  appears 
to  have  a  bearing  upon  the  presence  of 
similar  crystals  generally  found  in  as- 
sociation with  diamond  and  merits  furth- 
er investigation.  The  solution  which  I 
have  indicated  appears  to  be  compatible 
with  the  conclusions  of  Bonney  that 
eclogite  is  the  parent-rock  of  the  dia- 
mond in  South  Africa.  He  says:  "Thus, 
the  diamond  has  been  traced  up  to  an 
igneous  rock.  The  blue  ground  is  not 
the  birthplace  either  of  it  or  of  the 
garnets,  pyroxenes,  olivine,  and  other 
minerals,  more  or  less  fragmental,  which 
it  incorporates.  The  diamond  is  a  con- 
stituent of  the  eclogite,  just  as  much  as 
"a  zircon  may  be  a  constituent  of  granite 
or  a  syenite.  Its  regular  form  suggests 
that  it  was  the  first  mineral  to  crystal- 
lise in  the  magma."  The  solution  we 
have  suggested  also  accounts  for  ^  so 
small  an  amount  of  carbon  having 
escaped  oxidation,  for  according  to  our 
view  both  the  diamond  and  the  eclogite 
have  ben  crystallised  in  iron  at  compara- 
tively low  temperatures. 

It  is  possible  that  there  may  be  other 
feasible  solutions  to  the  problem.  For 
instance,  it  is  possible  that  at  a  suitable 
temperature  carbonic  oxide  under  high 
pressure  might  cause  diamond  to  crys- 
tallise in  olivine,  blueground,  or  eclogite,. 
if  some  of  the  constituent  elements  were 
present,  as  metals  and  carbides,  with 
some  it  would  form  carbonyls,  and  with 
others  it  would  react. 


■ymtt  ^«aMiMQ 


i-K 


VCMT    H01XS 

TtMoucy  cnacntA 


Fix-  10 


FIG.  11. 


FIG.   12. 


August  15,  1918. 


195 


A  Modern  Machine  Shop  and  Its  Management 

The  Proper  Layout  of  the  Plant  Has  Much  to  do  With  the  Success 
or  Failure  of  the  Operations  Carried  on  There — Essentials  That 
Should   be   Kept  in   Mind   in   Constructing  Shop   and   Tracks 

No.    1    in    Series   of   Articles   by    M.    H.    Potter. 


A 


GENEKAL  PLANS  AND  ARRANGE- 
MENTS 
S  a  rule  the  amount  of  land  is 
limited  and  therefore  a  compact 
form  is  necessary.  The  compact 
form,  capable  of  easy  expansion  in  any 
direction,  is  chosen  as  likely  to  be  the  most 
useful  one  to  those  desiring  information 
on  this  subject.  The  handling  of  ma- 
terials and  the  transportation  of  them  is 
made  as  simple,  direct  and  economical 
as  possible. 

A  railroad  track  should  pass  near  the 
works,  and  from  it  a  branch  should  be 
brought  past  the  rear  and  to  one  side  of 
the  collection  of  buildings.  Such  an  ar- 
rangement results  in  a  great  saving  in 
the  expense  of  hauling  both  material  and 
product,  and  permits  the  general  ar- 
rangement and  development  of  the  plant 
as  here  described. 

Main    Building 

The  main  building  or  machine  shop 
is  divided  lengthwise  into  a  central  por- 
tion, with  side  bays.  The  central  portion 
is  open  clear  to  the  roof  and  has  a  travel- 
ing crane  of  ample  capacity  moving  over 
its  entire  length.  The  side  bays  are 
divided  into  a  main  floor,  on  a  level  with 
the  central  portion,  and  a  gallery  or 
second  floor.  This  gallery  is  extended 
across  the  front  end,  thus  connecting  the 
two  galleries  and  furnishing  a  platform 
by  way  of  which  the  traveling  crane  may 
transfer  material  and  product  to  and  from 
the  main  floor.  Along  the  center  of  these 
galleries  and  across  the  front  runs  a  tram 
track,  provided  with  light  push  cars  for 
facilitating  the  transfers.  Stairways 
are  provided  at  each  end  in  the  center 
for  conveniently  and  speedily  reaching 
any  part  of  the  shop  from  floor  to  gal- 
leries. 

At  the  front  end  of  the  machine  shop 
proper  are  the  offices  connected  with  and 
forming  a  part  of  it,  consisting  of  two 
structures  with  a  driveway  space  be- 
tween them.  On  the  first  floor  of  these 
are  the  offices,  storerooms,  etc.,  and  in 
the  other  the  tool-making  room,  a  room 
for  storage  tools  and  fixtures,  and  a  stock 
room,  for  the  small  finished  parts.  On 
the  second  floor  is  located  the  drawing 
room,  while  over  the  driveway  is  the  pat- 
tern shop. 

The  offices  are  only  those  particularly 
connected  with  the  manufacturing  and 
shipping,  and  not  the  general  offices  of 
the  company.  A  wing  connects  the  front 
buildings  with  the  foundry.  The  ground 
floor  of  this  wing  is  used  as  a  storage 
room  for  pig  and  scrap  iron,  and  a  flask 
room,  while  the  second  floor  is  a  pattern 
storage  loft,  connected  at  one  end  with 
the  pattern  shop  and  at  the  opposite  end 


with  the  foundry  by  a  trap  door  directly 
over  the  train  track  leading  through  the 
flask  room. 

Foundry 

The  foundry  is  arranged  with  a  central 
part  and  two  side  bays.  The  central  part 
is  covered  by  a  traveling  crane  running 
the  entire  length.  There  are  two  cupolas, 
a  large  and  a  small  one,  served  by  two 
cranes  of  sufficient  reach  to  swing  into 
the  central  space  covered  by  the  travel- 
ing crane. 

Large  work  is  cast  in  the  central  space 
or  within  reach  of  the  cranes,  while  small 
work  and  bench  moulding  occupy  parts  of 
the  floor  not  covered  by  the  cranes.  On 
each  side  of  the  central  part  are  tram 
tracks,  which  are  crossed  by  one  run- 
ning to  the  flask  room  and  one  that  goes 
through  the  chipping  room  and  on  across 
the  yard  to  the  machine  shop. 

A  bay  built  on  the  side  of  the  foundry 
toward  the  machine  shop  contains  a  plat- 
form upon  which  coal  and  iron  for 
charging  the  cupolas  are  delivered  by  a 
tram  car  raised  to  that  level  by  an  ele- 
vator arranged  for  the  purpose.  This 
stock  is  weighed  on  track  scales  in  front 
of  the  elevator.  Beneath  the  cupola  plat- 
form are  the  tumbling  barrels,  conven- 
ient to  the  cupolas  for  working  over  the 
slag,  and  to  the  chipping  room  for  clean- 
ing small  castings. 

The  flask  room  is  located  at  the  front, 
while  between  it  and  the  tumbling  barrel 
space  is  the  core  room,  containing  a  suit- 
able core  oven.  At  the  opposite  end,  fac- 
ing the  yard,  is  the  chipping  and  pickling 
room,  where  the  castings  brought  in  from 
the  foundry  are  pickled,  chipped  and 
weighed,  before  being  sent  to  the  machine 
shop.  If  the  castings  are  too  heavy  for 
convenient  handling  in  the  chipping  room 
they  may  be  run  through  to  the  yard 
and  there  handled  by  a  boom  crane  cover- 
ing the  tram  track  upon  which  they  are 
run  into  the  machine  shop.  Castings  of 
moderate  size,  yet  too  heavy  to  move  by 
hand,  are  expeditiously  handled  by  a  light 
overhead  trolley  hoist  in  the  chipping 
room. 

At  one  end  of  the  outer  bays  are  the 
wash  room  and  toilets. 

Forge  Shop 

In  the  further  corner  of  the  yard,  as 
far  as  possible  from  the  foundry  and  en- 
gine room,  is  the  forge  shop,  which  is 
reached  by  tram  cars,  the  track  running 
through  its  length  near  the  center.  On 
the  outer  walls  are  the  chimneys  for  the 
forges  and  heaters,  and  in  the  rear  are 
t'le  storage  sheds  for  bar  iron  and  steel, 
and  space  for  coal.  These  adjuncts  are 
in  a  shed  built  with  brick  walls  and  of 
such  outline  as  to  conform  somewhat  to 


the  curve  of  the  railway  track,  the  forge 
shop  having  been  so  located  as  to  admit 
of  this  arrangement. 

Power  House 

The  power  house  is  located  midway  in 
the  length  of  the  machine  shop,  so  that 
power  may  be  applied  to  the  line-shafting 
at  a  point  that  prevents  much  of  the 
torsion  incident  to  long  lines  of  shafting 
driven  from  one  end. 

Near  the  boiler  house  is  the  chimney 
stack,  with  which  the  smoke  flues  of  all 
the  boilers  are  connected.  Coal  is  brought 
in  on  push  cars  along  the  tram  track,  to 
the  front  of  the  boilers,  where  a  track 
scale  is  placed  for  weighing  it.  Ashes 
are  removed  by  the  same  tram  track  to 
whatever  point  is  most  desirable  to  de- 
liver them. 

store    House 

Across  the  yard,  at  the  rear  end,  is  a 
store-house,  for  finished  machines,  or  pro- 
duct. This  connects  with  the  rear  end 
of  the  machine  shop  by  a  tram  track  run- 
ning from  the  scales  beneath  the  travel- 
ing crane  through  a  wide  doorway  and 
the  entire  length  of  the  store-house.  The 
rear  side  of  the  store-house  (next  to  the 
railway  track)  has  wide,  sliding  doors, 
through  which  the  finished  product  is 
readily  moved  into  the  railway  cars  for 
shipment.  Here,  as  in  the  chioping  room 
of  the  foundry,  it  may  be  desirable  to 
make  use  of  overhead  trolley  hoists  to 
facilitate  rapid  and  economical  handling 
of  machinery  to  be  shipped.  A  space  is 
left  between  store-house  and  forge  shop 
for  a  branch  of  the  tram  tracks,  as  a 
convenient  means  of  receiving  material 
from  the  railway  at  this  point. 

Carpenter   Shop 

Adjoining  the  store-house  is  a  carpen- 
ter shop.  Thu.s  the  men  who  prepare  the 
finished  machinery  or  product  for  ship- 
ping are  near  their  work,  and  the  lumber 
used  for  this  purpose,  and  the  necessary 
machinery  for  cutting  it  up,  are  close  at 
hand  and  require  no  unnecessary  handl- 
ing. 

In  the  angle  formed  bv  t^f  store-house 
and  carpenter  shop  are  the  storage  sheds 
for  cast  iron  and  steel  chips  from  the 
machine  shop,  or  for  similar  material. 

Along  the  side  of  the  yard  extending 
from  the  forge  shop  to  within  20  feet  of 
the  foundry,  are  arranged  the  stock  sheds. 
These  hold  foundry  sand  and  coal,  engine 
coal,  coke,  etc.,  which  is  delivered  into 
them  directly  from  the  railway  cars,  the 
track  being  raised  to  the  proper  grade 
after  it  has  passed  the  store-house.  It  is 
continued  the  whole  length  of  the  foundry 
so  as  to  deliver  foundry  sand  directly  in- 
to the  windows  of  the  foundry,  keep;n:j. 


196 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


that  in  the  storasre  shed  as  a  reserve  sup- 
ply. Between  the  storage  sheds  and  foun- 
dry  is  a  gate,  through  which  may  pass 
a  branch  of  the  tram  car  track  for  re- 
ceiying  stock  and  material  from  the  rail- 
way cars  at  this  point 

Provision  for  Expansion 
Whatever  may  be  the  size  of  the  build- 
ings of  a  manufacturing  plant,  or  how- 
ever carefully  provision  be  made  for  all 
necessities  for  handling  materials,  etc., 
there  is  always  the  possibility,  that  some 
day  the  works  will  have  to  be  increased 
in  capacity  or  changed  in  form. 

It  is,  therefore,  important  to  consider 
these  points  at  the  outset,  and  to  provide 
for  an  expansion  of  the  business  in  ac- 
cordance with  future  needs,  and  at  the 
same  time  not  disarrange  or  break  up 
the  general  plan  of  the  works.  With 
these  points  in  mind,  the  two  following 
plans  are  given  for  enlarging  the  ma- 
chine shop  when  more  room  is  needed. 

First,  the  building  may  be  extended  to 
the  rear  across  the  railway  track,  the 
rear  wall  being  removed  and  the  travel- 
ing crane  tracks  continued  through  the 
length  of  the  additional  building.  Doors 
are  provided  for  the  passage  of  cars 
upon  the  railway  track,  and  also  a 
specially-built  car  habitually  used  for 
connecting  the  floors  of  the  old  and  new 
building,  its  platform  being  on  a  level 
with  the  two  floors.  Thus  the  machine 
shop  canacity  could  be  increased  to  any 
reasonable  extent. 

Second,  one,  two  or  three  bays  may  be 
bnilt  at  right  angles  to  the  machine  shop 
and  on  the  side  opposite  the  power  house. 
These  might  be  of  one  or  two  stories  and 
of  any  desired  length.  They  may  con- 
tain traveling  cranes  to  convey  material 
to  and  from  the  traveling  crane  of  the 
main  shop,  or  have  convenient  trolley 
hoists  and  train  car  tracks,  according  to 
the  character  of  the  work  to  be  done. 

The  capacity  of  the  foundry  may  be 
increased  one-third  by  extending  it  to- 
ward the  power  house.  The  same  space 
may  be  obtained  by  using  for  foundry 
space  that  provided  for  chipping,  core, 
and  flask  rooms,  and  providing  space 
for  the  latter  by  extending  the  building 
toward  the  machine  shop.  The  space, 
occupied  by  the  wash  rooms  and  toilets 
will,  of  course,  be  taken  also,  and  these 
rooms  placed  in  the  gallery,  aa  hereto- 
fore suggested. 

To  obtain  additional  power  space  for 
these  enlargements  the  space  occupied  by 
the  wash  rooms  and  toilets  may  be  util- 
ized and  these  rooms  provided  for  in  an 
addition  built  toward  the  carpenter  shop. 
By  some  one  of  these  plans  or  a  com- 
bination of  them,  the  capacity  of  the 
works  may  be  at  least  doubled  without 
seriously  disturbing  the  general  plan 
here  described  and  without  impairing  the 
general  efficiency  of  the  facilities  for 
handling  the  work. 

This  design  is  in  as  compact  a  form  as 
is  advisable,  with  a  view  of  sufficient 
yard  space.  Where  the  amount  of  land  is 
ample  it  would  be  manifestly  desirable 
to  spread  out  the  design  more  by  increas- 
ing the  distance  between  the  machine 
ahop  and  foundry  at  the  front,  and  the 


store-house  and  forge  shop  at  the  rear, 
or  by  lengthening  the  machine  shop  and 
thus  add  to  the  yard  room. 

Either  of  these  plans  might  be  employ- 
ed where  the  extent  of  ground  would  ad- 
mit of  it,  as  it  is  always  important  to 
have  plenty  of  room  when  it  is  possible, 
and  it  is  seldom  that  we  have  too  much 
yard  space. 

The  newest  form  of  shop  roof  should  be 
of  interest,  as  it  tends  towards  perfect 
illumination  and  utility. 

Appearance,  uniformity,  and  symmetry 
have  given  way  to  practical  usefulness, 
the  object  being  to  secure  perfect,  or 
rather  as  near  perfect  as  obtainable, 
equal  illumination  over  the  entire  floor, 
whether  the  buildings  are  large  or  small. 

This  has  been  one  of  the  difficulties 
not  entirely  overcome,  and  in  consequence 
of  this  drawback  it  has  not  been  possi- 
ble to  construct  buildings  beyond  a  cer- 
tain width,  owing,  in  this  respect,  to  a 
dark  zone  along  the  center.  With  this 
new  method  of  lighting  we  may  practical- 
ly make  them  as  wide  as  desired  and  be 
assured  that  the  central  portion  is,  for 
ail  practical  purposes,  af  well  -ighted  as 
near  the  side  walls.  This  is  a  great  ad- 
vantage in  buildings  in  which  l.irgo  ma- 
chinery is  to  be  constructed,  as  this  class 
of  work  may  be  much  more  economically 
built  in  shops  having  but  one  storev;  and 
as  the  earth  furnishes  the  best  founda- 
tion for  a  floor  for  heavy  weights,  this 
is  desirable  on  that  account. 


grees,    and    the    glazed    portions    an    in- 
clination of  about  sixty  degrees. 

Fig.  1,  is  a  longitudinal  section  and  Fig. 
2,  a  cross-section  of  a  machine  shop  with 
this  type  of  roof.  In  Fig.  3,  is  given  a 
perspective  view  of  the  machine  shop 
completed,  showing  the  general  arrange- 
ment of  the  high  central  portion  and  thp 
lower  portions  at  each  side. 

The  plan  of  the  building  shown  is  pro- 
vided with  a  high  central  space  for  an 
erecting  floor,  over  which  a  traveling 
crane  is  mounted,  covering  every  part  O'f 
this  floor.  The  side  portions  are  built 
considerably  lower,  as  the  same  height 
is  not  here  necessary  or  desirable.  These 
portions  are  provided  with  smaller  travel- 
ing cranes,  running  upon  I-beams  or 
girders  which  project  into  the  central 
space,  so  that  these  cranes  are  capable  of 
depositing  their  loads  within  the  reach 
of,  and  under  the  main  crane. 

If  much  heavy  work  is  to  be  done,  each 
of  the  bays,  on  both  sides  of  the  central 
portion,  is  supplied  with  one  of  these 
cranes.  By  this  means  any  load  may  be 
quickly  and  conveniently  transferred 
from  any  one  point,  within  any  one  of 
the  bays  to  any  point  within  any  other 
bay,  or  to  any  point  in  the  central  erect- 
ing space,  by  the  combined  use  of  the 
main  and  secondary  cranes. 

In  many  cases  it  will  be  necessary  to 
have  these  secondary  cranes  on  one  side 
only  of  the  central  space,  the  other  side 
portion  being  reserved  for  machines  and 


FIG.    1. 


/\l/\^\l/^/\lA 


■^ 


/M/W^AIAIA 


FIG.    2. 


For  this  class  of  work  a  large  area  is 
needed,  and  to  construct  comparatively 
narrow  buildings  in  order  to  have  the 
center  of  the  room  well  lighted,  is  ex- 
pensive as  well  as  inconvenient  in  mov- 
ing large  machines,  or  in  working  around 
them. 

By  this  method  of  construction  the 
buildings  may  be  very  broad  and  low  and 
consequently  easy  to  heat,  and,  as  has 
been  said,  with  good  illumination  over 
the  entire  floor. 

The  essential  feature  of  the  saw-tooth 
construction  consists  in  forming  the  roof 
in  broken  sections,  the  roof  proper  hav- 
ing an   inclination  of  about  fifteen  de- 


work  of  the  lighter  description.  So,  also, 
it  may  not  be  necessary  to  equip  all  the 
bays  on  one  side,  even,  with  secondary 
cranes,  while  it  may  be  necessary,  and 
very  convenient,  to  so  equip  several  bays 
in  this  way.  The  nature  of  the  work  may 
be  such  that  it  will  be  convenient  to 
equip  several  bays  on  each  side  and  at 
one  end  with  secondary  cranes  so  as  to 
arrange  all  the  heavy  work  across  the 
end  of  the  shop,  instead  of  along  the  side. 
Fig.  1,  shows  the  most  approved  form 
of  truss  for  supporting  this  type  of  roof, 
and  Fig.  2  gives  the  form  of  girders  used 
to  support  the  ridges  of  the  roof  where 
the  glazed  portion  joins  the  roof  proper. 
This  construction   is  of  light  structural 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


197 


steel  and  no  more  members  are  used  than 
is  absolutely  necessary,  hence  the  en- 
trance of  light  is  very  slightly  interrupted 
and  still  there  is  sufficient  strength  for 
all  practical  purposes.  The  glazing  of 
the  light  portions  should  receive  much 
attention,  in  order  to  avoid  leakage,  as 
this  is  always  one  of  the  drawbacks  of 
any  kind  of  inclined  windows. 

For  purposes  of  ventilation  the  sashes 


ter  should  carry  off  the  water.  In  the 
case  of  the  shop  sh&wn  in  perspective  in 
Fig.  3,  the  gutters  on  the  high  central 
portion  should  incline  each  way  from  the 
center  and  from  each  side,  conductor 
pipes  carrying  the  water  to  the  gutters 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  building,  and 
from  thence  it  flows  to  the  conductor 
pipes  at  the  sides. 

Both   of  the   methods   above  described 


^^ 


FIG.    3. 


may  be  hinged  at  the  top  and  opened  by 
any  convenient  means.  A  simple  device 
is  to  run  a  light  shaft  along  inside  the 
building  and  near  the  bottom  of  the 
sashes,  and  fix  to  it  cast  iron  arms,  in 
the  form  of  cranks,  for  each  sash.  From 
these  arms  connecting  rods  run  to  the 
sashes.  This  shaft  may  be  operated  by 
fixing  to  it  a  grooved  pulley,  over  which 
a  small  rope  runs,  and  reaches  down  near 
the  floor,  from  which  it  may  be  operated. 

Ribbed  glass  should  be  used  in  these 
sashes  as  it  prevents  the  glaring  effect 
of  direct  and  unimpeded  sunlight,  and 
diffuses  a  soft  and  agreeable  light  over 
the  whole  area  to  be  lighted. 

The  roof  timbers  should  be  secured  to 
the  walls  and  to  the  posts  by  anchor  bolts, 
to  prevent  the  roof  being  lifted  by  high 
winds.  In  putting  on  the  roof  planking 
for  this  type  of  roof  different  methods 
must  be  adopted  for  the  steel  construc- 
tion from  that  used  for  wood  trusses  and 
roof  timbers. 

In  the  case  of  the  steel  trusses,  the 
supporting  bars  are  shown  in  solid  sec- 
tion in  the  longitudinal  section.  Fig.  1, 
and  to  these  the  planks  may  be  secured 
by  bolts,  or  lug  screws,  if  steel  supports 
are  used,  or  by  spikes,  if  these  supports 
are  of  wood.  In  either  case  the  planks 
will  run  in  the  direction  of  the  pitch  of 
the  roof. 

If  the  wood  construction  is  used,  the 
rafters  will  not  be  over  10  feet  centers, 
and  the  planks  long  enough  to  reach  at 
least  two  spaces,  or  20  feet,  ,and  are 
spiked  directly  to  the  rafters,  consequent- 
ly they  will  run  at  right  angles  to  them. 

In  case  of  either  steel  or  wood  construc- 
tion, the  roof  planks  should  be  covered 
with  a  good  resin-sized  roofing  paper, 
mopped  with  hot  tar,  and  upon  this  a 
heavy  quality  of  roofing  tin,  or  some  form 
of  the  modern  sheet  steel  roofing.  All 
sheet  metal  should  be  painted  on  the 
under  side  before  it  is  laid. 

The  gutters  or  valleys  of  these  roofs 
should  be  the  subject  of  careful  atten- 
tion. They  need  not  be  of  sharp  pitch,  as 
a  Quarter  of  an  inch  to  the  foot  will  be 
sufficient.     Conductor  pipes  at  each  gut- 


for  constructing  the  roof  will  be  found 
economical  to  build  and  well  adapted  to 
the  purpose  for  which  they  are  to  be 
used. 


DEVELOP  FLUORSPAR  MINE  IX 
B.C. 

"The  Consolidated  Mining  &  Smelting 
Co.  have  started  development  of  the 
fluorspar  deposit  which  they  bonded  on 
the  north  fork  of  the  Kettle  river," 
writesA.  E.  Haggen.  "This  is  one  of  the 
most  important  mineral  discoveries  re- 
cently made  in  the  province  of  British 
Columbia.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  hydrofluoric  acid,  of  which  a  large 
amount  is  consumed  in  the  electrolytic 
lead  refinery  at  Trail,  and  as  a  flux  i!! 
silver-lead  and  copper  ores.  With  the 
establishment  of  the  iron  and  steel  and 
glass-making  .industries  in  British  Co- 
lumbia the  existence  of  fluorspar  will 
prove  of  great  value.  In  the  smelting  of 
iron  and  steel  fluorspar  and  phosphorus 
contents,  and  increases  the  tensile 
strength  of  the  metal.  Other  uses  are 
in  the  manufacture  of  spiegeleisen, 
foundry  work,  cupola,  furnaces,  manu- 
facture of  enamels,  glazes,  fireproof 
ware,  apochromatic  lenses,  gems  and 
carbon  electrodes  folr  flaming  arc  lamps, 
so  that  the  discovery  of  this  deposit  is 
not  only  of  value  in  existing  metallur- 
gical industries,  but  in  the  future  indus- 
trial development  of  the  province.  A 
good  deal  of  the  mineral  has  already  been 
packed  out  on  horses,  but  a  road  is  being 
built  to  connect  the  deposit  with  the  rail- 
way, a  distance  of  about  eight  miles. 

"'A  tunnel  is  being  driven  on  the 
Molly  Gibson  at  Paulson.  This  property 
carries  an  appreciable  amount  of  plati- 
num in  addition  to  the  other  mineral 
values." 


STEEL  SITUATION  IN  JAPAN 

The  steel  rollina:  mill  of  the  Kawasaki 
Dockyard  Co.  at  Fukai,  Kobe,  will  begin 
operations  in  a  few  days.  The  plant  has 
a  cipacity  equal  to  turning  out  125  tons 
a  day. 


The  Hokkaido  Steel  Works  has  com- 
pleted the  installation  of  a  smelting 
furnace  with  a  capacity  of  100  tons  a 
day.  The  new  furnace  was  to  start  oper- 
ations on  Saturday,  June  15. 

It  is  reported  from  Osaga  that  France 
and  Italy  have  started  their  purchase  of 
Japan  zinc,  thereby  enlivening  the  mar- 
ket here,  which  has  been  short  of  the 
visible  stock  on  account  of  the  curtailed 
output  of  refiners. 

Big  zinc  refiners  in  Japan,  including 
the  Mitzui  Co.,  Suzuki  &  Co.,  and  others, 
are  going  to  boost  up  prices  of  zinc  by 
their  united  action  to  cut  down  the  out- 
put. The  probable  extent  of  reduction 
is  25  per  cent.,  it  is  said. 


WOOD  SHIPS  FOR  AUSTRALIA 

The  Canadian  government  has  receiv- 
ed an  interesting  statement  in  regard  to 
the  present  position  of  shipbuilding  by 
the  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  Actual 
contracts  entered  into  by  the  government 
include  26  steamships  and  twenty-four 
wooden  ships,  with  a  gross  tonnage  of 
200,600  tons.  Twenty-seven  distinct 
slips  are  bieng  used  for  construction  pur- 
poses. When  these  contracts  are  com- 
pleted the  Australian  government  will 
own  a  total  fleet  of  seventy-seven  vessels 
of  a  gross  tonnage  of  302,506  tons.  Of 
this  number  fourteen  vessels  have  been 
purchased  in  England  and  fourteen  are 
being  built  in  the  United   States. 

At  least  one  Nova  Scotian  vessel  will, 
in  all  probability,  be  purchased  by  the 
Commonwealth  government  within  an 
early  date.  The  report  states  that  as 
it  is  impossible  to  obtain  adequate  sup- 
plies of  wire  rope  and  the  favored  hemp 
sail  canvas  from  the  United  States,  the 
attention  of  Canadian  manufacturers  of 
these  articles  is  directed  to  the  develop- 
ment of  Australian  shipbuilding  as  an 
outlet  for  their  products. 


FLINT  AND  TINDER  AGAIN 

The  manufacture  of  tinder-box  flints 
is  booming  just  now  owing  to  the  match 
shortage. 

This  is  probably  the  oldest  handicraft 
in  Britain — older,  in  fact,  it  could  hardly 
be,  for  it  forms-  an  industrial  link — the 
only  one — with  the  prehistoric  Stone 
Age. 

The  centre  of  the  industry  is  the  little 
village  of  Brandon,  on  the  borders  of 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  The  men  who  pur- 
sue it  are  known  locally  as  flint-knap- 
pers,  and  the  work  is  done  in  little  sheds, 
often  situated  at  the  back  of  the  cottages 
in  which  the  workers  live. 

In  pre-war  days  the  demand  for  vlie 
flints  they  produced  came  chiefly  from 
Spain  and  Italy,  in  the  rural  areas  of 
which  countries  the  old-fashioned  flint- 
and-steel  tinder-box  has  never  been 
wholly  supplanted  by  the  modem  match. 
But  nowadays  practically  the  entire  sup- 
ply is  eagerly  snapped  up  by  the  makers 
of  those  ingenious  little  mechanical  de- 
vices for  lighting  pipes  and  cigarettes 
with  which  the  war  has  rendered  us  fa- 
miliar. 


198 


Volume  XX. 


Rust  Spots  Turned  Out  to  be  Only  Oil  Stains 

Peculiar  Problem  Came  Up  in  Large  Montreal  Plant,  Where 
Inspector  Was  Sure  There  Was  Defect,  While  Superintendent 
Held  His  Shop's  Work  Was  Well  Done— Oil  Was  the  Cause 


ONE  of  the  many  causes  of  reject- 
ed shells  has  been  the  appearance 
of  what  the  inspectors  term  "rust 
spots"  on  the  walls  of  the  bore.  Inability 
to  state  definitely  the  causes  of  the  for- 
mation of  these  spots  has  resulted  in  the 
holding:  up  of  finished  shells  until  the 
objectionable  feature  has  been  removed, 
or  until  a  district  inspector  has  permitted 
the  shells  to  pass.  A  notable  instance  of 
this  was  brought  to  the  attention 
of  the  wrier  some  few  weeks  ago 
by  the  superintendent  of  a  large  muni- 
tion plant  manufacturing  6  inch  high- 
explosive  shells.  After  mastering  ali 
the  details  in  connection  with  the  machin- 
ing of  the  shell  the  work  of  production 
was  proceeding  with  increasing  regular- 
ity when  the  presence  of  these  so-called 
"rust  spots"  was  discovered  by  the  in- 
spector, and,  despite  all  argument  or 
contention  on  the  part  of  the  plant  offi- 
cials that  the  shells  were  almost  perfect, 
the  inspector  insisted  that  shells  showing 
such  blotches  could  not  be  accepted. 

Searching  for  the  Trouble 

Certain  that  these  spots  were  not  de- 
trimental to  the  shell  or  its  subsequent 
action,  the  superintendent  determined 
to  investigate  and  convince  the  inspector 
that  such  shells  were  as  perfect  in  every 
particular  as  any  others  passing  inspe.c- 
tion.  On  closely  examining  several  of 
the  shells  that  had  been  turned  down,  it 
was  invariably  found  that  these  objec- 
tionable blemishes  were  located  about  mid- 
way of  the  length  of  the  shell  bore.  Fur- 
ther investigation  showed  that  in  few 
instances  did  these  spots  appear  near  the 
nose  or  at  the  base  of  the  shell.  Believ- 
ing that  rust  spots  would  not  be  con- 
fined to  any  particular  portion  of  the 
she!],  the  superintendent  set  to  work  to 
find  out  just  what  would  cause  these 
spots  to  appear.  Carefully  studying  the 
various  operations  through  which  the 
shell  passed  it  was  thought  that  durin? 
the  process  of  nosin?  was  the  most  likely 
period  in  which  the  spots  would  be  creat- 
ed. 

Lubrication  of  Nosing  Die 

As  is  generally  known  it  is  the  prac- 
tice to  swab  the  bottling  die  with  oil  to 
lubricate  the  surface  to  facilitate  the 
operation  and  avoid  undue  wear  upon 
the  die.  The  use  of  oil  also  assists  in  the 
release  of  the  shell  after  the  nose  has 
been  formed,  the  sudden  heating  of  the 
oil  causing  a  gas  to  form  in  the  shell, 
and  the  rapid  expansion  of  this  gas  tends 
to  eject  the  shell  from  the  die. 

Believing  that  here  might  hs  found  the 
seat  of  the  trouble,  a  close  study  was 
made  of  the  posgibilities  resulting  from 
the  presence  of  this  oil  on  the  interior 
of  the  shell.  As  might  be  expected, 
when  the  workmen  are  lubricating  the 
die,  little    attention     is     given     to     the 


amount  of  oil  swabbed  on,  so  that  a 
splash  is  very  likely  to  find  its  way  into 
the  open  end  and  lodge  on  some  section 
of  the  inner  wall.  In  the  heating  of 
the  shell  prior  to  nosing,  the  open  end 
is  placed  in  a  special  furnace,  and  for 
a  distance  of  approximately  three  in- 
ches is  heated  to  a  forging  temperature. 
This  high  temperature  is  confined  to  the 
portion  subjected  to  nosina;,  but  the  heat 
cannot  be  stopped  at  a  definite  line,  and 
consequently  the  temperature  gradually 
lessens  towards  the  base  of  the  shell. 

Conclusions  Arrived  At 

Accepting  this  as  a  basis  of  operations 
three  distinct  conditions  were  arrived  at; 
first,  the  heat  at  the  extreme  nose  was 
so  great  that  a  splash  of  oil  on  this  por- 
tion would  immediately  burn  off,  leaving 
no  trace  of  oil  or  carbon  content;  second, 
the  portion  near  the  base  was  compara- 
tively cool,  so  that  oil  falling  on  this 
section  would  remain  virtually  in  a  nor- 
mal state,  being  subsequently  removed 
by  the  sand-blasting  or  washing  process; 
third,  the  portion  midway  between  the 
heated  nose  and  the  base  would  be  of 
such  a  temperature  that  the  liquid  por- 
tion of  the  oil  would  be  burned  off  but 
the  heat  not  sufficient  to  consume  the 
carbon  content,  this  being  deposited  into 
the  pores  of  the  metal  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  spot  affected  would  take  on  a 
different  color  to  the  surrounding  metal, 
creating  the  condition  that  had  given  rise 
to  the  "rust  spot"  theory. 

Attempts  had  been  made  to  eliminate 
these  spots  by  sand-blasting  but  little 
success  could  be  accomplished,  the  only 
result  being  to  produce  a  slight  hollow 
at  the  affected  spot. 

Proving   the  Theory 

To  prove  the  conclusions  arrived  at 
from  the  study  of  the  nosing  operations, 
two  shells  were  carefully  selected  that 
were  practically  identical  in  every  par- 
ticular, with  the  bores  of  both  perfectly 
,  clean  and  smooth.  The  nosing  die  was 
cleaned  and  all  trace  of  oil  removed,  the 
shells  heated  and  bottled  in  the  usual 
manner,  without  lubricating  the  die.  One 
of  these  shells  was  afterwards  placed  in 
a  furnace  and  the  entire  shell  heated  to 
a  temperature  corresponding  to  that 
generally  attained  midway  of  the  length 
when  the  ordinary  nosing  process  is  per- 
formed. This  shell  was  then  swabbed 
with  oil  over  the  entire  surface  of  the 
bore  and  allowed  to  cool.  When  co'd 
these  two  test  shells  were  cut  in  half, 
lengthwise,  for  close   examination. 

When  these  were  closely  inspected  se- 
parately, one  could  not  detect  any  dif- 
ference between  the  walls  of  the  shells, 
but  when  the  four  halves  were  placed 
together  the  contrast  was  quite  striking, 
the  surface  in  each  case  being  quite  clear 


and  uniform,  but  the  shell  that  had  been 
treated  with  oil  was  of  a  slightly  darker 
color  than  the  other.  One  of  the  "rust 
spotted"  shells  was  also  cut  in  a  similar 
manner  and  carefully  examined  in  con- 
junction with  the  test  shells,  and  the  con- 
trast between  the  rust  spot  or  stain  was 
exactly  the  same  as  that  of  the  two  shells 
treated  for  experiment.  Little  difficulty 
was  experienced  after  this  regarding  the 
presence  of  these  oil  stains. 


COMPRESSED   AIR   FOR   CLEANIN& 
MOTORS 

By  Meredith. 

In  a  great  many  manufacturing 
plants,  especially  those  working  in  wooJ 
or  a  similar  material,  the  driving  mo- 
tors have  a  tendency  to  become  clogged 
with  dust  in  a  short  time.  Such  accumu- 
lation of  dust  is  a  fire  hazard,  particu- 
larly if  the  motors  are  overloaded  and 
liable  to  have  coils  burn  out;  and  if  a 
motor  is  not  overloaded  it  may  heat 
if  the  air  ducts  are  filled  with  dust. 
Moreover,  the  motor  is  not  able  to  carry 
the  peaks  when  called  upon,  for  the 
reason  that  the  additional  heat  cannot 
be  dissipated.  Motors  should  be  clean- 
ed frequently,  but  such  cleaning  with 
the  means  ordinarily  at  hand  is  a  rather 
difficult  procedure  since  the  air  ducts  are 
necessarily  usually  small  and  difficult  to 
clear  with  a  brush.  The  windows  may 
be  brushed  off  externally  but  such 
cleaning  does  not  reach  the  real  seat 
of  the  trouble. 

One  of  the  best  methods  is  compressed 
air  under  considerable  pressure.  If  the 
air  is  not  available  from  some  source 
already  in  use,  it  is  advantageous  to 
use  a  small  motor  driven  compressor  and 
a  storage  tank.  The  compressor  should 
have  a  capacity  of  from  4  to  10  cubic 
feet  of  air  per  minute  at  a  pressure 
of  100  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  the 
tank  should  hold  from  40  to  100  cubic 
feet.  This  size  will  take  care  of  the 
average  plant. 

In  pining  a  factory  the  air  line  can 
be  in  1  in.,  %in.  and  %  in.  pipe.  Since 
the  amount  of  air  used  in  cleaning  any 
one  motor  is  small,  a  large  pipe  is  not 
necessary.  An  outlet  with  a  valve  should 
be  placed  near  each  motor,  or  if  they 
are  grouped,  several  motors  can  be 
reached  from-  one  outlet  with  %-inch 
or  %-inch  hole.  The  smaller  size  is 
more  easily  handled.  The  nozzles  can 
be  made  up  of  bras  rod  of  suitable  sizes 
and  shapes,  which,  however,  must  have 
very  small  openings,  as  a  large  nozzle 
opening  would  consume  too  much  air. 
Probably  the  most  useful  sizes  would  be 
3/32  inch,  1/16  inch,  and  3/64  inch,  and 
these  three  nozzles  will  meet  most  con- 
ditions. 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


199 


Sometimes  it  becomes  desirable  to 
clean  surfaces  with  air;  for  instance,  the 
walls  or  ceilings  of  the  buildings.  This 
may  be  done  with  a  tool  made  from  %- 
inch  or  %-inch  pipe  in  which  there  are 
a  number  of  holes,  to  form  a  "brush" 
of  escaping  air.  For  ordinary  purposes 
holes  of  about  1/32  inch  to  1/64  inch 
can  be  used. 

These  small  nozzles  do  not  clog  readily 
if  ail  the  scale  and  dirt  is  blown  out 
of  the  piping.  As  an  investment  such 
a  cleaning  system  will  be  found  to  pay 
for  itself  in  the  reduction  of  motor 
troubles  and  the  decrease  in  fire  hazard. 


OILS    AND    THEIR    USES 
By  M.  M. 

EVERYONE  knows  scomething  about 
the  usefulness  of  oils  in  the  work- 
shop, but  there  are  a  great  many 
who  employ  them  indiscriminately, 
thereby  making  more  or  less  serious  mis- 

•  takes.  A  little  general  understanding 
fend  commonsense  is  necessary,  and  also 
It  little  discernment  as  to  the  nature 
of  the  oils  which  are  useful  in  everyday 
use.  A  very  common  mistake  is  to  oil 
a  sewing  machine,  bicycle,  pram  or 
clock  with  any  kind  of  oil  which  hap- 
pens to  be  handy.  Frequently  these  are 
oiled  too  often  and  yet  again  they  are 
oiled  too  seldom,  being  left  till  they 
.  squeak.  Then  they  are  given  too  much 
oil,  often  of  the  wrong  sort,  and  then 
there  is  more  trouble.  The  right  oil 
to  use  for  a  clock,  no  matter  what  sort 
it  is,  is  clock  oil,  which  is  a  clean,  thin 
lubricating  oil  that  does  not  dry  or  get 
sticky.  It  is  also  suitable  for  any  light 
machinery.  The  least  possible  touch  of 
oil  on  the  working  parts  only  of  clocks 
will  suffice,  and  as  the  movements  are 
^low,  they  do  not  need  it  often.  Now  if 
this  oil  were  used  for  sewing  machines 
and  the  like,  they  would  require  it  too 
often,  so  a  machine  oil  with  more  body 
is  best  used  very  lightly,  but  as  fre- 
quently as  may  be  needed  to  keep  all 
the  parts  slightly  greased.  Fast-running 
machinery  requires  oiling  the  oftenest. 
Whereas  once  a  year  might  do  for  a 
clock,  once  a  day  would  be  necessary 
for  a  machine  in  constant  use.  And  the 
heavier  the  machinery  the  heavier  the 
oil  should  be;  engine  oil  is  really  heavy 
machine  oil. 

Linseed  oil,  in  appearance,  might  seem 
I  to  be  a  good  lubricant;  but  it  is  alto- 
I  gether  unsuitable.  It  dries  like  a  hard 
varnish,  and,  of  course,  would  clog  any 
I  machinery  almost  as  badly  as  varnish 
would,  except  that  it  hardens  slowly.  If 
a  piece  of  rag  that  has  been  used  in 
apers  oil,  and  another  wet  with  linseed 
oil,  be  left  exposed  to  dry  air  for  a 
considerable  time,  the  former  will  be 
still  the  same,  but  the  latter  will  have 
become  stiff  and  heavy.  For  this  reason 
it  is  quite  unfit  for  using  on  hones  and 
whetstones  when  sharpening  tools,  for 
it  makes  them  hard  and  useless,  but  it 
is  always  around  woodworking  shops, 
and  thus  many  workmen  have  spoilt 
their  stones  before  finding  the  reason 
out.  If  used  for  oiling  the  bright  blades 
of  saws   or  other  tools,   it  makes   them 


brown  and  varnishy.  But  linseed  oil 
is  the  very  best  for  rubbing  into  the 
wood  parts  of  tools  to  keep  them  clean, 
and  it  imparts  a  hard,  finished  surface. 
For  woodworking  and  polishing  it  is  in- 
valuable; also,  in  the  manufacture  of 
varnishes,  oilcloths  and  imitation  leath- 
ers. Boiled  linseed  oil  is  the  only  kind 
for  mixing  paint;  or  it  would  never  dry. 
It  is  also  essential  for  making  putty;  the 
best  is  made  from  raw  linseed  oil  and 
whiting.  Very  often  cotton-seed  oil  is 
used  as  a  substitute  for  linseed  oil  but 
is  a  very  poor  substitute.  Linseed  oil 
is  useful  for  domestic  purposes  in  re- 
viving varnished  furniture  and  leather 
goods.  It  is  sometimes  employed  for 
machine  belting,  but  castor  oil  is  con- 
sidered best  for  the  purpose,  also  for 
the  leather  of  bellows  and  such  like 
articles,  where  suppleness  and  durability 
are  required.  As  it  is  expensive,  how- 
ever, palm  oil  makes  a  good  substitute. 
Petroleum  or  paraffin,  besides  being 
the  recognized  burning  oil  for  lighting 
and  heating  purposes,  is  excellent  and 
cheap  for  cleaning  the  working  parts 
of  machinery  before  lubricating.  It  is 
good  for  thinning  down  machine  oil  be- 
fore lubricating  and  makes  a  capital 
lubricant  for  locks  and  light  machinery, 
if  a  little  sperm  oil  is  added.  For  sharp- 
ening tools  on  the  whetstone,  many  work- 
men prefer  it  to  any  other. 


THE    INSPECTION    DEPARTMENT 

By  M.  R. 

In  the  days  before  the  war  the  engi- 
neering shop  with  an  inspection  depart- 
ment and  a  special  staff  charged  with 
gauging  and  measuring  each  article  pro- 
duced, to  see  that  it  conformed  to  a 
minimum  standard  of  accuracy,  was  re- 
garded as  a  rather  "advanced"  concern. 
In  the  vast  majority  of  general  engi- 
neering shops  the  foreman  kept  a  more 
or  less  vigilant  eye  on  the  work  sent 
forward  by  his  department,  and  the 
manager,  personally  or  by  proxy,  in- 
spected a  finished  job  before  despatch; 
but  otherwise,  the  responsibility  for 
seeing  that  faulty  work  was  not  turned 
out  rested  on  the  workman  himself.  He 
worked  to  a  standard  prescribed  by  his 
skill  and  self-respect,  and  the  fear  of 
bad  work  being  found  out  and  reported 
upon  either  by  some  other  department 
or  by  the  customer  kept  him  up  to  the 
mark.  But  the  war  has  changed  all  that. 
It  has  changed  engineers  into  manufac- 
turers of  interchangeable  parts,  which 
stand  to  be  rejected  if  they  are  not  up 
to  size  jvithin  the  plus  and  minus  limits 
prescribed.  In  these  circumstances  it 
pays  to  set  up  a  system  of  inspection 
whereby  every  patch  of  work  is  exam- 
ined, for  by  so  doing,  faulty  work  can 
be  discovered  at  once,  and  the  man  or 
machine  promptly  attended  to.  An  in- 
stance of  the  saving  effected  by  proper 
inspection  is  given  by  Mr.  C.  Turtle  in 
an  address  to  the  Junior  Institution  of 
Engineers.  A  firm  undertook  a  contract 
to  supply  half  a  million  of  a  certain 
piece  of  ordnance  mechanism,  which 
involved  something  like  200  machine 
operations.      For    th^    first    100,000    the 


rejections  were  between  12  per  cent,  and 
15  per  cent,  and  it  was  soon  realized 
that  there  was  something  seriously 
wrong.  It  was  decided  that  the  manu- 
facturing side  was  all  right,  but  that  the 
inspection  organization  as  it  then  exist- 
ed, was  not  up  to  the  new  requirements. 
An  inspection  department  and  staff  was 
therefore  created,  with  the  result  that 
in  the  second  contract  for  a  further  half 
million,  the  Government  rejections  drop- 
ped to  0.17  per  cent.  For  the  last  300,000 
parts  delivered  under  the  contract  the 
Government  rejections  only  amounted  to 
0.034  per  cent.,  which  is  believed  to  con- 
stitute a  good  record.  That  these  ex- 
ceedingly good  figures  were  not  obtained 
at  any  undue  expense  in  material  re- 
jected at  the  works,  was  proved  by  the 
fact  that  the  works  scrap  only  amounted 
to  4  per  cent,  of  the  metal  cut  up.  The 
improvement  was  obtained  by  preven- 
not  only  entailed  an  investigation  of  the 
gauges  in  use,  but  of  them  ethods  by 
which  they  were  handled  and  used,  the 
machine  operations  and  the  personnel 
of  the  whole  department.  The  practice 
of  inspection,  though  vastly  extended  by 
the  multiplication  of  war  orders,  will 
certainly  not  subside  with  the  end  of  the 
war,  for,  quite  apart  from  the  execution 
of  orders  having  size  limit  specification 
clauses,  there  are  great  economies  in 
working  to  a  proscribed  degree  of  accu- 
racy. Mr.  F.  W.  Lanchester  gave  a  good 
instance  of  this  in  his  paper  on  worm 
gearing.  Some  years  ago  in  designing 
certain  mechanism  Mr.  Lanchester  him- 
self set  every  clearance  dimension  and 
tolerance  dimension  and  these  were 
worked  to  for  a  considerable  time  with 
satisfactory  results.  A  new  works  man- 
ager, who  did  not  believe  in  working 
to  fine  limits,  reported  that  the  limits 
were  unduly  fastidious,  and  that  money 
could  be  saved  by  relaxing  the  limits 
and  so  avoid  having  to  scrap  part.  The 
managing  director  consented,  and  the 
scheme  was  tried.  A  slight  and  ques- 
tionable reduction  resulted  in  the  cost 
of  manufacturing  components,  but  the 
increased  cost  of  assembling  and  test- 
ing, and  the  cost  of  rectifying  com- 
plaints, etc.,  became  so  great  that  the 
initial  saving  was  swallowed  up  many 
times  over.  Within  twelve  months  the 
scheme  was  abandoned,  and  the  old  fine 
tolerances  vv-ere  restored,  the  expense  of 
twice  altering  the  gaugs,  etc.,  being  a 
dead  loss,  apart  from  the  disastrous 
results  of  the  experiment.  It  is  but  an- 
other instalment  of  the  old  story  that 
what  is  gained  by  scamped  work  in  the 
machine  shop  may  be  lost  ten  times  over 
by  extra  work  on  the  fitter's  bench. 


Hints  on  Steel. — Sanderson  Bros,  and 
Newbold  Ltd.,  of  Sheffield,  England, 
have  recently  published  a  new  issue  of 
this  instructive  little  96  page  booklet, 
covering  all  the  essential  details  in  con- 
nection with  the  working,  hardening-  and 
tempering  of  their  various  grades  of  light 
speed  and  carbon  steels.  This  booklet 
is  very  complete  and  will  be  found  of 
great  value  to  steel  users.  H.  A.  Drury 
Co.  are  the  Canadian  distributors. 


20O 


Volume  X\ 


Rapid   Growth  of  Canadian   Railway   Club 

At  Present  Time  There  is  an  Enrollment  of  883  Members — 

Forty-five  Members  Are  Now  Overseas,  and  the  Club  Has  Been 

Active  in  War  Work  at  Home 


THE  Canadian  Railway  Club  with  headquarters  in 
Montreal  has  made  rapid  progress  during  the  past 
few  years,  both  in  the  strength  of  the  membership  and 
the  services  the  club  has  been  able  to  render  these  mem- 
bers. The  club  has  at  the  present  time  an  enrollment 
of  883  members. 

Over  45  members  have  enlisted  for  overseas'  service, 
five  of  whom  have  since  been  killed  in  action,  three  wound- 
ed and  returned.  The  retiring  president,  G.  E.  Smart, 
was  untiring  in  his  earnest  enthusiasm  throughout  the 
year,  and  the  success  of  the  past  season  has  been  due 
very  largely  to  his  energetic  leadership  and  that  of  his 
lieutenants.  The  papers  and  discussions  of  the  sessional 
period  were  very  instructive  and  educational  in  character, 
dealing  particularly  with  subjects  pertaining  to  problems 
created  by  existing  abnormal  conditions  in  connection  with 
railroad  work  and  organization;  these  papers  were  pre- 
pared by  prominent  railroad  men  in  various  branches 
of  the   service. 

The  inauguration  of  the  Canadian  Railway  Club  took 
place'  early  in  1902.  The  advantages  that  would  result 
from  the  formation  of  a  society  for  the  better  education 
and  co-ordination  of  its  members  was  recognized  by  several 
local  railroad  officials  who  had  previously  experienced  these 
benefits  from  similar  institutions  in  the  States.  The  pre- 
liminary meeting  of  the  club  was  held  on  the  15th  of 
February  at  the  Queen's  Hotel,  Montreal.  Prominent 
amongst  those  responsible  for  the  initial  movement  were 
E.  A.  Williams,  W.  H.  Rosevear,  S.  S.  Underwood  and 
M.  P.  Kelley.  A  general  meeting  was  called  for  the  11th 
of  March  at  the  Windsor  Hotel,  at  which  the  new  Rail- 
way Club  was  organized  and  a  committee  appointed  to 
draft  out  a  constitution  and  the  necessary  by-laws. 
Twenty-six  representative  members  were  present  at  this 
meeting  and  the  club  started  out  with  approximately 
175  charter  members.  The  first  officers  of  the  Canadian 
Railway  Club  were  E.  A.  Williams,  Supt.  of  Rolling  Stock, 
C.P.R.,  president;  T.  A.  McHattie,  Master  Mechanic, 
G.T.R.,  1st  vice-president;  S.  King,  Master  Car  Builder, 
I.C.R.,  2nd  vice-president;  M.  P.  Kelley,  Chief  Clerk  Car 
Dept.,  C.P.R.,  secretary;  S.  S.  Underwood,  Draughtsman, 
G.T.R.,  treasurer.  The  executive  committee  were  W.  H. 
Rosevear,  Jr.;  Jas.  Powell,  T.  H.  Hopkirk,  F.  Sutherland 
and  Acton  Burrows. 

Objects  of  the  Club 

The  principal  objects  of  the  Canadian  Railway  Club 
are  given  in  sections  1  and  2  of  the  constitution;  first, 
the  object  of  the  club  shall  be  the  dissemination  by  means 
of  reports,  papers,  investigations,  and  the  discussion  of 
knowledge  concerning  the  construction,  operation,  and 
maintenance  of  railroads  and  railroad  equipment,  and 
the  cultivation  of  sociability  among  its  members.  Second, 
no  patentees  or  their  agents  or  agents  for  the  sale  of 
railroad  supplies,  shall  occupy  the  attention  of  any  club 
meeting  in  the  interests  of  the  device  in  which  they  are 
personally  or  financially  interested,  unless  they  are 
especially  invited  to  do  so  by  a  majority  vote  of  the 
members  present,  or  by  consent  of  a  majority  of  the 
executive  committee,  and  the  article  they  represent  forms 
a   part  of  the  subject  of  discussion. 

The  OfficerH  For  1918 

The  officers  elected  for  the  ensuing  year  were  as 
follows:  President,  C.  W.  Van  Buren,  Gen.  Master  Car 
Builder,  C.P.R.,  Montreal;  Ist  vice-president,  T.  C.  Hudson, 
Master  Mechanic,  C.N.R.,  Joliette;  2nd  vice-president, 
J.  Hendry,  Master  Car  Builder,  G.T.R.,  Montreal;  executive 


committee:  W.  H.  Winterrowd,  Chief  Mechanic  Engineer, 
C.P.R.,  Montreal;  C.  H.  N.  Connell,  Division  Engineer, 
C.N.R.,  Montreal;  Arthur  Crumpton,  Asst.  Valuation  En- 
gineer, G.T.R.,  Montreal;  E.  A.  Nix,  Asst.  Works  Mgr., 
C.P.R.,  Montreal;  W.  H.  Sample,  Supt.  of  Motive  Power, 
G.T.R.,  Montreal;  B.  F.  Shortley,  Terminal  Agent,  I.C.R., 
Montreal..  Audit  committee:  D.  R.  Arnold,  Sales  Manager, 
Can.  Car  &  Foundry  Co.,  Montreal;  Geo.  Whiteley,  Asst. 
Supt.  of  Motive  Power,  C.P.R.,  Montreal;  G.  M.  Wilson, 
Master  Mechanic,  G.T.R.,  Montreal.  Treasurer,  E.  E. 
Lloyd,  Auditor  of  Disbursements,  C.P.R.,  Montreal.  Sec- 
retary, Jas.  Powell,  Chief  Draughtsman,  G.T.R.,  Montreal. 


C.  W.  VAN   BUREN,  PRESIDENT 

General   Master   Car   Builder,   Canadian  Pacific   Railway, 
Montreal 

Starting  his  engineer- 
ing career  with  the  New 
York  Central  in  1889  be- 
mg  employed  in  the 
West  Albany  Car  Shops. 
In  July,  1905,  he  accept- 
ed a  position  with  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way, as  General  Car  In- 
spector. In  1906  he  was 
appointed  Divisional  Car 
Foreman  of  the  then 
Eastern  division.  He  was 
appointed  Master  Car 
Builder  of  the  Eastern 
lines,  in  the  year  1909. 
He  left  the  C.P.R.  in 
1911,  to  accept  a  position 
with  the  Union  Stock 
Yards  and  Transit  Co.,  of  Chicago,  111.  Returned  to  the 
services  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  in  April,  1915,  to  the 
position  of  General  Master  Car  Builder,  with  headquarters 
at   Montreal. 


GEO.    E.    SMART,    PAST    PRESIDENT 

Master  Car   Builder,  Canadian   Government  Railway, 
Moncton,  N.B. 

Started  his  mechanical 
career  with  the  Grand 
Trunk  Ry.,  in  1895,  and 
in  1904  he  left  to  accept 
a  position  as  Supervisor 
of  car  heating  and  light- 
ing with  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  position 
of  General  Car  Inspector 
in  1906.  Three  years 
later  he  was  promoted  to 
Divisional  Car  Foreman 
of  the  Eastern  division. 
He  resigned  from  the 
C.P.R.  in  October,  1913, 
to  accept  the  position  of 
Master  Car  Builder  of 
the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment Railways,  and  has  recently  been  promoted  to  Super- 
intendent  of   the    Car    Department. 


Au!?ust  15,  1918. 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  X    M  A  C  11  t  a  V.  R  Y 


201 


T.  C.  HUDSON.  FIRST  VICE-PRESIDENT 
Master   Mechanic,   Canadian   Nortliern   Ry.,  Joliette,   P.Q. 

Born  at  Brockville, 
Ont,  February  20,  1873; 
educated  at  Brockville 
and  the  Carleton  High 
School.  Started  appren- 
ticeship as  machinist  in 
January,  1887,  with  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way at  Carleton  Place. 
Served  as  a  general  ma- 
chinist for  the  C.P.R.  at 
Chapleau,  Carleton  Place 
and  other  points  until 
1901,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed Asst.  Round- 
house Foreman  for  the 
C.P.R.  at  Smiths  Falls, 
retaining  this  position 
until  1903.  From  then 
until  January,  1906,  he  was  foreman  of  general  repair 
shops  at  Carleton  Place,  and  for  the  next  year  was 
Locomotive  Foreman  for  the  C.P.R.  at  Ottawa.  He  re- 
signed from  the  C.P.R.  in  January,  1907,  to  accept  the 
position  of  Shop  Foreman  with  the  Canadian  Northern 
at  Parry  Sound.  In  July,  1907,  he  was  promoted  to  Master 
Mechanic  of  the  Canadian  Northern  Quebec  Railway,  and 
the  following  year  had  the  additional  duties  of  the  Quebec 
and  L.  St.  John  Railway.  In  August,  1915,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Master  Mechanic  of  the  C.N.R.  system  lines  east 
of  Ottawa,  with  jurisdiction  extending  over  the  Car  Dept., 
this   being   his   present  position. 


the  position  of  roundhouse  foreman  for  the  Lake  Erie, 
Alliance  and  Wheeling  Railway  at  Alliance,  Ohio,  and 
the  next  year  was  transferred  to  Youngstown  as  night 
foreman  of  the  roundhouse  for  the  Lake  Shore  and 
Michigan  Southern  Railway;  the  next  year  serving  as 
roundhouse  foreman  for  the  same  road,  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  and  from  1910  to  Sept.,  1912,  he  acted  as  assistant 
to  the  Mechanical  Engineer  at  Cleveland.  He  then  ac- 
cepted a  position  with  the  C.P.R.  as  Mechanical  Engineer 
of  the  Angus  shops  at  Montreal.  In  May,  1915,  he  was 
appointed  assistant  to  the  Chief  Mechanical  Engineer, 
and  on  April  of  this  year  was  promoted  to  the  position 
of  Chief  Mechanical  Engineer. 


HENDRY,   SECOND  VICE-PRESIDENT 
Master  Car  Builder,  G.T.R.,   Montreal 

Mr.  Hendry  has  been 
employed  as  Master  Car 
Builder  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway,  for  the 
Eastern  lines,  with  head- 
quarters at  Montreal 
since  1908.  Previous  to 
this  he  had  served  for  a 
number  of  years  with 
the  Canadian  Car  and 
Foundry  Company  at 
Montreal,  in  charge  of 
the  passenger  car  con- 
struction department. 


CHAS.  H.  N.  CONNELL,  EXECUTIVE  COM. 
Division  Engineer,  Canadian  Northern  Railway,  Montreal 

Born  in  Woodstock, 
N.B.,  August  26,  1876, 
and  received  his  early 
education  in  the  Wood- 
stock Qrammar  School. 
His  railway  career  com- 
menced in  1897  when  he 
engaged  as  a  rodman  on 
construction  and  survey 
for  the  Crow's  Nest  Pass 
^^^^^RkT  Railway    (C.P.R.).      The 

^^^^^^V^,  following  year  he  was  a 

^l^^^^^'j^  topographer    on    survey 

^l^^^^k  of  the  Rainy  River  Rail- 

^||^^^^  way   (C.N.R.).     He  was 

^11^^^^^  appointed     roadman     on 

1|[|^^H^  construction  for  the  same 

company  in  1899.  In  1900 
he  accepted  a  position  as 
roadman  on  construction  and  Assistant  Resident  Engineer 
with  the  Algoma  Central  and  Hudson  Bay  Railway  and 
was  promoted  to  Resident  Engineer  of  the  same  road  in 
1901,  retaining  this  position  until  1903,  when  he  accepted 
a  position  as  Assistant  Resident  Engineer  with  the  Halifax 
and  South  Western  Railway.  From  1903  to  1906  he 
was  engineer  in  charge  of  Surveys  and  Maintenance  with 
the  Alberta  Railway  and  Irrigation  Company  of  Leth- 
bridge,  Alta.  For  the  next  three  years  he  held  the  posi- 
tion of  Chief  Engineer  for  the  same  company.  In  1909 
he  was  appointed  Engineer  of  Maintenance  of  Way,  on 
the  Quebec  division  of  the  Canadian  Northern  Railway. 
In  1914  he  was  appointed  Divisional  Engineer,  and  last 
year  was  given  the  office  of  District  Engineer  with  head- 
quarters  at   Montreal. 


W.  H.  WINTERROWD,  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Chief  Mechanical  Engineer,  C.P.R.,  Montreal 

Bom  at  Hope,  Ind.,  on 
April  2,  1884,  being  edu- 
cated at  Shelbyville,  Ind., 
and  Purdue  University, 
whence  he  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  B.S. 
in  1907.  He  entered  rail- 
road service  in  1905,  the 
first  year  as  a  black- 
smith's helper  for  the 
Lake  Erie  and  Western 
Ry.  at  Lima,  Ohio;  from 
1906  to  1907  he  was  air 
brake  and  car  repair 
man  for  the  Western 
lines  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railway  at  Denni- 
son,  Ohio.  The  following 
year  he  served  as  special 
apprentice  with  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern 
Railway  at  Elkhart,  Ind.     From  1908  to  1909  he  occupied 


EDWARD  A.  NIX,  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Assistant   Works    Manager,    Canadian    Pacific    Railway, 
Montreal 

Bom  at  Columbus, 
Ga.,  August  23,  1872. 
Entered  the  servic?.  of 
the  Central  of  Georgia 
Railway  at  Columbus, 
.'ieorgia,  at  the  aa,e  of 
18,  as  aiprentic?  car 
builder.  Aft3r  fini-shing 
term  of  apprenticeship 
worked  for  a  time  as 
journeyman  car  builder 
and  was  subsequently 
promoted  to  Freight  In- 
spector, Passenger  In- 
spector, foreman  of  car 
cleaners,  and  assistant 
foreman  of  the  car 
shops.  In  June.  1897,  he 
was  transferred  to  Ma- 
con, Georgia,  succeeding  S.  A.  Charpiot,  as  Master  Car 
Builder.  In  May,  1905,  he  was  appointed  manager  of  the 
Lenoir  Car  Works,  Lenoir  City,  Tennessee.  Here  he  re- 
mained until   September,  1907,  when  he  accepted  a  posi- 


ao2 


C  A  N  .\  D  T  A  X    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


tion  with  the  Bodley  Wagon  Co.,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  being 
appointed  vice-president  and  general  manager  of  the 
company.  Re-entered  railway  service  again  in  Sept.,  1911, 
taking  charge  of  the  Car  Dept.  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Hamham  shops  at  New  Orleans,  La.  He  was  transferred 
to  Memphis,  Tenn.,  in  the  same  position,  in  February, 
1913.  Entered  the  services  of  the  St.  L.  &  S.  F.  Ry.  at 
Memphis  in  May,  1915,  in  charge  of  the  car  department. 
In  November  of  the  same  year  he  was  again  transferred 
to  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  as  Car  Superintendent  of  the  North- 
em  Division.  He  accepted  his  present  position  as  Asst. 
Works  Manager  of  the  Car  Dept.  of  the  C.  P.R.  at  Mont- 
real in  April,  1916. 


ARTHUR   CRUMPTON,   EXECUTIVE   COM. 
Assistant    Valuation    Engineer,   G.T.R.,    Montreal 

Is  a  native  of  Toronto 
and  has  been  with  the 
engineering  department 
of  the  Grand  Trunk  for 
many  years  in  respon- 
sible positions  connected 
with  the  locating  of  new 
lines,  as  well  as  in  the 
designing  and  superin- 
tending of  construction 
of  many  important  en- 
gineering works  for  the 
railroad  and  its  sub- 
sidiary lines. 


W.  H.  SAMPLE,  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Superintendent   of    Motive    Power,    G.T.R.,    Montreal 

Was  born  at  Altona, 
N.Y.,  August  20th,  1864, 
and  entered  railroad  ser- 
vice on  his  birthday  an- 
niversary in  the  year 
1882.  For  five  years  he 
was  a  fireman  with  the 
Central  Vermont  Ry.  at 
St.  Albans,  Vermont. 
From  1887  to  1890  he 
was  locomotive  man 
with  the  Atcheson,  To- 
peka  and  Santa  Fe  Ry. 
at  Albuquerque,  N.M. 
He  returned  to  the  Cen- 
tral Vermont  as  locomo- 
tive man  and  after  one 
year  was  appointed  to 
the  position  of  Road 
Foreman  of  Locomotives,  remaining  in  this  position  until 
1906.  He  then  resigned  to  accept  a  position  as  Superin- 
tendent of  Motive  Power  and  Car  Dept.  with  the  Northern 
Railway  of  Costa  Rica  (United  Fruit  Co.),  San  Jose,  Costo 
Rica.  He  then  came  to  Canada  and  on  March  15th,  1911, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  position  of  Master  Mechanic  for 
the  Grand  Trunk  at  Ottawa.  From  October,  1914,  to 
October,  1916,  he  was  Master  Mechanic  of  the  G.  T.  R. 
at  Battle  Creek,  Mich.  He  was  then  transferred  to  Mont- 
real as  Master  Mechanic  of  the  Eastern  lines,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1918  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  Motive 
Power  with  headquarters  at  Montreal. 


B.  F.  SHORTLEY.  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Terminal  Agent,  Intercolonial  Ry.,  Montreal. 

Born  in  Montreal  on 
June  24th,  1866.  His 
railroad  career  com- 
menced in  1887  when  he 
engaged  as  a  switchman 
with  the  qfrand  Trunk 
Ry,.  being  subsequently 
promoted  to  Operator 
and  then  to  Train  Des- 
patcher.  In  May,  1900, 
he  accepted  a  position  as 
operator  with  the  Cana- 
dian Government  Rail- 
ways, and  was  after- 
wards appointed  to  take 
charge  of  the  Commis- 
sionary  Department  at 
Montreal.  He  was  in 
charge  of  the  stores  de- 
years  and  for  the  past  five 
Agent  at  Montreal. 


partment  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  the  Terminal 


D.  R.  ARNOLD,  AUDIT  COMMITTEE. 
Sales  Manager,  Can.  Car  &  Foundry  Co.,  Montreal. 

Started  his  mechani- 
cal career  in  1904  with 
the  Barney  and  Smith 
Car  Co.,  of  Dayton,  Ohio, 
in  the  mechanical  de- 
partment. He  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  estimating 
department  in  1910  and 
the  following  year  was 
promoted  to  assistant  to 
the  President.  On  the 
first  of  March  of  the 
same  year  he  accepted  a 
position  in  the  estimat- 
ing department  of  the 
Canadian  Car  &  Foun- 
dry Company  of  Mont- 
real, and  in  1914  was 
appointed  Sales  Man- 
ager for  the  company. 


GEO.  WHITELEY,  AUDIT  COMMITTEE 

Asst.  Supt.  of  Motive  Power,  Can.  Pacific  Ry.,  Montreal. 

Bom  March  2nd,  1880, 
in  the  city  of  Toronto. 
Educated  in  the  Toronto 
Public  Schools,  the  Al- 
landale  Public  School 
and  the  Barrie  Collegiate 
Institute.  Started  his 
mechanical  career  as  a 
call  boy  for  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  at  Al- 
landale  in  September, 
1895.  Fr^m  March,  1896, 
until  August,  1902,  he 
served  as  wiper  and  fire- 
man for  the  Canada  At- 
lantic Railway.  In  Sept., 
1902,  he  engaged  as  fire- 
man with  the  C.  P.  R. 
operating  out  of  Fort 
William.  Transferred  to  Moose  Jaw  in  January,  1903,  and 
in  March  of  the  same  year  was  promoted  to  engineer,  lo- 
cated at  Moose  Jaw  until  Sept.,  1909.  He  was  then  ap- 
pointed Road  Foreman  of  Engines,  retaining  this  position 
uiitil  June,  1911,  being  then  appointed  to  the  position  of 
District   Master   Mechanic    with    headquarters    at    Moose 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


W3 


Jaw.  From  January,  1913,  to  January,  1915,  he  was  Master 
Mechanic  at  Calgary,  following  which  he  was  appointed 
to  his  present  position  as  Assistant  Superintendent  of 
Motive  Power  with  headquarters  at  Montreal. 


G.  M.  WILSON,  AUDIT  COMMITTEE 
Master  Mechanic,  G.  T.  R.,  Montreal 

He  was  born  in  Bel- 
fast Ireland,  on  the  5th 
of  October,  1867,  of  Irish 
and  Scotch  parents,  and 
came  to  this  country  in 
1880.  After  serving  an 
apprenticeship  to  the 
machinist's  trade  he  en- 
tered the  service  of  the 
St.  Clair  Tunnel  Com- 
pany, in  connection  with 
the  construction  of  the 
St.  Clair  tunnel,  during 
the  years  1889  and  1890, 
and  afterwards  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Jenks 
Shipbuilding  Company 
at  Port  Huron,  Michi- 
gan. After  remaining 
with  this  firm  for  a  brief  period  he  entered  the  services  of 
the  Grand  Trunk  Ry.  at  Fort  Gratiot,  as  a  machinist,  on 
the  11th  of  November,  1890,  and  subsequently  filled  the 
various  positions  of  expert  machinist,  machine  shop  fore- 
man, general  foreman  of  the  Toronto  shops,  general  in- 
spector of  tests  over  the  System,  assistant  Master  Mech- 
anic of  the  Montreal  shops,  and  was  appointed  master 
mechanic  on  the  1st  of  Sept.,  1917.  In  the  year  1907  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  layingout  and  supervising  the  in- 
stallation of  the  entire  machinery  equipment  of  the  main 
shops  of  the  Western  Division  at  Battle  Creek,  and  on  the 
completion  of  this  work  he  was  transferred  to  Ottawa  to 
supervise  and  install  the  power  house  equipment  in  con- 
nection with  the  new  station  and  the  Chateau  Laurier. 


E.  E.  LLOYD,  TREASURER 

Auditor  of  Disbursements,  Canadian  Pacific  Ry.,  Montreal 

Entered     the     services 
of   the    Canadian   Pacific 
Railway  as  a  clerk  in  the 
Stores     Department     at 
Winnipeg,  on  Dec.  27th, 
1887.      Was       appointed 
chief  clerk  of  the  Stores 
Dept.    at    Vancouver,    on 
Dec.  17th,  1897.     Trans- 
ferred   to    Montreal     on 
Feb.  1st,  1903,  and  given 
the     position     of     Chief 
Clerk  and  General  Store- 
keeper.   The  two  depart- 
ments  were    subsequent- 
ly divided  and  Mr.  Lloyd 
remained    with    the    ac- 
counting   dept.    as    chief 
clerk.     He  was  transfer- 
red to  the  auditing  department  of  stores  and  mechanical 
accounts  in  January,  1905,  Assistant  Auditor  on  January 
15th,  1910,  and  Auditor  of  Stores  and  Mechanical  Accounts 
in  August,  1913.    He  was  appointed  to  his  present  position 
of  Auditor  of  Disbursements  on  the  18th  of  March  of  this 
year. 


JAS.  POWELL.   SECRETARY 

Chief   Draughtsman,    Motive    Power   Dept.,   Grand   Trunk 
Railway,  Montreal 

Mr.    Powell   was   bom 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  in   England,  serving  his 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^|H         a  p  p  r  e  n 

^^^^^^^       ^^^^^^1         pany,     Ltd.,     locomotive 
^^^^^^^^^^H         builders,  Manchester.  He 
^^^^B^^^W^^B         served  in  capaci- 

^^K^^      ^  ^M         ties  with  different  Eng- 
^^R^  ^M         lish   firms,   noteably   the 

l^L  S         Naysmith  Co.,  of  Patri- 

^^.  ^^M         croft,     Lancashire;     the 

^  ^1         Vulcan  Iron  Foundry  at 

Earlstown;  and  also  the 
Lancashire  and  York- 
shire Railway,  Man- 
chester. He  came  to 
Canada  about  1880  and 
for  the  past  thirty-seven 
years  has  been  with  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  occupying  the  positions  of  leading 
draughtsman  and  later  as  Chief  Draughtsman  of  the  com- 
pany. Much  credit  is  due  him  for  the  efficient  training  of 
the  apprentices  throughout  the  entire  system.  He  has 
occupied  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the  Canadian  Railway 
Club  for  the  past  13  years. 


CONUENlENftE.  OF  dELT 
HANDLlNcj-IM 


From    "Belts,"    published    by   Federal    Ensrineerine    Co. 


804 


Volunie  XX. 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


LAYING  OUT  INVOLUTE  TEETH  FOR  CAST  GEARS. 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


205 


SIMPLE  CHART  TO  ELIMINATE 

FIGURING  OUT  CAST  GEAR  TEETH 


The  use  of  gears  with  cast  teeth  is 
common  practice  in  many  classes  of  ma- 
chinery where  absolute  accuracy  of  opera- 
tion is  not  essential,  but  to  derive  the 
maximum  efficiency  from  a  pair  or  train 
of  cast  gears  it  is  necessary  that  the 
profile  of  the  tooth  should  conform  very 
closely  to  the  desired  shape  to  insure 
smooth  and  steady  running.  The  ac- 
companying chart  was  designed  to  facili- 
tate the  laying  out  of  the  teeth  on  the 
pattern,  eliminating  the  necessity  of  cal- 
culating the  various  dimensions  for  the 
different  sizes  of  gears  and  circular 
pitches.  In  order  to  make  the  chart  of 
practical  value  the  reproduction  has  been 
made  to  meet  actual  working  require- 
ments so  that  the  dimensions  can  be 
taken  directly  off  the  chart  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  work.  However,  it  might 
be  well  to  describe  the  construction  of 
the  chart  so  that  those  desiring  to  de- 
velop one  for  their  own  use  can  readily 
do  so.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  prin- 
ciple is  one  of  simple  proportion,  so  that 
the  same  straight  oblique  line  serves  as 
a  basis  for  the  various  dimensions  of  the 
teeth  on  different  pitch  gears. 

The  base  line  C-D  can  be  drawn  to  any 
length  but  in  this  instance  it  has  been 
given  a  length  of  6  inches,  so  that  the 
dimensions  on  the  vertical  line  A-B, 
drawn  perpendicular  to  the  base  line' 
from  the  6-inch  intersection,  will  be  for 
a  gear  having  teeth  with  6-inch  circular 
pitch.  The  clearance  is  generally  taken 
as  1-16  of  the  working  depth,  the  whole 
depth  being  approximately  .6866  of  the 
circular  pitch.  The  thickness  of  the 
tooth,  on  the  pitch  circle  in  cast  gears, 
IS  always  narrower  than  the  correspond- 
ing space.  This  difference  will  range 
from  3-64  inch  in  small  pitches  to  1-16 
inch  in  the  larger  pitches. 

An  application  of  the  use  of  the  chart 
is  shown  above.  The  teeth  on  each  gear 
would,  of  course,  be  laid  out  separately, 
but  for  sake  of  illustration  they  are 
shown  here  in  mesh,  the  same  principle 
applying  in  either  gear  or  pinion.  Two 
essential  details  are  required  before  the 
tooth  profile  can  be  determined,  namely, 
the  length  of  the  generating  radius  of 
the  tooth   face,  and  the  position  of  the 


base  circle  from  which  the  tooth  shape 
is  struck.  To  obtain  these,  proceed  as 
follows:  On  the  center  line  K-L  lay  off 
the  centers  M  and  N  of  the  two  gears, 
this  distance  being  determined  by  the 
size  and  ratio  of  the  gears.  When  the 
same  has  been  found,  strike  off  the  pitch 
circles  0-P  and  Q-R  tangent  to  each 
other  and  intersecting  the  center  line  at 
the  point  S.  Through  this  point  draw 
the  line  T-V  at  an  angle  corresponding 
to  the  pressure  angle  desired,  either  14% 
or  20  degrees — the  14%  degree  being  the 
most  common  pressure  angle,  while  the 
20  degree  method  is  sometimes  adopted 
where  gears  are  subjected  to  heavy  duty 
and  give  a  tooth  with  a  thicker  root  and 
therefore  a  much  stronger  tooth — the  lat- 
ter being  used  in  this  particular  instance. 
Through  the  centers  M  and  N,  and  per- 
pendicular to  the  pressure  line  T-V,  draw 
the  lines  M-V  and  N-W. 

We  are  now  ready  to  lay  off  the  teeth. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  circular  pitch 
is  measured  on  the  arc  of  the  circum- 
ference of  the  pitch  circle,  it  is  desira- 
ble first  to  divide  the  pitch  circle  into 
the  desired  number  of  equal  divisions  to 
suit  the  number  of  teeth  required.  Then 
from  each  divisional  point  strike  off  the 
thickness  of  the  teeth.  From  the  center 
N,  and  with  a  radius  equal  to  the  distance 
S-W,  describe  the  base  circle  1-2.  Now, 
with  a  radius  equal  to  N-W,  and  from  the 
points  on  the  pitch  line,  giving  the  thick- 
ness of  the  teeth,  as  at  S-Z,  find  the  gen- 
erating points,  and  with  the  radius  N-W 
describe  the  arcs  that  form  the  faces  of 
the  teeth.  A  prolongation  of  one  of  these 
is  shown  at  3-4. 

The  same  process  is  used  for  laying  out 
the  tooth  shapes  on  the  pinion,  M-V  be- 
ing the  length  of  the  generating  radius, 
V-S  the  radius  of  the  base  circle  5-6,  the 
generating  points  being  found  as  de- 
scribed for  the  large  gear.  In  every  case 
the  arc  of  the  tooth  face  is  drawn  from 
the  outside  circumference  to  the  base 
circle,  the  remainder  of  the  tooth  pro- 
file being  a  radial  line  to  the  bottom  of 
the  working  depth.  A  fillet,  as  large  as 
conditions  will  permit,  is  then  struck  to 
form  the  connection  between  the  flank 
and  the  root  of  the  tooth  space — usually 
equal  to  the  clearance. 


CUTTING  THREADS  ON  SCREW 
MACHINES  ON  BAR  STOCK  AND  CASTINGS 


By    P.    W.    BLAIR. 


It  is  a  well  known  saying  among 
lathe-hands  and  machinists  that  "if  you 
want  a  good  and  perfect  thread  it  must 
be  cut  in  a  lathe." 

It  is  true  that  a  good  lathe  hand,  if 
he  is  a  first  class  man,  can  produce  a 
fine  thread  on  an  engine  lathe  or  screvr 
cutting  lathe  with  a  special  attachment, 
but  it  is  an  expensive  operation  grind- 
ing and  setting  a  single  pointed  tool 
until  it  is  at  a  correct  angle  and  then 
finishing  the  piece  until  it  is  perfect. 


The  man  next  to  him  not  as  good  a 
mechanic  gets  the  same  or  more  uniform 
results  about  three  times  as  fast  by 
roughing  the  thread  down  and  sizing  by 
nnning  a  die   over   the   thread. 

These  metliods  giving  good  results  are 
slow  and  expensive.  The  practical 
screw  machine  operator  who  has  given 
the  use  of  dies  a  careful  study  will  be 
able  to  produce  as  good  results  when 
using  a  die  to  complete  the  thread  en- 
tirely,  if    it    is    'made    correctly,    at    a 


fraction  of  the  cost  of  lathe  work  on 
bar  stock  or  castings.  There  may  be 
other  screw  machine  operators  around 
him  who  may  fail  on  the  same  work  un- 
less poor  rough  torn  threads  will  pass 
inspection.  In  the  past  three  years,  ow- 
ing to  so  many  parts  being  made  as 
component  parts  of  shells,  all  of  which 
have  external  or  internal  threads  cut  on 
some  portion  and  the  severe  inspection 
and  large  quantities  of  above  articles 
being  made  the  cutting  of  threads  has  at- 
tained a  high  state  of  efficiency  on  screw 
machines  and  turret  lathes  that  was  un- 
known before  the  war. 

An  operator  when  given  a  good  die 
should  see  that  the  two  most  essential 
things  in  setting  up  a  screw  machine  or 
turret  lathe  are,  first  see  that  the  die- 
holder  or  dies  are  in  perfect  alignment 
with  the  work,  that  the  action  of  the 
turret  slide  is  central  or  parallel  with 
this  alignment,  also  see  that  the  die  is 
square  with  the  work,  or  to  be  more 
correct  have  the  die  parallel  with  the 
work. 

It  has  been  also  demonstrated  that  the 
solid  or  shell  type  of  dies  will  give  more 
satisfactory  results  and  threads  cut  lo 
size  better  than  by  using  the  self-open- 
ing style  of  dies,  owing  to  the  slight 
taper  which  the  latter  cut  on  short 
lengths. 

One  of  the  best  methods  in  testing  out 
the  alignment  of  a  screw  cutting  die  or 
hollow  mill  die  in  a  screw  cutting  ma- 
chine or  turret  lathe,  to  find  out  if  it 
is  central,  is  to  give  it  the  following 
test. 

Run  the  die  on  to  the  piece  until  it 
fully  engages  on  the  threads  then  slip 
out  the  holder,  is  the  easiest  test  for 
alignment. 

However,  if  when  the  chuck  revolves 
with  the  die  on  the  end  of  the  work  it 
wobbles  or  runs  eccentric  something  is 
radically  wrong  and  imperfect  threads 
will  be  cut. 

If  the  operator  is  unable  to  get  the 
die  to  run  true  a  test  arbor  with  a  true 
thread  should  be  cut  in  another  machine, 
preferably  a  lathe.  This  is  then  grip- 
ped in  a  collet  chuck  and  the  die  screw- 
ed on  by  hand;  if  the  die  then  fails  to 
run  true  it  is  a  poor  die  which  has  been 
hobbed  crooked,  that  is,  when  the  hob 
entered  the  die  it  went  in  at  an  angle, 
or  it  sprung  or  warped  in  the  hardening 
and  tempering  operation.  By  using  a 
die  in  this  condition  the  resultant  thread 
will  be  tapered  and  in  bad  condition,  and 
as  the  teeth  in  the  opposite  bands  do 
not  track,  the  thread  wall  will  have  a 
series  of  ridges  and  steps.  Also,  as  the 
back  edges  instead  of  the  cutting  edges 
of  the  die  lands  are  presented  to  the 
work  the  rubbing  of  same  will  tear  the 
threads. 

We  all  know  that  some  new  dies  will 
not  work  satisfactorily  at  the  start  and 
the  threads  they  cut  will  not  pass  in- 
spection on  munition  parts  .ind  are 
quietly  laid  aside  by  the  operator  for 
fear  he  will  use  them.  Others  work 
fairly  well  and  occasionally  one  is  found 


206 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


so  grood  that  the  operator  hides  it  out 
and  runs  it  to  the  limit  of  production. 

A  great  amount  of  this  irregularity 
and  trouble  can  be  traced  to  the  poor 
augment  of  machines. 

One  of  the  best  methods  I  employ  or 
pursue  on  a  die  when  it  is  new  and  not 
giving  perfect  results  is  to  take  a  true 
threaded  arbor  and  open  up  the  die  suf- 
ficiently to  permit  it  to  run  on  freely 
then  allow  the  die  to  close  when  it  will 
grip  the  arbor  securely  enough  for 
grinding.  Then  in  a  cylindrical  grinder 
I  grind  the  outside  and  back  of  the  die 
true  to  the  arbor  and  if  the  die  was 
sprung  in  hardening  I  grind  the  face  of 
the  die  parallel  with  the  back.  If  the 
die  and  holder  are  not  central  with  one 
another  the  holder  is  defective,  or  the 
hole  in  turret  itself  is  out  of  line  or 
otherwise  defective. 

The  majority  of  screw  machines  have 
liners  between  the  lower  turret  slide  and 
the  base  for  vertical  adjustment.  If  one 
of  these  machines  are  out  of  line  a 
machinist  can  readily  adjust  it  or  re- 
align it  but  the  operator  should  not 
touch  it  unless  he  thoroughly  under- 
stands what  he  is  doing  and  has  the  pro- 
per testing  tools. 

Floating  holders  help  out  considerably 
when  the  error  is  slight,  the  only  objec- 
tion being  that  they  are  frequently  the 
cause  of  dies  starting  on  crookedly  and 
cutting  a  thread  that  is  not  true  with 
the  body  of  the  work.  A  floating  holder 
that  is  really  an  advantage  on  a  screw 
machine  is  the  telescopic  type,  which 
permits  the  die  to  travel  on  its  work 
independent  of  the  turret  feed  freeing 
it  from  the  drag  of  the  slide,  and  allow- 
ing it  freedom  to  travel  on  its  work  and 
follow  its  own  lead. 

These  telescopic  holders  often  save 
considerable  time  in  setting  up  and  will 
take  up  defects  in  some  cases  but  will 
not  of  course  correct  alignment.  Screw 
machines  and  turret  lathes  as  they 
come  .from  the  manufacturers,  generally 
have  good  alignment,  but  they  wear  and 
should  be  frequently  tested  and  realign- 
ed by  scraping  or  shimming.  This  is  not 
only  important  for  good  thread  work 
but  for  other  operations  also. 

Usually  if  the  machines  are  kept  in 
as  good  condition  as  when  received  from 
the  manufacturers  there  will  be  no 
trouble   caused   by   poor   alignment. 

However,  always  test  out  new  dies  to 
see  if  they  have  to  be  fixed  at  the  start 
and  if  care  is  used  the  threads  will  com- 
pare favourably  with  threads  cut  in  a 
lathe. 


THE  VISCOSITY  OF  OIL 
By  M.  E. 

One  of  the  most  used  methods  of  ex- 
pressing the  viscosity  of  oil  is  in  the 
terms  of  the  Engler  Scale.  Degrees 
Engler  means  simply  the  ratio  of  the 
time  it  takes  a  given  quantity  of  an  oil 
lo  flow  through  a  standard  orifice  as 
compared  with  the  time  it  would  take 
the  same  volume  of  water  to  flow 
through.  Oil  is  usually  sold,  however, 
on  the  basis  of  its  specific  gravity  (gen- 


erally measured  in  degrees  Baume)  and 
its  heat  value  and  moisture  content. 
It  is  usually  assumed  that  the  heavier 
an  oil  is  in  degrees  Baume  the  more 
viscous  it  is,  but  that  is  not  always 
strictly  true.  It  is  not  to  be  regretted, 
that  oil  is  not  specified  in  terms  of 
specific  gravity  instead  of  in  degrees 
Baume,  because  in  any  calculations  in- 
volving the  weight  of  the  oil  per  gallon 
or  per  barrel,  it  is  necessary  to  refer 
back  to  specific  gravity.  Further,  the 
heaviest  oil  that  can  be  designated  on 
the  Baume  scale  for  liquids  lighter  than 
water  is  10  deg.  B.  or  unit  specific  grav- 
ity. Oils  are  now  being  used  of  10  and 
12  deg.  B.,  and,  no  doubt,  still  heavier 
oils  will  be  used,  which  will  call  for  two 
different  Baume  scales  and  cause  con- 
fusion. 


LARGE  BALL  BEARING  CONTRACT 

The  Canadian  S  K  F  Co.,  47  King 
street  West,  Toronto,  has  received  an 
order  for  S  K  F  ball  bearing  hangers  for 
the  new  shop,  being  erected  by  the  Lea- 
side  Munitions  Company  at  Lea- 
iide.  North  Toronto.  This  contract 
will  cover  over  400  ball  bearing  hangers, 
and  constitutes  the  largest  order  for 
hangers  ever  placed  in  Canada.  It  is 
significant  in  the  development  of  anti- 
friction bearings  that  they  are  being 
universally  adopted  in  the  largest 
plants  for  all  drives,  and  indications 
point  to  their  even  wider  adoption  in  the 
future  owing  to  their  great  saving  in 
power  and  increase  in  range  of  applica- 
tion. Conservation  of  energy  is  one  of 
the  outstanding  problems  of  the  day,  and 
the  use  of  ball  bearings  is  one  method 
of  attaining  this  end. 

In  a  plant  of  the  size  such  as  will  be 
established  at  Leaside,  when  a  large 
amount  of  money  is  involved,  the  effi- 
ciency of  ball  bearings  must  be  positive- 
ly proved  and  demonstrated  because  it 
is  possible  to  purchase  similar  equipment 
of  plain  ring-oiled  bearings  at  consider- 
ably less  cost.  The  savings  in  power  and 
lubrication  etc.  are  very  high  for  ball 
bearing,  and  warrant  this  extra  expendi- 
ture. 

The  S  K  F  bearings  have  been  installed 
m  several  of  the  larger  Canadian  plants, 
including  the  Canadian  Westinghouse 
Co.,  Duncan  Lithographing  Co.,  and  the 
T.  Eaton  Co.,  all  of  Hamilton.  Also  the 
Consumers  Cordage  Co.,  Montreal,  the 
Howard  Smith  Paper  Co.,  Willards  Ltd., 
and  the  Laura  Secord  Candy  Works,  To- 
ronto, all  these  being  complete  instal- 
lations, in  addition  to  many  others. 


REGULATIONS  FOR  DEALERS  IN 
COAL 

Regulations  regarding  the  importa- 
tion, sale  and  delivery  of  coal  have  been 
issued  by  the  Fuel  Controller.  Among 
other  things  they  require  that  every  coal 
dealer  shall  post  in  a  prominent  place  in 
his  office  a  conspicuous  typewritten  or 
printed  notice  containing  a  list  of  pre- 
vailing retail  prices  of  all  classes  and 
sizes  of  coal  handled  by  him,  including 
discounts,  if  any.  In  calculating  over- 
head charges  to  determine  the  price  of 
coal,  dealers  are    required    to     exercise 


moderation  in  the  amount  they  include 
as  their  own  salaries.  In  this  connection 
the  regulations  state,  "Salaries  and  ex- 
penses to  officers  or  partners  are  not  to 
be  increased  over  those  prevailing  dur- 
ing the  year  1914  at  a  greater  rate  than 
salaries  in  other  lines  have  increased.  A 
dealer  may  charge  his  business  with  his 
own  salary  but  a  reasonable  rate  only." 
Dealers  conducting  a  retail  as  well  as 
a  wholesale  business  are  required  to  ap- 
portion their  overhead  expenses  and  fixed 
charges  to  each  branch,  and  this  appor- 
tionment must  bear  reasonable  compari- 
son with  the  average  overhead  expenses 
and  fixed  charges  of  dealers  who  are  en- 
gaged entirely  in  retail  or  entirely  in  a 
wholesale  business. 


A  VAST  NEW  OIL  SOURCE 

The  oil  shortage  brings  into  promi- 
nence a  hitherto  neglected  source  of  oil 
in  the  form  of  "oil  shale,"  an  organic- 
matter  bearing  clay  formation,  which, 
when  crushed  and  treated  with  super- 
heated steam,  yields  crude  oil  and  sul- 
phate of  ammonia.  The  prospective  de- 
velopment of  the  huge  deposits  of  oil 
shale  is  one  of  the  reasons  for  the  oil 
land  leasing  bill  now  before  Congress. 

Shale  occurs  in  widespread,  thin  beds 
which  were  formerly  sea  bottom.  These 
beds  are  deposits  of  the  clayey  matter 
carried  by  rivers — clayey  matter  which, 
being  finely  broken  up,  does  not  sink 
readily  to  the  bottom,  but  after  being 
emptied  into  the  ocean  is  carried  by  the 
current  and  spread  over  wide  areas.  One 
of  the  characteristic  traits  of  shale  for- 
mation is  that  it  very  readily  breaks  into 
thin  layers. 

Shale  is  oil  yielding,  but  not  oil  bear- 
ing. Upon  treatment  with  super-heated 
steam  a  chemical  reaction  takes  place 
which  yields  crude  oil.  It  must  be  mined 
like  coal,  and  at  about  the  same  price,  so 
that  even  with  an  extensive  ■  production 
of  oil  from  shale  there  will  be  no  great 
reduction  in  the  price  of  oil. 

Prof.  Russell  D.  George,  State  geolo- 
gist of  Colorado,  recently  said  that  in 
two  counties  of  Colorado  there  was 
enough  shale  to  make  "ten  times  as 
much  oil  as  has  been  produced  in  the 
United  States  since  the  discovery  of  oil 
in  1859." 


A  new  explosive  is  now  being  used  in 
South  African  mines,  and  is  resulting  in 
a  great  saving  of  nitro-glycerine,  says 
the  "Board  of  Trade  Journal."  The 
shortage  of  the  latter,  owing  to  its  use 
for  ammunition,  was  indeed  leading  to 
difficulties  in  the  industry.  Hitherto 
the  standard  explosive  used  has  been 
gelignite,  which  contains  57  per  cent,  of 
glycerine.  It  is  now  being  almost  en- 
tirely replaced  by  sengite,  which  is  a 
gun-cotton  explosive  specially  prepared 
and  put  into  cartridges  for  the  mines. 
The  ingredients  of  sengite  are  more 
readily  obtainable  than  nitroglycerine, 
and  they  are  added  to  gun-cotton.  Sen- 
gite is  not  altogether  a  new  explosive 
but  it  is  new  to  mining  practice  on  the 
Rand. 


August  15,  1918. 


207 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  m,etal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


RESILIOMETER 

THE  comparative  measurement  of 
resilience  has  always  been  a  mat- 
ter of  some  difficulty  and  in  the 
purchase  of  such  materials  as  felt,  rub- 
ber and  leather  this  property  becomes 
of  some  importance. 

The  Widney  Resiliometer  made  by  tire 
Advance  Felt  Specialty  Co.,  Chicago, 
eliminates  guesswork  in  the  purchase  of 
such  materials  and  enables  them  to  be 
purchased  according  to  a  rigid  specifica- 
tion. 

In  many  cases,  the  use  of  the  resilio- 
meter will  show  that  material  used 
hitherto  for  a  certain  purpose  was  im- 
properly selected  and  indicate  the  proper 
material  to  be  substituted;  or  that  the 
specifications  of  the  same  material  should 
be  radically  changed.  Felt  frequently 
supplants  rubber  and  leather,  simply  be- 
cause it  retains  its  resiliency  or  "life" 
longer  than  any  other  similar  material. 

Tone  felt,  as  used  in  piano  making, 
can  be  purchased  with  absolute  certainty, 
according  to  pre-determined  specifica- 
tions based  on  tests,  thus  eliminating  one 
of  the  greatest  uncertainties  in  piano 
construction  and  leading  to  more  Scienti- 
fic methods  in  tone  production. 

The  use  of  resilient  materials,  such  as 
mechanical  felt,  rubber  and  various  kinds 
of  packings,  has  greatly  increased  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years,  largely  due  to 
the  enormous  development  of  the  auto- 
mobile and  other  engineering  industries. 
It  is  generally  recogized  that  some  defi- 
nite and  comprehensive  means  for  test- 
ing the  specific  properties  of  such  ma- 
terials is  absolutely  essential  to  the  in- 
telligent purchase  and  use  of  them. 

In  the  case  of  all  resilient  materials, 
and  particularly  of  textiles,  the  proper- 
ties and  specifications  to  be  ascertained 
are  the  exact  dimensions,  relative  hard- 
ness, relative  resiliency  and  texture. 

The  instrument  consists  primarily  of 
a  dial  underneath  which  is  a  presser  foot 
touching  a  perfectly  level  base  or  plat- 
form on  which  rests  the  material  to  be 
tested.  Making  sure  that  the  quadrant 
•which  holds  the  weight  descending  from 
it  is  drawn  up  and  held  by  the  spring- 
catch,  the  operator  lifts  up  the  presser- 
foot  and  inserts  the  material  which  is 
to  be  gauged  and  tested. 

The  large  dial  is  graduated  in  100  di- 
visions, each  of  1-1000  in.,  so  that  one 
revolution  of  the  large  pointer  or  hand 
is  equivalent  to  an  elevation  of  1-10  in. 


of  travel  by  the  presser-foot.  When  the 
material  is  more  than  1-10  in.  thick  the 
needle  will  revolve  more  than  once 
around  the  dial.  To  count  these  revolu- 
tions a  small  dial  is  shown  inside  the 
face  of  the  large  one,  with  a  pointer  or 
hand  that  makes  one  revolution  to  every 
four  complete  revolutions  of  the  larger 
pointer  or  hand.  This  is  for  convenience 
in  reading. 

Suppose  the  material  to  be  tested  is 
1-10  in.  or  .100  in.  thick.  As  the  presser- 
foot  goes  down  the  hand  may  stop  at 
the  lOOtli  graduation.  This  means  that 
the  thicknescs  is  100-1000  in.,  which  is 
the  thickness  of  the  piece  of  felt  ac- 
curately given  by  the  "Widney  Stan- 
dard." 

The  spring-catch  holding  the  weight 
is  now  released  and  allows  quadrant  to 
swing  back  until  pressure  is  put  on  up- 


RESILIOMKTER 

per  end  of  presser-foot  at  the  top  of  dial. 
At  once  presser-foot  sinks  into  material, 
diminishing  its  thickness,  sending  the 
pointer  or  hand  of  the  dial  backwards. 
When  the  presser-foot  reaches  the  limit 
of  compression  the  reading  on  the  dial  at 
that  time  is  taken  and  compared  with  the 
normal  or  original  reading.  For  in- 
stance: 

Normal  thickness  reading   .   .100  in. 

Reading  under 'pressure  .  .  .   .050  in. 

This  means  that  goods  of  a  normal 
thickness  of  .100  in.,  showing  under  pres- 


sure a  thickness  of  .050  in.,  are  50-100  or 
50  per  cent.  hard. 

If  it  had  riot  compressed  at  all,  its 
hardness  would  have  been  100  per  cent, 
(an  impossibility  with  any  resilient  ma- 
terial). If  it  had  compressed  to  one- 
fourth  its  original  thickness,  its  hard- 
ness would  have  been  25  per  cent.  If  it 
had  compressed  to  one-tenth  of  its 
original  thickness,  it  would  have  been  10 
per  cent,  hard,  and  so  on. 

This  gives  us  the  hardness  figure  of 
the  material  in  question — a  figure  hence- 
forth fixed  and  certain  so  long  as  con- 
ditions remain  the  same. 

As  soon  as  the  above  reading  has  been 
taken  the  quadrant  is  pulled  back,  re- 
leasing weight  pressure  on  the  presser- 
foot.  The  hand  on  the  dial  will  begin 
to  advance  again.  When  weight  is  rais- 
ed a  sufficient  height  so  that  weight  pres- 
sure is  released  from  the  presser-foot, 
the  reading  of  the  dial  hand  is  noted. 
This  reading  should  be  taken  immediate- 
ly the  weight  pressure  is  released,  there- 
by ascertaining  the  "instant"  resiliency 
and  not  gradual  return  to  normal  of  the 
material.  • 

Now  suppose  that  the  dial-hand  (which 
was  at  50  under  pressure)  advances  as 
pressure  is  released  till  it  reached  .080  in. 
the  resiliency  is  60  per  cent.  For 
80  -  50  =  30  and  30  is  3-5  of  50  =  60% 
In  other  words,  the  hardness  figures 
showed  a  compression  of  .050  in.  If  the 
goods  reacted  to  their  original  thickness 
they  would  be  100  per  cent,  resilient.  The 
amount  of  reaction  in  proportion  to  the 
compression  is  the  percentage  of  their 
resiliency. 

Resiliency  is  sometimes  confused  with 
elasticity  or  "stretchability."  Elasticity, 
as  commonly  understood,  is  the  capacity 
of  a  given  material  to  react  after  disten- 
tion or  deflection,  fairly  illustrated  by 
the  reaction  of  a  rubber  band  after  be- 
ing stretched  or  distended  beyond  its 
normal  position;  or  the  reaction  of  a  steel 
bar  after  having  been  bent. 

Resiliency  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant factors  in  felt,  rubber,  and  analogous 
materials,  which  are  bought  and  used  for 
cushions,  bumpers  or  other  mechanical 
parts.  The  resiliency  of  a  material  is 
logically  and  correctly  determined  by  its 
capacity  to   recover  from  compression. 

The  thicker  the  material  the  greater 
the  resistance  to  penetration. 


808 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


SAFETY  SWITCH 

In  many  steel  mills,  factories,  mines 
and  similar  industries  where  most  of  the 
workmen  have  little  knowledge  of  elec- 
tricity, it  is  desirable  to  use  switches 
having  no  live  parts  exposed  or  acces- 
sible in  the  ordinary  operation  of  the 
switches  or  when  replacing  fuses. 

This  is  fully  accomplished  in  the 
Krantz  Auto-Lock  Switch,  marketed  by 
the  Westinghouse  Electric  &  Manufac- 
turing Company,  which  is  intended  for 
use  on  main  circuits  or  wherever  an  or- 
dinary knife  switch  is  applied.  The 
switching  parts  and  fuses  are  enclosed 


brush  to  spread  apart,  giving  it  a  wiping 
or  self-cleaning  action. 

The  double-ended  brushes  provide  a 
double  break,  dividing  the  arc  between 
the  two  ends,  each  of  which  is  provided 
with  a  separate  arcing  tip. 

In  the  closed  position  the  switch  is  held 
m  positive  contact  by  throwing  a  tog- 
gle over  the  center.  A  spring  provides  a 
quick-break  for  opening,  the  mechanism 
being  independent  of  the  operating 
handle. 

These   switches  are   supplied  for   250 


with  any  diameter  cutter  within  its 
range  and  the  change  made  very  quickly. 
The  diameter  of  the  pilot  is  ground  .0015 
smaller  than  the  specified  size. 


FILING  MACHINES 

The  filing  machine  illustrated  herewif' 
has  been  designed  for  efficiency,  rigidity, 
and  simplicity  in  construction  and  oper- 
ation. A  feature  of  this  machine,  made 
by  the  Newark  Engineering  and  Refrig- 
erating Co.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  is  the  square 


SWITCH  OFF 


THIS  SIDE  DEAD  THIS  SIDE  ALIVE 

SAFETY    SWITCH    BOX    CLOSED.    SWITCH    OPEN. 


THIS  SIDE  DEAD  THIS  SIOEAIIVE 

SWITCH.      SHOWING    IMPOSSIBILITY   OF   TOUCHING   LIVE    PARTS. 


in  a  steel  box,  the  cover  of  which  is  in 
two  parts,  one  being  screwed  on  to  form 
a  permanent  covering  for  that  end  of 
the  box  containing  the  switch,  and  the 
other  part  being  hinged  so  as  to  swing 
back  and  permit  the  renewal  of  fuses, 
which  are  located  in  this  portion  of  the 
box.  An  ingenious  latching  mechanism 
makes  it  impossible  to  open  the  covev 
without  first  throwing  the  switch  to  the 
"off"  position  and  rendering  all  fuses 
and  other  accessible  parts  dead.  Thus 
fuses  may  be  replaced  at  any  time  with 
absolute  safety.  As  long  as  the  door  of 
the  case  is  open  the  switch  contacts  can 
not  be  closed. 

By  using  a  padlock,  the  switch  handle 
can  be  locked  in  the  "off"  position,  mak- 
ing it  impossible  for  any  one  to  close  the 
switch  except  the  person  holding  the  key 
to  the-  padlock.  By  using  another  pad- 
lock the  cover  may  be  locked  shut,  so 
that  the  fuses  cannot  be  tampered  with. 
Either  of  these  padlocks  can  be  used 
independently  of  the  other  so  that  the 
switch  cover  can  be  locked  shut  with  the 
switch  either  "on"  or  "off",  or  the 
switch  can  be  locked  in  the  "off"  position 
with  the  cover  either  locked  or  open. 

Contact  is  made  by  means  of  a  lamin- 
ated spring  copper  brush,  double  ended, 
with  auxiliary  arcing  contacts  at  each 
end.  The  outer  leaves  of  the  brush  are 
bronze  to  provide  additional  spring  pres- 
sure. 

The  stationary  contacts  are  of  hand- 
drawn  copper  and  are  mounted  on  slate 
bases,  one  of  which  in  the  fused  switch 
carries  one  of  the  fuse  clips,  while  the 
other  forms  the  terminal  block  for  the 
incoming  line  and  is  mounted  under  the 
stationary  portion  of  the  cover. 

The  operating  mechanism  is  galvaniz- 
ed steel  of  the  toggle  type,  and  is  at- 
tached to  the  under  side  of  the  stationary 
end  of  the  cover.  This  mechanism  can 
be  easily  removed  for  inspection  by  re- 
moving .several  screws. 

In  closing,  the  pressure  between'  the 
contacts  causes  the  laminations  of  the 


500  and  600  volt,  for  either  alternating 
or  direct-current,  service,  and  in  capaci- 
ties up  to  2,000  amperes. 

The  safety  features  of  this  switch 
have  been  recognized  by  the  American 
Museum  of  Safety,  which  has  awarded  it 
a  gold  medal  and  special  mention. 


INTERCHANGEABLE  COUNTER- 
BORES  OR  SPOT  FACERS 

Counterbores  or  spot  facers  are  more 
commonly  used  at  present  than  hereto- 
fore and  practically  all  machine  shops 
use  counterbores  or  spot  facers  of  some 
description.  With  this  in  view  the  Cleve- 
land Milling  Machine  Co.  have  brought 
out  a  line  of  counterbores  illustrated  in 
the  accompanying  engraving. 

The  shank  is  made  of  high  carbon 
steel  and  is  heat  treated.  The  taper  is 
ground  concentric  with  both  the  driving 
taper  and  the  pilot  hole.  The  cutter  is 
made  of  high-speed  steel  and  has  a  taper 
hole  fitting  the  arbor  and  is  driven  by 
two  face  keys  so  that  cutters  of  various 
diameters  can  be  used.  This  construction 
of  cutter  makes  it  possible  to  easily 
grind  the  face  of  the  counterbore  true. 
The  pilot  is  made  of  high  carbon  steel, 
heat  treated  and  ground  to  fit  the  hole 
in  the  shank  and  cutter,  and  it  is  arrang- 
ed so  that  any  diameter  pilot  can  be  used 


shaft  which  is  supported  by  two  extra 
long  babbit  bearings  making  side  motion 
impossible,  thereby  eliminating  the 
tendency  to  under  cut  when  working  to 


FILING  MACHINE 

finished  lines.  An  extra  large  working 
platen  enables  the  machine  to  handle 
a  great  variety  of  work  and  adjusting 
and  locking  screws  provide  for  adjust- 
ment of  the  angle  at  which  the  platen  is 
set. 


INTERCHANGEABLE    COUNTERBORE    OR    SP    OT  FACER. 


August  15,  1918. 

COnON  CLOTH  FOR  AIRCRAFT 

By  M.  M. 

The   cotton   trade   presents   many   war 
features.     One   of    the    most    interesting 

— and    one    that    is   often    overlooked is 

the    provision    of    cloth    for    use    in    the 
buikiins    of    aircraft,    more    particularly 
of   aeroplanes.        In     this     direction    the 
trade   has    afforded    most    valuable    help 
to  the  Allies.     In  pre-war  days  the  mak- 
ing of  aeroplanes  fabrics  had  secured  a 
solid  footing  in  Lancashire,  and  the  gov- 
ernment  exercised     a     wise     discretion, 
soon  after  hostilities  began,  in  acquiring 
control    of    the    whole    output    and    pre- 
venting leakage  to  the  enemy.     But  pre- 
war  production   was   far   from   sufficient 
to  meet  war  needs,  and  in  the  last  two 
years  there  has  been  a  considerable  de- 
velopment in  the  making  of  fabrics  that 
aeroplane  building  has  asked  for.     More 
spindles   and   more   looms   have  been   set 
to  work.     Some  of  the  best  known  and 
the  biggest  of  the  fine  spinning  concerns 
are   wholly   devoted   to   turning   out    the 
yarns,  which  are  spun  from   high-grade 
Egyptian    and    from    Sea    Island    cotton. 
To   make   this   supply   of  cotton  certain 
was  one  of  the  subjects  which  the  gov- 
ernment had  in  view  in  deciding  to  take 
oyer  the  whole  of  the  next  crop  of  Egyp- 
tian  cotton,   a   step   which   had   received 
unanimous   approval   of  the   trade. 

In  application  of  fine  and  strong  tex- 
tile to  the   covering  of  aeroplane  wings 
cotton  has  been  running  a  sort  of  race 
with  linen.     There  is  no  doubt  that  the 
use   of   linen,   in    the    past   at   any   rate, 
has  presented  some  advantages  over  the 
use  of  cotton   cloth.     Linen   is  stronger, 
and   has   a   smoother   surface.        On   the 
other  hand  it  is  heavier,  usually  weigh- 
ing 4  oz.  per  yard  as  against  SVi  oz.  in 
the    case    of    cotton,    an    important    con- 
sideration.    One  objection   to  cotton  has 
been  that  the  surface  being  less  smooth 
than  that  of  linen,  there  is  some  inter- 
ference   with    the    proper   application    of 
dope.     As   to   the    comparative    strength 
of   the   two   fabrics,   one   would    suppose 
that    cotton    cloth,    which    will    stand    a 
strain     of     l^^     tons     per    square    yard, 
would   meet   all   demands   that   are    ever 
likely   to    be    made   upon    it.        However 
there   is   no   finality  in   sight  in   the  de- 
sign and  manufacture  of  cotton  fabrics. 
No  one  feels  more  strongly  than  manu- 
facturers that  we  have  not  yet  sounded 
the  possibilities  of  cloth.     The  more  the 
staple  is   examined   and   tested   scientifi- 
cally,   the    more    wonderful    does    it   ap- 
pear, and  the   more   clearly  is   it  recog- 
nized, that'the  end  is  not  yet.     So  far, 
the  twin  sciences  of  spinning  and  weav- 
ing   in    practice    have    kept    fairly    level 
with  the  demands  of  the  public,  but  fur- 
ther  progress    will    be    made,    and    it    is 
not  too  much  to  hope  that  cotton  cloth  will 
be  produced  which  for  aircraft  purposes 
will  be  of  unapproachable  excellence  and 
suitability. 

At  the  present  time  experiments  are 
being  carried  out  with  the  object  of  eli- 
minating faults  and  defects,  such  as  they 
are,    and    of    providing,    a    fabric    whi-h 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

shall  fully  satisfy  the  needs  of  the  air- 
craft industry.  Designers  of  aeroplanes 
have  laid  down  certain  requirements  and 
the  cotton  trade  is  endeavouring  to 
meet  them.  It  must  be  remarked  in  this 
connection  that,  as  the  aircraft  industry 
has  grown,  its  needs  in  the  way  of  es- 
sential materials  have  grown  with  it  and 
have  become  more  exacting.  The  chief 
objects  now  aimed  at  are  still  greater 
strength  and  durability,  and  still  greater 
powers  of  resistance  to  wind  pressure, 
with  an  absolutely  smooth  and  even  sur- 
face that  will  not  be  too  absorbent  of 
dope.  All  this  has  to  be  accomplished 
without  any  sacrifice  of  lightness,  and 
without  any  considerable  reduction  in  the 
element  of  elasticity.  We  have  every 
confidence  that  the  response  of  the  cotton 
trade  will  be  of  the  most  satisfactory 
character,  and  that  the  aeroplane  cotton 
fabrics  of  the  future  will  be  worthy  of  a 
great  industry  which  in  the  past  has 
scored  many  triumphs. 


W^: 


2U9 


MACHINE   SHOP   HEATING   AND 
VENTILATING 

By  "Dale" 

Considerable    difficulty    is    experienced 
in  arranging  for  the  heating  and  venti- 
latinq:   of  the   single    storey   sheds   with 
saw-tooth   roofs   now   in  universal   favor 
for  light  machine  shops.     The  wide  ex- 
panse of  surface  exposed  to  the  weather 
in   such   buildings     makes     the   task   of 
maintaining  a  comfortable  working  tem- 
perature   difficult     on      cold      days,    and 
while    roof   ventilators    and    fans    afford 
adequate  ventilation  in  summer,  they  are 
invariably  put  out  of  action  in  vv-jnter  on 
account   of  the   excessive   down   draught 
of   cold    air,   whereupon    the    air    in    the 
centre    of    the    shops    becomes    stagnant 
and    impure.     But    satisfactory   hygienic 
conditions    are    essential    to    the    main- 
tenance of  efficiency;  hence  some  method 
must  be  devised  to  supply  warm,  fresh 
air   in   the  winter,   and    cool    air   in    the 
summer  to  all  parts  of  the  building.     A 
srood  arrangement  has  been  in  work  for 
two  years  past  in  a  well  known  English 
plant  at  Birmingham.       It  consists  of  a 
number   of   cupola-shaped   heaters    (four 
in  this  particular  case)  distributed  about 
the   shed,   each   of   which    draws    air   by 
means  of  a  15-inch     motor-driven     hori- 
"ontal  propeller  fan,  located  at  the  ^^ 
down   inlet  pipe  protruding  through  the 
roof,    passes     it   through     a    battery   of 
steam    pipes,   and   ejects   it   at   the   floor 
level,   whence      it     rises    and   circulates 
through  the  building.     The  down  pipe  is 
fitted,  just  below  the  roof,  vrith  a  swing- 
ing damper   which   can  be   moved   so  as 
to   block    the    admission    of   outside    air 
and  allow  the  warm  air  from  inside  the 
shop  to  be  passed  and  repassed  through 
the    heater.     This    is   very   beneficial    on 
cold   mornings,  as   it  enables  the  air  to 
be  raised  to  a  suitable  temperature  in  a 
short  time,  whereupon  the  damper  can 
be    moved    back    and    the    temperature 
maintained     with     the     cold    air    outside 
passing  through.     This  feature  is  a  dis- 
tinct  improvement  on  many  other  types 


of    heating    apparatus.       The    steam    is 
supplied  to  the  heaters  from  a  vertical 
boiler  9  ft.  high  by  3  ft.  9  in.  diameter 
(which  if  worked  at  80  lb.  per  sq.  inch, 
is   capable   of   serving  eight   heaters   in 
the     coldest     weather)     through     1    in. 
branches  from  the  main  steam  pipe,  and 
is   trapped  at  the  outlet  with   a  steam 
trap  of  the  float  type,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent the  passage  of  uncondensed  steam. 
The  condensed  steam,  after  leaving  the 
trap,  is  forced  along  a   %   in.  pipe,  past 
a  check  valve,  into  the  main  return  pipe, 
which  conveys  it  to  the  boiler  fee  J  . 
The  legs   of  the   heater  are  utilized   as 
a  means  of  connection  to  the  stem  and 
drain    pipes.     Valves   are   fitted   to   both 
pipes  of  each  heater,  so  that  one  can  be 
out    for   repairs    without   disturbing   the 
others.     The  temperature  can  be  varied 
by  altering  the  steam  pressure,  by  vary- 
ing    the     quantity     of     steam     passing 
through  the.  steam  valves,  or  by  means 
of  the  motor  regulator,  the  latter  being 
arraned    to    give    four    different    speeds. 
During  the  warmer  weather,  when  it  be- 
comes   unnecessary    to    use    the    heating 
part  of  the  apparatus,  the  fans  are  used 
for  ventilating  only.       The   impure   air 
escapes  through    the    interstices    in   the 
doors   and    between     the     valley   gutters 
and  the  lower  purlin  on  the  glazed  side 
of  the  roof.     By  reason  of  the  pressure 
inside      the      building      being      slightly 
greater  than  that  of  the  atmosphere,  all 
leakages   are  from   the   inside   outwards, 
and  hence  draughts  are  preventer'.    The 
cost  of  this  method  of  heating  and  ven- 
tilating   compares    very    favorably    with 
any  proprietary  system,  and  at  the  same 
time    meets    all    the    requirements    of    a 
modern  heating  and  ventilating  plant. 


It  has  been  found  possible  mechani- 
cally to  work  tungsten  containing  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  tungsten  carbide 
when  the  carbide  was  made  separately, 
powdered,  and  added  to  the  tungsten 
powder  before  pressing.  Tungsten  in- 
gots containing  tunesten  carbide  made 
up  in  this  manner  may  be  mechanically 
worked  when  the  carbon  content  is  far 
in  excess  of  that  necessary  to  make  the 
tungsten  brittle  ordinarily.  When  added 
in  this  way  the  tungsten  carbide  does  not 
surround  the  tungsten  grains. 


In  response  to  requests  from  the  Min- 
istry of  Munitions  and  the  Department 
of  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research, 
and  in  conjunction  with  the  British 
Chemical  Ware  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion and  the  British  Laboratory  Ware 
Association,  arrangements  have  been 
made,  with  the  aid  of  the  Ministry  of 
Munitions,  for  testing  graduated  glass- 
ware at  the  National  Physical  Labora- 
tory on  a  larger  scale  than  has  hitherto 
been  possible.  The  conditions  of  test, 
and  scale  of  charges,  are  given  in  the 
test  pamphlet  of  the  Metrology  (Glass 
Testing)  Department,  copies  of  which 
may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Director,  National  Physical  Laboratory, 
Teddington. 


210 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  aX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 

UMTTED 

(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNB  MAOISAN.  PrMidnit      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vke-PrMidmt 

H.   V.  TYRRELL,   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5-> 

A  weekly  jonmal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY,  Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
A.  G.  WEBSTER    J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal)     W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 


Office    of    Publication.    143153    University    Avenue,    Toronto,    Ontario. 


Vol.   XX. 


AUGUST  15 


No. 


The  Position  of  the  Scrap  Metal  Trade 

ONE  of  the  changes  that  has  come  over  at  least  one 
line  of  business  as  a  result  of  war  conditions  has  been 
the  lifting  of  the  scrap  metal  business  out  of  the  ordinary 
class,  and  placing  it  in  the  very  extraordinary  division. 

Our  first  impression  of  the  scrap  business  may  have 
been  gathered  from  the  time  v*fhen  we  used  to  spend  Sat- 
urday afternoons  out  looking  for  old  metal  and  bones,  for 
which  there  was  always  a  few  cents  recompense  in  any 
town  or  city  in  the  country. 

Very  few  outside  of  the  trade  know  the  tremendous 
amounts  that  are  involved  in  the  scrap  transactions  that 
are  going  on  at  present.  And  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that 
the  Munitions  Board  steps  in  and  takes  over  all  the  turn- 
ings and  cuttings  from  the  munitions  shops  now,  there 
would  be  a  volume  of  business  in  this  line  that  would  be 
hard  to  credit  or  believe. 

The  little  old  rickety  wagon  that  wabbles  around  pick- 
ing up  the  scrap  iron  is  certainly  coming  into  its  own  with 
a  vengeance.  It  may  be  that  in  the  near  future  we  will 
see  traffic  cops  giving  it  right  of  way  over  every  other 
sort  of  vehicle  in  the  congested  area,  and  the  gentry  in 
charge  of  them  wearing  medals  that  will  make  iron  crosses 
look  flat,  tame  and  uninteresting. 

A  decision  that  was  made  last  week  in  a  case  that  came 
up  in  one  of  the  big  steel  and  iron  centres  of  the  United 
States  has  a  greater  bearing  than  the  simple  giving  of 
the  decision.  It  was,  in  effect,  that  those  working  in 
scrap  yards,  sorting  and  handling  second-hand  metals, 
were  engaged  in  useful  occupations.  There  were  a  lot  of 
people  who  had  a  habit  of  looking  down  on  the  man 
working  in  a  scrap  yard  as  following  a  poor  game.  There 
may  have  been  nothing  very  romantic  about  the  occupa- 
tion, and  it  may  have  been  from  sheer  necessity  that  the 
man  entered  the  occupation.  Well,  allow  for  all  that,  but 
look  at  the  standing  of  the  business  now.  When  other 
lines,  that  in  ordinary  times  are  apt  to  try  for  a  top  rail 
on  the  fence,  and  plume  themselves  as  being  very  legiti- 
mate and  useful  businesses,  are  being  closed  down  by  the 
War  Board  as  non-essential,  the  sanction  of  the  same  board 
is  given  to  the  men  working  in  the  scrap  metal  yards. 
Quite  a  change,  isn't  it? 

The  war  is  cutting  a  lot  of  new  swaths  that  are  hurt- 
ing the  feelings  of  not  a  few  people.  No  man  likes  to 
have  his  organization  dubbed  by  the  authorities  as  non- 
essential. He  has  been  in  the  habit  of  imagining  that  his 
little  undertaking  was  the  most  essential  concern  in  the 
country,  and  that  if  anything  happened  to  it,  panic,  wide- 
spread an  dterrific,  would  certainly  come  and  camp  in  our 
midst. 


But  his  concern  has  been  passed  by.  The  authorities. 
have  put  the  thing  in  the  sieve  of  war  need  and  it  has  gone 
through  the  meshes.  The  man  at  the  head  of  it  has  been 
told  that  he  can't  enter  the  market  for  iron  or  steel,  and 
he  will  have  to  close  up  until  after  the  war  or  do  some- 
thing more  necessary  in  his  shop.  There  is  bound  to  be  a 
great  old  trail  of  punctured  pride,  hurt  feelings  and  ruf- 
fled dignity  in  the  land  while  a  batch  of  these  non-essen- 
tials sit  down  at  the  side  of  the  road  and  watch  the  scrap- 
metal  cart  go  by  in  the  procession  approved  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. 


Real  Economy  in  Burning  All  the  Coal 

'TpHERE  seems  to  be  no  end  of  advice  given  officially 
-'■  and  otherwise  to  the  Canadian  public  this  year  in 
regard  to  the  necessity  of  saving  coal,  both  in  power 
plants  and  in  the  heating  plants  for  the  home.  Occasion- 
ally there  are  some  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  proper 
methods  of  firing,  and  the  securing  of  perfect  combus- 
tion that  have  some  real  value,  but  there  is  a  great 
deal  of  wasted  and  misspent  effort  in  the  advice  given 
as   a   general   thing. 

Real  results  are  going  to  be  secured  in  making  it 
certain  that  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  heat  is 
secured   from   the  fuel   we   burn. 

A  steam  engine  is  a  waster  at  best.  It  is  considered 
quite  satisfactory  to  use  20  per  cent,  of  the  actual  steam 
value  delivered  to  the  ordinary  engine,  and  in  many 
cases  the  figure  will  be  well  below  that. 

Boiler  efficiency  is  another  matter  that  has  much- 
to  do  with  the  amount  of  coal  burned  and  the  relative 
amount  of  heat  obtained  from  it.  There  are,  of  course, 
boiler  plants  where  as  high  as  80  per  cent,  of  the  heat 
in  the  coal  will  be  secured,  but  that  is  above  the  average. 
Perhaps  a  figure  around  60  per  cent,  would  be  much 
nearer. 

There  should  be  an  effort  made  to  induce  power  plant 
users  to  go  ahead  and  introduce  in  their  premises  ap- 
pliances that  will  make  it  certain  that  they  will  secure 
the  maximum  amount  of  heat  from  every  ton  of  coal 
that   goes    into   their   furnaces. 

Very  little  is  going  to  be  aained  bv  simply  keeping 
up  a  harangue  that  the  people  should  burn  less  coaL 
That  will  probably  result  in  decreased  efficiency  all  round. 

The  big  drive  should  be  to  see  to  it  that  we  bum 
coal  instead  of  letting  a  large  percentage  of  the  com- 
bustible material  drift  up  and   out  of  the   smokestack. 


AN  extraordinary  story  of  a  boy's  enterprise  was  re- 
^  lated  at  London  Sessions,  when  Robert  Scott  (17),  en- 
gineer, pleaded  guilty  to  receiving  stolen  tools.  Mr.  St. 
John  Hutchinson  said  accused  was  undoubtedly  a  lad  of 
exceptional  ability  with  a  future  before  him.  He  left  the 
Hugh  Myddelton  School  when  fourteen  years  of  age,  and 
entered  prosecutor's  employ,  showing  such  engineering 
skill  that  at  fifteen  he  was  earning  35s.  a  week.  While 
still  that  age  he  and  another  boy  took  a  back  room  and 
commenced  making  screws  and  nuts.  The  partner,  i-each- 
ing  eighteen,  had  to  join  the  army,  but  Scott  continued 
working,  and  was  so  successful  that  he  was  able  to  take 
premises  at  £130  a  year  and  employ  eleven  men  and  eight 
women.  He  had  saved  £400  and  spent  it  on  machinery, 
and  a  further  sum  saved  had  been  invested  in  war  stock. 
He  now  held  large  contracts  with  the  Government  relat- 
ing to  aeroplane  work.  Sir  R.  Wallace,  K.C.,  said  that  all 
must  regret  that  the  lad  had  used  his  marvellous  gifts  in 
such  a  way.  He  would  give  him  another  chance  and  bind 
him  over  to  come  up  for  judgment  if  called  upon. — Birm- 
ingham Post. 

*  *  * 

AMERICAN  officers  in  Canada  are  well  pleased  with  the 
way  Canadians  are  handling  their  orders.  They  started 
out  to  make  this  place  the  granary  of  the  Empire,  but 
they  simply  can't  keep  from  sticking  a  machine  shop  in 
between    the   farms. 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


211 


SPECIALIST  IN  FINE 

SCIENTIFIC  TOOLS 

From    His   Early   Youth,   Robert   Dawson   has   Been 
Associated  With  the  Manufacture  of  Accu- 
rate Recording  Instruments 


/"'HANCE,  as  a  factor  of  industrial  achievements,  is 
^-^  rapidly  being  eliminated  from  the  field  of  engineer- 
ing, as  the  manufacture  of  fine  scientific  and  mechanical 
instruments  of  the  most  modern  type  now  assures  a 
degree  of  accuracy  never  attained  in  the  past.  Until 
very  recently  work  of  this  character  had  received  little 
attention  here  in  Canada,  but  early   in  the  present  year 


the  engineering  firm  of  Peacock  Bros.,  Montreal,  decided 
to  open  a  new  department  for  the  repair  and  maintenance 
of  the  many  recording  instruments  passing  through  their 
hands. 

One  of  the  essential  considerations  in  connection  with 
the  efficient  operation  of  such  a  department  was  that  of 
securing  a  man  suitably  adapted,  and  with  the  necessary 
knowledge  of  such  instruments,  to  carry  on  the  work 
successfully.  The  firm,  however,  were  fortunate  in  acquir- 
ing a  man  whose  life  has  virtually  been  spent  on  a  class 
of  work  that  specially  fits  him  for  this  previously  neglected 
branch   of   Canadian    industry. 

Robert  Dawson  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  of 
Scotch  parents,  but  when  two  years  old  was  brought  to 
Canada,  where  his  father  secured  a  position  with  Messrs. 
Ross  of  Montreal,  who  in  the  past  seventies  were  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  all  classes  of  civil  engineering 
instruments.  When  young  Dawson  was  about  seven  years 
old  the  family  returned  to  Scotland  but  shortly  after 
migrated  to  Dublin,  Ireland,  where  the  father  secured 
employment  with  the  instrument  firm  of  Yeates  &  Son. 
Subsequently,  however,  the  senior  Dawson  started  in 
business  for  himself,  so  that  the  early  years  of  the 
"boy's"  life  were  associated  with  the  work  that  he  even- 
tually mastered.  Much  of  his  early  training  was  ac- 
quired at  the  Dublin  Technical  School  where  the  education 
proved  of  great  assistance  in  his  practical  efforts. 

After  putting  in  several  years  of  "spare  time"  with 
his   father.   Bob   entered   the   services   of  Yeates   &    Son 


and  gained  a  wider  experience  in  the  manufacture  of  all 
kinds  of  scientific  instruments.  After  several  years  with 
this  firm  he  engaged  with  Dobson  &  Curtis,  remaining 
with  them  until  they  went  out  of  business,  afterwards 
entering  the  employ  of  Sir  Howard  Grubb  at  his  as- 
tronomical works,  Rathmines,  Dublin.  Sir  Howard  Grubb 
is  famous  all  over  the  world  as  a  manufacturer  of  large 
telescopes  and  other  observatory  equipment,  and  under 
his  guidance  Mr.  Dawson  helped  to  build  instruments  for 
Australia  and  South  Africa. 

Gains    Further    Experience 

His  next  position  was  with  the  firm  of  Thos.  Mason, 
Dane  St.,  Dublin,  where  he  had  charge  of  the  laboratory 
for  testing  and  adjusting  all  kinds  of  measuring  instru- 
ments, atmospheric  recorders  and  all  kinds  of  civil  en- 
gineering instruments.  While  associated  with  this  firm 
his  work  kept  him  in  close  touch  with  many  of  the 
large  colleges  of  Ireland,  notably  Trinity  College,  the 
College  of  Science,  all  the  colleges  of  Dublin,  and  many 
others  throughout  the  country.  In  this  position  he  also 
became  expert  in  the  moving  picture  business,  Messrs. 
Mason  having  the  largest  connection  in  Ireland  in  the 
optical  lantern  moving  picture  machine  trade.  After 
acquiring  considerable  experience  with  this  firm,  Mr.  Daw- 
son opened  a  moving  picture  theatre  of  his  own,  but  gave 
it  up  after  a  short  period  and  came  to  Canada  in  1913. 
He   Comes   to   Canada 

His  first  position  here  was  with  the  Gowland  Optical 
Co.,  of  Westmount,  where  for  nearly  five  years  he  was 
engaged  on  fine  machine  work  almost  continually,  the 
company  manufacturing  tools  which  were  extremely  ac- 
curate for  grinding  and  polishing  optical  lenses.  Upon 
learning  that  Peacock  Bros.,  of  Montreal,  were  contem- 
plating the  opening  of  a  new  department  for  the  repair- 
ing of  all  kinds  of  scientific  and  recording  instruments, 
Mr.  Dawson  made  himself  known  to  the  firm  and  his 
past  experience  and  general  qualifications  were  such  that 
he  was  engaged  "on  the  spot"  to  take  charge  of  the 
new  department. 

Prior  to  January  of  this  year  it  was  practically  im- 
possible to  have  repairs  of  this  description  made  in  Canada 
so  that  it  was  necessary  to  send  the  instruments  to  the 
States  for  overhauling  and  repairs,  entailing  not  only 
an  additional  expenditure  of  money  but  long  delay  in 
getting    equipment    returned. 

In  addition  to  their  regular  engineering  lines  the 
impetus  given  to  marine  development  has  increased  the 
scope  of  Peacock  Bros.'  activities  and  Mr.  Dawson's  duties 
have  required  his  presence  on  many  of  the  vessels  plying 
in  and  out  of  the  port  of  Montreal,  for  the  purpose  of 
repairing  and  adjusting  many  of  the  recording  instru- 
ments used  for  navigation. 

Mr.  Dawson  in  his  department  specializes  in  the 
"Foxboro"  type  of  recording  instruments,  he  having  made 
an  extended  visit  to  the  works  at  Foxboro,  Mass.,  to 
acquire  the  essential  knowledge  required  for  eflficient  ser- 
vice. Many  other  types  of  equipment  reach  him  for 
repairs  and  are  promptly  turned  out  in  working  condition. 

Mr.  Dawson  in  commenting  on  the  value  of  technical 
newspapers,  says,  "These  papers  are  of  vital  importance 
to  anyone  working  at  a  trade,  as  they  enable  one  to  keep 
in  close  touch  with  all  the  most  recent  developments  and 
improvements   in   machines   and   equipment." 


We  never  knew  very  many  people  who  got  into  much 
trouble  minding  their  own  business. 

*  *  * 

IT'S  an  awful  sensation  for  a  man  to  go  away  for  a 
couple  of  week's  holidays  and  then  come  back  and  find 
that  business  has  gone  along  splendidly  during  his 
absence. 

*  *  * 

SOME  of  the  women  who  have  been  working  in  machine 
shops  for  the  last  couple  of  years,  will,  when  they  return 
to  domestic  life,  be  persisting  in  pouring  oil  on  the  bear- 
ings of  the  egg-beater,  and  adjusting  to  fine  degrees 
the   mechanism  of  the   coffee   grinder. 


21S 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


Much  Harder  to  go  Into  the  U.S.  Steel  Market 

Production  of  Steel  is  Gratifying,  but  it  Cannot  Keep  Pace  With 

the  Demand  For  Plate — Scrap  Dealers  Classed  as  Being  in  the 

"Useful  Occupation"  Class  by  United  States  Courts 


A  finding;  recently  handed  down  by  one  of  the  courts 
in  Pittsburg  gives  an  interesting  sidelight. on  the 
tendency  of  war  decisions,  and  the  out-of-the- 
ordinary  things  that  happen  when  they  get  down  to 
deciding  between  essentials  and  non-essentials.  The  scrap 
metal  industry  is  little  understood  in  many  centres.  The 
scrap  cart  is  not  looked  upon  as  having  a  very  pro-, 
nounced  standing  in  the  commercial  category.  But  the 
U.  S.  courts  have  ruled  that  men  employed  in  scrap 
yards  are  working  at  "useful  occupations,"  and  are  given 
such  recognition  by  the  war  authorities.  And  this  is 
happening  right  at  a  time  when  a  large  number  of  indus- 
tries that  in  peace  time  imagined  they  were  very  essential 
are  being  denied  access  to  the  steel  and  iron  markets. 

Some  of  the  more  recently  placed  contracts  in  Canada 
are  getting  well  under  way  and  production  will  be  secured 
in  a  short  time.  The  American  officials  in  Canada  are 
well  pleased  at  the  way  in  which  the  work  is  going  on 
here,  one  of  them  being  authority  for  the  statement  that 
the  reports  from  this  district  reaching  Washington  were 
second   to   none   in   any   part  of  the   continent. 

It  is  becoming  harder  to  secure  steel  in  any  shape 
from  the  American  mills.  There  is  a  tremendous  demand 
there  for  plate  for  the  Emergency  Fleet,  and  the  figures 
advanced  seem  to  increase  every  time  there  is  a  fresh 
announcement  made  of  the  requirements  of  the  situation. 
Nor  does  it  seem  to  make  much  difference  who  is  the 
seeking   party   in    Canada.     For   instance   the   firm  con- 


tracting for  the  boilers  to  heat  the  Parliament  Buildings 
at  Ottawa  have  been  held  up  for  a  good  many  weeks 
on  account  of  their  inability  to  secure  boiler  plate.  An 
attempt  is  now  being  made  by  a  Cabinet  Minister  to  have 
this  plate  included  in  the  Canadian  allotment  for  the 
month     and  released   immediately. 

There  is  still  a  large  volume  of  business  being  done 
in  machine  tools  and  supplies.  Some  of  the  firms  here 
are  having  a  little  difficulty  in  tooling  up  for  new  con- 
tracts, not  being  able  to  get  deliveries  on  all  the  material 
they  requi'-e.  The  demand  for  high  speed  steel  is  very 
active  asain,  and  some  lines  are  not  securing  a.s  rapid 
deliveries   as    might  be   desired. 

.Production  figures  from  the  large  producing  centres 
in  United  States  show  that  figures  have  kept  up  remark- 
ably well  during  the  hot  weather.  There  is  always  a 
falling  off  during  the  excessively  hot  period,  but  this 
tendency  has  been  less  marked  this  year  th.^'i  formerly 
No  doubt  the  urgency  of  the  situation  has  had  much 
to  do  with  the  way  in  which  the  men  in  furnace  and 
rolling  work  have  kept  production  up  to  a  high  standard. 
Many  of  the  mills  report  a  good  supply  of  heavy 
melting  steel  in  the  yards  and  on  the  way.  In  fact,  some 
of  them  are  so  well  supplied  just  now  that  they  are  not 
taking  on  further  supplies.  There  is  still  a  scarcity  of 
good  machinery  scrap,  and  some  of  this  would  be  very 
acceptable  in  a  good  many  foundries  just  now. 


EXTREME  HEAT  OF  WEEK  AFFECTS 

OPERATION  AND  PRODUCTION 


Siwcial  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

MONTREAL,  Que.,  Aug.  13.— Activi- 
ties in  almost  every  industry  have  been 
more  or  less  affected  by  the  exceptional 
hot  wave  that  has  been  prolonged  dur- 
inT  the  past  week.  Production  in  many 
lines  has  fallen  off  and  in  some  in- 
stances sections  of  plants  have  been 
been  forced  to  operate  on  shorter  time 
to  relieve  the  men  from  the  extreme 
heat.  Another  feature  that  has  a  bear- 
ing on  the  general  conditions  is  the 
holiday  season  that  invariably  affects 
business.  Inability  to  secure  materials 
has  tended  to  disorganize  business,  but 
nniier  the  circumstances  operations  are 
proceeding  with  reasonable  regularity. 
.SUel  Still  Acute 

Tension  in  the  steel  situation  is  still 


very  pronounced  and  no  relief  has  been 
shown  in  the  obtaining  of  material  from 
the  mills.  Nothing  but  oessential  re- 
quirements will  receive  cnsideration 
from  the  War  Trade  Board  and  there- 
fore domestic  trading  has  been  virtually 
eliminated.  Manufacturers  here  are  still 
seriously  handicapped  for  lack  of  suf- 
ficient steel  for  capacity  operations,  and 
this  condition  is  more  pronounced  in  the 
shipbuilding  industry  than  in  any  other, 
plates  being  the  material  that  is  the 
hardest  to  obtain.  As  may  be  expected 
the  extreme  warm  weather  has  been  and 
will  continue  to  be  a  detrimental  factor 
to  production,  as  workmen  are  frequent- 
ly unable  to  keep  the  pace  that  is  possi- 
ble in  cooler  weather.  The  situation 
here  maintains  its  acute  condition,  and 


dealers  do  not  anticipate  an  early 
change  for  the  better.  With  few  excep- 
tions the  market  is  held  very  firm  and 
prices  are  unchanged. 

Good  Demand  for  High  Speed  Steel 

As  a  result  of  the  recent  activity  in 
the  manufacture  of  munitions  the  re- 
quirements for  high  speed  steel  have 
been  on  a  scale  equal  almost  to  that  of 
a  couple  of  years  ago.  Difficulty  is  still 
experienced  by  dealers  here  in  obtaining 
supplies  of  steel  from  the  makers, 
especially  where  the  source  of  supply 
is  in  England.  One  dealer  reports  that 
delivery  from  Sheffield  cannot  be  as- 
sure under  a  period  of  from  6  to  9 
months.  Sizes  that  are  in  heavy  de- 
mand can  virtually  be  disposed  of  on 
the  very  day  of  their  arrival.  Consum- 
ers show  some  reluctance  to  purchasing 
sizes  larger  than  they  need,  as  in  many 
instances    the    surplus    must    be  wasted. 


August  15,  1918. 


CA  N  A  nr  A  N     M  A  C  il  1  N  K  1!  Y 


2i3 


I 


and   at  $2.25   per   lb.   this   is  very   often 
a  serious  factor. 

Metals  Genarally  Quiet. 

Apart  from  the  nervousness  that  still 
prevails  in  the  tin  situation  the  metal 
market  has  developed  no  features  of 
special  interest.  Copper  has  steadied 
following  the  assurance  that  the  existing 
price  will  prevail  until  November  the  1st. 
Tin  attained  a  record  high  during  the 
past  week,  but  is  again  at  the  level  of 
the  past  several  weeks.  The  other  metals 
are  comparatively  quiet  and  price  quota- 
tions are  unchanged. 

COPPER — The  situation  has  taken  on 
a  steadier  tendency  owing  to  the  an- 
nouncement that  the  newly  revised  price 
will  be  extended  to  Novmber  the  1st. 
Metal  is  still  hard  to  obtain  owing  to 
the  abnormal  requirements  both  here  and 
in  the  States.  Prices  here  are  very  firm 
at  31  and  32  cents  per  lb. 

TIN- — The  market  is  still  in  a  very 
acute  stage,  this  having  been  addition- 
ally emphasized  by  the  recent  advance 
to  uprecedented  price  on  the  Singapore 
market.  This  peak  quotation,  however, 
has  since  declined  and  the  situation  is 
again  back  to  its  previous  position  of 
uncertainty    and    nervousness. 

Dealers  here  are  still  having  diffi- 
culty in  securing  metal,  but  are  able  to 
supply  the  most  essential  needs  of  their 
customers.  Local  quotations  are  very 
strong  at  $1.25  per  lb. 

Holiday    Season    Affects    Tool    Business 

In  common  with  all  general  business 
the  machine  tool  activity  has  been  pass- 
ing through  a  quiet  period  as  a  result 
of  the  warm  weather  and  the  absence 
of  the  officials  responsible  for  the  plac- 
ing of  orders  for  tools  and  equipment. 
The  decline  in  the  enquiry  for  new  ma- 
chinery for  shell  making  would  appear 
to  indicate  that  the  bulk  of  the  tools 
required  for  this  purpose  have  already 
bbeen  ordered.  Many  of  these  tools, 
however,  are  still  waiting  to  be  delivered 
but  the  pressure  on  the  machine  bulider 
is  at  present  so  great  that  definite  date 
of  shipment  is  very  uncertain.  This 
condition  is  not  conducive  to  maximum 
steel  production  and  where  used  equip- 
ment can  be  found  available  the  same  is 
often  temporarily  acquired  to  assist  pro- 
duction. The  general  demand  for  ma- 
chine shop  supplies  continues  very  good 
but  frequently  the  same  condition  of 
uncertain  delivery  applies  to  this  as  to 
the  heavier  tools. 

Scrap  Very   Quiet. 

The  scrap  situation  has  been  some- 
what affected  by  the  warm  weather  and 
the  holiday  season  and  general  trade  is 
very  quiet.  Dealers  report  little  doing, 
the  bulk  of  the  business  being  of  a 
local  character,  small  lots  of  odd  ma- 
terial coming  in  from  the  country.  Tne 
present  demand  is  far  from  encouraging, 
but  dealers  here  anticipate  a  renewal  of 
activity  within  a  few  weeks.  Dealers 
here  are  rather  reluctant  to  stock  up 
when  the  demand  is  so  light  as  consum- 
ers are  only  buying  to  cover  their  im- 
mediate   recjuirements.     A    few    changes 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Inability  to  get  bciler  plates  from 
U.  S.  points  Hps  held  up  boiler  work 
for  the  Ottawa  Parliament  Build- 
ings. One  of  the  Dominion  Ministers 
is  trying  to  get  the  amount  included 
in   the   Canadian   allotment. 

The  price  of  plate  is  practically 
fixed  at  $10  fcr  Canadian  points. 
Before  the  war  sales  were  made  at 
$2  50.  and  dealers  claim  they  made 
mere  money  at  that  gale  price. 

Canadian  authorities  now  recog- 
nize $7.50  f.o.b.  mill  as  the  selling 
price  for  steel  plate. 


A  finding  in  U.  S.  courts  places 
workers  in  scrap  yards  in  the  cate- 
gory of  those  who  are  following  a 
useful  occupation. 


Machinery  scrap  is  much  in  de- 
mand, but  reports  have  it  that  some 
of  the  mills  are  well  filled  up  with 
heavy  melting  steel — so  much  so 
that  no  new  purchases  are  being 
made. 

American  officials  attached  to  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Beard  here  are 
well  pleased  with  the  production  rec- 
ords they  are  securing  here. 

U.  S.  experts  are  not  certain 
whether  il  would  be  good  policy  on 
their  part  to  try  to  build  new  blast 
and  open  hearth  furnaces.  At  pres- 
ent all  war  activity  practically  rests 
on  the  ingot  production. 

The  shipments  of  Lake  Superior 
iron  ore  that  are  passing  down  this 
year  are  breaking  by  a  large  mar- 
gin all  previous  records. 

Reports  for  the  past  few  months 
show  that  United  States  railroads 
are  getting  a  much  higher  car-mile 
rate  than  formerly. 

Pittsburgh  reports  that  the  de- 
crease in  the  hot  weather  is  much 
less  marked  this  year  than  is  usually 
the  case. 


have  taken  place  in  the  week's  quota- 
tions, notably  in  copper  and  brass.  Cop- 
per is  now  raneing  from  21  cents  for 
light  to  $25.50  for  crucible  and  heavy. 
Light  brass  is  now  quoted  at  10  cents, 
being  a  little  easier  than  last  week.  An 
advance  of  $2  on  stove  plate  puts  the 
current  price  at  $26.00  per  ton. 


CAN'T  GET  PLATE  TO 

MAKE  THE  BOILERS 

And  So  Work  on  Canadian  Government 

Contract  Has  Been  Held  Up  Fcr 

Some  Time 

TORONTO.— Some  nice  orders  are 
being  handled  by  machine  tool  houses 
in  Toronto — orders  that  run  into  a  good 
many  thousand  dollars.  Of  course  the 
great  bulk  of  it  centres  around  the  war 
contracts.  Some  of  them  are  not  alto- 
gether in  the  category  of  war  business, 
from  the  standpoint  of  munitions.  For 
instance,  Fairbanks-Morse  have  just 
completed  the  placing  of  a  good  sized 
order  for  the  Aviation  Department  of 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board.  This  is 
for  the  fitting  up  of  an  engine  repair 
park  for  the  flying  camps  in  this  dis- 
trict. 

Dealers  are .  getting  better  deliveries 
from  many  of  the  shops  where  they  had 
placed  contracts,  especially  for  single 
purpose  machinery,  and  on  this  account 
deliveries  of  shells  will  be  hastened  to 
that  extent.  One  of  the  officers  in  the 
American  section  of  the  Imperial  Muni- 
tions Board  expressed  himself  as  well 
pleased  with  the  work  of  the  Canadian 
war  contract  shops.  Discussing  the  mat- 
ter with  a  representative  of  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  the  officer  in  question  in- 
timated that  the  reports  that  were  sent 
to  Washington  regarding  output  and 
progress  were  not  outdone  by  any  re- 
port reaching  the  American  capital 
from  the  various  branches  in  the  re- 
public. He  stated  that  the  work  here 
was  being  well  done,  and  that  they  were 
receiving  every  assistance  from  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board. 

The  steel  situation  does  not  improve. 
It  is  becoming  a  harder  matter  to  se- 
cure material  from  the  States,  and  the 
fact  that  a  person  gets  a  license  does 
not  meun  that  the  goods  will  be  deliv- 
ered. In  fact  this  shortage  of  material 
is  causing  the  holding  up  of  a  good 
many  enterprises  in  this  district  that 
would  run  into  the  thousands  and  mil- 
lions. 

Can't  Get  Supplies 

The  big  contractor  is  suffering  with 
the  little  fellow.  For  instance  the  firm 
that  is  making  the  boilers  for  the  new 
Canadian  Parliament  Buildings  at  Otta- 
wa has  been  held  up  now  for  almost  two 
months  because  the  plate  cannot  be  se- 
cured from  the  rollers  to  permit  the 
firm  to  go  ahead  with  the  work.  As  the 
season  is  getting  well  advanced  some 
of  the  authorities  are  anxious  to  get 
progress  with  the  work,  and  one  of  the 
Canadian  cabinet  ministers  has  taken 
the  matter  up  in  an  effort  to  have  the 
Ottawa  order  included  in  the  Canadian 
allotment.  As  one  of  the  Toronto  deal- 
ers put  the  case  to-day:  "Our  experience 
is  that  it  is  not  much  of  a  trick  to  get 
a  license  and  a  priority  certificate.  Once 
a  person  is  armed  with  all  that  paper 
he  imaeines  when  he  approaches  the 
rollers  that  it  will  be  simply  a  case  of 
going  in  and  looking  over  the  stock  and 
filling  your  order  from  it.  But  you  find 
that  your  man  at  the  mill  is  not  very 
much    impressed    with    all    your    docu- 


214 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


ments.  He  tells  you  that  he  will  place 
the  order  on  his  books,  and  he  will  also 
tell  you  that  there  are  a  whole  lot  of 
people  in  possession  of  just  the  same 
sort  of  official  documents  that  you  count- 
ed on  to  move  all  obstacles  out  of  the 
way  for  you.  Our  experience  is  that 
priority  orders  and  licenses  are  not  near- 
ly as  formidable  and  as  powerful  as  one 
miirht  think." 

Some  Tubes  Coming  In 

One  Toronto  firm  got  in  a  good  sized 
shipment  by  lake  of  boiler  tubes.  They 
were  of  the  seamless  variety,  and  there 
seems  to  be  more  of  these  on  the  move 
than  of  the  lapweld.  There  has  been  a 
decided  shortage  of  the  two-inch  size, 
but  apparently  there  has  been  some  re- 
lief in  the  supply  of  skelp,  which  has 
been  blamed  for  some  time  past  for 
holding  up  the  finished  tube. 

As  intimated  in  these  columns  of  last 
week,  prices  on  galvanized  sheets  have 
advanced  50  cents  per  hundred,  and  there 
has  been  an  increase  in  the  black  sheets, 
but  hardly  to  the  same  extent. 
Plate  Price  Agreed  On 

The  price  quoted  for  plate  for  some 
time  past  has  been  around  the  $10  mark, 
and  it  seems  likely  that  this  will  con- 
tinue as  the  basis  of  trading  for  some 
time  to  come.  Although  no  announce- 
ment has  beep  made,  it  is  generally  un- 
derstood that  the  Government  and  the 
jobbers  have  come  to  regard  the  $10 
per  hundred  price  as  a  fair  point  for  the 
selling  of  plate.  A  few  sales  are  madt; 
slightly  under  that  point,  but  not  many. 
The  Government  has  sanctioned  an  f.o.b. 
price  of  $7.50  at  Canadian  mills  and  an- 
other cent  can  very  well  be  added  be- 
fore the  material  is  placed  in  ware- 
houses here. 

It  is  interesting  to  recall,  in  view  of 
the  $10  price  that  it  is  not  very  many 
years  ago  since  plate  was  quoted  at 
Pittsburgh  around  Ihe  $1.05  mark.  Sales 
were  made  from  Toronto  warehouses 
right  along  around  $2.50,  just  one-quar- 
ter of  the  present  price. 

Recognizing   Scrap   Workers 

An  incident  in  the  Pittsburgh  district 
recently  has  an  interesting  bearing  on 
the  scrap  metal  situation.  The  War  In- 
dustries Board  has  given  recognition  to 
those  working  in  scrap  yards  that  they 
are  engaged  in  work  that  comes  under 
the  heading  of  "useful"  and  approved  of 
by  the  war  authorities  of  the  republic. 
This  is  done  at  a  time  when  supplies 
are  gradually  being  denied  to  many  con- 
cerns that  in  times  of  peace  would  be 
inclined  to  look  askance  at  the  scrap 
metal  dealers. 

There  is  not  a  very  great  amount  of 
trade  passing  in  the  scrap  yards.  Deal- 
ers here  state  that  the  mills  are  well 
filled  up  with  heavy  melting  stetel,  and 
they  are  to  a  large  extent  rather  at  a 
loss  to  know  where  it  is  coming  from. 
One  of  the  dealers  stated  this  morning 
that  a  rolling  mill  had  almost  800  cars 
of  scrap  in  the  yards  and  on  the  way, 
and  were  refusing  to  take  on  anything 
else,  claiming  it  was  not  graded  up  to 
their  requirements.  There  is  still  a 
shortage  of  good  machinery  scrap,  and 


any  of  the  yards  here  would  be  glad  lo 
take  on  a  lot  of  business  in  this  direc- 
tion. Prices  are  tight  just  now,  and 
those  in  the  trade  state  that  it  is  not 
possible  to  get  a  cent  over  the  market 
price. 

Still  All  War  Business 

The  dealers  here  are  still  handling 
big  orders.  Most  of  them  can  be  traced 
directly  to  war  business.  There  is  noth- 
ing in  this  to  indicate  that  other  lines 
have  gone  out  of  action,  but  it  is   the 


result  of  war  pressure,  and  the  unsatis- 
fied demand  for  supplies.  Some  of  the 
shops  in  Toronto  that  are  handling  the 
9.2  orders  have  started  work  on  the  first 
one  or  two  operations,  but  little  pro- 
gress has  been  made  as  they  do  not  wish 
to  fill  up  their  shops.  The  desire  is  to 
get  a  steady  flow  through  all  opera- 
tions at  the  same  time.  There  is  delay 
m  some  quarters  on  account  of  not  being 
able  to  secure  tools  on  the  time  notice 
given.  High  speed  goods  are  still  in 
big  demand  with  prices  unchanged. 


COMBING  COUNTRY  FOR  SCRAP 

BRINGS  ONLY  SMALL  AMOUNT  IiN[ 


THE  importance  being  assumed  by 
the  scrap  metal  situation  at  the 
present  time  would  almost  warrant 
some  better  name  being  coined  for  this 
trade.  Certain  it  is,  that  never  before  in 
many  years  has  there  been  such  a  dili- 
gent search  for  the  elusive  second-hand 
metal  as  is  going  on  all  over  the  country 
at  the  present  time.  Foundries,  finding 
themselves  short  of  pig  iron,  are  making 
that  shortage  up  in  many  cases  by  in- 
troducing a  much  larger  percentage  of 
scrap  than  is  usually  the  case.  Open 
hearth  furnaces  are  aUo  on  the  market 
all  the  time  for  scrap.  Reports  from 
U.  S.  points  are  as  follows: 

Pittsburgh. — This  great  steel  centre, 
it  is  estimated,  consumes  about  44  per 
cent,  of  the  entire  scrap  output  of  the 
country  and  against  this  there  is  pro- 
duced here  only  about  24  per  cent,  of  the 
amount,  so  that  even  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions it  has  to  depend  upon  outside 
sources  for  a  good  20  per  cent,  of  its 
supply.  The  trouble  here  just  now  is 
that  these  outside  sources  cannot  be 
drawn  upon  as  they  are  making  use  of 
all  their  own  scrap.  Although  shell  steei 
turnings  are  being  made  in  greater  quan- 
tity than  ever  before,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  they  are  also  being  consum- 
ed as  fast  as  they  are  produced. 

Boston — The  labor  situation  has  not 
improved  at  all  in  this  district  and  it  is 
very  safe  to  say  that  the  labor  short- 
age is  making  it  impossible  for  the  yards 
to  handle  one-half  of  the  business  that 
could  be  carried  by  them. 

New  York — A  continuous  and  persis- 
tent demand  has  forced  up  the  prices 
on  stove  plates  and  grates  to  the  maxi- 
mum limits  of  the  market.  The  intense- 
ly hot  weather  of  the  past  few  days  has 
had  a  telling  effect  on  the  volume  of 
business  carried  and  a  number  of  the 
yards  have  been  curtailing  operations 
to  a  considerable  degree. 

Philadelphia. — A  ruling  that  has  been 
made  by  Provost  General  Crowder  re- 
garding employees  of  scrap  yards  will 
have  considerable  interest  all  over  the 
country.  The  point  was  raised  as  to 
whether  employees  of  these  places  would 
be  considered  as  working  at  essential 
or  non-essential  occupations  and  the  rul- 
ing of  the  authority  in  this  case  is  that 
those  working  in  scrap  yards  are  carrying 
on  business  that  is  regarded  as  being 
essential  and  is  placed  in  the  class  of 
useful  work.     There  is  a  very  keen  de- 


mand here  for  all  grades  of  scrap  and 
this  tends  to  keep  supplies  scarce  and 
also  to  limit  the  number  of  sales. 

Buffalo — Many  of  the  consumers  here 
are  handicapped  by  a  great  shortage  of 
labor  and  a  number  of  the  dealers  are 
in  even  worse  shape.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  there  is  not  a  very  great  deal  of 
scrap  in  the  dealers'  yards,  as  the  most 
of  it  moves  out  almost  as  quickly  as  it 
arrives. 

Cleveland — A  number  of  the  dealers 
here  are  wondering  what  will  happen  on 
October  1st,  for  on  that  date  it  is  anti- 
cipated that  the  scrap  and  steel  prices 
will  be.  revised  again  for  the  next  three 
months. 

Youngstown — A  very  large  number  of 
the  dealers  here  are  short  at  the  present 
time  and  are  fearing  that  an  increase 
in  prices  will  come,  as  they  are  hearings 
constant  complaints  from  the  producers 
that  the  present  prices  being  paid  are 
too  small  for  them  to  do  business  on.  A 
man  who  has  scrap  to  sell  here  at  the- 
present  time  can  very  easily  find  buyers, 
but  the  buyers  in  a  great  many  cases, 
find  it  very  hard  to  find  the  sellers. 

Chicago — The  usual  sources  of  scrap 
here  are  not  yielding  as  much  material 
as  formerly  and  the  railroads  are  doing 
comparatively  little  to  help  on  the  situ- 
ation. In  nearly  every  line  prices  are 
advancing  gradually  and  nearly  all  of 
the  items  will  be  at  the  Government 
maximum  shortly. 

Cincinnati — There  are  two  things  that 
stand  out  prominently  in  the  market 
situation  here  right  now — one  is  the 
increased  demand  and  the  other  is  the 
decreased  supplies  of  scrap.  The  dealers- 
are  not  making  predictions  as  to  what 
the  outcome  of  this  situation  may  be. 

St.  Louis — Dealers  here  are  making 
every  effort  to  secure  increased  tonnages: 
but  they  are  rewarded  with  only  indiffer- 
ent success.  Very  little  of  the  railroad 
scrap  ever  reaches  the  yards  now  as 
there  seems  to  be  a  disposition  on  the 
part  of  the  officials  to  deal  direct  with 
the  consumers. 


Clutches.— Hill  Clutch  Co.,  Cleveland. 
June  issue  of  "Hill  Clutch  Equipment." 
Mentions  an  installation  of  clutches  and 
bearings  at  the  Baker  R.  &  L.  Co.  for 
the  testing  of  automobile  engines.  A 
description  of  the  equipment  employed 
is  presented,  supplemented  by  two  illus- 
trations of  the  engine  testing  section  and' 
others  of  the  bearings  and  clutches  used. 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


215 


HABIT  OF  "TAKING  HOLIDAYS" 

INTERFERES  WITH  PRODUCTION 

avoiding  Sunday  work,  or  the  long  week- 
end shift  every  fortnight.  Some  day 
this  revolutionary  change  may  come 
about  in  steel  works,  but  the  present 
time  of  labor  shortage  and  extraordinary 
demand  is  not  the  best  moment  to  choose 
for  enforcing  such  a  change. 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

SYDNEY,  N.S.,  August  14.— The  con- 
tract for  the  excavation  and  foundations 
of  the  new  plate  mill  at  the  Dominion 
Steel  Company's  Sydney  plant  has  been 
let  to  the  Bate-MacMahon  Co.  and  work 
on  this  contract  was  commence<l  on  the 
7th  August,  which  is  stated  to  coincide 
curiously  with  the  date  when  the  first 
sod  was  turned  for  the  plant  itself, 
namely  7th  August,  1899,  or  nineteen 
years  ago  exactly. 

The  plate  mill  itself  is  being  furnished 
by  the  United  Engineering  Company  of 
Pittsburgh.  The  Dominion  Bridge  Co. 
is  furnishing  tihe  structural  material 
for  the  mill  buildings. 

While  no  exact  date  can  be  given  in 
connection  with  construction  work  un- 
der present  day  conditions,  it  is  thought 
that  the  plate  mill  may  be  in  actual 
operation  before  Christmas,  1919. 

Taking  "Holidays" 

The  employees  of  the  Dominion  Steel 
Company  have  on  two  successive  Sun- 
days taken  a  "holiday"  as  a  protest 
against  the  non-granting  of  their  wage 
demands  in  full.  In  May,  a  Royal  Com- 
mission considered  this  matter  and  made 
certain  recommendations  which  the  Steel 
Company  fulfilled  to  the  letter,  and  in 
addition  gave  further  substantial  in- 
creases to  classes  which  had  not  been 
included  in  the  recommendations  of  the 
Royal  Commission.  Still  further  in- 
creases have  been  promised,  but  never- 
theless the  employees  have  taken  the 
extraordinary  course  mentioned.  A  "holi- 
day" on  Sunday  is  just  as  injurious  to 
a  continuous  process  operation  as  a  holi- 
day on  any  other  day,  and  as  a  result 
the  production  of  the  plant  has  been  in- 
terrupted in  each  instance  for  half  the 
week  following  the  "holiday."  The  pro- 
ceeding is  a  profitless  and  inept  one  on 
the  part  of  the  workmen,  for  it  reduces 
their  earnings,  both  as  to  day  rates  and 
as  to  tonnage  earnings,  and  of  course, 
it  has  the  still  more  important  conse- 
quence in  these  days  of  reducing  the 
production  of  munitions  steel.  The  idea 
of  taking  this  "holiday"  on  a  Sunday 
is  a  subterfuge,  and  not  a  particularly 
subtle  one  at  that. 

Pro   and   Con   Argument 

A  certain  number  of  the  workmen 
object  on  conscientious  grounds  to  work- 
ing on  Sundays,  but  as  was  proved  very 
clearly  before  the  Royal  Commission, 
a  still  greater  number  prefer  to  work 
on  Sundays,  and  indeed  to  get  in  as 
much  overtime  as  possible.  The  real 
desire  of  the  workmen  is  to  be  paid  time 
and  a  half  or  double  time  for  Sunday 
labor,  which,  in  a  continuous  process, 
merely  amounts  to  a  demand  for  a  gen- 
eral increase  in  wages.  The  long  week- 
end shift  which  is  called  for  every  alter- 
nate week  in  the  case  of  twelve-hour 
men  is  objectionable,  but  the  alternative 
is  a  serious  one.  It  is  nothing  more 
than  the  adoption  of  a  three-shift  sys- 
tem covering  the  24  hours  in  lieu  of  a 
two-shift  system.  Short  of  this  change 
in  system,  there  is  no  possible  means  of 


The  Attitude  of  Ottawa 

The  attitude  of  the  Labor  Department 
at  Ottawa  has  recently  been  to  put 
most  of  the  onus  for  labor  disputes  upon 
the  employer,  it  being  apparently  the 
idea  at  Ottawa  that  nothing  is  easier 
than  to  raise  wages  and  shorten  hours 
because  trade  conditions  are  so  prosper- 
ous, but  here  is  an  instance  where  the 
employers  have  far  exceeded  the  recom- 
mendations of  a  judicial  body  appointed 
by  the  Government  to  investigate  and 
recommend  an  equitable  settlement,  and 
while  recalcitrance  on  the  part  of  the 
employer  would  doubtless  have  been 
quickly  dealt  with  by  Ottawa,  when  the 
fault  lies  with  the  workmen,  the  Govern- 
ment is  apparently  unable  to  take  any 
effective  action. 

According  to  the  agreement  between 
the  Amalgamated  Mine  Workers  and 
the  coal  operators  in  the  Sydney  dis- 
trict, an  advance  in  wages  becomes  ef- 
fective 1st  July,  calculated  on  the  in- 
crease in  the  costs  of  living  which  are 
supposed  to  have  taken  place  between 
the  1st  of  January  and  the  1st  of  July. 
There  is  some  difference  of  opinion  as 
to  the  true  amount  of  this  increase,  but 
there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  arriving  at 
a  settlement.  The  company  has  offered 
an  increase  of  20  cents  per  day  to  all 
workmen,  plus  certain  bonuses  to  the 
men  at  the  coal  face,  and  it  is  likely 
the  offer  will  become  the  basis  of  the 
settlement. 


FORD  TO  DOUBLE 

HIS  TRACTOR  OUTPUT 


Many  Big  U.  S.  Plants  Hasten  to  Turn 
Over   to   Making   War   Materials 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

NEW  YORK,  Aug.  14th.— War  work 
is  absorbing  manufacturing  capacity  of 
the  country  to  a  greater  extent  than 
ever  before.  In  the  last  ten  days,  sev- 
eral important  industries  that  hereto- 
fore have  kept  within  the  limits  of  their 
ordinary  work,  have  turned  with  avidity 
to  the  manufacture  of  shells,  airplane 
motors  and  other  munitions  which  go 
directly  to  the  army  and  navy.  The 
Government  has  distributed  several 
large  orders  for  trench  mortar  shells, 
illuminating  projectiles,  gun  parts,  me- 
chanisms and  airplane  motors. 
Cars  to  Plane  Motors 

The  Pierce-Arrow  Motor  Car  Co.  has 
come  into  the  market  for  several  hun- 
dred machine  tools  which  will  be  used 
in  converting  its  Buffalo  plant,  previ- 
ously used  in  the  manufacture  of  pleas- 
ure lars,  into  a  factory  for  the  proJuc- 
tif  n  of  airplane  motors  on  a  large  scale. 
It  is  pianned  eventually  to  manufacture 


rifty  llibpano-Suiza  airplane  motors  a 
day.  It  is  hoped  by  January  Ist  to  turn 
out  thirty  motors  a  day. 

The  U.  S.  Cast  Iron  Pipe  &  Foundry 
Co.,  which  has  found  much  difficulty  re- 
cently in  obtaining  enough  pig  iron  to 
keep  its  plants  operating  50  per  cent, 
of  capacity,  has  turned  to  war  work, 
having  accepted  a  large  contract  from 
the  Government  for  6-inch  cast  iron  and 
steel  shells  upon  which  some  external 
machine  work  will  be  necessary.  The 
orders  will  be  executed  at  the  Burling- 
ton, N.J.,  and  at  the  Alabama  shops  at 
Birmingham  and  Bessemer. 

The  Laclede  Gas  Light  Co.  of  St. 
Louis,  has  accepted  a  large  contract  for 
projectiles  and  is  equipping  a  factory 
which  will  duplicate  that  now  being 
constructed  by  the  Scullin  Steel  Co.  Each 
of  these  plants  will  have  a  capacity  to 
produce  300,000  150  mm.  and  240  mm. 
shells  a  month. 

The  Savage  Arms  Corporation, 
Sharon,  Pa.,  is  buying  additional  shop 
equipment  to  increase  output  of  guns 
and  is  now  making  extensions  to  its 
Isaac  Sheppard  &  Sons  plant  at  Phila- 
delphia and  at  its  Defiance  Manufac- 
turing Works  at  Somerdale.  The  Mid- 
vale  Steel  &  Ordnance  Co.  has  finally 
awarded  its  large  contract  for  cranes 
for  the  Nicetown  plant,  equally  between 
the  Morgan  Engineering  Co.  and  the  Al- 
liance Machine  Co.  of  Alliance,  Ohio. 

The  Bureau  of  Supplies  and  Accounts, 
Navy  Department,  has  put  out  a  list  of 
sixty-four  machines  which  are  to  be  pur- 
chased and  installed  in  the  Washington 
Navy  Yard.  Specifications  cover  24  drill 
presses,  fifteen  milling  machines  and 
nine  boring  machines.  The  quartermas- 
ter's department  of  the  army  is  still  in 
the  market  for  twelve  semi-portable 
bridge  cranes  which  are  to  be  establish- 
ed in  the  mammoth  stores  now  being 
constructed  at  Boston. 

Railroads  and  railroad  equipment 
manufacturers  are  making  some  pur- 
chases of  shop  equipment  for  the  build- 
ing and  repairing  of  motive  power.  The 
Lima  Locomotive  Works.  Lima,  Ohio, 
is  enlarging  its  plant  to  give  it  capa- 
city to  produce  fifty  instead  of  thirty 
locomotives  a  month.  The  Norfolk  & 
Western  R.  R.  has  asked  for  bids  on 
forty  machine  tools  and  the  Nickel  Plate 
has  begun  to  purchase  against  the  re- 
vised list  of  tools  which  it  originally 
put  out  last  February. 

Shipbuilders  continue  actively  in  the 
market.  The  Federal  Shipbuilding  Cor- 
poration has  bought  a  large  amount  of 
hydraulic  machinery  in  Philadelphia  and 
also  ordered  several  additional  cranes 
for  its  Kearney,  N.J.,  shipyard.  The 
Downey  Shipbuilding  Corporation  has 
bought  sixteen  machines  to  be  installed 
in  its  machine  shop  at  States  Island. 
The  Sun  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Chester,  has 
bought  more  cranes  and  machine  tools. 
The  New  York  Shipbuilding  Corpora- 
tion has  also  made  additional  purchases 
of  fabricating  machinery.  Henry  Ford 
&  Son  are  preparing  to  enlarge  their 
plant  in  Dearborn,  Michigan,  in  order 
to  produce  150  tractors  a  day.  The  Wis- 
consin Gun  Co.  has  purchased  machin- 
ery which  will  double  its  capacity. 


216 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XZi. 


FURNACES  ARE  NOT  TURNING  OUT 

ENOUGH  PIG  TO  SATISFY  MARKET 


A  SURVEY  of  the  situation  in  the 
United  States  at  the  present  time 
mikes  it  increasingly  certain  that 
those  industries  there  that  are  working 
on  war  contracts  are  receiving  a  very 
decided  preference.  In  fact  it  amounts 
to  this,  if  an  industry  is  not  working 
on  essential  work,  the  chances  of  it  re- 
ceiving sufficient  supplies  to  keep  in 
operation  are  very  poor  indeed.  A  review 
of  the  conditions  existing  at  present  in 
the  pig  iron  centres  of  United  States 
gives   the   following   information: 

Chicago — One  deal  that  was  sanction- 
ed by  the  Government  here  this  week 
makes  it  apparent  that  for  the  first  time 
in  some  days  manufacturers  of  railway 
equipment  are  going  to  receive  some  con- 
sideration at  the  hands  of  the  Govern- 
ment. In  the  case  referred  to  an  allot- 
ment of  7,500  tons  of  basic  iron  was 
made  to  a  leading  independent  steel 
maker  to  be  worked  up  into  railway 
equipment. 

Boston — Manufacturers  of  stoves  in 
this  district  are  making  a  strenuous 
fight  to  see  if  they  cannot  have  greater 
supplies  released  to  them  and  some  of 
them  are  using  rather  ingenious  methods 
to  secure  these.  For  instance,  the  oil 
stove  manufacturers  are  arguing  that 
their  products  in  causing  the  non-use  of 
coal  are  serving  a  double  purpose  in 
conservation — crude  and  fuel.  Indica- 
tions are,  however,  that  they  will  hardly 
get  past  with  his  claim,  and  they 
are  not  likely  to  receive  any  more  iron 
than  they  have  been  doing  in  the  past. 
In  accordance  with  the  desires  of  the 
Government,  no  iron  is  being  sold  for 
1919  delivery. 

New  York — It  would  not  be  a  very 
hard  matter  for  any  person  to  book  a 
large  amount  of  1919  business  here,  but 
the  Government  has  requested  that  this 
policy  should  not  be  followed  and  for 
that  reason  1919  business  is  not  being 
hooked  at  the  present  time  here. 

Philadelphia — The  intense  humidity  of 
the  past  few  days  has  been  considerably 
affecting  furnace  operations  in  this  dis- 
trict.    In  a  few  cases.  Eastern  furnaces 


are  booking  occasional  orders  from  regu- 
lar customers  for  iron  for  first  half  of 
1919  delivery,  but  these  cases  are  very 
much  the  exception  rather  than  the  rule. 

Pittsburgh — The  trend  of  war  trade 
and  industry  can  be  noticed  here  in  a 
great  many  ways,  one  of  them  being 
the  increasing  number  of  consumers  of 
pig  iron  that  are  shifting  from  non- 
essential to  essential  production.  This  ha.^ 
made  it  necessary  to  some  extent  to  re- 
vise the  lists  already  made  out  by  the 
Government  in  connection  with  these  in- 
dustries. The  War  Board  discourages 
the  idea  of  uses  of  pig  iron  except  in 
contracts  without  first  having  assurance 
that  they  will  be  able  to  obtain  their 
raw  material.  Furnace  operations  are 
unusually  heavy,  but  it  seems  unlikely 
that  production  will  be  large  enough  to 
meet    all    the   essential   demands. 

Youngstown,  Ohio — The  situation  in 
regard  to.  pig  iron  in  this  district  can 
very  accurately  be  described  as  a  serious 
one  at  the  present  moment.  Producers 
of  pig  iron  declare  that  they  cannot  see 
their  way  clear  for  months  to  come  and 
are  very  much  alarmed  over  conditions. 

Buffalo — Any  concern  in  this  district 
that  is  producing  any  pig  iron  seems  to 
be  quite  satisfied  at  the  present  time  to 
allow  the  Government  to  take  over  the 
functions  formerly  discharged  by  its 
sales  staff.  They  seem  to  be  quite  confi- 
dent that  Washington  will  be  able  to 
take  care  of  the  production  of  all  their 
furnaces. 

St.  Louis — Inquiries  here  bring  out 
the  information  that  foundry  iron  for 
non-war  usage  is  rapidly  shrinking  to 
very  small  dimensions.  Shops  that  a 
month  or  six  weeks  ago  were  hoping  to 
be  able  to  continue  operations  are  now 
taking  a  very  pessimistic  view.  It  is 
estimated  that  with  what  they  have  now 
on  hand  and  what  is  on  the  road  and  by 
the  generous  introduction  of  scrap,  a 
number  of  plants  will  be  able  to  operate 
until  the  end  of  October,  but  it  is  almost 
certain  that  from  that  time  on  there 
will  be  a  continued  falling  off  of  the 
operations. 


HOT  WEATHER  BROUGHT  SMALLER 

DECREASE  THAN  USUAL  IN  PRODUCTION 


SpecUl  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Aug.  15.— A  thor- 
ough canvass  has  been  in  progress  as  to 
the  feasibility  and  desirability  of  in- 
creasing the  outout  of  steel  by  new  con- 
struction. Not  only  the  sanction, 
but  also  the  hearty  co-operation 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  would 
be  requisite  before  anything  could  be 
undertaken.  A  large  amount  of  labor 
would  be  required,  also  a  great  deal  of 
material,  and  much  transportation  would 
be  involved  and  the  matter  would  have  to 
be  considered  from  all  angles.  While  the 
steel  industry  is  fully  able  to  finance  its 
new  construction  itself,  when  it  is  new 
construction  dictated  by  prospects  of 
making    money,    the    new    construction 


that  would  be  requisite  at  this  time  would 
not  have  .such  a  future  before  it.  After 
the  war  the  industry  would  be  left  in 
an  unbalanced  condition.  Indeed,  it  i.^ 
only  because  the  industry  is  quite  out  of 
a  state  of  balance  by  reason  of  the  pecu- 
liar nature  of  the  war  demand  that  it 
becomes  feasible  to  increase  the  outpui: 
of  finished  material  by  a  relatively 
small  volume  of  new  construction.  Study 
has  shown  that  many  of  the  finishing 
branches  of  the  steel  industry  are  quite 
insufficiently  supplied  with  raw  steel 
in  the  form  of  ingots,  blooms  and  bil- 
lets because  such  a  large  amount  of  raw 
steel  is  withdrawn  from  the  situation 
by  the  demand  for  shell  steel  and  the 
extra  demand  for  plates.     By  the  erec- 


tion of  a  large  number  of  open-hearth 
steel  furnaces  and  a  number  of  blast 
furnaces  the  production  of  finished  steel 
would  be  greatly  increased.  The  finishing 
capacity  is  already  available,  being  in- 
deed idle  at  present  in  considerable  part, 
while  there  is  also  in  prospect  sufficient 
coke  and  sufficient  Lake  Superior  iron 
ore  to  take  care  of  many  additional  blast 
furnaces.  If  men,  materials  and  trans- 
portation facilities  were  withdrawn  from 
other  activities  to  a  sufficient  extent  the 
new  capacity  might  be  completed  in  the 
course  of  about  six  months,  the  question 
being  whether  it  would  be  enterprising 
to  make  such  withdrawals. 

Plenty  Lake  Ore 

Shipments  of  Lake  Superior  iron  ore 
down  the  lakes  in  July  totalled  10,659,- 
203  gross  tons,  the  record  for  any  month 
in  history,  and  bringing  the  season  total 
to  August  1  up  to  29,608,933  tons,  which 
presages  a  total  movement  for  the  sea- 
son of  about  65,000,000  tons.  This  is 
10,000,000  tons  above  the  inside  estimate 
made  before  the  opening  of  navigation. 
At  that  time  the  railroads  had  only  par- 
tially recovered  from  the  great  block- 
ade of  the  winter,  and  the  entire  matter 
of  moving  ore  for  the  coming  season 
hinged  upon  the  railroads.  All  the  plans 
provided  that  the  convenience  of  the  rail- 
roads should  be  served,  the  boats  only 
moving  so  fast  as  the  railroads  could 
serve  them.  Since  then  the  railroads 
have  gotten  into  excellent  shape  and 
there  is  no  difficulty  at  all  about  moving 
ore. 

Heavy  Freight  Movement 

As  an  evidence  of  the  railroad  situa- 
tion, the  latest  statistics  are  for  April 
and  they  show  that  even  in  that  month 
the  railroads  moved  freight  at  the  rate 
of  about  448,000,000.000  ton-miles  a  year. 
Prior  to  1916  the  best  fiscal  year  total 
was  301,398,752.108  ton-miles,  in  the  fis- 
cal year  ended  June  30,  1913.  The  best 
posted  shippers  in  Pittsburgh  always 
contended,  when  the  railroads  were  so 
badly  blockaded  last  winter,  that  what 
they  needed  was  system  and  locomotives. 
Government  control  has  given  them  sys- 
tem and  the  locomotive  shops  have  fur- 
nished many  locomotives.  Shippers  did 
not  feel. that  the  railroads  needed  cars 
at  all  badly,  for  indeed  one  trouble  was 
that  the  existing  cars  were  blocking 
the  tracks.  Since  April,  which  showed 
the  freight  movement  just  noted,  there 
has  been  a  further  and  great  improve- 
ment in  the  railroad  situation. 

Steel  for  Jobbers 

The  pipe  and  wire  mills  find  they  can 
do  fairly  well  in  carrying  out  the  War 
Industries  Board's  program  as  to  ship- 
ments to  iobbers  during  August,  it  being 
permissible  to  ship  as  much  steel  in  Au"-- 
ust,  as  the  monthly  averat^e  ship- 
ped during  the  first  half  of  the  year 
In  sheets  and  merchant  bars  it  will  be 
difficult  to  ship  more  than  a  fraction 
of  the  tonnaere  permitted.  Some  of  the 
pipe  mills  had  already  received  specifica- 
tions from  their  jobbers  during  t>ie  first 
week  in  Auust.  The  American  Steel  & 
Wire  Companv  issued  a  circular  to  its 
Continued  on  page  73. 


August  15,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


^ 


217 


SELECTED   MARKET    QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into    the   manufacture  of    mechanical  and    general  engineering   products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal  Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal    5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base   5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron , 11  00 

Tire  steel   5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel.   No.   10   gauge,  base    4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   ^2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh ^3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *3  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars    4  10 

'Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

*Govemment   prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 

C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal    23.1  31.5 

St.  John,  N.B 38.1  50.5 

Halifax 39.1  51.5 

Toronto 18.9  22.1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18.9  22.1 

Winnipeg 64.9  85.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper   $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   32  00  29  50 

Castings,   copper    31  00  28  50 

Tin     125  00  125  00 

Spelter    11  00  11  00 

Lead 10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  50  18  00 

Aluminum  50  00  58  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal  Toronto 

Plates,  Vi  up $10  00  $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50  10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 
Effective  Feb.  5,  1918. 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per    100  feet 

H    in $     6  90     $    8  00 

Mm 5  16  7  29 

%   in 5  16  7  29 

%    in 6  65  8  12 

%    in 8  28  10  41 


1  in 12  24  15  39 

IVi  in 16  56  20  82 

11/2  in 19  80  24  89 

2  in 26  64  38  49 

2%  in 42  72  53  53 

3  in.    ...." 55  86  70  00 

31A  in 70  84  87  86 

4  in 83  93  104  10 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in $  29  60  $  36  08 

214  in 44  46  54  70 

3  in 58  14  71  63 

SMi  in 72  68  90  62 

4  in 86  11  107  37 

4%  in 97  79  122  56 

5  in 114  00  142  82 

S  in • 147  80  185  28 

7  in 192  80  241  57 

S  L  m 202  50  253  75 

8  in. 238  30  292  32 

9  in 279  50  350  18 

10  L  in 259  20  324  80 

10  in 333  70  418  18 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

4V2"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal 

Copper,   light    $21  00 

Copper,  crucible   25  50 

Copper,  heavy 25  50 

Copper,    wire    24  50 

No.   1  machine  composi- 
tion       23  00 

New  brass,  cuttings  ...  16  50 
Red  brass  turnings  ....  18  50 
Yellow  brass  turnings . .   13  00 

Light  brass   10  00 

Medium  brass   13  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00 

.\xles,  wrought  iron. ...  30  00 

Rails 26  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00 

Steel  axles 38  00 

Mach.  shop  tum'gs 9  00 

Cast  borings 12  00 

Stove  plate    26  00 

Scrap  zinc  6  50 

Heavy  lead    8  00 

Tea  lead 5  50 

Aluminum 21  00 

BOLTS.  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %"  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 65 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 5 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fi.   and   rd.   hd., 
steel 27H 


Toronto 

$20  00 

24 

50 

24 

50 

25 

50 

22 

00 

15 

00 

18 

00 

13 

00 

9 

50 

12 

00 

22 

00 

12 

00 

12 

00 

20 

00 

24 

00 

23 

00 

33 

00 

20 

00 

17 

00 

30 

00 

35 

00 

8 

50 

12 

00 

19 

00 

6 

50 

8 

00 

5 

75 

20 

00 

Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   0.    and   flL   hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze   

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


1* 

20 

26 
$1  60 
1  76 

1  75 

2  00 
30 
50 
26 

$8  60 
8  40 
..  72% 
..  67% 
..  37% 
..  32% 
..  27^f 
..  25 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1  %  in 29 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus  10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

ri-iner  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and   10 

rinner  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

'^^laner  bolt  washers   ...  " net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus  20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  30,  10 

Thumb  screws 20 

T"humb  nuts 66 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1  %  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  Erou  ton 

Bessemer  billets $47  50 

Onen-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 67  00 

Government  prices. 

F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  25      $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70        B  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  60 

Spikes,  %  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Tracking,  No.  2  Italian 0  32 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  S3 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

To-onto     net 


218 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  mcUls    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt 16  05 

Red   dry   lead,   100-lb.   kegs,  per 

cwL 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  35 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  33 

Benrine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

P*ure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 

Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.   . .  1  95 

Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .  1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  A  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commeicial 0  04Vi 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Jlosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .     35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1V4  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discoants  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  ftttings, 

16^  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7V4%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%e  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

lb.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheete,  black.  No.  28. .  $  &  00  $  8  25 
Sheets,  black,  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G. 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 9  70 

Premier,   10%    oz 10  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00         20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%  in.,  114.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.85;  %  in., 
118.50;   7-16  in.,  $12.90;    %    in.,   $13.20; 


Lapwelded 

$ 

36  00 

36  00 

36  00 

38  00 

42  00 

60  00 

68  00 

60  00 

75  00 

$13.00;    %    in.,    $12.90;    1   inch,    $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 
ELECTRIC   WELD   COIL  CHAIN   B.B. 

%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  V*  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.   and  Imperial    50 

Nicholson    40 

Black   Diamond    40 

J.  Barton  Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta    Files    37H 

Disston    60 

Whitman  &  Barnes    50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless 

1  in $36  00 

1%  in 40  00 

l%in 43  00 

1%  in 43  00 

2  in ; 50  00 

2%  in 53  00 

2%  in 55  00 

3  in 64  00 

3%  in 

3H  in 77  00 

4  in 90  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26V4 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital  49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  gul $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft.. . .     3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck.. 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to 

Emery  glue 28  to 

Tripoli  composition 06  to 

Crocus   composition 08  to 

Emery  composition 08  to 

Rouge,  silver 85  to 

Rouge,  powder 30  to 

Prices  Per  Lb. 
ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 

Grits,  80  and  finer 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  r»d. . 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heavier, 
bas« 


25 
00 
07 
05 
30 
09 
10 
09 
50 
45 


,08% 
,06 

0  88 
0  4S 


le 

10% 


M 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  4f 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  AUas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  ...   17% 

Grand   19%       Ideal   17% 

Superior    . .  .■  19%      X  press 16 

X  L  C  R   ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     . 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    16 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored. 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discomt  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...   10%      Best  grades  ..   16* 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin 70  to     .70 

Zinc   23  ♦•      M 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  0« 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 57  0« 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 45  00 


LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  25 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  $ 

Acid,  hydrochloric   

Acid,  nitric   

Acid,  sulphuric   

Ammonia,  aqua 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 

Ammonium  sulphate 

Arsenic,  white    

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy   

Copper,  sulphate    

Cobalt,  sulphate 

Iron  perchloride  

Lead  acetate   

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate  .... 

Nickel  carbonate   

Nickel  sulphate 

Potassium  carbonate 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute) 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    

Silver  nitrate    (per   oz.)    

Sodium  bisulphite   

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 

Sodium  hydrate   

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs. 

Sodium  phosphate   

Tin   chloride    

Zinc  chloride ' 

Zinc  sulphate 

Prices   per   lb.   unless   otherwise 


44  M 

48  00 
46  00 
44  06 
TaraBt* 

$18  26 
18  26 
12  6« 


P   .25 

.06 

.14 

.06 

.22 

.33 

.40 

.40 

.15 

.27 

.75 

.22 

.20 

.40 

.35 

.25 

.15 

.35 
1.80 
2  25 
1.45 
1.20 

.30 

.05 

.50 

.22 
5.00 

.16 

.85 

.90 

.20 
stated. 


August  22,  1918.  11' 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
Vol.  XX.  TORONTO,  AUGUST  22,  1918  :No.  8 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS  .  . 

SHRAPNEL  WAS  FIRST  USED  IN  THE  PENINSULAR  WAR    219-221 

GENERAL 221 

NO  JOY  IN  LIFE  FOR  THE  H.S.  TOOL  BIT .^r:-.-. .        222 

GENERAL    , 223-224 

HEATING  AND  VENTILATION  ARE  VERY  IMPORTANT   225-227 

AEROPLANE  SHAPING  MACHINE   228 

PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF  MECHANICAL  SKETCHING  AND  DRAWING.  .229-231 

GENERAL   232 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK  AND  DO  '. 233-236 

Machinery  Operations  on  the   155  M.M.  shell. ..  .Fixture  For  Milling  Machines.... 
Emergency  Repairs  to  Piston  Rod. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT 237-239 

Drill  Grinder ....  Grinder  and  Finishing  Machines. ..  .Oil  Burner. 

THERE  SHOULD  BE  NO  POST-WAR  SLUMP  IN  MACHINE  TOOL  BUSINESS. ..  .240-241 

EDITORIAL    242 

Bigger  Things   Than    Dollars ....  Replacement  is  Cost  Price. 

DOES  IT  PAY?   NOT  ALWAYS  BIG  CONSIDERATION 243 

MARKET    DEVELOPMENTS    244-248 

Summary.  . .  .Toronto  Letter.  .  .  .Montreal  Latter. .  .  .New   York    Letter.  . .  .Washing- 
ton  Letter.  ..  .Pittshurg  Letter. 

SELECTED   MARKET   QUOTATIONS    .  .' 249-250 

INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENTS  251-271 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,  The  Financial  Post.  MacLean's  Magazine.  Farmers'  Magazine, 
Canadian  Grocer,  Dry  Gooda  Review.  Men's  Wear  Review,  Printer  and  Publisher,  Bookseller  and 
Stationer,  Canadian  Machinery  and  Manufacturing  News,  Power  House,  Sanitary  Engineer, 
Canadian   Fonndryman,    Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address:  Maepubeo,  Toronto:  Atabek,  Londoq,  Ens. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


©lADlAN 

-■  Mahufactu 


ACHINERlf 

NG  News 


A.  R.  KENNEDY,   Editor.  B.  G.  NEWTON,  Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  A.  G.  WEBSTffit,  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 
Eastern  Representative :  E.  M.  Pattison ;  Ontario  Representative :  S.  S.  Moore ; 
Toronto    and    Hamilton    Representative :    J.    N.    Robinson. 
CHIEF  OFFICES: 
CANADA— Montreal,   Southam   Building,  28   Bleury  Street,  Telephone    1004:   Toronto.    14I-15S  University   Ave..   Tele- 
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Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address:  Atabek.    London.    England. 
UNITED   STATES— New   York.    R.    R.    Huestis.    Room   620,   HI     Broadway,     N.Y..    Telephone     Rector     8971:     Boston. 
C.    L.    Morton.    Room    738,    Old    South    Building.    Telephone   Main    1204.      A.    H.    Byrne.    Room   900.    Lytton   Bide., 
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112 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


HENDEY  18-inch  GEARED  HEAD  LATHE 


8  mechanical  changes  of  speed  for  spindle  with  driving  shaft  running  at  constant  speed,  4  direct  and  4  through  back  gears. 

36  D  I  F  F  E  R  E  NT 
THREADS  AND 
FEEDS  are  had 
through  Mounted 
Change  Gearing, 
each  change  being 
quickly  made 
through  controlling 
handles  in  Gear 
Boxes. 

BEFORE  PUR- 
CHASING A  NEW 
LATHE  INVESTI- 
GATE THE  HEN- 
DEY SERVICE. 

WE'LL  HELP  YOU  BY  FUR- 
NISHING   LIST    OF    USERS. 

Write  for  descriptive  circular. 

m  The 

Kendey  Machine  Co- 

Torrington,  Conn. 

Canadian    Agents :       A.     R.    Williams 

Machinery    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. ;    A.    R. 

Williams    Machinery    Co.,    260    Princess 

^   St.,    Winnipeg ;     A.     R.     Williams    Tyla- 

chinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williama 

'  Machinery    Co.,    St.   John,    N.    B. ;    Wil- 

1  Hams    &    Wilson,    Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

Allmtt    Uaehine    Co.     71 

AlJeii    Mff.    Co.     90 

Mlg.     Co.      22 

_      »t«i     Machinenr     Corp 21 

Aaderaoo    &    Co..    Geo 89 

ArchttuM    A    Co..    ChM.     P 72 

Armfftronjc     Bros.     Tool     Co. 90 

Atkiiu     A    Co..     Wm 12 

Anmn    Tori     Works     97 

B 

BaliT)    Machine    Co tt 

Bintirld  Ic  Hou.  W.  H.    71 

Barbcr^Colman    Co 25 

B»niMi.    WalUct,    Co. 71 

B»mM.    W.    P..    anrl    John 97 

Beaudry    Co.     92 

Bertram   *   Sons   Co.,    John    1 

'Berwmi;    1M , n 

Boker   A    Co..    H 12 

Brantfoirl  Oicn  A   Rack  Co 71 

BridKe<onl  ila.li.  A  Tool  Works 92 

Bristol   Company    89 

Brovn   A  Shaipe  Mfg.  Co.    97 

Bu(lfl4>n,    Hanhnrjr    A 71 

C 

Canada  Ponndries  A    Porginin,    Ltd.  9 

Canada    aMrhinery    Corporation    

Outside    back    corer 

Canada    Metal    Co.    81 

Cana>Ia    Wirf    A    Iron    0<K)da    Co...  M 

Can.   Barker  Co 77 

Can.   B.    K.    Morton  Co 79 

Can.    Blower    A    Forife    Co,    28 

Can.    Drawn  Steel   Co 89 

Can.    Pairbanks-.Morw   Co 32 

Can.     InnenoILIland    Co.     13 

Can.     Knmely     Co 77 

Can.   H   K   F  Co..  l<td '.'.'.  t 

Can.    8teel    Foundries    7 

Carlrle    Johnson    'Maeh.     Co 8 

Chapman   DouMa   Ball    Bearinx  Co.. 

Front  eoTer 

rlteo  Marh.   Tool  Co 18 

rlajwiflwl    AdvertiHinff    ....  72 

c.itiv.lldat<d    Pres.  Co.    W 

CoTentrr   Oisin    Co 110 

Cnrtit   A  Curtis    ■■"  y 

Cosbinan  Chock  Co '  99 

D 

Dari/lson    Mf«.    Co.   Thoa £9 

naridion    Too!    '"o 83 

naria-Bonin'-mTille   Co.    ..    ..  92 

Delnm  HauhhHt  A   n<^nin«  Co.    '.'.'.',  tn 

TiamlnUm-  InlB   A    Wreekirw  Co.    ...  76 

Dominiffli    Stnrl    Foundrr    Co.    89 


E 

Elliott    A   WhitchaU    ... 
Elm   Cutting   Oil   Co.    . 
Enushevsky   A    Son,    B, 
Erie   Foundry   


Federal     Engineering    Co.,    1/ d. 

Fetherstonhaugh    &    Co 

Firth    A   Sons,    Thos 

Fonl.*Smith   Machine   Co 

Fry's    (London),    I/td 


Oalt  iMachine    Scr^^v   Co 

Oarlock-Walker    Machy.    Co.    . 

Oar^-in    Machine   Co 

Geometric  Tofd  Co 

(JiddinKS   &    Lewis    

fJilhfit   &    narker  Mfg.    Co. 

Oooley   A    E^llund.    Inc 

Orant    Oear    Works    

Orant    Mfg.    .&    Machine    Co. 

Greenfield    Machine    Co 

Orecnfleld   Tap    A   Die  Corp. 
Oreenleafs    Ltd 


H 

Hamilton    Gear   A    .Machine    Co. 

Hamilton   Machine  Tool   Co 

Hamilton    Motor  Works    

Hanna   &  Co.,   M.    A 

Harvey  &  Co.,    Af;hur  C 

Hawkridge    Bros 

Hendey    Machine    Co.     

Hei^im,    John    T 

High  S(>eed   Hammer   Co.    ..    .. 

Hinckley  Mach.    Works 

Hoyt    Metal    Co.     

Hunter  Sam   A  Machine  Co 

Hyde   Engineering   Co.    


Illingworth   Steel   Co.,   John    ... 
Indefiendent   Pneumatic  Tool  Co. 

J 


Jacotas   Mfg.    Co 

Janline    A   Co.,    A,    B 

Johnson   Machine  Co.,   Carl,r]e 
Joyce-Ko«A)cl  Co.    .*,,    . 


Knight  Metal  Products  Co. 
Kohlcr,   C.   H 


WMr   LIquide  Society 
Landia   Machine  Co.    .. 


71 
71 


10 

28 


77 
78 
26 
67 
91 
UH 

a) 

92 
18 
91 

81 
71 


77 
16 
77 
6 
14 
70 
112 
16 
18 
91 
93 


r 

31 


22 
13 


'.'4 
72 


20 
9< 


.  rs 

'.  "I 


Lanca-shiie    Dynamo    &    Motor    Co..    99 

Latrobe    Electric   Steel  Co 6 

M 

.Manitoba   Steel    Co 94 

Manirfac  ureri!    Kqiiipimcnt    Co 24 

Marion    A    Marion    71 

Marsh    Bngineering    Works,    Ltd.     ...    69 

Mathosoii    A   Co..    1 74 

Matthews,  .las.  H..  A  Co 30 

.Mayer   Bros.    Co 16 

-McDougall  Co.,   Ltd..   R 

Inside  back   rover 

MoLaren.   J.    C.    Belting   Co "• 

Mechanical    Engineering   Co 

Mechanics  Tool   Case  'Jlfg.    Co.    ... 

Metalwood    Mfg.    Co 

,  Morton   -Mfg.  Co 

Murchey    Machine    A    Tool     Co. 

N 

National    Acme   Co 

Nicholson    File    Mfg.    Co 

Niles-Bemenf-Pond.... Inside   front 

Normac    Machine    Co 

.Vortliem     Crnne    Works     

Norton.    A.    O 

Norton    Co 

Nova   Scotia  fltoel   A  Coal   Co.    ... 

O 

Oakley   Chemical  Co 

Ontario  T.ubricaing   Co.    

OmWby    A   Co.,    A.    II 


Page    Steel    Wire   Co !1.1 

Parmenter  A  Bulloch  Co ?n 

Peerless    Machine   Co l'"^ 

Pittsburgh    Steel    .Stamp   Co «• 

Plewes,  (Ltd 71 

Pollock    Mfg.    Co.     71 

Port    Hope    File    Mfg,    Co SI 

"ojitivp  Clrtch  A  Pulley  Works  ....  91 

Poughkeensf  e    72 

Pratt  A  Whitney  ....  Inside  front  cover 

Prest-O-Llfe   Co.    f- 

Pnllan.    F 71 

Puro  Sani  air  Drink'g  Fountain   Co.  f9 

R 

Radnc  Tool    &    Machine   Co 

Rhodes    .Mfg    Co 

iUce    T.e*"f«    A    Son     

"ichards  Sand  Blast  ^iach.  Co. 
"iverwide  Machinery  Deriot  ...  . 
Roelofson    -Machine    A    Tool    Co. 


.    1£ 

m 

11 

?s 

73 
17 


ailver    Mfg.     Co 92 

Simonds  Canada  Saw  Co.    28 

Skinner    Chuck     Co.     ' 69 

Smart -Turner    Mach.    Co 93 

.Standard     Allos>i    Co 9 

nn 'ari    Fuel    Engineering   Co.    ...  106 
Standard   Machy.   A  Supplies,   Ltd.  .6,  19 

Standard   Optical  Co 23 

Starrett     Co..     L.    vS 29 

Steel    Co.    of   Canada    3 

Step  oe    Co.,    John     8 

Stirk    &    Sons,    Ltd.,    John    71 

St.    Lawrence    Welding  Co 13 

StoU  Co.,  I).  H 89 

Streeter,    H.    E 7 

-Strong,    Kennard    A    Nutt   Co.,    The  9n 

Swedish    Crucible   Steel    Co 93 


T.^bor    Mfg.    Co S" 

Tate.    Jones    A    Co KT 

Taylor    Instrument    Co lOfi 

Toomey,    Inc.,    Frank     T.") 

Toronto    Iron    Works    89 

Traheni    Pump    Co 99 


Union    Tool  Chrat   Co.    

Fnited    iBrass    &    Lead.    Ltd.     . 
United    Sates    Elec.    Tool    Co. 


.-78.    93 
....    3(1 


11 
91 
K3 
10 


Shore    Instrument   Co. 
Sinister   Co.,    F.    B.    .. 


Vanmlium-Alloys     Srteel     Co. 

Victoria     Foundry    Co 

Victor    Tool    Co 

Vulcan   Cnicible   Steel    Cp.    . 

W 


Wells    Bro.s.    Co.    of  Canada    .... 

Wcntwortb    Machine  Co 

We.it    Tire    -Setter    Co 

Wheel    Trueing    Tool    Co 

Whiting  FonndiT  A   Equip.    Co. 

Wilkinson    A    Kompaae    

^ViHinms    A    Wilsion     

Williams.    A.    B..  Mwh.    Co...  73, 
Williams    Machy.    Co.    of    Winnipeg, 

The    A.    R 7R 

'Villisms    &    Co..    J.    H Vi 

Williama    Tool     Co 24 

Willys-Overland,     Ltd 74 

Will.wn    A    Co.,    T.    A 93 

Wilt   Twist    Drill    Co 5 

Z 

Zenith    Coal    A    Steel   Co 73 


.78, 

79 

'« 

91 

94 

9:1 

74 

8«, 

86 

GnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


Volume  XX.  No.  7. 


Manufacturing  News 


August  22,  1918. 


Shrapnel  First  Used  in  Peninsular  War 

Shrapnel  Originally  Invented  by  Lieut.  Henry  Shrapnel — In  Its 

Early  Form  Very  Different  From  Present-day  Shrapnel,  and  Was 

Used  in  Muzzle-loading  Cannon 

By  J.   N.   ROBINSON 


MECHANICAL  appliances  for 
throwing  projectiles  were  pro- 
duce<i  early  in  the  history  of 
organized  warfare,  and  "engines  invent- 
ed by  cunning  men  to  shoot  arrows  and 
great  stones"  are  mentioned  in  the  Old 
Testament.  These  were  continually  im- 
proved, and  under  the  various  names  of 
catapulta,  balista,  onager,  trebuchet,  etc., 
were  employed  throughout  ancient  and 
medieval  warfare. 

The  machines  finally  produced  were 
very  powerful,  and  even  when  a  propell- 
ing agent  as  strong  as  gunpowder  was 
discovered  and  applied,  the  supersession 
of  the  older  weapons  was  not  effected 
suddenly  nor  without  considerable  oppo- 
sition. 

The  date  of  the  first  employment  of 
cannon  cannot  be  established  with  any 
certainty,  but  there  is  good  evidence  to 
show  that  the  Germans  used  guns  at 
the  siege  of  Cividale  in  Italy  in  1331. 

The  first  guns  were  small  and  vase- 
shaped.  Towards  the  end  of  the  14th 
century,  however,  they  had  become  of 
huge  dimensions,  firing  heavy  stone  shot 
cf  from  200  to  700  lb.  weight.  A  gun  of 
this  latter  type  is  still  extant  in  the 
Bombarde  de  Ghent,  called  "Dulle 
Griete."  It  weighs  about  13  tons,  is  197 
Inches  long  and  has  a  bore  of  25  inches. 
It  fired  a  granite  ball  weighing  700  lbs. 

The  first  projectiles  fired  from  can- 
non were  the  darts  and  stone  shot  which 
had  been  in  use  with  the  older  weapons. 
These  darts  had  iron  heads  or  were  made 
of  iron,  and  were  wrapped  with  leather 
to  fit  the  bore  »f  the  small  guns,  and 
continued  in  use  up  to  nearly  the  end  of 
the  16th  century. 

Stone  Much  Cheaper 

Spherical  stone  shot  were  chosen  on 
account  of  their  cheapness.  Lead, 
bronze,  and  forged  iron  balls  were  tried, 
but  their  cost  prevented  their  general 
adoption.  Further,  as  the  heavy  metal 
shot  necessitated  the  use  of  a  corre- 
spondingly large  propellng  charge,  too 
great     a     demand     was     made     on     the 


strength  of  the  feeble  guns  of  that 
period.  Stone  shot  being  about  one- 
third  the  weight  of  those  of  metal,  the 
powder  charge  was  reduced  in  propor- 
tion, and  this  also  effected  a  great 
economy. 

Both  iron  and  stone  shot  were  occa- 
sionally covered  with  lead,  probably  to 
protect  the  bore  of  the  gun.  Cast  iron, 
while  known  in  the  14th  century,  was 
not  sufficiently  common  to  be  much 
used  in  the  manufactnre  of  shot,  al- 
though some  small  ones  were  made 
about  that  time.  They  were  used  more 
frequently  at  the  latter  part  of  the  fol- 
lowing century.  Towards  the  end  of  the 
16th  century  .nearly  all  shot  were  of 
iron,  but  some  stone  shot  were  still  used 
in  certain  styles  of  guns  for  attacking 
weak  targets  such  as  ship  at  short  range. 

Various  Kinds  Were  Used 

In  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  various 
other  kinds  of  projectiles  besides  the 
solid  ball  were  used.  Amongst  these  were 
the  following: 

Case  shot. — These  are  nearly  as  an- 
cient as  spherical  shot  and  can  be  trac- 


riLLirtei     MOLE 


fid  back  to  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  In  the  earlier  forms  lead  or 
iron  shot  were  packed  in  wood  casks,  in 
oanvas  bags  or  in  cylinders  of  sheet  iron. 
These  shot  were  really  the  forerunners 
of  our  present  shrapnel  shell. 

Grape  shot. — This  is  now  obsolete.  It 
generally  consisted  of  three  tiers  of  cast 
iron  balls,  separated  by  iron  plates  and 
held  in  position  by  an  iron  bolt  which 
passed  through  the  center  of  the  plates. 
Three  was  also  another  type  called 
"quilted  shot,"  which  consisted  of  a  large 
number  of  small  shot  in  a  canvas  cover- 
ing, tied  up  with  rope. 

Chain  shot. — In  the  days  of  sailing 
ships  these  were  in  much  favor  as  a 
means  of  destroying  rigging.  Two 
spherical  shot  were  fastened  together 
by  a  short  length  of  chain.  On  leaving 
the  gun  they  began  gyrating  around  each 
other  and  made  a  formidable  missile. 

Red  hot  shot  were  invented  about  1580 
by  the  King  of  Poland.  They  were  used 
with  great  success  by  the  British  during 
the  siege  of  Gibraltar. 

Marten's  shell-,  was  a  modified  form 
of  the  latter.    Here  a  cast  iron  shell  was 


BUR»Tir«& 


BULLETS 


WOO06N     »<^80T 


DIAPHRAen 


^Roove 


COPCER      RiVfT 
COL.    BOXER'S    SHRAPNEL. 


220 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


filled  with  molten  iron  and  immediately 
fired.  On  striking  the  side  of  a  ship  the 
shell  broke  up  freeing  the  molten  metal, 
which  set  fire  to  the  vessel. 

The  Steps  of  Progress 

From  the  early  history  of  ordnance 
we  see  great  changes  in  size,  shape  and 
uuild  of  cannon  and  projectiles  from  the 
14th  to  the  17th  centuries.  From  then 
on  until  the  middle  of  the  19th  century, 
■  very  little  progress  was  made.  About 
1854  breech-loading  rifled  guns  began  to 
replace  the  old  muzzle-loading  smooth- 
bores, and  from  then  on  until  the  present 
time  we  see  enormous  progress. 

Explosive  shell  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  in  general  use  before  the  middle  of 
the  16th  century.  About  that  time  hol- 
low balls  of  cast  iron  were  fired  from 
mortars.  These  balls  were  nearly  filled 
with  gunpowder  and  the  remaining  space 
with  a  slow  burning  composition.  This 
plan  was  unsatisfactory  as  the  composi- 
tion was  not  always  ignited  by  the  flash 
from  the  discharge  of  the  gun,  and  more- 
over the  amount  of  composition  to  burn 
a  stipulated  time  could  not  easily  be 
gauged.  The  shell  was  therefore  fitted 
with  a  hollow  forged  iron  or  copper  plug 
filled  with  slow  burning  powder.  It 
was  impossible  to  ignite  with  certainty 
this  primitive  fuse  simply  by  firing  the 
gun.  The  fuse  was  consequently  first 
ignited  and  the  gun  fired  immediately 
afterwards.  This  entailed  the  use  of  a 
mortar  or  a  very  short  gun,  so  that  the 
fuse  could  be  easily  reached  from  the 
muzzle  without  unduly  endangering  the 
gunner.  Cast  iron  spherical  shell  were 
in  use  up  to  1871.  For  guns  they  were 
latterly  fitted  with  a  wooden  disc  called 
a  sabot,  attached  by  a  copper  rivet  in- 
tended to  keep  the  fuse  central  while 
loading. 

The  Work  of  Shrapnel 

In  1784  Lieut.  Henry  Shrapnel,  R.A., 
((later  Lieut.-Gen.),  soldier  and  inventor, 
took  up  the  study  of  hollow  projectiles. 
He  invented  the  forerunner  of  the  pre- 
sent shrapnel  shell.  This  shell  was 
spherical  in  shape  and  was  filled  with 
'  lead  bullets  mixed  with  the  bursting 
charge.  A  fuse  arrangement,  the  same 
as  that  described  for  common  shell  was 
used. 

In  1803  this  shot  case  or  shell  was  re- 
commended for  adoption  into  the  service, 
and  in  the  following  year  was  first  em- 
ployed at  the  battle  of  Surinam.  The 
results  of  its  use  in  the  Peninsular  War 
were  highly  satisfactory  to  Wellington. 

Although  far  superior  to  common  shell 
in  man-killing  effect,  their  action  was 
not  altogether  satisfactory,  as  the  shell, 
on  bursting,  scattered  bullets  in  all  di- 
rections, and  there  was  a  liability  to  pre- 
mature explosion. 

In  order  to  overcome  these  defects, 
Col.  Boxer,  R.  A.,  separated  the  bullets 
from  the  bursting  charge  by  a  sheet  iron 
diaphragm.  The  bullets  were  also 
hardened  by  the  addition  of  antimony. 
Then,  as  the  bursting  charge  was  small 
the  shell  was  weakened  by  four  grooves 
made  inside  the  shell  and  extending  from 
the  fuse  hole  to  the  opposite  side. 


The  Shape  was  Changed 

When  breech-loading  rifled  guns  sup- 
planted the  old  smooth-bore  muzzle-load- 
ers, great  changes  were  made  in  the 
shapes  of  the  projectiles.  Upon  experi- 
mentation it  was  found  that  an  elongat- 
ed, sharp-nosed,  shell  would  carry  far- 
ther and  more  accurately  than  those  of 
spherical  shape,  and  these  latter  were 
gradually  abandoned. 

This  new  form  was  eventually  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  shrapnel.  But  al- 
though its  form  was  altered  its  charac- 
ter remained.  The  body  of  the  shell  was 
still  made  of  cast  iron,  with  a  cavity  at 
the  base  for  the  bursting  charge,  on  this 
was  placed  a  thick  steel  diaphragm,  se- 
parating the  bullets  from  the  charge 
with  a  brass  tube  which  communicated 
the  flash  from  the  nose  fuse  to  the  burst- 


to  the  projectile,  thus  causing  the  shell 
to  rotate.  A  more  regular  and  efficient 
action  of  the  powdier  gas  was  thus  en- 
sured and  a  gre«ter  range  and  improve- 
ment in  accuracy  effected. 

The  late  Lord  Armstrong  invented  a 
shell  coated  with  lead,  which  was  forced 
into  the  rifling  grooves  of  the  gun  by 
the  pressure  of  the  exploded  powder  gas. 
However,  this  lead  coating  proved  too 
soft  for  the  higher  velocities  of  the 
modern  guns. 

Mr.  Vavasseur,  C.B.,  devised  a  plan  of 
fitting,  by  hydraulic  pressure,  a  copper 
"driving  band"  into  a  groove  cut  around 
the  body  of  the  projectile.  This  is  now 
a  universal  practice  with  all  kinds  and 
sizes  of  shells.  It  not  only  fulfills  the 
purpose  of  rotating  the  projectile,  but 
renders  possible  the  use  of  large  charges 


roZE  HOLE 


LifTiNd  E-ie 


CAST   l«OM 
BODY 


■CSOPPER      RIVET 
CAST    IRON    SPHKRICAL    SHELL. 


ing  charge.  The  body  was  filled  with 
hard  lead  bullets  and  a  wooden  head  co- 
vered with  sheet  iron  or  steel  surmount- 
ed it  and  carried  the  fuse. 

The  new-shaped,  elongated  projectiles 
were  at  first  fitted  with  gun-metal  studs 
arranged  around  them  in  a  spiral  man- 
ner corresponding  to  the  twist  of  the 
rifling  of  the  gnin.  This  was  defective, 
for  it  allowed^ — as  in  the  old  smooth 
boresi — the  powder  gas  to  escape  through 
the  clearance  between  the  shell  and  the 
wall  of  bore  (called  the  "windage")  with 
a  consequent  loss  of  efficiency;  it  also 
quickly  eroded  the  bore  of  the  larger 
guns. 

Many  schemes  were  tried  to  give  the 
shell  rotation,  and  at  the  same  time  stop 
the  leak  of  gases  past  the  shell.  In  one 
case  the  bore  of  the  gun  was  hexagonal 
in  shape,  with  the  shell  to  correspond. 
Another  was  elliptical.  However,  none 
of  these  produced  the  desired  result. 

Improvements  Followed 

Later  the  rotation  was  effected  by  a 
eupped  copper  disc  called  a  "gas  check" 
attached  at  the  base  end  of  the  projectile. 
The  powder  gas  pressure  expanded  the 
rim  of  the  gas  check  into  the  rifling 
grooves  and  prevented  the  escape  of  the 
gas;  it  also  firmly  fixed  the  gas  check 


of  slow-burning  explosive. 

Projectiles  vs  Armor 

On  the  introduction  of  iron  sheeted 
ships  it  was  found  that  the  ordinary  cast 
iron  projectile  readily  pierced  the  thin 
plating.  Then,  in  order  to  protect  the 
vital  parts  of  the  vessel  wrought  iron 
armor  of  considerable  thickness  was 
placed  on  the  sides.  It  then  became 
necessary  to  produce  a  projectile  which 
would  pierce  this  armor.  This  was  ac- 
complished by  Sir  W.  Palliser,  who  in- 
vented a  method  of  hardening  the  head 
of  the  pointed  cast  iron  shell.  These 
shells  proved  satisfactory  against 
wrought  iron  armor  but  were  not  ser- 
viceable against  compound  and  steel. 
Forged  steel  shell  took  the  place  of  the 
Palliser  shell.  Carbon  steel  was  first 
used,  but  as  armor  improved  in  quality 
projectiles  followed  suit,  and  the  latest 
type  of  shell  are  formed  of  steel — either 
forged  or  cast — containing  both  nickel 
and  chromium.  Tungsten  steel  has  also 
been  used  with  success. 

By  making  the  body  of  toughened  steel 
and  by  slightly  reducing  the  size  of  the 
bullets,  the  number  of  these  was  much 
increased.  Thus,  with  the  cast  iron  body 
the  percentage  of  useful  weight,  i.e.,  the 
proportion  of  the  weight  of  the  bullets 


August  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


221 


to  the  total  weight  of  the  shell  was  from 
26  to  28  per  cent.,  while  with  the  modern 
steel  shell  it  is  from  47  to  53  per  cent. 
The  limit  of  the  forward  effect  of  modern 
shrapnel  at  effective  range  is  about  300 
yards,  and  the  extent  of  front  covered 
is  about  25  yards. 

This  is  indeed  a  far  cry  from  the  first 
spherical  shrapnel  which  were  liable  to 
burst  anywhere  from  the  time  they  left 
the  muzzle  of  the  gun  to  when  they  hit 
the  ground,  and  threw  bullets  promis- 
cuously in  all  directions — or  did  not  burst 
at  all— to  the  highly  efficient  modern 
shrapnel  shell  such  as  used  by  the  fa- 
mous French  and  American  quick-firing 
"seventy-fives,"  and  the  British  "eigh- 
teen pounders,"  which  hurl  shell  with 
a  rapidity  almost  unbelievable  and  with 
an  accuracy  which  seems  uncanny  to  the 

novice. 

^ 

A   USEFUL  CU-FE-ZN   HIGH  TEM- 
PEI  ATUUE  BRONZE 

By  M.  Mark. 


It  is  fairly  well  known  that  pure  iron 
and  copper  will  alloy  together  in  almost 
any  proportion,  and  it  is  also  fairly  well 
known  that  aluminum  will  alloy  witn 
both  iron  and  copper  in  the  absence  of 
carbon,  and  while  it  also  acts  as  a  flux 
for  both  metals,  a  boron  derivative  has 
better  effect.  It  is  also  fairly  well  known 
that  bronzes  which  hold  iron  resist  cor- 
rosion well,  provided  the  iron  is  alloyed 
with  the  copper  and  is  not  a  mere  me- 
chanical mixture.  Zinc  and  tin  will  alloy 
with  both  iron  and  copper,  provided  there 
is  no  carbon  present  in  the  iron  but  in 
the  presence  of  carbon,  or  when  the  iron 
is  unskimmed  and  covered  with  dirt, 
trouble  arises  in  practical  working. 

Absolutely  pure,  carbon-free  iron  is, 
of  course,  not  commercially  obtainable, 
but  very  fair  samples  can  be  had  in  the 
form  of  Swedish  bars  of  some  brands, 
some  forms  of  boiler  plates,  and  some 
brands  of  mild  steel,  the  amount  of  car- 
bon held  both  in  the  combined  and  gra- 
phitic states  being  extremely  low,  and 
while  this  in  itself  is  a  disadvantage  it 
does  not  prevent  alloying  with  copper  up 
to  perhaps  30  per  cent,  iron  to  70  per 
cent,  copper,  where  care  is  taken,  and 
indeed,  with  many  practical  tests  alloys 
that  would  roll  well  and  also  draw  into 
tubes  were  produced  with  a  content  up 
to  20  per  cent,  iron,  but  above  this  there 
appeared  to  be  trouble. 

In  all  cases  the  procedure  was  to  melt 
the   iron,  add   somewhere   up   to   25   per 
cent,  carbon-free  ferro-aluminum  to  the 
iron,  and  when  reaction  practically  ceas- 
ed, the  dirt  was  skimmed,  and  the  copper 
heated  to  redness,  put  in  and  melted,  the 
zinc  made  as  hot  as  possible,  being  fin- 
ally added,  and  then  after  stirring  and 
skimming  the  metal  was  poured  into  or- 
dinary     sand    moulds    or    metal      ingot 
moulds  as   the   case   mav  be,  the   metal 
moulds    being    thickly   lime-washed    and 
dried   prior  to   the   molten   metal   being 
poured  into  them.     In  these  cases,  Swed- 
ish  iron   of  the   best  quality   was   used, 
and  for  this  reason   the  aluminum   was 
low, but  with  some  broiler  plate  punchings 
and  other  scrap  irons  of  less  purity  up 
to  0.30  per  cent,  of  aluminum  was  ne- 


cessary, this  necessitating  a  much  larger 
percentage  of  ferro-aluminum.  In  any 
case,  the  amount  necessary  to  secure  the 
best  results  would  have  to  be  determinec 
in  the  laboratory;  but  a  small  excess  of 
aluminum  would  not  matter,  althoui;h 
it  would  increase  the  cost  of  the  alloy. 
In  every  instance  the  exact  composition 
of  the  alloy  must  be  determined  by  prac- 
tical trial  to  secure  the  best  results  in 
regard  to  the  articles  for  which  it  is 
used,  this  being-  a  very  essential  point, 
because  not  only  do  the  metals  used 
vary  in  content,  but  different  degrees  of 
hardness  and  strength  are  desirable  un- 
der  varying   circumstances. 

As  the  melting  point  of  wrought  iron 
is  high,  probably  in  most  cases  forced 
draught  will  be  necessary  in  the  fur- 
naces, which,  for  the  sake  of  economy, 
should  hold  four  75-lb.  crucibles  of  the 
upright  or  barrel  type,  but  of  course, 
single  pot  furnaces  can  be  used.  In  any 
case,  from  2750°  F.  to  2975°  F.  must  be 
secured  or  the  iron  will  not  melt  readily, 
and  where  a  somewhat  higher  tempera- 
ture can  be  managed  all  the  better; 
but  this  implies  about  the  maximum 
refractoriness  in  both  furnace  liningb 
and  crucibles.  Usually  it  takes  about 
two  hours  to  melt  iron  in  a  good  fur- 
nace, wiiile  in  a  bad  one  it  may  take 
much  longer,  or  the  iron  may  even  re- 
fuse to  melt. 

The  crucibles  should  be  of  clay — in 
which  case  they  only  stand  one  day's 
work — or  of  plumbago  with  clay  liners, 
as  made  by  the  Morgan  Crucible  Com- 
pany, to  take  one  instance;  in  either  case 
the  cost  for  crucibles  being  much  higher 
than  for  ordinary  bronze;  but  even  at 
this  the  cost  of  the  Cu-Fe-Zn  alloy  works 
out  at  very  much  less  than  the  ordi- 
nary Cu-Zn  bronze,  when  all  costs  are 
taken   on  a  pre-war  basis. 

It  must  be  particularly  insisted  on  that 
the   absence    of    carbon    is    the    crucial 
point,    but    conjointly   with    this    silicon 
must  also  be  absent  or  the  iron  or  alloy 
will   absorb  carbon   and   soon  become    a 
mere  mechanical  mixture  of    metals    of 
more    or    less— generally    less— perfect 
combination,   which   are   liable   to   disso- 
ciate at  very  small  provocation.     In  the 
exnerimental    work    carried    out   by   the 
writer,  both  in  regard  to  this  alloy  ana 
to  "Mitia"  iron  castings,  it  apneared  that 
while    a   small    percentage    of   combined 
carbon   was   not   seriously   objectionable 
so  far  as  untested  apparent  effect  was 
concerned,  the  presence  of  even  0.25  per 
cent,  of  graphite  carbon  had  a  very  pre- 
iuHiciRl  effect,  and  in  cases  where  grev 
cast  iron  was  used  in  p^rt  or  whole  sub- 
stitution  of   the   wrought   iron,   a   very 
imperfect  mechanical  alloy  was  secured 
in  which  the  iron  floated,  and  this  quite 
independently  of  the  presence  of  either 
tin  or  zinc  or  both  combined.    The  only 
way  by  which  a  good  mechanical   allov 
of   copper   and    cast   iron   was   produced 
was  by  the  addition  of  aluminum  in  suffi- 
cient quantity  to    (on   paper)   make  the 
soecific   gravitv   of  the   Cu-Al   combin-.- 
tion  equal  to  that  of  the  iron.     In  each 
case  the  trials  were  of  a  nractical  com- 
mercial    character,     flot    less     than     56 
pounds  of  the  alloy  being  made  '.it  eic'i 
operation. 


There  are  no  patents  in  force  for  the 
making-  cf  the  bronze  alloy  n.entioned, 
"Mitza"  malleable  wrought  iron,  or  arti- 
f.cia.  "Monel"  metal,  which  is  an  alloy 
\3\'  riekel,  copper  and  iron,  and  the  onlv 
real  difficulty  in  making  Ciivse  thrgs 
;s  t'l"  high  heit  necc  sar."  and  the  ab- 
sence of  carbon  in  the  metal.  Good  al- 
loying skill  is,  of  course,  a  necessitj^,  but 
this,  of  all  things,  must  be  taken  for 
granted  as  a  general  thing. 


NITER  CAKE  FOR  PICKLING  BRASS 

By  Mark  Meredith. 

Niter  cake,  as  a  substitute  for  sul- 
phuric acid  in  pickling  brass,  is  finding 
extensive  use  in  Great  Britain.  The 
quantity  so  used  in  that  country  now 
runs  into  several  hundred  tons  per  week. 
Difficulty  in  obtaining  raw  material, 
coupled  with  the  increased  demand  for 
sulphuric  acid  for  other  purposes,  hai 
resulted  in  an  extended  application  of 
niter  cake  solutions  in  place  of  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  for  pickling  annealed 
brass. 

Niter  cake  is  essentially  crude  acid 
sodium  sulphate,  and  while  the  latter  in 
the  pure  anhydrous  state  contains  theo- 
retically 40.8  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid, 
the  free  acid  found  in  niter  cake  may 
vary  from  3  to  30  per  cent.  For  pick- 
ning,  the  niter  cake  solution  should  show 
3  to  5  per  cent,  sulphuric  acid  on  titra- 
tion; there  is  no  advantage  to  be  gained 
in  using  solutions  of  higher  acid  con- 
centration. 

While  niter  cake  is  a  variable  product, 
annealed  brass  from  a  pickling  point  of 
view  may  be  even  more  so.     Given  clean 
work,  niter  cake  solutions  replace  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  quite  efficiently,  but  with 
dirty  work  the  difference  is  much    more 
marked,  and  niter  cake  solutions,  even 
under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  may- 
fail    to    pickle    the    work    satisfactorily. 
It  is  little  consolation  for  the  manufac- 
turer to   know,  that  his   troubles   lie   in 
his  annealing  furnaces.     Much  may  be 
done    to    overcome    troubles    as   follows: 
The  niter  cake   solution  should  be  as 
hot  as  possible.     Its  acid  content  should 
be  tested  frequently  and  maintained  at 
3  to  5  per  cent,  by  the  addition  of  niter 
cake.     The   hot  annealed   products   may 
be    quenched    in    water,    whereby    much 
scale  is  mechanically  loosened  prior  to 
pickling. 

The  hot  annealed  work  may  be  placed 
direct  into  the  niter-cake  solution,  and 
the  pickle  can  thus  be  maintained  at  a 
high  temperature  without  auxiliary 
steam  heating. 

Electrochemical  aid  might  be  sought 
by  using  a  low  voltage  current,  making 
the  lead  lining  of  the  vat  the  cathode 
and  the  work  to  be  pickled  the  anode. 

The  difficulties  met  with  in  the  suc- 
cessful use  of  niter  cake  solution  can 
only  be  overcome  in  a  satisfactory  man- 
ner by  paying  close  attention  to  the  con- 
ditions governing  the  annealing  so  as  to 
obtain  the  annealed  brass  as  clean  as 
possible,  and  by  using  the  niter  cake 
solution  under  conditions  which  will 
most  strongly  stimulate  its  pickling  acti- 
vity. 


222 


Volume  XX. 


There's  No  Joy  in  Life  for  This  H.S.S.  Tool  Bit 

Things  Used  to  Look  Rosy  When  He  Lay  on  Velvet  in  the  Show 

Case,  but  the  Life  and  Ginger  Have  Been  Squeezed  Out  of  Him 

Since  Then— Real  Sob  Story  by  a  Bit  of  Steel 

By  R.  S.  MYERS,  BRIDGEPORT 


WHEN    H.S.S.    WAS    YOUNG    AND    KEEN 

I  AM  a  poor  cripple.  I  have  been 
twisted  and  contorted  until  I  am  no- 
thing more  than  a  mass  of  shape- 
less, sacrificed  steel,  with  grains  ntiis- 
placed,  sides  twisted  and  out  of  line, 
grinds  and  cracks  stancUng  out  here  and 
there  as  a  protest  and  protection  against 
the  friction  of  my  square  hole  resting 
place,  called  a  tool  holder. 

There  was  a  time  when  I  was  fair  to 
look  upon.  My  skin  was  silvery  and 
smooth  like  velvet.  My  sides  were 
straight  and  shapely.  My  master  was 
then  proud  of  me.  I  enjoyed  real  free- 
dom, the  air  and  sunshine.  Life  then 
was  a  continual  delight.  But  as  I  grew 
older  my  master  became  less  thoughtful 
of  me — he  even  left  me  in  the  tool  holder 
locked  up  all  night  in  the  lathe  tool  post. 
I  was  not  admired  as  much  now.  It  was 
then  that  he  began  to  criticize  me — he 
discovered  that  I  would  not  cut  chilled 
iron  and  hardened  steel.  I  soon  realized 
that  he  considered  me  N.  G.,  and  my 
showings  not  up  to  the  efficiency  stand- 
ards. He  began  by  putting  me  into  a 
fire  that  almost  consumed  me,  and  fin- 
ished by  dropping  me  in  cold  oil — I  al- 
most cracked  on  him  on  this  occasion. 
I  made  him  frown  and  grumble  and 
scold  for  his  ill-treatment. 

My  life  thereafter  was  a  steady  tor- 
ture. My  master  was  hard  for  some 
time  after  he  began  ill-treating  me,  but 
I  never  knew  a  peaceful  moment  until  I 
was  turning  C.  R.  S.  or  planing  babbitt, 
when  I  would  have  a  chance  to  work  all 
day  without  being  sharpened.  But  when 
the  next  day  came  I  would  again     be 


thrust  in  my  square  hole  chamber.  At 
times  I  was  almost  split  aparc  when  a 
big  monkey  wrench  forced  the  holding 
screw  down  on  me.  My  close  grain  was 
forced  so  hard  that  the  screw  was  ac- 
tually expanded  in  the  process. 

I  began  to  lose  much  of  my  feeling.  I 
became  hardened  to  suffering.  I  had  to 
endure  it.     I  was  helpless. 

Slowly  and  surely  I  lost  my  good 
shape,  and  my  master's  interest  was  less 
in  a  similar  degree.  I  know  on  occasions 
he  suffered  lost  time  on  account  of  his 
crimes  against  me. 

Sometimes  he  would  show  me  to  some 
of  the  other  boys  and  brag  about  how  I 
cut  such  and  such  a  steel  at  so  many 
R.  P.  M.,  and  at  such  times  I  would  be 
hopeful.  His  sympathies  for  me  and 
my  hard  knocks  were  at  last  awakening, 
but  the  next  day  I  would  again  be  simi- 
larly abused. 

How  I  longed  for  my  old  home  in  the 
show  case  that  greeted  me  in  my 
younger  days.  My  master  then  did  not 
know  about  H.S.S.;  true  he  could  turn, 
mill,  and  shape,  but  when  I  came  to  him 
he  was  mighty  proud  of  me  and  treasur- 
ed me  highly. 

But  when  he  began  to  crush  the  life 
out  of  me  by  welding  me  to  a  decrepit 
old  piece  of  machine  steel,  he  could  not 
use  such  high  speeds  and  feeds  on  his 
work.  He  finally  lost  his  rep.  for  beina: 
the  fastest  workman  in  the  room.  His 
increased  production  was  being  replaced 
bv  minimum  output.  How  I  did  abomi- 
nate being  welded  to  a  simple  piece  of 
M.  S.  My  master  would  attempt  to 
force  me  to  take  a  big  bite,  while  I  had 
all  I  could  do  to  keep  in  my  place — I 
broke  my  bonds  twice,  and  was  almost 
lost. 

Now  my  master  ho'ds  me  on  a  M.  S. 
shank  in  a  more  dependable  way.  His 
pride  has  borne  many  hard  blows,  but 
much  of  his  trouble  came  because  he 
maltreated  me.  He  sold  his  record  for 
the  privilege  of  exoerimenting  with  me. 

His  reputation  disappeared  long  a"-o. 
He  has  lost  his  energy,  his  enthusiasm. 
His  record  once  on  the  production  boards 
have  been  rubbed  out.  His  interest  has 
become  indifferent. 

And  now  my  master  blames  me  be- 
cause I  do  not  cut  as  at  first.  I  chatter 
and  squeak.  He  often  complains,  too, 
that  the  bosi  gives  him  no  more  "hurry 
UD  jobs."  I  tried  hard  enough  to  make 
him  see  that  when  ill-treating  me  he  was 
injuring  his  reputation.  He  depended  on 
me  for  a  raise. 

I  gave  him  a  proper  foundation.  With- 
out mv  characteristics  he  could  have 
never  finished  some  of  his  jobs.  Without 
mv  gifts  he  never  would  have  held  his 
job,  and  when  he  rehardened  me — when 


WHEN  H.S.S.   GREW   OLD   AND  DECREPIT. 

he  melted  me  and  chilled  me  beyond  re- 
cognition, he  paid  the  penalty  in  full. 
The  joys  of  maximum  production  were 
his  only  so  long  as  he  gave  me  proper 
consideration. 

Lack  of  head  work  made  me  a  poor 
cripple.  Hardened  steel  and  chilled  iron 
turned  with  the  mistaken  impression  that 
I  would  "bite  anything  under  the  sun," 
robbed  me  of  my  greatest  asset,  and  the 
price  paid  by  my  master  for  his  folly 
was  the  loss  of  many  dollars  in  his  pay 
envelope  years  and  years  before  they 
should  have  left  him. 


Many  attempts  have  been  made  to 
weld  the  particles  of  tungsten  together 
by  working  at  a  very  high  temperature. 
No  headway  has  been  made  in  this  di- 
rection. To  be  workable,  a  piece  of 
tungsten  must  be  substantially  non- 
porous — that  is,  the  individual  particles 
must  have  been  previously  welded  to- 
gether at  a  temperature  near  the  melt- 
ing point  of  tungsten  in  an  atmosphere 
of  hydrogen  or  other  gas  which  is  either 
helpful  or  at  least  not  harmful  to  the 
tungsten.  Sometimes  the  swaged  tung- 
sten rods  split  during  the  swaging  oper- 
ation. Attempts  have  been  made  to 
weld  these  split  portions  together  by 
working  at  a  high  temperature.  The 
highest  temperature  available  was  1700 
-1800  deg.  C.  It  was  not  found  possible 
to  weld  the  tungsten  in  this  manner. 
Tungsten  can  be  welded  electrically  at 
temperatures   near  fusion.  ^a 


August  22,  1918. 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    MAC  11 1  N  E  R  Y 


223 


THE  COMMERCIAL  AWAKENING 

OF  THE  EAST 


By  Mark  Meredith 

JAPAN  has  thoroughly  awakened  to 
the  possibilities  of  creating  wealth  and 
power  by  industry  and  commerce,  and 
her  neighbor  China  is  awakening  too, 
after  a  sort  of  sleep  of  many  centuries 
for  at  one  time  she  was,  among  the 
ancients,  the  foremost  commercial  na- 
tion. But  the  most  interesting  feature 
about  the  far  East  at  present  is  the 
gradual  development  of  a  factory  sys- 
tem, which  is  spreading,  and  travellers 
now  talk  about  the  factory  towns  of 
Japan  and  also  of  some  parts  of  the 
industrial   parts   of  China. 

All  the  commercial  centres  are  alive 
to  the  possibilities  of  development  at 
the  present  time,  for  it  is  recognized 
that  the  greater  the  production  of  Japan 
in  various  articles  and  commodities  which 
the  Western  Allies  cannot  give  the  time 
and  attention  to  make  the  more 
she  will  keep  the  trade  of  the  Allied 
nations  going.  The  war  has  given  the 
nations  of  the  East  many  opportunities 
and  as  they  are  keen  and  enterprising 
business  people  they  are  taking  full  ad- 
vantage of  all  that  can  be  grasped.  The 
Japanese  were  regarded  as  a  coming 
force  in  the  commerce  of  the  world  be- 
fore the  outbreak  of  the  war  but  nowa- 
days they  seem  to  have  "got  there"  for 
at  various  times  many  goods  of  Japan- 
ese origin  have  been  on  sale  in  towns 
all  over  Great  Britain.  There  are  many 
ways  in  which  Japan  is  helping  us  in 
the  shipbuilding,  shipping  and  tex- 
tile industries,  and  after  the  war 
she  will  certainly  take  her  place  as  one 
of  the  great  commercial  nations  of  the 
East. 

The  position  of  Japan  in  the  world 
freight  market  has  witnessed  a  radical 
improvement  since  the  war  opened,  but 
besides  what  has  been  achieved  by  the 
United  States  in  this  field  of  commercial 
activity,  Japan's  progress  has  been 
somewhat  slow.  The  prosperity  of  the 
United  States  and  Japan  is  due  chiefly 
to  Germany's  submarine  warfare,  which 
has  destroyed  a  large  percentage  of  the 
world's  merchant  marine,  and  to  the 
greater  use  of  ships  for  war  purposes 
by  the  belligerent  powers.  Great  Bri- 
tain has  already  lost  nearly  45  per  cent, 
of  her  merchant  marine  by  the  German 
submarine  ravages  and  she  has  with- 
drawn many  big  merchantmen  to  carry 
troops  and  their  requirements  so  that 
the  greater  part  of  her  tramp  fleet  is 
not  available  for  commercial  purposes. 
Some  regular  liners  have  also  been  taken 
away  from  the  trade  routes  where  they 
had  gained  a  firm  footing  through 
many  years'  steady  work.  From  the  far 
East,  for  instance,  many  well  known 
liners  have  gone,  and  judging  by  the  an- 
nual reports  the  directors  of  the  differ- 
ent British  lines,  the  results  of  whole- 
sale withdrawal  are  viewed  with  anxiety 


for  the  places  thus  vacated  are  being 
filled  rapidly  by  Japanese  ships  and  the 
newcomers  will  gain  a  permanent  foot- 
ing. 

It  will  be  difficult  for  British  lines  to 
re-establish  their  influence  and  more- 
over, they  will  not  have  tonnage  enough 
to  do  that.  If  Great  Britain  could  af- 
ford to  release  shipbuilding  yards  from 
war  service,  the  loss  could  be  easily 
made  good,  but  for  the  present  nothing 
will  be  more  difficult  for  that  country  to 
achieve.  At  least  600,000  tons  of  ship- 
ping are  planned  by  her  to  be  built,  but 
it  is  too  little  to  fill  the  gap.  The  Unit- 
ed States,  on  the  other  hand,  has  been 
quite  successful  in  enlarging  her  mer- 
chant marine,  since  the  war  opened.  Al- 
though no  accurate  figure  is  available  at 
present,  it  is  beyond  a  doubt  that  her 
fleet  has  been  more  than  doubled.  More- 
over, she  is  going  to  build  a  large  num- 
ber of  steel  and  wooden  ships  for  com- 
mercial use.  In  the  far  East  the  liners 
under  the  Stars  and  Stripes  are  still 
small  in  number,  but  on  the  Atlantic 
and  in  South  American  waters,  their 
growing  trade  is  striking. 

Japan's  gain  since  the  war's  opening 
is  also  striking.  In  the  East  she  has, 
although  not  completely,  succeeded  in 
filling  the  gap  created  by  Great  Britain's 
withdrawal.  On  the  Pacific  also,  most 
of  the  trade  is  hers.  A  most  prominent 
instance  of  Japan's  achievement  is  the 
Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha's  inauguration  of 
a  Liverpool  service.  The  regular  trade 
on  this  particular  route  is  now  almost 
entirely  carried  on  by  the  Nippon  Yusen 
Kaisha,  although  in  the  Autumn  of  1918 
the  Osaka  Shosen  Kaisha  will  start  a 
service  on  this  route.  Japan  has  also 
increased  her  fleet  immensely,  in  spite 
of  the  limited  capacity  of  her  yards, 
which  is  due  to  the  precarious  supply  of 
steel. 

In  order  to  remedy  this  defect  how- 
ever, a  law  was  passed  at  a  recent  spec- 
ial session  of  the  Diet  to  encourage  the 
iron  industry.  The  main  provisions  of 
this  measure  are:  (1)  That  iron  and 
steel  works  with  an  output  of  not  less 
than  35,000  metric  tons  per  annum  will 
have  the  right  to  expropriate  the  own- 
ers of  property  on  which  it  is  necessary 
to  locate  the  works;  and  (2)  that  works 
turning  out  not  less  than  5,250  metric 
tons  per  annum  will  be  exempt  for 
eleven  years  from  business  and  income 
taxes,  and  from  all  forms  of  prefectural 
local  and  municipal  taxation,  as  well  as 
being  allowed  to  import  free  of  duty  the 
machinery  &c.,  required  for  the  works. 
The  figure  of  35,000  metric  tons  is  based 
on  the  assumption  that  it  is  not  econom- 
ical to  erect  works  with  a  furnace  capa- 
city of  less  than  a  100  tons  per  working 
day  for  350  days,  while  the  figure  of 
5,250  tons  is  based  on  a  production  of 
15  tons  per  day  for  the  same  period, 
this  amount  being  fixed  for  the  benefit  of 


the  smaller  concerns.  With  great  in- 
dustrial activity  existing  in  the  country 
and  the  shipbuilding  boom  at  its  height, 
the  passing  of  this  new  law  has  resulted 
in  the  launching  of  a  number  of  new  un- 
dertakings. Some  of  these  schemes  are 
financed  and  planned  by  important 
groups,  which  have  been  impressed  by 
the  large  increase  in  the  consumption  of 
iron  in  Japan,  especially  during  the  last 
few  months. 

After  the  war,  Great  Britain  will 
strive  to  regain  her  lost  trade,  and  she 
will  have  to  compete  for  that  which  has 
already  been  won  by  Japanese  commer- 
cial enterprise.  She  is  entitled  to  fair 
success  in  this  struggle  and  as  she  has 
long  occupied  a  position  of  importance  in 
the  shipping  trade  of  the  world,  and  as 
her  seamen  are  excelled  by  those  of  no 
other  nation,  she  will  succeed  in  regain- 
ing her  lost  position  in  a  great  measure. 
The  Germans  will  also  strive  to  regain 
what  they  have  lost,  but  it  is  by  no 
means  certain  that  they  will  succeed, 
for  it  will  be  difficult  for  them  to  re- 
build their  fleet.  The  United  States  will 
also  have  to  strive  hard  if  she  is  to  re- 
tain what  has  been  gained  in  the  East 
during  the  war,  for  her  weak  point  is 
the  Seaman's  Law  and  shortage  in  ef- 
ficient seamen.  If  this  weakness  is 
remedied  she  can  retain  the  fruit  of  the 
past  endeavours.  The  outlook,  however, 
for  Japan  itself  in  the  after-war 
struggle  for  the  retention  of  her  ship- 
ping gains  is  not  particularly  hopeful  as 
she  has  inflated  her  merchant  fleet  too 
much.  It  is  questionable  whether  Japan 
can  keep  all  her  ships  in  full  employ. 
Japanese  seamen,  however,  have  a  strong 
point  which  will  be  important  factor  in 
the  post-war  competition.  They  can 
work  at  a  lower  rate  than  American  or 
Britain  seamen.  The  possibility  of  hav- 
ing to  relinquish  their  war  gains  is  per- 
haps the  reason  why  the  Japanese  ship- 
ping companies  are  declining  to  receive 
further  bounties  from  their  government. 
They  desire  to  be  quite  free  and  unfet- 
tered but  the  Japanese  Government  is 
determined  to  give  the  aid.  Ignoring  all 
application  petitioning  the  government 
to  stop  further  shipping  bounties,  the 
department  of  -Communication  ordered 
the  Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha,  the  Toyo  Ris- 
en Kaisha  and  the  Osaka  Shosen  Kaisha, 
Japan's  largest  shipping  firms,  to  re- 
ceive the  bounty.  Details  of  the  amounts 
of  the  bounties  and  the  names  of  the 
firms  w'.iichf  have  been  ordered  to  re- 
ceive it  are: 

European  service: — This  line  should  be 
maintained  by  the  Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha 
semi-monthly  with  all  ships,  each  of 
more  than  5,500  tons  and  sailing  at  14 
knots,  making  26  round  trips  a  year, 
and  for  which  the  government  is  ready 
to  subsidize  1,689,850  yen  in  1918,  and 
1,569,672  yen  in  1919. 

Puget  Sound  service. — This  line  should 
e  operated  by  the  Osaka  Shosen  Kaisha 
bi-monthly  with  6  ships,  each  of  more 
than  5,500  tons,  sailing  more  than  14 
knots,  making  26  round  trips  a  year, 
and  for  which  the  government  is  willing 


224 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  1 1  1  X  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


to  give  2,669,925  yen  in  1918  and  2,309,- 
187  yen  in  1919. 

San  Francisco  service. — This  is  to  be 
maintained  by  the  Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha 
four-weekly  with  3  steamers  each  of  12,- 
500  tons,  and  sailing  more  than  18  knots, 
makin?  14  round  trips  a  year.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  this  line  competes  with 
more  than  one  other  foreign  line,  the 
government  has  refrained  from  an- 
nouncing the  exact   amount  of  subsidy. 

Pacific  South  American  service. — The 
line  must  be  operated  by  the  Toyo  Kisen 
Kaisha  bi-monthly  with  3  ships,  each  of 
more  than  6,000  tons,  sailing  faster  than 
13  knots,  making  6  round  trips,  and  for 
which  the  government  will  give  annual 
subsidy  of  284,836  yen  in  1918  and  269,- 
350  yen  in  1919. 

Australian  service. — This  line  is  to  be 
operated  by  the  Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha 
monthly  with  3  ships,  each  of  more  than 
5,000  tons,  sailing  faster  than  15  knots, 
making  12  round  trips  a  year,  and  for 
which  the  government  will  give  169,470 
yen  in  1918,  and  188,497  yen  in  1919. 

Turning  to  the  industrial  development 
in  Japan  the  installation  of  plant  of  all 
kinds  is  continually  increasing  for  both 
machine-making  and  manufacturing. 
War  conditions  in  Europe  have  given  the 
■Taoanese  business  men  a  fine  opportuni- 
ty in  metallurgical  and  shipbuildinng 
trades.  The  total  number  of  mills  now 
manufacturing  machinery  is  1,180 — that 
is  mills  employing  men  of  18  years  and 
over — and  these  probably  do  not  include 
textile  factories  mostly  staffed  by 
young  females.  Machinery  shops  are 
now  prosperous,  and  they  include  makers 
of  spinning  and  weaving  plants.  There 
are  1,951  dyeing  and  weaving  establish- 
ments in  Osaka  district,  an  increase  of 
288  over  1916,  many  of  them  being 
small  concerns,  probably  employing  only 
a  few  hands.  Nevertheless,  the  number 
of  workmen  in  May,  1917,  was  78,827  an 
increase  of  3,830  over  May  1916.  All 
other  kinds  of  industry  show  an  increase 
in  mills  and  work  people,  which  seems 
to  indicate  that  Japan  is  performing  a 
share  of  the  war  work,  including  muni- 
tions. The  cotton  mills  appear  to  have 
had  a  good  year.  The  balance  sheets 
of  two  spinning  companies  have  been 
recently  published — the  Toyo  and  Ama- 
gasaki  companies;  the  former  declared 
a  dividend  of  40  per  cent,  in  addition  to 
which  both  concerns  placed  large  sums 
to  reserve  and  carried  forward  an  im- 
portant proportion  of  the  total  profits. 
Accounts  of  industrial  activity  and  ad- 
vancement all  round  indicates  that  Ja- 
pan is  forging  ahead  in  manufacture 
while  Europe  is  fighting 

Chemical  Industry 

Another  remarkable  feature  of  the 
economic  development  of  Japan  is  her 
extraordinary  progn'ess  in  the  chemical 
industry.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
war  this  industry  was  still  in  its  fancy, 
yet  to-day  Japan  exports  chemical  pro- 
ducts for  the  supply  of  which  she  was 
but  three  years  ago  entirely  dependent 
upon  outside  sources.  Whether  when  the 


war  is  over  Japan  will  have  secured  the 
foundation    of   this    new    industry    suffi- 
ciently  well   to   maintain   it,   is   another 
matter.        Without    an    adequately    pro- 
tective tariff  it  is  doubtful  whether  she 
will,  for,  in  spite  of  the  availability  of 
some  of  the  raw  materials  in  Japan  it- 
self or  in  the  countries  near  at  hand,  in 
spite  of  the  great  advantages  she  poss- 
es in  cheap  labor,  and  the  access  she  en- 
joys to  cheap  motive  force  by  reason  of 
her  abundance   of  waterfalls,  the   chem- 
ical industry  of  Europe  and  the   United 
States    has     gained     such     a    footing   in 
all  parts  of  the  world,  that  a  new  com- 
petitor  is   bound    to   have   a   very   hard 
fight  for  existence  when  times  are  nor- 
mal  again.     Nevertheless,  the   power   of 
her  industriousness  and  her  genius,  will 
secure  her  a  place  among  the  chemical 
producing    nations,      but      it    may    take 
time  as  the  chemical  industry  in  Japan 
is  an  emergency  one.     Unable  to  obtain 
adequate  supplies  of  chemicals  from  the 
ordinary  sources  of  peace  time,  she  has 
produced    her    own,    and    in    some    cases 
produced   sufficient   for   export   purposes. 
Great   Britain   can   regard   without   envy 
the  advent  of  Japan  as  a  new  competit- 
or, but  Germany  will  be  the  largest  loser 
through  the  development  of  the  Japanese 
dyestuffs   industry.     For  many   years  to 
come  Japan  is  bound  to  be  a  large  cus- 
tomer of  Great  Britain  for  soda  ash  and 
caustic  soda;  in  fact  as  she  develops  her 
other   industries  her   need   for   these   al- 
kalies will   become   greater  and,  lacking 
what  we   possess,  abundant   supplies  of 
cheap  salt,  it  is  at  least  doubtful  wheth- 
pv  -^apan  will  be  able  in  the  near  future 
to  produce  sufficient  alkali  to  satisfy  her 
home   requirements.     The    production   of 
soda   was  started  in  Tokyo,  Osaka,  and 
Yamaguchi      Prefectures      some      thirty 
years   ago,  but,   owing   to   the   compara- 
tively   high    cost     of    salt  development 
has  been  slow.     At  the  present  time  soda 
is  being  produced  by  an  old   system  by 
the  Canto  Sanso  Kaisha,  of  Tokyo  Pre- 
fecture, and  the  Onoda  Works,  of  Yama- 
guchi Prefecture.       Accordinng     to     Dr. 
Toyokichi  Tamatsu,  one  of  Japan's   dis- 
tinguished    industrial    chemists,     means 
have  been   studied   for   supplying   indus- 
trial salt  at  a  low  cost,  and,  in  addition, 
for    working    the    ammonia    and    electro 
systems  of  soda  making.     Those  engaeed 
in  Japan's  progressive  soap  and  glass  in- 
dustries— to    mention    only    two    of    the 
commercial  uses  of  alkali — would  hardly 
consent  without  protest  to  a  heavy  pro- 
tective duty    on    soda    ash   and  caustic 
soda. 

Turning  to  another  branch  of  chemical 
industry,  Japan  has  made  wonderful  pro- 
irress  in  the  production  of  Phosphorous; 
before  the  war  Japan  imported  all  the 
phosphorus  she  required  for  her  match 
industry  from  England,  France,  and 
Germany.  But  now  The  Chemical 
Industry  Company  and  the  Fuji 
Electro-Chemical  Company  are  manu- 
facturing nhosphorus  from  phosphite 
imported  from  the  southern  Paf'" 
Islands,  and  some  idea  of  the 
size     of     the   output     can   be   obtained 


from  her  huge  export  trade  in  matches. 
During  1915-16  she  exported  lAV*  mill- 
ion gross  of  matches,  to  India  alone — 
this  in  spite  of  an  Indian  custom  duty 
of  7%  per  cent.  Whether  when  Eng- 
lish phosphorus  again  becomes  avail- 
able for  export  and  prices  become  nor- 
mal Japanese  phosphorus  will  be  the 
cheapest  product  for  the  match-makers 
to  us  remains  to  be  seen.  But,  judging 
from  the  price  at  which  Japan  has  been 
able  to  sell  to  India  matches  made  from 
Japanese  phosphorus,  it  would  seem 
that  the  cost  of  its  production  from 
phosphorite  is  relatively  low.  Another 
match  making  chemical,  potassium 
chloride,  is  being  produced  on  an  exten- 
sive scale  in  Japan  at  Aidzu,  where  the 
water  power  of  Lake  Inaswashire  is 
utilized,  and  at  various  other  places.  It 
is  also  estimated  that  10,000  tons  can  be 
made  annually  from  seaweeds  gathered 
on  the  coasts  of  Hokkaido,  Karafuto, 
Chiba,  and  Kanagawa  districts. 

Japan  is  also  making  sulphate  of  am- 
monia from  bye-products  of  the  gas  and 
coke  factories  and  from  nitrogenous  lime 
The  production  of  acetate  of  lime  by  the 
Japan  Acetate  Acid  Company  has  also 
increased,  and  it  seems  probable  that 
America  will  lose  a  good  customer  for 
the  acetate.  The  Tokyo  Gas  Company  is 
making  carbolic  acid,  and  the  Japanese 
Dyestuffs  Company  has  laid  plans  for 
manufacturing  it  from  benzole.  The 
yearly  production  of  sulphuric  acid  in 
japan  is  little  short  of  three  quarters 
of  a  million  tons,  and  it  is  intended  to 
establish  a  plant  for  the  production  of 
this  acid  by  the  contact  process. 

As  to  the  dyestuffs  industry,  it  is 
common  knowledge  that  the  Japan  Dye- 
stuffs  Manufacturing  Company  has 
been  founded  and  is  backed  by  the  gov- 
ernment. Before  the  war  Japan  im- 
ported from  Germany  coal-tar  colors  to 
the  value  of  something  approaching  a 
million  pounds  sterling,  and,  although 
the  Japanese  industry  is  still  in  its  m- 
fancy,  it  is  quite  clear  that  Japan  does 
not  intend  to  go  on  paying  such  a  tri- 
bute to  Germany. 

And  in  the  Departments  of  Commerce 
and  industry  Japan  is  making  rapid  pro- 
gress and  there  is  little  doubt  that  now 
her  business  men  have  awakened  to  the 
possibilities  of  trade  and  commerce  her 
industries  of  all  kinds  will  grow 
to  a  very  great  extent.  There  is  no 
doubt  Japan  will  make  herself  quite 
independent  of  Germany  and  Gernian 
manufactures,  and  perhaps  all  the  other 
Allied  nations  will  follow  her  example. 


Incorporation  has  been  granted  to  the 
Campbell,  Howard  Machine  Co.  Ltd.  The 
incorporators  being  residents  of  Mont- 
real. The  purposes  of  the  company  are 
as  follows:  To  carry  on  the  business  of 
manufacturers  of  iron  and  woodworking 
tools  and  machinery,  iron  founders,  steel 
makers,  brass  founders,  metal  workers, 
millwrights,  machinists,  etc.  The  capital 
stock  of  the  company  is  placed  at  $650,- 
000  and  the  head  office  will  be  at  Sher- 
brooke.  Que. 


Auffust  22,  1918. 


225 


Heating  and  Ventilation  Are  Very  Important 

When  a  Factory  is  Being  Constructed  All  These  Details  Should 

be  Attended  to — It  is  Sometimes  Possible  to  Make  Changes  in 

Plans  to  Secure  the  Best  Results 

THE  SECOND  OF  A  SERIES  BY  M.  H.  POTTER. 


THERE  are  many  systems  of  heat- 
inj?  buildings,  among  which  are: 
By  means  of  exhaust  or  live  steam 
in  lines  of  pipe  arranged  overhead  or 
along  the  walls,  by  coils  or  radiators,  by 
hot  water  utilized  in  a  similar  way;  by 
air  furnaces,  or  by  contact  with  pipes 
through  steam  flows.  All  these  systems 
have  their  good  and  bad  features,  both 
as  to  their  warming  qualities  and  their 
cost,  as  well  as  the  expense  of  operating 
them.  The  hundreds  of  feet  of  steam 
pipes,  with  their  numerous  fittings,  fur- 
nish at  each  joint  opportunities  for  leaks, 
and  special  arrangements  must  be  made 
to  keep  them  clear  of  water.  The  dis- 
tance from  the  boiler  to  the  further  end 
of  long  systems  frequently  requires  much 
time  to  force  the  steam  through  to  thes5 
points  to  warm  the  rooms  so  that  they 
will   be   endurable  to  workmen. 

The  hot  water  system  works  slowly 
and  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding 
air  rises  gradually,  so  that  the  hour  for 
beginning  work  in  the  morning  must  be 
anticipated  by  such  a  length  of  time  as 
to  be  a  serious  drawback  to  complete 
success.  The  hot-air  furnace  gives  air 
from  which  much  of  the  moisture  is 
evaporated  and  which  is  therefore  un- 
wholesome, aside  from  the  fine  dust  so 
often  brought  along  with  it.  In  all  these 
systems  heating  is  the  only  end  gained, 
ventilation  being  left  largely  to  chance. 
The  ideal  system  of  warming  and 
ventilation  would  seem  to  be  that  in 
which  fresh  air,  warmed  by  steam  heat, 


containing  a  large  number  of  steam 
pipes,  and  by  means  of  a  fan  and  suit- 
able pipes,  distributing  this  warmed  air 
to  every  part-  of  the  building  by  numer- 
ous outlets.  The  whole  should  be  con- 
trolled by  proper  dampers,  by  which  a 
due  proportion  of  warm  and  cold  air  may 
be   furnished  as  needed,  so  that  proper 


floor,  nor  less  than  5  inches  diameter, 
and  usually  incline  downward  at  an 
angle  of  about  10  degrees.  The  aggre- 
gate area  of  openings  should  exceed  the 
area  of  the  main  pipe  at  the  fan  by  about 
25  per  cent. 

About  6  square  inches  area  or  open- 
mgs  should  be  allowed  to  every  thousand 


FIG.   4— CROSS  SECTION  OF  FOUNDRY  HEATING  SYSTEM. 


ventilation  as  well  as  warming  may  al- 
ways  be   maintained. 

In  the  warming  of  such  large  buildings 
as  those  under  consideration  it  is  not 
necessary  to  draw  cold  air  from  the  out- 
side atmosphere  to  any  great  extent. 
The  number  of  cubic  feet  of  air  contained 
in  the  building  is  largely  in  excess  of 
that  requir.ed  for  each  person,  and,  cold 


fye/ITCR 


U=J 


-Tj  \s M         \r~ 


-M a-" 


FIG.    3— PLAN    LAYOUT    OF    FOUNDRY    HEATING    SYSTEWI. 


is  distributed  by  a  suitable  mechanical 
progress,  as  evenly  as  possible  to  every 
part  of  the  building,  and  one  in  which 
this  can  be  done  in  the  shortest  time  (as 
in  most  shops  heat  is  not  maintained 
during  the  night  except  at  sufficient 
temperature  to  prevent  freezing  of  water 
pipes,  etc.),  and  in  which  cold  air  may 
be  readily  introduced  whenever  needed. 
This  seems  to  be  best  accomplished  by 
drawing  fresh  air  from  without  the 
building,  passing  it  through  a  heating 
apparatus    consisting    of    an    iron    case 


air  comes  in  through  frequently  opening 
large  doors,  while  the  swinging  windows 
at  the  roof  may  be  opened  when  neces- 
sary to  permit  the  vitiated  air  to  pass 
out,  thus  providing  ample  ventilation. 

The  heating  apparatus  should  be  lo- 
cated near  the  center  of  the  building  so 
as  to  distribute  the  warm  air  to  all  points 
with  the  least  amount  of  piping.  Open- 
ings should  be  so  arranged  as  to  be  not 
over  30  feet  apart,  and  to  open  toward 
the  outer  walls  of  the  building.  They 
should  not  be  les^  than  8  feet  above  the 


cubic  feet  of  space  contained  in  the 
building  or  room,  where  the  building  is 
so  divided.  The  velocity  of  air  should 
not  be  less  than  1,500  feet  per  minute, 
and  a  sufficient  quantity  should  be  sup- 
plied to  change  the  air  about  every  25 
minutes. 

The  pipes  are  preferably  circular,  as 
less  material  is  required  to  make  them 
of  this  form,  circular  pipes  are  stronger, 
and  there  is  less  friction  of  air  in  pass- 
ing through  them.  However,  square  or 
rectangular  pipes  are  sometimes  neces- 
sary on  account  of  lack  of  space.  When 
such  is  the  case  this  area  of  cross- 
section  must  be  increased  accordingly  so 
as  to  overcome  undue  friction.  Galvan- 
ized iron  is  the  most  desirable  material 
for  these  pipes  and  is  almost  universally 
used  where  pipes  separate  from  the 
building  construction  are  used.  In  fac- 
tory buildings  having  several  floors, 
proper  flues  and  air  ducts  are  arranged 
in  the  walls,  and  in  the  basement,  where 
the  heating  apparatus  is  usually  located. 

Machine  Shop  Arrangement 

Fig.  1  shows  the  plan  of  arrangement 
of  the  heating  system  of  the  machine 
shop  and  Fig.  2  a  cross-section  of  the 
same. 

The  heating  apparatus  consists  of  a 
rectangular  iron  case  containing  a  large 
number  of  steam  pipes  of  practically 
U-shaped  form,  inverted  and  connected 
to  a  cast  iron  base  in  such  a  manner 
that  one  leg  of  the  pipe  connects  with 
the  space  through  which  the  steam  is 
admitted  and  the  other  leg  connects  with 
the  space  from  which  the  drip  is  taken. 
These  pipes   should  be  located  as  close 


226 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


to  each  other  as  practicable,  the  rows  of 
pipes  being  set  staggering  so  as  to  break 
up  the  currents  of  air.  The  casing  which 
surrounds  them  and  connects  with  the 
inlet  of  the  fan  should  also  be  formed 
as  closely  to  the  pipes  as  may  be,  in 
order  that  all  air  which  is  drawn  through 
may  come  into  close  contact  with  the 
heating  surfaces  of  the  pipes. 

It  is  customary  to  allow  one  fooc  of 
1-inch  pipe,  or  its  equivalent,  to  each 
100  to  150  cubic  feet  of  contents  of  the 


say  90  inches  diameter  by  48  inches  wide, 
running  at  about  250  revolutions  per 
minute.  The  pipe  connections  are  simi- 
lar to  the  first  apparatus,  except  that 
there  are  no  long  branch  pipes  to  be 
provjded  for.  Hence,  while  a  36-inch  pipe 
is  necessary  for  the  side  toward  the 
power  house,  in  order  to  warm  the  car- 
penter shop  and  the  wash  rooms,  one  of 
29  inches  diameter  will  be  quite  suffi- 
cient for  the  opposite  side.  It  should 
be    said    that   the    dimensions    given    on 


/A 


on 


-n /2_ 


vz_ 


-yz_ 


t 


T  =T 


FIG.    1— PLAN    ARRANGB:MENT    OF   MACHINE   SHOP    HEATING    SYSTEM. 


building  to  be  heated,  when  all  the  air 
is  taken  from  out-of-doors.  In  the  case 
under  consideration,  with  one-half  or 
more  of  the  air  from  within  the  build- 
ing the  higher  figure  would  probaoiy  be 
ample.  At  the  end  opposite  the  fan  are 
located  dampers  for  regulating  the 
amount  of  air  supply.  One  of  these  may 
-be  connected  with  a  cold  air  duct  from 
out-of-doors    where  necessary. 

Referring  to  Figs.  1  and  2  the  loca- 
tion of  the  apparatus  is  seen  to  be  in  the 
gallery  floor,  near  the  centre  of  the 
building.  The  fan  has  two  discharge 
openings,  one  downward  for  warming  the 
side  wings  of  the  first  floor,  and  one  at 
an  upward  angle  for  the  same  service  on 
the  gallery  floor.  The  returning  cur- 
rents of  air  flow  into  the  central  por- 
tion of  the  building  and  warm  that  por- 
tion in  their  upward  course. 

Two  sets  of  apparatus  are  used,  for 
the  reason  that  the  traveling  crane  over 
the  centre  portion  of  the  shop  prevents 
convenient  connections  between  the  two 
sides;  and  further,  that  the  space  to  be 
heated  is  so  large  that  the  questions 
of  convenience  and  economy  are  best  met 
by  this  arrangement. 

The  apparatus  on  the  side  nearest  the 
power  house  will  require  a  fan  with  a 
wheel  say  100  inches  diameter  by  52 
inches  wide,  and  running  at  about  185 
revolutions  per  minute.  This  will  supply 
from  its  downward  opening  the  pipes 
for  the  main  floor,  including  that  lead- 
ing to  the  carpenter  shop  and  to  the 
wash  room  on  the  first  floor,  and  from 
its  upward  opening  it  supplies  the  pipe.s 
from  the  gallery  floor,  including  one  for 
the  wash  room  on  the  second  floor. 

The  apparatus  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  shop  should  have  a  fan  with  a  wheel 


the  drawings  are  from  actual  calcula- 
tions, taking  into  consideration  all  tlie 
circumstances  of  the  form  and  dimen- 
sions of  the  buildings,  and  they  wjll 
probably  be  found  correct  in  practice 
as  well  as  theory. 

The  openings  for  the  discnarge  of 
warm  air  into  the  building  are  directed 
toward  the  outer  walls  and  downward 
at  an  inclination  of  about  10  degrees. 
This  arrangement  is  clearly  showing  in 
the  drawings    Figs.  1  and  2. 

The  pipes   should  be  well  riveted   as 


connected  for  using  the  exhaust  steam 
from  the  fan  engine.  In  the  same  way 
the  exhaust  from  the  main  engines  of  the 
works  may  be  utilized  and  thus  save  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  live  steam 
required. 

Heating  Layout  for  Foundry 

In  arranging  for  heating  the  foundry, 
different  conditions  are  met  with.  With 
the  exception  of  the  chipping  and  pick- 
ling room  heat  is  required  hardly  more 
than  half  the  time,  that  is,  during  the 
forenoon,  and  perhaps  for  an  hour  or 
more  after  the  dinner  hour,  as  the  heat 
from  the  cupolas  is  considerable.  The 
general  plan  of  the  system  is  the  same 
as  that  employed  in  the  machine  shop. 
The  apparatus  requires  but  little  room 
on  the  floor  and  consists  of  a  fan  hav- 
ing a  wheel  about  78  inches  in  diameter 
and  24  inches  wide,  running  at  about  400 
revolutions  per  minute,  and  will  rec,uire 
about    six    horse-power    to    drive    it. 

An  arrangement  of  pipes  can  be  made 
whereby  the  chipping  and  pickling  room 
could  be  warmed  independently  of  the 
foundry  proper,  but  it  would  probably 
not  be  necessary. 

■  Figs.  3  and  4  show  the  arrangerrent 
of  the  foundry  system  of  heating,  with 
diameters  of  the  pipes  and  openings.  It 
will  be  preferable  to  run  this  fan  by 
an  electric  motor,  and  since  these  fan 
blowers  for-  heating  purposes  are  now 
made  with  simple  and  compact  engines 
attached  to  them,  which  require  very 
little  attention,  aside  from  starting,  stop- 
ping, and  oiling,  they  are  very  conveni- 
ent in  such  situations. 

It  is  always  important  to  have  the 
heater  as  near  the  space  to  be  warmed  as 
possible. 

System  for  Other  Units 

The  office  building,  including  the  pat- 
tern shop,  drawing  room,  and  tool  de- 
partment, is  heated  by  an  apparatus  lo- 
cated in  the  tool  room  and  forming  a 
separate  system.  It  may  be  driven  by  a 
separate  motor,  or  belted  from  the  shaft 


FIG.    2— CROSS    SECTION    OF    PIPING    ARRANGEMENT    FOR    MACHINE    SHOP. 


they  are  put  up,  and  securely  fastened 
so  that  they  may  not  be  loosened  by  any 
jarring  or  vibration,  either  of  the  build- 
ings or  that  caused  by  the  pressure  of 
air  passing  through  them. 

The  fans  may  be  driven  by  an  electric 
motor  or  by  an  engine  attached  to  each 
fan,  or  by  belts  from  the  main  line  of 
shafting. 

Live  steam  should  be  used  for  heating, 
The  large  apparatus  will  probably  re- 
quire a  supply  pipe  of  6  inches  in  dia- 
meter and  the  smaller  one  of  5  inches. 
The  apparatus  should  be  so  constructed 
that  a  section  of  it  may  be  separately 


which  drives  the  machines  in  the  tool 
room.  The  latter  plan  is  probably  the 
best,  since  the  power  is  convenient,  and 
the  first  cost  may  be  lessened  without 
sacrificing  any  desirable  feature  in  an- 
oiner  direction. 

The  main  pipe  passing  through  over 
the  driveway  must  be  amply  protected, 
the  space  being  filled  with  sawdust  or 
similar  material,  and  this  again  is  cov- 
ered by  another  box  large  enough  to 
leave  an  air  space  of  about  three  inches 
between  the  two,  on  all  sides. 

For  the  office  rooms  the  pipes  may 
be  of  rectangular  form,  concealed  by  suit- 


Ausfust  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


227 


able  architectural  finish  of  the  ceiling, 
in  which  lateral  openings  for  registers 
may  be  made.  Or,  proper  air  ducts  may 
be  formed  in  the  side  walls  and  the  regis- 
ters placed  at  suitable  intervals.  Or 
the  pipes  may  be  carried  around  inside 
the  walls,  close  to  the  ceilings,  and  regis- 
ters located  in  the  same  manner. 

There  may  be  for  this  system  th'j 
double-duct  arrangement.  That  is,  two 
sets  of  pipes  or  ducts,  one  carrying  cold 
and  one  warm  air,  the  rearisters  bein^; 
so  arranged   that  they  will  furnish   ono 


■JjIOSs  section  showing  lighting 
arrangement. 


FIG.    6— CROSS   SECTION    OF   SAW-TOOTH 
LIGHTING    SYSTEM. 


or  the  other,  or  a  mixture  of  both,  by 
means  of  what  is  technically  known  as 
a  "mixing  damper." 

In  offices  and  rooms  of  moderate  size 
which  are  heated  by  warm  air  being 
forced  into  them  near  the  ceiling,  it  ia 
usual  to  provide  means  of  escape  for 
the  air  as  it  cools  and  descends  to  the 
floor,  through  grated  openings  placed 
two  or  three  feet  from^  the  floor,  and 
connected  with  flues  or  ducts  leading  to 
the  roof.  But  in  offices  where  doors  are 
frequently  opened  this  does  not  seem  to 
be  necessary,  the  problem  of  ventilation 
being  of  small  consequence  compared  to 
that   of  heating. 

The  forge  shop  and  various  other 
buildings  require  no  special  arrange- 
ments of  heating. 

Suitable  Temperatures 

The  question  of  proper  temperature  of 
shops  where  men  are  at  active  work 
should  be  considered  as  quite  different 
from  providing  for  heating  a  factory 
where  the  work  is  usually  much  lighter, 
the  number  of  employees  per  hundred 
feet  of  floor  space  much  greater,  and 
frequently  a  large  proportion  of  them 
females. 

In  a  machine  shop  devoted  to  a  me- 
dium class  of  work,  a  temperature  of 
about  60  degrees  will  be  found  comfort- 
able. The  temperature  in  the  store- 
room, tool  room  and  pattern  shop  will 
need  to  be  about  65  degrees,  and  the 
drawing  room  and  offices,  between  this 
and  70  degrees.  Unless  the  ventilation 
is  very  carefully  attended  to,  there  is 
more  danger  in  having  these  latter  rooms 
too  warm  than  not  warm  enough,  and 
any  system  of  heating  which  does  not 
recognize    the    importance    of   good    and 


thorough  ventilation  is  radically  wrong 
in  both  theory  and  practice. 

Natural  Lighting 

For  properly  lighting  a  shop  during 
the  daytime,  many  forms  and  portions  of 
windows  have  been  devised,  from  those 
of  small  area  and  diminutive  lights  of 
glass,  to  those  very  high  and  narrow, 
those  broad  and  low;  those  of  large  area 
placed  far  apart;  those  of  much  less  area 
placed  near  together;  those  covering  al- 
most the  entire  wall  with  glass  area; 
those  placed  vertical  and  those  in  an 
inclined  position;  those  placed  as  sky- 
lights in  the  roof;  and  those  placed  in 
the  ventilating  space  at  the  top  or  ridge 
of  the  roof. 

Again,  as  to  the  kind  and  quality  of 
glass  used.  Some  prefer  the  ordinary 
plain  glass,  admitting  a  flood  of  light, 
regulating  it  by  means  of  shades  or  cur- 
tains. Others  use  the  same  glass,  stip- 
pling the  surface  with  white  zinc  thinned 
with  spirits  of  turpentine  to  relieve  the 
eyes  of  the  glaring  light.  Rough  glass 
and  ground  glass  is  often  used. 

What  is  called  ribbed  glass  with  the 
ribs  running  in  a  horizontal  direction, 
is  probably  better  than  either.  In  view- 
ing these  various  methods  of  construc- 
tion it  may  be  said  that  broad  and  low 
windows  in  the  side  walls  will  light  the 
bench  at  the  wall  and  perhaps  two  rows 
of  machines,  where  the  centre  of  the 
room  receives  little  or  no  illumination. 
This  condition  is  sometimes  sought  to 
be  remedied  by  the  use  of  skylights  in 
the  roof. 

Windows  placed  too  high  in  the  side 
walls  will  light  the  centre  of  the  room 
but  leave  the  benches  around  the  walls 
m  the  shadows  of  the  high  window  sills. 
Therefore  it  is  proper  to  so  locate  the 
window  sills  as  to  afford  proper  light  at 
the  bench  vises;  then  to  continue  the 
window  well  up  to  the  ceiling  in  order 
that  the  whole  room  may  receive,  as 
nearly  as  may  be,  an  equal  quality  of 
light. 

Fig.  5  shows  a  cross-section  through 
the  machine  shop,  and  gives  the  floor 
surfaces  illuminated  by  parallel  beams 
of  light  at  various  angles.  It  should  be 
understood  that  in  all  these  cases  light 
is  not  confined  to  these  surfaces,  since 
it  is  always  more  or  less  strongly  dif- 
fused over  a  much  larger  space.  These 
diagrams  are  only  intended  to  show  the 
relative  amount  of  illumination. 

Fig.  6  is  a  cross-section  of  the  newer 
form  of  saw-tooth  roof  construction.  All 
illustrates  the  largely  increased  amount 
of  surface  lighted  up  by  this  method, 
which  is  now  generally  regarded  as  the 
best  practice  for  lighting  large  areas  in 
one-storey  shops. 

The  width  of  the  windows  and  the  dis- 
tance apart  is  a  matter  of  great  differ- 
ence of  opinion. 

Artificial  Lighting 

Let  us  now  consider  the  question  of 
artificial  light.  To  properly  provide  for 
sufficient  lighting,  we  must  select  some 
one  of  the  many  systems  in  use,  and  the 
one  which  seems  best  adapted  to  the  con- 
ditions   of    the    case.      To   provide   an 


ample,  proper,  safe,  and  thorough  sys- 
tem of  illumiii^tion  for  buildings  in 
which  a  large  number  of  persons  are 
obliged  to  labor  for  so  many  hours  each 
year  by  its  aid  would  seem  to  be  a  mat- 
ter that  need  not  be  argued  or  advo- 
cated. Yet  there  are  many  shops 
at  the  present  time  so  constructed  that 
some  kind  of  an  artificial  light  is  needed 
all  through  the  day,  and  in  some  nearly 
all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  this  con- 
dition prevails  over  a  considerable  part 
of  the  working  period. 

In  the  application  of  electric  light  in 
manufacturing  operations  we  have  the 
choice  of  the  arc  lamp  and  the  incan- 
descent lamp.  Both  have  their  objec- 
tions as  well  as  their  merits.  The  arc 
lamp,  being  much  more  powerful  and 
projecting  its  rays  a  much  greater  dis- 
tance than  the  incandescent  lamp,  is  well 
adapted  to  illuminating  large  areas, 
where  there  are  comparatively  few  ob- 
jections. In  confined  situations,  or 
where  there  are.  many  obstructions,  it 
produces  disagreeable  shadows,  and  its 
glaring  brilliancy  is  hurtfol  to  the  eye- 
sight of  the  workmen. 

Translucent  globes  or  shades  may  be 
used,  of  course,  but  these  devices  neces- 
sarily reduce  the  illuminating  power  of 
the  lamp. 

The  incandescent  lamp  gives  a  much 
softer  and  more  agreeable  light  to  the 
eyes  of  the  workmen,  who  may  work 
many  hours  by  its  aid  with  less  dis- 
comfort than  by  almost  any  other  light. 
It  is  also  much  more  portable  than  the 
arc  lamp,  since  it  may  be  provided  with 
flexible  conducting  cords  of  any  con- 
venient length,  and  hung  up  or  held  in 
the  hand  in  the  most  desirable  position. 

In  the  machine  shop  the  clear  space 
needed  for  the  travelling  crane  precludes 
the  suspending  of  arc  lamps  through  this 
central  portion,  but  they  may  be  placed 
between  and  a  little  inside  of  the  line 
of  the  columns.  From  the  character  of 
the  machines  employed  and  the  work 
done  in  the  galleries  the  incandescent 
lamp  will  be  the  most  suitable.  There 
should  be  at  least  one  to  each  machine 
and  in  the  case  of  long  lathes  one  to 
every  ten  or  twelve  feet  of  bed. 

The  large  open  space  of  the  foundry 
may  well  be  provided  with  arc  lamps. 

The  core  room,  wash  rooms,  offices,  etc., 
will  require  incandescent  lamps. '  The 
forge  shops  will  be  best  served  by  two 
arc  lights  in  the  main  part,  and  by  in- 
candescent lamps  in  the  foreman's  office. 

The  entire  front  building,  including 
the  offices,  tool  rooms,  pattern  shop,  pat- 
tern storage  loft,  drawing  room  etc., 
should  be  lighted  by  incandescent  lamps, 
those  in  each  room  being  arranged  to  suit 
the  peculiar  conditions  in  each  case,  as_ 
to  the  kind  of  shades  and  reflectors  em- 
ployed. 

AERO-PROPELLER   SHAPING 
MACHINE 

Aeroplane  propellers,  as  is  well  known, 
are  usually  built  up  of  laminations  of 
wood  of  equal  thickness  glued  and  dow- 
elled  together.  The  built-up  body  is  sub- 
sequently worked  to  the  required  shape 
very  frequently  by  a  purely  hand-tool 
process.     This  method  of  finishing  the 


228 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


body  naturally  calls  for  the  exercise  of 
highly  skilled  workmanship  and  is  essen- 
tially slow.  While  the  aero- propeller  is 
geometrically  a  very  complicated  body, 
it  is  not  impossible  to  reproduce  its  form 
by  mechanical  means  with  the  requisite 
degree  of  accuracy.  Much  attention  has 
been  devoted  to  this  matter,  and  as  a 
result  there  are  now   obtainable,  or  in 


spindle.  This  spindle  is  of  considerable 
length,  to  enable  propellers  of  various 
diameters  to  be  accommodated.  The 
model  blade  is  similarly  supported  be- 
tween a  driving  head  and  a  tailstock  fix- 
ed to  the  side  of  the  machine  frame.  The 
two  driving  heads  are  driven  at  equal 
rates  through  cut  gearing  from  a  belt- 
driven  countershaft  lying  within  the  bed 


PROPELLER    SHAPING    MAC   alNE.        FRONT    VIEW. 


use,  several  forms  of  propeller-shaping 
machines. 

One  of  the  most  recent  British  designs 
of  such  a  machine  is  illustrated  in  the 
accompanying  engravings,  for  which  we 
are  indebted  to  the  "Engineer."  This 
oppliance  is  manufactured  by  A.  Ran- 
some  &  Co.,  Limited,  of  Newark-on- 
Trent,  who  have  brought  it  out  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  J.  J.  Kerr,  of  Lincoln. 
The  desigrn  is  patented.  Like  all  other 
machines  of  its  class,  it  works  by  copying 
the  profile  of  a  model  blade.  So  far  as 
we  know  no  machine  has  been  designed 
to  generate  the  form  of  an  aero-pro- 
peller, the  reason  being  probably  the  dif- 
ficulty of  dealing  with  the  varying  con- 
vex curvature  of  the  forward  face. 

In  the  Ransome-Kerr  machine  the 
model  propeller  blade  and  the  work  are 
rotated  at  the  same  rate  on  parallel  axes, 
the  angular  position  of  the  model  on  its 
axis  being  90  deg.  in  advance  of  that  of 
the  work.  A  travelling  carriage  pro- 
vided with  a  rotating  circular  cutter 
head  is  fed  slowly  along  a  screwed  shaft 
fixed  within  the  frame  of  the  machine. 
A  copying  roller  bears  against  the  sur- 
face of  the  model  and  swings  the  car- 
riage about  the  screwed  shaft  as  axis. 
An  angle  of  90  deg.  being  included  be- 
tween the  lines  joining  the  centre  of  the 
screwed  shaft  with  the  centres  of  the 
cutter  and  ro'ler,  the  profile  of  the  model 
is  thus  reproduced  facsimile  on  the  work 
as  the  carriage  is  fed  along  the  screwed 
shaft. 

The  propeller  being  worked  to  shape  is 
held  by  a  bolt  passing  through  its  boss 
and  two  flanges  formed  on  a  circular 
cast  iron  driving  head  rotating  within 
a  casing  which  is  bolted  to  the  machine 
bed.  The  tip  of  the  blade  actually  being 
operated  upon  i.s  supported  on  a  back 
centre    at     the     end     of    the     tailstock 


of  the  machine  directly  below  the  screw- 
ed shaft  for  the  cutter  carriage. 

The  cutter  carriage  is  formed  with  a 
long  bearing  to  receive  the  fixed  screwed 
shaft.  At  its  upper  end  it  has  two  split 
bearings  for  the  cutter  spindle.  Between 
these  bearings  the  spindle  carries  a  pul- 
ley from  which  a  driving  belt  passes 
down  to  a  sliding  pulley  on  the  counter- 
shaft. As  the  carriage  pivots  about  the 
screwed  shaft  and  not  about  the  counter- 


of  the  cutter  spindle  belt.  Feed  motion 
is  communicated  to  the  cutter  carriage 
from  a  split  nut  which,  at  will,  can  be 
engaged  with  the  fixed  screwed  shaft. 
This  split  nut  is  rotated  by  gearing  from 
the  cutter  spindle,  so  that  should  the 
cutter  cease  to  revolve,  as  by  the  belt 
slipping  off  the  sliding  pulley  on  the 
countershaft,  the  feed  motion  will  also 
stop  simultaneously,  and  the  work  will 
not  be  damaged.  In  the  transmission  be- 
tween the  cutter  spindle  and  the  split 
nut  a  clutch  is  placed.  This  clutch  is 
used  to  start  and  stop  the  feed,  and  is 
automatically  operated  to  stop  the  feed 
when  the  cutter  reaches  the  propeller 
hub.  The  cam  operating  the  clutch 
handle  for  the  latter  purpose  is  carried 
adjustably  on  a  bar  running  between  the 
head  and  tailstocks.  This  bar  also  serves 
as  an  abutment  against  which  a  block, 
sliding  in  a  link  pivoted  to  the  carriage, 
can  be  screwed  so  as  to  hold  the  cutter 
away  from  the  work  while  the  carriage 
is  being  traversed  back  to  its  starting 
point.  The  return  movement  of  the  car- 
riage is  effected  by  means  of  a  hand 
wheel  at  the  tailstock  end  of  the  bed. 

Provision  is  made  whereby  the  work 
may  be  brought  to  its  finished  size  by  a 
series  of  traverses  or  whereby  the  work 
may  be  turned  out  larger  by  multiples  of 
half  a  milimetre  than  the  model.  Nor- 
mally, the  distances  between  the  centre 
of  the  screwed  shaft  and  the  centres  of 
the  cutter  and  the  copying  roller  are 
equal.  The  copying  roller  is,  however, 
carried  at  the  end  of  a  screwed  spindle 
having  a  handle  fitted  with  a  spring 
plunger  which  engages  with  the  holes 
of  a  quadrant  on  the  body  of  the  car- 
riage. By  these  means  the  length  of  the 
copying  roller  arm  can  be  adjusted  to 
give  the  cut  required. 

The  machine  can  deal  as  readily  with 
four-bladed   as   with   two-bladed    propel- 


I 


PROPELLER    SHAPING    MACHINE.        REAR     VIEW.     SHOWING    FORM. 


shaft,  this  method  of  driving  the  cutter 
spindle  might  cause  the  countershaft  to 
show  a  tendency  to  bind  in  its  bearings. 
These  bearings,  however,  as  clearly 
shown  in  one  of  the  views,  are  mounted 
so  as  to  be  able  to  turn  about  two  axes 
and  thus  to  accommodate  any  deflection 
of  the  countershaft  produced  by  the  pull 


lers,  the  two  additional  blades  in  the  for- 
mer case  simply  swinging  clear  of  the 
driving  head.  The  finish  of  the  work 
turned  out.  and  in  particular  of  the  knife 
edges  of  the  blades  is,  we  are  informed, 
in  every  way  satisfactory,  the  surfaces 
subsequently  requiring  only  to  be  touch 
ed  up  with  sand  paper. 


i 


August  22,  1918. 


229 


Theory  and  Application  of  Sectional  Views 

Every  Mechanic  Should  Know  How  to  Make  and  Interpret 
Mechanical  Drawings  and  Sketches  of  the  Simple  Type — Practical 
Course  Prepared  For  Younger  Men  and  Newcomers  in  Industry 

Fifth  of  Series  of  Articles  By  TERRELL  CROFT 


SEEK  contrasts  because  contrasts 
render  a  drawing  more  pleasing  to 
the  eye  and  also  make  it  more  easily 
understood.  Where  bold  lines  are  re- 
quired for  outlines,  make  them  suffi- 
ciently bold  so  that  they  will  be  con- 
spicuous by  virtue  of  contrast,  and  so 
that  they  will  indicate  the  contour  of  the 
object  without  minute  examination.  On 
the  other  hand,  when  fine  lines,  that  is, 
light  lines,  are  required,  make  them  fine 
so  that  there  can  be  no  possibility  of  mis- 
taking their  intent. 

The  reason  that  sectional  views  are 
used  is  that  it  often  transpires  that  it  is 
Inconvenient,  difficult,  or  even  impossible 
to  show  the  interior  construction  of  an 
object  by  dotted  lines  drawn  in  on  the 
exterior  views.  Furthermore,  as  has  pre- 
viously been  suggested,  it  is  often  pos- 
sible to  show  with  one  sectional  view  the 
detailed  construction  of  an  object  which 
would,  if  plan,  side,  and  front  views  were 
used  for  its  delineation,  involve  the  pre- 
paration of  a  complicated  and  expensive 
drawing.    Just  how  these  sectional  views 


Iraq 


FIG. 


-SECTIONAL    LINES    TO     DISTINGUISH    DIFFERENT    MATERIALS. 


which  has  been  the  subject  of  discussion 
in  the  foregoing  articles.  Assume  that 
the  steam  chest  cover  is  cut  across  with 
an  imaginary  knife  as  shown  in  Fig.  1. 
Then,  if  the  two  component  parts  were 
separated  they  would  appear  as  de- 
lineated in  the  perspective  view  of  Fig.  2. 
Looking  at  the  end  ^-ufrc?  AB  we  would 

Cut  s>?a- 


FIG.    1— CUTTING    A    SECTION    FROM    STEAM    CHEST    COVER 
FIG.    2--PERSPECTIVE    VIEW    OF    ABOVE    AFTER    CUTTING. 


*■ 

a 

"                                      X 

r 

\ 

^ 

( 

V 

J 

f 

>-/* 

T      '■■■■ 

"■■ 

.»  — 

I'rr/ieat   CuUino 



^Mj^  _ — ^ 

^ 

A 

1  (  )  Lv 

)o 

FIG.     3— WORKING     DRAWING     (WITHOUT 
DIMENSIONS)    SHOWING    SECTIONAL    VIETW. 


FIG.    4— SHOWING    CUTTING    PLANE 
FOR    HALF    SECTION. 


may  be  utilized  will  become  apparent  to 
the  reader  as  he  proceeds. 

A  sectional  view  of  an  object  is  drawn 
as  if  a  portion  of  it  were  cut  away.  To 
understand  thoroughly  the  meaning  of 
the  preceding  sentence,  let  us  make  a 
•sectional  view  of  the  steam  chest  cover 


see  the  cut  end  or  a  sectional  view 
through  the  casting.  When  plotted  into 
an  orthographic  working  drawing,  the 
sectional  view  would  then  obviously  be 
as  shown  at  "Section  AB"  in  Fig.  3.  In 
actual  practice,  instead  of  thinking  of 
the  object  as  being  cut  through  with  a 


knife,  it  is  usually  more  convenient  to  as- 
,=ume  that  it  is  cut  by  a  plane,  as  dia- 
grammed in  Fig.  4.  Such  a  plane  may 
be  called  a  "cutting  plane." 

It  is  always  desirable  to  indicate  the 
location  of  the  cutting  plane.  For  ex- 
ample, the  cutting  plane  in  Fig.  3  is  lo- 
cated at  AB,  hence  the  word's  "Section 
AB,"  under  the  sectional  view,  indicate 
that  this  view  shows  the  appearance 
looking  at  the  end  of  the  object  when  it 
is  cut  through  on  the  plane  AB.  Note 
that  a  cutting  plane  or  section  line  (for 
example  AB  in  Fig.  3)  consists  of  a 
series  of  dashes  with  two  dots  between 
each  pair  of  adjacent  dashes.  A  line  thus 
made,  with  two  dots  and  a  dash,  should 
be  reserved  to  indicate  only  cutting 
planes  £.nd  should  be  used  for  no  other 
purpose.  Sometimes  the  letters  and  the 
line  indicating  the  location  of  the  cutting 
plane  are  omitted  from  the  drawing. 
Where  this  condition  is  encountered  it 
may  ordinarily  be  assumed  that  the 
cutting  plane  passes  through  the  center 
— either  the  longitudinal  center  line  or 
the  vertical  center  line — of  the  tjbject. 

The  exposed  cut  surface  in  a  sectional 
view  is  cross-hatched;  that  is,  section 
lines  are  used  to  indicate  that  the  sur- 
face on  which  they  are  drawn  represents 
a  cut  surface.  Different  arrangements 
and  intensities  of  cross-hatchinor  lines 
are  used  in  practice  to  indicate  different 
materials.  Fig.  5  shows  the  symbols 
which  are  ordinarily  thus  employed  in 
practice.  It  should  be  noted  that  there 
is  no  standard  or  universally-adopted  set 
of  cross-hatching  symbols.  Efforts  have 
been  made  to  have  certain  symbols 
standardized,  but  they  have  not  been  very 
successful.  In  view  of  this  situation  it 
is  always  desirable,  unless  there  can  be 
no  question  as  to  the  material  which  a 
certain  kind  of  cross-hatching  on  a  draw- 
ing represents,  to  specify  on  the  sheet 
just  what  material  it  does  indicate.  Cast 
I'ron  is  practically  always  indicated  by 
light  lines  uniformly  spaced.     Wrought 


Z30 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


iron  is  shown  by  pairs  of  fine  lilies 
{Tig.  5)  with  a  wide  space  between  each 
pair.  Steel  is  practically  always  indi- 
cated with  alternate  light  and  heavy 
lines.  FijT.  5A,  showing  a  longitudinal 
section  of  babbitt  boxes  of  two  types, 

CAST,  JROJr 


M/iSSITT  JtrET^X. 


FIG.     SA— TWO     METHODS     OF     BABBITTING 
A  BEARING. 


shows  how  the  ordinarily-used  babbitt 
symbol  contrasts  with  that  employed  for 
cast  iron.  Incidentally  note  that  the  con- 
struction of  B  (Fig.  5A)  is  more  econo-, 
mical  of  babbitt  than  that  of  A,  and 
should  therefore  be  employed  during; 
these  times  when  bearing  metals  are  so 
expensive. 

Partial  Sections 

In  a  drawing  where  sectional  views  are 

used,  no  part  is  shown  cut  away  from 

the  main  view;  that  is,  the  main  view  is 

shown  complete  with  the  location  of  the 


FIG.   6--HALF        FIG.   9— QUARTER 
SECTION  REMOVED.    SECTION  REMOVED. 


cutting  plane  indicated  on  it,  and  only 
in  the  sectional  view  is  a  part  of  the 
object  assumed  to  be  cut  away  and  dis- 
carded. For  example,  in  Fig.  3  the  com- 
plete steam  chest  cover  is  is  shown  in 
the  plan  view  CDEF,  and  it  is  only  in 
Section  AB  that  it  is  assumed  that  the 
portion  BDFA   is  removed. 

A  half  section  view  is  one  for  which 
it  is  assumed  that  the  object  is  divided 
by  the  cutting  plane,  which  passes' 
through  an  axis  of  symmetry,  into  two 
similar  parts.  Thus,  in  the  perspective 
view  of  Fig.  4  the  cutting  plane  is  shown 
passing  through  the  axis  of  the  flange 
coupling.  With  the  cutting  plane  and 
the  portion  H  taken  away,  the  half  of 
the  flange  coupling  which  remains  would 


^rr/ica/  /'/ane 


//arizintal  /'/ane 


FIG.    7     FLANGE    COUPLING    SHOWING 
HALF    SECTION. 


appear  as  shown  in  Fig.  6.  If  this 
coupling  is  rendered  in  orthographic  pro- 
jection with  the  sectional  view  at  the 
right  of  the  end  view,  it  will  appear  as 
reproduced  in  Fig.  7. 

A  quarter  section  is  one  wherein  two 
cutting  planes  located  at  right  angles  to 
one  another,  and  intersecting  along  an 
axis  of  symmetry,  cut  the  object.  Fig.  8 
illustrates  this  definition  as  it  applies 
to  the  flange  coupling.  With  the  cutting 
planes  and  the  portion  R  removed,  the 
cut  coupling  would  be  as  diagrammed  in 
Fig.  9.  Then  the  corresponding  working 
drawing  would  be  arranged  as  suggested 
in  Fig.  10. 

Partial  sections  may  be  employed  to 
advantage  in  many  instances.  A  partial 
section  is  one  wherefor  it  is  assumed 
that  some  part  of  the  object  is  cut  away, 
so  as  to  expose  other  parts  within.  The 
cutting  plane  with  this  sort  of  view  need 
not  be  along  any  axis,  nor  need  it  have 
any  particular  relation  to  the  symmetry 
of  things  in  general.  The  draftsman 
merely  cuts  away  the  parts  which  inter- 
fere with  a  good  view  of  the  portions 
which  he  wishes  to  expose,  and  then  com- 
pletes his  drawing  on  that  basis.  In 
Fig.  11  is  reproduced  a  broken  or  partial 
sectional  view  of  a  clutch  pulley,  where- 
in a  part  of  the  pulley  rim  and  of  the 
cylinder  C  are,  so  it  is  assumed,  cut 
away  to  show  the  parts  inside.  A  splen- 
did example  of  a  broken  section  view  is 
that  of  Fig.  12,  wherein  a  part  of  the 
pipe  is  cut  away,  to  disclose  objects  in- 
side of  it. 

The  cutting  plane  need  not  be  a  con- 
tinuous plane.  If  it  will  be  of  assistance 
in  showing  the  construction  of  the  ob- 
ject under  consideration,  the  draftsman 
may  assume  that  he  is  cutting  the  object 
along  any  regular  or  irregular  course. 
For  example,  it  is  desired  to  show  the 


FIG.    8-SHOWING    CUTTING    PLANE 
OF   QUARTER    SECTION. 

construction  of  the  casting  of  Fig.  13 
with  two  views,  a  plan  view  and  a  sec- 
tional view.  To  do  this  most  effectively 
the  draftsman  must  assume  that  his 
cutting  plane  follows  the  lines  ABCD  in 
Fig.  14.  Fig.  15  gives  a  perspective  il- 
lustration showing  the  position  of  the 
assumed  cutting  plane.  The  resulting 
sectional  views  are  completed  in  the 
lower  cutting  plane.  The  resulting  sec- 
tional views  are  completed  in  the  lower 
part  of  Fig.  14. 


ELECTRICAL      PLANT     IN      STEEL 
WORKS 

The  uses  to  which   electricity  can  be 
put  for  the  driving  of  steel  works  plants 


are  well  known,  says  a  correspondent  in 
the  Engineering  Supplement  of  the 
"London  Times,"  and  it  is  not  here  pro- 
posed to  seek  new  converts  to  electrifi- 
cation. But  what  is  wanted  to  promote 
the  most  successful  application  of  elec- 


s,!t,,^  /I  a  c 


FIG.    ID— FLANGE    roUP' INP, 
SHOWING    QUARTER    SECTION. 

tricity  in  steel  works  is  a  better  and  more 
thorough  understanding  of  the  conditions 
prevailing  and  their  bearing  upon  the 
design,  construction,  and  installation  of 
the  various  plant  details. 

It  is  futile  for  the  average  electrical 


ROLLER 
BEARING 


COLLAR 


SHAFT 


CLUTCH 
■PULLET 


FIG.      21— ROLLER     BEARING      IN      HANGER 
SHOWING  COMPLETE   CONSTRUCTION. 


Coupling^    Conc<uii-^dromn^-in-eYt 


FIG.  12  -BROKEN  SECTION  SHOWING  PARTS 
WITHIN. 


engineer  who  has  never  studied  steel 
works  conditions  to  attempt  to  design  or 
issue  specifications  for  plant  to  be  used 
therein.  Failure  is  certain.  On  the  other 
hand  it  is  of  the  highest  importance  that 
the  steel  works  engineer  in  deciding 
upon  the  quotations  for  a  particular  piece 
of  plant  should  proceed  intelligently  and 
make  absolutely  sure — first,  that  what 
he  is  asking  is  the  proper  type  for  steel 
works  use;  secondly,  that  he  is  being 
offered  such  plant  by  the  manufacturer; 
and  thirdly,  that  the  details  of  the  plant 
are  such  as  to  assure  successful  working 
under  the  stringent  conditions  imposed 
by  steel  works  practice. 

Steel  Works  Operations 

To  recount  briefly  the  scheme  of  oper- 
ations in  a  modern  steel  works — the 
scrap  and  pig  arrive  in  trucks  and  are 
unloaded  by  magnet  cranes  either  into 
the  stockyard  or  into  the  charging  boxes. 
In  the  former  case  there  is  the  additional 


August  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


231 


operation  of  removing  from  stock  as  de- 
sired and  transporting  to  the  charging 
boxes.  The  railway  siding  that  brings 
in  the  trucks  runs  parallel  to  the  line  of 
furnaces,  and  between  the  railway  and 
the  furnace  mouths  run  one  or  more 
charging  cranes  which  transfer  the 
charging  boxes  to  the  furnaces,  upset 
them,  and  return  the  empty  boxes  to  be 
refilled.  The  ingots,  after  being  cast, 
are  transported  to  the  rolling  mills, 
where  they  are  reduced  to  the  various 
sections  required.     From  the  start  there 


FIG.    13— PERSPECTIVE    VIEW    OF   CAST 
IRON    BLOCK. 


is  an  atmosphere  of  incessant  activity. 
The  plant  is  at  work  day  and  night,  and 
the  machinery  is  in  many  instances  run- 
ning continually. 

The  electrically-operated  charging 
machine  which  conveys  the  charging 
boxes  has  as  many  as  five  controllers,  all 
operated  by  one  man.  He  has  to  run  the 
machine  up  and  down  the  line  of  fur- 
naces, push  out  the  arm  of  the  machine 
horizontally  to  engage  the  charging 
boxes,  give  it  a  vertical  lift,  slew  the 
machine  round  through  180°,  adjust  the 
height  of  the  arm  to  the  furnace  mouth, 
push  the  arm  into  the  furnace,  turn  it 
through  180°  to  empty  the  contents  into 


fja»     ^tfuJ 


^^^^ 


^ 


I 


§ 


FIG.   14— NON-CONTINUOUS  CUTTING  PLANE. 

the  furnace,  pull  in  the  arm  again,  and 
reverse  the  process.  These  operations 
are  not  carried  out  singly,  and  two  con- 
trollers at  least  may  be  working  at  one 
time  to  give  their  special  motions.  By 
electrical   operation  the   speed     of     the 


cycle  has  been  reduced  to  a  very  few 
seconds,  and  it  is  scarcely  believable  how 
quickly  an  operator  can  in  so  short  a 
time  move  five  controllers  through  their 
cycles.  But  while  admiring  the  celerity 
with  which  operations  are  carried  out, 
the  electrical  engineer  must  direct  his  at- 
tention to  the  extreme  robustness 
which  must  be  a  characteristic  of  the 
electrical  plant  in  order  to  enable  it  to 
withstand  such  rapid  action. 

Live-Roll  Motors 

As  a  further  example,  take  the  rolling 
mills.  These  are  driven  by  large  electric 
motors  of  extremely  strong  construction, 
and  the  ingots  are  conveyed  to  and  from 
the  mill  after  their  various  passes  by 
rollers  driven  by  special  "live-roll" 
motors.  A  good  criterion  is  obtained  of 
the  severe  duty  imposed  upon  the  elec- 
trical plant  in  steel  works  when  it  is  un- 
derstood that  often  these  motors  are 
called  upon  to  stop,  start,  and  reverse 
something  like  500  times  an  hour.  If 
one  of  them  breaks  down,  putting  a  train 
of  rolls  out  of  action,  the  mill  may  be 
stopped.  It  is  therefore  imperative  that 
in  the  event  of  a  breakdown  the  motor 
should  be  capable  of  instant  repair.  Fur- 
ther, the  machine  should  be  readily  ac- 
cessible for  inspection. 

The  line  taken  in  the  construction  of 
these  motors  in  the  case  of  the  contin- 
uous current  machine  has  been  to  split 
the  shell  so  that  the  machine  can  be 
opened  out  in  a  few  minutes  and  the 
armature  removed  for  inspection,  giving 
at  the  same  time  access  to  the  field 
coils.  In  this  way  the  continuous  cur- 
rent live-roll  motor  is  similar  to  the 
standard  traction  motor.  In  the  alter- 
nating current  machine  the  problem  has 
been  more  difficult  of  solution.  Success, 
however,  has  been  achieved  in  the  fol- 
lowing way: — The  shell  has  been  split 
as  in  the  cftntinuous  current  motor,  but 
it  acts  merely  as  a  container  for  the 
machine  proper.  After  removal  of  the 
bolts,  permitting  the  top  half  of  the  shell 
to  be  removed,  and  also  the  bearing  caps, 
the  bearing  bushes  are  exposed,  each 
provided  with  an  eye-bolt.  By  applying 
the  crane  slings  to  these  two  eye-bolts 
the  rotor  is  lifted  out,  carrying  with  it 
the  stator,  which  is  in  cylindrical  form. 
After  it  has  been  conveyed  to  a  con- 
vpnient  spot  the  rotor  can  be  slid  out  of 
the  stator  and  inspection  or  repairs  pro- 
ceded  with. 

There  are,  of  course,  numerous  live- 
roll  motors  about  the  works  and  spare 
parts  are  provided,  the  motors  being 
completely  interchangeable.  As  an  ex- 
ample of  the  thoroughness  with  which 
the  details  have  been  planned,  attention 
may  be  called  to  the  fact  that  the  motor 
is  designed  symmetrically  so  that  if  the 
shaft  shears  at  one  end  the  whole  ma- 
chine can  be  lifted,  turned  through  180 
deg.,  and  bolted  down  again  in  the  same 
place.  The  other  end  of  the  shaft  is 
then  available  for  the  attachment  of  the 
half-coupling  and  the  motor  can  be  set 
running  again.  In  this  way  a  thorough- 
ly reliable  machine  has  been  constructed. 
It  is  worthy  of  note  that  before  the  war 
these  alternating  qurrent  live-roll  motors 
had  not  been  madt  in  this  coiintry,  and 


only  within  the  last  few  months  have 
British  electrical  manufacturers  tackled 
the  problem  with  successful  results.  The 
same  type  of  machine  is  now  largely  be- 
ing used  for  other  purposes  in  the  steel 
works. 

Enclosure  of  Motors 

The  matter  of  enclosure  deserves  spe- 
cial attention.  Often  motors  in  steel 
works  are  exposed  to  atmospheric  condi- 
tions, to  a  considerable  amount  of  dirt 
and  dust,  and,  it  may  be,  to  steam.  In 
inviting  quotations  for  plant  it  is  em- 
perative  that  the  steel  works  engineers 
should  specify  the  conditions  accurately, 
and  in  particular  he  should  inform  the 
manufacturer  whether  the  motor  is  to  be 
exposed  to  heat  or  whether  it  is  to  be  put 
in  the  open  air.  There  are  many  situa- 
tions in  steel  works  where  high  tempera- 
tures are  encountered.  Now,  electrical 
plant  is  rated  upon  temperature  rise,  but 
if  the  initial  temperature  is  higher  than 
the  standard,  the  ultimate  temperature 
may  reach  such  a  point  as  to  destroy  the 
installation.  This  has  often  been  a  source 
of  trouble  in  steel  works  practice.  An- 
other fault  has  been  the  ordering  of  ma- 
chines for  outdoor  purposes,  specifying 
them  as  "totally  enclosed."  But  a  totally 
enclosed  motor  does  not  necessarily  mean 
that  the  machine  is  so  constructed  that 
it  will  not  permit  the  entry  of  moisture. 
Where  a  weather-proof  machine  is  de- 
sired, the  attention  of  the  manufacturer 
should  be  very  carefully  called  to  the 
fact. 

Controllers  form  one  of  the  greatest 
sources  of  trouble  in  steel  works  plant. 
By  the  incessant  making  and  breaking  of 
current  heavy. stresses  are  imposed  upon 
the  fingers,  and  to  meet  the  stringent 
conditions  a  large  number  of  breaking 
points  must  be  provided  on  the  drum. 
Heavy  tips  to  assist  in  increasing  the 
cooling  surface  are  essential,  for  the 
larger  the  cooling  surface  the  sooner  will 
the  arc  at  break  be  extinguished.  The 
contact  fingers  and  tips  must  be  renew- 
able, and  it  is  essential  that  the  same 
facility  shall  be  extended  to  all  other 
wearing  parts. 

Lifting    Magnets 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  feature  of 
steel  works  electrification  is  the  applica- 
tion of  electrical  lifting  magnets,  which 
in  the  last  few  years  have  been  installed 
in  surprising  numbers.  As  an  example 
of  the  economies  that  can  be  effected, 
one  magnet  has  done  in  a  day  shift  with 
one  nian  the  work  that  occupied  three 
shifts  of  eight  men  in  the  ordinary 
scheme  of  operations.  The  magnets  are 
sometimes  used  on  jib  cranes  running 
about  the  yard,  the  crane  being  equipped 
with  a  small  steam  set  generating  the 
exciting  current  for  the  lifting  magnet, 
sometimes  on  transporter  cranes  either 
in  the  stockyard  or  against  the  furnaces, 
but  more  usually  on  overhead  cranes  foe 
loading  the  charging  boxes.  The  adop- 
tion of  the  lifting  magnet  has  revolu- 
tionized the  haidling  of  iron  and  steei 
and  has  led  to  important  increases  in 
production  and  diminutions  in  labor 
costs.  Incidentally,  many  of  the  cranes 
are  now  being  operated  by  womsn. 


232 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


In  formulating  a  scheme  for  the  hand- 
ling of  iron  and  steel  it  is  not  less  im- 
portant than  in  the  previously  mentioned 
instances  that  a  thorough  acquaintance 
with  the  conditions  obtaining  should  be 
acquired  by  the  engineers  of  both   the 
purchasers  and  the  manufacturers.  Man- 
ufacturers who  have  made  a  study  of  the 
problem  have  on  occasion  found  them- 
selves in  difficulties  through  the  failure 
of  the  steel  works  engineers  to  realize 
the  strenuouo  nature  of  their  work.    As 
•  an  example,  a  magnet  crane  for  a  52-m. 
magnet  should  b«-  a  10-ton  unit,  but  steel 
works  enginasrs  have  asked,  "Why  do 
you  propose  to  instal  a  10-ton  crane  when 
the  gross  load  will  never  be  more  than 
five  tons?"    The  manufacturer  has  haa 
in  mind  the  fact  that  the  crane  will  be 
working  continuously,  whereas  in  the  ma- 
jority of  instances  where  cranes  are  in- 
stalled the  activity  is  far  less  pronounc- 
ed than  in  steel  works,  and  he  has  real- 
ized that  a   10-ton  crane  is  essential  to 
reliability.       Instances    are     on    record 
where  steel  works  engineers  have  pre- 
ferred to  purchase  lighter  cranes  on  the 
basis  of  a  closer  approximation  to  the 
gross  load  than  that  offered  by  the  more 
experienced    manufacturer.      The    resuli 
has   been   dissatisfaction,  which,  unfor- 
tunately, although  due  to  a  mistaken  sel- 
ection on  the  part  of  the  purchaser,  has 
put  magnetic  Jiandling  of  materials  into 
disfavor  in  that  particular  works. 

In  the  sra^ler  jib  cranes,  where  an 
electrical  gen^ating  set  and  switchboard 
is  installed^  the  manufacturer  sometimes 
finds  a  disinclination  on  the  part  of  the 
purchaser  to  pay  for  proper  electrical 
gear.  Such  apparatus  should  be  thor- 
oughly weather-proof,  and  in  addition 
should  afford  the  fullest  protection  to 
the  operator.  Ironclad  switchgear,  for 
example,  is  necessary,  whereas  in  the 
past  the  open  type  of  apparatus,  being 
much  cheaper,  has  found  its  way  into 
use. 

There  is  thus  an  impierative  necessity 
for  the  closest  co-operation  between  the 
manufacturer  and  the  purchaser.  No 
manufacturer  should  be  penalized  for  of- 
fering plant  which  the  purchaser  deems 
too  good  for  the  job.  Nothing  is  too 
good  for  steel  works,  and  if  the  pur- 
chaser will  bear  this  closely  in  mind  in 
making  his  selection  and  will  inquire 
whether  the  plant  offered  is  being  pro- 
duced by  a  manufacturer  thoroughly  cog- 
nizant of  the  conditions  prevailing,  he  is 
more  likely  to  obtain  plant  with  that  high 
degree  of  reliability  and  strength  which 
is  so  necessary  for  steel  works  drive. 
In  the  past  it  must  he  afflmitted  that  both 
manufacturer  and  user  have  sometimes 
been  guilty  of  negligence  that  has  led 
to  failure  of  electrical  machinery  in  steel 
works.  The  manufacturer  has  been 
ready  to'~-take  orders  without  making 
himself  fuUy  conversant  with  the  condi- 
tions to  be  met,  while  the  steel  works 
engineer  has  rejected  offers  of  thorough- 
ly satisfactory  plant  for  others  which 
had  the  sole  advantage  of  lower  price. 
Cheeseparing  does  not  pay  in  steel  works 
plant,  and  the  saving  of  a  few  pounds  on 
one  machine  may  be  followed  by  the  loss 
of  many  thousands  through  reduction  of 
output. 


CANADA'S  WORK  ON  MUNITIONS 

On  what  a  gigantic  scale  are  the  oper- 
ations in  Canada  of  the  Imperial  Muni- 
tions Board  is  indicated  in  an  official 
statement  that  the  total  value  of  con- 
tracts for  shells,  raw  materials  and  sup- 
plies of  various  kinds  up  to  May  31  last 
was  $1,200,000,000.  No  less  than  $1,000,- 
000,000  had  been  paid  out  on  account  of 
these  orders  by  the  board  to  the  same 
date. 

Of  this  enormous  expenditure  shells 
accounted  for  $664,300,000,  the  total 
number  of  shells  produced  in  Canada  to 
the  end  of  May  being  59,390,000.  These 
shells  range  in  calibre  from  those  for 
the  eighteen-pounder  and  the  4.5  how- 
itzer   to  the  9.2  howitzer. 

Fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  total  expen- 
ditures of  the  British  Ministry  of  Muni- 
tions during  1917  was  spent  in  Canada, 
constituting  a  very  substantial  propor- 
tion when  it  is  remembered  on  what  ar 
enormous  scale  is  the  manufacture  of 
munitions  in  Great  Britain  itself,  and 
how  heavy  has  been  her  outlay  in  the 
United  States. 

Canada's   Contribution   Striking 

In  the  report  issued  by  the  Imperial 
War  Cabinet  for  1917,  the  following 
statement  is  made: 

"Canada's  contribution  during  the  last 
year  has  been  very  striking.  Fifteen  per 
cent,  of  the  total  expenditure  of  Ihe 
Ministry  of  Munitions  in  the  last  six 
months  of  the  year  was  incurred  in  that 
country.  She  has  manufactured  nearly 
every  type  of  shell  from  the  18-pounder 
to  the  9.2  inch.  In  the  case  of  the  18- 
pounder  no  less  than  55  per  cent,  of  the 
output  of  shrapnel  shells  in  the  last  six 
months  came  from  Canada,  and  most  of 
these  were  complete  rounds  of  ammuni- 
tion which  went  direct  to  France.  Can- 
ada also  contributed  42  per  cent,  of  the 
total  4.5  shells,  27  per  cent,  of  the  6-inch 
shells,  20  per  cent,  of  the  60-pounder 
H.E.  shells,  15  per  cent,  of  the  8-inch 
and  16  per  cent,  of  the  9.2-inch.  In  ad- 
dition, Canada  has  supplied  shell  forg- 
ings,  ammunition  components,  propel- 
lants,  acetone,  T.N.T.,  aluminum,  nickel, 
airplane  parts,  agricultural  machinery 
and  timber,  besides  quantities  of  railway 
materials  including  no  less  than  450  miles 
of  rails  torn  up  from  Canadian  railways 
which  were  shipped  direct  to  France." 

450  Factories  Engaged 

The  number  of  factories  engaged  in 
Canada  in  the  production  of  munitions 
is  450.  Of  these  150  factories  are  occu- 
pied in  machining  the  steel  shells  and 
assembling  component  parts  which  are 
supplied  to  them  by  the  board,  while  300 
factories  are  producing  component  parts, 
which  are  forwarded  to  the  machine 
plants  to  be  made  into  the  complete 
shell. 

From  50,000  to  80,000  tons  of  steel, 
and  from  1,500,000  to  2,000,000  forgings 
are  handled  monthly  by  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board.  To  July  31  approxi- 
mately 2,100,000  tons  of  steel  had  been 
received  and  distributed  by  the  steel  de- 
partment of  the  board,  resulting  in  the 
shipment  to  machining  plants  or  for  ex- 


port of  75,000,000  forgings  for  shells  of 
sizes  ranging  from  18-pounder  shrapnel 
to  9.2. 

The  Imperial  Munitions  Board  has  also 
arranged  contracts  in  Canada  on  behalf 
of  the  United  States  government, 
whereby  Canadian  manufacturers  will 
undertake  the  machining  of  approxi- 
mately 11,000,000  shells  and  the  manu- 
facture of  13,000,000  forgings. 


CONSUMPTION    OP    COMPRESSED 
AIR 

AN  easy  method  of  determining  the 
consumption  of  compressed  air  by  air- 
driven  machines  has  been  recently  given 
by  a  writer  in  Foundry. 

Desiring  to  secure  information  regard- 
ing the  amount  of  compressed  air  re- 
quired per  mould  by  different  sizes  of 
foundry  vibrators,  a  small  air  compres- 
sor was  used  with  a  shut-off  valve  lo- 
cated between  the  compressor  and  the 
tank  and  in  the  latter  the  air  pressure 
was  raised  to  90  pounds.  The  valve 
was  closed  and  with  a  stop  watch  the 
time  was  noted  that  elapsed  for  the 
vibrator  to  reduce  the  pressure  to  70 
pounds.  It  may  be  assumed  that  for  all 
practical  purposes  this  would  be  equiva- 
lent to  80  pounds  mean  effective  pres- 
sure, the  amount  in  most  general  use 
in  foundries.  To  illustrate  in  ever  fig- 
ures, it  will  be  assumed  that  the  tank 
holds  exactly  ten  cubic  feet  of  air  and 
that  it  takes  the  vibrator  exactly  two 
minutes  to  reduce  the  pressure  from 
90  to  70  pounds.  Therefore  it  is  fig- 
ured that  the  vibrator  used  10  cubic 
feet  of  air  in  two  minutes.  By  actual 
tests  it  has  been  found  that  the  average 
time  the  vibrator  is  working  while  the 
moulder  is  drawing  a  pattern  is  about 
15  seconds  and,  therefore,  we  get  eight 
moulds  with  10  feet  of  air  and  the  vi- 
brator uses  1%  feet  of  air  per  mould. 
This  same  principle  may  be  applied  to 
any  air-driven  tool  or  moulding  machine 
and  it  is  believed  that  the  results  are 
more  nearly  representative  of  actual 
conditions  than  theoretical   calculations. 


■  To  remedy  dusty  concrete  floors,  a 
surface  treatment  of  some  kind  should 
be  applied  to  remove  the  surface  skin 
which  does  not  exceed  1-32  in.,  or  pro- 
perly to  treat  it.  One  way  is  to  grind 
the  surface  by  hand  or  power  as  a  ter- 
razzo  floor  is  polished.  Other  methods 
are  to  apply  liquid  coatings  of  various 
kinds.  One  of  the  most  satisfactory 
treatments  is  with  boiled  linseed  oil 
thinned  with  petrol  to  such  a  consistency 
that  it  will  penetrate  the  pores  of  the 
surface.  If  one  coat  does  not  cure  the 
trouble  generally  two  will.  A  second 
method  is  to  clean  the  surface  thorough- 
ly and  then  apply  a  coat  of  silicate  of 
soda  or  water  glass,  40  deg.  Baume,  di- 
luted one  part  to  six  of  water,  to  seal 
the  surface.  Then  wash  off  the  excess 
which  opens  out  the  pores  again  and  ap- 
ply a  second  coat. 


I 


August  22,  1918. 


233 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regardin-g  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


MACHINING  OPERATIONS 

ON  THE  155  M.M.  SHELL 


By  P.  Washington 

OWING  to  the  difficulty  at  this 
time  of  securing  information  as 
to  the  requirements  in  connec- 
tion with  the  machining  of  this  shell  as 
regards  varnishing  and  painting,  etc., 
this  article  deals  only  with  the  machin- 
ing in  general. 

However,  it  will  give  one  a  good  idea 
of  the  type  and  general  requirements. 
This  shell  can  readily  be  kept  within  the 
required  weight  limits,  it  being  obvious 
as  when  to  talie  the  weight.  If  a  few 
shells,  say,  six,  are  machined  first  and 
accurate  weight  taken  before  and  after 
each  operation,  this  data  will  furnish  all 
the  information  required. 

Due  to  the'  lack  of  experienced  and 
first-class  operators,  and  inasmuch  as 
these  shells  are  readily  handled,  it  is  ad- 
visable to  make  each  operation  as  simple 
as  possible.  Of  course,  the  available 
machine  tool  equipment  must  be  taken 
into  consideration. 

In  preparing  to  manufacture  this 
shell,  the  article  entitled  "Notes  Regard- 
ing Preparatory  Work  in  Shell  Produc- 
tion," which  appeared  on  page  51  of  the 


January  17th  issue  of  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY, will  be  found  useful. 
Cut  OflF  Open  End 

1st  operation  (see  Fig.  1). — Engine 
lathe  or  special  cut-off  machine.  Two 
cut-off  tools  set  opposite  each  other,  the 
shell  being  held  in  a  plain  barrel  chuck 
by  means  of  four  set  screws.  Gauging — 
Gauge  depth  of  bore  to  make  certain 
that  shell  will  clean  up  on  the  base  later 
on.  (A  definite  distance  should  be 
agreed  upon,  and  any  forging  below  this 
limit  should  be  rejected.)  Gauge  length 
over  all  and  centre  punch  before  this 
operation.  Check  same  after  this  opera- 
tion. 

Centre  Closed  End 

2nd  operation  (see  Fig.  2). — Engine 
lathe  with  expanding  mandrel  having 
two  sets  of  jaws — one  set  to  grip  shell 
at  closed  end  and  the  other  just  forward 
of  the  open  end.  A  special  drill  with  no 
body  clearance  and  a  60-degree  point  is 
used.  The  special  fixture  consists  of  a 
drill  spindle,  with  ratch  and  pinion 
mounted  in  a  casting,  having  a  "V"  slide 
to  enable  the  operator  to  slide  the  fixture 


to  the  rear  when  placing  or  removing 
shells. 

Rough  Turn  Body 

3rd  operation  (see  Fig.  3). — An  engine 
lathe  is  used.  A  mandrel  to  fit  lathe 
spindle  centre  having  three  fixed  hard- 
ened tool  steel  jaws  set  at  a  slight  taper 
in  a  machine  steel  shank  is  used.  The 
tailstock  centre  is  applied  to  the  centre 
in  the  closed  end  of  the  shell.  Gauging — 
Gauge  high  and  low  diameter. 
Bore 

4th  operation  (see  Fig.  4). — Rough 
and  finish  bore  on  a  special  boring  ma- 
chine or  turret  lathe.  The  shell  is  held 
in  a  clamp  chuck.  The  first  cutter  is 
used  to  remove  the  scale  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  bore  (should  forgings  run 
fairly  close  to  finished  contour  this  cut- 
ter may  be  omitted,  otherwise  its  use  is 
advantageous).  The  second  cutters  are 
for  the  straight  part  of  the  bore.  The 
third  cutters  (old  finishing  cutters 
notched)  are  for  roughing  the  taper  and 
bottom  of  shell.  The  fourth  cutters  are 
for  finishing  the  straight  part,  taper  and 
bottom.  Gauging — Gauge  diameter  and 
depth  of  bore. 

Rough   Face   Base 

5th  operation  (see  Fig.  5). — The  shell 
is  held  in  a  collet  chuck,  the  bottom  of 
bore  being  forced  against  a  stop  fixed  in 
the  centre  of  the  chuck.       This  enables 


1 

>  1 

V 

V. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

I 

1  < 
; 

1 -: . — 

1 
1 
1 

' 1 

(D 

© 

(3)"^ 

1- 

1 ■ 

1 

1 
1 

c;t::z; 

1  J' 

3 

r 

(d) 

(5) 

(s) 

i 

(D 

> 

I 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

f- — r 

1 . 

J 

(3) 

FIGS.    1    TO   9. 


234 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


r    The  second  tool  recesses  the  rear  part  of 
,      fuse  hole.    The  third  tool  reams  the  fuse 


FIOS.  10  TO   12. 


the  operator  to  set  the  tool,  by  means 
of  another  adjustable  stop  on  the  lathe 
carriage,  the  required  distance  from  this 
stop.  Special  open  end  machines  are 
■very  desirable  for  this  operation.  Gaug- 
ing— Gauge  thickness  of  base. 

Re-Centre  Closed  End 

6th  operation  (see  Fig.  6). — This  op- 
eration is  carried  out  the  same  as  opera- 
tion 2,  the  same  fixture  being  used. 
Gauging  —  Gauge  depth  of  centre. 
Note — This  operation  is  made  necessary 
in  order  to  secure  concentric  shells,  i.e., 
by  means  of  locating  this  centre  from' 
the  bore,  and  then  using  this  centre  for 
finish  turning  this  is  accomplished. 

Chamfer  Body 

7th  operation  (see  Fig.  7). — Lathe  or 
special  open-end  machine.  Shell  held  in 
collet  chuck  with  stops,  as  explained  in 
operation  5.  A  flat  forming  tool  is  used. 
Gauging — Gauge  form  (angle)  and 
length  of  taper.  Check  diameter  across 
base. 

Bevel  and  Face  Open  End  to  Length 

8th  operation  (see  Fig.  8). — Lathe  or 
special  open-end  machine.  The  shell  is 
held  in  a  collet  chuck,  being  forced 
against  a  stop  at  the  bottom  «f  base.  A 
set  stop  (adjustable)  on  lathe  carriage 
fixes  the  lengrth  of  shell.  A  block  tool 
holder  is  used;  a  fiat  forming  tool  and 
cut-off  tool  (wide  enough  to  require  no 
cross-feed)  is  used.  Gauging — Gauge 
form  (taper)  and  length  of  bevel,  dia- 
meter across  open  end.  Ch6ck  length 
of  shell. 


Finish  Face  Base 

9th  operation  (see  Fig.  9). — This  op- 
eration is  carried  out  the  same  as  opera- 
tion  5.     The  gauging   is  identical. 

Nose  In 

10th  operation  (see  Fig.  10). — A 
hydraulic  press  is  used.  The  open  end 
of  the  shell  is  heated  in  an  oil  or  gas 
furnace,  an  oil  furnace  being  preferable. 
The  shell  is  then  placed  in  the  press 
against  three  locating  pins,  the  die 
brought  down,  and  the  shell  nosed  in. 
Although  cast  iron  dies  are  successfully 
used,  machine  steel  ones  stand  up  to  the 
work  better.  In  either  event  they  should 
be  water-jacketed.  Two  upright  stops 
(one  on  each  side  of  the  press)  deter- 
mine the  length  of  shell.  Gauging — 
Gauge  diameters  of  fuse  hole  (at  top 
and  bottom),  length  of  fuse  hole,  con- 
tour of  nose  and  over-all  length  of  shell. 

Finish    Inside   Contour 

11th  operation  (see  Fig.  11). — This 
operation  is  carried  out  the  same  as  op- 
eration 8.  A  forming  cutter  is  used.  It 
is  held  in  an  oval  (section)  bar,  with  a 
roller  at  the  end  of  the  cutter  in  line 
with  it,  which  brings  this  cut  in  line 
with  the  bore  proper.  Gauging — Gauge 
length  of  fuze  hole. 

Ream   Fuse   Hole 

12th  operation  (see  Fig.  12).— The 
shell  is  again  held,  as  in  operation  8.  A 
four-way  or  turret  tool  post  is  used. 
The  first  tool  rough  bores  the  fuse  hole 
and  faces  it  to  length;  it  carries  a  stop 
which   strikes   the   bottom   of  the  bore. 


hole  (part  to  be  threaded). 

Finish  Turn  Body 
13th  operation  (see  Fig.  13) 
lathe  with  collet  chuck  to  grip 
of  shell,  expanding  centre  at 
end  to  fit  fuse  hole.  Stops  on 
and  lathe  to  determine  correct 
Gauging — Gauge  high  and  low 

Finish  Turn  Shoulder  and 


— Engine 
base  end 
tailstock 
carriage 
diameter, 
diameter. 

Nose 


11th  operation  (see  Fig.  14). — Engine 
lathe  with  shell  held,  as  in  operation  13. 
Cam  profiling  attachment  at  back  of 
lathe  with  roller  guide  arm  on  carriage. 
Gauging — Gauge  high  and  low  diameter 
of  shoulder  and  form  gauge  for  nose 
profile. 

Thread  Fuse  Hole 

15th  operation  (see  Fig.  15). — Special 
single  purpose  thread  miller  or  engine 
lathe  with  collapsible  tap.  Gauging— 
Gauge  high  and  low  diameter.  Thread 
gauge  for  form  and  size  of  threads. 

Groove 

16th  operation  (see  Fig.  16). — Special 
open-end  machine  or  engine  lathe  with 
rollet  chuck.  A  circular  grooving  tool 
is  used.  The  two  undercutting  tools  are 
mounted  in  holders,  which  have  racks 
cut  in  their  shanks.  By  means  of  a  gear 
wheel  to  mesh  with  these  racks  the  un- 
dercutting tools  are  fed  forward  at  the 
desired  angle  and  width.  Gauging — 
Gauge  angle  of  undercut,  width  of 
groove,  distance  of  groove  from  base, 
high  and  low  diameter  of  groove. 

Turn  Band 

17th  operation  (see  Fig.  17). — Same 
equipment  as  used  in  operation  16.  Two 
flat  forming  tools — one  for  roughing  and 
the  other  for  finishing.  Gauging — 
Gauge  high  and  low  diameter  of  band 
and  form. 


The  presence  of  acid  in  oil  or  grease 
is  very  deleterious  to  the  bearings,  es- 
pecially ball  bearings,  as  it  causes  more 
or  less  rapid  corrosion.  To  test  oil  for 
acid,  clean  a  piece  of  sheet  copper,  cover 
it  with  the  oil  and  let  it  remain  for  sev- 
eral days.  Should  a  green  deposit  form 
on  the  copper  it  may  be  concluded  that 
acid  is  present.  Lubricating  oil  or  grease 
should  be  absolutely  neutral  in  its  char- 
acter. 


@ 


1 

— 

1 
\ 

1 
1 
1 

-- 

@ 


T^ 


FIG.S.    13  TO    I'a. 


August  22,  1918. 


C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  N     M  A  C  ri  1  N  E  R  Y 


235 


MILLER  WAS  USED  WITH  SEMI- 
AUTOMATIC FIXTURE  ON  THIS  JOB 

By  D.  A.  THOMPSON 


THERE  is  a  device  used  largely  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States  in 
the  training  of  marksmen  that 
fits  inside  the  bore  of  the  service  rifle. 
The  blow  of  the  hammer  is  transmitted 
to  a  tempered  rod  sliding  in  bearings  in 
a  thin  brass  tube;  one  end  of  the  rod  is 
pointed,  and,  when  the  gun  is  fired, 
strikes  a  miniature  target  set  up  at  a 
correspondingly  reduced  distance  from 
the  muzzle  of  the  gun,  A  spring  returns 
the  rod  to  its  place  inside  the  tube.  The 
device   is  used   in   the   instruction  of  re- 


table  directly  under  the  arhor  and  paral- 
lel to  it  with  power  for  rotation  furnish- 
ed by  a  %  in.  belt  to  a  pulley  H  on  the 
worm  shaft  which  was  on  the  free  end 
of  the  fixture  overhanging  the  table.  The 
worm  W  drove  the  gear  G  fastened  to 
the  main  shaft. S  on  which  were  mounted 
the  work  holding  parts.  The  casting  F 
provided  two  bearings  for  the  shaft  and 
in  turn  was  bolted  to  a  pan  P  that  serv- 
ed also  as  a  base  and  a  support  for  the 
worm  shaft. 
The  work  ho^d'ng  mechanism  consists 


FIXTURE   TO    AID    IN    THE    RAPID    CLAMPING    AND    RELEASING    SMALL    PIECES 

IN    THE    MILLER. 


cruits  in  sighting,  aiming,  and  general 
handling  of  the  rifle  and  by  more  ex- 
perienced riflemen  to  keep  in  practice  in 
times  and  places  that  the  outdoor  ranges 
are  not  available.  Economy  is  a  feature 
for  no  ammunition  is  used — instructors 
say  that  the  practice  is  the  best  possible 
without  ammunition,  only  the  recoil  and 
the  noise  being  absent. 

The  shop  had  taken  a  contract  to 
manufacture  parts  for  some  twenty  thou- 
sand of  these  devices  of  one  make.  One 
of  the  jobs  was  the  milling  of  a  slot 
1-16  in.  d«ep  in  the  ends  of  pieces  of 
*/4  in.  steel;  at  the  beginning  it  was  in- 
tended to  do  this  on  the  five  spindle 
"crew  machine  that  turned  out  the  parts, 
but  a  few  days'  running  disclosed  con- 
ditions that  made  it  advisable  to  do  the 
slotting  separately.  As  there  were  near- 
ly 150,000  pieces  to  be  handled  some 
quick  way  of  loading  and  unloading  was 
imperative.  The  fixture  for  this  work 
is  shown  by  the  drawing. 

A  Miller  Was  Used 

A  hand  miller  was  selected  for  the 
job.     The   fixture   was   fastened    to   the 


of  a  casting  A  kept  from  revolving  by 
the  set  screw  B,  a  loose  fitting  ring  D 
driven  by  the  disc  C  which  is  pinned  to 
the  shaft,  there  being  two  keyways  on 
the  inner  hub  of  C  in  which  projecting 
portions  of  D  fit  loosely.  A  groove  or 
race  in  D  is  the  means  by  which  D  is 
moved  closer  or  farther  from  C,  accom- 
modating varying  sizes  of  stock  and  giv- 
ing different  grips  on  the  work.  Three 
rollers  R  are  pivoted  on  screws  in  A  and 
travel  in  the  race  way.  Set  screw  B  is 
turned  to  bring  D  nearer  to  C. 

From  the  drawing  it  will  have  been 
noticed  that  D  and  C  are  not  in  parallel 
planes — this  is  meant  to  be  so,  and  is 
the  somewhat  unique  feature  of  the  fix- 
ture. Two  of  the  rollers  R  are  placed 
below  the  shaft,  60  degrees  each  side  of 
the  vertical  center  line  and  both  of  them 
back  of  the  upper  roller,  which  arrange- 
ment tilts  D  and  provides  a  real  grip  at 
the  top  only.  Twenty  degrees  each  side 
of  the  top  the  work  may  be  pulled  out 
with  the  fingers.  Advantage  is  taken  of 
this  to  put  an  eject'ng  finger  between 
the    two   discs    (on   a    45   degree    slant) 


which  unloads  the  work  pieces  into  a 
chute  without  any  attention.  A  boy 
stationed  on  the  "closing"  side  loads  the 
fixture  which  has  holes  spaced  on  %  in. 
centers. 

The  operation  was  practically  con- 
tinuous. Aside  from  loading  the  boy  had 
little  to  do.  At  the  bottom  the  work  re- 
cesses were  cleaned  by  passing  through 
the  liquid  in  the  pan' — an  overflow  and 
the  ejecting  finger  on  the  far  side  are 
not  shown.  A  drip  can  supplied  lubri- 
cant to  the  cutter  which  is  on  the  arbor 
M.  To  relieve  the  friction  from  the  set 
screw  a  ball  thrust  bearing  was  install- 
ed. When  this  job  was  finished  a  new 
set  of  holes  were  put  between  for  an- 
other similar  job. 


EMERGENCY   REPAIR  TO  PISTON 

By  J.  H.  HOULDSWORTH 

EMERGENCY  repairs  are  frequent- 
ly an  important  factor  in  main- 
taining the  efficiency  of  a  ma- 
chine shop  or  power  plant.  Under  cer- 
tain conditions  it  is  very  often  necessary 
that  repairs  be  made  at  once  to  avoid 
.shut  down  of  the  plant  or  one  of  the  de- 
partments. Where  equipment  must  be 
operated  without  rest  the  maintenance 
of  such  requires  the  most  careful  atten- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  engineer  in 
charge. 

The  accompanying  sketch  shows  the 
repairs  made  to  a  piston  when  the  same 
was  required  at  a  time  when  all  found- 
ries were  closed.  This  piston  was  used 
in  a  pump  which  was  operated  twenty- 
two  hours  per  day,  and  the  break  de- 
veloped at  a  time  when  a  replacement  in 
the  ordinary  way  was  impossible  owing  to 
the  fact  that  it  happened  about  noon  on 
Saturday,  with  all  foundries  closed  for 
the  week.  Repair  was  absolutely  essen- 
tial so  some  method  had  to  be  adopted 
to  get  the  pump  running  again.  After 
dismantling  the  oump  it  was  found  that 
the  rod  was  also  bent.  The  latter 
was  not  so  serious,  as  the 
straightening  was  soon  accomplished. 
Having  a  look  around  the  shop  we  dis- 


PISTON   REPAIR   SAVES   SHUTDOWN. 


236 


canad'Ian  machinery 


Volume  XX. 


covered  a  couple  of  old  balance  weights 
with  a  diameter  of  7^   inches     and     a 
thickness  of  2'*   inches,  from  which  we 
made  a  very     satisfactory     piston     as 
shown.    We  had  two  lathes  available,  so 
one  was  set  to  work  to  rough  down  the 
weight  to  about  H   inch  of  the  required 
diameter    of   6%    inches,    and    the    hole 
bored  M  inch  smaller  than  the  small  end 
of  the  taper.     The  other  lathe  was  then 
started  on  the  second  casting,  this  being 
roughed   in  a   similar  manner,  with   the 
exception  that  the  hub  of  one  was  made 
.  a   force  fit  for  the  other.     One   of  the 
pieces   was   then   removed    and     pressed 
into    the    other    without    removing:    the 
latter  from  the  face  plate.    The  two  were 
then  held  firmly  together  by  means   of 
suitable  clamps,   and    the    center    hole 
bored   out   to   fit   the   taper   end   of   the 
rod.     After  securing   the   piston   on  the 
rod  the  rod  with  the  piston  was  placed 
on  the  lathe  centers  and   the   head   fin- 
ished   to   the   proper   diameter    and    the 
piston  ring  grooves  turned  in.    We  were 
able  in.  this  way  to  have  the  pump  work- 
ing before     nia;ht,     thus     avoiding     the 
necessity  of  obtaining  a  new  pump.    The 
pump   was    shortly   afterwards   replaced 
by  one  of  greater  capacity,  and  the  old 
one  sold,  but  the  latter  is  still  in  good 
working  condition,     no    trouble    having 
developed  from  the  impromptu  repair. 


BURNLEY'S  SOLDERING  PASTE 

By  M.  E. 

A  flux  for  use  in  soft  soldering  has 
been  sold  on  the  market  under  this 
name  for  a  number  of  years  and  has 
given  good  satisfaction.  It  is  used  in 
the  same  manner  as  chloride  of  zinc 
flux,  but  is  not  supposed  to  corrode  the 
work  upon  which  it  is  used.  In  this  re- 
spect it  is  superior  to  the  usual  liquid 
chloride  of  zinc  flux,  but  is  not  entirely 
free  from  corrosion  as  it  is  believed  that 
there  is  nothing  which  is  actually  non- 
corrosive  when  used  as  a  flux,  otherwise 
it  would  not  act  as  such. 

The  particular  advantages  of  this  flux 
are  in  its  portability  (there  is  nothing 
to  spill)  and  the  ease  with  which  it  can 
be  used.  The  manner  of  making  it  is 
to  first  make  a  saturated  solution  of 
chloride  of  zinc  of  a  neutral  character. 
The  two  requirements  are  absolutely 
necessary,  and  are  easily  accomplished. 
To  make  the  saturated  chloride  of  zinc 
solution,  metallic  zinc  is  dissolved  in 
strong  muriatic  acid.  Any  crystals 
which  form  in  the  bottom  of  the  dissolv- 
ing vessel  are  dissolved  in  just  enough 
water  to  take  them  up.  By  the  use  of 
strong  muriatic  acid  hydro-chloric) 
acid,  this  is  accomplished.  In  other 
words  the  chloride  of  zinc  solution  is  as 
strong  as  it  can  be  made. 

The  neutral  condition  of  the  solution 
is  produced  by  having  an  excess  of  the 
metallic  zinc  in  the  liquid  when  it  is 
being  dissolved  in  the  muriatic  acid.  In 
other  words,  there  must  be  more  than 
enough  zinc  used  to  take  up  all  the  mur- 
iatic acid.  When  the  acid  ceases  to  act, 
which  may  be  known  by  the  cessation  of 
f-2  3   bubbles   from    the   zinc   itself,     the 


action    has    stopped    and    no    more    zinc 
will     dissolve.       At     this     point     there 
should  be  more  or  less  zinc   left  in   the 
bottom   of  the  vessel   in   which   the  dis- 
solving   has    taken    place.        The    whole 
should  be  allowed  to  stand  for  an  hour 
or   more    in    order    to   give     the    acid    a 
chance  to  dissolve  all  it  will.     The  solu- 
tion, then,  will   be  neutral,  for  the  rea- 
son  that   the    acid   has   dissolved   all    it 
can  and  if  strong  muriatic  acid  is  used, 
a   saturated   solution  will  have  been  ob- 
tained.    This   solution   of  course,   is   the 
regular   chloride   of   zinc   soldering    flux, 
but  it  is  made  in  the  right  manner.  The 
common  error  found  in  making  it  is  to 
have   too   much     water     present    and    a 
quantity   of   free   acid   which   of   course, 
means  muriatic  afid  not  used  up  on  the 
zinc.     This     interferes     with     action     in 
soldering.       It   also   corrodes    the   metal 
that  is  soldered.     There  has  been  obtain- 
ed   therefore,    a    saturated    and    neutral 
solution  of  chloride  of  zinc.     This  is  the 
base   for   the   manufacture  of   the   paste 
and  is  the  flux  which  acts  on  it. 

The  chloride  of  zinc  flux  thus  produc- 
ed is  mixed 'with  a  grease  and  the  paste 
is  ready.  For  the  grease,  the  inventor 
recommends  "vaseline"  or  "petrolatum" 
both  of  which  are  the  same  thing  under 
a  different  name.  Petrolatum  is  the 
cheaper  of  the  two.  The  proportions  of 
the  grease  and  chloride  of  zinc  flux  used 
are   as  follows: 

Saturated  Chloride  of  Zinc  Solution 
2  oz.   (fluid.) 

Petrolatum  or  Vaseline  1  lb. 
These  two  ingredients  are  mixed  by 
violent  stirrin'?  until  the  mixture  begins 
to  thicken  when  it  is  poured  into  the  re- 
ceptable  in  which  it  is  to  be  used.  If 
any  other  grease  is  to  bo  used,  the 
same  proportion  is  to  be  employed. 

This  paste  was  originally  patented  bv 
Wm.  Burnley  of  Miamisburg,  Ohio,  and 
James  and  Burnley  of  Cottonwood  Falls, 
Kansas,  and  the  patent  was  granted  on 
Aug.  9th,  1918.  It  has  about  a  year 
longer  to  run  before  it  elapses 


MACHINE  SHOP  HEATING  AND 
VENTILATING 

By  "Dale" 

Considerable  difficulty  is  experienced 
in  arranging  for  the  heating  and  venti- 
latinij  of  the  single  storey  sheds  v,Mth 
saw-tooth  roofs  now  in  universal  favor 
for  light  machine  shops.  The  wide  ex- 
panse of  surface  exposed  to  the  weather 
in  such  buildings  makes  the  task  of 
mainlaininir  a  comfortable  working  tem- 
perature difficult  on  cold  days,  and 
while  roof  ventilators  and  fans  afford 
adequate  ventilation  in  summer,  they  are 
invariably  put  out  of  action  in  v.intev  on 
account  of  the  excessive  down  drausl:t 
of  cold  air,  whereupon  the  air  h\  the 
centre  of  the  shops  becomes  stagnant 
and  impure.  But  satisfactory  hygienic 
conditions  are  essential  to  the  main- 
tenance of  efficiency;  hence  some  method 
must  be  devised  to  supply  warm,  fresh 
air  in  the  winter,  and  cool  air  in  the 
summer  to  all  parts  of  the  building.     A 


good  arrangement  has  been  in  work  for 
two  years  past  in  a  well  known  English 
plant  at  Birmingham.      It  consists  of  a 
number   of   cupola-shaped   heaters    (four 
in  this  particular  case)  distributed  about 
the  shed,   each   of  which   draws   air  by 
means  of  a  15-inch     motor-driven     hori- 
zontal propeller  fan,  located  at  the 
down   inlet  pipe  protruding  through   the 
roof,    passes     it   through     a    battery    of 
steam   pipes,  and    ejects   it   at   the   floor 
level,   whence     it     rises     and   circulates 
through  the  building.     The  down  pipe  is 
fitted,  just  below  the  roof,  with  a  swing- 
ing damper   which   can  be   moved   so   as 
to    block    the    admission    of    outside    air 
and  allow  the  warm  air  from  inside  the 
shop  to  be  passed  and  repassed  through 
the   heater.     This    is    very   beneficial    on 
cold  mornings,  as  it  enables  the  air  to 
be  raised  to  a  suitable  temperature  in  a 
short  time,   whereupon   the   damper   can 
be     moved    back    and    the    temperature 
maintained     with     the     cold    air    outside 
passing  through.     This  feature  is  a  dis- 
tinct improvement  on  many  other  types 
of    heating    apparatus.       The    steam    is 
supplied  to  the   heaters  from  a  vertical 
boiler  9  ft.  high  by  3  ft.  9  in.  diameter 
(which  if  worked  at  80  lb.  per  sq.  inch, 
is    capable   of    serving    eight    heaters    in 
the     coldest     weather)     through     1    in. 
branches  from  the  main  steam  pipe,  and 
is    trapped   at   the   outlet   with    a   steam 
trap  of  the  float  type,  in   order  to  pre- 
vent the  passage  of  uncondensed  steam. 
The  condensed   steam,  after  leaving  the 
trap,  is  forced  alon^c  a  %   in.  pipe,  past 
a  cheek  valve,  into  the  main  return  pipe, 
which  conveys  it  to  the  boiler  feel  t 
The   legs   of   the   heater   are   utilized   as 
a  means  of  connection  to  the  stem  and 
drain    pipes.     Valves   are   fitted   to    both 
pipes  of  each  heater,  so  that  one  can  be 
out   for   repairs    without    disturbing    the 
others.     The  temperature  can  be  varied 
by  altering  the  steam  pressure,  by  vary- 
ing    the     quantity     of     steam     passing 
through  the  steam   valves,  or  by  means 
of  the  motor  regulator,  the  latter  being 
arraned    to    give    four    different    speeds. 
During  the  warmer  weather,  when  it  be- 
comes   unnecessary    to    use    the    heating 
part  of  the  apparatus,  the  fans  are  used 
for   ventilatinn'   only.       The    impure   air 
escapes  through    the    interstices    in  the 
doors    and    between     the     vallev    gutters 
and  the  lower  purlin  on  the  glazed  side 
of  the  roof.     By  reason  of  the  pressure 
inside      the      building      being      slightly 
greater  than  that  of  the  atmosphere,  all 
leakages   are  from   the   inside   outwards, 
and  hence  draughts  are  preventec'.     The 
cost  of  this  method  of  heating  and  ven- 
tilating   compares    very    favorably    with 
any  proprietary  system,  and  at  the  same 
time    meets    all    the    reauirements    of    a 
modern  heating  and  ventilating  plant. 


Matheson,  Ont.— The  construction  of  a 
complete  system  of  electric  light  and 
power  at  an  approximate  cost  of  .$10,000 
is  having  the  consideration  of  James  A. 
Lyttle,  deputy  clerk  of  the  municipality 
and  ratepayers  of  the  town. 


August  22,  1918. 


237 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT     ^ 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


GRINDING     AND     FINISHING     MA- 
CHINES 

A  GRINDING  and  finishiner  machine 
of  high  efficiency  is  shown  here- 
with. This  machine,  made  by 
the  Blcvney  Machinery  Co.,  Greenfield, 
Mass.,  embodies  their  two-belt  principle 
of  operation.  A  heavy  and  substantial 
cast  iron  frame  of  box  pattern  carries 
a  polishing  head  with  three  pulleys,  over 
which  the  corrugated  leather  and  cloth 
abrasive  belts  are  run.  These  pulleys 
operate  in  bores  and  frames  having  suit- 
able adjustment  for  controlling  the 
travel  of  the  belts  with  provision  for 
automatic  regulation  of  the  belt  tension. 

The  patented  corrugated  leather  belt 
is  driven  from  the  central  pulley  around 
the  small  idler  pulley  at  a  speed  of  7,000 
ft.  per  minute.  The  cloth  abrasive  fin- 
ishing belt  is  placed  over  the  cushion 
belt  running  over  the  idler  pulleys  in 
each  end  of  the  polishing  head. 

The  table  to  which  the  turret  is  at- 
tached is  vertically  adjustable  by  a 
handwheel.  When  the  machine  is  in 
operation  this  table  is  given  a  side  os- 
cillating movement,  adjustable  to  suit 
the  different  classes  of  work. 

The  cloth  abrasive  belts  do  away  with 


all  centrifugal  action  upon  the  finishing 
grains  where  they  are  under  strain,  and 
as  compared  with  the  disc  grinder  they 
provide  a  uniform  speed  for  each  grain, 
the  disc  grinder  g^-ains  being  subject  to 
different  speeds  on  account  of  their  lo- 
cation at  different  points  from  the  center 
of  the  disc. 

The  productive  powers  of  these  ma- 
chines are  made  possible  through  the  use 
of  the  two-belt  system.  The  corrugated- 
leather  cushion  belt  runs  at  7,000  ft.  per 
minute  and  the  cloth  abrasive  finishing 
belt  which  runs  over  the  former  operates 
at  a  slightly  increased  rate  of  speed  due 
to  the  enlargement  of  the  driving  pulley 
which  is  increased  in  size  by  twice  the 
thickness  of  the  cushion  belt;  the  in- 
crease in  speed  being  about  one  and  a 
half  inches  on  each  revolution  of  the 
main  pulley.  The  increased  speed  of  the 
cloth  abrasive  belt  is  neutralized  in  oper 
ation  when  pressure  is  applied  behind 
the  belts  with  the  result  that  the  travel 
of  the  abrasive  belt  is  somewhat  retard- 
ed at  point  of  work  so  that  it  must  curve 
into  high  and  low  sections  following  the 
corrugations  in  the  cushion  leather  belt. 
In  this  manner  high  points  for  cutting 
and  low  points  for  chip  recess    are    ob- 


tained. After  the  belt  passes  point 
where  work  is  held,  it  expels  the  chips 
and  resumes  its  normal  position. 

By  means  of  this  process  the  chips  are 
disposed  of  immediately  as  generate<i  or 
cut  instead  of  being  rolled  along  the 
face  of  the  work  scratching  and  defacing 
it 


OIL    BURNER 

To  obtain  the  best  results  from  fuei 
oil,  it  is  essential  that  the  right  kind 
of  burner  be  used  and  it  be  properly 
installed.  An  oil  burner  in  order  to 
give  satisfaction  in  operation,  should  be 


GRINDING     .i^ND     FI.NISHI.NG     MACHINE 


SEXJTiONAL  VIEW  OF  OIL  BURNER 

designed  with  the  following  features:  to 
secure  thorough  atomization  of  the  oil, 
to  operate  without  causing  oil  opening, 
to  be  under  complete  control  of  the  oper- 
ator. The  oil  burner  illustrated  herewith 
has  been  designe<l  by  the  Foundry  Equip- 
ment Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  with-  these 
points  in  view. 

The  Coleman  Oil  Burner  is  unique  in 
the  manner  in  which  the  oil  is  atomized 
and  mixed  with  the  air.  The  air  is  sent 
from  the  main  air  chamber  to  a  hollow 
brass  stem.  The  oil  is  sent  around  this 
circular  stream  of  air,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  brass  stem,  which  controls  the 
air  supply,  the  oil  is  forced  into  the  air 
stream  at  sharp  angles.  This  causes  a 
breaking  up  of  the  oil  into  small  par- 
ticles and  produces  a  primary  mixing 
with  the  air.  A  second  and  outer  stream 
of  air,  cutting  through  the  primary  mix- 
ture, produces  a  further  atomization  and 
furnishes  the  proper  combination  of  oil 
and  air  for  complete  combustion. 

The  burner  connections  provide  for  a 
one-half-inch  oil  line,  2-inch  air  line, 
giving  a  wide  range  of  both  oil  and  air. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  feature 
in  connection  with  this  burner  is  the 
double  mixing  of  air  and  oil  which  takp^ 


238 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


place  in  the  burner.  This  is  due  to  the 
arrangement  by  which  a  circular  stream 
of  oil  flows  between  two  air  supplies, 
one  on  the  inside  and  one  on  the  outside. 

DRILL    GRINDER 

The  Grand  Rapids  Drill  Grinders  illus- 
trated herewith  are  made  by  the  Grand 
Rapids  Grinding  Machine  Co.,  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.  These  machines  embody 
several  features  of  interest  and  value. 
A  properly  constructed  spindle  and  a 
rigid  and  heavy  housing  are  prime  essen- 
tials for  satisfactory  grinding  machines. 
The  housing  is  part  of  the  main  frame 
casting.  The  spindle  is  made  of  60  to 
80  point  carbon,  hammered  crucible  steel, 
hardened  ground  and  running  in  ring 
oiled  phosphor  bronze  bearings,  easily 
adjustable  for  either  radial  wear  or  end 
play,  of  simple  construction.  The  bear- 
ing is  dust-proof — a  most  essential  point 
for  any  grinding  spindle. 

The  drill  holder  proper  is  so  designed 
that  either  straight  shank  or  taper  shank 
drills  of  standard  type  can  be  ground, 
and  drills  with  enlarged  shanks  or  drills 
mounted  on  quick  change  sockets  can 
be  ground  with  equal  facility  and  with- 
out any  changes  or  extra  adjustments  of 
any  kind. 

Lip-rests  have  caused  more  trouble  in 
twist  drill  grinding  machines  than  all 
other  features  combined.  The  lip-rest  on 
this  machine  is  rtally  four  lip-rests  in 
one,  as  it  can  be  put  on  so  as  to  use 
either  edge  for  the  drill  supporting  edge 
and  it  can  then  be  reversed  top  for  bot- 


tom, and  can  in  that  position  again  be 
reversed  so  as  to  give  four  distinct  set- 
tings, and  at  the  same  time  there  is  an 
adjustment  up  and  down  to  provide  for 
wear.  It  is  impossible  to  get  the  lip- 
rest  on  wrong,  and  should  occasion  re- 
quire, it  is  so  simple  in  its  construction 
that  any  user  can  easily  make  a  dupli- 
cate without  much  danger  of  going 
wrong. 

A  swinging  arm  with  a  diamond 
mounted  therein  and  convenient  means 
for  adjusting  same  in  the  process  of 
truing  the  wheel,  is  provided.  In  the 
case  of  double  holder  machines,  a  truing 
device  is  furnished  for  both  wheels,  and 
a  diamond  is  a  part  of  the  standard 
equipment  furnished  with  each  device. 

In  connection  with  the  truing  device, 
there  is  provided  a  stop,  in  the  form  of 
.1  track  on  a  movable  section  of  the  wheel 
hood.  As  the  diamond  is  advanced  into 
the  grinding  wheel  in  the  process  of 
truing  it,  this  movable  section  of  tlie 
wheel  hood  with  its  track  is  advanced 
an  equal  amount,  hence  it  always  re- 
mains a  fixed  distance  from  the  face  of 
the  grinding  wheel.  A  circular  stop  on 
the  front  of  the  drill  holder  abuts  against 
the  track  referred  to  and  rocks  in  the 
process  of  swiveling  the  holder.  It  is  so 
adjusted  that  it  brings  the  lip-rest  into 
that  extremely  close  proximity  to  the 
wheel,  which  is  necessary  for  a  perfect 
grind.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  get  the  front  of  the  holder  or 
the  lip-rest  into  the  front  of  the  grinding 
wheel,  where  it  could  be  ground  off. 

Drills   working    on    tool    steel    require 


very  little  clearance  and  a  strong  cut- 
ting edge.  Those  on  soft  grey  iron  re- 
quire much  greater  clearance  and  do  not 
require  as  strong  a  cutting  lip.  For 
maximum  service,  it  is  necessary  to  be 
able  to  rapidly  adjust  clearance  and  do 
so  without  danger  of  getting  the  rest 
cf  the  adjustments  out  of  order.  In  this 
machine  nothing  has  to  be  clamped  and 
nothing  has  to  be  tightened  up.  It  is  only 
necessary  to  turn  a  small  hand  wheel 
which  rocks  the  holder  proper  in  its 
swivel  bearing.  It  canot  get  loose,  nor 
slide  up  and  down  in  its  bearing  during 
the  process  of  adjusting  clearance. 

The  only  adjustment  necessary  is  that 
necessary  to  accommodate  different 
lengths  of  drills.  No  calipering  and  sep- 
arate settings  for  individual  diameters  is 
required.  No  machine  is  more  simple  in  its 
operation  or  efficient  in  service. 

On  wet  grinding  machines  the  end  of 
the  drill  being  ground  is  flooded  by  a 
stream  of  water  or  coolant  IVs  inches 
wide  and  about  V4  inch  deep,  which  drops 
directly  on  the  point  of  the  drill  without 
any  force.  It  is  carried  to  the  special 
flat  nozzle  through  %-inch  bore.  Hoods, 
waterpan  and  guard  are  so  arranged 
that  they  keep  the  water  in  the  machine 
and  off  the  floor.  All  pump  bearings 
are  above  the  water  line  and  it  is  driven 
by  a  flat  belt  without  the  necessity  of 
any  idler  pulleys^. 


Niagara     Falls, 

Abrasive    Co.    will 
plant  here  at  once 


Ont. — The     National 
start    erection    of   a 


DRILL   GSIMDER   WITH   PAN   AND  COOLANT  RESERVOIR 


DRILL  GRINDER 


August  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


239 


HEAT-RESISTING  PAINTS 

^  By  Mark  Meredith. 

J  The   best    heat-resisting    paints     are 

made  from  hardened  asphaltum  or  pitch, 
dissolved  in  a  fluid  solvent;,  whilst  for 
temperatures  below  the  boiling  water, 
casein,  animal  albumin  and  alkali  sili- 
cates have  given  good  results,  writes  a 
German  authority.  Pyroxylin  varnish  is 
very  durable,  but  browns  when  heated, 
and  can  only  be  used  when  in  admixture 
with  black  body  colors.  The  following 
preparations  are  worthy  of  mention. 

Roman  Prasser's  Recipe. — Equal  parts 
(40)  of  pigment  and  spirit  varnish  (com- 
pounded of  1  part  of  bleached  shellac  in 
7  parts  of  spirit)  are  intimately  mixed 
with  1  part  of  camphor  and  5  parts  of 
bleached  oil  varnish.  The  article  to  be 
coated  is  brushed  over  several  times  with 
a  mixture  of  gypsum  and  spirit  varnish, 
flatted  and  painted  over  with  the  above 
preparation,  being  finally  polished  light- 
ly with  shellac  varnish.  This  paint  will 
stand  the  heat  of  boiling  water  for  some 
time,  but  browns  on  prolonged  exposure 
and  peels  off. 

G.  M.  Neisel's  Recipe. — Solid  fats  or 
fatty  acids  are  distilled  at  250  to  800 
deg.  C.  with  superheated  steam.  The 
residue  being  mixed  with  about  10  per 
cent,  of  red  lead  and  2  per  cent,  of 
litharge,  treated  with  superheated  steam 
at  400  to  500  deg.  C.  and  thinned 
down  at  150  to  200  deg.  C.  to  workable 
consistency  with  linseed  oil.  As  an  alter- 
native method  the  dilution  with  linseed 
oil  is  replaced  by  blowing  in  25  per  cent, 
of  petroleum  vapor,  and  then  diluting 
with  the  crude  benzol  or  other  dilutent 
when  sufficiently  cool.  The  product  is 
said  to  dry  with  a  glossy  surface,  and 
to  stand  a  dry  heat  of  500  deg.  C.  or 
damp  heat  up  to  250  deg.  C.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  an  asphaltic  substance  and 
especially  the  distillation  residues  from 
fats  (bone  pitch,  etc.)  are  capable  of 
resisting  high  temperatures,  and  are 
used  for  stoving  enamels. 

Meyer's  Recipe. — Residues  from  the 
distillation  of  fatty  acids  are  heated  to 
about  500  deg.  C.  with  lead  oxide  and 
lead  peroxide  for  three  to  four  hours 
until  thoroughly  combined,  the  mass  be- 
ing dissolved  in  mineral  oil  and  thinned 
down  with  turpes. 

Bethisy's  Recipe. — The  mass  consists 
of  nitro-cellulose  and  a  solution  of  cal- 
cium chloride  in  amyl  acetate,  with  an 
addition  of  ether,  alcohol,  alum,  talc, 
asbestos  or  mica,  elasticity  being  impart- 
ed by  vaseline  oil  or  lavender.  Cellu- 
loid varnishes  are  capable  of  standing 
a  certain  amount  of  heat. 

Selmay  Meyer's  Recipe. — A  heat-re- 
sisting varnish  for  iron  ware,  especially 
iron  stoves,  etc.,  is  prepared  by  mixing 
powdered  liver  of  sulphur,  cyanide  of 
potash,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  suffi- 
cient cassel  brown  to  give  the  desired 
color,  and  the  mixture  is  saturated  with 
alcohol.  The  pulp  is  passed  through  a 
sieve  to  remove  coarse  particles,  and 
after  being  applied  to  the  metal  is  ex- 
posed to  a  temperature  of  200  to  300 
degrees    C.      Other    fireproof    pigments 


may  be  submitted  for  the  brown.  This 
preparation  is  an  enamel  rather  than  a 
paint,  but  will  stand  heat  very  well. 

Syracuse  Tar. — A  mixture  of  finely 
ground  alum,  asbestos  and  borax  or  boric 
acid  is  stirred  into  melted  coal  tar,  the 
proportions  being  60  to  65  or  40  to  50 
parts  of  tar,  8  to  4  to  2  to  8  of  alum, 
20  to  5  or  38  to  30  of  boric  acid,  12  to 
5  or  20  to  13  of  borax,  and  5  to  8  of 
asbestos.  The  idea  seems  to  be  that  the 
salts  will  sinter  together  under  the  in- 
fluence of  the -heat,  the  tar  being  pre- 
sumably carbonized. 

Avenarius'  Recipe. — Ten  parts  of  al- 
kali silicate  are  heated  under  pressure 
with  25  parts  of  casein,  a  pasty  mass 
being  formed.  This  liquid  is  mixed 
with  0  2  pirt  of  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia and  0.1  parts  of  borax,  to  in- 
crease the  heat-resisting  properties, 
whereupon  0.15  part  of  zinc  oxide,.  0.8 
part  of  sodium  phosphate  and  a  suitable 
quantity  of  lime  and  earthly  pigment  is 
added  to  give  covering  power.  For  use, 
the  mass  is  thinned  with  boiling  water, 
and  is  said  to  stand  a  temperature  of 
100  deg.  C.  (212  deg.  F.). 

Fairweather's  Recipe. — Equal  parts  of 
silicon  carbide  and  semi-fluid  alkali  sili- 
cate are  mixed  together,  3  to  10  per 
cent,  of  chalk  being  added. 

Hall's  Fireproof  Recipe. — This  paint 
consists  of  moist  silicate  of  magnesia, 
5Vz  of  dextrin,  5%  of  gypsum,  2  of  chalk, 
2  of  alum,  and  1  of  common  salt.  Four 
parts  of  this  powder  are  mixed  with 
three  of  boiling  water  for  use.  This  pre- 
paration and  the  preceding  one  owe  their 
"fire-resisting"  properties  to  the  sinter- 
ing of  the  salts  when  heated. 

Eymer's  fireproof  varnish  is  com- 
pounded of  a  mixture  of  alkali  silicates 
with  asbestos  or  other  fireproof  material 
and  vegetable  or  mineral  oils,  or  oily 
substances  like  glycerine. 

Give  a  couple  of  coats  of  a  good  wash- 
able distemper,  upon  which  should  be 
given  two  coats  of  oil  paint,  the  first 
somewhat  flat  and  the  last  with  a  little 
oak  varnish  added  to  it.  Painting  on 
galvanized  iron  is  at  all  times  difficult, 
and  there  are  various  preparations  on 
the  market  specially  made  for  the  pur- 
pose. If  you  do  not  care  for  the  water 
paint  plan  try  the  following: — First  go 
over  the  work  with  a  wire  brush  so  as  to 
roughen  the  surface,  then  apply  a  coat 
of  red  lead  well  brushed  out  and  mixed 
thin  with  boiled  oil  and  turpentine.  You 
will,  of  course,  only  mix  just  sufficient 
quantity  of  the  red  lead  for  the  job,  and 
will  take  care  to  stir  from  time  to  time 
while  in  use,  as  the  red  lead  sets  quickly. 
If  there  is  much  of  the  work  to  be  done, 
we  should  recommend  you  to  use  orange 
lead  instead  of  red  lead,  as  although  the 
two  are  practically  of  the  same  nature, 
the  orange  lead  is  a  good  deal  lighter, 
and  hence  does  not  settle  so  quickly.  You 
may  take  it  that  everything  despends  on 
the  priming  coat,  and  if  this  is  satisfac- 
torv,  the  two  or  three  coats  upon  it  will 
hold  well.  The  washable  distemper  in 
our  experience  gives  as  good  a  result  as 
anything,  and  is  much  cheaper  than  the 
red  lead  system. 


MEN   AGAIN    CONFER  WITH   RAIL- 
WAY WAR  BOARD 

Railway  shopmen  are  returning  to 
Montreal  at  the  end  of  this  week  or  the 
beginning  of  next  to  confer  with  the 
Canadian  Railway  War  Board  as  to  cer- 
tain adjustments  in  the  McAdoo  schedule 
which  the  Federated  Trades  of  the  loco- 
motive and  car  shops  of  the  various  Do- 
minion railroads  desire.  The  new  amend- 
ments to  the  McAdoo  schedule  arrived 
at  by  the  Permanent  Wages  Board  ap- 
pointed at  Washington  have  not  met  the 
situation  so  far  as  the  shopmen  of  Can- 
ada and  the  United  States  are  concern- 
ed, and  on  both  sides  of  the  line  it  is 
expected  that  negotiations  will  proceed 
for  the  adjustment  of  wages  more  to 
the   satisfaction   of   the    men. 

The  varying  conditions  under  which 
the  different  trades  are  required  to  oper- 
ate makes  it  very  difficult  to  establish 
a  schedule  of  wages  that  will  be  suit- 
able and  acceptable  to  the  many  em- 
ployees. Some  further  readjustment  will 
be  necessary  to  remove  the  disparities, 
when  the  same  are  sources  of  dissension 
among  the  different  classes  of  workmen. 
While  the  conditions  of  the  McAdoo 
award  are  generally  satisfactory  to  rail- 
road men  throughout  Canada,  it  is 
thought  that  some  slight  readjustment 
could  be  made  to  avoid  unnecessary  fric- 
tion. 


MANUFACTURERS     HAVE     RAISED 
PROFIT  UNDULY 

The  Canadian  Railway  War  Board  an- 
nounces that  a  detailed  study  has  been 
undertaken  which  will  show  not  merely 
the  increase  in  the  cost  of  railway  haul 
in  the  manufacture  of  necessaries  of  life, 
but  will  'go  into  the  actual  cost  of  the 
labor  and  raw  materials  in  these  articles, 
with  a  view  to  proving  that  while  rail- 
way rates  have  increased  possibly  30  per 
cent,  since  the  war  began,  while  railway 
costs  of  operation  have  increased  by  a 
larger  percentage,  manufacturers  have 
actually  increased  their  rate  of  profit  out 
of  all  proportion  to  the  actual  increase 
in  their  cost  of  production. 

The  War  Board  gives  the  following 
list:  Boots  and  shoes  have  risen  in  price 
since  the  war  began  100  per  cent;  beef, 
35  per  cent.;  clothing,  50  per  cent.;  coal, 
100  per  cent.;  cordwood,  100  per  cent.; 
flour,  90  per  cent.;  gasoline,  100  per 
cent.;  hardware,  100  per  cent.;  pork,  75 
per  cent.;  sugar,  80  per  cent.,  and  to- 
bacco, 50  per  cent.  The  roads  are  paying 
now  a  100  per  cent,  higher  pay  roll;  210 
per  cent,  more  for  axles;  110  per  cent, 
for  brass  castings;  200  per  cent,  for  mal- 
leable castings;  100  per  cent,  for  coke; 
157  per  cent,  for  iron  and  steel  bars;  153 
per  cent,  for  fir;  80  per  cent,  for  oak; 
100  per  cent,  for  pine  and  spruce;  130 
per  cent,  for  oil  fuel  at  Montreal;  32  per 
cent,  for  oil  fuel  at  Vancouver;  30  per 
cent,  kerosene;  125  per  cent,  for  steel 
tires;  100  per  cent,  for  cleaning  waste; 
200  per  cent,  for  lubricating  waste,  and 
00  per  cent,  for  cast  iron  wheels. 


Toronto,  Ont. — The  British  Forgings, 
Limited,  contemplates  a  $15,000  exten- 
sion to  plant. 


240 


Volume  XX- 


Should  Be  No  Post-War  Slump  in  Machine  Tools 

Great  Bulk  of  Special  Purpose  Machinery  Will  Not  Come  Into 
Competition  With  General  Purpose  Equipment  After  the  War^ — 
One  Continuous  Operation  the  Hardest  Service  For  Any  Machine 

By  J.  H.  RODGERS,  Associate  Editor  "Canadian  Machinery." 


CONSIDERING  the  large  volume  of  machine  tools 
that  are  now  involved  in  the  production  of  munitions 
it  is  not  surprising  to  hear  many  questions  regarding 
the  future  of  such  equipment  and  as  to  their  effect  on 
post-war  machine  tool  activity.  To  anyone  unfamiliar 
with  the  work  performed  in  connection  with  shell  making 
the  problem  might  well  gladden  the  heart  of  the  pessimist, 
but  to  those  better  acquainted  with  the  duties  required 
on  this  class  of  work,  the  outlook  in  this  direction  is 
much  brighter  than  one  would  at  first  suppose.  Had 
the  war  been  of  short  duration  the  possibilities  for  a 
slump  in  machine  tool  activity  would  have  been  more 
favorable  than  the  prospects  now  before  us,  and  the 
more  the  war  is  prolonged  the  more  certain  will  be  a 
normal   continuance   of  pre-war   activity. 

Business  cannot  possibly  be  maintained  at  the  present 
high  level  when  peace  is  declared,  but  apart  from  an 
expected  period  of  readjustment  we  may  reasonably  antici- 
pate a  resumption  of  machinery  activity  such  as  existed 
prior  to  the   opening   of  hostilities. 

Inception  of   the   Industry 

During  the  early  months  of  1915,  when  the  manufacture 
of  munitions  on  a  comparatively  large  scale  was  given 
initial  consideration,  the  manufaeturers  in  this  country — 
although  very  enthusiastic — were  somewhat  skeptical 
about  undertaking  an  enterprise  so  remotely  foreign  to 
anything  previously  experienced.  The  almost  total 
ignorance  of  those  interested  was  one  of  the  primary 
causes  of  the  initial  delay  in  establishing  the  industry, 
as  at  that  time  it  should  be  remembered  that  few  in  this 
country  looked  for  more  than  a  few  months  of  shell 
making  owing  to  the  belief  that  the  war  that  had  been 
precipitated  so  suddenly  would  terminate  as  rapidly. 
With  this  thought  in  mind  those  firms  that  had  received 
the  initial  contracts,  guided  by  previous  experiences  in 
engineering  activities — little  reliable  information  being 
obtainable  relative  to  accepted  practice  in  munition  mak- 
ing— commenced  planning  and  buying  available  equipment, 
and  also  ordering  additional  machinery  (invariably  of 
the  standard  type)  for  the  machining  of  the  first  con- 
tracts placed  for  shrapnel  shells. 

It  may  readily  be  seen,  therefore,  that  practically  100 
per  cent,  of  the  tools  used  on  the  initial  orders  were  of 
a  type  that  might  subsequently  be  easily  used  for  ordinary 
domestic  enterprise.  In  some  respects  it  might  be  stated 
that  this  was  a  feature  that  influenced  the  purchase  on 
the  part  of  those  making  the  shells.  It  is  at  this  point 
that  a  short  war  might  have  been  considered  as  an  in- 
fluencing factor  on  what  would  then  have  been  post-war 
conditions. 

Early    War    Conditions 

The  number  of  machines  that  had  been  acquired  or 
ordered  during  the  first  six  months  of  1915  was  un- 
doubtedly large  in  proportion  to  the  general  require- 
ments under  normal  peace  conditions.  Bearing  this  in 
mind,  we  might  have  looked  for  a  relatively  quiet  period 
following  an  early  peace,  as  the  bulk  of  the  machinery 
had  been  manufactured  under  ideal  conditions,  with  the 
best  of  materials  and  workmanship,  built  to  stand  up  to 
the  best  engineering  practice  of  the  day,  and  in  keen 
competition  with  many  other  makers.  In  the  belief  that 
the  war  would  not  be  duly  prolonged,  the  same  high 
grade  work  was  performed  on  those  tools  ordered  for 
the   pioneer  work. 

It  is  therefore  obvious  that,  had  the  manufacture  of 


shells  closed  within  the  first  year,  the  greater  percentage 
of  the  machine  tools  then  employed  would  have  been  in 
fairly  serviceable  condition  and  could  have  been  profitably 
utilized  for  ordinary  commercial  work,  but  the  long  ser- 
vice imposed  on  these  and  subsequent  equipment  will 
mean  only  one  ultimate  result — the  scrap  pile — as  a  tem- 
porary resting  place  before  being  again  converted  into 
more  useful  material  through  the  medium  of  the  cupola 
or  one  of  the  several  types  of  furnaces. 

Special    Machine    Development 

Few  factors  have  had  a  greater  influence  on  the  future 
of  the  machine  tool  industry  than  the  inability  of  the 
builder  to  supply  the  primary  demands  of  the  pioneer 
shell  manufacturers.  If  standard  tools  could  have  been 
obtained  in  sufficient  numbers  to  satisfy  the  early  re- 
quirements it  is  doubtful  if  the  remarkable  record  that 
has  been  attained  would  ever  have  been  accomplished. 
It  is  due,  very  largely,  to  the  fact  that  shell  makers  were 
virtually  forced  to  take  the  initiative  and  utilize  their 
own  individual  resources  to  meet  the  situation  Aat  in- 
creased in  magnitude  every  week — almost  every  day — 
that  we  have  been  able  to  achieve  the  results  of  the  past 
several   years. 

Unable  to  secure  the  desired  machinery,  and  feeling 
the  increasing  tension  from  day  to  day,  the  dormant 
qualities  of  the  engineering  profession  gradually  awoke 
from  the  stupor  of  established  precedent,  and  superin- 
tendents, foremen,  and  mechanics  began  to  create  what 
may  eventually  prove  to  be  the  foundation  for  material 
evolution  in  machine  tool  design,  construction  and  opera- 
tion. While  waiting  the  delivery  of  tools  from  the 
builders,  the  diff'erent  shell  plants — working  on  their  own 
initiative  and  utilizing  the  material  available — began  de- 
signing and  building  impromptu  attachments  for  use  on 
the  existing  equipment  to  facilitate  the  production  of 
the  shells.  These  appliances  were  generally  only  in- 
tended to  fill  a  gap,  pending  the  installation  of  the  stan- 
dard machinery.  The  efficient  operation  of  many  of  these 
devices,  however,  was  frequently  so  remarkable  that  many 
were  retained  in  service  even  after  the  new  machinery 
was   installed. 

It  is  due  to  these  crude  devices  giving  such  excellent 
satisfaction  that  the  manufacture  of  munitions  is  now 
universally  performed  on  tools  specially  designed  for 
specific  operations.  Production  in  larger  quantities, 
coupled  with  standardized  product,  requiring  a  relatively 
higli  degree  of  accuracy,  resulted  in  the  construction  of 
special  single  purpose  machines,  invariably  adapted  for 
one  particular  operation.  While  many  of  these  special 
machines  could  be  converted  to  perform  work  of  a  some- 
what similar  character,  the  accepted  practice  is  to  reserve 
each   individual   machine  for  one  operation  exclusively. 

Revolutionary    Changes 

Those  who  have  been  in  close  touch  with  the  munitions 
activity  ever  since  its  inception  can  easily  recognize 
the  widely  different  types  of  machines  that  are  now 
employed  for  the  making  of  shells  over  those  first  adapted 
for  this  purpose.  Two  years  ago  one  could  visit  a  shell 
plant  and  see  there  large  numbers  of  standard  lathes, 
many  of  which  were  equipped  with  all  the  additional 
attachments  and  facilities  for  ordinary  commercial  opera- 
tion on  variety  work.  Lathes  of  various  sizes  and  lengths, 
those  fitted  with  every  modem  improvement,  such  as- 
quick-change    gears,    screw    cutting    arrangements,    and 


August  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


241 


■other  accessories  which  made  the  machine  adaptable  far 
a  wide  range  of  worlt.  Many  of  these  tools  aro  still 
to  be  found  in  shell  factories  but  where  they  are  being 
operated  for  actual  shell  production  it  will  be  found  that 
many  of  them  have  been  stripped  of  such  appliances  and 
practically  redesigned  or  remodeled  for  some  specific 
operation. 

However,  where  plants  have  been  constructed  or  en- 
larged during  the  past  two  years  and  new  machinery 
installed  for  the  making  of  shells,  it  is  seldom  that  pre- 
war standard  equipment  has  been  acquired — excepting, 
of  course,  these  machines  necessary  for  tool  room  work, 
such  lathes  always  requiring  to  be  of  high  grade  quality. 
Undoubtedly,  a  considerable  number  of  standard  lathes 
that  have  been  working  on  shell  production  will  be  utilized 
for  different  purposes  after  the  war,  but  to  do  so  it  will 
be  necessary  to  have  the  same  completely  overhauled  be- 
fore the  machines  can  be  used  for  anything  like  accurate 
work  of  a  general  character. 

Effect  of   Constant   Use 

The  extreme  service  that  shell  machinery  has  been 
put  to,  and  under  the  hands  of  men  seldom  qualified  to 
operate  machinery  under  normal  conditions,  has  virtually 
left  the  bulk  of  munitions  equipment  in  such  a  state  that 
the  conversion  of  the  same  to  domestic  purposes  would 
be  almost  impossible.  Apart  from  the  rough  handling 
that  such  tools  may  have  received  at  the  hands  of  un- 
skilled labor,  the  nature  of  the  present  work  is  the  chief 
factor  effecting  the  rapid  deterioration  of  this  equip- 
ment. Under  normal  peace  conditions  the  range  of  work 
performed  on  machinery  in  general  is  of  a  character  that 
tends  to  neuti"alize  the  wear  and  tear  on  the  various  work- 
ing parts,  as  in  the  majority  of  metal  working  establish- 
ments the  duties  required  are  of  a  variety  to  use — 
almost  periodically — all  portions  of  the   machine. 

Exactly  the  opposite  is  the  case  in  shell  making  prac- 
tice, where  each  machine  is  adapted  to  one  specific  detail 
in  the  entire  sequence  of  operations.  Thus  it  is  obvious, 
where  machines  have  not  been  especially  designed  for 
some  one  particular  operation,  and  they  are  doing  this 
operation  for  anywhere  from  one  to  three  years,  the 
abnormal    service    will    eventually,    if    not    already,    have 


practically   destroyed    the    serviceability    of   the    machine 
for  any  other  duty. 

Post-War  Possibilities 

Four  years  of  war,  with  its  contingent  effect  upon 
every  branch  of  engineering  and  commercial  activity, 
might  well,  however,  give  some  cause  for  serious  re- 
flection, particularly  in  relation  to  the  possible  develop- 
ment after  the  war,  arising  out  of  the  unique  experiences 
of  those  interested  in  present  abnormal  enterprise.  En- 
gineering practice,  probably  more  than  any  other,  will 
be  affected  by  war  activities,  as  production  methods  have 
been  greatly  changed  as  a  result  of  the  knowledge  de- 
rived by  the  successful  achievement  of  an  enterprise  that 
would    have   been   considered  impossible   four   years    ago. 

While  these  revolutionary  changes  have  doubtless  bf^en 
restricted,  almost  entirely,  to  developments  in  design  and 
construction  of  shell  making  machinery,  it  is  reasonably 
safe  to  predict,  or  at  least  anticipate,  that  post-war 
conditions  will  be  greatly  influenced  by  what  has  been 
learned  from  the  munitions  industry.  The  possibilities  of 
the  single  purpose  machine,  as  an  economic  feature  of 
quantity  manufacture,  has  been  increasingly  emphasized 
during  the  past  three  years,  and  it  may  be  expected 
that  this  class  of  equipment'  will  be  given  stil  Igreater 
attention   in   the  future   than   ever   in   the   past. 

However,  one  of  the  chief  objections  to  any  general 
adoption  of  the  special  or  single  purpose  machinery,  is 
the  small  number  of  manufacturing  plants  using  metal 
working  machines,  that  could  apply  this  method  in  the 
production  of  their  product.  It  will,  therefore,  be  evident 
that,  until  quantity  manufacture  becomes  more  general, 
the  single  purpose  machine  will  not  be  a  serious  con- 
tender for  honors  after  war,  unless  some  drastic  steps 
are  taken  towards  closer  co-ordination  of  Canadian  manu- 
facturers. Nevertheless,  the  experience  gained  regarding 
the  possibilities  of  changes  in  fundamental  design  of 
machine  tools,  as  shown  in  some  of  the  machines  now 
engaged  in  shell  production,  will  undoubtedly  affect  the 
construction  of  future  tools  for  different  lines  of  engineer- 
ing. It  is  not  unlikely  that  competition  will  be  keener 
than  ever  before,  the  consequence  being  that  the  most 
modern  equipment  will  be  essential  to  economic  manu- 
.    facture. 


Current  Events  in  Photograph 


THE  BAND  COMES 
BACK. 

The  photo  presented 
herewith  is  typical  of 
the  changed  condition 
of  affairs  in  France. 
The  band,  which  has 
been  sent  to  the  rear,  is 
marching  back  through 
the  quiet  French  vil- 
lages to  once  more  find 
its  quarters  near  the 
front.  It  is  a  circum- 
stance that  marks  the 
passing  of  the  period  of 
retreat  and  marks  the 
days  of  the  advance. 


242 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 

UMITED 
(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  Pnsident      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-President 

H.   V.  TYRREn:-L.   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  News^^ 

K  w«ek!7  ioamal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interesti. 
R  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.   Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
A.  G.  WEBSTER     J.  H.  RODGERS   (Montreal)     W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 


Office    of    Publication.    US163    University    Avenue,    Toronto,     Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


AUGUST  22 


No.  8 


Greater  Things  in  This  World  Than 
Dollars 

A  company  with  a  large  selling  force  has  one  man  on 
its  staff  in  the  Eastern  section  of  Canada  who  does 
a  large  business.  He  makes  a  lot  of  money  for  his 
firm,  and  he  makes  a  lot  of  money  for  himself.  He  is 
regarded  as  a  good  business  man.  But  he  could  do  twice 
as    much    business    if   he    only    knew    it. 

A  few  weeks  ago  he  sent  in  an  order  to  the  head 
office  in  an  Ontario  city  for  two  carloads  of  goods.  The 
price  he  had  quoted  was  $4.50  per  ton  higher  than  the 
price  on  the  company's  accredited  sheets  for  that  period. 
The  purchaser  had  been  very  keen  to  get  a  supply.  The 
salesman  was  quick  to  realize  this,  and  took  occasion 
to  pick  off  a  few  more  dollars  on  the  deal.  The  company 
could  have  filled  the  order  at  the  higher  price.  It  would 
have  made  some  |400  on  the  shipment  and  the  salesman 
would   have   been   credited    with    that   much   extra. 

The  company  did  not  stop  to  write.  It  wired  first 
to  the  consumer  stating  that  the  order  would  be  filled 
at  a  price  $4.50  per  ton  less  than  quoted,  and  the  next 
wire  went  to  the  salesman.  It  is  not  necessary  here 
to  state  what  that  wire  announced. 

A  letter  followed  stating  that  the  company  had  one 
price  for  its  goods.  When  an  increase  was  made  every 
buyer  was  notified  in  advance  and  no  favors  were  shown. 

It's  too  bad  that  more  people  can't  get  that  same 
system  worked  in  under  their  skins.  There  are  so  many 
people  with  a  dollar  bill  or  a  fifty-cent  piece  jammed 
up  and  glued  up  against  their  eye  that  they  can't  for 
the  life  of  them  get  a  proper  perspective.  If  they  were 
permitted  to  gaze  out  upon  the  most  wonderful  sunset 
that  the  hand  of  the  Almighty  ever  painted  they  could 
see  nothing  but  the  fifty  cents  or  the  dollar  that  might 
be  gathered  in  from  selling  reserved  seats  to  witness 
the   production. 

The  man  who  is  making  his  first  thousand  or  his 
first  ten  thousand  will  tell  you  that  grabbing  money  is 
the  greatest  occupation  in  the  world.  The  man  who  has 
grabbed  and  gathered  will  tell  you  that  he  is  just  as 
keen  to  grab  a  hundred  thousand  as  he  was  to  grab  his 
first  ten. 

The  man  who  goes  into  business  with  the  money- 
grabbing  instinct  burned  into  his  brain  is  going  to  make 
a  miserable  failure  in  the  long  run.  He  may  get  a 
reputation  for  being  keen — a  fewr  deluded  individuals  may 
even  regard  him  as  shrewd  in  his  dealings.  But  allow 
for  all  that.  What  else  is  he  getting  out  of  life? 
Mighty    little.     And   when   he   gets    to   the    end    of   his 


string  he  will  have  the  poor  satisfaction  of  looking  back 
over  a  lot  of  joyless  days,  penurious  nightmares  that 
he  thought  once  were  prosperous  days — a  trip  barren 
of  friendships  and  a  career  that  will  bring  few  mourners 
to  his  day  of  departure. 

Your   business   career   is   pretty   much    like   anything 
else.    You  will  get  out  of  it  what  you  put  into  it. 


Replacement  is  the  Real  Cost  Price 

JOBBING  houses  in  the  Dominion  are  at  present  in  touch 
*-'  with  the  War  Trade  Board  regarding  the  price  at 
which  their  merchandise  is  being  turned  over.  Tho  stops 
taken  to  fix  prices  here  are  rather  out  of  the  ordinary. 
Some  time  ago  jobbers  were  asked  to  name  prices  at 
which  sales  were  being  made.  The  selling  price  of  plate 
is  recognized  now  at  $10  as  the  minimum.  It  is  worthy 
of  note  here  that  the  same  material  used  to  be  traded 
around  the  $2.25  mark  in  Canada,  while  in  years  not 
far  away  sales  were  made  in  Pittsburg  at  the  figure 
of  $1  per  hundred. 

At  the  Canadian  mills  $7.50  is  recognized  at  Ottawa 
as  the  figure  accepted  and  allowed.  The  War  Board  is 
going  farther  now,  and  a  request  has  been  made  of  the 
jobbers  that  they  furnish  to  the  authorities  the  cost 
price  of  the  material  that  is  passing  from  their  ware- 
houses. The  jobbers,  on  their  part,  contend  that  the 
government  knows  the  present  prices  they  have  to  pay, 
and  therefore  they  know  the  cost  of  the  material  they 
have  in  their  stores.  They  take  this  position  because 
they  hold  that  their  costs,  past  or  present,  are  determined 
solely  by  what  it  would  cost  them  to  replace  the  stock 
at  present  prevailing  prices. 

It  looks  as  though  the  jobbers  were  on  solid  enough 
ground  in  taking  that  position.  It  is  a  recognized  position. 
If  the  government  do  not  accept  that  ruling  they  will 
have  to  accept  the  responsibility  of  guaranteeing  to  the 
jobbers  that  their  stock  will  be  replaced  at  the  price 
at  which  they  paid  for  it,  a  thing  they  cannot  do. 

As  soon  as  stock,  in  the  form  of  a  security,  takes 
a  rise  in  the  market  quotations,  every  share  benefits.  It 
is  not  possible  that  it  could  be  otherwise.  When  a  slump 
sets  in  and  values  depreciate,  every  shareholder  is  poorer 
in  accordance  with  the  amount  of  his  holding.  It  could 
not  well  be  otherwise. 

When  United  States  placed  the  price  of  electrolytic 
copper  at  26c  recently,  increasing  the  price  from  23  %c, 
all  the  copper  in  the  country  moved  up  to  the  new  figure. 
We  have  not  heard  of  dealers  who  said  they  secured  theirs 
at  a  lower  figure,  and  therefore  refused  to  regard  it  as 
being  worth  26c.  It  would  cost  them  26c  to  replace  their 
stock.     Therefore   it  was   worth    26c   to   them. 

The  man  who  buys  the  material  may  not  like  the  idea 
of  having  to  pay  top  prices  for  something  the  seller  pur- 
chased in  a  lower  market,  but  his  redress  is  that  he  is 
passing  it  on  into  a  market  that  is  working  at  a  higher 
level,  and  able  to  absorb  the  increased  price.  At  any 
rate  it  is  sound  business  to  put  it  down  as  a  starter  that 
the  worth  of  any  article  to  you  is  the  price  you  would 
be  called  upon  to  pay  were  you  going  into  the  market 
to  replace   it. 


EXPERTS  have  it  all  figured  out  that  the  Germans  may 
retreat  to  the  Somme.  And  while  we're  at  it,  it  will 
do  no  harm  to  recall  that  back  of  the  Somme  there's 
a  bit  of  a  stream  called  the  Rhine. 


IT'S  quite  certain  that  there's  some  few  people  around 
the  oflice  of  the  Toronto  Globe  who  never  wandered 
around  a  machine  shop.  An  ad  in  quite  conspicuous 
type,  nicely  framed,  announced  that  the  Dodge  Mfg.  Co. 
wanted  "Boiling  Mill  Hands  and  Laying  Hands."  The 
"Boiling"  part  of  it  may  have  had  something  to  do 
with  the  102-degree  weather,  but  we  can't  tumble  to 
the  "laying"  hands,  knowing  that  the  Dodge  people  have 
no  poultry  yard.  "Boiling"  and  "laying"  is  a  fairly 
long  way  from  "boring"  and  "lathe." 


August- 22,  1918. 


0  A  N  A  0 1  A  N    MACHINERY 


243 


"DOES  IT  PAY?"  NOT  AL- 
WAYS BIG  CONSIDERATION 

J.  S.  Woodhouse  Started  Work  at  $1  Per  Week  19 

Years   Ago — Now    General    Superintendent 

Over  1,200  Workers  in  the  Same  Sliop 


T  IKE  most  men  who  have  got  to  the  top,  or  near  it,  J.  S. 
Woodhouse  was  reluctant  to  be  interviewed  for.  pub- 
lication. In  fact,  his  consent  was  not  won  until  it  was 
made  plain  that  the  purpose  of  the  interview  was  to  enable 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY  to  dispense  encouragement, 
especially  to  all  younger  men  in  Canadian  machine  shops 
who  are  workers  b"  day  and  students  by  night.  Even 
then  he  requested: 

"Just  give  the  bare  facts.  ' 

All  of  which  goes  to  show  that  the  self-made  man  with- 
out exception  has  a  soft  place 
in  his  heart  for  the  younger 
chap  whose  aim  nears  the 
perpendicular. 

Although  bom  in  the  town 
of  Lindsay,  Ontario,  34  years 
ago,  Mr.  Woodhouse  has  been 
a  resident  of  Toronto  for  al- 
most as  long  as  he  can  re- 
member. He  is  of  English 
parentage  on  his  mother's 
side,  of  French  on  his 
father's. 

When  only  15  he  dropped 
public  school  books  for  the 
more  formidable  text  books 
of  the  machinists'  craft,  and 
entered  the  employ  of  Mr.  W. 
H.  Banfield.  Except  Old 
Country  trained  machinists 
probably  few  men  in  Canada 
experienced  work  at  pay  as 
lean  as  his  in  those  early 
years. 

"I  started  at  a  dollar  a 
week,"  Mr.  Woodhouse  said. 
"And  I  was  given  an  increase  of  fifty  cents  each  six  months 
until  I  was  making  four  dollars  weekly." 

"But  you  realized  your  pay  wasn't  altogether  in  the 
coin  of  the  realm,"  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  suggested. 
"Yes,  I  suppose  I  must  have,"  Mr.  Woodhouse  admit- 
ted. "I  recall  one  offer  I  had  that  nearly  staggered  me. 
It  was  made  by  a  shop  across  the  street.  Thirteen  dollars 
a  week,  I  think  it  was.  Three  times  as  much  as  I  was 
making,  but  I  didn't  take  it." 

At  the  age  of  24,  after  nine  years  of  combined  work 
and  study,  the  latter '  frequently  extending  far  into  the 
night,  Mr.  Woodhouse  accepted  a  position  with  the  On- 
tario Metal  Stamping  Co.,  of  Toronto.  In  making  the 
change  his  object  was  to  acquire  experience  in  American 
manufacturing  practice.  Four  years  later,  his  object  at- 
tained, he  returned  to  W.  H.  Banfield  &  Sons,  Limited,  as 
superintendent  of  manufacturing.  Soon  after  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  position  of  general  superintendent. 

It  might  be  said  that  the  Banfield  plant  has  been  his 

university.     The  first  rudiments  of  machine  shop  practice 

to  the  fine  art  of  die  and  tool  making  he  learned  in  it.    He 

worked  his  way  from  the  bottom  to  the  foremanship  of 

■  each  department  as  he  climbed. 

Asked  whether  the  young  men  among  the  1,200  em- 
ployees now  engaged  at  Banfield's  had  it  in  them  to  achieve 
an  equal  success  ,Mr.  Woodhouse  said: 

"Seventy-five  per  cent,  of  them,  yes.  And  in  a  given 
time  young  machinists  can  go  farther  to-day  than  ever  be- 
fore. But  I  wouldn't  say  they  would  all  be  willing  to  work 
as  hard  as  I  have  to  get  ahead." 


J.    S.    WOODHOUSE 


On  theaiwrmination  of  imiRttions  contracts,  Mr.  Wood-- 
house  expressed  the  hope  that  he  would  be  abk  to  retain 
all  his  better  machinists.  "If  I  can't  keep  them  on  with- 
out their  losing  any  time,"  he  sai4,  "I  hope  to  soon  work 
them  in  on  our  regular  lines  of  machinery,  dies,  tools, 
power  presses,  sheet  metal  stampings  and  brass  goods. 
We  may  carry  on  in  an  enlarged  way,"  he  intimated. 

Mr.  Woodhouse  married  Miss  Jennie  Hyndman,  of  To- 
ronto, in  1908.  He  is  father  of  two  little  girls  and  one 
boy  that  do  him  credit. 


Ever  at  One  of  These  Things  f 

When  church  collections  take  a  slump,  when  coin 
comes  slow  and  tardy,  the  remedy  they  all  apply  is  to 
hold  a  garden  party — sometimes  it  is  a  Sunday  School, 
and  then  again  a  league,  that's  sufferin'  from  hot  weather 
cramps    and    all-around    fatigue. 

So  the  garden  party's  dusted  off  and  listed  up  to 
view,  and  advertised  as  something  fierce,  astonishing 
and   new. 

The  minor  members  of  the  flock  are  gathered  in  a 
row,  and  sent  to  peddle  tickets  for  to  go  unto  the  show. 


They  pester  folks  to  spend  a  dime,  they  claim  the  cause 
is  just — if  you  don't  buy  up  goes  the  snout  in  horrified 
disgust. 

You  plant  your  ticket  at  the  gate,  you  pass  within 
the  coop,  expectin'  that  you'll  get  a  feed  of  pork  chops, 
hash  and  soup. 

An  orchestra  is  on  the  job,  it  sits  beneath  a  shrub, 
and  vendors  hang  around  to  sell  their  garden  party  grub — 
you  wander  round  the  premises  to  see  what  you  can  see 
— and  squint  a  Chinese  lantern  what's  pasted  on  a  tree. 

You  eat  ice  cream  from  out  a  dish,  you  gobble  from 
a  cone,  until  you've  got  but  30c  from  out  a  hard-earned 
bone. 

And  perhaps  they've  got  a  programme  on,  you  flop 
your  ears  and  listen,  a  speaker  says  the  folks  at  home 
don't  know  just  what  they're  missin'.  And  sure,  by  heck, 
you'll  wander  to  the  place,  the  candy  booth,  and  chuck 
their   home-made   pillets    i;ito   your  hollow   tooth. 

The  orchestra  it  plays  a  jig,  but  of  course  you  musn't 
dance,  though  all  the  church  folks  surely  would  if  given 
half  a  chance. 

When  quittin'  time  has  wafted  round,  and  they've 
sprung  the  last  events,  they  call  for  every  husky  man 
to  pack  up  booth  and  tents.  You  lift  a  plank,  you  hoist 
a  box,  you  cant  a  pile  of  dishes,  and  kick  the  proppin's 
from   the   place   they   had   their  sawdust  fishes. 

And  then  you  croak  in  voice  profound,  backed  up  with 
handshake  hearty,  "I  do  enjoy,  by  jing  I  do,  a  bang-up 
garden    party." — ARK. 


ST.  LOUIS  Globe-Deviocrat. — Sign  in  a  Tonopah  res- 
taurant: "Use  only  one  lump  of  sugar  ii  your  coffee. 
Stir  like  hell,  for  we  don't  mind  the  nofee." 


244 


Volume  XX. 


1 

§ 

MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 

The  Fixing  of  Prices  is  Not  Settled  Matter 

War  Board  Want  Cost  Prices  From  Jobbers — Latter  Hold  That 

Replacement  Values  Are  Cost  Prices — Production  is  Keeping  Up 

Well  in  Connection  With  Work  at  Big  Producing  Points 


THE  production  of  steel  mills  in  United  States  has 
a  very  pointed  meaning  for  Canadians  at  present, 
more  so  than  ever  before.  In  the  matter  of  allot- 
ments Canada  is  treated  as  a  section  of  United  States, 
and  the  higher  the  production  figures  the  greater  the 
quantity  of  material  for  this  country.  Pittsburg  reports 
that  the  furnaces  in  that  district  have  given  a  good  per- 
formance during  the  hot  weather.  The  falling  off  has 
been  less  by  a  good  deal  than  is  usually  the  case,  and 
the  men  have  stayed  with  the  job  remarkably  well  during 
the  heated  term. 

Price  fixing  has  not  been  altogether  accomplished 
in  Canada,  although  steps  are  still  being  taken  to  reach 
this  end.  Some  time  ago  the  War  Board  at  Ottawa  re- 
quested jobbers  to  give  the  price  at  which  sales  from 
warehouses  were  being  made.  This  was  done,  and  at 
the  same  time  a  move  was  made  to  fix  a  price  at  the 
Canadian  mills,  which,  in  the  case  of  plate  ran  about 
$7.50  f.o.b.  factory.  The  selling  maximum  was  $10.  The 
next  step  is  that  the  jbbbers  are  requested  to  show  the 
cost  of  the  material  now  selling  from  their  warehouses, 
which  may  have  been  there  for  some  time.  The  jobbers 
are  not  so  ready  to  do  this.  Their  position  is  that  the 
material  they  have  on  hand  is  worth  what  it  would  cost 
to    replace    it    at   current   prices.      They    claim    that    the 


government  is  in  possession  of  this  information,  and 
therefore  in  a  position  to  know  the  cost  of  their  material. 
The  matter  has  not  been  adjusted. 

Canadian  dealers  are  having  no  easy  time  trying  to 
enter  the  U.S.  market  for  steel  material  in  any  form. 
It  is  impossible  to  get  any  promises  of  definite  shipment. 
The  first  half  of  1919  is  about  as  close  as  any  of  the 
U.S.   mills   care   t(5   come   to   date    of  probable   shipment. 

The  scrap  situation  is  bad  at  U.S.  points,  and  for 
the  present  it  looks  as  though  Canada  were  a  little  better 
off  than  the  States.  There  are  a  number  of  foundries  in 
Canada,  though,  that  would  like  very  much  to  secure 
an  adequate  supply  of  good  machinery  scrap,  or  any- 
thing that  might  be  high   in   silicon. 

There  is  a  keen  demand  for  supplies  for  shops  machin- 
ing shells.  Some  of  the  forgings  used  lately  have  been 
rather  difficult  in  cutting,  and  consequently  harder  on  the 
tools  employed.  In  this  connection  men  who  have  worked 
at  shells  for  some  years  now  claim  that  the  forgings 
made  in  Canadian  shops  are  more  uniform  and  easier 
to  work  than  any  they  have  encountered.  In  fact  the 
size  of  production  figures  and  the  smallness  of  rejections 
all  indicate  that  Canadians  have  reached  a  high  stage  of 
efficiency   in   the   manufacture   of  projectiles   of  all   sorts. 


COOL  WEATHER  IMPROVES  OUTPUT 

BUT  STEEL  MARKET  STILL  ACUTE 


SpkUI  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Que.,  Aug.  20,  1918.— 
General  industrial  conditions  are  now 
taking  on  a  more  settled  appearance,  due 
no  doubt  to  the  closing  of  the  holiday 
season.  The  cool  weather  has  also  been 
an  influencing  factor  in  plant  operation, 
and  production  figures  for  the  past  week 
have  shown  a  material  increase.  This 
condition  is  very  encouraging  but  busi- 
ness i«  still  hampered  by  the  inability 
to  obtain  the  necessary  supplies  for  max- 
imum operations.  Shipments  of  steel 
plates  art  still  backward  and  the  situa- 
tion in  thii  respect  has  taken  on  a  more 
acute  stage  The  old  metal  market  has 
been  fairly  active  particularly  in  heavy 
melting  mat;>rials.  The  metals  are 
steady  without  feature. 

Steel  iHrder  to  Obtain 

The  steel  situation  in  general  is  one 


that  shows  little  improvement  over  that 
of  the  past  few  weeks.  The  regulations 
regarding  the  distribution  of  materia! 
are  very  often  a  puzzle  to  the  consumer 
as  even  those  in  the  preferred  class  have 
considerable  difficulty  in  securing  ma- 
terial from  the  mills.  It  frequently 
happens  that  a  consumer  may  be  given 
to  understand  that  his  requirements  will 
receive  prompt,  or  at  least  early  atten- 
tion, but  when  the  orders  are  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  producers  they  are  in- 
variably advised  that  the  quantity  of 
orders  now  on  the  books  makes  it  im- 
possible to  state  a  definite  date  for  de- 
livery. The  filled  up  condition  of  the 
mills  and  the  uncertainty  of  government 
requirements  is  the  chief  argument 
against  early  delivery.  The  local  situ- 
ation is  unchanged  and  dealers  report  a 


relatively  quiet  market  with   quotations 
firm. 

Steady  Demand  for  Metals 

No  features  of  special  interest  have 
developed  during  the  week  and  the  mar- 
ket is  steady  in  character  with  all  quo- 
tations firm  and  unchanged.  Dealers^ 
report  a  steady  demand  for  electrolytic 
copper  but  supplies  are  often  hard  to 
obtain.  The  tin  situation  is  still  un- 
certain but  sufficient  metal  is  coming 
through  to  satisfy  essential  require- 
ments. Other  metals  are  comparatively 
quiet  but  the  demand  is  quite  steady.  No 
price  changes  are  reported. 

Heavy  Tool  Demand   Quieter 

Business  in  the  machine  tool  trade  is 
quieter,  the  demand  for  the  heavier  tools 
showing  a  falling  off.  Some  activity  has 
been  reported  in  second  hand  equipment, 
particularly  in  connection  with  tools 
suitable  for  tool  room  work.  All  sup- 
plies are  very  active,  notably  chucks, 
drills,  cutters,  etc.  In  general  the  prices 
are  well  maintained,  dealers  reporting 
a  steady  market. 


i 


August  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


245 


Good  Business  in  Steel  Scrap 

Apart  from  a  steady  demand  for  steel 
.scrap  for  shell  making-  purposes,  the 
.situation  is  devoid  of  special  interest. 
Some  foundries  are  having  difficulty  in 
getting  sufficent  steel  scrap  for  their  re- 
quirements. Some  little  trading  has 
been  done  in  machine  cast  scrap,  but  the 
supply  of  this  material  is  almost  ex- 
hausted and  grey  iron  foundries  are 
forced  to  use  more  pig  for  their  opera- 
tions. Local  business  is  quiet  and  price 
quotations  are  firm. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


I 


DON'T  LIKE  METHOD 

OF  FIXING  PRICES 


Dealers  Claim   Replacement  of  Material 
Is  the  Price  of  Present  Stock 

THE  sale  of  machine  tools  goes  in 
starts  and  pauses  at  present,  and 
this  week  comes  into  the  category 
of  pauses.  Shops  taking  on  new  business 
for  the  making  of  shells  have  been  pretty 
well  cared  for,  and  if  the  machinery  is 
not  actually  in  the  premises  the  work 
is   well   under  way. 

Contractors  in  this  district  continue  to 
get  good  results  from  their  shell  plants. 
The  mechanics  and  workers  are  better 
acquainted  with  the  various  operations 
now,  and  there  is  not  the  same  period  of 
experiment  to  pass  through  now  with  its 
delays  and  losses.  Forgings  furnished 
from  Canadian  plants  are  in  good  shape 
when  the  mills  get  them. 

The  demand  for  supplies  is  brisk,  both 
for  carbon  and  high  speed.  No  new  lists 
are  out  this  week,  and  prices  have  re- 
mained unchanged  and  firm. 

The  Matter  of  Prices 

The  authorities  at  Ottawa  are  proceed- 
ing with  their  task  of  trying  to  fix  prices 
in  the  Canadian  steel  market,  but  they 
are  running  into  some  obstacles.  Critics 
•of  the  way  in  which  they  are  doing 
business  are  firm  in  the  opinion  that 
they  should  have  definitely  arrived  at  a 
fair  cost  before  they  began  to  set  in 
motion  machinery  for  fixing  the   prices. 

Some  time  ago  the  jobbers  were  noti- 
fied that  in  future  they  would  be  re- 
quired to  state  the  price  at  which  goods 
leaving  their  warehouses  were  charged 
to  the  purchasers.  This  was  complied 
with  in  most  cases  by  the  jobbers.  Or- 
ders that  neglected  this  detail  were 
promptly  returned.  It  is  also  under- 
stood that  the  Government  at  the  same 
time  took  up  the  matter  with  the  mills. 

The  latest  move  is  that  the  jobbers 
have  been  requested  by  the  authorities 
to  state  the  cost  price  of  the  material 
m  their  warehouses  as  it  is  sold.  This 
the  dealers  are  not  showing  any  great 
desire  to  do.  In  fact  it  is  understood 
that  several  of  the  jobbers  have  sent 
word  back  to  Ottawa  that  they  see  no 
reason  for  this.  Their  position,  in  brief, 
is  that  they  regard  their  co.st  to  be  what 
it  would  need  to  replace  the  stock.  In 
fact  they  hold  that  the  replacement  idea 
is  one  that  is  pursued  and  recognized  in 
all  lines  of  business,  and  they  see  no 
reason  why  there  should  be  an  exception 


There  is  an  unending  demand  for 
steel  plates.  Everything  has  to 
stand  aside  while  material  is  flatten- 
ed out  for  this  work. 

The  summer  curtailment  of  steel 
output  is  distinctly  less  than  usual. 

War  orders  that  can  use  discard 
steel  makes  the  showing  of  produc- 
tion much  better. 

The  scrap  situation  is  bad  at  U.S. 
points  and  -its  is  rapidly  growing 
worse. 

Good  results  are  being  obtained  at 
the  shell  plants  in  this  district.  This 
is  due  to  better  acquaintance  with 
the  work  and  the  elimination  of 
early   mistakes  and  experiments. 

Fixing  prices  is  not  proceeding 
smoothly  in  Canada.  Jobbers  hold 
that  the  price  of  material  they  have 
in  stock  is  the  figure  it  would  take 
to  replace  the  material  at  present 
prices. 

Shipments  of  steel  are  not  being 
promised  by  American  dealers  on 
definite  dates.  The  nearest  ap- 
proach is  "some  time"  in  the  first 
half  of  1919. 

There  is  practically  no  pig  iron  at 
all  for  users  who  have  not  a  particu- 
larly strong  claim  regarding  priority 
work. 

In  sheets  and  merchant  bars,  ac- 
cording to  Pittsburg  advices,  the 
distribution  to  jobbers  will  be  very 
light. 

A  plant  which  United  States  is 
building  in  France  for  relining  guns 
will  call  for  an  investment  of  $15,- 
000,000. 


made  in  the  present  case.  Hence  they 
hold  that  the  Government  from  present 
prices  will  know  the  cost,  figuring  the 
same  from  the  replacement  price. 
Whether  the  Ottawa  authorities  can  be 
brought  to  see  things  this  way  remains 
to  be   seen. 

Shipments  Are  Indefinite 

Deliveries  are  none  too  good  just  now. 
There  is  a  tremendous  demand  for  plate. 
In  fact  it  seems  that  everything  in  the 
line  of  steel  must  be  rolled  into  plate 
to  conform  with  the  enormous  demand 
for  this  material  in  ship  yards  and  boiler 
shops.  There  is  some  interest  in  the  de- 
mand for  plate  for  boilers  to  heat  the 
Ottawa  Parliament  Buildings.  There  is 
some  division  of  opinion  as  to  whether 
it  is  of  the  most  essential  sort  or  not. 
Some  dealers  are  qui,te  open  in  declaring 


that  there  are  greater  things  under  way 
now  than  the  heating  of  the  Parliament 
Buildings  at  Ottawa,  holding  that  the 
business  of  the  country  has  been  cairieo 
along  so  far  and  that  the  same  thing  can 
probably  be  said  of  the  future. 

But  apart  from  that  Canadian  consum- 
ers are  not  getting  very  much  encour- 
agement from  Washington.  In  fact  one 
letter  came  back  to-day  from  a  large 
producing  company  in  the  United  States 
stating  in  reply  to  a  query  about  deliv- 
ery that  it  "might"  be  made  in  the  first 
half  of  1919.  But  it  is  not  possible  to 
hold  any  United  States  company  to  defi- 
nite promise  in  the  matter  of  delivery. 
They  prefer  to  abide  by  the  wish  of  the 
Government  that  they  shall  place  their 
whole  stock  at  the  disposal  of  the  Gov- 
ernment for  war  purposes,  and  are  tak- 
ing the  allocations  of  the  Washington 
authorities  as  final. 

Prices  are  holding  this  week  at  the 
quotations  of  last.  No  further  advance 
is  made  on  the  lists  over  $8.25  for  gal- 
vanized sheets,  although  some  of  the 
jobbers  are  working  around  the  $8.50 
price.  Some  time  ago  sheets  for  use  or 
for  galvanizing  were  coming  into  this 
country  very  freely.  In  fact  it  seemed 
for  the  time  being  that  the  embargo 
had  simply  been  shot  to  pieces.  When 
this  condition  arrived  there  was  some 
of  the  pre-war  rivalry  for  business,  and 
prices  came  down  just  like  they  used  to 
do.  This  was  all  very  well  until  the  re- 
port came  that  the  shipments  from  the 
United  States  would  be  severely  cur- 
tailed. Then  it  was  that  the  stiffer  price 
came.  The  tendency  is  still  up. 
Little  Scrap  Moving 

There  is  not  a  great  volume  of  busi- 
ness passing  in  the  scrap  yards  this 
week,  and  price  changes  are  few.  A 
small  gain  is  made  in  crucible  coppev 
and  stove  plate  sells  one  dollar  a  ton 
up  at  $20.  Makers  of  stove  plate  are 
actively  in  the  market  for  supplies,  but 
are  not  securing  them  in  large  quantities. 
They  prefer  a  good  line  of  machinery 
scrap,  but  a  good  many  other  concerns 
prefer  the  same  thing  just  now,  and 
there's  not  enough  for  all.  In  fact  high 
silicon  scrap  or  pig  is  wanted.  A  large 
radius  is  being  covered  at  present  in 
the  search  for  all  available  scrap  that 
can  be  located  at  marketable  points. 
Some  that  is  unearthed  is  at  points  so 
far  from  shipping  facilities  of  easy  ac- 
cess that  it  is  hardly  commercially  pos- 
sible for  present  use. 

No  Outstanding  Orders 

Machinery  and  machine  tool  dealer^ 
as  well  as  those  handling  supplies  report 
fair  business,  especially  the  latter.  Some 
of  the  shells  that  have  been  forged  in  the 
United  States  have  been  much  harder 
than  the  ones  made  in  Canada.  They  are 
Viarder  to  work,  and  hence  harder  on 
machine  tools,,  especially  high  stoeed. 
Demand  is  good  for  high  speed  lines, 
and  stocks  are  rather  depleted  at  some 
points.  In  fact  there  is  some  Montreal 
business  being  bandied  right  now  in  To- 
ronto because  of  this  fact.  The  lists  thaf 
have  been  used  as  the  basis  for  soiy* 
time  are  till  regarded  as  correct,  and  '^ 
immediate  changes  are  in  sight. 


/ 


246 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Prices  SUnd  Here 
No  changes  are  noted  in  the  market 
prices  for  non-ferrous  metals.  Despite 
the  scarcity  of  tin,  a  certain  amount  of 
it  arrives  in  the  local  market  at  inter- 
vals, of  course  all  coming  through  the 
English  ports.  Price  advances  do  not 
retard  the  amount  of  business  being 
handled.  One  dealer  in  a  large  way 
stated  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 
this  morning  that  in  the  case  of  copper 
this  tendency  had  been  noted  recently. 
The  United  States  Government  raised 
the  price.  The  dealers  raised  their  price 
to  the  new  figure.  The  trade  paid  it  and 
passed  it  along,  until  it  reached  the  last 
man  to  buy,  and  he  paid  the  thing  and 
absorbed  it.  The  amount  of  business 
was  just  the  same  at  the  higher  price 
as  at  the  lower. 


PRODUCTION  OF  PIG  IRON  RESTS  ON 

INCREASING  OUTPUT  OF  U.S.  COKE 


U.S.  TO  BUILD  PLANT 
IN  FRANCE  TO  FIX  GUNS 

Large  Outlay  to  Be  Made  for  the  Work 
in  Connection  With   Relining 
Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

NEW  YORK,  August  22.— Government 
purcrases  of  machinery  of  various  kinds 
continue  to  monopolize  the  attention  of 
manufacturers  and  dealers  in  all  sec- 
tions of  the  country.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  business  now  being  placed  and 
pending  calls  for  the  expenditure  of  $30,- 
000,000;  half  of  this  sum  is  required  for 
the  tools  to  be  installed  in  the  gun  relin- 
ing plant  that  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment is  building  in  France. 

The  cost  of  its  construction  will  be 
about  $30,000,000.  Notice  of  this  pro- 
ject was  first  given  by  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  several  months  ago.  In 
the  last  week,  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  of 
the  War  Department  announced  the  com- 
pletion of  plans  for  this  great  plant. 
Large  orders  have  already  been  placed 
for  rifling  machines,  for  gun-boring  and 
engine  lathes  and  for  grinders.  Loco- 
motive shops  that  are  also  being  built 
in  France  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment are  being  equipped  with  tools  made 
at  home.  The  Director  of  Military  Pur- 
chases for  Railways  is  now  buying 
many  cranes  for  these  shops  and  is  also 
buying  $1,000,000  worth  of  tools. 
More  New  Business 
The  War  and  Navy  Departments  con- 
tinue to  give  out  new  contracts  for  guns 
and  shells,  most  of  which  are  going  to 
manufacturers  in  the  Central  West,  but 
some  orders  in  the  past  week  have  bene 
placed  with  Eastern  shops  and  notwith- 
standing the  Government  orders  creating 
a  barred  zone  in  the  East,  in  some  cases 
Washington  authorities  are  giving  per- 
mits to  extend  manufacturing  plants 
working  on  Government  contracts.  The 
Ordnance  Engineering  Co.,  New  York, 
which  is  to  manufacture  a  new  type  of 
star  shell,  has  bought  automatic  screw 
machines  and  other  equipment  for  this 
purpose. 

The  American  Radiator  Co.  has  receiv- 
0  a  contract  for  4.7-inch  and  155  mm. 
gh  shells  which  it  will  manufacture  at 
•tsBuffalo  plant.  For  its  gun  plant  at 
Baynne,  NJ.,  the   same  company  has 


ONE  of  the  biggest  questions  that  is 
now  facing  United  States  is  the  in- 
creasing of  the  supply  of  pig  iron.  Be- 
hind this,  of  course,  is  the  matter  of 
securing  enough  coke  to  do  it  with,  and 
back  of  coke  lies  the  matter  of  increas- 
ing the  mined  quantities  of  coal.  There 
is  no  use  talking  of  increasing  plant 
capacity  even  for  war  work  until  these 
matters  are  first  attended  to,  because 
the  limit  to  everything  is  the  limit  of 
the  furnaces.  The  supply  allotted  to 
Canada  will  not  increase  until  the  total 
output  is  increased  at  production  points 
across  the  line. 

Reports  concerning  the  situation  in 
United  States  for  the  present  week  are 
as  follows: — 

Cleveland. — Heavy  demands  still  con- 
tinue to  be  made  for  iron  allotments 
here.  Foundry  men  are  figuring  heavily 
in  these  requests.  There  is  an  uncer- 
tainty which  is  becoming  quite  marked  in 
regard  to  supplies  for  the  future,  ow- 
ing to  a  number  of  the  furnaces  chang- 
ing over  to  basic,  and  the  claim  is  made 
that  some  of  the  essential  contracts  will 
be  held  up  by  this  reason.  A  delegation 
of  foundrymen  will  lay  the  matter  be- 
fore Washington,  and  ask  for  some 
change  in  the  regulations,  or  as  an  al- 
ternative put  it  up  to  the  government 
authorities  to  allocate  to  them  enough 
iron  to  keep  up  with  their  work. 

Boston. — Some  of  the  foundrymen  re- 
port liberal  deliveries  of  coke,  but  the 
same  cannot  be  said  in  regard  to  iron, 
There  has  been  no  time  in  the  past  two 
years  when  any  of  the  foundries  in  this 
district  had  an  oversupply  of  iron. 

New  York. — There  is  a  large  amount 
of  trade  moving,  but  it  is  strictly  of 
the  immediate  need  variety.  Very  little 
business  is  booked  for  first  half  delivery 
in  1919,  and  even  these  orders  are  made 
conditional  upon  the  needs  of  the  govern- 
ment, which  sees  to  it  that  every  order 
let  out  is  tied  up  good  and  tight  to  the 
war  game. 

Philadelphia. — Reports  here  indicate 
that  some  1919  business  has  been  booked, 


on  the  basis  of  furnaces  taking  care  of 
old  customers.  Only  a  few  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania fljrnaces  participated  in  the 
business. 

Piitsburgh. — The  hot  weather  that  has 
now  run  into  quite  a  stretch  has  suc- 
ceeded in  "getting"  some  of  the  fur- 
naces, and  figures  will  show  that  there 
has  been  a  dropping  off  at  some  of  these 
that  will  run  from  30  to  40  tons  per 
day — not  much  in  one  place,  but  when 
it  is  kept  up  many  days  at  many  places 
the  aggregate  will  be  considerable. 
August  figures,  from  this  prediction,  are 
likely  to  show  a  rather  sharp  decline. 
Reports  coming  in  from  some  of  the 
centres  in  this  district  state  that  the 
supply  of  coke  is  such  that  it  is  actually 
curtailing   operations. 

Buffalo. — Inquiries  for  pig  iron  around 
here  are  so  heavy  that  it  is  quite  certain 
that  nothing  much  will  be  exported  from 
here  for  some  time  to  come.  Very  few 
contracts  are  being  made,  as  there  is 
a  tendency  to  let  the  government  officials 
look  after  the  allocating  of  the  furnace 
output. 

Youngstown. — It  is  reported  that  some 
finishing  mills  here  are  down  this  week 
because  there  is  not  sufficient  bessemer 
capacity  to  supply  them  with  bars.  The 
shortage  of  pig  iron  is  affecting  a  num- 
ber of  the  plants  here. 

Chicago. — If  an  old  customer  is  known 
and  can  certify  that  he  has  government 
business  well  into  1919  that  will  ('uaran- 
tee  hip  consideration  in  the  pig  ii'on  mar- 
ket and  thei-e  is  some  chance  of  him 
being  entertained  by  the  furnace  agents. 
Otherwise  he  can  c?et  no  definite 
promises.  In  fact  the  taking  of  con- 
tracts is  being  discouraged  until  the 
situation  becomes  very  much  clearer. 

Cincinnati. — Encouraging  reports  con- 
tinue to  come  in  regarding  the  manner 
in  which  the  men  have  stuck  to  their 
work  during  the  hot  weather,  and  in 
consequence  production  has  suffered  little 
here.  Basic  and  malleable  makers  re- 
ceive close  direction  as  to  the  distribu- 
tion of  their  output  among  the  melters 
on  government  work. 


bought  a  large  number  of  tools  to  in- 
crease output  of  naval  guns.  The  Ba- 
tavia  Steel  Products  Co.  is  producing 
75  mm.  shells  and  the  J.  J.  Carrick  Incp., 
an  affiliated  concern,  is  making  155  mm. 
shells  at  its  Buffalo  plant.  The  shell 
making  equipment  for  these  two  works 
have  been  bought  in  Canada.  In  this 
connection,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
the  Leaside  Munition  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont., 
which  recently  received  a  contract  for  12- 
inch  shells  from  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, is  spending  $3,000,000  for  an 
addition  to  its  plant  to  execute  the  United 
States  order.  The  shells  will  be  forged 
and  machined. 

Other  Large  Orders 

Several   large  companies  in   the   Chi- 
cago district,  it    is    reported    here,    are 


negotiating  with  the  Government  for  the 
manufacture  of  155  mm.  guns  and  pro- 
jectiles. The  Crocker-Wheeler  Co.,  Am- 
pere, N.J.,  manufacturers  of  motors, 
generators,  and  other  electrical  equip- 
ment, is  now  utilizing  75  per  cent,  of  its 
capacity  for  making  radio  equipment 
and  other  electrical  apparatus  for  the 
United  States  Government.  Work  is  be- 
ing rushed,  the  plant  operating  a  twenty- 
four  hour  schedule. 

Besides  the  Wright-Martin  Aircraft 
Corporation  and  the  Pierce-Arrow  Motor 
Car  Co.,  manufacturers  of  automobiles 
are  turning  to  the  production  of  air 
motors  and  aircraft  accessories.  The 
Locomobile  Co.  of  America,  Bridgeport, 
Conn.,  is  building  a  new  shop  for  the 
manufacture  of  motors  to  equip  armored 
tanks.     The  H.  H.  Franklin  Manufactur- 


August  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


247 


ing  Co.,  Syracuse,  is  buying  additional 
equipment  for  the  manufacture  of  cranli 
shafts  for  Rolls  Royce  airplane  motors. 
The  Willys-Overland  Co.,  Toledo,  is  also 
preparing  to  add  to  its  motor-making 
equipment.  These  purchases  have  natur- 
ally followed  the  advice  from  Washing- 
ton that  automobile  manufacturers 
should  utilize  100  per  cent,  of  their  capa- 
city for  war  work,  thus  eliminating  the 
manufacture  of  pleasure  automobiles  en- 
tirely. 
Activity  continues  among  manufactur- 


ers of  cranes.  The  largest  list  for  cranes 
put  out  in  the  past  week  came  from  the 
Air  Nitrates  Corp.,  New  York,  which  is 
building  two  plants,  one  at  Toledo  anu 
the  other  at  Elizabethtown,  Ohio,  for 
the  manufacture  of  nitrogen  by  atmo- 
spheric fixation.  Specifications  for  18 
cranes  have  been  put  out.  The  Thomp- 
son-Starritt  Co.  has  purchased  89  chain 
hoists  through  J.  N.  Kinney,  New  York 
City,  to  be  installed  in  the  Government 
powder  plant  at  Charlestown,  West  Va. 


THE  SCRAP  SITUATION  IS  BAD 

AND  GRADUALLY  GROWING  WORSE 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Aug,  22— Produc- 
tion of  steel  ingots  in  July  was  at  the 
rate  of  about  42,250,000  gross  tons  a  year 
representing  a  decrease  of  almost  3  per 
cent,  from  the  .June  rate.  This  was  the 
first  decrease  since  January  and  it  was 
a  much  smaller  decrease  than  usually 
occurs  in  July.  The  first  fortnight  of 
August  witnessed  exceptionally  hot 
weather,  and  this  month's  output  is  likely 
to  show  a  further  decrease,  but  on  the 
v.hole  the  steel  trade  is  well  satisfied, 
the  summer  curtailment  being  distinctly 
less   than   usual. 

A  little  information  leaked  out  re- 
cently which  indicates  that  the  propor- 
tion of  finished  roled  steel  to  ingot  pro- 
duction is  running  a  trifle  higher  than 
normal,  this  being  doubtless  due  to  the 
small  scrap  loss  involved  in  rolling  shell 
steel.  Earlier  in  the  history  of  shell 
steel  manufacture  there  were  particu- 
larly heavy  scrap  losses,  but  the  scrap 
losses  are  now  less  than  is  the  case  in 
the  rolling  of  the  average  finished  steel 
product,  due  to  greater  skill  in  manu- 
facture, to  the  fact  that  shell  steel  is 
running  much  more  to  large  sizes  than 
was  the  case  in  1915,  and  to  the  effi- 
cient manner  in  which  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  has  picked  out  war  orders 
that  could  well  be  filled  by  using  discard 
steel.  As  details  of  the  various  articles 
and  implements  that  are  used  in  the  war 
are  not  given  out  it  is  impossible  to 
particularize  as  to  what  is  being  rolled 
for  war  purposes  from  shell  discard 
steel. 

Using  the  proportion  indicated,  it  ap- 
pears that  when  the  steel  industry  is 
making  ingots  at  the  rate  of  43,000,000 
gross  tons  a  year  it  will  be  making  fin- 
ished rolled  steel  at  the  rate  of  about 
38,000,000  net  tons  a  year.  It  is  regard- 
ed as  conservative  to  estimate  the  ingot 
output  in  the  present  half  year  as  at 
this  rate,  for  while  July  and  August  fall 
slightly  behind  this  should  easily  be  made 
up  when  cooler  weather  arrives.  Thus 
there  is  a  reasonable  expectation  that 
18,000,000  net  tojis  will  be  made  in  the 
half  year,  this  comparing  with  the  ob- 
servation made  a  few  weeks  ago  by  the 
War  Industries  Board  that  the  produc- 
tion of  more  than  about  16,500,000  tons 
couldt  not  be  counted  upon.  The  board 
was  estimating  the  requirements  at  20,- 
000,000  or  21,000,000  tons,  and  later  in 


a  statement  to  the  Fuel  Administration, 
calling  for  a  full  supply  of  coal  for  the 
steel  industry  it  put  the  requirements 
at  22,000,000  tons. 

The    Shortage   of   Scrap 

It  is  true  that  43,000,000  tons  of  in- 
gots does  not  represent  the  capacity  of 
the  industry,  as  computed  for  normal 
times,  but  rather  about  90  per  cent,  of 
the  capacity.  On  account  of  various 
difficulties,  however,  easily  the  chief  be- 
ing the  shortage  of  scrap,  the  steel  mak- 
ing facilities  cannot  produce  their  nor- 
mal tonnage.  The  scrap  situation  is  bad 
and  growing  worse.  The  shortage,  of 
course,  is  due  to  the  peculiar  nature  of 
the  industrial  and  other  operations  now 
being  carried  on,  which  are  such  as  to 
bring  out  very  much  less  than  in  normal 
times.  The  railroads  are  wrecking  very 
little  rolling  stock,  scarcely  any  bridges 
or  buildings  are  being  torn  down  and 
there  is  little  new  scrap  being  made. 
Even  the  shell  factories  are  producing 
much  less  .scrap  than  formerly  because 
they  are  making  shells  in  a  different 
manner. 

An  important  meeting  is  being  held  in 
Washington  this  week  between  J.  Leon- 
ard Replogle,  Director  of  Steel  Supplv. 
and  the  special  sub-committee  of  the 
American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  com- 
posed of  Messrs.  Gary,  Farrell.  Dinkey, 
Topping,  Clarke  and  Grace.  All  that  is 
given  out  definitely  is  that  the  meeting 
is  a  very  important  one  and  has  to  do 
with  steel  supply.  The  inference  is  that 
't  has  to  do  with  the  project,  discussed 
at  some  length  in  this  report  of  a  week 
ago,  of  increasing  the  output  of  steel 
by  new  construction.  What  would  be 
required  would  be  additional  blast  fur- 
naces and  open-hearth  stel  furnaces,  as 
enough  coke  and  ore  could  probably  bo 
provided,  also  enough  steel  rolling  and 
finishing  capacity.  With  supplies  of  ma- 
terial, labor  and  transportation  facilities 
limited  by  the  heavy  demands  in  so  many 
directions,  the  question  is  whether  such 
new  construction  would  be  advantageous. 

Freight  Movement 

The  monthly  report  of  ton-mileage  on 
the  railroads  for  May  does  not  make 
:i  favorable  showing,  comparing  the  fig- 
ures for  May  with  those  for  the  preced- 
ing month  or  with  those  for  May,  1917. 
Part,  but  perhaps  all,  of  the  deficiency 


is  due  to  the  adoption  May  1,  1918,  of 
the  universal  interline  waybill,  whereby 
more  freight  than  formerly  that  started 
on  its  journey  in  May  did  not  get  into 
the  statistics,  but  will  lap  over  into  June. 
The  figures  indicate  that  last  May 
freight  was  moved  at  the  rate  of  418,> 
000,000,000  ton-miles  a  year,  against 
rates  of  448,000,000,000  in  April  and 
439,000,000,000  in  May,  1917.  Apart  from 
the  disturbance  caused  by  the  new  way- 
bill, other  items  in  the  monthly  statis- 
tics seem  to  suggest  that  the  railroads 
did  not  improve  their  service  in  May. 
In  the  fiscal  year  1913,  the  best  year 
before  the  war,  the  ton-mileage  was 
only  301,398,752,108,  so  that  on  the  whole 
the  railroads  have  been  doing  extremely 
well,  except  in  December,  January  and 
February. 

Scarcity  of  Pig  Iron 

It  appears  that  every  toa  of  pig  iron 
produced  must  be  made  to  do  its  full 
duty  in  serving  the  more  essential  indus- 
tries, and  allocations  in  favor  of  plants 
engaged  in  the  most  important  work  are 
so  heavy  and  so  hard  to  meet  that  there 
is  practically  no  iron  for  consumers  who 
do  not  have  a  particularly  strong  claim 
upon  it.  Allocations  since  May  1,  for 
the  industry  as  a  whole,  total  about 
three-quarters  of  a  million  tons.  This 
figure  becomes  more  impressive  when  it 
is  noted  that  the  total  production  of  pig 
iron  by  merchant  furnaces  is  only  about 
900,000  tons  a  month,  the  remaining  out- 
put being  by  steel  works  whose  iron  is 
rarely  if  ever  touched  by  allocations 
since  they  already  use  using  it  in  war 
work,  and  when  it  is  noted  further  that 
the  merchant  furnaces  are  all  working 
under  the  preference  schedule,  which 
would  in  general  make  the  iron  go  to 
the  right  place  without  allocations.  Thus 
between  20  and  25  per  cent,  of  the  make 
has  been  allocated  when  the  furnaces 
were  already  filled  with  orders  and  were 
endeavoring  to  distribute  their  output 
to  the  best  advantage  according  to  the 
standing  their  various  customers  had  on 
the  preference  list. 

Steel  Products 

The  great  majority  of  steel  consum- 
ers are  receiving  fairly  good  deliveries 
of  finished  steel  products,  because  they 
have  converted  their  operations  into  war 
work.  Those  whose  operations  entitle 
them  to  no  preference  are  receiving 
scarcely  anything.  They  are  given  the 
consolation  that  they  should  seek  war 
orders.  That  would  entitle  them  to  steel 
if  there  were  any,  but  it  would  not  auto- 
matically increase  the  supply  from  which 
the  steel  shipments  would  have  to  be 
drawn. 

The  pipe  mills  expect  to  make  a  fairly 
good  distribution  to  jobbers  under  the 
instructions  issued  last  month,  and  the 
distribution  of  wire  products  will  be  fair. 
In  sheets  and  merchant  bars  the  distri- 
bution to  jobbers  will  be  very  light. 

Tin  plate  production  in  July  was  ov^ 
3,100,000  base  boxes,  easily  a  record  for 
July,  when  there  is  usually  a  sharp  cur- 
tailment in  output  on  account  of  the  heat. 
Production  in  the  first  six  months  of  the 
year  was  about  17,250,000  boxes. 


248 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


IHE  COAL  SITUATION  IS  STILL  A 

VERY  SERIOUS  ONE  IN  THIS  COUNTRY 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


SYDNEY.  N.S.,  August  22.  —  The 
workmen  of  the  Dominion  Iron  & 
Steel  Company  in  Sydney  have  for  a 
third  occasion  absented  themselves  from 
work  on  Sunday,  and  as  a  result  the 
operation  of  the  plant  has  been  hindered 
during  the  current  week  and  its  produc- 
tion much  lessened.  No  action  has  yet 
been  taken  by  the  government  in  the 
matter,  although  it  is  understood  that 
Senator  Robertson  and  A.  K.  MacLean 
ai-e  being  despatched  from  Ottawa  to 
look  into  the  situation.  It  is  believed 
that  a  more  serious  state  of  affairs  is 
impending,  and  the  apparent  inaction  of 
the  government  is  giving  rise  to  un- 
favorable local  comment. 

The  wage  adjustment  between  the  A. 
M.  W.  and  the  Dominion  Coal  Company 
.sfTecting  both  the  Glace  Bay  and  the 
Springhill  Collieries  has  been  satisfac- 
torily agreed  upon  between  the  parties. 
The  wage  contract  between  the  coal  com- 
panies and  the  A.  M.  W.  of  Nova  Scotia 
expires  at  the  end  of  1918,  and  it  is  ex- 
pected that  negotiations  looking  towards 
a  new  arrangement  will  shortly  be  com- 
menced. 

Will  Make  Coke 

The  first  block  of  the  new  coke  ovens 
built  for  the  Dominion  Iron  &  Steel 
Company  at  Sydney  are  now  being  heat- 
ed preparatory  to  commencing  coking 
operations,  and  it  is  expected  that  coke 
will  be  made  within  the  next  few  weeks. 
The  second  block  of  ovens  will  be  a 
month  later  in  commencing  to  make 
coke.  The  installation  of  a  light  oils  re- 
covery plant  is  also  being  undertaken. 
Work  is  proceeding  on  the  installation 
of  a  new  Baum  washer.  This  type  of 
washer  is  designed  to  give  a  washed  coal 
very  free  from  excess  moisture.  The 
new  coke  ovens  are  the  most  modern 
type,  and  have  an  extremely  rapid  cok- 
ing capacity.  The  reconstructed  No.  1 
blast  furnace  is  also  practically  ready 
for  operation.  The  combination  of  a 
washed  coal  free  from  excess  moisture, 
the  new  coke-oven  plant,  and  the  re-con- 
structed blast  furnace  is  expected  to  en- 
sure a  regularity  of  operation  that  will 
result  in  a  much  larger  yield  of  steel  of 
uniformly  good  quality. 

To  Increase  Production 

It  is  anticipated  that  within  a  few- 
weeks  the  plant  will  be  producing  up  to 
.36,000  tons  of  ingot  steel  per  month,  and 
that  greater  tonnage  records  will  be  ob- 
tained than  previously  in  the  history  of 
the  steel  plant.  It  is  therefore  to  be 
hoped  that  labor  disputes  will  not  inter- 
fere with  the  consummation  of  a  policy 
that  has  entailed  the  expenditure  of 
large  sums  of  money  on  capital  exten- 
sions and  repairs.  It  may  be  noted  that 
these  expenditures  have  been  made  out 
of  revenues,  and  that  so  far  the  share- 
holders of  the  steel  company  have  not 
benefited  by  any  increase  in  the  divi- 
dend payments.  At  the  same  time  the 
inf '"^ses  in  wages  to  the  employees  have 
totaled  from  70  to  100  per  cent. 


Reliable  Confirmation 

An  authoritative  confirmation  of  the 
statements  made  in  this  letter  regarding 
the  coal  situation  has  been  issued  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  who 
makes  the  pregnant  announcement  that 
the  danger  arising  from  the  scarcity  of 
coal  "is  the  most  serious  which  confronts 
us."  The  statement  could  scarcely  be 
graver  in  its  import,  or  more  comprehen- 
sive, and  we  have  not  been  accustomed 
to  regard  the  President  as  given  to  over- 
statement. It  is  surprising  when  such 
eminent  leaders  as  Lloyd  George  and 
President  Wilson  express  themselves  so 
definitely  in  regard  to  the  importance  of 
coal  supply  that  the  action  of  the  Allied 
governments  should  have  been  so  inde- 
finite and  purposeless  in  so  far  as  the 
production  of  coal  is  concerned.  There 
has  been  an  entire  misconception  of  the 
problem,  as  the  very  title  given  to  the 
fuel  controller  disclosesi  when  the  pur- 
port of  that  title  is  analysed.  In  con- 
sidering the  problems  of  fuel  distribution 
and  the  controlling  of  fuel  prices  the 
public  and  the  officials  of  the  govern- 
ment charged  with  these  duties  have 
overlooked  the  main  problem,  namely  the 
question  of  production. 

A  Great  Big  Problem 

In  modern  warfare  coal  is  the  begin- 
ning of  all  things.  The  authorities  have 
looked  upon  coal  supply  with  the  eyes  of 
civilians;  they  have  failed  to  comprehend 
its  prime  military  importance.  They 
have  confused  coal  mining  with  other 
commercial  industries.  In  our  letter  of 
the  4th  July  we  stated  that  "to  those  who 
know  the  situation,  the  problem  of  coai 
production  is  not  the  least  among  the 
problems  that  face  the  allied  leaders. 
If  the  coal  production  declines  to  a  point 
where  it  restricts  the  output  of  munitions 
and  the  transport  of  troops,  the  gravity 
of  the  situation  will   appear  in  its  true 


light,  and  things  are  approaching  such 
a  point."  President  Wilson  now  says: 
"Without  an  adequate  supply  of  coal 
our  war  programme  will  be  retarded; 
the  effectiveness  of  our  fighting  forces  in 
France  will  be  lessened,  the  lives  of  our 
soldiers  will  be  unnecessarily  endangered 
and  their  hardships  increased,  and  there 
will  be  much  suffering-  in  many  homes 
throughout  the  country  during  the  com- 
ing winter."  The  writer  ventured  to 
predict  that  the  grim  actualities  of  war 
will  compel  that  the  needs  of  the  army 
and  navy  shall  come  before  the  require- 
ments of  the  people  at  home,  and  that 
if  these  activities  were  threatened  the 
people  at  home  would  have  to  freeze. 
President  Wilson  does  not  say  exactly 
this,  but  it  is  w'hat  he  desires  should  be 
inferred  from  his  words. 

An  Essential  Industry 

The  authorities  should  cease  to  con- 
cern themselves  with  the  questions  of 
price  fixing,  with  the  supposedly  high 
wages  earned  by  the  miners,  and  other 
secondary  questions,  and  should  ap- 
proach the  problem  from  the  standpoint 
of  increasing  by  every  possible  means 
the  production  of  the  most  important 
munition  of  war,  that  munition  which  is. 
the  genesis  of  all  others,  and  failing 
which,  every  wheel  of  the  machinery  of 
war  and  industry  stops.  Coal  is  basic, 
primal,  fundamental.  It  is  like  the  igni- 
tion spark  to  the  gasoline  engine.  With- 
out it  the  machinery  is  dead. 

President  Wilson  is  once  more  to  be 
congratulated  inasmuch  as  he  has  made 
clear  to  the  allies,  in  a  few  pregnant 
sentences,  that  which  others  have  been 
preaching  in  season  and  out  of  season 
for  the  past  four  years.  He  has  removed 
the  mask  of  misrepresentation,  misunder- 
standing, ignorance  and  bias  that  has 
surrounded  the  matter  of  the  coal  supply, 
and  when  he  announces  that  the  danger 
arising  from  the  present  coal  scarcity  "is 
the  most  serious  which  confronts  us,"  he 
states  the  exact  precise  truth.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  his  diagnosis  of  the  prob- 
lem will  be  followed  by  the  application  of 
proper  remedies,  at  least  so  far  as  Can- 
ada  is  concerned. 


NOT  ENOUGH  SCRAP  MATERIAL  COMING 

TO  SATISFY  DEMAND  MADE  FOR  IT 


Pittsburg — Heavy-  melting  steel  guar- 
anteed low  phosphorus  scrap  and  heavy 
shell  turnings  are  in  especially  strong 
demand  here.  Railroads  are  assistin/ 
as  best  they  can  in  the  search  for  scrap 
and  will  aid  in  the  movement  of  secur- 
ing it  by  having  cars  in  readiness  for 
quick  shipment.  Although  good  ton- 
nages have  been  secured  in  this  way  they 
have  not  been  of  sufficient  size  to  make 
any  great  impression  on  the  market. 

Chicago — Scrap  dealers  here  report 
Uiat  their  books  are  still  filled  with  or- 
ders that  have  been  taken  some  months 
ago.  In  fact  they  have  more  contract.s 
on  hand  than  there  is  any  chance  of 
their  catching  up  with.  Cast  scrap  is  in 
great  demand  and  the  supply  is  small, 
v/hile  re-rolling  rails  are  practically  un- 
obtainable and  such  tonnages  as  appear 
in  frequently  are  placed  immediately. 


New  York — The  soniewhat  cooler 
weather  that  has  been  prevailing  the  last 
few  days  has  enabled  the  scrap  yards  to 
work  at  greater  speed  than  for  some 
time  past.  Even  allowing  for  this  though, 
the  turnover  in  the  yards  is  not  near  the 
capacity   of  former   years. 

Bufi'alo — There  are  no  indications  here 
of  the  demand  for  scrap  metals  letting 
up.  The  demand  is  not  confined  to  any 
one  particular  line,  but  it  may  be  quite 
correctly  stated  that  the  buyers  are  in 
the  market  for  everything  that  the  dealer 
has.  Cast  scrap  is  in  a  very  strong 
position  just  now,  along  with  every  heavy 
grade.  Buyers  from  other  districts  that 
usually  do  not  come  here  for  supplies 
are  reaching  out  into  the  Buffalo  mar- 
ket, but  the  car  shortage  does  ont  give 
them  much  encouragement  of  success. 


Aujfust  22,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


249 


SELECTED  xMARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


Cents 


25 
60 


6  00 


00 

25 
25 
25 
50 


11  00 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 
Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers. 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . . 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   

Reinforcing  bars,  base   

Steel  hoops 

Norway  iron 

Tire  steel 

Spring  steel 

Brand  steel.  No.   10   gauge,  base 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 

Chequered  floor  plate,  ^  in 

Staybolt  iron • 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh  

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 

Small  shapes 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 

Structural  shapes 

Plates  

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lb». 


50 
00 
80 


1  in. 
IV*  in. 
I'/z  in. 

2  in. 
2%  in. 

3  in. 
3%  in. 

4  in. 

2  in. 
2%  in. 

3  in. 
3V2  in. 

4  in. 
41^  in. 

5  in. 
8  in. 

7  in. 
8L  in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 
10  L  in. 
10  in. 

Prices— 


12  20 
12  00 
11  00 

•2  90 
♦3  25 
•3  00 
•3  60 


60 
75 

10 
20 
46 


C.L. 


L.C.L. 

31.5 
60.6 
61.6 
22.1 
22.1 
22.1 
22.1 
85.1 


Standard  Buttweld 

Per   100   feet 

%    in $ 


% 


m. 
in. 
in. 


%   In. 


6  00 
6  16 

5  16 

6  66 
8  28 


12  24 

16  56 

19  80 

26  64 

42  72 

55  85 

70  84 

83  93 

Standard  Lapweld 

$  29  60 

44  46 


15  39 
20  82 
24  89 
33  49 
53  63 
70  00 
87  86 
104  10 


Montreal 23 . 1 

St.  John,  N.B 38.1 

Halifax 39.1 

Toronto 18.9 

Guelph 18.9 

London 18.9 

Windsor 18-9 

Winnipeg 64 . 9 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper    31  00  28  50 

Tin     125  00  125  00 

Spelter    11  00  11  00 

Lead    10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  50  18  00 

Aluminum  50  00  58  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Mr.ntr'^al     Toronto 

Plates,  Vi  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 
Effective  Feb.  5,  1918. 

Black       Galvanized 


58  14 

72  68 

86  11 

:  . .  97  79 

114  00 

147  80 

192  80 

202  50 

233  30 

279  50 

. .  259  20 

333  70 

-Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 


36  08 
54  70 
71  63 
90  62 
107  37 
122  56 
142  82 
185  28 
241  57 
253  75 
292  32 
350  18 
324  80 
418  18 


16  50 
18  50 
13  00 


WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

41/2"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4'  and  under,  35%. 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal 

Copper,   light    $21  00 

Copper,  crucible   25  50 

Copper,  heavy 25  50 

Copper,    wire    24  50 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion    23  00 

New  brass  cuttings  .  . 
Red  brass  turnings  . . . 
Yellow  brass  turnings. 

Light  brass   10  00 

Medium  brass  13  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 30  00 

Rails 26  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00 

Steel  axles 38  00 

Mach.  shop  turn'gs 9  00 

Cast  borings 12  00 

Stove  plate    26  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50 

Heavy  lead 

Tea  lead 5 


00 
50 


Toronto 

$20  00 

24 

50 

24 

50 

25 

50 

22 

00 

15 

00 

18 

00 

13 

00 

9 

50 

12 

00 

22 

00 

12 

00 

12 

00 

20 

00 

24 

00 

23 

00 

33 

00 

20 

00 

17 

00 

30 

00 

35 

00 

8 

50 

12 

00 

19 

00 

6 

50 

8 

00 

5 

76 

20 

00 

8  00 
7  29 

7  29 

8  12 
10  41. 


Aluminum 21  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %"  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 5 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,  fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

steel 27H 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  iteel  1* 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  B9 

Machine    screws,   o.   and   fll.   hd., 

brass add  26 

Nuts,  square  blank add  $1  50 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger  $8  50 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 67% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  37% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  27% 

Wood  scirews,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  ....  26 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 25 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 80 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in. . . .  B6 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1  %  in M 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus  10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 4# 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 19 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 19 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  It 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus  26 

Collar  screws  list  plus  80,  10 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts 66 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  zroM  tsn 

Bessemer  billets $47  50 

Open-hearth  billets 

O.H.  sheet  barjs ' 

Forging  billets 

Wire  rods 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25 

Cut  nails 6  70 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  50 

Spikes,  %  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 6  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  32 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  83 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    oflF    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto    net 


47  60 
61  00 
60  00 
67  00 

$5  30 
6  66 

250 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  K    M  A  C  H  I  X  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt 16  06 

Red  dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,  per 
g^t 15  60 

Glue,  English 0  35 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 

Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 

Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .  1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  06 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04Vs 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .     35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks . . .  list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus 40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list    Wmrehonse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list    Cast  iron  fittings, 

16*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  46%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24 %c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15?4c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

n>.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal    Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28..  $  8  00  $  8  25 
Sheete,  black,  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets   9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10?i   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 9  70 

Premier,   10%    oz 10  00 

Zinc  sheeU 20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%  in.,  114.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.85;  %  in., 
113.50;   7-16  in.,  $12.90;    %    in.,  $13.20; 


$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  Vt  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  c*»n;. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.   and   Imperial    50 

Nicholson    40 

Black   Diamond    40 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta    Files    37% 

Disston    50 

Whitman  &  Barnes   50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless         I.apwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

lU  in 40  00  

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2H  in 53  00  38  00 

2%  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3H  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Rovalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26V4 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital ■ 49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

T,<ird  oil.  per  oral $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil 13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  96 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck. .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American ....  07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to      05 

Emery  glue 28  to      30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to      45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod . .  0  38 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heavier, 
baa* 0  43 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  46 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cls.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  Atlas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .   17% 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 16 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 


Lion  ... 
Standard 
No.   1    .. 


Colored. 
.  15  Popular 

.   13%      Keen     . 
.   13% 

Wool  Packing. 
.   25  Anvil     .  , 

.   20  Anchor  . 


12 

10% 


Arrow     25  Anvil     16 

Axle    20  Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  09 
Mixed  colored  10 

This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 
quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard    ...   10%      Best  grades  ..   16% 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin 70  to     .70 

Zinc   23  to     .26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toront^ 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  BO     48  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  Oe     44  00 

Copper     sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00    46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  0« 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Monbraal    Tarvnto 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26      $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .  13  26        18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60        12  80 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic   $   -25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric   14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua    22 

Ammonium  carbonate 33 

Ammonium,  chloride 40 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 40 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 75 

Copper,  sulphate    22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 15 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide  (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride   (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate   (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 30 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130(j^ 50 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     5 .  00 

Sodium  phosphate 16 

Tin   chloride    85 

Zinc  chloride 90 

Zinc  sulphate 20 

Prices   per   lb.   unless  otherwise  stated. 


1 


Ill 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  AUGUST  29,  1918  No.  9 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 


BETTER  HOMES  FOR  THE  PEOPLE   251-256 

GENERAL    256 

CORROSION  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL  AND  ITS  PREVENTION'Trr; 257-258 

THEORY  AND  APPLICATION  OF  SECTIONAL  VIEWS 259-262 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK  AND  DO .    263-264 

A  Record  System  for  Patterns. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT 265-266 

Electric  Seam  Welder.  . .  .New  Motor  Head  Stock  Speed  Lathe. 

POWER  USERS  SHOULD  LOOK  AHEAD  RIGHT   NOW 267 

EDITORIAL 268 

Sane  Action  on  Housing  Problem. 

IT  COSTS  NOTHING  TO  HELP  THE  OTHER  CHAP 269 

MARKET    DEVELOPMENTS    270-275 

Weekly  Summary — Montreal  Letter — Toronto  Letter — New  York  Letter — Washing- 
ton Letter — Pittsbui'g  Letter. 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS    276-60 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS 62-68 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,   The   Financial    Post,    MacLean's   Magazine,   Farmers'    Magazine. 

Canadian   Grocer,    Dry   Goods   Review.    Men*s    Wear   Review.    Printer  and    Publisher.    Bookseller   and 

Stationer,     Canadian     Machinery     and     Manufacturing:     News,     Power     House,     Sanitary     Engineer; 

Canadian    Foundryman,   Marine   Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto  ;  Atabek,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


@)ADiAN  Machinery 


Manufactu 


NG  News 


A.   R.   KENNEDY.   Editor.  B.   G.   NEWTON,  Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  A.  G.  WEBSTER,  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.  F.  SUTHERLAND. 
Eastern  Representative:  E.  M.  Pattison  :  Ontario  Representative:  S.  S.  Mocre ; 
Toronto  and  Hamilton  Representative ;  J.   N.  Robinson. 
CHJEF    OFFICES: 
CANADA— Montreal,   Southam  Building.  28  Bleury  Street.  Telephone    1004 ;    Toronto,    143-163    University    Ave.,    Tele- 
phone   Main    7324;    Winnipepr,    1207    Union    Trust    Bui. ding.  Telephone  Main  34'i9. 
GREAT  BRITAIN  — LONDON,  The  MacLean   Company  of    Great   Britiin.   Limited.   88   Fleet  Street,   E.G..   E.  J.   Dodd. 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address :   Atabek,    London,    England. 
UNITED   STATES-  New   York,    R.    R.    Huestis,    Room   620,     111     Broadway.     N.Y.,     Telephone    Rector    8971;    Boston, 
C.    L.    Morton,    Room    733,    Old    South    Building,    Telep  phone  Main    1204.     A.   H.   Bryne,   Room  900,    Lytton  Bldg., 
14   E.   Jackson    Street,   Chicago,   'Phone  Harrison    1147. 
SUBSCRIPTION    PRICE -Canada,    Great    Britain,    South    Africa    and    the    West   Indies,    $3.00  a    year:    UniUd   States 
$3. .50    a    year;   other    countries,    $4.00    a    year;   Single   Copies.    15   cents.      Invariably   in  advance. 


112 


C  A  N  A  1)  T  A  X    M  A  C  in  X  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can  Operate  This   Miller 


and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


ii 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian    Agents:    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Ce..    Toronto,    Ont.; 
>vi    lams    Machinery    Co.,    260    Princess    St.,    Winnipeg;    A.    R. 
"/iHiams    Machinery    Co.,    Vancouver;    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co., 
St.  John,  N.B.;   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

AOaU   (Uadiine    Co 68 

Allen  Mfg.    Co 91 

Almond    Mfg.     Co 22 

Amalgamated    Machineo'    Corp.     —  17 

Anderson    A    Co.,    Gea     99 

Archibald    *    Co 70 

Amutrong  Bras.   Tool   Co Bl 

Armstrong,  Whitwoi^  h  of  Canals   ..  8 

Atkins  A  Co.,   Wm 12 

B 

Balnl    Machine   Co 92 

Banfleld,  W.    H.,   &  Sons   67 

Barnes.    Wallace,    Co 66 

Bemis    A    Call    16 

Betram  A   Sons  Co..   John    1 

Bertrams.    (Ltd     ' 68 

Blake   A    Johnson    Co 81 

Blhw,     E.     W a 

Blount    Co..    J.    0 7 

Brantford  Oren  A   Uaok  Cc    69 

BtUgeford    )lach.     A     Tool     Works..  92 

Bristol   CoDij>any 91 

Budden.  Hanbno'  A 07 

Botterfleld   A   Co 89 

C 

Canada    Emery    Wheels    93 

Canada   Fmin*nM   &    FoneinRS.    Ltd.  9 
Canada    Machinery    Corporation     — 

Outside  back  coTer 

Cana/la   Metal    Co It 

fin.    Barker   Co -. 74 

Can.    Pairbank'^Morse   Co.    32 

Can.    IngenoIl'Rand    Co.    13 

C»a.    Link   Belt.    Co 26 

Can.    Rianely    Co.     74 

Can.    .S   K    F  Co..   Ltd    29 

Can   Steel    Foundries    7 

Can.    Welding    Co.    K 

Catena   Iteflning  Co 110 

Chapman   Double   Ball  Bearing  Co...  23 

Cisco    Machine    Tool    t'o.'    9 

Classlfled     Adrertising    170 

f^ereland   Pneimwibic  Tool  Co 86 

cgereland    Wire    !H>rlng   Co.    66 

Consolidated    Creas  Co 20 

Cnrtta   A    Curtis    18 

Cnshman  Chuck  Co 91 

D 

Darkhon    Mfg.    Co..   Thos.    63 

DtTldson   Tofil    Mfg.    Corp 77 

I>aTi>-Bfl<imotirllle    Co.     92 

Deloro  Smtlllng  A    Refining  Co.    ...  16 

Dickow,    Fred    C 66 

Dominion    Belting   Co 65 


Dominion    Bridge   Co 2A 

Dominion    Forge  &  Stamping  Co.    ..ID 

Dom.   Foundries  &  Steel,   Ltd 90 

Dominion    Iron    &    Wrecking    Co.    ...  72 

E 

Blliott    &    Whitehall    74 

Elm  Cutting  Oil   Co 92 

Enushevsky  &  Son,   B 03 

Brie  Foimdi-y   2a 

F 

Federal    Engineering  Ca,   Ltd 6ff 

Felhti-!i  ouaugh      (>7 

Vinb.     Thcs.     6 

Fleck.      Alex 68 

Ford-Smith  Machine  Co 10 

Fr>'8  ((London),  Ltd 26 

Gardner,    Kobt 76 

Garlock- Walker  .Maehy.   Co 73 

Garvin    Madiine  Co 19 

Geometric   Tool    Co.     61 

Gikiing.s  &   Lewis 98 

Gillxsrt   &    Barker   .Mfg.    Co 90 

Grant   Gear    Works    93 

Grant  -Mfg.   &  Machine  Co M 

(irecnflcld   .Machine  Co 92 

Greenfield  Tap  &   Die  Corp 28 

Greenleaf^,   Ltd 66 

H 

Hamilton   Gear  &    Machine  Co 74 

Hamilton    Machine  Tool   Co 4 

Hanna    A   Co.,    M.    A 8 

Hardinge    Bros 14 

Harvey  A  Co.,  Arthur  C 10 

Hawkridge    Bros 6t 

Hendey  -Mschine  Co.    112 

Henry  A    Wright  .Mfg    Co.    81 

HeiVbum,    John   T '. 7 

Hbicklcy    Mach.    Works    X 

Hoyt  aietal  Co 98 

Hull  Iron  A  Steel  Poimrtries  17 

Hurler  Saw  A  Machine  Co K 

Hurlburt-Rogcrs  Machinery  Co.    ....  SI 

Hydraulic  Machy.  Co 20 

H.\^e  Engineering  Co 92 

I 

Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.    ...  31 

J 

Jacotai  tdit.    Co 22 

Jardine     Co.,   A.    B 13 

Johnson  Madiine  Co.,  Carlyle  8 

K 

Ker   A    Ooodwla    69 

Keystone    Mfg.    Co.     26 

Keopsmith   Ufg.    Co M 


Knight  '.Metal   Products  Co.    22 

L 

L'Air    Liquide    Society    ^ 

Landis   Machine  Co 93 

Latrobe    Electric  Steel   Co.    6 

London    Bolt   &    Hinge    Co 66 

M 

.Maclviimon    Steel    Co '. 66 

.Magnolia  uMetal  Co.    H6 

.Manitoba    Steel    Co 92 

-MAuiifaciurels    Equipment    Co 76 

.Mamlj    Engineering    Works,    U.d 63 

.Matheson   A   Co.,    1 70 

.Matthews,   Ja&   H.,  &  Co. » 

Mayer    Bros.    Co 12 

.McDougall   Co.,   Ltd.,    K .','. 

Inside  back  cover 

.McLaren,   J.    C,   Belting  Co ;  98 

.Mechanical  Engineering  Co IJi 

.Metalwcxxl    Mfg.    Co m 

.Moise  Tnist  Drill  &  Mach.  Co 97 

.Morton    ^Ifg.    Co.    59 

.Muir,     Alex fig 

.Muiche.v   -Machine   A   Tool    Co.    im 

N 

.National   Acme  Co 18,   75 

.National    .Machinery    Co.     91 

Nicholson    File   .Mfg.    Co 88 

.Nile«-Bement-rond....In.side    fnint   cover 

Normac    Machine    Co 6S 

.\oi-thein    Crane    Works    91 

.Norton,    A.    O M 

.Norton    Co. ]]  28 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  A  Coal  Co.  .......'.  19 

O 

Oakley  Chemical    Co 91 

Ontario  Lubricating  Co.    gs 

P 

I'Hge   Steel   Wire  Co 91 

I'anni'nter  &    Bulloch   Co 91 

I'l'crless  (Machine    Co 16 

I'lessiHville   Foundry  Co 07 

riewra.     Ltd 09 

I'oUiiCk    .Mfg.    Co 70 

I'oit  Hope  File  Mfg.  Co 30 

I'oslitve  Clutch  &  Pulley  Works  ....  94 

I'oughkeepsie     70 

I'latt  A  Whitney   In.side  fpmt  cover 

Pritchaid-Andrews    31 

Pullan.     E 60 

Purf)  Sanitary  Drink'g  Fountain  Ca  68 
B 

Racine  Tool  &  Machine  Co 23 

Bichartls  Sand   Blast  .Mach.  Co 97 


Bidout  A    Mayiwe    67 

Rivei-side  Machinery  Depot  71 

Rockfonl   Drilling   Machine  Co 99 

Roclofson  Machine  &  Tool  Co 11 

S 

Sheldons,     Ltd K 

Shuii.er   Co.,    P.    B 91 

.Silver  uMfg.   Co 91 

Simonds   Canaxla   Saw  Co.    2S 

Skinner  Chuck   Co 90 

SmoothOn    S»Ifg.    Co 8! 

Standard   Fuel   Engineering  Co Iflll 

Standard  .Machy.   A  Supplies.   Ltd...  6 

Starrett    Co..    L.    S 27 

Steel   Co.    of  Canada    3 

Steele.    James     88 

Steptoe,    John,    Co 76 

.Stirk   &  Sons,    .lohn    68 

St.    I.Jiwrence   Welding   Co IS 

Stoll  Co..    D.   H 90 

Strong.   Kennard  &  Nutt  Co..  The..  « 

T 

Tabor  M'g.  Co.    91 

Tate-Jones    Co 80 

Taylor.    J.    A.    M 91 

Taylor    ln=lnimpnt   Co 101 

Toledo  Machine  A   Tool  Co 21 

Toronto    Iron    Works    90 

TraJiem    Pump  Co M 

U 

T'uion    Drawn    Si  eel    Co 90 

tinited   Brass  &  Lead.   Ltd 74.   9( 

United   Hammer  Co 92 

United   States   Silica   Co.    108 

V 

Vanadium- Aloys  Steel  Co 4 

Victoria    Foundry    Co 91 

Vulcan  CrudtJe  Steel  Co 4 

W 

Welding  A  Supplies.    Ltd 83 

Welland    .Machine    Co 74 

Wells    Bros.   Co.,    of    Canada    30 

Wentworth   Mfg.    Co 88,  87 

Wheel    Tnieing    Tool    Co.     91 

Whiting   Foundry   &    E<]uip.    Co.    ...  98 

Whiton.     D.     B 98 

Whitman  &  Barnes  Supply  Co 85 

Wilkinson    &    Komiw-sR    93 

Williams.  A.  R.  Mach.  Co... 59.  71,  TB,  79 

Williams   Co.   of  Winnipeg.   A.    R....  73 

William.s   &   Co.,    J.    H «. 

Willson   A  Co.,   T.   A 91 

Wilt    TwW'    Drill    Co 6 

Windsor  Machine   A    Tool    Wwks    ..  W 

Wood   Turret   .Mach,    Co 76 

Worth    Engineering   Co.    68 


(AnadianMachinery 


AND 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.  No.  8. 


August  29,  1918. 


Better    H o  in  cs^ 

—  A  work    worth   The  Effort 

Howr  an  Industrial  Village    Has 

Been   Built  at  Indian  Hill. 


DESCRIPTION  of  the  settlement 
which  the  Norton  Company  of 
Worcester,  Mass.,  is  building  for 
its  employees  might  well  take  for  its 
text,  "A  city  that  is  set  on  a  hill  cannot 
be  hid."  Certain  it  is  that  if  the 
development  is  successful,  its  at- 
tractions will  become  a  beacon  to 
the  countryside  for  miles  around; 
if  it  should  fail  in  any  considerable 
<legree  its  shortcomings  will  be- 
come a  lesson  that  he  may  read 
who  runs  anywhere  in  the  vicinity. 

This  means  that  Indian  Hill  is 
the  possessor  of  a  most  command- 
ing site.  Removed  by  several 
miles  from  the  Keart  of  the  city 
of  Worcester,  lies  Indian  Lake,  a 
sheet  of  water  of  perhaps  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  length  by  half  as 
much  in  width.  Its  banks  have 
not,  as  yet,  been  reached  by  in- 
dstrial  development  and  lie  hap- 
pily unsuoiled — -a  challenge  to  the 
city  of  Worcester  for  appreciation 
and   preservation. 

Indian  Hill  itself— the  "thirty 
acre  tract,"  as  it  has  been  named 
during  the  development — occupies 
the      lofty       ridge       that     thrusts 


BV  Charles  C.  May 

its  point  out  toward  the  head  of 
the  lake.  Before  it  lies  the  open  coun- 
try in  opulent  variety  in  all  direc- 
tions, to  the  limits  of  perhaps  300  de- 
grees of  the  circle.     Holding  the  north- 


U.LUSTRATION    SHOWS    ELEVATION    OF    HOUSE 
TYPE    N2. 


OF 


em  end  of  the  lake,  the  major  part  of 
the  hillside  slopes  toward  the  south,  with 
the  higher  wooded  areas  at  its  back  for 
buffers  against  the  north  winds.     This  is 
a  detail  of  not  merely  sentimental  value, 
for  in  these  latitudes  the  land  of 
extended   outlook   is   also  the   land 
of  bitter-cold  blasts. 

Back  from  the  north-eastern 
corner  of  the  lake  and  within  the 
angle  between  the  main  railroad 
and  its  branch  lies  the  plant  of 
the  Norton  Company.  Primarily 
fo*"  the  adequate  housing  of  these 
men  and  their  families  was  formed 
the  Indian  Hill  Company,  a  sub- 
sidiary of  the  Norton  Company, 
entitled  under  the  Massachusetts 
laws  to  acquire,  develop,  and  dis- 
pose of  real  estate.  It  is  accord- 
ingly the  Indian  Hill  Company 
which  has  brought  together  and 
is  now  engaged  in  developing 
holdings  of  some  116  acres,  of 
which  Indian  Hill  proper  forms  the 
first  demonstration.  The  develop- 
ment, we  have  said,  is  primarily 
to  provide  adequate  housing  for 
its  employees,  with  a  view  toward 
individual    ownership,    permanency 


252 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX- 


GROUP    OF    HOUSES.    INDIAN    iili 


oEVELOPMENT. 


and  contentment  in  employment,  and 
resultant  general  efficiency.  In  these 
objects  the  company  is  self-seekinj? 
only  in  the  same  degree  that  the 
word  might  be  applied  to  those  others  of 
its  institutions  for  the  office  workers — 
the  auditorium,  the  gymnasium,  the  rest- 
periods,  the  hospital,  the  tennis  courts, 
to  name  some  of  them  at  random. 

Secondarily,  and  in  no  sense  selfish, 
was  the  company's  hope  that  in  wrest- 
ling with  their  own  housing  problem  they 
might  at  the  same  time  make  some  con- 
tribution toward  the  solution  of  the 
wider  problem  of  workingmen's  houses 
in  general  and  toward  the  suppression  of 
that  pest  of  Massachusetts — the  wooden 
three-decker.  It  is  an  outcome  devoutly 
to  be  wished. 

One  cannot  be  too  thankful  that  In- 
dian Hill  did  not  belong  to  one  of  those 
communities  where  the  ruling  of  a 
standardized  street  system  reigned  su- 
preme. Had  it  been  so  their  engineers 
would  have  done  exactly  what  New 
York's  did  to  Manhattan  Island — they 
would  have  laid  down  on  the  map  of  In- 
dian Hill  a  gridiron  of  rectangular 
streets  that  had  no  respect  for  height 
nor  depth,  that  recognized  no  main  ar- 
tery where  traffic  would  naturally  con- 
gregate, that  had  no  eye  for  a  magnifi- 
cent view,  that  could  afford  no  resting 
point  with  an  outlook  toward  the  sunset. 
Is  it  inconceivable  that  anything  so  in- 
flexible and  utterly  devoid  of  imagina- 
tion could  happen  to  a  spot  like  Indian 
Hill?  Yet,  remember  that  in  1807,  when 
New  York's  plan  was  concocted,  the  Is- 
land of  Manhattan  above  Chatham 
Square  lay  as  virginal  and  as  unstand- 
ardized  as  is  Indian  Hill  to-day. 

The  Community  Plan 

The  plan  that  has  actually  been  work- 
ed out  by  Grosvener  Atterbury  of  New 
York,  town  planner  for  the  development 
and  architect  for  the  houses,  is  the  re- 
sult of  careful  study  of  all  the  condi- 
tions. It  seeks  to  secure  the  best  pos- 
sible grades  for  the  main  circulation 
roads,  and  only  slightly  steeper  for  the 
minor,  non-traffic  ones;  it  shows  defer- 
ence for  the  natural  features  of  the  site 
in  conformation  woodlands,  view  and  ex- 
posures; it  seeks  to  provide  quiet  by- 
paths away  from  the  lines  which  will  one 


day  be  thronged  with  streams  of  traffic, 
in  order  that  in  these  spots  may  always 
be  preserved  that  domesticity,  intimacy, 
and  hint  of  aloofness  that  belongs  right- 
ly  to  cottage   surroundings. 

The  main  lines  for  traffic,  as  project- 
ed, are  Indian  Hill  road  and  the  street 
that  climbs  up  the  shoulder  of  the  hill 
after  crossing  the  railway  cut  and  cir- 
cling in  a  double  sweep  to  enter  the  Com- 
munity Center  from  either  side.  This 
latter  approach  anticipates  the  creation 
of  a  shore  drive  which,  it  is  to  be  hoped, 
will  some  day  skirt  the  edge  of  the  lake, 
where  it  would  form  a  connecting  link 
between  the  areas  on  the  east  and  west. 
A  cross  connection  of  some  sort  must  in 
the  future  become  immensely  valuable, 
since  the  steepness  of  the  slopes  pro- 
hibits any  other  east  and  west  link  with- 
in a  reasonable  distance.  This  shore 
drive  would  furthermore  preserve  the 
banks  of  the  lake  to  the  city  for  all  time 
and  prevent  private  exploitation  in  a 
manner  that  might  injure  the  entire  sec- 
tion. And,  to  put  the  aesthetic  element 
last,  as  the  town  planners  have  fallen 
into  the  habit  of  doing,  this  shore  drive 
has  the  possibility  of  becoming  a  feature 
of  very  great  charm,  one  that  will  attract 
to  the  reirion   a  considerable  and  dasir- 


ab'-e  volume  of  motor  and  other  traffic. 

The  community  center  is  placed  at  a 
point  which  combines  the  geographic 
location  needed  for  such  a  gathering 
place,  with  other  desirable  elements.  It 
holds  the  salient  point  on  the  shoulder 
of  the  hill,  where  grades  are  least  diffi- 
cult to  manage;  it  will  witness  the  pas- 
sage of  nearly  all  the  through  travel  of 
the  section;  it  commands  a  magnificent 
view,  which  should  in  itself  prove  a 
magnet  to  attract  the  strolls  of  the  vil- 
lagers. To  enhance  the  charms  of  this 
outlook  the  side  of  the  square  toward 
the  lake  will  be  left  open  and  treated  as 
a  public  terrace.  Footpaths  will  also  be 
brought  down  the  steeper  slopes  of  the 
hill  toward  the  center  in  order  to  pro- 
vide easy  crosscuts  and  thus  make  it 
readily  accessible  for  pedestrians,  shop- 
pers and  strollers. 

The  secondary  streets  are,  in  the  ma- 
jority of  cases,  contour  roads.  Looked 
at  merely  as  a  paper  plan,  the  layout 
is  definitely  lacking  in  cross  connections. 
But,  studying  the  topography,  one 
realizes  that  gradients  so  steep  as  these 
would  be  impossible  for  any  but  travel 
on  foot,  and  that  to  create  roadways 
suitable  for  vehicles  would  entail  ex- 
penses quite  prohibitive  in  a  development 
of  this  character.  The  footpaths  just 
mentioned  are  therefore  by  way  of  a 
compromise  to  break  up  the  long  blocks. 

When  it  was  first  proposed  to  develop 
the  lovely  little  grove  which  is  now 
Nashoba  Place  in  the  manner  of  a  close, 
it  was  an  open  question  whether  or  not 
such  an  arrangement  would  appeal  to  the 
American  tastes.  Experienced  real  es- 
tate men  have  told  us  repeatedly:  "First 
of  all,  give  each  one  his  full  share  of 
frontage  on  the  building  line.  The 
American  loves  his  look  at  the  asphalt." 
Mr.  Atterbury  had  faced  this  situation 
before  in  the  planning  of  Forest  Hills 
Gardens.  There,  despite  pessimistic 
views  as  to  American  discrimination, 
groups  involving  so-called  "rear"  hous- 
ing units  were  liberally  used,  but  with 
some  fear  and  trembling  for  the  out- 
come. Actually,  the  very  first  sale  was 
a   house   that  had   greater  setback,  less 


GROUP   OF  HOUSES,   INDIAN   HILL   DEVELOPMENT 


Au?ust  29,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


253 


SECOND  FLOOR  PLAN.  HOUSE  OF  TYPE  N2.  INDIAN  HILL.  GROSVENER 
ATTERBURY,  ARCHITECT. 


view  of  the  asphalt;  from  that  day  on 
there  has  never  been  a  doubt  of  the  sale- 
ability  of  grouped  units  in  Forest  Hills. 
At  Indian  Hill  the  question  was  re- 
opened in  a  development  of  a  different 
character.  Here  the  provision  of  public 
amenities  was  to  be  more  limited,  the 
cost  of  private  houses  far  less,  the  whole 
project  more  circumscribed  by  financial 
limitations.  Yet  here,  too,  where  the 
very  modest  little  house  could  rely  upon 
little  landscaping  or  "trimmings"  to 
dress  it  up,  the  result  has  been  identical 
with  that  in  Forest  Hills.  Faith  has 
been  justified  in  believing  that  in  most 
cases  the  buyer  (be  it  of  a  house  to  cost 
$3,000  or  $10,000)  needs  only  to  be  shown. 
True,  he  lacks  usually  in  both  cases  the 
imagination  to  see  it  for  himself,  exactly 
as  he  lacks  the  training  to  read  an 
architectural  elevation,  but  given  some 
one  to  put  the  demonstration  on  the 
ground  before  him,  and  perhaps  to  ex- 
plain a  few  of  the  whys,  he  is  by  no 
means  slow  to  grasp  the  truth  and  to  act 
upon  it.  Nashoha  Place  has  accordingly 
been  successful  from  the  first;  fully 
occupied,  tastefully  planned,  delightfully 
sheltered,  it  already  has  some  of  that 
quality  which,  a  few  years  ago,  one 
sought  vainly  in  this  country  and  found 
only  by  travelling  to  England  or  Ger- 
many. 

Construction  work  at  Indian  Hill  has 
heretofore  been  confined  to  dwellings — 
.some  fifty-eight  of  them,  built  in  two 
operations  during  the  summers  of  1915 
and  1916.  Enough  has  been  done  to  give 
a  suggestion  of  the  ultimate  look  of  the 
town — white  walls  seen  among  the  trees, 
roofs  grey  green  to  unify  the  composi- 
tion. The  white  was  selected  because  of 
its  consistency  with  New  England  tra- 
ditions, because  of  its  effectiveness, 
view^ed  from  close  at  hand  or  from  a  dis- 
tance, and  because,  unlike  any  other 
color,  it  can  be  repeated  in  a  great  num- 


ber of  cases  without  becoming  tiresome 
(witness  the  delightful  village  of 
Whitinsville,  also  in  Massachusetts). 
Slate  was  chosen  for  the  roofing  material 
because  of  its  economy,  its  fire-resisting 
qualities,  and  because  the  color  is  good 
in  itself.  The  roof  material  is  the  same 
throughout,  as  we  have  said,  to  bring 
unity  into  the  composition.  Where  a 
collection  of  houses  can  be  seen  all  to- 
gether and  from  a  distance,  this  common 
bond  Ijetween  the  individual  units  is  of 
the  greatest  value;  it  is  like  the  family 
resemblance  that  marks  them  all  one 
kindred;  it' is  like  the  soldier  cap  that 
transforms  the  gang  of  boys  into  a  regi- 


ment. Only  by  this  and  similar  evidences 
of  collective  planning  can  there  be  pro- 
duced dignity  and  carrying  power  in  an 
aggregation  of  which  the  units,  taken 
singly,  must  be  too  small  or  too  insig- 
nificant to  be  effective. 

This  problem  is  peculiarly  pressing  al 
Indian  Hill,  since  the  number  of  build- 
ings other  than  tiny  cottage  units,  is  at 
a  minimum.  For,  by  a  curious  psycho- 
logical kink,  the  grouped  party-wall 
dwellings  that  are  the  rule  in  English 
garden  cities  that  are  eminently  suc- 
cessful at  Forest  Hills  Gardens,  are 
usually  rejected  with  scorn  by  the  in- 
dustrial worker.  He  pridefully  insists 
that  his  dwelling  (to  cost  one-third  as 
much  as  those,  for  example,  at  Forest 
Hills)  shall  be  placed  on  its  own  lot,  with 
free  spaces  all  around,  and  shall  be 
guarded  to  the  last  foot  from  any  loss 
of  power  in  its  proclamation  of  individ- 
ual ownership;  Even  the  two-family 
semi-detached  house,  although  planned  to 
give  perfect  privacy,  exposure  and  open 
spaces,  does  not  as  yet  appeal  strongly 
to  the  buyer,  except  in  special  circum- 
stances of  relationship  or  a  David-and- 
Jonathan  intimacy  between  two  families. 

Further  development  will,  of  course, 
work  vast  improvement  in  that  there  are 
already  provided  site  reservations  for 
several  buildings  of  adequate  mass  in 
different  sections  of  the  property.  There 
is  the  dining  hall  at  the  front  of  the 
streets  as  one  ei.ters  Indian  Hill  from 
the  plant;  the  Satucket  Inn,  really  an 
exalted  boarding  house  •  for  bachelors, 
embodying  the  features  of  a  club;  a 
similar  institution  for  the  bachelor  girls 
of  the  office  force,  a  chapel,  a  recreation 
hall.  Considering  that  these  are  quite 
apart  from  the  buildings  that  will  form 
the  three-sided  enclosure  of  the  com- 
munity center,  we  rnay  feel  that  the 
amount  of  reservat'on  for  larger  build- 
ings is  generous  enough  to  go  far  toward 


FIRST  FLOOR   PLaV   HOUSE   OF   TYPE   N2.   INDIAN 

ARCHITECT. 


HILL,    GROSVENER    .\TTERBURY, 


:i!H 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


■  itr'tt    rLOOL    fl««  ■ 


^tCOUD     TloOL     Pla 


•  tiiii   riooi  fiA« 


riLiT-nooi.  PiA»-|    '•■■'"    I 


FLOOR   PLANS   FOR   I>3   HOUSilS. 


overcoming  the  handicap  of  the  minute- 
ness of  the  individual  units. 

When  the  time  came  for  naming  t'ne 
streets,  the  cue  from  local  tradition  was 
obvious.  Upon  Indian  Hill,  at  the  head 
of  Indian  lake,  one  would  hardly  impose 
an  assortment  of  Broadways,  Main 
streets  or  Grandviews.  On  the  other 
hand  it  was  comparatively  simple  to  find 
Indian  names  which  would  respect  tra- 
dition, sound  well,  and  at  the  same  time 
possess  some  distinction  of  their  own. 
The  first  selection  of  names  proved  that 
the  danger  of  a  little  knowledge  was  no 
more  absent  from  this  than  from  other 
pursuits.  An  expert  Indian  lore,  called 
in  to  viser  the  list  before  final  christening 
found  that  half  the  names  were  distinct- 
ly applicable  to  the  ocean  and  its  shores. 
This  naturally  demanded  revisions  in 
which  "Big  Wave,"  "Long  Beach,"  and 
the  like  were  exchanged  for  names  which 
signified  "Great  Oak,"  "Open  View,"  and 
so  on. 

In  a  countryside  as  open  and  un- 
restricted as  in  Indian  Hill  to-day,  it 
would  not  be  surprising  if  it  were  diffi- 
cult or  impossible  to  prove  to  the  pro- 
moters the  wisdom  of  large  reservations 
for  park  areas.  Fortunately  this  has  not 
been  true.  It  is  the  policy  of  the  Indian 
Hill  Company  to  preserve  generous 
tracts  of  high,  wooded  land  as  a  play- 
ground for  the  villagers;  certain  parts 
of  the  lake  shore  will  doubtless  be  de- 
veloped for  bathing,  boating,  and  water 
sports,  and  over  along  the  east  base  of 
the  hill  will  be  the  general  recreation 
center.  A  comparatively  slight  amount 
of  modeling  will  make  the  side  hill  into 
a  natural  amphitheatre,  before  which 
will  be  spread  out  the  baseball  field,  the 
running  track  and  their  adjuncts. 

Beside  park  areas     for     the     general 


public,  serious  consideration  is  being  gi- 
ven to  the  question  of  providing  small 
parks  in  the  interiors  of  various  blocks 
as  a  play  space  for  the  children  from  the 
homes  surrounding. 

The  numerous  advantages  of  this  sys- 
tem— safety,  accessibilty,  economy  of 
land  value,  ease  of  supervision — are  all 
so  familiar  and  so  generally  recognized 
that  comment  is  uncalled  for.  One 
special  feature  might  be  noted,  however, 
as  an  exceptional  opportunity.  The  high- 
er portions  of  Indian  Hill  contain  several 
excellent  springs  which,  unused,  might 
become  troublesome.  They  must  be  con- 
trolled by  piping  into  the  storm  sewer. 
To  do  this  and  nothing  more  would  ap- 
pear to  be  neglecting  a  splendid  oppor- 
tunity. Piped  into  the  nrivate  parks, 
springs  would,  for  a  ridiculously  small 


outlay,  afford  the  bit  of  quiet  water  that 
would  be  the  completion  of  the  picture, 
the  final  element  of  charm  usually  left 
out  in  such  cases  because  too  expensive. 
The  older  boys  and  girls  can  swim  in  the 
lake;  here  the  younger  children  could 
wade  and  splash  and  have  a  generally 
wonderful  time.  For  their  sakes,  if  for 
no  other  reason,  the  springs  should  not 
be  consigned  to  waste  their  streams  of 
pure  water  forever  unhelpfully  into  a 
sewer. 

Certain  parts  of  Indian  Hill  are  beau- 
tifully wooded;  there  are  several  fine 
specimen  trees  worthy  to  form  land- 
marks; elsewhere  the  planners  have 
started  to  make  good  any  tree  deficien- 
cies. Not  only  have  they  adopted  a  pro- 
gramme for  tree  planting  along  the  high- 
ways, but  included  in  the  purchase  price 
of  every  house  is  a  small  amount  repre- 
senting the  begining  of  a  landscape 
treatment  for  that  particular  lot.  The 
amount  is  small  because  the  operation  is 
a  wholesale  one;  the  results  have  a  unity 
and  breadth  of  scale  which  would  be  im- 
possible were  the  planting  left  to  indi- 
viduals. This  is  by  no  means  a  criticism 
of  the  individual  enterprise  and  taste 
of  the  owners;  it  means  simply  that  in 
this  department,  as  in  others,  the  ad- 
vantages of  collective  planning  are  ap- 
parent. 

Buyers  at  Indian  Hill  have  every 
reasonable  assurance  of  the  stability  of 
their  purchase.  They  know  of  the  sub- 
stantial materials  that  have  been  built 
into  their  houses  (brass  supply  piping 
and  copper  flashings  are  not  used  by  the 
jerrybuilder),  and  they  know  that  no 
man  can  plant  next  door  a  factory  or  a 
store  or  a  saloon.  In  other  words,  the 
property  is  all  sold  under  carefully  con- 
sidered protective  restrictions,  which  are 
accepted  and  recognized  by  the  purchaser 
as  equally  valuable  to  themselves  as  to 
the  company. 

Terms  of  Purchase 

The  Indian  Hill  Company  requires 
from  the  purchaser  an  initial  payment  of 
a  certain  per  cent,  of  the  purchase  price, 
whereupon  a  conveyance  of  the-property 
is  made.  For  the  balance  of  the  purchase 
price  the  purchaser  gives  two  notes,  one 


^ff^: 


i 


STREET  SCENE   INDIAN    HILL   DEVELOPMENT 


August  29,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


2r>& 


\ 


for  $1,000  payable  in  twelve  years  at  5 
per  cent.,  and  another  for  the  balance  of 
the  purchase  price  payable  on  demand, 
with  interest  at  5  per  cent.,  both  notes 
being  secured  by  a  purchase  money  mort- 
gage. 

The  purchaser  gives  also  a  supple- 
mentary agreement  to  the  effect  that  he 
will  purchase  in  a  co-operative  bank  five 
shares,  and  will  continue  payments 
thereupon  until  his  deposits  shall  have 
matured  in  the  sum  of  $1,000,  which  in 
local  banks,  at  the  prevailing  rate  of  in- 
terest, takes  place  in  about  eleven  years 
and  ten  months,  This  insures  the  pay- 
ment of  the  twelve-year  note  according' 
to  its  terms.  It  gives  the  purchaser  a 
feeling  of  independence,  inasmuch  as  he 
does  not  make  periodical  payments  on 
the  principal  to  the  company,  and  enables 
him  to  become  acquainted  with  co- 
operative bank  methods. 

In  consideration  of  this  agreement  the 
company  agrees  not  to  make  demand 
upon  the  demand  note  as  the  purchaser 
shall  continue  to  make  monthly  pay- 
ments in  accordance  with  his  agreement 
to  the  co-operative  bank.  The  company 
further  agrees  that  if  he  shall  die  or  be- 
come incapacitated  within  twelve  years 
— provided  that  at  the  time  he  shall  not 
be  over  sixty  years  of  age — it  will  ac- 
cept the  surrender  value  of  his  co- 
operative bank  shares  in  full  payment  of 
the  time  note.  The  result  of  this  agree- 
ment is  that  the  purchaser  may  be  as- 
sured that  at  the  end  of  twelve  years, 
or  upon  his  prior  death,  a  sufficient  pro- 


portion of  the  purchase  price  will  have 
been  paid  so  that  he  or  his  estate  will 
then  own  the  property  free  of  all  en- 
cumbrances except  a  first  mortgage  for 
not  over  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  value  of 
the  property  so  that  at  his  option  he  may 
resort  to  a  bank  for  a  mortgage  and  be 
entirely   independent  of  the  company. 

The  company  gives  each   purchaser  a 
schedule  showing  the  required   monthly 
payments.     The  following  table  is  a  re- 
production  of   one   which   was   given   to 
a  purchaser  of  one  of  the  1915  houses, 
and  illustrates  very  well  the  method  of 
financing  the  purchase  of  an  Indian  Hill 
house : 
Your  total  purchase  price  is  $3,851.50 
You  have  made  a  first  pay- 
ment of  10%   385.15 

You     are      borrowing     on 

mortgage  the  balance   .  .    3,466.35 
The     amount     due     in     12 
years,    secured    by    time 

note,  is   1,000.00 

The  balance  secured  by  de- 
mand note  is   2,466.35 

Your  monthly  interest  dur- 
ing first  12  years  will  be         14.45 
Your  monthly   payment  to 

co-operative  bank  will  be  5.00 

Your    total    monthly     pay- 
ments    during    first     12 

years   19.45 

Your  monthly  interest  pay- 
ment after  12  years  will 

be   10.30 

Total   loan    3,466.35 

Five  per  cent 173.32 


1-12    14.45 

Demand  loan  2,466.35 

Five  per  cent 123.32 

1-12    10.30 

By  following  the  table  above,  a  pros- 
pective purchaser  may  start  with  the 
price  of  any  available  house  and  com- 
pute the  amount  of  the  monthly  payment 
which  he  would  be  required  to  make. 

The  purchase  price  represents  the 
actual  cost  of  the  house  and  land  with- 
out profit  to  the  company.  The  ori- 
ginal purchase  price  of  the  entire  area 
was  divided  by  the  number  of  feet  in  the 
tract  to  determine  the  base  price  per 
foot.  To  this  Wis  added  a  pro  rata  pro- 
portion of  the  cost  of  improvement  such 
as  sewers,  highways,  sidewalks,  engin- 
eering expense  and  architect's  fees. 

In  the  case  illustrated  above,  the  cost 
of  the  land  was  $685  for  a  lot  containing 
6,850  square  feet.  To  this  figure  was 
added  the  actual  price  of  the  house, 
without  profit.  This  included  the  expense 
of  the  building,  heating,  lighting, 
plumbing,  piping,  hardware,  fixtures,  pa- 
pering, window  shades,  screens,  concrete 
cellar  floor,  granolithic  walks,  rough 
grading,  finish  grading,  planting  and 
clothes  reel. 

Individual  Houses — Costa 

Regarding  the  houses  themselves,  the 
plans  and  photographs  reproduced  here- 
with speak  as  clearly  as  any  description. 
They  could  have  been  built  more  cheaply, 
but  materials  would  be  inferior;  the 
costs  could   have  been  less   in   1915,  but 


r 


si:ku.f.fam:ly- 

•  DV^F.I.UNG  • 

6-ROOMr, -A.N'D- BATH 
•  SAI-E  PRICE  13265  • 


'     "II 


Ql—]     -I  >A 


SINGLE      FAMILY      DWEL1.IN(;.      LNULAiN      HILL.     GUUSVE.NEU      AirEIilU.KY.      AKCHMECT. 


256 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


greater  in  1925.  In  other  words,  the 
company  has  regarded  the  project  as  an 
investment  for  its  own  members,  and  in 
this  aspect  the  long  view  of  the  trans- 
action is  the  only  justifiable  one. 

The  costs  of  these  houses  individually 
shed  an  interesting  illumination  upon 
comparative  prices  of  building  as  be- 
tween 1915  and  1916.  For  instance,  the 
constructional  cost  of  the  six-room  house 
known  as  N2  has  jumped  from  $3,188  in 
1915  to  $3,791  in  1916— an  increase  of 
nearly  19  per  cent.  The  other  types 
show  similar  results,  though  not  quite  so 
exact  a  comparison  is  possible,  since 
certain  changes  were  made  by  way  of 
added  features,  the  demand  for  the 
houses  of  ampler  accommodations  more 
than  offsetting  the  burden  of  increased 
cost. 

As  to  the  general  costs  of  a  develop- 
ment such  as  Indian  Hill,  we  find  that 
the  improvement  of  this  acreage,  that  is, 
sewer,  sidewalk  and  road  building,  tree 
planting  and  seeding,  have  amounted  to 
just  about  7  cents  per  square  foot.  This 
rate  does  not  take  account  of  overhead 
and  administrative  costs,  which  were  not 
available.  The  amount  chargeable  to 
each  of  the  fifty-eight  houses  built  thus 
far,  for  town  planning  and  architectural 
services,  has  come  to  about  2  per  cent. 
This  burden,  horeover,  light  as  it  is  even 
now,  rests  most  heavily  upon  thes«  first 
groups  and  will  decrease  still  further 
with  the  progress  of  the  development. 

Any  visitor  to  Indian  Hill  who  would 
visit  the  interior  of  these  cottages  with 
a  spirit  of  curiosity,  or  perhaps  a  touch 
of  condescension  as  to  their  furnishings, 
is  likely  to  receive  a  sharp  mental  jolt. 
The  company,  it  is  true,  decorated  and 
furnished  a  couple  of  houses  to  act  as 
friendly  counsellors  to  the  others,  but 
discounting  this  aid,  it  is  only  just  to  say 
that  the  average  of  taste  displayed  in 
these  homes  is  remarkably  high.  There 
is  very  little  overcrowding;  the  mass  of 
gimcrackery  is  conspicuously  lacking; 
there  is  discrimination,  selective  choice, 
and  restraint  everywhere.  If  on*  has 
.sometimes  been  downcast  by  the  be- 
devilment  often  worked  by  owners  of 
mansions  in  their  furnishings,  let  him 
turn  to  industrial  cottages  such  as  these 
and  be  encouraged. 


FACTORY  COSTS 
By  M.  M. 
British  factory  owners,  it  is  frankly 
recognized,  must  begin  in  earnest  to  pre- 
pare themselves  for  the  coming  trade 
war  if  they  would  win  in  what  promises 
to  be  a  severe  struggle,  and  many  large 
houses  are  already  considering:  the  ques- 
tion of  cheap  power  and  fuel  as  one  of 
the  principal  problems  to  be  attacked. 
By  the  courtesy  of  the  parties  concerned, 
the  Empire  Resources  Development 
Committee,  which  advocates  the  central- 
ization and  improvement  under  state 
assistance  of  power  plant,  offers  the  fol- 
lowing interenin?  example  of  what  may 
be  done  in  fuel  economy.  It  is  that  of 
a  small  glass  works,  the  power  for  which 
is  taken  from  a  locil  power  company  at 
Id.  per  Bo'ird  of  Trade  unit.  The  glass 
furnaces  are  fired  bv  producer  gas  of 
130  B.T.  units,  the  daily  consumption  be- 


power  charges  work  out  at  about  $30,000 
per  annum,  while  the  expenditure  on 
coal  by  the  producers  is  about  $25,000.  By 
means  of  a  low  temperature  carbonization 
plant  is  proposed  to  do  away  with  the 
burning  of  raw  coal  in  the  boilers  of  the 
power  company  and  in  the  furnaces  of 
the  glass  works.  The  gas  produced  from 
carbonization,  although  really  a  by- 
product, available  for  general  use  at  a 
very  low  charge,  has  a  B.T.  unit  value  of 
300  and  is  practically  pure,  so  that 
3,000,000  feet  would  do  the  same  work 
for  the  glass  company  as  the  6,000,000 
feet  now  consumed,  while  the  charge  of 
2d.  per  thousand  feet  (for  the  larger 
quantity)  instead  of  2%d.,  would  show  a 
saving  of  at  least  $50,000  per  annum. 
Furthermore,  the  price  charged  to  the 
power  company  would  allow  of  a  reduc- 
tion of  a  %d.  per  unit,  thus  showing  a 
further  saving  to  the  glass  works  of 
$15,000  per  annum.  This  statement  of 
the  case  takes  no  account  of  the  smoke- 
less fuel,  oil  fuel,  aniline  dyes  and  other 
products,  of  which  the  country  is  in 
great  need;  but  it  is  claimed  by  the 
Empire  Resources  Development  Commit- 
tee that,  by  suitable  state  action  in  rela- 
tion to  coal  carbonization,  a  large  re- 
venue might  be  obtained  towards  the 
cost  of  the  war  without  recourse  to  more 
disquieting  expedients. 


BRITISH  MADE  GLASS 
By  M.  M. 
At  the  last  British  Industries  Fair 
held  in  London  there  was  much  evidence 
as  to  the  marked  advance  shown  in  the 
manufacture  of  chemical  and  medical 
glass  and  porcelain.  The  exhibits  in- 
cluded every  descript'on  of  laboratory 
glass,  beside  rod  and  tube,  electric  bulbs, 
engineering  glassware,  lenses  and 
miners'  lamp  glasses.  The  specimens 
displayed,  with  two  exceptions,  included 
products  from  the  fine  modern  factory 
of  the  Wood  Bros.  Glass  Works  Co.,  Ltd., 
Barnsley.  Woods  also  exhibited  surgical 
glass — another  class  of  work  to  which 
glass  makers  have  had  to  adapt  them- 
selves since  the  opening  of  hostilities, 
and  lamp  blown  ware.  Regarding  the 
last  named,  a  model  glass  house  was 
organized  and  controlled  as  a  depart- 
ment of  the  Sheffield  University  by  Dr. 
W.  E.  S.  Turner,  which  is  now  one  of  the 
centres  in  England  for  the  training  of 
pupils  in  the  manufacture  of  scientific 
ware  from  glass  tube  by  means  of  the 
blow-lamp,  and  similar  efforts  are  being 
pushed  in  London  and  elsewhere,  thoui^h 
in  many  cases  they  are  carried  out  in  the 
works  of  enterprising  glass  makers.  It 
is  not  a  new  business  in  Great  Britain, 
but  it  had  been  allowed  to  dwindle  away 
until,  in  the  days  immediately  precedins 
the  war  almost  the  only  use  made  of 
lamp  work  in  our  glass  factories  was  for 
repairing  or  touching  up  ptirposes. 
ing  about  6,000,000  feet  and  the  cost 
2V4d.  per  thousand  feet,  exclusive  of 
wear  and  tear  charges,  the  coal  used  per 
day  being  about  50  tons.  The  total 
In  the  summer  of  1914  there  was  not 
a  single  manufacturer  of  laboratory 
glass  in  Great  Britain.  The  whole  pro- 
cess, the  knowledge  of  which  had  been 


gradually  built  up  by  Germany  during 
the  past  half  century,  had  to  be  discover- 
ed and  workers  specially  trained.  At 
the  fair  no  fewer  than  sixteen  firms  ex- 
hibited laboratory  glass;  six,  glass  rod 
and  tube;  twelve,  surgical  glass;  three, 
laboratory  porcelain;  six,  lamp-blown 
ware;  three,  lenses,  and  two  miners" 
lamp  glasses.  And  let  it  be  remembered 
that  every  exhibitor  had  to  be  the  bona 
fide  maker  of  the  goods  shown.  Two 
years  ago  British  laboratory  glass  equal- 
led, and  often  excelled,  anything  for- 
merly obtained  from  Jena  as  far  as  the 
quality  of  the  metal  was  concarned,  and 
a  year  ago  a  great  improvement  was  to 
be  noted  in  the  finish.  The  feature  of 
this  year  is  that  the  annealing  difficulty 
seems  to  have  been  overcome,  thus  clear- 
away  practically  the  last  hindrance  to 
the  production  in  this  country  of  chemi- 
cal glass  equal  to  the  Jena  article  in 
every  sense.  In  porcelain  ware  the 
same  encouraaring  advance  is  to  be  noted. 
The  whole  wide  ransre  of  the  Royal  Ber- 
lin productions  has  been  gone  through — 
Germany  formerly  satisfied  our  labora- 
tory porcelain  requirements  to  the  extent 
of  90  per  cent,  from  the  Kaiser's  own 
factory — the  results  being  excellent  in 
quality  and  finish. 

The  great  point  is  that  so  far  British 
prices  compare  very  unfavorably  with 
those  of  Germany,  though  this  is  in  part, 
of  course  due  to  war  conditions  and  will, 
in  a  measure,  rectify  itself.  Laboratory 
glass  is  from  100  to  150  per  cent,  dearer, 
and  porcelain  about  50  per  cent,  dearer. 

♦ 

CANADIAN  BOATS  READY  IN  JAN- 
UARY 
Hon.  C.  C.  Ballantyne,  Minister  of 
Marine  and  Fisheries,  has  practically 
completed  his  work  in  London  in  connec- 
tion with  shipping  and  trade  matters. 
His  visit  has  bee  of  primary  importance 
to  the  development  of  the  Canadian  ship- 
building industry.  Next  January.  Mr. 
Ballantyne  says,  the  first  large  Cana- 
dian government  carso  steamers  will  be 
in  commission,  working  in  conjunction 
with  the  Canadia  government  railway 
system.  The  cargo  boats  will  be  fitted 
with  cold  storaoce  facilities  for  the  con- 
veyance of  meat,  fish,  and  chilled  rooms 
for  fruit  and  dairy  products.  All  boats 
will  be  under  Canadian  registry,  and  the 
rates  will  be  controlled  by  the  govern- 
ment. 

While  in  London  the  Minister  secured 
the  release  of  a  number  of  coal 
and  ore-carrying  vessels  for  the 
Canadian  trade  to  keep  the  steel 
industries  in  operation.  He  expects 
the  Canadian  o-overnment  will  place 
a  mill  in  operation  next  Spring,  He  also 
investigated  the  possibilitv  of  a  develop- 
ment of  the  Canadian  fish  trade  in  Bri- 
tain. Lack  of  cold  storage  facilities  here 
is  the   B-reatest  drawback  to   th?   frozen 

fish  trade. 

♦ 

Haileybury,  Ont. — Construction  work 
by  the  Kipawa  Fibre  Co.,  at  the  site  of 
its  large  new  plant  to  the  south  of  Lake 
Temiskaming  is  well  under  way.  It  is 
proposed  to  harness  something  like  4,- 
000  of  the  20.000  available  horsepower 
for  the  time  being. 


August  29,  1918. 


257 


Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel,  and  Its  Prevention 

Perhaps  the  Most  Pathetic  Feature  of  Man's  Existence  on  This 
Planet  is  Illustrated  by  the  Contrast  Between  the  Immense  Metal- 
lurgical and  Manufacturing  Industries  Based  on  Iron  Ore,  and 
the  Loss  of  Finished  Metal  Due  to  Corrosion 

Beinj?  No.  7  in  a  Series  by  Abe  Winters 


ANOTHER  fact  which  is  weli 
founded  is  that  the  presence  of  free 
iron  has  a  marked  effect  in  pro- 
ducing a  precipitation  of  a  vapor  or  sus- 
pended matter  in  a  gas.  It  follows, 
therefore,  that  if  a  metal  be  heated  in 
the  presence  of  a  vapor  under  such  con- 
ditions that  the  gases  or  vapor  contain- 
ed within  the  metal  are  in  part  liber- 
ated; then,  as  the  liberated  gases  or 
vapors  contain  some  free  ions,  they  will 
cause  the  precipitation  within  the  pores 
of  the  metal  and  on  the  surface  layer 
of  a  portion  of  the  external  vapor  in 
which  the  metal  is  heated. 

That  all  materials  have  a  definite 
vapor  tension  is  well  known,  this  tension 
depending  mainly  on  the  nature  of  the 
material,  the  nature  of  the  surrounding 
materials,  the  temperature  and  the  pres- 
sure. It  therefore  follows  that  under 
all  conditions  all  substances  are  sur- 
rounded by  a  certain  amount  of  their 
own  vapor.  The  vapor  can  be  increased 
in  amount  by  increasing  the  tempera- 
ture and  decreasing  the  pressure.  Zinc 
vapor  can  be  produced  in  several  ways 
from  zinc.  If  molten  zinc  is  boiled  in 
a  reducing  atmosphere,  vapor  is  given 
off  rapidly,  and  if  heated  iron  is  brought 
in  contact  with  this  vapor  sherardizing 
would  take  place.  This  method  is  neither 
convenient  nor  economical  because  of  the 
waste  of  zinc.  The  most  practical  and 
economical  method  is  to  use  zinc  dust, 
which  is  obtained  as  a  by-product  of  a 
zinc  smelter.  This  dust  is  practically 
amorphous,  and  each  particle  consists 
of  a  small  inner  particle  of  more  or  less 
pure  zinc  surrounded  by  a  thin  coating 
of  zinc  oxide.  This  oxide  is  very  inert 
comoared  to  metallic  zinc  and  has  a  high 
melting  point.  It  therefore  is  very  ad- 
vantageous in  the  process  because  it  not 
only  keeps  the  particles  of  zinc  separated 
but  allows  the  spheres  of  vapor  surround- 
ing them  to  act  independently  with  a 
Viigh  vapor  tension  and  permits  the  tem- 
perature to  be  raised  beyond  the  melting 
point  of  zinc  without  its  becoming  mol- 
ten. Therefore  the  percentage  of  inert 
material  in  the  zinc  dust  plays  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  process. 

Temperature  and  Time  Important 
Factors 

Temperature  and  time  are  factors 
which,  depending  upon  .each  other,  are 
very  important  in  the  process  of  sherar- 
dizing.  They  depend  on  the  choice  and 
quality  of  zinc  dust  used  and  also  on  the 
requirements  and  physical  properties  of 
the  sherardized  material.  According  to 
authorities  on  vapor  tension,  with  an 
increase  of  temperature  from  325  to  375 
deg.  C,  the  relative  vapor  tension  in- 
creases 14  times  and  from  375  to  425 
deg.   C,   the    relative   vapor   tension    in- 


creases 14  times  and  from  375  to  425 
deg.  C.  the  relative  vapor  tension  in- 
creases 92  times.  Zinc  boils  under  ordi- 
nary pressure  at  918  deg.  C,  and  the 
boiling  point  under  vacuum  is  reduced 
to  548  deg.  C.  Iron  on  being  heated 
from  500  to  600  deg.  C.  in  vacuum  gives 
off  gases  readily.  Therefore,  it  is  quite 
clear  that  in  vacuum  the  conditions  are 
best  for  sherardizing.  Since  articles  of 
different  size,  shape  and  character  are 
treated,  if  each  were  given  its  ideal 
condition  of  temperature  and  quality  of 
zinc  dust,  the  time  of  treatment  of  all 
would  be  alike,  but  this  is  not  practicable, 
for  it  is  easier  to  vary  the  time  of  the 
process  than  the  other  factors.  It  is 
possible  to  obtain  almost  instantaneous 
sherardizing  in  the  case  of  wire  heated 
to  a  high  temperature  and  allowed  to 
pass  through  zinc  dust  at  normal  tem- 
perature. Not  only  the  time  of  heating 
the  article  during  process  should  be  con- 
sidered but  also  time  of  cooling,  slow 
pooling  is  preferable  for  two  reasons: 
First,  to  prevent  loss  from  exposing 
hot  zinc  dust  to  the  atmosphere  (the 
metallic  zinc  particles  would  quickly 
oxidize):  second,  to  prevent  the  articles 
being  chilled  too  quickly.  An  article  to 
be  sherardized  must  be  regarded  first 
in  respect  to  its  ability  to  absorb  zinc 
vapor,  and  then  the  condition  under 
which  zinc  produces  vapor  at  the  highest 
tension.  The  most  favorable  condition 
under  which  the  given  article  will  ab- 
sorb the  most  vapor  must  be  obtained. 
In  some  cases  it  will  be  a  selection  of 
temperature  or  pressure;  in  some  cases 
it  will  be  the  treatment  of  the  article, 
as  annealing,  or  the  treatment  of 
the  surface  mechanically  (sand  blast- 
ing or  tumblinT),  or  a  chem- 
ical treatment  such  as  pickling.  A 
brighter  metallic  coating  is  obtained  by 
using  the  manufactured  zinc  dust  than 
■vith  the  blue  dust,  which  is  a  by-pro- 
duct, the  latter  can  be  used  with  a  lower 
metallic  percentage  and  does  not  require 
as  long  time  in  processing  and  cooling 
and  there  is  less  danger  of  fusion  of 
zinc  due  to  slight  overstepping  the  tem- 
perature limit. 

When  the  article  sherardized  will  be 
subjected  to  sharp  bending  or  consider- 
able variations  of  temperature,  the 
thickness  of  coating  will  be  limited,  for 
zinc,  being  more  brittle  and  having  a 
different  co-efficient  of  expansion  than 
iron,  will  separate  from  the  iron  under 
these  extreme  conditions  if  too  thick  a 
coating  is  applied.  Perhaps  the  greatest 
advantage  of  sherardizing,  which  makes 
it  adapted  where  other  processes  are  im- 
practicable, is  the  fact  that  it  gives  a 
uniform  coating  over  the  entire  surface, 
such  as  the  inside  and  outside  of  hollow 
articles,  on  threads  of  pipes,  bolts,  nuts 


and  on  woven  wire  cloth.  Because  of 
its  great  adhering  and  alloying  proper- 
ties with  the  iron,  the  coating  makes  a 
very  good  bisis  or  intermediate  coat- 
ing when  plating  upon  iron  with  such 
metals  as  copper,  tin  or  nickel,  but  com- 
binations of  this  kind  are  not  advised 
if  most  efficient  protection  from  corro- 
sion are  desired. 

According  to  Prof.  C.  F.  Burgess,  of 
Wisconsin  University,  if  a  sherardized 
surface  is  scratched  by  a  file  and  ex- 
posed to  the  alternate  action  of  air  and 
water,  rust  will  form  in  this  scratch, 
filling  it  up  and  bridging  it  over  and 
apparently  bringing  the  action  to  a  stop. 
This  rust  comes  from  the  iron  liberated 
from  the  electro-positive  coating  rather 
than  from  the  underlying  iron.  Thus, 
a  defect  in  a  sherardized  coating  appar- 
ently tends  to  heal  itself  over  while 
with  other  forms  of  covering  the  defect 
becomes  exaggerated.  Professor  R.  B. 
Leighon  and  Prof.  H.  A.  Calderwood 
state  that  a  sherardized  coating  should 
afford  protection  over  a  longer  period 
of  time  and  yield  less  readily  to  corro- 
sion than  an  electro-galvanized  surface, 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  former  is  less 
electro-positive  to  iron  than  the  latter, 
their  potentials  being  given  as  0.296  volt 
for  sherardizing  and  0.472  volt  for  the 
electro-galvanizing.  An  abrasion  test 
by  these  gentlemen,  on  a  sherardized 
sample  having  three  times  the  initial 
weight  of  zinc  before  the  test  showed 
twenty-two  times  as  much  after  test  as 
the  electro-zinced  sample,  while  another 
with  about  one  and  three-quarters  times 
as  much  as  the  best  e'ectro-galvanized 
at  the  beginning  had  five  times  as  much 
at  the  end,  showing  that  sherardized 
surface  is  much  more  resistant  to  abra- 
sion. 

Commercial    Requirements 

In  general,  a  protection  against  cor- 
rosion should  conform  to  several  condi- 
tions for  commercial  work.  Prominent 
among  these  conditions  are  the  follow- 
ing: '''he  coating  must  be  durable  and  of 
a  reasonably  permanent  character.  It 
must  be  conveniently  produced  at  small 
initial  cost  and  with  low  operating  ex- 
pense. It  must  be  adapted  to  the  par- 
ticular requirements  of  selected  products. 

There  must  be  uniformity  of  results 
and  conditions  governing  same.  The 
coating  must  be  controllable  by  prede- 
termin'^tion  of  conditions  affecting  the 
production  of  the  coating.  The  coating 
must  have  certain  physical  properties 
relating  to  strength  or  elasticity  which 
are  conclusive  to  resistance  to  wear 
or  exposure  to  the  elements,  and  the  fin- 
ished article  must  be  of  pleasing  appear- 
ance. 

The  question  may  be  asked  why  cop- 
per is  being  used  so  extensively  on  mu- 


258 


C  A  N  A  D  1  A  N    xM  A  C  H  1  i\  K  K  Y 


Volume  XX. 


nitions  for  the  British  army.  The  answer 
is  simply  because  the  British  specifica- 
tions call  for  copper,  and  not  because 
copper  has  been  determined  the  most 
efficient  protection  for  iron  or  steel  mili- 
tarj'  supplies.  Iron  and  steel  military 
supplies  are  being  treated  by  immersion 
in  phosphoric  acid  solution  in  the  United 
States,  but  not  because  the  U.  S.  Bureau 
of  Standards  has  pronounced  the  pro- 
cess most  effective.  The  bureau  has  re- 
commended zinc  in  some  forms.  They 
do  not  specify  any  particular  method  of 
applying  the  zinc,  but  zinc  alone  is  ad- 
vised. Zinc  on  lead,  copper  or  tin  over 
iron  or  steel  is  not  as  reliable  as  a  sim- 
ple coating  of  zinc,  a  subsequent  cover- 
ing of  lead  has  been  found  beneficial 
and  such  coating  will  withstand  very 
severe  salt  spray  tests.  Bituminous 
paint  over  the  zinc  coating  has  also 
given  very  excellent  satisfaction.  Black 
nickel  should  be  deposited  over  zinc  to 
be  effective  as  a  protective  coatjng. 
Nothing  is  gained  by  nickeling  over  zinc 
except  a  finish  which  will  remain  bril- 
liant for  longer  period,  the  durability 
of  the  coating  is  not  increased  appre- 
ciably. The  investigations  now  in  pro- 
gress by  the  United  States  Government 
will  no  doubt  result  in  the  production  of 
a  standard  rustproof  coating  for  iron  or 
steel  and  when  adopted  by  the  industries 
the  process  should  actually  revolutionize 
metal  finishing  with  reference  to  iron 
or   steel    products. 


AEROPLANE      MAKING      GROWING 
INDUSTRY 

In  January  of  last  year  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board,  through  Canadian 
Aeroplanes,  Ltd.,  commenced  the  con- 
struction of  aeroplanes  for  training  pur- 
poses in  Canada  at  the  national  factory, 
where  the  output  of  flying  machines  has 
now  grown  to  a  substantial  total.  The 
present  capacity  of  the  plant  is  300  ma- 
chines per  month,  which  with  the  spares 
turned  out  is  equivalent  to  350  machines 
monthly. 

The  total  number  of  machines  manu- 
factured to  the  end  of  last  May,  together 
with  the  spares,  was  2,000. 

The  number  of  employees  engaged  at 
this  factory  is  2,150,  and  recently  the 
plant  has  been  engaged  in  constructing 
a  number  of  bombing  planes  for  the  Unit- 
ed States  navy,  showing  how  closely  the 
two  allied  countries  of  North  America 
are  co-operating  in  their  effort  to  beat 
the  Hun. 

New  Type  of  Engine 
The  Imperial  Munitions  Board  has 
placed  a  contract  for  the  construction  of 
an  important  number  of  the  latest  im- 
proved type  of  high  power  airplane  en- 
gines to  be  used  in  equipping  fighting 
planes  for  service  at  the  front.  This  is 
a  somewhat  surprising  development  for 
a  country  so  young  as  Canada  in  the  air- 
plane-making industry,  as  this  particular 
design  of  engine  represents  the  highest 
class  of  workmanship  attained  in  any 
machine  of  this  nature  yet  produced. 

No  engines  are  manufactured  at  the 
national  plant,  but  are  supplied  from 
various  outside  sources  and  assembled 
and  mounted  there.  The  principal  ma- 
terials entering  into  the  construction  of 


the  machines — apart  from  the  epgines 
: — are  spruce,  fir  and  high  grade  linen, 
all  of  which  are  used  in  fabricating  the 
wings.  A  large  number  of  women  are 
employed  at  the  plant  in  this  capacity. 
The  bodies  of  the  machines  are  composed 
of  the  wooden  frame  covered  with  can- 
vas. The  seating  space  is  protected  by 
an  aluminum  frame  and  the  propellers 
are  made  of  mahogany. 

The  board  up  to  the  end  of  May  has 
ecntracted  for  the  cutting  of  248,000,000 
feet  of  spruce  logs,  from  which  it  is  ex- 
pected to  secure  43,000,000  feet  of  sawed 
airplane  lumber,  in  addition  to  5,700,000 
feet  of  rived  spruce  for  the  British  Air 
Board,  and  required  for  the  construction 
of  airplanes. 

Further  contracts  have  been  made 
with  approximately  seventy  mills  in 
British  Columbia  for  their  total  output 
for  extended  periods  of  clear  Douglas  fir 
for  use  in  the  construction  of  airplanes. 

In  connection  with  the  training  of  Can- 
adians as  airmen  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  has  secured  grounds,  erected  build- 
ing and  furnished  equipment  necessary 
for  the  carrying  on  of  the  work  of  the 
Royal  Air  Forces  at  its  various  flying 
centres,  including  Camp  Borden,  Armour 
Heights.  Leaside,  Camp  Mohawk  and 
Beamsville. 


BITUMINOUS  COAL  TO  BE  OF  GOOD 
QUALITY 

More  vigorous  regulations  than  those 
heretofore  issued  to  insure  the  produc- 
tion of  clean  bituminous  coal  have  been 
made  public  by  the  United  States  Fuel 
Administration. 

No  bituminous  coal  will  be  permitted  to 
be  sold,  shipped,  or  distributed  if  the 
same  contains  such  quantity  of  rock, 
slate,  bone,  sulphur,  fire  clay,  shale,  or 
other  impurities  that  it  would  not  have 
been  considei-ed  merchantable  prior  to 
January  1,  1916. 

May   Prohibit  Shipments 

Shipments  from  bituminous  coal  mines 
in  which  the  coal  is  naturally  of  such 
character  as  to  be  unfit  for  market  may 
be  prohibited  by  the  Fuel  Administra- 
tion. Operators  also  of  bituminous  mines 
whose  products  are  capable  of  being 
made  merchantable  by  complying  with 
the  requirements  of  the  Fuel  Administra- 
tion in  regard  to  the  removal  of  impuri- 
ties and  who  fail  to  comply  with  these 
requirements,  will  be  required  either  to 
unload  and  clean  such  coal,  if  it  has  been 
loaded  into  cars  or  bins,  or  to  deduct  50 
cents  per  ton  from  the  Government  price. 
In  the  event  of  repeated  violations  on  the 
part  of  such  operators,  such  further 
action  will  be  taken  by  the  Fuel  Adminis- 
tration as  it  may  deem  advisable. 

The  enforcement  of  these  orders  de- 
volves, primarily,  upon  inspectors  ap- 
pointed by  the  district  representatives. 

These  inspectors  are  required  to  fa- 
miliarize themselves  with  the  conditions 
under  which  coal  is  produced  and  pre- 
pared for  market  in  the  particular  terri- 
tory to  which  they  are  assigned,  and  to 
advise  mine  operators  and  employees  of 
such  methods  as  the  inspectors  may  deem 
necessary  to  bring  coal  Up  to  the  stand- 


ard, to  inspect  coal  mining  operations  in 
their' respective  territories,  and  to  make 
daily  reports  to  their  several  district  rep- 
resentatives. 

Copies  of  these  reports,  with  the  re- 
commendations of  the  district  representa- 
tives thereon,  will   be   forwarded   to   the 
Fuel  Administration  for  final  action. 
Determined  to  Increase  Efficiency 

The  order  evidences  the  determination 
of  the  Fuel  Administration  to  neglect  no 
means  by  which  it  can  assist  in  increas- 
ing the  efficiency  of  every  furnace  in 
every  factory  and  in  every  ship  devoted 
to  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 

The  enormous  increase  in  the  demand 
for  bituminous  coal  incident  to  the  en- 
trance of  the  United  States  into  the  war, 
encouraged  the  opening  of  numerous  so- 
called  coal  mines,  a  large  percentage  of 
the  output  of  which  resembled  coal  solely 
in  color.  This  product  brought  the  same 
price  on  the  market  as  clean  coal.  The 
inevitable  result  was  a  general  deteriora- 
tion in  the  quality  of  all  bituminous  coal 
put  on  the  market,  and  a  consequent  pro- 
portionate decrease  in  the  heat  generated 
in  the  furnaces  of  the  country. 

The  new  order  is  intended  to  correct 
that  evil.  It  was  prepared  after  an  ex- 
tensive conference  between  representa- 
tives of  the  United  States  Fuel  Adminis- 
tration and  the  district  representatives, 
who,  besides  being  representatives  of 
that  organization,  are  practically  coal 
operators,  and  were  selected  by  the  oper- 
ators of  the  districts  over  wrhich  they 
have  jurisdiction  as  their  representatives. 
This  order,  therefore,  is  expected  to 
effect  the  object  for  which  it  was  passed. 

The  United  States  Fuel  Administration 
also  made  public  an  order  under  which 
operators  of  bituminous  coal  mines  may 
receive  a  special  allowance  for  coal  me- 
chanically washed  or  extraordinarily 
cleaned  or  picked  in  such  manner  that  the 
fuel  value  of  the  coal  will  be  substan- 
tially increased  by  the  removal  of  waste 
arid  impurities.  No  special  allowance, 
however,  will  be  made  for  the  ordinary 
method  of  cleaning  or  picking  coal. 

This  order  supersedes  all  prior  orders 
on  this  subject,  and  becomes  effective  at 
7  a.m.,  June  1,  1918. 

Amount  of  Allowance 

The  amount  of  the  allowance  contem- 
plated by  this  order  will  be  determined  by 
the  Fuel  Administration,  and  will  be  set 
forth  in  a  permit  to  be  applied  for  and 
obtained  by  such  operator  in  conformity 
with  the  provisions  of  the  order. 

Applications  for  such  permits  must  be 
made  to  the  license  section,  legal  division, 
of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration, 
and  must  supply  the  information  indi- 
cated in  such  applications,  forms  for 
which  will  be  furnished  on   request. 


Will  Return  Profits.— Henry  Ford, 
through  his  private  secretary,  announced 
that  he  will  return  to  the  United  States 
Government  all  the  profits  he  personally 
makes  on  war  contract  work.  He  added 
that  he  expected  a  number  of  the  other 
stockholders  of  the  Ford  Motor  Company 
woul.l   follow   his   example. 


August  29,  1918. 


269 


Theory  and  Application  of  Sectional  Views 

Every  Mechanic  Should  Know  How  to  Make  and  Interpret 
Mechanical  Drawings  and  Sketches  of  the  Simple  Type — Practical 
Course  Prepared  For  Younger  Men  and  Newcomers  in  Industry 

Fifth  of  Series  of  Articles  By  TERRELL  CROFT 


Conventional  Methods 

REVOLVED  sections  are  small  views 
drawn  within  the  outline  of  the  ob- 
ect  itself  to  show  the  construction 
of  its  members.  In  Fig.  16  the  revolved 
sections  M.  N.  and  0,  indicate  that  the 
portions  of  the  object  wherein  these 
views  are  drawn  are  of  circular,  ellip- 
tical and  channel  sections  respectively. 
These  revolved  sections  are  a  great  con- 
venience to  the  draftsman,  in  that  their 
use  often  enables  him  to  specify  in  de- 
tail the  construction  of  an  object  with 
only  one  main  view  and  two  or  three 
revolved  section  views;  whereas,  without 
the  revolved  sections  two  or  three . 
complete  views  might  be  required.  Some- 
times, instead  of  showing  the  revolved 
section  directly  in  the  main  view,  the 
main  view  is  broken  to  permit  the  in- 
sertion of  the  auxiliary  section,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  17. 

Removed  sections  may  be  used  where 
revolved  sections  cannot  be  employed  ef- 
fectively. Fig.  18  shows  three  removed 
sections  which  detail  the  construction  of 
the  rod.     The  removed  sections  are  lo- 


FIG.  15-NON-CONTINUOUS  CUTTING  PLANE. 

cated  outside  of  the  outlines  of  the  ob- 
ject. The  plane  at  which  each  removed 
section  is  taken  should  be  indicated  by 
a  section  lines  and  letters,  and  the  re- 
moved section  itself  should  be  lettered 
correspondingly.  Thus,  in  Fig.  18  Sec- 
tion AA  shows  that  a  cut  through  plane 
A^A'  would  disclose  a  hexagonal  end 
view. 

A  cutting  plane  does  not,  so  it  is  as- 
sumed, cut  through  every  member  which 
it  intersects.  Thus  there  are  certain  ob- 
jects which  are  practically  never  shown 
in  section,  though  the  cutting  plane  as 
indicated  on  the  drawing  passes  through 
them.  Some  of  these  objects  are:  keys, 
bolts,  screws,  rods,  shafts,  studs,  nuts, 
and  spokes  of  wheels.  A  drawing  giv- 
ing an  excellent  example  of  this  practice 
is  that  of  the  high-speed  engine  of  Fig. 
19,  which  is  shown  therein  in  longi- 
tudinal section.  It  will  be  noted  that  be- 
cause of  the  fact  that  the  piston  rods, 
bolts,  nuts,  shafts  and  similar  members 
are  not  shown  in  section,  the  drawing 
is  much  clearer  and  more  expressive  than 
it  would  be  otherwise.     This  is  in  spite 


of  the  fact  that  a  longitudinal  cutting 
plane  located  symmetrically  through  the 
center  line  of  the  cylinder  and  the  shaft 
would  cut  through  the  members  above 
enumerated. 

Assembly  Section  Drawing 

Another  good  example  demonstrating 
this  principle  is  that  of  Fig.  20,  which 
shows  a  uniflow  engine  cylinder  in  sec- 
tion, note  that  the  piston  rod,  cylinder 
head,  valves,  bolts  and  nuts  and  certain 
other  members  are  not  sectioned.     Fig. 


/leiJe/i^fe^    Sfcfiens. 


struction  of  the  casting  as  does  the  sec- 
tional view  in  Fig.  22.  This  explains 
why  the  method  of  Fig.  22  is  used. 

Webs  are  not  shown  sectioned  even 
if  the  cutting  plane  passes  through  them. 
This  principle  is  defined  in  Fig.  24F.  Al- 
though the  cutting  plane  AA  pasues 
through  the  center  of  the  longitudinal 
web,  the  section  AA  shown  at  the  bottom 
of  the  drawing  indicates  the  correct 
method  of  rendering  this  web.  That  is, 
the  web  should  be  shown  as  if  it  were 
not    cut    through,    because    this    method 


P"IG.      16-  ILLUSTRATING     USE     OF     "REVOLVED     SECTIONS." 
FIG.  23— INCORRECT  METHOD  OF  SECTIONING  WHEEL  SPOKE. 


21  gives  a  quarter  section  view  of  a 
roller  bearing  shaft  plunger  in  which 
neither  the  shaft  nor  the  bolts  and  nuts 
are  shown  in  section,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  cutting  planes  intersect  them. 
The  working  drawing  of  a  hand  wheel  is 
shown  in  Fig.  22.  Note  that  in  the  sec- 
tional view  to  the  right  the  upper  spoke 
is  not  shown  in  section,  although  the  cut- 
ting plane  passes  through  its  center. 
This  Fig.  22  gives  the  accepted  and  cor- 
rect method  of  rendering  the  sectional 
view  of  the  pulley.  The  sectional  view 
of  Fig.  23,  although  it  is  theoretically 
correct  for  the  pulley  of  Fig.  22  does  not 
convey  as  definite  an  idea  as  to  the  con- 


conveys  a  more  accurate  idea  as  to  the 
actual  construction  of  the  object. 

Section  lining  is  usually  at  an  angle  of 
45  degrees,  although  the  lines  may  be 
drawn  at  some  other  angle  if,  to  insure 
contrast,  this  is  desirable.  The  drawing 
of  the  blanking-and-piercing  die  repro- 
duced in  Fig.  25  provides  a  good  example 
of  this  maxim.  Close  examination  of 
Fig.  25  will  disclose  that  certain  of  the 
section  lines  representing  steel  are  ruled 
at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  while  other 
steel  parts  adjacent  to  them  are  ruled  at 
an  angle  of  30  degrees  to  insure  the  con- 
trast just  mentioned. 


FIG.    n— REVOLVED    SECTIONS    WITHIN    BREAKS. 
FIG.     18— EXAMPL,2S     OF     REMOVED     SECTIONS. 


260 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Drawinf;  of  Section    Lines 

The  tendency  of  beginners  is  to  draw 
section  or  cross-hatching  lines  too  close 
together.  Where  the  lines  are  too  close 
together,  not  only  is  much  unnecessary 
work  involved,  but  the  resulting  appear- 
ance is  not  as  satisfactory  as  when  the 
lines  are  further  apart.  On  working 
drawings,  unless  the  area  to  be  sectioned 
is  very  small  the  section  lines  should  not 
be  much  closer  together  than  1-16  in.  On 
sketches  the  section  lines  may  be  put  in 
free  hand.  On  tracings  or  ink  drawings 
they  should  be  ruled  in,  using  a  triangle 
as  a  guide.  An  experienced  draftsman 
always  spaces  the  lines  with  the  eye. 
The  numerous  automatic  section  line 
spacing  devices  which  are  on  the  market 
are  seldom  used  in  commercial  work. 
If  the  first  few  lines  are  spaced  carefully 
the  draftsman  can  with  little  effort,  by 
referring  to  these  as  a  guide,  section  the 
remainder  of  the  area  quite  uniformly. 

Often  one  sectional  drawing  may  be 
made  to  detail  completely  the  construc- 
tion of  an  object.  Consider  the  commu- 
tator core  shown  in  Fig.  27.  It  is 
evident  that  the  sectional  drawing 
of  Fig.  27  specifies  completely  the 
construction  of  this  core.  It  is  of  course 
understood  in  a  drawing  of  this  character 
that  certain  of  the  dimensions  represent 
diameters,  and  certain  others  lengths. 
Figs.  28  and  29  give  two  other  good  ex- 
amples of  sectional  drawings  which  com- 
pletely detail  the  construction  of  cylin- 
drical objects. 

Sectional  views  are  of  great  usefulness 
in  delineating  power  plant  construction. 
If  there  were  no  such  thing  as  a  section- 
al view  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to 
show  on  a  drawing  the  arrangement  and 


construction  of  the  equipment  in  a 
modern  power  plant.  A  typical  trans- 
verse sectional  drawing  of  a  hydro- 
electric station  is  reproduced  in  Fig.  30. 
This  discloses  at  a  glance  the  principal 
constructional  features  of  the  station. 
Note  that  it  is  usual  to  take  a  section 
through  one  of  the  generating  units.    In 


SMALL  WORKSHOPS 

By  D.  Street 
The  conviction  of  many  people  before 
the  war  that  small  factories  would  grad- 
ually be  eliminated,  that  all  industry 
would  be  carried  on  in  factories  of  the 
largest  size,  and  equipped  in  every  way 
to  ensure  economy  and  rapidity  of  exe- 


STtam 
Aelmisshn 


FIG.    20— SECTIONAL    ELEVATION    THROUGH    CYLINDER    OF 
UNIFLOW    ENGINE. 


Fig.  30  the  section  is  taken  through  one 
of  the  water-wheel  generators,  and 
shows  very  clearly  the  construction  and 
contour  of  the  inlet  and  draught  tubes 
for  the  turbine.  A  typical  substation 
sectional  view  is  given  in  Fig.  31.  Here 
also  the  section  is  taken  through  one  of 
the  synchronous  converters  and  shows 
its  arrangement  over  the  pit. 


■Piston 
Piston  Root 


■Armoture  Coro 


£Mittr 

■Field  '^'"y-: 

Coll 

.^■Collector  nimp 


■Ringr- 
Oilina 
Bearing 


fution,  has  been  disproved  to  some  ex 
tent  by  the  experience  of  the  past  three 
and  a  half  years.  The  argument  is  some- 
times used  that  small  shops  are'  a  na- 
tional asset,  chiefly  because  they  con- 
stitute an  ideal  training  place  for  crafts- 
men, but  small  shops  will  not  survive  for 
this  reason.  Their  value  for  training  ap- 
prentices is  undisputed,  but  modern  in- 
dustry has  an  economic  basis.  If  the 
small  shop  meant  a  waste  of  labor  and 
material  they  would  have  to  go,  indeed 
they  would  have  gone  long  ago.  Since 
the  war  started  the  small  shops  have 
proved  proportionately  as  great  an  asset 
to  the  nation  as  the  big  concerns,  and 
they  have    multiplied    amazingly.       All 

ADJUSTIHG  SCREW- 

HAHOER  FRAME 

HOLLER  BEARINQ-i-dtVMllMinri 

SHAFT  

BEARING  BOX-- 


FIG.   21— DETAIL  OF    A   ROLLER   BEARING 
SHAF  THANGER. 


FIG.  19— SECTIONAL  ELEVATION  OF  HIGH-SPEED  DIRECT-CONNECTED 
GENERATINO  UNIT. 


FIG.    22     WORKING    DRAWING    OF    HAND 
WHEEL. 


August  29,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


261 


I 


FIG.   20— GENERAL  VIEW    )F    WORKING    DRAWING. 


over  the  country  are  small  shell-making 
shops,  and  the  work  is  turned  out  satis- 
factorily and  quickly.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  the  foundry  trades.  It  is  a  fact 
that  big:  en^rineerin^  works  that  have 
well-equipped  foundries  and  pattern 
shops  often  give  some  portion  of  their 
'vork  to  jobbing  shops,  and  find  that  it 
costs  them  less  than  if  the  work  was 
done  in  their  own  works,  and  this  despite 
the  apparent  handicap  of  the  small  shop 
in  the  matter  of  machinery.  There  are 
many  reasons  why  the  extinction  of  the 
small  shop  would  be  regrettable,  but 
there  is  fortunately  every  reason  for  be- 
lieving that  they  will  occupy  an  import- 
ant place  in  the  industrial  system  of  the 
future. 

Because  the  tendency  of  the  time  is 
towards  standardization  there  is  a  fairly 
widespread  belief  that  in  a  comparative- 
ly short  time  there  will  be  no  large  gen- 
eral shops.  The  general  shops,  that  is, 
the  shops  that  will  undertake  any  piece 
of  ensineering,  and  do  not  specialize  in 


ST^EEL 


any  way,  have  become  fewer  in  recent 
years,  but  there  will  always  be  many  of 
them.  It  ought  to  be  remembered  that 
very  many  of  the  large  specialist  firms 
have  evolved  from  being  general  en- 
gineers. Indeed,  the  shrewd  business 
man  with  sufficient  initiative  to  run  a 
small  jobbing  shop  will  gradually  de- 
velop his  business  so  as  to  cope  with  any- 
thing that  may  come  along,  and  in 
course  of  time,  because  of  the  greater 
profits  and  the  more  regular  flow  of 
orders,  he  will  specialize.  To  eliminate 
the  small  shop  this  type  of  man  will  have 
to  be  eliminated.  There  are  men  who 
are  happier  in' supreme  control  of  one  or 
two  men  than  as  employees  with  a  thou- 
sand subordinates. 

The  great  usefulness  of  the  small  shop 
is  in  undertaking  repair  work.     It  may 


be  true  that  if  some  part  of  a  motor  en- 
gine has  to  be  repaired  a  duplicate  part 
may  be  obtained  by  sending  an  item 
number  to  the  maker,  but  it  is  not  al- 
ways convenient  to  wait  for  a  few  days. 
Again,  when  the  part  comes,  some  part 
of  the  engine  has  probably  to  be  dis- 
sembled before  the  new  part  can  be  ex- 
changed for  the  old.  The  standardizing 
of  motor  parts  has  not  prevented  the 
number  of  wayside  garages  from  in- 
creasing. The  same  thing  may  be  said 
for  ship  repair.  Big  vessels  are,  of 
course,  overhauled  in  the  big  yards,  but 
the  smaller  craft  can  be  as  cheaply  re- 
paired in  the  small  place.  Even  more 
useful  work  than  repairing  is  the  work 
done  for  inventors.  It  would  be  interest- 
ing to  know  how  many  small  concerns 
are  kept  going  chiefly  by  inventive 
clients.  The  large  firm  is  prepared  to 
purchase  a  proved  success,  but  it  inter- 
feres with  their,  organization,  to  experi- 
ment with  an  idea  that  may  or  may  not 
be  worth  while.  Of  course,  both  for  re- 
pair and  experimental  work  there  is 
practically  no  competition  between  large 
and  small  firms,  and  it  may  be  admitted 
that  it  will  become  more  and  more  im- 
possible for  men  with  small  capital  to 
compete  in  new  construction  with 
wealthy  firms,  who  by  subdivision  of 
labor  and  automatic  machines  can 
cheapen  production. 

On  the  whole  the  management  ex- 
penses of  small  firms  are  less  than  those 
of  large  firms,  and  there  is  the  added 
advantage  of  unity  and  control.  A  great 
many  large  engineering  works  to-day 
are  weighted  down  with  foremen  and 
managers.  There  is  a  false  impression 
abroad  that  speeding  up  means  multi- 
plying the  number  of  leaders.  The  small 
engineer  is  his  own  manager,  and  his  in- 
terest is  direct.  He  has  cut  out  all 
waste,  of  which  there  is  too  much  even 
now  in  entjineering  works,  and  a  fair  re- 
turn satisfies  him.  This  is  especially 
true  of  hand  work.  There  is  every  rea- 
son why  a  small  foundry,  pattern  shop, 


FIG.  2.5— SECTIONAL  VIEW   OF  BLANKING   AND   PIERCING  DIE. 


HG.    :)»— SECTIONAL    ELEV*ATION    OF    HYDRO-ELECTRIC    STATION. 


262 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


or  fitting  shop  should  turn     out     even 
cheaper  work  than  a  big  shop,  and  it  is 
acknowledged  that  the  best  controller  of 
a  big  shop  is  the  man  who  has  served 
with  a  small  firm. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  the  develop- 
ment of  industry  in  the  future  will  take 
the  form  of  large  firms  giving  out  a 
good  deal  of  their  work  to  small  firms. 
It  will  probably  be  found  cheaper  to  sup- 
port separate  concerns  by  ordering  large 


In  order  that  it  might  carry  out  its 
foreign  contracts  the  National  Co.  has 
secured  the  capital  stock  of  the  Three 
Rivers  Co.,  which  has  been  building  small 
wood«n  vessels  for  the  British  Govern- 
ment. The  foreign  orders  in  hand  will 
keep  the  plant,  having  about  fifteen 
ways,  busy  until  the  end  of  1919. 

The  management  of  the  National  Co. 
has  in  mind  the  transformation  of  the 
shipyards  into  car  shops  should  the  ship- 


SUB-STATION. 
FIG.   31— SECTIONAL   ELEVATION   OF   SYNCHRONOUS   CONVERTER 


quantities  of  parts  from  them  although 
of  course  the  work  will  be  erected  in 
their  own  works. 


BIG  SHIPBUILDING  BUSINESS 
COMING 

The  National  Shipbuilding  Corpora- 
tion has  orders  on  its  books  for  between 
$8,000,000  and  $10,000,000  wooden  ships 
for  foreign  account.  These  vessels  will 
be  built  in  Canada  where  the  company 
has  just  secured  control  of  the  yard  of 
the  Three  Rivers  Shipbuilding  Co. 

Through  the  efforts  of  Newman  Erb, 
chairman  of  the  board,  the  National  Co. 


building  industry  show  signs  of  lagging 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war.  The  com- 
pany, in  conjunction  with  its  Louisiana 
plant,  owns  a  canal,  the  operation  of 
which  may  be  taken  over  for  the  govern- 
ment by  the  Inland  Waterways  Com- 
mission, negotiations  now  being  under 
way  to  this  end. 


TRADE  INQUIRIES 

The  following  trade  inquiries  have 
been  received  by  the  Department  of 
Trade  and  Commerce,  Ottawa. 

593.  Tin    caps    for    bottles. — A    large 


FIG.   28-  DRAWING   OK   AN    EXPANDING   MANDREL. 


at  its  American  plant,  located  near  New 
Orleans,  will  soon  undertake  the  con- 
struction of  small  steel  vessels  running 
up  to  3,500  tons  deadweight.  Next  week 
it  will  launch  the  first  of  four  steel 
tankers  for  the  Mexican  Petroleum  Co., 
after  which  its  activities  will  probably 
be  confined  chiefly  to  the  wants  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. 


concern  in  Mexico  would  like  to  have 
quotations  for  supplies  of  tin  caps  or 
crown  corks  for  bottles. 

594.  Dry  sulphite. — A  Mexican  paper 
manufacturing  company  would    like    to* 
get  supplies  of  dry  sulphite  from  Can- 
ada. 

595.  Paper  and  pulp. — A  firm  of  Jap- 
anese importers  would  like  to  get  sup- 


plies of  paper  and  pulp.  They  would  be 
glad  to  receive  communications  froni 
Canadian  manufacturers  with  regard  to 
business  either  now  or  after  the  war. 

596.  Asbestos  fibre. — A  firm  of  Jap- 
anese importers  would  like  to  make  ar- 
rangements for  supplies  of  asbestos  fibre 
after  the  war. 

597.  Wire,  wire  nails,  etc. — A  Japanese 
firm  representing  Japanese  manufactur- 


\lJ,//U^/////^///////y^/. 


-$ 


m 


^k 


UiT 


FIG.    27- COMMUTATOR    SLEEVE    DETAIL. 


evs  wishes  to  correspond  with  Canadian 
manufacturers  with  a  view  to  getting  a 
.supply  of  wire  and  wire  nails  either  for 
present  shipment  or  for  business  after 
the  war. 

598.  Iron  sheets. — A  Japanese  firm  of 
importers  wish     to     communicate     with 


7.000 


FIG    29— COMPLETE  CONSTRUCTION   SHOWN 
IN    SECTION. 

Canadian  manufacturers  in  reference  to 
supplies  of  iron  sheets  after  the  war. 

602.  Sulphate  of  ammonia. — Large 
commission  firm  in  Barbados  is  making 
inquiries  for  Canadian  sulphate  of  am- 
monia. 

603.  Galvanized  buckets.  —  Firm  of 
manufacturers'  agents  in  British  Guiana 
would  like  an  agency  for  Canadian  gal- 
vanized buckets. 


August  29,  1918. 


203 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


IIECORD    SYSTEM    FOR    PATTERNS 

By  Wilfred  G.  Astle 
The  following  system  of  keeping  a 
record  of  patterns,  also  indexing  and 
storing  them,  will  eliminate  any  delay 
or  errors  made  in  selecting  the  proper 
patterns  from  the  store-room,  and  has 
been  successfully  used  in  the  shops  of  a 
large  electric  railway  system  in  Indiana. 

Requisition 

The  first  form  required  is  a  requisition 
(Illustration  No.  1)  and  is  issued  by  the 
foremen  of  the  different  departments 
when  patterns  are  required  from  the 
storeroom.  This  requisition  is  first  ap- 
proved by  the  master  mechanic,  and  is 
then  turned  over  to  the  pattern  store- 
keeper, who  supplies  the  pattern.  If  the 
pattern  is  a  new  one  and  has  to  be  made 
up,  the  requisition  is  then  turned  over 
to  the  foreman  of  the  pattern  shop,  and 
is  his  authority  to  make  up  the  pattern. 
When  the  work  is  ccmpleted  he  forwards 
the  pattern  to  the  pattern  storekeeper 
accompanied  by  a  pattern  report  (illus- 
tration No.  2). 

Office  Record 

The  office  record  is  shown  Form  No.  3 
<see  illustration)  and  contains  details  of 
the  make-up  of  the  pattern  and  the  metal 
from  which  the  casting  should  be  made 
and  the  approximate  weight  of  one  cast- 
ing. This  form  also  shows  the  location 
of  the  pattern  at  all  times.  In  order  to 
make  this  record  complete,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  arrange  the  pattern  shelves 
so  that  they  can  be  divided  by  partitions 
and  numbered.  Each  pattern  is  given 
an  index  number  which  will  correspond 
to  the  correct  name. 

Tag  for  Outside  Work 

When  it  is  necessary  to  send  any  pat- 
tern to  an  outside  foundry  for  casting.s, 
a  special  tag  is  used  (Illustration  No.  4; 
which  consists  of  three  coupons,  and  is 
fastened  to  the  pattern.  When  the  pat- 
tern is  ready  for  delivery  the  first  cou- 
pon is  detached  by  the  pattern  store- 
keeper, and  forms  a  record  of  the  pat- 
tern sent  as  well  as  the  name  of  the 
party  receiving  it,  the  date  of  delivery, 
and  the  name  of  the  department  order 
ing  it  sent. 

The  second  coupon  is  detached  by  the 
foundry  receiving  it,  and  requests  that 
the  foundry  check  the  number  of  pieces 
according  to  the  memorandum  attached 


BBQUISITIOE  FOR  PAITERHS 


VS. 


DATE. 


MAKE  THE  POILOWIKG  FATTERHS  AKD  CHAEGE  All  LABOR  AHD  UASiSI.U,  AS 
SHOWH  BELCW. 


UATEBIAl 

NAME 

WHERE  USED 

DEPT. 

CiLlR32 

PROBABIE  KUMBER  OF  CA3TIH0S  EECUIRED 

APPROVED  ORDERED  BY 
MASrSR*aECHAHic' ' 


FORB^Air 


FORM   No.    1— SHOWING  REQUISITION   FOR   P.\TTERNS 


iiASTSR  KBOHAUics  dspart::ebt. 
PiMTSRH  hefort. 

1!E K.   U.  DATE 

HAVE  COilPLEfED  THE  l'X)LI0i7IHG  FATTEHH,    IirCLUDIIIO  CORE  B0XK3 .0.iTES,  ETC. 


KAME HO. 

WHERE  USS) 

ORDERiD   BY DAIE  OEDERED.  . 


IJB.iORAKDUU  OP  TATTIEir  TIECES. 


GATED  OR  LOOSE  PAITERHS 

CORE  BOXES. 

NO. 

GATED. 

LOOSE 
PIECES. 

LIMERIAI 
:i,U>E  OF. 

EO. 

PIECES. 

I.IATERIAL. 

CORES  TO 
Q.\STIEG. 

P0RB11.1K. 


FORM    No.    2     SHOWING    PATTERN    FOREMAN'S    REPORT 


p.\tterh shelf. 

h.u;e 

t-ihrs  used 


DEP/J?ri/iEHT 

LIETAL   C.-ST   OP 

APPROX.   WT.   OKE  C:.SIIw 

GATED    OR  LOOSE  PAT?ER1T3                                     CORE  BOXES 

iro. 

LOOSE 
riEOKS 

UAIERIAL 

::.-.3j:  c? 

■IJO. 

r  J£GSS 

LLITESIAL 

CORES  TO 

CAS7^::3 

HSiARKS 

F.-iTTSRH  HELD   BY. 


FOpM    No.    3— SHOWING   OFFICE   REXJORD    OF    PATTERNS 


261 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


PAirfflH  HO. 


]iu:3.' 


O 


UATBtlAl 

■HSX  USB) 

SUE  SBR  TO  P0UI3RY. 


OATH)  OR  LOOSK  FATTHRKS  | 

CORE  BOXES                 jsHELP  NO. 

BO. 

GATE). 

LOOSB 
PIECES. 

UATERIAL.          HUlfflER. 

PCS. 

UTRL. 

CORES  TO 
CASTIKS. 

sa:.uiKS 

KORM   N'o.   4     SHOWING   MAIN    PORTION   OF   SPECIAL  COUPON   TAG 


PATTHUI  BO. 


1 

I  FATOERH  HO. 

I 

I  3HKLF  HO..  . 


POUHDBY 

lUPOETAHT.— THS  ?OUHDBY  WILL  PLEASE  \  PD'Y.   SEMT  TO. 

CHECK  PIE  CE3  RECEIVED  WITH  UEMORAHDUM    I 


OH  THE  OTHER  HALF  OF  THIS  TAG,    BOTE 
AHY  SHORTAGE  OH  THIS  HALF,   HECEIHP   FOR 
SAME  IE  SPACE  3SL0W  AHD  RHTURH  WITH 
BEAHSB. 

RmARKS 


BECSITED  BY: 


DATE  SEHT.  . 
ORDERED  BY. 


FORM   No.    4-  SHOWING   COUPON    PORTION   OF  SPECIAL   TAG 


on  the  third  coupon,  and  that  it  receipt 
for  the  pattern  on  delivery. 

The  last  coupon  remains  with  the  pat- 
tern and  is  a  correct  record  of  the  type, 
number  of  parts  and  number  of  core 
boxes  as  well  as  the  correct  name  and 
the  material  to  be  employed  in  the  cast- 
ing. The  first  coupon,  which  is  detached 
by  the  pattern  storekeeper,  is  kept  in 
his  office  and  the  record  that  it  contains 
is  copied  on  the  permanent  office  record. 


FRICTION  AND  LUBRICATION 

By  D.  Street 

The  experimental  results  obtained  by 
such  well-known  authorities  as  Stribeck, 
Heimann,  Beauchamp,  Tower  and  others 
prove  that  the  view  commonly  held,  that 
the  length  of  a  bearing  should  increase 
in  proportion  to  the  speed,  is  wrong;  and 
that  some  modern  methods  of  automatic 
and  forced  lubrication  are  essentially 
faulty.  In  the  case  in  which  one  solid 
substance  is  rubbed,  on  another  without 
the  intervention  of  any  unguent,  it  is  well 
known  that  however  smooth  a  metallic 
surface  may  appear  to  the  eye  or  touch, 
its  real  condition  when  looked  at  under 
a  microscope  resembles  that  of  a  very 
rugged  mountain  system;  the  peaks  and 
chasms  on  the  two  surfaces  crash  into 
each  other  whenever  there  is  any  relative 
movement  between  them.  The  molecules 
are  also  assumed  to  be  in  a  state  of  con- 
stant vibration. 

No  one  would  expect  that  any  regular 
system  of  laws  could  be  deduced  from 
such  a  process,  as  a  complete  molecular 
theory  of  matter  would  be  required  to 
rationalize  these  phenomena;  neverthe- 
less, certain  rough  generalizations  could, 


however,  be  made,  which  are  useful  to  the 
engineer;  namely,  that  the  co-efficient  of 
friction  increases  with  the  load,  that  it 
varies  with  the  speed  of  rubbing,  being 
greatest  when  the  motion  is  slowest,  un- 
til, at  the  point  where  one  body  is  just 
commencing  to  move  relatively  to  an- 
other, a  maximum  is  reached.  The  fric- 
tion at  this  point  has  been  cleverly  called 
"striction"  and  has  been  investigated  by 
a  well-known  expert,  Rennie,  who  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  values  as  high  as  0.3 
to  0.4  for  the  co-efficient  of  striction  for 
iron  upon  iron. 

In  the  ordinary  case  of  a  greasy  shaft 
lying  in  its  bearings  at  rest,  if  it  be  as- 
sumed that  the  shaft  be  of  smaller  diame- 
ter than  the  brass  bush,  it  would  only 
touch  it  along  a  narrow  line  at  its  lowest 
point.  As  soon  as  rotation  begins,  the 
shaft  no  longer  remains  on  the  bottom  of 
the  bush,  but  rolls  up  the  slope  in  a  direc- 
tion contrary  to  that  of  rotation  and  the 
point  of  contact  changes  according  to  the 
speed  of  the  load.  As  the  former  in- 
creases, the  oil  will  necessarily  be  carried 
round  with  the  shaft  until  it  forms  a  film 
separating  it  completely  from  the  brass 
bush.  The  pressure  is  greatest  immedi- 
ately in  front  of  the  point  of  neares. 
approach  between  the  shaft  and  the  bush, 
and  falls  to  nothing  immediately  that 
point  is  passed,  maintaining  a  constant 
pressure  through  the  remainder  of  the 
bearing.  At  still  greater  speeds  it  has 
be^n  ascertained  that  the  maximum  oil 
pressure  diminishes  and  that  the  shaft 
takes  up  a  more  central  position  in  the 
bearing.  If  the  speed  were  infinitely 
great,  the  shaft  would  run  quite  centrally 
in  the  bush  and  the  positions  of  maximum 


fluid  pressure  would  be  vertically  about 
and  below  the  centre. 

The  important  physical  results  of  these 
observations  are  that  they  enable  engin- 
eers to  determine  upon  the  best  position 
in  the  circumference  of  the  bearings  at 
which  the  lubricant  ought  to  be  applied. 
With  ordinary  automatic  lubrication  by 
cup  and  syphon,  or  by  ring,  or  centrifugal 
method  of  supply,  the  oil  should  obviously 
be  made  to  flow  on  to  the  journal  where 
pressure  is  least,  that  is  to  say,  the  oil 
should  be  fed  from  a  point  situated  in  the 
top  rear  quadrant  of  the  bearing  when 
the  shaft  is  loaded  by  gravity  only,  and 
the  point  should  be  further  back  the 
slower  the  speed  becomes.  When  the  lub- 
ricant is  supplied  under  pressure  by  me- 
chanical means,  it  must  be  fed  in  at  the 
points  of  greatest  oil  pressure,  in  the 
bearing.  In  engine  bearings  fitted  witth 
forced  lubrication  this  has  been  found  not 
to  be  usually  done  by  the  makers  who  did 
not  threfore  get  the  full  advantage  of  tiio 
system. 

The  next  point  is  a  description  of  the 
nature  and  magnitude  of  the  frictional 
resistance  set  up  between  the  shaft  and 
the  bearing  when  there  is  an  abundant 
supply  of  lubricant  completely  separating 
the  two,  thus  preventing  any  metal  to 
metal  contact.  In  this  ease  friction  is  due 
to  the  resistance  of  the  oil  to  shearing  or 
transverse  distortion.  With  a  film  of  oil 
of  uniform  thickness  this  friction  depends 
only  on  the  area  of  oil  to  be  sheared,  the 
viscosity  of  the  oil,  its  temperature  and 
the  thickness  of  the  film.  Unfortunately 
there  are  very  few  cases  in  engineering 
practice  where  a  shaft  rotates  at  such  a 
speed  as  would  insure  a  uniform  thick- 
ness of  oil  all  round.  In  the  case  of  tur- 
bines, motors  and  mill  spindles  this  may 
happen,  but  in  most  cases  the  shaft  moves 
to  one  side  by  an  amount  which  depends 
on  the  speed  and  on  the  load. 

With  a  film  of  uniform  thickness  the 
friction  becomes  less  as  the  thickness  of 
the  film  increases,  and  it  would  appear 
that  in  the  case  of  a  shaft  rotating  eccen- 
trically in  its  bush,  the  increased  thick- 
ness on  one  side  must  compensate  for  the 
thinning  on  the  other  side.  This,  however, 
is  not  the  case,  for  it  has  been  found  from 
the  Researches  of  Professor  Osborne  Rey- 
nolds, of  Owen's  College,  and  Mr.  Sommo''- 
field,  another  expert,  that  what  is  lost  in 
friction  due  to  thinning  on  one  side  is 
greater  than  what  is  gained  by  the  thick- 
ening of  the  oil  film  on  the  other  side. 
On  the  whole,  therefore,  the  friction  may 
be  said  to  be  increased  by  the  eccentricity 
of  the  shaft  in  the  bearing.  Any  increase 
of  speed  tends  to  reduce  this  eccentricity 
of  the  shaft  and  as  a  consequence  to  re- 
duce the  friction.  On  the  other  hand,  as 
the  speed  increases,  the  oil  resistance  in- 
creases. There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
greater  the  pressure  on  the  bearing,  the 
greater  the  speed  is  at  which  the  co-effi- 
cient of  friction  has  a  minimum  value. 
The  conclusions  which  may  be  drawn  are 
that  the  ordinary  assumption  of  a  con- 
stant co-efficient  of  friction  is  incorrect 
and  that,  as  a  matter  of  experimental 
fact,  it  has  been  proved  to  be  by  no  means 
constant  but  dependent  on  speed  pressure 
and  on  temperature. 


August  29,  1918. 


265 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


ELECTRIC  SEAM  WELDER 

THE  Thomson  Electric  Welding  Ma- 
chine Co.  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  have  de- 
veloped an  electric  welder  for 
seamed  goods  of  all  kinds.  It  is  particu- 
larly adapted  to  the  vi'elding  of  the  lon- 
gitudinal seam  on  pieces  such  as  cans, 
stove  parts  flat  pieces,  and  will  also 
handle  rectangular  shapes  such  as  metal 
boxes.  Electric  seam  welding  is  faster 
than  lock  seaming  or  soldering  and  pro- 
duces an  airtight  joint. 

The  piece  to  be  welded  is  secured  in  a 
specially  designed  jig  on  the  low  horn 
or  arbor;  pressure  on  the  foot  treadle 
engages  a  clutch  of  the  driving  mechan- 
ism which  causes  the  welding  roller  on 
the  upper  horn  to  move  forward.  This 
is  actuated  by  the  movement  of  a  screw. 
When  the  welding  roller  comes  in  con- 
tact with  the  stock  the  current  is  auto- 
matically turned  on.  The  current  passes 
from  the  roller  through  the  metal  to  be 
welded  to  the  lower  copper  horn,  thence 
to  the  transformer,  thereby  completing 
the  electrical  circuit.  The  resistance  of 
the  metal  to  be  welded  generates  a  weld- 
ing heat  so  that  the  pressure  caused  by 
the  roller  makes  a  continuous  weld  the 
whole  length  of  the  seam.  When  the 
roller  has  reached  the  end  of  the  seam 
the  current  is  automatically  turned  off 
and  the  roller  returns  to  its  original  po- 
sition. The  welded  piece  is  then  remov- 
ed from  the  jig  and  the  machine  is  ready 
to  make  another  weld  by  repeating  the 
operation. 

Clean  sheet  iron  or  steel  can  be  welded 
up  to  16  gauge  and  up  to  24  inches  in 
length,  and  brass  can  be  welded  of  lesser 
thickness  depending  on  the  character  of 
the  metal. 

The  machine  is  equipped  with  a  15  k.w. 
transformer  which  can  be  furnished  for 
220  or  440  volt,  60  cycle,  single  phase, 
a.  c.  circuit.  Direct  current  cannot  be 
used.  One  phase  of  a  two-  or  three- 
nhase  circuit  can  equally  well  be  used. 
The  machine  is  equipped  with  a  voltage 
regulator  in  order  to  obtain  the  different 
welding  voltages  for  different  kinds  and 
thicknesses  of  stock.  The  automatic 
switch  is  adjustable  for  different  lengths 
of  seams.  In  order  to  overcome  the  elec- 
trical loss  created  bv  the  incre'ised  dis- 
tance of  the  welding  roller  from  the 
transformer,  and  the  effect  of  the  in- 
serted stock  to  be  welded,  the  machine 
is  equipped  with   an  automatic  variable 


reactance  which  consists  of  a  coil  wound 
on  an  open  iron  circuit.  As  the  stroke 
of  the  welding  roller  increases  in  length 
the  reactance  of  the  coil  is  gradually  re- 
duced mechanically  by  lifting  a  closed 
copper  cylinder  over  the  coil.  The  move- 
ment of  this  cylinder  is  proportionate  to 
the  movement  of  the  roller  contact.  The 
electric  motor  which  operates  the  weld- 
ing roller  movement  is  of  the  variable 
speed  type  and  can  be  furnished  for 
either  110  or  220  volts,  a.  c.  or  d.  c. 
power  circuit.  The  welding  roller  bear- 
ing and  the  lower  horn  are  water  cooled. 


NEW   MOTOR  HEAD  STOCK    SPEED 
LATHE 

The  accompanying  illustration  shows 
a  new  four-speed  alternating  current 
motor  headstock  speed  lathe,  manufac- 
tured by  the  Oliver  Machinery  Co., 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  This  lathe  is  de- 
signed to  operate  on  three  phase  two- 
twenty   volt   current. 

The  lathe  ts  shown  with  hand  feeding 
carriage  and  compound  swivel  rest  and 
may  be  furnished  with  plain  bed  in  four 
or  five  foot  len  rths  so  as  to  turn  twenty- 


four  or  thirty-six  inches  between  centers 
respectively.  The  swing  of  this  lathe 
is  the  same  as  that  of  the  other  motor 
head  speed  lathes  manufactured  by  this 
company. 

The  motor  headstock  and  ball  bearings 
are  totally  enclosed  in  dustproof  hous- 
ings, thus  being  entirely  dust  and  dirt 
proof.  The  rear  end  is  fitted  with  a  new 
feature,  a  combined  hand  wheel  and  face- 
plate. The  edge  is  rounded  off  exactly 
like  a  handwheel  and  the  inside  face  fs 
curved  in  so  as  to  give  all  the  advantages 
of  a  handwheel  while  forming  a  perfect 
faceplate  for  rear  end  turning. 

The  controller  of  the  motor  has  much 
the  same  shape  as  the  standard  street 
car  controller  but  of  course  is  much 
smaller  in  size  and  is  mounted  inside  the 
left  hand  leg.  This  controller  is  operat- 
ed by  the  hand  wheel  shown  arid  th'S 
handwheel  is  marked  with  the  various 
speeds  possible,  off,  570,  1,140,  1,725  and 
3,460  revs,  per  min.  Whenever  any  one  of 
these  marks  is  at  the  top  the  motor 
operates  as  indicated  by  the  mark  and 
the  mechanism  is  arranged  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  operation  of  the  controller  in 
the  wrong  direction. 


ELECTRIC  WELDING  MACHINE 


266 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XV. 


MOTOR    HEAD-STOCK    SPEED    LATHE. 


ELECTRIC    CENTRIFUGAL    AUTO- 
MATIC BOILER  FEED  PUMPS 
AND  RECEIVERS 

By  F.  C.  P. 

THE  accompanying  illustration 
shows  a  new  electric  centrifugal 
automatic  boiler  pump  and  re- 
ceiver of  particular  use  where  it  is  not 
practical  to  operate  a  steam  pump  on 
account  of  low  steam  pressure  carried, 
and  where  electric  motor-driven  centri- 
fugal pump  and  receiver  may  be  used  to 
advantage.  With  this  device  the  water 
of  ctHidensation  flows  by  gravity  into 
the  receiver  tank.  As  it  accumulates,  a 
copper  ball  float  raises  the  control  ap- 
paratus at  end  of  tank  which  closes  the 
circuit  and  automatically  starts  the 
motor.  When  the  water  is  pumped  out 
of  the  tank  the  float,  of  course,  drops, 
thereby  shutting  off  the  current  to  the 
motor  and  stopping  the  pump. 

As  will  be  noted  from  the  illustration, 
the  pump  and  tank  are  mounted  on  a 
heavy  cast  iron  drip  pan,  which  catches 
the  drips  from  the  entire  unit.  The  tank 
is  made  of  close-grained  cast  iron,  and  is 
firmly  mounted  on  two  iron  legs.  The 
pump  casing  is  of  the  overhanging  type, 
and  may  be  turned  so  that  the  discharge 
may  be  taken  in  any  direction  desired. 
The  impeller  is  machined  all  over,  and 
as  the  clearance  between  the  heads  and 
impeller  is  reduced  to  a  minimum,  the 
centrifugal  pump  is  very  efficient  in  op- 
eration. The  pump  and  motor  are  con- 
nected by  a  flexible  coupling  and  the 
bearing  is  babbitted  and  equipped  with 
thrust  collar. 

The  regulations  relative  to  the  use  of 
starters  or  accelerating  switches  vary  in 
different  localities.  Ordinary  starters 
are  not  required  on  motors  of  3-h.p.  or 
less  and  compound  wound  motors  are 
"?cd  for  this  service.  When  installing, 
the  pump  is  placed  as  near  to  the  boiler 


as  possible  and  a  globe  valve  as  well  as 
a  check  valve  is  placed  in  the  discharge 
line  to  the  boiler,  the  globe  valve  being 
placed  between  the  check  and  the  boiler. 
This  electric  pump  of  the  largest 
capacity  for  a  radiation  surface  of  12,000 
to  30,000  square  feet  delivers  60  gallons 
per  minute,  the  maximum  delivery  pres- 
sure being  25  lbs.  or  58  feet,  the  mini- 
mum speed  being  1,905  revolutions  and 
the  maximum  speed  3,600  revs,  per 
minute.  The  2%  h.p.  motor  weighs  1,200 
lbs.,  and  the  receiver  measures  20  inches 


ally  performed  in  one  of  two  ways,  either 
by  means  of  a  collapsible  tap  or  by  using 
a  solid  hob.  Many  manufacturers  art 
accomplishing  this  detail  in  the  former 
manner,  while  others  are  holding  to  that 
of  cutting  the  thread  by  the  milling  pro- 
cess. 

Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  work  it  is 
/lecessary  that  considerable  care  be  ex- 
ercised to  minimize  the  destruction  of 
the  taps  or  hobs  utilized  for  this  pur- 
pose. It  is  not  alone  in  the  actual  thread- 
ing of  the  nose  that  care  should  be  taken 
but  in  the  various  details  that  are  con- 
tingent to  the  heating  and  closing  of  the 
nose.  Frequently  during  this  operation, 
rtither  through  carelessness  or  neglect  on 
the  part  of  the  furnace  or  press  oper- 
ators, conditions  may  arise  that  will  re- 
sult in  the  formation  of  local  hard  spots 
m  the  metal  at  the  nos«  of  the  shell. 
In  many  instances  these  spots  are  un- 
noticeable  until  the  thread  is  being  cut 
and  the  hard  spot  will  invariably  have 
the  effect  of  partially  or  wholly  de- 
stroying the  cutting  qualities  of  the 
tap  or  hob.  If  a  tap  is  used  the  possi- 
bility would  be  to  wear  away  the  for- 
ward or  cutting  teeth,  the  sizing  of  the 
thread  being  accomplished  by  the  follow- 
ing teeth.  The  operation  of  a  hob,  how- 
ever, is  entirely  different  than  that  of 
the  tap,  inasmuch  as  every  portion  of 
the  cutting  length  is  responsible  for  pro- 
ducing the  thread  in  the  shell  nose.  The 
presence  of  a  particularly  hard  spot 
very  often  results  in  the  total  destruc- 
tion of  the  hob,  as  the  speed  of  the  lat- 
ter does  not  permit  of  removing  the  same 
from  the  cut  until  the  damage  has  been 
done.  Just  recently  the  writer  was 
shown  a  British  14-thread  hob  that  had 
been  completely  destroyed  by  one  of 
these  hard  spotted  shells.  It  appears 
that  when  the  hob  was  being  forced  to 
its   cutting  depth   the   points   of  several 


BOILER    FEED    PUMP    AND    RECEIVER. 


in  width  and  has  a  length  of  41  inches. 
The  motor  is  directly  coupled  to  the 
pump. 


STRIKING  HARD  SPOTS 

SPOILS  THE  HOB 

Not  an  Unusual  Thing  to  Have  a  Tap 
Spoiled  by  a  Slight  Flaw 

In   threading  the   nose  of  the  various 
types  of  shells  the  operation  is  gener- 


teeth  for  a  width  of  about  one-half  inch 
were  broken  off  and  imbedded  in  the 
metal  of  the  shell,  the  obvious  result  be- 
ing the  destruction  of  the  other  teeth 
on  the  hob  in  the  path  of  those  first 
broken  off.  In  the  case  of  a  tap  the 
front  teeth  may  be  reground  and  serve 
until  replaced  with  a  new  tap,  but  when 
a  hob  meets  with  such  disaster  the  only 
I'emedy  is  to  replace  it  immediately  with 
a  new  hob. — J.  H.  R. 


1 


August  29,  1918. 


267 


The  Power  Users  Should  Look  Ahead  Right  Now 

Ontario  is  Using  and  Calling  For  More  Power  Than  is  Available 
— The  Steam  Plant  Should  be  Utilized  For  Power  Where  Steam 
is  Necessary  For  Heating  Purposes — Time  to  Take  the  Warning 

By  F.  W.  SUTHERLAND,  Assoc.  Edito;-  Canadian  Machinery. 


RECENT  reports  concerning  the  available  coal  supply 
granted  the  Ontario  district  by  the  U.S.  Fuel  Ad- 
ministration point  very  strongly  to  the  necessity  for 
economy  in  coal  consumption  during  the  coming  winter.  It 
is  extremely  probable  that  only  about  70  per  cent,  of  last 
winter's  supply  will  be  available. 

This  will  probably  work  greatly  to  the  disadvantage  of 
the  manufacturer  employed  on  the  so-called  non-essential 
industries  and  very  little  relief  can  be  expected  from 
Hydro-electric  developments  until  the  new  year  when  the 
new  penstock  and  turbines  will  be  available  at  the  Ontario 
Power  Company's  plant  for  the  furnishing  of  about  50,000 
additional  horse-power. 

The  extent  to  which  the  consumption  of  electricity  has 
increased  may  be  judged  from  the  demands  made  upon  the 
Niagara  system  of  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission. 
The  Toronto  system  in  November,  1917,  had  ovei-  50.000 
customers  and  a  connected  load  of  about  75,000  horse- 
power for  which  at  that  time  onlv  about  50  000  horse- 
power was  available.  The  result  of  this  power  scarcity 
last  winter  was  seen  in  the  curtailment  of  street  and  store- 
lighting  and  in  the  cutting  off  of  feeders  serving  a  purely 
residential  load  at  times  during  the  day  when  the  peak  load 
came  on. 

It  it  idle  to  expect  any  improvement  in  this  condition 
during  the  coming  winter,  at  least  until  new  supplies  of 
power  are  made  available  and  in  the  distribution  of  the 
available  power,  munition  plants,  in  the  wider  application 
of  the  term,  must  necessarily  come  first.  Undoubtedly 
much  power  and  light  are  absolutely  wasted  and  the  time 
is  probably  close  at  hand  when  drastic  measures  must  be 
taken  to  curtail  the  use  of  electric  energy  now  employed 
on  luxuries  and  thus  make  it  available  for  necessary  pur- 
poses. 

Niagara  and  the  Munitions  Industries 

The  diverse  and  extensive  demands  upon  manufacturers 
for  materials  of  war  and  of  the  necessity  for  ample  sup- 
plies of  power  consequent  upon  this  demand  are  some- 
times overlooked.  Of  the  immense  amount  of  power  gen- 
erated in  the  Niagara  district  the  greater  part  is  used  in 
manufacturing  of  munitions  of  war  such  as  abrasives, 
aluminum,  chemicals,  steel  and  other  electro-chemical  and 
metallurgical  products.  The  Niagara  district  supplies  the 
bulk  of  the  ferro-alloys,  all-essential  in  the  steel  industry. 
Abrasives,  cyanides,  aluminum,  carbon,  electrodes,  and  - 
many  other  products  are  urgently  needed  in  the  war  game. 

The  average  individual  has  little  or  no  idea  of  the  im- 
portant part  played  by  abrasives,  to  use  the  term  in  its 
widest  sense.  If  asked  concerning  his  knowledge  of  the 
subject,  he  would  undoubtedly  reply  that  it  extended  to 
the  sharpening  of  the  various  cutting  instruments  with 
which  he  was  familiar  and  that  he  possessed  a  vague  idea 
that  sometimes  "grinding  wheels  were  used  in  machine 
shops  for  various  kinds  of  rough  work. 

So  far  is  this  from  the  truth  that  it  need  only  be  men- 
tioned that  modern  grinding  methods  alone  make  possible 
the  standardization  and  quantity  production  of  munitions 
by  means  of  the  close  limits  in  workmanship  made  avail- 
able by  their  use.  Not  only  are  abrasives  necessary  in  the 
making  of  munitions  but  their  use  is  all  essential  in  the 
manufacture  of  machine  tools,  textile  machinery  and  other 
means  whereby  everything  the  soldier  uses  and  wears  is 
made.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  artificial  manu- 
facture of  corundum  being  carried  on  in  the  Niagara  dis- 
trict has  a  direct  and  important  bearing  on  the  production 
of  ferro-alloys,  ferro-silicon  being  produced  in  quantities 
as  a  necessary  part  of  the  process.  , 

1.     One   means   whereby   the   power   shortage   may   be 


somewhat  minimized  is  by  the  use  of  steam  power  wher- 
ever available.  This  recommendation  may  seem  somewhat 
futile  in  the  face  of  the  scarcity  of  coal  but  much  can  be 
done  in  the  efficient  utilization  of  the  available  supply.  It 
is  a  notorious  fact  that  central  station  energy  can  often  be 
sold  for  a  lower  figure  than  that  for  which  power  can  be 
generated  in  the  isolated  fact.  This  in  a  large  measure  is 
due  solely  to  the  inefficient  operation  of  the  smaller  plant 
and  when  steam  is  used  for  heating  or  industrial  processes 
it  is  not  only  cheaper  to  generate  power  from  it  and  to 
use  the  exhaust  steam,  but  it  is  a  serious  waste  of  the 
country's  resources  not  to  take  advantage  of  this  sou'^ce 
of  power.  While  the  most  efficient  prime  mover  is  only 
able  to  extract  a  small  percentage  of  the  total  heat  put  in- 
to the  working  fluid,  steam,  when  this  power  can  be  gen- 
erated at  a  cost  consisting  of  capital  charges  and  maintain- 
ance  only  and  the  remaining  heat  utilized  for  industrial 
heating  and  other  uses,  the  steam  engine  or  turbine  be- 
comes a  good  investment  and  a  direct  aid  to  conservation. 
Aside  from  the  above  means  of  deriving  energy  the 
more  efficient  operation  of  every  steam  plant  or  other 
means  of  using  fuel  for  industrial  uses  or  heating  is  a 
matter  of  some  concern.  The  average  power  or  industrial 
heating  plant  is  after  all  no  more  economical  than  that 
notorious  fuel  consumer,  the  house  furnace,  and  better 
operation  ought  to  be  rigorously  enforced.  It  is  an  easy 
and  not  very  costly  thing  to  provide  indicators,  gas 
analysis  apparatus  and  other  means  of  testing  fuel  con- 
sumption and  the  benefits  derived  from  their  use  more  than 
balance  the  outlay  involved.  The  elimination  of  soot  and 
scale  on  boiler  surfaces  and  proper  methods  of  firing  are 
also  steps  in  the  right  direction. 

2.  The  curtailment  of  power  used  for  street  and  orna- 
mental lighting  has  been  of  much  benefit  and  the  continua- 
tion of  this  means  of  saving  energy  may  be  expected  for 
some  time  to  come.  It  is  probable  that  in  addition  further 
restrictions  will  be  enforced  tending  to  the  limitation  of 
power  used  in  industries  not  essential  to  the  winning  of  the 
war.  This  if  put  into  effect  would  have  a  two-fold  advant- 
age in  that  it  would  also  divert  a  certain  amount  of  labor 
into  very  desirable  channels. 

3.  The  more  efficient  utilization  of  the  capacity  of  ex- 
isting plants  in  the  Niagara  district  has  been  gone  into 
rather  carefully  and  much  is  being  done  along  this  line. 
Water  is  being  used  up  to  the  limit  fixed  by  international 
treaty  and  the  excess  capacity  of  the'  plants  is  thus  being 
utilized.  The  new  Chippawa  project  which  the  Hydro- 
Electric  Commission  has  started  will,  with  the  more  effi- 
cient utilization  of  the  water,  due  to  the  greater  head,  pro- 
vide about  200,000  horse-power,  but  this  will  not  be  avail- 
able for  about  two  to  three  years.  The  size  of  the  indi- 
vidual units  (50,000  horse-power)  is  larger  than  in  any 
Other  hydraulic  development  in  the  world.  While  this 
plant  is  under  construction  the  commission  are  moving 
as  rapidly  as  possible  to  have  additional  equipment  install- 
ed so  as  to  have  available  in  about  ten  months  an  additional 
50,000  horse-power  from  the  plant  of  the  Ontario  Power 
Company. 

The  situation  as  at  present  existing  must  necessarily 
work  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  places  somewhat  remote 
from  the  source  at  which  power  is  generated  and  the  re- 
cent action  of  the  National  Abrasives  Company  in  moving 
to  the  Falls  is  explained  when  the  engineering  require- 
ments in  connection  with  the  transmission  of  power  are 
understood.  Line  and  other  transmission  losses  in  this 
case  amounting  to  possibly  10  per  cent,  are  obviated  and 
an  equal  amount  of  power  saved  for  other  essential  in- 
dustries. 


268 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

LIMITED 
(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-President 

B.  V.  TYRREILL,   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS  OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5->' 

A  weekly  joumal  devoted  to  tlte  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.   R.  KENNEDY,  Man.  Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
W.  F.  SUTHiaiLAND  J.  H.  RODGERS    (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.     143153    University    Avenue,    Toronto,     Ontario. 


V^ol,  XX. 


AU(iUST  29 


No,  9 


I 


Sane  Action  On  Housing  Problem 

N  another  section  of  this  issue  is  an  article  dealing 
with  the  housing  problem  as  it  has  been  dealt  with 
by  a  large  manufacturing  firm  in  United  States,  Any- 
thing that  will  act  as  a  fingerpost  to  the  solution  of 
this  problem   is   readable   now. 

Strange  that  people  haven't  gone  at  the  thing  long 
ago  and  cleaned  up  on  it.  It  has  been  tinkered  with 
and  booted  around  the  premises  until  the  name  tastes 
sour,  and  smacks  of  some  money-grabbing  scheme  that 
aims  to  get  a  set  of  hooks  on  to  the  pay  envelope  of 
the    man    in   the    shop. 

But  there  is  a  better  setting  now.  The  whole  business 
is  being  taken  up  by  men  who  don't  care  a  hoot  whether 
they  make  a  cent  or  not,  as  long  as  a  large  number  of 
people  have  decent  homes  in  which  to  live  and  bring  up 
their  families. 

Rightly  or  wrongly  there  has  been  a  fair-sized  touch 
of  suspicion  attached  to  housing  "schemes"  in  the  past. 
The  "schemes"  suggested  the  "schemers,"  and  there  lay 
the  trouble.  The  man  who  was  tempted  to  go  in  had  a 
quick  vision  of  the  bailiff  and  a  forced  sale  of  his  few 
sticks  of  furniture  when  his  payments  were  not  made. 
He  had  heard  of  others  who  paid  high  rates  of  interest, 
and  who  made  life  miserable  for  themselves  and  their 
families  by  camping  nightly  in  front  of  the  calendar 
watching  for  the  day  of  interest  to  come  due,  and  won- 
dering how  under  the  sun  he  could  scrape  up  enough  by 
then  to  meet  the  payment.  And  when  the  payment  was 
met,  the  free-for-all  started  again  in  anticipation  of 
the  next  date. 

As  long  as  the  principal  thing  in  a  housing  scheme 
is  the  making  of  money  for  some  schemer  behind  the 
scene,  just  that  long  will  the  thing  be  the  miserable 
failure    it   deserves    to   be. 

A  goodly  number  of  Canadian  cities  are  coming  to 
their  senses  in  this  regard.  They  are  fast  moving  away 
from  that  form  of  insanity  that  found  outlet  in  all  the 
fool  community  "boosting"  stunts  that  some  overly  paid 
publicity  man  could  name  in  order  to  justify  the  existence 
of  his  office.  And  it's  high  time  that  there  was  a  period 
of  calm  deliberate  consideration  of  the  things  that  will 
in  reality  boost  any  city  or  town. 

If  a  city  aims  at  commercial  supremacy  it  has  to 
have  a  good  labor  market.  What  makes  a  good  labor 
market?  Let  the  cities  sit  down  quietly  and  think  the 
matter  over,  and  they  will  find  several  things,  some  of 
them    being: — 

(1)  A  well-housed  lot  of  people,  owning  their  own 
homes,  or  renting  them  at  prices  within   their  means. 


(2)  A  tax-rate  that  does  not  make  it  desirable  or  im- 
perative for  a  man  to  keep  his  home  in  the  shack  class. 

(3)  Some  provision  for  the  man  who  honestly  desires 
a  little  wholesome  advice  and  assistance  in  regard  to 
acquiring   a   home   for   himself. 

(4)  The  providing  of  the  assistance  in  such  a  way 
that  the  man  seeking  it  is  not  tying  a  millstone  around 
his  neck,  and  the  giving  of  a  fair  chance  to  recover  what 
he  has  put  in  the  property  in  case  he  is  not  able  to  keep 
up    payments. 

It  is  not  necessary,  when  housing  schemes  are  con- 
sidered, to  open  up  a  new  tract  of  land.  That  plan  often 
kills  the  scheme  before  it  gets  a  chance  to  sprout  and 
grow.  The  opening  of  new  districts  means  putting  a 
large  amount  of  money  into  utility  services,  such  as  water 
lines,  gas  and  sewer  pipes,  electric  light  services,  the 
building  of  roads  and  sidewalks.  Bulk  buying  of  vacant 
property,  in  some  cases  at  expropriation  prices,  is  the 
solution  in  some  places.  It  is  sometimes  necessary  and 
even  desirable  to  use  pressure  to  make  certain  residents 
see  that  it  is  not  desirable  or  possible  that  they  should 
continue  to  allow  thistles  and  burdocks  to  grow  on  vacant 
land  in  the  hope  that  some  other  person's  enterprise 
may   make   it  worth   more  money. 

Manufacturers  are  considering  housing  problems  now 
as  part  of  the  investment  they  make  in  their  plant.  They 
have  all  been  through  the  mill  and  they  have  all  heard 
good  mechanics  say,  "I  can't  stay  in  your  plant  because 
I  can't  get  a  decent  place  to  live,"  And  the  manufacturer 
has  known  beyond  the  chance  of  an  argument  that  the 
man  was  telling  the  truth,  and  known  also  that  his 
organization  would  be  the  poorer  because  that  class 
of  mechanic  had  the  big  obstacle  of  no  houses  in  the 
way   of   entering   and   staying   in   his   employ. 

It's  a  hopeful  sort  of  a  sign  that  housing  is  being 
seriously  considered  now  apart  from  those  interested 
in  the  securing  of  six  and  seven  per  cent,  on  a  first  mort- 
gage, A  mortgage  should  be  turned  into  the  best  friend 
the  mechanic  can  have,  rather  than  transformed  into  a 
horrible  club  and  suspended  over  his  head.  These  things 
are  possible,  and  we  believe  that  it  will  be  amply  demon- 
strated in  a  short  time  that  they  are. 


Letting  Trade  Routes  Slide 

SIR  JOSEPH  MACLAY,  controller  of  shipping  in  Britain, 
has  brought  forward  a  fact  that  should  not  be  passed 
lightly  over.  Speaking  of  the  fact  that  Britain  has 
provided  the  protection  for  U.S.  forces  crossing  tfiel 
Atlantic,   he   said: — 

"But  I  might  add,  since  the  fact  may  not  be  well 
known,  that  we  are  only  able  to  face  these  new  respon- 
sibilities by  sacrificing  for  the  time  not  only  British, 
but  Imperial  interests.  Ships,  which  under  normal  cir- 
cumstances are  engaged  in  the  trades  between  the  British 
Isles  and  the  Far  East,  Australasia,  and  India,  have  had 
to  be  withdrawn  from  service,  and  we  have  been  com- 
pelled to  sacrifice  to  a  large  extent  communication  be- 
tween the  Mother  Country  and  the  Dominions  and  the 
Southern   Seas." 

This  statement  was  not  made  as  a  complaint;  Sir 
Joseph  was  not  urging  that  Britain  was  making  too 
great  sacrifices^ — rather  it  was  simply  a  statement  of 
absolute  fact  with  which  the  people  should  be  made 
acquainted. 

Britain  is  letting  her  foreign  trade  slide;  she  is  taking 
off  boat  after  boat  from  trade  routes  that  have  been, 
and  will  be,  matters  of  commercial  life  and  death  to 
her.  The  Island  country  is  sparing  nothing — Britain  is 
in  it  to  the  neck,  and  will  stay  in  it  to  the  neck  till  it's 
all   over  and  cleared  up. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  well  to  look  forward  to  the 
day  when  trade  routes  will  have  to  be  won  back,  and 
when  commerce  and  industry  will  have  to  ply  again. 
War  not  only  breaks  down  the  enemy,  but  it  weakens  the 
people  waging  it. 


August  29,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


269 


COSTS  NOTHING  TO 

HELP  THE  OTHER  CHAP. 

Charles  Thurston  Ironed  Out  a  Little  Matter  That 
Had    His    Friends    "Stumped" 


CHAKLES  THURSTON 


r^HARLES  THURSTON,  answering  his  telephone  one 
^  Sunday  morning,  recognized  the  voice  as  that  of  a  man 
whose  real  name  is  not  Bill.  "Sure,"  he  said  "come  right 
on  over.     If  I  can  help  you,  Bill,  I'll  be  glad  to." 

Half  an  hour  later  Bill  arrived.  To  Thurston  he  men- 
tioned his  new  job  and,  somewhat  diffidently,  broached  the 
matter  troubling  him. 

"I  never  had  much  schooling,"  he  said.    "And  now,  not 
knowing  decimals,  I'm  kind  of  stumped." 
"How's  that?"  Thurston  asked. 

"Well,  it's  this,"  Bill  said, 
producing  a  micrometer;  "I 
don't  know  how  to  use  this,  and 
I  got  to  use  it." 

"That's  easy,"  Thurston  told 
him.  "But  who  put  decimals 
into  your  head?" 

Bill  mentioned  the  name  of  a 
mechanical  engineer  to  whom 
ae  had  appealed  for  help  some 
time  before. 

"And  he  shot  clean  over  your 
head,"  Thurston  said,  under- 
5tandingly.  "Just  you  remem- 
ber this.  Bill,"  he  went  on. 
"This  'mic'  is  for  making 
measurements  to  one-thous- 
andth of  an  inch.  Instead  of 
the  inch  being  split  into  halves, 
quarters,  eighths,  and  so  on,  it 
is  split  into  one  thousand  equal  parts.  Now  if  there  are  a 
thousand  of  these  parts  in  one  inch,  there  are  exactly  half 
as  many  in  half  an  inch;  exactly  a  quarter  as  many  in  a 
quarter  inch." 

Bill  readily  caught  on,  and  after  a  little  further  ex- 
planation in  words  and  figures  understandable  to  him,  he 
gratefully  thanked  Thurston  for  showing  him  how  to"  use 
the  micrometer. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  relates  the  foregoing  inci- 
dent more  for  what  it  illustrates  than  for  any  virtue  in 
itself. 

In  the  case  of  Bill,  it  serves  to  show  a  need  for  a  little 
further  practical  education  that  could  easily  and  quickly 
be  acquired.  Moreover,  it  raises  the  question:  How  many 
machinists  at  some  time  or  other  find  themselves,  as  Bill 
said,  "stumped?"  How  many  bump  into  the  thing  they 
don't  know  and  never  get  beyond  it  simply  because  they  dis- 
like to  ask  a  fellow  workman  how  it's  done?  You  can  be 
pretty  sure  on  one  thing;  they  are  men  who  do  not  read 
any  technical  paper  and  who  do  not  know  that  good  techni- 
cal papers  are  pleased  to  give  easily  understood  answers  to 
men's  work  problems. 

In  the  case  of  Charles  Thurston,  the  incident  serves  to 
show  the  universal  willingness  to  help  others  of  men  who 
have  worked  hard  and  studied  hard  to  push  themselves  up- 
ward. Indeed,  their  further  success  very  much  depends  on 
willingness  and  ability  to  instruct  men  in  their  charge. 

Mr.  Thurston  started  as  a  lathe  hand  in  the  machine 
shop  of  the  Poison  Iron  Works,  Toronto,  twelve  years  ago. 
He  was  soon  promoted  to  assistant  foreman,  and  for  the  last 
five  years  he  has  been  general  foreman  of  the  shop  and  in 
charge  of  installations  of  all  ship  machinery. 

"I  got  ahead  by  doing  my  very  best  by  the  firm,"  he  told 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY.  "Before  coming  here  I  was 
leading  man  in  the  Canada  Foundry  Company's  plant  for 
one  year  and  seven  months.  Prior  to  that  I  was  the  Rath- 
burn  Company's  leading  man  at  Deseronto  for  six  years.' 
For  three  years  I  had  charge  of  all  the  machinery  in  the 
Charles  Thompson   paper  mills — known   as  the  Napanee 


Mills — at  Strathcona.  I  resided  in  Rochester,  N.Y.,  for  five 
years,  working  for  the  Shipman  Engine  Company;  W.  P. 
Davis,  tool  makers;  and  the  Knolton  Beach  Company,  paper 
box  machinery  manufacturers.  About  1890  I  returned  to 
the  little  town  of  Glenora,  near  Belleville  and  again  tried  my 
hand  at  work  to  which  I  was  apprenticed  when  a  lad  of 
fourteen.  J.  C.  Wilson  owned  the  shop,  and  we  made 
small  turbine  water  wheels.  I  was  there  eleven  years  alto- 
gether." 


JUST  imagine  the  reception  one  of  those  little  German 
bands  would  get  in  this  musical  zone  just  now. 

*  *  * 

ONE  way  of  describing  an  alternating  current  is  by 
pointing  to  a  fat  man  fussing  at  95  in  the  shade  about 
his  coal  bin  being  empty. 

*  ♦  * 

A  MAN  who  sits  in  front  of  an  electric  fan  and  stews 
about  the  heat  should  take  a  12-hour  shift  at  a  mill 
rolling  plates  or  sheets.  After  that  his  90  degrees' 
office  would  seem  like  a  day  late  in .  the  fall. 

*  *  ♦ 

THE  Liverpool  Journal  of  Commerce,  speaking  of  British 
methods,  refers  to  "the  stupid  bungling  and  the  'village 
pump'  official  methods,  which  for  the  last  three  years 
have  prevailed  in  the  official  policy  of  dealing  with  our 
shipping  and  shipbuilding."  Such  an  outburst  in  this 
land  would  surely  cause  the  censors  to  reach  for  the 
muzzle   loaders  and   an   extra   big   charge   of   rock   salt. 


We're  Stayin'  On  The  Job  This  Year 

Steel  production  is  keeping  up  remarkably 
well  on  war  work  despite  the  hot  weather. 
— News   item. 

f\ii,  rollin'  steel's  a  job,  my  boy,  for  days  what's  cool 
^^  and  fine,  and  when  the  weather  man  ain't  stokin' 
nor  workin'  overtime;  when  sweat  ain't  drippin'  from 
your  beak  nor  tricklin'  in  a  stream,  and  runnin'  down 
in    pints   and    quarts    and    coasting    on    your    bean. 

On  days  what's  hot  it's  easy  work  to  let  the  whistle 
blow,  and  let  them  work  and  sweat  what  will,  and  let 
them  come  and  go.  It's  easy  chen  to  shirk  the  job,  to 
let  things  drift  along,  and  make  yourself  believe  such 
stuff  ain't  slacker  type  nor  wrong. 

But  things  i_s  diff'rent  now,  me  boy,  we've  somethin' 
more  to  do  than  go  and  look  for  shady  spots  and  skies 
what's  clear  and  blue. 

In  the  good  old  days  when  loafin'  off  was  quite  the 
proper  thing,  we  didn't  have  no  Kaiser  a-campin'  in  the 
ring,  and  tryin'  to  turn  things  up  on- edge  and  rule  the 
universe,  and  get  us  all  in  shape  to  live  beneath  the 
German   curse. 

And  we  didn't  have  no  Western  front,  no  storm-rent 
bloody  skies,  no  cry  goin'  up  to  us  at  home,  "For  God 
sake,   send    supplies!" 

We  didn't  have  no  brothers  then,  no  sons  across  the  sea, 
a-facin'  death  and  shot  and  shell  instead  of  you  and 
me — no  boys  from  home  in  khaki  clad  had  marched  away 
to  fight,  no  mothers'  hearts  were  rent  and  sore,  no  long 
and  sleepless  night. 

We  didn't  have  no  German  planes  a-droppin'  bombs 
and  things,  until  the  air  is  pierced  with  groans,  until 
it  fairly  rings  with  cries  of  children  and  of  babes,  with 
groans  of  crippled  folk,  who've  had  a  glimpse  of  hell 
on   earth   beneath   the   German   yoke. 

So  we're  stickin'  on  the  job,  me  boy,  when  days  are 
hot  as  fire,  and  we're  workin'  for  a  greater  thing  than 
just  our  job  and  hire.  ' 

We're  workin'  for  our  sons,  me  boy,  we're  workin' 
for  our  home,  we're  workin'  for  them  lads  of  ours  in 
yonder  shell-swept  zone — we're  workin'  for  them  brave 
bhaps  there,  our  own  folk  and  our  kin,  to  keep  this  little 
world   of   ours   from   bowin'   to   Berlin. — Ark. 


270 


Volume  XX. 


1  JL^-^^^^^^^^V 

MARKKT 

%M 

f^Tfi 

DEVELOPMENTS 

^^^^|p  HmP^s^^Ej^^^^^I 

*^-0; .     y' ^""^^■•''^^B^^^^B 

Allies  Don't  Need  Barb  Wire  for  Defences  Now 

Interesting  Side  Light  on  War  Situation — Firms  Handling  War 

Contracts  Having  Trouble  in  Securing  Deliveries — Progress  Has 

Been  Made  in  Settling  Prices  of  Some  Staples 


THERE  seems  to  be  small  chance  for  Canadian  busi- 
ness talking  of  expansion,  if  such  expansion  depends 
in  the  first  place  upon  their  chances  of  going  into  the  steel 
markets  for  increased  supplies.  The  fact  is  that  there 
is  no  chance  of  increased  steel  supplies  coming  to  Canada. 
Taking  that  as  the  starting  point,  the  only  thing  is  to  make 
the  available  supplies  go  to  the  points  where  the  most 
essential  work  is  being  carried  on  from  the  viewpoint  of 
the  war  officials.  It  has  been  a  hard  matter  for  the  Cana- 
dian iillotnient  of  steel  to  be  sustained  week  by  week.  In 
fact  there  have  been  times  when  there  has  been  a  falling 
off. 

Conferences  have  been  held  between  jobbers  and  the 
War  Trade  Board  and  in  many  staple  lines  prices  are  now 
recognized  as  standard,  but  there  are  a  few  lines  that  are 
not  settled,  the  authorities  holding  that  the  warehousemen 
were  doing  business  at  too  high  a  figure.  The  latter  base 
their  contention,  in  part  at  least,  on  the  fact  that  their 
export  trade  is  largely  gone  for  the  present,  and  that  with 
this  revenue  cut  oflp  their  overhead  charges  have  not  de- 
creased at  all. 

The  big  problem  for  dealers  in  machine  tools  just  now 


is  not  the  securing  of  new  business,  but  the  filling  of  orders 
they  filready  have  on  their  books,  and  partial  delivery  of 
which  has  been  made  in  a  good  many  cases. 

The  situation  in  this  regard  is  not  all  that  could  be 
desired  by  any  means.  This  is  not  common  to  this  country, 
but  practically  all  over  United  States  the  same  story  is 
heard.  There  are  going  to  be  some  delays  in  deliveries  on 
new  shell  contracts.  Contractors  do  not  favor  the  plan  of 
going  ahead  and  working  on  one  or  two  operations  in  a 
shell  plant,  waiting  for  the  rest  of  the  work  to  be  done  when 
the  machines  arrive.  The  shop  gets  clogged  at  this  one 
stage.  The  only  way  is  to  get  a  steady  flow  through  the 
shop  on  all  operations,  and  the  non-delivery  of  certain 
machines  is  delaying  this. 

An  interesting  little  sidelight  is  brought  to  notice  in  a 
despatch  from  one  of  the  big  steel  centres  of  United  States. 
It  announces  that  the  call  for  barb-wire  for  defensive  pur- 
poses is  falling  off  tremendously  among  the  Allied  forces 
since  Marshal  Foch  took  the  offensive  on  the  West.  Mills 
that  were  working  on  this  are  getting  instructions  to  turn 
more  to  other  war  lines. 


NOT  MUCH  BARB  WIRE  NEEDED 

SINCE  FOCH  TOOK  THE  OFFENSIVE 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Aug.  28.— Testi- 
mony given  last  week  by  depart- 
mental representatives  to  Congres- 
sional committees  considering  "man- 
power" or  draft  legislation,  that  the 
war  can  be  completely  won  before  the 
end  of  next  year  by  America's  whole 
force  being  put  into  the  work,  furnished 
the  steel  industry  no  new  view  of  the 
situation.  For  some  time  past  the  pre- 
ponderating view  in  the  steel  trade  has 
been  that  the  war  would  be  won  before 
the  end  of  next  year.  This  view  ob- 
tained despite  the  fact  that  the  steel  trade 
well  knew  that  the  war  machine  is  pre- 
paring for  five  years  of  war.  Whether  in 
holding  this  view  the  steel  men  were  de- 
pending upon  their  jucFgment,  based  upon 
the  V38t  weight  of  steel  that  is  being 
thrown,  and  is  to  be  thrown,  into  the 
war,  or  merely  reflected  the  assurance 
^iven  them  by  the  military  authorities, 
•vith  whom  they  are  in  constant  and 
cloje  contact,  is  not  known. 


Secrecy  in  the  Work 

There  is  nothing  that  could  pass  mus- 
ter as  representing  even  a  partial  in- 
ventory of  the  applications  of  steel  in 
the  war,  but  the  fact  should  always  be 
borne  in  mind  that  this  absence  of  de- 
tailed information  is  due  solely  to  the 
secrecy  imposed.  The  information  ex- 
ists, but  only  on  the  hands  of  those  whose 
duty.it  is  to  know.  It  is  never  allowed 
to  pass  farther  along  the  line  than  is 
necessary.  One  man,  for  instance,  a 
prominent  sleel  company  official,  distri- 
butes all  the  orders  for  shell  steel.  He 
knows  to  a  ton  how  much  has  been  fur- 
nished and  how  much  is  on  order,  and 
he  knows  approximately  how  much  addi- 
tional is  to  be  called  for  in  itie  near 
future.  The  mills  with  which  he  placas 
orders,  however,  do  not  have  the  total 
figures  either  exactly  or  approximately. 
A  committee  of  three  distributes  the 
sheet  orders,  though  the  chairman  is 
chiefly   responsible,   and    thus    it   is   all 


along  the  line.  These  are  men  in  the 
steel  trade.  They  do  not  know,  except 
approximately,  what  is  coming  in  the 
way  of  requirements.  In  some  commo- 
dities they  are  better  informed  than  iS 
the  case  in  others,  because  some  com- 
modities are  required  regularly  for  con- 
tinuous work,  as  in  shell  making,  while  in 
other  commodities,  as  in  structural 
shapes,  the  needs  vary  according  to  the 
different  projects  taken  up.  The  War 
Industries  Board,  on  the  other  hand,  has 
much  advance  information  of  require- 
ments. 

Requirements  Increasing 
What  is  to  be  observed  at  the  present 
moment  is  that  the  steel  requirements 
for  the  war  are  increasing,  as  to  the 
total.  Few  military  purposes  for  which 
steel  is  required  have  been  entirely  ful- 
filled. Even  the  cantonments,  for  the 
preliminary  training  of  men,  while  com- 
pleted long  ago  according;  to  the  original 
plans,  are  now  in  some  cases  being  en- 
larged. Shipbuilding  grows  constantly, 
of  course.  Many  of  the  shipways  are 
not  completed  yet.  The  furnishing  of 
equipment  for  ships  must  increase  great- 
ly, as  many  ships  recently  launched  are 


August  29,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


271 


awaiting  equipment.  This  includes  en- 
gines, boilers  and  a  thousand  and  one 
minor  item.s.  Shell  manufacturing  is 
increasing.  Railroad  operations  in 
France  contemplate  a  larger  and  larger 
scale.  In  addition  to  many  small  car's 
•ordered  in  the  past  two  or  three  months 
for  the  A.  E.  F.  orders  for  20,000  addi- 
tional cars  have  just  been  approved  and 
the  distribution  is  now  being  made,  while 
-/■umor  has  it  that  30,000  or  40,000  move 
cars  may  be  ordered  in  the  near  future 
as  part  of  this  program.  For  the  rebuild- 
ing and  enlarging  of  the  two  railroads 
across  France  allotted  to  the  A.  E.  F. 
150,000  tons  of  rails  were  ordered  about 
a  year  ago.  Other  and  smaller  orders 
followed,  and  in  the  past  few  weeks  200,- 
000  tons  additional  have  been  placed. 
Conferences  as  to  price  did  not  reach  a 
••onclusion  and  the  orders  are  being  filled 
subject  to  a  price  to  be  determined  later. 
Including  the  light  rails  required  for  the 
narrow  gauge  trench  railways  the  orders 
for  the  A.  E.  F.  to  date  doubtless  total 
more  than  500,000  gross  tons,  this  being 
entirely  apart  from  rails  furnished  the 
French  authorities 

This  is  Splendid 

Through  the  change  in  the  character 
of  the  military  operations  the  demands 
for  barb  wire  have  been  lighter  in  recent 
months,  and  Marshall  Foch's  principle  of 
keeping  alway.s  on  the  go  seems  to  pre- 
clude any  large  demand.  It  may  be  re- 
marked parenthetically,  however,  that  so 
precisely  does  the  machinery  for  employ- 
ing the  steel  industry  for  war  purposes 
work  that  this  does  not  make  wire  more 
plentiful  for  civilian  use,  since  immi- 
diately  there  is  provided  an  offset.  Or- 
ders for  a  large  tonnage  of  82  mm. 
rounds  for  France  have  just  been  dis- 
tributed, and  a  large  part  of  the  business 
has  been  given  to  wire  plants,  whereby 
such  plants  will  change  rolls  on  their 
small  billet  mills,  to  roll  the  rounds,  and 
the  small  billets  will  no  longer  be  avail- 
able for  the  rod  mills,  so  that  wire  pro- 
duction, lately  no  more  than  60  per  cent. 
of  capacity,  will  be  reduced  further.  The 
demands  for  pir.e  for  war  purposes  are 
very  heavy,  much  greater  than  was  ex- 
pected. Last  year,  when  a  very  large 
order  for  large  pipe  for  the  British 
operations  in  Mesopotamia  was  com- 
pleted, it  was  thoueht  that  not  much 
more  such  pipe  would  he  required,  but 
lirge  pipe  is  now  being  used  by  the 
A.  E.  F.  on  an  important  scale,  while 
there  is  heavy  demand  for  shipbuildin'i 
and  for  the  equipping  of  various  new 
M-ar  plants. 

In  Total  Figures 

Thus  while  availab'e  information  is 
quite  fragmentary  and  very  far  removed 
from  being  complete,  it  affords  entirely 
satisfactory  grounds  for  viewing  with 
profound  respect  the  current  estimates 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  that  20.- 
000,000  to  22,000.000  net  tons  of  fin- 
ished rolled  steel  is  required  for  the 
present  half  year,  and  not  less  than  20,- 
000,000  tons  for  the  first  half  of  next 
year.  The  estimates,  of  course,  include 
f.ome  allowances,  perhaps  rather  meager, 
for  the  commercial  industries  at  home 
that  must  be  maintained  to  keep  up  the 
country's  war  efficiency. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Production  at  United  States  mills 
has  been  showing  a  marked  improve- 
ment in  the  last  few  days. 

Shipments  to  jobbers  of  finished 
steel  are  much  lighter  than  for  some 
time  past,  and  it  looks  as  though 
they  would  be  cut  down  still  more. 

Information  from  big  steel  cen- 
tres of  United  States  says  the  b"lief 
is  firmly  held  that  the  war  will  be 
won  by  the  Allies  before  the  end  of 
1919.  Whether  this  is  so  or  not,  all 
business  there  touched  by  the  war  is 
being  planned  on  five  years  of  war. 

The  demand  for  barb  wire  for  de- 
fensive purposes  has  fallen  off  in 
United  States  mills  since  Foch  took 
and  maintained  the  offensive. 

Wire  manufacturers  in  United 
States  have  been  ordered  by  the 
government  to  turn  over  to  the  mak- 
ing of  shell  bars,  large  orders  of 
which   are  for   shipment  to   France. 

Canadian  customers  having  occas- 
ion to  enter  the  steel  market  at  pre- 
sent are  finding  that  they  have  little 
chance  unless  their  claims  are  par- 
ticularly urgent. 

New  lists  out  on  wrought  iron 
pipes  pl»ce  the  prices  quoted  at  a 
higher  figure. 

Production 

Production  has  been  somewhat  heavier 
in  the  past  ten  days,  through  a  partial 
recovery  from  the  backset  given  by  the 
extremely  hot  weather  of  the  first  fort- 
night in  August,  but  the  month  as  a 
whole  will  probably  show  smaller  pro- 
duction than  July.  September,  however, 
will  probably  see  the  restoration  of  the 
.June  rate  or  even  a  higher  rate.  There 
is  more  dissatisfaction  with  blast  fur- 
nace performance,  as  the  output  is  out 
of  line  with  the  large  number  of  fur- 
naces in  blast.  Questions  of  coke  sup- 
ply, coke  quality  and  labor  performance 
are  being  studied  still  more  carefully. 
While  new  construction  has  been  consid- 
ered, it  is  held  full  performance  of  exist- 
ing manufacturing  facilities  must  first 
be  attained.  It  may  still  be  estimated 
that  the  output  of  finished  rolled  steel 
in  the  present  half  year  should  be  fully 
18,000,000  net  tons. 

Distribution  to  Jobbers 

Jobbers  are  receiving  even  lighter  ship- 
■.nents  of  finished  steel  than  was  expected 
as  a  result  of  the  July  orders  relating 
to  jobbers,  which  provide  a  B-4  priority 
I'ating,  first  for  August  shipments  to  an 
amount  equal  to  one-sixth  the  tonnage 
received  during  the  first  half  of  the  year, 
and  then  for  fiubsequent  months  an 
amount  equal  to  the  tonnage  distributed 
by  jobbers  the  preceding  month  against 


priorities  and  the  preference  list.  The 
jobbers  have  received  scarcely  any  mer- 
chant steel  bars  or  sheets,  and  their  re- 
ceipts of  standard  steel  pipe  and  of  wire 
products  have  been  less  than  expected. 
This  exemplifies  the  shortage  of  steel, 
since  B-4  is  a  high  degree  of  precedence. 
It  yields  to  most  of  the  priorities,  but 
comes  before  the  entire  preference  list. 


BIG  CALL  NOW  FOR 

SHELL  STEEL  BARS 

U.  S.  Government  Order  Wire  Drawers 

to  Turn  Capacity  Now  on  This 

Material 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

NEW  YORK,  August  29th.— Wire 
manufacturers  have  been  called 
upon  by  the  Government  to  produce 
shell  steel  .  bars  in  large  tonnages. 
It  will  be  recalled  that  a  few  months 
ago  the  wire  drawers  were  instructed  to 
cut  their  output  40  per  cent,  so  that  the 
crude  steel  they  were  making  could  be 
sent  to  other  plants  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  ordnance  and  projectiles.  The 
rail  mills  were  largely  utilized  to  roll 
shell  steel  bars. 

Now,  the  pressing  demand  from  do- 
mestic railroads  makes  it  imperative  that 
some  of  the  rail  mills,  at  least,  be  re- 
leased to  roll  standard  section  rails.  In 
this  emergency  the  wire  manufacturers 
were  selected  by  the  Government  to  ren- 
der assistance  so  that  there  should  be 
no  decrease  in  the  suooly  of  shell  steel 
to  be  sent  abroad.  For  several  weeks 
the  Donora  plant  of  the  American  Ste^ 
&  Wire  Co.  has  been  adapting  its  ma- 
chinery to  roll  shell  b-rs  and  in  the  past 
ten  days  it  has  installed  tables  for  this 
Durpose.  The  first  order  given  to  the 
Donora  mill  is  for  20,000  82  mm.  rounds 
fo'-  shells  to  be  exported  to  France; 
shipments  begin  this  month. 

Want  More  Shell  Brass 

Other  wire  manufacturers  also  have 
received  similar  orders  from  the  Gov- 
ernment so  that  50,000  tons  of  rounds 
will  be  shipped  to  France  this  month.  It 
is  understood  that  orders  for  at  least 
100,000  tons  of  shell  bars  a  month  will 
be  rolled  by  wire  manufacturers.  This 
is  about  one-fifth  of  the  monthly  tonnage 
required  by  the  Government  for  domestic 
projectile  makers  and  for  export  to  the 
Allies. 

The  American  Steel  &  Wire  Co.  has 
.•apacity  to  produce  200,000  tons  of  wire 
products  a  month  but  because  of  the 
shortage  of  wire  steel  its  output  was 
cut  down  to  about  120,000  tons  two 
months  ago.  If  the  20.000  tons  of  shells 
which  it  must  now  roll  for  the  Govern- 
ment are  deducted  from  the  tonnage 
available  for  conversion  into  wire  pro- 
ducts, its  regular  customers  will  be  com- 
pelled to  further  curtail  operations  as 
only  100.000  tons  a  month  will  be  avail- 
able; that  is,  the  largest  wire  drawers 
are  now  operating  on  50  per  cent,  capa- 
city. Large  independent  wire  makers 
have  also  been  obliged  to  cut  down  pro- 
duction. The  Pittsburgh  Steel  &  Wire 
Co.  is  now  operating  50  per  cent,  capa- 
city and  the  Jones  &  Laughlin  Steel  Co. 


272 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


only  40  per  cent,  of  their  wire  capacity. 

To  Be  Sent  to  France 
Orders  for  21,000  tons  of  plain  wire 
ind  for  2,600  tons  of  wire  rods  are  now 
being:  distributed  by  the  sub-committee 
of  the  Iron  &  Steel  Institute  for  export 
to  France  in  September-October-Novem- 
ber. Allocations  of  100,000  kegs  of 
eight  and  tenpenny  wire  nails  are  also 
being  made  for  army  camps  at  home 
and  for  additional  construction  in  France. 
The  War  Industries  Board  has  deter- 
mined after  conference  with  the  Steel 
Committee  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute to  give  preference  of  steel  ship- 
ments, temporarily,  to  the  railroads  and 
to  manufacturers  of  railroad  equipment. 
Motive  power,  cars,  rails,  and  other 
equipment  must  be  furnished  domestic 
railroads  speedily  to  prevent  a  recur- 
rence of  the  severe  freight  congestion 
that  unsettled  industry  last  winter.  Rail- 
road equipment  is  also  urgently  needed 
by  the  American  expeditionary  force  in 
France  and  there  are  pressing  demands 
from   Italy  and  Japan. 

Railroads  in  the  Central  West  have 
finally  succeeded  in  placing  contracts  for 
a  large  number  of  machine  tools.  The 
Monon  at  last  has  distributed  orders  on 
their  list  put  out  last  May.  The  Rock- 
Island,  Illinois  Central  and  the  St.  Paul 
have  ordered  a  number  of  lathes  and 
boring  mills  and  the  Santa  Fe  is  abouL 
to  close  on  the  list  put  out  ten  days  ago. 

The   Foreign  Trade 

The  Japanese  Government  is  enquiring 
in  the  Cincinnati  market  for  100  24-inch 
lathes  f«r  prompt  shipment  and  Japan- 
ese exporters  are  inquiring  for  a  large 
number  of  portable  electric  drilling  ma- 
chines. The  Tata  Iron  &  Steel  Co.,  Sak- 
chi,  India,  has  purchased  eight  magnets 
from  the  Electric  Controlling  &  Manu- 
facturing Co.  The  Tacony  Ordnance 
Corporation  is  buying  large  boring  and 
turning  lathes  for  the  manufacture  of 
guns.  There  is  great  need  of  marine 
engines,  boilers  and  other  equipment  and 
the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  is  now 
concentrating  efforts  to  secure  such  ma- 
chinery. 


NEED  GOOD  REASON 

FOR  BUYING  STEEL 

Canadian  Trade  Finding  the  War  Pres- 
sure Becoming  Harder  All  the  Time 

TORONTO.  —  Canadian  customers 
have  to  show  remarkably  good 
-"asons  for  going  into  the  steel  mar- 
ket now.  This  has  been  the  case  more 
or  less  for  the  past  six  or  eight  months, 
but  the  coming  of  each  week  brings  a 
more  pronounced  change  in  the  situation, 
and  all  the  changes  move  in  the  same 
groove.  As  a  matter  of  fact  industries 
in  Canada  that  have  occasion  to  buy  steel 
are  up  against  more  or  less  of  a  stone 
wall.  There  is  a  certain  tonnage  allot- 
ted to  this  country  each  week,  or  month, 
by  the  War  Industries  Board  at  Wash- 
ington, and  that  is  all  that  can  be  se- 
cured. This  of  course  refers  to  imports, 
and  not  to  steel  produced  in  Canada,  but 
it  is  on  imports  that  we  are  largely  de- 
pendent.   So  it  is  a  case  of  making  the 


WANTS  TO  HANDLE  CANADIAN  OR 

AMERICAN  BUSINESS  IN  FRANCE 

Canadian  Machinkky  is  in  receipt  of  the  following  letter  from 
M.  Laxx)inbe  and  A.  l^lacliere,  of  Lyon.s,  France.  This  comimny  is 
open  to  do  'business  with  Canadian  or  American  firms. 

The  letter  translated  follows : 

Lyon,  July  22,  1918. 

We  have  been  receiving  your  journal  for  some  time  and  are 
greatly  interested  in  it.  Could  we  enter  into  business  relations  with 
some  of  the  firms  who  advertise  in  it? 

The  firm^  which  are  of  especial  interest  to  us  are  those  making 
screws  (bits,  augurs),  raising  or  hoisting  tackle  and  gear,  conveying 
machinery,  industrial  oils  and  greases,  ball  bearings,  automobile 
accessories,  lifting  jacks,  etc. 

We  should  like  to  become  acquainted  with  a  firm  who  on  satisfy- 
ing themselves  with  the  references  we  would  supply  would  treat  us  as 
their  depo.-^itory  agents  in  France. 

Correspondence  would  have  to  be  in  French.  Such  a  firm  might 
be  either  Canadian  or  U.S. 


material  available  go  around  rather  than 
striving  to  get  concerns  to  use  more. 

The  licenses  and  priority  orders  that 
the  mills  require  automatically  expire  if 
the  obligations  have  not  been  met  by  the 
mills  on  the  date  mentioned  in  the  pa- 
pers. There  is  considerable  confusion 
at  times  in  connection  with  getting  re- 
newal privileges  for  these. 

The  demand  for  war  machinery  is 
quieter  this  week.  In  fact  the  big  thing 
in  the  hands  of  the  machine  tool  dealers 
is  the  securing  of  the  machines  to  fill 
contracts  that  have  been  on  their  books 
for  some  time. 

Scrap  Prices  Firm 

No  changes  are  noticed  in  the  scrap 
values  this  week.  It  might  be  imagined 
that  there  would  be  a  lot  of  scrap  in 
the  way  of  turnings  from  shell  plantc 
because  the  volume  of  material  going 
through  these  plants  is  very  large  at  this 
moment.  However,  it  does  not  reach  the 
scrap  metal  trade,  its  disposition  being 
arranged  beforehand  by  the  War  Board 
authorities.  Information  received  from 
outside  points  shows  that  there  is  a  de- 
cided shortage  in  many  foundry  yards, 
and  there  is  nothing  in  sight  in  the  trade 
that  is  going  to  relieve  it. 

American  points  state  that  there  is 
difficulty  in  securing  transportation  even 
when  a  lot  of  scrap  is  found,  the  carriers 
claiming  that  they  are  overloaded  now 
with  business  that  they  consider  to  be 
more  pressing. 

Settled  Price  Matters 

Through  conferences  with  dealers  the 
matter  of  prices  has  been  settled  in  some 
of  the  principal  lines.  The  biggest  ar- 
ticle in  volume  now  is  plate  for  ship 
work,  and  the  Government  recognize  10c 
per  pound  for  this.  Dealers  are  quite 
frank  in  advising  the  trade  that  it  is 
useless  to  send  in  orders  unless  they  are 
absolutely  certain  the  work  is  of  the 
most  vital  importance,  and  urgent  enough 


to  cause  the  War  Board  to  put  a  very 
high  rating  on  it. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  in  the  last  eight 
weeks  instead  of  getting  8,000  tons  of 
plate  this  country  has  received  about 
5,000  tons,  and  working  from  this,  it  is 
easy  to  see  that  there  is  absolutely  no 
chance  at  all  for  the  man  who  wants 
steel,  especially  in  the  shape  of  plate,  for 
anything  but  the  most  urgent  purpose. 
There  was  a  supposition  some  months 
ago  that  three  months  of  concentration 
on  war  work  would  pile  up  such  a  heap 
of  material  that  the  commercial  inter- 
ests would  be  well  treated  at  the  expira- 
tion of  that  period.  Whenever  it  look's 
at  all  hopeful  for  this  coming  true  the 
".var  appetite  doubles  up,  and  the  com- 
mercial chances  go  in  a  heap,  and  they 
are  right  now  in  a  heap  with  poor 
chances  of  getting  straightened  out. 

The  prices  on  boiler  tubes,  it  is  under- 
stood, are  somewhat  of  an  open  question, 
the  War  Board  holding  for  a  lower  fig- 
ure than  asked  at  the  moment  by  the 
warehouses. 

The  Matter  of  Ratings 

The  mills  are  in  better  shape  than  the 
customers  in  the  matter  of  priorities. 
In  case  a  mill  accepts  an  order  to  deliver 
on  a  certain  date  their  obligation  for  the 
work  ceases  when  that  date  arrives  and 
the  order  has  not  been  rolled.  On  the 
other  hand  it  is  up  to  the  dealer  to  apply 
to  Washington  to  have  his  priority  and 
license  renewed  to  protect  his  business. 
There  has  been  some  confusion  in  re- 
gard to  the  working  of  this  regulation. 

A   new  list  has   been   issued   for   iron 
pipe,  an  increase  being  noted  in  nearly 
every  size.     Dealers  claim  a  shortage  of 
skelp  IS  responsible  for  the  situation. 
A   Matter  of  Delivery 

There  is  one  inquiry  this  week  regard- 
ing equipment  for  a  shell  plant  but  the 
contract  in  this  case  has  not  been  secured 
yet,  and  the  chances  are  that  the  con- 
tractor is  hesitating  over  making  prom- 
ises regarding  the  delivery  of  shells.  As 


August  29,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


273 


a  matter  of  fact  there  are  a  number  of 
shops  all  over  the  country  that  are  con- 
siderably embarrassed  at  the  non- 
arrival  of  machine  tools.  Jobbers  art 
having  some  interesting  sessions  explain- 
injT  to  the  trade  why  deliveries  are  not 
made.  This  condition  is  not  peculiar  to 
this  country,  as  reports  from  United 
States  points  indicate  that  much  the 
same  thing  is  holding  up  deliveries  of 
finished  shells  there.  Contractors  hesi- 
tate to  go  ahead  with  first  operations 
to  any  great  extent,  preferring  to  wait 
until  their  whole  plant  is  in  shape  to 
?,et  a  steady  and  continuous  flow  of  worli 
through  all  the  operations  in  proper  se- 
quence. 

Machinery  from  United  States  points 
IS  having  a  hard  time  setting  to  its  des- 
tination. One  firm  has  an  order  six 
weeks  on  the  road  from  Cincinnati.  In 
this  instance  a  customer  from  a  point 
in  Saskatchewan  came  to  Toronto  be- 
lieving that  the  shipment  would  be  here 
some  time  ahead  of  him.  On  his  arrivai 
he  found  that  the  goods  he  came  to  in- 
spect for  purchase  were  still  on  the  road. 

A  traveller  for  a  large  American  firm 


stated  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 
this  morning  that  buying  of  high  speed 
steel  had  been  carried  on  on  an  unpre- 
cedented scale  during  the  last  few  weeks. 
Getting  supplies  for  the  Canadian  buyer 
had  been  harder  on  this  account.  The 
.American  buyers  had  o'dors  in  very 
large  quantities,  and  there  had  been  a 
busy  time  in  spots  trying  to  keep  pace 
with  the  call  for  hobs  and  reamers.  In 
some  of  the  work  there  it  had  been  found 
in  machining  operations  that  the  work 
of  the  forges  had  been  rather  indifferent. 
When  the  shells  were  put  through  some 
of  the  heat  treating  processes  they  had 
apparently  been  hardened  to  such  an  ex- 
tent that  some  of  the  shops  could  hardly 
secure  a  tool  point  that  would  make  a 
mark  on  them.  Mechanics,  this  traveller 
stated,  who  had  gone  to  United  States 
from  Canadian  plants  claimed  that  the 
forging  that  had  been  done  to  the  speci- 
fications of  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
in  Canada  was  much  more  uniform,  and 
much  easier  to  work  in  the  machine 
shops.  The  result  apparently  has  been 
that  indifferent  production  results  have 
been  secured  at  some  of  the  U.  S.  shops. 


STOVE  MANUFACTURERS  HAVE  BEEN 

GIVEN  NO  STANDING  BY  GOVERNMENT 


TF  one  were  to  judge  from  reports  of 
■'■  actual  sales  that  are  being  made  by 
the  sales  departments  of  iron  at  United 
States  points  it  would  aprpear  that  very 
little  business  was  being  done  in  any  of 
the  foundries.  Of  course  quite  the  re- 
verse is  the  case.  The  Government  is 
practically  handling  the  output  of  all  the 
furnaces  and  the  selb'ng  by  them  inde- 
Tiendent  of  Go^mmp"*"  control  is  h-=ing 
discouraged.  Some  of  the  industries  of  the 
United  States  that  have  not  yet  been 
listed  are  makino:  big  efforts  to  secure 
consideration  at  the  hands  of  the  Gov- 
ernment but  have  so  far  met  with  rather 
indifferent  success.  The  reports  con- 
cerning the  big  iron  situation  from  Unit- 
ed  States   points   are   as   follows: 

Cleveland — A  fair  amount  of  selling 
for  next  year's  deliveries  is  being  done 
but  it  is  all  subject  to  Government  re- 
strictions. The  new  forms  that  are  be- 
ing sent  out  by  the  producers  are  now 
being  distributed  and  it  is  found  that 
they  require  considerable  more  data  than 
has  been  given  in  the  past. 

Boston — The  survev  of  the  situation 
here  would  lead  to  the  belief  that  there 
are  a  number  of  concerns  all  over  thio 
district  who  may  not  be  able  to  do  busi- 
ness in  a  few  months  because  of  the 
scarcity  of  iron.  The  stove  business  in 
particular  is  in  danger  of  being  con- 
siderably curtailed  in  this  way.  The  lat- 
est reports  state  that  some  arrangement 
may  be  made  whereby  a  certain  number 
of  stove  concerns  may  be  allowed  to 
turn  out  material  for  the  trade  in  limit- 
ed quantities.  No  hope  is  held  out  what- 
ever  for  unrestricted   production. 

New  York — Dealers  who  in  the  past 
have  been  in  the  market  years  selling 
foundry  iron  are  practically  out  of  the 
way  at  the  present  time.    Although  many 


of  these  desire  to  take  care  of  their  own 
trade  it  is  not  possible  for  taem  to  do  so 
because  Government  places  orders  and 
these  allocations  have  to  be  considered 
first.  They  simply  keep  on  piling  up 
and  destroy  any  chance  whatever  of  pri- 
vate business  being  considered. 

Buffalo — The  producers  here  are 
most  swamped  with  orders  from  con- 
sumers all  over  the  country  for  any 
grade  of  iron,  but  in  almost  every  case 
the  answer  is  the  same,  that  the  pro- 
ducer will  do  business  only  on  allot- 
ments made  by  the  Government. 

Chicago — Contracting  for  pig  iron  fa* 
delivery  during  the  first  half  of  next 
year  is  in  a  very  limited  scope  here  at 
nresent.  Only  the  requirements  of  regu- 
lar customers  engaged  on  war  work  are 
being  considered  and  amounts  are  not 
booked  over  the  rdinary  purchases  of 
the  past. 

Cincinnati — It  is  thought  here  that  the 
production  and  the  manufacture  of  auto- 
mobiles will  probably  reduce  the  melt 
in  some  foundries  so  that  they  will  have 
to  seek  work  of  the  more  essential  nature. 

St.  Louis — The  chances  of  obtaining  a 
supply  of  pig  iron  for  factories  in  this 
district  that  are  not  on  war  work  appear 
to  be  more  remote  than  ever.  A  few 
producers  expect  the  belief  that  they 
may  have  something  to  sell  after  the 
first  of  the  year,  but  they  can  promise 
nothing  definite,  and  they  are  not  will- 
ing to  book  any  orders.  Stove  manufac- 
turers and  other  makers  of  specialties 
outside  of  the  war  list  are  rapidly  near- 
ing  the  close  of  their  supplies  of  raw  ma- 
terial. The  way  in  which  they  have  gone 
^fter  scrap  iron  has  resulted  in  a  pretty 
fair  cleaning  up  of  all  the  material  suit- 
able for  their  needs,  and  the  scrap  situ- 


ation in  the  near  future  will  not  be  much 
better  than  the  supply  of  pig  iron. 

Philadelphia — In  a  good  many  casei 
here  the  Government  allotment  of  foun- 
dry iron  is  quite  up  to  the  ability  of 
the  melters  to  turn  it  out,  so  in  that  case 
there  is  not  going  to  be  any  selling  done. 
Several  of  the  furnaces  are  down  for  re- 
pairs on  account  of  labor  disabilities. 

Pittsburgh — The  return  of  cooler 
weather  has  not  yet  brought  about  any 
recoveries  from  the  falling  off  in  pro- 
duction. Stove  makers  are  making 
strong  efforts  to  secure  iron,  but  the 
furnace  interests  are  declining  to  ship 
to  them  until  they  have  been  given  some 
standing  by  the  Government. 


CONDITIONS  COULD 

HARDLY  BE  WORSE 

Calgary   Paper   Prints   Drab  Picture    of 

Conditions  In  Western  Mining 

Town 

The  Calcarv  Herald  is  publishing  re- 
ports of  Bolshevist  plots  which  con- 
template interference  in  the  mining  in- 
dustrv  of  Drumheller  and  the  Albertan, 
though  careful  to  point  out  that  there 
has  been  no  confirmation  of  the  reports 
of  the  Herald's  correspondent,  declares 
that  if  there  is  any  place  in  Canada 
where  Bolshevism  might  be  expected  to 
find  a  foothold,  that  place  is  Drumheller. 
Here  is  the  picture  of  conditions  at 
Drumheller  as  painted  by  the  Albertan: 

"Almost  every  condition  conducive  to 
unrest  is  to  be  found  there.  The  condi- 
tions of  labor  are  such  that  the  popula- 
tion is  largely  transient;  the  town  is  new 
and  the  housing  is  indescribably  bad;  the 
community  is  poorly  organized  and  there 
is  an  absence  of  any  feeling  of  civic 
pride;  the  laws  are  loosely  enforced  and 
the  liquor  laws  are  not  enforced  at  all; 
it  is  known  as  the  freest  center  of  illicit 
liquor  traffic  in  Western  Canada;  it  is 
the  Mecca  of  bootle-rgers,  thugs  and  drug 
fiends  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and 
there  is  little  or  no  attempt  either  to 
restrain  crime  or  to  construct  good  so- 
cial organization.  A  large  part  of  the 
mining  population  is  foreign,  and  the 
condition  of  the  public  mind  at  the  pres- 
ent time  is  such  that  there  is  neither 
sympathy  for  nor  understanding  of  these 
people.  Almost  every  public  policy  in 
the  last  twelve  months  has  tended  to 
alienate,  exasperate  and  rouse  the  for- 
eign population.  They  have  been  dis- 
franchised, suspected,  and  in  some  in- 
stances exploited;  almost  everything 
which  could  be  done  to  alienate  them  has 
been  done. 

"The  mining  population  of  Drumheller 
is  about  30  per  cent.  British  and  70  p«r 
cent,  foreign.  Over  35  per  cent,  is  Ital- 
ian, between  15  and  20  per  cent,  is 
Austrian,  Greek,  Serb,  Swede,  negro, 
etc.  Dangerous  enemy  elements  are  not 
likely  to  have  the  upper  hand  in  such  a 
population  but  the  soil  is  such  that  seeds 
of  trouble  once  planted,  might  thrive 
prodigiously." 

The  firm  hand  of  authority  is  re- 
quired, says  the  Albertan,  not  only  for 


274 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


the  suppression  of  inflammatory  enemy 
propaganda,  but  for  the  enforcement  of 
ordinary  law  and  order.  It  observes 
that  the  mine  operators  realize  some  of 
the  immediate  dangers,  as  evidenced  by 
plans  they  are  now  making  for  the  im- 
provement of  housing  conditions  and  the 
provision  of  educational  facilities.     The 


Albertan,  however,  holds  that  the  pro- 
vincial Government  also  should  act  and 
calls  upon  it,  not  only  for  the  better  en- 
forcement of  law,  but  also  for  the  estab- 
lishment in  the  district  of  a  well-equip- 
ped hospital  and  the  adoption  of  a  suit- 
able programme  having  regard  to  the 
health  of  the  workers. 


VERY  KEEN  DEMAND  SUSTAINED 

FOR  ALL  GRADES  OF  SCRAP  METAL 


AUTHORITIES  in  the  United  Stales 
are  beginning  to  wonder  how  with 
four  million  men  in  France  they 
are  goinT  to  double  the  ordnance  pro-  : 
gramm?.  The  production  of  pig  iron  is 
not  keep-n?  up  with  the  excessive  de- 
mands that  are  being  made  on  it,  and 
■while  at  the  moment  the  scrap  iron  situ- 
ation appears  a  little  easier  the  drain 
on  this  material  will  mean  that  the  yards 
will  soon  again  be  near  the  stage  of  de- 
pletion. Detailed  reports  on  the  scrap 
iron  situation  for  the  week  show  the 
following: 

Pittsburgh — A  large  number  of  the 
i-onsumers  in  this  district  are  short  of 
old  material,  and  they  are  not  able  to 
cover  their  requirements  fully.  Many  of 
the  dealers  report  that  they  are  not  able 
to  get  tonnages,  and  some  yards  have 
on  hand  only  a  small  fraction  o?  the 
stocks  they  had  some  months  ago.  There 
has  been  an  increased  demand  for  stove 
plate,  which  is  being  bought  whenever 
available  at  the  maximum  price  of  $29. 
One  consumer  in  this  district  recently 
bought  up  2,000  tons  of  this  grade  for 
which  he  paid  the  top  level. 

New  York — There  has  been  a  continued 
demand  here  for  cast  scrap  during  the 
past  week,  and  as  a  result  it  is  not  very 
plentiful  just  now.  At  the  present  writ- 
ing supplies  of  turnings  and  also  low 
phosphorus  scrap  appear  in  better  volume 
than  the  majority  of  other  lines. 

Cleveland — The  scrap  trade  generally 
here  is  rather  dull,  as  a  result  of  the 
vacation  season,  and  in  nearly  every  case 
demand  is  nearly  nominal.  Stove  plate 
and  similar  grades  of  scrap  are  in  les^ 
demand  of  late,  but  the  prices  generally 
are  holding  at  the  old  level. 

Chicago — One  thing  that  is  very  no- 
ticeable here  is  the  small  amount  of  scrap 
being  brought  out  by  any  of  the  trans- 
portation companies.  In  fact  500  tons 
offered  bv  the  Chicago  Great  Western 
Railroad  is  the  only  thing  available  at 
the  present  time. 

Cincinnati — There  is  a  brisk  demami 
here  for  almost  every  kind  of  scrap  at 
present  with  the  exception  of  stove  plate. 
and  cast  iron  borings.  Neither  of  the=e 
lines  are  holding  very  firmly  to  old 
prices. 

St.  Louie — Although  there  is  a  very 
big  demand  here  for  nearly  every  line  of 
scrap,  there  is  not  a  very  large  volume 
of  business  passine.  The  reason  for  this 
•seems  to  be  that  the  yard  men  are  hold- 
ing out  for  very  high  orires  which  the 
consumers  are  not  willing  to  pay.  On 
too  of  this  it  must  be  noted  that  yard 
stocks  here  are  not  verv  heavy  and  the 
holders  are  not  particularly  anxious  to 


part  with  them  for  fear  that  they  can- 
not replace  them  at  the  old  prices.  The 
whole  territory  around  here  has  been 
scraped  pretty  bare  of  everything  fnat 
generally  goes  into  the  discard  heap, 
and  the  general  economy  that  is  being 
practiced  in  almost  every  line  has  a  de- 
cided tendency  to  cut  down  the  amount 
of  scrap  material  coming  into  the  mar- 
ket. 

Philadelphia— The  fact  of  the  thirty- 
day  embargo  on  the  shipment  of  turn- 
ings to  brass  furnaces  is  being  watched 
with  interest  here,  and  the  feeling  is  that 
the  rolling  mills  will  be  able  to  buy  large 
quantities  as  a  result.  In  fact  some  of 
the  mills  are  hoping  to  accumulate  ton- 
nages for  future  use. 

Birmingham — There  has  been  a  very 
decided  demand  here  for  anything  in  the 
nature  of  heavy  melting  steel.  One  of 
the  large  home  consumers  was  in  the 
market  here  for  a  few  days  ago,  offering 
from  50c  to  $1.50  per  ton  more  for  a 
large  tonnage  contract  than  for  a  few 
hundred  tons.  A  decided  improvement 
in  the  whole  situation  is  looked  for  here. 


TURNS  OUT  FIRST 

RIVETLESS  SHIP 

Electrical    Welding    Has    Been    Used    In 
Putting  the  Plates  Together 

Building  of  a  steel  ship  without  rivets 
has  been  effected  in  a  shipyard  on  the 
south  coast  of  England,  and  its  construc- 
tion may  mark  a  new  era  in  the  ship- 
building industry.  A  process  of  electrical 
welding  was  used  for  joining  the  plates, 
in  place  of  the  usual  riveting  and  caulk 
ing.  By  means  of  an  electric  arc,  the 
joints  are  submitted  to  intense  heat,  and 
the  plates  are  fused  together.  The  pro- 
cess is  not  entirely  new,  as  auxiliary 
work  has  been  done  in  the  past  by  elec- 
tric welding.  During  the  last  year,  de- 
velopments have  been  made  which  have 
permitted  of  the  extension  of  this  method 
in  ship  construction.  A  saving  of  be- 
tween twenty  and  twenty-five  per  cent,  is 
saved  in  both  time  and  material,  judging 
from  experimental  work  done  on  the  new 
vessel  just  launched. 

The  general  adoption  of  electrical 
welding  in  shipbuilding  would  permit  a 
material  speeding-up  of  production.  The 
electric  process  is  particularly  economical 
in  the  assembling  of  bulkheads,  deck 
structures  and  other  interior  work.  The 
United  States  is  keeping  in  touch  with 


the  developments  in  this  work  in  Great 
Britain,  and  arrangements  are  under  way 
for  the  construction  of  several  10,000-ton 
standard  ships  by  the  same  process. 
These  large  vessels  will  contain  about 
2*^  per  cent,  of  the  number  of  rivets  orig- 
inally intended,  while  the  British  boat 
was  absolutely  rivetless. 


CARGO  STEAMER 
LAUNCHED  AT  VICKERS' 

Marked     Activity     in     Connection     With 

Marine  Work  at  Big  Montreal 

Yards 

The  successful  launch  of  the  S.  S. 
"Samnanger"  took  place  at  the  works  of 
Canadian  Vickei:s,  Limited,  recently.  This 
makes  the  third  launch  from  Canadian 
Vickers  yards  since  the  present  open  sea- 
son of  navigation. 

The  dimensions  of  the  "Samnaner," 
which  is  a  7,000  tonner,  are  as  follows: 

Length,  380  feet;  breath,  49  feet; 
depth,  30  ft. 

The  "Samnanger"  is  a  sister  ship  to 
the  "Porsanger,"  which  was  recently  de- 
livered by  Canadian  Vickers,  Limited,  to 
Messrs.  Furness,  Withy  &  Co.  of  Mont- 
real, who  are  acting  as  managers  on  be- 
half of  the  British  Government. 

It  is  expected  that  the  "Samnanger" 
will  be  completed  within  two  or  three 
weeks. 

The  vessel  was  launched  by  Captain 
H.  Jonassen,  of  Bergen,  Norway.  As  in 
previous  cases  there  was  no  ceremony. 

The  rapid  production  now  going  on  at 
these  works  was  strikingly  evidenced  dur- 
ing the  launch.  On  the  dock  their  latest 
ship,  the  "War  Earl,"  was  being  painted 
after  having  run  her  steam  trials  last 
Thursday,  while  the  sister  ship,  the  "War 
Duchess,"  was  lying  in  the  basin  with 
all  machinery  on  board,  getting  ready 
for  trials  to  take  place  in  about  two  or 
three  weeks. 

There  is,  therefore,  every  indication 
that  at  the  end  of  the  present  month 
Canadian  Vickers'  yard  alone  will  have 
completed  and  handed  over  four  7,000- 
ton  cargo  steamers,  while  on  the  berths 
there  will  be  five  other  vessels,  several 
of  them  in  an  advanced  stage  of  com- 
pletion. 


STEAMER  WEXFORD 

PROBABLY  LOCATED 

Speculation  Revived  Concerning  Fate  of 

Vessel  Lost  in  Big 

Storm 

Goderich. — What  is  considered  the 
first  authentic  information  of  the  where- 
abouts of  the  steamer  Wexford,  lost  in 
the  great  November  storm  of  1915,  was 
brought  to  port  by  the  captain  of  the 
steamer  Mariska.  On  his  course  from 
Chicago  to  Goderich  he  sighted  and  pass- 
ed within  twenty  feet  of  two  spars,  both 
at  approximately  the  distance  apart  th<» 


August  29,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


275 


spacing  of  the  Wexford's  spars  woulil 
indicate.  Both  of  these  were  seen  dis- 
tinctly in  the  fall  of  the  water  between 
seas,  one  shorter  than  the  other,  with  the 
after  spar  slightly  bent.  His  familiarity 
■with  the  vessel  when  trading  on  the  up- 
per lakes  strengthens  his  conclusion  that 
this  can  be  none  other  than  the  Wexford. 
The  location  is  15  miles  northwest  by 
north  of  Point  Clark,  and  16%  miles 
northwest   of  Kincardine. 

The  last  seen  of  this  vessel  was  on 
the  fateful  Sunday  when  the  Kaminis- 
tiquia,  which  had  left  Goderich  that 
morning,  had  met  the  Wexford  about  the 
middle  of  the  afternoon,  then  on  her 
course  for  Goderich.  All  that  had  pre- 
"viously  been  found  was  a  lifeboat  and 
several  bodies  which  came  ashore  near 
Grand  Bend,  thirty  miles  below  here. 
From  the  alleged  location  of  the  vessel  it 
is  apparent  that  she  headed  into  the 
northerly  storm,  but  had  not  made  many 
miles  before  foundering.  The  vessel's 
•spars  now  indicate  that  she  was  finally 
^leading  down  the  lake. 


SHARP  CRITICISM 

FOR  U.S.  AIR  PLANTS 

.Scncte     Committee    Tallcs    Straight    in 

Announcing   Result  of 

Investigations 

Washington. — Recommending  one  man 
lontrol  of  aircraft  production,  speeding- 
up  of  production,  encouragement  of  in- 
vention and  reduction  of  profits  on  fu- 
ture contracts,  the  Senate  air  craft  sub- 
committee 'submitted  its  report  to  the 
Military  Affairs  Committee. 

The  investigation  disclosed  a  waste  of 
money  and  lack  of  common  sense  policy 
rarly  in  the  war,  the  committee  declared. 
It  said  that  while  many  "disappointing 
results"  were  disclosed,  "much  has  been 
accomplished,  and  the  committee  is  glad 
10  report  that  while  it  believes  there  are 
many  things  yet  to  be  remedied,,  never- 
theless we  are  approaching  a  perioil 
when  quantity  production  of  planes  may 
soon  be  hoped  for." 

ihree   j^r.mar^    l-jjcs    of    failure    ol' 


the  aircraft  programme  to  measure  up  to 
the  army's  needs  were  set  forth  in  the 
report  which  was  read  to  the  Senate  to- 
day.   They  are: 

1.  That  the  airplane  programme  was 
largely  placed  in  the  control  of  the  great 
automobile  and  other  manufacturers, 
who  were  ignorant  of  aeronautical  prob- 
lems. 

2.  These  manufacturers  undertook  the 
impossible  task  of  creating  a  motor 
which  could  be  adapted  to  all  classes  of 
flying  craft.  It  is  not  too  much  to  .say 
that  our  airplane  programme  has  been 
largely  subordinated  to  the  Liberty 
motor. 

3.  We  failed  at  the  beginning  of  the 
war  to  adopt  the  commonsense  course  of 
reproducing  the  most  approved  types  of 
European  machines  in  as  great  numbers 
as  possible.  This  should  have  been  car- 
ried on  coincident  with  the  production  of 
the  Liberty  motor.  This  sound  policy 
has  very  recently,  but  after  a  lamentable 
lapse  of  time,  been  adopted. 


With  the  British  navy  in  war  time: 
Upper  left  hand,  boat  drill;  upper  right, 
fusing  a  shell;  lower  left,  cutting  with 
oxyacetylene  torch;  lower  right,  diver 
at  work. 


276 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  60 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace 33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 60  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 
Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  26 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  60 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base. .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   6  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 6  60 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel.   No.    10   gauge,  base     4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh '3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *3  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

•Government  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 
Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  Iba. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal 23.1  31.5 

St  John,  N.B 38.1  50.6 

Halifax 39.1  51.5 

Toronto 18.9  22.1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18.9  22.1 

Winnipeg 64.9  86.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper    31  00  28  50 

Tin     125  00  125  00 

Spelter  11  00  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  50  18  00 

Aluminum 50  00  58  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up ?10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE    . 

Price  List  No.  36 

BlaeV       Galvanized 

Standard  Bnttweld 

P»r   100   fr-t 

%  in $  6  00     $     8  00 

'4  in 5  22  7  35 

^  in 5  22  7  35 

^4  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  In 20  08  26  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3       in 56  61  70  76 

3^/4  in 71  76  88  78 

4      ir 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 29  97  36  45 

2%  in 45  05  55  28 

3  in 58  91  72  29 

3%  in 73  60  91  54 

4  in 87  20  108  45 

4%  in 99  06  123  82 

5  in 115  40  144  30 

6  in 149  80  187  20 

7  in.  .- 195  20  243  95 

8L    in 205  00  256  25 

8  in 236  20  295  20 

9  in 282  90  353  25 

lOL   in 262  40  328  00 

10      in 337  80  422  .30 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 

Welland. 

PriceB— Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4'  and  under,  35%. 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,   light    $2100  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   25  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 25  50  24  50 

Copper,   wire    24  50  25  50 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings    ...   16  50  15  00 

Red  brass  turnings   18  50  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   10  00  9  50 

Medium  brass 13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 30  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.  shop  tum'gs 9  00  8  50 

Cast  borings 12  00  12  00 

Stove  plate    26  00  19  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    8  00  8  00 

Tea  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 65 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine  screws,   fl.   and   rd.  hd., 

steel 27\4 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel  !• 
Machine   screws,    fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  80 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fil.    hd., 

brass add  26 

Nuts,  square  blank add  $1  60 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger  $8  50 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72H 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright 67% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   37% 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze   .• 27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  ....  25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws  net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in. . . .     26 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in SO 

Fin.  and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus     10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  10 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus     26 

Collar  screws   list  plus  30,     10 

Thumb  screws   20 

Thumb  nuts 06 

Patch  bolts add  40,    10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  80 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add     7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  croM  tea 

Bessemer  billets $47  80 

Open-hearth  billets 47  80 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets 80  00 

Wire  rods IT  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70         6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails    60% 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  60 

Spikes,  Vi  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing:,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  M-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    ttnA 

Toronto    net 


September  5,  1918.  171 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufaeturing  interests. 
Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  SEPTEMBER  s,  1918  No.  10 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

STRENGTH   OF   MATERIALS  IS  AN'  INTERESTING  STUDY  277-281 

GENERAL    281 

HOW  HUN  PLOTTERS  WORKED  IN  U.S.  BEFORE  THE  WAR  282-285 

GENERAL 286 

ENGINEERING  EXHIBITS  AT  CANADA'S  NATIONAL  FAIR .287-291 

MECHANICAL    SKETCHING   AND    DRAWING    292-294 

VANCOUVER  FIRMS  POOL  ENGINE  AND  BOILER  RESOURCES 295 

GENERAL    296 

WHAT  OUR   READERS  THINK  AND  DO 297-299 

Machining  the  155-mm.  ShelL  .  .  .A  New  Shock-resisting  Ctmcifete ....  Labor  Saving 
Washing   Device   Used  on  Shell  Work. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT 300-302 

GENERAL    302 

A   "HOUSE   ORGAN"  SLICED  UP  AND   GAZED  UPON  : 303 

EDITORIAL    304 

MARKET    DEVELOPMENTS 306-309 

Summary.  . .  .Toronto  Letter.  .  .  .Montreal  Letter.  .  .  .New   York    Letter. . .  .Washing- 
ton  Letter.  ..  .Pittsburg   Letter. 

SELECTED   MARKET  QUOTATIONS 310-78 

INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENTS   80-87 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,   The   Financial    Post,   MacLean's   Magazine,   Farmers'   Magazine, 

Canadian    Grocer,   Dry   Goods   Review,    Men*s   Wear   Review,    Printer  and   Publisher,    Bookseller  and 

Stationc;r,     Canadian     Machinery    and     Manufacturing     News,     Power     House,     Sanitary     Engineec. 

Canadian    Foundryman,   Marine   Engineering  of   Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto ;  Atabelt,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


(ANADiAN  Machinery 

""  Manufactur  ng  News 


A.  R.  KENNEDY.   Editor.  B.   G.  NEWTON,   Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  A,  G.  WEBSTER,  J.  H.  RODGERS.  W.  F.  SUTHERLAND. 
Eastern  Representative :  E.  M.  Pattison  ;  Ontario  Representative :  S.  S.  Moore ; 
Toronto  and  Hamilton   Representative;  J.   N.  Robinson. 
CHIEF    OF^FICES: 
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GREAT  BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MacLean  Company  of    Great  Britain.   Limited.   88  Fleet  Street,   E.G.,   E.  J.  Dodd, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12966.      Cable    address :   Atabek,    London,    England. 
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172 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can 


Operate  This   Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  (Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


44 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  AffenU :  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto.  Ont. ; 
A.  K.  Williams  Machinery  Co..  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipeg;  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co..  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John,   N.B. ;   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


IiNDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


Acme    Machine    Tool    Co 6 

Alkenhead    Hardware   Co 79 

Allatt  Machine  Co 84 

Allen    Mfg.    Co 149 

Almond    Mfe.    Co 106 

Amalgamated  Machinery  Corp..  27 

Anderson.    Geo.     A 148 

Archibald,    Charles     88 

Armstrong  Bros.  Tool  Co 149 

Atkins    ft    Co.,    Wm 12 

Atlas    Press   Co 86 

Aurora  Tool    Works 1&6 

B 

Baird    Machine   Co 150 

BanAeld,    W.   H.,   ft  Sons 92 

Barnes  Co.,    W.   F.    ft   John 155 

Barnes,     Wallace,     Co 84 

Beaver   Engineering  Co 151 

Beaudry    ft     Co 150 

Becker   Milling   Machine   Co 140 

Bernard   Industrial  Co.,  A..  126,  144 

Bertram  A  Sons  Co.,  John 1 

Bertrams,     Ltd 84 

Boker    ft    Co.,    H 22 

Bowser  ft  Co.,  Inc..  S.  F. 169 

Brantford  Oven  ft  Rack  Co 84 

Brewster.     Wm 182 

Bridgeford  Mach.   ft  Tool  Wks.       4 

Bristol    Company     148 

Brown,    Boggs   Co 11 

Brown's    Copper   ft    Brass  Roll- 
ing   Mills     »3 

Brown    Engineering    Corp 98 

Brown    ft    Sharpe    Mfg.    Co....   155 
Budden.    Hanbury    A 87 


Canada   Emery   Wheels    152 

Canafla    Foundries    ft   Forgings, 

Ltd 9 

Canada    Machinery    Corpora- 
tion     Outside  Back   Cover 

Canada    Metal    Co 128 

Canada  Wire  ft  Iron  Goods....    186 

Can.    Barker    Co 94 

Can.  B.  K.   Morton  Co 24 

Can.    Blower    ft    Forge   Co 96 

Can.   Desmond'Stephan   Co.    . . .   188 

Can.  Drawn  .Steel  Co 148 

Can.  Fairbanks-Mortc  Co 42 


Can.    Ingersoll-Rand    Co 36 

Can.     Laco-Philips     Co.,     Ltd...  99 

Can.   Rumely   Co 94 

Can.  S  K  F  Co.,  Ltd Front  cover 

Can.    Steel    Foundries     7 

Carlyle,  Johnson   Mach.    Co 8 

Carter  Welding  Co 119 

Chicago    Flexible    Shaft    Co 160 

Chapman    Double    Ball    Bearing 

Co 128 

Cincinnati  Electrical  Tool  Co...  162 

Cincinnati    Milling    Mach.    Co..  145 

Classified    Advertising     88 

Cisco   Machine   Tool    Co 24 

Cleveland    Twist    Drill    Co 157 

Commercial     Camera    Co 12/i 

Consolidated    Optical    Co 98 

Consolidated     Press    Co 121 

Curtis     ft     Curtis     113 

Curtis  Pneumatic  Mach.  Co.   . . .  123 

Cushman  Chuck   Co 148 


Davidson    Thos 83 

Davidson  Tool  Mfg.  Corp lOb 

Davis-Bournonville     Co 160 

Deloro  Smelting  &  Refining   Co.  2* 

Dominion   Iron   &   Wrecking  Co.  90 

Dominion  Pattern  Works 161 

Dominion    Foundries    ft    Steel..  124 

Drury  Co.,    H.    A 107 

E 

Elliott    ft    Whitehall     94 

E'm    Cutting    Oil    Co 83 

Enushevsky    &  Son,    B 151 

Erie  Foundry   12:) 

F 

Federal    Engineering    Co 87 

Ferracute  Machine  Co 150 

Fethcrstonhaugh    ft    Co 87 

Firth    A    Sons.    Thos 8 

Ford  Chain  B)ock   ft.  Mfg.  Co...  126 

Ford.^mith     Machine    Co 10 

Foss   Mach.   &   Supply   Co.,   Geo. 

.    F Inside  back  covfr 

Foster    Machine    Co 31 

Fox    Mach.   Co 141 

Fry's    (London),    Ltd IIU 

G 

Gait    Machine    Screw    Co 94 

Garlock-Walker    Machy.    Co 91 


Garvin    Machine    Co 144 

Geometric   Tool   Co 77 

Giddings   ft   Lewis  Mfg.  Co 21 

Gilbert   &    Barker   Mfg.    Co 163 

Gooley    &    Ediund    159 

Grand    Rapids    Grinding    Mach. 

Co 142 

Grant  Gear  Works   150 

Grant   Mfg.   A   Machine   Co 112 

Graton    &    Knight    Mfg.    Co 39 

Greenfield    Machine    Co 142 

Greenfield   Tap    &    Die    Corp 37 

Greenleafs   Ltd 81 

H 

Hall   A    Sons.    Ltd..   John    H 28 

Hamilton    Gear    A    Machine    Co.  122 

Hamilton   Mach.  Tool    Works,. ,  22 

Hammond    Steel   Co 36 

Hanna     A    Co.,     M.     A 8 

Hardinge  Bros 14 

Harvey    A    Co.,    Arthur    C 12 

Hawkridge     Bros 85 

Heald  Machine   Co 25 

Hendey    Machine    Co 172 

Hepburn.   John    T 22 

Hibbert  A   Phillips    94 

High    Speed    Hammer   Co 113 

Hinckley    Mach.    Works 149 

Homer    A    Wilson     92 

Hoyt   MeUI    Co 152 

Hunter    Saw    A    Machine    Co...  132 

Hurlburt-Rogers    Machinery    Co.  149 

Hyde    Engineering    Works 149 

Hydraulic   Machy.    Co 120 

I 

Illingworth    Steel    Co.,   John 7 

Illinois    Tool    Works    10! 

Independent      Pneumatic      Tool 

Co 40 

International       Malleable       Iron 

Works     34 

J 

Jacobs  Mfg.  Co 107 

Jardine   ft    Co.,   A.    B 13 

Johnson    Machine    Co.,    Carlyle  8 

Joliette   Steel   Co 151 

Jones  &   Glassco    128 

Joyce-Koebel     Co 1.50 

K 

Kempsmith    Mfg.   Co 18 


Continued  on  page  170 


Kennedy,    Wm.,   ft   Sons    118 

Kohler,   C.   H 88 

Knight  Metal   Products  Co 102 

L 

L'Air    Liquide    Society    118 

Lancashire    Dynamo    ft    Motor..  159 

Landis    Machine    Co 109 

Landis    Tool    Co 110 

Latrobe    Electric    Steel    Co 16 

LeBlond    Mach.    Tool    Co 13 

Little    Giant    Co 14 

Lindsay,     John     87 

M 

Manitoba    Steel    Foundries,    Ltd.   152 
Manufacturers  Eiuipment  Co...    148 

Marion   A   Marion    87 

Marsh    Engineering    Wks.,    Ltd.     83 

Marten     Mach 95 

Matheson    A    Co.,    1 88 

Matthews    A    Co..   Jas.   H 38 

McDougall    Co.,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside  back  cover 

McLaren.  J.  C.  Belting  Co 151 

Mechanical  Engineering  Co 165 

Mechanic's    Tool    Case    Mfg.   Co.   151 

Metalwood     Mfg.     Co 121 

Millers    Falls    Co 133 

Modern     Tool     Co 139 

Morris     Crane     A     Hoist     Co., 

Herbert     12< 

Morton    Mfg.    Co 84 

Mulliner-Enlund  Tool  Co 2S 

Murchey  Machine  A  Tool  Co 104 

N 

National    Acme    Co 116 

Nelson-Blanck     Mfg.     Co 142 

New  Britain   Machine  Co 23 

Nicholson   File   138 

Niles-Bement-Pond.  .Inside  ft.  cover 

Normac    Machine    Co 86 

Northern    Crane   Works    12.i 

Norton,    A.    0 160 

Norton  Co 40 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  A  Coal  Co...  19 

O 

Oakley    Chemical   Co 135 

Ontario     Lubricating     Co 149 

Oberdorfer   Brass  Co.,  M.    L. ...     87 
Oxyweld    Co 119  J 

I 


(AnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.  No.  9. 


September  5,  1918. 


Strength  of  Materials  an  Interesting  Study 

Necessary  That  Mechanics  Should  "Know  Why"  and  Take 
Nothing  For  Granted — A  Man  Who  Knows  Arithmetic  Can  go 
Ahead  and  Work  Out  All  the  Everyday  Problems  of  the  Trade 

By  DONALD  A.  HAMPSON,  Assoc.  Mem.  Am.  Soc.  Mech.  Eng. 


THERE  exists  an  erroneous  impres- 
sion that  the  subject  of  "Strength 
of  Materials"  is  beyond  the  person 
of  ordinary  education  and  is  very  diffi- 
cult at  best.  This  belief  has  kept  many 
mechanics  from  delving  into  the  subject 
at  all,  believing  that  a  long  period  of 
study  of  preliminaries  is  needed  to  pre- 
pare one  to  master  the  intricacies  of 
strength  of  materials.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  any  one  with  a  good  knowledge  of 
arithmetic  can  follow  and  do  all  the 
problems  encountered  in  everyday  work. 
At  the  present  time  when  men  far  past 
the  usual  studying  age  are  having  new 
responsibilities  thrust  upon  them  and 
unusual  opportunities  for  advancement 
are  all  about,  a  knowledge  of  the  theory 
underlying  so  much  of  construction  work 
is  of  the  greatest  assistance. 

And  so  it  is  with  younger  men  and 
mechanics  of  all  kinds.  The  machines 
they  run  and  the  materials  they  work — 
fundamental  rules  were  the  basis  of  the 
shapes  and  sizes;  and,  in  repair  work, 
an  application  of  the  same  rules  will  tell 
why  this  part  broke  or  that  piece  bent. 
Of  course,  we  hear  it  said  that  "that  rod 
ought  to  have  been  heavier  to  stand  the 
strain,"  and  "if  I  were  making  that 
bracket  I  would  make  it  thicker  in  the 
top  web,"  but  could  we  tell  why  so  much 
metal  gives  greater  strength  when  so 
placed  or  just  what  size  of  rod  is  safe 
for  a  particular  function  and  have  our 
designs  stand  the  scrutiny  of  the  me- 
chanical world,  knowing  our  figures  are 
correct  and  not  based  on  snap  judgment 
alone  ?  It  is  very  true  that  millions  of 
parts  are  and  can  be  designed  without 
the  application  of  theory;  it  is  equally 
true  that  all  major  parts  should  be  amply 
strong  and  safe — but  that  is  no  excuse 
for  giving  to  them  twice  the  weight  that 
they  need. 

Two  examples  from  the  automobile 
manufacturing  field  serve  as  illustra- 
tions. First,  the  Ford  car;  the  Ford  has 
carried  to  an  extreme  the  idea  of  mak- 
ing each  part  of  material  of  the  great- 
est strength  and  of  scientifically  distri- 
buting that  material  to  offer  the  greatest 


strength  with  the  least  weight.  Second, 
a  New  England  firm  that  has  now  fal- 
len into  other  hands;  half  a  dozen  for- 
tunes were  lost  in  the  business  in  as 
many  reorganizations  in  an  effort  to 
make  and  sell  a  car  that  was  designed 
and  built  on  "experience"  without  the 
aid  of  a  single  technically  trained  man, 
while  the  competing  cars  all  had  that 


PIG.     l-DEVrCE     ILLUSTRATING     SOME     OF 
THE     PRINCIPALS     OF     MECHANICS. 


advantage.  The  point  we  wish  to  make 
is  that  any  person  in  the  machine  shop 
field  can  see  the  why  and  wherefore 
of  a  hundred  things  that  he  always  took 
for  granted,  by  a  working  knowledge  of 
strength  of  materials,  and  one  of  the 
most  valuable  assets  for  promotion  is  an 


ability   to   cope   with   problems   in   that 
line. 

Experimental  Model 

Fig.  1  shows  a  device  built  for  experi- 
mental purposes.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  weight  is  suspended  by  the  arm  A 
and  the  rod  R,  the  former  pinned  to  the 
shaft  H  which  also  has  an  arm  pinned 
at  the  far  end.  This  arm  bears  on  the 
bar  B  which  rests  on  the  blocks  S,  S 
standing  on  the  bench.  Any  apprentice 
will  tell  you  that  the  blocks  finally 
transmit  the  effect  of  the  weight  to  the 
bench  and  that  if  the  blocks  gave  way 
the  weight  would  drop.  The  same  ap- 
prentice would  tell  you  that  if  the  blocks 
were  of  too  weak  material  thty  would 
crush  or  squeeze  together,  that  the  bar 
B  would  bend  if  it  were  not  stout  enough, 
that  the  arm  C  would  bend  as  would  also 
the  arm  A,  that  the  shaft  H  would  twist 
if  it  were  not  strong  enough,  that  tlie 
pin  passing  through  the  rod  end  and  A 
would  cut  or  shear  off  if  it  suspended 
too  heavy  a  load. 


FIG.  2-  THE  RIGHT  HAND  ROD  IS  STRESSED 
TO     FIVE    TIMES    THE     LEFT. 


Knowingly  or  not,  the  aforesaid  ap- 
prentice has  analyzed  the  forces  and 
their  effects  in  the  various  members  of 
the  device.  Such  analysis  must  precede 
most  calculations  in  strength  of  ma- 
terials or  else  the  effect  of  the  forces 
must   be   known   or   assumed.     But   in- 


278 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


/ 

/foot     /?. 

TerfSiort. 

Pull    /I part. 

3 

Pin       P. 

S^ear 

Cut    t?/'f 

Shaft    //. 

Torsion. 

TuJist. 

Bar      B. 

Flexure 

Send. 

S 

Posts    S 

Cajvpressien. 

Sfueexc    Tb^ftber. 

TABLE  I. 


st^ad  of  saying  that  the  rod  would  pull 
apart,  we  say  that  it  is  "stressed,"  and 
that  the  name  of  the  stress  is  "tension." 
Just  so  with  the  other  parts,  there  is 
a  correct  technical  term  for  the  lay  term 
as  applied  to  the  stress  in  every  part. 
Table  1  gives  the  technical  term  for  each 


FIG    4— STRESS  IN  BOAKD  DUE  TO  WEIGHT 
OF  SWIMMER. 


case  and,  for  comparison,  the  lay  term  is 
added. 

Loads  and  Stresses 

In  strength  of  materials  we  have  to 
deal  with  the  effects  of  weights,  pres- 
sure, blows,  etc.,  which  are  grouped  un- 
der the  term  of  "loads";  the  term  force 
is  also  used  though  there  is  a  distinction 
which  however  we  need  not  consider  at 
the  present  moment.  These  loads,  in 
forces,  act  in  different  ways,  and,  accord- 
ing to  how  they  are  applied  to  a  part,  tend 
to  distort  that  part — that  element  in  the 
part  which  resists  the  distortion  is  call- 
ed a  "stress,"  and  the  part  itself  is  said 
to  be  stressed.  Ordinarily  there  is  no 
visible  distortion,  but  the  part  is  stressed 
nevertheless.  In  Fig.  2  one  weight  is 
suspended  from  the  left  hand  rod  and 
five  from  the  right  hand  rod;  both  rods 
being  of  the  same  size,  it  is  easily  under- 
stood that  the  right  hand  rod  is  stressed 
five  times  as  much  as  the  other. 

A  stress  is  really  an  internal  force  re- 
sisting any  change  of  form.  A  most  ex- 
cellent example  of  a  stress  as  a  force  is 
seen  in  Fig.  3,  the  familiar  spring  board 
of  the  swimmer;  normally  straight,  it 
bends  under  the  swimmer's  weight  and 
the  stress  so  set  up  loses  no  time  in  re- 
turning the  board  to  original  shape  and 
incidentally  giving  the  impetus  for  the 
dive.  A  body  in  repose  usually  is  not 
stressed  at  all  except  from  its  own 
weight,  as  witness  the  spring  board 
above  which  normally  would  extend 
right  out  straight. 

In  shop  parlance  and  in  conversation 
generally,  the  word  "strain"  is  used  for 
stress  which  is  the  correct  term.  If  the 
load  on  a  part  is  so  great  that  it  does  not 
return  to  its  original  shape,  the  amount 
of  the  deformation  would  be  the  "strain." 
The  correct  engineering  term  should  al- 


ways be  used,  and  as  stresses  are  the 
most  frequent  and  are  a  leading  factor 
in  the  subject,  the  student  ought  to  drop 
the  incorrect  term  absolutely  except 
when  the  infrequent  strain  is  encounter- 
ed. 

Measuring   Stresses 

Stresses  are  measured  in  pounds  per 
square  inch,  taking  the  area  of  the  cross 
section  for  measurement.  Thus  in  Fig. 
1,  if  the  area  of  the  rod  A  is  one-half 
square  inch,  and  the  weight  is  1,000  lbs., 
the  stress  in  the  rod  is  1,000  lbs.,  which 
is  at  the  rate  of  2,000  lbs.  per  sq.  inch, 
and  the  latter  is  the  value  that  would  be 
used  in  computing  or  comparing  with  the 
known  strength  of  the  material  in  the 
rod.  The  steel  in  the  rod  has  a  strength 
of  about  60,000  lbs.  per  sq.  inch,  and 
60,000  and  2,000  (not  1,000)  are  the 
values  used  in  determining  the  relative 
strength  of  the  rod  to  bear  the  load  of 
1,000  lbs. 

No  matter  what  the  nature  of  the 
stress — any  of  the  five  detailed  in  Table 
1 — the  square  inch  basis  is  employed, 
and  if  one  square  inch  (of  area)  will  re- 
sist a  given  force  then  five  square  inches 
will  resist  five  times  that  force  if  the 
force  is  applied  in  the  same  manner.  If 
a  compressive  force  were  applied  to  each 
of  the  bars  in  Fig.  4  they  would  be 
stressed  the  same  as  would  a  bar  of  2 
square  inch  area. 

It  is  a  simple  matter  to  determine  the 
stress  produced  by  a  single  force — whe- 


combination  of  stresses  in  flexure  (bend- 
ing) is  shown  by  Fig.  5,  A  and  B;  the 
piece  shown  at  A  has  a  notch  cut  part 
way  through  each  side;  at  B  the  same 
piece  is  shown  bent,  and,  while  the  ends 
remain  intact,  the  upper  notch  has  clos- 
ed and  the  lower  one  has  opened  wider 
proving  that  half  of  the  fibers  have 
stretched  and  the  other  half  have  com- 
pressed. 

Some  materials  when  stressed  are 
very  strong,  while  others  are  weak  under 
the  same  kind  of  stress.  Cast  iron  shows 
the  widest  difference  in  this  respect  as 
can  be  noted  by  referring  to  Table  II, 
which  shows  that  this  metal  is  several 
times  as  strong  in  compression  as  in 
tension.  Practical  applications  of  this 
property  are  seen  in  countless  designs — 


FIG.  4. 

Fig.  6  is  a  frame  for  a  punch  with  the 
stresses  marked  as  they  occur  in  work- 
ing; the  iron  on  the  inside  curve  is  in 
tension,  "just  what  it  should  not  be  be- 
cause there  the  load  is  greatest,"  you  will 
say,  and  this  is  true,  but  to  offset  this 
the  frame  is  made  with  a  thick  wide  rib 
at  the  inside  which  adds  enough  metal  so 
that  the  stress  per  square  inch  is  within 
the  safe  limits  of  cast  iron.  The  point 
where  the  stress  changes  from  tension 
to  compression  is  at  the  intersection  of 
the  two  lines. 

Fig.  7  shows  the  connecting  rod  of  a 
steam  engine.     Any   mechanic  will  tell 


M/tTERML. 

Tension. 

COMPBESSIOAt 

Shear. 

Steel. 

60,  000 

60,000 

JO,  000 

Cast  Iron. 

/5,00  0 

80,0  0  0 

^0,00  0 

Timber 

ID,  00  0 

r,  000 

^,0  0  0 

TABLE    II.— ULTIMATE    STRENGTH. 


/f ATE  RIAL 

Weight    oh 
Ste/iov  Losd. 

Shocks    &■ 
Pallino  Load. 

Staesses  /n 

BOT»    O/AECTit 

Steel 

S 

IS. 

6 

Cast    Iron 

6 

^t? 

/6 

TABLE    III.— FACTORS    OF    SAFETY    IN    COMMON  USE. 


ther  it  is  tension  or  shear  or  torsion — 
acting  in  a  machine  or  when  the  machine 
or  structure  is  being  designed.  Though 
there  are  five  of  them  named  in  Table  1 
modern  practice  and  theory  reduces  these 
to  the  three  that  are  numbered,  i.e.,  ten- 
sion, compression,  and  shear.  Torsion 
is  considered  as  a  shearing  stress  and 
flexure  as  a  combination  of  tension  and 
compression.    A  good  illustration  of  the 


you  that  this  rod  should  be  made  of  steel 
or  wrought  iron,  never  of  cast  iron,  be- 
cause cast  iron  would  pull  apart  on  the 
return  stroke  and  wouldn't  stand  the  jar 
— reference  to  the  table  again  proves 
that  cast  iron  is  a  poor  material  in  ten- 
sion. The  connecting  rod  is  an  excellent 
example  of  a  part  that  is  stressed  first 
one  way  and  then  another — compression 
on  the  forward  stroke  and  tension  on  the 


September  5,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


279 


return.  The  table  shows  why  steel  is 
adapted  to  such  uses,  being  practically 
as  strong  in  one  as  the  other. 

Tension,   Compression  and   Shear 
Calculations  for  parts  in  tension,  com- 
pression and  shear     are     very     simple. 
They  are  based  entirely  on  the  area  of 


FIG.    5— SHOWING    EFFECT    OF    LOAD    IN 
STRESSING    THE     FIBRES     OF     A     BEAM. 


FIG.     6- 


-FRAME    FOR    A     PUNCH    SHOWING 

STRESSES. 


FIG.    7— CONNECTING    ROD    FOR    STEAM 
ENGINE. 

metal  involved  and  the  strength  of  that 
metal.  As  in  Fig.  4,  if  one  of  the  bars 
will  resist  a  load  of  say  20,000  lbs.  per 
square  inch,  two  of  the  bars  or  any  mul- 
tiple of  the  unit  area  will  resist  just  that 
many  times  20,000  lbs.  In  the  case  at 
hand  it  happens  that  the  area  of  section 
of  the  bars  is  1  square  inch,  and  no  mat- 
ter if  the  stress  is  tension,  compression 
or  shear,  the  two  would  resist  40,000 
lbs.,  whether  separate  bars  or  joined  in 
one  of  the  same  area. 

In  building  construction  we  find  parts 
in  compression  that  do  not  come  within 
the  simple  rule  just  stated.  These  are 
long  members  such  as  columns  and  sup- 
ports which,  because  of  their  length  have 
a  tendency  to  bend  in  the  middle  under 
a  load  and  have  to  be  specially  designed 
with  this  in  view.  They  are  covered  by 
a  more  complicated  formula. 

Shear  is  a  stress  that  takes  its  name 
from  common  household  shears.  The 
cutting  of  sheet  metals  and  the  numer- 
ous press  punch  operations  are  machine 
shop  processes  in  which  materials  are 
so  stressed  on  such  work,  the  object  is 
to  sever  the  metal  (not  to  have  it  strong 
enough  to  resist)  and  the  mathematical 
side  appears  when  it  is  desired  to  know 
how  much  resistance  the  part  will  offer 
to  cutting  and  how  powerful  a  machine 
will  be  require<i  for  the  work;  here  again 
the  area  of  the  cut  surface  multiplied  by 


the  strength  of  the  material  gives  the 
total  resistance  offered. 

The  commonest  applications  of  ma- 
chine parts  under  shear  that  are  sup- 
posed to  be  amply  safe  against  cutting 
off  are  found  in  forked  joints  such  as 
at  P  in  Fig.  1.  Here  if  the  pin  were  too 
light  the  eye  end  of  the  rod  would  cut 
it  off  at  each  side  and  the  rod  and  weight 
would  fall — ^the  pin  would  be  cut  into 
three  pieces,  each  of  which  would  be 
left  in  the  original  hole.  Pin  connected 
bridges  and  the  multitude  of  linkages 
found  in  machine  construction  all  fall  in 
this  class.  The  arms  A  and  C  in  Fig.  1 
are  connected  to  the  shaft  by  taper  pins; 
these  pins  resist  a  shearing  stress,  and  if 
too  small  for  the  load  they  will  cut  off, 
the  result  as  shown  in  the  section  at 
Fig.  8. 

Table  of  Breaking  Strengths 
In  construction  and  design  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  assume  that  the  materials 
used  have  a  certain  strength  per  unit  of 
area.  The  values  given  in  Table  II  are 
fair  average  values,  but  different  grades 
will  show  a  wide  variation  each  way 
from  these  averages.  To  the  beginner 
this  variation  puts  him  all  at  sea  and  he 
thinks  tables  are  worse  than  useless — 
the  facts  however  are  that  steel  (for 
instance)  used  for  structural  shapes  is 
of  such  composition  and  manufacture 
that  its  strength  does  not  vary  more 
than  one  or  two  per  cent  from  a  known 
value,  the  same  is  true  of  steel  used  for 
shafting  and  for  piano  wire,  and  so  on 
throughout  a  score  of  well-defined 
grades  covering  all  the  common  uses. 
Engineers'  handbooks  gives  these  values 
in  detail.  In  designing,  steel  of  a  cer- 
tain strength  is  specified  and  the  calcu- 
lations for  parts  and  sizes  are  made  ac- 
cordingly, then  when  the  work  gets  to 
the  shop  the  proper  steel  is  selected,  or 
if  not  in  stock  it  is  ordered  from  the 
mills  to  be  of  that  strength. 

The  values  'in  Table  II  are  the  "ulti- 
mate" or  breaking  strength  of  the  ma- 
terials. Naturally  no  one  would  want  to 
load  a  piece  to  the  breaking  point,  but 
this  is  the  common  way  of  stating  the 
relative  strengths  and  forms  a  more 
satisfactory  basis  for  calculations  than 
to  try  to  table  different  materials  under 
different  kinds  of  forces  with  the  safe 
loads  they  should  bear.  Common  sense 
tells  us  to  make  a  part  safely  strong,  i.e., 
not  to  stress  the  part  to  its  ultimate 
strength.  In  engineering  we  say  the 
part  is  given  "a  factor  of  safety."  Thus, 
if  the  load  on  a  beam  is  going  to  be 
2,400  lbs.  and  the  beam  is  made  heavy 
enough  to  hold  9,600  lbs  (at  which  load 
it  would  be  stressed  to  the  point  of  fail- 
ure) then  we  say  the  factor  of  safety  is 
4. 

'  Safety  Factors 
The  half  inch  rods  in  Fig.  2  serve  as 
an  illustration  of  the  factor  of  safety. 
One  of  them  holds  five  weights  of  equal 
size  and  the  other  one  weight.  Now  the 
rod  at  the  right  does  not  break  under  its 
load  but  it  is  nearer  breaking  than  the 
rod  at  the  left  because  five  times  the 
weight  puts  five  times  the  stress  upon 
it  and  that  stress  is  five  times  as  near 
the  ultimate  strength  of  the  steel:  As- 
suming that  ten   of,  the  weights   would 


break  the  rod,  then  the  right  hand  rod 
has  a  factor  of  safety  of  10-f-5  =  2  and 
the  left  hand  rod  has  a  factor  of  safety 
of  10.  A  part  that  has  a  factor  of  safety 
as  low  as  2  is  not  considered  safe  for  any 
purpose,  and  though  there  are  millions 
of  minor  pieces  so  made,  good  design 
and  safety  coupled  with  a  reasonable  life 
of  wearing  surfaces  demand  a  factor  as 
high  as  4  in  all  cases  and  often  one  much 
greater  than  that. 

Table  III  gives  factors  of  safety  for  a 
number  of  common  uses.  It  will  be  no- 
ticed that  where  there  is  a  steady  load 
considered  the  factor  is  much  lower  than 
when  the  load  is  applied  suddenly.  Thus 
a  part,  as  for  instance  a  floor  beam,  is 
able  to  withstand  a  weight  that  is  care- 
fully placed  and  left  there  far  better 
than  the  same  weight  if  it  is  dumped  off 
a  truck  on  to  the  floor.  A  load  suddenly 
applied  puts  twice  the  stress  on  any 
member  that  the  same  load  would  if 
existing  merely  as  a  weight.  Stresses 
that  alternate  in  direction  need  a  larger 
factor  of  safety  than  when  acting  in  one 
direction  only;  the  connecting  rod  of 
Fig.  7  is  a  good  example  of  a  part  so 
stressed  and  the  pieces  of  wire  that  we 
see  so  often  broken  by  bending  back  and 
forth  in  the  hands  is  another.  The  de- 
signer sometimes  chooses  his  own  factor 
of  safety  arbitrarily,  but  it  is  better  to 
use  those  given  in  Table  III,  which  rep- 
resent first-class  practice.  Every  case 
may  be  resolved  into  one  of  the  three 
classes  named  in  the  table. 

Combination  of  Stresses 

It  has  been  stated  that  the  stresses 
encountered  in  beams  bending  are  but  a 
combination  of  tension  and  compression; 
it  should  also  be  stated  that  the  simple 
rules  for  these  kinds  of  loading  do  not 
apply  in  the  case  of  beams  because  un- 


FIG.  9— ILLUSTRATION  OF  CANTILEVER 
LOADING. 


FIG.    10— BEAM    WITH    SIMPLEST    LOADING. 


der  bending  stresses  certain  parts  of  the 
beam  offer  greater  resistance  than 
others.  The  punch  frame  is  an  example 
of  this. 

The  punch  frame  comes  under  the 
head  of  beams,  even  though  it  bears  no 
resemblance  to  that  term  as  used  in  car- 
pentry.   Any  part  under  a  bending  stress 


280 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


is  called  a  beam.  The  wrench  in  Fig.  9 
is  a  cantilever  beam,  so  is  the  nose  of 
a  lathe  spindle,  the  bed  of  a  lathe  is  a 
beam  resisting:  the  weight  of  parts  and 
the  pressure  of  the  cut,  a  shaft  is  a 
beam  supported  at  the  hangers  and  load- 
ed by  pulleys  and  belt  pulls.  The  plank 
shown  in  Fig.  10  represents  one  of  tho 


The  resisting  value  of  each  square  is 
the  product  of  its  area  by  the  square 
of  the  distance  to  its  centre  which  gives 
for  each  square  in  A  a  value  of  %  x  Vi 
X  1  ^  \4  and  a  total  value  for  the  entire 
section  of  12  x  V*  =  3.  The  value  of  B 
is  made  up  of  the  sum  of  the  produces 
similarly  obtained  — 4xVix%xl  (as 


FIG.    11. 


simplest  beams  typically  loaded  and  sup- 
ported; the  length  of  this  beam  is  the 
distance  between  the  ridges  of  the 
triangular  supports  and  the  load  W  is 
placed  midway  of  the  supports. 

Relative  Strength  of  Beams 

To  show  the  method  of  determining 
the  relative  strength  of  beams  and  of 
the  same  beam  in  different  positions, 
the  three  figures  of  Fig.  11  have  been 
drawn.  A  and  B  are  two  views  of  the 
same  2x6  beam  laid  flat  and  on  edge. 
The  center  line  A,  A,  passes  through  the 
center  of  each;  in  beam  calculations  this 
line  is  called  the  "neutral  axis" — the 
neutral  axis  passes  through  the  center 
of  gravity  of  any  figure,  which  is  also 
the  horizontal  center  line  of  a  sym- 
metrical figure.  There  is  a  vertical  as 
well  as  a  horizontal  neutral  axis  for 
every  cross  section  but  the  usual  method 
of  calculating  is  to  consider  the  beam 
laid  so  the  working  neutral  axis  is  hori- 
zontal. 

The  "neutral  plane"  is  the  imaginary 
surface  that  would  be  formed  if  the 
neutral  axis  were  continued  throughout 
the  entire  length  of  the  beam.  The  dash 
line  in  Fig.  5  indicate  the  position  of  the 
neutral  plane  as  viewed  from  the  side — 
it  will  be  noted  that  the  line  is  in  the 
center  of  the  beam  both  at  A  and  B — 
it  is  the  plane  where  the  fibres  are 
neither  stretched  nor  compressed.  An 
important  fact  in  connection  with  the 
neutral  plane  is  that  none  of  the  fibres 
of  the  material  lying  exactly  on  the 
plane  have  any  value  in  resisting 
stresses,  while  those  farthest  from  it 
have  the  greatest  resisting  value. 

Turning  again  to  Fig.  11,  A  and  B,  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  sections  have  been 
divided  into  squares  1  inch  on  a  side, 
a  way  that  is  made  more  accurate  by 
decreasing  the  size  of  the  squares.  The 
area  of  the  squares  and  the  distance 
from  the  neutral  axis  to  the  center  of 
each  square  are  the  factors  in  the  calcu- 
lation. In  this  example  the  area  of  all 
the  squares  is  1  sq.  in.;  at  A,  the  dis- 
tance of  all  the  squares  from  the  neutral 
axis  is  Ml  in.,  while  at  B  there  are  three 
di.^tances  and  only  fou-  of  the  squares 
are  Va  in.  from  the  neutral  axis.      • 


before)  plus  4xl%xl%xl  plus  4  x 
2%  X  2%  X  1  =  35. 

The  sum  of  these  products — 3  in  one 
case  and  35  in  the  other — -is  called  the 
"moment  of  inertia,"  a  value  of  the  high- 
est importance  in  beam  calculations  (the 
words  moment  and  inertia  as  here  used 
have  no  connection  with  other  meanings 
and  applications).  Another  value  fre- 
quently used  is  obtained  by  dividing  the 
moment  of  inertia  by  the  distance  from 
the  neutral  axis  to  the  extreme  fibre  of 
the  section  (as  the  distance  C  in  Fig. 
11).  The  result  is  called  the  "section 
modulus."  The  section  modulus  of  A 
then  would  be  3-^1  =  3  and  the  section 


FIG.    12— ANVIL    AND    MEANS    FOR 

SUPPORTING. 

FIG.     13— SECTION     THROUGH     LATHE     BED. 

modulus  of  B  would  be  35  -;-  3  =  11  2-3. 
The  section  modulus  is  often  called  the 
"resisting  inches"  and  is  a  value  more 
readily  comprehended  by  referring  to 
Fig.  11,  C;  C  has  much  less  area  than 
B,  but  if  each  of  the  squares  in  B  haci 
an  equal  resisting  value  and  that  value 
was  like  the  value  of  the  extreme  fibres 
in  B,  a  beam  of  the  size  of  C  would  be 
as  strong  as  the  beam  B  which  is  twice 
as  heavy.  The  section  modulus  as  shown 
at  C  is  a  graphic  representation  of  the 
actual  load-resisting  value  of  every  par- 
ticle of  material  in  the  beam  B — the 
fibers  on  the  center  line  have  no  strength 
at  all  but  as  we  move  away  their  strength 
increases  as  rapidly  as  the  increase  of 
size  of  the  triangles  in  C  whose  apexes 
are  on  the  center  line. 

As  shown  in  the  preceding  paragraph 
the  section  modulus  of  the  beam  on  it-; 
side  is  3  and  of  the  same  beam  on  edge 


is  11  2-3;  this  is  the  actual  ratio  of  their 
strengths.  If  we  could  obtain  the  sec- 
tion modulus  directly  we  would  not  need 
the  moment  of  inertia,  in  fact  the  latter 
is  chiefly  useful  as  a  means  to  an  end. 
In  using  formulas  for  calculating  the 
strength  of  beams  we  always  find  either 
the  moment  of  inertia  or  the  section 
modulus  and  we  use  the  values  for  these 
according  to  the  size  and  shape  of  the 
particular  beam.  Instead  of  having  to 
divide  each  section  into  minute  squares 
and  obtain  the  moment  of  inertia  in  this 
way,  there  have  been  worked  out  brief 
formulas  for  all  structural  shapes  and 
regular  cross  sections,  and  it  is  then  only 
necessary  to  substitute  actual  sizes  to 
get  the  resistance  of  the  beam.  In  most 
engineering  works  the  moment  of  inertia 
is  represented  by  I,  the  distance  from  the 
neutral  axis  to  the  extreme  fibers  by  c, 

I 
and  the  section  modulus  by— which  frae- 

c 
tion  shows  the  division  we  have  just  been 
discussing. 

Distribution  of  Metal 

The  applications  of  the  proper  distri- 
bution of  material  in  beams  are  almost 
too  numerous  to  select  from.  Fig.  13  is 
a  partial  section  through  a  lathe  bed 
showing  one  of  the  I-shaped  sides  which 
has  a  deep  web  and  flanges  at  the  ex- 
tremes of  the  web — a  shape  that  gives 
a  high  value  to  the  section  modulus  with 
a  comparatively  light  weight.  The  fa- 
miliar U  clamp  used  for  fastening  work 
on  planers  ana"  drills  and  boring  ma- 
chines is  a  lowly  example  of  a  piece 
where  we  should  stand  the  beam  on  edge 
to  get  greater  stiffness,  something  the 
blacksmith  should  do  when  forging  these 
necessaries. 

Another  instance,  but  one  that  is  not 
rectangular,  is  shown  in  Fig.  14.  It  was 
desired  to  convert  a  solid  spindle  of  a 
lathe  into  a  hollow  one  but  it  was  feared 
that  cutting  away  the  metal  would  weak- 
en the  spindle  too  much.  The  size  of  the 
.ipindle  at  the  front  bearing  was  2  ins., 
at  the  rear  bearing  1%  ins.,  and  a  %  in. 
hole  was  wanted.  Substituting  these 
values  in  the  formulas  for  solid  and  for 
hollow  rounds,  the  section  modulus  for 
the  front  bearing  is  found  to  be  .785  and 
.756  respectively,  showing  the  remark- 
able fact  that  the  spindle  is  weakened 
but  3  per  cent,    by     drilling     the     hole 


FIG.    14— SOLID    AND    HOLLOW    ROUND 
SHAFTS. 


W777777/77Z77777Z7777777777/A 

FIG.    15. 


September  5,  1918. 


CANADIAN   M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


281 


through.  At  the  rear  bearing  the  re- 
sults are  .122  and  .076,  which  is  a  loss 
of  streng'th  of  37  per  cent.;  a  greater 
proportionate  loss  because  the  diameter 
of  the  outside  is  nearer  that  of  the  hole 
but  a  loss  that  did  not  affect  the  strength 
of  the  spindle  seriously  because   of  the 


an   instance  of  the  opportunities     ever 
present  for  an  application  of  Strength  of 

Materials. 


FIG.  16-~MOTOR  BRACKET 

nature  of  the  work  and  the  distance  of 
the  rear  end  from  the  point  of  applica- 
tion  of  the  load. 

The  example  just  cited  is  a  typical  one 
for  tubular  or  box  construction — the  far- 
ther away  from  the  center  that  the  metal 
can  be  placed  the  stronger  will  the  mem- 
ber be;  also  the  metal  at  the  exact  cen- 
ter has  no  resisting  value  and  very  little 
within  quite  a  distance  of  the  cent-^r. 
There  is  a  popular  fallacy  connected  with 
tubing,  however,  that  will  bear  correct- 
ing at  this  time.  A  tube  is  not  stronger 
than  a  solid  piece  of  the  same  outside 
shape  and  the  same  weight. 

The  matter  of  stiffness  must  also  be 
considered  in  connection  with  beams. 
While  a  beam  might  be  strong  enough 
to  carry  all  the  load  that  ever  will  be 
put  upon  it  and  have  a  good  margin  of 
safety,  it  still  might  spring  or  vibrate 
so  much  as  to  give  altogether  unsatis- 
factory results.  A  good  example  of  this 
is  shown  in  Fig.  12  where  an  anvil  is 
located  on  a  floor  that  would  be  con- 
sidered substantially  constructed  but 
which  would  vibrate  too  much  for  the 
blacksmithing  to  be  done.  The  shop 
floor  is  located  but  a  few  feet  above  the 
ground  and  the  natural  footing  therefore 
was  to  run  a  post  down  to  a  masonry 
foundation,  the  post  bein  gan  example  of 
a  part  in  compression,  subject  to  a  steady 
load  (the  anvil,  block  and  flooring)  and 
to  shocks  from  the  hammering. 

Stiffness,  the  proportioning  of  beams, 
the  effects  of  loads  differently  placed  — 
all  these  follow  in  easy  succession  when 
the  elements  become  firmly  placed  in 
the  mind.  And  the  work  is  not  hard  to 
understand.  Interesting  examples  are 
all  about  in  shop  work,  factory  construc- 
tion, repairs  and  design — such  as  indi- 
cated by  Fig.  16  where  it  was  required 
to  apply  a  motor  weighing  900  lbs.  to  a 

pecial  machine;  it  had  to  be  located  as 

iiown  and  the  designing  of  suitable 
brackets  and  frame  was  given  to  one  of 
the  shop  men  who  had  been  "studying 
nights."  The  arrangement  proved  quite 
successful  and  earned  complimentary  re- 
marks for  the  designer  from  engineers 
who  later  viewed  the  work.     This  is  but 


TEXTILE  BELTINGS 

By  Mark  Meredith 

One  of  the  effects  of  this,  as  of  pre- 
vious wars,  has  been  to  send  up  the  price 
of  leather.  Prices,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
were  advancing  before  the  war,  but  they 
are  now  about  33 '/6  per  cent,  above  the 
normal.  This  has  led  to  a  big  increase 
in  the  cost  of  all  mill  supplies  derived 
from  leather,  and  has  also  caused  manu- 
facturers and  other  users  of  power  to 
prosecute  inquiries  as  to  the  relative 
efficiency  of  other  means  of  power  trans- 
mission. Thus  the  various  forms  of  tex- 
tile beltings  on  the  market  have  been 
given  a  unique  opportunity  of  proving 
their  efficiency  and  economy.  No  trans- 
mission can  be  termed  cheap,  no  matter 
how  low  the  initial  cost,  if  it  involves 
loss  of  power.  Efficiency  is  the  first 
requisite  of  any  product  that  has  to 
compete  with  the  older  style  of  power 
transmission  by  means  of  leather.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  textile  belting  has  been 
in  practical  use  for  about  half  a  century, 
and  during  that  time  has  given  abundant 
proof  of  its  durability  and  efficiency. 

The  best  types  of  textile  belting  on  the 
market  are  made  either  of  hair  or  balata. 
Hair  belting,  which  is  50  per  cent, 
cheaper  than  leather  is  simply  a  solid 
woven  fabric  made  up  in  different  thick- 
nesses and  composed  of  certain  grades 
of  hair  and  woolen  yarns  combined  with 
cotton.  Balata  belting  is  about  25  per 
cent,  cheaper  than  leather.  It  is  made 
from  very  strong  cotton  cloth  known  as 
"duck,"  which  is  saturated  with  a  solu- 
ation  of  balata,  folded  to  the  required 
width  and  ply  under  heat,  and  then 
stretched  on  powerful  straining  heads, 
where  it  is  aflowed  to  cool  and  set  dead 
under  tension.  This  prevents  shrinkage, 
and  except  within  the  narrowest  limits, 
any  possibility  of  stretch  afterwards. 
Balta,  it  may  be  explained,  is  a  milky 
latex  obtained  in  the  same  manner  as 
rubber,  by  tappina:.  It  is,  indeed  allied 
to  both  rubber  and  gutta-percha,  but  has 
certain  properties  peculiar  to  itself.  It 
is  waterproof,  but  has  only  enough  elas- 
ticity to  prevent  brittleness.  Sheet 
balata,  which  obtains  the  highest  price, 
is  obtained  from  the  Guineas,  and  block 
balata  from  Venezuela.  The  hair  belting 
is  a  very  efficient  form  of  transmission. 
One  of  its  virtues  is  that  it  is  not  sus- 
ceptable  to  atmospheric  conditions  as 
other  forms,  whilst  its  adaptability 
makes  it  particularly  suitable  for  out- 
door work.  In  textile  factories  it  has 
long  been  used  with  success  for  mule 
down  drives,  top-straps  and  for  ring- 
sninning  frames,  but  its  grip  has  been 
found  too  positive  for  loom  straps,  which 
are  required  to  slip  off  the  fast  pulley 
quickly  when  the  loom  stops.  The  con- 
dition of  the  loom,  however,  is  excep- 
tional, and  what  is  a  virtue  for  leather 
in  the  case  of  the  loom  would  prove  a 
serious  loss  of  power  in  cases  where 
reirular  driving  is  essential.  Balata 
belting  in  consequence  of  its  method  of 
construction  possesses  a  very  good  driv- 


ing face.  It  is  possible  to  add  to  the 
number  of  plies  and  thus  increase  the 
thickness  so  as  to  transmit  the  highest 
loads.  In  that,  too,  it  has  an  advantage 
over  leather.  Moreover,  it  can  be  made 
to  any  length,  of  an  even  strength 
throughout,  and  it  is  therefore  largely 
used  where  it  is  necessary  to  reverse  the 
drive,  or  where  guide  pulleys  are  employ - 
d.  The  best  practice  is  to  use  thin  bells 
as  there  is  less  danger  of  rupture  be- 
tween the  plies  in  bending  round  the 
pulleys.  A  thin  belt  clings  to  the  pulley 
much  better  than  a  thick  one.  Balata 
belting  is  especially  suitable  for  pulp 
and  paper  mills,  engineering  shops,  and 
places  where  heavy  continuous  driving 
is  necessary. 

Future  of  Textile  Belting 

The  prospects  for  making  of  textile 
beltings  are  exceedingly  bright,  seeing 
that  the  German  and  Austrian  supplies 
are  cut  off  by  the  war.  The  competi- 
tion of  German  manufacturers  was  ex- 
ceptionally keen,  as  they  were  content 
to  work  on  the  narrowest  margins, 
while  the  usual  German  methods  were 
employed  on  allowing  consigned  goods 
an  exceptionally  extended  credit.  This 
enabled  them  in  markets  such  as  Italy, 
Spain,  and  other  continental  countries 
practically  to  oust  English  manufacture 
in  the  ordinary  qualities  of  belting.  Not 
only  is  textile  belting  used  to  a  great- 
er extent  for  power  transmission,  but 
its  serviceability  for  conveying  loads 
from  point  to  point  is  being  proved  in 
an  increasing  number  of  ways.  In  the 
large  stores  it  is  now  the  universal 
practice  to  send  goods  to  be  packed  and 
afterwards  to  their  delivery  stations  a- 
long  conveyor  belts.  They  are,  however, 
put  to  much  severer  tests  in  quarries 
and  collieries,  and  to-day  textile  beltings 
are  being  regularly  employed  for  con- 
veying coal,  coke,  limestone,  cement, 
granite,  quartz,  chalk  clay,  sand,  and 
many  other  materials.  This  is  an  age 
of  enquiry,  and  the  up-to-date  head  of 
a  factory  or  workshop  carefully  figures 
out  the  cost  of  his  coal  bill  in  compari- 
sion  with  the  steam  power  generated  in 
the  engine-room.  Let  him  also  look 
into  the  methods  of  transmitting  that 
power,  to  see  if  some  of  the  leakage 
that  takes  place  cannot  be  lessened  by 
up-to-date  driving. 


It  has  been  shown  by  experiment  that 
the  sulphur  contained  in  coal  in  the  fomi 
of  pyrites  is  not  the  chief  source  of 
spontaneous  combustion,  as  was  formerly 
supposed,  but  the  oxidation  of  the  sul- 
phur in  the  coal  may  assist  in  breaking 
up  the  lumps  of  coal,  and  thus  may  in- 
crease the  amount  of  fine  coal  which  is 
particularly  liable  to  rapid  oxidation. 
Even  this  opinion  is  not  unanimously 
endorced.  In  spite  of  experimental  data 
L^howing  that  sulphur  is  not  the  deter- 
mining element  in  spontaneous  combus- 
tion, the  opinion  is  widespread  that,  if 
possible,  it  is  well  for  storage  purposes  to 
choose  a  coal  with  a  low  sulphur  con- 
lent. 


282 


Voluiwe  XX. 


How  Hun  Plotters  Worked  in  U.S.  Before  the  War 

Did  Everything  Possible  to  Prevent  the  Export  of  Munitions  to 

Allies — How  the  Whole  Thing  Has  Been  Exposed  by  the  U.S. 

Authorities  Who  Investigated  the  Whole  Performance 

By  EARL  E.  SPERRY  and  WILLIS  WEST  for  U.  S.  Committee  on  Public  Information. 


ONE  chief  purpose  of  the  German 
and  Austrian  ambassadors  was  to 
prevent  the  export  from  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  military  supplies.  Since 
Germany's  shipping  had  been  driven 
from  the  seas  early  in  the  war  her  over- 
whelming superiority  in  accumulated 
munitions  and  in  power  to  manufacture 
was  certain  to  be  lost  as  the  passing 
months  brought  to  the  Entente  states 
an  increasing  volume  of  American  pro- 
ducts. 

To  strike  at  the  very  source  of  these 
supplies,  the  American  factory,  was  ob- 
viously an  effective  means  to  prevent 
their  export,  and  in  a  letter  to  Baron 
Burian,  Foreign  Minister  of  Austria- 
Hungary,  Ambassador  Dumba  writes 
concerning  this  design: 

Besides,  a  private  German  employment 
office  has  been  established  which  provides 
employment  for  persons  who  have  volun- 
tarily given  up  their  places,  and  it  is  al- 
ready working  well.  We  shall  also  join  in 
and    the    widest    support    is    assured    us. 

This  German  employment  bureau  had 
a  central  office  in  New  York  City,  Chi- 
cago and  Cincinnati.  It  was  established 
early  in  August,  1915,  by  the  attaches 
and  responsible  agents  of  the  German 
and  Austrian  embassies.  Liebau,  its 
manager,  said  that  "among  those  who 
were  active  in  opening  this  bureau  were 
Professor  Kuhnemann,  exchange  profes- 
sor at  Harvard  University,  Professor 
Munsterberg  .  -.  .  and  the  German 
Club  of  New  York  City." 

Its  revenues  consisted  in  part  of  gifts 
from  private  sources.  These  were  soli- 
cited, among  others,  by  Dr.  Karl  0.  Bert- 
ling,  who  was  provided  with  the  follow- 
ing letter: 

Imperial   German   Embassy, 
Washington,   Nov.   4,   1916. 
I    hereby   permit   myself   to   recommend   to 
■  you    most    warmly    Dr.    Karl    0.    Bertling, 
Direktor  of  the  Amerika-Institute  in  Berlin. 
Dr.  Bertling  will  take  the  liberty  to  lay  be- 
fore   you    some   matters   pertaining   to    the 
activity  of  the  Central  Bureau  for  German 
and      Austro-Hungarian      workmen.        This 
work  as  well  as  the  collection  of  funds  for 
its    further    extension    are    worthy    of    all 
sympathy. 

Dr.  Bertling  is  authorized  to  receive  con- 
tributions  in   any  amount.     Checks   are   to 
be  made  payable  to  Hans  Liebau,  Treasurer. 
Yours  with  special  respect, 
(Signed)    J.   von    Bernstorff. 
When  gifts  began  to  lessen  in  amount 
the  two  governments  concerned  had  to 
contribute  more  liberally  to  the  support 
of  the   bureau,    and    the     arrangement 
made  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Otto, 
former    German    consul    at    Kingston, 
Jamaica: 

I  wrote  to  the  German  Embassy  covering 
the  whole  matter  and  suggesting  that  the 
German  Government  subsidize  the  Bureau 
by  a  regular  contribution  of  funds.  I  heard 
nothing  of  it  for  months,  but  one  day  re- 
ceived a  telephone  message  from  Dr.  Hein- 


rich  F.  Albert  to  see  him  at  his  office,  45 
Broadway.  When  I  arrived  there,  he  told 
me  the  German  Embassy  had  authorized 
him  to  supply  our  Bureau  with  funds  up 
to  $2,000  per  month.  He  then  gave  me 
$2,000  in  greenbacks,  mostly  in  $100  bills. 
...  .  Whenever  I  learned  from  Mr. 
Liebau  that  money  was  needed  for  the 
Bureau,  1  gave  Dr.  Albert  24  hours'  notice 
and  went  and  got  the  money  from  him.^ 
.  .  .  .In  all,  I  must  have  turned  over  to 
Liebau    between    $24,000   and    $30,000. 

The  pretended  purpose  of  the  bureau 
was  to  provide  employment  for  German 
and  Austrian  subjects  who  had  volun- 
tarily left  positions  in  factories  supply- 
ing the  allies. 

Its  real  purpose  is  disclosed  in  the  fol- 
lowing letter  from  Liebau  to  a  German 
employed  in   such  a  factory: 

Mr.  Sept.   24,   1915. 

Brooklyn. 

As  we  have  heard  that  you  are  employed 
in  one  of  the  many  factories  which  deliver 
war  material  to  the  enemies  of  Germany, 
we  wish  to  call  your  attention  to  the  fact 
that  according  to  the  notice  published  in 
many  newspapers,  under  Section  89  of  the 
German  Criminal  Code,  you  are  guilty  of 
treason   if  you   are   a   German   subject. 

That  coercion  and  intimidation  were 
regularly  used  by  the  bureau  to  drive 
employees  from  munition  factories  has 
been  proved  by  an  examination  of  over 
5,000  letters  and  other  papers  in  its  files. 
The  Austrian  government  reinforced 
these  efforts  by  circulating  in  this  coun- 
try, through  the  foreign  language  press, 
a  proclamation  which  threatened  with  a 
penalty  of  ten  to  twenty  years'  im- 
prisonment all  subjects  who  after  work- 
ing in  such  plants  returned  to  their  na- 
tive land.  Captain  von  Papen  also  sent 
out  a  circular  letter  of  similar  import. 

Success  rewarded  these  energetic  ef- 
forts to  harass  American  manufacturers. 
Liebau's  monthly  report,  made  to  the 
German  Embassy  for  February,  1916, 
contains  the  following  statements: 

Since  the  Bureau  began  its  work  in 
August,  1915,  through  February,  1916,  2,828 
Germans  and  1,638  subjects  of  the  Austro- 
Hungarian  monarchy  have  been  provided 
for.  The  total  number  of  applicants  is  now 
8,000.  Of  these  60  per  cent,  came  from 
factories  producing  munition  and  war  ma- 
terial, and  40  per  cent,  would  have  been 
employed  in  such  plants  if  the  agency  had 
not   provided   for   them.     .     .     . 

Engineers  and  persons  in  the  better  class 
of  positions.  .  .  .  were  persuaded  by 
the  propaganda  of  the  Bureau  to  leave 
war    material    factories.     .     . 

The  commercial  employment  bureaus  of 
the  country  have  no  supply  of  unemployed 
technicians.  .  .  .  Many  disturbances  and 
suspensions  which  war  material  factories 
have  had  to  suffer,  and  which  it  was  not 
always  possible  to  remove  quickly,  but 
which  on  the  contrary  often  lead  to  long 
strikes,  may  be  attributed  to  the  energetic 
propaganda    of   the   employment   bureau. 

Causing  Strikes 

The  strike  vyas  a  weapon  which  both 


the  German  and  Austrian  ambassadors 
intended  to  use  with  destructive  effect 
on  American  industry.  Ambassador 
Dumba,  in  a  letter  to  his  Foreign  Office, 
thus  expressed  their  fundamental  pur- 
pose: 

It  is  my  impression  that  we  can  dis- 
organize and  hold  up  for  months,  if  not 
entirely  prevent,  the  manufacture  of  muni- 
tions in  Bethlehem  and  the  Middle  West, 
which  in  the  opinion  of  the  German  Mili- 
tary Attache,  is  of  importance  and  amply 
outweighs  the  comparatively  small  expen- 
diture  of   money   involved.     .     . 

The  most  comprehensive  and  success- 
ful effort  to  provoke  strikes  was  made 
by  Labor's  National  Peace  Council,  an 
organization  financed  by  Franz  von 
Rintelen,  who  came  to  the  United  States 
early  in  April,  1915. 

The  alleged  purpose  of  the  council  was 
to  express  the  pacific  sentiments  of  the 
workers  and  to  prevent  the  United  States 
from  entering  the  war.  At  its  first  meet- 
ing, on  June  22,  1915,  it  adopted  among 
others   the  following  resolution: 

Resolved,  By  the  representatives  of  labor 
in  Peace  Congress  assembled  in  the  City 
of  Washington,  that  an  organization  be 
and  is  hereby  established,  to  be  known 
as  Labor's  National  Peace  Council,  having 
for  its  purpose  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance of  peace  universal  by  all  honor- 
able   means.     .     .     . 

The  president  of  the  council.  Congress- 
man Frank  Buchanan,  wrote  to  President 
Wilson  the  next  day,  stating  that  a  com- 
mittee of  the  council  desired  an  inter- 
view in  order  to  acquaint  him  with  the 
resolutions  adopted.  The  President's 
secretary  replied  that,  owing  to  business 
of  urgent  importance  it  had  been  im- 
possible for  President  Wilson,  during  a 
brief  stay  in  Washington,  to  see  the  com- 
mittee. Buchanan  then  wrote  the  follow- 
ing letter,  designed  to  express  the  pre- 
tended spirit  and  purposes  of  the  council: 

Labor's    National    Peace    Council, 

Chicago,  111.,  July  28,  1915. 
Hon.    J.    P.    Tumulty, 

The   White   House, 
Washington,    D.C. 
My    Dear    Mr.    Tumulty:  — 

(Opening  paragraph  acknowledges  letter). 

Your  intimation  that  the  President's 
time  was  so  fully  taken  up  with  matters 
of  pressing  importance,  that  he  could  not 
grant  an  audience  to  the  representatives 
of  Labor,  that  has  made  the  United  States 
of  America  the  prouu  nation  that  it  is, 
in  order  to  permit  them  in  person  to 
demonstrate  that  the  .=^r!>i;'Jized  press,  re- 
presenting organized  dollars  in  America, 
which  is  seeking  to  serve  a;-  the  volunteer 
aOvi.^pr  of  the  President,  was  misrepresent- 
ing Labor's  altitude  -n  the  present  crisis, 
is  t.intamount  to  a  cl^Tlnation  that  the 
PreH:dtnt  i«  more  ccnct-r.ed  about  the  de- 
sires of  Big  I'usiness  than  l;e  is  to  discover 
thrt  heartfelt  scntinxnt  of  the  common 
people. 

As  is  well  known,  I,  by  the  vote  of 
the  people,  was  taken  from  the  ranks  of 
America's  toilers  to  serve  them  in  the  Hall 


September  5,  1918.  n  a  at  a   t%  x   , 

CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

^^^J^  Xi::  "^'IIZ^Z^^::      P--^  the  indictment  specifies  the  insd  th  k.                                               ^ 
tsUZi^Htr^'k''  '  f.oundThat''thfS      H^'^^^  ^^  strikes  by  solicitat  on    by  the"  GerZ:  A^^^"  '"  ^""^^^  ^»"'  P^minent 
mDlanttn^fV,    J  0/K'>"'^«d  Labor  was  to      aissemmation  of  letters    circular,     «nH  ^«"»f "-Americans   organized   and   sup- 
b""^^' "Vh"    EthVcr'or  Hra'%'"  "^'"^'"-  "^^-^P^P^r  articles,  by  briS    and  bv  ^^''^^'l /'her   societies   which    aimed   L 
Sacrednes^  of  Human    "fe"''""^    """    '"^  -^«  distribution  of  money  to  labor  lead  "^""^'^^  •""  '"^'-^id^te  members  of  Con- 
dor "'m  "^  f7'  ^'■-  Tumulty,  for  your  can-  f '•     ^'ntelen,  Lamar,  and  Martin  were'  n  ^  '"i"  ^'^^P*'"*^  Pro-German  poilcies. 
no'-alt^r^'nauv^   but''?''^  '  '"'l'  '«-«^  ""<=  '°\"<^  ^""^y-  ^^  "'^  May  21   Igi?  were  A,^"'  "*  ''l''\  organizations    was     the 
as  they,  thlpeopre  whom'f  ,"^''    '°  }°"^  ''''^  sentenced  to  one  year4  .mp'n^on  r^Tf"    Embargo  Conference,   estab- 
to  be  u'nited'fn""  herr'beUef'ra't'  TotlZ  "'''"^-     ^he  indictment  against   Monett  T^  f  •  "  '"■'^""^  '^^  ^''P^rt  of  munitions, 
and  prosperity  is  dependent  upon  reE  ^'^'  dismissed  and  the  jury  disagreed  a  .    f  i^f*!  recognized    as    a    valuable 
"and'"Th"ev    "/  „*"!  ^"iptural^  admonftion  ^0  the  others.                       ^  <i>sagreed  a.  tool  of  the  German  government  and  pro- 
Ploughshares    aid  tT.'ir ""''''    '^°"^'    '"'°  .  '^^^  ^'"°""*  °^  «oney  which  Rintelen  u    ^  received  money    from     Berlin    is 
ings^hooks:  nation  sh'aU  rt'lfft'un   "'""^  ^^'^  ^*  '''^  '^'^Pos^l  was  stated  by  George  f  T"  ^7.  ^''^  following  telegram  (Sep- 
against    nation,^  neith:"  shal  "  h^e?  Tellt  P'o<=hma„,  treasurer  of  the  Transatlantic  iTt"" r^'  '^'^l  '"'"  ^°""^  Bemstorff 
t'nue  ^o'^  ran':;    .'■"!,'  ^°  T^  shall'  I  ron"  ^rust  Co..  where  Rintelen  kept  his  ac-  '"  ""^  ^"■'"^"  ^""'^n  Office: 
private  chambers  ^osTur.  '."  .^^^ident's  counts,  to  be  $508,000.  which  was  trans-  ^J"^    ^"if'^K"    Conference    in    regard    to 
a    delegation    o?   workers    ''Whn'M^I'^n^?'"  """^'^  ^'■«'"  Germany  through  the  Ham  ^an^'clv'"'","  ^'^  •""'  .co-operation  Dr.  Hale 
Desire   Peace   at   HornrR„f    p      Not    Only  burg-American  Line  can  give  information  is  just  about  to  enter 
as    Well"                               ^"'^    ^"^"ce    Abroad  A%,I,^1             v-  *   vigorous   campaign   to   secure   a   maioritv 
Awaitine   vour   r     i       r.  -'^  Pl^otographic  copy  of  Rintelen's  ac-  '"   both    houses   of   Congress   fatorblefo 
to   be!     ^   your   reply,   I   have    the    honor  counts    with     the     Transatlantic     Trust  ^r'"'"'^     """^     "quest  ^  further     support 
Very  truly  yours  Company  shows  that  while  Labor's  Na-  promu'd  "°R^nfl'i"l'^,  "^  "u?  ^"'"^  "•"- 
FrTnk    Buchanan.  T./'^"'  .^?"."'  ^^'  ^^'"«  ''^^^'^-  tZ   V    .''^''""'/^'^^"P''-    "P'^" 
.  The  pretended  purposes  of  Labors  Mp  ■     ^""^  operated,  he  paid  out  the  follow-  ^    ^^®.  Embargo  Conference  distributed 
tional  Peace  Council  as  stated  bv  Vnn"  "'^  ^"*"^  °^  ^^'^^^  <""  ^^er:  *"  ''"ters  over  5,000,000  telegrams    de- 

gressman    Buchanan    were     in     striking  "^If "   ^°   (^^l^)    jl  000  manding  an  embargo  on  munitions,  and 

contrast  to  its  real  purposes  as  siatpf  "      J^    •  •  •      l^OOO  ^^  «  * '^^^  date  250,000  of  these  identical 

to  the  jury  by  several  witnesses   Amon^  "      1?     ' ^-^O"  messages  poured  into  Washington.    The 

these   was   Ernest   Bohm.   its   treaZre?  "      22    l! ::::;: l'?0«  conference  paid  to  the  telegraph   com- 

and  a  labor  leader,  who  testified  th^th!          "      28    ; .' J.lOO  panies  m  Chicago   alone     the     sum     of 

was  asked  by  Henry  Martinf  one  of  tj^  *".?'     |    ••••■••••■  •  '  •'  •'     t'sSS  «20/)00.      It   also   distributed   pamphlets 

Council's  organizers  to  assist  in  nrovok  "     if    2.000  and  circular  letters  demanding  an  em- 

ing  strikes  in  munition  factories    and  if  "     13    ^5'°22  f"^"  ^"'^  denouncing  American  makers 

successful   he   was   to   receive   $5  OOO   to  "     20    .■::.■.■.".■.•;.■;: • f°„Z  .■"""'t'ons- 

$10,000.    Labor  agitators  were  hired  who  iX  A    '  •  •  •  •  ■  ■  •'  •  •  •  •    ^"-oSo  ^^*^°"?h  the  officers  of  the  conference 

visited  the  munition  centers  in  the  er.T  "'  i «    2,500  asserted  that  it  was  supported  by  small 

orn  part  of  the  United  States  and  caused  "    20    "'^«  popular    subscriptions,     its    cash    book 

strikes      in     several      cities      "nc^udfnf  "    23    ! .' .' ! .' ! 25,000  shows  that  the    $57,000    received     from 

Schenectady,     N.Y.,     Ilion      M  Y       «^d  "    ^7     ....:...::::::::::: zliZ  J"ly.    1915,   to  June,   me,   consisted   of 

Bridgeport,  Conn.                  '  .'     %^     '.'.'.'.     25000  sums  varying  from  $400  to  $1,000,  and 

The  following  telegram  is  a  tvoical  rp  '       ^^''^°°  ?'^®"'  ^*  ^  """'^  ^^  prominent  German- 

pprt  from  one  of  these  men  to  his  em'  ,    ^'J'^^'"  ^^^  "^'"^  E.  V.  Gibbons  &  Co.  ^n^ericans  of  New  York,  Chicago,  Cin-     . 

Ployer.                                                      """"  he  also  paid  out  the  following  amounts-  cinnati.  and  Detroit.    One  gift  of  $5,000 

„    „  July  28    191  ■;  ■^P"'   22    JO  0 J,      fame  from  an  international  banking  firm 

H.B.Martin,  July  .^8,  1915.  ,.      ^^ $3,000      in  New  York  City. 

Hotel    Sherman,  "       28     .                ,'?Xn  TV,             k                    i. 

City  Hall  Square  ''      30    ...    H^^  ^'^^   embargo    conference     apparently 

Chicago,    Illinois.  May    17    [ 2 500  ^^'"^cd  the  German  government  well,  for 

Organizers  from  States  where  war  muni  "      9n     ' '  " ' .■.':;;.■::.■.::  181000  P°""*   ''°"   Bemstorff,   in   the  following 

tions  are  manufactured  were   in  session  in  "     o2     4,400  telegram   to   Berlin,   requests   $50,000   to 

Strik^P??fii    I*  "'^^'-     '^^I'^^d  «'ith   them  "     29     •  •  •  ^'5'"'  ^^  ^P^"*^  «''^'^e'"  °"  ^^is  or  a  similar  or- 

work:rs    are'   read'v" to  ^T'''  '^."^  '^^'  J""e     1    .■:.■.■.■ .' olfaa  ^anization  aiming  to  force  pro-German 

Fresh    trouble   for   maker^^f""    demands.  '<        7    ] ^?'°°°  policies  on  Congress: 

«nr,„i:„„     "1  ^       ,    ""akers    of   general    war  "      10          -^'^OO 

supplies  will  break  out  all  over  the  countrv  "      10    20,000  I    request    authority    to    pay    out    up    to 

William    Delehanty  "      9I    25,900  $50,000    (fifty    thousand    dollars)    in    order. 

Strikes    in    other    industrips     aic„    i,  «     in    26,500  as   on   former   occasions,  to   influence   Con- 
railway    emplovees    and    v.,.    .!,'     •            ^'  Julv     9    S'S""  e5«s\ through   the    organization   you   know 

gin^ri   ar,7*-                     °^    marine    en-  -"^l^     2    2,600  of,  which   can   perhaps  prevent  war. 

Kuieers   and   tiremen,   were   planned   by  .,     ,„    1.500  I  am  beginning  in   the  meantime  to  act 

the  leaders   of  the  council.  „      }"    3,000  accordingly.       - 

A  serious  attempt  was  made  to  nni-a                          ''•^'">  ^  ?"   '***  ^^°^^   circumstances  a  public  of- 

£L^Tr^'°'""n.'=°'"'""-  ^""  Js'uelfoo"'  d^-'"T  -p-d't--  fardS^rg?,"yts:rii."/rrr%"o%i7n- 

TJ  I  I  ^^''.^^'^"'•es.  One  of  Rintelen's  T  ^f^^'^^^:  ^""^  '"  "turn  he  received  the  support  of  the  Irish  influence  here 
men  had  an  interview  with  the  president  ^'""^st  notliing  except  an  occasional  Thp  npt„=,l  hWKpr,,  ^f  r 
of  the  International  Longshoremen's  "^^spaper  article  attacking  President  .I.LZ  bribery  of  Congressmen 
Union,  and  other  offiHaU  „  ^5/  ^  Wilson.  Nearly  all  the  strikps  ..  wi,  aPParently  was  intended  by  Franz  von 
ed.  Rintelen  a^fd  to  pay  theTriW^  '"^  ^ired  men  pretended -they  had  start'  ^'"tf'!"-  A<=<^<^>-din^  to  Meloy,  he  sup- 
ten  dollars  a  weTk  wh  le  idle  and  assert  '^  ^"^  ^°'  ^hich  they  received  thousand^  "^''^  ^^"^^I  ^''^  '"""^^  '">  ^^  "^^^  in 
cd  that  he  could  command  the  $loM  000  °^  ''°"^«  ^^'^  quite  other  causes  Rin  P'"'^"""^  *«.  l^^'^t^^f  resolutions  by 
necessary   for   this   pTrpose      h;    snpn^  ^^''^^  ^^s  shamelessly  duped  and  swind-  ^°''^''"''    which    should    embarrass    the 

$10,000  on  this  project  but  the  ftrike'did       '^'^  ^^  ^'^  supposed  tools.  Hr'""T'r  '"  ''"  'Z^tun"^  "'    '"'"- 

not  occur  sirike  did  tions  with  Germany.    Both  Congressmen 

Along     with    Tam^r      R     k  ^            Pressure  OH  CoBgress  Buchanan  and    ex-Congressman    Fowler 

Congressman     PowTer    Martin  "m'     ?."  ^'^  ^^""^  °*  *^"  ^^^"^^"^  government  received   money  for   their  assistance    in 

and  two  others   all  of  whntv,'^        •"!".'  ^^'^s   extended   to   America    to   influence  attempting    to    bribe     Congress.       That 

in  the  work  of  the  CounorR    f  T  "'^embers  of  Congress  through  German-  such   was   Rintelen's   intention  was   also 

indicted  by  the  Grand  Tnrv  .n  n         Z""^  1'"^'"=^"  ^°'"s  and  their  sympathizers.  stated   explicitly   by   George    Plochman, 

28,  1915,  for  "consD^JacvTnr   ^''"^^"  The  German-American  National  Alliance  treasurer  of     the     Transatlantic     Trust 


284 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


port  of  munitions  by  causing  war  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Mexico. 
During  his  trial  at  New  York  City  (May, 
1917),  one  of  the  witnesses,  an  advertis- 
ing man  with  whom  Rintelen  advised 
concerning  his  pacifist  propaganda,  tes- 
tified that  Rintelen  said: 

That  he  came  to  the  United  States  in 
order  to  embroil  it  with  Mexico  and  Japan 
if  necessary;  that  he  was  doing  all  he 
could  and  was  going  to  do  all  he  could 
to  embroil  this  country  with  Mexico;  that 
he  believed  that  if  the  United  States  had 
a  war  with  Mexico  it  would  stop  the  ship- 
jnent  of  ammunition  to  Europe;  that  he  be- 
lieved it  would  be  only  a  matter  of  time 
until   we   were    involved    with   Japan. 

Rintelen  also  said  that  General  Huerta 
was  going  to  return  to  Mexico  and  start 
a  revolution  there  which  would  cause  the 
United  States  to  intervene  and  so  make 
it  impossible  to  ship  munitions  to  Europe. 
Intervention,  he  said,  was  one  of  his  trump 
cards. 

Within  Mexico  itself  other  German 
agents  have  been  conducting  for  many 
months  a  powerful  anti-American  pro- 
paganda. Their  aims  are  to  destroy 
American  prestige  by  teaching  that  the 
United  States  is  impotent,  unable  even 
to  prepare  for  war,  and  that  Japan  is  its 
enemy;  also  to  create  implacable  hos- 
tility to  the  United  States  by  asserting 
that  it  aims  to  control  or  conquer 
Mexico. 

The  culmination  of  Germany's  attempt 
to  provoke  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico  is  the  following  tele- 
gram sent  by  the  German  Foreign  Office 
to  Count  von  Bernstorff  for  transmission 
to  the  German  Ambassador  in  Mexico, 
Heinrich  von  Eckhardt: 

Berlin,  January   19,  1917. 

On  the  first  of  February  we  intend  to 
begin  submarine  warfare  unrestricted.  In 
spite  of  this,  it  is  our  intention  to  endeavor 
to  keep  neutral  the  United  States  of 
America.  If  this  attempt  is  not  successful, 
we  propose  an  alliance  on  the  following 
basis  with  Mexico:  That  we  shall  make  war 
together  and  together  make  peace.  We 
shall  give  general  financial  support,  and  it 
is  understood  that  Mexico  is  to  reconquer 
the  lost  territory  in  New  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  Arizona.  The  details  are  left  to  you 
for  settlement.  You  are  instructed  to  in- 
form the  President  of  Mexico  of  the  above 
in  the  greatest  confidence  as  soon  as  it  is 
certain  that  there  will  be  an  outbreak  of 
war  with  the  United  States,  and  suggest 
that  the  President  of  Mexico,  on  his  own 
initiative,  should  communicate  with  Japan 
suggesting  adherence  at  once  to  this  plan; 
at  the  game  time,  offer  to  mediate  between 
Germany  and  Japan. 

Please  call  to  the  attention  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  Mexico  that  the  employment  of 
ruthless  submarine  warfare  now  promises 
to  compel  England  to  make  peace  in  a  few 
months. 

ZI.MMERMANN. 

Destruction  of  Ships  and  Their  Cargoes 

If  strikes  should  fail  to  close  American 
munition  plants,  if  money  were  lacking 
to  buy  up  all  their  products,  and  if  the 
government  refused  an  embargo,  Ger- 
many's agents  had  yet  another  resource 
— to  destroy  war  materials  and  other 
supplies  for  the  Entente  States  while  in 
course  of  shipment  by  sea.  One  project 
of  this  kind  was  carried  out  under  the 
direction  of  Captain  von  Papen  and  Wolf 
von  Igel.  It  consisted  in  placing  in  the 
holds  of  steamers  incendiary  bombs 
which,  at  a  fixed  time,  would  explode 
nnd  ignite  the  surrounding  cargo.  The 
bomb  .shells  were  manufactured  from  de- 


signs by  Dr.  Walter  T.  Scheele,  a  Ger- 
man chemist  of  Hoboken,  on  the  Fried- 
rich  der  Grosse  of  the  North  German 
Lloyd  line,  and  were  then  taken  to  Dr. 
Scheele's  laboratory  and  filled  with  com- 
bustibles. 

When  the  conspirators  were  tried,  one 
of  the  witnesses  called  was  a  detective 
who  belonged  to  the  New  York  bomb 
squad  and  had  worked  on  the  case.  Un- 
der the  pretense  that  he  was  a  German 
secret  service  man  employed  by  Wolf 
von  Igel,  he  had  succeeded  in  making  an 
appointment  with  Captain  von  Kleist, 
superintendent  of  Scheele's  factory,  and 
thus  recounted  the  conversation  with 
him: 

We  sat  down  and  we  spoke  for  about 
three  hours.  ...  I  asked  him  the  dif- 
ferent things  that  he  did,  and  said  if  he 
wanted  an  interview  with  Mr.  von  Igel,  my 
boss,  he  would  have  to  tell  everything.  So 
he  told  me  that  von  Papen  gave  Dr.  Scheele, 
the  partner  of  von  Kleist  in  this  factory,  a 
cheque  for  Ifl0,000  to  start  this  bomb  fac- 
tory. ...  He  told  me  that  he,  Mr.  von 
Kleist,  and  Dr.  Scheele  and  a  man  by  the 
name  of  Becker  on  the  "Friedrich  der 
Grosse,"  were  making  the  bombs,  and  that 
Captain  Wolp.ert,  Captain  Bode,  and  Cap- 
tain Steinberg,  had  charge  of  putting  these 
bombs  on  the  ships;  they  put  these  bombs 
in  cases  and  shipped  them  as  merchandise 
on  these  steamers,  and  they  would  go  away 
on  the  trip  and  the  bombs  would  go  off 
after  the  ship  was  out  four  or  five  days, 
causing  a  fire  and  causing  the  cargo  to  go 
up  in  flames.  .  .  .  He  also  told  me  that 
they  have  made  quite  a  number  of  these 
bombs;  that  thirty  of  them  were  given  to 
a  party  by  the  name  of  O'Leary,  and  that  he 
took  them  down  to  New  Orleans  where  he 
had  charge  of  putting  them  on  ships  down 
there,  this  fellow  O'Leary. 

Between  300  and  40O  bombs  were 
manufactured,  and  fires  were  started  by 
them  on  thirty-three  ships  sailing  from 
New  York  alone. 

Four  of  the  bombs  were  found  at  Mar- 
seilles on  a  vessel  which  sailed  from 
Brooklyn  in  May,  1915.  The  evidence 
collected  in  the  case  led  to  the  indictmenl; 
of  the  following  men  for  feloniously 
transporting  on  the  steamship  Kirk  Os- 
wald a  bomb  or  bombs  filled  with  chemi- 
cals designed  to  cause  incendiary  fires: 
Rintelen,  Wolpert,  Bode,  Schmidt, 
Becker,  Garbade,  Praedel,  Paradies,  von 
Kleist,  Schimmel,  Scheele,  Steinberg,  and 
others.  The  last  three  named  fled  from 
justice,  Scheele  being  supplied  with 
$1,000  for  that  purpose  by  Wolf  von  Igei. 
He  eluded  the  Federal  authorities  until 
April,  1918,  when  he  was  found  hiding 
in  Cuba  under  the  protection  of  German 
secret  service  agents.  All  the  others  ex- 
cept Schmidt  were  found  guilty  and 
sentenced,  on  February  5,  1918,  to  im- 
prisonment for  eighteen  months  and  pay- 
ment of  a  fine  of  $2,000  each.  It  was 
proved  during  the  trial  that  Rintelen  had 
hired  Schimmel,  a  German  lawyer,  to  see 
that  bombs  were  placed  on  ships. 

Schmidt,  von  Kleist,  Becker,  Garbade, 
Praedel  and  Paradies  had  already  been 
tried  for  conspiracy  to  make  bombs  for 
concealment  on  ocean-going  vessels  with 
the  purpose  of  setting  the  same  on  fire. 
All  were  found  guilty,  and  on  April  6, 
1917,  von  Kleist  and  Schmidt  were  sen- 
tenced to  two  years'  imprisonment  and 
a  fine  of  $5,000  each;  the  others  to  six 
months'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  $500 
each.     Wolpert  and   Bode,  also  indicted, 


obtained  the  privilege  of  a  separate  trial, 
which  has  not  yet  been  held. 

Robert  Fay,  a  former  officer  in  the 
German  army,  who  came  to  the  United 
States  in  April,  1915,  endeavored  to  pre- 
vent the  traffic  in  munitions  by  sinking 
the  laden  ships  at  sea.  In  recounting  the 
circumstances  of  his  arrival  here  to  the 
chief  of  the  United  States  Secret  Ser- 
vice, Fay  said: 

.     .     .     I  had   in   the  neighborhood  $4,000. 

.  .  .  This  money  came  from  a  man  who 
sent  me  over  .  .  .  (named)  Jonnersen. 
The  understanding  wss  that  it  might  be 
worth  while  to  stop  the  shipment  of 
artillery  munitions  from  this  country.  .  . 
I  imagined  Jonnersen  to  be  in  the  (German) 
Secret  Service. 

After  stating  that  he  saw  von  Papen 
p.nd  Boy-Ed  and  that  neither  would  have 
anything  to  do  with  him,  apparently  be- 
cause suspicious  of  his  identity.  Fay  Con- 
tinued: 

I  did  not  want  to  return  (to  Germany) 
without  having  carried  out  my  intention, 
that  it,  the  destruction  of  ships  carrying 
munitions.  I  proceeded  with  my  experiments 
and  tried  to  get  hold  of  as  much  explosive 
matter  as   in   any   way  possible.     .     .     . 

Fay  and  two  confederates  were  arrest- 
ed in  a  lonely  spot  near  Grantwood,  New 
Jersey,  while  testing  an  explosive.  Dur- 
ing his  examination  at  police  head- 
quarters in  Weehawken  immediately  af- 
ter the  arrest  he  was  questioned  as  fol- 
lows: 

Q — That  large  machine  you  have  down 
stairs,  what  is  that?  A— That  is  a  patent 
of  mine.  It  is  a  new  way  of  getting  a  time 
fuse.     ...  _     , 

Q— Did  you  know  where  Scholz  (Fay's 
brother-in-law)  had  this  machine  made? 
A — In   different   machine   shops.     .     .     . 

Q — What  material  is  it  you  wanted 
(from  Daeche,  an  accomplice)?  A — Trini- 
tate  of  toluol  (T.  N.  T.).     .     .     . 

Q— How  much  did  the  machinery  cost? 
A-  Roughly   speaking,  $150  or   $200.     .     .     . 

Q_What  would  be  the  cost  of  making 
one  and  filling  it  with  explosive?  A — About 
$250  each.  ...  If  they  had  given  me 
money  enough  I  should  simply  have  been 
able  to  block  the  shipping  entirely. 

Q — Do  you  mean  you  could  have  destroy- 
ed every  ship  that  left  the  harbor  by  means 
of  those  bombs?  A— I  would  have  been  able 
to  stop  so  many  that  the  authorities  would 
not  have  dared  (to  send  out  any  ships). 

It  was  proved  during  Fay's  trial  that 
his  bomb  was  a  practical  device  and  that 
its  40  pounds  of  explosive  would  sink  any 
ship  to  which   its  was  attached. 

Fay  and  his  accomplices,  Scholz  and 
Daeche,  were  convicted  of  conspiracy  to 
attach  explosive  bombs  to  the  rudders  of 
vessels,  with  the  intention  of  wrecking 
the  same  when  at  sea,  and  were  sen- 
fenced  on  May  9,  1916,  to  terms  of  eight, 
four,  and  two  years  respectively  in  the 
Federal  penitentiary  at  Atlanta.  Dr. 
Herbert  Kienzle  and  Max  Breitung,  who 
assisted  Fay  in  procuring  explosives, 
were  indicted  on  the  same  charge,  but 
have  not  been  tried.     Both  are  interned. 

Another  plan  for  disabling  ships  was 
suggested  by  a  man  who  remained  for 
some  time  unknown.  He  called  one  day 
at  the  German  Military  Information 
Bureau,  maintained  at  60  Wall  Street  by 
Captain  von  Papen,  of  the  German  Em- 
bassy, and  there  gave  the  following  out- 
line of  his  plan: 

I  intend  to  cause  serious  damage  to  ves- 
sels of  the  Allies  leaving  ports  of  the 
United  States  by  placing  bombs,  which  I  am 


September  5,  1918. 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


28& 


makinfr  myseif,  en  boaro.  These  bombs 
re:i'}mb!i>  ordinary  lumps  of  coal  and  I  am 
planning  to  have  them  concealed  in  the 
coal  to  be  laden  on  steamers  of  the  Allies. 
I  have  already  discussed  this  plan  with 
.  .  .  .  at  ...  .  and  he  thinks  fav- 
orably of  my  idea.  I  have  been  engaged  on 
simitar  work  in  .  .  .  after  me  outbreak 
of  the  war,  together  with  Mr.  von     .... 

The  German  secret  service  report 
from  which  the  above  exerpt  is  taken 
states  that  the  maker  of  the  bomb  was 
paid  by  check  No.  146  for  $150  drawn  on 
the  Riggs  National  Bank  of  Washington. 
A  photographic  copy  of  this  check  shows 
that  it  was  payable  to  Paul  Koenig  of 
the  Hamburg-American  Line  and  was 
signed  by  Captain  von  Papen.  On  the 
counterfoil  is  written  this  memorandum, 
"For  F.  J.  Busse."  Busse  confessed 
later  that  he  had  discussed  with  Capt. 
von  Papen  at  the  German  Club  in  New 
York  City  the  plan  of  damaging  the 
boilers  of  munition  ships  witli  bombs 
which  resembled  lumps  of  coal. 

A  similar  scheme  was  conceived  by 
Albert  Kaltschmidt  of  Detroit,  who  hop- 
ed, however,  not  only  to  disable  ships 
but  to  destroy  them  entirely.  He  hired 
Charles  Respa,  Richard  Hermann,  and 
a  man  known  as  "Frenchy,"  for  $150 
each  to  undertake  this  work.  Provided 
with  an  ample  supply  of  dynamite, 
painted  to  resemble  coal,  they  went  to 
New  York  City  and  tried  by  the  use  of 
a  launch  to  approach  coal  barges  and 
place  the  dynamite  in  the  fuel  intended 
for  ocean  going  steamers.  Guards  were 
so  vigilant,  however,  that  nothing  could 
he  accomplished. 

Germany's  official  representatives  on 
the  Pacific  coast  were  engaged  in  similar 
enterprises.  The  leader  was  Franz 
Bopp,  German  Consul-General  at  San 
Francisco.  His  chief  assistants  were 
Baron  Eckhardt  von  Schack,  the  vice- 
consul,  Lieutenant  Wilhelm  von  Brincken 
of  the  consulate,  and  Charles  C.  Crowley, 
a  detective  employed  by  Bopp  as  secret 
investigator. 

Lewis  J.  Smith,  a  confederate,  de- 
scribes a  part  of  their  operations  in  a 
statement  made  to  Federal  officials. 
After  he  had  told  about  his  first  meeting 
with  Crowley,  the  United  States  Attor- 
ney asked  him  the  following  questions: 

Q--When  Crowley  came  to  your  house  on 
Sunday  (May  8,  1915)  what  was  it  he 
wanted?  A — He  asked  me  what  I  was  doing. 
I  told  him  that  I  had  just  left  the  Pinole 
Powder  Works  and  was  not  doing  anything 
at  that  time.  He  says,  "Well,  would  you 
accept  a  job  as  watchman?"  I  looked  at 
him  for  a  second  and  says,  "Watchman, 
what  kind  of  a  watchman?"  "Well,"  he 
says,  "kind  of  watching  what  is  loaded  on 
boats  and  so  on."  ...  I  said,  "What 
kind  of  a  job  is  this?"  "Well,"  he  said, 
"there  is  some  powder  to  leave  here  to-day 
or  to-morrow,  and  we  want  you  to  leave 
here  and  be  in  Seattle."  So  I  said,  "What's 
in  this  job?"  and  he  said,  "Three  hundred 
dollars  a  month  and  all  expenses."  So  I 
said  to  myself,  "I  will  try  this."  .... 
And  Crowley  paid  mc  $250. 

Smith  went  to  Tacoma,  and  after  his 
rttuin  to  San  Francisco  had  several 
conversations  with  Bopp,  concerning 
which  he  testified  as  follows: 

Q-  What  did  he  (Bopp)  say  he  wanted 
you  to  do?  A— He  said  it  would  be  a  matter 
of  watching  and  .spotting  and  if  there  was 
anything  to  blow  up  I  was  to  help  him. 

Q     Bopp  said  that?    A— Yes.     .     .     . 


Q  Well,  then,  Bopp  told  you  that  he 
wanted  you  to  watch  and  also  help  blow  up 
things?     A-~Whatever  Crowley  told  me. 

Q  Well,  he  mentioned  blowing  up 
things,  did  he?     A- -Yes. 

Smith  thus  told  about  the  payment 
which  he  and  Crowley  received  for  their 
services: 

Q — How  were  you  paid?  A— Mr.  Bopp 
paid. 

Q  In  currency?  A — Yes;  .  .  .  and 
Crowley  gave  a  receipt. 

Q — Did  you  give  a   receipt?     A — Yes. 

Q — And  was  your  receipt  to  Bopp?  A — 
Yes. 

Johannes  H.  van  Koolbergen,  born  in 
Holland  and  naturalized  in  Canada,  made 
a  statement  before  British  officials  at 
San  Francisco,  concerning  his  relations 
with  Consul-General  Bopp.  After  de- 
scribing a  pretended  attempt  to  blow  up 
a  tunnel  on  the  Canadian-Pacific  Rail- 
road, van  Koolbergen  says  that  he  was 
again  summoned  to  meet  von  Brincken 
and  that  the  following  conversation  oc- 
curred : 

I  went  to  the  Palace  Hotel  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. Von  Brincken  took  me  to  his  room 
.  .  .  .  and  explained  to  me  how  an  in- 
strument could  be  made  for  the  purpose  of 
causing  an  c-xplosion  at  the  time  set,  and 
asked  me  if  I  was  capable  and  willing  to 
make  such  an  instrument,  and  asked  me 
how  much  I  would  want  for  it.  He  ex- 
plained to  me  that  a  club  or  association  of 
fifteen  Germans  who  all  worked  as  long- 
shoremen on  the  docks  of  San  Francisco 
would  have  access  to  outgoing  boats  and 
could  place  one  or  more  of  these  infernal 
machines  on  board  boats  of  German  ene- 
mies.    .     .     . 

The  whole  had  to  be  small  enough  to  go 
into  a  thermos  bottle.  The  object  of  it 
being  that  a  man  at  the  harbor  could  carry 
a  thermos  bottle  with  him  without  being 
suspected  of  having  anything  injurious  or 
dangerous  with  him. 

Van  Koolbergen  then  describes  the 
making  of  a  dummy  bomb  and  proceeds 
thus: 

I  then  went  to  see  von  Brincken  in  his 
room  and  showed  him  my  work  and  he  ex- 
claimed that  it  was  "famos."  .  .  .  Mr. 
Bopp  (who  saw  it  at  the  consulate)  said 
that  Mr.  von  Brincken  was  very  satisfied 
with  this  machine  and  ordered  the  thermos 
bottle  put  in  the  safe,  where  I  saw  it  yes- 
terday, August  26,  1915. 

Free  access  to  Allied  ships  laden  with 
supplies  for  Vladivostock  would  be  in- 
valuable to  the  conspirators,  and  in  order 
to  obtain  it,  Crowley  resorted  to  the  ex- 
traordinary scheme  revealed  in  the  fol- 
lowing letter  to  Madam  Bakhmeteff,  wife 
of  the  Russian  Ambassador  to  the  United 
States: 

Mme.  J.  Bakhmeteff,  Care  Imperial  Russian 
Embassy,  Newport,  R.I.: 
Dear  Madam:-  By  direction  of  the  Im- 
perial Russian  Consul  General  of  San 
Francisco  I  beg  to  submit  the  following  on 
behalf  of  several  fruit  growers  of  the  State 
of  California.  As  it  is  the  wish  of  cer- 
tain growers  to  contribute  several  tons  of 
dried  fruit  to  the  Russian  Red  Cross  they 
desire  to  have  arrangements  made  to  facili- 
tate the  transportation  of  this  fruit  from 
Tacoma,  Washington,  to  Vladivostock,  and 
we  are  advised  that  steamships  are  regu- 
larly plying  between  Tacoma  and  Vladivo- 
stock upon  which  government  supplies  are 
shipped  and  we  would  like  to  have  arrange- 
ments made  that  these  fruits  as  they  might 
arrive  would  be  regularly  consigned  to 
these  steamers  and  forwarded.  It  would  be 
necessary,  therefore,  that  an  understanding 
be  had  with  the  agents  of  these  steamship 
lines  at  Tacoma  that  immediate  shipments 
be  made  via  whatever  steamers  might  be 
sailing. 


It  is  the  desire  of  the  donors  that  there 
be  no  delay  in  the  shipments  as  delays 
would  lessen  the  benefits  to  those  for  whom 
the    fruit   was    provided.     .     .     . 

Respectfully  yours, 

C.  C.  CROWLEY. 

The  statements  of  Smith  and  van  Kool- 
bergen, combined  with  a  mass  of  other 
evidence  consisting  in  part  of  letters  an^ 
telegrams,  caused  the  Grand  Jury  to  in- 
diet  Consul-General  Bopp,  his  staff  and 
his  hired  agents  for  conspiracy  to  under- 
take a  military  enterprise  against  Can- 
ada. Among  the  purposes  of  this  enter- 
prise specified  in  the  indictment  was  the 
following: 

To  blow  up  and  destroy  with  their  cargoes 
and  crews  any  and  all  vessels  belonging  to 
Great  Britain,  France,  Japan  or  Russia 
found  within  the  limits  of  Canada,  which 
were  laden  with  horses,  munitions  of  war, 
or  articles  of  commerce  in  course  of  trans- 
portation to  the  above  countries.     .     .     . 

In  his  charge  to  the  jury  the  judge 
who  presided  at  the  trial  reviewed  the 
testimony  given  by  the  more  important 
witnesses,  among  whom  was  Louis  J. 
Smith.  After  describing  how  he  was 
taken  to  Lieut,  von  Brincken  by  an  em- 
ployee of  the  German  Consul-General, 
Smith  testified: 

Mr.  von  Brincken  then  asked  me  if  I 
would  take  a  job  of  following  a  barge  qf 
dynamite  to  Seattle,  and  exploding  it  in  the 
harbor,  to  prevent  it  going  on  the  boat.  I 
told  him  I  would. 

Smith  met  Crowley  the  next  day  and 
ihe  judge  thus  summarized  Smith's  tes- 
timony concerning  their  conversation: 

Crowley  (Smith  says)  told  him  that  there 
would  be  other  work,  and  wanted  to  know 
if  he  would  put  a  few  bombs  on  some  of  the 
ships  up  there;  that  quite  a  bit  of  ammuni- 
tion was  going  to  the  Allies  from  Tacoma, 
and  Smith  told  him  he  would.  ...  He 
says  that  von  Brincken  came  in  a  few  min- 
utes, and  Crowley  told  him  that  he  (Smith) 
was  willing  to  take  the  job  .  .  .  and 
that  von  Brincken  wanted  to  know  if  Smith 
would  put  bombs  on  boats  as  well  as  on 
the  barge,  and  that  he  told  von  Brincken 
he  would. 

As  the  first  ships  marked  for  destruc- 
tion sailed  from  Tacoma,  Smith  rented 
a  house  there  with  half  cleared  land  at- 
tached, in  order  that  he  might  have 
dynamite  in  his  possession  with  the  in- 
tended purpose  of  blowing  up  stumps. 
Crowley  followed  him  to  Tacoma  within 
a  day  or  two,  and  Smith's  narrative  of 
the  events  there  is  thus  given  in  con- 
densed form  by  the  judge: 

When  the  Talthybius  (a  British  freighter) 
was  ready  to  sail  Smith  says  that  he  pre- 
pared the  bomb  made  of  40  sticks  of  dyna- 
mite, put  the  sticks  in  the  suit  case.  .  .  . 
He  did  not  put  dynamite  either  on  the 
cars  or  on  the  boat,  but  told  Crowley  that 
he  did. 

At  a  later  date.  May  28  (1915),  Crowley 
came   and   wanted  another  bomb   prepared. 

The  Shinsei  Maru  was  the  ship  which 
they  looked  for  that  Friday  night,  Crowley 
telling  Smith  that  the  bomb  must  be  gotten 
off  on  the  first  string  of  cars  off  the 
wharf.  ...  He  says  that  Crowley  left 
him  and  that  after  a  time  he  drew  the 
dynamite  away;  that  he  went  to  Crowley's 
hotel  and  deceived  him  in  the  belief  that 
he  had  put  a  bomb  on  board  the  ship  that 
night. 

About  the  29th  of  May,  Satui-day,  Smith 
says  they  .  .  .  (tried)  to  get  a  bomb 
into  the  cotton  that  the  Hazel  Dollar  was 
loading  and  that  he  told  Crowley  that  ha 
had  put  the  bomb  in.  Smith  says  he  threw 
the  dynamite  away  in  a  cesspool. 


28« 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


PULVERIZED    FUEL    COMBUSTION 

By  Frank  C.  Perkins. 

THE  use  of  pulverized  coal  is  said 
to  make  practicable  the  highest 
efficiency  obtainable  in  boiler 
operation.  It  makes  coal  burn  like  a 
gas,  with  a  flame,  the  physical  and 
chemical  character  of  which  is  regul- 
able— a  flame  that  may  be  elongated  or 
shortened,  thus  placing  the  zone  of  high- 
est temperature  where  needed;  a  flame 
that  may  be  made  oxidizing,  reducing  or 
neutral,  as  occasion  may  require. 

The  coal  is  burned  as  pulverized,  thus 
there  is  no  storage  of  the  powder  with 
its  attendant  hazard.  Artificial  drying 
of  the  coal  is  not  necessary  if  the  sup- 
ply be  sheltered  from  rain  and  snow. 
Where  the  pulverizer  is  used,  it  is  wholly 
a  furnace  question  whether  a  dryer 
should  be  installed.  It  is  not  at  all  a 
pulverizing  or  storage  question.  The 
labor  is  reduced  to  a  minimum  and  slack 
coal  at  low  cost  yields  it  last  b.t.u. 

The  pulverizer  described  herewith  ap- 
proaches the  subject  of  coal  burning 
from  the  theoretical  side,  and,  therefore, 
pulverizes  the  coal  to  an  impalpable 
powder,  and  surrounds  each  of  its  minute 
particles  with  the  amount  of  air  which 
will  furnish  just  the  required  oxygen. 
The  fineness  of  the  pulverization  may  be 
regulated  by  attention  to  the  dampers 
which  control  the  movement  axially  of 
the  air  within  the  machine.  If  that 
movement  is  slow,  the  centrifugal  force 
keeps  all  coarse  particles  at  the  peri- 
phery, and  they  are  drawn  from  one 
chamber  to  the  next  only  as  they  become 
reduced  to  such  fineness  as  to  permit  the 
axial  current  to  overcome  the  centri- 
fugal force,  but  if  the  movement  axially 
is  rapid,  it  in  part  overcomes  centrifugal 
force  and  draws  through  the  machine  a 
coarser  grade  of  material.  The  pul- 
verizer utilizes  air  separation  on  thor- 
oughly scientific  lines.  Powdered  coal 
and  air  in  regulable  proportions  are  in- 
timately mixed  in  the  pulverizer,  and 
the  mixture  reaches  the  furnace  in- 
stantly it  leaves  the  pulverizer. 

The  mixing  operation  commences  at 
the  feed  end  of  the  pulverizer,  where 
coal  and  air  enter  together  and  the  pul- 
verizing and  the  mixing  go  on  together 
until  the  mixture  leaves  the  pulverizer 
having  the  appearance  of  a  cloud  of 
smoke.  This  impalpable  powder,  with  its 
theoretical  requirement  of  air,  is  con- 
ducted through  a  suitable  pipe  directly 
from  the  pulveriser  to  the  furnace.  There 
is  no  coal  pulverized  except  for  instant 
use.  Every  minute  particle  of  coal  is  in 
the  furnace  and  ablaze  within  one  sec- 
ond from  the  time  it  leaves  the  pulver- 
izer, and  within  one  additional  second  is 
completely  consumed.  In  a  majority  of 
cases  the  time  is  less  than  one-half  a 
second  in  each  case. 

A  condition  is,  therefore,  created  and 
maintained,  in  which  each  particle  of 
coal  is  separated  from  every  other  par- 
ticle when  it  enters  the  furnace,  and  no 
opportunity  is  offered  for  the  powder  to 
pack  or  for  the  particles  to  adhere  one 
to  another,  but  each  particle  is  enveloped 
in  air  and,  therefore,  in  contact  with  the 
oxygen  necessary  for  combustion.  Thus, 
this  system  is  emancipated  from  not  only 


the  dryer,  but  the  powdered  coal  con- 
veyer apparatus,  the  storage  bins,  the 
mixing  chambers  and  the  feeding  me- 
chanisms with  the  power  units  required 
for  the  several  operations.  There  is  no- 
thing between  the  coal  bunker  and  the 
furnace  except  the  pulverizer,  its  motor, 
and  a  plain  pipe  connection.  When  the 
mixture  of  coal  and  air  reaches  the  fur- 
nace combustion  proceeds  with  great 
rapidity,  with  no  smoke,  no  carbon  in 
the  ash,  no  CO  in  the  flue  gases,  and  only 
a  trace  of  O,  and  no  appreciable  excess 
air  is  admitted  to  reduce  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  products  of  combustion. 

There  is  no  opening  of  doors,  no  in- 
termittent firing,  no  banked  fires,  no  de- 
lay in  meeting  a  sudden  overload.  The 
pulverizer  consists  of  three  or  more  in- 
teriorly communicating  chamber  of  suc- 
cessively increasing  diameters,  in  which- 
revolve  paddles  on  arms  of  correspond- 
ingly increasing  lengths.  The  separate 
chambers  are,  in  fact,  separate  pulver- 
izers on  a  single  shaft,  each  succeeding 
pulverizer  having  greater  diameter  and, 
therefore,  greater  speed  at  its  periphery 
and  greater  power  for  fine  grinding,  each 


for  fine  grinding.  An  auxiliary  inlet  be- 
tween the  last  work  chamber  and  the 
fan,  controlled  by  a  damper,  admits  such 
additional  air  as  is  required  for  combus- 
tion. The  air  dampers  with  the  feed 
mechanism  give  perfect  regulation  of 
the  flame  within  a  wide  range. 
Construction 

The  pulverizer  runs  at  constant  speed 
and  the  operator's  attention  and  work  is 
limited  to  observation  of  his  fire  and 
regulation  of  the  feed  mechanism.  One 
operator  can  attend  to  a  number  of  in- 
stallations. The  pulverizer  is  dust- 
proof,  and  is  arranged  for  easy  repair  to 
the  parts  susceptible  to  wear,  the  cost  of 
which  is  small.  The  paddles,  which  are 
subject  to  the  greatest  wear,  are  of  cast 
manganese  steel,  heat-treated  for  due 
tility  and  to  resist  abrasion  and  are  re- 
versible. The  shaft  is  of  40  carbon  open 
hearth  steel. 

The  spiders  are  in  one  piece,  cut  from 
%-inch  steel  plate,  and  are  bolted  to  cast 
iron  hubs  with  shearing  bolts  of  a  size 
to  withstand  ordinary  strain,  but  to 
shear  with  extraordinary  and  unusual 
strains.     The  linings  are  of  steel  plate, 


GOAL  CRUSHER  AND  PULVERIZER. 


receiving  and  treating  the  product  of  the 
preceding  chamber  and  passing  it  on  to 
the  succeeding  chamber  for  still  further 
reduction. 

An  additional  chamber  contains  a  fan, 
the  function  of  which  is  to  draw  the 
finely  pulverized  material  successively 
from  one  chamber  to  the  next,  and 
finally,  to  deliver  it  through  a  pipe  con- 
nection to  the  furnace  under  the  impetus 
of  a  forced  draft.  The  separate  pulver- 
izers and  fan  are  enclosed  in  one  steel 
cylinder.  A  regulable  feed  mechanism 
accurately  controls,  and  at  the  will  of 
the  operator  varies  the  quantity  of  coal 
admitted  to  and  delivered  by  the  ma- 
chine. 

The  feed  mechanism  is  exact  and  uni- 
form in  its  operation,  and  is  easily  ad- 
justed to  meet  even  minute  variations  in 
the  fuel  requirement.  Two  inlets  in  the 
feed  mechanism  admit  the  air  required 


and  there  is  a  relief  opening  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  first  chamber  for  the  automa- 
tic removal  of  any  iron  or  other  metal 
that  may  accidentally  enter  the  machine. 
This  equipment  may  be  located  either 
in  front  of  the  furnace  or  at  either  side, 
or  above  or  below,  and  may  be  set  with 
the  discharge  opening  toward  the  fur- 
nace or  away  from  it,  or  in  any  inter- 
mediate position  as  convenience  may  dic- 
tate, and  the  drive  may  be  by  belt  or  by 
direct  connected  electric  motor.  The  con- 
nection between  the  pulverizer  and  the 
furnace  is  usually  a  galvanized  iron  pipe 
from  the  pulverizer  discharge  to  the 
furnace.  No  additional  feeding  or  mixing 
apparatus  could  serve  any  useful  pur- 
pose, for  the  powdered  coal  and  air  are 
intimately  mixed  in  the  pulverizer.  The 
furnace  end  of  the  discharge  pipe  is 
made  of  such  size  and  :>hape  as  the  fur- 
nace condition  requires. 


September  5,  1918. 


287 


Engineering  at  the  Canadian  Exhibition 

Single   Purpose   and   Standard   Machines   Are   Shown  —  More 
Adequate  Facilities  Are  Needed — Supply  Houses  and  Transmis- 
sion Specialists  Also  Have  Interesting  Exhibits  on  View 


THE  present  trend  of  engineering  manufacture  is  shown  in  the 
exhibits  featured  by  the  various  manufacturers  in  Machinery 
Hall.  Munition  machinery,  while  still  in  evidence,  is  giving 
place  to  standard  lines  adapted  to  the  more  peaceful  work  expected 
as  a  result  of  after-war  conditions.  The  exhibits  compare  favorably 
with  those  of  former  years,  and  granting  more  adequate  facilities  for 
exhibitors  after  the  war,  this  portion  of  the  exhibition  should  become 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and  attractive  features  on  the  grounds. 


As  in  past  years  the  inadequate 
accommodation  provided  by  ma- 
chinery hall  is  very  much  in  evi- 
dence, many  exhibitors  declaring  their 
dissatisfaction  with  existing  conditions 
and  evincing  a  desire  for  better  ser- 
vice and  more  room  in  which  to  display 
the  various  phases  of  mechanical  indus- 
try. It  is  hardly  just  that  the  industrial 
arts,  so  all  important  in  Canadian  life 
and  so  essential  to  the  successful  pro- 
secution of  the  '  war,  should  be  limited 
by  the  accommodations  provided  while, 
exhibits  of  a  nature  placing  them  in  the 
non-essential  category  are  given  much 
more  prominence  in  the  many  buildings 
of  the  Fair.  It  is  hardly  to  be  expected 
that  any  change  for  the  better  can  take 
place  until  after  peace  is  declared,  but 
consideration  should  be  given  to  the 
problem  and  the  machinery  exhibits 
given  a  location  and  buildings  on  the 
grounds  where  they  would  command  the 
attention  their  importance  deserves. 

Cutting  Tools 

Recent  progress  in  the  field  of  cut- 
ting tools  and  metals  is  recorded  in  the 
display  of  Stellite  by  the  Deloro  Smelt- 
ing and  Refining  Co.  The  makers  of  this 
well  known  cutting  alloy  have  succeed- 
ed in  perfecting  methods  by  which  form- 
ed tools  of  all  shapes  are  readily  cast 
and  in  such  a  manner  that  very  little 
grinding  or  finishing  is  required.  A  dis- 
play of  welded  cutters  forms  part  of 
the  exhibit,  the  cutters  shown  being 
stocking   cutters   used   by   the   Hamilton 


lite  being  fastened  to  the  steel  centre 
by  the  usual  methods.  A  recently  dis- 
covered use  for  stellite  is  in  the  making 
of  sand  blast  nozzles.  These  nozzles 
owing  to  the  extreme  hardness  of  the 
metal  used  usually  last  for  about  two 
weeks.  This  is  an  unusual  length  of 
time  for  nozzles  of  this  purpose  to  last, 
the  ordinary  nozzle  lasting  for  con- 
tinuous work  for  about  two  hours. 

Rough  turning  by  the  use  of  stellite 
is  shown  on  an  A.  R.  Williams  Montreal 
lathe,  six-inch  shells  being  used.  A 
Cisco  lathe  is  also  shown  operating  on 
cast  iron. 

The  Cole  Steam  Trap 

The  effect  of  varying  pressures  and 
heads  on  the  capacity  of  steam  traps 
is    clearly    brought    out    by    a    working 


STELLITE  FACED  WELDED  CUTTER  BEFORE 
GRINDING 


Gear  Co.  in  operations  on  gear  wheels. 
These  welded  cutters  are  formed  of  a 
soft  steel  centre  on  which  the  cutting 
edges  of  stellite  are  welded  by  the  oxy- 
acetylene  process.  Built  up  cutters  are 
also  shown,  the  inserted  blades  of  stel- 


COLE   AUTOMATIC  STEAM  TRAP. 


installation  of  the  Cole  automatic  return 
trap.  The  trap  used  is  of  the  high 
pressure  type  approved  by  the  boiler 
inspection  branch  of  the  Department  of 
Public  Works;  this  trap  is  built  to 
boiler  specifications. 

A  typical  double  trap  boiler  feeding 
installation  is  also  shown,  draining  both 
high  and  low  pressure  lines  and  return- 
ing the  condensate  from  both  as  well 
as  raw  make-up  water  to  the  boiler.  The 
balancing  of  return  pressures  by  the  use 
of  high  and  low  pressure  traps  is  well 
shown  by  this  exhibit.  Cross-section 
models  of  the  working  parts  of  these 
traps  are  also  on  exhibit,  one  of  which 
clearly  shows  the  protector  cage  used 
on  the  steam  valve,  the  disc  being  lifted 
into  the  protection  afforded  by  a  cage 
and  removed  from  the  paht  of  the  steam, 
preventing  its  cutting  by  wire  drawing. 

Interesting  literature   is   available   at 


this  booth  dealing  with  various  phases 
of  power  plant  economy.  Bulletin  No. 
7  treats  of  steam  condensation.  Bulletin 
9  a  reprint  of  an  article  appearing  in 
Power  House,  by  Wm.  H.  Rose,  the  rep- 
resentative, deals  with  the  subject  of 
automatic  boiler  feeding  from  the  stand- 
point of  economy  compared  to  the  use 
of  feed  pumps.  Bulletin  No.  11  is  a  pub- 
lication of  special  interest  to  the  plant 
or  factory  executive  and  treats  of  the 
steam  plant  as  a  factory  which  should 
be  run  on  the  same  businesslike  prin- 
ciples that  govern  factory  management. 


THE  PNEUMATIC  TOOL  IN  OPERATION. 

Thor  Pneumatic  and  Electric  Tools 

The  Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co., 
manufacturers  of  Thor  tools,  are  repre- 
sented by  Mr.  W.  H.  Rosevear,  Canadian 
manager,  and  Mr.  Gordon  McCrea,  On- 
tario manager.  The  various  types  of 
rivetting  and-  chipping  hammers  and 
drills  are  shown  in  operation  and  an 
exhibit  of  the  tools  in  sectional  form 
shows  the  complete  mechanism  to  ad- 
vantage. The  pneumatic  drills  are  equip- 
ped with  Corliss  valves,  roller  bearings 
and  pressed  vanadium  steel  pistons  and 
connecting  rods.  This  latter  construc- 
tion results  in  very  light  yet  strong 
working  parts  and  removes  much  of  the 
inertia  load  inseparable  from  recipro-' 
eating  mechanisms. 

Toledo   Scales 

Accuracy  and  dependability  coupled 
with  ease  in  manipulation  mark  the 
scales  exhibited  by  the  Toledo  Scale  Co., 
335  Yonge  St.,  Toronto,  of  whom  C.  H. 
Collins  is  the  Canadian  manager  and 
W.  E.  Davies  the  Ontario  special  repre- 
sentative. The  industrial  scales  manu- 
factured by  this  company  are  on  exhibit 
in  machinery  hall  and  the  most  interest- 
ing feature  of  the  exhibit  is  the  indus- 


'iSS 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


trial  12,000-pound  capacity,  unit  weight 
built  in  type  dormant  scale. 

This  scale  has  a  large  easily  read  dial 
graduated  up  to  2,000  pounds,  and  when 
heavier  weights  are  to  be  weighed  in- 
stead of  adding  weights  to  the  beam  by 
hand  an  automatic  mechanism  places  the 
weights  on  the  beam  pan  by  the  shift 
ing  of  a  lever.  At  the  same  time  the 
weight  in  pounds  which  is  to  be  added  to 
the  dial  indications  appears  in  large 
characters  in  a  window  on  the  dial  face. 
This  unit  weight  arrangement  adds 
■  g^reatly  to  the  sensitiveness  of  the  scale, 
the  dial  indications  reading  to  as  small 
a  figure  for  heavy  loads  as  for  small. 
Tare  beams  are  also  provided  and  if  for 
any  reason  hand  weighing  is  desired  it 
is  accomplished  by  unhooking  the  dial 
mechanism,  pl;>cing  a  weight  in  an  aux- 
iliary scale  pan  and  proceeding  as  usua'. 
in  hand  weighing. 

The  scale  platform  is  not  limited  in 
size  to  any  one  set  of  fixed  dimensions 
but  may  readily  be  adapted  to  any  con- 
ditions likely  to  be  encountered  in  prac- 
tice. Industrial  tracks  may  readily  be 
used. 

Baines  and  Peckover 

The  present  developments  in  reinforc- 
ed concrete  construction  for  factory 
buildings  and  more  especially  the  adap- 
tation of  this  constructional  material  to 
the  building  of  ships  lend  interest  to  the 
exhibit  of  concrete  reinforcement  fea- 
tured by  Baines  and  Peckover.  A  model 
of  steps  in  concrete  shows  the  steel  re- 
inforcement and  the  tie  chain  and  bar 
ties  to  advantage.  These  steps  also 
display  to  advantage  another  building 
material  handled  by  this  firm.  Feralun 
anti-slip  treads  are  incorporated  in  the 
steps  and  a  Feralun  plate  and  coal  hole 
cover  are  shown  at  the  bottom. 

This  product  is  formed  by  the  integral 
incorporation  of  an  abrasive  substance 
into  the  iron  body  of  the  tread  and  the 
resulting  surface  prevents  one  of  the 
most  common  causes  of  accidents,  that 
of  falling  on  stairs  and  the  slipping  on 
smooth  cast  iron  surfaces.  Steel-crete 
expanded  metal  machine  guards  are  also 
featured,  together  with  an  excellent  dis- 
play of  Triumph  Suberb  high  speed  tool 
steel,  cold  drawn  and  nickel  steel  bars. 

S  K  F  Ball  Bearings 

The  Canadian  S  K  F  Co.  of  Toronto 
and  Montreal,  represented  by  Gordon 
•Janes,  H.  N.  Trumbull,  A.  G.  Webster,  H. 
Brown  and  Drummond  Giles  have  an 
attractive  display  of  S  K  F  self-align- 
ing ball-bearings  and  Hess-Bright  ball 
-aftd  thrust  bearings.  Ball  bearing 
hanger  and  bent  shaft  working  models 
are  seen  in  operation  and  loaded  friction 
demonstration  apparatus  shows  the  com- 
parative ease  in  operation  of  the  ball- 
bearing over  the  ordinary  journal.  Nu- 
merous photographs,  display  literature, 
showing  applications  of  ball-bearings, 
and  the  display  of  "Atlas"  chrome  alloy 
steel  balls  in  various  stages  of  manu- 
facture form  interesting  features  of  the 
exhibit. 

Boiler  Protector  Co. 

The  National  Boiler  Protector  Com- 
pany,   24    Lombard    Building,    have    an 


exhibit  showing  their  girth  seam  patch 
and  blow-off  pipe  protectors,  together 
with  short  elbows  and  long  sleeves 
which  go  with  the  blow-off  pipe  protec- 
tor. The  exhibit  consists  of  a  complete 
girth  seam  protector  attached  to  boiler 
plate  and  a  complete  blow-off  pipe  pro- 
tector together  with  the  separate  units 
that  go  to   make   up  the  two   items. 

Oil  Burners 

The  National  Oil  Burners  and  Systems 
Limited,  Lombard  Building,  have  a  dis- 
play of  oil  burners  adaptable  to  high 
and  low  pressure  boilers.  These  oil 
burners  have. been  tried  out  for  the  last 
nine  months  and  have  given  extremely 
good  satisfaction  on  both  boilers  for 
the  generation  of  steam  and  on  metal- 
lurgical work  such  as  case  hardening 
furnaces,  heat  treating  furnaces,  and 
forging  furnaces. 

Hoskins   Electric  Furnaces 

The  increasing  appreciation  of  the 
benefits  »f  heat  treatment  and  accurate 
temperature  control  is  reflected  in  the 
exhibit  of.  Hiram  Walker  and  Sons, 
Walkerville,  who  are  handling  the  well- 
known  Hoskins  line  of  electric  and  gas 
furnaces,  pyrometer?,  pyrometer  couples 


Pratt  and  Whitney 

Special  appeal  is  made  to  the  skilled 
mechanic  and  fine  tool  maker  by  the 
Pratt  &  Whitney  exhibit  of  Canadian- 
made  cutters,  reamers,  taps,  drills,  shell 
tools  and  special  articles  of  a  similar 
nature.  The  prestige  attached  to  the 
name  is  well  upheld  by  this  exhibit, 
which  is  convincing  evidence  of  the 
possibility  of  producing  such  goods  on  a 
commercial  scale  within  the  Dominion. 

Transmission   Equipment 

Transmission  equipment  and  appara- 
tus is  featured  by  the  Dodge  line,  one 
of  the  items  of  interest  being  an  exhibit 
showing  their  wood  pulley  in  different 
stages  of  construction,  from  the  plain 
board  of  selected  lumber  to  the  perfectly 
finished  woo^l-split  pulley  seen  cii  the 
shafting. 

Pneumatic  Tools 

The  Cleveland  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  of 
Canada,  Ltd.,  are  showing  a  complete 
line  of  pneumatic  tools  and  appliances 
such  as  are  used  extensively  in  the 
.shipyards  of  Canada  and  the  United 
States.  The  new  pocket  in  head  riveting 
hammer  shown  by  this  firm  has  an  im- 
proved   valve    arrangement   which     adds 


HOSKIN     El.KCTKIi;     ItiiSlSTANCE     KUKNACE 
FOR    THE    HEAT    TREATING    OF    STEEL 


HAMMER   IN   OPERATION. 
CLEAVELAND  CHIPPING 


and  laboratory  apparatus.  Their  pro- 
duct also  includes  a  unique  product, 
Nichroloy,  a  non-ferrous  alloy  which 
possesses  marked  non-corrosive  proper- 
ties, especially  under  the  influence  of 
heat.  These  properties  are  due  to  the 
high  melting  point  of  chromium  com- 
bined with  the  high  resistance  of  nickel 
to  oxidation.  This  metal  does  not  soften 
appreciably  under  heat  as  does  cast  iron 
and  has  a  life  approximately  40  time.^ 
as  long.  Applications  already  proven 
include  carbonizing  boxes,  cyanide  cru- 
cibles, lead  pots,  barium  pots,  etc. 

It  is  of  especial  interest  to  know  that 
this  alloy  is  made  in  Canada,  together 
with  a  special  type  of  carbon  resistance 
furnace  which  is  also  displayed.  Its  sim- 
plicity of  construdtion  and  efficiency  of 
operation  render  it  particularly  adapted 
to  high  temperature  work. 


f;reatly  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  ham- 
mer and  the  pocket  in  head  construc- 
tion forms  a  reservoir  for  compressed 
air  which  increases  the  force  of  the 
blow.  A  line  of  compressed  air  drills, 
accessories  and  hose   is  also  shown. 

The  Perfect  Machinery  Co. 

The  Perfect  Machinery  Co.,  Gait,  have 
a  display  of  gear-driven  and  sensitive 
drills,  a  full  line  of  grinders  equipped 
with  both  machine  guards  and  exhaust 
hoods.  Three  types  of  hacksaws  for 
various  purposes  are  shown  and  an  18 
inch  double  back  geared  quick  change 
gear  are  shown.  12-inch  and  14-inch 
lathes  suitable  for  garage  or  engine 
work  are  also  shown.  These  lathes  arc 
an  example  of  accurate  high  grade  work- 
manship and  convenient  design.  It  is 
a  very  convenient  tool  for  machine 
shops,  experimental  shops,  trade  schools 
and     manufacturing     opticians.      These 


September  5,  1918. 


C  A  X  A  I)  I  A  N    M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


280 


lathes    are    made    with    12    and    14-iiich 
swing  and  a  6-foot  bed. 

Garlock-Walker   Machinery   Co. 

The  Garloclt-Walker  Co.  have  a  repre- 
sentative display  of  woodworking  and 
machine  tools,  band  saws,  surfacer  saw 
filing:  machine,  cutting  off  saws  forming; 
part  of  the  exhibit.  A  Lodge  and  Ship- 
ley 20-inch  selective  head  engine  lathe 
is  shown  in  operation.  This  lathe  hdi 
been  designed  for  quantity  productioi. 
and  the  mechanical  arrangement  of  (ho 
operating  details  leave  little  to  be  de- 
sired in  the  way  of  ease  in  operation. 
A  Leisy-Patton  threading  and  screw 
machine  is  also  shown. 

Electric  Motors 

Jones  and  Moore  have  a  representative 
display  of  their  various  motors  and  gen- 
erators and  of  the  American  shoe  ma- 
chine for  which  they  are  the  agents. 
This  firm  handles  a  large  stock  of  Cen- 
tury motors  for  all  conditions  of  ser- 
vice. 

Belting 

The  Main  Belting  Co.  of  Canada,  S. 
R.  Walsh  representative,  have  a  display 
of  Leviathan  and  Anaconda  belts  adapt- 
ed both  for  power  transmission  and  con- 
veyor purposes.  These  belts  are  special- 
ly impregnated  when  required  to  handle 
extremely  hot  or  abrasive  materials  and 
in  combination  with  the  conveyor  rolls 
manufactured  by  the  same  firm  give  ex- 
cellent service  under  severe  conditions. 
A  sample  of  belting  taken  from  a  belt 
80  inches  wide  and  of  300  feet  run  forms 
an  interesting  part  of  the  exhibit.  Belt 
fastenings,  dressings  and  other  mate- 
rials used  in  the  transmission  of  power 
are  also  shown. 

L'AIR  LIQUIDE  SOCIETY 

A  standard  line  of  oxy-acetylene  weld- 
ing and  cutting  apparatus  is  being 
shown  by  L'air  Liquide  Society.  Ex- 
amples are  shown  of  manufactured  arti- 
cles fabricated  by  the  welding  process, 
among  which  are  sheet  steel  welded 
transformer  cases  by  the  Packard  Elec- 
tric Co.,  bread  racks  by  the  Brantford 
Oven  and  Rack  Co.,  steel  furniture  by 
the  Office  Specialty  Co.  and  high  pres- 
sure boilei-  by  Damp  Bros. 

The  manufacture  of  welded  acetylene 
fylinders  is  being  carried  on  and  the 
welding   demonstration   of    the    soldiers' 


Civil  Re-establishment  exhibition  is  us- 
ing apparatus  of  this  company's  make. 
A  school  for  the  instruction  of  the  re- 
turned soldier  in  the  art  of  welding  and 
cutting  metals  is  being  carried  on  at 
the  company's  plant,  the  soldier  being 
given  a  six  months'  course  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  company  for  the  materials 
used  and  the  instruction  given. 

•  Canada   Machinery   Corporation 

A  fine  exhibit  of  iron  and  wood-work- 
ing tools  is  being  shown  by  the  Canada 
Machinery  Corporation,  a  26  in.  12  ft. 
bed  heavy  duty  lathe  with  quick  change 
gears  is  exhibited  and  a  recent  design 
is  seen  in  a  20  in.  crank  shaper  with 
power  down  feed  to  head.  The  drill 
presses  comprise  20  in.  back  geared 
press  and  plain  lever  drill  presses. 

In  the  wood-working  machinery 
branch  are  seen  the  new  straight  edg- 
ing and  jointing  saw;  a  new  tool  on  the 
Canadian  market  and  which  is  being 
operated;  a  variety  saw  with  band  and 
a  6  in.  four-sided  sticker.  This  exhibit 
of  made  in  Canada  machinery  is  under 
the  charge  of  Mr.  King,  who  has  the  as- 
sistance of  P.  D.  Burton,  assisted  by  Mr. 
Preston  and  H.  O'Donnel. 

Canadian  Ice  Machine   Co. 

The  Canadian  Ice  Machine  Co.  have  an 
excellent  exhibit  of  refrigerating  sup- 
plies and  materials;  fittings,  ammonia, 
calcium,  chloride  and  other  supplies  be- 
ing featured.  This  firm  are  the  manu- 
facturers of  the  York  refrigerating  sys- 
tems and  compressors,  installations  being 
made  from  %  ton  up  in  the  direct 
expansion,  absorption  or  CO.  systems, 
the  latter  being  popular  and  of  consider- 
able adaptability  for  hospital  and  ma- 
rine work. 

The  Carter  Welding   Co. 

The  Carter  Welding  Co.  are  showing 
the  Beck-Todd  spacing  machine,  a  Can- 
adian invention  used  for  the  elimination 
of  recuts  in  nicking  shell  steel.  This 
machine,  by  a  suitable  mechanism,  di- 
vides the  bar  steel  into  a  desired  num- 
ber of  pieces,  all  of  equal  length,  no 
matter  what  the  length  of  the  steel  bar 
may  be.  By  achieving  this  result  no  re- 
cutting  of  the  last  billet  is  necessary  to 
eliminate  a  short  end.  This  machine 
f  mds  its  greatest  application  in  the  nick- 


ing of  shell  steel  by  the  oxy-acetylene 
torch. 

The  oxygraph  is  shown  in  operation 
cutting  test  pieces  out  of  6  in.  shell 
billets  at  a  time  rate  of  about  two  min- 
utes per  test  piece,  the  cost  of  the  opera- 
tion being  about  seven  cents. 

High  pressure  acetylene  generators 
are  on  exhibition,  acetylene  being  gen- 
erated at  from  50  to  200  lbs.  pressure 
as  may  be  desired.  In  addition  to  a 
complete  line  of  Davis-Boumonville  cut- 
ting and  welding  torches  a  standard 
government  emergency  outfit  is  shown. 
This  outfit  of  cutting  and  welding 
torches  is  enclosed  in  a  bullet  deflecting 
case  and  large  numbers  are  being  used 
with   the   American  army  in   France. 

A  water-cooled  torch  for  heavy  work 
is  shown,  the  tip  being  water  jacketed. 

Belt  Dressing 

The  present  exhibition  marks  the 
tenth  year  for  the  Cling  Surface  Co.  at 
Machinery  Hall.  The  saving  in  power 
produced  by  this  belt  dressing  and  the 
longer  life  of  the  treated  belt  are  of  par- 
ticular importance  at  the  present  time 
in  view  of  the  wide-spread  necessity  for 
the  economical  use  of  power.  Aside 
from  the  economy  effected  in  power  the 
preservation  and  water-proofing  of  the 
belts,  the  saving  in  lacing  and  the  low- 
ering of  the  friction  load  consequent 
upon  the  permissible  slackness  of  the 
belts  are  desirable  features.  The  bell 
driving  the  lathe  demonstrating  Stellite 
has  been  treated  with  Cling-Surface. 
Mr.  J.  B.  Faati.  is  the  representative  of 
the  Cling  Surface  Co. 

Mechanical  Rubber  Goods 

The  Dunlop  Tire  and  Rubber  Co.  are 
exhibiting  their  mechanical  rubber 
goods  for  the  first  time  in  Machinery 
Hall,  Mr.  H.  C.  Austen  being  the  repre- 
sensative  in  charge.  Engineers'  supplies 
and  rubber  belting  are  featured. 

A  large  demand  has  been  created  for 
Gibraltar  Red  friction  covered  belt,  con- 
sequent upon  the  expansion  of  the  mu- 
nitions business.  This  belt  is  made  of 
heavy  canvas  duck  impregnated  with  a 
very  strong  friction.  Valve  discs  hose 
for  industrial  purposes  and  the  Gibraltar 
Red  pneumatic  tool  hose,  made  to  meet 
the  demands  of  the  shipbuilding  indus- 
try,  comprise   a   portion   of  the  exhibit. 


BOILER     PREPARED     FOR    WELDING 


BOILER    AFTER    WELD    IS    COMPLETED. 


290 


:  J 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


A.  R.  Williams  Co. 

The  A.  R.  Williams  Co.  have  an  ex- 
cellent exhibit  of  iron  and  \voodworking 
tools.  A  variety  of  drill  presses  includ- 
ing bench  drills  is  shown  and  A.  R. 
Williams,  Montreal  lathes,  and  a  Cisco 
lathe  are  being  used  to  demonstrate  the 
use  of  Stellite  in  the  exhibit  of  the  De- 
loro  Smelting  and  Refining  Co. 

Marine  interests  are  well  represented 
in  a  line  of  marine  gas  and  pumping 
engines  and  the  wood  working  tools 
shown  are  particularly  applicable  to  the 
needs  of  the  marine  industry.  A  36  in. 
Preston  handsaw  and  24  in.  Eclipse 
planer  are  on  exhibit  together  with  a 
variety  of  tilting  saw  tables  and  a  self 
feed  ripsaw  made  by  the  Preston  Ma- 
chinery Co.  The  needs  of  the  manual 
training  schools  for  instruction  lathes 
are  met  by  a  lathe  also  by  the  above 
firm  with  an  attached  motor.  A  Preston 
two-spindle  shaper  is  shown  which  is 
self  contained,  the  double  countershaft 
and  motor  being  installed  in  the  base  of 
the  machine. 

In  the  metal  working  department  a 
universal  Le  Blond  milling  machine  is 
shown  and  a  demonstration  is  being  gi- 
ven of  the  Racine  metal-cutting  saw; 
this  machcine  owing  its  excellent  cut- 
ting abilities  and  economical  use  of 
saws  to  the  arrangement  whereby  the 
saw  is  raised  from  the  work  during  the 
return  stroke.  The  excellent  exhibit  is 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Cronk  and  the 
arrangement  is  due  to  him.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  A.  R.  Williams'  exhibit  a 
demonstration  of  the  tungsten  spark 
plug  is  arranged,  the  wearing  qualities 
of  the  plug  being  due  to  the  extremely 
hard  and  refractory  material  of  which 
the  points  are  made. 

Canadian  Consolidat«d  Rubber  Co. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  industrial 
processes  is  the  turning  of  crude  rubber 
received  from  the  plantations  and  for- 
ests into  the  manifold  articles  met  with 
in  daily  life  and  anything  showing  the 
various  forms  rubber  assumes  during  its 
progress  step  by  step  through  the  fac- 
tory is  unusually  interesting  to  anyone. 
The  Canadian  Consolidated  Rubber  Co. 
are  showing  an  exhibit  of  this  kind  in 
the  process  building,  each  form  assumed 
by  the  rubber  being  shown  from  the  wild 
and  plantation  rubbers  to  the  finished 
article. 

This  company  are  also  showing  an  ex- 
cellent exhibit  of  their  mechanical  rub- 
ber goods,  featuring  their  engineers'  sup- 
plies and  belts.  The  Dominion  belt 
shown  is  a  belt  made  with  extra  strong 
friction  and  is  designed  for  severe  service 
both  in  the  transmission  of  power  and 
in  conveying  operations. 

The  Chapman  Double  Ball   Bearing  Co. 

This  company  has,  as  usual,  a  most 
attractive  exhibit  of  the  various  lines 
manufactured  by  them  in  the  center  row 
at  Machinery  Hall. 

In  addition  to  their  ball-bearing  shaft 
hangers  used  in  the  line  shafting  the 
exhibit  includes  bearings  for  all  sizes  of 
shafting  up  to  six  inches;  also  annular 
and  thrust  bearings  for  machinery,  auto- 


mobiles and  trucks.  This  latter  line  is 
a  new  development  for  the  company  and 
supplies  the  Canadian  market  with  a 
made-in-Canada  product. 

The  various  products  are  artistically 
arranged  on  pillars  mounted  on  large 
turn  table  ball  bearings  which  have  been 
manufactured  for  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way and  as  an  illustration  of  the  ex- 
tremely light  friction  load  of  the'  ball 
bearings  the  turn  tables  and  a  length  of 
ball  bearing  equipped  shafting  are 
turned  by  means  of  a  fractional  horse- 
power motor  through  thread  belting. 

The  excellent  qualities  of  these  bear- 
ings has  enabled  the  company  to  enter 
the  export  field  and  the  United  States 
market  is  supplied  by  their  Buffalo 
plant. 

Several  sizes  of  the  Universal  truck 
for  industrial  and  shop  use  are  also 
shown. 

Prest-O-Lite  Co. 

The  many  uses  to  which  oxy-acety- 
lene  welding  is  put  are  well  illustrated 
in  the  many  types  of  apparatus   shown 


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PREST-O-LITE   EQUIPMENT   BEING    USED 
WELDING  OPERATION. 

in  the  Prest-O-Lite  display.  The  exhibit 
comprises  all  their  various  welding  and 
cutting  torches,  including  a  small  in- 
strument for  jewellers'  and  dentists'  use. 

Particular  attention  is  drawn  to  the 
use  of  dissolved  acetylene  for  welding 
purposes  and  the  convenience  of  this  ap- 
paratus for  lighting  large  areas  where 
construction  work  is  being  carried  on 
is  especially  commended. 

D.  K.  McLaren,  Limited 

This  company  represented  by  Mr.  W. 
S.  Hamilton,  sales  manager,  are  exhibit- 
ing their  line  of  single  and  double  leather 
beltings,  together  with  the  waterproof 
varieties.  Canvas  balata  impregnated 
belting  is  also  shown.  D.  K.  Wood  split 
pulleys,  which  are  shown  in  various  sizes, 
are  constructed  of  carefully  selected 
materials,  air  dried  for  months  and  kiln 
dried  before  being  made  up.  The  spokes 
are  built  up  of  white  oak  carefully  se- 
cured  into  the  rim. 

The  Philips  pressed  steel  split  pulley. 


for  which  this  firm  are  the  sole  Can- 
adian selling  agents,  is  another  line 
which  has  met  with  a  wide  sale.  The 
hub  is  made  of  cast  iron,  bored  to  a 
perfect  fit  and  is  clamped  by  four  hub 
bolts.  The  spider  is  heavy  sheet  steel 
and  is  riveted  to  the  hub.  The  rim  formed 
from  sheet  steel  is  flanged  in  on  both 
edges  the  sheet  extending  back  to  the 
center  where  it  is  bent  at  right  angles 
and  forms  a  central  rib  to  which  the 
spider  is  riveted. 

An  interesting  set  of  photographs  ol 
a  leather  belt  recently  completed  for 
main  drive  purposes  is  on  view.  This 
belt  is  unusual  in  that  it  is  made  of  four 
plies,  the  dimensions  of  the  belt  being 
110  ft.  x  24  in.  width.  The  belt  is  water- 
proofed. 

Mill  supplies  for  the  carding,  spin- 
ning, weaving  and  hosiery  trades  are 
also  featured. 

Dodge  Manufacturing  Co. 
This  company  have  an  excellent  dis- 
play of  standard  transmission  machin- 
ery exhibiting  their  shaft  hangers,  con- 
veying apparatus,  wood  and 
iron  split  pulleys.  The  vari- 
ous steps  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  the  wood  split  pulley 
are  shown.  The  method  of 
jointing  segments  by  means 
of  dove-tailed  glued  joints, 
the  building  up  of  the  la- 
minations into  the  completed 
rim  and  the  method  of  at- 
taching the  pulley  arms  to 
the  rim  being  clearly  shown. 
The  construction  adopted 
permits  the  turning  of  the 
inside  of  the  rim.  The  rim 
is  finished  with  a  special 
filler  and  varnish  which  se- 
cure a  very  durable  surface 
and  one  which  reduces  belt 
slip  to  a  minimum. 

The    West    Toronto    Foundry 

Eclipse  shaking  and  dump- 

IN  ing   grater   are  being   shown 

by    this    firm    in    Machinery 

Hall,   the    ease    of   operation 

and    the    fuel    economy    resulting    from 

their  use  being  especially  commendable. 

The  Mac  8  syphon  for  isolated  sewage 

disposal  plants  is  another  product  shown 

that   finds    a    particular   application     on 

farms  or  other  places  where  septic  tanks 

are  installed.    No  moving  parts  are  used, 

the  intermittent  action  of  the  syphon  de- 


pending on  an  air  seal. 


Thomas  J.  Brown  has  been  reappoint- 
ed to  his  former  position  as  general 
superintendent  of  the  Sydney  Mines  of 
the  Nova  Scotia  Steel  and  Coal  Co.  This 
appointment  was  one  of  the  first  official 
acts  of  D.  H.  McDougall  as  president 
of  the  Nova  Scotia  Steel  and  Coal  Co. 
His  new  duties  will  involve  the  manage- 
ment of  the  steel  plant  in  addition  to 
both  collieries.  It  is  understood  that 
Thomas  H.  Hartigan  will  also  resume 
his  former  position  at  the  Scotia  works 
as  assistant  to  Mr.  Brown. 


September  5,  1918. 


291 


Representation  of  Screw  Threads  and  Dimensioning 

Proper  Delineation  of  Screw  Threads  fs  an  Important  Detail  in 
Connection  With  Mechanical  Drawing,  and  Accurate  Dimensions 

Are  Very  Essential 


RE  P  R  E  S  ENTATION  of  screw 
threads  in  mechanical  drawings  is 
a  subject  worthy  of  rather  detailed 
<-onsideration.  It  is  seldom  that  a  me- 
chanical drawing  does  not  show  thread 
of  some  sort  or  other.  If  a  man  who 
makes  many  drawings  would  reckon  the 
number  of  screw  threads  which  he  ren- 
ders in  a  year,  he  would  find  the  value 
much  greater  than  would  be  anticipat- 
ed. It  is,  therefore,  extremely  desir- 
able, both  from  the  standpoint  of  good 
economics  and  good  appearance,  to  learn 
at  the  start  the  best  methods  of  show- 
ing  screw   threads   on   drawings. 

The  applications  of  the  screw  threads 
of  the  different  types  will  not  be  con- 
sidered in  detail  herein.  That  is,  it  is 
not  proposed  to  discuss  exhaustively  the 
relative  merits  of  the  threads  of  the 
different  designs.  Treatises  on  machine 
design  cover  this  subject.  It  will  be 
assumed  that  the  reader  understands 
something  of  the  applications  of  the  dif- 
ferent threads.  Hence,  in  the  following 
discussion,  the  methods  of  delineating 
will  be  given  primary  consideration. 

Screw   Thread  Forms 

The  different  forms  of  screw  threads 
which  are  in  common  use  are  shown  in 
Figs.  1  to  5  inclusive.  Fig.  6  defines 
graphically  the  names  of  the  parts  of  a 
thread.  The  pitch,  P  ((Fig.  6),  is  equal 
to  1 -f-  (number  of  threads  per  inch).  For 
example,  a  1-2  pitch  on  a  screw  means 
that  it  has  12  threads  per  inch.  The  V4 
pitch  shown  in  Fig.  6  means  that  that 
screw  has  four  threads  per  inch.  Some 
of  the  important  pictorial  characteris- 
tics of  the  screw  threads  of  the  different 
types  will  be  discussed  in  sections  which 
follow. 


is  definitely  specified.  This  form  is  also 
known  as  the  Franklin  Institute  stan- 
dard and  the  Sellers  standard.  As  de- 
tailed in  Fig.  1,  the  sides  of  the  groove 
cut  from  the  mateuial  to  .fcjrm  the 
tliread  are  inclined  to  one  another  at  an 
angle  of  60  degrees.  The  crest  of  the 
thread  is  cut  off  for  a  distance  equal  to 
one-eighth  of  the  height  and  the  bot- 
tom or  root  is  filled  in  for  this  distance. 
This  flattening  of  the  crest  and  root 
increases  the  strength  of  the  thread 
and  renders  it  less  likely  to  become 
jnutilated  by  rough  treatment.  While 
a  true  U.  S.  standard  thread  is  actually 
turned  with  a  flattened  crest  and  root 
as  shown  in  Fig.  1,  these  flat  surfaces 
are  seldom  if  ever  shown  on  mecTianical 
drawings. 

The  "Sharp"  V  thread  is  detailed  in 
Fig.  2.  The  only  difference  between 
this  and  the  U.  S.  standard  is  that  the 
crest  and  root  are  not  flattened.  In  spite 
of  the  fact  that  the  U.  S.  standard  is 
the  better  type  from  every  standpoint, 
the  "sharp"  V  thread  is  utilized  fre- 
quently, although  it  is  probable  that 
its  applications  are  continually  decreas- 
ing in  number. 

The  Square  thread  (Fig.  3)  has  all 
of  its  faces  at  right  angles  to  one  an- 
other. I  This  type  of  threads  finds  its 
principal  application  in  the  transmission 
of  motion  or  force  for  which  purposes  it 
is  better  adapted  than  are  the  V  threads. 
Examples  of  applications  of  the  square 
thread  may  bg  found  on  the  feed  screws 
of  metal  turning  lathes  and  on  the  screw 
of  an  ordinary  letter  press.  The  "Acme" 
thread  (Fig.  4)  and  the  "Whitworth" 
thread    (Fig.   5)    are  used    occasionally. 

Briggs  pipe  threads  (Fig.  7)  are  stan- 
dard  in   this  country  for  threading  the 


•md  the  root  of  the  threads  are  not  in- 
clined at  an  angle  but  are  horizontal. 
Also  note  that  each  line  does  not  extent! 
entirely  across  the  pipe.  On  large  draw- 
ings  or  where  for  some  reason  the  time 


FIGS.  l-.>— FORMS  OF  THREADS  IN  GENERAL  USE. 


The  United  States  standard  thread 
(Fig.  1)  is  the  one  which  is  used  much 
more  frequently  than  any  of  the  others 
and  is,  so  it  is  ordinarily  understood, 
the  type   to  be  used  unless   some   other 


ends  of  pipes  which  screw  into  tapped 
holes  or  couplings.  These  threads  may 
be  represented  by  the  conventional 
method  detailed  in  Fig.  7  at  I.  Note  that 
the  parallel  lines  representing  the  crest 


FIG.    7— PIPE    THREAD. 

expenditure  involved  is  justified  Briggs 
pipe  threads  can  be  rendered  as  at  II. 
in  Fig.  7.  It  is  seldom,  however,  that 
such  a  detailed  picture  is  necessary  on  a 
mechanical  drawing.  It  should  be  not- 
ed particularly  that  the  pipe  thread 
tapers  so  that  as  the  thread  is  screwed 
into  a  coupling  or  tapped  hole  it  wedges 
itself  tightly.  This  taper  should  be 
shown  on  the  drawing  if  it  is  large 
enough  to  warrant  it. 

Right-hand  threads  and  left-hand 
threads  differ  from  one  another  in  that 
an  object  which  is  threaded  with  a  right- 
hand  thread  moves  longitudinally  away 
from  the  person  who  is  turning  it  when 
it  is  turned  in  the  direction  in  which 
the  hands  of  a  clock  rotate;  that  is,  in 
a  clockwise  direction.  A  left-hand  thread 
moves  away  when  it  is  turned  in  a  coun- 
ierclockwlse  direction.  The  applications 
of  left-hand  threads  are  relatively  very 
few.  Where  they  occur  on  a  drawing 
they  should  be  marked  distinctly  LH, 
and  the  rendering  of  the  thread  should 
also,  in  accordance  with  one  of  the 
methods  to  be  described,  be  such  that  it 
will  indicate  that  it  is  a  left-hand  thread. 
Note  that  the  lines  representing  a  right- 
band  thread  (assuming  that  the  thread- 
ed rod  lies  in  a  vertical  position)  slope 
up  from  left  to  right  as  shown  in  Fig. 
8,  while  the  lines  of  a  left-hand  thread 
(Fig.  9)  slope  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion. 

Thread  Representation 

The  methods  of  representing  V 
threads  will  now  be  considered.  When 
:he  diameter  of  a  bolt  or  the  diameter 
of  the  hole  in  a  nut,  as  it  is  plotted 
on  the  sheet,  scales  more  than  1  inch, 
the  methods  illustrated  in  Figs.  8  and 
10  may  be  employed  on  drawings  where 
attractive  appearance  is  an  important 
factor.  Where  the  diameter  (as  it  scales 
on  the  sheet)  is  less  than  1  inch  and 
greater  than  3/16  inch,  the  method  of 
Fig.  11  or  12  is  employed.  In  fact, 
these  methods  (Figs.  11  and  12)  are  or- 
dinarily used  on  shop  drawings  even 
where  the  diameter  of  the  threaded  part 


292 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N   M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


scales  Kreater  than  1  inch.  The  differ- 
ence between  the  rendering  of  Figs.  11 
and  12  is  that  in  Fig.  11  the  thread  lines 
are  inclined,  while  in  Fig.  12  they  are 
horizontal.  Where  threaded  objects, 
which  scale  less  than  3/16  inch  in  dia- 
meter  on    the   sheet,   are   to   be   shown, 


IS  given  in  detail  in  Fig.  24.  A  com- 
parison of  this  with  the  data  given  in 
Fig.  4  will  indicate  why  the  representa- 
tion of  Fig.  24  is  desirable.  It  is  to  be 
understood  that  the  nut  of  Fig.  24  is 
threaded  for  part  of  its  length  for  a 
right-hand   thread   and   for  the   remain- 


-    -^ 

// 

■^^ 

vV 

; 

\\ 

-..-^Z 

\ 

\y 

-^'-^ 

in^^ 

i 

Jj 

vS. 

^/ 

t 

'-^, 

\ 

J 

FIGS.   8-12- -CONVENTIONAL   METHODS   OF   SHOWING   THEADS. 


the  delineation  suggested  in  Fig.  13  may 
be  utilized.  With  this  method,  the 
thread  lines  do  not  extend  entirely  across 
the  width  of  the  object.  A  threaded 
rod  with  a  tapped  hole  in  its  end  can 
often  be  shown  effectively  in  section,  as 
detailed  in  Fig.  14. 

The  double  thread  is  one  which  is 
really  a  combination  of  two  threads  on 
one  screw  (Fig.  15).  A  double-threaded 
bolt  advances  twice  as  far  per  revolu- 
tion as  does  a  similar  single-threaded 
bolt.  See  also  Fig.  22  for  a  double 
right-hand    square    thread. 

In  drawing  pictures  of  V  threads  like 
that  of  Fig.  8  for  example,  there  is  a 
certain  procedure  (Fig.  16)  which  should 
be  followed.  At  A  is  represented  the 
first  step.  Note  that  the  measurements 
for  the  thread  lines  are  made  only  along 
one  side  of  the  rectangle  upon  which  the 
thread  lines  are  to  be  shown.  Then  by 
sliding  a  triangle  along  a  straight-edge 
which  has  been  sloped  slightly,  the 
parallel  lines  representing  the  thread 
crests  can  be  drawn.  The  slope,  as 
shown  at  A,  of  each  crest  line  equals 
%  of  the  pitch  for  a  single  thread.  The 
next  step  is  (B)  to  draw  lines  of  60 
degrees  in  one  direction  from  the  end 
of  each  of  the  thread  crest  lines.  Next, 
as  at  C,  a  60-degree  line  is  drawn  in 
the  other  direction  from  the  end  of  each 
thread  crest  line.  Then  to  complete  the 
screw,  the  lines  representing  the  roots  of 
the   threads  are  drawn   in. 

The  representation  of  square  threads 
will  now  be  considered.  The  actual  ap 
pearance  of  the  square  thread  bolt  and 
nut  is  that  given  in  Figs.  17  and  18. 
Two  helices,  one  representing  the  out- 
side face  edge  and  the  other  the  root 
of  the  thread,  are  required  in  this  pic- 
torial representation  if  it  is  to  be  ren- 
dered accurately.  However,  it  is  sel- 
dom that  such  procedure  is  desirable  as 
the  conventional  rendering  of  Figs.  19 
and  20  conveys  the  idea  adequately.  A 
left  hand  square  thread  can  be  rendered 
as  diagrammed  in  Fig.  21  and  double 
and  triple  right-hand  square  threads  as 
'.x\  Figs.  22  and  23  respectively. 

The  representation  of  the  Acme  thread 


der  of  its  length  for  a  left-hand  thread. 
Importance  of  Dimensions 

The  dimensions  are  probably  the  most 
important  element  of  a  working  draw- 
ing because  without  them  the  sheet 
would,  obviously,  be  useless.  A  roughly- 
executed  sketch,  if  properly  dimensioned, 
will  convey  its  story  effectively.  But  if 
the  most  deftly-executed  drawing  is  im- 
properly dimensioned,  it  will  be  worth- 
less  and   may  make   no   end   of  trouble. 


r-<2. 


FIG.   13.        FIG.   14.        FIG.   15.        FIG.    16. 

CONVENTIONAL  METHOD  OF  ILLUSTRATING 

THREADS. 

As  used  here,  the  ^rm  "dimension" 
comprehends  not  only  the  digits  or  fig- 
ures indicating  inches  or  other  units  of 
measurement,  but  also  the  arrow-heads 
(sometimes  called  barbs),  the  lines  in 
which  the  dimensions  are  inserted  and 
also  frequently  some  notation.  By  nota- 
tion is  meant  any  symbol  or  sign  which 


ately  this  obvious  rule  is  often  violated. 
It  is  imperative  that  the  figures  be  of 
such  size  and  so  located  that  they  can 
be  easily  read.  The  arrow  heads  should 
be  carefully  placed  so  that  there  can  be 
no  mistake  as  to  the  extent  of  the  di- 
mension. Furthermore,  the  outline  of 
the  drawing  should  not  be  "marred"  by 
any  dimension.  That  is,  no  figure  should 
touch  or  intersect  the  outline  of  the  obr 
ject.  The  dimension  lines  should  be 
light  so  that  there  will  be  great  con- 
trast between  the  outline  and  the  dimen- 
sion lines,  the  outline  lines  being  much 
more  prominent.  In  general,  it  is  desir- 
able where  possible  to  place  the  dimen- 
sions outside  of  the  views.  Opinion  dif- 
fers as  to  the  most  desirable  form  of 
arrowhead.  The  long  slim  form  shown 
in  Fig.  25  is  preferred  by  some  drafts- 
men and  is  probably  as  good  as  any, 
although  a  number  of  organizations  in- 
sist on  the  use  of  an  arrow-head  which 
is  "short  and  fat"  resembling  the  Roman 
letter   V. 

Good  and  bad  practice  in  dimension- 
ing are  pictured  graphically  in  Figs. 
25  and  26.  From  a  superficial  exam- 
ination it  is  apparent  that  the  drawing 
of  Fig.  26  is  much  easier  to  "read"  than 
is  that  of  Fig.  25,  although  both  of  them 
show  the  same  object  and  the  same  di- 
mensions. "The  List  of  Errprs"  given 
under  Fig.  25  recites  the  features  in 
which  that  illustration  is  incorrect.  The 
number  preceding  each  item  in  the  list 
corresponds  to  an  identification  number 
located   within  a  circle  in  Fig.  25. 

■''      Rules    which    should    be    observed    in 
dimensioning  drawings  are  given  in  the 

B  following   list.     While   this   is   not   com- 
plete, it  certainly  includes  the  more  im- 

C  portant   cautions. 

1.  The  dimension  should  represent  the 
finished  size  of  the  piece. 

2.  The  dimension  should  be  WTitten  so 
as  to  be  read  from  the  bottom  or  righi, 
side  of  the  sheet.  Some  drafting  rooms 
follow  the  practice  of  writing  all  di- 
mensions horizontally. 

3.  The  figures  of  a  dimension  should 
when  convenient  be  placed  in  a  space 
near  the  centre  of  the  dimension  line. 

4.  The  figures  should  be  placed  so  that 
the  line,  if  extended,  would  pass  through 
the  centre  of  them. 

5.  Fractions  are  to  be  made  w-ith  a 
horizontal    line   between   numerator   and 


FIGS.   17-23^REPRESENTATION   OF  SQUARE  THREADS. 


may  be  required  to  denote  certain  quan- 
tities. Examples  of  such  symbols  are: 
'  (ft.  or  min.),  "  (in.  or  sec),  '  (deg.), 
etc.,  etc.  Dimensions  should  be  so  plac- 
ed that  there  can  be  no  confusion  in  in- 
terpreting   their    meanings.      Unfortun- 


denominator.  This  division  mark  is  td 
be  made  free-hand.  The  fraction  should 
be  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  higfl 
as  the  whole  numbers,  as  shown  in  th« 
example  of  Fig.  27a. 

6.  In     general,     give     dimensions     14 


September  5,  1918. 


CANADIANMACHINERY 


293 


inches  up  to  2  feet — over  2  feet,  write 

2  ft.  3"  or  2'  3".  The  form  2  ft.  3"  is 
the  surest  method  and  is  to  be  recom- 
mended.     36-%    in.    should    be    written 

3  ft.  V2". 


FIG.   24— THE   ACME   THREAD. 

7.  Make  figures  large  enough  to  be 
read    easily — distinctly    plain   and    open. 

8.  The  extension  lines  between  which 
the  dimension  is  placed  should  be  a 
light  line  extending  from  corners,  etc., 
between  which  the  distance  is  desired. 
The  extension  line  should  not  touch  the 
object  being  dimensioned — leave  space 
of  1/32"  as  in  Fig.  27b. 

9.  A  series  of  dimensions  should  be 
given  in  a  straight  line — not  staggered. 
(See  Fig.  27c  and  d  respectively.) 

10.  With  each  series  of  dimensions, 
especially  if  they  altogether  total  to 
the  size  of  object,  there  should  be  given 
a  corresponding  over-all  dimension. 

11.  It  is  well  where  possible  to  place 
dimensions  between  views.  They  are 
easily  found  there. 

12.  It  is  bad  policy  to  repeat  a  dimen- 
sion in  two  or  more  views;  it  might 
sometime  be  changed  in  one  view  and 
neglected   in   others. 

13.  When  a  circle  is  complete,  the  dia- 
meter is  the  better  dimension  to  give. 
Radii  should  be  given  only  for  arcs. 

14.  When  the  diameter  of  a  circle  is 
given  across  the  circle,  the  dimension 
line  must  pass  through  the  centre  of  the 
circle. 

15.  The  dimension  of  the  radius  of  an 
arc  must  have  the  dimension  line  ex- 
tending toward  the  pivot  centre  of  the 
arc.     (Fig.  27e,  f,  and  g). 

16.  The  arrow-head  is  on  the  end 
touching  the  curve — never  on  each  end  of 
the  radius. 

17.  When  a  circular  view  is  omitted, 
the  diameter  should  be  accompanied  by 
"Dia."  or  "D";  (Fig.  27h  and  i). 

18.  Never  allow  a  dimension  line  to 
extend  along  a  centre  line. 

19.  Never  allow  a  figure  of  the  dimen- 
sion to  touch  a  line  of  the  drawing. 

20.  Do  not  place  a  dimension  on  cross- 
hatching  unless  necessary.  If  necessary 
leave  cross-hatching  out  around  the  fig- 
ures.    (Fig.  27j). 

21.  Dimensions  should  not  be  given 
between  invisible  outlines,  since  these 
lines  are  usually  uncertain. 

22.  Do  not  crowd  dimensions— ithey 
become  confusing. 


23.  Never  show  a  finished  surface  lo- 
cated from  a  rough  cast  surface. 

24.  In  contemplated  objects  it  is  often 
advisable  to  give  dimensions  -from  centre 
lines. 

25.  Select  dimensions  so  that  the  shop 
man  will  not  have  to  add  or  subtract. 
He  may  make  a  mistake. 

26.  If  it  is  possible  to  locate  a  requir- 
ed point  from  two  finished  surfaces,  or 
centre  lines,  do  so  in  preference  to  giv- 
ing an  angular  dimension. 

27.  If  too  little  room  is  allowed  be- 
tween extension  lines  for  arrow-heads 
and  figures,  the  arrow-heads  should  be 
placed  on  the  outside  of  the  extension 
line,  or  the  figures  may  be  placed  out- 
side. 

28.  All  dimensions  should  be  placed 
where  they  may  be  quickly  and  readily 
found. 

29.  The  figures  should  be  placed  where 
they  may  be  easily  erased  without  dis- 
turbing the  other  lines  of  the  drawing 
or  where  they  may  be  duplicated  with 
correction.  (Fig.  27k). 

30.  Usually  the  scale  of  the  drawing 
should  be  placed  on  the  sheet. 

31.  Where  very  close  work  is  re- 
quired, the  values  of  the  limit  dimen- 
sions should  be  decimals  indicating  the 
exact  dimension  or  limits  between  which 
th;  work  must  caliper.  (Fig.  271,  n  and 
m).  (Refer  to  Sect  following  on  lim- 
its). 


32.  When  a  dimension  is  indicated  by 
a  leader,  usually  the  leader  ends  with 
a  half-arrow.  The  leader  should  be 
made  mechanically,  barb  free-hand.  (Fig. 
27o  and  p). 

33.  The  leader  should  be  drawn  in  such 
a  direction  that  the  dimension  or  note 
may  be  horizontal  or  vertical,  never 
oblique.    (Fig.   27q  and   r). 

34.  The  figures  and  notes  should  be 
kept  uniform  in  size,  %-inch  high  is 
good  height  for  ordinary  work  for  the 
digits. 

35.  Figures  along  a  diameter  or  radius 
change  direction  on  a  line  sloping  60 
deg.  to  the  left  through  the  centre  of 
the  circle.  (Fig.  27s). 

36.  Never  write  figures,  print  them. 

37.  When  there  is  a  group  of  dimen- 
sions the  shortest  should  be  inside,  long- 
est outside.   (Fig.  27t). 

38.  Check  over-all  dimensions  by  com- 
putation as  well  as  by  scaling. 

39.  When  dimensioning  a  tapered  ob- 
ject give  taper  per  foot  of  length. 

40.  When  threaded  pieces  and  tapped 
holes  are  dimensioned  by  giving  the  dia- 
meter, the  dimensions  may  be  given  by 
giving  the  diameter  and  the  number  of 
threads  per  inch.   (Fig.  27u  and  v). 

Limits  and  Tolerance 

The  specification  of  limits  becomes 
of  great  importance  on  modern  mechan- 
ical drawings  of  parts.     Frequently  the 


FIG.    25— INCORRECT    METHOD    OF    DIMENSIONING. 

LIST   OF   ERRORS   IN   DIMENSIONING  FIG.  25. 
1 — ^Cross  on  "f"  should  be   outside. 

2 — Extension    line    should    not    cross    dimension    line    (Rule    37). 

3 — Measurement  should  not  be  taken  from  rough   cast  surface   (Rule  23)   and  dimen- 
sion  too   low   (Rule   4). 
4--Horizontal   line   should   be   between   5  and   8   (Rule   5). 
6 — End  leader  with  half  arrow  (Rule  32).     It  would  look  better  to  extend  in   opposite 

direction. 
6 — Dimension  should  not  be  on  cross  hatching  (Rule  20). 
7 — Awkward  location. 

8 — Dimension   line   should   be  at  right  angles   to   boundaries   under   consideration. 
9 — Figures  face  wrong  direction   (Rule  2). 
10 -Figures   crowded   and   touching  outline   (Rules  19  and   29). 
11 — Bad    judgment   in    placing   dimension.      Should    be    on    other    view. 
12--Uadlus    line    should    point    toward    center    (Rule    15). 
13 — Figure    in    poor    location.      Better    near    center    (Rule    3).      Dimension    uncertain 

(Rule  21). 
14 — Dimension    too    high.     Dimension   line    should   be    in    line   with   center   of   fraction 

(Rule   4).     Should  be  diameter   (Rule   13). 
15 — Dimension  line  should  not  extend  along  center  line   (Rule  18). 
16 — Dimension    line    should    pass    through    center    of   circle    (Rule    14)    and    dimension 

misleading. 
17 — Figures    should    read    with    center    line    (Rules    4    and    35).      Dimension    uncertain 

(Rule    21). 
18 — Bad.     Figures,  should   not   touch   any   line    (Rule   19). 
19— Arrow-head   should   be   omitted   (Rule   16). 
20  —Arrow-heads  sp^-ead  too  much. 
21 — Written   figures    do   not   look   well    (Rule   36). 


294 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


exact  size  of  the  parts  which  should  fil  1.2480' 
toKether  is  not  considered  by  the  drafts- 
man.   For  example,  if  a  pulley  is  to  run 
idle  on  a  shaft,  the  diameter  of  the  shaft 
may  be  specified  as  IVi"  and  the  hole  in 


.  If  it  is  understood  that 
—  .0005" 
the    permissible    variation    was    0.0005", 
then  1.248"  =F  might  be  a  sufficient  speci- 
fication.    Sometimes  it  might  be  desir- 


FIG.    26— CORRHXTT  METHOD    OF   DIMENSIONING. 

able  that  the  dimension 


the  pulley  also  as  1-%".  It  is  obvious, 
however,  that  if  both  the  hole  and  the 
shaft  are  exactly  l-M'  the  one  cannot 
fit  into  the  other,  much  less  rotate  on  it 
without  excessive  friction.  In  fact, 
there  should  be  a  clearance  of  about 
0.002"  to  insure  satisfactory  operation. 
Again,  if  a  gear  is  to  be  fitted  on  to  a 
shaft  permanently,  it  may  be  desirable 
to  have  a  "force  fit."  That  is,  it  may 
be  desirable  to  force  the  gear  on  to  the 
shaft  which  is  to  carry  it  with  a  hydrau- 
lic press.  If  such  is  the  case,  the  shaft 
should  be  at  least  0.0005"  larger  than 
the  hole. 

Many  concerns  have  standardized 
"limit"  requirements  which  are  always 
followed  for  their  drawings  and  con- 
struction. Other  concerns  do  not  speci- 
fy limits.  Since,  however,  it  is  a  fact 
that  quantity  production  work  cannot 
be  absolutely  exact  as  to  dimension  and 
that  the  different  shop  men  have  dif- 
ferent opinions,  it  is  certainly  better 
to  specify  different  limits  or  give  "tol- 
erances" for  dimensions  of  parts  that 
fit  together.  This  is  particularly  true 
of  important  parts. ' 

For  example,  for  a  running  fit  the 
shaft  diameter  should  be  a  certain 
amount  smaller  than  the  hole  diameter. 
Thus  the  shaft  diameter  dimension  may 

1.2475" 
read  •    This  means  that"  the  dia- 

1.2485" 
meter  of  the  shaft  when  measured  with 
micrometer  calipers  must  lie  between 
these  limits.  Again  for  a  "force  fit"  the 
shaft  should  be  larger  than  the  hole. 
Hence,  for  a  force  lift  the  limits  for 
the  diameter  of  the  shaft  might  be 
1.2505" 

.    It  is  assumed  that  the  hole  is 
1.2510" 
to   be    reamed   'standard    size — e^iactly 

1-%-. 

Another  method  of  writing  limits  is 
to    specify    the    permissible    variation. 

1.2475 
On    this    basis    the    limits    for 

1.2485 
might  be  written   1.2480*     ±.0005",  or 
-f  .0005" 


of  a  finished 
piece  be  greater  rather  than  less  than 
the  dimension  specified  on  the  drawing. 
Such  a  preference  might  be  expressed 
by  l-ViA-  or  vice  versa  1-M — . 


It  is  always  desirable  that  the  limits 
be  specified  in  the  drafting  room  rather 
than  to  leave  these  things  to  the  man  in 
the  shop.  If  limits  are  not  specified  on 
the  drawing  the  shop  man  must,  before 
he  can  proceed,  have  a  knowledge  of 
how  the  parts  assemble.  To  acquire  this 
knowledge  may  involve  an  expenditure 
of  time  which  could,  partially  at  any 
rate,  have  been  saved  if  the  limits  were 
originally  specified  in  the  drawing  room. 
Furthermore,  the  draftsman  has  for  con- 
sultation his  handbooks,  references  and 
standard  specifications.  He  is  in  a  much 
better  position  to  determine  the  desir- 
able tolerances  than  is  the  shop  man 
The  Brown  and  Sharpe  Manufacturing 
Company  of  Providence,  R.I.,  has  de- 
veloped a  system  of  limits  for  various 
purposes  which,  in  practice,  work  out 
very  satisfactorily  and  which  may  be 
found  in  various  handbooks.  It  is  true 
that  before  limits  can  be  specified  in- 
telligently the  draftsman  must  have  a 
good  working  knowledge  of  shop  opera- 
tions and  of  the  accuracy  of  operation 
of  which  the  various  machine  tools  are 
capable.  He  must  also  understand  some- 
thing of  the  characteristics  of  the  mat 
in  the  plant  where  the  piece  is  to  be 
machined  and  of  the  shop  equipment 
therein. 


FIG.   27— FUNDAMENTALS   OF  DRAWING   DIMENSIONING. 


September  5,  1918. 


295 


Vancouver  Firms  Pool  Engine  and  Boiler  Orders 

One  Order  For  Twelve  Boilers  and  Twenty-four  Engines  Amount- 
ing to  Well  Over  Half  Million-Big  Chance  Fo^r  Develop" ng 
Carrying  Trade  Between  Canada  and  Eastern  Countries 


BUSINESS  amounting  to  between 
a  half  and  three-quarters  of  a 
million  dollars  was  placed  with 
Eastern  Canada  concerns  for  contractors 
working  on  French  merchant  marine  or- 
ders at  the  Pacific  Coast.  J.  A.  Mc- 
Culloch,  of  Vancouver,  acting  for  three 
firms  at  the  coast,  has  been  in  Ontario 
for  the  past  few  days  in  connection 
with  this  work.  His  trip  East  had  to  do 
with  a  new  form  of  buying  that  has 
been  found  satisfactory,  viz.,  the  pool- 
ing of  orders  and  the  appointing  of  one 
purchasing  agent   to   place   them   all. 

Mr.  McCuUoch  has  been  closely  con- 
nected with  the  munitions  and  ship- 
building business  for  some  time  in  the 
West.  His  first  experience  was  in  the 
munitions  business  at  Winnipeg,  he  hav- 
ing gone  to  the  coast  two  years  ago, 
and  since  then  has  followed  the  busi- 
ness of  ship  construction  very  closely 
from   an   engineering   standpoint. 

A   Busy   Place   Now 

"Shipbuilding  has  made  the  Pacific 
Coast  a  busy  place,"  remarked  Mr.  Mc- 
CuUoch to  this  paper.  "It  looks  right 
now  as  though  the  work  in  hand  would 
guarantee  that  we  would  be  well  engaged 
for  a  year  or  eighteen  months  yet  if 
nothing  more  turns  up."  Mr.  McCul- 
loch  represented  on  his  buying  trip  the 
Northern  Construction  Co.,  of  Van- 
couver, the  New  Westminster  Engineer- 
ing and  Construction  Co.,  and  the  Pa- 
cific Construction  Co.  of  Coquitlam. 
These  companies  have  French  orders 
now,  12  vessels  in  all.  They  are  1,500 
ton  French  cargo  boats,  205  feet  long, 
40  ft.  beam,  twin  vertical,  surface  con- 
densing engines  of  275  indicated  horse 
power.  Mr.  McCulloch's  special  busi- 
ness was  the  placing  of  the  orders  for 
the  12  boilers  and  the  24  engines  need- 
ed for  this  work. 

Can   Buy  Better 

"We  thought  before,  and  we  know  now 
for  sure  that  we  can  do  better  buying 
in  this  way  than  by  each  of  the  con- 
cerns sending  a  man  down  here  to  look 
for  shop  capacity  to  turn  out  the  boil- 
ers and  engines  that  will  be  required. 
If  a  man  came  into  the  East  now  with 
an  order  for  ^  boiler  and  a  couple  of  en- 
gines he  would  get  a  very  scant  hear- 
ing and  delivery  would  be  absolutely  a 
matter  of  convenience  to  the  shop 
handling  the  business.  When  a  person 
can  go  to  the  makers  of  boilers  and 
engines  and  say,  'Here  is  an  order  for 
twelve  boilers  and  24  engines,'  we  finii 
that  we  can  in  this  way  secure  the  un- 
divided attention  of  the  shop  and  de- 
liveries are  better.  This  allows  us  to 
proceed  at  once  with  the  construction 
of  the  vessels,  and  rush  them  along  to 


the  stage  where  they  will  be  ready  for 
the  fittings  to  be  placed  in  them.  We 
know  that  a  shipment  will  be  coming 
along  every  month  or  so  and  this  will 
fit  in  very  nicely  with  our  plans  at 
the  coast.  Building  ships  is  like  mak- 
ing munitions.  You  don't  want  stuff 
piled  up.  You  want  to  get  a  nice  even 
flow  of  the  necessary  material  to  your 
yards  just  the  same  as  keeping  shells 
going  through  the  various  operations  in 
a  machine  shop. 

Who  Gets  the  Work? 

The  contracts  were  placed  by  Mr.  Mc- 
CuUoch as  follows: 

The  Allis-Chalmers  got  10  engines,  of 
the  type  mentioned  above,  while  Goldie- 
McCulloch  of  Gait  will  furnish  14  of  the 
same  type,  275  indicated  horse  power. 

The  first  order  for  boilers  was  placed 
with  the  International  Engineering 
Works  of  Amherst,  N.S.,  the  remainder 
having  not  been  settled  when  Mr.  Mc- 
CuUoch was  preparing  to  leave,  but  this 
contract  he  expected  to  place  before  go- 
ing west.  In  all  the  business  was  be- 
tween a  half  and  three-quarters  of  a 
million.  Delivery  will  be  made  as  far 
as  possible  to  coincide  with  the  progress 
of  construction  at  the  coast.  The  con- 
tractors with  the  French  government 
rely  on  the  fact  that  the  work  is  for  that 
government's  war  efforts  to  secure 
priority  ratings  that  will  enable  them  to 
get  the  material  for  the  mechanical 
equipment  needed. 

A  Great  Work 

"We  have  at  the  coast  now  six  wooden 
and  two  steel  yards,  and  there  must  be 
in  the  neighborhood  of  four  thousand 
men  working  in  these  plants.  It  is 
estimated  that  a  million  a  month  is  put 
into  circulation  through  the  operation  of 
the  shipbuilding  plants.  In  the  building 
of  wooden  vessels  we  are  well  situated 
at  the  coast  in  regard  to  timber.  We 
can  get  practically  everything  that  we 
need  with  the  exception  of  some  of  the 
lignumvitae  and  other  materials  used 
for  fitting." 

In  regard  to  the  building  of  engines 
at  the  coast  Mr.  McCuUoch  considered 
that  on  the  smaller  types  they  could  com- 
pete with  the  East,  but  on  the  larger 
ones  it  would  be  difficult.  In  fact  this 
work  has  not  been  undertaken.  The  high 
freight  rates  worked  against  them  to 
some  extent.  "But  there  is  one  thing  of 
which  I  am  tolerable  certain,"  remarked 
Mr.  McCuUoch,  "and  that  is  that  the 
Pacific  coast  could  have  had  an  engine 
building  industry  had  they  gone  at  it 
right  at  the  start  when  there  was  plenty 
of  work  offering  to  give  the  industry  the 
necessary  work  to  keep  going.  The  build- 
ing of  boilers  could  also  have  been  estab- 


lished there  as  a  good  industry  now. 
There  was  some  uncertainty  about  the 
contracts  at  the  start,  when  they  did 
not  appear  to  be  of  such  a  nature  as  to 
warrant  much  of  an  outlay.  But  the 
work  that  has  been  secured  there  lately 
both  for  wood  and  steel  makes  it  certain 
that  the  boiler  and  engine  proposition 
could  have  been  established. 

Looking  to  the  Future 

"What  of  the  future?  Will  the  ship- 
building industry  be  permanent  in  Brit- 
ish Columbia  ?"  asked  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY; 

"That  all  depends,"  remarked  the 
westerner,  "on  whether  they  decide  to  go 
in  and  take  advantage  of  the  situation 
as  it  exists  at  the  present  time,  and  as 
it  will  undoubtedly  exist  for  some  time 
after  the  conclusion  of  the  war.  There 
is  a  great  Pacific  coast  trade  that  is 
looking  for  some  person  to  develop  it. 
Some  of  the  men  at  the  coast  claim  it  is 
the  biggest  opportunity  that  has  ever 
opened,  but  it  is  going  to  take  money  and 
courage  to  develop  it.  The  carrying  trade 
from  the  Pacific  coast  of  Canada  to  Ja- 
pan and  China  is  large  and  it  is  going 
to  be  larger.  There  are  loads  for  bot- 
toms both  ways.  If  the  Canadians  don't 
get  in  and  handle  thi=  trnde  it  i«  "o'n  r 
to  be  attended  to  by  the  people  of  Japan 
and  China.  That  is  the  common  belief 
of  many  of  the  men  at  the  coast  who 
pay  a  very  great  deal  of  attention  to 
such  matters,  and  there  is  very  good 
reason  for  what  they  say.  So  far  there 
has  not  been  any  movement  made  to 
meet  this  situation,  but  it  should  be 
handled  by  private  interest.  It  is  hardly 
a  matter  for  direct  Government  action. 

The  Labor  Situation 

"How  about  the  labor  situation?" 
"About  the  same  at  the  East  is,"  was 
Mr.  McCulloch's  opinion.  "There  have 
been  too  many  strikes  there  on  the  coast. 
I  regard  the  finding  of  Senator  Robert- 
son as  a  very  fair  and  just  one,  although 
some  of  the  labor  men  do  not  seem  to 
see  it  that  way.  We  have  had  no  trouble 
in  securing  men  for  the  work.  Some  of 
the  men  are  beginning  to  see  that  high 
rate  of  pay  generally  brings  everything 
along  with  it.  It  generally  works  out 
that  way.  Where  wages  run  high  the 
prices  of  commodities  will  not  be  far 
distant  in  the  advance." 

Prices  for  Material 

In  regard  to  prices  for  staple  articles 
that  go  into  the  construction  of  steel 
ships,  it  is  apparent  that  there  is  an 
advance  of  some  size  over  prices  here 
or  at  mills.  In  the  matter  of  ship 
plate,  it  is  sold  from  warehouse  at  the 
coast  at  12  cents  per  pound.     The  Gov- 


296 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


emment  at  the  present  time  recognize 
the  price  of  7^  cents  at  mills,  while 
for  points  around  here  warehouses  sell 
it  at  10  cents  per  pound.  Prices  for  all 
articles  needed  in  brass  trade  are  around 
the  40c  mark.  Mr.  McCulloch  believes 
that  it  is  possible  to  establish  a  steel 
industry  at  the  coast,  and  states  that 
capacity  could  be  secured  the  year 
around.  "It  is  a  fact,  though,"  admit- 
ted Mr.  McCulloch,  "that  Fernie  coke 
has  not  secured  the  coast  market,  not 
because  it  is  not  good  enough,  but  be- 
cause the  men  who  want  it  cannot  de- 
pend on  deliveries.  There  are  fine  ridges 
of  iron  ore  near  the  coast.  It  will  take 
capital  and  work  to  do  it,  but  it  is  not 
impossible." 

Mr.  McCulloch  is  an  Ontario  boy,  be- 
ing bom  at  Cornwall.  He  received  his 
university  course  in  Toronto,  and  has 
been  working  as  a  mechanical  engineer 
in  the  West  for  some  years,  spending 
some  time  in  Winnipeg  with  the  Mani- 
toba Bridge,  after  which  he  went  to  the 
coast. 


A  WORKING  HYGROMETER 

HYGROMETERS  are  used  in  fac- 
tories for  ascertaining  the  amount 
of  water  vapor  in  the  air  by 
means  of  a  moving  part  in  two  forms — 
one  employing  a  wet  and  a  dry  bulb  ther- 
mometer, in  which  a  fine  thread  of  mer- 
cury is  forced  along  a  glass  tube  by  rea- 
son of  the  expansion  of  a  small  amount 
of  mercury  in  a  bulb.  The  other  type 
owes  its  movement  to  the  alteration  of 
length  of  one  or  more  hairs  under  the  in- 
fluence of  a  change  in  the  moisture  in 
the  surrounding  air.  The  movement  of 
the  hair  actuates  a  small  pointer  mov- 
ing along  an  index,  and  in  the  case  of 
the  thermometer  the  mercury  moves 
parallel  to  the  index.  In  each  case  the 
force  represented  by  the  movement  is 
exceedingly  small  and  the  instruments 
as  used  in  textile  factories  serve  as  a 
guide  for  the  adjustment  by  hand  of  the 
humidifiers  that  furnish  the  additional 
atmospheric  moisture  that  is  required 
for  the  treatment  of  cotton  in  dry 
weather. 

It  has  for  many  years  been  known  that 
cotton  is  most  easily  spun  or  woven 
when  it  contains  about  8%  per  cent,  of 
moisture;  with  less  it  is  liable  to  be 
brittle  and  to  have  an  increased  loss  in 
waste.  The  amount  of  moisture  the  fibre 
contains  depends  on  the  state  of  the  air 
surrounding  it,  and  as  the  dampness  of 
the  air  is  constantly  changing,  the  cot- 
ton when  exposed  is  constantly  varying 
in  weight.  Along  with  this  change  of 
weight  is  a  variation  in  thickness  of  each 
fibre,  and  this  variation,  when  the  fibre 
is  spun  or  woven,  results  in  a  change  of 
length  in  the  fabric,  although  the  loose 
fibre  does  not  alter  in  length,  nor  does 
any  vegetable  fibre  appear  to  do  so. 

As  soon  as  moistening  or  humidifying 
appliances  began  to  be  used  and  the 
variation  of  atmosphere  dampness  from 
hour  to  hour  during  the  working  day 
wag  observed  the  need  of  an  automatic 
retmlator  became  evident,  for  no  manual 
"-•iustment  of  water  supply  to  the  spray- 
ing apparatus  could  keep  pace  with  the 


natural  changes  in  the  air.  As  a  make- 
shift, the  factory  windows  were  closed 
and  humidity  was  obtained  at  the  cost  of 
ventilation.  The  gain  was,  however, 
only  a  partial  one,  for  excessive  humidity 
produced  lassitude  among  the  operatives, 
resulting  in  bad  work  and  irregular  at- 
tendance. 

Many  inventions  have  been  tried  to  ob- 
tain automatic  adjustment  of  the  moist- 
ening apparatus  which  used  water  at  a 
pressure  of  about  100  pounds  per  square 
inch,  but  the  resistance  of  the  valves  and 
stuflSng  boxes  offered  serious  difficulties 
when  attempts  were  made  to  control 
them  by  a  movement  due  to  the  influence 
of  moisture  on  organic  fibrous  material. 
A  rope  may  be  made  to  lift  a  hundred- 
weight suspended  on  it  by  soaking  it 
with  moisture,  but  the  operation  would 
take  so  much  time  as  to  be  of  no  use  as 
a  humidity  regulator,  and  if  it  depended 
for  moisture  on  the  air  it  might  take 
hours  to  show  results.  Promptitude  is 
an  essential  in  this  case,  for  by  carefully 
made  experiments  it  has  been  found  that 
loose  cotton  fibre  is  influenced  in  less 
than  one  minute  by  a  change  of  moisture 
in  the  air 'around  it. 

The  many  failures  of  regulators  con- 
trolling high  pressure  water  supplies 
suggested  a  new  departure,  dealing  with 
low  pressure  water  which  was  atomized 
mechanically  for  air  moistening.  This 
invention  was  the  subject  of  a  recent 
patent  obtained  by  Mr.  John  Wallace,  of 
Bombay.  The  experimental  regulator 
was  a  band  of  closely  woven  light  can- 
vas, 70  feet  long,  suspended  by  the  edge 
beneath  a  roof  and  exposed  to  the  in- 
fluence of  atmospheric  change.  The  can- 
vas was  free  of  size  and  one  was  fixed, 
while  the  other  was  kept  in  tension  by 
weight  equal  to  four  pounds  per  foot  in 
width.  The  free  end  of  the  canvas  was 
connected  with  a  recording  cylinder,  on 
which  a  line  was  drawn  that  showed  the 
movement  of  the  canvas  during  every 
hour  of  the  twenty-four.  During  a  period 
of  two  years  that  the  canvas  remained  in 
tension  it  showed  no  sign  of  fatigue,  and 
it  proved  that  a  piece  of  canvas  seventy 
feet  long  and  three  feet  wide  would  in- 
dicate every  change  of  atmospheric 
moisture  in  the  air  by  a  movement  of 
9-16  inch  for  each  per  cent,  of  moisture 
absorbed  by  the  cotton  while  kept  in 
tension  by  a  weight  of  12  pounds.  The 
prompt  sensitiveness  of  the  canvas  was 
due  to  its  very  large  surface.  Twelve 
pounds  weight  raised  9-16  of  an  inch 
thus  represents  the  result  of  the  absorp- 
tion of  1  per  cent,  of  its  weight  in  mois- 
ture by  the  canvas  band,  and  a  test  of 
the  resistance  to  movement  of  a  balance 
valve  passing  water  full  bore  throui?h  a 
1-inch  pipe  at  one  foot  of  pressure  was 
40  grammes,  or  about  1%  ounces. 

This  experiment  points  to  the  possi- 
bility of  controlling  automatically  the 
supply  of  moisture  in  the  air  of  a  cotton 
mill,  the  regulator  being  of  cotton.  The 
canvas  band  has  a  certain  length  due  to 
a  content  of  SVz  per  cent,  of  moisture 
within  its  fibres,  and  any  increase  or 
diminution  of  this  moisture  alters  the 
length.  Having  a  very  large  surface, 
absorption  and  evaporation  take  place 
very  quickly,  and  with  each  change  the 


movement  acting  on  a  balanced  valve 
may  control  the  water  supply  flowing  to 
the  vaporizers. 

This  device  is  applicable  to  public 
buildings,  palaces  and  hospitals  where 
electric  current  or  other  motive  power 
is  available. 


CORK-LINED  SHIPS 

By  D.   Street 

The  efforts  of  all  shipbuilders  at  the 
present  day  are  directed  towards  making 
ships  unsinkable  by  submarine  action, 
and  there  are  many  and  various  means 
being  considered  as  to  how  this  can  be 
done.  However,  all  the  deliberations 
have  resulted  in  the  conclusion  being 
reached  that  more  can  be  accomplished 
by  increasing  the  reserve  buoyancy  of 
ships  than  by  looking  for  means  to  di- 
vert the  tremendous  force  of  the  torpedo 
aimed  at  the  side  of  a  ship.  One  of  the 
methods  of  making  ships  unsinkable 
through  the  increase  of  their  reserve 
buoyancy  is  that  suggested  by  an  Italian, 
whose  method  consists  in  lining  all  the 
available  superficial  parts  of  the  ship's 
interior  with  a  light  substance  such  as 
cork.  For  instance,  a  steamer,  a  two- 
deck  cargo  boat,  about  395  feet  long  and 
the  usual  lines,  with  a  displacement  of 
about  11,500  tons  fully  loaded,  carries 
about  8,000  tons  deadweight,  and  has 
about  423,000  cub.  ft.  of  space  available 
for  cargo  and  bunkers  under  the  main 
deck. 

In  order  to  render  this  vessel  unsink- 
able it  would  be  necessary  to  line  the 
vessel  internally  with  about  211,000  cub. 
ft.  of  cork  composition  having  a  specific 
weight  of  about  441  pounds  to  each  35 
cub.  ft.  The  cost  of  lining  such  a  ship 
acording  to  this  method  would  be 
about  $200,000,  whilst  the  capacity  of 
such  a  ship  would  be  decreased  by  1,200 
tons  deadweight.  The  immediate  ob- 
jection to  this  scheme  is  that  it  is  no 
easy  matter  at  present  to  find  cork  in 
sufficient  quantities  to  line  ships.  Now 
practicability  and  expediency  are  about 
the  last  things  which  enter  the  heads  of 
those  who  propose  means  to  safeguard 
ships  against  sinking  after  they  have 
been  struck  by  the  deadly  weapon  known 
as  the  torpedo,  against  which  nearly  all 
schemes  of  protection  adopted  in  the 
case  of  warships — which  are  not  handi- 
capped in  the  matter  of  internal  sub- 
division through  the  necessity  of  reserv- 
ing large  compartments  free  from  ob- 
struction for  the  tonnage  of  cargo — 
have  proved  illusory,  as  is  well  demon- 
strated by  the  few  instances  on  record 
of  ships  remaining  for  any  length  of 
time  afloat  after  being  struck  in  a  vital 
spot  by   a   well-aimed  tor|)edo. 

Still  less  commendable  is  a  scheme  put 
forward  for  increasing  the  buoyancy  of 
ships  by  placing  small  watertight  boxes 
in  large  numbers  within  the  hull  of  a 
vessel  and  of  distributing  them  in  such 
a  way  as  to  interfere  very  little  with 
the  cargo  capacity.  The  principle  of  the 
method  proposed  is  that  the  aggregate 
floating  capacity  of  the  boxes  will  be 
suflScient  to  support  the  vessel  and  cargo 
after  the  hull  is  torn  by  a  torpedo. 


September  5,  1918. 


297 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regardin-g  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra^ 
tion  and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 

RECTIFYING  ROUGH  BORED 
155-MM.  SHELLS 

By  M.  H.  Potter 


INASMUCH  as  the  most  difficult  ope- 
ration in  shell  machining  is  the  bor- 
ing-, considerable  trouble  and  delay 
has  of  course  been  experienced  in  this 
particular  operation.  Moreover  the  gov- 
ernment requirements  upon  this  point 
are  very  rigid  and  exacting.  Many  shells 
have  been  temporarily  turned  down  by 
the  government  inspectors  owing  to 
rough  or  scored  bores.  How  this  diffi- 
culty was  overcome  is  fully  described  in 
this  article. 

The  head  illustrated  in  Fig.  1  can  be 
used  as  shown  in  Fig.  2.  The  machine 
proper  together  with  the  shell  carriage 
is  illustrated  by  Fig.  5  and  is  described 
later  on  in  this  article. 

The  type  of  head  shown  in  Fig.  1  was 
the  outcome  of  considerable  experiment- 
ing and  produced  first  class  results  and 
shells  rejected  by  the  government  in- 
specors  were  easily  and  readily  rectified 
to  their  entire  satisfaction. 

The  special  shaped  carborundum  blocks 


A  (see  Fig.  1)  are  clamped  in  the  jaws  B 
as  shown  by  the  bolt  C.  The  jaws  B 
pivot  at  D.  Naturally  when  the  head  is 
rotating  centrifugal  force  throws  the 
blocks  A  against  the  bore  of  the  shell. 
This  head  was  run  at  about  1,500  revolu- 
tion'-  per  minute. 

The  illustration,  Fig.  3,  although  a 
different  type  of  the  head,  is  operated 
on  the  same  principle.  This  head  was 
designed  to  overcome  the  trouble  and  de- 
lays in  production  due  to  rough  boring 
in  the  forward  end  of  bore,  after  the  nos- 
ing in  operation.  Owing  to  the  rather 
small  aperture  a  number  of  various  de- 
signs were  made  up  and  tested,  but  the 
one  herewith  described  was  the  only  one 
which  produced  satisfactory  results.  Fig. 
4  shows  this  head  in  the  shell.  The  tub- 
ing A  (Fig.  3)  should  be  as  large  as  per- 
missible, the  .smaller  tube  B  has  an  out- 
side diameter  that  is  about  1-32  in.  to 
1-16  in.  smaller  than  the  inside  diameter 
of  the  tube  A;  in  other  words,  when  A  is 


FIG.    1-  HEAD    OF    SMOOTHING    SHELL    BORK. 


FIG.  2-OPERATION  OF  HEAD. 

milled  out  half-ways  B  will  just  fit  in- 
side. The  tube  B  is  pivoted  in  the  tube 
A  at  C.  The  carborundum  block  D  is 
clamped  by  means  of  the  bolt  E.  The 
flat  arched  spring  G  throws  the  jaw  B 
outwards  so  that  when  the  head  is  re- 
volving it  is  subject  to  centrifugal  force. 
Fig.  5  shows  the  machine  proper  to 
which  the  heads  previously  described 
were  used  on.  The  shaft  A  (Fig.  5)  is 
mounted  on  the  two  self-oiling  rigid  pil- 
low blocks  B  and  C.  The  tight  and  loose 
pulleys  D  and  E  are  provided  with  an 
ordinary  type  of  overhead  belt  shifter. 
The  head  stock  casting  G  is  bolted  to 
the  two  structural  steel  "I"  beams  H, 
which  form  the  bed.  The  legs  I  and  K 
are  also  bolted  to  the  "I"  beams  H.  Ow- 
ing to  the  excessive  vibration  rigid  and 
heavy  construction  was  maintained 
throughout.  The  carriage  L,  which  sup- 
ports the  shell  (shown  by  dotted  lines) 
is  mounted  on  flanged  wheels  and  is  re- 
ciprocated along  the  angle  irons  M.  Two 
of  the  four  shell  carriage  brackets  N  and 
O  are  hinged  to  permit  rolling  the  shells 
in  and  out,  the  bench  being  in  direct  line 
with  the  shell  carriage  (at  its  back  posi- 
tion, as  shown  in  Fig.  51  to  do  away  with 
unnecessary  handling  of  the  shells.  The 
smaller  sized  shells  (6  in.  or  under)  will 
have  to  be  clamped  in  the  carriage  to 
prevent  them  from  rotating  when  being 

ground. 

♦ 

A    NEW    SHOCK    RESISTING 
CONCRETE 

By  M.  M. 

Oil-mixed  concrete  we  know;  now 
comes  an  engineer  and  inventor  (Mr. 
Lucien  Linden)  who  patents  a  concrete 
composed  mainly  of  Portland  cement 
with   particles    of    moss,    turf,    or    v.ood 


298 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


(pulverized  or  pulped)  and  ores  of 
metallic  particles,  with  a  binding  liquid 
consisting  of  a  soluble  salt  of  alumina, 
lime  and  water.  In  addition,  for  con- 
crete that  will  be  much  exposed  to 
humidity  (in  foundations,  for  instance) 
or  to  violent  shocks   (in  fortifications), 


provided  in  the  centre  of  a  body  3  in. 
thick,  for  instance,  will  suffice,  many 
such  strings,  arranged  net  wise,  to  be 
used  when  forming  concrete  blocks. 
Similarly,  strings  that  have  not  been 
oiled  may  also  be  used.  The  strings 
(greasy  or  otherwise)  have  also  the  ef- 


FIG.  S— ANOTHER  TYPE  OF  HEAD. 


FIG.    S-SHELL    CARRIAGE. 


it  may  be  advisable  to  add  grease  or 
oil,  the  fatty  elements  being  introduced 
into  the  cement  paste  during  the  build- 
ing operations. 

The  inventor  advances  the  theory  that 
the  oil  or  grease  will  be  progressively 
removed  so  soon  as  the  jiaste  becomes 
solid.  They  will  spread  all  over,  or 
progressively  as  oil  stains  in  isolated 
spots,  in  the  compound  formed,  so  that 
greasy  zones  will  be  found  encroaching 
upon  hard  and  dry  zones.  The  latter 
by  acting  in  opposition,  will  impart  to 
the  thus  formed  bodies  or  structures  a 
resiliency  which  will  resist  the  disinte- 
grating action  of  vibration  or  violent 
shocks.  The  fatty  elements  may  be  pro- 
vided in  the  shape  of  pumice  stone  the 
size  of  peas,   or  of  fragments   of  cork 


FIG.    4— ACnON    OF    HEAD. 

similar   substances  first  dried  and   then 
soaked  in  fat,  oil  or  grease. 

The  inventor  states  that  the  best 
method  of  producing  such  "grease  zones" 
is  to  stretch  through  the  soft  cement 
paste  straight  layers  of  oil-soaked 
st.ings   or   cords.       Generally   a   string 


feet  of  producing  "isolated  stretches" 
'vhich  arrest  shocks,  vibrations  or  other 
external  or  internal  influnces  which  often 
cause  ruptures.  The  strings  or  nets  may 
be  alone  or  arranged  in  conjunction  with 
metal  reinforcements. 

The  following,  which  the  inventor 
gives  by  the  way  of  exemplification,  are 
said  to  yield  excellent  results: — 

Formula  No.  1. — (a)  100  parts  of 
strong  cement;  (b)  5  parts  of  moss  or 
turf  well  dried  and  finely  cut  and  pul- 
verized; (c)  20  parts  of  ore  rich  in  iron 
in  fine  particles.  These  substances  are 
formed  into  a  paste  by  vigorous  and 
prolonged  mixing  with  a  bindins:  liquid, 
which  liquid  may  consist  of  5  kilograms 
of  quicklime  new  from  the  kiln  and 
broken  up  just  before  use,  and  of  3 
kiloerrams  of  pulverized  sulphate  of 
alumina  vigorously  worked  up  in  a  cubic 
metre  of  clean  water.  This  binding  liquid 
plays  an  important  part  in  the  compo- 
sition and  amalgamation  of  the  paste. 

Formula  No.  2. — (a)  100  parts  strong 
cement;  (b)  20  parts  of  soft  wood  (fine 
sawdust);  (c)  10  parts  of  iron  ore  in 
particles,  the  whole  being  amalt^amated 
with  the  same  binding  liquid  as  in  for- 
mula No.  1.  The  above  proportions  (all 
by  weight)  and  composition  may  vary 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  construc- 
tion and  use  in  view.  Formula  No.  1 
is  suitable  for  the  construction  of  pipes. 


or  ships;  and  Formula  No.  2  can  be 
used  without  any  metallic  truss  rods 
or  bars  or  wires,  obtaining  a  ma- 
terial intended  for  doors,  frames,  pack- 
ing  cases,   or   rofing   o   rthe   like.      • 

Both  of  them  may  be  adopted  in  a 
more  diluted  state,  to  make,  when  asso- 
ciated with  gravels  or  fragments  of 
bricks  or  stones,  high  class  resilient  con- 
crete for  foundations,  walls  or  fortifica- 
tions. 

The  reinforcement  bars,  rods,  or  wires, 
used  with  such  compositions  are  prefer- 
ably articulated,  not  fastened  to  one  an- 
other, but  indirectly  connected  together 
at  the  points  of  junction  by  means  of 
insulating   material   capable   of  yielding. 

Concrete  made  in  accordance  with  for- 
Mula  No.  1  is  so  resistant  and  withstands 
expansions  and  contractions  with  such 
efficiency  that  it  is  also  unnecessary  to 
put  hoops  round  the  pipes  even  when 
the  latter  are  liable  to  be  subjected  to 
high  pressures.  It  is  essential  to  work 
up  vigorously  and  continuously  the  in- 
gredients when  they  are  mixed  with  the 
binding  liquid. 

The  binding  liquid  is  best  prepared  in 
a  mechanical  mixer,  and  the  vegetable 
particles  must  be  thrown  into  it  and  left 
for  the  former  to  act  thereon,  after  which 
the  cement  is  slowly  introduced  and  then 
the  metallic  ore  or  ores  pulverized  or 
in  small  particles.  The  working  up  must 
be  continued  without  interruption 
throughout  the  whole  time  during  which 
it  is   formed   and   applied. 

The  successful  use  of  the  concrete  de- 
pends on  practice  and  experience.  The 
material  is  especially  adapted  for  high- 
grade  construction  such  as  ships.  It  can 
also  be  applied  with  advantage  in  the 
construction  of  pipes  for  water  and  gas, 
casks,  boats,  pontoons,  reservoirs,  rail- 
way sleepers,  rail  supports,  floors,  roofs, 
and  walls. 


MAY  ESTABLISH   LIGTVITE   PLANT 

ESTABLISHMENT  of  a  lignite  briquet- 
ting  plant,  to  be  financed  and  operated 
by  the  Dominion,  Manitoba  and  Sas- 
katchewan governments,  is  recommended 
by  the  lignite  committee  of  the  Advisory 
Council  for  Scientific  and  Industrial  Re- 
search. The  committee  report,  which 
will  be  issued  shortly,  favors  establish- 
ment of  the  plant  in  southern  Saskatche- 
wan at  a  locality  where  the  lignites  are 
of  poor  grade,  with  the  idea  that  if  it 
were  successful  at  this  point,  it  would 
be  successful  elsewhere  in  Saskatchewan 
and  Alberta. 

The  report  further  states:  "The  art  of     , 
producing      carbonized      briquettes     has 
passed  the  laboratory  stage  and  no  fur- 
ther information  can  be  got  by  labora- 
tory methods.     The  producer  must  face 
the  difficulties  in  commercial  production, 
which  are  approximately  of    the     same 
order   as   those   within   the   smelting  of  , 
certain  ores.    The  road  to  success  in  the  " 
briquetting  problem  is  strewn  with  the 
wrecks  of  amateur  attempts  to  do  this 
apparently  simple  thing,  which  accounts 
for  the   fact  that   private   capital   is   so 
chary  of  such  enterprises. 


September  5,  1918. 


299 


Labor  Saving  Washing  Device  Used  on  Shell  Work 

Absolutely  Necessary  to  Have  Interior  of  the  Shell  Perfectly 

Clean  Before  the  Varnish  is  Applied — Various  Methods  Used  and 

Good  Results  Not  Hard  to  Obtain 

By  J.  H.  RODGERS,  Assoc.  Editor  Canadian  Machinery. 


BEFORE  the  varnish  can  be  applied 
to  the  interior  walls  of  the  shells 
it  is  necessary  that  every  particle 
of  foreig-n  matter  be  removed  to  insure 
the  adherence  and  uniformity  of  the 
coating.  If  this  essential  precaution  is 
not  taken  the  possibilities  are  that  the 
varnish  will  not  cling  to  the  surface  in  a 
manner  satisfactory  to  the  inspectors, 
and  invariably  requiring  the  removal  of 
the   objectionable   coating. 

Various  methods  have  been  adopted 
for  this  purpose  but  the  two  more  gener- 
ally used  are  sand  blasting  and 
washing,  or  in  some  cases  a  combination 
of  both.  The  device  shown  in  the  ac- 
companying cut  illustrates  an  arrange- 
ment for  washing  the  six-inch  shells,  and 
one  that  has  proved  very  efficient.  As  is 
usual  by  this  method  the  shells  are  sub- 
jected to  a  spray  wash  of  soda  solution, 
followed  by  a  rinsing  with  clear  hot 
water.  Little  variation  is  made  by  dif- 
ferent firms  in  the  actual  washing  oper- 
ation, but  the  method  of  application  is 
seldom  the  same  in  any  two  plants. 

Conservation  of  labor  is  one  of  the 
recognized  factors  in  the  operation  of 
munition  plants,  so  that  the  trend  has 
been  to  eliminate  all  unnecessary  hand- 


the  nozzles.  At  intervals  along  the  up- 
per board  are  located  bell-shaped  cast- 
ings G  for  holding  the  shell  in  an  up- 
right position.  A  small  centrifugal 
pump  E  is  placed  on  the  floor  at  either 
end  of  the  tank  for  forcing  the  liquid 
into  the  interior  of  the  shell,  the  soda 
passing  through  the  pipe  F  and  the 
water  through  the  pipe  G.  Three-way 
control  valves  H  and  K  are  operated  in 
unison  by  the  link  J,  this  being  connect- 
ed to  the  valves  by  the  levers  shown. 
The  soda  return  is  by  the  pipe  L  and  the 
hot  water  through  the  pipe  M.  Funnel 
pieces  0  are  provided  to  avoid  splash  of 
the  liquid. 


THE    SALVAGE   OF   SUNKEN    MER- 
CHANT  SHIPS 

By  M.  L. 

There  are  now  lying  at  the  bottom  of 
the  sea  with  their  valuable  cargoes  a 
great  number  of  merchant  ships,  tor- 
pedoed by  German  submarines.  Must  they 
lie  there  forever  or  can  they  be  refloated, 
as  Germany  is  reported  to  have  refloat- 
ed  and   taken    into  Antwerp   the   North 


DEVICE     FOR     SHELL     WASHING. 


ling  of  the  work  as  it  progresses  through 
the  shop.  In  many  plants  this  wash- 
ing operation  is  accomplished  by  placing 
the  shell  over  two  separate  nozzles,  one 
for  the  soda  and  the  other  for  the  clear 
water.  With  the  device  here  shown  these 
two  washes  are  obtained  with  the  one 
setting  of  the  shell  by  a  suitable  arrange- 
ment of  piping  that  permits  almost  in- 
stantaneous change  from  the  soda  to  the 
clear  water.  The  apparatus  is  so  de- 
signed that  washing  of  six  shells  can  be 
proceeded  with  simultaneously,  although 
this  could  be  modified  to  suit  any  par- 
ticular requirement. 

Two  adjoining  tanks  A  are  located  in 
a  convenient  position  with  their  bases 
placed  below  the  floor  level.  The  frame- 
work B  is  attached  to  the  tanks  and  of 
ample  height  to  support  the  shell  above 


German  Lloyd  liner,  "Gneisenau,"  which 
was  sunk  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  in 
the  Scheldt?  There  appears  to  be  very 
little  doubt  that  many  of  the  ships  can 
be  floated,  and  that  a  considerable 
quantity  of  cargo  can  be  salved.  The 
North  Sea  is  sufficiently  shallow  for  div- 
ing for  cargoes,  but  there  are  a  good 
many  ships  sunk  in  comparatively  shal- 
low water,  which  could  be  raised  now  if 
there  were  the  men  and  the  plant  to  do 
it. 

There  are  few,  if  any  salvage  divers 
left.  What  salvage  labor  and  machinery 
there  was  available  in  the  British  Isles 
has  been  requisitioned  by  the  British 
Admiralty,  and  the  same  holds  good  in 
other  countries  as  well.  These  men  and 
plant  are  doing  considerably  more  valu- 


able work  in  helping  the  naval  authorities 
than  in  looking  after  the  commercial  pos- 
sibilities of  salvage.  In  this,  as  in  other 
matters,  nothing  can  be  done  untii  after 
the  end  of  the  war.  Then  there  will  be 
possibilities  for  salvage  work  on  a  con- 
siderable scale,  both  in  the  North  Sea 
and  parts  of  the  English  Channel  and 
other  parts  where  the  water  is  fairly 
shallow. 

As  to  the  question  of  deterioration,  the 
fact  is  that  neither  ships  nor  cargoes, 
except  perishable  materials  and  food- 
stuffs, deteriorate  very  much  in  water. 
The  chief  damage  that  a  ships  suffers  is 
when  she  is  only  half  submerged  and  the 
engines  are  left  to  dry  in  the  wind.  Usu- 
ally, when  a  vesselthat  has  been  wrecked 
is  being  refloated,  a  barrel  of  oil  is 
poured  on  the  surface  of  the  water  in 
order  to  leave  a  deposit  over  the  ma- 
chinery. Repairs  are  quickly  effected, 
and  sections  torn  by  rock  or  torpedo 
present  no  great  difficulties  in  the  work 
of  salvage,  for  they  can  be  completely 
repaired.  Valuable  as  are  the  ships 
themselves  that  now  lie  at  the  bottom 
of  the  sea,  the  cargoes  of  cotton,  rub- 
ber, wool,  cotton  goods,  machinery,  and 
other  materials  are  more  valuable  still. 

The  legal  rights  of  salvage  are  those 
between  the  persons  who  are  prepared  to 
salve  and  the  owners  or  underwriters 
of  the  vessels.  A  salvage  company,  for 
example,  knowing  that  a  vessel  with  a 
cargo  of  wool  or  cotton,  has  been  sunk 
at  a  certain  spot,  will  notify  the  under- 
writers that  they  are  prepared  to  salve 
the  cargo,  and  perhaps  the  ship,  an1 
they  offer  to  do  it.  The  question  of  the 
three-mile  limit  is  not  likely  to  arise. 
It  depends  on  the  terms  of  peace  whether 
it  will  be  possible  for  German  companies 
to  offer  to  salve  the  British  ships  they 
have  sunk,  and  upon  the  feeling  of  Bri- 
tish underwriters  in  the  matter  of 
whether  they  could  consider  them.  There 
is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  Germany 
would  be  better  equipped  for  the  work 
than  those  of  firms  in  other  countries, 
but  some  of  the  German  companies  have 
more  steamers  but  a  much  less  amount 
of  machinery.  There  are  also  good  sal- 
vage plants  in  Holland,  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  and  doubtless  they,  too,  will 
want  a  share  of  the  valuable  cargoes 
now  strewn  over  "Davy  Jones'  locker. 


Production  costs  at  the  plant  for 
carbonized  and  briquetted  fijel,  covering 
operating  costs  and  fixed  charges,  are 
estimated  at  not  more  than  seven  dollars 
per  ton.  In  this  estimate  no  finance  al- 
lowance has  been  made  for  the  recovery 
of  by-products,  which  are  stated  to  be 
large  and  valuable. 


800 


Volume  XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  m,etal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Departm,ent  for 

review  in  this  section. 


POWDERED      COAL      CUTS      COAL 
CONSUMPTION   ON   ANNEAL- 
ING  OVENS  THIRTY   PER 
PER    CENT. 

AT  the  present  time  when  every 
effort  is  being  made  to  spin  out 
the  energy  of  the  coal  pile  and 
conserve  our  resources,  the  achieve- 
ment of  the  American  Radiator  Com- 
pany in  very  materially  increasing  its 
annealing  oven  capacity  while  at  the 
same  time  effecting  a  startling  economy 
in  the  consumption  of  fuel  is  of  de- 
cided  interest   to   industry   in   general. 

The  malleable  iron  plant  of  the  Am- 
erican Radiator  Company  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  has  long  enjoyed  the  distinction 
of  producing  a  superior  grade  of  an- 
nealed castings  under  conditions  of 
marked  fuel  economy.  The  annealing 
ovens  have  been  equipped  for  burning 
powdered  coal,  the  average  consump- 
tion having  been  approximately  one 
pound  of  coal  to  3.5  pounds  of  castings 
annealed,  the  furnaces  running  about 
96   hours   per    heat. 


About  the  middle  of  November  two 
annealing  ovens,  equipped  with  the 
Pruden  carbureter,  burning  powdered 
coal  under  the  carburization  process, 
installed    by   the    Powdered    Coal      En- 


comethrough  in  72  hours. 

The  burners  ran  all  during  the  heat 
with  no  attention  or  adjustment,  the 
operation  was  practically  smokeless 
and   observations   made   in   the  combus- 


Carbon    Briquettes. 

Freight  EsU-  Selling 

Price  of  U.S.            rate  and  mated  price  profit  Diflference 

anthracite  per        switching  cost  of  $1.00  in  favour 

ton  f.o.b.*                from  f.o.b.  per  ton  of  carbon 

Bienfait  cars  f.o.b.  cars  briquettes 

Winnipeg     $  9.60  to  $10.00           $1.90  $9.15  $10.15            $ to  $ 

Portage   la   Prairie    10.00  to     10.50             1.80  9.05  10.05  .45 

Carberry    10.65  to     11.16             1.60  8.85  9.85  .80  to     1.30 

Brandon     10.60  to     10.85             150  8.75  9.76  .85  to     1.10 

Virden    10.80  to     12.15             1.60  8.85  9.85  .95  to     2. SO 

Moosomin     11.00  to     12.26             1.80  9.05  10.05  .95  to     2.20 

Wolseley    11.60  to     11.76             1.80  9.05  10.05  1.45  to     1.70 

Regina     11.50  to     12.26              1.60  8.85  9.85  1.75  to     2.40 

Moose  Jaw    11.46  to     12.36              1.50  8.75  9.75  1.70  to     2.50 

*Owing  to  the  steady  exhaustion  of  the  anthracite  resources  of  the  United  States,  these  prices 
will  increase  year  by  year. 


gineering  &  Equipment  Company,  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  were  fired  and  run  for  96 
hours.  The  first  castings  ran  through 
the  ovens  before  they  had  been  dried 
out  and  the  brick-work  was  extremely 
wet  for  the  material 
had  been  lying  in 
the  open  from  three 
to  four  months  and 
had  become  thor- 
oughly saturated 
with  water. 

Mr.  Harry  E.  Kies, 
manager  of  the  mal- 
leable iron  depart- 
ment, stated  that 
upon  completing  the 
dumping  of  castings 
from  the  No.  4  oven 
he  had  never  seen 
iron  in  quality  and 
uniformity  to  equal 
it.  Every  piece  had 
been  perfectly  an- 
nealed and  these 
pieces  were  25  per 
cent,  tougher  than 
anything  that  had 
ever  been  secured 
from  the  other  fur- 
naces equipped  with 
the  old  burners.  He 
stated  that  the  sav- 
ing in  coal  would 
be  around  30  per 
cent.,  and  that  the 
next     ovens     would 


tion  chamber  and  flame  passages  show- 
ed that  the  ovens  were  heated  to  an  ab- 
solutely uniform  degree  of  temperature 
and  that  the  flame  circulated  in  every 
part  of  the  ovens;  on  each  side,  around 
the  bottoms  and  at  the  extreme  back 
ends  of  the  pots. 

Examination  of  the  ovens  after  the 
castings  had  been  dumped  showed  that 
there  had  been  no  erosion  or  destruc- 
tion of  brick-work,  indicating  that  with 
the  new  type  of  burners  shut-downs  for 
repair  of  brick-work  would  be  reduced 
to  a  minimum,  while  the  uniform  de- 
gree of  heating  over  the  entire  oven 
area,  with  consequent  elimination  of  in- 
tensely hot  zones  indicated  that  pot 
losses  (renewals)  would  be  materially 
reduced. 

Efficiency  of  coal  consumption  was 
increased  from  the  previous  record  of 
one  pound  of  coal  to  3.5  pounds  of  cast- 
ings to  one  pound  of  coal  for  5.71 
pounds  of  castings. 

The  coal  used  was  a  good  grade  of 
Kentucky  bituminous,  averaging  about 
12,500  B.T.U's. 


VICTORIA,  B.C. — Franklin  Reming- 
ton, president  of  the  Foundation  Com- 
pany, wired  Premier  Oliver  from  New 
York  as  follows:  "Have  closed  contract 
with  the  French  Government  for  20 
wooden  steamers.  Will  need  our  yard 
and  also  the  Cameron-Genoa  yard,  as  we 
have  undertaken  to  lay  down  ten  ways." 


J 


September  5,  1918. 


801 


Optical  Devices  Aid  Science  and  Industry 

Combination  of  Optical  Principles  Enable  Remarkably  Interesting 

Results  to  be  Achieved  in  Many  Directions  Impossible  With  the 

Telescope,  Which  Forms  the  Basis  of  all  the  Applications 


IT  seems  hardly  possible  that  the  func- 
tions of  a  microscope,  telescope  and 
tele-photography  could  be  united  in 
one  instrument,  but  the  instrument  here- 
with described  accomplishes  these  things 
and  in  a  maner  which  adds  greatly  to 
the  usefulness  of  any  standard  micro- 
scope in  the  machine  shop  or  other  in- 
dustrial plant. 

Messrs.  Davidson  and  Co.,  Great  Port- 
land St.,  London  W.,  have  recently  pro- 
duced a  "micro-telescope"  which  is  essen- 
tially an  instrument  consisting  of  a 
microscope  of  ordinary  construction 
carrying  a  short  focus  telescope  objec- 
tive and  tube  below  the  stage.  The  ordi- 
nary terrestrial  telescope  consists  of  an 
object  glass  and  an  eyepiece  which  is 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  micro- 
scope of  low  power. 

As  well  as  supplying  the  instrument 
complete  the  makers  manufacture  two 
micro-telescope  attachments-,  one  for  any 
distance  from  3  feet  to  infinity  and  one 
of  short  focus  for  work  from  12  to  24 
inches.  These  attachments  are  made  to 
fit  the  Abbe  rim  of  any  standard  micro- 
scope and  consist  of  a  tube  supporting 
a  finely  wrought  object  glass  and  a  cor- 
rectly graduated  series  of  stops  for  the 
prevention  of  halation,  the  microscope 
becoming  the  eyepiece  of  the  objective. 
The  focal  range  of  the  instrument 
complete  is  remarkably  deep,  the  up- 
standing character  of  moss,  lichen  or 
fungus  is  clearly  visible  and  in  focus 
throughout.  Dots  on  a  card  as  close 
as  40  to  the  square  inch  are  easily  count- 
ed with  this  instrument  at  a  distance 
of  3  feet.  In  the  workshop,  shafting,  etc., 
or  a   part    of   a   machine   can   be   easily 


examined  if  light  is  thrown  on  it  and 
with  the  use  of  a  mirror  to  reflect  ligh: 
it  is  possible  to  inspect  tubes  of  any 
length.  Scales  on  thermometers  can  be 
easily  read  at  a  considerable  distance  and 
in  ore  smelting,  glass,  china,  pottery 
and   enamelling   works   and   engineering 


could  not  in  the  ordinary  way  be  placed 
under  the  microscope. 

With  the  use  of  a  camera  as  shown 
in  Fig.  3,  it  is  possible  to  photograph 
whatever  is  seen  by  the  use  of  the  ap- 
pliance and  exposures  as  short  as  one- 
half  second  are  possible.     By  means  of 


^ 


FIG.   2— MICRO-TELESCOPE   WITH   SHORT  FOCUS    ATTACHMENT 
FOR    OBSERVATIONS   AT   CLOSE    RANGE,    12    IN.    TO    3    FT. 


shops,  processes  of  firing  and  the  action 
of  furnaces  used  in  heat  treating,  forg- 
ing and  other  metallurgical  operations 
can  be  closely  observed  at  a  comfortable 
distance. 

One  application  of  this  attachment  in 
the  machine  shop  is  the  examination  of 
the  machining  of  a  piece  of  metal  that 


the  apparatus  photographs  of  very  dis- 
tant objects  can  be  secured. 

In  addition  to  the  mic.o-talescope  de- 
scribed the  firm  manufacture  what  is 
termed  the  super  microscope  for  mag- 
nification up  to  500  diameters  at  work- 
ing distances  of  from  1%  to  1  inch.  Ten 
times  this  magnification  can  be  secured, 
but  the  working  distance  of  the  objec- 
tive from  the  specimen  is  reduced  in  pro- 
portion. Up  to  500  diameters  the  super- 
microscope  can  be  employed  without  the 
mechanical  stage  for  examination  of  ob- 
jects too  large  for  the  stage. 

The  power  of  one  microscope  shown 
in  Fig.  4  is  in  this  instrument  added  to 
that  of  a  secondary  microscope  the  full 
combination  being  shown  in  Fig.  5.  The 
primary  shown  to  the  left  in  Fig.  4  has 
a  tube  having  stops  and  the  micro  ob- 
jective to  the  right  passes  over  the  prim- 
ary and  carries  a  stage  actuated  by  rack 
and  pinion  for  vertical  and  lateral  move- 
ments. Coarse  adjustment  of  the  sec- 
ondary microscope  forms  fine  adjustment 
for  the  super  microscope,  fine  adjustment 
of  the  secondary  then  giving  the  extra 
fine  adjustment. 

An  Abbe  condenser  can  also  be  mount- 
ed and  photographs  are  readily  taken. 


FIG.   1— MICRO-TELESCOPE  FOR  OBSERVATIONS  6   FT.  TO  INFINITY. 


WATER  POWER 

By  Mark  Meredith 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  nation 
would  gain  immensely  by  the  cheap  elec- 
tricity  which    the   promised   sixteen  pit- 


302 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  IS    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


head  power  stations  would  make  possible. 
But  the  setting  up  of  these  stations  oui^ht 
not  to  prevent  us  from  giving  every  con- 
sideration such  as,  happily,  is  being  given 
by  the  Ministry  of  Munitions  to  the  de- 
velopments of  water  power.  We  can 
never  have  too  much  power — the  very 
lifeblood  of  industrial  progress  in  this 
country;  therefore  we  welcome  every  ef- 
ficient addition  to  the  resources  of  the 
nation  in  this  direction  of  electric  power 
production,  w^hether  that  addition  be  coal 
produced  gas-power  or  steam-power,  or 
water-power. 

There  have  been  found  in  Egypt  en- 
gravings of  water  wheels  used  by  the 
ancient  Egyptians  on  the  Nile  for  grind- 
ing corn.  The  existence  of  such  a  ma- 
chine is  mentioned  in  the  year  85  B.C., 
and  Strabo  records  that  Mithridates, 
King  of  Pontus,  had  a  water  mill.  There 
were  mills  in  Europe  at  the  period  of  the 
Roman  Justinian  Code.  The  practice 
was  often  to  moor  barges  in  rivers,  whose 
current  in  sweeping  by  slowly  turned 
wheels  on  horizontal  shafts  projecting 
from  the  sides.  This  type  of  mill  is  to 
be  found  even  at  the  present  day  in  South 
Europe.  Water  power  was  used  exten- 
sively in  England  over  1,000  years  ago, 
the  wheel  being  horizontal,  and  mounted. 
on  a  vertical  spindle  carrying  the  mill 
stone. 

The  overshot  wheel  is  the  oldest  anrl 
most  extensively  used.  The  water  is  led 
to  the  top  of  the  wheel,  in  a  direction 
almost  tangential  to  the  periphery 
through  a  chute  called  a  "  head  race." 
The  buckets  become  filled,  and  are  carriei 
down  by  the  weight  of  the  water.  Act- 
ually, as  the  buckets  ti't  in  descending, 
a  considerable  part  of  the  water  is  lost 
en  route.  Thus  the  work  which  could 
be  got  from  the  water  in  falling  from 
the  head  race  to  the  exhaust,  or  "  tail 
race,"  cannot  be  utilised.  The  wheel  has 
to  be  nearly  as  high  as  the  total  fall  of 
water,  which  should  not  fall  more  than 


FIG.   5— SUPERR-MICROSCOPE   COMPLETE   I'OR    VISUAL    OBSERVATIONS. 


2  feet  from  the  head  race  to  the  first 
bucket.  It  has  also  to  be  made  just  to 
clear  the  tail  race  water,  which  would 
otherwise   retard   its   motion   in  flowing 


FIG.  4— THE  PRIMARY  .M I  :llo>('()l'K  ivMi:-'! 
ADDED  TO  THE  SECONDARY  OR  REGULAR 
MICROSCOPE  FORMS  THE  SUPER  MICROS- 
COPE. 

away.  The  diameter  of  wheel  is  thus 
only  a  few  feet  less  than  the  height 
through  which  the  water  falls.     Wheels 


rro.  »~  MICRO-TELESCOPE  WITH  LONG  FOCUS  TELESCOPE  ATTACHMENT  FOR  PHOTO- 
GRAPHY AT  AND  DISTANCE  BEYOND  6  FT.  IF  THE  SHORT  FOCUS  ATTACHMENT  IS 
USED    PHOTOS   CAN    BE   TAKEN    OR    OBSERVATIONS   MADE    AT   FROM    12    IN.    TO    3    FT. 


of  80  feet  diameter  have  been  construc- 
ted. The  loss  due  to  water  leaving  the 
buckets  may  be  minimized  by  careful  de- 
sign of  their  shape.  With  a  well  de- 
signed wheel  as  much  as  85  per  cent  of 
the  work  available  in  the  water  can  be 
utilised.  An  important  point  is  that  the 
machine  is  more  eificient  at  low  speeds, 
when  less  water  falls  out  than  at  high 
speeds. 

In  the  breast  wheel  the  water  enters 
at  about  the  level  of  the  axle,  and  is  con- 
veyed to  the  buckets  by  a  circular  arc 
of  masonry  or  wood  which  fits  closely  to 
the  edge  of  the  wheel.  Here  the  pro- 
pulsion is  partly  by  virtue  of  the  weight 
of  falling  water,  and  partly  due  to  the 
velocity  in  the  tail  race  into  which  the 
buckets  dip,  the  direction  of  motion 
being  the  same  in  this  ease.  The  flow 
from  the  head  race  is  regulated  by  an 
adjustable  sluice  with  passages  so  de- 
signed as  to  lead  the  water  on  to  the 
wheel  smoothly  without  shock.  In  some 
wheels,  called  "  high  lireast  "  wheels  the 
fall  is  almost  as  ere.at  as  the  diameter, 
and  the  efficiency  is  much  the  same  as 
that  of  an  overshot  wheel.  With  a  "  low 
breast  "  wheel  where  the  fall  is  less,  the 
efficiency  may  be  about  50  per  cent.  With 
the  under  shot  wheel  the  water  is  con- 
fined against  a  lock  gate  and  issues  un- 
derneath through  a  sluice,  impinging  on 
radial  vanes  on  the  wheel.  The  wheel 
is  moved  solely  by  the  impact  of  the 
water,  whose  dead  weight  plays  no  part. 
The  wheels  of  Southern  Europe  are  of 
this  type  and  their  efficiency  is  only  20 
to  25  per  cent. 

The  water  turbine  can  be  constructed 
for  the  largest  powers  and  is  immensely 
superior  to  all  its  rivals  for  efficiency. 
A  gas  engine  of  the  best  type  will  not 
yield  more  than  40  per  cent  of  the  energy 
of  combustion  of  the  fuel:  a  steam  engine 
will  yield  less  than  20  per  cent  of  the 
energy  in  the  steam  supplied  (neglecting 
foregoing  losses  in  furnaces,  boilers, 
pipes,  etc);  but  a  hydraulic  turbine 
will  give  an  overall  efficiency  of  75  per 
cent 


September  5,  1918. 


308 


A  'House  Organ"  Sliced  Up  and  Gazed  Upon 

And  it  is  Shown  How  the  Little  Paper  Puts  the  Millstone  Around 

the  Neck  of  a  Whole  Lot  of  Good  Business  Prospects — A  Power 

For  Good  Kicked  Into  the  Scrap  Heap 

Written  by  the  Coroner  Himself. 


ARE  house  organs  a  paying  investment?    The  writer 
will   have   the   courage   of  his   convictions   and   say, 
decidedly   yes,   providing    they   are    run   properly. 
Because  they  are  not  run  properly,  it  does  not  mean 
the    idea    is    wrong.      The    idea    is    sound    enough,    it's 
execution  that  is  usually  faulty,  hence  the  high  mortality 
rate. 

The  large  percentage  of  house  organ  failures  is  prin- 
cipally due  to  one  particular  fault,  and  that  fault  most 
always  lies  with  the  actual  producer,  or  in  other  words 
the  editor.  He  is  prone  to  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that 
there  are,  or  should  be,  two  distinct  kinds  of  house  organs, 
the  internal  and  external,  and  because  of  this  fact,  the 
inevitable  catastrophe   happens,  and   mostly   in   this   way. 

A  man  or  firm  decides  to  publish  a  house  organ  with 
the  idea  of  reaching  their  customers  in  a  more  direct 
and  intimate  manner.  Fine.  They  spend  plenty  of  money 
in  securing-  the  right  kind  of  booklet.  Fine  again.  They 
get  the  very  best  printer  and  engraver  to  combine  their 
efforts  so  far  as  the  appearance  of  the  booklet  is  con- 
cerned. First  rate.  Then  what  do  they  do?  They  com- 
mence to  assemble  the  reading  matter.  Watch  out  now, 
this  is  where  the  internal  and  external  house  organ  are 
liable  to  get  mixed.  This  is  where  the  distortion  of  view- 
point comes  in,  and  incidentally,  where  the  label  is  affixed 
for  the  morgue. 

Your  editor  maybe  is  first  rate,  in  some  respects,  the 
only  thing  he  lacks  is  experience  in  editing  house  or- 
gans. He  may  be  a  high  class  advertising  man,  full  of 
pep,  brilliant  of  inspiration,  but  he  does  not  know  house 
organs,  or  their  funny  little  ways,  therefore,  he  sets  to 
work  to  entertain  and  interest  his  readers.  And  this  is 
what  he  usually  does,  minus  the  diagnosis  of  his  readers' 
needs. 

He  Heads  For  The  Swamp 

He  will  write  a  snappy  and  witty  editorial,  outlining 
the  policy  of  his  house  and  explaining  the  purpose  of 
the  publication.  Great!  He  will  then  proceed  in  terms 
couched  in  sarcasm  and  satire,  to  give  his  opinion,  not 
even  the  opinion  of  his  house,  mind  you,  but  his  personal 
opinion  on  some  predominating  political  subject  that  might 
at  the  moment  be  worrying  the  country.  Utterly  wrong. 
He's  paving  the  way  for  some  enemies  anyway.  Then 
he  will  sandwich  in  a  couple  of  pages  devoted  to  his 
product.  Fine  again,  so  long  as  he  only  uses  two  pages 
and  does  not  try  to  bulldoze  his  prospect. 

And  then — oh  yes,  he  has  a  few  good  (?)  jokes  on 
hand — he  uses  these.  They  are  bright  but  questionable; 
they  have  a  distinct  double  meaning,  and  do  not  by  any 
means  reflect  the  dignity  of  the  house.  But  still,  our 
editor  is  a  live  wire,  full  of  pep,  and  in  they  go.  Wrong 
again;  he  loses  more  friends.  If  people  want  this  sort 
of  thing,  they  can  buy  books  that  contain  it  served  up 
even  more  deliciously. 

Goes  Absolutely  To  Seed 

And  then  he  proceeds  to  put  his  foot  in  it  still  further; 
he  commences  a  long-winded  story  about  Bill  Jones  who 
has  been  in  the  service  of  his  house  for  a  number  of  years. 
More  than  likely  Bill  is  a  friend  of  his  and  does  not 
object  to  reading  nice  things  about  himself,  particularly 
if  the  article  is  adorned  with  a  half-tone  cut  and  amply 
retouched.  Bad  judgment  again.  The  customer  does  not 
want  to  be  informed  regarding  Bill  Jones,  even  if  he  is 


the  superman  he  is  painted.'  Bill  never  entered  into  the 
customer's  life,  aYid  in  all  probability  the  cu.stomer  does 
not  want  him  to. 

Neither  is  the  customer  interested  in  George  Giles 
who  has  worked  for  the  company  for  sixty  years,  and 
is  the  head  of  three  generations.  That's  not  original, 
neither  is  it  news;  there  are  thousands  of  this  type  and 
our  editor  has  absolutely  no  monopoly.  Bill  Jones  and 
George  Giles  distinctly  belong  to  the  internal  house  organ 
and  it's  doubtful  even  then,  because  the  other  employees 
of  the  house  have  known  it  for  years  and  are  sick  nf 
hearing  about  it,  especially  of  Bill  Jones  the  superman, 
for  the  reason  that  they  see  Bill  from  the  other  side  of 
the  fence  in  his  morning  wrapper  and  boudoir  cap,  and 
with  his  hair  in  curl  papers  as  it  were. 

Draws  Deep  On  Imagination 

So  having  committed  himself  so  far,  our  editor  con- 
tinues to  his  doom.  He  selects  a  "real"  sales  story  writ- 
ten by  a  man  who  couldn't  sell  goods  if  he  tried,  who 
tells  how  he  entered  the  presence  of  a  prospective  cus- 
tomer with  his  hat  on  and  a  cigar  in  his  mouth  at  an 
angle  of  forty-five  degrees  and  sold  him  to  the  extent 
of  $25,000.  He  tells  all  this  not  from  experience,  but 
from  imagination  and  for  sake  of  argument  from  some 
back  garret  situated  in  New  York  City.  He  omits  to 
say,  however,  that  his  own  ability  as  a  salesman  would 
be  on  a  par  with  the  memory  professor  who  forgot  his 
umbrella  when  calling   upon   a   client. 

And  so  our  editor  jogs  along.  He  continues  to  do 
these  things  until  the  dummy  is  ready  to  submit  to 
his  president  or  manager.  And  the  manager,  he  takes 
it  for  granted  that  it's  all  right  for  the  simple  reason 
that  the  editor  had  previously  told  him  it  was  "easy  to 
run   a   house   organ."     So   it   is   mailed   to   the  customer. 

And  What  Does  The  Dealer  Do? 

And  the  customer?  It's  a  new  publication,  therefore 
he'll  likely  read  it.  He  gets  through  the  editorial  and 
on  the  strength  of  it  reads  further  along.  He  comes  to 
the  expression  of  opinion  on  politics — and  frowns.  Out 
of  curiosity  he  proceeds  to  the  jokes — and  rips  out  the 
page  because  he  has  several  lady  stenographers  around. 
The  mention  of  products  is  sidetracked  for  future  re- 
ference, taking  care  that  there  are  no  more  jokes  on 
the  other  side  of  the  page;  and  then  he  comes-  to  the 
history  of  the  superman.  Bill  Jones.  At  this  he  sneers, 
actually  sneers,  mind  you,  and  says  under  his  breath. 
"What  the  devil  has  Bill  Jones  got  to  do  with  me?" 

About  here  he  will  be  getting  impatient,  therefore 
poor  old  Giles  gets  short  shrift,  in  fact  nearly  gets  thrown 
into  the  paper  basket;  would  have  been  in  fact,  only  that  a 
heading  on  the  next  page  saves  the  situation.  "How 
to  improve  your  sales  staff"  is  what  meets  his  eye.  He 
reads,  he  still  reads,  because  utter  rot  is  sometimes  fas- 
cinating and  then,  "Hell,  can  you  beat  that?"  And  into 
the  waste  paper  basket  goes  the  child  of  our  editor's 
brain. 


THE  majority  of  power  plants  of  to-day  have  adopted 
CO,  recording  or  indicating  instruments  in  some  form  or 
another.  These  with  other  means  of  checking  plant  per- 
formance  go   a   long  way   in  the   conservation   of  fuel. 


304 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The   MacLean   Publishing   Company 

UMITED 
(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BATNE  MACLEAN.  Presidfnt      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-Pre«ident 

H.  V.  TYRRErLL.  General  Manager 

PUBUSHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5*> 

A  wcck!7  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manaser.  A.   R.   KENNEDY,  Man.   Editor. 

Aasoeiatc  Editor*: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  KENNER      J.  H.  RODGEBS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.    14S15S    University    Avenue,    Toronto,    OnUrio. 


Vol.    XX. 


SKPTEMER  T) 


No.  10 


When  Is  a  Gamble  Not  a  Gamble? 

I  AW  is  a  sort  of  a  funny  thing  after  all.  A  merchant 
in  Brandon  is  in  a  peck  of  trouble.  He  had  a  window 
with  grak-bags  in  it.  Some  of  them  had  something 
worth  while,  while  others  had  not.  The  person  who  was 
willing  to  pay  25  cents  took  the  chance  of  getting  little 
or  much.  He  might  emerge  from  the  scramble  with  a 
diamond  that  would  sparkle  like  a  new  barn  lantern, 
or  again  he  might  draw  a  prize  that  would  look  cheap 
in  a  bag  of  popcorn.  At  any  rate  the  police  got  after 
the  man  and  he's  now  up  to  explain  his  conduct  on  the 
charge  of  gambling. 

At  almost  any  large  fair,  exhibition  or  travelling  circus 
there  are  a  number  of  things  go  on  that  would  make  this 
practice  look  as  flat  as  a  well-made  buckwheat  pancake. 
There  are  straight  games  of  chance  run  at  all  these 
affairs.  Money  is  taken  where  only  one  in  ten  persons 
has  a  chance  of  winning.  They  toss  balls  and  throw 
rings  and  try  to  beat  sharpers  at  their  own  games.  In 
fact,  the  stuff  that  is  allowed  to  get  by  would  make  the 
wee  sinner  from  Brandon  look  like  a  miserable  amateur 
when    it  comes   to   real   gambling. 

But  did  you  ever  hear  of  many  convictions  against 
the  circus  people,  or  against  the  sideshow  ilk  that  operate 
the  large  fairs  or  circuses?  No,  you  did  not.  Occasion- 
ally there  is  a  bit  of  a  protest  against  the  practice,  but 
when  it  is  made  it  is  a  lame  duck  and  gets  nowhere 
at  all.  The  authorities  reserve  their  powers  of  domina- 
tion until  they  round  up  a  few  poor  harmless  Chinamen 
who  are  having  a  game  of  fan-tan  and  amusing  them- 
selves in  this  way.  They  are  not  out  to  bamboozle  the 
public,  but  the  authorities  become  wonderfully  interested 
in  the  protection  of  the  few  Chinese  who  may  lose  their 
week's   laundry   cheques   in   this   way. 

The  interpretation  that  is  placed  upon  the  meaning 
of  "gambling"  by  the  law  interpreters  is  a  gloriously 
vague   and   peculiar   thing. 


Larger  Place  Needed  For  Machinery 

IT  is  quite  evident  that  the  Machinery  Hall  at  the  Toronto 
National  Exhibition  is  quite  out  of  keeping  with  the 
importance  that  the  machine  tool  business  and  other 
lines  of  engineering  product  are  taking  on  in  the  Domin- 
ion. ^  There  is  small  encouragement  for  the  men  who 
are  in  the  business  to  go  ahead  and  make  a  display  truly 
representative  of  the  industries  in  the  building  at  their 
disposal. 

There  would  have  been  a  splendid  chance  this  year 
to  demonstrate  at  the  fair  the  manner  in  which  war  work 
is  carried  on.  True  in  some  cases  a  few  rough  turning 
operations  were  in  the  course  of  actual  work,  but  they 
gave  no  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  industry  that  has 


meant  more  to  Canada  in  a  commercial  way  than  any- 
thing  that   has   happened    in   her   history. 

There  were  great  displays  of  material  and  processes 
that  by  the  War  Board  would  be  ranked  as  non-essential 
in  these  times.  There  should  be  a  determination  on  the 
part  of  the  management  to  have  the  exhibits  truly  repre- 
sentative of  the  real  things  that  are  happening  right 
at  the  time. 

Of  course,  there  are  dealers,  and  many  of  them,  who 
do  not  see  any  return  for  the  expense  of  exhibiting  at 
the  Toronto  fair.  They  claim  that  they  can  get  better 
results  in  straight  advertising,  and  that  if  they  do  put 
in  a  display  in  operation  it  is  simply  clogged  with  spec- 
tators who  would  never  have  any  more  occasion  to  buy 
a  lathe  than  a  barber  would  a  bread  mixer.  The  present 
facilities  and  the  location  of  the  building  tends  to  en- 
courage  the  manufacturers   in   this  belief. 


The    Merchant    Marine    Should    Be 
Recognized 

'TpHE  week  from  September  1  to  7  is  to  be  set  aside  in 
the  Dominion  as  Sailors'  Week,  with  the  special  pur- 
pose of  raising  money  for  the  support  of  the  dependents 
of  those  who  have  lost  their  lives  while  serving  on  the 
British   Merchant   Marine. 

With  the  object  there  can  be  no  quarrel.  There  is 
not  even  room  for  a  good  argument  concerning  the  won- 
derful service  performed  on  the  trade  routes  by  the  gal- 
lant  men   of  the   Merchant  Marine. 

But  with  the  system  that  allows  the  dependents  of 
these  men  to  be  made  the  objects  of  a  week's  pity  and 
hat-in-hand  giving  there  is  every  fault  to  be  found. 

Why  should  there  be  no  pensions  for  those  left  behind 
by  these  men  ?  Is  their  service  not  as  worthy  of  recog- 
nition as  that  of  any  other  branch  ?  Is  the  work  they 
perform  less  honorable  and  less  vital  to  the  existence 
of  the  nation  ? 

Not  a  bit  of  it.  The  great  bulk  of  the  hardships  on 
the  seas  in  this  war  have  been  endured  by  the  men  of 
the  Merchant  Marine.  They  have  seen  more  of  the  sub- 
marine than  any  other  branch  of  the  service,  and  they 
have  been  instrumental  in  carrying  men.  supplies,  am- 
munition— in  fact  everything  that  has  enabled  the  Allied 
armies   to  carry   on   the   war   in   the   different  fields. 

In  the  face  of  the  submarines,  of  the  floating  mine  and 
the  sunken  mine,  the  men  of  the  Merchant  Marine  went 
ahead,  and  with  a  courage  that  was  wonderful  and  a 
tenacity  of  purpose  that  was  traditional,  turned  an  adverse 
balance  in   1913   into  a  trade  balance  in   1917. 

If  the  men  of  the  Merchant  Marine  had  shirked,  this 
work  would  not  have  been  done.  The  men  in  the  front 
could  not  have  been  fed.  The  supplies  and  munitions 
could  not  have  been  sent  across.  The  commercial  supre- 
macy  of  Britain   could   not  have  been   maintained. 

The  service  of  the  Merchant  Marine  is  not  a  mean 
service.  It  is  deserving  of  real  and  substantial  recog- 
nition. It  is  not  enough  to  depend  upon  "Sailors'  Week," 
or  tag  days  or  voluntary  giving.  It  should  be  recognized 
and  rewarded  on  a  straight  and  decent  basis.  There 
should  be  pensions  and  allowances  for  dependents  of  those 
who  lost  their  lives  in  the  service  of  the  Merchant  Marine, 
and  it  is  high  time  the  matter  was  put  on  the  permanent 
basis  that  it  deserves. 


STEEL  is  quite  an  aristocrat.  It  has  elbowed  and  fisted 
its  way  to  the  top  of  the  price  heap.  Time  was  in  days 
of  old  Pittsburgh  production  when  as  low  as  $1.05  per 
hundred  was  the  market  price.  But  prices  in  Canada 
are  far  removed  from  such  lowly  circumstances  now. 
Price  advances  have  came,  but  Steel  has  romped  over 
the  hurdle  with  ease  in  each  case,  and  shows  small  ten- 
dency toward  getting  its  heels  going  the  other  way.  The 
man  who  pays  the  maximum  $10  per  hundred  for  plate 
now  must  regard  the  chap  who  used  to  pass  it  out  around 
the  $1  mark  as  a  poor  prune  when  it  comes  to  a  matter 
of  salesmanship. 


September  5,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


806 


GREAT  VOLUME  OF 

BUSINESS  PLACED 

Big  Overflow  of  American  Orders  Will 

Keep   Plants  Busy 

In  Dominion 

Canadian  makers  of  munitions  in  re- 
cent months  liave  secured  American 
orders  to  the  amount  of  nearly  one  hun- 
dred million  dollars,  and  the  prospects 
for  the  orders  being  doubled  and  trebled 
in  the  near  future  are  said  to  be  most 
promising. 

The  United  States  campaign  of  ex- 
pansion of  war  effort  as  has  been  point- 
ed out,  is  on  such  an  elaborate  scale  as 
to  tax  all  of  their  own  industries  and 
cause  a  big  overflow  to  Canada.  There 
are  consequently  the  greatest  possibili- 
ties for  Canadian  manufacturers  bene- 
fitting with  orders  to  an  extent  much  in 
excess  of  the  past. 

The  discrepancy  in  prices  paid  for 
munitions  in  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada in  certain  cases  is  explained  by  the 
fact  that  on  the  other  side  manufacturers 
new  to  the  business  have,  on  the  initial 
orders,  been  allowed  a  rate  having  re- 
gard to  their  capital  outlay  as  was  the 
case  at  the  inception  of  the  shell  busi- 
ness here.  When  the  industry  is  fully 
established  the  situation  is  different, 
and  no  allowance  is  made  for  the  prim- 
ary outlays  on  plant. 

The  appeal  of  the  Munitions  Board  for 
increased  output  has  met  with  a  splen- 
did response  by  munition  makers  all  over 
the  country.  The  prescribed  limit  is  be- 
ing fully  lived  up  to,  and  the  prices  al- 
lowed are  regarded  as  wholly  satisfac- 
tory. 

Cabinet  Studying  Matter 

After  discussing  the  matter  with  Mr. 
Harris,  a  sub-committee  of  the  Cabinet 
was  appointed  to  confer  with  him  and 
the  War  Trade  Board  and  work  out  de- 
tails of  a  plan  which  will  combine  effec- 
tive aid  in  the  war,  and  at  the  same  time 
stimulate  the  trade  and  industry  of  the 
country.  The  ground  will  be  gone  over 
and  the  capacity  of  Canada  to  do  its 
part  will  be  fully  investigated. 

One  effect  of  the  proposed  plan  will 
be  to  reduce  the  adverse  balance  of  trade 
by  greatly  increasing  the  volume  of 
Canadian  exports.  It  is  presumed  also 
that  restrictions  applied  by  the  United 
States  on  the  export  of  certain  raw  ma- 
terials will  be  moved  in  order  to  facili- 
tate Canadian  manufacturers  in  turning 
out  munition  and  equipment  orders  de- 
signed for  the  common  purposes  of  the 
war. 

Upwards  of  a  hundred  million  dollars 
of  American  munition  orders  have  al- 
ready come  to  Canada.  There  is  some 
complaint,  now  the  subject  of  negotia- 
tion, that  the  prices  paid  by  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  for  the  British  army  is 
considerably  below  those  which  rule  in 
the  States  for  similar  work,  and  also 
below  what  is  paid  by  the  States  to  cer- 
tain Canadian  manufacturers  who  have 
secured  orders  independently  of  the 
channel   of   the   Munitions   Board. 


CAPE   BRETON    GIRL   WAR   WORK- 
ERS BUILDING  BOATS 


Fourteen  Are' Now  So  Employed  by  Dr. 

Graham  Bell  at  Beinn  Bhreagh, 

Baddeck 

The  first  that  Cape  Breton  has  seen 
of  the  real  work  of  women  as  regards 
war  work  in  the  actual  and  practical 
labor  side  of  it  is  in  shipbuilding.  Many 
of  the  young  women  in  the  city  have 
read  of  the  activities  of  women  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  the  United  States  and 
in  Upper  Canada  as  farmers  and  muni- 
tion workers,  but  here  in  Cape  Breton 
they  are  building  boats  and  for  Gov- 
ernment purposes  at  that. 


Down  on  the  Bras  d'Or  Lakes,  where 
Dr.  Alexander  Qraham  Bell  has  a  sum- 
mer home  and  where  he  has  been  con- 
ducting many  experiments,  is  a  new 
one  in  women  labor.  Prof.  Bell  has 
started  a  boatbuilding  plant  and  he  has 
as  far  as  possible  employed  women  to 
do  some  of  the  work.  In  charge  of  the 
plant  is  Walter  Pinaud,  and  under  his 
supervision  about  fourteen  young  wom- 
en and  a  number  of  men  for  the  harder 
parts  of  the  work  and  for  instruction 
purposes  are  at  work  on  dories  and  life- 
boats which  will  be  used  by  the  navy. 
Already  about  fourteen  of  these  boats 
have  been  completed  and  they  have  been 
tested  and  found  to  be  up  to  the  stan- 
dard in  every  respect. 


Columbus  Was  a  Sticker 

OCTOBER  12,  long  years  ago, 
Columbus  heaved  a  sigh,  and 
pulled  his  boat  on  Yankee 
shore  and  landed  high  and  dry — and 
so  he  got  his  name  in  print,  we've 
read  it  forty  times,  in  histr'y's  prosy 
narrative,  or  else  in  jingling  rhymes. 

Columbus  was  a  sticker,  by  heck  he 
surely  was,  to  put  a  kink  ten  inches 
through  in  all  their  sailin'  laws. 

Folks  used  to  hold  that  if  they  sail- 
ed at  some  mad,  killing  pace,  their 
tub  some  day  would  disappear  and 
drop  off  into  space — that  big  black  men 
and  wunks  and  things  and  wizzled 
witches,  too,  would  pulverize  the  captain  and  feast  upon  the  crew. 

But  old  Chris  C,  he  didn't  give  a  rip  for  all  their  lore,  so  he  hired  a 

boat  one  sunny  day  and  started  to  explore. 

You  know  the  story,  course  you  do,  of.  how  the  crew  kicked  up,  and 

said  he  had  a  flattened  head,  and  was  a  wall-eyed  pup.     They  planned  to 

hand  to  Chris  a  deal  that  was  both  cruel  and  raw — they'd  kick  his  shin 

bones  with  their  boots  and  whack  him  on  the  jaw. 

But  he  kept  sailin'  straight 
ahead,  chuck  full  of  hope  and  trust 
— to  find  some  new  untaken  place, 
or  in  the  effort  bust. 

And  when  the  thing  looked  just 
all  in  a  sailor  climbed  a  mast,  and 
opened  up  his  speaking  tubes  with 
one  almighty  blast — hey  seen 
some  land  right  straight'  ahead, 
they'd  hit  it  with  a  bump,  and  then 
they  'llowed  that  Christopher  was 
not  one  all-fired  chump. 

It's  been  the  same  thing  ever 
since,  the  man  who  don't  get  blue, 
but  sticks  right  to  his  diggin'  just 
like  a  hunk  of  glue — he  gets  there 
with  both  feet  on  top,  in  city  or  on 
farm — but  there  ain't  much  pros- 
pect for  the  man  who  crawls  be- 
neath the  barn. — ARK. 


306 


Volume  XX. 


Demand  for  Steel  Still  Away  Beyond  Capacity 

Rather  Serious  Situation  Developing — War  Industries  Calling 

For  Steel  in  Greater  Quantities  Than  Ever — Canadian  Plants  Are 

Going  to  Get  More  United  States  Shell  Business 


BUSINESS  is  going  to  be  brisk  in  Canadian 
circlet!  for  some  time  to  come  if  present  indi- 
cation? are  anything  to  go  by.  Dealers  in 
the  Dominion  are  purcha.«dng  again  in  large  quanti- 
ties. The  renewal  and  placing  of  new  business  in 
Canada  for  the  American  government  means  that 
the  munitions  business  is  good  for  some  time  to  come. 
The  developments  of  certain  lines  in  Canada  can 
proceed  only  along  circumscribed  lines  at  present. 
The  real  seriousness  of  the  situation  is  not  generally 
apparent.  The  War  Industries  Board  of  Washing- 
ton is  calling  for  steel  at  a  rate  that  is  startling. 
Right  now  the  call  is  for  five  million  more  tons  for 
first  half  1919  than  the  present  capacity  of  the  fur- 
naces and  mills  can  show.  Where  the  extra  material 
is  coming  from  is  a  question  that  is  a  very  serious 
one  for  all  concerns  that  look  to  U.  S.  production 
centres  for  their  supplies.  It  means  that  restrictions 
placed  upon  the  Canadian  market  will  be  strictly 
adhered  to,  and  there  will  be  a  tendency  to  make 
these   tighter  than   in   the  past. 

Pittsburg  reports  indicate  that  it  is  almost  use- 
less to  go  to  the  mills  armed  with  priority  certificates 
and  licen.«es  and  preferences.    In  fact  all  such  docu- 


ments look  alike  now.  It  is  generally  found  that 
all  the  mills  have  plenty  of  customers  who  have 
been  armed  with  similar  documents,  and  the  pre- 
ferences, etc.,  are. simply  placed  on  the  books  to- 
gether with  plenty  of  other  preferences  just  as  good. 

British  Columbia  is  placing  large  orders  in  the 
East  this  week.  Just  a  few  days  ago  a  purchaser 
representing  three  shipbuilding  concerns  on  French 
orders  was  in  Ontario  placing  orders  for  12  boilers 
and  24  engines.  He  claimed  that  in  this  way  he 
could  secure  much  better  terms  and  delivery  dates 
than  by  the  three  companies  going  into  the  market 
individually  with  smaller  orders.  His  total  buying 
represented  about  three-quarters  of  a  million  dollars. 

The  scrap  metal  situation  is  more  .serious  in 
United  States  than  in  Canada.  A  larger  amount  of 
scrap  than  usual  is  finding  its  way  into  foundry 
mixture.  Some  of  the  dealers  are  inclined  to  hold 
that  there  is  plenty  of  material  in  the  consumers' 
yards,  and  that  the  talk  of  a  shortage  is  being  kept 
up  to  keep  shipments  from  being  allowed  to  United 
States  points,  there  having  been  an  embargo  against 
this  for  some  time  past. 


IT  IS  SMALL  USE  TO  GET  ARMED  WITH 

PREFERENCES  OR  PRIORITIES 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Sept.  5.— The  very 
brief  statement  that  was  given  out  in 
New  York  to  the  press  relative  to  last 
week's  meeting  in  New  York  to  consider 
conditions  as  to  steel  supply  evidently 
does  not  begin  to  cover  the  proceedings. 
The  meeting  was  attended  by  represen- 
tatives of  the  War  Industries  Board,  the 
producers  of  pig  iron  and  steel  and  some 
consumers  of  steel.  Evidently  the  situ- 
ation is  so  delicate  that  publicity  as  to 
precise  measures  to  be  taken  is  not  con- 
sidered desirable. 

The  situation  is  that  there  is  a  wide 
gap  between  the  steel  requirements  and 
the  prospective  output.  The  War  In- 
dustries Board  some  two  or  three  months 
ago  estimated  the  steel  requirements 
for  the  current  half  year  at  20,000,000 
net  tons.  Now  it  places  the  amount  at 
not  under  23,000,000  tons,  and  intimates 
that  25,000,000  tons  might  be  more  ac- 
curate. Furthermore  it  has  furnished 
the  steel  makers  such  details  of  the 
items  composing  the  total  as  to  leave 
no  doubt  in  the  minds  of  the  steel 
makers  that  the  amount  ought  to  be 
provided  if  at  all  possible. 

On  the  other  hand  production  will  do 
moderately  well  if  it  exceeds  18,000,000 
tons,  and  quite  well  if  it  reaches  19,000,- 
000  or  20,000,000  tons.  About  6,000,000 
was  produced  in  the  past  two  hot  months, 
and  while  a  moderate  increase  is  to  be 


expected  this  month,  and  quite  a  heavy 
production  in  October,  there  are  the 
usual  dangers  of  curtailed  output  in  the 
winter. 

Steel  for  Offensive 
The  increase  in  the  War  Industries 
Board's  estimate  of  total  steel  require- 
ments shows  that  there  have  been  addi- 
tions to  the  list.  As  to  the  general 
character  of  these  additions  there  is  no 
uncertainty.  They  represent  distinctly 
steel  to  be  used  in  offensive  warfare,  and 
thus  the  increase  in  the  total  estimate 
can  be  linked  directly  with  the  remark- 
able change  that  occurred  in  July  in  the 
character  of  the  operations  on  the 
western  front,  whereby  Marshal  Foch 
assumed  not  merely  the  offensive  but  the 
initiative,  an  attitude  which  has  been 
continued  with  increasing  vigor.  The 
alignment  is  reflected  in  a  very  large 
increase  in  the  shell  steel  requirements 
and  in  the  demand  for  large  numbers  of 
rolling  field  kitchens.  For  the  latter 
there  has  been  a  rapid  canvas  of  the 
possibilities  of  furnishing  merchant  bars 
for  axles  and  framework,  sheets  for 
bodies  and  tin  plate  for  tinware  equip- 
ment, besides  many  minor  items  in  fin- 
ished steel.  There  have  been  increa.ses 
in  the  war  steel  demand  along  other 
lines,  details  not  being  given  yet. 
New  Shell  Steel  Producers 
Two  important  wire  departments   are 


to  be  converted  for  the  rolling  of  shell 
rounds,-  chiefly  82  mm.,  a  large  part  of 
the  tonnage  to  go  to  French  shell  fac- 
tories. These  are  the  Donora  works  of 
the  American  Steel  &  Wire  Company 
and  the  wire  department  of  the  Jones  & 
Laughlin  Steel  Company's  works  at 
Aliquippa,  both  near  Pittsburgh.  The 
small  billet  mills  in  these  departments, 
hitherto  used  to  roll  billets  for  the  rod 
mills,  are  to  be  replaced  by  equipment 
for  rolling  large  rounds.  "The  rumored 
cost  of  the  changes  is  so  large  as  to  sug- 
gest that  some  changes  may  be  contem- 
plated in  the  steel  making  departments 
at  these  plants. 

All  the  additional  shell  steel  that  is 
to  be  rolled  at  various  plants,  however, 
does  not  represent  a  net  addition  to  the 
shell  steel  supply,  for  the  reason  that  at 
one  rail  mill  at  least  the  production  of 
shell  steel  has  had  to  be  decreased  in 
order  to  provide  the  larger  tonnage  of 
rails  required.  There  is  the  200,000  tons 
recently  allotted  for  shipment  to  the 
A.E.F.,  and  there  is  heavier  rolling  of 
rails  on  old  orders  of  domestic  roads. 
So  much  tonnage  is  due  the  domestic 
roads  on  their  old  contracts  that  little 
if  any  new  buying  will  be  required  by 
domestic  roads  for  this  year. 

Lees  steel  for  Some  Finishing  Depart- 
ments 

The  shutting  off  of  wire  production 
at  the  two  wire  plants  just  mentioned 
will  hardly  be  made  up  by  increased 
wire  production  at  other  plants,  hence  a 
net  decrease  in  the  production  of  wire  is 
in  prospect.    Other  decreases  will  likely 


September  5,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


807 


occur.  The  production  of  merchant 
bars,  which  has  probably  ranged  between 
60  and  70  per  cent,  of  capacity,  is  likely 
to  come  down,  even  though  question  has 
been  raised  whether  the  previous  pro- 
duction has  been  sufficient  to  maintain 
important  industries  more  or  less  help- 
ful in  winning  the  war.  It  is  almost  cer- 
tain that  in  the  not  distant  future  the 
supply  of  sheet  bars  will  be  further  re- 
stricted, but  whether  this  will  fall  upon 
tin  plate  mills  or  upon  sheet  mills,  or 
upon  both,  remains  to  be   seen. 

Of  Very    Little  Value 

With  the  wider  gap  between  steel  re- 
quirements and  steel  supply,  a  mere 
place  upon  the  preference  list  is  of  re- 
latively little  value.  Substantially  all 
the  war  activities  have  their  place,  in 
order,  upon  the  preference  list,  also  all 
the  commercial  activities  that  have  been 
recognized  as  contributing  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  country's  war  work.  The 
priorities  in  favor  of  direct  war  ma- 
terial, first  specifically  granted  in  each 
instance,  but  lately  made  the  subject  of 
"automatic  priority"  by  the  buyer  certi- 
fying the  purpose,  are,  however,  so 
heavy  that  they  leave  little  steel  for 
such  purposes  on  the  preference  list  as 
do  not  also  have  priorities.  As  to  class 
D  steel,  which  is  steel  that  might  be  left 
after  priorities  and  preferences  were 
taken  care  of,  that  is  practically  for- 
gotten. Many  mills  concluded  long  ago, 
by  the  way,  that  there  was  a  sort  of 
"catch"  in  this  class  D  stetel,  in  that 
if  they  should  apply  for  the  required 
permit  to  ship  steel  as  class  D  the  ap- 
plication would  be  interpreted  as  an 
acknowledgement  that  the  tonnage  was 
actually  to  spare,  and  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  would  call  for  the  steel  for 
a  required  purpose  instead  of  granting 
the  permit  sought. 

Production 

Attention  has  lately  been  focused  up- 
on the  fact  that  some  blast  furnaces  are 
not  making  their  normal  output  by 
reason  of  coke  shortage,  and  the  Fuel 
Administration  is  insisting  that  the 
Railroad  Administration  furnish  abso- 
lutely full  transportation  facilities  for 
the  movement  of  coal  to  by-product 
ovens.  Of  late  several  furnaces  in  the 
Chicago  district  have  been  forced  to 
bank,  their  attendant  by-product  coke 
ovens  not  being  fully  supplied  with  coal. 
The  weekly  reports  of  coke  production 
would  seem  to  suggest  that  there  ought 
to  be  an  ample  supply  of  coke  for  blast 
furnaces,  but  there  must  be  a  loose  end 
somewhere,  either  a  distribution  to  some 
purposes  not  so  essential  as  pig  iron 
manufacture,  or  a  deficiency  in  quality 
requiring  the  use  of  too  much  coke  per 
ton  of  pig  iron.  The  furnaces  in 
blast  ought  to  be  good  for  a  production 
of  42,000,000  to  43.000,000  tons  of  pig 
iron  a  year,  instead  of  the  40,000,000 
to  41,000,000  tons  actually  being  turned 
out. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Field  kitchens  of  the  mobile 
variety  for  the  use  of  the  allied 
armies  on  the  west  give  some  indi- 
cation of  the  way  the  trend  of  the 
war  affects  the  making  of  steel. 

Pittsburgh  mills  report  that  there 
is  very  little  use  having  preferences 
and  priorities,  as  the  mills  are 
clogged  with  orders  all  made  up  in 
this  manner. 

The  Baldwin  Locomotive  Co.  is 
out  with  a  list  looking  for  the  pur- 
chase of  1,049  machine  tools,  pro- 
bably the  biggest  single  demand 
ever  brought  on  the  market 

The  government  demands  in  U.  S. 
are  so  heavy  for  steel  that  no  plans 
are  being  made  to  manufacture 
pleasure  cars  after  January  1,  1919. 

Scrap  dealers  in  some  cases  hold  the 
view  that  the  talk  of  a  shortage  of 
scrap  material  in  Canada  is  for  the 
purpose  of  keeping  up  the  em- 
bargoes against  shipping  material 
from  this  country  across  the  border. 

A  purchasing  agent  from  the 
coast  representing  three  shipbuild- 
ing concerns,  placed  orders  in  the 
east  this  week  for  twelve  boilers 
and  twenty-four  engines,  the  coast 
firms  believing  that  they  could  buy 
to  better  advantage  by  pooling  their 
business. 

There  is  good  reason  to  believe 
that  shell  contracts  that  expire 
about  the  end  of  September  will  be 
renewed,  and  that  they  will  run  well 
over  the  first  half  of  1919. 

Dealers  in  machine  tools  in  Can- 
ada believe  that  there  will  be  many 
months  yet  of  activity  in  the  selling 
of  machine  tools  for  munitions 
work,  as  well  as  supplies. 

The  call  for  plate  is  greater  than 
ever,  and  on  this  account  the  usual 
allotment  of  ingots  for  other  lines 
is  being  curtailed  to  increase  the 
rollings  on  plate. 

The  War  Industries  Board  of 
United  States  places  its  first  half 
1919  requirements  of  steel  at  almost 
5,000  tons  past  the  present  capacity 
of  the  plants. 

Steel  output  is  recovering  from 
the  hot  weather  curtailments,  but  it 
will  only  be  a  matter  of  a  few 
months,  the  trade  fears,  until  the 
troubles  of  cold  weather  and  poor 
transportation  become    prevalent. 


SEE  GOOD  BUSINESS 

FOR  MACHINE  TOOLS 

Renewal  of  Contracts  Will  Mean  Steady 

Demand  for  Equipment  in  This 

Country 

TORONTO,  Sept.  5. 

BUSINESS  has  been  brisk  in  the  ma- 
chinery trade  for  several  years  in 
Canada.  It  is  brisk  right  now,  and  from 
indications  that  can  hardly  be  questioned 
or  doubted  it  looks  as  though  it  would 
continue  brisk  for  some  months  to  come. 
There  has  been  a  large  volume  of  trade 
moving  apart  from  the  equipping  of 
plants  for  war  work.  Orders  come  in 
for  odd  lots  from  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, and  in  the  aggregate  they  amount 
to  a  big  item.  In  some  cases  war  con- 
tractors are  adding  a  few  extra  tools  to 
their  equipment  to  get  the  best  results, 
while  in  some  cases  domestic  business 
finds  it  necessary  to  add  to  their  plants. 
The  trouble  is  that  business  in  Canada 
that  calls  for  a  supply  of  steel  is  up 
against  a  stone  wall  in  the  matter  of 
supply.  There  are  all  sorts  of  large 
contracts  that  are  waiting  patiently  to 
get  a  chance  at  the  allotment  of  steel 
that  is  made  to  Canada  by  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  at  Ottawa.  Were  it 
possible  to  get  all  the  steel  and  iron  re- 
quired at  the  moment  there  would  be 
an  industrial  development  and  expansion 
that  would  be  startling,  to  put  the  case 
mildly. 

The  Call  is  for  Plate 

The  call  for  plate  is  loud  and  insistent. 
In  fact  there  seems  to  be  a  growing  be- 
lief that  everything  that  comes  from  the 
open  hearths  will  have  to  be  flattened 
out  into  ship  plate  or  boiler  material. 
There  seems  to  be  no  possibility  of  the 
capacity  of  the  rollers  catching  up  to 
the  demands  th'i  are  being  made  on  the 
output. 

Dealers  in  this  district  are  having 
some  trouble  satisfying  the  trade  that 
their  orders  ai'e  getting  the  considera- 
tion due  them.  Priorities  and  ratings 
may  be  secured,  but  that  is  no  sure  in- 
dication that  delivery  will  follow,  be- 
cause plenty  of  other  concerns  have  been 
armed  with  just  such  documents,  and 
the  later  orders  are  simply  placed  on  the 
books  to  wait  their  turn. 

Pcoling  Their  Orders 

Vancouver  firms  having  orders  for 
the  French  government  are  pooling  their 
business,  and  this  week  a  purchasing 
agent  from  the  coast  was  in  the  east  rep- 
resenting three  of  the  companies  that 
will  handle  twelve  carrying  boats  on 
French  order.  He  placed  orders  for 
twelve  boilers  and  twenty-four  engines, 
the  business  going  to  the  Allis-Chalmers 
and  GoldieMcCulIoch  for  engines,  and 
to  the  International  Engineering  Co.  for 
a  good  part  of  the  boiler  work.  The 
purchaser  claimed  that  he  was  satisfied 
that  by  the  pooling  of  orders  in  this  way 
he  had  done  much  better  than  had  the 
three  firms  in  question  gone  out  into 
the  market  and  placed  their  orders  in- 
dividually. 

Scrap  Piling  Up 

Dealers  in  second  hand  material  claim 


308 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


that  there  is  accumulating  a  large 
amount  of  material  in  the  yards  in  the 
Dominion,  and  they  also  say  that  in  some 
cases  the  larger  users  have  a  good  sup- 
ply on  hand  and  are  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  out  of  the  market  for  some 
weeks.  Users  in  many  quarters,  on  the 
other  hand,  claim  that  they  cannot  get 
supplies  necessary,  but  in  many  cases  it 
will  be  found  that  these  places  are  not 
on  war  work.  Some  of  the  dealers  are 
inclined  to  claim  that  users  of  scrap 
keep  up  the  reports  of  shortage  of  ma- 
terial in  order  to  keep  up  the  embargo 
on  shipments  from  Canada  across  the 
border. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  domestic  trade  is 
rather  slow  because  munitions  business 
has  first  call  on  the  scrap  yards  the 
same  as  it  has  any  place  else.  On  this 
account  there  are  grades  of  second-hand 
materials  that  are  not  being  called  for 
to  any  great  extent.  ^_^_ 

Machine  Tool  Business 

Dealers  in  Toronto  have  met  a  large 
number  of  out-of-town  users  of  machine 
tools  and  equipment  during  the  week.  A 
large  number  of  sales  have  been  made, 
although  in  some  cases  promises  of  de- 
livery have  of  necessity  been  very 
vague.  The  advantage  of  dealers  hav- 
ing their  work  well  laid  out  and  planned 
before  they  promise  deliveries  has  been 
amply  demonstrated  several  times  during 
the  past  year.  There  are  cases  right 
now  where  contractors  have  received 
good  deliveries,  almost  on  time,  while 
for  other  parts  of  their  plant  the  de- 
livery schedule  is  simply  shot  to  pieces. 
The  result  is  that  no  progress  is  being 
made. 

The  munitions  business  is  being  well 
handled  now,  and  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY understands  that  contracts 
with  shops  that  have  been  obtaining 
good  results  are  going  to  be  renewed. 
This  refers  especially  to  the  75  m.m. 
work,  some  first  contract*  for  which  ex- 
pire about  the  end  of  September.  In 
fact  it  is  believed  that  arrangements  are 
well  under  way  for  the  carrying  on  of 
orders  well  in  1919.  This  means  more 
business  for  machine  tool  dealers,  for 
supply  houses,  in  fact  for  all  the  various 
branches  that  have  been  influenced  in 
their  volume  of  business  by  the  carrying 
on  of  the  munitions  business  in  Canada. 
There  is  a  brisk  demand  for  makers  of 
machine  tools  to  get  out  goods  for  the 
Canadian  market,  the  dealers  here  being 
confident  of  their  ability  to  handle  al- 
most anything  that  they  can  arrange 
for. 

The  situation  here  in  many  lines,  as 
pointed  out  before,  rests  largely  on  the 
ability  of  U.S.  production.  The  au- 
thorities at  Washington  have  no  small 
matter  on  their  hand.  Their  desire  is  to 
bring  output  to  as  near  the  100  per  cent, 
standard  as  possible,  and  at  the  same 
time  they  are  confronted  with  the  neces- 
sity of  meeting  the  calls  of  the  draft  for 
men  at  the  front.  Between  the  two 
there  must  be  a  fine  adjustment,  and 
one  that  will  call  for  keen  foresight  and 
fearlessnesR.  At  the  present  moment 
the  supply  of  coal  is  a  big  problem,  as 


several  large  furnaces  have  been  banked 
lately  because  the  output  of  coke  was 
not  sufficient  to  keep  them  all  in  oper- 
ation.    In  such  a  case    the     authorities 


simply  direct  the  available  supply  to  be 
turned  to  the  plants  making  the  ma- 
terials most  urgently  needed  at  the  mo- 
ment. 


WANT  TO  USE  MORE  SCRAP  TO  SAVE 

PIG  IRON,  BUT  CANNOT  SECURE  SUPPLY 


THE  scrap  metal  situation,  in  a  broad 
sense,  is  a  peculiar  one  just  now. 
In  some  eases  the  authorities  in  United 
States  are  urging  the  foundry  interests 
to  use  larger  amounts  of  scrap  in  their 
mixtures,  with  the  idea  of  making  the 
supply  of  pig  iron  go  farther.  These 
shops  claim  now,  and  apparently  with 
good  reason,  that  they  would  do  so  if 
they  could  get  the  scrap  they  require. 
There  is  a  shortage  of  scrap  in  United 
States,  while  in  Canada  fairly  large 
stocks  are  on  hand.  Reports  from  U.  S. 
points  are  as  follows: 

Chicago:  Rolling  mills  grades  are  in 
fairly  good  demand,  otherwise  there  is 
a  keen  and  a  decided  shortage.  Heavy 
melting  steel  is  not  coming  out  in  the 
usual  volume,  and  users  stand  ready  to 
make  large  pui-chases.  Those  who  re- 
fuse to  pay  commissions  are  having 
more  trouble  in  securing  supplies  than 
those  who  remunerate  the  dealers. 

Pittsburgh:  Demand  for  all  grades  of 
scrap  continues  strong.  There  is  scarce- 
ly a  large  consumer  who  would  not  take 
heavy  tonnages  could  they  be  secured. 
Heavy  melting  is  much  demanded  as 
well  as  low  phos.  scrap,  but  machine 
shop  turnings  are  also  inquired  after. 
Stocks  in  the  yards  of  the  dealers  are 
not  as  large  as  they  were  a  year  ago, 
and  dealers  see  no  chance  in  many  cases 
of  making  replacements.  The  labor 
situation  is  also  a  factor  as  yard  men 
are  scarce. 

Cleveland:    In    ability    to    get    sorters 


for  the  yards  in  some  cases  here  has 
caused  dealers  to  turn  down  business  as 
they  claim  they  would  be  doing  the  trade 
a  poor  service  by  sending  out  material 
at  random. 

Cincinnati:  From  all  reports  that  come 
to  this  centre  there  is  a  shortage  of 
scrap  material  that  is  unprecedented. 
Dealers  state  that  they  have  not  enough 
material  coming  in  to  fill  orders  and  ar^ 
constantly  forced  to  draw  on  their  re- 
serves, while  these  reserves  are  being 
depleted  at  a  very  rapid  rate. 

St.  Louis:  Dealers  here  charge  that 
the  usual  sources  of  supply  for  old  mi- 
terial  have  been  dried  up,  and  there  is 
nothing  where  big  tonnages  used  to 
originate.  Stocks  of  consumers  have 
been  sadly  depleted  and  they  are  will- 
ing to  buy  anything  they  can  secure  at 
reasonable  prices.  The  labor  situation 
is  described  as  the  worst  since  the  war, 
and  it  is  becoming  worse  instead  of 
showing  the  expected  improvement. 

New  York:  Offering  supplies  here  in 
scrap  are  at  a  rather  low  point,  and  it 
looks  are  though  they  would  remain  in 
that  condition  for  some  time.  Labor  is 
scarce  and  material  moves  slowly 
through  the  yards. 

Philadelphia:  The  trade  here  has  come 
across  several  cases  where  foundymen 
have  been  requested  to  use  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  scrap  in  their  mixture  to  ease 
up  on  the  iron  situation.  They  can't  do 
it  because  the  scrap  necessary  for  such 
a  movement  is  not  available. 


PRODUCTION  OF  PIG  IRON  DOES 
NOT  GROW  FAST  ENOUGH  TO  MEET  NEED 


THE  production  of  pig  iron  seems  to 
have  reached  a  point  past  which  it 
is  hard  to  force  it,  according  to  reports 
from  United  States  producing  centres. 
There  is  a  shortage  of  coke  because  there 
is  not  enough  coal  coming  to  the  ovens. 
Steps  are  being  taken  to  remedy  this, 
but  it  is  not  an  easy  matter,  as  it  comes 
largely  to  a  question  of  man-power,  and 
both  the  army  and  the  industrial  world 
are  now  calling  for  the  men  most  fitted 
to  do  this  class  of  work.  Reports  from 
some  of  the  larger  United  States  points 
show  the  following: 

Chicago:  The  total  sales  made  for 
1919  delivery  are  not  large.  In  fact 
they  are  small.  There  is  no  encourage- 
ment to  tieing  up  for  next  year  delivery. 

New  York:  One  maker  of  pig  iron 
made  inquiry  of  the  War  Board  regard- 
ing the  taking  on  of  1919  business,  and 
was  advised  that  such  a  course  could  not 
possibly  be  sanctioned.  The  result  is 
that  his  output  is  to  be  left  en*:irely  to 
the     allocation    of    the    authorities    at 


Washington.  The  belief  is  growing  that 
some  non-essential  users  of  pig  iron  will 
be  eliminated  or  severely  curtailed,  and 
that  there  will  be  enough  iron  only  to 
take  care  of  the  shops  that  are  working 
on  government-sanctioned  orders. 

Buffalo:  Shortage  of  coke  is  hamper- 
ing a  few  of  the  producers  in  this  dis- 
trict. It  is  a  generally  understood  thing 
now  that  it  is  not  much  use  approach- 
ing the  mil's  for  1919  bookings,  as  they 
are  quite  content  to  let  the  bookings 
take  place  after  the  allotment  has  been 
made  by  the  government  authorities. 

Cleveland:  One  of  the  large  furnaces 
here  that  has  been  changed  over  to  basic 
will  be  turned  back  to  foundry  iron  for  a 
short  period  to  provide  relief  for  some 
of  the  users  who  have  been  almost  shut 
off  from  a  supply  for  necessary  work. 
The  British  Government  has  a  large  or- 
der for  basic  in  this  district  and  it  will 
have  to  wait  for  a  few  days  until  relief 
is  secured  for  the  foundrymen. 

St.  Louis:     Interests  hereabouts  have 


September  5,  1918. 

had  men  in  New  York  and  Washington 
to  canvass  the  situation,  and  they  report 
that  there  is  going  to  be  no  surplus  of 
pig  iron.  The  demands  for  domestic 
work  are  simply  colossal,  but  there  is  not 
even  a  remote  chance  of  any  of  these 
being  considered  for  some  time  to  come. 

Philadelphia:  The  discussion  of  costs 
and  the  fixing  of  values  for  the  fourth 
quarter  are  interesting  the  men  in  the 
trade  here  just  now.  It  had  been  planned 
to  bring  in  a  large  tonnage  of  low  phos- 
phorus iron  from  Spain.  This  would 
have  relieved  the  situation,  but  the  ques- 
tion of  bottoms  had  not  been  fully 
reckoned  with.  It  is  impossible  for  the 
present  to  get  shipment  from  Spain,  and 
the  plan  has  been  for  the  time  being 
abandoned. 

Pittsburgh:  Some  of  the  pig  iron 
makers  here,  discussing  prices  for  the 
fourth  quarter,  claim  that  higher  rates 
should  be  paid,  owing  to  the  increased 
costs  from  labor  charges  and  transporta- 
tion. They  state  that  their  earnings 
have  been  whittled  down  to  a  fine  point. 
Although  the  weather  has  improved  for 
furnace  and  rolling  mill  work,  there  has 
not  been  a  decided  gain  in  production 
figures  owing  to  a  shortage  of  coke.  This 
is  the  first  time  in  many  months  that 
production  in  this  district  has  been  in- 
terfered with  on  this  account. 


CUTTING  OFF  THE 

PLEASURE  AUTOS 

U.  S.  Government  In  Market  for  All  the 

Steel  There  Is  In  Sight  At 

Present 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

New  York,  Sept.  4.— The  Baldwin  Lo- 
comotive Co.  has  come  into  the  market 
for  several  million  dollars  worth  of  ma- 
chinery to  be  installed  in  plant  which  it 
is  building  at  Chicago,  reference  to 
which  was  made  in  this  report  about  the 
middle  of  July.  The  list  just  issued  calls 
for  1,049  tools,  being  the  largest  single 
inquiry  ever  placed  before  the  machine 
tool  industry  in  this  country.  Inquiries 
for  cranes,  also  to  be  installed  in  this 
plant,  are  expected  to  be  put  out  soon. 
Other  manufacturers  of  railroad  motive 
power  are  expected  to  come  into  the 
market  in  the  near  future.  The  Daven- 
port Locomotive  Co.  has  just  purchased 
$30,000  worth  of  tools  in  the  Chicago 
market. 

Several  railroads  that  put  out  inquiries 
some  weeks  ago  have  now  made  pur- 
chases of  machine  tools,  including  the 
Monon  and  the  Rock  Island;  the  St. 
Paul  and  Sante  Fe  are  also  in  the  mar- 
ket. The  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  has 
closed  bids  on  a  large  lot  of  shop  equip- 
ment. The  Pennsylvania,  the  Erie  and 
the  Central  of  New  Jersey  are  about  to 
p'ace  orders  for  cranes. 

In  the  last  few  days,  interest  in  the 
machinery  trade  has  been  centered  in 
the  placing  of  large  Government  orders 
for  motors  for  airplanes  and  tractors; 
several  of  the  companies  that  have  re- 
ceived such  contracts  have  been  buying 
machine  tools.     These  orders  are  of  sig- 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 

nificance  because  they  have  immediately 
followed  the  unfavorable  report  of  the 
Sub-committee  of  Military  Affairs  con- 
cerning the'  airplane  program  of  the 
Government.  The  Willys-Overland  Co., 
Toledo,  has  just  received  a  contract  for 
5,000  Liberty  airplane  motors  and  for 
3,000  tractor  motors  of  12  and  8  cylin- 
ders. 

The  Locomobile  Co.,  of  Bridgeport, 
which  is  making  Liberty  tank  motors, 
has  completed  purchases  of  tools  for  the 
equipment  of  its  new  shop.  This  com- 
pany has  also  taken  over  the  motor  con- 
tracts of  the  Trego  Motor  Corp.  of  New 
Haven.  The  Pierce-Arrow  Motor  Car 
Co.,  which  is  making  Hispano-Suiza 
motors,  has  made  additional  purchases 
of  tools  to  carry  out  its  contracts  The 
Union  Switch  &  Signal  Co.,  Pittsburg, 
to  increase  its  output  of  Lerhone  Air- 
plane motors,  is  buying  additional  shop 
equipment.  The  H.  H.  Franklin  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  Syracuse,  is  purchasing 
additional  machine  tools  to  manufacture 
motor  crank  shafts  for  the  Wright- 
Martin  Aircraft  Corp. 

Using    Automobile    Shops. 

Government  contracts  for  airplane 
motors  in  large  quantity  and  for  motor 
parts  to  be  used  in  repair  work  are  ex- 
pected almost  immediately.  The  inten- 
tion is  to  utilize  as  much  of  the  capacity 
of  the  automobile  shops  as  is  possible. 
The  heavy  Government  demand  for  steel 
will  leave  so  little  metal  available  for 
making  passenger  automobiles  that  no 
plans  for  making  pleasuie  cars  after 
Jan.  1st,  1919,  are  being  made.  The 
Velie  Motor  Vehicle  Co.,  Moline,  111.,  has 
received  a  Government  order  for  tractors. 
The  Ford  Motor  Co.,  Detroit,  is  to  make 
a  large  number  of  "whippets"  or  small 
tanks  for  military  service  in  France.  An- 
other Detroit  automobile  maker  is  al- 
ready manufacturing  large  fighting 
tanks.  The  Willys-Overland  Co.  is  manu- 
facturing shells  and  gun  carriages  as 
well   as   motors  for  the   Government. 

Several  Government  departments  have 
pooled  their  locomotive  crane  require- 
ments for  a  year,  the  Crane  Section  of 
the  War  Industries  Board  having  allo- 
cated orders  for  600  cranes  of  such  type 
for  the  War  and  Navy  Depts.,  for  the 
Director  of  Military  Railways,  for  the 
Railroad  Administration  and  for  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corp.  The  capacity  of 
the  plants  manufacturing  locomotive 
cranes,  which  amounts  to  108  cranes  a 
month,  has  been  absorbed  for  six  months. 
As  a  result  of  these  large  Government 
orders,  delivery  dates  on  other  contracts 
for  locomotive  cranes  have  been  post- 
poned until  next  March. 
.    ♦ 

Water-power  engineering  has  suffered 
in  the  past  from  an  unfortunate  concate- 
nation of  circumstances  which  have  led 
to  its  comparative  neglect.  Great  Brit- 
ain is  the  home  of  inventive  genius  and 
of  mechanical  skill,  and  consequently  the 
trend  of  engineering  development  all 
over  the  world  has  been  largely  along 
the  lines  dictated  by  British  conditions. 
There  is  no  generator  of  energy  which 
is  more  efficient  than  the  water  turbine 


properly  designed;  there  is  probably  no 
more  wasteful  device  than  a  steam  boiler 
and  engine.  There  is  waste  from  start 
to  finish;  much  of  the  heat  of  the  coal 
passes  away  through  the  chimney,  more 
is  lost  by  conduction  and  radiation  from 
the  steam  in  boiler  and  pipes,  and  still 
more,  in  fact  the  greater  part,  is  waste- 
fully  expelled  with  the  exhaust  from  the 
engine.  But  the  engineer  found  to  hand 
a  great  store  of  coal,  and  natural  water 
power  is  comparatively  absent,  so  the 
generation  of  power  from  the  combustion 
of  coal  or  other  fuels  has  received  the 
greater  part  of  his  attention. 


CAPTAIN   JOSEPH    O.    GRAY 

Capt.  Joseph  Osteers  Gray  has  been 
appointed  shipping  master  for  the  port 
of  Montreal.  Capt.  Gray  Is  well  known 
in  Montreal  as  the  founder  of  a  pioneer 
school  of     navigation     and  seamanship. 


CAPTAIN    J.   MURRAY    WATTS. 

J.  Murray  Watts,  naval  architect  and 
engineer,  of  Philadelphia,  has  been  com- 
missioned captain  in  the  57h  Engineers 
(Inland     Waterways). 


76 


Volume  XX. 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  87  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bentmw,   Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace 33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montnal    Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  26 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 6  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops   7  50 

Norway  iron - 11  00 

Tire  steel '6  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base     4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  ^  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill ....      

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   ♦2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops.  Pittsburgh  *S  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 6  50 

Small  shapes 5  76 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

•Government  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lb». 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal    23.1  31.5 

St  John,  N.B 38.1  50.5 

Halifax 39.1  51.5 

Toronto 18.9  22.1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18.9  22.1 

Winnipeg 64.9  85.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper    31  00  28  50 

Tin    125  00  125  00 

Spelter  11  00  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  50  18  00 

Aluminum  50  00  58  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

MnntrAnI     Torontn 

Plates,  %  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  36 

Block       GalraniMd 

Standard  Bnttweld 

"'T   100   fe.> 

%  in $  6  00    $    8  00 

%  in -. 5  22  7  35 

'i  in 5  22  7  35 

''^  in 6  63  8  20 

^*  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15  56 

^  'i  'n 16  79  21  05 

1  ^  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3       in 56  61  70  76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 29  97  36  45 

2%  in 45  05  55  28 

3  in 58  91  72  29 

3%  in 73  60  91  54 

4  in 87  20  108  45 

4%  in 99  06  123  82 

5  in 115  40  144  30 

6  in 149  80  187  20 

7  in 195  20  243  95 

8L    in 205  00  256  25 

8  in 236  20  295  20 

9  in 282  90  353  25 

lOL   in 262  40  328  00 

10      in 337  80  422  30 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 

Welland. 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,   light    $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   25  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 25  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  25  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings    ...   16  50  15  00 

Red  brass  turnings   18  50  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   10  00  9  50 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 30  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels,  iron 26  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.  shop  tum'gs 9  00  8  50 

Cast  borings 12  00  12  00 

Stove  plate    26  00  19  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    8  00  8  00 

Tea  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 65 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.    and    rd.   hd., 
steel 27^ 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel 
Machine    screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fil.   hd., 

brass  .• add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs   

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright. . . . 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


It 

80 

26 
$1  50 
1  75 

1  75 

2  00 
30 
50 
25 

$8  50 
8  40 
72% 
67% 
37% 
32% 
27% 
25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in M 

Fin.   and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins  10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins ^ 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and !• 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus  26 

Collar  screws   list  plus  30,  10 

Thumb  screws   20 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  80 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  Kross  ten 

Bessemer  billets $47  60 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 87  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails 5  70         8  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60% 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  60 

Spikes,  Vi  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 6  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 6  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto    net 


(JnadianMachinery 

AN  D 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.  No.  11 


September  12,  1918 


Uses  of  Compressed  Air  in  the  Modern  Shop 

Least  Possible  Amount  of  Clearance,  Efficient  Cooling  of  the  Air 

Cylinders  and  Rapid  Action  of  the  Valves  Are  Points  That  Come 

Largely  Into  the  Question  of  Efficiency  in  Operation 


FIG.    2     ENGLISH    PNEUMATIC    TOOLS    IN    SERVICE    CHIPPING 
RAIROAD  TIRES  AT  THE  BOLTON  IRON  AND  STEEL  PLANT. 

IN  the  modem  shop  the  pneumatic  tool . 
is  almost  universally  used  and  the 
air  compressor  whether  operated  by 
the  electric  motor,  by  gasoline  or  other  ■ 

internal   combustion   engines   or   by   the  -5*^ 

steam   engine   or   steam  turbine,   is  now  ;• 

considered  practically  indispensable.  Thn  f 

accompanying  illustrations  Figs.  1  and  2 
show  the  use  of  pneumatic  hammers  at 
work  on  English  castings  and  pneumatic 
tools  in  service  chipping  railway  tires  at 
the  Bolton  Iron  and  Steel  Plant,  at  Bol- 
ton, England,  the  Boyer  hammers  noted 
in  use  having  been  supplied  by  the  Con- 
solidated Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  *^5»», 
Westminster,  London,  England. 

The  drawings  Fig.  3,  4,  5  and  6  show 
the  air  compressors  of  the  single  simple 
stage  types,  and  series  of  intercooling 
types,  belt,  rope,  motor  or  steam  driven 
with  electric  pneumatic  control  as  de- 
veloped by  Isaac  Storey  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  at 
Manchester,  England. 

These  engineers  point  out  that  the  his- 
tory of  modem  air  compressors  has  fol- 
lowed in  line  with  that  of  the  steam  en- 


By  P.  C.  FRANK 

gine,  the  old 
compressors  and 
steam  engines  be- 
ing made  with  a 
very  long  stroke 
and  running  at  a 
moderate  speed, 
modern  ones  with 
a  shorter  stroke 
and  higher  speed. 
The  development 
in  the  direction 
of  a  much  higher 
speed  of  revolu- 
tion has  been 
very  much  assist- 
ed, in  the  case  of 
the  air  compres- 
sor, by  the  nu- 
merous electric 
i  n  s  t  a  1 1  a  t  ions 
which  have  been 
put  in,  a  com- 
pressor running 
at  a  high  speed 
being     eminently 

suitable  for  driv  ing  by  electric  motor. 

The  vital  constructional  points,  accord- 


ing to  these  iSnglish  engineers,  for  a  com- 
pressor which  shall  give  the  highest  ef- 
ficiency include  the  least  possible  amount 
of  clearance,  efficient  cooling  of  the  air 
cylinders,  efficient  intercooling,  and  rapid 
action  of  the  valves. 

As  to  cooling  and  intercooling  it  is 
pointed  out  that,  during  compression, 
heat  is  generated,  and  that  some  method 
must  be  employed  to  cool  the  heated  air, 
and  thus  ensure  that  the  air  is  maintain- 
ed at  its  greatest  possible  density  during 
compression.  The  only  practicable 
method  of  withdrawing  the  heat,  and  that 
generally  adopted,  is  to  water-cool  the 
cylinder  and  its  ends,  and  to  employ  in- 
tercoolers,  through  which  the  air  is  di- 
rected in  its  passage  from  one  cylinder 
to  the  other. 

It  is  claimed  by  these  English  engineers 
that  the  system  of  cooling  in  the  Scott 
compressor  presents  great  advantages, 
and  is  more  efficient  than  that  of  the 
many  types  of  jacket-cooled  compressors 
These  latter  types  rely  solely  on  water 
jackets  or  chambers  of  small  capacity 
cast  on  the  cylinder  or  cover,  and,  owing 
to  the  various  ribs,  inlet  and  outlet  ports, 


Wl 


FIG.   1 -PNEUMATIC   HAMMERS   AT   WORK  IN    AN   ENGLISH   SHOP. 


310 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


joints  and  branches,  the  water  space  is 
broken  up  into  a  number  of  pockets  con- 
taining only  a  small  volume  of  water  in 
each,  thus  greatly  reducing  the  effective 
cooling  surface  and  efBciency. 


connections  for  this  purpose  being  made 
in  the  frame  and  not  in  the  tank,  so  that 
the  tank  can  be  lifted  off  without  disturb 
ing  any  of  them,  and  the  whole  of  the 
joints  and  surfaces  of  the  cylinders  and 
intercoolers  are  then  exposed  to  view. 

It  will  be  seen  that  as  usual  the  air 
after  being  compressed  in  the  low  pres- 
sure cylinders,  passes  through  intercool- 
ers to  the  high  pressure  cylinder.    These 


intercoolers  consist  of  a  set  of  brass  tubes 
expanded  into  tube  plates  in  the  ordin- 
ary way.  The  air  is  however  passed 
through  the  tubes,  instead  of  being  pass- 
ed outside,  as  usual,  while  the  intercool- 
ers are  immersed  in  the  cooling  tank. 
The  result  is  that  the  air  is  divided  up 
into  a  number  of  small  streams,  so  that 
this  form  of  intercooling  is  much  more 
efficient  than  any  other  method.     In  ad- 


KIG.  3— ENGLISH  SINGLE  CRANK  AIR  COM- 
PRESSOR DEVELOPED  AT  MANCHESTER  AT 
THE  PLANT  OF  ISAAC  STOREY  &  SONS.  LTD. 

In  the  English  compressor,  noted  in  the 
drawings,  a  far  greater  cooling  efficiency 
is  obtained  by  the  arrangement  of  totally 
immersed  air  cylinders,  which,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  they  have  no  large  piston 
valve  or  other  chambers  cast  on,  are  per- 
fectly  cylindrical,   and   lend   themsei 


FIG.    4  -SCOTT    INTERCOOLEK    COMPRESSOR    DEVELOPED    AT    STOREY    WORKS 

MANCHESTER. 


FIG.  6-FOUR  SCOTT  COMPRESSORS   WITH   PNEUMATIC   ELECTRIC   CONTROL  IN   LAEGB 

ENGLISH    PLANT. 


no.     5     ENGLISH     COMPRESSOR     CONTROL- 
LING    DEVICE. 

peculiarly  to  this  system  of  cooling.  The 
cylinders  and  intercoolers  are  completely 
surrounded  by  a  steel  tank  through  which 
a  large  volume  of  water  is  circulated,  the 


'  y  y  y  i 


% 


FIG.    7— PLAN     VIEW    OF    COMPRESSORS. 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


811 


FIG.    8— AN    AMERICAN    MOTOR    DRIVEN    AIR    COMPRESSOR 

dition,  the  formation  of  air  pockets  in 
the  intercoolers,  which  has  given  so  much 
trouble  with  many  compressors,  is  entire- 
ly obviated.  A  further  advantage  is  that 
practically  any  water  can  be  used  for 
cooling  purposes,  as  the-  arrangement  is 
such  that  any  deposit  on  the  surface  can 
be  easily  removed,  while  the  presence  of 
the  large  and  freely  moving  body  of 
water  in  the  tank  keeps  down  the  water 
temperature,  in  consequenceof  which  the 
amount  of  deposit  is  not  nearly  so  great, 
the  automatic  devices  for  unloadin";  an! 
governing  the  supply  of  air  are  provided 
in  accordance  with  the  particular  instal- 
lation. 

The  drawing  Fig.  3  shows  the  simple 
single  stage  Scott  compressor  which  con- 
sists of  a  frame  and  bedplate  similar  to 
an  ordinary  high  speed  engine),  provided 
with  bearings  for  one  or  two  cranks  ac- 
cording to  the  particular  size  of  compres- 
sor. The  top  of  the  frame  has  the  inlet 
air  passage  cast  in  it  and  the  compressor 


--      — ^  ^~      --  cylinder  clearance  can  be  so  small  that 

the  piston  and  valve  plates  practically 
,  touch.  The  only  parts  requiring 
lubrication  are  the  crankshoft  bear- 
ings, the  connecting  rods,  and  the 
trunk  piston  and  cylinder  walls,  and  all 
these  are  lubricated  by  splash  lubrication 
in  the  enclosed  crank  chamber. 

The   lower  end   of  the  truck   is   fitted 
with  rings  to  prevent  the  lubricant  beins 
drawn  in  with  the  air.    By  means  of  oil 
'^ '  ^^  throwers,  fitted  at  each  end  of  the  crank- 

shaft, any  oil  which  has  worked  through 
the  bearings  to  the  ends  of  the  shaft  is 
flung  by  centrifugal  force  on  to  the  in- 
ner walls  of  the  oil  catchers  which  are 
fitted  on  the  end  covers.  The  covers  are 
provided  with  an  oil  drain  at  the  lower 
side  of  the  oil  catcher,  and  the  oil  is 
thereby  free  to  drain  back  into  the  crank 
chamber.  By  these  means,  ample  lubri- 
cation is  ensured,  with  satisfactory  con- 
tinuous running  and  extreme  cleanliness. 
The  totally  immersed  system  of  cool- 
ing is  effected  by  extending  the  casing 
sufficiently  high  to  allow  the  water  to 
N2j  U  cover  completely  the  topmost  part  of  the 
'-  ""  N  cylinder  or  cylinders.  The  top  of  the 
body  casing  is  machined,  and  a  removable 
water  jacket  is  provided  for  this  purpose. 

cylinders,     provided     with     inlet    portsL   By    this    means     the    whole    of  the  air 

around   the   circumference,   are   fixed   inl   cylinder    and    cover    is    completely    im- 

bored  holes  in  the  frame,  and  each  is  fit-B   mersed  in  a  large  body  of  cold  water, 

ted  with  a  trunk  piston  worked  by  a  con-^  thus  ensuring  that  the  air  is  kept  as  cool 

necting  rod  from 

the      crankshaft, 

the  annular  part 

of      this      trunk 

piston    being     in 

constant  commu- 
nication with  the 

inlet  holes. 

It  is  held  that 

the    form    of   the 

valve   plates   and 

the     very     small 

lift  of  the  valves 

required    to    give 

full  area  make  it 

possible    for    the 

clearance    spaces 

to   be   reduced  to 

an  extent  impos- 
sible    with     any 

other  design. 

There      are      no 

valve   pockets   or 

ports,     and     the 


i 


FIG.    9  -AMERICAN     PNEUMATIC     MOULDING     MACHINE 
DEVELOPED   AT   ZENLENOPLE.    PA. 


FIG.    11 


THE    HERMAN    PNEUMATIC    MOULDING    MACHINES    DEVELOPED    AT 
ZENLENOPLE,   PA. 


and  consequently  as  dense  as  possible 
during  compression.  By  draining  off  the 
water  and  removing  the  jacket  the 
cylinder  joints  can  be  easily  examined,  as 
all  pipe  connections  are  made  in  the  body 
casing  and  not  in  the  jacket. 

It  is  claimed  by  these  Enarlish  engineers 
that  in  compressors  running  at  a  high 
speed,  the  valves,  generally,  are  the  weak 
point  and  in  this  compressor  the  introduc- 
tion of  ball  valves  has  given  the  simplest 
and  most  durable  type  of  valve  possible 
and  they  do  not  hammer  their  seats  away. 
It  will  be  readily  understood  that  owing 
to  the  fact  that  each  valve  weighs  but  a 
fraction  of  an  ounce,  and  has  only  a 
small  lift,  the  impact  on  closing  is  ex 
tremely   small,   the   wear   being   almost 


S12 


CANADIAN    SrWCHlNERY 


Volume  XX. 


FIG.    IS— CURTIS    PNEUMATIC    CKANE   IN    PIPE   PLANT. 


IIG.    11      PNEUMATIC    SHOP    YARD    HOIST    IN    SERVICE. 


negligible.  This  is  proved  by  the  fact 
that  many  of  these  valves  have  worked 
continuously  for  considerable  periods 
without  showing  any  appreciable  signs  of 
wear.  A  further  advantage  is  the  light- 
ness of  the  valves  enabling  high  speeds 
to  be  attained  with  silent  running. 

The  valves,  which  are  a  special  future 
design,  are  in  the  form  of  hardened 
ground  steel  balls  of  small  diameter,  each 
working  on  a  recessed  drilled  seating 
made  from  hard  steel  plates.  The  bot- 
tom plate  is  drilled  with  a  series  of  holes 
of  two  diameters,  the  top  portion  slightly 
larger  than  the  ball,  and  the  lower  por- 
tion smaller  in  diameter  than  the  ball. 
This  forms  a  pocket,  in  which  the  ball 
works,  and  a  seat  for  it  to  rest  on.  The 
upper  plate  is  drilled  to  the  same  templet 
as  the  lower  one,  and  is  then  fixed  so  that 
the  holes  in  it  come  half  way  over  the 
holes  in  the  lower  one,  the  solid  bars  be- 
tween t'.ie  holes  in  the  upper  plate  com- 
ing directly  over  the  centre  of  the  balls 
in  the  lower  plate,  and  so  forming  a  stop 
for  the  lift  of  the  valves.     Both  the  de- 


livery and  suction  valves  and  plates  are 
made  exactly  alike  and  can  be  easily  ex- 
amined or  changed  when  necessary. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  upper  side  of 
the  piston  is  fitted  with  a  set  of  plates 
and  ball  valves,  the  air  to  the  cylinders 
being  admitted  to  these  valves  on  the 
suction  or  down  stroke.  The  position  and 
rapid  opening  of  the  valves  is  automatic- 
ally ensured  by  the  inertia  of  the  balls  at 
the  commencement  of  the  downward  or 
suction  stroke.  It  will  be  observed  that 
at  the  end  of  the  compression  stroke, 
when  the  piston  commences  its  suction 
or  down  stroke,  the  rapid  movement  of 
the  piston  causes  the  inertia  of  the  balls 
to  pull  them  quickly  off  their  seats,  and 
thus  opens  the  valves  at  the  precise 
moment  desired.  At  the  lower  end  of  the 
stroke,  the  momentum  of  the  balls  in- 
stantly closes  the  valves  immediately  in 
the  commencement  of  the  compression  or 
up  stroke,  which  is  exactly  what  is  re- 
quired. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  a  very  large 
area  through  the  valve  plate  is  obtained 


with  an  extremely  small  lift,  which  is,  in 
fact  only  about  1-16".  This  gives  a  high 
efficiency,  and  results  in  extremely  dur- 
able valves  and  seats,  without  the  use  of 
either  springs  or  other  complicated  de- 
vices. Owing  to  the  large  outlet  ports 
and  valve  chambers  in  nearly  all  piston 
or  disc  valve  types  of  compressors  the 
clearance  spaces  are  extremely  large 
with  the  result  that  the  efficiency  is  con- 
siderably reduced. 

In  this  English  compressor  there  are 
no  valve  ports  or  chambers  and  owing  to 
the  unique  design  of  the  ball  valves,  large 
clearance  spaces  are  entirely  obviated, 
and  the  cylinder  clearance  can  be  so 
small  that  the  piston  and  valve  plates 
practically  touch,  thus  ensuring  the  high- 
est possible  efficiency.  It  is  almost  im- 
possible to  wear  out  the  ball  valves  or 
seats,  as  the  balls  work  round  and  keep 
themselves  absolutely  tight  for  any 
length  of  time,  and  further  there  is  no 
liability  to  fracture  or  any  other  damage, 
so  common  in  the  valves  of  many  other 
typos    of    compressors.        There    are    no 


KIG.    16 


DOCm.E  CYLINDER  CURTIS  AIR 
COMPRESSOR. 


FIG.    18- 


ELECTRIC    AIR   COMPRESSOR   WITH 
DRIVE  GEAR. 


CURTIS    SINGLE    CYLINDER 
AIR    COMPRESSOR. 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


313 


springs  used  in  connection  with  the  ball 
valves.  Such  springs,  necessary  in 
nearly  all  compressors,  are  a  serious 
cause  of  trouble  through  their  constant 
failure  from  fatigue,  which  often  results 
in  considerable  delay,  expense  and  an 
noyance  before  renewals  are  completed. 
The  drawing  Fig.  4  shows  one  of  these 
English  intercooling  compressors,  de- 
signed  for  large   capacity   owing  to   its 


FIG.   19— A  PORTABLE   PNEUMATIC  RIVETER 

FOR    STRUCTURAL.    BRIDGE    AND    RAIROAD 

WORK    AND    BOILER    AND    TANK 

CONSTRUCTION. 

extreme  regularity  of  turning,  due  to  the 
correct  equalizing  of  the  pressure  rela- 
tions in  the  three  cylinders.  Especially 
is  this  so  in  the  case  of  electrically  driv- 
en machines,  where  the  advantages  due  to 
this  equal  torque  are  very  great,  when 
the  questions  of  the  life  of  the  motor  and 
steady,  continuous  running  over  long 
periods  are  considered.  It  will  be  seen 
that  the  three  cylinders  are  mounted  on 
distance  pieces  and  body  casing  similar 
to  those  of  a  high  speed  engine.  Two  of 
these  cylinders  act  as  low  pressure  and 
one  as  high  pressure,  the  arrangement 
being  that  by  these  means  an  equal  divi- 
sion of  power  is  obtained  between  the 
three  cranks,  and  a  much  cooler  delivery 
of  air  in  consequence  of  the  proportion- 
ing of  the  compressions  between  the  high 
and  low  pressure  cvlinders. 

The  delivery  valve  plate,  which  is  de- 
signed to  secure  a  minimum  clearance,  is 
held  down  by  strong  springs  from  the 
outer  cover.  These  springs  set  as  a  safe- 
guard in  case  the  connectins  rod  wears 
.  loose  and  the  piston  strikes  the  delivery 
valve  plate,  which,  it  will  be  seen,  is  re- 
cessed into  the  uoper  part  of  the  barrel 
and  forms  the  top  end  of  the  cylinder. 
With  this  safeguard  it  is  thus  possible  to 
work  the  compressors  with  such  a  min- 
ute clearance  as  1-32  of  an  inch. 

The  drawing  Fis.  5  shows  the  con- 
trolling device  on  the  compressor-  which 
consists  of  a  centrifugal  governs  com- 
bined with  throttle  valve  on  the  inlet  and 
an  air  pressure  cylinder,  and  is  arran<?ed 
so  that  the  compressor  continues  un- 
loaded until  it  is  within  10  per  cent,  of  its 
full  speed.  When  the  pressure  of  air 
exceeds  a  fixed  amount,  the  air  cylinder 
acts  on  the  throttle  valve  and  again  un- 
loads the  compressor.  The  combination 
of  these  two  arrangements  results  in  a 
control  which  enables  a  compressor  to  be 
unloaded,  and     therefore     to  be  started 


without  injury  to  the  motor,  and  which 
also  cuts  off  the  supply  of  air  when  the 
pressure  arrives  at  a  desired  point. 

The  control  for  starting  and  stopping 
the  motor  consists  of  a  main  air  pressure 
cylinder  with  a  number  of  units  in  the 
plant,  which  are  run  in  series,  and  a  con- 
trol cylinder  on  each  switch.  These  con- 
trol cylinders  are  of  the  differential  type, 
the  small  end  being  in  constant  communi- 
cation with  the  air  pressure  main.  The 
larger  end  communicates  with  the  reser- 
voir, and  is  filled  with  liquid  from  the 
re.servoir  to  the  eyrnder.  bein-j;  controlled 
by  adjustable  .valves.  Air  is  admitted  to 
the  reservoir  from  the  corresponding 
holes  in  the  main  air  pressure  cylinder 
previously  mentioned.  The  regulating 
valves  between  the  reservoir  and  the 
cylinder  are  so  arranged  that  the  speed 
of  movement  of  the  switch  in  the  two 
directions  can  be  varied  independently 
and  at  will,  and  in  the  ordinary  way  this 
control  is  set  so  that  the  switch  is 
thrown  out  of  operation  in  5  seconds  and 
put  into  operation  in  40  seconds,  but  this 
can  be  varied  to  any  reasonable  extent  at 
will.  This  system  of  control  contains  no 
complicated  parts,  and  is  easily  under- 
stood and  kept  in  order  by  an  ordinary 
mechanic,  and  it  is  perfectly  certain  in 
its  action. 

The  drawing  Fig.  6  shows  an  installa- 
tion of  four  of  these  large  English  com- 
pressors working  together  in  a  large 
shipyard  in  the  North.  The  compressors 
come  into  action  one  after  another,  as  the 
pressure  falls,  due  to  the  requirements 
of  the  service,  and  they  go  out  of  action 
in  the  same  manner. 

In  American  foundries,  shops  and  quar- 
ries, the  pneumatic  tool  and  the  air  com- 
pressor are  almost  universally  employed. 
The  accompanying  illustrations.  Figs.  9, 
10,  11  show  the  compressed  air  jarring 
machine  developed  at  Zeli^nople,  Pa.,  by 
the  Herman  Pneumatic  Machine  Co.  The 
Herman  jarring  molding  machine  de- 
pends on  the  use  of  the  compressed  air 
for  the  perfect  jarring  of  any  cope  and 
drag  successfully  in  the  foundry.  The 
base  and  the  table  plate  is  of  one  size, 
and  at  different  points  in  the  base  pock- 
ets are  machined  out,  in  which  are  placed 
rubber  discs  and  on  top  of  them  steel 
discs.     The  table   plate  is   of  cast  steel 


construction  and  blocks  are  cast  at 
points,  so  when  the  table  plate  drops, 
strike  on  the  different  jarring  blocks  in 
the  base.  Guides  are  cast  in  the  table 
plate  and  in  the  comers  of  the  base 
guides  plates  are  placed.  These  relieve 
the  wear  on  the  cylinder  and  it  is  impos- 
sible to  get  a  load  off  centre  so  that  the 
cylinder  or  the  plunger  is  in  no  way 
affected.  It  is  claimed  that  in  this  works 
and  in  these  machines  the  pneumatic  jar- 
ring principle  was  first  used  for  molding 
machines. 

In  the  many  American  machine  shops 
and  foundries  and  factories,  pneumatic 
elevators  and  hoists  are  utilized  to  ad- 
vantage also  in  the  yards  for  handling 
the  raw  material  and  finished  product  as 
indicated  in  photographs.  Figs.  12,  13  and 
14.  In  the  accompanying  illustrations, 
Figs.  15,  16,  17  and  18  may  be  noted  the 
details  of  construction  of  the  Curtis  air 
compressors  and  of  the  electrically  oper- 
ated air  compressors  with  belt  and  gear 
drive  developed  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  by  the 
Curtis  Pneumatic  Machinery  Co. 

These  electric  air  compressors  are  full 
self-oiling  with  controlled  splash  and 
regulatable  sight  feed  cylinder  lubrica- 
tion. It  is  claimed  that  they  have  80% 
more  cooling  surface  than  any  double- 
acting  compressor  of  the  same  capacity 
and  the  heads  and  valves  being  water- 
cooled  as  well  as  the  cylinder  walls  in 
crease  the  volumetric  efficiency.  The 
machines  are  self-contained,  considerably 
heavier  than  other  compressors  of  simi- 
lar capacity,  assuring  freedom  from  vi- 
bration, admitting  of  light  foundations 
and  withstanding  the  excessive  strains 
due  to  speed  and  high  pressure.  The 
automatic  unloader  makes  this  compres- 
sor especially  economical  and  desirable 
for  intermittent  service.  The  controlled 
splash  oiling  system  with  its  regulatable 
sight  feed  of  the  oil  fed  to  the  cylinder, 
its  consequent  saving  in  oil  and  atten- 
tion is  another  feature  found  only  in  the 
Curtis  compressor.  The  discharge  for 
the  water  circulation  is  taken  from  the 
heads  or  in  other  words  at  the  highest 
point  of  circulation,  so  that  there  is  never 
any  possibility  of  the  hot  water  becom- 
ing pocketed  or  trapped  in  the  heads,  and 
there  is  no  possibility  of  water  circulat- 
ing without  passing  through  the  heads. 


20-THE   CLARK   AIR  METER  DESIGNED   AT  DENVER.   COLORADO.   TO    ACCURATELY 
,  MEASURE  THE   FLOW   OF   AIR. 


314 


Volume  XX. 


How  Hun  Plotters  Worked  in  Canada  Early  in  War 

Dastardly  Attempts  to  Destroy  Property  and  Prevent  Canadians 

From  Reaching  the  Front — How  United  States  Kept  in  Touch 

With  the  Plotters  and  Spoiled  Their  Plans  at  Every  Turn 

By  EARL  E.   SPERRY  and   WILLIS      WEST  for  U.  S.  Committee  on  Public    Information 


THE  second  chief  purpose  of  the 
German  Ambassador  and  his  lieu- 
tenants in  America  was  to  prevent 
Canada  from  giving  military  aid  to  Eng- 
land. That  this  enterprise  was  carried 
on  at  the  command  of  the  German  Gen- 
eral Staff  is  indicated  by  the  following 
telegrams  sent  in  January,  1916,  to  Count 
von  Bernstorff: 

Jan.  3  (Secret.)  General  staff  desires  en- 
ergetic action  in  regfard  to  proposed 
destruction  of  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  at 
several  points  with  a  view  to  complete  and 
protracted  intenup'ion  of  traffic.  Captain 
Boehm,  who  is  kjiown  on  your  side  and 
shortly  letuinir.K.  has  been  given  instruc- 
tion*. Inform  the  Military  Attache  and 
proviwiC   tiio   ntcessary  funds. 

(Signed)    ZIMMERMANN. 

Jan.  26.  For  Military  Attache.  You  can 
obtain  particulars  as  to  persons  suitable 
for  carrying  on  sabotage  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  from  the  following  per- 
sons: (1)  Joseph  McGarrity,  Philadelphia, 
Penn.  (2)  John  P.  Keating,  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago.  (3)  Jeremiah  O'Leary,  16  Park 
Row,  New  York.  One  and  two  are  abso- 
lutely reliable  and  discreet.  No.  3  is  reli- 
able, but  not  always  discreet.  These  persons 
were  indicated  by  Sir  Roger  Casement.  In 
the  United  States  sabotage  can  be  carried 
out  on  every  kind  of  factory  for  supplying 
munitions  of  war.  Railway  embankments 
and  bridges  must  not  be  touched.  Embassy 
must  in  no  circumstances  be  compromised. 
Similar  precautions  must  be  taken  in  re- 
gard to  Irish  pro-German  propaganda 

(Signed) 
REPRESENTATIVE   OF  GENERAL  STAFF 
The  Start  Of  It 

The  earliest  attempt  to  carry  out  these 
plans  of  the  German  General  Staff  was 
made  by  Horst  von  der  Goltz,  a  German 
citizen  who  came  to  the  United  States 
from  Mexico.  In  an  affidavit  he  thus 
describes  the  origin  and  purposes  of  this 
project: 

Shortly  after  my  arrival  at  New  York 
(from  Mexico),  I  received  a  letter  signed 
by  Dr.  Kraske,  Vice-Consul  at  the  Ger- 
man Consulate  in  New  York,  requesting 
me  to  attend  at  the  consulate  at  a  cer- 
tain hour,  in  order  that  I  might  meet 
a  gentleman  who  was  interested  in  me. 
The  letter  was  a  mere  matter  of  form, 
intended  to  inform  me  of  the  hour  of  a 
meeting  proposed  to  me  by  Capt.  voh 
Papen. 

Attending  to  this  request  I  had  at  first 
some  conversation  with  Capt.  von  Papen 
concerning  events  in  Mexico,  and  after- 
wards was  asked  to  give  my  opinion 
about  a  proposal  made  m  a  letter  to  the 
German  Embassy,  the  writer  of  which 
asked  for  financial  support,  in  order  to 
carry  out  a  scheme  by  which  he  wrote 
he  would  be  able  to  make  raids  on  towns 
situated  on  the  Canadian  coast  of  the 
Great  Lakes. 

The  proposal  being  rejected  on  ac- 
count of  the  Embassy  receiving  unfavor- 
able information  about  the  writer,  I  was 


first  requested  to  give  my  assistance  to 
a  scheme  of  invasion  intended  to  be  put 
in  execution  by  seizing  some  spot  on  the 
west  coast  of  Canada  with  the  assistance 
of  German  warships.  Reservists  from 
the  United  States  were  to  be  sent  to  an- 
other neutral  country,  where  they  were 
to  be  embarked.  Such  a  step  it  was  sup- 
posed would: 

(1)  Prevent  the  Canadian  contingents 
then  under  training  from  sailing  for 
Europe. 

(2)  Prevent  Canada  from  supplying  Eng- 
land with  necessaries  on  account  of 
their  being  needed  in  the  country 
itself. 

(3)  Bring  matters  in  the  United  States 
to  a  decision,  the  Government  being 
forced  either  to  supply  both  parties 
with  arms  and  ammunition,  or  to 
prohibit  the  export  of  those  articles 
altogether. 

This  scheme,  proposed  by  Capt.  von 
Papen  and  supported  by  Capt.  Boy-Ed,  was 
abandoned,  objections  having  been  made  by 
Count  Bernstorff. 

Then  two  Irishmen,  leaders  of  Irish  as- 
sociations, who  both  had  fought  during  the 
Irish  rebellion,  proposed  the  wholesale 
blowing  up  of  the  canals  connecting  the 
Great  Lakes,  main  railway  junctions  and 
grain  elevators.  It  was  alleged  that  by 
these  means,  as  well  as  by  wholesale  dis- 
tribution of  proclamations  intended  to 
terrify  the  populace,  combined  with  rumors 
of  invasion  judiciously  circulated  in  the 
press,  a  panic  would  be  created  in  Canada 
which  would  prevent  the  Dominion  from 
giving  any  aid  to  England. 

I  was  ordered  to  put  this  scheme  in  exe- 
cution. 

The  Welland  Canal 

After  these  plans  had  been  discussed 
at  the  German  Consulate  and  at  the  Ger- 
man Club  in  New  York  City,  it  was  de- 
cided that  von  der  Goltz  should  attempt 
to  blow  up  the  Welland  Canal,  the  grain 
elevators  at  Fort  William,  and,  if  possi- 
ble, the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  locks  and  rail- 
road bridges.  Capt.  von  Papen  supplied 
him  at  the  German  Club  with  the  needed 
fuses,  wire,  and  generators,  and  referred 
him  for  dynamite  to  Capt.  Hans  Tau- 
scher,  American  agent  for  Krupp  and 
other  German  makers  of  munitions.  Von 
der  Goltz  told  Tauscher  about  the  plan 
to  blow  up  the  Welland  Canal  and  re- 
ceived from  him  the  following  order  for 
dynamite: 

New  York,  Sept.  5,  1914. 
E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  Powder  Co., 
90  West  Street,  New  York   City. 

Gentlemen; — Referring  to  my  telephone 
conversation  of  yesterday,  with  your  Mr. 
Clark,  -will  yon  please  deliver  to  bearer, 
Mr.  Bridgman  Taylor  (a  name  assumed  by 
von  der  Goltz),  the  three  hundred  (300) 
pounds  sixty  per  cent.  (60%)  dynamite  and 
send  invoice  to  my  above  address  for  pay- 
ment after  delivery. 

Yours  very  truly, 

H.  TAUSCHER. 

The  bill  for  dynamite  which  von  der 
Goltz  took  with  him  to  Buffalo  and  the 
receipts  for  money  which  he  had  received 


from  Captain  von  Papen  prior  to  his  de- 
parture here  follow: 

E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  Powder  Co., 

New  York   City,  Sept.   11,  1914. 
To  H.  Tauscher,  320  Broadway. 

200   lbs.  du   Pont   straight  60% $31.00 

New  York,  25  August. 
I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  One  Hundred 
Dollars. 

HORST  V.  d.  GOLTZ. 
Imperial  German  Embassy, 
Military  Attache. 

New  York,  Sept.  7,  1914. 
I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  Six  Hundred 
Dollars    (expenses,    of    which    two    hundred 
dollars  was   in   the  form  of  a  cheek  on  the 
Riggs    National    Baok    at    Washington). 
H.    V.    D.    GOLTZ. 

The  Plot  Failed 

Von  der  Goltz  then  went  to  Buffalo 
on  the  New  York  Central  railroad  with 
two  suit  cases  containing  about  one  hun- 
dred pounds  of  dynamite,  but  was  un- 
able to  carry  out  his  plans,  because  John 
Ryan,  a  Buffalo  lawyer,  did  not  give  him 
the  telegraphic  instructions  which  von 
Papen  had  sent. 

The  conclusion  of  the  expedition  is 
marked  by  the  following  telegram  sent 
by  von  Papen  under  an  assumed  name: 

September  24,  1914. 
John  T.  Ryan,  Buffalo: 

Please  instruct  Taylor  cannot  do  any- 
thing more  for  him. 

STEFFENS. 

Captain  von  Papen  promised  to  ar- 
range with  Ambassador  von  Be-nstorff 
for  von  der  Goltz'  departure,  and  the 
following  receipt  shows  what  the  ar- 
rangement was: 

New  York,  October  1,  1914. 
I  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  $150.00  with 
the    obligation    of   using   the    amount   for   a 
voyage   to   Germany. 
(Berlin    General   Staff.) 

H.  von   der   GOLTZ. 
The     following     counterfoils     in     von 
Papen's    checkbook    show   these    records 
concerning  expenditures  for  the  expedi- 
tion against  the  Welland  Canal: 

Sept.   1    (1914).     Bridgman    Taylor. .  .$200 

Sept.   16.     Taylor,   Ryan,   Buffalo 200 

Sept.  22.     Ryan,  Buffalo   '200 

Oct.  14.  "Fur  Fritzen,  Busse,  Buffalo"     40 

Receipts  bearing  the  signature  of  von 
der  Goltz  show  that  in  addition  to  the 
sums  above  mentioned  he  also  received 
$1,0,50. 

With  his  confederates,  Tauscher,  von 
Papen,  von  Igel,  Fritzen,  Tuchendler,  and 
Covani,  he  was  indicted  for  conspiracy 
to  set  on  foot  a  military  enterprise 
against  Great  Britain.  Von  Papen  and 
Boy-Ed,  being  attached  to  the  German 
Ambassy,  were  recalled  by  Germany  on 
December  10,  1915,  as  the  result  of  re- 
quests made  by  our  Department  of  State. 
Von  Igel  returned  to  Germany  with  Am- 
bassador Bernstorff  in  February,  1917, 
forfeiting  his  bond.  Tauscher  was  ac- 
quitted, the  jury  appearing  to  believe  his 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


816 


statement  that  he  did  not  know  the  in- 
tended use  of  the  dynamite  which  he 
assisted  von  der  Goltz  to  procure.  FVit- 
zen  has  not  been  tried,  having  pleaded 
guilty  to  another  indictment  on  which 
he  was  sentenced  to  eighteen  months  in 
prison,  where  he  now  is. 

Another  Attempt 

Another  attempt  to  blow  up  the  Wel- 
land  Canal  was  made  in  September, 
1915,  by  Paul  Koenig,  head  of  the  Bur- 
eau of  Investigation  of  the  Hamburg- 
American  Line.  This  Bureau,  increased 
in  number  after  the  war  began,  and 
operating  from  the  offices  of  the  steam- 
ship company  at  45  Broadway,  became 
the  most  dangerous  sub-center  of  crim- 
inal intrigue  maintained  in  America  by 
the  German  Government.  Among 
Koenig's  papers  is  one  entitled  "Histoiy 
of  the  Bureau  of  Investigation,"  and 
under  the  year  1914  occurs  this  entry. 

Aug.  22.  German  Government,  with  con- 
sent of  Dr.  Buenz,  entrusted  men  with  the 
handling  of  certain  investigation.  Military 
Attache  von  Papen  called  at  my  office  later 
and  explained  the  nature  of  the  work  ex- 
pected. (Beginning  of  Bureau's  services  for 
Imperial    German    Government. 

The  measures  adopted  by  Koenig  to 
serve  the  German  Government  by  blow- 
ing up  the  Welland  Canal  were  thus  de- 
scribed in  a  sworn  statement  made  by 
George  F.  Fuchs,  a  member  of  the  secret 
service  division  of  the  Hamburg-Ameri- 
can Line,  with  whom  Koenig  had  a  con- 
versation in  Buffalo: 

During  the  conversation  he  asked  me 
if  I  would  undertake  work  in  Canada, 
to  make  observations  and  secure  such 
information  as  I  could  regarding  the 
Welland  Canal,  and  more  particularly 
calling  my  attention  to  the  fact  of  ob- 
serving how  well  the  canal  was  patrolled 
by  troops,  and  to  ascertain  how  many 
locks  there  were  on  the  canal  and  where 
they  were  situated.  I  agreed  to  perform 
this  work  and  Koenig  gave  me  the  sum 
of  $20  in  cash  to  defray  my  expenses.  .   . 

Koenig  told  me  that  the  work  I  was 
to  do  along  the  canal  in  the  way  of 
making  observations  was  very  import- 
ant and  that  it  would  be  of  great  value 
to  him.  He  also  stated  to  me  as  near 
as  I  can  remember  that  if  the  locks  could 
be  blown  up  it  would  cripple  commerce 
and  be  a  benefit  to  the  Germans. 

What   They   Paid   Out 

Fuchs  made  a  written  report  to  Koenig 
stating,  "that  with  the  use  of  explosives 
the  canal  could  be  crippled  at  a  spot 
where  the  Chippewa  River  runs  under 
the  canal  at  Welland." 

Koenig  communicated  with  the  Ger- 
man Embassy  concerning  the  execution 
of  this  criminal  plot,  and  frequently  re- 
ceived money  from  both  Boy-Ed  and  von 
Papen  for  various  kinds  of  subterranean 
work.  That  he  was  in  von  Papen's  em- 
ploy is  proved  by  the  following  entries  • 
in  the  latter's  checkbook: 

March  29,  191.5.  Paul  Koenig  (secret 
service,  first  bill),  $609.11. 

April  18,  1915.  Paul  Koenig  (secret  ser- 
vice bill),  $90.94. 

May  1'.  1915.  Paul  Koenig  (secret  ser- 
vice), $66.71. 


July  16,  1915.  Paul  Koenig  (compensa- 
tion for  F.  J.  Basse),  $150.00. 

Aug.  4,  1915.  Paul  Koenig  (5  bills  secret 
service),  $118.92. 

Aug.  26,  1915.  Paul  Koenig  (various  cases 
in  secret  service),  $247.24. 

Oct.  11,  1915.  Paul  Koenig  (4  bills  secret 
service  Sept.),  $186.47. 

Nov.  29,  1915.  Paul  Koenig  (2  cases 
Reizl.    .Schumann),    $77.24. 

Koenig  endeavored  to  protect  himself 
and  his  fellow  conspirators  by  depositing 
in  the  German  Embassy  at  Washington 
toward  the  close  of  October,  1915,  such 
papers  as  contained  evidence  of  the  many 
criminal  plots  in  which  they  were  en- 
gaged. 

He  did  not  succeed,  however,  in  con- 
cealing all  of  the  incriminating  evidence 
of  his  plol^  to  destroy  the  Welland  Canal, 
and  with  an  accomplice,  Emil  Leyen- 
decker,  was  indicted  on  December  2.3, 
1915,  for  "setting  on  foot  a  military  en- 
terprise" against  Great  Britain.  The 
case  has  not  been  tried,  Koeing  being  in- 
terned as  an  alien  enemy. 

Another  military  enterprise  against 
Canada  was  undertaken  by  a  prosperous 
citizen  of  the  German  Empire  living  in 
Detroit,  Albert  Kaltschmidt.  He  was  a 
leader  among  the  German-Americans  of 
his  city,  had  organized  the  "Deutscher- 
bund"  there   and   was  its   secretary. 

The  purposes  of  Kaltschmidt  and  his 
confederates  are  thus  specified  in  their 
indictment  by  the  Grand  Jury: 

(a)  "To  blow  up  the  factory  of  the  Pea- 
body's  Company,  Limited,  at  Walker- 
ville,  Ontario,  .  .  .  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing uniforms,  clothing,  and 
military    supplies.  .  .  . 

(b)  "To  blow  up  .  .  .  the  building  known 
as  the  Windsor  Armories  of  the  City 
of  Windsor 

(c)  "Two  blow  up  and  destroy  other 
plants  and  buildings  in  said  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  which  were  used  for 
the  manufacture  ...  of  munitions 
of    war,    clothing,    uniforms 

(d)  "To  blow  up  and  destroy  the  great 
railroad  Bridges  of  the  Canadian  Pa- 
cific   Railroad    Co.    at    Nipigon.  .  .  . 

(e)  "To  employ  and  send  into  said  Do- 
minion of  Canada  spies  to  obtain 
military   information.  .  .  ." 

The  first  grant  of  money  which 
Kaltschmidt  received  to  carry  out  these 
plans  was  |2,000,  deposited  on  January 
27,  1915,  in  a  New  York  bank  by  Wolf 
von  Igel.  The  original  order  of  von  Igel 
that  this  sum  be  telegraphed  to  Kalt- 
schmidt and  the  latter's  receipt  for  it 
were  introduced  as  evidence  during  the 
trial. 

With  this  working  capital  Kaltschmidt 
obtained  the  materials  for  his  enterprise. 
In  order  that  suspicion  might  not  be 
aroused  by  the  purchase  of  explosives  in 
Detroit,  he  sent  agents  to  Duluth,  where 
they  purchased  the  necessary  dynamite, 
took  it  to  Detroit,  and  began  the  con- 
struction of  bombs.  Two  German  re- 
servists, Richard  Herman  and  William 
M.  Jarasch,  were  hired  as  confederates 
in  Chicago,  where  the  German  consul- 
general.  Baron  Kurt  von  Reiswitz,  was 
priv  yto  the  plot.  They  laid  plans  under 
Kaltschmidt's  direction  to  blow  up  the 
Detroit  Screw  Works,  where  shrapnel 
was  being  made,  and  the  St.  Clair  tun- 
nel   which    connects    Canada    with    the 


United   States,   but   failed    in   both    at- 
tempts. 

Jarosch  was  tending  bar  at  the  time 
he  was  hired  by  Kaltschmidt,  and  in  his 
statement  to  an  agent  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Justice  thus  tells 
about  other  plans  in  view: 

Jacobsen  (an  aid)  told  me  that  muni- 
tion factories  in  Canada  were  to  be  blown 
up.  Before  I  left  for  Detroit  Jacobsen  and 
I  went  to  the  Consulate.  .  .  .  We  saw  the 
Consul  and  he  shook  hands  with  me  and 
wished  me  success 

Germany's  diplomatic  representatives 
were  meanwhile  supplying  Kaltschmidt 
with  money.  Captain  von  Papen  on 
March  27,  1915,  drew  a  check  on  the 
Riggs  National  Bank  of  Washington  for 
$1,000,  payable  to  Wolf  von  Igel. 
Knauth,  Nachod  &  Kuhne  on  the  same 
day  notified  Kaltschmidt  that  von  Igel 
had  deposited  $1,000  to  his  credit,  and 
on  March  30  Kaltschmidt  drew  a  draft 
on  this  bank  for  that  amount. 

Charles  F.  Respa  was  concerned  with 
operations  in  Canada,  and  at  Kingston, 
Ontario,  thus  told  American  and  Can- 
adian officials  what  he  was  hired  to  do: 

Q— How  long  had  you  been  employed 
before  he  (Kaltschmidt)  told  you  that  he 
wanted  you  to  blow  up  some  of  these  fac- 
tories?*    A — About  three  weeks.  .  .  . 

Q — Did  Kaltschmidt  at  the  time  speak  of 
any  particular  place  that  he  wanted  you  to 
blow  up?  A — The  particular  place  was  the 
Armory. 

Q — Did  he  mention  the  Peabody  Build- 
ing at  that  time?  A — Not  particularly — 
he  was  more  after  the  bridges  and  the 
armories  and  wanted  those  places  blown  up 
tnat  made  ammunition  and  military  cloth- 
ing. .  .  . 

Q  The  explosion  at  the  armories  was  to 
be  timed  so  that  it  would  occur  when  the 
solil  '  rs  "'TO  asleep  tbfre?  A — Yes,  he  did 
mention  that  he  wanted  to  kill  soldiers. 

Q  — Did  he  say  that  if  the  dynamite  in 
the  suitcase  exploded  it  would  kill  the  sol- 
diers? A — I  do  not  remember  that  he  said 
so,  but  he  must  have  known  it. 

Q — Did  you  take  both  grips?     A — Yes. 

Q — Where  did  you  set  the  first  grip? 
A — By  the  Peabody  plant  (blown  up  on 
June  20,  1915). 

Q  Where  did  you  put  the  other  suit- 
case? A — Then  I  walked  down  the  Walker- 
ville  road  to  the  armories  at  Windsor  and 
carried  the  suitcase 

Q— When  you  got  to  the  armories  did  you 
know  where  to  place  It?  A — I  had  my  in- 
structions. 

Q— From   Kaltschmidt?     A— Yes.  .  .  . 

Q— Did  you  place  this  suitcase  containing 
the  dynamite  bomb  at  the  armory  in  a 
proper  place  to  e,xplode  and  do  any  dam- 
age ?  .  .  .  .     A — Yes. 

Q- — Was  it  properly  connected  so  that  the 
can  wo'ild  explode  and  strike  the  dyna- 
mite?   A — I  fixed  it  so  it  would  not. 

Q — Did  you  deliberately  fix  this  bomb 
that  you  took  to  the  armories  so  that  it 
would  not   txplode?     A — Yes. 

Q  Why  did  you  do  that?  A— I  knew 
that  the  suitcase  contained  30  sticks  of 
dynamite  and  if  exploded  would  blow  up 
tne  armories  and  all  the  ammunition  and 
would  kill  every  man   in  it. 

Respa,  carelessly  entering  Canadian 
territory,  was  arrested  and  put  on  trial 
at  Sandwich,  Ontario.  Kaltschmidt  sent 
a  friend  to  New  York  City  to  hire  two 
witnesses  to  establish  an  alibi.  This 
friend  was  instructed  to  call  at  the  office 
of  Captain  von  Papen,  and  upon  giving 
the  name  Verner  was  to  receive  $1,000. 
Von  Papen  paid  him  the  money,  the  two 

'Respa  and  his  accomplice  were  promised 
$200  each  for  their  crime. 


316 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


witnesses  were  brought  to  Detroit,  but 
being  entirely  unsuitable  for  the  desired 
purpose  were  sent  home.  The  balance  of 
the  $1,000  was  turned  over  to  Kalt- 
schmidt. 

The  last  known  financial  transaction 
bet«-een  Kaltschmidt  and  a  member  of 
the  German  Embassy  is  represented  by 
the  following  letter: 

H.  F.  Albert,  45  Broadway, 
New  York,  Oct.  4,  1915. 
Chase  National  Bank,  57  Broadway, 
New  York  City: 
Geneltmen: — Please  deposit  with  Knauth, 
Nachod     ft     Kuhne,     New     York,     $25,000 
(twenty-five  thousand  dollars)   for  account 
of  Ur.  Kaltschmidt,  Detroit,  and  charge  a 
like    amount   to    my   joint    account    with    J. 
Bernstorff. 

Yours  very  truly, 

HEINRICH  F.  ALBERT. 

Kaltschmidt  was  arrested  in  April, 
1917,  and  his  trial  completed  during  De- 
cember of  the  same  year.  The  jury 
found  him  guilty  on  all  charges  in  the 
indictment,  and  he  was  sentenced  to 
four  years  in  the  Federal  prison  at 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and  to  pay  a  fine 
of  $20,000.  His  sister,  Ida  K.  Neef,  was 
sentenced  to  three  years  in  the  Detroit 
House  of  Correction  and  to  pay  a  fine 
of  $15,000.  Her  husband,  Fritz  A.  Neef, 
was  sentenced  to  two  years  at  Leaven- 
worth and  to  pay  a  fine  of  $10,000.  Two 
other  accomplices  received  lighter  sent- 
ences. 

Another  and  more  successful  attack 
on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  was  made 
at  Vanceboro,  Maine,  where  it  crosses 
the  international  bridge  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  Captain  von 
Papen  ordered  Werner  Horn,  a  German 
reserve  lieutenant,  to*  blow  up  the  bridge 
and  supplied  him  with  $700.  Horn  was 
arrested  immediately  after  an  explosion 
which  partly  damaged  the  bridge,  and 
at  his  trial  in  Boston,  during  June,  1917, 
made  the  following  confession  on  the 
advice  of  his  lawyers: 

1  admit  and  state  that  the  facts  set  forth 
Mn  the  indictments)  as  to  the  conveyance 
of  explosives  on  certain  passenger  trains 
from  New  York  to  Boston  and  from  Boston 
to  Vanceboro,  in  the  State  of  Maine,  are 
true.  1  did,  as  therein  alleged,  receive  an 
explosive  .  .  .  and  conveyed  the  same  from 
the  City  of  New  York  to  Boston  .  .  .  thence 
by  common  carrier  from  Boston  .  •.  .  .  to 
Vanceboro.  Maine.  On  or  about  the  night  of 
February  1,  1915,  I  took  said  explosive  in  a 
soitcaae  in  which  1  was  conveying  it  and 
carried  the  same  across  the  bridge  at 
Vanceboro  to  the  Canadian  side  and  there 
about  1.10  in  the  morning  of  Feb.  2,  1915, 
I  caused  said  explosive  to  be  exploded  near 
or  against  the  abutments  of  the  bridge  on 
the  Canadian  side,  with  intent  to  destroy 
the  abutment  and  cripple  the  bridge  so  that 
the  same  could  not  be  used  for  the  passage 
of  trains. 

Horn  was  found  guilty  and  sentenced 
to  eighteen  months  at  Atlanta  peniten- 
tiary and  the  payment  of  a  fine  of 
$1,000. 

The  official  representatives  of  Ger- 
many on  the  Pacific  coast  endeavored  not 
only  to  sink  ships,  but  also  to  carry  out 
the  command  of  the  German  General 
Staff  that  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad 
be  crippled.  Franz  Bopp,  the  German 
Conaul-General  in  San  Francisco,  and  his 


associates  conspired  to  blow  up  the  tun- 
nels through  which  the  railway  passes 
under  the  Selkirk  Mountains  in  British 
Columbia.  They  hired  for  this  task  J. 
H.  van  Koolbergen,  the  man  who  de- 
signed for  them  the  bomb  to  be  used  on 
ships. 

In  the  statement  to  the  British  au- 
thorities already  quoted,  van  Koolbergen 
tells  the  story  of  this  undertaking.  After 
testifying  that  Lieutenant  von  Brincken 
summoned  him  by  telephone,  he  con- 
tinues: 

Not  knowing  what  he  wanted  I  went  to 
see  him.  .  .  .  He  was  very  pleasant  and  told 
me  that  he  was  an  officer  in  the  German 
army  and  at  present  working  in  the  Secret 
Service  of  the  German  Empire  under  Mr. 
Franz   Bopp,   the   Imperial   German   Consul. 

I  went  to  the  Consulate  and  met  Franz 
Bopp  .  .  .  and  then  saw  von  Brincken  in 
another  room.  He  asked  me  if  I  would  do 
something  for  him  in  Canada  .  .  .  and  I 
answered  him,  "Sure,  I  will  do  something, 
even  blow  up  bridges,  if  there  is  money  in 
it."  .  .  .  And  he  said,  "You  are  the  man;-  if 
that  is  so,  you  can  make  good  money." 

Von  Brincken  told  me  that  they  were 
willing  to  send  me  up  to  Canada  to  blow  up 
one  of  the  bridges  on  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railroad  or  one  of  the  tunnels.  I  asked  him 
what  was  in'it  and  he  said  he  would  talk  it 
over   with    the   German    Consul    Bopp 

I  had  accepted  von  Brincken's  proposition 
to  go  to  Canada  and  he  offered  me  $500  to 
defray  my  expenses.  ...  On  different  occa- 
sions in  his  room  von  Brincken  showed  me 
maps  and  information  about  Canada  and 
pointed  out  to  me  where  he  wanted  the 
act  to  be  done.  This  was  to  be  between 
Revelstoke  and  Vancouver  on  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  I  was  to  get  $3,000 
in  case  of  a  successful  blowing  up  of  a 
military  train  or  bridge  or  tunnel. 

After  making  a  pretended  attempt  in 
collusion  with  Canadian  railroad  officials 
to  blow  up  the  tunnel,  van  Koolbergen 
returned  to  San  Francisco  and  called  on 
Mr.  Bopp,  who — 

ordered  the  Vice  Consul,  Mr.  von  Schack,  to 
pay  me  the  additional  $300  for  traveling 
expenses.  Mr.  Bopp  .  .  .  ordered  Mr.  von 
Schack  to  get  the  money  from  the  safe, 
and  it  was  paid  to  me  in  greenbacks  in  the 
presence  of  Mr.  von  Schack,  Mr.  Bopp,  and 
Mr.  von  Brincken.  I  agreed  that  I  would  be 
satisfied  with  $1,750  for  my  services  in 
blowing  up  the  tunnel,  instead  of  the  $3,000 
as  was  first  agreed  upon  and  I  was  promised 

the  money  the   next  day 

I  met  von  Brincken  that  (the  next)  after- 
noon and  he  brought  $1,750  in  greenbacks. 
Mr.  Brincken  had  made  arrangements  before 
that  with  me  that  he  should  get  a  certain 
portion  of  the  money  from  me;  and  I  was 
paid  $1,500,  and  $2.50  he  got  himself. 

The  information  contained  in  the  state- 
ments of  Mr.  van  Koolbergen  and  L.  J. 
Smith  combined  with  a  large  amount  of 
other  evidence  caused  the  Grand  Jury 
to  indict  Bopp,  von  Schack,  von  Brincken, 
Crowley,  and  his  secretary,  Mrs.  Marg- 
aret W.  Cornell,  for  conspiracy  to  pre- 
pare and  set  on  foot  a  military  enter- 
prise against  Canada.  All  were  found 
guilty  and  the  men  sentenced  to  serve 
two  years  in  the  penitentiary  and  to  pay 
a  fine  of  $10,000  each,  with  concurrent 
terms,  of  one  year  in  the  county  jail. 
Crowley  and  Mrs.  Cornell,  who  received 
a  lighter  penalty,  are  now  in  prison;  the 
others  appealed  to  a  higher  court. 

The   men   engaged  by   Consul-General 


Bopp  at  San  Francisco  attempted  also 
to  interrupt  transportation  of  military 
supplies  from  the  United  States  to  Can- 
ada by  crtppling  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way. In  his  charge  to  the  jury  already 
quoted,  the  presiding  justice  said: 

Smith  says  he  went  to  Detroit  and  met 
Crowley;  that  they  went  to  Port  Huron  to 
see  about  a  tunnel  running  from  Port  Huron 
to  Sarnia;  Crowley  told  him  that  trains 
would  come  through  about  every  six  hours 
and  that  he  should  go  down  to  where  they 
fed  the  horses,  and  as  they  were  being  fed 
he  could  place  a  bomb  in  the  cars  and  set 
the  fuse  long  enough  to  explode  the  bomb 
in  the  car  near  the  centre  of  the  tunnel. 

Nothing  was  accomplished  here  and 
the  men  returned  to  San  Francisco. 


QUIETENING  WORN  GEARS 

By  T.  H. 

The  question  of  the  suitability  of 
ground  cork  as  a  quietening  agent  for 
noisy  epicylic  gearing  recalls  to  mind 
several  peculiar  recipes  that  were  in 
vogue  a  few  years  ago  to  suppress  the 
noisy  humming  of  more  or  less  worn- 
out  gears.  The  mixing  of  a  liberal 
quantity  of  sawdust  with  the  lubricant 
was  one,  whilst  another  was  the  chang- 
ing of  the  box  as  full  as  possible  with 
shavings  of  the  sort  used  for  packing 
fragile  goods  in,  the  usual  lubricant  be- 
ing  allowed   to   remain  in. 

The  principle  upon  which  these  media 
were  supposed  to  be  based  was  that  of 
acting  as  a  cushion  in  between  the  teeth 
of  the  pinion  and  reducing  the  shock 
which  set  up  the  objectionable  humming 
and  vibration.  Cork,  being  a  much  more 
elastic  material  than  sawdust,  ous;ht  to 
be  more  efficient  for  the  purpose. 
Ground  rubber  might  be  even  better  but 
for  the  serious  drawback  that  it  would 
soon  form  a  semi-fluid  mass  by  reason 
of  the  action  of  the  oil  upon  it,  a  fault 
which  would  not  be  found  with  cork,  al- 
though any  medium  would  ultimately 
lose  its  properties  by  being  ground  to  a 
fine  state  of  division. 

There  is  some  evidence  that  the  plan 
of  introducing  sawdust,  etc.,  into  the 
gearbox  is  at  least  temporarily  effective. 
It  is  not  unknown  to  some  of  those  who 
prepare  second-hand  cars  for  sale;  and 
that  even  public  service  vehicles  have 
managed  to  pass  a  silence  test  by  this 
means. 

It  may  be  asked  what,  if  any,  objec- 
tions are  there  to  the  plan.  There  does 
not  seem  to  be  any  obvious  reason  why 
it  should  cause  mechanical  injury  to  the 
gearing  providing  that  no  solid  matter  is 
introduced,  such  as  pieces  of  metal, 
which  would  jamb  the  gear,  but  there 
is  at  least  one  serious  objection  of  an- 
other sort,  viz.,  great  waste  of  power  by 
friction,  due  to  the  churning  up  of  the 
semi-plastic  mass  by  the  gear  teeth;  the 
gear-box  would,  in  fact,  be  acting  as  a 
•continuous  brake.  There  is  also  the  dif- 
ficulty of  the  proper  lubrication  of  the 
gearshafts  and  bearings.  The  former 
would  very  likely  make  itself  felt  bv 
causing  stiffness  in  the  operation  of 
changing  the  gears. 


I 


September  12,  1918. 


317 


Additional  Power  At  Small  Cost  By  Exhaust  Steam  Turbine 

Exhaust   Steam    Turbines    Connected    to    Line    Shaft   Through 
Reduction  Gears  With  Beneficial  Results  in  the  Saving  of  Fuel 

and  Boiler  Capacity 


MOTOR  drive,  the  simplest  solution 
to  additional  power  problems,  is 
often  not  available  to  mill 
owners,  whose  plants  are  driven  by  line 
shafts.  Often,  however,  there  is  suffi- 
cient boiler  capacity  in  his  plant  to  do 
the  work,  if  it  is  effectively  applied, 
particularly  where  line  shaft  drive  to  a 
small  number  of  machines  is  used.  The 
installation  of  a  turbine  with  speed- 
reducing  gears  is  an  ingenious  solution 
to  the  problems. 

A  unique  line  shaft  drive,  consisting 
of  a  Westinghouse  low  pressure  turbine 
and  a  Westinghouse  double  reduction 
gear  has  been  recently  installed  in  a 
large  paper  mill.  There  are  two  main 
line  shafts  to  which  the  machines  are 
belted.  To  one  of  the  line  shaft  are 
belted  two  cutters,  ten  beaters  and  one 
Jordan;  an  identical  equipment  with  the 
exception  of  the  cutters  is  belted  to  the 
other  shaft. 

Only  seven  of  the  ten  beaters,  under 
ordinary  running  conditions  are  in  oper- 
ation at  one  time,  and  these  with  one 
Jordan  require  about  600  horse  power, 
an  additional  20  horse  power  for  the 
rag  cutters. 

Heretofore,  these  two  line-shafts  were 
each  driven  by  a  non-condensing  re- 
ciprocating engine.  However,  one  of 
these  engines  was  wrecked  and  so  neces- 
sitated the  obtaining  of  a  drive  to  replace 
it.  at  the  least  ultimate  expense. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  consider- 
ations entering  into  the  final  selection 
of  the  new  drive.  These  conditions  were 
somewhat  as  follows:  two  100  horse 
power  non-condensing  engines  turned  the 


rolls  and  gave  practically  all  the  exhaust 
steam  necessary  for  feed  water  heating, 
so  that  all  the  exhaust  steam  from  the 
700-horse-power  non-condensing  Corliss 
engine  driving  one  of  the  line  shafts 
would  have  to  be  discharged  to  the  at- 
mosphere, unless  some  means  were  pro- 
vided for  abstracting  the  energy  still 
available  in  it.  A  low  pressure  turbine 
was  the  prime  mover,  without  a  doubt, 
but  it  would  have  been  of  little  use,  on 
account  of  its  high  speed,  had  there  not 
been  a  reduction  gear  to  receive  the 
power  generated  to  deliver  it  to  the 
line  shaft  at  low  speed. 

Other  types  of  drive  were  considered, 
but  each  had  inherent  characteristics 
which  disqualified  it.  For  instance,  a 
duplication  of  the  old  reciprocating  en- 
gine was  stepping  back  into  the  old  rut, 
with  the  inevitable  wasting  of  exhaust 
steam.  A  condensing  engine  would  have 
been  expensive,  and  no  material  improve- 
ment. Again,  an  electric  motor,  while 
comparatively  cheap  to  instal,  would  have 
been  much  more  expensive,  when  the  el- 
ectric power  bill  was  added  to  the  cost 
of  energy  lost  in  wasted  exhaust  steam. 
And  finally,  it  was  still  more  expensive 
to  instal  a  turbine  generator  and  an  in- 
dividual electric  drive,  because  the  ex- 
isting equipment  was  of  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent character.  However,  in  a  new 
plant,  where  all  equipment  is  being  in- 
stalled for  the  first  time,  the  individual 
electric  drive  is  by  far  the  best,  for  rea- 
sons too  well  known  to  need  discussion, 
here. 

A  few  approximate  figures  show  more 
clearly  the  fitness  of  low-pressure   tur- 


bine for  this  application.  The  exhaust 
steam  from  the  700-horse-power  Corliss 
en^iine  was  more  than  sufficient  to  give 
600  horse  power  in  the  low  pressure  tur- 
bine. The  engine  takes  steam  at  150 
pounds  pressure,  and  exhausts  into  an  oil 
separator  at  a  back  pressure,  depending 
on  the  load,  from  0  to  4  or  6  pounds, 
which  is  approximately  the  pressure  of 
admission  to  the  low  pressure  turbine. 
The  steam  is  then  expanded  in  the  tur- 
bine down  to  a  vacuum  corresponding  to 
27 1'^  inches  of  mercury  referred  to  a  30- 
inch  barometer,  the  vacuum  being  main- 
tained by  a  Westinghouse-Le  Blanc  low 
level  jet  condenser  and  air  pump.  The 
pumps  are  centrifugal  and  are  driven  by 
a  small  turbine  through  a  reduction  gear. 
They  take  their  water  from  a  nearby 
"reek  and  discharge  it  from  the  conden- 
ser into  a  reservoir  at  an  elevation  of  45 
feet,  which  water  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facturing processes.  The  small  turbine 
runs  non-condensing,  and  its  exhaust 
steam  goes  to  the  feed  water  heater,  so 
that  only  a  part  of  the  heat  energy  in 
the  steam  used  by  it  can  be  charged  to 
the  turbine,  and  even  that  cannot  be 
charged  against  the  main  turbine  for  it 
is  used  to  do  work  in  elevating  the  dis- 
charge water  from  the  condenser  to  the 
reservoir  and  should  be  charged  against 
the  total  cost  of  manufacturing.  In 
brief,  it  may  be  said  that  this  paper  com- 
pany actually  gets  600  horse  power  with- 
out paying  a  cent  for  steam,  and  that  it 
is  using  just  one-half  the  steam  they  for- 
merly used  with  two  reciprocating  en- 
gines to  obtain  the  same  power. 
While  this  particular  mill  was  not  en- 


VIEW    OF    TURBINE    AND    DOUBLE    REDUCTION    GEARING. 


318 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


larged,  it  is  evident  that  with  a  given 
amount  of  exhaust  steam,  either  from 
non-condensing  engines  or  condensing 
engines  run  non-condensing,  a  large  in- 
crease of  power  is  made  available  by 
the  installation  of  a  low  pressure  tur- 
bine. Further  evidence  of  this  possibil- 
ity for  expansion  is  the  fact  that  in  thia 
paper  mill  when  the  two  line  shafts  were 
driven  by  non-condensing  reciprocating 
engines,  a  battery  of  13  boilers  was  re- 
quired, whereas  now  only  eight  boilers 
are  required  for  the  maximum  load. 

So  far  this  has  been  a  discussion  of 
the  application  of  a  low  pressure  tur- 
bine, but  the  means  of  transmitting  its 
high  speed  power  to  a  slow  speed  line 
shaft  is  fully  interesting  and  as  impor- 
tant. The  change  in  speed  is  made  by 
means  of  two  reduction  gears  because  the 


It  may  be  asked  why  a  fixed  bearing 
type  of  reduction  gear  was  used  in  one 
case  and  an  I-beam  in  the  other.  It 
was  a  question  of  tooth  pressure  which 
dstermined  the  design.  Take  for  in- 
stance a  pinion  transmitting  600  horse 
power  at  3,600  r.p.m.,  which  was  the 
case  of  the  first  reduction  gear  in  the 
particular  installation  under  discussion. 
If  the  same  pinion  were  to  turn  at  720 
r.p.m.  and  with  the  same  tooth  pres- 
sure (i.e.,  pounds  pressure  per  inch)  of 
tooth  face  it  would  be  capable  of  trans- 
mitting one-fifth  of  600  horse  power,  or 
120  horse  power  only.  It  follows,  then, 
that  the  second  gear  would  have  been 
made  five  times  as  large  as  the  first 
if  the  same  type  had  been  used,  and 
for  the  transmission  of  the  same 
amount  of  power.     Such  reduction  gear 


ist,  because  of  the  high  factor  of  safety 
used  in  the  tooth  design.  In  other  worda,. 
localization     of     total     tooth     pressure 
would    not    stress    the    metal    beyond    a 
safe  limit. 

The  self-aligning  feature,  the  forced 
lubrication,  the  rugged  construction  of 
the  parts,  and  the  workmanship  on  these 
reduction  gears  make  them  a  very  effi- 
cient and  reliable  means  of  transmitting 
power.  The  actual  efficiency  of  the  two 
gears  together  is  97  per  cent.,  showing 
that  only  3  per  cent,  of  the  total  power 
transmitted  is  lost  in  them.  This  energy 
IS  dissipated  in  the  form  of  heat,  and  is 
taken  up  by  the  oil,  which  in  turn  is 
cooled  by  a  water  cooling  system.  As 
to  reliability,  in  the  paper  mill  under 
discussion  the  double  reduction  gear  has 
run    24    hours    per    day,    six    days    per 


REDUCTION     GEARING     SHOWING     FLOATING     FRAME. 


THE     THREE     PIONION     BEARINGS     ARE     SUPPORTED     ON     A 

FRAME    WHICH   IN  TURN    IS    SUPPORTED    ON    TWO    SUPPORTS 

OF    "I"    BEAM    SECTION. 


first  cost  of  a  single  gear  and  pinion  of 
/atio  36  to  1  would  be  prohibitive,  and 
the  gear  would  be  very  large  and  un- 
wieldy. The  first  speed  reduction,  3,600 
r.p.m.,  to  720  r.p.m.,  is  made  with  a  fixed 
l>earing  type  of  reduction  gear,  the  gear 
jihaft  of  which  is  direct  connected  to  the 
pinion  shaft  of  the  second  gear  which 
reduces  the  speed  from  720  to  103  r.p.m. 

This  larger  reduction  gear  is  of  the 
flexible  pinion  frame  type,  better  known 
as  the  Westinghouse  I-beam  type.  It  is 
this  I-beam  feature  which  makes  the  ap- 
plication of  the  geared  drive  possible. 

In  this  the  pinion  is  supported  on 
three  bearings  in  a  frame,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  3.  This  frame  is  supported  un- 
der the  middle  bearing  on  an  I-beam  at 
right  angles  to  the  pinion  axle.  The 
flexibility  of  the  web  of  this  I-beam 
support  allows  the  pinion  to  tip  slight- 
ly and  to  let  the  teeth  of  the  pinion 
line  up  with  those  of  the  gear.  This 
lining-up  is  entirely  automatic  and  in- 
stantaneous in  operation,  so  that  no  me- 
chanical complications  are  encountered, 
and  no  adjustments  from  the  outside  of 
the  gear  case  are  necessary  at  any  time. 

Both  reduction  gears  are  lubricated 
by  sprays  of  oil  directed  upon  the  teeth 
just  before  the  mesh.  The  pressure  is 
maintained  by  a  pump  geared  to  the 
gear  shaft,  as  shown  in  Fig.  11.  This 
pump  also  supplies  oil  under  pressure 
to  all  the  bearings  in  the  two  reduc- 
tion gears.  For  starting,  a  hand  pump 
is  provided  which  insures  a  plentiful 
supply  of  oil  on  the  bearings  and  teeth. 


would  have  been  large  and  bulky.  It 
would  also  have  been  costly,  because 
cost  is  a  function  of  size. 

In  order,  then,  to  make  a  reduction 
gear  which  would  be  within  reasonable 
limits  as  to  size,  and  at  the  same  time 
marketable,  the  allowable  tooth  pres- 
sure had  to  be  increased,  or  in  other 
words  the  factor  of  safety  included  in 
the  allowable  stress  in  ordering  fixed 
bearing  design  had  to  be  lowered.  But 
if  this  were  done,  some  other  safety 
factor  would  have  to  be  incorporated  to 
insure  reliability  of  operation,  other- 
wise a  slight  misalignment  of  the  teeth 
and  uneven  distribution  of  tooth  pres- 
sure would  have  resulted  in  a  failure 
of  the  gear. 

This  safety  factor  was  found  in  the 
Westinghouse  I-beam  support  for  the 
pinion  which  corrects  any  misalignment 
and  uneven  pressure  distribution  which 
might  otherwise  exist.  Misalignment 
might  have  been  due  to  temperature 
changes,  slight  but  unavoidable  inaccu- 
racies in  workmanship,  or  distortion  of 
the  bearing  supports  in  t?ie  housing,  due 
to  varying  loads  or  changes  in  founda- 
tions, and  if  not  corrected  would  have 
caused  the  total  tooth  pressure  to  be 
concentrated  at  one  part  of  the  tooth 
which  would  have  overstressed  that  part 
of  the  tooth  and  have  caused  it  to  fail. 

In  the  case  of  the  reduction  gear  with 
fixed  bearing  support  for  the  pinion, 
misalignment,  although  practically  pre- 
vented by  good  workmanship,  will  not 
have  disastrous  results  if  it  should  ex- 


week,  under  maximum  load,  and  it  has 
never  been  shut  down  on  account  of 
trouble  with  the  gears. 


CEMENTS  FOR  PIPE  JOINTS 

By  M.  E. 

Cement  for  making  screw  joints  in 
pipes  steam-tight  may  be  made  from 
graphite  and  heavy  cylinder  oil.  Just 
enough  oil  is  mixed  with  the  graphite 
to  form  a  thick  paste. 

A  good  cement  for  both  water  and 
steam  pipes  has  this  composition:  Whit- 
ing, 4  pounds;  fine  yellow  ochre,  10 
pounds;  ground  litharge,  4  pounds,  and 
one-half  pound  of  hemp  cut  into  fine 
particles.  These  ingredients  are  mixed 
thoroughly  with  linseed  oil  to  form  a 
paste,  which  is  applied  on  the  threads 
of  the  pipes,  etc. 

For  ammonia  piping,  a  cement  made 
of  litharge  and  glycerine  is  used.  Suffici- 
ent glycerine  is  added  to  the  litharge 
to  form  a  putty.  Only  enough  of  this 
cement  should  be  mixed  to  serve  imme- 
diate needs,  as  it  sets  quickly.  After 
having  once  set,  it  should  not  be  dis- 
turbed. 


574.  Galvanized  sheets. — A  Liverpool 
firm  would  like  quotations  on  100  tons 
of  galvanized  sheets,  assorted,  6-foot  to 
10-foot  lengths  by  8/3  by  24  G.,  in 
bundles,  felted  for  direct  shipment  to 
Callao,  South  America. 


September  12,  1918. 


31» 


Tracing  the  Development  and  Use  of  Semisteel 

Great  Use  Was  Made  of  it  in  France  to  Secure  Great  Amount  of 

Munitions  in  1917 — Greatly  Used  in  Auto  and  Truck  Trade — 

McLain  Has  Much  to  do  With  it 


'TpHE  progress  shown  and  recorded  in  the 
•*•  advancement  and  uses  of  semi-steel 
since  1903,  when  the  last  Foundrymen's 
Convention  was  held  in  Milwaukee,  is  re- 
markable. It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the 
history  of  the  successes  of  other  indus- 
tries is  made  with  many  obstacles  and 
semi-steel  was  no  exception. 

For  fifty  years  or  more,  foundrymen 
had  added  steel  to  iron  in  the  ladle — 
while  comparatively  few  melted  slight 
amounts  of  steel  in  the  cupola.  According 
to  an  English  authority  a  patent  was 
issued  on  the  manufacture  of  a  new  cast 
or  wrought  metal  containing  steel  more 
than  half  a  century  ago,  and  this  discov- 
ery then  was  acclaimed  by  British  foun- 
drymen generally  as  semi-steel.  To  the 
late  Major  McDowell  of  Chicago  must  be 
attributed  the  honor  of  placing  the  semi- 
steel  process  on  a  scientific  basis  and  upon 
his  great  work  as  a  foundation  the  ac- 
complishments of  to-day  have  been  made 
possible. 

But  up  to  1902  or  1903  no  record  was 
found  where  large  percentages  of  steel 
was  used  in  castings  of  liqht  section.  It 
remained  for  David  McLain  of  Milwau- 
kee to  perfect  experiments  along  this  lin" 
and  give  to  the  world  a  metal  that  would 
be  put  at  the  top  of  the  list  of  cupola 
or  air  furnace  metals,  and  he  called  it 
semi-steel. 

Until  the  past  five  years  semi-steel  has 
been  ridiculed  and  classed  as  a  misnomer 
by  even  some  of  the  foremost  metallur- 
gists in  the  field,  but  to-day  our  Govern- 
ment is  specifying  semi-steel  projectiles 
and  shells  by  the  million. 

Just  about  a  year  ago  it  was  claimed 
that  semi-steel  shells  saved  France.  One 
of  the  most  striking  cases  of  efficient  sub- 
stitution is  illustrated  in  the  French  semi- 
steel  shells  replacing  steel.  To  further 
show  the  characteristic  of  the  French 
genius  in  meeting  spontaneously  an  emer- 
gency, that  with  a  sudden  shortage  of 
steel  and  with  the  greater  part  of  their 
blast  furnaces  in  enemv  h'lnd';.  little 
iron  foundries  were  established  every- 
where— almost  literally  over  night — and 
the  necessary  output  of  shells  thus  main- 
tained. 

The  best  proof  of  its  value  and  its  ex- 
istence as  a  distinct  product  is  the  fact 
that  the  bulk  of  the  automobile  and  mo- 
tor truck  cylinders  used  in  this  country 
to-day  are  made  from  semi-steel,  and  it 
is  the  only  metal  that  has  been  able  to 
d-ivp  from  the  American  market  the  won- 
derful cylinder  castings  shipped  into  this 
country  in  the  past  from  France  at  fabu- 
lous prices.  But  the  use  of  semi-steel  not 
onlv  is  limited  to  comparatively  light 
work.  Many  foundries  have  established  a 
renutation  for  the  manufacture,  under 
high-sounding  trade  names,  of  vacuum 
cylinders  and  ammonia  steel  castings 
which,  upon   investigation,  are  found  to 


be  semi-steel.  The  foregoin-.;  are  only 
a  few  instances  of  the  remarkable  accom- 
plishments of  semi-steel.  They  could  be 
multiplied  indefinitely. 

The  Beginning  of  a  New   Era  in 
Metallurgy 

In  1899,  the  Christensen  Engineering 
Company  (now  the  National  Brake  and 
Electric  Company,  Milwaukee)  built  their 
first  foundry.  Gray  iron,  steel  and  brass 
castings  were  made  in  this  plant  and 
David  McLain  was  the  foundry  superin- 
tendent for  five  and  one-half  years. 

Certain  parts  of  the  air  brakes  were 
only  5/16  inch  thick  and  tested  to  200 
pounds  air  pressure,  although  other  engi- 
neers allowed  one  inch.  Founders  every- 
where who  made  these  castings  experi- 
enced excessive  losses,  making  it  difficult 
for  this  firm  to  fill  their  orders.  This 
was  the  condition  when  Mr.  McLain  was 
engaged.  Much  of  the  history  of  his  ex- 
periments have  been  told  in  these  columns 
before,  so  we  will  not  dwell  on  this  part 
except  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  he  was 
successful  in  demonstrating  that  these 
castings  could  be  made  by  adding  25  to 
40  per  cent,  steel. 

Mr.  McLain's  friends  insisted  that  he 
patent  his  formulas,  but  he  believed  in 
spreading  his  knowledge  of  this  metal  to 
the  foundry  trade  gratuitously.  At  that 
time  he  was  anxious  to  enlighten  foun- 
drymen everywhere  on  the  merits  of  this 
wonderful  metal,  and  later,  through  the 
kindness  of  Mr.  R.  P.  Tell,  general  man- 
ager of  the  National  Brake  &  Electric 
Company,  copies  of  Mr.  McLain's  first 
paper  on  semi-steel  were  typewritten  and 
sent  to  foundrymen  everywhere. 

It  was  proven  by  later  demonstration 
that  semi-steel  is  a  purer  and  stronger 
metal  than  gray  iron — stands  the  test  for 
Government  specifications  for  projectiles 
(32,000  pounds  tensile) — and  when  used 
with  30  to  50  per  cent,  steel  scrap  will 
run  as  high  as  40,000  and  45.000  pounds. 

Prominent  technical  and  practical 
foundrymen,  some  of  whom  no  doubt  will 
attend  this  meeting,  maintained  that  steel 
reduced  carbon,  that  it  was  not  a  good 
thing  to  use  as  it  caused  "hard  spots" — 
that  "a  higher  melting  temperature  was 
necessary" — "more  coke  required  to  melt 
it."  etc.  Even  to-day,  Mr.  McLain's  claim 
that  steel  melts  first  puzzles  some  chem- 
ists, metallurgists  and  others,  who  evi- 
dentlv  do  not  take  into  consideration  that 
steel  has  a  great  affinity  for  the  elements 
and  absorbs  a  large  quantitv  of  cnrbon 
from  the  fuel. 

When  properly  made  semi-steel  exceeds 
in  both  temperature  and  fluidity  any 
other  mixtures  melted  in  the  cupola.  Semi- 
steel  is  made  in  the  same  cupola  with 
regular  gray  iron  mixtures — no  extra 
coke — special  appliances— fluxes — or  new 
equipment  are  necessary. 


It  is  made  in  the  same  heat  with  other 
mixtures — it  may  be  melted  in  the  early- 
part  of  a  heat — in  the  middle  or  last  part 
of  the  regular  heat.  Or  you  may  beg^n 
with  30  to  40  per  cent,  steel  on  the  bed 
charge — run  as  much  of  this  grade  as  re- 
quired and  then  follow  with  20  to  25  per 
cent,  steel — or  vice  versa. 

Mr.  McLain  claims  that  eveiTr  industry 
has  its  science  and  up-to-date  foundry 
practice  is  no  longer  guess  work — it  is  a 
science.  But  science  does  not  replace- 
common  sense;  and  in  an  industry  like  the 
metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel  there  can  be 
no  set  rules  that  will  cover  the  operations 
or  the  operators  in  the  manufacture  of 
every  grade  of  castings.  We  need  men 
with  common  sense  to  apply  scientific 
facts  to  their  individual  requirements  and 
local  conditions. 

He  also  claims  that  any  man  who  be- 
lieves that  he  can  simply  throw  some  steel 
scrap  in  with  the  pig  iron  and  make  good 
semi-steel  has  much  to  learn.  But  such 
is  the  custom  in  a  large  number  of  shops 
in  which  Mr.  McLain  is  called  in  an  ad- 
visory capacity. 

Our  Government  has  specified  twelve 
million  semi-steel  shells  to  be  made,  and 
this  would  require  an  approximate  of 
400,000  tons  of  pig  iron,  so  it  behooves 
every  up-to-date  foundryman  to  be  able 
to  meet  Government  specifications  and 
help  win  the  war. 

Another  feature  of  semi-steel  is  the  ex- 
traordinary uniformity  of  a  series  of  sam- 
ples. Although  the  castings  are  of  ex- 
ceedingly varying  weights,  some  having- 
thick  sections  and  others  very  thin  sec- 
tions, the  metal  microscopically  is  ex- 
ceedingly uniform,  much  more  so  than  you 
find  in  gray  iron,  for  the  majority  of  foun- 
drymen realize  that  where  the  section  of, 
a  castine  is  licrht  there  is  a  tendency  for 
the  iron  to  be  hard  and  brittle  aniess  the 
chemical  composition  is  modified  to  suit 
the  weight  of  the  casting. 

Mr.  McLain  does  not  claim  to  be  the 
first  man  who  used  steel  in  cupola  mix- 
tures, as  for  over  fifty  years  steel  was 
carelessly  used  in  large  castings  where  it 
did  not  matter  bow  it  was  melted:  but  he 
has  the  honor  of  being  the  first  man  who 
was  successful  day  after  day  in  using 
larae  percentaqes  of  steel  in  castings  of 
light  section. 

Volumes  miijht  be  written  about  semi- 
steel,  but  the  verv  fact  that  the  Conven- 
tion is  to  be  held  in  Milwaukee  will  en- 
able hundreds  of  foundrymen  to  view  air 
exhibit  of  semi-steel  castings  made  by 
graduates  of  McLain's  system. 


Hamilton. — The  amount  of  work  being 
carried  on  by  the  Dominion  Foundries 
and  steel  have  made  another  extension 
necessary  to  their  nlant.  This  will  take- 
in  three  storeys  and  will  cost  about  $75,- 
000. 


320 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FITCH  MEASURING  MACHINE 

FOR  SCREW  GAUGES 


I'  is  now  generally  agrreed  that  the  in- 
spection of  screw  gauges  for  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  pitches  of  their 
threads  should  be  carried  out  front  thread 
to  thread,  and  should  not  be  made  over  a 
given  number  of  threads  or  over  the 
threads  lying  within  a  given  length,  say, 
half  an  inch.  The  possible  errors  in  the 
pitch  of  a  thread  are  of  two  kinds,  name- 
ly, variable  and  progressive.  The  error 
is  variable  if  the  pitch  varies  from  thread 
to  thread  in  an  erratic  manner.  Such  er- 
ror may  arise  in  a  screw  gauge  from  dis- 
tortion after  hardening  or  from  faulty 
adjustment  of  the  thrust  bearing  of  the 
leading  screw  or  grinding  machine  on 
which  the  gauge  has  been  made.  With  a 
progressive  error  the  pitch  increases  or 
decreases  from  thread  to  thread  at  a  uni- 
form rate.  This  defect  may  be  due  to  a 
bad  leading  screw  or  to  the  lap  used  for 
finishing  the  gauge  not  having  identical- 
ly the  same  pitch  as  the  thread  on  the 
leading  screw,  a  possibility  that  may 
arise  if  the  gauge  and  the  lap  are  not 
made  on  the  same  machine. 

In  practice  both  types  of  error  fre- 
quently occur  in  combination,  the  result 
being,  of  course,  a  variable  error.  It  thus 
clear  that  the  mean  of  the  total  error, 
measured  over  a  number  of  threads,  can 
only  be  a  true  measure  of  the  error  in 
any  one  pitch  if  that  error  is  purely  of 
the  progressive  type.  If  the  pitch  error 
is  variable,  or  variable  and  progressive, 
the  individual  errors  over,  say  half  an 
inch,  being  sometimes  positive  and  some- 
times negative,  may,  in  an  extreme  case, 
add  up  to  zero,  and  in  any  event  add  up 


abandonment  of  methods  of  inspecting 
the  correctness  of  pitch  on  screw  gauges 
based  on  the  use  of  vee-pointed  blocks 
separated  by  plain  blocks — such  as  Jo- 
hannsen  gauge  blocks — of  known  thick- 
nesses. Thus  the  instrument  now  in  use 
for  this  purpose  at  the  National  Physical 
Laboratory  examines  each  pitch  separ- 
ately in  succession.  It  consists,  briefly 
put,  of  a  lever  carrying  a  ball  at  one  end, 
which  ball,  by  the  action  of  a  spring 
bearing  against  the  lever,  is  held  press- 
ed into  the  threads  of  the  gauge  to  be 
tested.  As  the  gauge  is  moved  past  the 
lever  the  ball  rides  in  and  out  over  the 
crest  of  the  threads  down  into  their 
troughs  and  out  again.  By  watching  the 
movement  of  a  spot  of  light  reflected 
from  a  mirror  attached  to  the  lever,  the 
instant  at  which  the  ball  crosses  the  crest 
of  a  thread  can  be  very  clearly  deter- 
mined by  means  of  a  micrometer  attach- 
ment on  its  carriage,  and  is,  of  course,  a 
direct  measure  of  the  pitch  between  the 
two  crests.  The  reversal  in  the  motion 
of  the  spot  of  light  which  occurs  when 
the  ball  reaches  a  crest  is  stated  to  be 
sharp  and  clearly  defined,  and  to  afford 
an  accurate  means  of  measuring  the 
pitch.  The  method  is  applicable  both  to 
plug  and  to  ring  screw  gauges.  An  in- 
strument of  this  design  is  now  in  use  at 
the  laboratory  of  the  United  States  Bur- 
eau of  Standards. 

The  pitch  measuring  machine  illustrat- 
ed diagrammatically  in  Fig.  1  is  the  pat- 
ented invention  of  Mr.  H.  T.  Bingham 
Powell,  the  inspector  in  charge  of  the 
department  of  gauges  and  standards  of 


^ 


The  machine  comprises  a  base  A  in  the 
form  of  a  surface  plate  supported  at  the 
corners  on  legs  B  screwed  for  levelling 
purposes.  At  the  rear  of  the  base  plate 
a  pair  of  overhanging  cast  iron  brackets 
C  are  fixed,  each  bracket  carrying  a  fac- 
ing D  of  hard  steel,  in  which  double  vee- 
ways  are  formed  to  accommodate  a  num- 
ber of  bearing  balls.  A  carriage  E,  the 
ends  of  which  are  also  formed  with 
double    vee-ways,    bridges    the   brackets 


...    .^DIAGRAM   OF   THE    BENGIIAM-POWELL    PITCH    MEASURING    MACHINES. 


to  some  figure  which,  when  divided  by 
the  number  of  pitches  in  the  length 
chosen,  cannot  in  general  be  regarded  as 
a  satisfactory  measure  of  the  error  of 
any  one  pitch  in  the  length. 
Reflecting  Indicator 
These  facts   have   led   to  the  general 


the  British  Ministry  of  Munitions  of  War 
in  the  United  States.  It  agrees  with  the 
Teddington  machine  in  measuring  by  mi- 
crometeric  means  the  individual  succes- 
sive pitches  of  the  thread,  and  in  employ- 
ing a  ball  as  a  basis  for  so  doing.  But  in 
all  else  it  is  essentially  different. 


FIG.    2— TAKING    A    THREAD    CAST. 

and  slides  on  the  balls.  The  movement  of 
the  carriage  is  effected  and  measured  by 
means  of  a  micrometer  head  F,  the 
spindle  of  which  is  rounded  at  the  end 
and  bears  against  the  rounded  end  of  a 
spindle  G  fixed  to  the  carriage.  The  two 
spindles  are  held  constantly  in  contact 
by  means  of  a  weight  H  united  to  the 
spindle  G  by  a  double  cord  passing  over 
hooks.  The  micrometer  head  permits  the 
easy  reading  of  a  movement  of  the  car- 
riage amounting  to  one  ten-thousandth 
of  an  inch.  On  the  axis  of  the  carriage 
is  a  vee-shaped  opening,  within  which 
there  is  placed  a  spindle  J  formed  with 
a  small  ball  at  its  end.  The  lower  end  of 
the  spindle  is  of  larger  diameter  than  the 
portion  above  the  vee-opening,  and  is 
guided  between  the  forks  of  an  L-shaped 
piece  attached  to  the  underside  of  the 
carriage.  The  opening  between  the  forks 
is  only  about  1%  ten-thousandths  of  an 
inch  greater  than  the  larger  diameter  of 
the  spindle.  The  spindle  is  thus  prac- 
tically entirely  free  to  rise  or  fall  or 
swing  in  the  vertical  plane,  but  is  con- 
strained from  moving  sideways.  The  end 
of  the  spindle  works  in  conjunction  with 
a  knife-edged  electrical  contact  K  mount- 
ed between  insulators  on  a  post  fixed  to 
the  top  of  the  carriage. 

The  screw  gauge  L  rests  on  vee-blocks, 
the  edges  of  which  are  formed  with  ways 
so  that  the  blocks  may  slide  on  nosts  N 
fixed  into  the  base  plate.  Each  block  is 
raised  or  lowered  by  means  of  a  fine 
screw  P  situated  midway  between  its 
two  posts.  The  gauge  is  held  in  place 
on  the  blocks  by  fneans  of  a  stout  rubber 
band  Q  passed  over  its  handle  and  over 
hooks  fixed  in  the  base  plate. 

Operating  Considerations 

Before  the  apparatus  is  used  it  is  most 
important  to  make  sure  that  the  tops  of 
the  threads  on  the  gauge  lie  truly  in  a 
horizontal  plane.  For  this  purpose  there 
is  provided  an  "electric  level"  R,  consist- 
ing of  a  post,  the  base  of  which  is  rest- 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


821 


ed  upon  the  surface  plate  A  of  the  mach- 
ine. The  post  caries  a  pivoted  lever,  one 
end  of  which  is  acted  upon  by  an  insu- 
lated adjusting  screw.  This  screw  is  con- 
nected to  a  battery  and  a  galvanometer  S. 
is  therefore  in  electrical  connection  with 
is  connected  to  the  surface  plate  A,  and 
The  second  terminal  of  the  galvanometer 
rises  into  contact  with  the  end  of  the 
pivoted  arm,  and  just  breaks  the  galvano- 
meter circuit  at  the  point  of  the  adjust- 
ing screw.  The  level  is  threafter  trans- 
ferred to  the  other  end  of  the  threaded 
part  of  the  gauge  and  there  used  in  a 
similar    manner. 

The  ball  point  on  the  spindle  J  is  then 
placed  in  the  first  thread  on  the  gauge, 
and  the  carriage  E  moved  by  the  micro- 
meter wheel  until  the  end  of  the  spind'e 
just  makes  contact  with  the  knife  edge 
K,  a  condition  noted  by  the  occurrence  of 
a  deflection  at  the  galvanometer.  The 
reading  of  the  micrometer  is  noted  and 
the  point  of  the  spindle  transferred  into 
the  second  thread.  The  carriage  is  again 
moved  until  electrical  contact  is  once 
more  just  established.  The  difference  be- 
tween the  micrometer  reading  in  this 
condition  and  that  first  determined  is 
directly  equal  to  the  length  of  the  first 
pitch.  The  succeeding  pitches  are  then 
similarly  examined.  The  ball  point  and 
the  gauge  must  be  free  from  dirt  and 
oil  in  order  to  get  electric  contact.  This 
fact  is  a  factor  favoring  accuracy. 

To  permit  the  pitch  of  a  ring  screw 
gauge  to  be  examined  in  a  similar  way  a 
cast  is  made  of  the  threads.  The  material 
used  for  the  cast  is  a  composition  of  7 
per  cent,  graphite  and  93  per  cent,  sul- 
phur. A  cast  of  the  complete  interior  of 
the  ring  is  not  taken,  for  such  a  cast  is 
apt  to  be  broken  during  its  removal,  or, 
if  the  material  used  is  at  all  plastic,  to 
have  all  its  threads,  in  form  and  pitch,  a 
more  or  less  exact  copy  of  the  last  thread 
on  the  gauge.  The  simple  apparatus  il- 
lustrated in  Pig.  2  has  been  devised  to 
permit  a  small  segment  of  the  thread  to 
be  copied  in  a  cast.  The  device  consists 
of  a  small  square  base  plate  of  steel 
ground  true  on  the  surface  and  provide! 
with  a  spindle  screwed  into  it  exactly 
at  right  angles  to  its  plane.  The  spindle 
is  formed  with  a  wedge-sectioned  slot  to- 
wards its  foot.  In  use  the  ring  gauge  is 
clamped  against  the  spindle  in  the  man- 
ner indicated  towards  the  left,  and  a 
sleeve  surrounding  the  spindle  is  lowered 
to  close  up  such  portion  of  the  slot  as  is 
not  covered  by  the  threads.  The  melted 
composition  is  then  run  into  the  slot  and 
allowed  to  set.  The  cast  thus  left  in  the 
slot  in  the  spindle,  being  at  right  angles 
to  the  base  plate,  is  correctly  parallel 
with  the  centre  line  of  the  gauge.  With- 
out removing  it  from  the  spindle  it  is 
taken  to  the  pitch  measuring  machine 
and  there  examined.  The  narrow  side  of 
the  slot  is  faced  downwards  in  the  meas- 
uring machine  so  that  the  cast  will  not 
fall  out  of  it.  The  spindle  is  provided 
with  centres  at  its  ends,  and  can  there- 
fore be  readily  supported  in  the  optical 
projection  apparatus  devised  at  the  Na- 
tional Physical  Laboratory  for  examining 
the  angle  and  form  of  the  threads. 


THE  ECONOMICS  OF  SHIP  REPAIRS 

By  M.  M. 

The  managers  of  some  of  the  ship 
repairing  establishments  around  the 
Coast  will  have  some  interesting  jobs 
to  describe  when  conditions  permit,  as 
the  extent  and  variety  of  the  work  they 
have  tackled  during  the  past  two  years 
>  ave  been  far  in  excess  of  any,  except 
"freak"  jobs,  which  were  taken  in  hand 
in  pre-war  days.  The  relatively  law 
cost  of  new  tonnage  then  rendered  it 
uneconomical  to  undertake  any  repairs 
which  were  more  than  reasonably 
lengthy  and  difficult,  with  the  result  that 
vessels  were  broken  up  which  nowadays 
would  fetch  a  very  substantial  figure 
even  before  repair.  Under  the  system 
which  has  been  set  up  during  the  pa.'-t 
years  the  fullest  possible  advantage  can 
be  taken  of  the  resources  of  the  many 
repairing  firms,  from  those  of  large  size 
down  to  the  smallest  and  least  well- 
equipped.  As  a  consequence  the  speed- 
ing up  of  repair  work  has  been  very 
marked,  and  it  is  difficult  to  estimate  the 
value  of  the  work  the  department  re- 
sponsible  for  repairs  has   accomplished. 

Centralized  Control 

Now  that  there  is  a  centralized  con- 
trol of  repair  work,  it  would  appear 
practicable  and  also  very  desirable  to 
adopt  some  means  of  disseminating  such 
information  as  might  be  of  value,  regard- 
ing the  manner  in  which  certain  impor- 
tant repairs  have  been  effected.  There 
is  a  "best"  way  of  tackling  every  job — 
of  course,  dependent  on  the  plant  and 
equipment  available — and  from  experi- 
ence of  the  many  repairs  which  have 
been  carried  out,  it  should  be  possible 
to  arrive  at  the  "best"  method  rapidly 
in  the  case  of  any  new  job.  So  far  as 
one  is  aware,  there  is  no  such  scheme  for 
spreading  .  useful  information  in  this 
country,  although  everyone  who  has  read 
the  detailed  accounts  of  the  repairs  made 
by  the  Americans  to  the  damaged  Ger- 
man merchant  vessels  cannot  but  be  im- 
pressed by  the  probable  value  of  these 
reports  to  firms  who  may  be  confronted 
with  the  work  of  making  good  some- 
what similar  damage.  There  must  be 
very  numerous  cases  in  which  damage 
to  a  vessel  due  to  mine  or  torpedoes  has 
resulted  in  the  fracture  of  important 
hull  and  machinery  castings,  and  it 
would  be  very  instructive  to  have  some 
idea  of  the  manner  in  which  thes«  dam- 
aged items  have  been  repaired.  It  is 
probable  that  the  very  large  majority  of 
such  fractures  have  been  made  good  by 
furnishing  replace  parts  rather  than  ac- 
tually repairing  the  castings  themselves. 

Replacing   Castings 

The  policy  of  ordering  replace  cast- 
ings instead  of  making  good  the  broken 
ones  is  open  to  many  objections.  In  the 
first  place  it  is  usually  very  wasteful 
of  time,  as  such  new  parts  have  to  be 
put  through  foundries  already  crowded 
with  work  for  new  vessels.  Further, 
the  length  of  time  required  for  turning 
out  a  new  casting  is  usually  consider- 
eble,  even  if  the  job  is  given  very  first 


attention,  while  this  latter  procedure 
often  results  in  a  very  uneconomical 
dislocation  of  the  normal  run  of  the  work 
in  the  foundry.  It  is  often  necessary 
to  patch  up  an  old  or  to  make  a  new 
pattern,  no  easy  task  where  a  stern 
frame  or  similar  large  part  is  required, 
while  work  at  the  vessel  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  damaged  casting  is  hung  up  until 
such  time  as  the  new  casting  has  been 
delivered.  The  period  for  such  delivery 
is  rarely  short  and  it  may  run  into  four 
or  five  months. 

Methods  of   Repair 

Where  it  is  even  remotely  possible  to 
effect  a  sound  "war-time"  repair  by 
any  of  the  several  methods  which  can  be 
adopted,  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  the 
attempt  should  be  made.  It  may  not 
be  possible  to  maintain  the  full  strength 
of  the  original  casting  in  the  repair,  but 
if  a  right  sense  of  balance  and  propor- 
tion is  brought  to  the  consideration  of 
the  job,  there  is  little  doubt  but  that 
very  many  repairs  which  would  have 
been  considered  as  "not  quite"  satisfac- 
tory in  peace  time  will  be  undoubtedly 
accepted  as  amply  good  enough  under 
present  conditions.  After  all  one  can- 
not help  feeling  that  there  is  very  little 
justification  for  putting,  say,  a  brand 
new  stem  frame  into  a  vessel  which  is 
only  good  for  another  few  years,  when 
the  broken  frame  previously  in  the  ves- 
sel would  have  been  repaired  sufficiently 
to  ensure  its  outlasting  other  parts  of 
the  hull,  or  to  put  the  matter  in  another 
way,  when  repair  to  the  broken  frame 
would  have  resulted  in  altering  factor  of 
safety  in  other  parts  of  the  ship.  A  ves- 
sel has  a  certain  factor  of  safety  when 
built,  which  factor  applies  more  or  less 
uniformly  to  the  whole  of  the  major  por- 
tions of  the  ship  structure.  Deteriora- 
tion naturally  results  in  a  reduction  of 
this  factor,  and  there  are  undoubtedly 
many  vessels  now  on  service  in  which 
the  factor  of  safety  in  some  portions  of 
the  vessel  is  a  very  little  more  than  one. 

Repairing  Castings 

As  there  are  several  methods  by  which 
it  is  possible  to  repair  castings  so  as  to 
obtain  not  less  than  60  to  80  per  cent, 
of  the  original  strength,  it  would  appear 
desirable  that  very  careful  attention 
should  be  paid  to  the  possibility  of  ef- 
fecting repair  to  the  damaged  item,  and 
a  replace  part  ordered  only  if  it  is  found 
essential,  havinPT  regard  to  the  whole 
circumstances  of  the  case.  Demands  on 
founories  are  so  large  that  everything 
possible  should  be  done  to  relieve  them. 
It  may  be  thought  that  delay  would  be 
involved,  should  it  finally  prove  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  order  a  replace  cast- 
ing, owing  to  the  time  spent  in  consid- 
ering the  question  as  to  whether  or  not 
the  old  casting  could  be  repaired,  but 
this  could  be  avoided  if  all  the  work 
preliminary  to  ordering  the  casting  was 
carried  out  while  this  matter  was  under 
consideration.  Further,  if  the  services 
of  experts  in  say  electric  welding  and 
thermit  were  obtained  it  should  be  pos- 
sible to  rapidly  arrive  at  sound  conclu- 


322 


Volume  XX. 


Using  Ball  Bearings  in  Marine  Machinery 

In  Sweden  Great  Strides  Were  Made  in  This  Direction — Assist 

in  Securing  Easy  and  Reliable  Running,  and  Thus  Getting  Greater 

Radius  of  Action — Business  Growing  in  Canada 


THE  use  of  ball  bearings  in  marine 
engines  and  in  nautical  machinery 
generally  has  been  developed  to  an 
important  exten  in  Europe  by  the  Akti 
bolaget  Svenska  Kullagerfabriken  of 
Gothenberg,  Sweden.  This  concern  was 
the  original  manufacturer  of  the  S  K  F 
ball  bearings  which  are  also  manufac- 
tured in  the  United  States.  The  fact 
that  these  bearings  are  well  known  both 
in  Canada  and  the  United  States  will 
tend  to  create  interest  in  some  recent 
applications,  particulars  of  which  are 
Kiven  below.  The  installations  have  al- 
ready proven  successful  and  hive  demon- 
strated the  efficacy  of  ball  bearings  in 
marine  work.  When  constructinsr  nau- 
tical machinery,  driven  either  by  internal 
combustion  motors  or  else  steam  engines, 
unceasing  efforts  are  made  to  attain  the 
greatest  possible  saving  in  power  and 
the  most  reliable  running  obtainable.  The 
reason  why  ball  bearings  are  of  such 
significance  in  nautical  machinery  in 
general  is  due  to  the  importance  that  is 
attached  to  easy  and  reliable  running, 
factors  that  very  largely  increase  the 
vessel's  radius  of  action. 

Connecting  Rod  Bearings 

Ball  bearings  are  largely  used  for  the 
frames  and  conecting  rods  of  internal 
combustion  motors.  In  one  case 
ball  bearings  were  mounted  in  a  motor 
with  four  cylinders.  The  bearings  of 
the  connecting  rods  were  so  large  in 
diameter  that  they  were  slipped  over  the 
joints  of  the  shoulders.  The  bearings 
were  in  all  instances  held  fast  by  means 
of  nuts  against  the  shoulders.  These 
bearings  have  also  been  mounted  in  mo- 
tors with  only  one  cylinder.  In  this  case 
the  shoulder  is  split,  thus  permitting  the 
bearing  rod  to  be  mounted  easily. 


Propeller  Shaft  Bearings 

The  so-called  "cam  bearing"  that  has 
up  to  the  present  been  employed  for  tak- 
ing up  the  propeller  pressure,  has  not 
satisfied  the  exacting  demands  that  must 
be  placed  on  the  reliable  running  of  a 
bearing  of  such  moment  for  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  vessel.  The  loss  of  power 
entailed  by  gliding  friction  is  consider- 


DETAIL    OF   THRUST   BEARING    FOR   DIESEL 
ENGINE. 

able,  and  the  propensity  for  becoming 
overheated  great. 

It  can  easily  be  understood  that  ball 
bearings  have  a  great  mission  to  fill, 
and  all  the  applications  carried  out  by 
Svenska  Kullagerfabriken  have  given  ex- 
cellent results. 

Besides  being  used  on  the  propeller 
itself,  ball  bearings  are  used  for  sup- 
porting the  propeller  shaft.  These  bear- 
ings have  been  found  most  advantageous, 
especially  for  propeller  shafts  running 
at  high  speeds,  or  shafts  of  great  length 
where  the  downward  movement  necessi- 


tates the  use  of  a  bearing  constructed  on 
self -aligning  principles. 

The  Turbine  Steamer  "Mjolner" 

The  S.  S.  "Mjolner,"  which  was  built 
some  years  ago  and  equipped  with 
000  h.p.  motors,  was  fitted  with  ball 
bearings.  A  gliding  "cam  bearing"  of 
the  usual  type  was  applied  simultaneous- 
ly as  a  reserve  for  taking  up  the  pro- 
peller pressure  in  case  the  ball  bearing 
should  become  unusable  in  any  way.  How- 
ever, the  ball  bearings  exceeded  all  ex- 
pectations, for  which  reason  the  gliding 
bearing  has  now  been  removed. 

Propeller  Thrust  Bearings 

One  of  the  accompanying  illustrations 
shows  a  propeller  equipped  with  ball 
bearings.  The  axial  bearings  are  mount- 
ed on  split  sleeves  so  designed  that  the 
centre  of  the  bearing's  spherical  seating 
coincides  with  the  centre  of  the  radial 
bearing,  making  the  entire  bearing  self- 
aligning  around  this  point. 

Ball  bearings  have  been  mounted  on 
high  speed  propeller  shafts.  The  pro- 
peller pressure  is  carried  by  two  single 
thrust  bearings  with  spherical  washers; 
a  double  row  radial  bearing  acts  as  a 
guide  bearing.  By  suitable  dimensioning 
of  the  centre  sleeves,  the  bearing  in  its 
entirety  becomes  self-aligning  around 
ihe  centre  of  the  radial  bearing.  In 
order  to  prevent  the  bearings  from  be- 
ing thrown  from  their  races  by  centri- 
fugal force,  a  special  cage  is  employed, 
consisting  of  a  hardened  and  ground  steel 
ring  placed  between  two  plate-iron  discs 
which  are  riveted  together. 

Amongst  the  many  advantages  to  be 
gained  by  using  ball  bearings  for 
nautical  machinery  the  following  may 
be  mentioned: 


DIBSEl,  ENGINE  WITH  BALL  BEARING  THRUST  ARRANGEMENT. 


DIESEL     ENQINE     WITH     S     K    F    THRUST    BEARINGS     FOR 
PROPELLOR    THRUST. 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


823 


m- 


BALL    BEARING    ARRANGEMENT    FOR    TAKING    THE    THRUST    OK    THE    PROPELLOR. 


1.  Exceedingly  slight  frictional  resist- 
ance whilst  running,  which  means  saving 
in  coal  and  the  consequent  enlargement 
of  the  radius  of  action. 

2.  InsigTiificant  resistance  when  speed- 
ing up,  making  manoeuvring  easier. 

3.  Great  durability  and  length  of  life. 

4.  Accurate  and  lasting  adjustment. 

5.  No  overheating. 

6.  No  wear  on  the  shafts  and  bearing 
seatings. 

7.  Exceedingly  reliable  running. 

8.  Repairs  and  inspections  easy  and 
rapid. 

9.  Insignificant  consumption  of  oil. 

10.  Easy  to  mount  and  unmount. 

11.  Great  capabilities  of  self-alignment. 


STEAM    ENGINES    FOR    ROAD 
VEHICLES 

By  M.  E. 

The  difficulty  of  obtaining  liquid  fuel 
of  the  lighter  kind  for  road  vehicles  en- 
gaged on  non-military  work  is  compell- 
ing motor  weTs  to  turn  much  more  re- 
spectful attention  than  hns  hitherto  been 


the  case  to  the  steam  car  working  on 
solid  fuel  or  heavy  oils,  and  to  the  pos- 
sibility of  using  gas  in  place  of  petrol 
as  a  fuel  for  ex- 
isting car  mot- 
ors. The  steam 
vehicle  has  al- 
ways had,  and 
was  destined 
anyway  to  hold, 
its  special  place 
in  the  ranks  of 
road  vehicles,  but 
in  the  circum- 
stances of  the 
hour  its  outlook 
has  much  im- 
proved, and  ef- 
forts are  being 
made  to  take  full 
advantage .of  the 
situation.  Among 
such  efforts  are 
the  experiments 
that  are  being 
carried  out  with 
steam      car     and 


tractor  engines  designed  on  the  uniflow 

principle. 

Stationary  uniflow  engines  are  now  in 
fairly  extensive  use  in  this  country,  and 
l.ave  proved  to  be  perhaps  the  most  eco- 
nomical of  all  reciprocating  steam  en- 
gines for  purposes  covering  a  very  wide 
field.  The  principle  they  embody  is  sim- 
ple enough.  The  exhaust  takes  place 
through  a  ring  of  ports  surrounding  the 
middle  of  the  cylinder,  which  are  un- 
covered by  the  piston  at  the  end  of  the 
stroke.  To  provide  for  this  action  the 
cylinder  is  made  nearly  double  the  length 
and  the  piston  is  unusually  long,  extend- 
ing to  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  cyl- 
inder. The  gain  from  this  arrangement 
arises  partly  from  the  simplicity  of  the 
engine,  partly  from  the  large  exhaust- 
port  area,  partly  from  the  fact  that  the 
direction  of  the  steam-flow  is  not  re- 
versed, but,  more  than  all,  from  the  very 
favorable  temperature  conditions  secur- 
ed. Some  modifications  of  the  standard 
design  have  had  to  be  introduced  in  ap- 
plying the  principle  to  road  vehicles. 

In  the  large  stationary  uniflow  en- 
gines compression  begins  as  soon  as  the 
piston  has  covered  the  exhaust  ports. 
This  is  one  of  the  fundamental  thermo- 


S   K   F  BALL   BEARING  ARRANGEMENT  FOR  THE  MAIN   SHAFT 
IN     SINGLE    CYLINDER    CRUDE    OIL    ENGINE. 


8HS 

illSI 
iliil 


ASSEMBLING    SHOP    SHOWING    PART    OF    THE    SHAFT.    AND    BALI,    BEARING    ASSEMBLY. 


dynamic  principles  of  the  engine,  but  it 
has  been  found  necessary  to  moderate  it 
for  the  high-speed  non-condensing  en- 
gine of  the  road  vehicle  by  fitting  an 
auxiliary  exhaust  valve  which  defers 
compression  to  a  later  stage  in  the 
^troke.  The  tests  made  thus  far  demon- 
strate that  the  poorest  results  obtained 
with  the  uniflow  engine  with  saturated 
steam  at  125  pounds  are  better  than  the 
best  with  any  of  the  simple  engines,  even 
when  operating  condensing;  that  the 
.steam  consumption  of  the  uniflow  engine 
at  175  pounds  with  saturated  steam,  run- 
ning non-condensing  is  lower  than  that 
of  the  compound  non-condensing  engine 
at  150  pounds,  and  the  uniflow  engine 
with  steam  at  180  pounds  pressure  and 
130  degrees  superheat  gives  a  lower 
steam  consumption  than  the  compound 
condensing  engine  with  150  pounds 
pressure.  These  are  striking  and  im- 
portant results,  portending  developments 
which  will  improve  a  good  deal  the  rela- 
tive position  of  the  steam  vehicle. 


S24 


Volume  XX. 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


ALTERATIONS  TO  SHELL  LATHE 

IMPROVE  OPERATION  MATERIALLY 

By  Jack  Homewood. 


THERE  are  probably  few  operations 
in  the  manufacture  of  munitions 
that  will  more  thoroughly  test  the 
efficiency  of  a  machine  than  that  of 
rough  turning  the  forging  of  the  larger 
shells.  During  the  elementary  stages  of 
the  shell-making  industry  the  majority 
of  single  purpose  equipment  were  suf- 
ficiently heavy  to  take  care  of  the  duty 
required,  but  with  the  rapid  progress 
made  in  production  it  was  invariably 
found  that  certain  portions  of  the  fi-At 
machines  had  to  be  considerably 
strengthened  to  withstand  the  heavy  cuts 
and  continual  service. 

While  the  changes  here  illustrated  and 
described  might  well  apply  to  any  make 
of  lathe,  the  improvements  were  made 
on  one  of  the  original  types  of  rou:^ii 
turning  heavy  duty  lathes.  Recent  modi- 
fications, however,  have  incorporated 
many  advantageous  features  in  this  and 
other  makes  of  machines  over  those  ad- 
opted in  the  earlier  equipment. 

Under  the  piece  work  system  of  pro- 
duction few  operators  give  serious  con- 
sideration to  the  machine  itself,  the  first 
thought  invariably  being  the  "eight  cents 
per  shell,"  or  whatever  the  price  may  be. 
This  appears  to  be  an  unavoidable  trait 
of  human  nature,  but  one  that  must 
receive  the  attention  of  the  tool  builder 
when  designing  a  machine,  especially  for 
work  of  this  character,  so  that  it  will 
stand  up  to  the  highest  usage  and  abuse, 
thus  providing  a  mechanical  defense  for 
the  vagaries  of  the  human  element. 

To  maintain  axial  alignment  of  the 
shell  during  the  operation  of  rough  turn- 
ing, it  is  necessary  to  exert  considerable 
pressure  at  the  centers  to  avoid  thu  shell 
"backing  away"  and  varying  the  jrauge 
dimension.  To  meet  this  excessive  thrust 
pressure  on  the  headstock  bearings  and 
eliminate  undue  friction  many  lathes  are 
provided  with  ball  thrust  bearings. 

In  this  particular  instance  the  %-inch 
ball  race  on  the  front  bearing  was  found 
to  be  too  light  for  the  heavy  duty,  the 
race  showing  excessive  wear,  together 
with  ball  breakage.  To  overcome  this 
trouble  the  thrust  was  replaced  with  one 
of  %-inch  dimension,  the  race  rings  be- 


ing made  from  material  from  the  forg- 
ings  of  9.2  inch  shells.  To  reduce  the 
possibilities  of  further  trouble  an  addi- 


tional ball'  thrust  bearing  was  placed  at 
the  rear,  using  %-inch  balls  and  an  ad- 
justable nut,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 

The  irregularity  of  the  cut  on  eccen- 
tric shells  was  a  very  serious  factor, 
as  the  stress  imposed  was  frequently  so 
great  as  to  break  off  the  quill  or  tail 
stock  spindle,  and  in  one  instance  break- 


FIG.    1--THRTJST    ALTERATIONS    TO    HEADSTOCK. 


FIG.    3     INCREASING    THE    RIGIDITY    OK    THE    TAIL    STOCK. 


FIG.  2— VIEW 


OF  THRUST  NUT  SHOWN 
AT  A  A. 


CLUTCH  EXPANSION  RING. 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


326 


ing  off  a  portion  of  the  supporting  cast- 
ing. To  meet  these  objections  the  spin- 
dle was  made  of  steel,  3  15-16  inches 
diameter  in  place  of  2  15-16  inches,  and 
the  extension  on  the  tailstock  was  made 
7  inches  in  diameter  and  6  inches  long, 
against  5  inches  by  3  inches  in  length. 
The  tailstock  was  also  made  longer  and 
secured  in  a  fixed  position  by  6%  inch 
cap-screws,  three  on  either  side.  Greater 
thrust  leverage  was  provided  by  adopt- 
ing a  heavier  and  larger  handwheel. 

Improvements  were  also  made  to  the 
driving  clutch  ring  as  shown  in  Fig.  A, 
the  wearing  surfaces  being  fitted  with 
case-hardened  blocks  dovetailed  into  the 
expansion  ring.  The  expansion  pin  was 
also  case-hardened.  Increased  rigidity 
was  given  to  the  worm  on  the  feed  shaft 
by  placing  a  supporting  bracket  in  front 
and  in  contact  with  the  worm.  These 
several  improvements  added  greatly  to 
the  life   and   efficiency   of   the   machine. 


TABLE  FOR  ROUNDING  CORNERS 
BY  J.  W.  BROADBENT 

Pattern  makers  are  frequently  called 
upon  to  round  off  the  edge  of  a  strip  to 
form  a  semi-circular  cross  section  as 
shown  in  the  sketch.  On  the  larger 
pieces  it  is  often  desirable  to  saw  strips 
off  before  finishing  with  the  smoothing 
plane.  To  facilitate  the  laying  off  of 
this  work  the  accompanying  table  has 
been  prepared,  giving  the  dimension  A 
to  be  marked  off  from  each  corner  so 
that  the  line  b-c  will  be  tangent  to  the 
arc  required.  The  constants  here  shown 
are  derived  from  the  solution  of  right 
triangles,  and  an  explanation  of  this 
might  be  of  assistance  for  the  solving 
of  similar  problems.  In  the  small  sketch 
the  arc  a-b-c  is  the  one  required.  Sup- 
pose this  is  to  have  a  diameter  of  7%. 
inches,  then  the  distance  o-b — shown  on 
the  table  with  the  integral  number  at 
the  top  and  the  fraction  in  the  left  hand 
column — will  be  %  inches.  The  distance 
o-d  will  be  the  square  root  of  the  sum 
of  the  squares  of  o-b  and  o-c,  or  ex- 
pressed in  the  form  of  a  formula  o-d^ 


the    hypotenuse    of    the    right    triangle 
d-c-f. 

Again  d-f  ^.i:  y[(c-f)2  +  (c-d)^]  == 
\/[1.53.3-f  1.553-']=2.196  inches.  This  di- 
mension to  the  nearest  64th  will  be  2 
12-64  or  2  3-16  inches. 

Table    for    Rounding:    Comers. 


1 

2 

3 

37/64 

1-11/64 

1-49/64 

hk 

5/64 

21/64 

1-1/4 

1-53/64 

% 

9/64 

47/64 

1-  6/16 

1-29/82 

% 

7/32 

61/64 

1-13/82 

1-81/64 

¥i 

9/82 

7/8 

1-16/32 

2-3/64 

■ys 

2»/64 

81/64 

1-35/64 

2-1/8 

% 

7/16 

1-1/32 

1-5/8 

2-8/16 

% 

33/64 

1-3/32 

l-4«/64 

2-17/61 

LOSS  DUE  TO  SOOT 

Soot,  as  is  well  known,  is  a  bad  con- 
ductor of  heat.  The  loss  of  heat  con- 
ductively  in  a  boiler  due  to  this  is  cal- 
culated as  9.5  per  cent,  for  soot  layer 
one-thirty-second  of  an  inch  thick;  26 
per  cent,  for  double  that  thickness;  45 
per  cent,  if  the  layer  is  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  thick,  and  69  per  cent,  of  it 
if  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick. 


REMOVAL  OP  OIL  FROM  FEED 
WATER 

The  majority  of  the  reported  cases  of 
boiler  bagging  are  due  to  the  presence 
of  scale  or  oil  in  the  boiler.  The  removal 
of  the  former  may  be  accomplished  by 
what  has  been  termed  the  "periodical 
clean"  method — that  is  to  say  by  the  use 
of  mechanical  cleaning  methods  each 
time  the  boiler  is  opened  for  inspection, 
by  the  introduction  of  boiler  compounds, 
or  by  treating  the  feed  water  chemically. 
No  amount  of  chemical  treatment  will  re- 
move oil  from  feed-water,  however,  and 
some  mechanical  filtering  process  must 
be  relied  upon  for  its  elimination.  Some 
engineers  favor  cloth  filters  and  some 
sawdust,  sand,  or  other  substances,  but 
most  depends  upon  the  design  of  the 
filter  itself,  and  individual  manufactur- 
ers of  these  apparatus  may  be  relied 
upon  to  adopt  the  filtering  medium  which 
is  best  suited  to  their  own  construction. 


METHOD    OF    ROUNDING    OFF   CORNERS 


pounds,  with  or  without  the  additional 
presence  of  scale.  Attempts  to  boil  them 
out  with  soda  or  some  alkali  are  to  be 
severely  condemned  as  rendering  the 
oils  more  dangerous  still.  As  has  been 
stated  no  amount  of  boiler  compound  can 
counteract  the  ill-effects  of  oil  entrained 
in  feed  water,  it  being  imperative  that 
some  external  mechanical  means  b» 
adopted  when  it  is  present. 


V[(o-b)2-f(o-c)2]=V[(3.75  4-3.75)]  = 
5.303  inches.  Then  the  distance  d-c  will  be 
(o-d)— (o-3)=5.303— 3.75=1.553  inches. 
The  distance   A   desired   will   then   form 


With  regard  to  the  comparative  harmful 
properties  of  various  oils,  the  most 
dangerous  bags  and  blisters  are  general- 
ly caused  by  animal  and  vegetable  com- 


CHART  SHOWING  CfllMNEY  LOSSES 

T^HIS  handy  chart  has  been  developed 
by  the  Uehling  Instrument  Co.,  71 
Broadway,  New  York,  and  it  is  of  interest 
and  value  at  the  present  time  when  the 
coal  problem  is  so  important,  for  it  en- 
ables anyone  to  quickly  and  closely  esti- 
mate the  money  now  being  lost  up  al- 
most any  chimney  due  to  low  CO  2. 

Simply  connect  the  percentage  of  CO  2 
(shown  in  column  C)  with  the  money 
now  being  spent  per  year  for  coal  (shown 
in  column  A),  and  the  intersection  of  the 
connecting  line  with  column  B  imme- 
diately gives  the  dollars  rolling  out  of 
the  chimney  in  the  form  of  heated  gases. 

Example:  If  $20,000  is  spent  per  year 
for  coal  burned  in  a  furnace  whose  aver- 
age CO  2  registers  9.3  per  cent.,  what  is 
the  approximate  money  lost  up  the 
chimney  per  year? 

Solution:  Connect  the  $20,000  (column 
A)  with  the  9.3  per  cent,  (column  C),  as 
indicated  by  the  dotted  line  drawn  across 
this  chart,  and  the  intersection  with  col- 
umn B  shows  the  approximate  yearly 
loss  to  be  $5,000. 

The  object  of  this  chart  is  to  show  that 
a  high  percentage  of  CO  2  is  most  desir- 
able. To  be  sure,  even  where  the  CO  2  ia 
as  high  as  21  per  cent,  the  theoretical 
maximum  there  is  a  loss,  because  in  the 
average  power  plant  the  flue  gases  leav- 
ing the  boiler  have  a  temperature  as 
high  as  500°  or  600°  F.  Loss,  therefore, 
is  inevitable  unless  a  blower  is  used  for 
exhausting  the  gases,  and  some  sort  of 
interchange  system  is  installed  for 
either  heating  the  feed  water  or  pre- 
heating air  and  leading  it  under  the 
grate. 

It  is  significant  that  most  of  the  large 
power  plants  of  to-day  have  adopted  CO  2 
instruments  that  record  automatically 
and  continuously.  The  reason  for  this 
is  to  keep  constant  tab  on  the  workers  in 
the  boiler  room  and  the  efficiency  of  com- 
bustion. The  recorder  may  be  placed  at 
any  convenient  distance  from  the  boiler, 
in  the  office  of  the  chief  engineer,  owner, 
manager  or  superintendent,  while  an 
auxiliary  CO  2  indicator  is  placed  on  the 
boiler  front  in  full  view  of  the  fireman. 
The  function  of  the  indicator  is  to  keep 
the  fireman  constantly  informed  as  to 
the  efficiency  of  his  own  work.  This  fea- 
ture is  most  commendable. 

Coal  cannot  be  saved  by  a  CO  2  ma- 
chine alone.  If  no  attention  is  paid  to 
the  indicator  or  recorder,  the  installation 
of  such  apparatus  borders  on  foolishness. 
The  records  should  be  carefully  watched 
and  studied,  and  adjustments  should  con- 


326 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


stantly  be  made  in  firing  methods  until 
the  best  percentage  of  CO  2  is  obtained. 
After  the  best  mark  is  reached,  fluctua- 
tion of  the  CO  2  line  below  that  mark  to 
any  great  extent  should  not  be  allowed. 
This  chart  is  based  on  a  flue  gas  tem- 


--$3ooo 

--^4ooo 
--ijooo 


-  -$io,ooo 


^1 

iLl 

>•  t 
a! 

a. 

t 


u. 
o 


o 
o 

o 


i-$3oo 

$4oo 
$5oo 


'^2o,ooo 


--$3o,ooo 


^4o,ooo 
$5o,ooo 


< 

bJ. 

>- 

u 

UJ' 

,>' 

tiJ 

Z' 

z 

r 
o 

o. 

3 
(- 

3 

>-■ 

UJ 

z 
o 
E 

_i 

I 


-*- $100,000 
A 


--$1000 

$2ooo 
$3000 

$10,000 

^2o,ooo 
$30,000 

$5o,ooo' 


COMPOSITE   SHK*  CONSTRUCTION 

By  Mark  Meredith. 

THERE  has  always  existed  a  con- 
siderable   amount    of    speculation 
as    to    what    characteristics    are 
peculiar  to  the  method  of  ship  construc- 


■Zl 

■2o 
19 

r/ 

16 
15 
14 
13 


o 


z 

UJ 

u 


B 


$80,000 


+12 

-II 

(0 

-9 

■8 
■7 

+6 


--4 


CHART  SHOWING  CHIMNEY  LOSSES 


perature  of  600°  F.,  and  an  outside  air 
temperature  of  60°  F.  Where  the  flue 
Kas  temperature  is  higher,  or  the  outside 
air  temperatiare  lower,  the  money  loss 
will  be  correspondingly  increased.  On 
the  other  hand,  with  a  higher  outside  air 
temperature  and  a  lower  flue  gas  tem- 
perature, the  money  loss  is  proportion- 
ately decreased.  Further,  in  the  con 
struction  of  this  chart  it  has  been  as- 
sumed that  the  coal  has  a  calorific  value 
of  14,500  B.t.u.  per  lb.  of  combustible. 

It  may  also  be  interesting  to  point  out 
that  where  there  is  only  3  per  cent,  of 
CO  2  in  the  flue  gases  76  per  cent,  of  the 
heat  value  of  the  coal  passes  up  the 
chimney  as  waste  under  the  conditions 
outlined  above.  It  is  impossible,  how- 
ever, for  these  gases  to  contain  as  low 
as  2  per  cent.,  because  it  would  require 
more  than  the  original  quantity  of  heat 
in  the  coal  to  heat  the  enormous  surplus 
of  air  to  a  temperature  of  600°  F. 


tion  known  as  the  composite"  method, 
and  this  term  is  peculiarly  applied  to 
those  ships  where  the  vessels  are  framed 
internally  with  metal  and  planked  with 
wood.  The  invention  of  composite  ship- 
building is  usually  ascribed  to  John 
Jordon,  a  member  of  the  firm  of  L.  H. 
Mclntyre  &  Co.,  who  were  shipbuilders 
in  Liverpool  in  the  early  days  of  1840. 
He  obtained  a  patent  for  this  method  of 
ship  construction,  and  in  1850  the  Mc- 
Intyres  built  the  schooner  "Excelsior" 
upon  this  principle,  and  the  barque 
"Marion  Mclntyre"  in  1851,  these  being 
the  first  composite  vessels  ever  con- 
structed. However,  Jordon's  system  did 
not  attract  much  attention  until  the  year 
1863,  when  a  number  of  British  clipper 
ships  were  built  for  the  China  tea  trade. 
There  were  the  "Taoping,"  built  by 
Robert  Steele  &  Sons;  "Eliza  Shaw,"  by 
Alexander  Stephen,  and  "Yang-tze"  and 
"Black     Prince,"     by     Alexander     Hall. 


These  four  ships  ,ave  such  good  account 
of  themselves  that  from  that  time  on- 
wards all  tea  clippers  were  composite 
built,  although  it  was  not  until  1867  that 
the  committee  of  Lloyd's  Register  issued 
the  first  rules  for  composite  construction. 

This  method  of  ship  construction  was 
also  used  for  naval  vessels,  and  during 
the  period  1870  to  1880  a  number  of 
sloops  and  light  cruisers  were  put  into 
commission  for  the  British  Navy,  and 
there  are  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States  Navy  to-day  the  composite- 
built  gunboats  "Paducah,"  "Marietta," 
"Wheeling,"  "Princeton,"  and  "Anna- 
polis," which  were  completed  between 
the  years  1896  and  1904.  These  vessels 
were  intended  for  service  in  tropical 
waters,  where  fouling  of  the  bottom  is 
very  extensive,  and  here  the  advantage 
of  composite  construction  was  shown  to 
tie  great    ^ 

In  Jordon's  system  of  building  com- 
posite ships  the  whole  outer  skin,  in- 
cluding keel,  stem,  stern-post  and  plank- 
ing, is  of  wood,  arranged  as  in  the  skin 
of  an  ordinary  wooden  ship,  and  the 
framework  of  the  inside  of  the  skin,  in- 
cluding beams,  frames,  kelsons,  strin.;- 
ers,  shelf-pieces,  waterways,  hooks, 
transoms,  diagonal  braces,  etc.,  is  of 
iron,  arranged  almost  the  same  as  in  an 
ordinary  iron  ship,  channel,  or  trough- 
shaped  iron  being  used  for  the  frames. 
The  bolts  which  fasten  the  skin  to  the 
frames  are  of  iron,  generally  galvanized 
or  coated  with  zinc,  and  their  outer  ends 
are  countersunk  in  holes  of  such  a  depth 
that  the  iron  bolts  can  be  electrically  in- 
sulated from  the  copper  sheathing  by 
plugging  the  holes  with  pitch  or  some 
other  suitable  non-conductor  of  elec- 
tricity. But  this  system  made  it  very 
difficult  to  keep  a  vessel  perfectly  tight. 
Therefore,  McLain  proposed  that  to  keep 
the  leakage  free  from  the  iron  of  the 
structure  vessels  should  be  built  as  re- 
gards keel,  stem,  stern-post  frame  and 
outer  planking  the  same  as  those  of  an 
ordinary  wooden  vessel;  but  instead  of 
the  ceiling  and  inside  the  planking  being- 
composed  of  wood,  it  was  to  be  con- 
structed of  iron,  united  all  round  at  the 
bottom  and  ends  of  the  vessel,  and  made 
thoroughly  watertight,  forming  a  com- 
plete inner  skin,  with  beams,  stringers, 
keelsons,  bulkheads,  platforms,  etc.,  also 
of  iron.  The  greater  part  of  the  wooden 
frame  was  merely  of  dimensions  suffi- 
cient for  bolting  the  wooden  planking  to, 
and  was  inserted  between  the  iron  frames 
riveted  all  round  the  outside  of  the  iron 
ceiling.  The  wooden  frames  were  fast- 
ened to  the  iron  frames  by  galvanized 
iron  fore-and-aft  bolts,  either  screwed  or 
plain.  The  wooden  floorings  were  made 
deep  in  the  throat  and  stiffened  with 
plates  on  ^ach  side,  riveted  to  the  angle- 
iron  frames,  or  iron  floors  were  fitted  in- 
side the  iron  ceiling  to  supply  the  re- 
quisite transverse  strength.  The  apron, 
innerpost  and  deadweight  were  inserted 
between  and  bolted  to  large  angle-iron 
riveted  on  the  iron  ceiling.  The  outer 
planking  within  the  influences  of  the 
copper  sheeting  was  fastened  to  the 
wooden  frame  with  screw  tree-nails,  or 
with  yellow  metal  bolts.  This  system  of 
building  composite  ships  was  intended 
chiefly  for  armor-clad  war  vessels. 


September  12,  1918. 


827 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

revieiu  in  this  section. 


SCREW    CUTTING    ENGINE    LATHE 
WITH   GAP 

THE  screw-cutting  engine  lathe  illu.s- 
trated  herewith  has  been  brought 
out  by  the  Perfect  Machine  Co., 
Gait,  to  fill  the  need  of  a  high-grade  ma- 
chine for  manufacturing  plants  making 
light  parts  and  for  experimental  pur- 
poses. 

The  headstock  is  of  very  rigid  design 
and  has  a  three-step  cone  pulley  and 
back  gears  giving  six  spindle  speeds. 
The  spindle  is  forged  of  high  carbon 
steel,  is  accurately  ground  and  is  hollow 
for  bar  work.  Both  bearings  have  split 
bronze  bushings,  providing  an  easy  and 
effective  way  to  take  up  wear.  The  end- 
thrust  of  the  spindle  is  sustained  by  a 
screw  collar.  A  carriage  reversing 
mechanism  for  screw  cutting  is  located 
in  the  headstock. 

The  leadscrew  is  made  of  high  carbon 
steel  and  is  very  carefully  cut.  The 
threads  of  the  leadscrew  are  never  in  use 
except  when  the  lathe  is  cutting  screws. 
For  ordinary  work  an  automatic  friction 
feed  driven  by  a  spline  in  the  leadscrew 
is  provided.  By  shifting  a  spring  lever 
on  the  outside  of  the  apron  an  instan- 
taneous reversing  of  the  carriage  is  ob- 
tained.       Automatic      longitudinal     and 


20    IN.    SELEX^TIVE    HEAD    LATHE. 


device  prevents  the  engaging  of  either 
longitudinal  or  cross-feed  friction  mech- 
anism, while  the  half  nuts  for  the  screw 
cutting-  are  closed. 


20  IN.  SELECTIVE  HEAD  LATHE 

The  acco/np-inyin-j;  illustration  shows 
the  Lodge  and  Shipley  20  in.  selective 
head     lathe    featured     by     the     Garlock 


SCCREW  CUTTING  ENGINE  I.ATHE 


crossfeeds  are  engaged  by  turning  knobs. 
The  crank  handle  for  the  hand  feed  does 
not  revolve  while  the  automatic  feed  is 
working.     An  absolutely  reliable   safety 


Walker   Co.,  Toronto,  at  Toronto   Exhi- 
bition. 

In  the  design  of  this  lathe  considerable 
care  and  effort  have  been  expended  in 


the  design  of  the  selective  head.  The 
sliding  gears  on  the  initial  transmission 
shaft  are  mounted  on  a  driving  sleeve 
having  four  integral  keys.  All  other 
shaft-driven  gears  are  pressed  and  keyed 
to  shafts.  All  shaft  bearings  are  in  the 
main  headstock  casting.  This  casting 
has  box  sections  with  sides  extended  up 
to  the  center  line  of  the  spindle,  which 
makes  an  unusually  rigid  casting.  All 
transmission  gears  are  chrome  nickel 
steel,  heat  treated.  The  face  gear  is  of 
steel.  A  rigid  casting  bolted  to  the 
headstock  supports  the  driving  pulley 
and  thus  relieves  the  driving  mechanism 
of  all  belt  pull.  Inside  the  supporting 
casting  is  a  pow-erful  cone  friction.  Pul- 
ley is  regularly  equipped  with  a  brake 
which  allows  spindle  to  be  stopped  quick- 
ly- 

The  spindle  has  a  double  nose  cut  from 
the  solid.  The  outer  nose  or  cup  is 
threaded  internally  to  hold  the  face  plate 
in  position,  and  the  end  is  faced  to  pro- 
vide a  very  large  diameter  shoulder, 
against  which  the  face  plate  is  tightened. 
The  inner  nose  is  cylindrical,  left  blank 
and  extends  beyond  the  outer  nose,  so 
as  to  form  a  pilot  to  receive  the  face 
plate  or  chuck  plate.  This  pilot  at  all 
times  accurately  centers  the  chuck  plate, 
and  by  centering  the  bore  of  the  chuck 
plate  before  the  threaded  portion  is 
reached,  insures  that  the  threads  engage 
easily  and  that  the  chuck  plate  may  be 
readily  drawn  squarely  against  the  face 
of  the  outer  nose. 


SS8 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


At  the  right  hand  of  the  apron  within 
easy  reach  of  the  operator  is  a  lever 
which  controls  the  clutch  and  braking 
mechanism.  An  additional  lever  directly 
beneath  the  headstock  is  also  attached 
to  the  same  shaft  on  which  the  apron 
control  lever  is  mounted.  A  slight  up- 
ward motion  of  the  lever  throws  in  the 
clutch.  A  slight  downward  motion  and 
the  brake  stops  the  lathe,  or  if  the  lathe 
has  been  ordered  with  reverse,  the  same 
downward  motion  of  the  control  lever 
will  reverse  the  direction  of  the  spindle. 

To  prevent  wearing  the  bed  hollow 
niear  the  head  when  the  lathe  is  used  for 
short  work,  all  beds  are  made  with  chill- 
ed ways.  The  carriage  is  of  good  cast 
iron,  but  the  bed  is  so  much  harder  than 
the  carriage  that  the  wear  comes  on  the 
carriage  instead  of  the  bed.  Even 
though  the  carriage  should  become  worn 
after  several  years'  use,  the  bed  will  still 
retain  its  alignment. 

The  bed  is  of  such  depth  and  width  as 
to  give  the  greatest  rigidity  under  heavy 
cuts.  It  is  strongly  braced  internally  by 
cross  girths.  The  surfaces  to  which  the 
lead  screw  bearings  are  fastened  are 
planed  to  receive  them;  the  bearing 
blocks  are  tongued  into  a  groove  planed 
in  the  bed,  thus  securing  accurate  and 
permanent  aligrnment.  The  V's  are  large 
and  the  tops  are  rounded  by  grinding  to 
prevent  bruising.  The  surfaces  between 
the  V's  are  ground.  At  the  rear  end  the 
bed  is  cut  away  to  allow  the  overhang 
or  quick  removal  of  tailstock  or  turret. 
The  feed  rack  is  of  high  carbon  steel, 
and,  except  on  long  beds,  is  in  one  piece. 
The  horizontal  and  vertical  surfaces  of 
the  inner  side  of  the  front  shear  are 
scraped  bearings.  This  is  used  as  a  sup- 
plementary bearing  for  the  carriage. 

The  carriage  has  an  oil  trough  around 
the  front  and  rear  V's.  This  prevents  the 
lubricant  from  running  down  oyer  the 
apron.  The  carriage  takes  a  right  angled 
bearing  on  the  inner  horizontal  and  ver- 
tical surfaces  of  the  bed  directly  in  line 
with  the  tool  thrust  This  supplementary 
bearing  greatly  shortens  the  span  of 
the  carriage  from  the  front  V  to  the  rear 
V,  and  gives  a  solid  support  to  the 
bridge. 

The  tailstock  is  rigidly  braced  intern- 
ally to  withstand  heavy  cuts.  It  is  so 
shaped  that  the  compound  rest  can  be 
swiveled  to  90  degrees  when  using  the 
tool  on  small  diameters.  It  is  clamped 
to  the  bed  by  locking  bolts  operated  at 
the  top  of  the  barrel.  The  base  is  grad- 
uated for  set-over.  The  spindle  is  of 
annealed  tool  steel.  A  plug  clamp  locks 
it  in  correct  alignment  and  does  away 
with  the  split  barrel. 

Quick  change  gears  are  of  steel  and 
are  of  such  strength  that  feed  changes 
can  be  made  while  the  lathe  is  under  a 
cut.  The  cone  of  gears  is  mounted  be- 
tween the  walls  of  the  bed  directly  under 
the  headstock,  solidly  supported  and 
away  from  all  dirt  and  chips.  There  is 
no  possible  way  for  any  of  the  bearings 
to  twist  or  give  when  under  a  heavy  cut. 
There  are  no  gears  with  a  great  over- 
hang.    All  studs  are  firmly  supported. 

The  lead  screw  is  of  high  carbon 
turned  and  ground  stock,  chased  to     a 


standard  size.  The  lead  screw  passes 
through  the  double  bevel  gear  sleeve  an;i 
engages  it  by  a  key  and  spline.  This 
key  extends  almost  to  the  full  length  of 
the  bevel  gear  sleeve,  and  the  long  bear- 
ing prevents  any  cramping  action  in  the 
spline.  The  haif-nutt  are  ciiased  from 
the  solid  and  then  split.  The  threads  of 
the  lead  screw  are  never  in  use  except 
when  the  lathe  is  cutting  threads.  Dead 
screw  has  outside  thrust  at  both  ends 
opposed  by  high  grade  bronze  washers. 


INDICATING    DIAL   SCALE 


AUTOMATIC    DIAL   INDICATING 
SCALES 

The  Toledo  Scale  Company,  Toronto, 
have  recently  brought  out  a  new  indus- 
trial scale  which  is  capable  of  weighing 
up  to  twelve  thousand  pounds.  This 
scale  as  seen  in  the  accompanying  il- 
lustration has  a  large,  easily  read  dial 
which  is  graduated  up  to  two  thousand 
pounds  and  when  the  heavier  weii^hts 
are  to  be  weighed,  instead  of  adding 
weights  to  the  beam  by  hand,  an  auto- 
matic mechanism  places  the  weights  on 
the  beam  pan  by  the  shifting  of  a  lever. 
At  the  same  time  the  weight  in  pounis 
which  is  to  be  added  to  the  dial  indica- 
tion appears  in  large  characters  in  a 
window  on  the  dial  face.  This  unit 
weight  arrangement  adds  greatly  to  the 
sensitiveness  of  the  scale,  the  dial  in- 
dications reading  to  a  small  figure. 

Tare  beams  are  also  provided  and  if 
for  any  reason  hand  weighing  is  de- 
sired it  is  accomplished  by  unhooking 
the  dial  mechanism,  placing  the  weights 
in  an  auxiliary  scale  pan  and  proceed- 
ing as  usual  in  hand  weighing.  The 
scale  platform  is  not  limited  in  any  way 
to  any  one  fixed  dimension,  but  may 
readily  be  adapted  to  any  condition  like- 
ly to  be  encountered  in  practice.  Indus- 
trial tracks  may  be  readily  used. 


CHAIN    FOR    HANGING    PIPE 

The  common  method  of  supporting 
pipe  has  many  difficulties  which  are 
very  evident  to  any  one  who  has  had  any 


experience  in  this  line  of  work.  The  de- 
mand for  better  methods  of  hanging  pipe 
has  resulted  in  the  development  of  a 
special  chain  for  this  purpose  manufac- 
tured by  the  Cleveland  Galvanizing 
Works,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Bull  Dog  chain,  as  it  is  called,  is  more 
economical  than  other  pipe  hangers.  It 
is  furnished  in  reels  from  which  the 
desired  lengths  can  be  cut  as  required. 
There  is  no  waste  which  must  be  cut  off 
as  is  the  case  with  other  hangers.  This 
chain  used  as  a  pipe  hanger  is  quickly 
and  easily  placed  in  position,  the  screw 
eye  is  screwed  into  the  ceiling  or  beam 
above  the  pipe  and  the  chain,  having 
been  cut  to  approximately  the  desired 
length,  is  looped  around  the  pipe  and 
both  ends  of  the  chain  are  slipped  onto 
the  hook  of  the  screw  eye  as  shown  in 
the  accompanying  illustration.  The  steel 
from  which  these  chains  are  made  is 
the  finest  quality  cold  rolled  steel  wire. 
The  links  are  formed  with  a  special  tie 
which  cannot  pull  out. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  use  of  chain 
for  hanging  pipe  offers  several  ad- 
vantages. By  moving  the  chain  and 
simply  tightening  or  loosening  the  screw 
eye  the  level  of  the  pipe  can  be  raised 
or  lowered  any  desired  distance.  Larger 
adjustments  can  be  made  by  drawing  in 
or  leaving  out  additional  links.  Where 
there  is  liability  of  considerable  change 
being  necessary  it  is  advisable  to  make 
the  chain  several  links  longer  than  the 
desired  length. 

The  extreme  flexibility  of  the  chain 
greatly  facilitates  the  making  of  hori- 
zontal adjustment.  This  is  found  of  great 
benefit  when  it  is  desired  to  shift  the 
position  of  the  pipe  as  it  does  away  with 
the   use   of  cross    pieces   to   which    the 


CHAIN   PIPE  HANGER 

hanger  is  fastened  through  the  extreme 
flexibility  of  the  chain  allowing  the 
pipe  to  be  removed  several  inches  with- 
out making  any  change  in  the  length  of 
the  chain  and  without  shifting  the  loca- 
tion of  the  screw  eye. 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


329 


TIMBER  FOR  AEROPLANES 

By  M.  E. 

WITHOUT  going  so  far  as  to  be 
in  absolute  agreement  with  those 
who  believe  that  aeroplanes  of 
the  largest  size  can  be  best  constructed 
almost  entirely  of  timber,  it  is  a  safe 
prediction  that  the  machines  composing 
the  air  fleets  of  the  future  will  continue 
to  use  a  large  percentage  of  wood. 

Timber  Resources  Unclassified 

Much,   however,   remains   to   be   done 
before  any  real  progress   in  this  direc- 
tion  can   be   made   as   not   only   is   our 
knowledge   of   the   properties   of   timber 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  engineer  and 
aeroplane  designer  in  the  most  elemen- 
tary phase,  but  there  are  still  only  the 
vaguest  kind  of  notions  as  to  home  and 
Empire    sources    in    timber    supplies    of 
the    right    kind.      While    the    Geological 
Survey  has  made  a  close  investigation 
of  the  raw  materials  of  the  steel  indus- 
try and  supplies  of  ore,  fuel  and  refrec- 
tory  materials  from  home  sources  have 
been  carefully  calculated  and  classified, 
the  tabulation  of  timber  as  a  raw   ma- 
terial of  industry  has  received  little  or 
no  attention  in  Great  Britain,  and  sta- 
tistics   dealing    with    the    quantities    of 
different  classes  of  timber  available,  or 
even   with   the  location   of  the  varieties 
suitable  for  definite  purposes  are  practi- 
cally non-existent. 

The  needs  of  the  war  have  accentuated 
our  deficiencies  in  this  respect.     With  a 
heavy  call  upon  the  steel  and  metal  trade 
generally  for    materials    for    munitions 
and   shipbuilding,    it    became    necessary 
not  merely  to  use  timber  for  all  purposes  . 
to  which  it  has  been  commonly  been  ap- 
plied, but  to  substitute  it  wherever  pos- 
sible for  steel.  None  of  the  new  demands 
for   timber   have    been    more   important 
than  that  emanating  from  the  aeroplane 
industry,  and  it  is  a  tribute  to  our  na- 
tional facility  to  get  out  of  a  tight  place 
and  to  muddle  through  somehow,  that  m 
the  absence  until  recently  of  any  depart- 
ment whose    business    it     was     to     co- 
ordinate supplies  with  manufacturing  re- 
quirements the  needs    of    the     industry 
should   have   been    met   as    well    as   has 
been   the   case.     We  know  that  in   Ger- 
many where  the  craze  for  organization 
has  permeated  the  national  fabric,  and  is 
sometimes  a  blight,  although  more  gen- 
erally a  stimulus  to  industrial  enterprise, 
that  the  timber  resources  of  the  Empire 
had,   in   the  years  before  the   war  been 
tabulated,  ticketed,    and    docketed    with 
the  utmost  minuteness,  and  the  available 
quantities  of  timber  for  many  purposes, 
but  particularly  those  required  for  aero- 
plane     construction     measured      almost 
down  to  the  square  foot.    The  result  was 
that  the  outbreak  of  war  and  the  early 
revelation    of    the     importance     of     the 
air  arm  found  the  enemy  prepared  with 
precise  knowledge  of  the  quantities  and 
varieties  of  timber  which  could  be  pro- 
vided  for  aeroplane   work,  while   we  in 
this   countrv   were   almost   in    the   dark 
hoping  and  believing  that  supplies  could 
he  obtained  by  relying  very  largely  on 
supplies  from  overseas  which,  with   the 
constant  depletion  of  merchant  tonnage 
became  even  more  and  more  difficult  to 


obtain.  It  was  only  indeed  at  the 
eleventh  hour,  and  under  the  pressure  of 
circumstances  that  we  began  to  draw  on 
our  resources  and  discovered  the  general 
ignorance  which  prevailed  as  to  extent 
and  character. 

The  want  of  precise  knowledge  of  the 
mechanical  properties  of  timber  is,  alto- 
gether apart  from  the  question  of  sup- 
plies, one  reason  why  the  engineer  has 
been  inclined  to   shut    timber    wherever 
possible  out  of  his  specifications  in  fa- 
vor of  steel,  or  any  other  metals,  the  in- 
vestigation of  mechanical    properties    of 
which  has  attracted  a  thousand  investi- 
gators and  has  resulted  in  spite  of  gaps 
of  knowledge  in  certain  directions  in  the 
production   of  formulae  which  have   en- 
abled the   engineer  to  use   the   material 
with   an    assurance    of   behaviour   under 
particular  conditions  of  service.     In  the 
case  of  timber  he  either  rejects  it  alto- 
gether or  employs  factors  of  safety  on 
the  very  high  side.    The  need  of  investi- 
gating  the    mechanical   properties  of   a 
neglected  material  is  the  more  necessary 
when  it  is  remembered  how  extensive  is 
th  field  to  be  covered.     Mr.  Barling  did 
not   exaggerate   the   case   when   he   re- 
minded the  Aeronautical   Society  in  his 
recent  contribution    that    whereas     here 
may  be  about  100  metals  and  their  al- 
loys in  fairly  general  use,  there  are  at 
least   1,000    different  kinds   of   wood   on 
the  commercial  market. 

Little  Research  Work  Done 

During   recent   years,   except   perhaps 
in  Germany,  there  has  been  little  or  no 
research  work  in  the  engineering  proper- 
ties of  timber  worthy  of  the  name.       It 
is  necessary  to  go  back  for  nearly  a  cen- 
tury to  find  the  records  of  any  exhaus- 
tive work  on  the  subject.    Wertheim  and 
his  colleague   Chavandier — both  French- 
men— examined  the   mechanical   proper- 
ties  of  European   timber  in   detail,  and 
the  main  conclusions  at  which  they  ar- 
rived,  and -which   have   been   confirmed 
by  repeat  experiments,  form  the  basis  of 
our  present  knowledge  of  the  mechanical 
properties   of   engineering   timber.     One 
broad  conclusion  emerges  from  the  mass 
of  experiments  then  conducted;  it  is  that 
the   law   of  strength  being  proportional 
to  density  holds  good  over  a  very  wide 
range  if  account  be  taken  of  the  wetness. 
Wertheim  and  Chavandier  went  into  this 
factor   somewhat  fully,   and   their  work 
showed  quite  clearly  the  decline  of  den- 
sity with  dryness,  and  the  associated  rise 
of  elastic  modulus,  and  the  natural  drop 
in  elongation  as  the  percentage  of  wet- 
ness is  diminished. 

Effect  of  Moisture 

There  are  critical  points  affecting 
these  properties  which  need  to  be  care- 
fully investigated,  but  it  would  seem 
that  the  limiting  range  to  give  maximum 
tenacity  is  10  per  cent,  of  moisture 
With  higher  percentages  there  is  a  fall 
in  tenacity,  and  with  increased  dryness 
brittleness  is  induced.  On  the  effect  of 
distance  from  the  centre  of  tree  on 
mechanical  properties,  Wertheim  found 
that  these  increased  in  regular  ratio  in 
passing  from  the  centre  toward  the  cir- 
cumference.   The  gain  in  strength  vanes 


with  different  timber;  the  increase  with 
radius  is  perhaps  at  its  highest  in  the 
coniferous  woods,  while  in  the  case  of 
oak  and  birch  the  mechanical  properties 
are  at  their  maximum  in  specimens  ta- 
ken from  a  point  at  about  one-third  of 
the  outside  radius,  while  in  beech  much 
depends  on  the  age  of  the  tree  from 
which  the  test  piece  has  been  taken. 
Then  there  is  the  effect  of  height  of 
tree,  and  as  might  be  anticipated  there  is 
a  gradual  decline  in  mechanical  proper- 
ties in  passing  upwards  from  the  base. 
The  influence  o(  soil  and  situation  was 
also  investigated  by  these  early  workers. 

General  Applications  Possible 

It  is  quite  obvious,  however,  that  while 
some  general  applications  can  be  made 
from  these  broad  conclusions,  much  re- 
cent knowledge  of  the  properties  of  tim- 
bers, and  particularly  those  used  in  aero- 
plane construction  have  had  to  be  deriv- 
ed from  a  process  of  trial  and  error,  and 
in  the  midst  of  the  distraction  of  a  great 
war  and  an  intense  pressure  for  delivery 
of  machines.  The  trouble  is  that  there 
are  great  practical  difficulties  arising 
from  the  material  difference  in  behaviour 
of  woods,  depending  on  the  direction  in 
which  the  twist  is  made,  and  although 
perhaps  the  figure  of  variation,  600  per 
cent,  for  the  same  timber,  given  by 
Prof.  Groom  is  rather  a  bogey  maximum 
than  anything  else,  it  refers  to  a  real 
difficulty  which  has  confronted  the  in- 
dustry. Additional  knowledge  is  also 
required  of  the  influence  of  the  time 
factor  as  well  as  resistance  to  shock,  for 
which  it  is  necessary  to  devise  a  sound 
test. 

One  difficulty  at  the  present  time  is 
that  as  was  indicated  by  a  recent  dis- 
cussion before  the  Aeronautical  Society, 
a  number  of  investigators  are  taking  up 
the  subject,  but  there  is  an  obvious  ten- 
dency to  carry  on  the  work  in  a  series 
of  watertight  compartments.  The  ex- 
istence of  war  conditions  imposes  the 
need  of  secrecy,  and  for  this  reason  no 
reference  has  been  made  in  this  contri- 
bution to  developments  which  are  now  i'l 
progress  or  to  certain  facts  which  are 
the  direct  outcome  of  experience.  It  is 
desired,  however,  to  voice  the  demand 
which  has  been  made  for  a  co-ordinated 
scheme  of  state-aided  research  on  the 
mechanical  properties  of  an  engineering 
material  for  which  during  the  next  few 
years  there  will,  with  the  development 
of  the  aeroplane  industry,  be  an  enorm- 
ous df-mand.  It  is  also  necessary  to  have 
a  complete  survey  and  classification  of 
all  the  home  grown  timber  applicable  to 
the  needs  of  the  aircraft  manufacturer. 
These  are  among  the  fundamental  re- 
quirements of  air  industry  and  they  are 
dominant  needs  of  a  nation  which  must, 
at  all  costs,  secure  the  command  of  the 
air. 


Using  B.  C.  Timber.— Adaptability  of 
British  Columbia  spruce  for  aeroplane 
work  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  shipments 
east  in  one  month  now  double  the  total 
from  August,  1914,  to  January,  1918. 


sao 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

UMITKD 
(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  Prtsident      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-Pr«ldent 

H.   V.  TYRRELL.   General  M«n*ater 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

(JnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  new5*> 

4  wMk!;  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturinc  intereati. 
a  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Man.   Editor. 

Aaaociate  Editon: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 

Offiee    of    Pubication.    1481B8    University    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


V(.l.  XX. 


SEPTEMBER  12 


No.  11 


A  Fortune  in  Peterboro  !  !  ! 

THE  Peterboro  Examiner  has  a  reporter  who  is  out  to 
lift  the  load  of  debt  off  that  city.  He's  probably 
heard  the  ratepayers  kicking  about  taxes  and  the  thing 
laid  hold  of  him.  He  longed  to  be  another  Horatius  at 
the  bridge  and  sweep  back  the  tax  rate.  So  one  day  he 
heard  of  a  pile  of  old  tin  cans  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
city  and  the  idea  struck  him  square  between  the  optics. 
He  hustled  back  to  the  office,  stripped  for  action,  and 
put  the  following  past  the  editor.  Just  in  passing  it 
might  be  mentioned  that  the  heading  for  tiie  article 
was  even  stronger,  and  said:  "A  Fortune  at  the  Inciner- 
ator— Scrap  Tin  Has  Accumulated  Ever  Since  the  Build- 
ing Was  Opened."     But  here's  the  story: — 

"The  city  has  acquired  a  little  fortune  from  the 
cans  and  tinware  which  has  been  taken  from  the 
garbage  at  the  incinerator.  Tin  cans,  stove  pipes, 
tin  pots  and  pans,  old  boilers  and  anything  made 
from  tin  can  be  seen  at  this  heap  at  the  rear  of 
the  incinerator.  The  tinware  resembles  a  railway 
embankment,  and  extends  from  the  incinerator 
nearly  to  the  railroad  tracks.  As  scrap  tin  has  risen 
enormously  in  value  the  city  should  be  able  to  realize 
a  handsome  sum  from  its  sale.  The  pile  has  ac- 
cumulated since  the  incinerator  was  established, 
none  of  it  having  been  removed.  Before  the  refuse 
is  dumped  into  the  holes  leading  to  the  fire  the 
tinware  is  picked  from  it  and  loaded  on  wheel- 
barrows and  taken  to  the  tin  dump.  The  tin  is  all 
on  city  property,  but  it  will  soon  extend  into  other 
property  unless  it  is  soon  removed  or  is  built 
pyramid-like  above  the  incinerator  building." 

Now  this  little  yam  might  have  caused  a  bit  of  joy 
in  the  heart  of  Peterboro.  The  only  thing  wrong  with 
it  is  that  it's  a  mile  and  a  quarter  wide  of  the  facts. 
We  don't  doubt  for  one  minute  that  Peterboro  has  a 
dandy  heap  of  tin  cans,  but  we  doubt  very  much  if  they 
will  ever  make  a  fortune  out  of  them.  If  the  Examiner 
reporter  has  any  other  opinion  than  that  let  him  start 
and  pick  up  the  cans  and  sell  them.  His  pay  envelope 
would  look  like  a  bloomin'  fortune  by  comparison  to  his 
returns  from  scrap  tin.  As  a  matter  of  fact  scrap  tin 
i»  not  high.  It  is  low  now,  and  has  been  for  some  time. 
It  sells  to-day  at  $12  per  ton  and  that  price  is  for  scrap 
tin  plate.  Old  prices  used  to  run  up  as  high  as  $24  per 
ton.  In  those  days  the  big  demand  was  for  the  making 
of  tetrachloride  for  weighting  silk.  That  industry,  which 
was  largely  centred  in  France,  has  been  seriously  inter- 
fered with  on  account  of  the  war. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  tin  cans  are  worth  nothing  at  all. 


"I  wouldn't  say  thank  you  for  a  whole  train  load  of 
them,"  stated  the  largest  scrap  dealer  in  Toronto  this 
morning  when   the   question  was   asked  by   this  paper. 

So  there's  Peterboro's  fortune  all  shot  to  pieces — a  tin 
can   tied  to  it,  so  to  speak. 


B 


Bill  Haywood  in  Jail  Now 

IG  Bill  Haywood,  leader  of  the  I.W.W.  in  United  States, 
has  been  sent  to  prison  for  twenty  years,  and  a  stiff 
fine  has  been  imposed  as  well.  Other  lesser  lights  have 
gone  down  for  lesser  terms.  The  peculiar  thing  is  that 
Haywood  and  those  associated  with  him  have  been  able 
to  get  away  with  their  rubbish  as  long  as  they  have 
and  remain  outside  the  prison  gates.  Of  course,  Haywood 
has  been  jailed  a  good  maViy  times.  It  is  no  new  sen- 
sation to  him  to  look  at  current  events  from  behind  the 
bars.  But  this  time  it  looks  as  though  Bill  were  in  for 
a  good  long  look,  and  by  the  time  twenty  years  turn 
over  there  won't  be  much  rumpus  left  in  the  carcass  of 
said  Bill. 

Haywood  is  well  known  in  Western  Canada.  In  fact 
the  Crow's  Nest  Pass  district  in  the  south  of  British 
Columbia,  the  towns  along  the  foothills  of  the  Rockies 
in  Alberta,  and  all  the  district  where  socialism  runs  ram- 
pant, were  the  real  stamping  ground  for  Haywood.  He's 
not  altogether  a  pleasant  chap  to  gaze  upon.  He's  big, 
well  developed,  but  has  one  optic  that  is  badly  damaged. 
But  to  meet  the  man  off  the  stump  is  to  get  a  shock. 
He  is  not  the  lawless  tub-thumper  any  more.  His  voice 
is  mild  if  anything,  and  he  betrays  nothing  of  the  bravado 
or  the  apostle  of  blood  and  thunder  that  has  made  him 
famous.  He  accepts  arrest  in  the  very  best  spirit.  In 
fact  it  would  almost  seem  that  he  did  so  with  a  feeling 
of  pity  for  the  police,  the  law  makers,  and  all  and  sundry 
who  had  anything  to  do  with  skidding  him  toward  the 
cooler. 

But  allowing  for  all  that,  he's  a  better  resident  in 
jail  than  outside  it.  The  one  question  that  has  never 
been  satisfactorily  answered  is,  "How  did  you  get  away 
with  it  all.  Bill?"  For  certain  it  is  that  had  the  small 
fry  of  the  land  taken  it  upon  themselves  to  make  such 
a  stink  as  Bill  stirred  up,  the  law  would  have  had  them 
as  soon  as  the  sheriff  had  time  to  pull  on  his  knee  boots 
and  fasten  his  office  tag  on  the  lapel  of  his  coat. 


Pleasure  Driving  on  Sunday 

npHE  automobile  owners  of  Canada  did  not  stop  driving 
their  cars  on  Sunday  last,  although  a  request  had 
been  made  to  them  asking  for  such  action.  Gasoline  is 
urgently  needed  in  very  large  quantities  for  military 
operations,  and  there  are  many  essential  purposes  in  this 
country  now  consuming  a  large  amount  of  this  fuel. 

In  United  States  the  residents  have  shown  their  deter- 
mination in  war  matters  again.  They  have  stopped  Sun- 
day driving.  In  fact  one  New  York  man  met  with  a 
deluge  of  eggs  that  were  hatched  on  last  year's  bushes 
because  he  persisted  in  driving  for  pleasure  on   Sunday. 

Is  it  more  necessary  that  Canadians  shall  have  a  good 
time  on  Sunday  than  that  there  shall  be  plenty  of  gasoline 
for  military  operations?  It  begins  to  look  as  though 
that  were   the   view   some    of   them   took   of   the   matter. 

Get  the  picture  in  your  mind  of  the  Canadian  boy  who 
has  been  at  the  front  for  years.  He's  been  in  the  trenches. 
He's  gone  over  the  top.  He's  been  wounded,  wet,  tired 
and   sick,  and  yet  he   stays  with  it. 

And  yet  when  the  request  is  made  to  cut  out  Sunday 
driving  at  home  for  pleasure,  you  won't  do  it.  You're 
some   patriot,  aren't  you? 


FLOATING  war  loans  free  of  government  taxation  is 
wrong — in  fact  it  is  indefensible.  It  puts  the  govern- 
ment into  immediate  and  unfair  competition  with  invest- 
ment money  for  industrial  purposes.  It's  a  bang  in  the 
eye  for  that  good  old  principle  of  equal  rights  to  all 
and  special  privileges  to  none. 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


331 


Radical  Change  in  Ship  Construction 
Methods 

A  NOTHER  application  of  the  electric  welding  outfit 
•'^is  in  welding  ship  hulls.  A  ship  has  been  recently  built 
in  Great  Britain  in  which  rivetting  has  been  largely  dis- 
pensed with,  and  the  joints  made  by  electro-welding. 

This  opens  up  a  field  of  wide  possibilities  once  the 
difficulties  of  initial  cost  of  electrodes  and  plant  are  over- 
come. In  point  of  strength  there  should  be  no  difficulty 
for  the  strength  of  a  rivetted  joint  seldom  exceeds  70% 
of  the  solid,  and  good  welding  can  be  at  least  as  strong. 
For  the  outer  skin  of  the  ship,  where  plates  overlap  each 
other,  this  method  of  making  a  joint  should  be  easier 
and  better  than  rivetting  and  it  dispenses  with  caulking. 
For  plates  on  tank  tops,  it  should  be  a  quick  and  service- 
able method,  but  for  joining  framing  and  intercostals,  it 
would  hardly  seem  as  good  as  rivetting,  the  extra  stiffen- 
ing of  the  rivet  heads  being  lost.  In  many  of  the  large 
passenger  ships  of  recent  building,  the  rivet  heads  in  the 
upper  courses  of  plates,  as  high  as  the  hurricane  deck, 
have  been  left  full  as  this  materially  decreases  vibration 
by  stiffening  the  plate. 

For  watertight  bulkheads  this  method  is  very  suitable, 
and  wherever  it  can  be  employed  it  eliminates  the  mark- 
ing off,  boring  and  rivetting  of  plates  which  means  an 
immense  saving  of  labor,  and  it  also  saves  the  rough 
usage  of  the  plates  occasioned  in  drifting  holes  into 
alignment.  It  will  be  interesting  to  watch  the  further 
development  of  this  latest  improvement  on  our  old  methods. 


Winnipeg  bug  house  or  the  cattle  yards — well  be  dumed 
if  we  know  what  to  do. 

When  you  sign  your  name  to  anything,  for  the  love 
of  Mike,  don't  try  to  do  a  skirt  dance  or  play  the  mouth 
organ  at  the  same  moment 


Mother's  Holidays 


We'll  Need  Help  On  This 

A  N  order  has  been  issued  by  Rear  Admiral  Wood,  com- 
manding  the  Boston  naval  district,  the  drift  of  which 
is    that   all    'etters   sent   out  or   official   documents     must 
bear  the  name  of  the  writer  typed    as  well  as  in  ink. 

The  reason  is  plain.  The  official  has  come  to  recognize 
that  the  average  signature  of  those  who  write  letters  or 
fill   in  documents   is   not  legible. 

In  business  correspondence  the  plain  blind  signature 
in  ink  has  always  been  a  hard  hurdle  to  take.  There 
are  some  men  who  seem  determined  that  they  shall  write 
their  names  in  such  a  way  that  the  work  of  deciphering 
them  will  be  a  problem  that  will  make  lawyers  dizzy 
and   ordinary  laymen  clean,  stark,   staring  mad.- 

There  is  on  our  desk  at  this  moment  a  letter  from 
some  gent  in  Winnipeg.  His  paper  is  fine  and  there's 
a  picture  of  a  building  on  top.  The  whole  thing  smacks 
of  quarter-cut  oak,  plate  glass  and  office  hours  from  10 
to  3.30. 

And  what  he  says  isn't  half  bad  either.  He  canters 
along  at  an  easy  style  and  performs  like  a  chap  who 
would  buy  silk  hose  and  chocolates  for  his  stenographer 
at  Christmas. 

But  when  his  stenog.  ,  gets  through  at  the  end  and 
shoves  the  paper  across  for  his  nibs  to  operate  upon — 
good   night! 

He  started  strong  and  ended  stronger.  It  looks  like 
Creatore  leading  a  crescendo  or  the  head  trombone  player 
for  Sousa  in  action  up   to  his  knees. 

It  may  be  that  this  Winnipeg  friend  of  ours  has  a 
great  big  wad  in  the  bank  and  is  scared  stiff  that  some 
slippery  person  will  forge  his  name  and  drive  a  bung 
hole  into  his  saving.  If  that's  correct  he's  surely  bam- 
boozled all  the  check-raisers  and  forgers  that  ever  camped 
west  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

He's  a  dandy.  No  doubt  he  was  a  dandy  at  a  run- 
hop-step-jump  when  he  was  young,  and,  we'll  bet  our 
meal  ticket  that  he  could  stand  on  his  head  before  he 
was   six   years   old. 

Our  big  problem  just  now  is  that  we  want  to  write 
this  chap  in  answer  to  his  "favor  of  the  27th,"  etc.,  but 
whether  to  send  it  to  the  street  cleaning  department,  the 


E^ATHER  had  the  rinky-kink,  or  some  disease  like  that — 
he  said  it  made  him  feel  at  times  as  dippy  as  a  bat. 
He  couldn't  speed  up  with  his  work,  he  couldn't  write 
or  think — in  fact,  his  whole  anatomy  was  somewhat  on 
the  blink. 

The  doc.  had  told  him  to  Heoart  unto  some  mountain 
stream,  where  he  could  smoke  his  black  cigars  and  medi- 
tate  and   dream. 

So  mother  packed  a  trunk  of  duds,  and  with  pity  in 
her  voice  she  bade  a  sobbing  farewell  to  the  husband  of 
her   choice. 

Then  Mary  Ellen  had  the  dumps,  she  couldn't  go  to 
sleep,  she  feared  she  might  at  any  time  collapse  into  a 
heap — the  social  season  was  a  grind,  it  had  been  one 
grand  slam,  it  left  her  with  a  broken  heart  and  a  busted 
diaphragm. 

A  specialist  she  went  to  see,  he  looked  her  in  the 
eye,  and  told  her  to  vamoose  at  once  or  camp  at  home 
and    die. 

So  Mary  Ellen  had  to  have  a  trunk  or  two  of  frocks, 
to  flounder  by  the  sad  sea  waves  or  squat  upon  the  rocks. 
So  mother  had  another  spell,  it  lasted  quite  a  while,  and 
bustled   Mary   Ellen   off   in   stunningest   of  style. 

Then  Thomas  Henry  had  a  kink,  he  was  the  son  and 
heir,  and  sawbones  told  him  to  depart  and  quit  his  work 
and  care. 

His  summer  rags  were  dusted  off,  his  cream  pants 
creased  just  so — and  mother  hustled  round  like  sin  to 
make  him  fit  to  go.  At  last  he  went  to  some  resort  that 
cost  three  bones  a  day,  and  mother  hoped  that  he  would 
be  much  strengthened  by  the  stay. 

And  then  it  came  to  mother's  turn  when  all  the  rest 
had  fled — she  didn't  go  away  at  all,  but  stayed  at  home 
instead. 

She  tended  to  the  garden  plot,  sprayed  water  on  the 
lawn,  she  worked  until  the  sun  went  out  and  was  'round 
again   at  dawn. 

She  canned  a  hundred  jars  of  fruit,  made  fifteen  kinds 
of  pickles,  while  those  of  poorer  grit  than  she"  blew  in 
the  family  nickels. — ARK. 


ABE    YOU    ENTRENCHED? 


332 


Volume  XX. 


.::  ft    :^.;    .. 


MARKET 
DEVFXOPMENTS 


Business  Moving  in  A  Big  Way  In  Canada 

Several   Buyers   Have   Left  For  Producing   Points — Deliveries 

Have  Been  Made  From  Shops  on  9.2  Orders — Ottawa's  Newest 

Order  Causes  no  Stir  in  Iron  or  Steel  Market 


CANADIAN  buyers  are  "over  the  line"  in  goodly " 
numbers  this  week.  In  some  cases  the  quest  is 
machine  tools  and  supplies,  in  others  it  is  the  making 
of  some  better  arrangement  on  the  part  of  jobbers  for 
the  securing  of  mill  deliveries  on  sheets,  etc.  As  a  matter 
cf  fact,  business  in  Canada  that  has  to  do  with  the  turning 
of  wheels  is  good,  and  is  going  to  continue  so  for  some 
time    to   come. 

There  are  big  business  houses  in  Montreal  and  Toronto 
that  right  now  would  be  glad  were  Ottawa  to  rule  out 
some  of  the  business  that  is  passing  through  their  hands. 
They  fear  that  the  tremendous  orders  that  are  being 
placed  will  deplete  their  warehouse  stocks  to  the  point 
of  exhaustion,  and  they  realize  that  the  chances  of  filling 
their   floors   again   are  very  poor. 

Some  of  the  concerns  that  took  on  American  9.2  orders 
recently  have  already  made  their  first  deliveries.  This 
is  record  time,  and  it  was  possible  because  the  firms 
had  been  on  the  large  shells  before,  and  had  simply  to 
revert  to  it  after  finishing  six-inch  orders.  A  large  amount 
of  fuse  orders  are  being  turned  out  here  on  Washington 
specifications.  The  Canadian  War  Mission  at  the  Ameri- 
can capital  is  confident  of  having  the  shops  of  Canada 
kept  working  to  capacity  on  good  business. 

The  order  from  Ottawa  that  the  War  Trade  Board 
would  control  the  supply  of  iron  and  steel  in  Canada, 
and   direct  its   disposition,   is   not  new   or   alarming,   and 


the  trade  is  quite  willing  to  accept  any  ruling  along 
this  line.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  steel  industry  and 
the  pig  iron,  too,  has  been  under  the  direction  of  Ottawa 
for  some  time.  They  have,  according  to  their  own  state- 
ment, been  working  "in  close  touch  with  the  authorities," 
which   is   another  way   of   saying   the   same  thing. 

Tin  has  taken  a  rather  spectacular  drop.  A  few  weeks 
ago  it  was  heading  for  the  $1.50  mark,  and  $1.25  was 
the  trading  point  for  some  time.  Sales  were  made  this 
week  around  the  $1  mark,  and  dealers  seem  to  incline 
to  the  view  that  a  lower  level  may  be  arrived  at  now 
that  the  decline  has  set  in.  They  claim  that  deliveries 
are  freer.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  price  of  tin  has  been 
largely  a  fictitious  one,  and  manipulation  rather  than  ab- 
solute circumstances  has  had  much  to  do  with  the  meteoric 
career  of  the   selling  point. 

Reports  from  various  foundry  centres  in  the  Dominion 
indicate  that  plants  that  are  on  war  work  or  work  that 
is  considered  necessary  to  the  upkeeping  of  agricultural 
production  are  getting  a  fair  supply  of  pig  and  scrap 
iron  at  current  prices.  On  the  other  hand  shops  that 
have  no  rating  in  the  eyes  of  the  government  are  having 
a  hard  time  of  it  in  getting  enough  pig  iron.  They  are 
using  a  mixture  in  which  scrap  figures  on  a  fifty-fifty 
basis,  and  this  is  considered  by  experts  to  be  a  dangerous 
practice,  as  it  is  almost  impossible  to  get  results  at  that 
point  unless  the  scrap  pile  has  been  well  analyzed  and 
sorted  beforehand. 


PRODUCTION  CANT  SIZE  UP  TO 

PROGRAM  OF  THE  U.S.  WAR  BOARD 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Sept.  12.— The 
*  constant  reiteration  by  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  of  Statements  of  the 
amount  of  steel  required  and  the 
amount  likely  to  be  made,  showing  a 
large  deficit,  must  not  be  regarded  as 
suggesting  that  there  is  any  divergence 
of  view  between  the  board  and  the  steel 
makers.  The  latter  are  fully  convinced, 
and  they  have  been  ever  since  April  or 
May.  As  noted  in  last  report  the  board 
places  the  requirements  for  the  half- 
year  at  not  less  than  23,000,000  tons, 
with  the  list  constantly  being  added  to, 
while  it  named  the  prospective  produc- 
tion at  17,000,000  tons.  That,  of  course, 
was  on  the  conservative  side.  From  all 
appearances  at  this  centre  of  production. 


where  such  matters  can  be  judged  close- 
ly, prospects  are  that  production  will  be 
between  18,000,000  and  19,000,000  tons, 
and  it  is  even  possible  that  the  higher 
figure  may,  if  circumstances  prove  es- 
pecially favorable,  be  exceeded. 

The  shortage  of  steel  is,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  reflected  by  the  actual  condi- 
tions in  the  steel  trade  as  they  may 
readily  be  observed,  the  mills  being  able 
to  furnish  at  the  present  time  very 
little  steel  for  purposes  not  entitled  to 
a  high  grade  of  precedence.  The  supply 
reaches  farther  down  the  list  of  se- 
quences in  some  descriptions  of  steel 
than  in  others,  and  farther  with  some 
mills  than  with  others  making  the  same 
class  of  product,  but  there  is  an  effort. 


of  course,  to  iron   out  these  irregulari- 
ties. 

The  System  of  Working 

Before  making  specific  reference  to  the 
position  of  different  mills  it  may  be  well 
to  review  briefly  the  system  under  which 
pig  iron  and  steel  products  are  distrib- 
uted. First,  priorities  and  preferences 
should  be  defined.  A  priority,  or  prior- 
ity order,  is  simply  a  regular  order,  such 
as  obtain  in  the  trade  at  all  times,  but 
with  a  sequence  designated.  A  prefer- 
ence, on  the  other  hand,  is  simply  a 
purpose.  The  "preference  list"  is  a  list 
of  purposes,  in  sequence,  for  which  ma- 
terial would  be  used  if  furnished.  Orig- 
inally priorities  were  given  to  orders 
only  by  the  War  Industries  Board,  a 
separate  action  being  taken  for  each 
order.  By  the  new  system,  established 
in  July,  "automatic  priority"  is  provid- 
ed, the  buyer  attaching  the  priority 
number   to   the    order   as    he   places    it, 


September  12,  1918. 


CANADIANMACHINERY 


333 


being  guided  by  specific  instructions,  his 
action  being  subject  to  review  by  the 
War   Industries   Board. 

Learning  the  ABC 

Priorities  are  divided  into  three  gen- 
eral classes,  AA,  A  and  B,  with  sub- 
ority.  Still  lower  come  the  preferences, 
over  A-1,  and  B-7  over  B-8,  the  last 
named  being  the  lowest  degree  of  pri- 
ority. Still  worer  comes  the  preferences. 
No  producer  is  permitted  to  ship  for  a 
mere  preference  purpose  except  he  has 
provided  for  the  filling  of  all  priority 
orders  by  the  respective  dates  attached 
to  them,  or  to  fill  a  given  priority  order 
until  he  has  provided  for  all  priority 
orders  of  a  higher  rating.  The  prefer- 
ences are  designated  generally  as  Class 
C.  There  is  a  final  class.  Class  D,  which 
is  steel  (or  pig  iron)  which  would  go  for 
a  purpose  not  entitled  to  preference. 
It  can  only  be  furnished  when  every- 
thing else  has  been  taken  care  of,  and 
a  permit  for  each  shipment  over  five 
tons  must  be  secured  from  the  Director 
of  Steel  Supply.  There  is  a  blanket 
permit  for  lots  of  five  tons  and  under, 
but  with  the  limitation  that  the  producer 
must  report  all  such  shipments  monthly 
with  a  certification  of  belief  that  they 
were  "in  the  public  interest."  In  exist- 
ing circumstances  Class  D  is  practically 
a  dead  letter,  but  it  is  useful  as  rounding 
out  the  nomenclature  and  providing  for 
contingencies. 

A  confused  in^pression  may  result 
from  the  fact  that  purposes  for  which 
priority  orders  are  issued  are  named  on 
the  preference  list,  which  includes  all 
war  work,  such  as  shells,  aircraft,  ships, 
etc.  In  speaking  of  deliveries  "on  the 
preference  list"  one  really  means  not  the 
whole  preference  list,  but  that  which 
remains  after  the  preference  purposes 
that  are  also  entitled  to  priority  have 
had  their  priority  ratings  assigned  them, 
whereby  they  are  removed  from  the  pre- 
ference list,  for  actual  practice,  and  given 
a  higher  place. 

To  get  down  to  actual  fact,  there  are 
some  mills  so  situated  at  present  that 
they  can  take  care  only  of  priorities 
AA  and  A,  having  no  steel  to  spare  even 
for  Class  B-1.  Other  mills  are  providing 
for  all  priorities  in  full  down  to  and 
including  B-3,  but  when  they  get  to  B-4 
the  supply  runs  out,  there  being  less  than 
enough  to  cover  all  B-4  orders.  As  that 
is  the  degree  assigned  to  steel  for  re- 
placement in  jobbers'  stocks  of  material 
shipped  under  priorities  and  preferences 
it  is  an  important  and  large  class.  Such 
mills  scheduled  jobbers'  August  quotas 
but  will  not  complete  shipments  for  a 
few  weeks  yet,  the  September  quotas 
being  correspondingly  delayed.  There 
are  few  mills  that  have  steel  left  after 
providing  for  all  priorities,  down  to  B-8. 

Showing  a  Deficit 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  few  mills 
are  able  to  ship  steel  on  mere  prefer- 
ence, and  yet  the  preference  purposes 
left  after  priorities  are  subtracted  rep- 
resent a  large  tonnage,  and  they  are 
included  in  the  War  Industries  Board's 
estimate  of  23,000,000  net  tons  of  finish- 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Toronto  firms  taking  on  9.2 
American  contracts  have  begun  to 
make  deliverie«. 

A  No.  2  fuse  is  being  made  in  a 
Canadian  plant  now.  The  manufac- 
ture of  fuse  had  been  discontinued 
here  for  some  time. 

Steel  jobbers  in  Canada  are  hand- 
ling such  large  volumes  of  bu«ines.s 
that  they  have  difficulty  in  replen- 
ishing warehouse  stocks. 

Canadian  firms  have  many  buyers 
at  U.S.  points  at  present  looking  for 
machinery  with  any  possible  promise 
of  early  delivery. 

Scrap  business  is  brisk  at  U.  S. 
points  and  correspondingly  poor  in 
Canada. 

The  price  of  tin  has  dropped  to 
$1.05.  It  has  been  selling  in  recent 
weeks  as  high  as  $1.35.  The  values 
were  not  real  and  figures  below  the 
dollar  mark  may  be  looked  for.  Pre- 
war prices  used  to  run  around  30 
cents. 

The  War  Industries  Board  of  the 
United  States  places  the  require- 
ments at  23,000,000  tons  of  steel 
for  last  half  of  1918,  while  the  best 
the  furnaces  can  posibly  do  is  17,- 
000,000  tons. 

Large  quantities  of  rails  are  now 
being  rolled  by  U.  S.  mills. 

More  U.  S.  blast  furnaces  are  to 
be  turned  over  to  pig  iron  produc- 
tion. 

ed  rolled  steel  required  for  the  present 
half  year.  In  other  words,  the  position 
of  the  steel  mills,  as  disclosed  by  actual 
inspection  of  the  classes  of  shipments 
they  are  making  and  can  make  in  the 
next  few  weeks  is  in  strict  accord  with 
the  War  Industries  Board's  estimates, 
showing   a   large   deficit  of  steel. 

While  the  deficit  has  been  increasing 
steadily  it  may  possibly  be  reduced  in  the 
next  three  or  four  months,  because  at 
the  present  time  railroad  reqairements 
are  exceptionally  heavy.  As  the  rail- 
roads began  to  function  very  well  in  the 
Spring,  after  their  decided  breakdown 
in  the  Winter,  it  was  feasible  to  post- 
pone their  rehabilitation,  against  an- 
other Winter,  in  favor  of  more  pressing 
steel  requirements,  but  now  this  work 
must  be  rushed,  though  only,  presum- 
ably, for  say  three  months.  Rail  pro- 
duction is  now  very  heavy  in  conse- 
quence, and  the  building  of  the  100,000 
freight  cars  ordered  a  few  months  ago 
is  being  pushed,  with  prospects  that  all, 
or  very  nearly  all,  will  be  completed  be- 


fore the  end  of  the  year.  This  is  de- 
spite the  fact  that  large  orders  for  30- 
ton  standard  gauge  cars,  and  for  nar- 
row gauge  cars  have  lately  been  placed 
for  the  A.  E.  F.,  with  many  more  re- 
quired, and  doubtless  figuring  in  the  2,- 
000,000  ton  estimate.  Some  of  these  will 
have  to  go  over  into  the  new  year. 

Pig  Iron  Is  Scarce 

Production  of  pig  iron  in  August  was 
at  the  rate  of  40,300,000  tons  a  year, 
against  rates  of  40,700,000  tons  in  July, 
40,800,000  tons  in  June  and  40,900,000 
tons  in  May.  The  curtailment  in  the  mid- 
summer months,  with  their  high  humid- 
ity afl'ecting  the  output  of  the  individual 
furnace,  was  less  than  usually  occurs. 
Considerably  larger  production  is  in  pros- 
pect. The  weather  will  be  more  favorable. 
Some  furnaces  will  probaly  be  taken  off 
ferromanganese  and  spiegeleisen,  which 
are  not  scarce,  and  put  back  on  pig  iron, 
which  is  extremely  scarce.  The  Fuel  Ad- 
ministration is  making  strenuous  efforts  to 
have  better  coke  made,  as  some  furnaces 
have  complained  of  quality  and  probably 
it  will  also  be  possible  to  make  somewhat 
more  coke. 

Using  the  machinery  of  the  Bureau  of 
the  Census  the  War  Industries  Board  has 
undertaken  an  inventory  of  all  the  steel 
in  the  hands  of  manufacturing  consumers, 
a  questionnaire  being  sent  out  to  about 
40,000.  Whether  much  of  the  steel  can 
be  utilized  is  a  question  on  account  of  the 
thousands  of  forms  in  which  it  exists. 
Some  time  ago  jobbers  were  required  to 
report  their  stocks.  Possibly  some  job- 
bing orders  will  be  thrown  to  manufac- 
turing consumers  to  be  filled  out  of  their 
stocks. 


A  THIRSTY  JOB 

WANDERING  around  the  Toronto 
Exhibition  grounds  is  a  thirsty  job. 
To  be  sure  there  are  rows  after  rows 
where  one  can  take  his  thirst  and  get  it 
rubbed  over  with  pink  lemonade,  or  if 
the  worst  comes  to  the  worst  a  stop  can 
be  made  and  the  victim,  horse  fashion, 
can  unhook  his  nose  bag  and  gurgle  over 
one  of  those  ultra-sanitary  fountains 
that  sputter  and  spit  at  intervals  all  over 
the  premises. 

But  all  said  and  done,  sight  seeing  and 
collecting  samples  of  pressed  hay  in  the 
form  of  breakfast  food's  a  durn  thirsty 
job. 

And  so  it  happened  that  a  brawly 
Scot  who  wandered  past  the  exhibit  of 
the  Canada  Machinery  Corporation  had 
his  eye  pulled  up  on  a  glass  that  was 
cavorting  up  and  down  on  the  shaper 
that  was  operating  there.  The  glass 
was  there  to  show  the  rigidity  of  the 
machine  and  the  evenness  with  which  it 
operated. 

The  Scot  watched  the  operation, 
noticed  that  the  glass  was  not  attacked 
by  any  one  around  the  premises.  He 
quietly  nudged  one  of  the  C.M.C.  men 
and   poured   into  his  ear: 

"If  yon  glass  wur  full  of  Scotch 
whusky  you'd  hae  to  fill  it  oft'ner." 


334 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


ALTO  SHOP  CAPACITY 
TURNS  TO  WAR  ORDERS 

Business  Still  on  Very  Large  Scale — ^Big 
Government  Undertaking  Estab- 
lished in  France 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

•^EW  YORK,  Sept.  12th.— Machinery 
makers  have  received  several  large 
contracts  from  ordnance  shops  and  shell 
manufacturers  in  the  last  week.  Large 
contracts  are  also  pending  for  machines 
to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  power 
equipment.  Manufacturers  supplying  air- 
craft builders  and  motor  manufacturers 
have  received  large  orders  within  the  last 
few  days.  Ship  builders  continue  to  place 
supplementary  contracts  and  numerous 
small  orders  are  being  placed  by  automo- 
bile manufacturers,  all  of  whom  are  pre- 
paring to  use  the  full  capacity  of  their 
shops  on  war  work.  Some  of  the  larger 
makers  of  automobiles  have  placed  heavy 
orders  for  shop  equipment. 

Big  Plant  in  France 

The  Ordnance  Bureau  of  the  War  De- 
partment has  placed  several  million  dol- 
lars' worth  of  machinery  included  in  the 
recent  estimates  of  $12,000,000  to  $15,- 
000,000  to  be  expended  in  equipping  the 
great  gun-relining  plant  in  France.  In- 
cluded in  the  more  recent  purchases  are 
monster  planers,  gun  boring  lathes  and 
several  large  grinding  machines;  one  of 
the  latter  to  cost  $100,000  has  been  placed 
with  a  New  England  manufacturer.  The 
Amals^amated  Machinery  Corpp.,  of  Chi- 
cago, is  to  construct  a  monster  concrete 
metal  planing  machine  having  a  bed  500 
feet  in  length  for  planing  the  beds  of  the 
great  g^un-boring  lathes  to  ship  to  France. 
These  grun-boring  lathes  have  a  swing  of 
102  inches  and  are  85  to  200  feet  in  length ; 
forty  of  these  machines  have  been  ordered 
by  the  Ordnance  Bureau.  The  same  com- 
pany has  large  orders  from  other  ord- 
nance makers,  including  186  shell  making 
machines  for  the  Neville  Island  Ordnance 
plant.  To  expedite  work,  the  company  is 
now  building  an  addition  75  by  300  feet 
to  one  of  its  shops  in  which  it  will  build 
planing  machines.  The  Midvale  Steel  & 
Ordnance  Co.  has  also  placed  additional 
orders  for  tools  for  its  16-inch  howitzer 
plant  at  Nicetown,  Pa. 

List  of  1,000  Tools 

The  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works  put  out 
inquiries  for  over  1,000  machine  tools  and 
80  travelling  cranes  last  week,  but  will 
not  close  contracts  until  Government  ap- 
proval has  been  obtained  for  the  building 
of  the  plant  as  well  as  for  the  placing  of 
orders  for  equipment. 

The  Bethlehem  Shipbuilding  Corp.  con- 
tinues to  buy  tools  for  its  new  yard  at 
Alameda,  Cal.  The  Newport  News  Ship- 
building and  Drydock  Co.  and  the  Barber 
Asphalt  Paving  Co.,  Philadelphia,  have 
completed  purchases  of  machinery  for  the 
making  of  marine  boilers.  Ship  yards  in 
China  that  have  received  orders  for  ships 
from  tiie  United  States  Shipping  Board 


have  placed  orders  for  twelve  punching 
machines  in  this  country.  The  Federal 
Shipbuilding  Co.  has  launched  another  9,- 
600-ton  Liberty  ship  and  is  still  buying 
machine  tools  and  other  equipment.  The 
Sun  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Chester,  Pa.,  has 
bought  more  equipment  for  its  repair 
shops.  The  American  Shipbuilding  Co. 
has  closed  on  some  of  the  tools  in  its  re- 
cent list,  including  a  42-inch  x  28  foot 
heavy  duty  engine  lathe. 

The  United  States  Government  is  to 
purchase  additional  machinery  for  ship- 
ment to  France,  including  eight  turret 
lathes  for  the  Engineer  Depot.  Thi 
Navy  Department  is  inquiring  for  lathes, 
planers,  turret  lathes  and  pipe  machines 
for  the  Puget  Sound  Navy  Yard  and  for 
six  turret  lathes  for  the  Boston  Navy 
Yard.  Bids  will  be  received  September 
24th  on  a  long  list  of  tools  for  the  Wash- 


ington Navy  Yard.  A  contract  for  a  re- 
pair shop  at  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard  has 
been  awarded  to  the  Austin  Co.,  Phila- 
delphia, by  the  Navy  Department.  The 
same  contractors  will  also  build  a  muni- 
tion plant  at  St.  Louis  for  the  Laclede 
Gas  Co.,  which  has  undertaken  the  work 
for  the  Government;  1,500  tons  of  struc- 
tural steel  will  be  used.  The  plant  which 
the  Ordnance  Department  will  build  at 
Long  Island  City  is  temporarily  held  in 
abeyance;  the  estimated  cost  is  $400,000. 
For  another  Government  plant  at  Fair- 
mount,  West  Virginia,  inquiries  have  been 
put  out  for  a  bending  roll  and  punching 
machines.  Henry  Ford  &  Son  are  receiv- 
ing bids  on  machinery  for  the  Hamilton, 
Ohio,  tractor  plant  and  it  is  understood 
that  400  machine  tools  will  be  purchased. 
A  large  lot  of  milling  machines  are  want- 
ed for  the  manufacture  of  bayonets. 


PIG  IRON  DELIVERIES  ARE  FOR 

WAR  WORKING  PLANTS  ENTIRELY 


THE  war  news  from  the  western  front 
is  closely  coupled  with  the  progress 
of  the  industrial  world.  As  the  enemy  is 
driven  back  the  efforts  of  the  workers  at 
home  are  redoubled  to  keep  up  the  pres- 
sure. The  makers  of  wire  were  cut  25 
per  cent,  in  raw  material  lately,  and  the 
chances  are  that  they  will  get  another 
reduction. 

Whether  there  are  good  chances  of  suc- 
cess or  not,  the  fact  remains  that  makers 
of  pig  iron  at  many  U.  S.  points  are  agi- 
tating for  a  higher  price  for  their  pro- 
duce. They  claim  there  is  no  money  in 
the  business  at  present  rates.  Although 
the  production  figures  are  showing  an  in- 
crease, they  don't  begin  to  keep  pace  with 
the  demands  that  are  made  on  the  fur- 
naces. Reports  from  U.  S.  centres  are  as 
follows : 

Pittsburgh. — The  demand  for  a  higher 
price  for  pig  iron  is  taking  form  here. 
Some  of  the  owners  of  blast  furnaces  claim 
that  they  cannot  go  ahead  and  do  business 
at  present  values.  In  one  case  it  is  re- 
ported that  one  firm  is  not  buying  more 
ore,  and  that  after  present  stocks  are  ex- 
hausted the  Government  will  be  asked  to 
come  in  and  operate  the  business,  and 
the  owners  go  so  far  as  to  state  that  they 
will  not  ask  for  any  profit  on  their  busi- 
ness. They  point  by  way  of  justification 
to  higher  wages,  increases  in  freight 
rates  and  other  higher  charges  that  are 
rapidly  coming  to  the  fore. 

Producers  go  so  far  as  to  claim  that 
were  higher  prices  granted  the  output  of 
the  furnaces  could  be  increased  any  way 
from  50  to  70  per  cent. 

Philadelphia. — There  has  been  some 
selling  done  for  first  half  1919  iron,  but 
the  volume  of  trade  has  not  been  as  large 
as  in  other  years.  A  bit  of  complaint  is 
heard  because  some  consumers  get  imme- 
diate shipment  for  certain  work,  while  at 
the  time  they  have  stock  in  their  yards. 

Buffalo. — Verv  little  business  is  being 
booked  here.  The  trade  seems  to  be  thor- 
oughly convinced  that  it  is  no  use  taking 


on  business  unless  it  is  sanctioned  by  the 
Government,  in  which  case  they  say  the 
allocations  will  take  care  of  the  output 
of  the  furnaces. 

Cleveland. — Many  of  the  users  here 
report  that  they  are  having  difficulty  in 
securing  supplies  of  foundry  iron,  for  the 
reason  that  so  many  of  the  stacks  have 
been  at  work  on  basic.  Certain  northern 
producers  are  still  booking  orders  for  de- 
livery in  1919  to  war  shops. 

Chicago. — Melters  here  do  not  seem  to 
consider  that  it  is  necessary  to  make  con- 
tracts under  the  present  system.  Book- 
ings made  some  time  ago  are  being  seri- 
ously interfered  with  by  allocations  made 
by  the  War  Board  on  work  that  they  con- 
sider of  prior  importance. 

Cincinnati. — There  has  been  a  realign- 
ment of  contracts  in  this  district,  made 
necessary  by  some  of  the  shops  that  were 
not  on  essential  contracts  turning  over  to 
the  manufacture  of  machine  tool  castings 
for  war  shops.  There  is  very  little  trad- 
ing between  shops  in  supplies,  as  the  pol- 
icy of  each  place  seems  to  be  to  conserve 
every  pound  in  the  yard. 

St.  Louis. — Pig  iron  is  delivered  in  fair 
quantities  to  shops  working  on  Govern- 
ment contracts.  In  fact  thei-e  is  no  com- 
plaint from  them.  Stove  manufacturers 
have  gone  heavily  into  the  scrap  market, 
but  this  source  is  jjettina:  to  be  as  uncer- 
tain as  the  pig.-  This  industry  has  not 
yet  been  given  a  rating. 


CANADIANS  DOING 

A  LARGE  BUSINESS 

Working  to  Capacity  Seems  to  Describe 

Present  Activities  in  Many 

Directions 

'TpORONTO. —  Machinery  business  in 
■'■  Canada  U  still  movint;  in  large  fi?r- 
ures.  There  is  quite  an  invasion  eoing  on 
now — a  peaceful  one — of  United  States 
machine  tool  centres,  and  the  invading 
forces  consist  of  dealers  in  machine  tools 


1 
i 


September  12,  1918. 

from  this  side  of  the  border.  Not  only  so 
but  dealers  in  sheets  and  plates  are  on 
the  other  side  of  the  line  in  large  num- 
bers, as  well  as  those  who  are  selling  high 
speed  goods.  They  take  everything  they 
can  secure  on  this  side  of  the  line,  and 
want  all  they  can  get  on  the  other.  The 
Canadian  War  Mission  at  Washington  is 
trying  to  keep  closely  in  touch  with  the 
capacity  of  Canadian  plants.  The  idea 
seems  to  be  in  United  States  to  get  pro- 
duction where  it  can  be  secured  the  quick- 
est. There  is  not  much  encouragement 
given  to  opening  up  new  munition  fac- 
tories now.  There  are  a  large  number 
of  them  in  existence,  and  often  they  are 
able  to  enlarge  and  increase  output  much 
more  readily  than  by  the  opening  of  new 
plants. 

Some  of  the  contractors  who  are  tak- 
ing on  9.2  contracts  for  the  Washington 
Government  have  been  able  to  make  their 
first  deliveries.  The  manufacture  of  fuse 
(No.  2)  is  also  being  proceeded  with  again 
on  U.  S.  order.  The  making  of  fuses  had 
been  discontinued  in  this  country  for  some 
time,  but  is  being  revived  on  a  fairly 
large  scale. 

In    Narrow    Limits 

Jobbers  in  Canada  are  working  in  limits 
that  are  so  narrow  that  they  are  impos- 
sible. There  is  a  shortage  of  sheets  in  this 
country  now  that  has  not  been  known  be- 
fore in  some  time,  and  prices  are  coming 
along  in  sympathy  with  the  situation,  an 
advance  of  one  cent  per  pound  being  no- 
ticed already.  Several  Canadian  dealers 
are  off  to  United  States  mill  points  now 
to  see  what  they  can  do  to  protect  their 
warehousing  business.  They  have  been 
working  under  the  U.  S.  pledge  in  regard 
to  war  work  for  a  time,  but  they  are  at  a 
point  now  where  they  are  getting  very 
few  deliveries  from  the  rollers.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact  one  of  the  largest  dealers  in 
the  Dominion  stated  to  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY to-day:  "I  wish  some  of  the 
business  that  we  put  through  would  be 
shut  down  on  by  the  authorities  at  Ot- 
tawa. If  things  keep  on  as  they  are  at 
present,  and  if  our  chances  for  replace- 
ment are  no  better  than  at  present,  we  are 
going  to  find  ourselves  unable  to  supply 
the  customers  that  are  working  on  real 
essential  war  contracts." 

Priorities  are  demanded  by  some  of  the 
U.  S.  business  on  all  orders  coming  to 
Canada,  while  as  a  matter  of  fact  priori- 
ties are  not  required  until  they  come  to 
.120  sheets.  Ottawa  has  a  habit  of  telling 
dealers  to  get  their  customers  to  use  thin- 
ner material,  but  the  trouble  is  that  this 
cannot  be  secured.  Jobbers  tret  a  B-4  rnt- 
ing  in  many  cases,  and  deliveries  to  that 
standing  are  none  too  good.  Neither  is 
there  much  prospect  of  better  treatment 
in  the  immediate  future. 

Premier  galvanized  sheets  are  quoted 
to-day  at  $10.70  (28),  while  10%  oz.  have 
advanced  to  $11.  Black  sheets  are  still 
selling  at  8 '/4  c,  but  the  chances  seem  to  be 
against  that  figure  lasting  for  much 
longer. 

Business   Quiet  in   Scrap 

Conditions  are  much  different  here  and 
at  U.  S.  points  regarding  the  scrap  metal 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

trade  Across  the  line  there  is  a  keen 
demand  for  alm.ost  every  kind  of  material, 
and  maximum  prices  are  being  paid  with 
the  commissions  added.  In  this  country 
the  scrap  metal  market  is  suffering  from 
fatigue  or  something  closely  akin  to  it. 
There  is  just  a  fair  volume  of  trade  mov- 
ing, in  some  cases  dealers  buying  offerings 
to  protect  their  credit  and  market  rather 
than  from  any  desire  to  take  the  material 
into  their  yards  with  prospects  for  a  quick 
sale. 

Brisk  Demand  Now 

Dealers  in  high  speed  and  carbon  tools 
are  selling  more  to-day  than  they  have 
been  doing  for  some  time  past,  in  fact 
the  sky  seems  to  be  the  limit  in  some 
cases.  Especially  cutters  and  reamers 
are  wanted.  There  has  been  no  change 
in  lists  recently. 

There  has  been  an  unusual  call  in  a 
large  way  for  tools  for  U.  S.  shops.  In 
some  cases  auto  plants  have  been  ordered 
to  get  over  on  war  work,  and  the  making 
of  the  change  means  a  large  supply  of 


3»h- 

special  purpose  machinery.  And  behind 
it  all  the  element  of  haste  always  has 
to  be  taken  into  consideration. 

Tin  Drops  Down 

The  trade  has  been  watching  for  the 
price  of  tin  to  blow  up  for  some  days,  and 
quotations  out  now  show  that  it  is  Hear- 
ing the  $1  per  pound  mark.  Although  it 
is  quoted  at  $1.0.5  there  have  been  sales 
made  at  a  lower  figure.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  the  whole  situation  in  regard  to  tin 
has  been  highly  fictitious  and  unreal. 
Thirty  cents  a  pound  used  to  be  a  fair 
mark,  and  if  a  few  weeks  ago  a  person 
iiad  wanted  to  buy  in  futures,  the  price 
would  easily  have  run  up  to  $1.50.  The 
whole  supply  comes  through  England, 
and  there  has  been  more  manipulation 
than  real  cause  behind  the  increases.  De- 
liveries are  freer  now  and  larger  quanti- 
ties are  coming  in.  It  would  occasion  no 
particular  surprise  were  it  to  come  to  a 
more  reasonable  level  yet  in  the  near  fu- 
ture. 


FEW  APPRENTICES  AS  MOLDERS; 

PROBLEMS  OF  THE  FOUNDRY  TRADE 


ipOUNDRY  men  are  having  problems 
of  their  own  at  present.  They  are 
in  many  cases  short  of  material  and 
there  are  not  enough  molders  to  go 
around.  Scrap  has  been  bought  in 
larger  quantities  than  usual,  in  fact  in 
some  cases  a  mixture  is  used  in  which 
almost  fifty  per  cent,  is  scrap.  To  go 
past  the  40  per  cent,  mark  was  usually 
considered  dangerous.  In  fact  for  par- 
ticular work  good  care  has  to  be  taken 
in  selecting  scrap  at  40  per  cent,  mix- 
ture, 

A  good  big  supply  of  pig  iron  would 
be  a  very  acceptable  thing  just  now  to 
the  Canadian  foundry  trade,  but  instead 
of  becoming  more  plentiful  the  supply 
of  pig  becomes  more  scarce,  especially 
for  plants  that  are  not  on  war  work. 
In  fact  it  is  simply  a  case  of  "old  con- 
nections" that  keeps  some  of  the  non- 
essential concerns  supplied  to  the  point 
of  operation.  There  are  cases  where 
the  War  Trade  Board  at  Ottawa  has  in- 
formed users  that  they  cannot  have  a 
supply,  and  it  looks  as  though  there 
would  be  more  of  this  sort  of  busines.5. 

Molders    Are    Scarce 

Foundrymen  have  stated  most  per- 
sistently recently  that  the  supply  of 
molders  was  running  out  in  Canada.  This 
may  be  so,  or  it  may  not,  but  certain  it 
is  that  if  molders  are  still  in  the  land 
they  are  not  all  in  the  molding  shops. 
Not  long  ago  a  prominent  manufacturer 
expressed  the  opinion  to  this  paper  that 
it  was  only  a  matter  of  time  until  the 
molding  business  passed  into  the  hands 
of  the  foreigners. 

What  Foundrymen  Say 

Apparently  the  shops  of  the  East  are 
in  no  better  condition  than  those  of 
Ontario  or  the  West.  For  instance,  C. 
A.    Lushy,    secretary-treasurer    of    the 


Amherst  Foundry  Co.,  Amherst,  N.S., 
states  that,  "We  have  considerable  dif- 
ficulty in  getting  pig  iron  but  as  we 
have  been  supplying  a  considerable 
amount  of  goods  for  the  Reconstruction 
Committee  at  Halifax,  which  is-  govern- 
ment work,  and  we  have  also  been  sup- 
plying goods  for  use  in  barracks  and 
different  plants  throughout  the  country 
which  are  manufacturing  munitions,  the 
government  has  allowed  us  to  have  a 
small  percentage  of  pig  iron  compared  to 
our  normal  requirements.  We  are  using 
more  scrap  than  usual  and  are  getting 
so  far  good  results.  We  use  about  40 
per  cent,  of  scrap  iron,  but  do  not  think 
that  we  could  use  a  higher  percentage 
without  interfering  with  the  quality  of 
our  goods." 

The  supply  of  molders  is  sufficient 
for  the  present,  as  this  firm  has,  ac- 
cording to  their  statement,  "a  sufficient 
number  of  moulders  to  keep  our  foundry 
running  under  present  conditions,  but 
if  we  could  secure  all  the  pig  iron  that 
we  could  use  we  would  require  a  large 
number  of  moulders  above  those  that  we 
now  have.  In  I'egard  to  apprentices,  we 
usually  are  able  to  get  all  that  we  re- 
quire and  we  should  think  there  should 
be  no  difficulty  in  finding  apprentices 
for  the  moulding  trade  as  moulders,  as 
a  class,  are  very  well  paid  men.  W^. 
of  course,  in  this  part  of  the  country, 
employ  very  little  foreign  labor,  as  our 
foreign  population  here  is  very  small." 

Another   Maritime   Report 

T.  McAvity  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  of  St.  John, 
N.B.,  is  another  well  known  firm.  They 
are  able  to  secure  supplies  of  raw  ma- 
terial, being  largely  engaged  on  war 
work  at  present.  In  regard  to  the  situa- 
tion with  molders  G.  C.  McAvity  states, 
"I  fully  agree  that  there  is  a  growmg 


336 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh ?32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace  33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 
Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 6  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base  5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Morway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 6  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand  steel,  No.   10   gauge,  base    4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars.  Pittsburgh  •2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *8  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  '8  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  BO 

Small  shapes 5  76 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lb» 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal 23.1  31.5 

St  John,  N.B 38.1  50.5 

Halifax 39.1  51.5 

Toronto 18.9  22.1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18.9  22.1 

Winnipeg 64.9  85.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper   $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper   31  00  28  50 

Tin     105  00  105  00 

Spelter    11  00  11  00 

Lead. 10  50  10  00 

Antimony    16  50  18  00 

Aluminum    50  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00  $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50   10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  36 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Bnttweld 

"t  100   left 

%  in $  6  00     $    8  00 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

l'/4  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2V4  in 43  29  54  11 

3      in 56  61  70   76 

3V4  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2      in 29  97  36  45 

2  Ms  in 45  05  55  28 

3  in 58  91  72  29 

3V4  in 73  60  91  54 

4  in 87  20  108  45 

4%  in 99  06  123  82 

5  in 115  40  144  30 

6  in 149  80  187  20 

7  in 195  20  243  95 

8L   in 205  00  256  25 

8  in 236  20  295  20 

9  in 282  90  353  25 

lOL   in 262  40  328  00 

10      in 337  80  422  30 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 

Welland. 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  46%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Bujring  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,  light   $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire .  24  50  25  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings    ...  16  50  15  00 

Red  brass  turnings   18  50  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .  13  00  13  00 

Light  brass  10  00  9  50 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...  24  00  22  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels,  iron    38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.    shop   turnings ...  800  8  50 

Cast   borings    10  00  12  00 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Scrap  zinc  6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

Tna  lead .  .  .^.    5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %"  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.    and    rd.   hd., 
steel V7% 


.Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.   and   fil.    hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


1* 

SO 

26 
$1  60 
1  75 

1  75 

2  00 
30 
50 
25 

$8  60 
8  4« 
72% 
67% 
37% 
32% 
27% 
25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in 89 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus     10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 49 

Coupling  bolts,  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 16 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  1# 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus     26 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,     10 

TTiumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts 66 

Patch  bolts add  40,     10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in. . .  .add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add     7  00 

BILLETS 

Per  irroas  ten 

Bessemer  billets $47  50 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 17  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails 5  70        6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60% 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  60 

Spikes,  M  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila •  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb -      8% 

Packing,  square  braided •  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 6  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 6  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 6  89 

British  Manila  rope 9  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 9  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto     ne< 


September  12,  1918. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly   0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals   18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt 16  05 

Red   dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,  per 

cwt 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  36 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular ....     014 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1  %  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks.  .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus  ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  FIFE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

IS*""  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittmgs;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

lb.;  class  C,  24 %c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28. .  $  8  00  $  8  25 
Sheets,  black.  No.  10 . .  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,   10%    oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,   10%    oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets   20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

H,   in.,  $14.35;   5-16  in.,  $13.85;   %   in., 
113.50;    7-16   in.,   $12.90;    %    in.,   $13.20; 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  V*  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and  Imperial    50 

Nicholson  32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton  Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta  Files 20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes   60 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2%  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3H  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 2614 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital   49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil.  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic . .  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BELTING— NO.  1  OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double  . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape.  50  ft 3  50 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  25 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck..  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American ....  07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to      05 

Emery  glue 28  to      30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to       09 

Rouge,  silver 35  to      50 

Rouge,  powder 30  to      45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod . .  0  38 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heayier, 
base 0  48 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 9  41 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  OU.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  AtUi    18)4 

Peerless  21         X  Empire  . . .  17% 

Grand  19%      Ideal  17% 

Superior    ...  19%      X  press 18 

X  L  C  R  ...  18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    IS 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     1Q% 

No.  1    13% 

Wool  FackinK. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    16 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  99 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discouat  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard    . . .   10%      Best  grades  . .   16% 
ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper   ..    36  t6     .40 

Tin  . .    .. 70  to     .70 

Zinc 23  to     .26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 
COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  06     44  00 

Copper     sheet,     tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00    46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  00    44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     Tacwate 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25      $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  25        18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50        12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic ?  '25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric 14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 22 

Ammonium  carbonate .33 

Ammonium,  chloride 40 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 40 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white, ■    -27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 75 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulohate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 15 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide  (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate   (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 30 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130c/^ 50 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     5.00 

Sodium  phosphate 16 

Tin   chloride    85 

Zinc  chloride 90 

Zinc  sulphate 20 

Prices   per  lb.   unless  otherwise  stated. 


CANAIJJ  AK     M  A  C  II  I  N  K  I.'  Y 


Volume  XX. 


shortage  of  molders,  although  in  this 
section  of  the  country  we  have  not  yet 
seen  very  much  of  the  foreign  element 
as  moulders,  although  it  has  been  prac- 
tically impossible  to  get  any  young  men 
to  serve  as  apprentices,  which,  of  course, 
we  think  is  more  or  less  due  to  the  fact 
that  they  can  receive  a  great  deal  more 
money  to-day  from  common  laborers' 
work,  not  appreciating  the  future." 

In  Brantford  Shops 

Goold,  Shapley  &  Muir  Co.,  Ltd.,  Brant- 
ford, are  using  a  40  per  cent,  scrap  mix- 
ture and  are  securing  good  results,  work- 
ing very  largely  just  now  on  agricultural 
tractors.  Regarding  the  number  of 
molders,  W.  H.  Whitaker,  of  the  com- 
pany, says  that,  "We  have  some  diffi- 
culty in  the  securing  of  sufficient  mold- 
ers and  usually  our  floors  are  running 
three  and  four  behind  on  account  of  the 
scarcity  of  men.  We  have  not  yet  em- 
ployed foreigners  in  this  department  of 
our  work  as  molders.  There  is  some 
truth  in  the  statement  that  few  young 
men  are  offering  as  apprentices  to  the 
molder's  trade." 

In  other  Brantford  shops  a  decided 
shortage  of  pig  iron  is  reported,  al- 
though a  fair  amount  of  sorted  scrap 
is  on  hand  and  is  being  freely  drawn 
from.  In  regard  to  apprentices,  shops 
have  few  in  the  molding  department  In 
fact  there  is  a  shortage  in  all  trades. 
An  official  of  the  Waterous  Engine 
Works  Co.  stated  to  this  paper  that, 
"As  far  as  our  experience  has  been,  it 
is  quite  true  there  are  no  apprentices. 
Practically  no  apprentices  are  offering 
for  any  part  of  our  factory." 


RENEWING  ORDERS 

STARTS  NEW  DRIVE 

And  Machine  Tool  Trade  In  Montreal  Is 
Brisk  as  a  Result 

MONTREAL,  Que.,  Sept.  9,  1918.— 
The  influencing  factor  on  the  present 
industrial  situation  is  the  apparent 
scarcity  of  many  lines  of  material  re- 
quired for  maximum  operations.  The 
feature  of  Government  control  of  nearly 
all  the  essentials  of  production  elimin- 
ates the  possibility  of  any  pronounced 
fluctuations  in  price  quotations,  so  that 
the  market  is  one  of  available  supply 
rather  than  that  of  supply  and  demnnd, 
the  controlling  factor  of  prices  in  normal 
times.  The  great  problem  at  present  is 
that  of  supplying  the  wants  of  the  ship- 
builders and  carbuilders,  the  output  of 
plates  being  inadequate  to  the  trade  re- 
quirements. 

Uncertainty  In  St«el 

The  general  situation  throughout  the 
steel  industry  is  apparently  identical  with 
that  prevailing  for  several  months  back, 
as  the  market  is  one  virtually  controlled 
by  the  War  Trade  Boards  of  this  coun- 
try and  the  States.  With  few  exceptions 
the  production  of  steel  at  the  present 
time  is  devoted  exclusively  to  war  es- 
sentials, either  directly  or  indirectly.  In 
the  opinion  of  some  dealers,  however, 
it  i-  believed  that  the  output  of  thie 
mills    is    in    excess   of   the   actual    re- 


quirements, as  in  some  instances  it  is 
thought  that  specifications  for  steel  are 
greater  than  the  needs,  the  object,  no 
doubt,  being  to  make  certain  that  the 
available  supply  will  tend  to  a  surplus 
rather  than  a  shortage.  This  condition, 
it  is  felt,  will  eventually  mean  that 
stocks  will  be  accumulated  which  will 
tend  to  develop  a  weaker  market.  Loral 
warehouses  are  practically  depleted  of 
steel  material  suitable  for  shipbuilding 
or  railroad  work,  and  regulations  pre- 
vent the  dealers  from  acquiring  a  stock 
foi"  transient  business.  The  general 
market  is  quiet  and  dealers  report  no 
change  in  prices. 

Metals  Are  Steady 
Activity  in  metals  continues  in  fair 
volume  but  without  any  special  features. 
The  demand  is  steady,  but  the  market 
is  virtually  under  War  Board  control  sc 
that  the  situation  is  one  not  likely  to 
be  influenced  by  domestic  conditions. 
Little  metal  is  available  at  the  present 
time  for  other  than  essential  require- 
ments related  to  war  needs.  The  de- 
mand for  copper  is  quite  active,  but  the 
control  price  maintains  the  market  at 
a  steady  level.  The  supply  of  tin  is 
more  plentiful  and  the  market  is  easier. 
The  bulk  of  this  metal,  however,  is  ap- 
plied either  directly  or  indirectly  for  war 
purposes.  Local  dealers  are  quoting 
from  $1.05  to  $1.10  per  lb.  Spelter  and 
lead  are  both  firm  and  dealers  are  ask- 
ing 11  cents  and  10%  cents  respectively. 
The  demand  for  antimony  is  a  little  niore 
active  and  the  available  supply  is  only 
sufficient  to  meet  the  immediate  needs. 
Dealers  here  have  advanced  one  cent 
and    are    quoting      16%      cents     per   lb. 


Aluminum  is  steady  and  firm  at  50  cents 
per  lb. 

Machine   Tools   Active 

The  demand  for  shell  making  equip- 
ment is  not  heavy,  but  enquiries  would 
indicate  that  business  is  still  quite  ac- 
tive. The  probability  that  many  shell 
contracts  will  be  renewed  has  added  to 
the  likelihood  of  further  trading  in  ma- 
chine tools.  Enquiry  for  general  equip- 
ment is  also  active,  but  the  buying  is 
less  pronounced. 

Scrap  Trade  Quiet 

Little  of  interest  is  taking  place  in 
the  old  material  situation  and  dealers 
report  a  very  quiet  market.  The  trade 
is  so  controlled  at  present  that  dealers 
are  reluctant  to  deal  in  small  quantities 
as  the  cost  of  handling  scrap  under  ex- 
isting conditions  is  excessive  in  relation 
to  the  prevailing  prices.  It  is  some- 
times necessary  for  dealers  to  turn 
down  a  sale  owing  to  the  prohibitive 
cost  of  haulage.  The  local  market  has 
remained  practically  unchanged  in  most 
lines  of  scrap,  but  car  wheels  and  axles 
have  advanced.  Iron  car  wheels  are  now 
quoted  at  $38,  against  $26  of  a  few 
weeks  ago.  Wrought  iron  R.  R.  axles 
are  also  stronger,  the  prices  asked  rang- 
ing as  high  as  $40  per  ton.  Increased 
supply  of  machine  shop  turnings  has 
created  a  weaker  market,  the  current 
price  of  $8  being  a  drop  of  $1  per  ton. 
Cast  borings  at  $10  show  a  decline  of 
$2  per  ton.  Stove  plate  has  advanced 
from  $26  to  $.30  per  ton. 

The  market  in  heavy  lead  is  not  so 
active  and  dealers  have  reduced  quota- 
tions to  7  cents  per  pound. 


THE  LOWLY  SCRAP  HEAP  IS 

OCCUPYING  A  BIG  PLACE  NOW 


THE  scrap  metal  situation  in  United 
States  is  not  much  like  the  Canadian 
conditions.  In  American  points  the  de- 
mand is  keen  and  supplies  are  short.  In 
the  Dominion  the  very  reverse  seems  the 
case.  The  supplies  are  rather  plentiful 
but  trade  is  slow. 

Reports  from  some  of  the  larger  points 
in  U.  S.  follow: 

Chicago. — Trade  is  diminishing  here 
because  there  is  no  relief  from  the  short- 
age. There  are  no  reserves  to  speak  of 
being  laid  up  against  the  Winter  months 
when  deliveries  will  be  slow  and  transpor- 
tation worse. 

New  York. — The  Jewish  holidays  that 
have  been  taking  place  in  connection  with 
their  New  Year  have  interfered  with  the 
scrap  metal  business  to  some  extent.  In 
fact  it  does  not  take  much  letting  up  in 
this  direction  to  make  a  decided  difference 
now.  Some  dealers  have  standing  orders 
for  all  the  material  they  have  in  their 
yards. 

Pittsburgh.— Yards  here  are  getting 
pretty  well  thinned  out,  and  the  work  of 
filling  them  up  again  is  making  very  poor 
progress.  Dealers  are  going  after  and 
securing  grades  of  scrap  that  they  would 
not  look  at  in  ordinary  times.  More  shell 
steel  is  to  be  made  here  and  there  may  be 


relief  in  the  way  of  increased  amounts  of 
shell  turnings,  etc. 

Cleveland. — Dealers  here  state  that  the 
railroad  situation  is  absolutely  the  worst 
in  weeks.  There  is  a  big  demand  for 
heavy  melting  steel.  Many  delays  are  en- 
countered in  the  sorting  of  material. 

Cincinnati. — The  profits  on  the  scrap 
metal  business  are  not  large  now,  accord- 
ing to  dealers,  who  claim  that  sellers  of 
scrap  are  insisting  on  getting  the  full 
maximum  price,  leaving  the  dealer  only 
the  commission  allowed  by  the  Govern- 
ment. Dealers  say  that  they  cannot  do 
business  on  this  scale  and  avoid  failure. 


MANGANESE  FOUND 

IN  BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

Claims     Made     That     Returned     Soldier 

Knew   Where   Large   Deposits   of 

This  Were 

Discovery  of  manganese  on  Vancouver 
Island  is  being  hailed  on  the  Pacific 
coast  as  one  of  the  most  notable  finds 
of  minerals  that  Canada  has  known  for 
some  time.  Mineralogists  who  have  made 
inspections  of  the  area  in  which  the  dis- 
covery has  been  made  have  stated  that 
the  property  near  Cowichan  Lake  is  one 
of    the    finest    prospects    yet    uncovered. 


i 


September  19,  1918.  119 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
Vol.  XX.  TORONTO,  SEPTEMBER  19,  1918  No.  12 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

AN  ENGINEER  RUNS  INTO  ALL  SORTS  OF  JOBS   335-336 

WHAT  CANADA  IS  DOING  FOR  THE  RETURNED    SOLDIER    337-340 

GENERAL   340 

HOW   GERMANY  FORGED  U.S.  PASSPORTS  IN  THE  WAR    341-342 

GENERAL   342 

SAFETY  CODE  FOR  THE  OPERATION  OF  ELECTRIC  CRANES 343 

GENERAL 344 

National  Importance  of  Engineering  Industries. ..  IThe  Elastic  Limit. 

LAWS  GOVERNING  THE  FLUIDITY  OF   MOLTEN  CAST  IRON  345-347 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  NEW  EQUIPMENT 348-349 

Dicing  Machine ....  Shell  Lathe. 

EDITORIAL 350-351 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS  352-356 

Summary ....  Toronto    Letter. ..  .Montreal  Letter ....  New    York     Letter. ..  .Wash- 
ington Letter. ..  .Pittsburg  Letter. 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 357-358 

INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENTS 58-66 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

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120 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Vo'.ume   XX. 


Anybody  Can  Operate  This   Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


44 


HENDEY 


99 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — ^^designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadimn  Acents:  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. ; 
A.  R.  Wi"iams  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipec:  A.  K. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B. ;  Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

Aikenhead    Hardware   Co 61 

AHatl     Mschine    Co 66 

Allen    Mfg.    Co.     88 

Almond    JHg.    Co.     86 

Amalgamated   Machinery  Corp.    23 

American    FoundnTnen'a    Aasociatioo    76 

Anderson.    Geo.    A 96 

Arehaiald,    Charies    68 

Annatrooc    Bros.    Tool    Co.    98 

Atkins   &   Co.,    Wm 12 

Anrora  Tool   Worlci   105 

B 

Baird   Machine   Co 110 

Banlleld,  Vf.   H..  A    Horn 6S.  74 

Barnes   Co..   W.    F.    A  John 106 

Barnes.    Wallace.    Co.    66 

Bearer 'Engineering  Co »7 

Beaudry   A   Co 100 

Bertram    A    Sons  Co.,    John    1 

Bertrams   I>td 66 

Boker  A   Co.,    H 12 

Bnmt/ord    Oven    A    Rack    Co 66 

Bridgeford     Mach     A     Tool     Wks...    9S 

Bristol     Company     96 

Brown,    Bocss    Co.    H 

Brown    £n;nneering   Corp 72 

Brown   A   Sharp    Mfg.    Co l** 

BiKlden,    Hanbury    A 66 

C 

Canada    Emery    Wlieels     97 

Canada   Foondries   A   Forginfpi.    Ltd.     9 
Canada    Machinery    Corpf>ration     . . . 

Outside  back  cover 

Canada    Metal    Co.     95 

Canada    Wire    A    Iron    Goods    85 

Can.     Barker    Co 12 

Can.    B.    K.  Morton   Cp 99 

Can.   Blower  A  Foige  Co.    22 

Can.     Desmond -Htephan     Co 113 

Can.    I>rawn   Steel   Co.    96 

Canadian    Unk   Belt  Co 19 

Can.      Ksiitankfl-Monie     Co.      99 

Can.    Ingeisoll-Rand    Co U 

Can.     Ijco-Philips    Co.,    Ltd 79 

8 an.    Romely   Co 72 
an.    8    K    F    Co.,    Ltd 4 

Can.    Steel    Foundries    7 

Carlyle,    Johnson    Mach    Co.    8 

Carter   Welding    Co.    MO 

Chapman    Double    Ball    Bearing   Co.    90 

Classiflcd    Advertising    68 

Cisco    Machine    Tool     Co 24 

Ccosolidatol     Press    Co 109 

Curtis     A     Curtis     93 

Cmhman    Chock    Co 96 

D 

DavkSaon,     Tlios 67 

Dsrldaon    Tool    Mtg.    Corp.    n 

Davla-Bourooarille    Co MO 

l>e]oro  flmelUng   A    Beflning   Co U 


Dennis     Wire     &     Iron     Wks.     Co...    82 
Diamond    .Saw   &  Stamping   Works..  113 

Dominion    Iron    &    Wrecking    Co 70 

Dominion    Fotmdriea    &    Steel 74.  96 

E 

KHiott     A    Whitehall     73 

Elm    Cutting    Oil    Co 99 

Enushevsky    &    Son.    B im 

Erie     Foundry     78 

F 

Federal    Engineering   Co 65 

Ferracute   Machine  Co 100 

Fetherstonhangh    &    Co 66 

Financial     Post     of    Canada 64,  M 

Firth     &     Sons,     Thos 6 

Pord-Smith  ..Machine  Co 10 

Foes  '.Mach.    &    Supply   Co..    Geo.    F. 

In-side  back   covrr 

Frost    Mfg.    Co.     97 

Fry's    (London),    l.td 94 

O 

Gait   Machine   Screw   Co.    72 

Oarlook-Walker    Machy.    Co 20 

Garvin    'Machine    Co 138 

Geometric   Tool   Co 87 

Giddings    &    Lewis    Mfg.     Co 99 

GiJbert   A    Barker  Mfg.    Co IM 

Gisholt   ^lachme    Co 31 

Oooley    A    Bdlund    87 

Grant    Gear    Works     98 

Grant  Mfg.   A   Machine  Co m 

Greenfield    Tap    A    Die    Corp 29 

Greenleafs    Ltd 66 

H 

Hamilton    Gear    A     Machine    Co 88 

Hamilton  Mach.  Tool  Works 18 

Hanna   A    Co..    .M.    A 6 

Harvey   A    Co..   Arthur  C 8 

Hawkridge    Bros 66 

Heald     .Machine    Co 25 

Hendey    Machine    Co 120 

Hepburn,     John     T 18 

Hibbert     A     Phillii»     78 

High    Speed  ^Hammer  Co.    88 

Hinckley   Mach.    Works    IK) 

Homer     A     Wilsim      73 

Hoyt    .Metal     Co 102 

Hunter    .Saw    A    Machine    Co 100 

■Hurlburt-Bogers   Machinery   Ca 98 

Hyde    Engineering    Works     98 

lUingworth    Steel    Co..    John    7 

Independent    Pneumatic    Tool    Co...  31 

J 

Jacobs    Mfg.    Co 87 

Jartline   A    Co.,    A.    B 13 

Johnson     Machine    Co.,     Carlyle 8 

Jooes    A     Qlassco    90 

Joyce-Koehel    Co 98 

K 

Kempsmith  Mfg.   Co.   24 


Knight  Metal  Products  Co 86 

L 

L'.\ir     Liquide     .S(>ciety      82 

Lanca.shire     Djriamo     A     .Motor 85 

Landis     Machine    <'o 97 

Latrobe    Electric    Steel    Co 14 

Little     Giant    Co 22 

M 

Manitoba     Steel     Foundries.     Ltd 97 

Manufacturers      Equipment     Co 86 

.Marion     A     Marion     68 

Marsh     Engineering    Works,     Ltd 67 

Marten      .Mach 73 

Mafhcson    A    Co..     1 68 

Matthews    A     Co..     Jos.     H 30 

.McDougall   Co.,   Ltd.,   U 

Inside    back    cover 

McLaren,    J.     C.     Belting    Co 99 

Mechanical    Engineering    Co.    113 

■Meclmnics'a    Tool    Case   Mfg.    (^o 99 

.Metalwood     .Mfg.     Co 1.9 

.Morse    Cliain   Co 91 

Morton    -Mfg.    Co 66 

'Murchey   Machine  A   Tool   Co.  ■  85 

N 

National     Acsne    Co.     26 

New    Britain    Machine   Co 89 

Nicholson   File   : 78 

NilesJBement-Pond... Inside     fiont    cover 

Normac    .Machine    Co 66 

Nortliem    Crane    Works    .^  96 

Norton,     A.      0 97 

.\ort/jn    Co .\ .  28 

Nova    Scotia  Steel    A   Coal   Co 13 

O 

Oakey    Chemical    Co 101 

Ontario   Lubricating   Co 99 

Oxyweld    Co 80 

P 

Page  Steel   A  Wire   Co 1' 1 

Pangbom     Corp 97 

Parmenter    A    Bulloch    Co.    98 

Peck,    Stow    A    Wilcox     Co. 77 

Peerless    Machine    Co.     ft! 

I'errin,     Wm.     R 1(,9 

Plewes.      Ltd 66 

Port    Hoi>e    File    .Mfg.    Co 28 

I'ositivc    Clutch    A     PiUley    Works..  99 

Poughkeetwie     Cham,     of     Commerce  68 

Pratt    A    Whitney Inside    front    cover 

Pullan.     E 66 

R 

Racine    Tool    A    Machine    Co. 93 

Iteed^Prenlice     ('o 27 

Kho<les     .Mfg.     Co 102 

Ricliarda   Sand    Blast    Madl.   Co 80 

Kivi'i-side     .Machinery     Depot     69 

Uoelofoon     Madiine    A    Tool    Co 17 

S 

Shore    Instrument    A    .Mfg   So 99 


Shuster     Co.,     F.     B 99 

Sidney     Tool    Co 20 

Silver     Mfg.     Co 100 

Simondfl    Canada  Saw   Co 92 

Skiuuoi-    Chuck    Co 96 

Smart-Turner    Marfi.     Worlcs    80 

Standard     Alloys     Ctx      9 

StandaKi   Fuel    Engineering  Co Ill 

Standard  -Machy.   A  Supplies,   Ltd.  .6,  ^1 

Standard    Optical    Co.     107 

Starrett  Co.,    L.    S , 95 

.Steel    (U),    of    Canada 3 

.Steptoe,     Jolm,    Co 92 

St,   Lawrence   Welding  Co 13 

StoU    Co.,    03.    H BE 

Streeter,     H.     B 7 

.Strong,    Kcnnard    A    Nutt   Co,    101 

Swedish   Crucible  Steel  Co 101 

T 

Tabor    Mfg.     Co 100 

Tate  Jones   A  'Co.,    Inc.    115 

Taylor    Instnmient    Co.     Ill 

Thwinfi    Instrument    Co.     101 

Toomey,      Frank      70 

Toronto  Testing  Laboratory,  Jjtd 99 

Toronto     Tool      Co 73 

Toronto     Iron     Works     96 

Trahwii    Pump    Co.     92 

V 

Union   Tool   Chest  Co 101 

United     Brass    A    Lead,    Ltd 73,  101 

United   States    Electrical    Tool   Co...    28 

V 

Vanadinm-AUoya    Steel    Co 14 

Victor    Tool     Co 87 

Victoria    Foundry    Co.    101 

Vnlcan   Cnu-ible  Steel   Co 14 

W 

Watson    Co..    The    81 

Welding    A    Supplies   Co 81 

Wella    Bros.    Co.    of   Canada 30 

West    Tue    .Setter   Co 28 

Whitcomlb-Blaisdell    Mach.    Tool    Ca    18 

Wheel     Trueing    Tool     Co 97 

Whiting    Foundry    A   'Equip.    Co.    ...    97 

Whitney     Mfg.     Co 82 

Wilkinson    A    Kompaas    100 

Willianw.    A.    R.,   Machinery   Co...W,  71 

Wiliams  A   Co.,   J.    H 81 

Williams    Tool    Co.     94 

Wilson,    C.    P , 69.  71 

Willaon   A   Co.,   T.    A 101 

Wilt     Twist     Drill     Co 

Front    cover   and       5 

Wisconsin    Electric    Co 63 

Wo4Kl    Turret    Madltine   Co 78 

Wright  Mfg.    Co 127 

Y 
Vates,    P.    B 75 

Z 
Zenith    Coal    A    Steel    Products    ....    71 


GnadianNachinery 

AN  D 


33^' 


Manufacturing  News 


September  19,  1918 


Volume  XX.  No.  11 


An  Engineer  Runs]Into  All  Sorts  of  Jobs 

How  a  Structural  Steel  Tower  Was  Lowered  Four  Feet  With  Veiy 

Little  Equipment  or  Staff  to  do  it  With — Essential  Thing  Had 

Been  Overlooked  in  the  Plans  For  the  Work 

By  T.   H.   FENNER,   Associate   Editor     Canadian    Machinery 


As   an    instance   of   the   unexpected 
propositions  a  mechanical  superin- 
tendent is  liable  to  run   into,  the 
following'  will  be  of  interest. 

A  large  industrial  corporation  was 
making:  an  installation  of  coal  and  ash 
handing  machinery  for  their  power 
plant,  and  in  connection  with  the  ash 
ejector  it  was  necessary  to  have  erected 
a  structural  steel  tower  to  carry  the  pipe 
from  the  boiler  room  by  means  of  two 
channel  irons  resting  on  the  tower  and 
on  the  boiler  room  wall.  The  location  of 
the  tower  and  beams  had  been  determin- 
ed by  the  firm  supplying  the  equipment 
from  blue  prints  of  the  power  house 
supplied  them  by  the  customer.  The  ar- 
rangement as  originally  submitted  dif- 
fered materially  from  that  finally  adop- 
ted, and  in  making  the  change  one  ma- 


their  equipment.  The  factory  'engineer- 
ing staff  were  looking  after  the  erection 
of  all  the  machinery.  Feeling,  however, 
that  building  structural  was  perhaps 
a  little  out  of  their  line,  the  job  of  build- 
ing and  erecting  the  tower  was  given 
out  to  a  constructional  steel  company. 
The  approximate  dimensions  of  the 
tower  were  thirty-five  feet  high,  three 
feet  in  width  at  the  bottom  in  one  direc- 
tion by  ten  feet  wide  in  ano*'her,  as 
shown  in  the  sketch.  The  main  posts 
were  made  of  3%  x  SVi  x  5-16  angle 
iron,  and  the  cross  bracing  of  1%  x  IV2 
X  3-16  angle  iron.  The  corner  posts 
were  bolted  at  the  bottom  to  four  con- 
crete piers,  5  ft.  long,  by  1  foot  square 
at  the  top,  by  18  inches  square  at  the 
bottom. 

The    foundations   were   placed   by   the 


tower  loaded  on  a  large  motor  truck 
and  men  enough  to  make  short  work  of 
the  erecting.  They  started  in  right  away 
to  unload  the  truck  and  went  at  the  job 
of  coupling  the  sections  of  the  legs  to- 
gether. The  legs  were  made  in  two 
lengths  of  seventeen  feet  six  inches, 
making  when  coupled  together  the  re- 
quired thirty-five  feet.  Two  sides  were 
laid  on  the  ground  with  the  base  close 
to  the  foundation.  Two  or  three  angle 
irons  were  bolted  across  the  posts  to 
hold  them  together,  and  they  were  ready 
to  raise  up.  Here  an  object  lesson  was 
obtained  on  the  versatility  of  a  well  be- 
haved motor  truck.  The  two  posts,  com- 
prising one  side  of  the  tower  were  rais- 
ed by  the  combined  efforts  of  the  erect- 
ing crew  till  high  enough  to  enable  the 
truck  to  back  in  under  them.    They  were 


O  C3  ' 


ORIGINAL    ARRANGEMKNT 


ARRANGEMENT  AS  ADOPTED 


terial  factor  was  overlooked  by  all  the 
parties  concerned.  The  original  and  final 
arrangements  are  shown  in  the  sketches 
accompanying.  The  tower  was  not  to 
be  supplied  by  the  concern  selling  the 
ash  handling  equipment,  they  merely 
furnishing  the  design  and  location  to  suit 


factory  staff  in  accordance  with  the 
drawings  made  by  the  firm  supplying 
the  equipment,  and  the  steel  construction 
people  were  notified  that  they  could 
erect  the  tower  and  channel  irons  as 
soon  as  they  were  ready.  In  due  course 
the  gang  arrived  with  the  sections  of  the 


then  allowed  to  rest  on  the  car  and  the 
car  continued  to  back,  thus  raising  the 
posts,  when  at  an  angle  about  forty- 
five  degrees  they  were  blocked  up  and 
the  guy  ropes  fastened  to  the  top  end. 
A  trestle  was  then  put  on  the  motor 
truck,  catching  the  posts  aljqut  half  vfay 


3S6 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


up,  and  the  car  ajrain  backed  up,  this 
time  raising  the  posts  almost  to  the  ver- 
tical. A  gt>od  pull  on  the  guy  ropes  and 
the  two  posts  stood  up  in  their  place,  and 
one  side  of  the  tower  was  erected.  Every- 
thing was  going  fine,  and  in  a  very  short 
time  the  other  two  posts  were  raised 
and  the  men  started  putting  the  bracing 
on. 

The  Trouble  SUrted 

The  next  operation  was  to  put  up  the 
channel  iron  beams,  and  here  was  where 
the  unexpected  happened.  It  was  dis- 
covered that  one  of  the  beams,  instead 
of  passing  through  the  wall  below  the 
roof,  would  come  out  on  top  of  the  roof, 
while  the  other  one  would  be  under  the 
roof,  but  too  close  up  to  it.  How  had 
this  occurred?  A  hurried  look  over  the 
drawing  in  the  light  of  this  new  condi- 
tion disclosed  the  fact  that  in  altering 
the  plans  the  angle  of  the  roof  had  not 
been  taken  into  account  with  the  result 
already  mentioned.  The  next  question 
was,  what  was  to  be  done?  The  steel 
men,  anxious  to  get  their  job  done  and 
get  away  were  for  cutting  the  roof.    As 


near  the  top,  leading  at  right  angles  to 
the  long  base  to  counteract  the  tipping 
action  on  the  short  side.  The  ground 
was  dug  away  from  between  the  founda- 
tions to  a  depth  sufficient  to  allow  for 
the  complete  amount  of  lowering  re- 
quired. A  crib  work  of  3  in.  planks  was 
then  built  in  this  space  till  it  supported 
the  tower  on  its  lower  cross-angle  iron.-;. 
The  nuts  on  the  holding  down  bolts  of 
the  two  side  piers  were  then  taken  off. 
The  bolts  projected  through  the  base  of 
the  tower  about  3  ins.,  they  having  been 
left  long  to  allow  for  adjusting,  after 
which  they  were  to  be  cut  off  flush.  A 
strong  wooden  horse,  or  trestle,  which 
was  in  use  around  the  mill  for  general 
millwright  work  was  brought  over  to 
the  job  and  placed  close  up  to  the  posts 
of  the  tower  parallel  to  its  narrow  axis. 
Two  pair  of  triplex  chain  blocks  were 
hung  on  the  trestle  and  made  fast  to  the 
base  angle  close  to  the  post  on  each  side. 
By  heaving  up  on  these  blocks  the  base 
of  the  tower  was  raised  to  clear  the 
foundation  bolts  on  the  two  piers,  the 
two  on  the  opposite  side  being  left  fast 


served  to  make  one  side  secure,  while 
the  piers  were  dropped  from  the  other 
side  and  the  excavations  made.  (These 
precautions  were  necessary  as  the  tower 
swayed  considerably  and  there  was  at 
limes  a  strong  wind).  When  all  the 
piers  were  in  place  and  the  long  bolts  in 
position,  the  tower  resting  on  the  block- 
ing, all  was  ready  for  the  lowering  pro- 
per. A  second  trestle  was  brought  up  and 
placed  on  the  other  side  and  two  more 
pair  of  blocks  used.  This  made  it  pos- 
sible to  tip  the  tower  on  any  of  the  four 
corners.  The  first  move  was  to  take  the 
weight  of  one  side  of  the  tower  on  the 
blocks  and  remove  one  course  of  three 
inch  blocking,  then  lowering  till  the 
tower  rested  on  the  next  course.  Having 
been  level  at  first  the  tower  was  now 
three  inches  lower  at  this  side  than  the 
other.  The  strain  was  kept  on  the  long 
bolts  on  this  side,  and  the  chain  blocks 
on  the  opposite  side  tightened  up  till  the 
wooden  blocking  was  free.  This  side 
was  now  lowered  six  inches,  making  it 
three  inches  lower  than  the  side  first 
lowered.      This     process     was     repeated 


BLOCKING  BEFORE  MOVING  PIERS. 


READY   FOR  LOWERING 


this  roof  had  been  re-slated  only  the 
year  before  at  a  cost  of  several  thousand 
dollars,  cutting  holes  in  it  was  not  de- 
sirable, especially  a  hole  large  enough 
to  allow  for  the  beams  and  the  pipe  on 
top  of  them.  The  contractors  then 
washed  their  hands  of  the  job  and  left, 
without  any  further  comment.  The  chief 
engineer  of  the  plant  then  decided  he 
would  lower  the  tower  bodily  just  as  it 
stood,  lowering  the  foundations  first  and 
then  bringing  the  tower  down  to  them. 
It  would  have  been  easier  to  take  down 
the'  tower  first  if  he  had  the  men  avail- 
able, but  the  .staff  at  hi»  disposal  was 
woefully  small  and  not  particularly 
suited  to  a  job  of  that  kind,  and  the 
time  necessary  to  dismantle  and  re-erect 
after  would  have  entailed  too  much  ex- 
pense. The  chief  thing  to  guard  against 
in  performing  the  operation  of  lowering 
.  the  tower  lay  in  its  capsizing  on  the 
narrow  base,  it  being  fairly  stable  on  the 
10  feet  direction. 

How  it  Wa»  Done 

The  method  adopted  was  as  follows: 
Guy  ropes  were  attached  to  the  tower 


to  act  as  a  counterweight.  As  soon  as 
it  was  raised  high  enough  to  clear  the 
bolts  it  was  blocked  up  in  this  position 
and  the  chain  blocks  let  go.  One  was 
made  fast  to  the  chain  block  and  raised 
out  of  the  pit,  making  room  for  a  man 
to  get  down  and  dig.  The  ground  waa 
dug  out  where  the  pier  had  been  to  a 
depth  of  four  feet  and  the  companion 
pier  was  moved  from  its  position  and 
dropped  in  the  hole.  This  saved  lifting 
it  out,  and  still  left  room  enough  for  a 
man  to  work,  making  the  excavation  for 
the  other  pier.  When  this  was  done  the 
earth  was  levelled  off  between  the  two 
piers,  leaving  the  floor  level  at  the  new- 
depth,  and  the  first  pier  was  dropped 
down  into  the  place  vacated  by  the  se- 
cond. Two  long  studs  were  made,  six 
inches  longer  than  the  depth  of  the  new 
excavation,  and"  these  were  fitted  with  a 
screwed  sleeve  at  one  end,  which  sleeve 
also  screwed  onto  the  top  of  the  holding- 
down  bolt  in  the  pier.  The  bolt  was 
passed  through  the  hole  in  the  base  of 
the  tower  and  an  efficient  connection 
made  between  the  tower  and  the  pier,  al- 
though they  were  four  feet  apart.    Thi.s 


alternately  on  each  side  till  the  full  four 
feet  had  been  attained  and  the  tower 
rested  on  its  foundations  again  four  feet 
below  its  original  level. 


METAL     RECLAMATION     ON      THE 
WESTERN  FRONT 

In  a  New  York  paper  recently  to  hand 
mention  is  made  of  the  vast  amount  of 
wreckage  reclaimed  from  the  battle- 
fields on  the  Allied  front.  It  states  that 
an  average  of  7,800  tons  of  used  shell 
cartridges  and  about  4,500  tons  of  var- 
ious metals  are  sent  monthly  to  the  sort- 
ing centres.  The  vi'ork  of  clearing  up  is 
systematically  organized,  special  forma- 
tions of  men  being  regularly  detailed  for 
that  purpose.  Nothing  is  overlooked. 
Everything  that  cin  be  used  is  preserv- 
ed and  shipped  to  a  supply  depot. 


Great  m'"ds  have  purposes;  others 
have    wishes. — Washington  Irving. 

It's  not  life  that  matters;  it  is  the 
courage  that  you  bring  to  it. — Hugh  Wal- 
polc. 


September  19,  1&18. 


Volume  XX. 


What  Canada  is  Doing  for  the  Returned  Soldier 

The  Work  Being  Done  in  Re-education  is  Little  Appreciated  by 

Those  Who  do  Not  Come  Into  Intimate  Contact  With  it — A  Series 

of  Articles,  of  Which  This  is  the  First,  Will  be  Given,  Going  Into 

the  Detail  of  the  Soldiers'  Industrial  Re-education 

By   W.   F.   SUTHERLAND,   Associate    Editor     Canadian  Machinery 


LITTLE  need  be  said  as  to  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  debt  which  is  owing 
to  those  who  have  been  maimed  in 
the  service  of  their  country  and  the 
whole-hearted  spirit  with  which  the  gov- 
ernment and  industries  of  Canada  are 
co-operating  in  the  reestablishment  of 
the  soldier  in  peaceful  pursuits  can  only 
be  commended  in  the  highest  terms. 

Every  soldier  who  returns  from  the 
front  disabled  and  unable  to  follow  his 
former  vocation  is  given  the  opportun- 
ity to  learn  new  trades,  trades  which 
in  the  majority  of  cases  are  much  more 
remunerative  and  pleasant  that  those 
at  which  he  formerly  worked.  The  ma- 
jority of  us  realize  at  times,  perhaps 
with  a  bitter  sense  of  regret,  that  op- 
portunities for  education  and  training 
in  professions  closed  to  us  through  lack 
of  knowledge  do  not  come  with  advanc- 
ing years  and  the  ever-present  struggle 
to  make  a  living  wage.  The  opportunity, 
then,  afforded  the  disabled  soldier 
to  advance  his  education  and  to  fit  him- 
self for  better  things  is  in  many  cases 
the  fulfilment  of  a  lifelong  ambition. 

Re-education  is  necessarily  closely  al- 
lied to  the  restoring  of  the  soldier  to 
complete  health  and  the  proper  technical 
training  and  particular  trade  learned 
depend  in  a  large  measure  upon  the  dis- 
abilities received  at  the  front.  While 
these  problems  are  mutually  dependent, 
vocational  training  is  divided  into  two 
distinct  branches,  occupational  therapy 
and  industrial  re-education  both 
handled  in  Canada  by  the  Department 
of  the  Soldiers  Civil  Re-establishment. 

Occupational  therapy  is  that  part  of 
the  training  received  while  the  soldier  is 
still  under  medical  care  and  in  some 
cases  has  no  connection  with  the  train- 
ing given  after  the  patient  is  discharged 
from  the  hospitals  and  other  institu- 
tions as  cured.  Its  main  object  is  to 
relieve  the  many  weeks  sometimes  re- 
quired for  convalescence  of  some  of  their 
monotony  and  tediousness  and  at  the 
same  time  to  assist  in  the  curing  of  dis- 
abilities by  means  of  movement  or  ex- 
ercise necessary  to  the  restoring  of  in- 
jured members  to  normal  use.  For  in- 
stance, to  exercise  the  limb  in  a  case  of 
foot  or  leg  injury  and  at  the  same  time 
to  divert  the  patient's  mind  fret-saw 
work  may  be  given,  or  for  arm  injuries 
light  work  of  some  other  kind.  But 
even  in  occupational  therapy  the  idea 
now  is  to  give  that  sort  of  work  which 
will  be  preliminary  to  and  dovetail  in 
with  real  vocational  education,  which  is 
to  begin  as  soon  as  the  patient  is  ready 
to  receive  further  education.  If  for  in- 
stance the  patient  was  formerly  a  sheet 


metal  worker  and  through  injury  is  de- 
barred from  the  use  of  physical  strength 
he  is  started  perhaps  as  a  designer  or 
architectural  draftsman  in  cornice,  sheex 
metal  or  other  architectural  design.  His 
practical  knowledge  is  thus  built  upon 
and  focused  in  a  specialty  suited  to  his 
capabilities. 

"Instead  of  making  futile  little  baskets 
or  weaving  mats  that  would  have  no 
sale  except  as  a  camouflage  for  down- 
right charity,  he  is  furnished  with  a  set 
of  instruments,  a  bed  drawing  board  and 
some  text  books,  and  given  able  in- 
struction. The  weeks  in  bed  or  in  wheel 
chair  are  utilized  practically.     When  he 


United  States,  Canada  has  placed  t>^ 
whole  problem  of  industrial  re-education 
and  the  pension  system  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  department  of  the  Soldiers* 
Civil  Re-establishment,  the  two  branch- 
es of  this  being  the  Pensions  branch 
and  the  Invalided  Soldiers'  Commission, 
the  latter  taking  over  the  work  formerly 
done  by  the  Military  Hospitals  Commis- 
sion. Occupational  therapy  is  conducted 
by  the  department  in  the  hospitals  under 
army  doctor  direction.  When  the  soldier 
is  discharged  as  cured  the  department 
takes  charge  entirely  and  both  he  and  hi» 
family,  while  he  is  in  training,  are  kept 
medically  and  mentally  fit.   The  honorable 


VARIOUS    WKUJING    OPERATIONS    BY   THE   OXY-ACETYLENE   TORCH    IN    L'AIR    LIQUIDS 
SOCIETY    PORTION    OF    THE    EXHIBIT    OF    THE    DEPARTMENT    OK    THE    SOLDIERS- 
CIVIL     BE-ESTABLISHMENT. 

is  able  to  go  into  the  shops  he  is  well  Geo.  Foster  in  a  recent  statement  said 
along  as  a  technician  and  ready  for  that  "The  Department  fathers  and  moth- 
further  intensive  training."  ers  the  man  until  he  is  able  to  earn  his 

Scope  of  Vocational  Training  °  -p^e  soldier,  to  all  intents  and  purposes 

It    is    well    to    remember,    as    before  a    civilian,    has    his    pension    suspended, 

stated,  that  there  are  two  distinct  classi-  while       in      training      but       is    recom- 

fications   in   this   work   and   the   striking  pensed    by     the     allotment    to    him     of 

difference   in  the  two  branches   is  well  vocational  pay  and  allowances  graduated 

noted  in  the  fact  that  the  United  States  as   follows: 

placed  them  in  two  totally  different  de-  '                                      Month 

partments  of  the  Government.     Occupa-      single  men   »50.oo 

tional  therapy  will  be  carried  out  by  the      Man  and  wife-  no  children   ..,•••■  '"•*' 

Surgeon-General's    Department,    and    in-  «-  »"/,  "^^l^-^Zo 'TLen  ' --Wr.::- ^'^ 

dustrial     re-education     by     the     Federal      Man  and  wife — three  children   88.00 

Rnorrl    f-.r  Vnr-ntinnal    Fcliicntinn  Man    and    wife     tour    children    ®^?? 

Board  tor  vocational  i^aucation.  ^^^  ^^^  wife^flve  chUdren  93.00 

While   the   above    is   the   case   m    the      Man  and  wife— -six  children  94.00 


S38 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


"Industrial  re-education  was  establish- 
ed as  a  means  of  saving  disabled  men 
from  being  a  dead  loss  both  to  them- 
•elves  and  to  the  country.  It  is  intended 
for  disabled  men  who  are  so  handicapped 


ARCHITECTURAL   IRON   AND  BRONZE 
WORK 

Bronze  Chasers  and  Finishers. 

Draughtsmen. 

Pattern  Makers. 

Moulders. 


RETURNED   SOLDIERS    LEARNING    LENS    GRINDING    AND  -OTHER    PRECISION    WORK    IN 
THE    MAKING   OF    OPTICAL    GOODS    P'OR    THE    CONSOLIDATED    OPTICAL    CO. 


by  their  disabilities  that  they  cannot  re- 
turn to  their  former  occupations.  There 
is  no  desire  to  take  all  the  square  pegs 
in  the  army  and  to  fit  them  into  round 
holes  for  the  sheer  fun  of  changing 
thingfs  all  around.  Round  pegs  which 
have  been  squared  by  the  scars  of  war 
are  unfortunate  in  having  to  be  read- 
justed to  holes  of  another  shape,  but  the 
Department  of  Soldiers'  Civil  Re-estab- 
lishment has  built  up  an  organization 
which  is  efficiently  doing  that  work.  Be 
it  said  to  tha  credit  of  young  Canada 
that  of  nearly  five  thousand  men  who 
have  been  found  in  need  of  industrial  re- 
education to  enable  them  to  maintain 
themselves  and  their  families  as  inde- 
pendent self-supporting  citizens,  only 
about-three  hundred  have  refused  the  op- 
portunity offered  them.  In  England  and, 
France  one  of  the  biggest  problems  the 
rehabilitation  agencies  have  to  face  is 
that  of  inducing  men  to  accept  the  train- 
ing offered  them." 

Opportunities  Available 

There  is  no  set  number  of  courses  in 
which  industrial  re-education  is  given. 
Each  individual  man  is  trained  for  the 
occupation  in  which  he  is  best  qualified 
to  become  proficient.  If  courses  were 
established  it  is  probable  that  only  a  lim- 
ited number  would  be  available,  but  oy 
the  department's  policy  of  placing  men 
in  industries  after  preliminary  tramint; 
in  the  use  of  tools  or  in  English  or 
mathematics  the  whole  head  field  of  in- 
dustry is  open  for  their  development  and 
over  200  different  occupations  have  been 
rendered  available. 

AEROPLAN£S 

Wood  Form  and  Template  Makers. 
Assemblers. 
Metal  Workers. 
Wire  Splicers. 

ADDING  MACHINES 
Eepair  Men. 


Ornamental  Iron  Mechanics. 

AIR  BRAKE  WORK 

Iron  and  b.ass  Machinists. 

Assemblers. 

Testers. 

ALUMINUM  WORK 
Aluminum  Stamping. 
Aluminum  Spinners. 

AUTOMOBILE   TIRES 

Building. 
Treading. 
Finishing. 

BISCUIT  MANUFACTURERS 

Biscuit  Mixer. 

Bakers.  • 

Brake  Operators. 

BICYCLE   WORK 

Assemblers. 
Wheel  Truers. 

BOOT    AND    SHOE    WORK 

Shoe  Repairer. 
Sole  Cutters. 


Sole  Sewers. 

Sanders. 

Cutters. 

Clickers. 

Upper  Machine  Operators. 

Last  Makers. 

Turn  Shoe  Workers. 

BOILER  AND  BLACKSMITH 

Blacksmiths. 

Bolt   Threading   Machine   Operators. 

Boring  Mill  Operators. 

Crane  Men. 

BOOKS 
Bookbinding. 

BOX    MANUFACTURING 

Lumber  Sorters. 

Wood   Working  Machinists. 

Box  Assemblers. 

Nailers. 
Specialists. 

BRUSH   MANUFACTURERS 

Paint  Brush  Makers. 

Wood  Workers. 

Hand  and  Machine  Brush  Makers. 

COPPERSMITHS 

CABINET   WORK 

Pattern  Makers. 
Wood  Finishers. 
Cabinet  Makers. 

CAN  MAKERS 

Automatic  Press  Men. 

CARPET    WORK 

Rug  Weavers. 
Spinn-ers. 

CASKETS 
Finishing. 
Assembling. 

CASH    REGISTER  WORK 
Assemblers. 
Stock  Clerks. 

CIGAR  MANUFACTURERS 

Cigar  Maker. 

COTTON   AND  WOOLLEN  MFG. 

Sewing  Machine   Repair  Men. 
Textile  Machinists. 
Cotton    Spinners. 
Wool  Spinners. 

CORSETS 
Cutters. 

COAT   MAKERS 
Collar  Makers. 

DENTIST  WORK 
Mechanical    Dentistry. 

ELEVATOR   WORK 

Draftsmen. 
Inside   Electrician. 
Elevator  Work   (repairmen). 
Stock  Record  Keeper. 


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THE    RUSSELL    MOTOR    CAR     CO.    EXHIlilT     AT    THE    EXHIBITION    SHOWING     VARIOUS 
MACHINING     OPERATIONS     CARRIED     ON     BY     RETURNED     SOLDIERS. 


September  19,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHlNEiRY 


ELECTRICAL   WORK 

Armature  Winders. 

Repair   Men. 

Installation  Work.. 

Draftsmen. 

Machinists. 

Stock  Keeper. 

Meter  Experts. 

Meter  Assembling. 

Testers     (motor    transformers,    generators, 

etc.) 
Transformer  Assembling. 
Col!  Winding  and  Wrapping. 
Detail   Assemblers. 
Switchboard  Assemblers. 

Iron  and  Brass  Machinists  (on  all  machines) 
Efficiency  Experts. 

ELECTRIC   LAMP    WORK 

Purifiers. 

Wire  Swayers. 

Bench  Glass  Work. 

Hook  Machine  Operators. 

Machine  Shop  Stock  Keeper. 

Special  Mechanic. 

Shippers. 

Soldering. 

ELECTROTYPE    WORK 
Electrotypers. 

ENGINEERING 
Refrigeration   Engineer. 
Steam   Engineer. 

FARM    WORK,    WESTON,    ONT. 

Farm  Tractor  Work. 

FUR  OPERATORS 
ELECTRIC  FIXTURES 

Metal  Spinning. 

Soldering. 

Plating. 

FURNITURE  MANUFACTURERS 

Planers. 

Sanders. 

Shapers. 

Sawyers. 

Mortisers  and  Tenoners. 

Veneer  Workers. 

Assemblers. 

Wood  Finishers. 

Fibre  Weavers.  ' 

GLOVES 
Cutting. 

GOLD   REFINING 
Gold  Beaters. 

HARNESS   MANUFACTURERS 

Harness  Cutters. 

Harness   Sewers. 

Fitters. 

Collar   Cutters. 

(dollar  Machinists. 

HATS 
Felt  Hat  Sizing. 
Straw   Hat  Blocking. 

JEWELRY  MANUFACTURING 

Die  Sinkers. 

Engravers. 

Glass  Cutters. 

Silver  Polishers. 

Silver  Mounters. 

Stone   Setters. 

Jewelry  Manufacturing. 

LEATHER   WORK 
Legging  Cutter. 
Leather  Cutter. 
Leather  Finishers. 
Sole  Cutters. 
Tanners. 
Leather  Sorter. 
Legging  Makers. 
Enamellers. 

LITHOGRAPHING 

MACHINE  WORK 

Crane  Men. 
Draftsmen. 
Machinists. 
Pattern   Makers. 
Tool  Makers. 
Moulders. 
Lathe  Hands. 

Architectural 

Cutting. 
Sewing. 


MOTOR    WORK 

Motor  Mechanics. 

MOVING  .PICTURE   WORK 

Moving  Picture   Operators. 

MULTI-COLOR    PRESS    WORK 

Multi-Color  Press  Operators. 

OPTICAL  WORK 

Frame  Makers. 
Lens  Grinding. 
Machine  Work. 
General  Mechanics. 

OXY-ACETYLENE   CUTTING   AND 
WELDING   WORK 

Cutters   and    Welders. 

PACKING  HOUSE  WORK 

Beef  Cutting.  ' 
Stock  Clerks. 
Checkers. 
Egg  Candlers. 


Cutters. 
Rulers. 

ROOFING  WORK 
Roofers. 

RUBBER    MANUFACTURING 

Rubber  Mixing. 
Rubber  Shoe  Cutting. 
Rubber  Shoe  Making. 

SAW  MAKING 

Band  Saw  Makers. 
Saw  Finishers. 
Saw  Tooth  Cutters. 
Saw  Trimmers. 

SHEET   METAL   WORK 

Draftsmen. 

Sheet  Metal  Workers. 

Erectors. 

Press  Operators. 

Can  Makers. 

Cutters. 


CUPELLATION,  A  SUBJECT  TAKEN  UP  IN  THE  ASSAYING  COURSE 

ESTAlBLISHED     AT     THE     UNIVERSITY     CF     TORONTO     FOR     THE 

RETURNED    SOLDIER. 


MARBl-K 

Marble   Workers. 
MOCCASSINS 


Ham  Boners. 
Sausage  Makers. 

PAINTING 

Wood  Finishers. 

Air   Brush    Varnishers. 

PHOTO    ENGRAVING 

Artists. 

Photographers. 

Etchers. 

Finishers. 

Proofers. 

Printers. 

PIANO   WORK 
Cabinet  Makers. 
Action  Assemblers. 
Case  Makers. 
Fly  Finishers. 
Polishers. 
Veneering. 

Varnishers  and   Rubbers. 
Tuners. 

Rubbers  and  Finishers. 
Wood  Working  Machinists. 

PHOTO  SUPPLIES 
Film  Makers. 
Paper  Makers. 
Camera  Assemblers. 
Silver  Polishers. 

PRINTING 
Tag  Makers. 

Monotype  Keyboard  Operators. 
Press  Feeders. 
Linotype  Operators. 
Cylinder  Pressmen. 


Metal  Lithographers. 

Tinsmiths. 

Stamping. 

STABLE   FITTINGS 
Machinists. 
Assembling. 

TAILORING 
Cutters. 
Collar  Makers'. 
Sleeve  Makers. 
Designers. 

TELEGRAPHERS 

TANNING 

Pleshers. 

Vatmen. 

Finishers. 

UNDERWRITING 
Insurance  Surveyors. 

UPHOLSTERING  WORK 
Upholsterers. 

UNDERTAKERS 

WHOLESALE    STATIONERY    AND 

BOOKBINDING 

Bookbinders. 

Cutters. 

Rulers. 

Leather  Workers. 

Gilders. 

Marblers. 

Finishers. 

WOOD    WORKING    MACHINISTS 

WIRELESS  WORK 

Wireless  Operators. 


340 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


WATCH   MANUFACTURING 

Watch  Case  Making. 

WOOL,  PIECE  GOODS 
Spinners. 
Dyers. 
Sorters. 
Warpers. 
Finishers. 
Weavers. 
Carders. 

ELECTRIC  WIRE  MFG. 

Wire  Covering  and  Insulating. 

As  a  contrast  to  the  work  being  done 
it  is  interesting  to  read  of  some  of  the 
schemes  being  put  forward  by  vell-in- 
tentioned  but  misinformed  people  and  a 
recent  statement  by  the  Federal  Board 
for  vocational  training  for  the  United 
States  is  given: 

"Clearing  Up  A  Point" 

"There  appears  to  exist  in  the  minas 
of  many  people  a  total  misconception  of 
what  vocational  re-education  is,  as  ap- 
plied to  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors.  The 
Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education, 
which  is  charged  with  the  duty  of  re- 
educating the  injured  men,  is  constantly 
receiving  communications  from  people 
who  have  this,  that,  or  the  other  sup- 
posed art  or  craft  which  is  offered  as 
being  just  the  thing  to  teach  the  poor 
dear  wounded  soldiers.  These  sugges- 
tions run  all  the  way  from  making  art- 
craft  out  of  sealing  wax,  making  paper 
flowers,  and  gilding  pine  cones,  to  con- 
structing alleged  ornaments  out  of  putty. 
"The  Federal  Board  does  not  propose 
to  teach  any  such  rubbish.  The  educa- 
tion to  be  given  will  in  the  main  be  in 
highly  specialized  occupations  which  are 
good  paying,  recognized,  and  manly  call- 
ings which  have  a  definite,  useful  place 
in  the  business  world,  and  a  steady  de- 
mand for  such  work  or  the  products 
thereof. 

"The  difficulty  appears  to  be  that 
many  of  these  well-intentioned  advocates 
of  gilded  peanut  hulls  and  gimcrack 
nicknack  making  are  mentally  confused, 
and  do  not  know  either  what  occupa- 
tional therapeutics  and  vocational  educa- 
tion are,  or  the  part  they  play.  The 
former  is  given  to  divert  the  patient's 
mind,  to  exercise  some  particular  set  of 
muscles  or  a  limb,  or  perhaps  merely  to 
relieve  the  tedium  of  convalescence.  Oc- 
casionally these  activities  have  little  or 
any  practical  value  beyond  the  imme- 
diate purpose  they  serve,  nor  are  they 
intended  to  have  any  other  value." 

After  the  soldier  leaves  the  hospital 
and  is  able  to  undertake  training  in  any 
desired  occupation  he  is  not  left  to  his 
own  devices  but  under  the  care  of  the 
department  is  given  his  vocational  pay 
and  receives  his  instruction  free.  This 
instruction  is  given  in  the  plants  of  vari- 
ous manufacturers  who  are  devoting 
space,  tools  and  instructors  to  the  work 
and  who  in  many  cases  are  able  to  place 
the  soldier  at  the  expiration  of  his  course 
of  training  in  their  own  shops. 

If  the  occupation  is  such  that  it  can 
only  be  learned  by  the  equivalent  of  a 
partial  university  training,  this  is  given 
by  competent  instructors  at  the  various 
universities  and  technical  schools  of   the 


country.  This  instruction  may  be  and 
often  is  supplemented  by  practical  work 
in  the  shop. 

The  length  of  the  various  courses  is 
approximately  six  months,  although  the 
time  taken  is  fixed  only  by  the  soldiers' 
capabilities  and  difficulties  of  the  sub- 
ject undertaken.  In  every  case  the  work 
is  recognized  as  distinct  from  factory 
production  and  is  directed  with  a  view 
to  education  not  manufacturing,  any 
benefit  to  the  manufacturer  arising  from 
the  work  being  done  occuring  afterwards, 
when  the  soldier  if  he  wishes  is  engaged 
on  the  regular  staff. 

Re-Educational  Work  at  the  Fair 

The  recent  exhibit  of  the  work  being- 
done  in  the  re-education  of  the  soldier 
at    the    Toronto    Exhibition    was    under- 


designing  and  making  tools  and  parts. 
An  engine  lathe,  a  crank  shaping  ma- 
chine, and  a  universal  milling  machine 
were  shown  in  operation.  The  Russell 
Co.  has  a  special  school  for  ex-soldiers 
at  265  Adelaide  street  west.  At  present 
about  20  men  are  takine;  the  course, 
which  lasts  about  six  months.  In  this 
time  the  firm  aims  to  turn  out  mechanics 
as  good  as  those  who  have  had  several 
years'  experience  in  the  plant.  The 
eight  men  who  have  already  graduated 
are  doing  very  good  work. 

Several  Working  on  Ores 

In  the  space  occupied  by  the  assaying 
department  of  Toronto  University  half 
a  dozen  men  were  busy  on  scorification 
work.  Galena  ore  was  being  put  throu:^h 
a  muffle  furnace,  heated  to  1,000  degrees 
Centigrade,  to  determine  its  value  in 
silver  per  ton. 


SIR    JAMES     LOUGHEED,     MINISTER     OF     RECONSTRUCTION,     VISITING     THE     RUSSELL 
MOTOR    CAR    SECTION    OF    THE    EXHIBIT    OF    THE    DEPARTMENT    OF    THE    SOLDIERS' 

CIVIL   RE-ESTABLISHMENT. 


taken  that  the  general  public  might 
know  something  of  the  results  accom- 
plished. 

Occupational  therapy  was  illustrated 
in  the  many  pieces  of  fancy  work,  art 
weaving,  wood  carving,  hammered  brass 
and  bronze  articles  shown  and  in  the 
group  of  men  working  on  the  fashioning 
of  similar  objects. 

L'air  Liquide  Society  is  one  of  the 
firms  which  is  training  returned  soldiers 
and  various  welding  operations  were 
shown  in  their  portion  of  the  exhibit. 

The  Burroughes  Adding  Machine  Co. 
had  a  large  display,  about  a  dozen  men 
being  at  work  on  various  parts  of  the 
machines.  In  this  work  the  men  are  gi- 
ven a  four  months'  course,  three  months 
in  the  school  and  a  month  at  actual  work. 
The  course  includes  instruction  in  oper- 
ating, construction,  and  repairing,  em- 
bracing all  the  features  of  the  various 
machines  manufactured.  The  Burroughes 
Co.,  at  its  plant  at  Windsor,  will  employ 
none  but  returned  soldiers,  and  a  move- 
ment is  on  foot  to  have  this  rule  apply 
also  to  the  Detroit  factory. 

In  the  Russell  Motor  Car  Co.'s  cor- 
ner eight  returned  men  were  at  work, 


Roden  Bros.,  silversmiths,  demon- 
strated work  done  at  their  plant  by  re- 
turned men.  This  included  silver  polish- 
ing and  cut  glass  work.  They  give  the 
men  a  six  months'  course  in  their 
various  departments. 

The  Lanston  Monotype  Machine  Co.'s 
corner  had  several  men  engaged  on 
monotype  machines.  This  company  gives 
a  course  in  keyboard  work  or  casting  to 
returned  men,  the  former  being  open  to 
only  those  who  were  printers  before  en- 
listing. The  course  lasts  for  about  six 
weeks,  and  so  far  more  than  20  men 
have  been  turned  out  and  have  found 
good  positions. 

The  Multicolor  Sales  Co.  demonstrated 
work  with  office  presses,  which  print 
anything  from  a  business  card  to  a  dis- 
play card  nine  inches  by  fourteen.  Their 
course  lasts  two  months. 

The  Consolidated  Optical  Co.'s  train- 
ing includes  all  features  of  the  manu- 
facturing end  of  the  optical  business.  In 
their  corner  of  the  big  display  several 
returned  men  were  shown  at  work  grind- 
ing, finishing,  making  frames  and 
bridges,  etc. 


September  19,  1918. 


341 


How  Germany  Forged  U.S.  Passports  in  the  War 

Attempting  to  Give  Military  Aid  to  the  German  Empire — Large 

Sums  Were  Spent,  But  the  Fraud  Was  Soon  Detected — How  the 

Scheme  Was  Shadowed  by  Secret  Service  Men 

By  EARL  E.  SPERRY  and  WILLIS  M.  WEST,  for  U.  S.  Commission  on  Public  Information. 


THE  third  chief  purpose  of  Ger- 
many's diplomatic  officials  in  the 
United  States  was  to  send  troops 
and  munitions  to  the  Central  Empires. 
When  the  war  began  in  July,  1914,  large 
numbers  of  German  reservists  were  living 
in  America,  and  in  order  to  avoid  capture 
on  their  way  home  many  of  them  sought 
under  false  names  to  obtain  passports  as 
American  citizens.  They  thus  violated 
the  law  that  American  passports  shall  be 
issued  only  to  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  also  discredited  genuine  pass- 
ports, thereby  causing  delay  and  distress 
to  American  citizens  abroad.  Their 
action  also  was  a  violation  of  America's 
neutrality  and  endangered  its  national 
honor  and  safety. 

In  order  to  have  at  hand  an  adequate 
supply  of  counterfeit  passports,  the  Ger- 
man Embassy  maintained  an  office  in  New 
York  City,  directed  by  Captain  von  Papen, 
where  they  were  forged  by  wholesale. 
German  consuls  in  distant  cities,  as  Chi- 
cago and  St.  Paul,  were  informed  concern- 
ing this  office  and  sent  there  for  passports 
the  reservists  from  their  several  localities. 
These  operations  were  known  almost 
from  the  first  to  the  United  States  Secret 
Service.  Hans  A.  von  Wedell,  who  man- 
aged the  office,  took  alarm  and  fled  in 
November,  1914,  supplied  with  money  by 
von  Papen.  In  the  following  letter,  found 
on  one  of  his  associates,  who  was  arrested 
before  he  had  an  opportunity  to  post  it, 
von  Wedell  exonerates  himself  from  the 
charge  of  deserting  his  post  and  shows 
the  complicity  of  the  German  Ambassador 
in  the  business  of  forging  passports: 

His  Excellency.  The  Imperial  German  Ambassador, 
Count  von  Bernstorff,  Washington.  D.C. : 

.  .  .  My  work  was  done.  At  my  departure 
I  left  the  service  well  organized,  and  worked  out 
in  minute  detail,  in  the  hands  of  my  successor, 
Mr.  Karl  Ruroede,  picked  out  by  myself.  .  .  . 
Also.  Ruroede  will  testify  to  you  that  without 
my  preliminary  labors,  it  would  be  impossible 
for  him.  as  well  as  for  Mr.  von  Papen,  to  for- 
ward ott'icers  in  any  way  whatever.  (He  then 
explains  in  detail  his  reason  for  hiding.)  .  .  . 
Ten  days  before  my  departure  I  learned  from  a 
telegram  sent  me  by  Mr.  von  Papen 
that  Dr.  Starck  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
British.  That  gentleman's  forged  papers  were 
liable  to  come  back  and  could  ...  be  traced 
to  me.  Mr.  von  Papen  had  repeatedly  and 
urgently  ordered  me  to  hide  myself.  Mr.  Igel  told 
me  that  I  was  taking  the  matter  altogether  too 
lightly,  and  that  I  ought,  for  God's  sake,  to  dis- 
appear. 

With  expressions  of  the  most  exquisite  consider- 
ation,   I  am  your  Excellency's 

Very  respectfully, 
(Sgd.)   HANS  ADAM  VON  WEDELL. 

The  connection  of  von  Wedell  with  the 
German  Embassy  in  the  United  States  is 
further  shown  by  the  following  entry  in 
the  checkbook  of  Captain  von  Papen: 

1914 

Nov.  21-  A.    von    Wedell     1300 

••      24~(  For     Wedell)      240 

••      27— (For  Wedell)  180 

•'      30 -'Wedell .-iOO 


Dec.     5— Wedell      T,00 

8    -Wedell   (journey  money)    300 

22 — von     Wedell     800 

Karl  Ruroede  at  once  took  up  von 
Wedell's  work  in  a  different  office.  He 
was  under  the  constant  surveillance  of 
Secret  Service  men,  one  of  whom  entered 
his  employ  and  made  frequent  reports, 
from  one  of  which  an  extract  follows,  con- 
cerning conversations  with  Ruroede: 

"You  say  von  Wedell  spent  $3,500  of  his  own 
money?"  I  asked.  "No,  no,  he  got  it  from  the 
fund."  "Well,  who  puts  up  this  fund?"  said 
Ruroede.  "You  see.  there  is  a  German  captain 
here  who  is  attached  to  the  German  Embassy  at 
Washington.  .  He  has  a  list  of  German  reservists 
in  this  country,  and  is  in  touch  with  the  German 
consulates  throughout  the  country,  and  in  Peru, 
Chile.  Mexico,  etc.  He  communicates  with  them, 
and  the  consuls  send  reservists  on  to  New  York. 
On  their  arrival  the  Captain  tells  them 
"Go  down  and  see  Ruroede.*  Sometimes  he  gives 
them  his  card.  ...  He  draws  on  this  fund 
for  $29  or  $300  or  $1,000,  whatever  he  needs,  and 
the  checks  read,  'On  account  of  Reserves.'  You 
see  they  have  to  have  food  and  clothing,  so  there's 
nothing  to  show  that  the  money  is  used  for  pass- 
ports. ...  I  meet  the  captain  once  a  week 
.  and  he  gives  me  whatever  money  I  need. 
You  know  there  must  be  no  letters,  no 
accounts,    nothing   in    writing." 

"If  things  work  out  all  right  now."  he  said,  "we 
shall  be  good  for  three  or  four  hundred  passports, 
and    no    telling   how   many   more." 

When  the  Norwegian  steamer  Bergens- 
fjord  sailed  on  January  2,  1915,  she  had 
on  board  four  German  reservists,  all  of 
whom  were  provided  with  American  pass- 
ports by  Ruroede,  who  had  unknowingly 
obtained  them  from  a  United  States 
Secret  Service  man.  As  the  big  liner 
dropped  down  the  bay  she  was  followed 
by  a  United  States  Revenue  Cutter  with 
Federal  officers.  At  quarantine  they 
boarded  the  steamer,  arrested  the  reserv- 
ists, and  brought  them  back  to  New  York. 
Ruroede  also  was  arrested,  pleaded  guilty 
at  his  trial,  and  was  sentenced  to  three 
years  in  the  Federal  penitentiary  at 
Atlantic.  The  reservists,  guilty  of  forg- 
ery, were  punished  by  fines  of  $200  each. 
Charles  A.  Oberwager  was  Ruroede's 
counsel,  and  under  date  of  January  6, 
1915,  Captain  von  Papen's  checkbook  con- 
tained the  following  entry:  "(For 
Oberwager)    $2,000." 

German  agents  in  Chicago  were  mak- 
ing a  similar  use  of  American  passports. 
A  German  reservist  reported  the  follow- 
ing conversation  with  G.  H.  Jacobsen, 
who  was  implicated  in  many  criminal 
undertakings  in  aid  of  Germany: 

Jacobsen  told  me  that  an  officer  who  had  some- 
one else's  citizenship  (passport)  had  shipped  for 
Germany,  and  when  he  reached  Holland  the  papers 
would  be  delivered  to  some  German  agent  and 
sent  back,  and  I  could  then  use  them  to  leave  the 
United  States. 

Jacobsen  obtained  citizenship  papers  for  the 
use  of  German  officers  from  members  of  the  Ger- 
man Club;  and  when  the  description  did  not  fit 
the  person  who  was  to  use  it,  a  German  printer 
in  Chicago  made  the  description  -fit  by  changing  it. 

There  are  many  cases,  from  which  the 
following  are  a  selection,  in  which   Am- 


erican passports  were  fraudulently  pro- 
cured and  used  for  unneutral  purposes. 
Captain  Boy-Ed,  Richard  P.  Stegler,  a 
German  citizen,  Richard  Madden,  and 
Vincent  Cook  secured  through  conspiracy 
an  American  passport  to  be  used  by 
Stegler  while  serving  as  a  spy  in  Europe. 
Boy-Ed  financed  and  directed  Stegler's 
operations,  but  was  protected  from  prose- 
cution by  his  diplomatic  immunity.  Mad- 
den and  Cobk  were  sentenced  to  ten 
months  and  Stegler  to  sixty  days  in  jail. 

Ilbert  Sanders  and  Charles  Wunnen- 
berg,  German  agents  in  this  country,  have 
pleaded  guilty  in  New  York  to  the  charge 
of  sending  German  spies  to  England 
equipped  with  American  passports  which 
was  used  by  Stephen  Geisner,  an  attache 
of  the  Austrian-'Hungarian  Consulate  at 
New  York  City,  to  return  to  Austria. 

The  diplomatic  officials  of  Germany 
hired  American  citizens  protected  by 
genuine  passports  to  use  them  for  dis- 
honorable and  unneutral  purposes,  such 
as  to  carry  German  dispatches  and  to 
act  as  spies  in  England.  E.  G.  Woodford, 
for  example,  who  was  sent  to  Europe  by 
German  officials  here  was  paid  $550  ff>r 
his  services  on  orders  from  Berlin.  The 
payments  to  him  are  recorded  in  the  cash- 
book  of  Wolf  von  Igel. 

Fraudulent  Manifests 

German  agents  in  the  United  States 
also  endeavored  to  give  military  aid  to 
their  country  by  sending  coal  and  other 
supplies  to  German  warships  which  were 
raiding  commerce  in  both  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans.  Such  action  was  a 
violation  of  American  neutrality,  and  in 
order  to  evade  the  law  the  conspirators 
took  false  oaths  before  Federal  officials 
concerning  the  ownership  of  vessels,  the 
nature  of  their  cargoes,  and  their  des- 
tination. These  acts,  even  more  than  the 
use  of  forged  passports,  were  likely  to 
cause  friction  between  the  United  States 
and  countries  with  which  it  was  at  peace. 

The  Hamburg-American  Line,  through 
its  high  officials  in  New  York,  repeatedly 
defrauded  the  United  States  by  procuring 
false  manifests.  Among  those  involved 
were  Dr.  Buenz,  managing  director, 
George  Koetter,  superintending  engineer, 
Adolph  Hachmeister,  purchasing  agent, 
and  Joseph  Pappinghaus,  who  together 
worked  up  an  elaborate  machinery  to  de- 
ceive the  Government.  They  confessed  at 
their  trial  that  they  had  sent  out  twelve 
ships,  which  were  proved  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  have  fraudulent  papers  and  all  of 
which  were  captured  and  interned  before 
reaching  their  destination.  Nine  of  these 
vessels  were  chartered,  and  the  Hamburg- 
American  Line  paid  to  the  owners  for 
their  losses  about  $1,400,000.  The  fol- 
lowing copy  of  Captain  Boy-Ed's  account 


342 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


at  a  New  York  bank  indicates  that  he  had 
large  sums  at  his  disposal  for  conducting 
Germany's  naval  operations  from  the 
United  States,  and  that  he  reimbursed  the 
Hamburg-American  Line  for  this  and 
other  expenditures: 

1914 
July  M — Received  from  National  Bank 

of    Commerce    »    250.000.00 

"  M— Received  from  A.  Vogel  ...  70.000.00 
Aiw.     1— Received  from  National  City 

Bank       100.000.00 

1- Received  from  Speyer  &  Co.      100.000.00 
2— Received  from  National  City 

Bank     200.000.00 

S— Received  from  Speyer  &  Co.      500,000.00 
"        S — Received     from     Bayer     Co.. 

I„e 300,000.00 

"      IS— Received    from    Kuhn,    Loeb 

4    Co 35.000. 00 

••      24- Interest 1341.11 

OcL  26— Received   from   National  City 

B,nl(     300.000.00 

27— Received    from    Kuhn.    Loeb 

4    Co 150.000.00 

••      29 — Received    from    Kuhn,    lK>eb 

4    Co  1, 200000. 00 

Dec.     1-Int«r<it     S.253.00 

$3,262,197.11 
Oct,  24— Paid    to    Hamburg-American 

Line      $1,200,000.00 

D-c     2 — Paid    to    Hambursr-American 

Line    1,%1,366.36 

Gustav  B.  Kulenkampf  of  New  York, 
who  was  employed  by  the  Hamburg-Am- 
erican Line  to  draw  up  the  false  mani- 
fests, stated  at  the  trial  that  he  received 
$750,000,  which  was  subject  to  the  order 
of  Captain  Boy-Ed,  naval  attache  of  the 
German  Embassy,  and  was  largely  spent 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  His  evidence  proved 
that,  like  the  forgery  of  passports,  fraud 
and  perjury  were  committed  under  the 
direction  of  German  officials  protected  by 
the  diplomatic  privileges  which  all  civil- 
zed  nations  consider  sacred.  Buenz, 
Koetter,  and  Hachmeister  were  found 
guilty  of  conspiracy  to  defraud  the 
United  States,  and  were  sentenced  in 
December,  1915,  to  eighteen  months  in 
the  Federal  penitentiary  at  Atlanta. 
Pappinghaus  was  sentenced  to  a  year  and 
a  day. 

Similar  means  were  employed  by  Ger- 
man agents  on  the  western  coast  under 
the  direction  of  Captain  Boy-Ed  to  send 
orovisions  and  coal  to  German  raiders  in 
the  Pacific.  The  steamers  Sacramento 
and  Mazatlan  were  there  engaged  in  this 
illicit  traffic.  When  the  Sacramento  once 
cleared  with  a  large  cargo  for  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  but  reached  there  empty,  the  cap- 
tain explained  that  on  the  way  down  she 
had  been  commandeered  bv  the  German 
fleet  and  her  cargo  removed.  Besides  the 
Hamburg-American  officials  alreadv 
mentioned,  more  than  15  individuals  and 
firms  have  been  convicted  in  the  United 
States  courts  of  fraud  or  perjury  in  their 
efforts  to  assist  Germany  by  illegal  means. 

Perjury  was  also  employed  in  a  notable 
instance  to  justify  Germany's  conduct. 
When  the  passenger  liner  Lusitania  was 
sunk  by  a  submarine  on  May  7,  1915,  with 
its  great  load  of  non-combatants,  the  Ger- 
man Government  and  its  ambassador  in 
America  asserted  tht  she  was  in  law  and 
fact  ship  of  war  because  laden  with  am- 
munition and  armed  with  four  cannon.  In 
order  to  nrove  this  statement.  Ambassa- 
dor von  Bernstorff  sent  to  the  Department 
ot  State  four  affidavits  swearing  that  the 
Liiaitania  was  armed.  Three  of  these 
were  worthless    as   testimony,    and   the 


fourth  had  been  procured  by  Paul  Koenig, 
of  the  Hamburg-American  Line,  from 
Gustav  Stahl,  a  German  reservist.  Fed- 
eral officials  knew  that  the  Lusitania  was 
not  armed  and  that  Stahl  must  have  sworn 
falsely.  He  was  accordingly  tried  for 
perjury,  confessed  his  guilt,  and  was 
sentenced  to  eighteen  months  in  the 
Federal  penitentiary  at  Atlanta. 
Violations  of  Parole 

When  the  British  fleet  was  clearing  the 
seas  of  enemy  warships,  two  German 
cruisers,  Printz  Eitel  Friedrich  and  Kron- 
prinz  Wilhelm  sought  refuge  in  the  har- 
bor of  Norfolk,  where  they  were  interned. 
The  German  officers  pledged  their  word 
of  honor  to  our  Government,  which  had 
opened  the  harbor  for  their  protection, 
that  they  would  not  escape  from  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Uni  ed  States,  and  accord- 
ingly were  allowed  every  liberty. 

Several  officers  of  the  Kronprim 
Wilhelm.  purchased  a  yacht  after  some 
weeks  had  passed,  on  the  pretense  that  it 
was  for  pleasure  cruises.  They  secretly 
stocked  it  with  supplies  and  one  night 
sailed  away.  They  were  given  the  neces- 
sary funds  for  their  escape  by  the  Gerniar 
Consul  at  Richmond,  and  Captain  Boy-Ed 
filed  a  message  at  Sayville,  asking  Van 
German  authorities  in  Berlin  for  instruc- 
tions for  these  officers.  Paroled  German 
officers  at  San  Francisco  and  Guam  aUo 
violated  their  oaths  to  remain  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  United  States. 
The  Military  Information  Bureau 

The  collection  of  data  concerning  the 
production  of  war  materials  in  the  United 
States  and  its  transmission  to  Germany 
were  among  the  many  duties  of  Am- 
bassador von  Bernstorff  and  his  attaches. 
A  Military  Information  Bureau  under 
the  direction  of  Captain  von  Papen  was 
maintained  for  this  purpose  at  60  Wall 
Street,  New  York  City.  The  following 
memorandum  found  among  the  papers 
seized  there  by  the  Federal  authorities 
gives  some  insight  into  the  methods  of 
von  Papen: 

(Strictly  Confidential) 

New   York.   December   16,    1915. 

Memorandum. — This  refers  to  my  call  at  your 
residence  on  Monday  last,  during  which  you  re- 
quested me  that  I  should  make  every  effort  to 
get  particulars  regarding  a  certain  rifle,  said 
to  be  manufactured  by  the  Westinghouse  Company. 

In  connection  herewith  I  have  now  made  cer- 
tain connections  which  may  result  in  being  able 
to  accomplish  the  above.  I  have  been  given  to 
understand  that  I  may  even  procure  a  sample,  if 
it  can   be   had. 

As  this  matter  may  necessitate  an  expenditure 
of  from  $100  to  $200,  would  ask  you  to  consider 
whether  it  would  be  advisable  to  lay  out  such 
an  amount  for  information  of  this  kind,  including 
a  sample  rifle ;  should  the  latter  not  be  absolutely 
necessary,  probably  I  can  secure  a  description 
of  the  rifle  at  a  very  limited  expense. 

Would  appreciate  if  you  would  let  me  know 
what  is  desired. 

Yours     faithfully. 

XXX. 

"XXX"  was  the  symbol  used  in  con- 
fidential correspondence  with  the  German 
Embassy  and  its  attaches  to  designate 
Paul  Koenig,  director  of  spies,  who, 
among  many  other  duties,  collected  in- 
formation about  the  manufacture  and 
transportation  of  munitions.  His  most 
valuable  source  of  knowledge  was  a  clerk 
in  the  National  City  Bank  of  New  York, 
Frederick  Schleindl,  through  whose  hands 
pa"!sed  not  only  telegrams  from  the  Allied 
otates  transmitting  money  for  the  pur- 


chase of  war  materials,  but  also  orders 
for  them  and  letters  of  advice  from  the 
manufacturers,  which  frequently  named 
the  railway  by  which  the  munitions  were 
transported  and  the  vessels  to  which  they 
were  consigned.  For  men  who  were  en- 
deavor.r.g  to  burn  or  blow  up  munition 
ships,  such  information  was  invaluable. 

Schleindl  went  at  least  once  a  week  to 
Koorig's  office  in  the  Hamburg- American 
building  with  letters  from  various  mili- 
tary attaches,  agents,  and  brokers  of  the 
Allies.  These  and  other  stolen  documents 
were  copied  and  then  restored  to  the  files 
of  the  bank  on  the  following  morning. 
Schleindl  received  from  Koenig  $25  a 
week  for  this  service. 

That  Hans  Tauscher  also  assisted  von 
Papen  in  the  work  of  gathering  military 
information  is  shown  by  a  bill  of  $157.65 
sent  to  him  by  B.  Glaser,  of  New  York 
City,  for  "investigating  and  obtaining 
cartridges  from  December  4  to  December 
10."  This  investigation  was  made  at 
Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  and  to  obtain 
the  desired  information  and  the  samples 
of  cartridges,  money  was  paid  to  girls 
and  forewomen  employed  in  the  factories. 
Captain  von  Papen's  checkbook  shows 
the  following  record:  "Dec.  18,  H. 
Tauscher  (for  Glaser,  Bridgeport), 
$157.65." 

One  Theodore  Otto  also  made  frequent 
statistical  reports  to  the  German  embassy 
on  the  manufacture  of  munitions  and 
arms  at  various  American  factories. 


A  notice  in  a  German  technical  paper 
for  May  8th  states  that  the  important 
Bavarian  establishments  for  the  produc- 
tion of  nitric  acid  from  the  air  are  to 
undergo  considerable  extension,  in  which 
some  200,000  horse-power  of  water- 
power  will  be  used.  A  strong  syndicate 
of  bankers  and  others  has  been  formed 
to  carry  out  the  scheme,  which  will  in- 
volve a  capital  of  150  million  marks. 
*       *       * 

THE  ELECTRIC  furnace  has  mnde  pos- 
sible what  may  be  regarded  as  almost 
a  revolution  in  the  steel  industry.  It 
is  the  conversion  of  scrap  steel  or  iron 
hick  into  pie;  iron.  What  mav  be  cal'ed 
"synthetic  pig  iron"  is  now  a  commercial 
product;  in  other  words,  the  original 
constituents  of  pig  iron  are  being  made 
to  reunite  in  the  condition  originally  as- 
sumed. This  unusual  achievement  is 
another  evidence  of  the  adaptability  of 
electrical  energy  to  the  production  of 
results  impossible  by  any  other  means. 
The  new  process  is  being  applied  com- 
mercially in  a  large  electric  steel  plant 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States, 
high-grade  or-  low-phosphorus  pig  iron 
being  made  directly  from  ordinary  scrap 
steel.  Not  only  is  pig  iron  being  pro- 
duced in  large  quantities,  but  "wash" 
metal  and  iron  and  steel  castings  are 
made  in  the  same  furnaces.  The  pig 
iron  sells  in  the  open  market  as  a  com- 
petitor with  regular  low-phosphorus 
b'ast-furnace  iron,  the  wash-metal  goes 
to  crucible  steel  makers,  and  the  iron 
castings  are  sold  to  local  users,  or  else 
are  used  by  the  company  in  its  rolling 
mill.  The  idea  is  not  new,  but  this  is 
the  first  record  of  its  commercial  exploit- 
ation in  the  United  States. 


J 


September  19,  1918. 


343 


Safety  Code  for  the  Operation  of  Electric  Cranes 

Association  of  Iron  and  Steel  Electrical  Engineers  Formulates 

Complete  Set  of  Rules  For  Operators — Adoption  of  Rules  Will 

Lead  to  Fewer  Accidents  and  Less  Loss 


A  COMPLETE  set  of  rules  for  the 
safe  operation  of  electric  cranes 
which  may  be  the  means  of  avoid- 
ing heavy  losses  through  damage  claims 
and  which  were  prepared  after  an  exhaus- 
tive study  of  the  situation  with  respect  to 
the  rights  of  employers  and  employees 
and  the  law  was  presented  to  the  Associa- 
tion of  Iron  and  Steel  Electrical  En- 
gineers by  its  safety  committee  at  the 
association's  twelfth  annual  convention  in 
Baltimore,  Sept.  11-14. 

The  committee  in  its  report  emphasized 
the  necessity  of  the  employer  placing  in 
the  hands  of  his  employees  printed  rules 
that  should  be  complied  with  for  preven- 
tion of  accidents,  stating  that  only  by  so 
.doing  may  the  employer  remove  the  possi- 
bility of  an  injured  workman  obtaining 
excessive  damages  on  the  grounds  that  he 
had  not  been  properly  warned.  Verbal 
instruction  may  be  denied  and  a  doubt 
created  which  would  be  favorable  to  the 
contestant.  The  law  implie?  and  in  some 
cases  demands  that  hazards  of  every  sit- 
uation employees  are  brought  in  contact 
with  shall  be  made  known  to  them  before 
they  begin  work;  also  that  they  be  in- 
structed how  to  do  their  work  so  that  no 
injury  befall  themselves  or  fellow  work- 
men. 

The  committee  declares  that  the  rules 
should  be  understood  by  employers  as  well 
as  employees  and  that  they  should  be 
carried  out  even  at  the  cost  of  delays. 
The  rules  provide  for  their  own  enforce- 
ment, each  rule  being  followed  by  ex- 
planatory paragraphs  stating  the  author- 
ity and  duty  of  the  employee.  The  rules 
follow : 

1.  While  the  operators  of  cranes 
usually  are  subject  to  orders  of  operating 
foremen,  in  the  departments  where  they 
are  employed,  they  should  not  start  a 
motor  even  when  ordered  to  do  so,  if  so 
doing  is  likely  to  cause  an  accident. 

(a)  A  signal  to  stop  the  travel  of  a 
crane  or  tne  movement  of  any  of  its  parts, 
by  whoever  given,  should  be  obeyed. 

(b)  A  motor  should  not  be  started, 
to  make  a  lift,  if  the  operator  knows  that 
an  improper  hitch  has  been  made  with 
chains  or  slings,  or  if  hooks  permanently 
attached  to  the  crane  fixtures  are  not  pro- 
perly adjusted. 

(c)  In  any  case  of  doubt  as  to  making 
a  lift  with  safety  the  crane  operator 
should  call  the  attention  of  the  foreman 
in  charge  to  the  condition  that  created  the 
doubt. 

2.  The  crane  operator  should  be  held 
responsible  for  the  safe  condition  of  his 
crane  insomuch  as  he  should  know  by 
observation  from  his  cab  and  from  in- 
spections of  the  entire  crane. 

(a)  He  should  see  that  all  bearings 
are  properly  oiled;  that  all  cables  are 
traveling  properly  on  their  drums;  that 


brakes,  limited  devices,  controllers, 
switches,  hooks,  yokes,  blocks  and  other 
attachments  are  in  good  and  proper  con- 
dition. 

3.  Operation  of  cranes  while  doing 
construction  or  repair  work  should  be  gov- 
erned by  a  code  of  signals  prescribed  by 
the  managemeht.  They  should  be  given 
by  some  one  person  known  by  the  oper- 
ator to  have  authority.  On  occasions 
when  it  obviously  is  necessary  to  deviate 
from  this  rule  the  operator  should  act 
with  exceeding  caution. 

(a)  Cranes  engaged  in  their  regular 
routine  work  should  follow  such  practices 
as  is  the  custom  in  the  mills  they  are 
operated  in  and  as  has  been  agreed  on  by 
the  operating  management. 

(b)  Changing  rolls,  removing  and  re- 
placing parts  of  machinery,  working  two 
cranes  to  lift  one  load,  and  all  unusual 
operations  are  classified  with  repair  work 
and  operators  should  be  governed  by 
signals  when  cranes  are  so  employed. 

4.  When  more  than  one  crane  is  oper- 
ating on  a  runway,  an  audible  signal 
should  be  sounded,  to  avoid  collisions 
when  moving.  Signals  should  be  sounded 
when  cranes  are  moving  while  carrying 
suspended  loads  in  the  vicinity  of  where 
men  are  working. 

5.  Cranes  carrying  material  should  be 
so  manipulated  as  to  avoid  carrying  sus- 
pended loads,  or  magnets  with  or  without 
loads,  over  men  working  below.  In  cases 
where  men  working  below  cannot  or  do 
not  from  any  cause  whatever  move  away 
the  crane  should  stop  if  the  line  of  travel 
of  the  load  or  magnet  is  over  the  work- 
men. 

6.  Operators  on  leaving  their  crane 
cabs  to  inspect,  oil  or  repair  parts,  or  to 
get  off  the  crane,  should  open  the  main 
switch  and  lock  it  open  with  a  safety  seal 
lock. 

(a)  Switches  controlling  the  current 
to  magnets  should  be  kept  constantly  open 
and  locked  open  while  the  magnets  are 
detached,  or  while  they  are  not  in  use. 

(b)  On  notification  from  workmen 
that  they  want  to  disconnect  the  magnet, 
the  operator  should  open  the  main  switch 
and  lock  it  open,  before  the  wires  are  dis- 
connected. 

7.  When  handling  ladles  filled  with 
molten  metal,  the  brakes  for  controlling 
ladle  hoists  should  be  tried  to  see  if  they 
are  in  good  working  order  before  the 
ladle  is  moved  from  over  its  support.  To 
make  this  trial  the  ladle  should  be  lifted  a 
slight  distance,  then  apply  the  brake  to 
see  if  it  will  hold  the  load. 

(a)  Ladle  cranes  with  but  single 
motors  and  outfits  for  the  ladle  hoists 
should  not  be  used  to  handle  a  ladle  con- 
taining metal  when  the  brakes  will  not 
hold. 
8.    Operators  should  not  leave  the  crane 


cab  for  any  purpose  whatever  while  a  heat 
of  metal  is  suspended  from  the  crane.  In 
case  any  adjustment  of  parts  of  the  crane 
is  required  help  should  be  called  on  to 
make  it. 

9.  Operator?  should  b-!  responsibl.-i  ff  r 
preventing  men  from  riding  on  their 
cranes  who  are  not  required  to  do  so  for 
some  purpose.  They  al.so  should  be 
responsible  for  preventing  men  from  rid- 
ing on  any  attachment  to  the  cranes  as 
hooks,  magnets,  etc. 

(a)  At  all  times,  whether  carrying 
load.i  or  not,  hooks  and  chains  should  be 
kept  high  enough  to  clear  men  or  appar- 
atus below  the  crane. 

(b)  Blocks  should  not  be  lowered  be- 
low a  point  where  less  than  one  and  one- 
half  turns  of  cable  will  remain  on  the 
drum. 

10.  It  is  not  good  practice  to  make  side 
pulls.  If  they  are  permitted  they  never 
should  be  made  by  use  of  ladle  hoist. 

11.  Prompt  action  is  required  to  stop 
the  descent  of  a  load  when  the  brake  will 
not  hold.  If  it  should  be  necessary  to 
apply  power  to  a  motor  in  order  to  stop 
tiie  travel  of  a  crane  or  the  descent  of  a 
load  the  contact  point  of  the  controller 
lever  should  be  moved  for  lifting  or 
reversing  as  the  case  may  require,  one 
point  only  beyond  the  off  position.  If  this 
does  not  give  enough  power  then  try  the 
second  point,  continuing  the  movement 
one  point  at  a  time  as  r.o'ossliy  requires, 
but  V.I)  mere  power  should  be  applied  than 
is  actually  required  to  bring  the  crane  or 
load  to  a  stop. 

12.  Two  or  more  safety  seal  locks  for 
locking  switches  open  should  be  carried 
in  crane  cabs  along  with  the  tool  equip- 
ment. These  locks  should  not  be  used  for 
any  other  purpose  than  to  keep  a  circuit 
open  when  the  closing  of  it  might  cause 
an  accident. 

(a>  The  crane  operator  should  use  a 
r-afety  lock  for  locking  the  main  switch 
open  every  time  he  leaves  the  cab  to  go 
on  the  crane  runway,  or  out  on  the  crane 
for  inspaction  or  to  make  adjustment  of 
parts. 

(b)  The  inspector  should,  in  addition 
to  notifying  the  crane  operator  of  his 
intentions,  use  a  safety  lock  for  locking 
the  main  switch  open,  every  time  he  goes 
out  on  the  crane. 

(c)  Repairmen  should  in  addition  to 
notifying  the  crane  operator  of  their  in- 
tentions, use  a  safety  lock  for  locking  the 
main  switch  open  every  time  they  go  on 
the  crane.  The  foreman  in  charge  of  re- 
pairs should  be  responsible  for  locking 
open  the  main  switch  and  all  individual 
switches,  while  repairs  are  going  on  and 
for  removing  the  locks  when  the  repairs 
are  finished  and  the  men  are  off  the  cranj. 


344 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


NATIONAL    IMPORTANCE    OF     EN- 
GINEERING  INDUSTRIES 

During  the  past  four  years  we  have 
learnt  more  than  in  the  previous  four 
decades  concerning  the  national  import- 
ance of  certain  industries.  When  we  say 
"we"  we  mean  our  legislative  represen- 
tatives, public  men,  and  government  of- 
ficials, and  possibly  hundreds  of  thous- 
ands of  toilers  who  earned  their  daily 
bread  in  industries  of  whose  larger  as- 
pects or  bearing  they  knew  but  little. 
Engineers  as  a  body  cannot  be  included 
in  that  "we,"  for  large  numbers  of  them, 
profiting  from  the  nature  of  their  call- 
ing, and  from  the  stimulus  that  the 
greatness  of  engineering  work  imparts 
to  the  imagination,  have  known  some- 
thing of  the  value  of  their  achievements 
to  civilization  and  the  general  develop- 
ment throughout  the  world.  It  is  satis- 
factory that,  under  the  influence  of  tlie 
terrible  events  of  the  war,  the  necessity 
for  deciding  what*  is  and  what  is  not 
essential  for  the  successful  conduct  of 
military  and  naval  operations  has 
brought  both  us  and  our  industries  un- 
der close  examination.  Engineering  and 
engineering  workers  have  emerged  from 
the  experience  with  such  a  testimony 
concerning  their  usefulness  to  the  hu- 
man race  as  should  not  only  gratify  them 
for  the  present,  but  should  auger  well 
for  very  many  years  to  come.  Nobo^v 
can  read  the  reports  that  have  been  pub- 
lished during  the  last  few  weeks  regard- 
ing the  engineering,  iron  and  steel.  an'I 
electrical  industries,  and  the  measures 
that  should  be  tnken  for  safesfuirding 
them  against  international  competition 
after  the  war,  without  being  impresszd 
with  the  great  importance  of  these  in- 
dustries to  the  nation  and  to  the  British 
Empire  as  a  whole.  It  is  not  necessary 
to  be  an  engineer,  or  even  remotely  con- 
nected with  the  industries,  in  order  to 
appreciate  how  much  they  mean  to  mil- 
lions of  our  population;  therefore  it  is 
not  unreasonable  to  hope  that  in  the 
legislative  and  in  political  life,  which 
have  not  in  the  past  counted  engineers 
among  them  in  any  fair  proportion, 
there  will  be  a  desire  to  adopt  as  many 
as  possible  of  the  recommendations  now 
advanced.  The  report  of  the  Electrical 
Trades  Committee  occupies  its  opening 
pages  with  a  fairly  full  statement  on 
the  national  importance  of  the  electrical 
industry,  which,  it  says,  has  never  been 
realized  either  by  government  or  by  the 
p'eneral  public,  with  the  consequence  that 
both  the  industry  and  the  country  have 
suffered  from  legislative  errors.  It  is 
even  said  that  the  loss  sustained  by  the 
nation  through  failure  to  take  full  ad- 
vantage of  electrical  progress  is  estimat- 
ed by  "witnesses  of  high  authority"  at 
not  less  than  £100.000,000  a  year,  and  it 
is  added  that  that  loss  is  preventable  by 
concentrating  generation  under  improv- 
ed administration.  The  war  is  stated  by 
the  committee  to  have  demonstrated  the 
safety  of  the  Empire  to  be  dependent  on 
the  employment  of  electricity.  What  is 
meant  by  this  is  that  the  output  of  mu- 
nitions in  the  great  industrial  areas 
could  not  possibly  have  attained  any- 
thing like  its  present  scale  had  not  an 


enormous  aggregate  horsepower  of  elec- 
trical energy  been  available  for  the  sup- 
ply of  power  and  light.  "The  emergency 
has  proved  the  electrical  industry  to  be 
a  'key'  industry." 


THE  ELASTIC  LIMIT 

We  have  long  held  the  view  that  only 
under  special  conditions  and  kinds  of 
stress  does  the  elastic  limit  form  a  proper 
basis  for  the  proportioning  of  machine 
parts  or  the  elements  of  structures.  To 
this  general  rule  the  main  exception  is 
provided  by  the  case  of  alternating 
stresses.  Here  the  trend  of  experience 
gives  support  to  the  view  that  safety  is 
to  be  sought  by  keeping  the  range  of 
stress  within  the  elastic  range  of  the 
material.  In  some  other  cases  it  is  also 
advisable  to  use  the  elastic  limit  as  the 
basis  for  proportioning  dimensions,  since 
even  though  an  excessive  stress  might 
not  actually  endanger  the  safety  of  the 
structure,  the  risk  of  a  permanent  set 
may  be  highly  undesirable. 

As  instancing  how  little  the  safety  of 
structures,  strained  in  one  direction  only 
is  dependent  on  the  elastic  limit,  the 
bombs  used  by  Professor  Bridgman  in 
his  experiments  on  the  behaviour  of  ma- 
terials under  extremely  high  pressures 
may  be  referred  to.  The  process  of  pro- 
ducing them  is  described  by  Dr.  J.  John- 
ston in  a  paper  published  in  the  "Journal 
of  the  Franklin  Institute."  A  block  of 
steel,  after  appropriate  heat  treatment, 
is  bored  with  a  hole  1  mm.  less  in  dia- 
meter than  the  intended  final  dimension. 
This  is  then  filled  with  kerosene  oil  and 
subjected  to  a  pressure  of  20,000  atmos- 
pheres or  more.  This  causes  a  bellying 
out  of  the  hole,  which  is  then  reamed 
to  its  final  diameter.  Under  this  treat- 
ment the  metal  is  so  strengthened  and 
stiffened  that  the  bomb  is  capable  of 
carrying  repeated  applications  of  pres- 
sures of  10,000  atmospheres  or  more. 
The  leak-proof  piston  used  with  these 
bombs  consists  of  a  hardened  steel  plug 
finished  a  nice  fit  to  the  hole.  This 
piston  is  packed  by  a  series  of  washers, 
successively  of  rubber,  copper,  and  of 
soft  steel,  which  are  followed  by  a  hard- 
ened steel  collar  which  takes  the  thrust 
of  the  ram  by  which  the  pressure  is  ap- 
plied. 

The  methods  followed  by  Professor 
Bridgman  have,  we  think,  a  bearing  upon 
turbine  engineering.  With  the  rapid  in- 
crease in  size  and  speeds  the  stresses  on 
the  wheels  at  the  exhaust  end  of  the 
turbine  have  risen  greatly,  and  further 
progress  may  be  checked  if  designers 
persisst  in  estimating  their  factors  of 
safety  on  the  basis  of  the  elastic  limit. 
The  stresses  to  which  such  wheels  are 
subjected  are  nearly  as  steady  as  hy- 
draulic pressures,  and  actual  experience 
has  shown  that  no  permanent  injury  re- 
sults even  if  the  metal  be  strained  con- 
siderably beyond  its  elastic  limit.  For 
example,  at  the  Birmingham  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  in  1913,  Mr. 
Gerald  Stoney  recalled  an  instance  in 
which  a  wheel  intended  to  be  run  at 
5,000  r.p.m.  was  by  error  tested  at  a 
speed  of  8,000  r.p.m.     The  consequence 


was  the  bore  stretched  %  inch.  No  per- 
manent injury  resulted,  however.  The 
wheel  was  rebored  and  passed  into  ser- 
vice, where  it  proved  quite  satisfactory. 
An  overstrained  material  requires  some 
little  time  to  recover  itself,  but  as  this 
was  allowed  in  the  above  instance  the 
wheel  was  probably  stronger  than  be- 
fore.— Engineering. 


A   COMEDY   OF  ERRORS 

The  Fire  Marshal  of  the  state  of  Wis- 
consin has  issued  a  bulletin  which  he 
terms  a  "Comedy  of  Errors."  It  should 
have  been  called  a  trage-ly.     It  says: 

He  looked  for  a  gas  leak  with  a  match, 
and  found  it. 

He  lighted  a  match  to  see  if  his  gaso- 
lene tank  was  empty.     It  was  not. 

He  smoked  while  filling  his  auto  tank, 
but  will  do  so  no  more. 

He  smoked  in  bed;  so  did  the  bed 
clothes. 

He  threw  the  matches  into  the  waste 
paper   basket.     He   is  wiser  now. 

He  threw  a  cigarette  stub  into  soma 
rubbish. 

He  saved  his  oilv  waste  and  oily  rags 
and  they  burned   the  shop. 

He  washed  his  hands  in  gasolene  near 
the  stove.    The  doctor  washes  them  now. 

He  did  not  worry  about  fires  as  he 
had  "plenty  of  insurance,"  and  forgot  the 
safety  of  his  wife  and  children  upstairs. 

He  stuffed  up  the  chimney  holes  with 
paper  and  rags. 

She  cleaned  her  gloves  with  gasolene 
and  saved  fifteen  cents,  but  paid  the 
doctor  and  druggist  fifteen  dollars. 

She  poured  kerosene  into  the  lamp 
while  the  wick  was  burning. 

She  put  gasolene  into  the  wash  boiler 
on  the  stove  to  make  washing  easier. 

She  dried  clothes  too  near  the  stove. 

She  used  the  wrong  oil  can. 

She  burned  sulphur  all  over  the  house 
to  fumigate. 

She  used  the  wood-box  back  of  the 
range  as  a  waste  paper  receptacle. 

She  gave  matches  to  her  children  to 
go  out  to  burn  leaves  in  the  yard.  The 
cotton  dresses  burned  easier  than  the 
leaves. 

She  was  "coming  right  back,"  so  left 
the  electric  current  on  in  her  iron. 

She  swung  the  gas  bracket  too  close 
to  the  curtains. 

She  fixed  up  a  fine  tissue  paper  shade 
for  the   lamp. 

She  filled  the  tank  of  her  gasolene 
stove  while  one  burner  was  going. 

The  comedies  have  turned  to  trage- 
dies; many  of  the  scenes  of  action  were 
in  ashes  and  too  many  of  the  actors  are 
maimed  or  .dead,  more  will  follow,  no 
doubt,  as  they  are  prone  to  ignore  the 
advice  and  experience  of  others  instead 
of  profiting  by  their  errors  and  suffer- 
ings. 


It  is  not  enough  to  be  industrious;  so 
are  the  ants.  What  are  you  industrious 
about  ? — Thoreau. 


September  19,  1918. 


345 


Laws  Governing  the  Fluidity  of  Molten  Cast  Iron 

Fluidity  Depends  on  Several  Factors  Which  Affect  the  Melting 
Point — The  Author,  in  a  Paper  Read  Before  the  British  Foundry- 
men's  Association,  Explains  Some  of  the  Vagaries  in  the  Operation 

of  the  Cupola 

By  MATTHEW  RIDELL 


THE  many  varied  and  widely  diver- 
gent views  which  are  held  by  ex- 
perienced foundrymen  concerning 
the  correct  construction  and  the  proper 
manipulation  of  the  cupola  are  too  well 
known  to  need  recounting.  The  mere 
fact  that  after  so  many  years  of  experi- 
ence and  discussion  there  should  be 
still  such  diversity  of  opinion  on  this 
topic  is  notewortny.  It  would  seem 
to  indicate  that  either  the  cupola,  or 
its  process,  is  not  the  simple  matter 
it  appears  to  be,  and  that  some  more 
scientific  explanation  than  common 
sense  is  required  for  the  solution  of 
the  problem. 

The  fluidity  of  cast  iron  depends  on 
the  amount  of  superheat  or  number 
of  degrees  of  temperature  over  and 
above  dts  fi-eezing  temperature  that 
has  been  imparted  to  it  in  the  cupola. 
The  greater  the  superheat  the  greater 
vnll  be  the  fluidity  or  degrees  of  life 
possessed  by  the  metal,  and,  other 
things  being  equal,  the  longer  will  it 
remain  fluid  to  fill  up  the  intricacies  of 
the  mold. 

Dull  Iron 
AVhen  the  metal  runs  dull  from  the 
cupola  and  is  sluggish,  its  degrees  of 
temperature  or  life  are  not  far  re- 
moved from  the  solidifying  tempera- 
ture. It  is  deficient  in  superheat. 
The  reasons  which  one  may  hear 
ascribed  in  the  foundry  for  the  poor 
working  of  the  cupola  are  many  and 
various.  Some  blame  the  air  supply 
as  too  great  or  too  strong;  others 
would  have  the  quantity  or  pressure 
reduced;  but  the  majority,  recogniz- 
ing that  the  coke  plays  a  most  im- 
portant part  in  the  production  of  heat, 
and  knowing  that  the  manager  is 
prompted  by  ccnsiderauon'^  of  econ- 
omy in  the  use  of  this  material,  are 
inclined  to  conclude  that  economy  has 
been  carried  too  far.  To  these  the 
sure  remedy  is  more  coke.  It  seems 
but  natural  to  suppose  that  an  in- 
crease of  coke  ought  to  result  in  a 
larger  amount  of  heat  being  developed 
in  the  cupola.  No  doubt  it  does  so 
result,  but  repeated  experience  shows 
that  after  a  certain  limit  of  coke  in 
the  charge  has  been  reached  further 
additions  appear  to  make  the  metal 
more  dull  instead  of  more  fluid.  This 
and  some  other  peculiarities  of  the 
cupola  which  seem  to  defy  common 
sense  explanations  have  for  a  long 
time  puzzled  the  writer,  and  the  solu- 
tion herein  advanced  occurred  to  him 
while  investigating  the  problem  in 
connection  with  semisteel  difficulties. 

Among  the  peculiarities  which  the 
present  argument  appears  to  solve 
satisfactorily    may    be    mentioned     the 


following:  Better  results  are  obtained 
in  securing  hot  metal  when  the  bed 
coke  is  not  well  lighted  above  the 
tuyeres,  before  the  blast  is  put  on 
and  the  first  iron  takes  longer  to 
come  down,  than  are  secured  when 
the  opposite  conditions  prevail.  Many 
foundrymen  have  noted  this  peculiar- 
ity, but  explanations  have  not  been 
satisfying.  Also,  it  has  been  noted 
that  foundry  irons  with  high  silicon 
arc  generally  fluid,  while  those  with 
high  sulphur  are  inclined  to  be  slug- 
gish when  melted  under  similar  cupola 
conditions.  It  appears  generally  to 
be  taken  for  granted  that  the  actual 
temperature  at  the  spout  of  these  dif- 
ferent classes  of  irons  is  the  same, 
or  approximately  so,  in  all  cases,  and 
that  the  fluidity  or  sluggishness  of 
the  metal  is  due  to  some  inherent 
quality  of  the  respective  elements — 
silicon  and  sulphur. 

Not  Satisfactory  for  Superheat 

An  examination  of  the  cupola  and 
of  its  load  will  show  that  as  an  in- 
strument for  imparting  superheat  to  a 
molten  metal  it  is  as  unsatisfactory  an 


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EQUILIBRIUM    DIAGRAM 

arrangement  as  could  have  been  de- 
vised. It  is  divided  into  three  zones, 
as  follows:  (1)  The  bed  into  which 
the  metal  flows  as  soon  as  it  is 
melted;  (2)  the  melting  zone  where 
the  maximum  heat  is  developed  and 
the  solid  metal  converted  to  the  fluid 
state;  and  (3)  the  stack  wherein  the 
descending  charge  is  being  heated  by 
the  ascending  gases. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  noted 
that  the  point  at  which  the  tempera- 
ture is  high  enough  to  melt  the  solid 
iron  is  well  removed  from  and  over 
the  basin  or  well  into  which  it  flows 
when  melted.  After  the  door  of  the 
cupola  has  bsen  made  up  there  is  no 
combustion  going  on  in  the  bed  coke 
below    the    tuyeres    and,    therefore,    no 


heat  is  being  generated  in  that  quar- 
ter. So  soon  as  the  metal  reaches  its 
melting  temperature  and  becomes  fluid 
in  the  melting  zone  it  passes  rapidly 
away  from  this  high-temperature  zone 
into  the  basin  at  the  bottom  of  the 
bed.  In  some  cases  it  passes  out  of  the 
cupola  altogether,  and  consequently 
cannot  come  under  the  influence  of 
subsequent  heat.  What  little  super- 
heat the  metal  may  have  acquired  at 
the  region  of  maximum  temperature 
is  largely  discounted  in  its  journey 
to  the  bottom  of  the  cupola.  Besides 
having  to  pass  the  tuyeres,  which  are 
discharging  large  quantities  of  cold 
air  into  the  furnace,  it  will  have  to 
part  with  some  of  its  heat  to  the  coke 
which  makes  up  the  bed.  If  there 
was  nothing  more  involved  in  the 
melting  of  metal  in  the  cupola  than 
the  question  of  heat  it  would  be  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  account  for  one 
kind  of  iron  coming  out  more  fluid, 
and  therefore  hotter,  than  an  iron  of 
a  different  class.  Under  similar  con- 
ditions of  melting  all  metals  should 
have  imparted  to  them  the  same  de- 
grees of  heat. 

It  is  a  common  belief  that  all  sub- 
stances which  pass  from  the  solid 
to  the  liquid  state  and  vice  versa 
make  these  reverse  changes  at  the 
same  temperatures.  For  instance,  ice 
becomes  water  when  the  temperature  be- 
gins to  exceed  0  degrees  Cent,  and  water 
changes  back  into  ice  as  the  tempera- 
ture begins  to  be  less  than  0  degrees 
Cent.  Every  substance  has  its  own  melt- 
ing and  freezing  points  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  identical  for  each  substance. 
This  assertion  is  true  of  all  simple  bodies 
or  of  alloys  which  retain  their  compon- 
ents in  solid  solution.  It  is  because  pig 
or  cast  iron  is  an  exception  to  the  rule 
that  the  cupola  is  practicable  at  all  as  a 
melting  instrument.  If  any  of  the  ma- 
terials which  adhere  to  t>e  rule  were 
melted  in  the  cupola  they  would  probably 
resolidify  in  the  bed,  or  at  the  best  would 
come  out  of  the  cupola  so  dull  as  to  be 
useless  for  casting  purposes  owing  to 
the  lack  of  superheat  or  life. 

To  investigate  the  behavior  of  cast 
iron  in  the  cupola  and  to  ascertain, 
if  possible,  why  it  should  be  an  ex- 
ception to  the  general  rule,  it  will 
be  necessary  to  refer  to  the  accom- 
panying equilibrium  diagram  and  the 
information  it  gives  concerning  the 
iron-carbon  series  of  alloys. 

The  main  fact  to  be  noted  is  that 
both  the  melting  and  freezing  tempera- 
tures depend  on  the  amount  of  carbon  in 
the  alloy,  that  is,  the  amount  of  carbon 
in  solution  in  the  iron  at  the  time.  The 
lower  the  amount  of  carbon  which  is  in 


346 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


solution  the  higher  is  the  temperature  at 
which  the  changes  of  state  take  place, 
The  lowest  freezing  or  melting  tem- 
perature is  at  about  1130  degrees 
Cent.,  but  it  is  only  such  an  alloy 
as  has  about  4.3  per  cent,  carbon  to 
95.7  per  cent,  iron  that  will  freeze 
or  melt  at  that  'temperature.  An  in- 
crease in  the  amount  of  either  of  the 
elements  in  solution  results  in  an 
increase  of  the  temperature  at  which 
the  changes  take  place.  4.3  per  cent, 
is  the  saturation  point  of  carbon  in  iron 
when  these  two  elements  are  reckonefl 
alone.  With  ordinary  pig  irons  this  fig- 
ure obviously  requires  adjustment  on 
account  of  the  presence,  in  greater  or 
lesser  quantities,  of  other  elements.  For 
the  purpose  of  the  present  argument  it 
may  be  taken  for  granted  that  foundry 
irons  contain  very  near  the  saturation 
amount  of  total  carbon.  If  all  the 
carbon  of  a  4.3  per  cent,  total,  carbon 
or  saturated  cast  iron  were  in  solu- 
tion or  combined  with  the  iron,  the 
metal  should  melt  or  freeze  at  about 
the  temperature  of  1130  degrees  Cent. 
Fortunately  for  the  reputation  of  the 
cupola  the  carbon  in  pig  iron  is 
found  separated  out  as  graphite  as 
well  as  being  in  solution  or  combined 
in  the  iron. 

Melting  Temperature 

As  the  melting  temperature  is  deter- 
mined by  the  amount  of  carbon  in  solu- 
tion only  in  the  iron  at  the  time  it  reaches 
the  melting  zone,  the  free  graphite  is  left 
out  of  account.  It  follows,  therefore,  that 
an  iron  which  is  very  low  in  combined 
carbon,  although  high  in  total  carbon, 
cannot  be  melted  until  a  very  high  tem- 
perature is  reached.  The  mass  or  body  of 
metal  will  remain  in  the  solid  condi- 
tion until  the  high  temperature  is  attain- 
ed, and  consequently  the  liquid  metal 
will  be  extremely  hot.  In  the  course  of 
melting  the  free  graphite  is  rapidly  dis- 
solved and  enters  into  solution  with  the 
iron,  with  the  result  that  the  molten 
mass  has  a  high  percentage  of  combined 
carbon  and  therefore  a  low  freezing 
point.  Under  such  conditions  an  iron 
which  will  not  melt  until  it  has  been 
heated  to,  say,  1400  degrees  Cent.,  does 
not  freeze  again  until  the  temperature 
has  fallen  to  about  1130  degrees.  Such 
a  metal  may  be  said  to  have  270  de- 
grees of  life  and  will  appear  fluid. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  combined 
carbon  in  the  pig  iron  is  already  high, 
the  temperature  at  which  melting  begins 
will  be  low,  and  even  after  the  free 
graphite  is  dissolved  will  possess  only  a 
few  degrees  of  life  or  superheat. 

Another  point  which  the  writer  would 
like  to  emphasize  is  that  it  is  the  amount 
of  carbon  in  solution  at  the  time  the 
metal  enters  the  melting  zone  and  not 
necessarily  that  of  the  original  iron 
charged  into  the  cuoola  that  determines 
the  temoerature  which  will  be  attained 
in  the  process  of  melting.  It  has  to  be 
borne  in  mind  that  after  iron  has  reach- 
ed a  certain  temperature  much  below  its 
'""Itin'j  poin  andt  'ii?  been  converted  into 
g'mma   iron    it  dissolves    carbon    very 


readily.  This  implies  that  if  in  the 
course  of  heating,  graphite  is  being  re- 
duced while  the  percentage  of  the  com- 
bined carbon  is  increasing  in  the  iron, 
the  melting  point  will  be  lower  than  indi- 
cated by  the  original  analysis.  It  is  ob 
vious  that  in  order  to  obtain  the  hottest 
melted  metal  it  is  essential  to  get  the 
unmelted  iron  into  the  melting  zone  as 
quickly  as  possible.  The  absorption  of 
the  graphite  is  not  instantaneous,  but 
the  rate  at  which  it  takes  place  increases 
as  the  temperature  rises.  When,  there- 
fore the  descent  down  the  stack  is  slow 
and  the  metal  is  held  above  the  melting 
zone  through  excessive  coke  in  the 
charges,  the  iron  is  afforded  an  oppor- 
tunity to  dissolve  the  graphite,  with  the 
result  that  the  material  enters  the  zone 
with  a  lower  melting  temperature  than  it 
otherwise  would  have  had.  One  can  see 
from  this  an  explanation  of  why  excess 
coke  results  in  duller  instead  of  more 
fluid  iron.  The  same  explanation  applies 
to  the  bed  coke,  ii  tnis  ir,  too  high,  o" 
if  the  bed  is  so  burned  up  that  the  metal 
is  brought  to  a  red  heat,  in  many  in- 
stances little  short  of  actual  melting, 
before  the  blast  is  turned  on,  the  amount 
of  graphite'  that  has  entered  into  solu- 
tion will  be  considerable,  and  the  pig 
will  melt  at  a  comparatively  low  tem- 
perature. So  long  as  the  first  charge 
is  resting  on  coke  which  is  not  yet  alight 
when  the  blast  is  turned  on,  its  combin- 
ed carbon  is  unchanged,  and  the  quick 
combustion  of  the  coke  by  the  blast  raises 
the  maximum  temperature  in  the  cupola 
before  the  absorption  of  graphite  has 
been   able   to   proceed    along    very    far. 

The  theory  likewise  explains  the  rea- 
son of  the  differences  in  the  fluidity  of 
siliceous  irons,  as  it  is  only  necessary  to 
take  into  account  the  accepted  actions 
of  silicon  and  sulphur  with  regard  to 
the  solubility  of  carbon  in  iron.  Silicon 
by  reducing  the  solubility  makes  it  more 
difficult  for  the  graphite  to  become  ab- 
sorbed while  the  temperature  is  being 
raised,  while  the  influence  excited  by  sul- 
phur is  all  in  favor  of  combined  carbon. 

Source  of  Superheat 

In  a  previous  paper  on  the  subject  of 
semi-steel,  the  writer,  arguing  from  the 
equilibrium  diagram,  advocated  the  use 
of  high  carbon  steel,  such  as  files,  etc., 
because  of  the  greater  ease  and  lower 
temperatures  at  which  such  material 
could  be  melted.  Experience  has  proved 
that  the  results  to  be  obtained  from  mild 
pr  low  carbon  steel  are  superior  to  those 
which  the  use  of  files  will  afford.  Does 
not  the  theory  here  offered  suggest  an 
explanation  in  that  the  question  of  su- 
perheat and  its  source  was  overlooked  ? 
The  high  carbon  steel  with  all  the  car- 
bon in  the  combined  form  would  have  a 
lower  melting  temperature  than  the  pig 
iron  itself,  and  its  influence  would  be  to 
imnart  a  dullness  to  the  molten  mass, 
and  so  render  its  homogeneity  more  un- 
certain. In  the  case  of  phosphoric  irons, 
in  which  the  fluidity  is  such  a  marked 
feature,  it  is  necessary  to  look  to  the 
diluting  effect  of  the  phosphide  eutectic. 
The  phosphide  eutetic  becomes  fluid    at 


about  950  degrees  Cent.,  and  so  long 
as  it  remains  entrapped  in  the  other- 
wise solid  metal  it  is  acquiring  super- 
heat and  increasing  its  fluidity  accord- 
ingly. As  this  phosphide  eutectic  may 
constitute  15  per  cent.,  or  even  more  of 
the  mass  under  treatment,  the  diluting 
effect  of  such  a  considerable  volume  of 
highly    fluid    material    is    manifest. 

Conclusions  Reached 

The  foregoing  statements  may  be  sum- 
marized briefly  as  follows: 

The  fluidity  of  cast  iron  depends  on 
the  degrees  of  heat  which  it  has  at- 
tained in  excess  of  the  freezing  temper- 
ature. 

The  cupola  is  not  suited  to  impart  di- 
rectly superheat  or  fluidity  to  any  ma- 
terial which  is  being  melted  therein. 

While  the  freezing  temperature  of 
foundry  irons  for  all  practice  purposes, 
may  be  taken  as  constant,  at  about  1130 
degrees  Cent.,  the  melting  temperature 
varies,  and  is  regulated  by  the  amount 
of  carbon  in  combination  or  solution 
when  the  material  enters  the  melting 
zone. 

In  view  of  the  gradual  absorption  of 
carbon  into  the  iron  as  the  temperature 
rises  the  practical  conclusion  suggests 
itself  that  in  order  to  obtain  the  molten 
metal  in  the  most  fluid  condition  the 
solid  material  in  the  cupola  should  be 
introduced  into  the  melting  zone  as 
quickly   as  possible. 

Excess  of  coke  in  the  charges,  too 
much  coke  in  the  bed  or  too  fierce  burn- 
ing of  the  bed  before  blast  is  turned 
on  must  result  in  dulling  the  iron. 

Equilibrium   Diagram 

On  the  accompanying  diagram  an  at- 
tempt is  made  to  illustrate  graphically 
the  principal  features  of  the  foregoing 
remarks.  SLDE  is  the  solidus  curve 
of  the  equilibrium  diagram.  Any  alloy 
of  iron  and  carbon  whose  ordinates  of 
concentration  and  temperature  intersect 
below  the  curve  can  normally  exist  in  a 
completely  solid  state.  Before  the  alloy 
can  become  in  any  way  liquid  the  ordi- 
nates must  intersect  above  the  solidus 
curve.  Above  SDE  the  alloy  is  com- 
pletely liquid  and  begins  to  solidify, 
when  the  ordinates  of  concentration  and 
temperatures  intersect  on  the  curve. 

The  dotted  curves  represent  the  melt- 
ing and  freezing  processes  of  an  iron 
with  0.3  per  cent,  combined  carbon,  4 
p°r  cent,  ^graphite  carbon,  the  balance 
of  95.7  per  cent,  being  assumed  to  con- 
sist of  iron  only. 

If  the  temperature  of  the  solid  metal 
is  raised  without  change  taking  place 
in  the  carbon  arrangement  it  will  attain 
to  1400  degrees  Cent,  before  the  metal 
will  begin  to  melt,  as  indicated  by  the 
dotted  line  MNT.  The  curves  MNA 
and  MNB  show  the  difference  brought 
about  in  the  temperature  at  which  the 
metal  begins  to  melt,  through  free  car- 
bon being  absorbed  in  solid  solution  in 
the  iron  while  the  mass  is  accumulating 
heat.  After  the  temperatures  TAB  have 
been  acquired,  and  as  the  metal  melts 
the    remaining    free    carbon    is    rapidly 


September  19,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


347 


dissolved  as  indicated  by  TF,  AC  and 
BK.  The  liquid  solutions  each  contain- 
ing 4.3  carbon  in  combination  have 
temperatures  F,  C,  and  K,  respectively, 
but  all  begin  to  freeze  at  the  same  tem- 
perature D  (1130  degrees  Cent.)  The 
superheat  or  fluidity  of  the  first  is  FD, 
which  is  greater  than  that  of  the  second, 
CD,  and  still  greater  than  that  of  the 
third,  KD. 

Importance    of    Diagram 

Dr.  W.  H.  Hatfield  complimented  the 
author  on  the  development  of  the  equi- 
librium diagram,  adding  that  he  entirely 
confirmed  what  Mr.  Riddell  had  said  con- 
cerning its  importance.  From  the  met- 
allurgical standpoint  it  was  impossible 
to  understand  the  properties  of  cast  iron 
until  the  diagram  had  been  properly 
studied.  Prior  to  writing  his  book  on 
Cast  Iron  Dr.  Hatfield  spent  three  years 
in  following  through  the  evolution  of  the 
diagram.  However,  he  was  unable  en- 
tirely to  follow  Mr.  Riddell  in  his  deduc- 
tions. The  diagram  was  constructed  on 
cooling  curves  of  alloys  containing  from 
nothing  to  5  per  cent,  of  carbon.  Mr. 
Riddell  had  been  deducing  his  conclu- 
sions from  the  properties  qf  low  carbon 
alloys,  namely,  steel  containing  0.2  to 
0.9  per  cent,  of  carbon.  The  term  equi- 
librium must  first  be  understood,  added 
Dr.  Hatfield.  It  means  that  if  an  alloy 
is  maintained  for  a  sufficiently  long  pe- 
riod at  a  certain  temperature  certain 
phases  or  conditions  will  be  realized.  The 
D  point  on  the  diagrams  is  the  eutectic 
and  if  4.3  per  cent,  of  carbon  is  in  a 
carbon  alloy,  freezing  would  take  place 
at  about  1130  degrees;  but  in  ordinary 
cast  iron  containing  from  1  to  3  per  cent, 
of  silicon,  the  freezing  point  of  the  iron 
is  modified.  The  first  results  of  added 
silicon  is  to  reduce  the  solubility  of  car- 
bon. If  an  iron  containing  3  per  cent, 
of  silicon  with,  say  3.2  per  cent,  of  car- 
bon was  gradually  raised  in  temperature 
..it  would  be  found  that  the  carbon  ab- 
sorbed would  be  in  conformity  with  the 
diagram.  Dr.  Hatfield  could  not  agree 
with  the  theory  that  with  the  cupola  it 
is  possible  to  heat  a  piece  of  cast  iron  to 
a  temperature  so  high  as  had  been  indi- 
cated without  fusion  taking  place.  He 
suggested  that  Mr.  Riddell  reconsider  his 
theory  in  the  light  of  the  suggestions 
offered  and  he  thought  he  would  find 
that  equilibrium  would  be  attained  much 
more  readily  than  was  stated  in  the  pa- 
per. In  actual  foundry  operations  ordi- 
nary foundry  iron  containing  1.5  per  cent, 
of  phosphorus  could  be  melted  in  a  much 
shorter  time  than  Mr.  Riddell  had  said, 
and  the  smallest  articles  could  be  cast 
therefrom,  the  degree  of  superheat  being 
sufficient. 

Experiments  in  Melting  Iron 

Mr.  Riddell  said  that  his  equilibrium 
diagram  was  built-up  in  the  simplest 
possible  way  and  he  did  not  believe  that 
the  changes  took  place  so  rapidly  as 
Dr.  Hatfield  indicated.  He  had  per- 
sonally conducted  some  experiments  in 
melting  crucible  iron  at  different  rates 
in    order    to    ascertain    the    temperature 


to  which  he  could  raise  it  before  it 
became  fluid.  But  he  agreed  that  the 
presence  of  silicon  reduced  the  rate  of 
progress  and  promoted  fluidity  in  cast 
iron. 

Hot  Iron  Soft 
R.  Carrick  said  he  would  like  to  draw 
attention  to  certain  statements  made  by 
Dr.  Hatfield.  Although  he  was  not  a 
metallurgist  he  had  made  thousands  of 
practical  tests  of  cast  iron  and  he  had 
never  yet  found  that  the  higher  the 
temperature  of  cast  iron  the  more  likely 
hard  iron  was  to  be  obtained.  He  thought 
Dr.  Hatfield  might  offer,  at  some  future 
time,  a  further  explanation.  Mr.  Carrick 
had  tested  for  hardness  with  the  Brinell 
and  other  machines  and  his  own  experi- 
ence certainly  did  not  confirm  that  state- 
ment. He  thought  most  foundrymen 
agreed  that  the  hotter  they  cast  the  iron 
the  softer  it  would  be.  Leaving  aside 
the  question  of  chemical  content  he 
thought  mechanical  tests  would  confirm 
that  theory. 

Effect  of  Temperature 

Dr.  Hatfield  replying  to  further  re- 
marks said  that  his  statement  with  re- 
gard to  the  effect  of  temperature  was 
based  upon  actual  experiment  and  ob- 
servation, and  many  of  those  experi- 
ments could  be  easily  carried  out.  He 
had  found  that  iron  cast  hot  was  dis- 
tinctly harder  than  iron  cast  cold.  He 
could  give  actual  experimental  data  in 
support  of  that  statement.  His  experi- 
ments consisted  of  a  gradual  increase  in 
the  silicon  content  and  he  really  did  the 
work  primarily  to  see  how  the  results 
compared  with  those  published  by  Pro- 
fessor Turner  in  1881.  He  increased  the 
silicon  content  by  stages  of  0.25,  0.50 
and  0.75  per  cent,  up  to  3  per  cent,  of 
silicon,  and  then  he  determined  the  result 
by  fracturing  the  casting  and  testing 
both  the  combined  carbon  and  the  me- 
chanical properties.  One  thing  he  discov- 
ered was  that  the  gradual  addition  to 
the  silicon  content  did  not  result  in  a 
gradual  precipitation  of  the  graphitic 
carbon.  In  his  remaining  series  of  ex- 
periments he  found  that  the  combined 
carbon  remained  at  a  high  maximum  well 
over  3  per  cent,  until  a  certain  silicon 
content  was  reached,  and  then  he  found 
a  rapid  drop.  In  that  series  the  casting 
was  done  at  a  fairly  cold  temnerature. 
In  the  next  series  with  the  silicon  con- 
tents identical  he  cast  much  hotter  and 
he  found  that  the  combined  carbon  per- 
sisted until  the  higher  silicon  content 
was  reached  and  that  was  confirmed  over 
and  over  again  in  works  pract'ce.  If  they 
had  a  verv  heavy  casting  with  a  suffi- 
ciently high  silicon  the  effect  of  casting 
t-pmnerature  would  be  different  becan"" 
they  would  always  have  a  maximum  soft- 
ness. 

F.  J.  Cook  said  that  Dr.  Hatfield's 
concluding  remarks  contained  the  crux 
of  the  whole  subject.  It  was  not  onlv 
a  question  of  hot  or  cold  casting  tem- 
peraturp.  "but  also  a  question  of  the  rate 
of  cooline.  When  dealing  with  hard 
iron  which  cooled  quicklv.  as  for  super- 
heated steam  engine  cylinders,  the  metal 


was  susceptible  to  hardness  and,  there- 
fore, susceptible  to  the  influence  of  the 
rate  of  cooling.  If  they  were  not  care- 
ful they  got  very  hard  iron  before  they 
were  aware  of  it.  If  the  range  of  cool- 
ing was  increased  the  possibility  of  soft- 
ness was  increased.  He  did  not  wish 
to  throw  doubt  upon  what  Dr.  Hatfield 
had  said,  but  personally  he  had  cast 
thousands  of  cylinders  and  there  was 
no  doubt  that  in  casting  cylinders  with 
metal  of  the  kind  he  had  described  at 
a  high  temperature  they  would  be  more 
easily  machinable  than  if  cast  with 
metal  of  the  same  analysis  cast  cold. 
That  was  due  simply  to  the  different  rate 
of  cooling  rather  than  temperature  effect. 


SUBSTITUTED    METALS     IN     ELEC- 
TRICAL   ENGINEERING 

A  German  technical  contemporary  has 
been  giving  some  interesting  details  of 
the  shortage  of  metals  within  the  Ger- 
man borders,  and  the  steps  taken  to 
remedy  the  evil  in  the  electrical  industry. 
Attempts  have  been  made  to  expand  the 
restricted  supply  of  zinc  by  adding  other 
metals,  but  iron  has  not  given  good  re- 
sults. In  any  case  the  alloy  must  con- 
tain about  90  per  cent,  of  zinc,  and  not 
more  than  3  per  cent,  of  aluminum  can 
be  added  without  the  risk  of  pitting.  A 
zinc  alloy  containing  about  6  per  cent, 
of  copper  and  3  per  cent,  of  aluminum 
has  been  found  as  a  suitable  material  for 
casting  for  many  purposes,  though  not 
for  constructional  work.  For  galvaniz- 
ing with  zinc,  Schoop's  process  is  used. 
The  melted  zinc  is  sprayed  by  means  of 
compressed  air  (3%  atmospheres)  in  an 
atmosphere  of  coal  gas  on  to  the  iron, 
which  is  heated  to  70  deg.  or  80  deg. 
Cent.  The  process  may  also  be  avail- 
able for  applying  coatings  of  aluminum, 
tin,  copper,  and  some  other  metals.  The 
consumption  of  tin  in  Germany  is  about 
21,500  tons  per  annum,  about  70  per  cent, 
of  which  is  lacking,  after  taking  into  ac- 
count the  tin  recovered  from  tin-plate 
waste,  etc.  For  the  delivery  of  this  tin 
treatment  with  dry  chlorine  gas  has 
proved  the  best  method,  since  it  converts 
the  tin  into  chloride  without  materially 
attacking  the  -iron.  As  a  substitute  for 
ordinary  solder  a  mixture  of  10  per  cent, 
tin,  10  per  cent,  cadmium,  and  80  per  cent, 
lead  is  recommended.  More  recently  a 
cadmium  solder  containing  only  2  per 
cent,  of  tin  and  an  antimony  solder  free 
from  tin  have  been  prepared.  In  1913  the 
world's  production  of  aluminum  was 
78.000  tons,  of  which  Germany  produced 
15,300  tons.  The  impurities  in  the  metal, 
mainly  calcium  anl  aluminum  oxide, 
have  now  been  reduced  to  about  0.4  to 
0.5  per  cent.  The  copper  for  electric 
cables  has  now  been  replaced  by  a  steel 
core  round  which  are  twisted  six 
aluminum  strands.  Iron  has  also  taken 
the  place  of  copper  for  electro  blocks  for 
illustrations,  and  prophoric  alloys  con- 
taining about  30  per  cent,  of  iron  are 
used  with  tinder  as  a  substitute  for 
matches. 


348 


Volume   XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  m,etal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


THE  WRIGHT  DIKING  MACHINE 

THIS  is  a  new  design  of  machine 
for  blanking,  piercing,  forming, 
coining  or  drawing  sheet  metal, 
made  by  the  Henry  &  Wright  Mfg.  Co., 
Hartford,  Connecticut. 

There  being  no  torsional  or  ripping 
strains  throughout  the  machine,  the 
strains  being  wholly  tensile  and  com- 
pressive, the  danger  of  injury  to  the 
machine  through  overloading  is  almost 
entirely  eliminated;  and  on  account  of 
the  fact  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  dies 
to  be  thrown  out  of  perfect  alignment 
with  each  other,  they  should  last  several 
times  as  long  as  usual,  remain  sharp  for 
a  longer  period,  giving  more  perfect 
edpes  to  the  work  and  in  blanking  elim- 
inating burrs  to  a  great  extent. 

The  driving  mechanism  is  all  located 
below  the  die  plates  instead  of  above  as 
on  the  older  machines,  thus  not  only 
doing  away  with  the  great  obstruction 
to  light,  which  has  always  been  a  fault 
with  these  machines,  but  the  machine 
is  in  better  balance  and  can  be  con- 
structed with  very  much  less  weight  for 
the  same  strength  as  heretofore. 


SAFETY     CAGE     RAISED     SHOWING     PUNCH 
AND   DIE. 


The  illustration 
shows  the  side  view 
of  the  machine  with 
the  door  open,  ex- 
posing the  internal 
mechanism. 

While  a  simpe 
crank  shaft  is  shown 
here  the  patent  co- 
vers any  kind  of  ec- 
centric mechanism 
such  as  a  knuckle 
joint,  eccentric  train 
of  gears,  a  cam  or 
any  of  the  known 
forms  of  eccentric 
motions. 

This  picture  also 
shows  the  bearings 
which  consist  of 
four  inserted  bronze 
bushinf^s  at  the  top 
of  the  machine  and 
two  cross  head 
guides  at  the  sides 
of  the  lower  plate. 

Springs  are  also 
shown  which,  while 
not  essential,  help 
to  make  the  motion 
of  the  machine  much 
smoother  than 

otherwise. 

Felt  protected  dust 
guards  surround 
each  of  the  four 
shafts  and  liberal 
oil  cups  are  provid- 
ed within  easy  reach 
throughout  the  ma- „    ,,,„ 

,  .       '^  SIDE     VIEW    OF    PRESS 

The  chute  is  covered  with  leather  in 
order  to  deaden  the  sound  of  the  blanks 
falling  into  the  chute  to  a  minimum. 
The  design  of  the  machine  lends  itself 
easily  to  the  use  of  various  attachments 
such  as  finger  motions,  automatic  feed- 
ing mechanisms,  scrap  cutters,  dial  feed- 
ing devices,  etc. 

As  will  be  readily  seen  the  posts  form 
a  natural  hub  for  the  attachment  of  dial 
feeding  devices  and  there  are  many  ways 
in  which  these  machines,  on  account  of 
their  very  compact  design,  may  be  used 
in  groups  to  advantage  over  other  ma- 
chines such  as  the  placing  of  a  line  of 
machines  under  a  bench  of  the  height  of 
the   dies   and    run   by   belts   attached    to 


SHOWING     OPERATING     MECHANISM. 

pulleys  on  a  line  shaft  underneath  the 
bench. 

The  safe'y  device  consists  of  a  cage, 
shown  in  illustration,  which  fits  entirely 
over  the  top  of  the  machine  and  this 
cage  must  be  raised  in  order  to  get  a 
hand  or  finger  between  the  dies  and 
when  so  raised  the  machine  is  locked  so 
that  it  cannot  operate  until  the  cage  is 
lowered,  in  which  position  it  is  equipped 
wi'h  holes  sufficiently  large  for  the 
m°tal  to  be  operated  upon  to  enter,  but 
not  large  enough  for  either  the  entrance 
of  a  finger  or  hand. 

The  machine  may  be  operated  either 
from  a  sitting  or  a  standing  position, 
and  the  dies  may  be  fed  from  either  one 


September  19,  1918. 


CANADIAN    5TACHINERY 


349 


of  the  four  sides  as  a^rainst  one  or  two 
sides  in  other  machines. 

The  weight  of  the  number  one  machine 
is  i;i50  lbs.,  and  its  rated  capacity,  2!) 
tons. 

This  machine  is  the  latest  production 
of  the  Henry  &  Wright  Mfg.  Co.,  Hart- 
ford, Conn. 


SHELL  LATHES 

The  new  lathes  illustrated  herewith 
have  been  designed  especially  for  the 
heavy  work  demanded  in  machining 
ammunition  and  are  particularly  adapted 
to  the  machining  of  155  MM.  and  6  in. 
shells  of  class  B  steel.  They  are  lathes 
of  medium  swing  and  high  power,  pro- 
ducing a  product  free  from  irregularity 
and   with   a  smooth  accurate  finish. 

The  head  stock  is  of  the  same  general 
design  as  that  of  the  original  Hindman 
class  A  lathes.  A  few  changes  have 
been  made  in  this  construction  which, 
however,  give  increased  strength  and 
power  drive,  can  be  direct  from  a  line 
shaft  through  countershaft  or  the  lathe 
may  be  fitted  for  motor  drive.  Both  the 
shell  turning  and  the  shell  boring  lathes 
which  are  illustrated,  can;  be  furnished 
with  the  single  belt  drive,  tight  and 
loose  pul'.eys  running  at  a  speed  of  690 
revs,  per  minute  and  a  five  inch  belt. 
The  loose  pulley  is  fitted  with  roller 
bearings  and  is  smaller  in  diameter  than 
the  tight  pulley,  thus  relieving  the  strain 
on  the  shafts  when  the  machine  is  idle. 
The  spindle  is  a  hammered  steel  forg- 
ing, heat  treated  and  ground  and  is 
lubricated  by  means  of  a  well  in  each 
cap  in  which  is  a  sight  feed  oiler  and 
from  which  wicks  lead  from  the  spindle 
bearings   surface,  generously  lubricating 


SHELL   BORING    LATHE 


the  main  spindle  comes  to  rest  while  the 
machine  is  operating.  The  shell  boring 
lathe  is  of  the  same  general  design  in 
some  respects  as  the  shell  turning  lathes 
but  is  fitted  with  a  large  spindle  with  a 
7%  in.  hole  which  permits  the  155  MM. 
and  6  in.  shell  forging  to  be  admitted 
in  practically  the  full  length. 

The  front  of  the  spindle  is  designed 
so  that  the  large  screws  can  be  used  to 
hold  the  shell  instead  of  chucks.  This 
mac;hine  is  furnished  regularly  with  the 
six-way  turret  of  simple  construction 
and  provided  with  a  powerful  and  rigid 
lamp  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  turret 
base.  This  is  sufficient  to  hold  the  tur- 
ret under  the  heaviest  cut.  The  turret 
head  is  of  steel  casting  of  ample  size  to 
stand  all  strains. 

These  shell  lathes  as  described  are 
manufactured  by  the  Duff  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 


SHELL  TURNING  LATHE 


at  all  times.  The  apron  is  of  ample  size. 
T>-is  apron  contains  only  two  gears 
which  control  the  hand  operation  of  the 
carriage  in  both  directions.  The  operat- 
ing lever  is  located  at  the  extreme  left 
of  the  apron  and  quick  return  is  ac- 
complished by  throwing  the  operating 
lever  into  reverse  after  shifting  the  belt 
from  the  tight  to  the  loose  pulley  by 
means  of  the  lever  located  at  the  top  of 
the    head    strap.      By    this    arrangement 


DRAUGHTSMEN       AND      FOUNDRY 
PROBLEMS 

By  D.  S. 
The  necessity  for  draughtsmen  and 
engine  designers  exercising  greater  care 
in  the  design  of  casting  parts  of  machin- 
ery was  pointed  out  by  Mr.  J.  Shaw  in 
a  paper  read  recently  to  members  of  the 
Newcastle  branch  of  the  British 
Foundrymen's  Association.  The  author, 
in  his  paper,  dealt  with  the  difficulties 


and  worry  with  which  the  foundryman 
had  to  contend  with  in  the  moulding  afid 
casting  of  complicated  parts  in  order  to 
minimise  the  locali  internal  straining 
actions  set  up,  due  to  unequal  cooling  in 
the  mould.  This  point  is  not  appreciated 
as  it  might  be  by  many  draughtsmen  in 
their  designs,  with  the  result  that  many 
castings  of  doubtful  reliability  are  made 
owing  to  possible  internal  strains,  caus- 
ed by  lack  of  harmony  in  their  construc- 
tive elements.  Any  sudden  changes 
from  uniformity  in  thickness  of  metal 
should  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible; 
where  variations  in  thickness  occur  the 
thicker  portion  is  the  last  to  set  and  acts 
as  a  feeder  to  the  other  parts,  causing 
sponginess  in  the  thicker  section. 
Simplicity  in  structural  design  should 
be  aimed  at  in  order  to  reduce  the 
cost  of  manufacture.  The  author 
dealt  with  the  responsibility  of  the  draw- 
ing office  in  facilitating  the  output  in 
the  foundry;  considerable  thought  had 
in  the  past  been  given  to  decreasing  cost 
and  speeding  up  of  work  in  the  fitting 
and  turning  shops,  but  a  knowledge  of 
foundry  work  was  essential  in  order  to 
obtain  the  best  and  cheapest  castings. 


The  best  preventive  of  loss  in  coal  stor- 
age is  to  inspect  the  pile  regularly.  If 
the  temperature  reaches  150  deg.  Fah. 
the  pile  should  be  carefully  watched,  and 
if  the  temperature  rises  to  175  deg.  or 
180  deg.  Fah.  the  coal  should  be.  removed 
as  promptly'  as  possible.  The  coal 
should  be  thoroughly  cooled  before  being 
replaced  in  storage. 

*       *       * 

A  VALUABL'E  rust-inhibitiv?  coating 
for  general  priming  of  finishing  work 
may  be  prepared  from  sublimed  blue 
lead.  The  use  of  two  parts  of  blue  lead 
and  one  part  of  linseed  oil.  containing 
about  5  per  cent,  of  turpentine  drier 
makes  a  paint  of  the  right  consistency. 
This  may  be  purchased  in  prepared  form. 
When  this  paint  is  used  for  top-co-\t 
work  in  marine  exposures — battleship 
gray — the  addition  of  1  per  cent,  of 
carbon  black  to  the  blue  lead  aids  in 
the  maintenance  of  the  colour.  The  rust- 
inhibitive  value  of  this  pigment  is  due 
to  the  high  percentage  of  lead  oxide 
litharge. 


350 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The    NfacLean    Publishing    Company     What  Kind  of  Horse  Will  You  Eat  ? 

UMITKD 
(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACL£AN.  President       H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-President 

H.   V.  TYRRELL.   General  Manacer 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^  Manufacturing  Ne>a/5  *> 

K  weekly  joamal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturins  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON,  Manager.  A.  R.   KENNEDY,  Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors : 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  EODGERS  (Montreal) 


AND    now    there's    a    good-sized    agitation    on    to    have, 
■'*  horse  meat  sold  in  Canadian  stores.     The  supposition 
is,  of  course,  that  after  being  sold  from  the  stores,  people 
will  eat  the  horses. 

Well,  if  we're  going  to  eat  the  nags  let's  get  off  to 
a  good  and   proper  start,  thusly: — 

Undertakers   and  pacifists   eat  black  horses. 

Sailors  eat  bay  horses. 

Orangemen,  be  sure  to  ask  for  a  wing  roast  from 
a   white   King   Billy   horse. 

Designers  or  draughtsmen  insist  on  getting  your  cuts 
off   a   draught   horse. 

Shipbuilders  should  find  out  the  days  when  their 
favorite  shop  will  be  able  to  serve  them  with  a  chunk 
off   a   good   old  worn-out   Clydesdale. 

By  all  means  if  we're  going  to  eat  horses,  let's  go 
at  it  right.  Get  the  bit  out  of  your  mouth  and  the 
blinkers   off   your   eyes   and  buy   intelligently. 


Office    of     Publication.     143153    University    Avenue,    Toronto,     Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


.SEPTEMBER  19. 


No.  12 


The  Foremen  That  Are  Wanted 

■LJ  ERE'S  a  rather  unusual  advertisement  that  appeared 
•^  ■■■  in  the  advertising  columns  of  this  paper: 

"Foreman  wanted  for  stamping  and  drawing  de- 
partment, also  one  for  art  metal  department.  Men 
with  technical  ability  who  are  willing  to  keep  up-to- 
date  by  reading  the  technical   press    preferred." 

Rather  unusual,  isn't  it?  You  never  read  an  ad. 
where  a  man  was  wanted  for  a  responsible  position  "who 
reads  all  the  new  fiction  and  is  thoroughly  familiar  with 
the  sporting  pages." 

It's  just  a  good  plain  indication  of  the  drift  that  has 
set  in  aimed  at  hundred  per  cent,  efficiency.  Firms  re- 
alize that  methods  that  were  fine  when  their  mechanics 
learned  their  trades  are  rusty  with  age  now  and  as 
obsolete  as  a  good,  old-fashioned  pumpkin  pie.  They 
want  men  in  their  more  responsible  positions  who  are 
keeping  up  to  the  newest  developments.  If  there  is  a 
new  method  of  performing  a  certain  operation  brought 
out,  they  want  their  men  to  know  it.  If  there  are  parts 
of  their  plant  that  have  served  their  day  and  generation 
and  are  not  capable  of  keeping  up  with  the  competition 
of  more  modem  plants,  in  justice  to  their  own  trade  they 
want  to  know  it.  They  cannot  know  it  if  the  men  in  their 
plants  do  not  keep  up  to  the  minute.  And  there's  only 
one  way  to  keep  up  to  the  minute,  and  that  is  by  reading 
the  trade  and  technical  papers. 

There  are  scores  of  good  mechanics  in  responsible 
positions  who  read  papers  such  as  CANADIAN  MACHIN- 
ERY. They  read  the  ads.  as  well  as  the  other  pages 
and  they  do  so  with  good  reason.  The  advertising  in 
this  paper  gives  them  a  line  on  all  the  new  machinery 
that  comes  out,  and  there  is  always  material  with  it  of 
a  descriptive  nature  that  describes  just  why  the  machine 
is  good  and  why  it  should  supplement  others  that  have 
been  on  the  market. 

After  the  war,  more  than  ever,  Canada  will  need 
efficient  men  to  man  our  shops,  if  we  are  to  hold  our  own 
in  the  commercial  war  which  Is  almost  sure  to  follow. 
Manufacturers  owe  it  to  the  nation  as  well  as  to  them- 
selves to  produce  men  as  highly  skilled  and  educated  as 
possible.  And  the  mechanics  no  less  should  be  on  the 
»lert,  quick  to  study  and  assimilate  information  pertain- 
ing to  modem  practice  and  new  equipment. 

It  cannot  be  expected  that  present  high  wages  will 
continue  after  war  business  is  over.  The  race  then  will 
be  not  so  much  to  the  physically  strong  as  to  the  mentally 
fit. 


U.  S.  Govt.  Tackles  Labor  Problem 

CTRIKING  machinists  at  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  refused  to 
'^  go  to  work  following  a  board  of  arbitration  consider- 
ing their  case.  The  result  was  the  adoption  of  federal 
control  of  labor.     This  means  in  short: 

(1)  The  Government  will  take  over  and  operate  plants 
where  employers  decline  to  abide  by  awards  of  the  War 
Labor  Board; 

(2)  Striking  employees  who  ignore  these  decisions 
must  return  to  work  or  be  barred  from  any  war  industry 
shop   in  the  country. 

As  the  war  industry  shops  are  the  only  places  pro- 
tected by  the  Government  against  the  draft,  it  means  the 
putting  into  force  in  reality  of  the  "work  or  fight"  prin- 
ciple. 

It  takes  a  courageous  Government  to  tackle  a  labor 
problem.  The  reason  is  clear:  votes  are  at  stake,  and  to 
the  average  government  the  next  election  is  the  greatest 
thing  in   the  world. 

In  Canada  we  have  had  for  a  long  time  a  surplus  of 
arm  waving,  fist  shaking  and  tub-thumping,  but  mighty 
few  brave,  disinterested  moves  having  in  view  simply  the 
welfare  of  the  community  at  large.  United  States  has 
gone   in  where   Canada  fears  to  tread. 


ORDERS  have  gone  out  that  no  more  beer  is  to  be  made 
in  U.  S.  after  Dec.  1.  Old  John  Barleycorn  has  been 
steam  rollered,  assassinated,  murdered  and  buried.  And 
yet  folks  seem  to  collect  enough  stuff  under  the  belt 
occasionally  to  make  'em  wobble. 


September  19,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


351 


H 


Chasing  Up  Produce  Prices 

ERE'S  a  clipping:  from  a  Toronto  paper  in  referepce 
to  the   Saturday  market  in   this  city: — 

Butter  and  eggs  were  plentiful,  but  Madame 
Farmer  is  fast  raising:  the  prices  in  order  that  they 
will  reach  the  $1  a  dozen  price  by  Christmas.  Eggs 
■were  55  and  60  cents  a  dozen,  while  one  woman 
who  had  a  basket  of  large-sized  ones  asked  70  cents. 

The  government  can  regulate  the  price  of  wheat,  of 
steel  and  many  other  lines.  It  can  tell  the  steel  mills 
what  they  can  charge  the  jobbers,  and  the  price  the 
jobbers  can  charge  the  consumer. 

But  the  price  of  butter  and  eggs  jumps  every  time 
the  old  hen  cackles  and  every  time  the  hired  man  puts 
the   three-legged    stool    down   beside    the  brindle   cow. 

It  may  be  that  the  man  in  the  city  does  not  under- 
stand the  problem  of  the  man  on  the  farm.  But  it  is 
painfully  certain  that  the  farmers  arc  out  of  touch  with 
the  situation  of  the  limited  purse  in  the  city  when  they 
persist  in  regarding  the  basket  of  produce  as  a  blunder- 
buss in  their  hands  to  chase  prices  still  farther  up  the 
high   price   tree. 


H' 


Be  a  Tin  Can  Patriot 

npHE  tin  can  has  comf-  to  be  quite  a  topic  of  conversa- 

tion.  There  used  to  be  the  tin  can  that  was  tied  to  the 
dog's  tail,  and  later  there  was  the  tin  can  that  served  in 
the  shinny  school  where  the  hockey  stars  of  later  days 
were  turned   out. 

But  the  tin  can  isn't  nearly  as  important  as  the  tin 
that's  in   it. 

So  the  can's  being  tied  on  the  tin  can. 

Every  time  you  buy  something  in  a  wood  or  board  con- 
tainer that  used  to  be  done  up  in  tin,  and  don't  grouoh 
about  it,  you've  become  a  tin  can  patriot. 

And  every  time  the  tin  can  patriots  save  1,000,000  two- 
pound  tin  cans  they've  provided  the  material  for  a  mile 
of  85-pound  rails. 

So  if  you  can  not  do  anything  more  dazzling  you  can 
be  a  tin  can  patriot. 


The  policemen  in  Toronto  are  going  to  form  a  labor 
union.  Well,  why  not  make  it  a  branch  of  St.  Patrick's 
society  ? 

*  *  * 

They  may  cut  off  the  supply  of  cars,  and  they  may 
stop  runnin'  them,  but  don't  worry.  You'll  soon  be  able 
to  crawl  down  the  cellar  stairs  and  keep  in  form  by  crank- 
ing the  furnace. 

*  *  * 

IN  an  election  at  Canmore,  Alberta,  an  Austrian  defeated 
a  returned  soldier  in  a  school  trustee  contest,  and  there 
was  only  a  sickly  looking  attempt  to  conceal  the  jubila- 
tion of  the  foreigners  at  the  win.  And  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  it  is  on  this  foreign  labor  that  the  West 
is   depending  for  its   supply  of  coal. 

*  *  *  t 

THE  manager  of  one  of  Toronto's  restaurant  concerns 
stated  that  under  the  new  food  regulations  they  would 
save  50  pounds  of  sugar  per  week.  Very  nice.  But  is 
that  taken  to  mean  that  the  restaurant  keepers  will  simply 
buy  that  much  less  and  sell  their  meals  at  the  same  old 
price?  If  so  the  restaurant  keepers  will  have  cause  to 
rise  up  and   call  the  Food  Controller  blessed. 

*  *  * 

THERE  is  an  agitation  on  to  raise  the  price  of  milk 
in  Toronto  to  15  cents  per  quart.  Farmers  say  they 
are  not  making  money  at  present  prices.  It  beats  the 
band  how  farmers  keep  on  paying  off  mortgages  and 
buying  motor  cars  and  all  the  time  losing  money.  On 
the  dead  level  if  there's  a  farmer  who  will  own  up  to 
the  fact  that  he's  makin'  money,  will  he  please  stand 
up   on   the  bench   so   we  can  all   have   a  look   at  him. 


They  Tie<i  a  Can  on  Him 

E  learned  his  trade  long  years  ago  inside  a  little 
shop,  he  graduated  with  a  whirl,  a  skip,  likewise  a 
hop.  He  was  a  dandy  in  his  day,  he  learned  things  pow- 
erful quick,  they  'lowed  he'd  slide  along  in  haste  and 
show  them  all  a  trick. 

He  knew  about  a  lathe,  he  did,  this  whistlin'  chap 
called  Bill,  he  knew  about  a  planer  and  he  knew  about  a 
drill. 

He  learned  the  good  old  ways,  he  did,  of  doin'  this 
thing  and  that,  and  stowed  his  knowledge  in  his  dome 
way  up  beneath  his  hat— and  he  reckoned  that  the  way 
he  knew  was  quite  the  best  on  earth,  and  things  he  didn't 
know  or  do  had  neither  good  nor  worth. 

And  so  he  went  into  the  world  to  earn  his  daily  bread, 
by  sellin'  out  to  other  folks  the  stuff  within  his  head. 

But  he  didn't  stop  to  grab  no  more,  he  didn't  seem  to 
think  that  stuff  he  learned  long  years  ago  might  soon 
be  on  the  blink.  He  hee-hawed  at  the  chaps  who  worked 
and  read  books  in  the  night,  that  they  might  keep  their 
notions  straight  and  know  what  things  was  right. 

He  had  a  snort  for  every  kink  that  brighter  minds 
had  made,  he  wouldn't  budge  from  what  he  learned  in 
pickin'  up  his  trade. 

And  other  chaps  went  past  this  jay,  they  had  the 
quickest  way,  and  they'd  do  in  just  an  hour  or  two  what 
he'd  fuss  at  all  day.  And  yet  he  wouldn't  take  the  choke 
and  get  himself  in  shape,  he  was  just  standin'  still,  by 
heck,  this  wise  and  knowin'  jake. 

This  thing  went  on  for  years  it  did,  he  wouldn't  budge 
an  inch,  he  wasn't  wise  enough  to  see  the  comin'  of  the 
pinch.  The  firm  he  worked  for  watched  this  jay,  he'd 
neither  go  nor  vim,  so  thev  came  along  one  day,  they  did, 
and  tied  a  can  on  him. — Ark. 


We've  been  saving  daylight  all  summer,  but  we'll  be 
blowed  if  we've  got  any  more  of  it  now  than  when  we 
started. 

*      *      * 

SUGAR  regulations  have  it  now  that  one  spoonful  must 
do  a  meal.  All  of  which  makes  us  long  for  the  good 
old  days  when  we  used  to  chuck  in  three  heapers  and 
then  make  a  small  whirlpool  in  the  teacup  to  dissolve 
the  stuff. 


Kaiser  to  Austria — Now  then,  up  you  go. 

— ^Punch. 


352 


Volume   XX. 


^H'  WM.'   y'sS 

■J  s,.  ,.  ..  -^ 

MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 

fli 

Much  Harder  to  Secure  Material  at  U.S.  Mills 

Canadian  Warehousing  Interests  Are  Running  Pretty  Close  to 

Depletion  in  Spots — Big  Orders  in  Montreal  Will  Call  For  the 

Erection  of  a  Million  Dollar  Factory 


THE  placing  of  new  orders  in  Canada  for  munitions, 
ordered  by  Washington,  again  brings  this  business 
prominently  to  the  front.  It  is  hardly  necessary 
to  do  this,  because  the  munitions  operations  comprise  the 
greater  part  of  the  industry  now  moving  in  the  Donjinion. 
New  contracts  in  Montreal  will  amount  to  about  ten 
million  in  one  shop,  and  a  million  dollar  structure  will 
be  rushed  up  to  house  the  new  undertaking.  Canada  is 
moving  in  millions  at  present  in  a  way  that  would  have 
seemed  impossible  a  few  years  ago.  The  capital  expendi- 
ture in  this  case  will  be  guaranteed  by  the  government 
placing  the  business. 

Things  are  not  bright  for  Canadian  firms  securing 
material  from  U.  S.  points.  Several  of  the  largest  houses 
in  Canada  that  are  in  the  warehousing  line  have  had  men 
at  the  U.  S.  mills  trying  to  find  out  where  they  were  at 
and  they  received  very  little  satisfaction.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  Canadian  jobbing  trade  has  now  to  depend  largely 
on  the  connection  it  has  built  up  with  United  States  mills 
in  years  gone  past.  The  rating  given  this  class  of  trade 
is  B-4,  and  that  means  practically  nothing  at  all  in  the 
way  of  compulsion  or  obligation  that  the  mill  can  be  held 
to.    There  will  have  to  be  a  more  definite  understanding 


soon.  Canadian  trade  in  sheets  is  being  supplied  largely 
from  the  smaller  mills  in  United  States  that  cannot  be 
taken  off  sheets  and  turned  over  to  plate  because  they 
can't  roll  anything  but  sheets.  As  a  matter  of  fact  these 
places  are  in  better  shape  to  make  money  than  the  big 
mills  that  can  be  converted  to  plate  rollers. 

There  has  been  another  cut  made  in  the  amount  of 
basic  material  that  can  be  turned  over  to  the  tin  mills. 
There  is  a  great  need  for  rails  at  present.  The  war  and 
the  work  at  the  mills  follow  very  closely  together.  There 
is  a  feeling  that  there  will  be  a  big  call  for  rails  on 
account  of  the  advance  of  the  Allies,  and  the  need  for 
bringing  up  heavy  artillery.  Therefore  every  energy  is 
bent  at  American  mills  to  the  turning  out  of  rails.  Every 
time  they  succeed  in  saving  the  material  that  would  go 
into  the  making  of  a  million  two-pound  tin  cans  they 
have  provided  for  the  manufacture  of  a  mile  of  85-pound 
rails. 

Trade  is  brisk  in  supplies.  There  is  small  chance  of 
any  house  accumulating  a  surplus  of  high  speed  steel  at 
present  demand.  Prices  remain  firm,  but  have  not  gone 
up.  In  fact  there  has  not  been  an  outstanding  price 
change  during  the  week. 


BIG  ORDER  FOR  MONTREAL  GIVES 

NEW  START  TO  BIG  BUSINESS 


SpKial  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


MONTREAL,  Que.,  September  16, 
1918. — Further  stimulus  was 
given  to  the  munitions  activity 
during  the  past  week  by  the  announce- 
ment that  one  of  the  large  local  plants 
hid  just  received  a  contract  from  the 
American  government  for  large  shells, 
the  value  of  which'  will  run  close  to  $10,- 
000  000.  The  new  addition  that  will  be 
required  will  entail  an  expenditure  of 
abo  't  $1,000,000,  this  to  be  guaranteed 
bv  the  U.  S.  government.  It  is  not  un- 
likely that  other  contracts  may  be  given 
to  those  firms  in  a  position  to  manufac- 
ture the  desired  shells  on  a  stated  basis 
of  production.  These  developments  have 
acted  as  a  stimulant  to  trade  generally 
and  business  shows  improvement  in 
many  directions.  Dealers  in  machine 
tools  report  a  noticeable  increase  in  en- 
quiries and  sales  have  been  better  dur- 
ine  the  week.  Difficulty  is  still  ex- 
perienced  in   obtaining  equipment  from 


American  points,  particularly  in  those 
tools  used  for  the  manufacture  of  muni- 
tions. Trading  in  old  materials  has  been 
remarkably  quiet,  no  doubt  as  a  result 
of  present  festivities  in  connection  with 
the  Jewish  New  Year. 

Steel  Shortage  Still  Pronounced 

The  general  steel  situation  is  still 
marked  by  the  evident  shortage  of  ma- 
terial and  possible  relief  in  this  connec- 
tion is  very  uncertain  owing  to  the  ex- 
cessive requirements  for  essential  war 
purposes,  at  least  this  is  the  argument 
invariably  advanced  by  the  producer 
when  orders  are  placed  at  the  mills. 
With  the  possible  exception  of  some  of 
the  lighter  and  lesser  used  shapes  the 
dealers'  warehouses  are  almost  depleted 
of  material  and  ruling  regulations  hold 
out  little  hope  of  acquiring  stock  for 
early  future  demand.  This  condition 
will  eventually  result  in  many  essential 


war  undertakings  finding  it  very  diffi- 
cult, if  not  impossible,  to  obtain  steel  for 
emergency  repairs  or  alterations.  This 
is  a  feature  equal  in  importance  to  sup- 
plying material  for  manufacturina:  pur- 
poses, as  the  latter  cannot  be  achieved 
unless  the  former  is  tiken  care  of.  Steel 
shipbuilders  are  obtaining  supplies  in 
fairly  large  volume  but  not  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  meet  maximum  require- 
ments. Transportation  conditions  at  the 
present  time  are  quite  satisfactory  and 
delays  are  more  a  question  of  production 
than  railroad   troubles. 

Speaking  on  the  fuel  situation  one 
large  dealer  here  stated  that  conditions 
this  winter  would  in  all  probability  be 
less  acute  than  those  experienced  last 
winter  owing  to  the  better  organization 
of  railroad  facilities  for  handling  the 
country's  business.  The  uncertain  factor 
appears  to  bs  developments  that  might 
arise  at  the  mines  that  would  result  in 
reduced  output. 

Steady  Tone  in  Metals 

With  the  exception  of  tin  the  metal 
situation  is  steady  in  character  with  the 
demand  normal  and  the  supply  adequate. 


September  19,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


353 


Copper  continues  firm  at  the  set  price 
of  31  and  32  cents  per  pound.  Tin  is 
coming  through  in  greater  quantities 
and  increased  regularity,  and  in  conse- 
quence the  situation  is  showing  marked 
relief  with  prices  declining;  dealers  are 
now  asking  95  cents  to  $1  per  pound 
with  still  lower  levels  in  prospect. 

Supplies  of  spelter  are  equal  to  the 
demand  and  prices  are  steady.  Lead  1  = 
strong  with  the  supply  light  and  quota- 
tions are  very  firm  at  10%  cents  per 
pound.  Antimony  and  aluminum  are 
firm  and  unchanged  at  last  week's  quo- 
tations. 

Interest  Renewed  in  Machine  Tools 

As  a  consequenc3  to  the  placement  of 
additional  large  orders  for  American 
shells,  the  renewed  interest  that  has  ap- 
parently developed  in  machine  tools  his 
been  a  feature  of  the  week's  trans- 
actions. Inquiry  for  new  equipment  has 
been  quite  pronounced  and  the  demand 
for  used  machinery  of  a  shell  makin? 
character  has  shown  an  increase.  Con- 
ditins  in  the  States  make  it  increasing- 
ly difficult  to  place  orders  and  definite 
delivery  is  next  to  impossible.  Many 
Canadian  tool  builders  are  so  filled  with 
regular  business  that  special  work  in 
the  way  of  shell  machinery  cannot  be 
accepted.  Increasing  demand  for  ma- 
c':ine  shop  supplies  is  a  steady  factor  of 
present  activities.  The  sales  of  high- 
speed and  other  tool  steels  have  been  a 
little  lighter  but  the  average  is  well 
maintained. 

Little  Doing  in  Scrap 
An  influencing  factor  in  the  present 
quiet  condition  of  the  old  material  situ- 
ation is  the  New  Year  celebrations  of 
the  Jews,  an  event  that  generally  pre- 
vents or^imry  activity  in  this  line. 
Trading  is  about  normal  with  the  bulk 
of  the  business  in  heavy  melting  scrap 
and  machine  cast  iron,  the  latter,  how- 
ever, very  often  bird  to  obtain  owing  lo 
the  heavy  requirements.  Much  of  the 
scrap  in  connection  with  the  production 
of  munitions  seldom  passes  through  the 
hands  of  the  dealers  as  the  producer  of 
scrap  in  many  instances  is  also  the  con- 
sumer, and  where  this  is  not  the  case  the 
material  is  shipped  direct  to  the  furnace 
plant  v^-ithout  the  intermediate  handling 
by  the  dealer.  Prices  have  shown  some 
slight  fluctuations  during  the  week  but 
generally  quotations  are  the  same  as 
last   week. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


KINGSTON'S  OAS  TANKS 
NOT  UP  TO  CAPACITY 

And   There   Are  Prospects  of  a   Serious 

Shortage  There   During  This 

Winter 

Kingston  is  confronted  with  an  un- 
comfortable gas  situation.  The  present 
storage  facilities  are  inadequate,  as  can 
very  easily  be  understood  when  it  is 
realized  that  they  have  not  been  in- 
creased for  more  than  ten  years.  A  new 
gas  holder  was  to  have  been  in  operation 
last  December,  but  owing  to  war  con- 
ditions affecting  labor,  the  contractors 
failed  to  fulfil  bargain  to  have  the  ex- 
cavation completed  at  a  certain  date,  and 


The  most  conservative  estimates 
in  U.  S.  place  the  steel  shortage  for 
the  last  half  of  1918  as  four  million 
tons. 

Big  wire  plants  are  being  remod- 
elled in  order  to  produce  shell  rounds 
instead  of  wire  rods. 

A  large  number  of  rails  are  being 
called  for  in  U.  S.  war  plans,  this 
leading  to  the  belief  that  a  consider- 
able advance  is  planned  which  will 
call  for  rails  to  carry  up  big  guns. 

Tin  plate  mills  have  been  inform- 
ed that  they  must  cut  down  30  per 
cent. 

Canadian  warehouses  are  given  a 
B-4  rating  by  U  .S.  mills,  which  car- 
ries no  obligation  on  the  part  of  the 
miU. 

U.  S.  mills  rolling  sheets  have  been 
ordered  to  still  further  reduce  the 
amount  of  material  they  are  taking 
from  the  furnaces  for  this  purpose. 

General  Pershing  calls  for  100,000 
3-inch  shells  per  day.  This  is  in  addi- 
tion to  the  volume  of  munitions 
business  that  is  being  carried  on. 

Strikers  in  U.  S.  war  shops  who 
refuse  to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the 
War  Labor  Board  are  barred  from 
working  in  other  war  work  plants. 
Firms  refusing  to  accept  awards  or 
refusing  to  meet  their  men  will  have 
their  plants  taken  over  and  operat- 
ed by  the  U.  S.  Government. 

the  Utilities  Commission,  acting  under 
the  advice  of  its  expert,  Frederick  Bur- 
nett, of  Toronto,  refused  to  permit  the 
concrete  work  to  be  proceeded  with  lest 
it  be  damaged  by  frost.  General  Man- 
ager Folger  then  has  to  juggle  along 
as  best  he  can  to  supply  the  people  with 
gas  throughout  the  winter  and  spring. 
The  work  of  constructing  the  concrete 
foundation  of  the  gas  tank  was  proceeded 
with  late  in  the  spring,  but  when  the 
concrete  was  tested  it  was  found  to  leak, 
and  the  Commission  refused  to  accept 
it.  The  contractors  have  now  lined  the 
interior  of  the  tank  surface,  and  are 
satisfied  it  will  stand  the  water  test,  but 
it  appears  doubtful  if  the  Commission 
will  accept  a  patched  piece  of  work.  If  it 
does  not  accept  it,  the  concrete  willTiave 
to  be  blown  out  and  replaced,  and  several 
months  will  be  lost,  precious  months, 
for  fall  is  at  hand.  To  tide  over  another 
winter  with  the  present  gas  facilities 
is  going  to  be  some  job.  The  people  had 
a  taste  of  gas  shortage  in  early  Sep- 
tember, when  the  supply  gave  out  Friday 
evening  at  six  o'clock,  and  continued  off 
until   Saturday  morning. 


CANADIAN  STOCKS 

MAY  YET  RUN  LOWER 

U.  S.  Points  Not  In  a  Position  To  .Send 

More  Material  to  the 

Dominion 

TORONTO.— Some  Canadian  dealers 
who  have  been  at  U.  S.  points  do  not 
bring  back  glowing  reports  of  the 
chances  of  this  country  receiving  in- 
creased supplies  of  raw  material  from 
United  States  points.  The  war  program 
at  Washington  is  staggering  in  its  size, 
and  compelling  in  the  way  in  which 
the  authorities  are  adhering  to  it.  This 
program  has  precedence  over  all  else, 
and  it  means  that  unless  production  is 
greatly  increased  the  war  appetite  is 
going  to  crowd  some  of  the  less  neces- 
sary business  into  the  ditch. 

Shell  plants  in  Canada  on  American 
business  are  doing  well  in  the  matter 
of  deliveries,  although  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  places  where  operations  are  not 
yet  under  way; 

Condition    Is    Not    Hopeful 

Those  Canadian  firms  or  houses  that 
have  been  looking  forward  to  something 
beter  in  the  way  of  supplies  from  U.  S. 
points  have  been  living  in  a  false  atmos- 
phere. The  plain  fact  is  that  the  war 
program  of  United  States  increases 
every  twenty-four  hours.  The  war  looks 
bigger  to  them  every  day,  and  they  are 
expending  their  w-ar  orders  in  propor- 
ions  in  keeping  with  this  view. 

Mr.  Near,  of  Drummond-McCall,  spent 
the  greater  part  of  last  week  at  U.  S. 
mills  from  which  they  have  for  years 
drawn  a  great  share  of  their  stock. 
'Things  are  looking  worse  thTn  I  ever 
anticipated,"  remarked  Mr.  Near  to  MA- 
CHINERY. It  seems  to  make  no  differ- 
ence whether  an  article  is  on  the  em- 
bargo list  or  not,  the  government  has 
its  eye  on  it  all  the  way  through,  and 
is  determined  to  see  that  it  goes  to  a 
war  purpose  shop  and  no  place  else. 
Previously  Canadian  warehouses  have 
been  getting  sheets  lower  than  1-8" 
quite  readi'v.  but  it  seems  unlikely  that 
this  condition  will  continue  for  any 
length  of  time.  The  best  rating-  that  is 
given  to  warehouse  orders  is  B-4.  They 
give  that  rather  than  a  direct  turn-down. 
A  B-4  ratine  depends  entirely  on  your 
connection  with  the  mills.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  it  is  becoming  a  saying  among 
the  mill  men  when  they  are  approached 
by  the  warehouse  men  'I  have  an  A-1 
desire  to  serve  you  but  only  a  B-4 
ability.'  The  arrangement  as  it  stands 
at  present  gives  the  advantage  entirely 
to  the  mills. 

May  Get  Less  In  Future 

"It  looks  as  though  there  would  be  no 
increase  in  the  allotment  of  material  for 
this  country.  In  fact,  it  really  looks  as 
though  there  might  be  a  considerable 
cut  in  the  volume  of  mitenal  for  the 
Dominion.  The  sheet  situation  is  caus- 
ing not  a  little  worry  to  a  good  many 
of  the  Canadian  bouses.  There  is  a 
queer  situation  just  at  the  moment. 
The  big  mills  that  can  convert  from 
sheets    to    plate    have    been    ordered    to 


S54 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


do  so  by  degrees.  The  first  move  was 
that  25  per  cent,  less  billets  should  go 
to  the  sheet  mills,  that  material  being 
turned  to  the  plate  rollers.  Now  there 
has  been  notice  sent  out,  and  it  will 
be  operative  in  a  few  days  from  this, 
that  another  twenty-five  per  cent,  shall 
be  taken  for  the  plate  producers.  The 
little  mill  that  cannot  turn  over  to  any- 
thing but  the  rolling  of  sheets  is  left 
more  alone,  and  to-day  there  is  more 
money  in  the  turning  out  of  sheets  than 
in  the  making  of  plate.  That  condition 
is  not  likely  to  run  much  longer,  and  it 
is  these  purely  sheet  mills  that  have 
been  looking  largely  after  the  Canadian 
trade  in  that  particular  line. 

The  Vulture  Is  There 

"There  was  one  mill  man  in  Pitts- 
burgh," continued  Mr.  Near,  "who  gave 
me  a  pretty  good  outline  of  the  demand 
for  steel.  He  stated  that  there  were 
jobbers  hanging  around  there  all  the  time 
in  the  hope  that  there  would  be  a  little 
over  on  the  order  of  some  firm  that  they 
might  have  a  chance  to  buy.  They  also 
have  the  hope  that  there  may  be  some 
half-spoiled  material  coming  from  the 
rollers  that  will  not  do  for  contract  work. 
They  hang  around  here  for  these  pick- 
ings like  a  lot  of  vultures  most  of  the 
time.  Anything  that  is  steel — that  is 
about  the  extent  of  their  specifications. 
He  laughingly  compared  this  to  the 
specifications  that  the  Canadians  brought 
down,  expecting  to  get  them  attended 
to  at  the  mills  at  once.  The  Emergency 
Fleet  board  has  a  faculty  of  sending 
out  specifications  for  a  lot  of  work  that 
has  been  very  carefully  worked  out  in 
advance  and  which  requires  an  immense 
amount  of  care  in  the  mills.  There  is 
generally  a  grand  scramble  to  see  if 
this  particular  order  can't  be  loaded  on 
tcr  some  other  mill. 

Have  No  Ruling 

"As  a  matter  of  fact,"  concluded  Mr. 
Near,  "the  Canadian  warehouses  have 
no  ruling  or  standing  at  Washington.  We 
are  now,  and  have  been  for  some  time 
practically  at  the  option  of  the  mills  as 
to  whether  we  keep  going  or  run  out  of 
stock.  The  trade  is  gradually  working 
into  a  narrower  margin  and  I  can't  see 
anything  that  would  make  me  believe 
that  the  situation  is  likely  to  be  re- 
lieved in  the  near  future." 


GEN.  PERSHING  KEEPS  U.S.  DIZZY 

CALLING  FOR  MORE  SUPPLIES 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


CEMENT  CO.  HAS  A 

BIG  MUNITIONS  ORDER 

And  Work  Will  Be  Started  Very  Shortly 
on  Building  of  the  Plant 

The  Canada  Cement  Co.,  Montreal, 
have  recently  received  a  munitions  con- 
tract from  the  American  Government, 
the  total  value  of  which  will  approxi- 
mate $10,000,000.  A  new  plant  will  be 
erected  to  cost  about  ?1 ,000,000,  the  out- 
lay to  be  guaranteed  by  the  U.  S.  Gov- 
ernment. The  work  involved  will  include 
the  furnace  production  of  the  steel,  the 
making  of  the  billets,  the  forging  and 
machining  of  the  shells.  Operations  on 
the  new  plant  addition  will  commence 
almost  immediately. 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Sept.  19.— Gen- 
1  eral  Pershing  wants  at  least 
100,000  3-ineh  shells  a  day.  As  this  is 
entirely  apart  from  his  requirements  in 
other  sized  shells  as  well  as  such  shells 
as  the  United  States  might  be  able  to 
make  for  Britain  and  France  a  very 
large  proposition  is  presented  and  the 
Ordnance  Department  is  pushing  hard  on 
the  semisteel  shell  program.  Last  week 
a  meeting  was  held  in  the  Pittsburgh 
Chamber  of  Commerce  auditorium,attend- 
ed  by  300  representatives  of  foundry 
and  machine  shops  in  western  Penn- 
sylvania, eastern  Ohio,  West  Virginia 
and  Western  Maryland.  Representa- 
tives of  the  Ordnance  Department  stated 
that  they  wanted  33,000,000  semisteel 
shells  during  the  next  ten  months  and 
insisted  that  more  than  half  of  the  total 
ought  to  come  from  this  district.  It 
was  urged  that  even  those  who  could 
perform  only  part  of  the  work  on  a 
shell  participate,  machine  shops  without 
foundries  attached  being  expected  to 
take  hold  as  well  as  foundries.  The 
semisteel  shell  program  includes  as 
minimum  requirements,  in  addition  to 
orders  placed,  the  following:  1,500  daily 
12-inch  high  explosive;  5,000  daily  155 
mm.  shrapnel;  35,000  daily  155  mm.  high 
explosive;  80,000  daily  75  mm.  high  ex- 
plosive. Prior  to  last  week's  meeting  31 
representative  foundrymen  had  visited 
the  American  Radiator  Company's  plant 
at  Buffalo,  where  there  is  now  a  daily 
output  of  100  6-inch  shells,  with  pros- 
pects of  largely  increased  output  in  the 
near  future.  Representatives  of  the  Ord- 
nance Department  stated  at  the  meeting 
that  the  specifications  would  be  made  as 
simple  as  possible  and  that  every  effort 
would  be  made  to  assist  manufacturers 
taking  up  this  line  of  work. 

Shell  Steel  and  Rails 

The  demand  for  such  large  numbers 
of  semisteel  shells  does  not  mean  that 
there  is  any  relaxation  in  the  pressure 
for  regular  steel  shells  but  of  course, 
it  shows  that  the  total  shell  require- 
ments have  become  so  large  that  it  is 
out  of  the  question  to  meet  it  with  steel 
shells  alone.  Rails  and  shell  steel  have 
come  into  sharp  competition,  because 
there  has  been  a  considerable  production 
of  shell  rounds  at  rail  mills  and  rail 
requirements  having  lately  increased 
very  sharply  it  is  impossible  to  increase 
shell  steel  production  at  such  plants  and 
decreases  might  even  be  necessary.  The 
recent  decision  to  remodel  two  wire 
plants,  Donora  and  Woodlawn,  to  pro- 
duce shell  rounds  instead  of  wire  rods, 
will  eventually  help.  In  addition  to  the 
150,000  tons  of  rails  ordered  a  few  weeks 
ago  for  the  A.  E.  F.  it  is  understood 
there  are  large  additional  requirement.^, 
occasioned  by  constant  advances  in  the 
battle  line.  Possibly  the  Franco-American 
drive  initiated  last  week,  whereby  the 
St.  Mihiel  salient  was  promptly  wiped 
out,  has   something   to  do  with   this,  as 


large  guns  will  have  to  be  brought  for- 
ward if  the  Metz  fortifications  are  to 
be  attacked,  and  the  gun  movement  would 
require  large  quantities  of  rails.  It  has 
been  known  in  the  steel  trade  in  Pitts- 
burgh for  months  that  the  French 
have  had  large  guns  ready  for  a  long 
time  past  against  the  time  when  activ- 
ities should  be  initiated  at  this  point. 
The  steel  trade,  it  may  be  mentioned,  is 
naturally  particularly  interested  in  this 
phase  of  the  military  operations,  seeing 
that  its  objective  would  be  the  control 
of  the  Minette  ore  district  from  which 
Germany  secures  nearly  its  entire  supply 
of  steel. 

Tin  Gets  Another  Cut 

As  a  means  of  saving  steel  the  War 
Industries  Board  has  ordered,  for  the 
fourth  quarter  of  the  year,  a  30  per 
cent,  reduction  in  the  supply  of  sheet 
bars  to  the  tin  plate  mills,  and  it  chances 
that  the  major  portion,  if  not  all,  of  the 
curtailment  will  be  at  the  Edgar  Thom- 
son steel  plant  of  the  Carnegie  Steel 
Company,  which  by  reducing  its  output 
of  sheet  bars  will  be  able  to  make  cor- 
respondingly more  rails.  Last  May  a 
precise  allotment  of  sheet  bars  to  each 
tin  plate  plant  was  ordered,  a  definite 
weekly  tonnage  per  mill,  whereby  there 
has  been  an  absolutely  full  supply  of 
steel  for  the  tin  plate  mills,  to  insure 
a  full  supply  of  cans  for  the  perishable 
food  crops.  This  now  being  taken  care 
of,  it  is  feasible  to  reduce  the  output  of 
tin  plate.  After  January  1  the  allotment 
will  no  doubt  have  to  be  increased.  The 
saving  in  steel  in  the  three  months'  tin 
plate  curtailment  will  be  between  125,000 
and  150,000  tons.  As  a  measure  of  com- 
parison, it  may  be  mentioned  that  one 
mile  of  track  in  85-pound  rails  involves 
about  the  same  amount  of  raw  steel  as 
1.000,000  two-pound  tin  cans. 

Apart  from  the  rail  requirements  for 
the  overseas  military  operations.  Direct- 
or General  of  Railroads  McAdoo  wants 
60,000  tons  of  rails  a  week  for  replace- 
ment on  domestic  roads  and  for  building 
new  track.  In  the  steel  trade  it  is  con- 
sidered impossible  to  meet  such  a  de- 
mand, but  in  the  past  few  weeks  the 
deliveries  have  at  any  rate  been  much 
heavier  than  formerly.  Mr.  McAdoo  was 
in  Pittsburgh  last  week  in  his  inspection 
of  railroad  conditions  and  he  summoned 
to  meet  him  here  A.  W.  Calloway,  mana- 
ger of  bituminous  coal  production  for 
the  Fuel  Administration  and  J.  Leonard 
Replogle,  Director  of  Steel  Supply  for 
the  War  Industries  Board.  The  motive 
was  obvious.  The  Fuel  Administration 
wants  more  coal  to  be  produced  and  calls 
for  more  transportation  facilities,  while 
the  Railroad  Administration  in  turn 
wants  more  steel  from  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board,  hence  Mr.  McAdoo  brings 
Mr.  Calloway  and  Mr.  Replogle  to- 
gether. 

Other  Steel  Restrictions 

The   only   precise   fresh   restriction   in 


September  19,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINP:RY 


365 


the  use  of  raw  steel  in  finishing  depart- 
ments is  that  mentioned  above  in  the 
case  of  tin  plate.  Other  restrictions 
are  being  considered,  relating  to  the  use 
of  steel  in  merchant  bar  mills,  pipe  mills 
and  wire  mills.  In  the  past  few  weeks 
these  three  classes  of  mills  have  been 
operating  at  an  average  rate  of  not  more 
than  60  per  cent,  of  capacity.  Possibly 
decision  in  these  matters  will  be  aided 
by  the  inventory  now  being  made  of 
stocks  of  steel  in  the  country,  as  a  result 
of  a  questionnaire  recently  sent  out  by 
the  Census  Bureau  in  behalf  of  the  War 
Industries  Board,  whereby  steel  pro- 
ducers, finishing  mills,  jobbers  and  man- 
ufacturing consumers  are  required  to 
report  their  stocks  in  detail.  Some 
stocks  may  be  found  that  can  be  utilized 
for  distribution  to  plants  engaged  in  war 
work. 

Production 
The  monthly  report  of  the  American 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute  indicates  that 
steel  ingots  were  produced  in  August 
at  the  rate  of  about  40,300,000  gross 
tons  a  year,  against  rates  of  42,250,000 
tons  in  July  and  43,500,000  tors  in  June. 
The  June  rate  was  the  best  on  record, 
barring  only  the  rate  last  October.  The 
July  and  August  decrease  reflects  sum- 
mer weather,  particularly  the  record  hot 
weather  that  prevailed  in  the  central 
west  during  the  first  12  days  of  August. 
On  the  whole,  the  midsummer  drop  in 
production  was  less  than  usually  occurs, 
and  there  is  good  reason  for  expecting 
the  June  rate,  or  a  higher  rate,  to  be 
attained  this  month  or  next.  Already 
there  are  reports  of  individual  mills 
doing  much  better  thus  far  this  month 
than  in  the  corresponding  period  of  Aug- 
ust. Some  statistics  gathered  last  May 
indicated  an  output  of  finished  rolled 
steel  equal  to  78  per  cent,  of  the  pro- 
duction of  ingots.  Prior  to  the  war  the 
proportion  was  almost  constant  at  about 
76  per  cent.,  the  loss  being  in  roll  scale, 
scrap,  etc.,  practically  all  of  which  is 
recovered.  When  shell  steel  manufac- 
ture for  the  Allies  was  undertaken  the 
proportion  dropped  a  trifle,  on  account 
of  the  heavy  discards,  but  now  it  appears 
that  some  relaxation  in  the  specifica- 
tions, mora  skill  on  the  part  of  the  mills, 
and  the  employment  of  discard  steel  for 
various  war  uses  are  having  their  effect 
in  pulling  up  the  percentage.  Using 
this  f'ictor,  the  ingot  production  in  July 
and  August  would  point  to  the  produc- 
tion in  the  two  months  of  about 
6.000.000  net  tons  of  finished  rolled 
steel.  This  is  to  be  considered  in  con- 
nection with  the  War  Industries  Board's 
recently  increased  estimate  of  23,000,000 
net  tons  of  steel  being  required  in  the 
half  year,  with  its  very  conservative 
estimate  that  only  17,000,000  tons  pro- 
duction could  be  counted  upon.  If  the 
two  midsummer  months  produce  6,000.- 
000  tons  the  half  year  ought  to  show 
at  least  19.000,000  tons.  This  would  still 
be  4.000,000  tons  short  of  the  estimate 
and  the  less  important  of  the  commer- 
cial uses,  recognized  as  helpful  in  win- 
ning the  war,  cannot  be  allowed  much 
steel. 


U.S.  MAKES  DRASTIC 

MOVE  RE  STRIKERS 

Will  Insist  Upon  the  Acceptance  of  the 
Work  or  Fight  Rule  in  Every  Case 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

NEW  YORK,  Sept.  19th.— War  indus- 
tries in  various  parts  of  the  country  are 
constantly  buying  machinery.  The  great- 
est activity  is  in  the  Central  West.  The 
barred  industrial  zone  has  shifted  the 
heaviest  buying  from  the  Eastern  sec- 
tion. The  Government  is  still  buying 
tools  and  cranes  directly,  but  the  largest 
orders  are  being  placed  by  private  mak- 
ers of  guns  and  ammunition.  Shipbuild- 
ers and  manufacturers  of  railroad  equip- 
ment are  placing  additional  contracts  and 
some  large  orders  are  still  pending. 

Labor  strikes  affecting  war  industries 
have  finally  brought  drastic  action  by  the 
President.  The  Federal  policy  of  indus- 
trial war-labor  control  was  determined 
upon  as  a  result  of  the  refusal  of  strik- 
ing machinists  at  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  to 
accept  an  arbitral  decision  of  the  War 
Labor  Board.  The  new  policy  applies  to 
both  employers  and  to  employees  and 
may  be  epitomized  as  follows:  First,  the 
Federal  Government  will  take  over  and 
operate  the  plants  of  employers  who  de- 
cline to  abide  by  decisions  of  the  War 
Labor  Board.  Second,  striking  employees 
who  ignore  or  temporize  with  these  de- 


cisions must  return  to  work  or  be  bar- 
red from  employment  in  any  war  indus- 
try in  the  community  in  which  the  strike 
occurs  for  a  period  of  one  year  and  face 
rejection  of  any  claim  for  exemption  from 
the  draft  law  based  on  usefulness  in  war 
production. 

One    Result 

The  plant  of  the  Smith  &  Wesson  Co., 
Springfield,  Mass.,  which  has  been  mak- 
ing pistols  for  the  Government,  has  been 
commandeered  by  the  War  Department 
as  a  result  of  the  Government's  indus- 
trial policy  above  outlined;  also,  many 
strikers  at  Bridgeport  have  returned  to 
work  while  other  machinists  unwilling  to 
resume  their  old  places  are  seeking  em- 
ployment at  war  industrial  plants  else- 
where. 

In  the  Central  West,  especially  at  Chi- 
cago, labor  conditions,  which  were  going 
from  bad  to  worse,  are  expected  to  be 
improved  immediately  by  the  President's 
action.  In  several  cases,  adjustments  of 
difficulties  have  come  before  the  War 
Labor  Board.  .  If  decisions  of  the  Board 
are  rejected,  the  "work  or  fight"  man- 
date will  be  put  into  effect. 

The  American  Brake  Shoe  and  Foun- 
dry Co.  has  come  into  the  market  for 
150  tools  to  be  installed  in  its  Erie,  Pa., 
plant  for  the  manufacture  of  guns;  the 
list  includes  100  plain  and  vertical  mill- 
ing machines  and  50  8-inch,  20-inch  and 
24-inch     lathes.     The    Government    has 


THERE'S  A  BIG  GAP  UNFILLED 

IN  THE  AMERICAN  SCRAP  TRADE 


THERE  seems  to  be  no  let-up  in  the 
demand  at  U.S.  points  for  scrap 
metals.  Canadian  yards  on  the 
other  hand  are  well  filled,  and  consumers 
here  are  being  much  better  supplied 
with  this  material  than  those  who  are 
depending  on  U.S.  markets.  The  em- 
bargo is  still  on  in  this  country  and 
Canadian  yards  are  not  allowed  to  ship 
certain  grades  to  U.S.  points.  The  sit- 
uation in  U.S.  at  the  leading  points  is 
described  in  the  following  despatches — • 

Chicago. — A  very  large  demand  for 
heavy  steel  scrap  is  being  received  from 
Eastern  points,  but  permits  are  not  being 
issued  for  this  material  to  leave  this 
district. 

New  York. — ^Dealers  here  report  that 
there  is  a  very  brisk  demand  practically 
for  everything  they  have  to  sell,  and  on 
account  of  this,  and  also  on  account  of 
the  fact  that  very  little  material  is 
coming  out,  prices  remain  firm  at  the 
Government  maximum. 

Pittsburgh. — There  is  no  question  but 
that  users  would  absorb  a  very  large 
amount  of  scrap  over  and  above  that 
which  they  are  receiving  were  they  able 
to  secure  it.  The  open  hearth  furnaces 
have  benefitted  to  a  very  large  extent 
by  the  embargo  which  has  prohibited 
turnings  from  going  to  the  blast  fur- 
naces. 

Cleveland. — There  is  a  good  demand 
for  heavy  melting  steel,  turnings  and 
low  phos.  are  the  scrap  and  iron  and 
steel  grades  that  are  most  wanted. 
There    are    numerous    complaints    being 


made  over  the  car  service,  and  deliveries 
on  orders  are  rather  indifferent  on  this 
account. 

Cincinnati. — The  price  being  paid  now 
for  labor  in  the  scrap  yards  very  seldom 
gets  a  chance  to  go  below  the  40  cents 
an  hour  mark.  Some  of  the  dealers 
here  are  inclined  to  be  somewhat  pes- 
simistic about  the  future  because  the 
small  dealers  are  not  sending  in  any- 
thing like  the  amount  of  stuff  that  they 
have  done  in  the  past. 

Philadelphia. — There  has  been  some 
controversy  going  on  here  in  regard  to 
the  standing  of  the  scrap  industry  under 
the  new  draft  regulations.  Dealers  how- 
ever, are  inclined  to  call  attention  to 
the  ruling  of  General  Crowder,  in  which 
he  recognises  the  fact  that  the  scrap 
industry  was  essential,  and  on  this 
ground  it  is  quite  proper  for  dealers 
to  claim  exemption  for  any  men  they 
may  have  working  in  their  yards. 

Buffalo. — There  is  small  chance  of  any 
of  the  dealers  here  accumulating  any 
reserve  stock  against  the  winter  months, 
when  it  will  not  be  coming  in  as  freely 
as  it  is  now.  All  the  tonnages  that 
show  up  here  are  immediately  absorbed 
by  the  trade. 

Complaint  is  made  that  the  high  cost 
of  labor  leaves  little  incentive  toward 
trading  on  the  ground  that  since  the  Go- 
vernment prices  were  fixed  there  is  little 
opportunity  for  the  trade  to  make  any 
money.  There  is  a  very  keen  demand 
for  heavy  melting  steel,  and  in  fact  for 
any  other  heavy  grades. 


356 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


placed  additional  orders  for  guns  and 
shells,  and  as  a  result  several  new  in- 
quiries for  round  lots  of  machine  tools 
have  been  put  out,  including  one  for  50 
tools  and  another  for  25  machines  for 
making  guns  and  gun  parts.  Non-essen- 
tial industries  that  are  now  preparing  to 
manufacture  airplanes,  escort  wagons 
and  other  war  munitions  have  been  ac- 
tively buying  small  lots  of  wood-working 
machines  in  the  Cleveland,  Ohio,  district. 
The  Winchester  Repeating  Arms  Co., 
New  Haven,  in  preparing  to  double  its 
output  of  ammunition,  will  purchase 
$500,000  worth  of  shop  equipment,  but 
orders  will  not  be  placed  until  sanction- 
ed by  the  Government.  The  large  pur- 
chases contemplated  by  the  Baldwin 
Locomotive  Works  are  still  pendinar.  The 
Baltimore  Car  &  Foundry  Co.,  a  subsidi- 
ary of  the  Standard  Steel  Car  Co..  will 
expend  one  million  dollars  for  building 
and  equipping  a  fabricating  shop  which 


will  be  utilized  in  shipbuilding  work. 

The  Navy  Department  will  make  pur- 
chases of  a  number  of  machines  for  the 
large  structural  shop  which  will  be 
built  at  the  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard. 
Bids  have  been  taken  on  6,200  tons  of 
steel  for  this  plant  and  it  is  expected 
that  an  award  soon  will  be  made  to  a 
Pacific  Coast  builder.  The  Department 
has  taken  over  the  Harrison,  New  ^^''^^V' 
plant  of  J.  J.  Spurr  &  Sons,  which  will 
be  equipped  for  assembling  and  installing 
machinery  in  submarine  chasers  and 
other  boats  now  being  constructed  at  the 
Brooklyn  Navy  Yard. 

The  Ordnance  Department  has  placed 
a  number  of  orders  with  various  manu- 
facturers for  80-inch  lathes  and  prepara- 
tions are  being  made  for  the  purchase 
of  102-inch  lathes  to  be  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  guns  at  Government  ar- 
senals. 


IRON  TRADE  IS  LOOKING  TO 

LAST  QUARTER  FOR  MORE  MONEY 


THE  iron  trade  is,  of  course,  <jreTtly 
concerned  over  the  meetings  that  are 
being  held  now  looking  forward  to  the 
fixing  of  prices  for  the  last  quarter  of 
1918.  The  nroHucers  of  pie  iron  are 
pressing  their  claims  for  consideration, 
and  they  will  certainly  draw  attention 
to  the  widening  gap  in  production  costs 
in  various  districts  due  to  higher  ore, 
freight  charges,  and  other  considerations. 
The  demands  at  all  points  for  steel 
making  iron  are  referred  to  as  being 
intense,  munition  production  calling  for 
a  greater  output  than  as  heretofore  seen 
possible. 

Reports  from  the  leading  centres  on 
the  American  continent  nre  as  follows — 
PHILADELPHIA— The  dealers  here 
are  showing  considerable  interest  in  the 
forthcoming  action  by  the  government 
on  prices.  Producers  from  here  are  in 
conference  at  New  York.  There  is  a 
feeling  that  the  War  Industry  Board 
may  not  be  inclined  to  allow  any  in- 
creases in  price  for  this  year,  but  it  is 
certain  that  the  producers  will  press  the 
point,  and  make  a  strong  try  for  prices 
on    a    hic^her    level. 

NEW  YORK— The  1919  situation  re- 
mains rather  uncertain  here,  and  it  is 
worthy  of  notice  that  the  present  sys- 
met  of  allocation  is  causing  some 
rather  peculiar  situations,  as  in  some 
cases  producers  are  being  given  ton- 
nages of  iron  for  consumers  with  whom 
they  had  previously  broken  off  trade 
relations,  and  whom  under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances they  would  have  no  intention 
of  supplying.  Under  present  conditions 
though  they  have  no  choice  in  the  mat- 
ter. On  the  other  hand  they  are  many 
producers  who  are  not  able  to  take  care 
of  those  firms  who  have  been  good  cus- 
tomers of  theirs  in  the  past.  Speaking 
of  prices  some  of  the  southern  furnaces 
have  experienced  the  250%  increase  in 
the  freight  costs  on  raw  materials,  while 
labor  and  other  costs  have  risen  material- 


ly, and  it  is  certain  that  these  interests 
will  press  for  higher  prices. 

PITTSBURGH— There  is  no  question 
but  that  inquiries  here  are  numerous 
enough,  but  very  few  contracts  are  enter- 
ed into,  in  the  fear  that  they  may  in 
some  way  interfere  with  the  Govern- 
ment distribution  of  the  supply  of  iron. 
Production  is  coming  along  nicely,  and 
there  might  be  quite  a  large  increase 
were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  coke 
continues  to  he  of  a  poor  quality. 


BUFFALO— There  does  not  appear 
to  be  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained  any 
1919  contracting  going  on  now.  In  fact, 
the  trade  seems  to  be  waiting  until  the 
new  classification  of  industries  is  given 
out. 

CHICAGO — It  appears  that  there  is 
going  to  be  some  trouble  in  store  for 
those  melters  who  have  not  made  out  the 
reports  covering  their  receipts  and  con- 
sumption of  iron  during  the  past  month, 
and  it  may  be  that  they  will  get  no 
supplies  whatever.  Strict  instructions  are 
issued  to  furnaces  and  delegations  to  re- 
gard these  industries  as  unessentials. 
They  automatically  enter  that  class 
when  they  neglect  to  send  in  their  re- 
ports. 

CINCINNATI— The  great  stove  trade 
in  this  city  and  district  is  in  a  peculiar 
situation  just  now.  So  far  the  stove 
foundries  have  been  able  to  operate,  but 
if  latest  reports  are  correct  they  are 
going  to  have  a  hard  time  of  it  during 
the  first  half  of  1919  in  which  they  will 
have  little  or  no  iron  at  all. 

ST.  LOUIS — To  get  some  conception 
of  the  position  of  some  of  the  non-war 
plants,  in  regard  to  the  supply  of  iron, 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  some  of  the 
largest  of  them  are  now  announcing 
that  they  are  now  in  the  market  to  take 
contracts  from  any  plants  t^^at  have 
Government  vn-i-.  Tfo-  fnstancp  ^"^e 
Buck's  Stove  and  Range  Co.,  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  U.S.,  are  advertising  in 
the  daily  papers,  soliciting  work  from 
other  manufacturers  in  the  lines  in 
which  they  specialize.  They  state  that 
the  curtailments  in  the  matter  of  fuel, 
iron  and  steel  have  cut  down  their  out- 
put to  a  very  small  amount 


SYSTEM  OF  CONTROL  IN  ENGLAND 

NOT  UNLIKE  THAT  OF  THE  STATES 


'TpHE  system  of  controlling  the  iron 
-»•  and  steel  industries  in  this  coun- 
try is  well  known,  but  not  so  much  has 
been  said  about  conditions  in  England. 
The  following  factshave  been  forw^r^led 
to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  in  this 
connection: — 

"In  order  to  ensure  that  supplies  of 
steel  as  far  as  possible  be  forthcoming 
for  the  most  urgent  work,  a  system  of 
control  of  rollings  has  been  instituted. 
The  country  has  been  divided  up  into  six 
areas,  each  of  which  has  been  placed  in 
charge  of  a  Ste^l  Sunerintendent.  who 
represents  the  Admiralty  and  the  Minis- 
try Of  Munitions.  One  of  his  chief  func- 
tions is  to  advise  and  assist  firms  within 
his  area  to  obtain  the  supplies  of  steel 
needed  by  them  for  authorized  purposes. 
"The  rolling  programmes  at  the  princi- 
pal works  in  the  areas  are  arranged  by 
the  Steel  Superintendent  in  consultation 
with  expert  Area  Committees,  composed 
of  representatives  of  the  principal  mills. 
It  follows  that  the  Steel  Superintendent, 
who  is  in  constant  communication  with 
his  colleagues  in  the  other  areas,  is  in 
a  position  to  give  authoritative  inform- 
ation in  regard  to  the  prospects  of  ob- 


taining   material.  To    facilitate    the 

regular  and  frequent  rollings  of  sections, 
a  list  of  standardised  sections  has  been 
drawn  up  and  published  for  information; 
and  if  firms  confine  their  requirements 
for  sections  to  this  list  there  should 
rarely  be  any  delay  in  obtaining  supplies 
necessary  to  enable  work  to  proceed 
promptly.  The  needs  of  the  various  ser- 
vices and  the  country  generally  have 
been  carefully  estimated,  and  the  av^iil- 
able  supplies  have  been  allocated  pro 
rata.  In  order  to  ensure  that  the  sup- 
plies available  do,  in  fact,  go  to  the 
destinations  allotted,  statistical  returns 
are  regularly  obtained,  which  give  par- 
ticulars of  all  manufacturers'  deliveries 
to  their  various  customers.  The  system 
of  what  is  known  as  "Prefix  Lettering" 
for  orders  has  been  instituted.  These 
prefix  letters  indicate  the  services  for 
which  the  steel  ordered  thereunder  is  to 
be  used,  and  it  has  been  laid  down  that 
no  order  may  be  entered  or  executed 
unless  it  bears  its  appropriate  prefix 
lettering  followed  by  the  Admiralty  or 
Ministry  of  Munitions  priority  or  permit 
reference,  or  Government  Contract  re- 
Continued  on  page  358 


September  19,  1918. 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


357 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  6  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand  steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base  4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh  *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh  ....  *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  ♦S  50 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT  RATES 
Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal    23.1  31.5 

St.  John,  N.B 38.1  50.5 

Halifax 39.1  51.5 

Toronto 18.9  22.1 

Guelph 18.9  22.1 

London 18.9  22.1 

Windsor 18.9  22.1 

Winnipeg 64.9  85.1 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper  32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper   31  00  28  50 

Tin     105  00  105  00 

Spelter  11  00  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony     16  50  18  00 

Aluminum    50  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal      Toronto 

Plates.  %  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  36 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

""r   100   feet 

%  in $  6  00     $     8  00 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1  in 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in. 27  01         33  86 

2%  in 43  29         54  11 

3      in 56  61         70   76 

3%  in 71  76         88  78 

4      in 85  02       105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 29  97         36  45 

2%  in 45  05         55  28 

3  in 58  91         72  29 

3'/^  in 73  60         91  54 

4  in 87  20       108  45 

4%  in 99  06       123  82 

5  in 115  40       144  30 

6  in 149  80       187  20 

7  in 195  20       243  95 

8L    in 205  00       256  25 

8  in 236  20       295  20 

9  in 282  90       353  25 

lOL    in 262  40       328  00 

10      in 337  80       422  30 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 
Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Vfnn'^al      Toronto 

Copper,   light    $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  25  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00  22  00 

New  brass   cuttings    ...  16  50  15  00 

Red  brass  turnings   18  50  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings..  13  00  13  00 

Light  brass 10  00  9  60 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...  24  00  22  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00  20  00 

Pipe,  virrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels,  iron    38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop    turnings...  8  00  8  50 

Cast    borings    10  00  12  00 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Scrap  zinc  6  50  6  60 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

T^a  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 5 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

steel 27H 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fll.  hd.,  it««l  !• 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  M 

Machine    screws,   o.    and   fil.    hd., 

brass add  26 

Nuts,  square  blank add  $1  60 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %'  and  larger  $8  60 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72% 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright «7H 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  37% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  ....  25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws. ...     20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  m  in M 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins     10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus It 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and it 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plus     20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  30,     10 

Thumb  screws SO 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,     10 

Hold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add    7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  prroH  ton 

Bessemer  billets $47  60 

Ooen-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets M  00 

Wire  rods 17  00 

Govefnment  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKBS 

Wire  nails   $6  25       $6  30 

Cut  nails 6  70        6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60% 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  60 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 6  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope.  M-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

To-oritn     net 


358 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  ; 0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt.   16  05 

Red   dry   lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt, 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  SB 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
.Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03V6 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular....     0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .     35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   26 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discountfl  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

15^  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plu^s,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittmgs;  class  B  black,  24 %c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

lb.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black,  No.  28. .  $  8  00  $  8  25 
ShMta,  black,  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,   10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head, 28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%    oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00         20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

K  in.,  $14.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.85;  %  in., 
$!3.50;   7-16  in.,   $12.90;    %    in.,   $13.20; 


$13.00;    %    in.,    $12.90;    1    inch,    $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 
ELECTRIC   WELD   COIL   CHAIN    B.B. 

%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  Iba. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and   Imperial    50 

Nicholson  32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta   Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes    50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2%  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in : 58  00 

3H  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26H 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital  49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oi'.  pe»-  <?al «?  fiO 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing,  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides  1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic.  603.  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tane,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  50 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft.. . .     3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt   3  25 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck..  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American. ...  07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to       05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to       09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to       09 

Rouge,  silver 36  to       50 

Rouge,  powder 30  to       45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod . .   0  38 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heavier, 

0  4S 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  4>( 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Ots.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  AUas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .   17% 

Grand   19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 1* 

X  L  C  R  . . .   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    ....   12 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.   1    .......   13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow     25  Anvil    16 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  W 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...   10%      Best  grades..   16* 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin 70  to     .70 

Zinc   23  t«     .26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  69     43  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     Tar*mt« 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25       $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  25         18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60         12  M 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  $ 

Acid,  hydrochloric  

Acid,  nitric   

Acid,  sulphuric  

Ammonia,  aqua    

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 

Ammonium  sulphate 

Arsenic,  white    

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy   

Copper,  sulphate    

Cobalt,  sulphate 

Iron  perchloride  

Lead  acetate  

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate  .... 

Nickel  carbonate    

Nickel  sulphate 

Potassium  carbonate 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute) 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    

Silver  nitrate   (per  oz.)    

Sodium  bisulphite    

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 

Sodium  hydrate   

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs. 

Sodium  phosphate   

Tin   chloride    

Zinc  chloride  

Zinc  sulphate 

Prices    per   lb.   unless   otherwise 


.25 
.06 
.14 
.06 
.22 
.33 
.40 
.40 
.15 
.27 
.75 
.22 
.20 
.40 
.35 
.25 
.15 
.35 
1.80 
2  25 
1.45 
1.20 
.30 
.05 
.50 
.22 


103 


\ 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  intereata. 
Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  SEPTEMBER  26,  1918  No.  13 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

THE  MAKING  OF  MILLING  MACHINE  DOG   AND    DRIVER    3.57-362 

GENERAL    362 

Dry  and  Wet  Coal — Method  for  the  Combustion  of  Brown  Coal. 

TANTIRON;  AN  ACID  RESISTING  ALLOY 363-366 

ARGENTINE  NAVIGATION,  ITS  ORIGIN  AND  GROWTH 366 

THE  "WAR  TAURUS"  TAKES  THE  WATER   AT  POLSON'S 367 

WE  WANT  100  EDITORS 368 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT 369-370 

Metal  Sawing  Machine — Manufacturing  Lathe — Variety  Saw. 

BILL  COULDN'T  GROW  WITH  THE  OLD   MAN  OVER  HIM 371 

EDITORIAL 372-373 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS  375-376 

Summary — Toronto  Letter — Montreal  Letter — New  York  Letter — Washington 

Letter — Pittsburg  Letter. 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 377-378 

INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENTS 56-63 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,   The  Financial   Post.   MacLean's   Magazine,   Farmers'   Magazine. 

Canadian   Grocer,   Dry   Goods   Review,   Men's   Wear   Eeview.    Printer  and   Publisher,    Bookseller  and 

Stationer,     Canadian     Machinery    and     Manufacturing     News.     Power     House,     Sanitary     Engineer, 

Canadian   Foundryman,   Marine   Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto  ;  Atabek,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


(mmm  Machinery 


MANUFAaUR 


NG  News 


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Associate  Editors:  J.  H.  RODGERS.   W.    F.   SUTHERLAND,  T.   H.   FENNER. 
Eastern  Repreaentative :  E.  M.  Pattison  ;  Ontario  Representative :  S,  S.  Moore ; 
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104 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can 


Operate  This   Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


4i 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian    Agents :    A.    R.    Williams   Machinery    Co,,    Toronto,    Ont. ; 
<.    Wi    iams    Machinery    Co.,    260    Princess    St.,    Winnipeg;    A.    R. 
Williams    Machinery    Co.,    Vancouver;    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co- 
st. John,   N.B. ;   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

.\ll«lt    .Machine    Co.    62 

All™    .Vlfg.    Co 83 

Almond    Mfg.    Co 26,  62 

.\malsamated    Xf achinery  Corp 14 

Audeiaon   &   Co.,   Gm 82 

ArchlhaM   *  Co 6» 

.\rmstrons   Bros.    Tool   Co 72 

Armstrong,   Whitworth  of  CanaJa 8 

Atkins  &   Co.,    Wm 7 

B 

Baird    Machine    Co W 

Banfleld.    W.    H..    A   Sons    70 

Bames,    Wallace,    Ca     70 

B.-mi«    A    Call    20 

Bertram   A   Sons   Co.,    John    

Front  cover  and   pace  1 

Itertranw,    Ltd ftl 

Blake   A  Johnson   Co 86 

B11.W.    K.    W 26 

Blount    Co..    J.     0 9 

Brantfonl  Oven   A   Rack  Co.    62 

BrIdKefonI    .Mach.    A    Tool    Works,...  « 

Bristol  Comtany    82 

Budden,    Hanbin;    A 63 

BnUerffeld    A    Co 81 

0 

Canada    Fmmdries  A   Forsings.    Lt.l.  9 

Canada    Machinery    Corporation    

Outside  back  cover 

Canada   Metal    Co 77 

ran.    Barker   Co 6D 

Can.    BluKer   &    Forge  Co.    19 

Can.   Fairbanki^Morse  Co^  32 

Can.     Ingcntoll-Kand    Co.     13 

Can.    Wnk   Belt    Co.    76 

fan.     Rtnnely    Co 68 

C«n.    S    K    P   Co.,    Ud 28 

t'an,     Ste<-1    Foon  Iries    7 

<'an.    Welding    Co 18 

Calaract   Beflning   Co 78 

Chapman    Dmible   Ball    Bearing   Co..  77 

rbestennan    A    Co,,    Ltd,,    James 98 

Classified    Advertising    H 

Cleveland    I'neiimatic    TonA    Co 99 

Cleveland    Wire    Spring    Co 81 

Consolidated    Press    Co I 

Coienlrv   Chain    Co.    KB 

Cartis    A    Curtis    20 

Cusbman   Chuck   Co 82 

D 

Davidson    Mfg.    Co..    Tbos.    S6 

Davidson    Tool    Mfg.    Co 74 

Davis-Btjumonrille    Co 84 

Kelta     Kile    Works    63 

Oelorr*    Sm^'ltiog    A    Iteiining    Co U 

IMaOKind    Ssw    A    Htsmping    Works.  22 

l>icko>r.    Fred   C 70 


Dominion   Belting  Co 70 

Dominion    Bridge    Co 73 

Dominion   Forge  &   Stamping   Co 10 

Dom.    Foundries    &    Steel,    Ltd 82 

Dominion    Iron    &    Wrecking    Co  —  67 

G 

Klliotl    A    Whitehall     69 

Flm   Cutting  Oil    Co 85 

Enushevsk>'   A    Son,    B 85 

Brie    Fmmdry    M 

F 

Federal   Engineering  Co.,   Ltd el 

Fetheistonhaiigh    63 

Financial    Post   of    Canada    70 

Firth,     Thos 6 

Fleck,     Alex 63 

Fonl-iSmith    .Machine    Co Ml 

Fry's    (London),   Ltd 77 

G 

Gardner,    Robt 69 

Oarlock-Walker    Machy.    Co 67 

OaiTin     Mathine    Co 18 

Geometric    Tool    Co S3 

Gilding     &     Lewis     84 

OiHiert    A    Barker   .Mfg.    Co 97 

Gkdiolt    Machine    Co 31 

Giant   Gear   Works    85 

Grant  Mfg.  &  Machine  Co     19 

Greenfield    Machine  Co 84 

GrecnSeld    Tap   &   Die  Corp 28 

Greenleafs,    Ltd til 

H 

Hamilton   Gear  A   .Machine    Co m 

Hamilton    Machine   Tool   Co " 

Hamilton    Motor  Works    33 

Hanna    A    Co.,    M.    A 8 

Hardinge     Bros W 

Harvey  A   Co.,   Arthur  C 10 

Hawkrtdge    Bros 70 

TIelitlev     .Machine     Co I'M 

Hmry    A    Wright   .Vffg.    Co 89 

H<iibiini.     John     T 4 

Hinckley    Mach,    Works    86 

Hoyt    Metal    Co,    85 

Hull    Iron    A    .Steel    Foimdries    K 

Hunter  flaw   A    Machine   Works 81 

Hurlburt-Bogcrs    Machinery    Co 21 

Hyrlraulic   Mnchy.   Co H 

Hyde   Kngineering  Co 83 


Independent   Pneumatic   Tool   Co.. 


K 


Ki-v    &    Good-win 

Ke,\-slniu'    Mfg.    Co 

Kempsmith    Mfg,    Co 

Knight    .Metal    Products    Co.. 


Jacobs    Mfg.    Co 'J! 

Janline    Co.,    A.    E :..    11 

Johnloo   Machine   Co.,   Carlvle    8 


L*.\ir    Liquidc    Society     73 

Liindis     Machine     Co 8fi 

Latrobc   Electric   Steel   Co 6 

London   Bolt  &  Hinge   Co 63 

M 

.MacKinnon    .Steel    Co.    61 

.Magnolia    Metal    Co 76 

-Manitoba    Steel    Co 86 

Manufacturers    Equipment    (^o 26 

.Marsh    Engineering   Works.    Ltd 55 

.MathMon   A  Co.,    I H 

.Matthews,    Jas,    H..    &   Co.    30 

.McDougall    Co.,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside    back   cover 

MdLaren,    J,    C    Belting    Co 84 

Mechanical    Kngineering    Co 93 

.Metal    Block    Corp 98 

.Metalworel     Mfg.     Co 24 

Morse  Twi.tt  Drill  A  .Mach.  Co.    ....  89 

Morton     .Mfg.     Co 60 

.Vluir.    Alex Bl 

.Murchey  Machine  A  Tool  Co 27 


National    .\cme    Co 69 

National    Machinery    Co 93 

Nicholson    Pile    .Mff.    Ca     72 

Xiles-Bement'Pond Inside    front    cover 

Normac    Machine    Co 6*^ 

Northern    Crane    Works    M 

Norton,     A.     0 30 

Nova   Scotia   Steel   A  Coal    Co 12 

O 

Oakley   Chemical    Co 83 

Ontario    Lubricating    Co 80 

r 

Page  iSteel    Wire    Co 81 

Pangbom    Coiporation    ?^ 

Ponnenter  A   Bulloch  Co 80 

Peerless    Machine    Co 20 

Plessiaville   Foundry  Co f^ 

Plew(M,     Ltd 61 

Port  Hope   File   Mfg,   Co 3» 

Positive  Clutch  A  Pulley  Works   ,,.,  W 

Poughkeepsie    64 

■  Pratt    A    Whitney Inside    fiont    cover 

Pritchard-Andrews     28 

Pullan,    E 62 

R 

Racine  Tool   A   Machine  Co ?1 

Richards  Sand    Blast  Mach.   Co 76 

Hidout    A    Maybec    63 

Riverside    Machinery   De])ot    65 


Rockfoixl    Drilling    Machine    Co 91 

Boelofson   Machine   &   Tool   Co 15 

S 

ShcHons,    Ltd 78 

Shuster    Co.,    F.    B 82 

.Silver    Mfg.     Co 86 

Siraonds  Canada  Saw  Co 22 

Skinner    Chuck    Co 82 

Smart-Turner    Machine    Co 71 

Smooth-On    .Mfg.    Co iH 

Standawi    Fuel    Engineering    Co 97 

Standard  Machy,  A  Supelifs.  Ltd.,  6.  17 

Stamett  Co.,  L.   S 79 

.Steel    Co.    of    Canada    3 

Steele,    James    61 

Stoptoe.     John,     Co 76 

Stirk    A    .Sons.    .lohn    62 

St.    Lawrence  Welding   Co .  13 

Stoll  Co.,   n.   H 82 

Strong,    Kennard   A   Nutt   Co.,    Tlie,.  86 

T 

Tabor   .Mfg.    Co 61 

Taylor,    J.    A.    .M !3 

Taylor    Instnunent    Co 97 

Tol«lo   Machine    A    Tool  Co 25 

Toionto   Iron    Works    82 

Trahera   Pump  Co :^6 

r 

T'nion   Drawn  .Steel   Co 83 

Cnited    Bra.%a   A   Lead,    Lid 68.  i6 

I'nited  Hammer  Co 84 

Cnited    Staces    Silica   Co 23 

V 

V  anadinm-.MlGv.s    Steel     Ci 4 

Victoria    Foimdry    Co S5 

Vulcan  Cnicilble  Steel  Co t 

W 

Wellnnd    Machine   Co 68 

Wtlls   Hi™.    Co.,    of   Canala    28 

Wheel    Trueing    Tjol    Co 83 

Whiting   Foundi-y  A   Equip.   Co 86 

Whilon,    1).    E M 

Whitman    A    Barnes  .Supply    Co 91 

Wilkinson    A    Kompass    , —  85 

Williaims,    A.    R,,    Mach,    Co. . ..'5,  E7,  65 

Williams   Co.    of  Winnipeg,    A.    R...  66 

Williams  A   Co..   J.    H 71 

Willson    A    Co.,    T.    A 87 

Wilt    TwLst    Drill    Co 5 

Wilson    Co..    C.    P eS.  67 

Windsor   .Machine   A   Tool    Works....  22 

Wood    Tunet    Mach.    Co 18 

Worth    Engineering    Co 61 

Y 

Vates  Machine  Co.,  P.  B 16 

Z 

Ztnith    Coal    A   Steel   Pi-oducts,   Ltd.  06 


(AnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


September  2G,  1918. 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.    No.  13 


The  Making  of  Milling  Machine  Dog  and  Driver 

Up-to-date  Process  in  Which  a  Large  Number  of  Operations  Are 
Involved — Good  Methods  Used  in  Locating  the  Forging 


IN  this  article  is  described  the  various 
operations  and  tools  used  when 
manufacturing  a  milling  machine  dog. 
The  practice  is  largely  followed  of  first 
machining  some  important  hole  and 
afterwards  using  this  as  a  locating  me- 
dium for  all  subsequent  operations. 

A  quick  acting  type  of  jig  which  is  op- 
erated with  a  crank  is  worth  notini?,  as  it 
is  giving  good  satisfaction  in  service. 

Another  millina;  fixture  which  utilizes 
a  pin  locating   into  notches  on  the   tool 


By    ROBERT    MAWSON,    New   York 

and  a  previous  drilled  hole  is  another  in- 
teresting tool. 

This  article  deals  with  the  various 
operations  in  making  what  is  known  as 
the  Kempsmith  style. 

One  of  these  is  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tion Fig.  1. 

By  the  use  of  this  dog  on  the  milling 
machine  greater  accuracy  is  obtained  for 
such  work  as  gear  cutting,  machining 
flutes  on  reamers,  etc. 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  tool  consists  of 
a  driver  A  and  driver  arm  B. 

A  ball  C  is  attached  to  the  arm  which 
is  a  good  sliding  fit  in  a  groove  on  the  tail 
of  the  driver.  The  actioji  of  this  ball 
sliding  in  the  tail  between  the  groove 
jaws  D  acts  as  a  universal  ball  and  soc- 
ket joint. 

This  removes  any  tendency  to  cramp  or 
spring  the  work  since  the  movable  parts 
of  the  jaw  provide  contact  without  tor- 
sional strain. 


FIG.    1- A    COMPLETE    MACHINE    DOG. 
FIG.  3— PRIIfUNG  TOR  SET  SCREWS. 


FIG.  2-^ORING  AND   REAMING  DRIVER. 
FI<5.  4— TAPPING  FOR  SCREW   HOLES. 


360 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Boring  and  Reaming  Driver 

The  first  operation  on  the  driver  is  bor- 
ing and  reaming  the  groove  in  the  jaws. 
This  operation  is  shown  in  Fig.  2. 

The  forging  is  placed  in  the  jig  with 
the  cover  swung  back  and  located  against 
the  screw  A,  being  forced  against  it  with 
the  set  screw  B. 

The  cover  is  then  swung  into  position 
and  the  screw  C  tightened  onto  the  forg- 
ing which  not  only  forces  it  back  but 
holds  it  securely  in  the  jig. 

A  1  7'  64  in.  hole  is  then  drilled  in  the 
pieces   and   after   the   slip   bushing   has 


slid  along  the  table  so  as  to  bring  the  hole 
to  be  tapped  in  line  with  the  tap. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  fixture  is  made 
with  a  block  A  which  is  placed  in  such  a 
position  that  when  the  forging  rests  upon 
it  the  holes  to  be  tapped  are  in  a  horizon- 
tal position. 

The  holding  of  the  piece  is  a  simple 
operation. 

The  forging  being  slid  in  from  the  end 
of  the  fixture,  the  handle  B  forces  the 
block  C  (by  means  of  the  travel  of  the 
screw)  against  the  part,  thus  holding  it 
securely. 


forces  it  down  against  the  lower  wall  D 
of  the  jig. 

A  hole  is  then  drilled  and  tapped  and 
the  upper  part  counterbored  to  suit  the 
binding  screw. 

The  jig  is  provided  with  slip  bushings 
so  that  the  various  operations  may  be 
performed  before  removing  the  piece  from 
the  jig. 

The  next  operation  is  drilling  the  hole 
for  the  bottom  of  the  slat  and  the  jig 
used  is  shown  in  Pig.  6. 

The  forging  is  again  located  from  the 
reamed  hole  in  the  jaws  by  means  of  the 


FIG. 


5— MACHINING    FOR    BINDING    SCREW. 
FIG.    7— SLOTTING   THE   DRIVER, 


FIG.    6— DRILLING   HOLE   FOR    SLOT. 
FIG.    8— DRILLING  THE  CAP. 


been  changed  to  suit,  the  hole  is  reamed 
to  1%  in.,  this  operation  being  shown  in 
the  illustration.  The  next  operation  is 
millin?  the  vee  and  facin-'  the  joint  sur- 
face, the  forging  being  held  in  a  vise  and 
a  set  up  of  standard  cutters  being  used 
for  the  machining  operation. 

In  Fig.  3  is  shown  the  jig  used  when 
drilling  the  set  screw  holes. 

The  forging  is  located  by  a  raised  vee 
block  which  fits  into  the  surface  already 
machined,  the  screw  A  operated  by  the 
handle  forces  back  the  block  B  against 
the  forging  and  holds  it  securely  on  the 
jig.  Two  holes  are  then  drilled,  the  tool 
being  guided  by  bushings  as  shown. 

The  holes  are  next  tapped  on  the  fix- 
ture shown  in  Fiir.  4. 

This  tool  merely  holds  the  piece  and  is 


Machining  for  the  Binding  Screw 

The  next  operation  is  machining  for  the 
binding  screw  for  the  jaws. 

The  purpose  of  the  screw  is  to  adjust 
the  jaws  so  that  the  ball  will  be  a  good 
sliding  fit,  with  no  play  or  binding  action. 

The  jig  used  when  drilling  for  the 
screw  is  shown  in  Fig  5. 

The  forging  is  located  by  the  plug  A 
which  fits  into  the  reamed  hole  of  the 
jaws.  To  place  the  piece  in  the  jig  the 
.strap  B  is  swun<j  back,  thus  enablinf>:  the 
forging  to  be  dropped  into  the  tool  and 
the  plug  beins;  slid  into  the  reamed  hole 
of  the  jaws  from  the  end  of  the  jig  ac- 
curately locates  the  part. 

The  cover  is  then  swung  back  and  the 
screw  C  being  tightened  against  the  piece 


plug    A    being    pushed    back    against    a 
shoulder  at  B. 

A  7/32  in.  hole  is  then  drilled,  the  tool 
being  guided  by  means  of  the  bushing 
in  the  usual  manner. 

Slotting  the  Driver 

The  next  operation  is  slotting  the 
driver  and  the  methoc!  used  is  shown  in 
Fig.  7. 

A  rather  interesting  method  of  locat- 
ing the  forging  is  followed  in  this  opera- 
tion. 

The  milling  cutter  or  saw  which  is  3/16 
in.  thick  is  set  up  and  the  table  moved 
until  the  cutter  is  exactly  central  with  the 
slot  A. 

The  fixture  is  fastened  down  to  the 
machine,   being    located    by    means    of 


September  26,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


361 


I  IG,    11     DRILLING  CENTRE  FOR  SHANK. 


FIG.    12-.MILLING  SLOTS. 


tongues  in  the  usual  manner. 

A  7/32  in.  wire  is  tiien  placed  through 
the  hole  of  one  of  the  forgings — this  it 
will  be  remembered  is  the  size  of  the 
hole  drilled  in  the  previous  operation — 
and  the  wire  is  placed  in  vee  B,  one  in 
front  and  the  other  at  the  rear  of  the 
fi.xture. 

The  forging  is  then  fastened  down  with 
two  straps  as  C  and  the  wire  removed. 

The  revolving  saw  is  then  passed 
through  the  forging  and  the  slot  is  ex- 
actly in  line  with  the  previously  drilled 
hole.  This  method  is  simple  yet  accurate 
in  results  and  after  the  fixture  is  once  set 
produces  duplicate  parts.  When  ma- 
chining the  cap  for  the  driver  the  first 
operation  is  milling  the  vee  and  facing 
and  is  performed  in  a  manner  similar  to 
that  described  for  the  driver.  The  next 
operation  is  drilling  and  counterboring 
and  the  jig  used  is  shown  in  Fig.  8.  The 
forging  is  placed  on  two  blocks  A  one  on 
each  side  so  that  the  vee  of  the  forging 
does  not  foul  with  the  jig. 

The  forging  is  located  against  a  set 
screw  at  the  rear  of  the  jig,  being  forced 
against  it  with  the  set  screw  B. 

The  block  C  being  screwed  against  the 
forging  with  the  handle  D  forces  back 
the  piece  and  holds  it  securely  in  the  jig. 


Two  holes  are  then  drilled,  the  body 
size  of  the  set  screws. 

These  holes  are  then  spot  faced  to  suit 
the  head  of  the  set  screws. 

Drilling  Driver  Arm 

The  first  operation  when  machining 
the  driver  arm  is  drilling  and  reaming  the 
centre  hole. 

For  this  operation  the  forging  is  placed 
in  the  jig  Fig.  9,  being  located  by  the 
blocks  A  and  B,  being  forced  against 
them   with   the   screws  shown. 

The  large  hole  is  then  drilled,  after- 
wards being  reamed  to  size. 

In  Fig.  10  is  shown  the  jig  used  for  the 
next  operation  which  is  drilling  for  the 
set  screw. 

The  forging  is  placed  on  the  pin  A  and 
located  in  a  vee  block  B  with  the  latch  C 
swung  back. 

After  the  forging  is  in  position  the 
latch  is  swung  over  and  the  pin  headed 
set  screw  being  tightened  against  the 
piece  holds  it -in  position. 

The  set  screw  hole  is  then  drilled,  re- 
drilled  for  body  size,  counterbored  and 
the  lower  part  of  the  hole  tapped,  slip 
bushings  being  provided  for  the  various 
sub-operations. 

The  forging  is  also  drilled  and  counter- 
sunk  at   D   for  a   centre,  the  jig  being 


provided  with  a  bushing  for  the  purpose. 

The  jig  is  then  reversed  as  shown  in 
Fig.  11  and  the  end  of  the  forging  drill- 
ed, tapped  and  countersunk  for  turning 
for  a  centre  which  is  used  in  the  next 
operation. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  a  bushing  A  is 
provided  so  that  the  centre  will  be  in  the 
correct  location  in  reference  to  the 
shank. 

The  shank  of  the  forging  is  next  turned 
to  0.5725  in.  diameter,  the  operation  being 
a  simple  lathe  job.  A  keyway  is  next  cut 
in  the  large  hole  and  needs  no  explanation. 
The  forging  is  next  slotted  for  the  bind- 
ing screw  and  the  fixture  used  is  shown 
in  Fig.  12. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  tool  is  designed 
to  hold  13  forgings  at  once  and  they  are 
located  by  means  of  the  pin  A  which  is 
made  a  sliding  fit  in  the  centre  reamed 
hole. 

The  shanks  of  the  forgings  rest  on  the 
bar  B  as  illustrated. 

The  screw  C  is  then  tightened  against 
the  nest  of  forgings  and  forcing  them 
back  against  the  rear  wall  of  the  fixture 
holds  them  securely. 

The  fixture  is  located  and  held  to  the 
milling  machine  in  the  usual  manner. 

A  5/32  in.  slot  is  then  milled  in  the  forg- 
ings as  illustrated. 


FIG.   9     DRILLING    LARGE   HOLE. 


FIG.    10— DRILLING  SET  SCREW. 


362 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The  sides  of  the  forging  are  next 
ground  so  that  they  are  square  with  the 
centre  hole.  The  forgings  of  both  ele- 
ments are  polished  all  over  at  this  stage 
until  a  smooth  appearance  is  obtained. 

Heat  Treating  the  Forging 

The  forgings,  both  driver  and  driver 


users,  especially  those  operating  house- 
heating  boilers,  there,  is  a  wide  differ- 
ence of  opinion  as  to  the  relative  merits 
of  the  practice  of  wetting  the  coal  be- 
fore firing.  The  object  of  a  series  of 
10  tests  tabulated  was  to  show  the  effi- 
ciency of  a  house-heating  plant  when 
fired  with  coal  that  has  been  made  wet, 


arm,  are  then  taken  to  the  heat  treating 
department  and  are  first  hardened  at  1650 
deg.  Fahr.  and  then  quenched  in  oil.  They 
are  then  given  their  second  hardenini?, 
being  heated  to  approximately  1,350  deg. 
Fahr.,  dipped  in  a  cyanide  bath,  then 
g^iven  a  quick  quench  in  water  and  finally 
cooled  off  in  oil.  This  second  hardening 
produces  the  mottled  effect  on  the  parts. 

The  shanks  of  the  driver  arm  are  then 
ground  to  0.5625  in.  as  the  next  operation. 
The  operations  when  making  the  ball  for 
the  shank  are  as  follows: — 

Drill,  ream,  counterbore,  form  and  cut 
off  in  screw  machine.  The  ball  is  next 
hardened  for  the  next  operation. 

The  inside  hole  is  then  ground  to  size  as 
a  following  operation. 

The  special  machine  used  when  grind- 
ing the  outside  of  the  ball  is  shown  in  Fig. 
13. 

The  piece  is  placed  on  a  pin  which  fits 
snugly  the  reamed  hole.  The  grinding 
wheel  is  then  oscillated  around  the  revolv- 
ing ball  by  means  of  the  handle  A. 

The  method  of  driving  the  grinding 
wheel  can  be  observed  by  referring  to  the 
illustration. 

The  table  carrying  the  ball  is  gradually 
fed  against  the  rotating  grinding  wheel 
which  is  oscillated  until  the  ball  is  perfect 
in  contour  and  exactly  1  %  in.  in  diameter. 
The  ball  is  then  attached  to  the  shank  of 
the  driver  arm  and  lapped  into  the  driver 
jaws  so  that  it  will  work  snioothly  at 
every  point. 

The  various  parts  are  now  ready  to  be 
assembled — driver  and  its  cap  with  driver 
arm  and  ball  complete  with  screw  when 
they  are  placed  into  stock  ready  for 
service. 


DRY  AND  WET  COAiL 

The  effect  upon  the  efficiency  of  a 
boiler  when  using  wet  and  dry  coal  has 
not'been  definitely  known,  according  to 
J.  J.  Light,  instructor  in  mechanical  en- 
gineering, in  Bulletin  No.  22  of  the  En- 
gineering Experiment  Station  of  the 
Pennsylvania  State  College.    Among  coal 


and  with  coal  as  usually  found  in  cellars 
of  residences,  which  can  be  considered 
as  practically  dry. 

Since  two  series  of  tests  were  run  un- 
der the  same  conditions  except  for  mois- 
ture of  the  coal,  it  is  possible  to  obtain 
information  as  to  the  benefits  derived 
in  house  heating  by  firing  either  dry  or 
wet  coal.  The  conclusion  is  that  the 
common  inference  that  an  addition  of 
water  to  the  coal  as  fired  is  beneficial 
to  the  operation  of  the  furnace  seems 
false. 

The  tests  from  which  the  results  were 
obtained  were  in  charge  of  an  experienc- 
ed fireman,  who  had  very  strong  convic- 
tions, from  his  practical  experience,  that 
moistening  the  coal  was  a  decided  com- 
mercial advantage  in  the  operation  of 
boiler  plants,  which  fact  would  in  all 
probability  produce  an  error  in  favor  of 
wet  coal  provided  any  error  was  intro- 
duced. 

The  item,  equivalent  evaporation  from 
and  at  212  deg.  Fahr.  per  pound  of  com- 
bustible, and  the  item,  efficiency  of  the 
furnace,  are  two  factors  which  would 
appear  to  decide  the  relative  merits  of 
the  wet  and  dry  coal.  It  developed 
throughout  the  tests  that  one  pound  of 
combustible  evaporates  more  when  the 
coal  is  fired  dry  or  as  is  ordinarily  found 
in  cellars  of  residences  than  when  it  is 
purposely  moistened.  The  efficiency  of 
the  furnace  throughout  the  tests  showed 
that  wet  coal  tends  to  decrease  rather 
than   increase  operating  economy. 

From  a  theoretical  point  of  view  the 
addition  of  water  to  the  coal  is  a  decided 
loss  and  would  probably  be  equal  to  the 
heat  required  to  evaporate  the  water 
added,  from  the  room  temperature  into 
steam  at  a  temperature  corresponding  to 
the  flue  gas  under  the  pressure  as  main- 
tained in  the  flue.  It  is  the  opinion  of 
those  who  are  believers  in  moistenin'^r 
the  coal  that  the  addition  of  water  aids 
in  the  complete  combustion  of  the  vo- 
latile hydrocarbons.  This  fact  probably 
cannot  be  disputed,  but  the  tests  showed 
that  the  gain  due  to  complete  combustion 


is  less  than  the  heat  carried  away  by  the 
water.  The  small  differences  in  efficien- 
cies would,  however,  hardly  be  noticeable 
to  most  people,  and  it  is  quite  natural  to 
tiiink  that  wet  coal  would  give  tne  best 
results  for  the  reason  that  coal  being 
wet  when  placed  upon  the  fire  produces 
slower  combustion.  This  would  give  bet- 
ter conditions  for  the  combustion  of  the 
volatile  and  other  hydrocarbons,  but  the 
tests  seem  to  indicate  as  well  as  theory 
that  the  heat  required  to  burn  the  v/et 
copI  is  greater  than  the  heat  los.;  by  fir- 
in.;<'  the  dry  coal. 


METHOD  FOR  THE  COMBUSTION 

OF  BROWN  COAL 

By  M.  M. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Miller  has  introduced-  a 
process  for  the  economical  combustion 
of  inferior  qualities  of  coal  in  boiler 
furnaces,  which  gives  a  greater  thermal 
return  than  when  such  coals  are  burned 
in  air  in  the  usual  way.  The  principle 
of  the  process  is  to  apply  the  conditions 
that  exist  in  the  water  gas  producer 
to  the  boiler  furnace,  and  use  exhaust 
steam  for  gas  production.  To  accomp- 
lish this  the  producer  forms  part  of  the 
boiler  setting,  and  is  placed  immediate- 
ly under  the  present  fire  grate  area.  The 
ash  pit  and  grate  are  dispensed  with, 
and  in  their  place  is  a  chamber  which 
is  used  for  the  combustion  of  the  gas. 
By  means  of  this  chamber,  which  is 
situated  immediately  under  the  tubes 
in  the  tubular  boiler,  complete  combus- 
tion of  the  coal  is  assured.  The  use 
of  exhaust  steam  obtained  from  auxil- 
iaries for  gas  generation  permits  of  the 
latent  heat  of  the  steam  being  made 
available  which  represents  nearly  five- 
sixths  of  the  original  heat  used  to  form 
the  steam.  The  water  gas,  when  gen- 
erated, is  at  high  temperature,  and  is 
mixed  with  air  pre-heated  by  passing 
through  the  flues,  and  ignited.  As 
the  combustion  takes  place  almost  im- 
mediately, after  the  gas  is  generated, 
conditions  are  such  that  permit  of  ob- 
taining a  high  percentage  of  the  thermal 
contents  of  the  fuel  as  effective  heat  for 
evaporation. 

Experiments  Jiave  been  made  using 
Morwell  brown  coal,  containing  over  20 
per  cent  of  water,  and  excellent  results 
have  been  obtained.  Complete  control 
of  the  combustion  is  possible,  the  com- 
bustion being  absolutely  smoke-less. 
Morwell  brown  coal  lends  itself  par- 
ticularly to  the  preparation  of  water 
gas,  the  high  percentage  of  the  water 
in  the  coal  being  in  no  way  detrimental 
to  the  formation  of  the  gas.  Such  coal, 
when  burnt  in  chain  grate  or  under  feed 
stokers,  usually  begins  to  burn  when 
about  to  be  discharged  to  the  ashpit, 
the  high  percentage  of  water  having 
lowered  the  temperature  of  the  combus- 
tion zone  long  before  combustion  is  com- 
plete. The  advantage  of  generating 
water  gas  instead  of  producer  gas  (car- 
bon monoxide)  is  that  about  twice  the 
quantity  of  coal  can  be  gasified  on  the 
same  grate  area  when  making  water 
gas  than  when  making  producer  gas; 
also  advantage  can  be  of  the  latent 
heat  exhaust  steam. 


September  2(5,  1918. 


363 


Tantiron;  An  Acid  Resisting  Ferro-Silicon  Alloy 

.  Acid-resisting  Irons  of  Great  Use  in  Industry— Replace  Far  More 
Expensive  Metals  and  Give  Equal  or  Better  Service 


THE  manufacturing  chemist  and 
metallurgist  are  greatly  restricted 
by  the  limitations  of  applicability 
of  their  apparatus.  In  many  processes, 
the  difficulty  is  not  so  much  to  obtain 
the  raw  materials  as  to  find  furnaces, 
containers,  pipes,  &c.,  that  will  bear  the 
chemical  and  physical  stress  of  the  re- 
actions, and  to  avoid  the  contamination 
of  the  products  by  the  substances  with 
which  the  reactions  bring  them  into  con- 
tact. For  these  reasons  many  a  promis- 
ing process  never  gets  beyond  the  labor- 
atory stage;  hence,  also  the  cry  for  sub- 
stitutes of  rare,  expensive  materials,  as 
well  as  the  natural  distrust  of  them.  The 
enhanced  activity  of  certain  chemical  in^ 
dustries  has  much  increased  the  demana 
for  refractory  materials  and  acid-resist- 
ing alloys.  Experiments  with  acid-re- 
sisting iron  alloys  are  not  new,  of  course. 
Wollaston  made  a  silicon-iron,  and  he 
may  not  have  been  the  first.  Engineers 
and  electricians  found  silicon-iron  very 
useful  for  special  purposes,  and  many 
attempts  were  made  to  construct  chemi- 
cal plant  of  silicon-iron  and  other  iron 
alloys.  Tungsten,  chromium  and  nickel 
were  tried.  But  foundrymen  seemed  to 
be  unable  to  make  vessels  even  of  mod- 
erate dimensions  of  such  materials,  and 
it  was  not  till  1912  that  an  acid-resisting 
iron  alloy  of  sufficient  uniformity  and 
strength  for  the  engineer  to  deal  with 
was  put  on  the  market,  states  "Engin- 
eering." 

It  was  the  tantiron  of  Mr.  R.  N.  Len- 
nox, made  by  the  Lennox  Foundry  Com- 
pany, of  Glenville  Grove,  New  Cross,  S. 
E.  Since  then  silicon-iron  and  other  non- 
corrosive  iron  alloys  have  been  brought 
out  by  several  firms.  Both  the  "duriron" 
of  the  Duriron  Castings  Company,  of 
Drayton,  Ohio,  and  the  "ironac,"  of  the 


FReiZINC  POINTS  OF 

rCHRO-PHOSPHORUS 

FCRPO-CHROME  ANO 

-fCRRO-SIUCON.         


I 


Frrcfntaqe  afF.Cr.St 
FIG.    1 

Houghton  Company,  of  London,  are  sili- 
con-irons, like  the  mt-tillures  of  A.  Jouve, 
one  of  the  first  in  this  field,  and  the 
Italian  eleanites,  which  contain  about  2 
per  cent,  of  nickel.    The  American  rights 


for  tantiron  were,  in  1913,  taken  over 
by  the  Bethlehem  Foundry  and  Machine 
Company,  Pennsylvania.  "Ferrochrome" 
is  supplied  by  the  P'lectrometallurgical 
Company  of  Niagara  Falls;  the  "fera- 
lun"   is   likewise    an    American   product. 


not — attacked  by  sulphuric,  nitric,  or 
acetic  acids,  concentrated  or  diluted, 
boiling  or  cold,  and  indeed  not  by  most 
chemicals.  One  kind  already  mentioned 
— a  more  recent  invention — also  resists 
hydrochloric  acid  equally  well.     Carbonic 


and  German  activity  in  the  field  will  not 
have  ceased  during  the  war;  in  addition 
to  "neutraleisen"  there  are  ferro- 
chromes  and  ferro  borons. 

That  Mr.  Robert  N.  Lennox  should 
have  taken  up  the  manufacture  of  ap- 
paratus for  the  concentration  of  strong 
acids  was  only  natural.  His  father  had 
made  sulphuric  acid  in  Glasgow  in  the 
days  when  heavy  investments  in  platin- 
um plant  were  indispensable  for  that 
purpose.  When  Mr.  Lennox  started  a 
foundry  on  his  own  account,  he  had  for  a 
good  many  years  conducted  experimental 
engineering  works  of  his  own,  and  had, 
as  assistant  in  the  Royal  Institution  for 
nearly  2.5  .years,  taken  his  share  in  Sir 
James  Dewar's  low-temperature  and 
high-pressure  researches  and  in  the  man- 
ifold other  investigations  which  are  be- 
ing carried  on  in  the  Royal  Institution. 
Extensive  well-equipped  laboratories  are 
a  noteworthy  feature  of  his  works. 

Properties 

Tantiron — a  fancy  name — is  a  silicon- 
iron,  containing  about  15  per  cent,  of 
silicon.  In  appearance  it  is  a  silvery- 
w-hite  close-grained  cast-iron,  and  has 
the  general  properties  of  a  machinable 
cast-iron.  One  special  brand  of  tant- 
iron is  very  hard,  and  not  machinable; 
another  quality  resists  hydrochloric  acid 
which  the  others  do  not.  It  melts  at 
about  1,200  deg.  C,  can  be  cast,  ground 
with  carborundum,  cut  with  the  saw, 
drilled,  screw-cut  and  tapped,  &c.  So 
far  as  chemical  and  mechanical  corro- 
sion is  concerned,  it  is  a  superior  iron 
and  is  used  for  cast  vessels  or  in  the 
shape  of  linings  for  those  of  steel  or 
iron.  It  does  not  rust,  except  at  the 
skin,  and  the  rust  is  removed  by  pickling 
in  diluted  sulphuric  acid  or  by  grinding. 
The  tantiron  itself  is  not — or  practically 


acid  attacks  it  slightly,  but  the  corrosion 
is  only  about  one-thousandth  that  of 
cast-iron.  Alkalis  corrode  it  about  as 
much  as  they  do  cast-iron;  chlorates  and 
perchlorates  do  not  corrode  it,  and  it  will 
resist  chlorine  gas  up  to  a  temperature 
of  105  deg.  C.  But  sulphur  dioxide  cor- 
rodes tantiron  badly.  In  view  of  this 
latter  fact,  the  suitability  of  tantiron 
pans  and  basins  for  the  concentration 
of  sulphuric  acid  is  rather  surprising 
Large  pans  have  been  in  use,  however, 
we  are  informed,  since  1912,  and  some 
25,000  basins  are  actually  in  use  in  sul- 
phuric-acid works.  There  is  some  slight 
corrosion,  of  course,  and  there  are  break- 
ages, partly  due  to  the  material,  partly 
to  improper  treatment  by  unskilled 
labour,  which  causes  many  small  and 
large  accidents  in  these  days  of  rapid 
plant  erection  and  high-pressure  activity. 
The  maintenance  cost  of  pans  and  basins 
is  about  2%d.  or  3d.  per  ton  of  acid  con- 
centrated. After  boiling  100  grams  of 
the  alloy  for  17  hours,  10  per  cent,  sul- 
phuric acid  was  found  to  have. dissolved 
0.13  gram  of  tantiron,  25  per  cent,  nitric 
acid,  0.25  gram,  and  .30  per  cent,  hydro- 
chloric acid,  .16  gram. 

Limitations 

The  terms  "non-corrodible  and  acid- 
resisting  iron,"  are  misleading,  as  all 
such  general  terms  are.  Every  chemist 
knows  that  he  must  not  allow  metals  to 
glow  in  his  platinum  crucible,  as  they 
would  form  fusible  platinum  alloys,  and 
that  caustic  alkalis  and  certain  alkali 
salts,  and  even  the  sooty  flame  of  the 
gas  burner,  will  ruin  his  crucible.  Tant- 
iron also  has  its  peculiar  weaknesses.  It 
resists  hot  sulphuric  acid  much  better 
than  cold  acid  ,and  many  instances  of 
attack  are  so  far  inexplicable.  In  one 
case,     a       tantiron       tower     containing 


364 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


vapours  from  boiling  sulphuric  acid 
showed  defects  in  the  top  sections,  with- 
out any  attacks  on  the  bottom  sections. 
The  top  sections  were  replaced  several 
times;    the    bottom    sections,   which    had 


)KMTRATING    TOWER 


been  in  use  for  eighteen  months,  were 
taken  out  and  inserted  in  the  top,  when 
they  were  attacked  within  a  fortnight; 
yet  temperature  determinations  at  dif- 
ferent points  of  the  tower  never  showed 
differences  exceeding  5  deg.  C.  In  other 
cases,  sulphuric  acid,  on  being  carefully 
freed  from  arsenic  by  sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen, attacked  the  tantiron  nearly 
three  times  as  quickly  as  the  original 
acid.  But  the  amount  of  attack  is,  of 
course,  exceedingly  small.  A  tantiron 
vessel  weighing  4,950  grams,  had  600 
tons  of  sulphuric  acid  passed  through  it 
during  concentration  with  a  total  loss  of 
weight  of  12  gram.  The  attack  is  mainly 
on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  which  should, 
therefore,  be  removed  when  corrosion 
tests  are  conducted. 

Though  the  iron  carbide  seems  chiefly 
to  be  attacked,  the  corrosion  is,  appar- 
ently, uniform;  under  the  microscope, 
acid-corroded  tantiron  keeps  its  smooth 
surface,  while  cast-iron  shows  irregular 
corrosion.  Mr.  Lennox  prefers  to  have 
no  carbon  in  the  iron  at  all.  His  raw 
materials  are  cast-iron,  scrap,  and  old 
tantiron,  and  further  ferro-silicon.  The 
latter  is  obtained  with  about  12  per  cent, 
silicon  from  Middlesbrough,  and  in  a  50 
per  cent,  grade  from  Norway.  The  aver- 
age composition  of  tantiron  is  in  per 
cent.  :  silicon,  14  per  cent,  or  15  per 
cent.;  total,  carbon,  from  0.20  per  cent, 
to  0.60  per  cent.;  manganese,  0.25  per 
cent,  to  0..':!5  per  cent.;  phosphorus,  0.16 
per  cent,  to  0.20  per  cent.;  sulphur,  under 
0.05  per  cent.  The  three  kinds  mentioned, 
machinable  tantiron,  hard  tantiron  and 


tantiron  for  hydrochloric  acid,  differ  lit- 
tle in  composition,  but  the  small  frac- 
tions of  additional  constituents  are  very 
important.  To  study  their  influence,  in- 
gots are  poured  from  furnace  charges  of 
1  ton,  to  which  additions  are  made  in 
very  small  increments;  the  ingots  are 
then  tested  chemically  and  mechanically. 
The  sulphur  and  manganese,  in  their 
percentages,  seem  to  be  of  no  conse- 
quence. The  phosphorus  is  deleterious, 
mainly  probably  because  it  is  not  uni- 
formly distributed,  but  concentrated  in 
spots.  As  phosphorus  is  added  to  iron, 
the  freezing  point  is  first  lowered,  and 
then,  when  10  per  cent,  of  phosphorus 
is  exceeded,  rises  again,,  but  the  coolinjr 
curves  are  not  regular,  whilst  the  freez- 
ing point  curves  of  silicon-iron  ano 
chrome-iron  show  a  very  slow,  but  steady 
rise  with  increasing  percentages  of  those 
elements.  (See  Fig.  1.)  Impact  tests 
are  made  on  %-in.  square  bars,  which 
are  not  notched;  they  break,  e.g.,  under 
stresses  of  from  8  ft.-lb.  to  10  ft.-lb., 
against  12  ft.-lb.  to  14  ft.-lb.  in  the  case 
of  cast-iron.  On  the  whole,  the  strength 
of  tantiron  is  about  25  per  cent,  smaller 
than  that  of  cast-iron.  The  following 
is  a  summary  of  the  comparative  pro- 
perties of  tantiron  and  cast-iron  (the 
latter  figures  in  brackets) :  Density  6.8 
to  7.0  (7.3);  tensile  strength,  6  to  7  (9  to 
10)  tons  per  sq.  in.;  transverse  strength, 
bars  of  12  in.  by  1  in.,  1,600  lb.  (2,500 
lb.);  crushing  strength  per  inch  cube, 
.34  (40  tons);  melting  point,  1,200  (1,- 
150)  deg.  C;  hardness,  1.6  (1);  heat  con- 
ductivity,  8    (10);    electrical   resistance. 


10  (8);  resistance  to  corrosion,  1,000  (1); 
contraction  allowance  in  casting,  3-16 
( Vs )  in.  per  ft.  As  regards  other  proper- 
ties, also  of  other  materials,  the  com- 
parative order    for    iron,   tantiron,   lead, 


FIG.   4     AUTOCLAVE  CUP  OPEN 
ON     STAND 


FIG.     S^AUTOCLAVE    CUP  CLOSED 


quartz,  stoneware  is:  Transmission  of 
heat,  280,  215,  115,  28,  20;  hardness,  24, 
35,  1,  52,  32;  density,  7.3,  7,  11.3,  2.6, 
2.0;  melting  point,  1,150, 1,200,  335, 1,900, 
1,800  deg.  C. 

Limits  of  Corrosion 
With  respect  to  corrosion  by  chemi- 
cals, there  is  generally  a  first  attack, 
followed  by  relative  immunity  under 
continued  exposure.  The  following  fig- 
ures indicate  the  percentage  losses  of 
tantiron  after  boiling  for  24,  48,  71 
hours;  the  greater  action  during  the  first 
24  hours  is  largely  due  to  the  already- 
mentioned  skin  effect,  the  outer  surface 
having  been  changed  by  contact  with  the 
sand  in  which  the  tantiron  is  east;  this 
skin  is  removed  in  the  foundry,  as  we 
stated. 

First  Second  Third 

24  hrs.  24  hrs.  24  hrs. 

Sulphuric    acid,    9S    per    cent.     .10  .02  .02 

Sulphuric"  acid.    30    per    cent.     .07  .00  .00 

Nitric    acid.    L4    03  .01  .00 

Nitric    acid.    1.1     01  .00  .00 

Acetic   acid.    60    per   cent .03  .01  .00 

Chromic    acid.    10    Der    cent..,  .07  .00  .00 

Tartaric   acid,    25    per   cent...     .05  .03  .03 

Iodine     (sat.    sol.)     00  .00  .00 

Bromine    water    (sat.)     01  .01  .00 

Bleaching  powder    (sat.   sol.).      .04  .01  .01 

Copper   sulphate    (acid    sol.)..      .00  .00  .00 

Copper  sulphate   (alkaline)...      .00  .00  .00 

Ferric    sulphate    (sol.)     06  .00  .00 

Zinc    chloride,    30    per   cent...     .03  .00  .00 

Ammonium   chloride  sol 05  .02  .01 

Fused    sulphur    06  .01  .00 

Fused  nitrate  of  ammonia  ...     .00  .  .00 


September  26,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


365 


To  meet  the  peculiarities  of  the  ma- 
terial, it  is  desirable  that  designers  of 
parts  to  be  made  in  tantiron  should  bear 
the  following  rules  in  mind:  large  flat 
surfaces    should   be    avoided,   corners   be 


FIG.    6     SECTION    THROUGH    AUTOCLAVE 

rounded;  slots  be  used  by  preference  to 
bolt  holes;  facing  strips  be  narrow  and 
of  ample  height;  the  effects  of  expan- 
sion and  contraction  should  be  well- 
considered;  coring  and  moulding  be 
made  easy,  by  preference  without  the 
use  of  chaplets  to  support  cores.  Among 
the  chief  products  now  made  wholly  or 
partly  of  tantiron,  are:  acid  pans,  basins, 
stills,  bleachers,  denitrating  towers, 
autoclaves,  condensers,  pumps,  stop 
cocks,  valves,  pipes  and  fittings,  elec- 
trodes, &c.  Frequently  a  tantiron  lining 
will  suffice  to  prevent  either  chemical 
or  mechanical  erosion.  The  largest 
tantiron  casting  so  far  constructed 
weighed  TV2  tons. 

Moulding 
The  greatest  care  is  bestowed  upon 
clean  moulding,  which  is  mostly  done 
by  women,  and  use  is  made  of  rotating 
strickles  in  preparing  the  moulds  for 
parts  of  circular  section.  For  lining 
pipes  with  tantiron,  the  pipe  must  be 
suspended  vertically  by  a  flange  with 
the  core  in  proper  position,  the  pipe  to 
be  lined  being  weighted  below;  if  the 
liquid  tantiron  were  poured  into  a  hori- 
zontal pipe,  the  pipe  would  curve.  This 
practice  is  generally  adopted  for  lining 
iron  or  steel,  wherever  possible,  and  the 
part  to  be  lined  is  well  dried,  but  not 
pre-heated.  The  adhesion  between  the 
iron  and  the  tantiron  is  said  to  be  good, 
fusion    taking    place    between    the    sur- 


faces; the  adhesion  is  tested  with  the 
aid  of  paraffin  oil.  The  lining  may 
have  a  thicknes?  from  M,  in.  up  to  IM 
in.  and  more.  The  subsequent  finish- 
ing of  the  product  is  largely  done  with 
the  aid  of  carborundum  wheels  and 
grinders.  It  is  rather  curious  that  the 
fine  tantiron  particles  torn  off  by  the 
tools  do  not  spark;  there  is  only  a 
f'ow.  Drills,  saws  and  planers  are  also 
used. 

The  basins  for  the  heating  and  con- 
centration of  sulphuric  are  mostly  of 
the  plain  porcelain  dish  style,  but  are 
provided  both  with  a  lip  and  an  arc- 
shaped  baffle  (not  shown);  they  are 
supplied  also  in  the  Webb  and  Dyson 
styles  (Fig.  2).  The  basins  are  ar- 
ranged in  cascade,  so  that  the  hot  acid 
drips  from  the  lips  of  one  basin  into 
the  one  next  below,  and  the  baffle  pre- 
vents the  acid  from  streaming  right 
over  the  basins  to  the  lip.  Provision 
for  more  efficient  circulation  and  stir- 
ring of  the  acid  in  the  basin  is  made 
in  the  "Mackenzie  field  tube  evaporator 
basins,"  also  supplied  by  Mr.  Lennox; 
this  style  has  calix  shape,  being  a  tube 
opening  out  into  a  basin;  a  "field"  tube 
fits  concentrically  into  the  cylindrical 
portion  and  promotes  active  circulation. 
Other  basins  are  provided  with  covers 
and  necks,  and  made  corrugated,  and 
they  serve  generally  also  for  the  con- 
centration of  corrosive  liquids,  such  as 
zinc  chloride,  lead  nitrate,  &c. 

Concentration  of  Nitric  Acid 

The  concentration  of  nitric  acid  re- 
quires more  varied  apparatus,  which 
have  successfully  been  made  of  stone- 
ware in  the  past  few  decades.  When 
the  war  broke  out,  the  stoneware  works 
of  this  country  were  not  able  to  deal 
with  the  demands,  and  tantiron  vessels, 
which  can  be  made  in  a  few  days,  whilst 
good  stoneware  requires  months,  were 
largely  adopted.  Valentiner  plants,  com- 
prising a  still,  condenser  and  coils,  built 
up    of    pipes    and    return   bends    flanged 


up  of  socket  pipes,  14  in.  diameter,  and 
is  packed  with  quartz  fragments;  the 
acid  enters  at  the  top  and  steam  at  the 
bottom,  and  the  nitric  acid  and  vapours 
condense  in  the  cylinder  by  tha  side  of 
the  tower.  Nitric-acid  stills  arc  aho 
used  for  the  distillation  of  acetic  acid. 
The  autoclaves  for  making  ammonium 
nitrate  from  cyanamide  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  120  deg,  C.  and  a  pressure  of 
about    2      atmospheres,     resemble     one 

FDP  tua.  BOTTOM  €N0  Of  flft. 


iProtectma 
\SueiPiM 


FIG.    7— EROSION    OF  TANTIRON    PIPES 
IN  SERVICE 

style  of  nitric-acid  retorts.  The  outer 
vessel  is  a  jacket  of  cast  iron,  the  inner 
vessel  of  tantiron  forms  the  saturator; 
the  height  is -8%  ft.,  and  the  diameter 
A%  ft.,  e.g. 

The  autoclave  illustrated  in  Figs.  4, 
5  and  6  is  a  clever  compact  laboratory 
apparatus,  whose  utility  and  handiness 
will  appeal  to  every  chemist.  The  or- 
dinary autoclave  has  to  be  screwed  up 
tightly  and  unscrewed  again  each  time. 
In  this  Lennox  autoclave  the  parts  are 
clamped  and  undamped  by  the  use  of 
one  spanner,  and  everything,  crucible  or 
cup,  stirrer,  pressure  gauge,  burner,  is 
ready  for  use.  In  Fig.  4,  the  cup  is 
seen  on  its  stand  open,  and  the  stirrup 
clamp  is  turned  up.  When  the  cup  of 
tantiron  is  lifted,  and  the  clamp  turned 
down,  the  cup  is  pressed  against  the 
lead  joint  in  the  cover  (Figs.  5  and  6), 
and  the  autoclave  is  sealed;  the  bolt 
passing  through  the  clamp,  by  means  of 
which  the  autoclave  is  tightened  up, 
also  serves  as  the  gas  burner,  and  the 
axial  stem  of  the  stirrer  is  hollow  to 
receive  a  thermometer;  the  stirrer  is 
actuated  by  an  electric  motor. 


FIG.    8— ACID    PROOF   VALVES   AND  FITTINGS 


together,  all  of  tantiron,  are  now  made. 
The  denitrating  tower  illustrated  in  Fig. 
3  is  an  interesting  novelty.  The  spent 
acid  of  nitroglycerin  works  consists  of 
diluted  sulphuric  acid,  which  has  to  be 
concentrated  again,  and  some  nitric  acid, 
which  is  to  be  regained  by  distillation. 
There  may  also  be  small  globules  of 
oily  nitroglycerin  which  might  coalesce 
if  the  evaporation  were  carried  on  in 
pans.     The  tower,   15  ft.   high,  is  built 


Acid  eggs,  apparatus  for  forcing  up 
corrosive  liquids  with  the  aid  of  com- 
pressed air,  are  made  of  two  tantiron 
cups,  joined  by  their  top  flanges  so 
as  to  form  a  horisontal  cylinder  with 
spherical  ends  and  one  common  flange 
on  the  vertical  middle  plane;  they  are 
provided  with  acid  inlet  and  outlet 
valves  and  an  air  pipe,  and  are  supplied 
in  large  sizes.  The  pumps  of  the  works, 
reciprocating    and    centrifugal,    do    not 


366 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


differ  much  in  appearance  from  ordin- 
ary pumps;  the  barrels  and  impellers 
and  pipes  are  made  of  tantiron  or  lined 
with  it.  As  these  parts  of  hard  tant- 
iron cannot  be  machined  or  repaired,  it 
is  recommended  to  keep  spare  parts 
ready  for  cases  of  accident.  Centri- 
fugal pumps  are  supplied  for  lifting 
6,000  gals,  of  acid  or  corrosive  mine 
water,  &c.,  per  hour,  against  a  head 
of  50  ft.,  running  at  1,600  r.p.m.  Slime 
pumps,  e.g.,  for  conveying  the  crushed 
quartz  in  gold  mines,  are  likewise  made 
of  tantiron,  to  obviate  the  heavy  erosion 
of  the  pipes  by  the  gritty  quartz  parti- 
cles. For  the  same  reason,  tantiron- 
lined  steel  pipes  are  used  in  the  Rand 
mines.  South  Africa,  for  the  sand-fill- 
ing plant  When  the  pillars  left  in  the 
galleries  below  are  to  be  removed,  the 
galleries  have  to  be  refilled  with  the 
finely  crushed  quartz  from  the  vast 
white  waste  mounds  which  form  a  con- 
spicuous feature  of  the  district.  The 
spoil  is  flushed  down  the  pipes  with 
water.  The  first  pipes  used,  steel  pipes, 
were  ruined  by  6,000  tons  of  sand; 
porcelain-lined  pipes  were  then  tried, 
which  could  stand  up  to  50,000  tons; 
the  tantiron  pipes,  introduced  four  years 
ago,  are  still  doing  duty,  and  their  life 
capacity  is  estimated  at  500,000  tons. 
The  500  ft.  of  5-in.  pipes  put  in  were 
delivered  in  sections  of  7  ft.  Fig.  7  il- 
lustrates the  erosion  they  had  under- 
gone by  the  passage  of  106,000  tons  of 
quartz  sand  under  a  head  of  500  ft. 
In  each  case  the  outer  ring  represents 
the  steel  pipe,  the  second,  intermediate 
ring,  the  tantiron  remaining  intact,  and 
the  inner  ring  the  eroded  thickness.  The 
erosion  is  g^reater  at  the  top,  where  the 
sand  strikes  the  pipe  than  at  the  bot- 
tom, and  is  not  the  same  in  all  sections, 
probably  owing  to  peculiarities  of  their 
positions.  Similarly-lined  steel  pipes 
and  tantiron  pipes,  up  to  2  ft.  in  diam., 
are  in  use  for  ash  ejectors,  especially 
on  board  ship,  where  heavy  erosion  and 
corrosion  by  the  caustic  ashes  and  the 
sea  water  have  to  be  guarded  against. 

In  stop  cocks  and  valves  of  tantiron 
corrosion  by  acid  sodium  bisulphate  (the 
acid  cake  residue  of  the  distillation  of 
nitric  acid  from  salt  and  sulphuric  acid), 
erosion  by  grit,  rusting  and  sticking  are 
the  chief  sources  of  trouble  to  be  met. 
Here,  again,  tantiron  competes  with  lead 
and  stoneware,  and  its  advantages  lie  in 
greater  strength  and  indifference  to  high 
temperatures  and  frost.  Fig.  8  shows 
types  of  cocks  up  to  4  in.  in  internal 
diam.;  a  groove  is  made  in  the  centre 
of  the  cock  and  charged  with  a  greasy 
preparation  of  ceresin,  vaseline,  black 
lead,  and  asbestos,  which  is  pressed  into 
the  groove  by  means  of  a  screw.  A 
great  variety  of  cocks,  valves,  T-pieces, 
straight  and  bent  socketed  pipes,  pro- 
dded with  threads,  are  made  in  tant- 
iron. 

Specialties 

Of  other  specialties,  we  mention  the 
corrosive-vapour  drying  and  baking 
ovens,  the  flat  doors  and  walls  of  which 
are  lined  with  sheets  of  tantiron,  which 


are  screwed  on.  Tantiron  can  be  rolled 
at  about  700  deg.  C,  but  is  brittle  then. 
Another  specialty  is  the  tantiron  elec- 
trode for  cyanide  baths  (silver  and  gold), 
and  also  copper  baths,  &c.,  replacing 
iron  and  other  alloy  electrodes,  which 
are  not  insoluble,  and  very  objectionable 
on  this  account,  or  more  expensive  than 
tantiron.  For  the  same  reason,  steel- 
mixing  mills  for  the  manufacture  of 
manganates,  the  balls  and  stirrers  of 
other  mills,  and  many  apparatus  used 
in  the  acid  and  dye  and  other  chemical 
industries,  are  made  of  tantiron. 

Foundry  work  had  been  carried  on  In 
the  buildings  which  Mr.  Lennox  now  oc- 
cupies for  over  100  years.  There  are 
2^  acres  under  roof,  and  about  200 
people,  including  50  women,  are  now  en- 
ployed.  The  work  of  the  women,  who 
have  all  been  trained  at  the  works,  gives 
complete  satisfaction;  excepting  in  the 
pouring  department,  in  which  men  alone 
are  employed,  they  work  in  all  the  de- 
partments, in  the  laboratories,  moulding 
pits  and  machine  shops,  as  well  as  in 
the  office,  but  are  under  the  special 
control  of  a  lady  on  the  staff,  who  also 
looks  after  their  little  privileges  as  to 
tea  and  rest  intervals,  their  starting 
work  10  minutes  after  the  men,  ind 
leaving  before  them,  &c.  When  hus- 
band and  wife  are  both  in  the  works, 
they  are  not  attached  to  the  same  de- 
partment. 

Like  every  manufactured  article,  tant- 
iron is  constantly  being  improved,  and 
does  not  claim  to  have  reached  final 
perfection.  Acid-resisting  materials 
must  possess  various  properties  which 
are  not  easily  combined,  and  possibly 
not  capable  of  combination.  A  com- 
promise has  to  be  accepted. 


ARGENTINE    NAVIGATION— ITS 
ORIGIN  AND  GROWTH 

By  R.  E. 

It  used  to  be  a  common  saying  in 
Australia  that  New  Zealand  and  the 
"Union  Line"  meant  pretty  much  the 
same  thing — the  country  and  the  com- 
pany were  so  closely  interwoven  that 
the  one  was  regarded  as  the  complement 
of  the  other,  and  much  the  same  thing 
may  be  said,  with  certain  differences,  of 
Argentine  and  the  Argentine  Navigation 
Company,  for  along  3,000  miles  of  river 
Argentina  may  be  said,  without  ex- 
aggeration, to'have  its  origin  in  Nicholas 
Michanovitch,  for  until  he  appeared  on 
the  scene  the  river  transport  of  the 
river  and  immense  territories  of  Argen- 
tina was  infinitesimal  and  of  deep  sea 
transport  she  had  none. 

It  was  in  1864  that  Nicholas  Michano- 
vitch, then  a  youth  of  seventeen  landed 
at  Monte  Video,  without  friends,  without 
money,  and  unable  to  speak  the  Spanish' 
tongue.  The  war  with  Paraguay  soon 
began,  and  young  Michanovitch,  taking 
"anything  that  offered."  obtained  em- 
ployment on  store  ships,  in  a  compara- 
tively short  space  of  time  becoming 
master   of   a    small    coaster   at    Buenos 


Aires.    Then  followed,  in  1875,  the  hiring 
of  a  couple  of  tugs,  and  the  opening  of 
a    combined    office    and    store — a    single 
room — and  on  these  small,  but,  as  they 
proved,      secure      foundations,    Nicholas 
Michanovitch  began  to  build.     The  tugs, 
which  at  first,  he  was  able  to  hire,  he 
soon  became  able  to  buy,  and,  as   time 
went  on,   to  add   to  their  number,   and 
when  we  remember  that  at  Buenos  Aires 
in  those  days  there  was  no  "tying  up" 
ships  having  to  lie  out  in  the  river  and 
discharge  into  lighters,  it  followed  that, 
with  the  trade  of  the  port  steadily  in- 
creasing,   lighters    and    tugs    became    in 
still  greater  demand,  and  the  man  who 
could  supply  them  prospered  correspond- 
ingly.    Michanovitch  gradually  extended 
his  activities,  placed  an  order  in  England 
for  a  cargo  steamer,  and  this  vessel  was 
the  first  of  her  class  to  enter  the  port 
of    Buenos    Aires,    as    it    then    was — in 
1880.     An  opposition  tug  and  lighterage 
company  was  then  bought  out  by  Mich- 
anovitch, who,  by   1889,   owned   over  30 
tugs   and   lighters,    and,   by   the   end    of 
1889     was    the   possessor   of   a   fleet    of 
over    100    vessels,   and   now   the   rapidly  • 
developing    trade    of   Buenos   Aires    and 
the  Plate  ports  carried  with  it  a  corres- 
ponding  increase    in   the,   by   this    time, 
extensive    business    of    which    Michano- 
vitch  was   the   master-mind.       Year   by 
year     business   expanded,  and   in      1909 
Michanovitch      formed      the     Argentine 
Navigation     Company   (Nicholas     Mich- 
anovitch,    Limited)    which,  on   the   out- 
break of  the  present  war,  owned  a  fleet 
of  over   300   vessels,  and   was   described 
by  the  Chairman  at  the  R.M.S.P.  meet- 
ing,   in    language      by    no    means    over- 
drawn,  as   "an   important  concern,   with 
an  extensive  organization  for  linking  un 
the  South  American  ports  by  means  of 
vessels,  river  craft,  tugs,  lighters,  etc." 
From     the   beginning     the   Argentine 
Navigation   Company   prospered   exceed- 
ingly.    An  extract  from  the  chairman's 
report      of      December,      1910,      reads: 
"Argentine    has      over      three    thousand 
miles  of  river  available  for  navigation, 
and   nearly   two    thousand    miles   of   sea 
coast.     On  all  this  vast  extent  of  water- 
way the   fleet  of  this  company   is   con- 
stantly   plying,    serving    the    ports,    the 
townships,    and    the    settlements.        Our 
service  across  the  estuary  of  the  River 
Plate  between  the  capitals  of  Argentine 
and    Uruguay,    is    of    invaluable    publi'c 
utility  by  connecting  those  two  countries. 
The  steamers  undertaking  these  nightly 
runs      are      handsome      modern      boats, 
equipped    with    all    that   can   be   desired 
for  the  comfort  of  passengers.     Another 
service    of     upwards    of     one    thousand 
miles   unites   Argentine   with    Paraguay, 
giving  a   fast   service   between   the   two 
capitals.    Even  beyond  Asuncion  the  ser- 
vice   continues    to    the    distant   town    of 
Concepcion  (as  far  north,  almost,  as  the 
latitude  of  Rio),  and,  at  the  same  time 
combines  a  service  on  the  Alto  Parana. 
Fifty   ports   and    townships    are    in    this 
manner   linked    up    with    the    metropolis 
of  Buenos  Aires  and  put  in  touch  with 
Europe.     Still  another  service  navigates 
the  waters  of  the  Uruguay  to  meet  the 
requirements  on  both  the  Argentine  side 
and  that  of  the  neighbouring  republic." 


i 


September  26,  1918. 


367 


The  "War  Taurus"  Takes  the  Water  at  Poison's 

steel  Vessel  Being  Turned  Out  to  the  Order  of  the  Imperial 

Munitions  Board — Launching  Was  a  Complete  Success  in  Every 

Way— Work  Held  Up  For  Some  Time  by  Strike 


A  FURTHER  useful  contribution  to 
Canada's  war  effort  was  made  on 
Thursday,  September  19th,  when 
the  steel  steamer  "War  Taurus"  was 
successfully  launched  from  the  yards  of 
the  Poison  Iron  Works,  Toronto.  The 
launch   passed   off  without  the  slightest 


mensions  being  H.P.  20%  inches  dia. 
I.P.  33  in.  and  L.P.  54  in.  with  a 
stroke  of  36  capable  of  developing  1,250 
horsepower.  She  has  two  boilers  of  the 
Scotch  marine  type,  14  feet  diameter  by 
12  feet  long,  working  at  180  lbs.  gauge 
pressure. 


THE  LAUNCH  OF  THE  "WAR  TAURUS" 


sign  of  a  hitch  to  mar  the  event,  the 
vessel  starting  to  move  with  the  firing 
of  the  gun,  and  being  moored  at  her 
berth  almost  before  the  disturbance  in- 
cidental to  her  striking  the  water  had 
died  away.  The  "War  Taurus"  is  one 
of  six  similar  vessels  which  are  being 
built  for  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board. 
The  work  of  building  the  vessel  has  been 
greatly  hindered  by  a  strike  of  the  ma- 
rine steam  fitters  and  helpers,  and  it 
has  been  necessary  to  launch  her  with- 
out fitting  the  sea  connections,  which 
will  cause  further  delay  in  the  comple- 
tion of  the  hull,  ready  for  sea.  The 
strike  was  occasioned  by  the  refusal  of 
the  company  to  recognize  the  steam  fit- 
ters' union  and  run  a  closed  shop,  which 
the  company  has  never  done  in  its  thirty- 
five  years'  existence.  Without  discus- 
sing here  the  merits  of  the  case  it  is 
certainly  a  lamentable  state  of  affairs 
that  when  ships  are  so  badly  needed  the 
building  should  be  held  up  for  weeks  by 
labor  troubles. 

The  "War  Taurus"  is  a  steel  vessel 
of  261  feet  in  length  by  forty-three  feet 
six  inches  beam,  and  a  moulded  depth 
of  twenty-three  feet.  She  has  been  con- 
structed under  the  classification  of  the 
British  Corporation  and  her  propelling 
machinery  consists  of  triple  expansion 
reciprocating  engines,    the    cylinder  di- 


Haste  Not  Everything 

Discussing'  the  shipbuilding  situation 
with  Mr.  Frank  E.  Wall,  the  works  man- 
ager and  chief  engineer  of  the  Poison 
Company,  the  subject  of  making  records 
in  ship  building  was  brought  up.  Mr. 
Wall  pointed  out  that  building  and  com- 
pleting a  vessel  in  the  shortest  possible 
number  of  days  was  not  so  desirable  an 
accomplishment  as  the  general  public 
might  be  led  to  believe.  He  pointed  out 
that  many  of  these  ships,  after  a  short 
trial  trip,  had  to  be  re-docked  and  con- 
siderable time  spent  on  them,  before  they 
could  undertake  a  long  voyage,  but  this 
phase  was  never  referred  to  in  the  pub- 


lished reports  of  the  records  achieved. 
He  held  it  was  more  desirable  to  take  a 
reasonable  length  of  time  for  the  build- 
ing and  completion  of  the  ship,  so  that 
when  she  was  completed  she  was  ready 
to  start  on  a  voyage  of  any  duration 
without  the  necessity  of  dry  docking 
There  are  several  more  vessels  on  the 
stocks  in  the  Poison  Company's  yard, 
and  it  is  hoped  to  launch  three  more 
during  the  early  days  of  October.  It 
is  interesting  to  know,  in  this  connection, 
that  with  the  exception  of  some  of  the 
auxiliary  machinery  practically  every- 
thing else  is  built  from  the  raw  material 
in  the  company's  shops. 


STRINGERLESS  SHIPS 
By  R.   C. 

Until  quite  recent  times  it  was  con- 
sidered absolutely  essential  to  the  stiffen- 
ing of  the  side  plating  of  a\^hip  that 
longitudinal  side  stringers  should  be 
fitted  between  the  bilge  brackets  and  the 
beam  knees,  this  being  in  accordance 
with  Lloyd's  rules.  Many  vessels  are 
now.  however,  being  built  without  side 
stringers,  compensation  being  provided 
by  slightly  increasing  the  depth  of  the 
beam  knees,  these  modifications  bein^ 
sufficient  to  satisfy  the  rules  issued  by 
the  classification  societies.  Many  ad- 
vantages follow  the  elimination  of  the 
side  stringers.  In  the  first  place  there 
is  a  considerable  saving  in  the  cost  of 
construction  of  the  vessel;  moreover, 
there  is  additional  cargo  space,  and  the 
ship  is  very  convenient  to  discharge, 
there  being  no  shelves  for  the  lodgment 
of  such  cargoes  as  grain  or  coal.  Fur- 
ther, the  increased  depth  of  the  bilge 
brackets  either  avoids  or  reduces  the  un- 
supported span  of  the  frame  between  the 
bilge  brackets  and  the  beam  knees,  which 
admits  of  a  reduction  in  the  size  of 
frame  so  that  it  is  possible  to  utilize  bulb 
angle  frames  instead  of  the  built  sec- 
tions provided  for  by  the  rules.  It  is 
open  to  question,  however,  whether  it  is 
structurally  safe  to  dispense  entirely 
with  side  stringers,  although  the  fact  that 
many  builders  are  at  least  convinced  of 
the  advantage  which  result  from  this 
method   of  construction. 


THE    "WAR   TAURUS"    ON    THE    WAYS 


368 


C  A  X  A  D 1  A  N     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


We  Want  100  Editors 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY  wants  its 
readers  to  help  edit  this  paper.  There 
are  men  in  the  tool  room,  in  the  ma- 
chine shop,  in  the  pattern  room,  at  the 
drafting  board,  in  the  sale?  department — 
all  over,  in  fact,  who  are  good  editors.  We 
want  them  to  work  for  us. 

A  good  editor  is  a  man  ^ho  can  get  his 
ideas  over  to  the  other  fellow. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  wants  ar- 
ticles on  shop  practice,  new  devices,  new 
ideas.  We  ^ant  stories  of  how  repair  jobs 
have  been  done,  how  production  has  been 
increased,  how  you  have  been  helped  in 
your  'work. 

We  want  anything  that  has  shop  atmos- 
phere in  it.  The  man  out  of  the  shop  can- 
not be  as  good  an  editor  for  a  mechanical 
paper  as  the  man  in  the  shop.  We  want  an 
editorial  staff  that  will  stretch  right  across 
the  Dominion. 

If  you  have  never  written  for  publication, 
try  it.     Your  work  will  be  given  the  fairest 


treatment  here.  If  you  have  sketches  illus- 
trating your  idea,  send  them  along.  If  they 
are  worked  up  properly,  all  right.  If  they 
are  not,  our  own  draftsmen  will  attend  to 
this  for  you. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  pays  for  this 
work.  Some  mechanics  are  making  a  nice 
little  side  line  out  of  this.  Besides  this,  it 
gives  you  an  added  confidence  in  your 
'work,  a  new  pride  in  your  trade,  and  it  will 
bring  out  the  ideas  of  some  other  fellow 
'who  may  have  worked  the  same  problem  in 
an  entirely  different  way. 

In  these  days  of  special  w^ork  on  muni- 
tions there  are  numerous  ideas  that  ought 
to  be  passed  along.  Don't  take  it  for 
granted  that  all  other  mechanics  have  had 
the  same  experience  as  you  have  passed 
through.  Your  ideas  may  help  some  person 
to  be  a  better  mechanic. 

Address  your  copy  and  drawings  to 
Editor,  Canadian  Machinery,  143  Univer- 
sity Avenue,  Toronto. 


IS  THE  TRAINING  WORTH  THE 

TIME  AND  MONEY  PUT  INTO  IT  ? 


To  the  Ekiitor,  Canadian  Machinery: 
My  attention  was  attracted  recently  to 
a  large  poster  asking  for  men  for  muni- 
tion works,  the  wages  offered  being  from 
$4  to  $15  per  day.  As  I  understood  that 
the  days  of  fabulous  wages  for  the  work 
of  sticking  shells  into  an  automatic  ma- 
chine had  gone  by  I  naturally  wondered 
what  particular  operation  could  com- 
mand |15  per  day,  and  how  many  of 
those  $15  jobs  were  vacant.  Evidently, 
if  men  to  fill  them  had  to  be  procured  by 
display  advertising  on  the  hoardings 
there  must  be  quite  a  few  of  them,  for 
generally  speaking  the  men  who  can 
command  salaries  at  the  rate  of  $4,500 
per  annum  are  not  studying  the  bill 
boards  to  find  a  vacancy.  It  would  seem 
that  these  very  desirable  rates  must  still 
be  going  to  the  men  engaged  in  the 
mechanical  work,  and  this  occasioned 
some  thought  as  to  the  rewards  to  be 
gained  bv  the  professional  man  as 
against  the  working  man. 

When  we  find  conditions  such  that  a 
comparatively    unskilled     laboring    man 


earns  from  $4  to  $5  a  day,  and  skilled  men 
from  $5  to  $15  per  day,  we  would  natur- 
ally think  that  the  men  in  the  higher 
engineering  positions,  who  must  be  tech- 
nically trained  as  well  as  practical  ex- 
perienced men,  would  be  drawing  salaries 
in  proportion.  However,  this  does  not 
seem  to  be  the  case,  for  the  average 
salary  paid  to  the  skilled  engineer  in  the 
drawing  office  is  not  to  be  compared 
with  the  wages  paid  for  instance  to  a 
toolmaker.  I  remember  the  case  of  an 
engineer,  and  a  very  clever  one,  engaged 
on  the  design  and  layout  of  a  large  mu- 
nition plant,  who  was  receiving  less  than 
$200  per  month,  and  when  the  plant  was 
started  up  alien  enemies  were  drawing 
$12  and  $15  for  10  hours  work  on  shells. 
This  may  be  a  question  of  supply  and 
demand,  but  one  is  forced  to  wonder  if 
the  time  and  money  spent  on  training 
an  engineer  is  in  the  majority  of  cases 
worth  the  while.  Hoping  to  hear  from 
some  of  your  readers  on  this  question. 
Yours  truly, 
MECHANICAL  ENGINEER. 


ARE  THE  SHOPS  UNWILLING  TO 

RECEIVE  SUGGESTIONS  FROM  MEN? 


Toronto,  Sept.  23.  1918. 
E-'itor  C'WADIAN  MACHINERY:— 

Sir, — Re  vour  article,  "The  Foremen 
That  Are  Wanted." 

Your   article  opens   up   a  controversy 


in  which  most  mechanics  will  bear  me 
out  when  I  say  that  there  are  lots  of 
thoroughly  good  men  in  the  machine 
shops  of  this  and  other  cities  of  Canada 
who    are    grreat    readers    of    the    CAN- 


ADIAN MACHINERY  and  the  allied 
papers  connected  with  the  machinist 
business. 

These  same  men  are  also  able  to  in- 
struct how  a  certain  job  may  be  done 
to  the  best  advantage  and  in  the  mini- 
mum of  time,  compared  with  the 
methods  at  present  in  existence  in  some 
of  the  large  shops,  where  there  is  a 
lack  of  tools  and  also  where  jigs  could 
be  made  for  the  speedy  output  of  cer- 
tain   operations. 

I  have  in  mind  one  munition  firm 
where  I  was  employed  for  a  period  of 
nearly  12  months  and  where  I  was  in 
charge  of  the  machine  shop  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  time.  I  suggested 
more  than  half  a  dozen  different  opera- 
tions, where,  had  they  employed  jigs  for 
the  production  of  parts,  half  the  time 
could  have  been  saved  with  a  great  sav- 
ing of  expenses,  not  to  mention  the  time 
wasted  by  the  operators  hanging  around 
waiting  for  tools,  etc.  The  outcome  of 
which  was,  I  was  politely  told,  I  was 
to  do  as  the  heads  higher  up  said.  This 
is  the  one  chief  fault  in  the  shops  now- 
a-days.  Needless  to  say,  I  got  out.  I 
think  sometimes  that  it  is  a  mystery  to 
lots  of  good  mechanics  how  on  earth 
some  firms  pay  their  way  at  all  and 
make  money. 

I  have  now  a  position  with  a  larm' 
corporation  where,  for  system,  there  i 
absolutely  none  in  the  place  whatever. 
Take,  for  instance,  their  class  of  work. 
With  the  addition  of  one  or  two  ma- 
chines of  the  automatic  type  the  output, 
(Continued  on  page  370.) 


September  26.  1918. 


36a 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


'■  T 


METAL  SAWING  MACHINE 

HE  cold  saw  illustrated  has  been 
manuiactured  by  the  Swind  Ma- 
chinery Co.  of  Philadelphia  to  fill 
the  need  for  an  inexpensive  yet  efficient 
and  practical  cutting  machine. 

The  frame  is  a  substantially  rectan- 
gular housing  provided  with  adjustable 
clamps,  with  movable  jaws  at  opposite 
sides  for  supporting  work  or  bars  to 
be  cut. 

The  oscillating  cylindrical  carrier  con- 
tained in  the  frame  is  provided  with  an 
eccentrically  mounted  saw  spindle  car- 
rying a  circular  saw.  The  carrier  is 
rotated  through  the  medium  of  a  circu- 
lar rack  and  pinion  which  automatically 
feeds  the  saw  into  operative  engagement 
with  the  work. 

The  drive  is  of  the  single  clutch  pulley 
type  operating  the  drive  shaft  and  ex- 
tending longitudinally  through  the  ma- 
chine frame.  The  drive  shaft  is  pro- 
perly journaled  at  the  forward  and  rear 
walls  of  the  frame  and  is  secured  by 
end  thrust  collars. 

The  automatic  feed  comprises  a  sta- 
tionary rack  bar,  carried  by  the  frame, 
a  pinion  shaft  journaled  in  the  carrier, 
with  ratchet  wheel  on  the  opposite  end, 
actuated  by  a  bell  crank  lever,  pivoted  to 
the  rear  end  wall  of  the  carrier  and  ec- 
centrically connected  by  means  of  link, 
which  is  fixed  on  the  rear  end  of  the 
saw  spindle  shaft.  A  bearing  cap  at 
the  upper  end  of  the  link  is  transversely 


slotted,  thus  permitting  suitable  feed  ad- 
justment, which  in  turn  is  actuated  by 
duplex  engaging  ratchet  wheel,  thus  giv- 
ing automatic  rotation  to  the  carrier. 

The  pump  is  spur  gear  connected  and 
located  on  the  inside 
of  the  machine 
frame,  thus  insur- 
ing compactness  and 
freedom  from  an- 
noying belt  troubles. 
Ample  chip  space  is 
provided  with  pro- 
per oil  drainage  and 
accessible  reservoir 
for  the  cutting  lu- 
bricant is  contained 
in  frame  of  machine. 


ly.  This  permits  quick  removal  of  finished 
pieces  and  setting  up  of  blanks,  and  it 
also  permits  the  spindle  to  be  instantly 
stopped  for  measuring  the  work,  etc.  The 
spindle  bearings. and  all  the  other  prin- 


.METAL    S.WVING    MACHINE 


MANUFACTUR- 
ING  LATHE 

The  RockfordTool 
Co.,  Rockford,  111., 
have  placed  on  the 
market      a      special 

lathe  to  meet  the  requirements  of  those 
engaged  in  the  production  of  large  quan- 
tities of  duplicate  parts.  The  machine 
is  of  simple  and  rugged  design  and 
ample  power  is  provided  to  enable  ma- 
chinery operations  to  be  performed  un- 
der the  maximum  conditions  of  feed  and 
speed.  Since  there  are  a  great  many 
lathe  jobs  performed  which  consist  of 
machining  short  pieces  of  small  dia- 
meter, a  considerable  saving  in  floor 
space  is  effected  by  designing  a  machine 
suitable  for  this  work. 

The  Bed  of  the  Sundstrand  Lathe 

The  bed  is  of  a  new  design,  having 
separate  ways  for  the  tool  carriage  and 
the  tailstock,  the  arrangement  being  such 
that  the  carriage  can  travel  to  the  end 
of  the  bed  in  front  of  the  tailstock.  It 
will  be  apparent  that  this  allows  the  tail- 
stock  to  be  set  up  close  to  the  work, 
eliminating  the'  overhang  of  the  tailstock 
centre.  The  bed  is  of  deep  section  and 
ribbed  to  afford  the  necessary  rigidity. 
An  all-geared  type  of  headstock  is  em- 
ployed, which  is  operated  by  sensitive 
friction  clutch  upon  which  the  driving 
pulley  is  mounted.  This  clutch  is  manip- 
ulated by  conveniently  located  lever  and 
the  same  movement  that  disengages  the 
clutch  automatically  applies  a  friction 
brake  which  stops  spindle  almost  instant- 


SUNDSTKAND    LATHE 

cipal  bearings  in  the  headstock  are  fitted 
with  SKF  self-aligning  bearings. 
Spindle  Speed 
Three  spindle  speeds  are  instantly  ob- 
tainable by  means  of  a  shifting  lever, 
and  additional  speeds  are  obtained  in 
series  of  three  by  changing  two  auxiliary 
gears  on  the  end  of  the  headstock.  Four 
auxiliary  gears  are  furnished  by  means 
of  which  twelve  spindle  speeds  are  ob- 
tainable. Gears  in  the  headstock  run  in 
a  bath  of  oil  which  assures  adequate 
lubrication.  The  design  of  the  spindle 
has  been  worked  out  to  adapt  it  for  the 
use  of  draw-in  collets.  Movement  of 
the  carriage  is  effected  by  a  screw  located 
between  the  ways,  directly  under  the 
tools;  this  position  reduces  torsional 
strains  to  a  minimum.  Automatic  ad- 
justable stops  are  provided  for  the  car- 
riage. A  special  plain  rest  is  furnished 
as  a  regular  equipment  for  the  carriage. 
Rear  tool-holders  of  the  multiple-tool 
type  for  use  in  the  performance  of  facing 
and  grooving  operations,  etc.,  can  also 
be  easily  mounted  on  the  rear  ways 
where  they  are  entirely  independent  of 
the  carriage.  Cross-feed  to  the  rear  tool- 
holders  is  operated  by  a  handwheel  at 
the  front  of  the  bed  and  both  the  front 
and  back  tools  are  equipped  with  posi- 
tive stops.  A  back-rest,  taper  attach- 
ment, draw-in  attachment  and  collets,  oil- 


370 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume    XX. 


pump,  et«.,  can   be  furnished   as   special 
equipment   whenever  required. 

The  principal  dimensions  of  this  lathe 
are  as  follows:  swing  over  bed,  9  inches; 


with  square,  bevel  or  mitre  ends,  either 
to  simple  or  compound  angles  as  he  de- 
sires. 

The   arbor   is    of    special   high-carbon 


are  employing  what  are  generally  termed 
"war  mechanics."  This  is  how  I  have 
found  it  to  be  at  the  present  time  and 
I  think  there  are  a  favorable  number 
of  your  readers  that  will  bear  me  out 
in  my  statements.  -       » 

For  myself,  I  have  said  that  I  am  far 
better  off  as  an  ordinary  workman  than 
being  in  charge  of  a  number  of  men, 
but  the  old  desire  gets  me  after  a  while, 
I  want  to  be  up  and  doing. 

I  omit  my  name  for  obvious  reason 
and    sign   myself 

JUSTICE. 


MANUFACTURING    LATHE 


swing  over  plain  rest,  7  inches;  distance 
between  centres,  12  inches;  diameter  of 
hole  through  spindle,  1%  inch;  maximum 
collet  capacity,  1  inch;  diameter  of  spin- 
dle nose,  2%  inches;  threads  per  inch  on 
spindle  nose,  ten;  size  of  cutting  tool, 
■ii  by  1%  inch;  length  of  carriage  on 
bed,  18  inches;  diameter  of  driving  pulley, 
8%  inches;  width  of  driving  belt,  2% 
inches;  regular  speed  of  driving  pulley, 
350  revolutions  per  minute;  number  of 
available  speeds,  12;  number  of  available 
•feed  changes,  4;  floor  space  occupied  by 
machine,  45  by  24  inches. 


VARIETY    SAW 

The  Variety  saw  illustrated  has  been 
designed  for  light,  accurate  work  in 
furniture,  cabinet,  sash  and  door  factor- 
ies, or  wherever  light  ripping  or  cross- 
cutting  is  required. 

The  frame  consists  of  a  single  box- 
shaped  casting,  with  a  flared  base  to 
give  ample  floor  support  and  that  sol- 
idity upon  which  the  success  of  any 
woodworking   machine  depends. 

The  cast-iron  table  is  40  in.  long  x 
32  in.  wide.  It  is  equipped  with  a  re- 
movable wooden  throat  plate  15%"xl6" 
to  .permit  the  use  of  extra  thick  saws  or 
dado  heads.  The  semi-circular  rockers 
supporting  the  table  permit  it  to  be 
tipped  to  any  angle  not  exceeding  45 
degrees,  while  a  graduated  segment 
bracket  indicates  the  degree  of  angle  and 
binds  the  table  firmly  in  any  position. 

Fences.  The  ripping  fence  is  of  the 
double-faced  type  and  can  be  used  on 
either  side  of  the  saw  blade.  It  is  sup- 
ported by  a  long  guide  securely  bolted  to 
the  front  of  the  table  and  is  held  in  place 
by  a  convenient  star  wheel.  A  special 
graduated  cut-off  fence  that  can  be  used 
on  either  side  of  the  saw  is  supplied. 
This  fence  slides  in  grooves  cut  in  the 
table.     The   operator   can   cut   off   stock 


steel  1  7-16  in  .in  diameter  and  runs  in 
the  best  babbitt  bearings,  accurately 
scraped  and  equipped  with  ample  oil 
reservoirs.  These  bearings  are  cast  solid 
to  a  heavy  and  well-proportioned  yoke 
that  is  supported  on  steel  ways  attached 
directly  to  the  main  column  at  such  an 
angle  as  to  assure  an  equal  belt  tension 
regardless  of  the  position  of  the  saw  ar- 
bor. The  arbor  is  raised  and  lowered 
by  means  of  a  square  thread  screw  oper- 
ated by  level  gears  and  hand  wheel  so 
placed  as  to  be  most  convenient  to  the 
operator.  A  cone  bushing 
on  the  end  of  the  arbor 
permits  the  use  of  saws 
with  holes  from  %  in.  to 
1%  in.  diameter. 

The  countershaft  is 
placed  at  a  suitable  dis- 
tance from  the  machine  to 
ensure  a  long  belt  pull  ac 
the  proper  driving  angle. 
A  ground  plan  of  this  mu 
chine  will  be  furnished  to 
ena'ble  the  purchaser  to 
set  the  countershaft  at  the 
proper  position. 

This  machine  is  manu- 
factured by  the  Canada 
Machinery  Corporation, 
Gait. 


ACETIC  ACID  AND  ACETONE  FROM 
CARBIDE  IN   GERMANY 

(Translated  for  the  Briti-^li  Board  of 
Trade  Jourrial.)  ' 

One  of  the  results  of  the  war  economy 
in  Germany  has  been  the  manufacture  of 
acetic  acid,  and  acetone  from  carbide. 
Acetic  acid,  the  Norddeutsche  Allgemeine 
Zeitung  writes,  was  nowhere  used  for  so 
many  purposes  as  in  Germany.  A  series 
of  synthetic  dyes,  including  artificial  in- 
digo, is  based  on  acetic  acid,  which  is  also 
used  for  important  medicinal  substances, 
such  as  acetate  of  alumina  and  acetate  of 
lead,  and  for  innumerable  synthetic 
medicines,  such  as  aspirin,  anti- 
pyrin,  and  phenacetin.  A  num- 
ber of  synthetic  scents  (e.g.,  vanillin, 
sumarin,  and  ionone,  derivatives  of  acetic 
acid) ,  which  are  used  for  giving  an  aroma 
to  fruit  juice  and  sweets,  are  also  service- 
able as  solvents,  and  for  the  gelatine  pro- 
cess in  the  manufacture  of  explosives. 
The  salts  of  acetic  acid  serve  as  indispens- 
able mordants  in  dyeing  and  calico  print- 
ing, and  provide  an  important  white  for 
mineral  colors.  Artificial  silk,  too,  owes 
much  to  acetic  acid. 

It  is  thus  obvious  that  acetic  acid  may 


ARE  THE  SHOPS  UNWILLING 

(Continued  from  page  368) 
could  be  more  than  doubled  from  the 
present,  and  with  a  reduction  of  the 
staff.  There  is  the  same  old  story  here; 
If  you  want  to  he  treated  right  you  must 
not  suggest  any  improvements,  or  the 
foreman  in  charge  thinks  you  are  after 
his  job.  Still  the  firms  are  crying  out 
they  can't  get  good  men,  when  with  a 
little  forethought  and  the  introducing  of 
a  system  they  could  employ  unskilled 
labor    where    at    the    present    time    they 


VARIETY    SAW 

be  put  to  a  variety  of  uses,  and  in  the 
last  pre-war  year  its  consumption  in  Ger- 
many for   technical    purposes   comprised 
nearly  one-half  of  the  total  amount  pro- 
duced, viz.,  15,000  tons,  as  compared  with 
16,000  tons  of  ordinary  vinegar  for  hu- 
man consumption.  - 
Until  a  few  years  ago  acetic  acid  was  J 
made  either  by  fermenting  alcoholic  liq-  "* 
uors  or  by  distilling  acetate  of  lime  ("grey 
lime,"  as  produced  in  the  wood-distilling 
works)   by  means  of  sulphuric. acid      By 
the  first  process  some  13,000  tons  were  ob- 
( Continued  on  page  378) 


September  26,  1918. 


371 


Bill  Couldn't  Grow  With  the  Old  Man  Over  Him 

But  He  Got  His  Chance  to  Develop,  and  Now  That  He  Has  Plenty 

of  Elbow  Room  and  Responsibility,  He's  Making  Good  With  a 

Vengeance — He's  Got  a  Title  Now  That  He  Likes 


■ll/ELL,  Bill  signs  himself  superintendent  now,  and  he's 
made  good  with  a  vengeance.  I  don't  care  how  many 
titles  he  takes  to  himself.  It's  results  we're  after  and 
if  he  can  g:et  results  better  with  the  title  of  superin- 
tendent pinned  to  him,  we  haven't  the  least  bit  of  objection. 
On  the  other  hand  we  say,  "Go  to  it  Bill." 

A  Canadian  machinery  dealer  had  been  telling  us  about 
some  of  his  experiences.  He  isn't  a  one-shop  man.  He 
has  seen  quite  a  bit  of  buying  and  selling,  and  knows 
how  the  machines  are  put  together  from  the  ground  up. 
And  what's  more  he's  doing  a  lot  of  business  right  now 
in  Canada,  and  unless  all  signs  fail  his  company  is  going 
to  continue  to  do  a  lot  of  business  in  this  country  both 
as  jobbers  and   manufacturers   and  designers. 

Well,  his  story  ran  along  something  like  this.  The 
conversation  had  drifted  to  placing  responsibility  on  men, 
and  developing  them  in  that  way.  It  was  pretty  generally 
agreed  that  a  man's  initiative  would  never  grow  or  sprout 
as  long  as  he  was  living  in  an  atmosphere  of  fear  and 
trembling  that  something  he  was  going  to  do  would 
not  meet  with  the  approval  of  the  "boss."  No  person 
seemed  inclined  to  squabble  over  this,  so  the  dealer  went 
ahead  with  his  story  like  this: — 

"I  remember  quite  well  when  I  was  getting  my  train- 
ing in  the  machinery  business.  After  I  was  taken  on 
the  sales  force  for  the  Eastern  States  I  came  in  contact 
-ivith  the  men  in  the  shop  quite  a  bit.  It  was  a  big  con- 
cern, and  yet  it  wasn't  as  big  as  it  should  have  been. 
There  was  the  Old  Man.  He  was  over  all.  He  was 
secretary,  and  head  of  the  sales  department.  He  was 
«verything  from  office  boy  to  superintendent  over  the 
works.  He  even  imagined  that  he  had  to  lock  the  safe 
at  night.  He  really  had  it  in  his  system  that  if  he  were 
to  lay  off  for  a  week  the  whole  works  would  head  straight 
for  the  dump  and  there  wouldn't  be  enough  left  at  the 
end  of  the  week  to  pay  postage  on  the  notice  to  creditors. 
Well,  the  result  was  this:  A  man  could  not  develop  in 
that  atmosphere.  A  chap  who  wanted  to  get  ahead  simply 
>iad  to  fight  his  way,  and  the  way  was  short  and  the 
walls  were  high.  He  regarded  a  man  as  dangerous  and 
a  burden  when  his  salary  reached  very  modest  limits. 
His  idea  of  increasing  the  revenue  was  by  keeping  down 
the  expenses.  And  he  had  enough  of  the  stock  of  the 
company  to  make  himself  felt  all  over  the  premises. 
Salary  increases  never  came  there  unless  they  were 
asked  for.  and  the  process  of  asking  required  the  same 
qualities  that  win  Victoria  Crosses  in  battle.  Well,  you 
can  imagine  what  happened.  It  was  the  Old  Man  this, 
and  the  Old  Man  that.  A  salesman  never  felt  like  doubling 
up  his  fists  and  going  out  to  land  a  good  big  order.  He 
had  to  talk  it  over  with  the  Old  Man  first,  and  his  'thuse 
would  get  such  a -ducking  that  he  would  go  out  like  a 
lame  duck.  There  was  never  a  good  deal  put  across 
where  the  man  who  had  done  the  trick  felt  like  going 
back  to  the  shop  with  his  chest  stuck  out  and  telling  the 
rest  of  the  gang  how  the  thing  had  been  done.  The  Old 
Man  simply  stuck  in  every  person's  crop  around  the 
whole  works,  and  we  were  in  reality  dragging  the  Old 
"Man    with   us.     He   never   set   the   pace   for   the   concern. 

Where    Bill   Comes   Into   This 

"1  remember  quite  well,"  continued  the  dealer,  "a  chap 
in  the  shop  named  Bill.  There's  always  a  Bill  around  a 
good  shop.  In  fact  I  don't  believe  there  could  be  a  good 
shop  without  a  Bill  some  place  around  it.  Well,  this  Bill 
was  a  mechanic  that  I  learned  to  admire  from  the  first 
day   I   saw   him   at   work.     He   was   a   dandy.     He   knew 


machinery  from  the  ground  up.  He  was  capable  of 
running  any  machine  we  had,  of  doing  any  operation, 
of  tearing  down  and  putting  together  and  best  of  all  he 
had  the  ability  to  get  others  to  work  up  to  pitch.  Bill 
was  the  makings  of  a  big  man,  but  the  Old  Man  got  him. 
He  was  on  his  trail.  He  camped  on  his  neck  just  the 
same  as  he  did  on  the  rest  of  us.  Bill  wasn't  developing. 
He  was  going  to  be  just  plain  Bill  and  that  was  all.  He 
wasn't  going  to  fill  the  good  big  healthy  space  that  he 
had  been  carved  and  fashioned  for.  Well,  to  cut  this 
thing  shorter,  I  made  up  my  mind  that  if  I  ever  got 
into  a  place  where  I  could  give  Bill  a  chance  I  was  going 
to  send  right  straight  off  for  him,  and  see  to  it  that  he 
came  along.  . 

"Well,  some  years  after  I  canie  to  Canada  for  the 
Old  Man's  firm,  but  now  under  my  own  steam.  Land, 
it  felt  good  to  be  out  from  under  that  eternal  restraint! 
I  could  get  out  and  dig  and  if  the  digging  was  good 
I  got  the  worms.  If  it  was  poor  I  got  nothing.  But  it 
was  up  to  me.  I  didn't  have  to  keep  in  mind  that  sooner 
or  later  the  Old  Man  would  come  along  and  check  me 
up.  The  business  grew  here.  It  has  been  growing  more 
rapidly  of  late,  and  it's  going  to  grow  some  more  in  the 
future.  It  wasn't  long  before  I  wanted  a  real  good  man 
with  mechanical  training  to  look  after  the  warehouse 
end  of  the  establishment  which  had  grown  to  pretty  fair 
proportions.  Did  I  advertise?  Did  I  go  around  the  citj' 
asking  this  man  and  that  if  he  knew  where  I  could  get 
a  good  man?  Not  much.  I  knew  where  my  man  was. 
1  sent  for  Bill,  and  he  came. 

And  Bill  Has  Made  Good 

"Some  day  I'll  take  you  down  to  the  warehouse  to 
meet  Bill.  He's  a  dandy.  He  knows  our  line  of  business 
from  A  to  Z,  either  going  or  coming.  He  can  take  down 
any  machine  that  ever  comes  into  the  place.  He  can 
rebuild  or  remodel.  He  can  tell  a  customer  almost  to  a 
bolt  what  he  requires  in  the  way  of  equipment,  and  what 
Bill  says  is  so,  and  the  trade  has  come  to  know  it.  Do 
you  suppose  that  I  bother  with  that  warehouse  now  ?  Not 
much.  When  Bill  came  here  first  I  explained  the  whole 
situation  to  him.  We  went  over  the  field  and  lined  up 
what  there  was  in  sight.  I  pointed  out  that  my  whole 
time  had  to  be  taken  up  with  chasing  business,  and  the 
whole  staff  wanted  nothing  to  do  with  running  the  ware- 
house end  of  the  concern.  So  we  put  it  straight  up  to 
Bill  this  way:  'Bill,  that  warehouse  is  your  concern.  It's 
up  to  you  to  hop  and  make  it  a  go  from  to-day  on.  Now 
go  to  it.'  And  believe  me,"  concluded  the  dealer,  "Bill 
hopped,  and  he  made  it  go,  and  he's  still  making  it  go, 
and  he's  the  best  man  in  his  class  in  the  district.  He 
signs  himself  to  all  documents,  'Bill  — . ,  Superinten- 
dent of  the  Co.'     He  puts   that  title  down   as 

though  it  was  one  of  the  finest  things  in  the  world.  If 
Bill's  a  better  man  with  his  title  and  his  dignity  why 
all  we  say  is,  'Reach  out  and  grab  for  more  titles.  Bill  I' 
But  it  does  me  good  to  see  Bill  now  and  remember  the 
days  when  he  used  to  be  scared  to  death  of  the  Old  Man. 
Bill  is  more  capable  than  the  Old  Man  ever  thought  of 
being.  He  can  do  things  that  the  Old  Man  would  have 
smothered  in  their  infant  stages.  And  it's  all  because 
Bill  has  elbow  room  and  responsibility.  A  man  can't  grow- 
big  as  long  as  he  has  a  little  man  camping  on  his  trail." 


372 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

UMITED 
(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTE31.  Vice-President 

H.   V.  TYRREXL.   General  HanaEer 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

(JnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5->' 

K  week!j  ioumal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturinit  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.   Manager.  A.   R.  KENNEDY.   Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 


Office    of     Publication.     HS153     University    Avenue.     Toronto.     Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


SEPTEMBER  26. 


No.   13 


Don't  Shut  Your  Eyes  To  This 

VJUNITIONS  workers  are  making  good  money  now. 
'■  In  some  cases — in  fact,  in  a  good  many — they  have 
made  more  in  the  last  few  years  than  thev  ever  made 
before.  There  is  no  doubt  that  there  is  some  exaggeration 
regarding  the  money  that  is  made  in  some  cases.  A  big 
sign  on  a  down-town  street  reads  that  men  are  wanted 
in  a  certain  munitions  plant  at  wages  varying  from  $4 
to  $15  per  day.  If  we  were  going  out  there  to  work 
we  would  ask  for  one  of  the  $15  a  day  jobs  in  preferenca 
to  the  $4  garden  variety.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  $15  per 
day  jobs   in   munitions   plants   are   scarce. 

However,  there  is  no  use  denying  the  fact  that  muni- 
tions workers  are  making  big  money.  The  trouble  is 
that  they  are  also  spending  big  money.  Go  into  the 
stores  now,  and  see  what  is  being  bought.  Silks,  laces, 
furs,  and  all  sorts  of  finery.  Moving  picture  shows  are 
jammed  to  standing  room  only  for  three  performances 
a  day.  Every  fakir  that  opens  up  a  stand  gets  an 
audience  right  straight  off. 

Munitions  is  the  big  business  in  Canada  right  now. 
People  on  the  outside  hardly  realize  how  the  whole  in- 
dustrial machinery  of  the  nation  has  drifted  over  to  the 
war  order  business.  It  is  not  an  exaggeration  to  say 
that  munitions  and  war  orders  comprise  85  per  cent,  of 
the  total  business  moving  in  the  industrial  world  in  this 
country. 

When  the  war  is  over  and  that  is  cut  off,  what  then  ? 

The  purpose  of  this  article  is  not  to  discuss  after-war 
trade,  but  to  get  the  munition  worker  to  look  straight 
at  it. 

Here  is  a  case.  It  is  not  supposititious,  but  real.  A 
barber  who  had  machine  shop  training  left  the  barber 
shop  for  the  munitions  business.  He  had  for  years  been 
making  around  $16  per  week.  His  family  lived  at  the 
$16  mark.  His  buying  power  was  $16.  For  three  years 
he  has  never  made  less  than  $45  per  week.  What  hap- 
pened ?  His  plane  of  living  was  higher.  His  purchasing 
power  had  increased  almost  three  times.  He  was  now  a 
purchasing  factor  of  $45  per  week  as  against  his  old 
$16.  His  family  tastes  came  up  to  the  new  mark.  We 
will  grant  that  some  of  the  difference  would  be  readily 
absorbed  by  the  high  cost  of  living.  But  apart  from 
that  there  should  have  been  a  margin  of  safety  that 
could  readily  have  been  covered  by  a  savings  account  or 
an  investment  in  war  loans  or  some  other  good  security. 

This  family  is  having  a  good  time.  They  are  not 
saving  money.  And  that  family  is  not  in  a  class  by  itself. 
The  word  thrift  has  absolutely  been  kicked  from  the 
premises  in  a  good  many  similar  cases. 


The  head  of  that  house  cannot  see  past  the  end  of 
his  nose.     If  he  could  he  would   see   this: 

(1)  The  war  is  going  to  end  some  day. 

(2)  The  manufacture  of  munitions  will  cease  about 
the   same  time. 

(3)  His  $45  pay  envelope  may  look  as  though  it  had 
been   struck  with  a   six-inch   shell. 

We  do  not  argue  that  he  will  be  roaming  the  streets 
looking  for  work.  But  he  is  now  working  at  an  abnormal 
occupation,  and  with  the  elimination  of  competition  he 
is  able  to  secure  wages  that  he  is  not  capable  of  making 
in   normal  times. 

If  you  are  passing  through  a  season  of  prosperity 
don't  forget  that  your  prosperity  is  being  bought  and 
paid  for  with  the  blood  of  your  fellows  on  the  Western 
front. 

Don't  forget  that  your  season  of  prosperity  is  not 
going  to  last  forever.  And  don't  let  yourself  be  jockeyed 
into  the  fool  position  of  having  played  the  modern  role 
of  the  prodigal  son.  Get  that  word  THRIFT  into  your 
system,  and  you  will  improve  your  chances  of  not  being 
dizzy   when   the   munitions   business  falls   off. 


The  Real  Meaning  of  Success 

T  J.  WARREN,  managing  director  of  the  Consolidated 
^*  Mining  and  Smelting  Co.  of  Canada,  at  Rossland,  B.C., 
has  announced  that  the  company  will  give  a  $500  scholar- 
ship to  the  "son  of  any  employee  of  the  company  working 
at  day  labor,  who  heads  his  class  in  the  matriculation 
examinations  for  applied  science  in  the  British  Columbia 
University." 

The  stipulation  that  the  boy  shall  be  the  son  of  a  man 
working  at  day  labor  is  not  a  form  of  patronage.  It  faces 
a  condition  that  actually  exists,  viz.,  that  the  son  of  a  dav 
laborer  as  a  general  thing  stands  a  very  poor  chatice  of 
getting  a  course  in  applied  science  at  a  university.  Too 
often  the  force  of  circumstances  that  made  the  father  a 
day  laborer  is  operating  to  do  the  same  thing  to  the  son. 

The  company  that  gets  close  to  its  employees — that  sees 
in  industrial  life  something  more  than  clock  punching 
and  dividend  notices — that  wants  the  sons  of  its  day  labor- 
ers to  have  a  chance  to  occupy  better  positions — that  com- 
pany is  going  to  succeed  in  the  higher  meaning  of  the 
word    success. 

For  after  all  success  cannot  be  measured  entirely  by 
the  expansion  of  plants,  the  paying  of  dividends  or  the 
declarin.g  of  bonuses. 


spencer  in  Omaha  Wartd-Herati 


Placked  1 


September  26,  1918. 


CANADIAN    U  A  C  H  1  N  V.  \i  Y 


373 


REWARDING   INITIATIVE 
IS  TO  SECURE  MORE  OF  IT 


Frank    E.    Wall,    General    Manager    of    the    Poison    Iron 
Works,  Has  Filled  Many  Responsible  Positions 


'"T^HERE'S  what  I  mean  by  initiative."  The  speaker 
-*■  indicated  a  small  grippinfr  device  on  his  desk.  "Of 
our  sixteen  hundred  men,"  he  continued,  "I  told  you  that 
about  fifty  study  at  night.  One  of  these  studious  boys 
made  that  and  brought  it  to  me." 

The  speaker  was  Mr. 
Frank  E.  Wall,  general 
manager  of  the  Polsen 
Iron  Works,  Limited, 
Toronto. 

The  gripping  device 
was  a  most  practical- 
looking  metal  chuck.  In 
size  and  outward  apjiear- 
ance  it  was  not  unlike 
an  old-fashioned  wooden 
potato-masher.  But  that 
five-inch  projection — cor- 
responding to  the  round- 
ed handle  of  the  potato- 
masher — was   snnare. 

"It  will  save  labor  and 
time  hitherto  required 
for  squaring  ends  of 
stay-bolts  red  hot  under 
the  hammer,"  Mr.  Wall 
explained.  "You  know 
how  a  stay-bolt  is  ordi- 
narily put  in:  the  end 
squared  to  provide  a 
gripping  surface.  Then, 
when  the  bolt  is  in  place, 
the  squared  end  is  cut 
oflF,  leaving  about  one 
inch  protruding,  which  is 
riveted  tight  to  the  boiler 
plate.  Well,  this  chuck 
grips  the  staybolt  with- 
out it  having  been  squar- 
ed, and  this" — his  hand 
slid    along    the    squared 

handle-like  projection  of    the  chuck — "this  gives  the  grip- 
ping surface  required  to  put  the  bolt  in  place." 

Mr.  Wall  leaned  back  in  his  chair,  an  appreciative  smile 
prefacing  his  next  remark. 

"I  am  sending  a  personal  letter  to  the  young  man  who 
made  that  chuck  and  with  my  letter  a  tidy  cheque.  It 
may  be  an  incentive  to  other  men  in  our  plant." 

"And  to  other  men  in  other  plants,"  was  the  unspoken 
thought  of  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

Came  Early   to  America 

In  London,  England,  thirty-flve  years  ago,  Frank  E. 
Wall  was  born.  A  year  later  the  Statue  of  Liberty  greet- 
ed him  and  his  parents  and,  in  due  time,  the  public  schools 
of  the  Republic  taught  him  the  three  R's.  High  school 
and  University  beckoned,  but  his  chosen  work  called. 

Consequently,  before  his  twentieth  year,  young  Wall 
had  completed  his  apprenticeship  and  was  well  advanced 
in  a  course  of  study  under  the  private  tutelage  of  a  man 
who,  in  the  words  of  his  one-time  pupil,  "is  the  peer  of 
the  best  naval  engineer  that  ever  put  ships  on  paper." 

The  year  1905  found  Mr.  Wall  in  the  United  States 
Navy  yards  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  filling  his  first  situation  of 
importance.  From  then  on  he  held  responsible  positions, 
one  an  appointment  to  the  engineering  staff  of  the  Public 
Utilities   Commission   of  New   York   City.     The   subways. 


IRA.NK     E.     WALL 


then  in  course  of  construction,  presented  engineering  prob- 
lems that  Wall  helped  to  solve. 

Along  in  1915  the  Mobile  Shipbuilding  Corporation  had 
scouts  out  for  a  man  capable  of  designing  and  supervising 
the  erection  of  a  new  shipbuilding  plant.  Wall's  record 
marked  him  as  a  likely  man  for  the  job.  But  Wall  himself 
didn't  look  older  than  his  thirty-two  years.  He  moved  to 
Mobile,  Alabama.  The  more  he  heard  of  the  Mobile  plant 
the  more  he  wanted  to  build  it.  And  he  did  build  it— so 
thoroughly  well  that  Uncle  Sam  at  war  wanted  him. 

So  1917  found  Frank  E.  Wall  with  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board  as  a  supervisor  of  steel  ship  construction. 
And  here  he  remained  until  the  Spring  of  1918,  when  he 
accepted  the  position  he  has  since  filled  with  credit  to 
himself  and  to  Poison's. 

"Not  a  book  on  shipbuilding  or  mechanics — not  a  paper 
worth  reading— gets  by;  study  them  all,"  said  Mr.  Wall. 
And  that  from  a  young  man  in  a  big  position  is  a  fine 
appreciation   to   the   technical   press. 

A  photograph?  Mr.  Wall  was  persuaded.  He  found 
many  of  work  and  one  of  particular  interest  that  had  noth- 
ing to  do  with  work.  It  was  a  snapshot  of  Mrs.  Frank 
E.  Wall  and  their  little  family  of  four. 

"I  thank  her  for  my  success— for  eighty  per  cent,  of 
it,"  Mr.  Wall  said  seriously  in  conclusion. 


T 


Don't  Grouch  About  the  Coal 

HEY  say  that  coal  is  scarce  this  year,  and  I  guess  that 

guess  is  right,  and  you'll  shiver  by  the  light  of  day  and 
have  cold  feet  at  night— and  you'll  have  to  bum  up  wood 
and  straw  and  sift  the  ashes  too,  and  the  chances  are  your 
nose  will  be  both  petrified  and  blue. 

But  they're  callin'  for  the  coal  this  year  to  make  things 
into  steel,  to  give  the  Kaiser  shells  to  eat  every  bloomin' 
meal. 

They're  needin'  coal  to  make  the  steel  they  roll  out  into 
plate,  for  puttin'  vessels  on  thejea  for  us  to  navigate,  and 
cart  across  the  men  and  guns,  and  stuff  for  them  to  eat, 
when  they're  proddin'  at  the  Germans  for  to  keep  'em  in 
retreat. 

They're  needin'  coal  to  make  the  steel  that  builds  the 
railway  track,  that  carries  up  our  guns  and  men  to  beat 
the  German  back. 

They're  needin'  coal  to  run  the  plants  and  keep  the 
wheels  goin'  round,  to  make  the  fightin'  tools  we  need  to 
rescue  Belgium's  ground.  And  we're  needin'  coal  for  this 
and  that,  for  work  what's  stiff  and  stem,  so  there  aint  a 
great  pile  left,  me  boy,  for  you  and  me  to  burn. 

But  some  folks  go  a-shiverin*  round  and  grouch  to  beat 
the  band,  'bout  how  they  use  us  stay-at-homes  what's 
dwellin'  in  this  land. 

There's  howls  from  every  little  joint,  there's  squeaks 
from  every  store,  there's  groans  from  every  little  squib 
who  runs  a  two  by  four — the  whole  blame  thing  is  run 
dead  wrong,  the  coal  delivery  cart  should  come  around  each 
workin'  day  and  ask  them  where  to  start. 

Pull  on  some  woolly  socks,  me  boy,  get  on  a  flannel 
shirt,  the  kind  what  makes  you  squirm  a  bit  and  say  things 
short  and  curt — get  on  some  boots  with  'ob-niled  soles,  and 
take  steps  big  and  bold — and  for  the  love  of  Mike,  me  boy, 
forget  about  the  cold. — Ark. 


And    there's    not    much    sympathy    for    old    H.    T.    either. 


374 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


i*^    Some  Signs}Now  of  Improving  Conditions 

Larger  Shipments  of  Plate  May  be  Secured — Tin  Comes  to  Point 
Below  the  Dollar  Mark — Some  Talk  in  Trade  Circles  of  Bringing 

Out  New  Style  of  Shell 


FOR  the  first  time  in  many  months  it  is  safe  to  say 
that  there  are  signs  of  a  little  improvement  in  some 
marketing  conditions.  The  plate  situation,  which 
has  been  almost  hopeless,  shows  signs  of  improving.  And 
the  Canadian  allotment  of  material  from  United  States 
points  has  been  increased  by  enough  tonnage  to  make  the 
difference  noticeable.  The  shipyards  look  to  the  govern- 
ment for  their  supplies  now.  Mills  at  the  big  producing 
points  in  United  States  have  been  concentrating  on  plates 
for  some  months,  and  the  result  is  that  there  are  indica- 
tions of  the  demand  being  overhauled. 

The  war  orders  this  week  from  American  headquarters 
in  France  call  for  barb  wire  and  steel  rails.  There  was  a 
cessation  some  days  ago  in  the  call  for  barb  wire,  but  it 
is  probably  figured  out  that  new  gains  can  be  held  move 
readily  with  barb  wire  than  with  men. 

Canadian  shops  hear  rumors  of  a  new  shell  being 
brought  out  in  the  very  near  future.  It  will  probably  be  a 
changed  form  of  a  projectile  at  present  being  made  largely 
in  this  country.  Although  there  is  nothing  definite  in  the 
plans  so  far,  it  seems  possible  that  something  resembling 
a  streamline  shell  may  be  brought  out,  the  claim  being  that 
it  will  have  a  greater  radius  in  gun  fire. 


Canadian  dealers  in  machine  tools  report  a  normal 
amount  of  business  with  the  usual  searching  around  to  try 
and  get  their  deliveries  attended  to.  Dealers  in  supplies 
are  not  certain  about  deliveries  of  high  speed  goods.  It  is; 
certain  that  from  now  on  there  will  be  greater  delays  in 
this  line. 

The  scrap  metal  situation  is  almost  at  a  standstill  here. 
Dealers  and  consumers  tell  different  stories.  The  latter 
state  they  are  having  trouble  in  securing  enough  good 
scrap  to  make  up  for  the  shortage  in  pig  iron.  The  dealers 
on  the  other  hand,  claim  that  the  steel  mills  and  the  foun- 
dries are  full  to  the  roofs  of  all  the  scrap  they  need.  There 
is  very  little  business  moving  at  present  through  the 
scrap  dealers'  yards,  but  on  the  other  hand  there  are  a 
large  number  of  sales  being  made  direct  from  the  pro- 
ducers to  the  melters. 

Tin  still  comes  under  the  dollar  mark,  and  is  selling 
around  95c.  This  is  quite  a  come-down  for  this  metal. 
Only  a  few  weeks  ago  futures  of  three  months  were  quoted 
at  $1.50,  a  long  cry  from  the  pre-war  average  of  about  30 
cents. 


MONTREAL  SHIPYARDS  ARE  NOW 

GETTING  BETTER  PLATE  SUPPLY 


Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Que.,  September  26.— 
Unabated  activity  continues  throughout 
the  district  with  munition  making  the 
outstanding  feature.  In  addition  to  the 
large  order  recently  received  by  the 
Canada  Cement  for  9.2  inch  shells  for 
the  American  Government,  it  is  reported 
that  an  aditional  allotment  for  this  size 
shell  has  been  given  to  the  St.  Lawrence 
Bridge  Co.  Plans  are  now  being  pre- 
pared for  the  new  plant  of  the  Canada 
Cement  Co.  and  building  operations  will 
be  started  at  an  early  date.  Several 
local  plants  are  now  working  regularly 
on  the  forging  of  the  155  mm.  shells  and 
machining  operations  are  rapidly  pro- 
gressing to  the  production  stage.  Some 
delay  has  been  experienced  through  the 
inability  to  obtain  necessary  machinery 
on  schedule  time. 

Tension  in  Steel  Situation 

No  relief  has  been  given  to  the  general 
steel  situation  and  conditions  here  are 
still  marked  by  an  extreme  shortage  in 
many  lines.    The  scarcity  of  pig  iron  has 


virtually  eliminated  the  commercial  mar- 
ket and  many  foundries  operating  on 
this  class  of  work  have  had  great  diffi- 
culty in  meeting  the  trade  requirements. 
In  some  cases  business  has  been  partly 
maintained  by  using  larger  quantities  of 
scrap,  but  even  here  the  available  supply 
is  not  equal  to  the  demand.  The  War 
Trade  Board  will  only  furnish  the  raw 
material  to  those  working  -on  the  most 
essential  war  enterprise.  This  also  ap- 
plies to  other  lines  of  steel  activity  so 
that  considerable  tension  is  felt  in  gen- 
eral manufacturing  establishments  ow- 
ing to  the  inability  to  obtain  suffcient 
steel  for  repairs  or  replacements.  The 
constant  demand  for  light  plates  has 
caused  a  drain  on  the  dealers  and  no 
3-16  inch  plates  are  available  in  Mont- 
real. This  is  a  size  constantly  asked  for 
owing  to  its  suitability  for  tank  repairs 
and  replacements.  The  importance  of 
this  phase  of  industrial  requirement  has 
apparently  not  been  fully  recognized  by 
the  War  Trade  Board  and  essential  ac- 


tivities are  in  danger  of  suspending  busi- 
ness, in  part,  for  want  of  facilities  to 
maintain  maximum  production. 

One  dealer  here  states  that  he  could 
obtain  all  his  requirements  from  Pitts- 
burg if  the  War  Trade  Board  at  Ottawa 
would  only  sanction  his  efforts  to  secure 
the  necessary  material.  To  this  end  the 
dealer  is  going  .^o  Ottawa  to  interview 
the  Board  on  behalf  of  those  manufac- 
turers in  need  of  this  and  other  material 
required  for  plant  maintenance. 

A  feature  of  present  conditions  is  the 
satisfaction  among  Canadian  shipbuilders 
over  the  rearular  shipments  of  plates  from 
American  mills  and  in  most  cases  the 
yards  here  are  nearing  easy  street  re- 
specting their  requirements  for  present 
and  early  future  activity.  It  is  the  opin- 
ion of  dealers  here  that  the  plate  situ- 
ation may  shortly  take  on  an  easier  tone, 
as  a  result  of  the  present  large  produc- 
tion, a  factor  that  will  influence  the 
market  once  the  yards  are  supplied  with 
ample  material. 

Metals  Slightly  Easier 

The  metal  situation  is  not  marked  by 
any  special  developments  but  an  easier 
tone  seems  apparent  in  tin,  spelter  and 
antimony.     Difficulty  is  still  experienced 


Li 


September  26,  1918. 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


375 


in  securing-  supplies  as  it  requires  au- 
thorization of  the  War  Trade  Board  be- 
fore requirements  can  be  fille<l.  This 
often  entails  delay  in  obtaining  ship- 
ments. Ingot  coppers  continue  steady 
on  regular  demand  with  quotations  firm 
at  31  and  32  cents.  Tin  is  coming 
through  more  regularly  and  dealers  re- 
port a  relief  in  the  situation;  quotations 
have  declined  and  the  price  asked  aver- 
ages $1  per  pound.  Supplies  of  spelter 
are  more  plentiful  and  quotations  of 
10%c  show  a  decline  of  %c  per  pound. 
'Lead  is  unchanged  at  lOl^c,  with  the  de- 
mand normal.  Antimony  is  lower  on  a 
well  supplied  market,  this  week's  quota- 
tion of  16c  being  a  decline  of  %c.  Alu- 
minum demand  is  normal  with  quotations 
firm  at  50c  per  pound. 

Normal  Machine  Demand 

Activity  in  the  machine  tool  industry 
lias  not  been  pronounced  but  the  de- 
mands are  still  si'fficient  to  maintain 
considerable  interest  among  the  dealers. 
Inquiry  for  some  heavy  equipment  suit- 
able for  the  9.2  inch  shells  has  featured 
the  week's  business  and  some  sales  have 
been  recorded.  The  requirements  for 
tools  for  the  155  mm.  shells  are  still  un- 
filled but  this  is  owing  to  the  non- 
delivery of  equipment  now  on  order. 
Definite  delivery  on  shell  machinery  is 
still  an  uncertain  factor,  especially 
where  tools  are  brought  in  from  the 
States.  Considerable  activity  is  being 
maintained  in  used  equipment  that  can  be 
adapted  for  use  on  the  American  shells. 
In  some  cases  this  is  adopted  as  a  tem- 
porary expedient  while  awaiting  ship- 
ment of  new  machinery. 

Good  Demand  for  Steel  Scrap 

With  the  bulk  of  the  trading  virtually 
controlled  through  agents  of  the  Im- 
perial Munitions  Board,  the  business 
passing  through  the  dealers'  hands  is 
confined  to  general  activity.  Where  ma- 
terial is  wanted  in  a  hurry  the  consumer 
will  often  apply  to  a  dealer  for  supplies 
as  the  latter  will  generally  give  the  mat- 
ter imme<liate  attention,  whereas  con- 
siderable indifference  has  frequently 
Ijeen  shown  by  those  handling  the  scrap 
for  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board.  The 
demand  for  steel  scrap  is  very  constant 
and  the  visible  supply  is  far  from  ade- 
quate to  meet  the  full  requirements  of 
the  trade.  This  is  particularly  true  as 
to  cast  iron  scrap  which  is  taken  up 
quickly  owing  to  the  inability  to  secure 
pig.  The  market  in  scrap  metals  is  dull 
l)ut  a  steady  business  is  still  carried  on 
l)y  the  dealers,  who  are  called  upon  to 
supply  the  needs  of  the  smaller  manu- 
facturers.    Few  price  changes  are  effec- 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


A  new  shell  may  be  brought  out, 
the  lines  of  which  will  be  changed 
to  give  a  greater  taper  at  and  to- 
ward the  base.  Greater  radius  of 
fire  is  the  end  aimed  at. 

The  allotment  of  steel  given  to 
Canadian  industries  has  been  in- 
creased about  50  per  cent,  in  the 
last  few  week.«. 

Tin  is  selling  below  the  $1  per 
pound  market,  as  against  probable 
$1.35  to  $1.50  quoted  a  month  or  so 
ago.  Pre-war  prices  were  around 
30  cents  per  pound. 

U.  S.  dealers  advise  Canadian 
trade  that  deliveries  are  not  likely 
to  be  as  prompt  during  the  coming 
months,  especially  for  supplies  in 
high  speed  goods. 

The  scrap  metal  situation  is  al- 
most stagnant  at  present.  Sales 
are  not  numerous,  and  yards,  the 
dealers  claim,  are  well  stocked  with 
material. 

There  is  a  big  call  for  barbed  wire 
for  the  Allies  in  France.  Only  a 
few  weeks  ago  it  was  announced 
that  little  was  needed.  Apparently 
it  is  considered  better  to  use  wire 
to  hold  new  lines  than  men. 

Munitions  shops  in  Toronto  report 
in  several  cases  that  they  can  se- 
cure all  the  labor  they  require.  Tool 
makers,  though,  are  in  demand  at 
several  places. 

The  big  call  now  is  for  shell  steel 
and  rails,  both  of  them  indicating 
and  following  the  programme  of  the 
offensive  on  the  Western  front. 

American  steel  trade  is  greatly 
taken  with  the  idea  that  the  present 
advances  in  France  are  aimed  at  the 
district  in  which  Germany  gets  the 
great  bulk  of  her  steel. 


tive,  the  market  generally  being  firm 
and  strong.  Cast  borings  are  now  sell- 
ing at  $11  per  ton  on  good  demand. 
Stove  plate  is  scarce  with  the  week's 
quotation  of  $32  showing  an  advance  of 
$2  per  ton. 


NEW  SHELL  MAY  BE  BROUGHT  OUT 


There  is  considerable  talk  about  the 
changing  of  the  style  of  one  of  the  shells 
now  largely  made  in  Canadian  shops, 
and  for  which  large  contracts  are  still 
unfilled.  It  is  known  that  the  British 
have  given  up  the  use  of  the  large  shells 
as  made  here  now,  and  that  the  Ger- 
mans are  securing  a  much  larger  range 


by   having   changed   the   construction    of 
the  shell. 

Of  course  it  will  be  some  time  before 
any  changes  can  be  made  here,  but  the 
matter  is  being  discussed.  The  principal 
idea  will  be  changing  the  formation  of 
the  base  of  the  shell.  This  may  be  done 
by   the   introduction   of  a   tapering   line, 


giving  the  shell  a  streamline  effect,  to 
use  an  automobile  term.  The  flat  end 
now  in  use  has  the  effect  of  producing 
considerable  vacuum  or  suction  in  its 
wake,  by  the  nature  of  the  air  waves 
that  it  brings  into  existence.  The  chang- 
ing of  'the  lineg  of  the  shell  would  be 
done  with  the  idea  of  reducing  this  as 
far  as  possible.  It  may  be  that  some 
of  the  Canadian  plants  will  be  putting 
in  shops  for  the  turning  out  of  this  new 
product  before  so  very  long. 


SITUATION  EASIER 

NOW  IN  SOME  LINES 

Larger  Amount  of  Material  Will  Be  Sent 
Here  From  Across  the  Border 

TORONTO.— "It's  all  a  matter  of  mak- 
ing deliveries.  That's  more  the  point 
than  the  securing  of  the  sales."  That's 
the  way  one  big  firm  sized  up  the  situ- 
ation to-day,  and  it  seems  to  be  the  ex- 
perience of  a  good  many  lines  that  are 
catering  to  the  munitions  industry.  De- 
liveries from  United  States  points  are 
not  so  prompt  as  they  have  been,  and  the 
indications  are  that  they  are  not  going 
to   improve  either. 

It  looks  as  though  the  situation  in 
some  lines  might  be  going  to  ease  up  a 
little.  At  least  the  trade  feels  that  pros- 
pects are  better  than  for  some  time  past. 
For  instance  the  business  of  building 
ships  in  Canada  is  now  looked  after  by 
the  Ottawa  authorities  as  far  as  the  sup- 
ply of  material  is  concerned,  and  the 
jobbers  are  no  longer  booking  the  plate 
business  for  the  yards.  Of  course  that 
may  -mean  that  the  jobbers  will  get  less 
rfiaterial,  but  it  also  means  that  there 
is  more  material  coming  to  the  country. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  that  is  the  case. 

The  Canadian  Allotment 

Toronto  warehouses  are  far  from  well 
stocked  in  plates  or  sheets.  But  they  are 
expecting  that  trade  in  plates  will  be 
easier.  They  have  assurance  that  the 
Canadian  allotment  has  been  increased 
by  almost  fifty  per  cent,  per  week.  This 
has  been  made  possible  by  the  cutting 
off  of  industries  in  the  United  States 
that  could  not  come  up  to  the  classing 
that  would  put  them  down  as  essentials. 
The  output  of  plate  has  also  been  in- 
creased by  changing  a  large  number  of 
mills  from  rolling  sheets.  Steel  is  ship- 
ped to  Canada  at  the  rate  of  1,500  tons 
per  week.  Of  course  that  refers  to  ma- 
terial heavier  than  No.  11  gauge.  There 
is  a  large  amount  of  stuff  coming  in  un- 
der that  size,  though,  and  there  is  a  ten- 
dency to  get  consumers  to  use  the  lighter 
material.  For  instance  a  renui.sition  for 
flooring  for  a  military  hospital  is  turned 
down  at  Ottawa  and  the  advice  given 
that  a  sheet  lighter  than  11  should  be 
secured. 

Figure  It  Out  Themselves 

Local  dealers  have  received  schedules 
showing  just  what  the  various  ratings 
given  by  the  Washington  authorities 
mean.  This  is  done  so  that  jobbers  and 
others  can  study  the  list  and  find  out  for 
themselves  just  where  they  stand  in  the 
line.     The  chances  are  that  there  would 


sie 


CANADIAN    MACin  NKK  V 


Volume  XX. 


hardly  be  room  in  Washington  for  enough 
clerical  help  to  figure  out  where  all  the 
varied  interests  stand  on  the  preference 
and  priority  lists.  As  a  matter  of  fact 
Ottawa  shows  a  tendency  now  to  weed 
out  orders  more  strictly  than  was  the 
case  a  few  months  ago. 

There  have  been  no  price  changes,  and 
it  is  not  likely  that  any  will  be  made  in 
the  next  few  weeks,  although  that  is  a 
dangerous  statement  to  make. 

The  situation  does  seem  easier  in  so 
far  as  the  securing  of  material  is  con- 
cerned, but  there  is  no  possibility  of  the 
supply  getting  neck  and  neck  with  the 
demand  and  creating  a  surplus. 
The  Scrap  MeUl  Field 

There  does  not  seem  to  be  a  very 
large  volume  of  business  movins;  through 
the  local  yards.  The  dealers  are  very 
positive  in  their  statments  that  there  is 
a  great  deal  of  scrap  metal  in  the  yards 
of  the  steel  mills  and  the  foundries.  "In 
some  places  they  are  fairly  clogged  with 
scrap,  so  much  so  that  they  are  asking 
that  deliveries  to  them  shall  be  deferred 
for  a  few  weeks,"  declared  one  dealer. 
And  there  are  a  good  many  foundries 
that  have  never  had  so  much  scrap  under 
their  shed  roofs.  I  am  not  inclined  to 
take  very  seriously  the  stories  we  hear 
about  a  shortage  of  material.  There  is 
nothing  to  indicate  any  such  thing. 
Prices  are  not  going  down  yet,  but  one 
thing  is  certain,  and  that  is  that  they 
are  not  firm.  As  soon  as  a  seller  or 
buyer  comes  in  here  the  first  thing 
spoken  of  is  a  lower  price  for  scr^p. 
There  is  no  saying  where  it  may  lead 
to." 

No  price  changes  are  noted  in  the 
local  market  this  week. 

Deliveries   Are  Slower 

Representatives  of  several  American 
firms  were  in  Toronto  to-day.  They  ad- 
vised agents  in  several  cases  that  deliv- 
eries would  be  slower  in  future  than  for 
some  months  past.  Recently  from  three 
to  four  weeks  has  been  a  safe  working 
distance  on  orders  for  supplies,  especi- 
ally in  high  speed  lines.  "It  looks  as 
though  from  ten  to  twelve  weeks  will 
be  the  best  we  can  do  now,"  stated  one 
of  the  dealers.  "This  means  that  Cana- 
dian dealers  will  have  to  stock  more  ex- 
tensively, or  that  big  jobbers  in  United 
States  will  get  a  bigger  share  of  the 
business. 

The  supply  business  has  been  great 
during  the  last  month  or  so.  In  fact 
it  is  some  time  since  there  has  been  such 
a  volume  of  business  passing  as  has 
been  registered  during  the  last  month. 

Tin  Below  Dollar  Mark 

Tin  is  trading  below  the  dollar  mark. 
Its  career  has  been  a  wild  and  a  merry 
one,  for  not  long  ago  futures  were  look- 
ing good  for  $1.50  a  pound,  whereas  tin 
used  to  sell  around  thirty  cents.  There 
has  been  a  good  deal  of  wind  and  specu- 
lation pumped  into  the  tin  situation.  Of 
course  the  shipping  facilities  have  been 
none  too  good,  and  the  chances  are  that 
a    good    many   bottoms   with    their    tin 


cargoes  have  gone  to  the  bottom  of  the 
ocean.  But  even  so  there  was  nothing 
to  warrant  that  $1.50  flight,  and  the  fact 
that  the  trading  is  to-day  going  on  be- 


'ween  90  and  95  cents  shows  that  a  saner 
level  is  being  rapidly  reached.  Prices 
of  other  non-ferrous  metals  remain  un- 
changed. 


WILL  FINE  FIRMS  USING  PIG  IRON 

FOR  WORK  THAT  IS  NOT  ESSENTIAL 

SpMial  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

Sept.       26. —       with  the  packers  of  various  non-perish- 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa., 
Military  tactics  certainly  change  rap- 
idly. It  is  only  a  few  weeks  ago 
that  a  light  demand  for  barb  wire  was 
noted,  because  the  Allied  forces  were 
advancing.  Now  there  is  a  tremendous 
demand  for  barb  wire,  and  it  does  not 
mean  that  the  forces  expect  to  stop  ad- 
vancing. Apparently  it  is  considered  bet- 
ter to  hold  gained  ground  with  wire 
than  with  men.  Heavy  orders  for  barb 
wire  have  been  placed  in  the  past  few 
weeks,  over  50,000  tons,  and  150,000  tons 
or  more  is  immediately  on  the  boards. 
The  size  of  individual  orders,  however, 
is  not  indicative,  as  the  time  element  in 
delivery  enters.  It  is  more  illuminating 
to  note  that  the  barb  wire  making  capa- 
city, running  the  usual  single  turn,  is 
about  50,000  tons  a  month  and  the  au- 
thorities are  considering  the  making  of 
arrangements  whereby  some  of  the  barb 
wire  departments  will  run  a  night  turn 
also,  because  50,000  tons  of  barb  wire 
a  month  does  not  seem  to  be  sufficient. 
Tho  wire  makers  seem  to  expect  the  de- 
mand to  continue  throughout  the  war, 
hence  they  have  becom?  concerned  a.s  to 
the  large  tonnages  that  will  at  some 
time  or  other  be  left  unemployed.  They 
have  pointed  out,  therefore,  that  the 
painted  barb  wire  commonly  used  in  the 
military  operations  deteriorates  rapidly 
and  is  not  salable  in  large  quantities 
for  ordinary  purposes.  Hence  they  sug- 
gest that  a  larger  proportion  of  the  or- 
ders be  for  galvanized  wire. 

More    Steel    Conservation 

Week  by  week  the  military  operations 
call  for  more  steel  for  direct  use,  this 
being  a  reflection  of  the  aggressiveness 
of  the  Allied  forces  and  the  advances 
they  are  making.  The  increases  are 
chiefly  in  shells  and  rails,  although  there 
are  many  other  items.  As  the  raw  steel 
supply  is  only  so  much,  there  must  be 
further  curtailment  in  the  consumption 
of  steel  for  the  less  direct  war  purposes, 
and  every  finishing  line  in  the  steel  in- 
dustry that  can  possibly  yield  any  steel 
for  the  direct  purposes  is  being  minutely 
studied.  Illustrative  of  the  fact  that  the 
War  Industries  Board  is  overlooking  no 
tricks,  however  unimportant  relatively, 
the  tin  can,  apparently  insignificant,  con- 
tinues to  receive  close  attention.  Our 
letter  a  week  ago  noted  that  the  allot- 
ment of  steel  sheet  bars  to  the  tin  plate 
mills,  representing  hitherto  a  full  sup- 
ply, had  just  been  cut  by  30  per  cent, 
for  the  fourth  quarter  of  the  year,  the 
occasion  being  the  close  of  the  canning 
season.  It  turns  out  that  did  not  end 
the  case.  The  conservation  division  of 
the  War  Industries  Board  has  since  been 
holding  daily  meetings,  one  line  per  day, 


able  food  products,  for  the  purpose  of 
arranging  a  curtailment  in  their  tin  plate 
consumption.  It  will  be  understood,  of 
course,  that  at  no  time  has  any  tin  plate 
been  allowed  to  go  out  except  on  Gov- 
ernment orders  and  for  food  products 
The  expectation  is  that  the  absolute  re- 
quirements, in  tin  plate  will  be  so  cur-  . 
tailed  that  it  will  be  possible  to  get 
along  with  the  tin  plate  mills  operating 
at  still  less  than  70  per  cent,  of  capa- 
city. As  noted  in  last  report,  it  requires 
about  a  million  two-pound  cans  to  re- 
lease the  amount  of  steel  needed  to  pro- 
vide rails  for  one  mile  of  track,  so  that 
it  requires  a  great  deal  of  industry  on 
the  part  of  the  Conservation  Division 
to  enable  General  Pershing  to  lay  more 
miles  of  track  for  the  big  guns  that  will 
be  pointed  at  the  Metz  stronghold,  and 
for  other  purposes.  Incidentally,  it  may 
be  mentioned  that  the  American  steel 
trade  is  quite  thrilled  by  the  idea  that 
the  advances  in  the  Lorraine  district  are 
aimed  at  the  territory  whence  the  enemy 
obtains  the  great  bulk  of  his  steel. 

How    About   Pipe? 

Conservation  of  steel  in  connection 
with  tin  plate  is  only  one  item.  A  meet- 
ing is  scheduled  for  to-day  with  the 
pipe  mills,  to  consider  how  much  curtail- 
ment in  the  use  of  steel  for  pipe  making 
can  be  effecteri  without  serious  derange- 
ment to  the  supplies  of  pipe  for  direct 
war  purposes  for  shiibMi'din?.  and  t^ie 
most  essential  commercial  operations. 
With  the  greatly  increased  barb  wire  de- 
mands there  will  be  no  further  curtail- 
ment in  wire  manufacture  as  a  whole, 
but  some  wire  products  may  yield  wire  to 
be  made  into  the  barb  variety.  The  mer- 
chant bar  mills  are  being  given  further 
consideration. 

For  the  time  being  at  least  there  is  to 
be  no  further  curtailment  in  steel  for 
sheet  mills.  The  supply  permitted  an 
operation  of  about  57  per  cent,  of  capa- 
city in  July  and  the  August  average  was 
just  a  shade  higher,  while  present  oper- 
ations are  close  to  60  per  cent.  Sheet 
requirements  for  war  purposes  have  in» 
creased  somewhat  in  the  past  few  weeks 
and  with  a  60  per  cent,  sheet  mill  oper- 
ation there  will  be  less  sheets  for  the 
preference  industries,  but  more  for  direct 
war  use. 

The  33,000,000  Semisteel  Shells 

Foundrymen  are  making  progress  in 
their  study  of  the  semisteel  shell  pro- 
gram, referred  to  in  last  report,  the  Ord- 
nance Department  having  announced  that 
it  requires  33,000,000  semisteel  shells  in 
the  next  ten  months  and  that  it  expects 
the  major  portion  to  be  made  in  this  dis- 


September  26,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


3V7 


trict.  While  a  definite  announcement 
was  made,  detailed  in  last  report,  as  to 
the  sizes  of  shells  and  the  description, 
whether  shrapnel  or  high  explosive,  it 
is  now  very  definitely  rumored  that  the 
department  wants  more  gas  shells  than 
shrapnel  or  high  explosive  and  it  may  be 
therefore  that  the  total  of  semisteel 
shells  will  exceed  the  figures  already 
given. 

Local  foundrymen  do  not  expect  to 
encounter  much  difficulty  in  making  the 
shells  to  specifications,  provided  they  are 
furnished  the  pig  iron,  and  there's  the 
rub.  There  has  been  no  free  pig  iron  in 
this  district  for  months,  all  the  output 
going  on  contracts  involving  the  filling  of 
war  orders  or  on  allocations  either  for 
the  filling  of  war  orders  or  for  export. 
The  proportion  of  foundry  iron  in  the 
total  make  has  been  unprecedently  small 
and  this  foundry  iron  has  been  going  for 
the  manufacture  of  mill  and  other  ma- 
chinery and  quite  essential  requirements. 
A  general  committee  for  the  country  was 
delegated  a  fortnight  ago  to  seek  cases 
of  foundries  employing  pig  iron  for  pur- 
poses that  could  be  dispensed  with,  but 
indications  are  it  has  found  very  little. 
A  general  meeting  of  pig  iron  manufac- 
turers and  the  War  Industries  Board  was 
held  in  Washington  last  Monday  to  dis- 
cuss the  problems  of  increasing  produc- 
tion and  allotment  of  foundry  iron  or- 
ders in  connection  with  the  semisteel 
shell  orders  that  are  to  be  placed.  This 
was  one  of  a  series  of  meetings  aimed 
chiefly  at  speeding  up  production,  the 
pipe,  plate  and  structural  shape  makers 
to  be  met  in  turn,  one  group  each  day. 

Coke  and  Pig  Iron 

All  the  investigations  thus  far  have 
pointed  to  the  same  conclusion,  that  the 
chief  barrier  to  a  heavier  production  of 
steel  is  the  quality  of  coke  that  many  fur- 
naces are  forced  to  use.  There  are  other 
barriers,  but  this  is  regarded  as  the  chief. 
Coke  production  in  the  United  States  in 
the  last  week  reported  upon  was  the 
largest  on  record,  with  but  two  excep- 
tions, and  the  gain  in  production,  com- 
pared with  the  rate  in  1916,  would,  by 
proportion  with  the  1916  pig  iron  out- 
put, compass  a  pig  iron  output  now  at 
the  rate  of  44,000,000  tons  per  annum, 
whereas  for  several  months  past  the  rate 
has  fluctuated  within  the  limits  of  40,- 
000,000  and  41,000,000  tons.  A  compari- 
son of  the  number  and  capacity  of  fur- 
naces in  blast,  considering  their  past 
performances,  also  indicates  that  with 
similarly  favorable  conditions  the  rate  of 
output  now  should  be  close  to  44,000,000 
tons  a  year.  With  more  pig  iron,  more 
steel  would  be  made.  The  Fuel  Admin- 
istration is  increasing  its  inspection 
force  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  pur- 
poses to  penalize,  in  price,  all  coke  that 
is  not  up  to  standard  in  quality.  It  ap- 
pears that  operators  and  miners  are  both 
in  part  responsible,  some  operators  being 
less  careful  than  usual,  while  miners  are 
not  careful  to  take  out  clean  coal,  and 
any  refuse  mined  increases  the  ash  in 
the  coke  and  thereby  reduces  the  daily 
output  of  the  furnace  using  it. 


AUTO  AND  STOVE  SHOPS  ARE 

TAKING  ON  WAR  CONTRACTS  NOW 


BpecimI  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


NEW  YORK,  Sept.  26.— Machinery 
manufacturers  and  dealers  are  receiving 
a  number  of  orders  for  shop  equipment 
from  manufacturers  of  small  arms,  shells 
and  airplane  motors.  The  Government 
is  also  placing  direct  orders  for  equip- 
ping machine  shops  at  shell-loading 
plants  and  at  army  cantonments.  Provi- 
sion is  also  being  made  by  the  Ordnance 
Department  to  increase  capacity  of  ar- 
senals for  making  large  calibre  guns  and 
the  Navy  Department  is  constantly  buy- 
ing machinery  to  be  installed  at  Navy 
Yards  and  repair  shops. 

Several  new  contracts  for  automatic 
pistols  have  been  placed  by  the  War  De- 
partment and  similar  contracts  are  pend- 
ing, while  manufacturers  receiving  these 
contracts  are  buying  additional  tools.  The 
Winchester  Repeating  Arms  Co.,  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  and  Landers,  Frary 
&  Clar^,  Nevv  Britain,  Cpnn.,  have  al- 
ready closed  on  fair  sized  lists  of  tools 
for  making  pistols.  A  contract  has  also 
been  given  to  the  National  Cash  Register 
Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio,  for  army  pistols  and 
a  large  similar  contract  is  on  the  point 
of  being  closed  by  a  Philadelphia  com- 
pany that  will  require  several  hundred 
Lincoln  type  milling  machines  and  other 
tools. 

The    Stove   Foundriet, 

Stove  founders  are  rapidly  taking  on 
war  work  including  several  large  con- 
tracts for  semisteel  shells  of  which  about 
20,000,000  are  wanted  by  the  Ordnance 
Department.  Several  of  the  large  pipe 
shops  are  already  casting  such  shells  and 
other  founders  are  rapidly  converting 
their  plants  for  similar  work.  Rathbone, 
Sard  &  Co.,  stove  makers,  are  buying 
machining  •  tools  for  semisteel  shells 
which  they  will  cast  at  their  Albany, 
N.Y.,  and  at  their  Aurora,  111.,  plants. 
The  Michigan  Stove  Co.,  Detroit,  and 
the  Foster,  Merriam  Co.,Meriden.,Conn., 
have  also  taken  shell  contracts  and  are 
soon  expected  to  enter  the  market  for 
machine  tools.  The  Savage  Arms  Cor- 
poration has  placed  a  $125,000'  order  for 
tools  for  its  Philadelphia  plant,  recently 
acquired  from  Isaac  A.  Sheppard  &  Co. 
Gun  mounts  for  3-inch  guns  \yill  be 
manufactured.  Machinery  is  also  being 
moved  from  the  Sharon,  Pa.,  plant  of  the 


Savage  Arms  Corporation,  and  also  from 
the  plant  of  the  Defiance  Manufacturing 
plant  at  Philadelphia,  which  was  recently 
acquired  by  the  Savage  Arms  interest. 
New  Argenal 

The  War  Department  has  purchased 
several  tools  for  each  of  27  cantonmente 
for  equipping  machine  shops  and  the 
Government  has  also  purchased  several 
hundred  tools  for  machine  shops  at  shell- 
loading  plants.  The  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment has  secured  a  tract  of  land  at  Phila- 
delphia as  a  site  for  an  arsenal  to  pro- 
duce large  calibre  guns;  $136,405  was 
paid  for  the  land,  and  bids  are  now  being 
taken  on  additional  buildings  to  be  erect- 
ed at  the  Frankford  arsenal. 

The  Navy  Department  has  secured 
under  a  twenty-year  lease  the  water  front 
property  on  New  York  Bay  belonging  to 
I.  T.  Williams  &  Sons,  for  the  building 
of  a  large  dry  dock  and  ship  repair 
works;  the  property  has  a  water  front- 
age of  1,500  feet  and  the  aggregate 
rental  is  about  $1,300,000.  The  Govern- 
ment has  also  taken  over  the  plant  of 
the  Merritt-Chapman  Derrick  &  Wreck- 
age Co.  in  the  same  section,  which  will 
be  utilized  in  ship  repairing  and  reclaim, 
ing  work. 

Auto  Shops   Changing 

Automobile  manufacturers  and  makers 
of  automobile  parts  are  more  actively 
buying  tools  for  war  work.  The  Hudson 
Motor  Car  Co.,  Detroit,  has  inquiries  out 
for  shop  equipment  which  will  permit  the 
manufacture  of  2,000  155-mm.  shells  a 
day.  The  Ford  Motor. Co.,  Detroit,  and 
the  Buick  Motor  Car  Co.,  Flint,  Michi- 
gan, have  purchased  additional  machinery 
to  increase  output  of  Liberty  engines. 
The  Ford  Co.  is  also  still  buying  for  its 
Hamilton,  Ohio,  plant  and  other  pur- 
chases are  contemplated  for  tools  to  build 
10,000  two-man  tanks.  The  American 
Brake  Shoe  &  Foundry  Co.  has  placed 
orders  for  a  portion  of  the  150  machines 
called  for  last  week,  to  be  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  guns  and  projectiles.  The 
H.  H.  Franklin  Manufacturing  Co.,  Syra- 
cuse, N.Y.,  is  .placing  orders  for  machine 
tools  for  airplane  motor  parts.  It  has 
recently  taken  orders  for  crank  shafts 
from  the  Pierce-Arrow  Co.,  Buffalo,  and 
the  Wright-Morton  Aircraft  Corp. 


IRON  PRODUCERS  WANT  TO  GET 

HIGHER  FIGURE  IN  NEXT  QUARTER 


ALTHOUGH  it  will  be  some  time  be- 
fore a  definite  announcement  will 
be  made  regarding  the  matter,  it  is 
quite  apparent  that  the  iron  interests  in 
United  States  are  pressing  for  higher 
prices  for  pig  iron  for  the  next  quarter, 
and  it  wouldn't  cause  any  surprise  were 
an  announcement  made  to  this  effect. 
The  foundry  pig  iron  producers  decided 
at  their  meeting  that  their  case  must  be 
presented  separately  at  Washington  and 


not  through  the  General  Steel  Commit- 
tee. It  is  well  known,  though,  at  Wash- 
ington that  there  is  little  encouragement 
to  the  plea  for  higher  prices.  American 
points  of  production  reports  as  follows: 
Pittsiburg. — It  is  a  matter  of  fact  that 
hardly  any  sales  are  being  made  here 
now  at  all.  The  entire  output  of  pig 
iron  that  is  not  used  by  the  steel  com- 
panies is  being  allocated  by  the  Govern- 
ment,  so   that   no   new   sales   are    being 


878 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


made.  It  is  also  claimed  that  very  lit- 
tle iron  has  been  sold  for  the  first  half 
of  next  year  delivery. 

Chicago. — The  allotments  of  pig  iron 
that  are  being  made  in  this  district  are 
so  large  that  there  is  a  serious  protylem 
ahead  of  the  furnaces  in  filling  them. 
Some  rather  peculiar  situations  are  de- 
veloping, too.  It  is  natural  for  the  fur- 
nace men  to  want  to  take  care  of  their 
old  customers,  all  of  whom  are  on  im- 
portant Government  work. 

St.  Louis. — Some  of  the  foundries  in 
this  district  are  having  a  hard  time  in 
lining  up  with  the  essential  industries. 
Notable  among  these  are  the  stove 
foundries  who  are  so  limited  in  their 
domestic  output  as  to  be  on  the  verge 
of  shutting  down.  There  is  nothing  to 
indicate  that  there  will  be  much  im- 
provement in  their  business  in  the  near 
future. 

New  York. — At  the  recent  meeting  of 
the  pig  iron  manufacturers  some  of  the 
furnaces  from  Tennesee  showed  actual 
costs  amounting  to  40  dollars  a  ton,  and 
some  of  the  Pennsylvania  men  also  as- 
sert that  their  costs  amounted  to  $38  a 
ton.  A  good  tmany  of  them  state  posi- 
tively they  are  losing  money  and  cannot 
continue  in  business. 

Cleveland. — The  scarcity  of  pig  iron  is 
growing  rather  acute  here,  and  there  is 
nothing  like  enough  to  go  round.  Stocks 


in  the  furnace  yards  are  becoming  very 
low  and  many  of  the  consumers  have 
only  a  few  days'  supply. 

Many  of  the  allotments  made  by  the 
Government  call  for  delivery  of  iron  to 
small  and  almost  unknown  melters,  who 
have  never  had  any  dealing  with  the  pig 
iron  men  before.  However,  there  is  no 
choice  in  the  matter  and  the  orders  have 
to  be  filled. 

Philadelphia.  —  The  agitation  for 
higher  price  for  pig  iron  is  going  on 
strong  in  this  district.  It  was  stated  at 
one  of  the  recent  meetings  of  the  steel 
men  here  that  out  of  a  total  production 
of  iron  of  8  million  tons  at  least  one- 
eighth  of  that  amount  is  nowJbeing  made 
at  an  actual  loss,  and  it  was  also  claimed 
that  producers  whose  costs  exceeded  sell- 
ing prices  cannot  continue  to  operate 
under  these  conditions,  and  the  claim  is 
also  made  that  Judsre  Gary  has  agreed 
to  press  the  claim  for  higher  prices  for 
iron  at  Washington. 

Buffalo.  —  Government  allotments 
practically  take  up  the  entire  output  of 
the  furnaces  here.  Transportation  is  a 
little  better  than  it  has  been  for  some 
time  .past,  but  furnace  men  are  making 
all  possible  efforts  to  speed  up  ship- 
ments and  get  their  books  cleared  up 
before  the  setting  in  of  winter  busi- 
ness. 


DEALERS  IN  SCRAP  SAY  THERE 

IS  LITTLE  MONEY  TO  BE  MADE  NOW 


*TpHE  scrap  metal  situation  on  the 
A  American  side  is  that  more  and  more 
it  is  coming  under  the  control  of  the 
Government.  There  is  an  agitation  on 
in  a  great  many  places  for  an  increase 
in  the  price,  but  so  far  has  met  with 
very  little  success.  The  state  of  the 
trade  in  the  principal  points  in  U.  S. 
is  as  follows: 

Pittsburg — Very  few  sales  are  being 
made  through  the  yards  here,  as  the 
entire  output  of  much  munition  scrap  is 
taken  by  the  Government.  It  is  .posi- 
tively stated  that  no  advances  will  be 
made  in  prices  of  any  kind  of  scrap, 
and  it  is  also  claimed  that  a  few  reduc- 
tions may  be  looked  for.  The  supply  or 
scrap  is  reported  as  being  fairly  large 
and  several  dealers  report  that  they  are 
moving  more  material  to  customers  than 
for  some  time. 

Chicago — The  general  situation  in  the 
scrap  market  here  is  one  of  a  large  de- 
mand and  a  small  supply,  there  appar- 
ently being  not  enough  scrap  in  exist- 
ence. The  demand  is  not  for  any  par- 
ticular line,  .but  it  is  very  general,  and 
shipments  are  wanted   quickly. 

Philadelphia. — The  embargo  that  was 
placed  on  shipments  of  borings  and 
turnings  to  blast  furnaces  which  was 
recently  .put  into  effect  has  not  resulted 
in  securing  the  amount  of  material  that 
was  expected.  Trading  is  done  at  the 
Government  maximum  in  nearly  every 
case. 


Buffalo. — ^There  is  a  very  active  de- 
mand here  this  week  for  practically 
every  line,  and  there  is  an  equally  mark- 
ed scarcity  of  materials  to  meet  it. 
Stocks  in  the  yards  are  very  low  for  this 
time  of  the  year,  and  the  dealers  are 
unable  to  gather  sufficient  quantities  to 
equal  anything  like  the  tonnages  that 
are  being  called  for.  The  labor  situa- 
tion here  is  also  very  bad,  and  it  makes 
it  extremely  difficult  for  the  yards  to 
sort  and  handle  the  material  that  is 
being  offered. 

St.  Louis. — There  has  been  quite  a 
readjustment  of  prices  here  in  regard  to 
scrap,  and  this  is  being  helped  along  by 
the  fact  that  railroads  are  not  being  per- 
mitted to  offer  cast  scrap  of  any  grade 
or  class,  this  also  being  true  of  car 
wheels,  brake  bars,  arch  bars,  etc.,  while 
very  few  axles  are  being  put  out  for 
general  bidding.  Many  of  the  consum- 
ers here  are  using  material  of  all  classes 
and  grades  and  there  is  nothing  offered 
at  the  present  time  which  does  not  find 
a  very  ready  sale. 

Cleveland. — There  is  a  very  heavy 
melting  steel,  but  the  limited  supply  is 
restricting  the  sales. 

Cincinnati.  —  Number  1  machinery 
scrap  is  in  very  heavy  demand  here  and 
the  dealers  in  nearly  every  case  are  able 
to  obtain  without  any  difficulty  amid  the 
Government  maximum  price  of  $34.00 
per  gross  ton  delivered  at  consumer's 
plant. 


ACETIC  ACID  AND  ACETONE 

Continued  from  page  370 
tained  in  Germany  in  1913;  by  the  second', 
some  20,000  tons. 

The  dry  distillation  of  grey  lime  pro- 
duces acetone,  which  is  used  for  soaking 
nitro-cellulose  and  also  as  a  solvent.  In 
the  last  years  of  peace  it  began  to  receive 
attention  in  connection  with  artificial  rub- 
ber, and  this  utilization  of  acetone  took 
on  great  dimensions  during  the  war,  so 
great  that  neither  the  German  nor  the 
Austro-Hungarian  timber  industries 
were  able  to  meet  it.  Before  the  war 
the  former  worked  up  some  17,000  tons  of 
home-produced  grey  lime.  Apart  from 
that,  20,000  tons  of  grey  lime  were  im- 
ported annually  from  America,  and  this 
supply  has  now  ceased  owing  to  the 
blockdale. 

To  fill  up  the  gap  a  new  industry  came 
into  existence— the  synthetic  production 
of  acetic  acid  and  acetone  from  calcium 
carbide.  Calcium  carbide,  which  is  made 
of  lime  and  coke,  can  be  manufactured  in 
Germany  in  unlimited  quantities.  The 
present  output  is  estimated  at  400,000 
tons.  The  establishment  for  making 
acetic  acid  and  acetone  out  of  calcium  car- 
bide is  the  Dr.  Alexander  Wacker  Com- 
pany for  the  Electro-Chemical  Industry. 

After  giving  a  brief  technical  descrip- 
tion of  the  processes  adopted  by  this  com- 
pany, the  writer  proceeds  to  say  that  be- 
fore the  war  3.4  million  cwt.  of  potatoes 
were  annually  fermented  into  acetic  acid. 
In  addition,  some  4  million  marks'  worth 
of  grey  lime  was  imported  into  Germany- 
In  contrast  with  this  the  factories  which 
have  been  opened  during  the  war  for 
synthetic  manufacture  of  acetic  acid  from 
carbide,  that  is  to  say,  out  of  home  pro- 
ducts, are  well  able  to  satisfy  the  whole 
German  requirements  of  acids  and  vine- 
gar. The  new  industry  promises  to  be  J 
very  vigorous,  and  there  is  little  fear  that  3 
in  the  future  so  valuable  a  foodstuff  as. 
potatoes  will  be  turned  into  acetic  acid. 


Germany  has  come  to  the  end  of  her 
tether  in  many  vital  raw  materials  not 
produced  in  enemy  countries.  Teuton 
factories  are,  and  will  be  more,  hungry,^ 
therefore,  for  raw  materials  when  the 
war  is  over.  Germany  cannot  manufac- 
ture without  them.  Does  she  deserve 
any  contribution  in  raw  materials  from 
Canada  ?  Germany,  for  her  own  do- 
mestic requirements  and  export  trade, 
will  be  in  the  market  for  enormous  sup- 
plies of  raw  materials  which,  with  th» 
demands  of  these  portions  of  Europe 
which  have  been  devastated,  will  tax  for 
some  considerable  time  the  rest  of  the 
world  to  supply. 

The  most  sanguine  optimist,  however, 
is  now  obliged  to  view  the  future  with 
grave  concern.  A  famine  in  Europe,  ac- 
companied by  a  serious  dearth  in  raw 
materials,  are  not  only  possibilities, 
which  cannot  be  disputed,  but  there  is 
every  evidence  to  indicate  they  cannot 
be  averted. 


September  26,  1918. 


CANADIAN    XT  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


37» 


SELECTED  xMARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh |32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  60 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    87  26 

Basic,  Valley  furnace  33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  26 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 6  60 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

•Morway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 6  60 

Spring  steel , 7  00 

Brand   steel.  No.   10  gauge,  base  4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  ^  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  DO 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh  *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh  ....  *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  'S  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  76 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

•Government  prices. 

FREIGHT    RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following   Points 

Per  lul)  lbs. 
CL.  L.C.I,. 

Montreal     29  39% 

St.  John,   N.B 47%  63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto     23%  27% 

Guelph     23%  27y2 

London     23%  27% 

Windsor     23%  27% 

Winnipeg:    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper  $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper  32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper  31  00  28  50 

Tin  100  00  95  00 

Spelter  16  75  U  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony   16  00  18  00 

Aluminum    50  00  .50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

M'^ntr^al     Toronto 

Plates.  %  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates.  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  36 

Blpc'-        0'lvnnir.ed 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per    100    feet 

H  in ?  6  00     f     8  00 

'4  in 5  22  7  35 

^«  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15  56 

IM  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3      in 56  61  70   76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  106  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 29  97  36  45 

2%  in : 45  05  55  28 

3  in 58  91  72  29 

3%  in 73  60  91  54 

4  in 87  20  108  45 

4%  in 99  06  123  82 

5  in 115  40  144  30 

6  in 149  80  187  20 

7  in 195  20  243  95 

8L    in 205  00  256  25 

8  in 236  20  295  20 

9  in 282  90  353  25 

lOL   in 262  40  328  00 

10      in 337  80  422  30 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 

Welland. 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  26%. 

Standard  couplings,  4'  and  under,  35%. 

4%'  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Mintrcal  Toronto 

Copper,  light    $2100  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  25  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings    ...   16  50  15  00 

Red  brass  turnings  18  50  18  00 

Yellow  brass 'turnings . .   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass  10  00  9  50 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Steel  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  On 

Axles,  wrousrht  iron....    40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap 21  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels,  iron    38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.    shoD    turnings...     8  00  8  50 

Stove  plate 32  00  19  00 

Cast  borings    11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc  6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

Tea  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 66 

Plate  washers List  pins  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and    rd.   hd., 

steel rt% 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fiL  hd.,  st**! 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fil.    hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  94"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  ....... 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze 


1* 


n 

II  60 
1  76 

1  76 

2  00 
30 
60 
26 

18  60 
8  40 
72H 
«7% 
37% 
32% 
27% 
26 


MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 80 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws   net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws. ....  plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in M 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins     10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 4f 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus If 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and i« 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  pins    20 

Collar  screws   list  pins  SO,    10    ' 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,     10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add     7  00 
BILLETS 

t,               . ...                             '**'■  «"*•  *"■ 
Bessemer  billets |4T  BO 

Open-hearth  billets  ....       47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets  .  -. 60  00 

Wire  rods IT  M 

Government  prices. 

F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  25  $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70  6  06 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  H  in.  and  larger |7  80 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  M 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  8S 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  4S 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    aad 

Toronto    net 


380 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly 0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb : : . . .     0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt 16  0&' 

Red   dry   lead.   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt 15  60 

Glue,  English 0  36 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk ■    0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk    0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03H 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular....     0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent, 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1 V4  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1  %   in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  -list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamer* net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discoanta  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

16^  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7V4%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%e  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

Aj.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black,  No.  28..  |  8  00  $  8  25 
Shaeta,  black.  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10%    oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G '       

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,   10%    oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00         20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

K   in.,  $14.35;  5-16  in.,  $18.85;   %  in., 
$13.50;    7-16   in.,  $12.90;    %    in.,   $13.20; 


$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  ^  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 60 

Vulcan 60 

P.H.   and   Imperial    60 

Nicholson   32% 

Black  Diamond  32% 

J.   Barton  Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    60 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes    60 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

1V4  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2H  in 53  00  38  00 

2%  in 56  00  42  00 

3  in.   . . .- 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3%  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26H 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital   49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil.  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic 37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil  39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BEL-nNG— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing,  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  60  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft.  ..... .     4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 8  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck . .              2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to  05 

Emery  glue 28  to  30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to  09 

Crocus   composition 08  to  10 

Emery  composition 08  to  09 

Rouge,  silver 35  to  60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to  45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod. ,  0  38 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hearier,  ,, 
bu« 0  48 


Brass  tubing,  seamless S  4i 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  4t 

WASTE. 
White.  Ots.  par  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  AUas    19% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .   17% 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    . . .   19%      X  press !• 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    IB 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.  1    13% 


Wool  Packing. 

.   25         Anvil    16 

.   20         Anchor 11 


Arrow    . . . 

Axle   

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  99 
Mixed  colored  10 

This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 
quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     . . .   10%      Best  grades  . .   16% 


ANODES. 


Nickel   . 
Copper 
Tin   .. 
Zinc    .  . 


Price*  Per  Lb. 


.58  to  .65 

.36  to  .40 

.70  to  .70 

.23  u  .n 


COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Terontfl 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  10     A  99 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  0«     44  0« 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  0« 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  0«     46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     Tn«BU 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . : .  .$13  25       $18  26 
Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  25         18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50         12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  $   -25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric   14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua    22 

Ammonium  carbonate 33 

Ammonium,  chloride 40 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 40 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 75 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 15 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1.80 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 30 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130«%, 50 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     5.00 

Sodium  phosphate 16 

Tin   chloride    85 

Zinc  chloride 90 

Zinc  sulphate 20 

Prices    per   lb.   unless   otherwise   stat 


October  3,  1918.  I79 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  OCTOBER  3,  191 8  No.  14 

EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

ORGANIZING  FOR  THE  PRODUCTION  OF  FORCINGS    381-385 

METALWORKERS  WILL  MEET  AT  MILWAUKEE    387-388 

A  NOVEL  TENSION  AND  COMPRESSION  TESTING  INSTRUMENT 391-392 

CAUSES  OF  FAILURES  IN  BOILER  PLATES .393-396 

THE  BASIS  OF  SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT .397-399 

A  MODERN  CRANE  TRACTOR 399-400 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   401-403 

Straight  Edg-ing  and  Jointing  Machine. ..  .Oil   Burning   Refining   Furnace ....  Draw 
Crucible  Furnace ....  Improved  Nut  Locker. 

GERMANY  LOSING  GRIP  ON  IRON  AND  STEEL  SOURCES 404-405 

EDITORIAL .406-407 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   409-412 

Toronto  Letter.  ..  .Montreal  Letter.  ..  .Washington  Letter.  ..  .Pittsburgh  Letter. 

SELECTED    MARKET    QUOTATIONS    413-414 

INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENTS  82-88 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,   The  Financial   Post,   MacLean's   Masazine.   Farmers'   Magazine, 

Canadian    Grocer,    Dry   Goods   Review,    Men's   Wear   Review,    Printer  and    Publisher,    Bookseller  and 

Stationer,     Canadian     Machinery    and     Manufacturing     News,     Power    House.     Sanitary     Engineer, 

Canadian    Foundryman,   Marine   Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto  ;  Atabek,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


@JAD1AN  MACHINEKf 

"•  Manufactur  ng  News 


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Associate  Editors:  J.  H.   RODGERS.  W.   F.   SUTHERLAND,  T.   H.   FENNER. 
Eastern  Representative :  E.  M.  Pattison  :  Ontario  Representative :  S.  S,  Moore  ; 
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180 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


HENDEY  18-inch  GEARED  HEAD  LATHE 

8  mechanical  changes  of  speed  for  spindle  with  driving  shaft  running  at  constant  speed,  4  direct  and  4  through  back  gears. 

36  DIFFERENT 
THREADS  AND 
FEEDS  are  had 
through  Mounted 
Change  Gearing, 
each  change  being 
quickly  made 
through  controlling 
handles  in  Gear 
Boxes. 

BEFORE  PUR- 
CHASING A  NEW 
LATHE  INVESTI- 
GATE THE  HEN- 
DEY SERVICE. 

WE'LL  HELP  YOU  BY  FUR- 
NISHING   LIST    OF    USERS. 

Write  for  descriptive  circular. 

The 

Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn. 

Canadian  Agents:  A.  R.  Williams 
Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. :  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess 
St.,  Winnipeg;  A.  R.  Williams  Ma- 
chinery Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams 
Machinery  Co.,  St.  John,  N.  B. ;  Wil- 
liams   &    Wilson,    Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

Acme   Machine   Tool  Co.  6 

Aikenhead    Hardware    Co 85 

Allatt   Machine   Co 86 

Allen    MfK.    Co lOT 

Almond    Mfg.    Co 129 

Amalgamated    Machinery    Corp.  30 

American    Foundrymen's    Assoc.  10€ 

American  Lead  Pencil  Co 134 

American    Pulley    Co 13.5 

Anderson.    Geo.    A 156 

Archibald,   Charles    90 

Armstrong    Bros.    Tool   Co 157 

Atkins    A    Co..    Wm 14 

Atlas    Press    Co 88 

Aurora    Tool    Works    160 

B 

Baird   Machine   Co. 158 

Banfield.  W.  H.,  A  Sons  ....88,  95 
Barnes   Co..    W.    F.    &    John    ..    160 

Barnes.  Wallace.  Co 86 

Baxter  *  Co..   Ltd.,  J.    R 149 

Beaver  Engineering  Co 159 

Becker  Milling  Machine  Co.  . .  1S5 
Bernard  Industrial  Co.,  A...  126,  186 
Bertram    ft    Sons   Co..   John.... 

Front  cover  and  page  1 

Bertrams,   Ltd 88 

Boker    A    Co.,    H 18 

Bowser   A   Co.,   Inc.,   S.   F 177 

Brantford    Oven    A    Rack    Co...      86 

Brewster.     Wm 144 

Bridgeford    Mach.    A    Tool   Wks.   160 

Bristol    Company     156 

Brown.    Boggs    Co 11 

Brown's    Copper   A    Brass   Roll- 
ing    Mills      33 

Brown    Engineering    Corp 96 

Brown  A  Sharoe  Mfg.  Co.  . .  160 
Sadden,   Hatabury   A 87 

C 

Canada    Emery    Wheels    160 

Canada    Foundries    A    Forgings, 

Ltd 9 

Canada    Machinery    Cotporation 

Outside   back    cover 
Canada    Metal    Co 188 


Canada    Wire    A    Iron    Goods..  150 

Can.   Barker  Co 95 

Can.    B.    K.    Morton    Co 137 

Can.    Blower   A    Forge   Co 22 

Can.    Desmond-Stephan    Co.    .  . .  149 

Can.    Drawn  Steel    Co 166 

Can.    Fairbanks-Morse    Co 46 

Can.    IngersoU-Rand    Co 9 

Can.   Laco-Philips  Co.,    Ltd.    ...  116 

Can.    Link-Belt    Co.,    Ltd 15 

Can.     Rumely     Co 95 

Can.  S   K  ,F  Co.,    Ltd 35 

Can.    Steel     Foundries 7 

Carlylo.    Johnson    Machine    Co..  8 

Carter    Welding    Co 98 

Chicago    Flexible    Shaft    Co.     .  .  173 
Chapman    Double    Ball    Bearing 

Co 13S 

Cincinnati    Eectrical    Tool    Co.  160 

Cincinnati    Milling    Mach.    Co..  IM 

Classified     Advertising     90 

Cisco    Machine    Tool    Co 38 

Cleveland  Twist  Drill  Co 160 

Commercial   Camera   Co 120 

Consolidated    Optical    Co 119 

Consolidated    Press    Co 123 

Curtis    A    Curtis     128 

Curtis    Pneumatic    Mach.    Co...  132 

Cushman    Chuck    Co 156 

D 

Darling    Bros.,    Ltd 91 

Davidson,     Thos 81 

Davidson   Tool   Mfg.   Corp 113 

Davis-Bournonvillc    Co 158 

Deloro  Smelting  A  Refining  Co.  10 

Diamond  Saw  A  Stamping  Wks.  140 

Dominion   Iron   A   Wrecking  Co.  93 

Dominion    Pattern    Works     ....  1.59 

Dominion    Foundries    &    Steel..  S7 

E 

E"gle    Mfg.    Co.     .  .  .• 158 

ElMott    A     Whitehall     95 

Em    Cutting   Oil    Co 115 

Enushevsky   A  Son.   B Ifi"* 

Erie    Foundry    122 

Espen-Lucas    Machine    Wks.    . .  146 

F 

Federal  Engineering  Co 87 

Continued 


I-'erractite  Machine  Co 15S 

Fetherstonhaugh    A    Co 87 

Financial    Post    of    Canada     ...      89 

Firth    &    Sons,    Thos 8 

Ford    Chain    Block    A    Mfg.    Co.   131 

Ford-Smith    Machine    Co 

Front    cover 
Foss  Mach.    A   Supply   Co..  Geo. 

F Inside    back    cover 

F'oster    Machine    Co .      36 

Fox    Mach.    Co 153 

Fry's     (London),     Ltd 118 


Gait   Machine    Screw    Co 94 

Garlock- Walker    Machy.    Co.    . .  93 

Garvir     Machine    Co 154 

Geometric   Too]    Co 83 

Giddinsrs  &  Lewis  Mfg.  Co 37 

Gilbert  A   Barker  Mfg.  Co 169 

Gishoit   Machine    Co 44,    45 

Gooley    &    Edlund     151 

Grand    Rapids     Grinding    Mach. 

Co 150 

Grant   Gear    Works    158 

Grant    Mfg.    A    Machine    Co.    .  .  148 

Graton    A    Knight    Mfg.    Co.    ..  39 

Greenfield    Machine    Co 148 

Greenfield  Tap   &   Die  Corp.    ...  41 

Greenleafs,    Ltd 86 

H 

Hall    &    Sons,    Ltd..    John    H...  26 

Hamilton    Gear    A    Machine    Co.  136 

Hamilton  Mach.   Tool  Works    . .  40 

Hammond    Steel   Co 22 

Hanna  A   Co.,   M.   A 8 

Hardinge   Bros 2<i 

Harvey   &   Co.,   Arthur  C 18 

Hawkridge     Bros 88 

Hcald    Machine    Co 28 

Hendey    Machine    Co 180 

Heoburn,    John    T 22 

Hibbert   &   Philips    96 

HiKh  Speed  Hammer  Co 175 

Hinckley    Mach.    Works    158 

Homer    A    Wilson     96 

Hoyt    Metal    Co 160 

Hunter    Saw    A    Machine   Co 144 

Hurlburt-Rogers    Machinery    Co.  160 


Hyde    Engineering    Works    ....    157 

I 

Illingworth    Steel    Co.,    John    . .        7 

Illinois  Tool    Works    117 

Independent       Pneumatic       Tool 

Co 97 

International       Malleable       Iron 

Works     34 

J 

Jacob.s     Mfg.     Co 131 

Jardine    A    Co..    A.    B 13 

Johnson    Machine    Co.,    Carlyle.  8 

Joliette    Steel    Co 1.58 

Jones   &  Giassco    138 

Joyce-Koebel    Co 158 

K 

Kearney    A    Tresher    Co 103 

Kemrsmitb    Mfg.    Co 101 

Kennedy.    Wm.,    &    Sons    122 

Knight    Metal    Products    Co.     .  .    131 

L 

L'Air    Liquide    Society    129 

Lancashire   Dynamo    &    Motor..  148 

Landis    Machine    Co 139 

Landis    Tool    Co 28 

Latrobe   Electric   Steel   Co 12 

LeBlond   Mach.   Tool  Co 13 

Lindsay,    John     87 

M 
Manitoba    Steel    Foundries.    Ltd.   157 
Manufacturers  Enuipment  Co...    108 

Msjrion    A    Marion    87 

Marsh    Enginrering    Wks.,    Ltd.     81 

Marten     Mach 94 

Mfthe.-oii    A    Co.,  1 92 

Matthews   &    Co.,  Jas.    H 42 

MdDougall   Co.,    Ltd.,  R 

Inside  back  cover 
McLaren,  J,  C,  Belting  Co...  16!) 
Mechanical  Engineering  Co...  171 
Mechanic's    Tool    Case    Mfg.   Co.   15? 

Metalwood    Mfg.    Co 123 

Millers    Falls    Co 143 


on  page  176 


GnadianMachinery 


AND 


October  3,  1918. 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.     No.  14 


Organizing  for  the  Production  of  Forgings 

The  Proper  Forging  of  the  Shell  Has  Much  to  do  With  the  Success 

of  All  the  Following  Operations — New  Machine  Designed  For 

Gauging  the  Length  of  the  Billets 

By  J.   H.   RODGERS,  Associate  Editor    Canadian    Machinery. 


I 


MANY  factors  are  involved  in  the 
manufacture  of  munitions  that 
control  or  regulate  the  output  of 
Ine  plant,  but  the  pivot  upon  which  the 
entire  organization  depends  for  maxi- 
mum production  is  undoubtedly  the  forg- 
ing of  the  shells.  The  efficiency  of  this 
operation  is  the  keystone  that  assures 
and  maintains  the  smooth  running  of  the 
other  departments  and  permits  of  an 
undisturbed  flow  of  shells  through  the 
hands  of  the  inspectors  and  the  subse 
Cjuent  machining.  Unless  the  forged 
blanks  are  reasonably  accurate,  both  a.s 
to  dimensions  and  to  physical  structure, 
it  is  impossible  to  expect  that  the  re- 
sultant machining  can  be  performed  with 
the  greatest  degree  of  effectiveness.  It 
is  therefore  necessary  that  every  atten- 
tion be  given  to  the  various  details  of 
this  department  to  avoid  an  excessive 
percentage  of  rejected  shells. 

The  past  four  years  of  practical  ex- 
perience has  enabled  shell  manufacturers 
to  provide  facilities  that  will  best  meet 
the  requirements  for  maximum  produc- 
tion. Equal  in  importance  to  the  equip- 
ment required  for  the  work  is  the  ar- 
rangement of  this  equipment.  Where 
large  quantities  of  a  product  are  being 
turned  out  daily  it  is  very  essential  that 
no  overlapping  takes  place  during  its 
progress  through  the  various  sections  of 
the  plant.      In    order     to     conserve     the 


energy  of  the  workmen,  so  that  the  same 
may  be  applied  to  useful  effort,  ap- 
pliances are  invariably  provided  that 
minimize  the  physical  exertions  when  the 


ceiving  plate  is  so  arranged  that  the 
shells  are  permitted  to  roll  on  to  the 
second  conveyor  so  that  they  will  rest 
in  the  same  relative  position  as  they  did 


— /i'H-' 


J 


rt^:t 


•2.  -   ?- 

'a 


■«t; 


t^ 


-b^ 


■^ 


FIG.  2— 6-TNCH  FXmGING  PUNCH 


men  are  handling  the  work.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  in  relation  to  the  forgin? 
of  munitions,  where  operators  are  sub- 
jected to  the  extreme  heat  of  the  furnace 
and  the  heated  shells,  and  likewise  to 
the  steam  and  smoke  that  are  unavoid- 
ably present  during  these  operations. 
After  the  forging  process  has  been  com 
pleted  it  is  highly  desirable  that  the  shell 
be  removed  from  the  vicinity  of  the 
presses  as  early  as  possible  to  relieve 
the  men  from  the  heat  radiation.  In  this 
plant  a  chain  conveyor  has  been  installed, 
parallel  to  the  line  of  presses,  and  the 
entire  length  of  the  shop.  At  the  end 
farthest  from  the  forging  presses  the 
shells  are  transferred  to  another  con- 
veyor, placed  at  right  angles  to  the  pri- 
mary one.     At  the  transfer  point  the  re- 


FIG.   1-7.5-MM.  AND  6-INCH  SHELL  FORGINGS 


on  the  first  conveyor.  This  practice  was 
found  to  be  of  great  assistance  to  the 
men  removing  the  shells  as  they  were 
able  to  tell  at  a  gance  from  which  press 
the  shrll  had  come,  thus  aiding  in  identi- 
fying the  heat  series  of  the  respective 
forgings.  These  were  then  removed 
from  the  conveyors  by  men  on  either  side 
and  arranged  in  piles  or  on  the  floor  ac- 
cording to  the  carbon  content  contained 
m  the  series.  A  fuller  explanation  of 
this  will  be  given  later. 

Ful-nace  Installation 

In  the  forging  of  the  6  inch  shells 
three  furnaces  are  generally  used  to 
supply  two  presses  so  that  the  operations 
will  be  continuous.  Seven  large  con- 
tinuous type  furnaces  are  installed  for 
the  heating  of  the  6  inch  billets.  Four 
of  these  are  adapted  to  take  three  rows 
of  billets,  and  have  a  heating  capacit> 
of  about  70  per  hour.  The  other  fur- 
naces are  a  little  narrower,  accommodat- 
ing two  rows  of  billets  and  have  a  ca- 
pacity of  from  35  to  40  per  hour.  In 
addition  to  this  installation  there  are 
three  furnaces,  one  of  which  has  recent- 
ly been  erected,  two  of  these  units  have 
been  operating  on  75  mm.  billets,  but 
will  shortly  be  used  both  for  this  shell 
and  the  British  shrapnel,  work  on  the 
latter  to  be  started  immediately.  The 
furnaces  are  located  in  a  long  row  at  the 
rear  of  the  line  of  presses.  All  furnaces 
are  oil  fired,  operating  under  an  oil  pres- 
sure of  40  pounds,  and  air  pressure  of 
10  ounces.     The  average  temperature  of 


»2 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FIG.    S— DIB    POT   AND    BUSHING    POK    e-INCH   PRESS 


the  billets  when  removed  from  the  fur- 
nace is  generally  between  2000  degrees 
and  2100  degrees  Fahr.,  but  this  temper- 
ature is  frequently  regulated  to  suit  the 
analysis  of  the  steel  for  each  particular 
heat  series. 

Square  Shaped  Billet 
The  length  and  inclination  of  the  fur- 
nace bottom  allows  the  billets  to  turn 
over  about  six  times  between  the  time 
they  are  loaded  into  the  furnace  and 
when  they  are  removed  at  the  discharge 
end.  Two  types  of  billets  are  used  at 
this  plant  for  the  production  of  the  6  inch 
shell  forgings.  The  round  billet,  which 
is  the  one  generally  adopted  in  the  ma- 
jority of  forging  plants,  has  a  diameter 
of  6  7-16  inches  and  an  approximate 
length  of  n%  inches,  and  weighs  about 
160  pounds.  The  bulk  of  the  forgings 
produced  at  this  plant,  however,  have 
been  made  from  Gothic  steel  somewhat 
square  in  cross  section,  with  rounded 
comers  and  the  sides  with  a  slight  con- 
vex contour.  The  measurement  across 
the  comers  is  practically  the  same  as  the 
diameter  of  the  round  billet  but  the 
length  is  about  21%  inches.  In  forging 
from  the  round  billet  the  metal  flows  in 
a  vertical  direction,  but  in  the  case  of 
the  square  shaped  billet  the  metal  is 
forced  sideways  to  fill  up  the  round 
die,  the  upward  extrusion  being  very 
little,  as  the  average  length  of  the  forg- 
ing is  about  22%  inches.  It  is  claimed 
that  these  shapes  are  easier  to  produce 


at  the  mills  and  also  that  the  presses 
are  less  taxed  in  producing  the  forg- 
mgs.  Owing  to  the  action  of  the  metal 
however,  there  is  a  slight  possibility  that 
the  steel  would  be  less  dense  at  those 
portions  of  the  finished  forging  formed 
from  the  sides  of  the  square-shaped 
billet. 

Forging  the  6-inch  Shell 

In  the  lower  part  of  Fig.  1  is  shown 
a  longitudinal  section  of  a  6-inch  forging, 
with  the  outline  of  a  finished  shell  shown 
m  dotted  lines.  Three  500-ton  South- 
wark  hydraulic  presses  are  installed  for 
the  6-inch  operations,  the  normal  produc- 
tion being  about  50  shells  per  hour  from 
each  press.  The  punch  platten  carries 
two  punches  in  a  turret,  but  only  one  is 
in  operation  at  a  time,  it  being  located 
in  a  central  position  when  forging  a 
shell.  Each  punch  is  used  alternately, 
and  at  each  operation  the  one  not  in  use 
enters  a  well  of  water,  kept  cool  by  cir- 
culation. This  method  eliminates  the 
need  of  the  ring  cooler  generally  adopt 
ed  for  this  purpose.  A  sketch  of  the  6- 
inch  forging  punch  is  illustrated  in  Fig. 
2.  These  punches  are  not  screwed  into 
the  turret  but  are  held  in  position  by 
means  of  a  binder  ring.  To  aid  the 
punch  in  entering  the  center  of  the  billet 
a  centering  ring  is  placed  on  the  top  of 
the  billet  so  that  the  punch  is  prevented 
from  crowding  to  one  side,  should  it 
show  a  tendency  to  do  so.     A  sketch  of 


this  ring  is  shown  in  the  lower  right 
of  Fig.  3.  The  other  views  are  those  of 
the  die  pot  and  the  die  pot  bushing.  The 
latter  is  the  renewable  piece  and  is  made 
of  chilled  cast  iron,  with  an  overall 
length  of  17%  inches.  The  hole  is  tap 
ered  from  6  49-64  inches  at  the  top  to 
6  19-32  inches  about  four  inches  from  the 
base,  the  remaining  portion  being  paral- 
lel. Three  bushings  are  held  in  position 
by  shrinking  on  the  die  pot.  The  forging 
is  produced  at  one  stroke  of  the  press, 
the  shell  being  stripped  from  the  punch 
by  means  of  a  stripper  operating  in  a 
slide  at  the  top  of  the  die  pot.  The  shell 
is  ejected  by  means  of  i  hydraulic 
kicker. 

Conveyor  System 

To  assist  in  keeping  the  heat  series 
separate  the  forged  shell  from  one  press 
are  located  on  the  conveyor  with  the 
base  forward  and  those  from  the  other 
press  with  the  open  end  forward.  When 
the  moving  shells  reach  the  point  where 
they  are  removed  for  cooling  this  system 
affords  an  easy  means  of  identifying  the 
press  from  which  the  shells  have  been 
produced.  A  feature  of  these  conveyors 
is  the  roller  arrangement  working  in 
conjunction  with  the  primary  chain.  The 
latter  is  operated  by  a  15  h.p.  motor  and 
travels  at  a  speed  of  about  100  feet  per 
minute,  but  the  concave  rollers,  connect- 
ed by  the  links  of  the  chain  and  rolling 
on  the  supporting  channels,  cause  the 
shells  to  travel  at  a  speed  almost  double 
that  of  the  conveyor.  The  great  advant- 
age of  this  method  is  that  the  hot  shell 
never  rests  in  the  one  spot,  so  that  over- 
heating of  the  chain  or  rollers  is  elimin- 
ated. In  chain  conveyors  where  this 
principle  is  not  incorporated  trouble  lias 
frequently  been  caused  by  the  slight 
stretch  resulting  from  the  hot  shell  rest- 
ing too  long  a  period  in  the  one  position. 

Primary  Cooling 

On  either  side  of  the  second  conveyor 
considerable  space  is  provided  for  the 
cooling  or  piling  of  the  forgings.  This 
cooling  process  is  quite  interesting,  in- 
asmuch as  each  series  is  treated  differ- 
ently according  to  the  initial  analysis  of 
the  steel  and  the  heating  of  the  billet 
prior  to  the  forging  operation.  The 
specifications  call  for  a  steel  giving  a 
yield  of  19  tons  or  over,  a  breaking  stress 
of  50  to  55  tons,  and  an  elongation  of 
15  per  cent,  or  over.  The  carbon  content 
should  be  between  .40  and  .60  and  the 
manganese  between  .60  and  1.00  per  cent. 
A  steel  may  be  relatively  low  in  carbon 
and  yet  sufficiently  high  in  manganese 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  speci- 
fications. The  constant — 230 — found  by 
multiplying  the  carbon  content  by  3  and 
adding  the  percentage  of  manganese — 
has  been  found  to  be  a  good  guide  for 
subsequent  heat  treatment.  Thus  a  steel 
of  .52  carbon  and  .74  manganese  will  give 
results  of  a  highly  satisfactory  character 
under  normal  treatment.  In  general, 
steels  that  show  a  value  higher  than  230 
require  a  slow  cooling  process,  and  those 
below  tl'.is  should  be  cooled  quickly,  the 
process  being  modified  to  conform  to 
specific  conditions.  For  rapid  cooling 
the  shells  are  olaced  on  end  on  the  floor. 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


383 


so  that  the  heat  radiated  from  the  shells 
will  be  absorbed  by  the  atmosphere  as 
quickly  as  possible.  This  treatment  wiii 
range   from   extreme    separation   of   the 


FIG.    4— AS.SEMBLY   OF   TOOLING    FOR    FIRST   FORGING    OPERATION. 

forgings  for  low  value  to  close  packing 
under  a  steel  hood  for  high  carbon  steels. 

Special  Cooling  Apparatus 

Additional  treatment  is  frequently  re- 
quired where  the  original  cooling  sys- 
tem is  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  end  de- 
sired. This  normalizing  process  may 
mean  either  of  two  things — shells  in 
which  the  steel  is  too  soft,  requiring  to 
be  hardened,  or  those  that  are  too  hard 
requiring  to  be  annealed.  For  the  for- 
mer process  an  elaborate  cooling  system 
has  been  installed  which  is  proving  very 
efficient.  For  treatment  in  the  oil-fired 
furnaces  the  shells  are  placed  on  special 
steel  trucks,  and  so  arranged  that  the 
heat  is  evenly  distributed  to  the  entire 
surface  of  every  shell.  When  loaded  to 
capacity,  or  the  total  of  that  particular 
heat  series,  the  trucks  are  drawn  into 
the  furnace  chamber  and  the  ends  closed. 
.\fter  the  forgings  have  been  raised  to 
a  temperature  of  approximately  1,500 ' 
Fahr.  they  are  removed  in  lots  of  eight, 
which  is  the  capacity  of  the  cooling  ap- 
paratus. It  might  be  said  that  these 
furnaces  are  practically  continuous  as 
the   loaded   trucks   are  gradually   drawn 


into  the  furnace  as  the  heated  shells  are       very  uniform.     The  shell  is  placed  on  a 

removed,  others  being  loaded  at  the  op-      hollow  mandrel  and  then  shoved  into  a 

posite  end.  larger    pipe,    after    which    the   blast   is. 

The  cooling  device  is  so  designed  that      turned  on,  the  air  being  delivered  to  the 

exterior  and  interior  at  the  same  time. 
Eight  minutes  is  the  average  time  re- 
quired to  cool  the  forgings  from  1,500 
degrees  to  about  850  degrees,  when  they 
are  removed  and  allowed  to  cool  in  the 
usual  manner  by  placing  in  piles. 

Annealing  Hard  Sheik 

Reverse  treatment  is  required  wheit 
the  shells  show  extreme  hardness.  In 
this  case  annealing  is  essential.  The 
shells  are  placed  in  batches  on  trucks 
and  drawn  into  the  furnace  where  the 
temperature  is  raised  to  the  critical 
stage,  and  allowed  to  soak  for  a  perioci, 
after  which  they  are  allowed  to  cool  to 
a  lower  temperature  and  then  removed 
from  the  furnace  and  placed  under  cover 
for  slow  cooling.  The  annealing  period 
is  generally  regulated  to  suit  the  analysis 
of  the  steel.  The  treatment  of  a  specific 
case  may  serve  for  illustration.  The 
analysis  of  a  certain  steel  showed  .62 
carbon  and  .92  manganese.  This  figured 
out  at  48  points  above  the  normal  con- 
stant 230.  A  batch  of  87  of  these  shells 
were  placed  in  the  furnace  and  raised 
from  650°  Fahr.  to  1,550'  Fahr.  in  2 
hours  and  20  minutes.  They  were  allow- 
ed to  soak  at  1,550°  for  a  period  of  2'/i 
hours,  then  the  burners  were  shut  off 
and  the  shells  allowed  to  cool  to  a  tem- 
perature of  about  650°.  The  loaded 
truck  was  then  removed  and  hoods  plac- 
ed over  the  shells  to  prevent  rapid  radia- 
tion. 

This  installation  has  been  of  in- 
estimable service  in  turning  out  a  highly 
uniform  product.  The  plant'  is  not  only- 
used  for  treating  their  own  product  but 
the  capacity  is  ample  to  meet  the  needs 
of  other  forge  shops. 

Cutting  Off  75  mm.  Billets 

The  billets  for  the  75  mm.  forgings 
the  air  is  forced  against  the  base,  or  are  obtained  from  3%  inch  round  bars, 
heaviest  portion  of  the  shell;  this  action     averaging  10  feet  in  length.    The  method 


FIG.  5— PIERCING  AND  DRAWING  PUNCHES  FOR  75MM.  FORCINGS. 


takes  place  simultaneously  inside  and  out, 
so  that  the  cooling  of  the  entire  shell  is 


of  cutting  these  bars  into  billet  lengths, 
together  with  the  .spacing  device,  is  of 


384 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


special  interest.  .\s  in  the  case  of  the 
heavier  shells,  every  facility  is  provided 
to  minimize  all  unnecessary  physical 
effort  that  would  tend  to  sap  the  energy 


length  of  a  billet  to  be  10  inches,  the 
usual  practice  would  provide  12  billets 
with  3  inches  of  scrap.  With  the  new 
device   this  3   inches  can   be   distributed 


DIE  POT  BUSHING  AND  BOTTOMING  PAN 


of  the  workmen.  Railways  and  gravity 
conveyors  are  installed  to  carry  the  bars 
from  the  rollway  cars  to  the  machines. 
The  spacing  machine  for  gauging  the 
length  of  the  billets  was  designed  by 
Mr.  Beck,  the  superintendent  of  the  heat- 
treating  department  of  the  Cluff  Muni- 
tions Co.  Previous  to  the  introduction 
of  this  device  the  division  of  the  bars 
was  more  or  less  a  matter  of  guesswork, 
considerable  scrap  accumulating  from 
the  waste  end  of  each  bar.  With  the 
new  device  the  bars  can  be  so  cut  that  no 
waste  is  evident,  the  surplus  metal  being 
distributed  equally  among  the  12  billets 
in  the  average  bar.  The  principle  of  the 
s'esign  is  that  of  the  pantograph,  the 
lattice  work  being  located  beneath  a 
long  channel  iron  that  forms  the  frame 
of  the  machine;  upon  the  i|  )per  surface 
of  this  channel  is  arranged  the  evenly 
spaced  pieces  of  angle  iron.  These  are 
connected  to  the  center  pivots  of  the 
pantograph  by  means  of  machined  bolts, 
latteral  travel  being  provided  for  by  a  slot 
cut  through  the  center  of  the  channel  iron. 
To  ensure  equal  spacing  of  the  gauging 
surfaces,  the  network  of  links  is  operated 
from  equidistant  points,  these  in  turn  be 
ing  operated  from  and  connected  to  a 
central  lever  by  means  of  various  length 
links.  The  central  lever  is  directly  con- 
nected to  the  control  lever  which  is  lo- 
cated at  one  end  of  the  machine. 

When  a  bar  is  placed  in  position  with 
one  end  against  the  initial  .stop,  and  it 
is  found  that  the  other  end  lies  between 
two  gauging  points,  the  control  lever  is 
moved  one  way  or  the  other  to  bring  the 
end  in  line  with  the  nearest  gauging 
point.  Thus,  suppose  the  bar  to  be  10 
feet  3  inches  in  length  and  the  normal 


among  the  12  billets,  making  each  10 -/t 
mches  long.  When  the  bar  is  placed  in 
position,  with  one  end  against  the  for- 
ward gauge,  the  operator  with  the  oxy- 
acetylene  torch  commences  to  nick  the 
bar,  the  spacing  being  adjusted  by  the 
operator  on  the  other  end.  Th^  initial 
gauge  is  always  in  a  fixed  position  and 
is  located  at  the  opposite  end  to  the  con- 
trol handle.  Any  movement  of  this 
h^in'^le    operates    the    entire    pantograph 


so  that  the  space  between  each  gauge 
will  close  or  separate  an  equal  amount, 
but  the  gauging  point  farthest  from  the 
stationary  gauge  will  travel  a  distance 
— one  way  or  the  other — equal  to  the 
spacing  adjustment  multiplied  to  the 
number  of  spaces.  This  adjustment  is 
only  a  matter  of  a  couple  of  seconds  so 
that  the  nicking  operator  can  move  from 
one  gauge  to  the  next  without  troubling 
about  the  length  of  the  billets. 

After  the  bars  have  been  nicked  with 
the  torch  they  are  rolled  down  a  slight 
incline  to  the  large  geared  punch  press, 
where  the  bars  are  broken  into  lengths. 
The  nicke<l  portion  is  kept  at  the  bottom 
while  the  bar  is  moved  beneath  the 
wedge  point  of  the  punch.  When  care  is 
exercised  in  keeping  the  nick  in  a  central 
position  a  clean  square  break  is  invar- 
iably obtained.  The  billets  are  then 
placed  On  a  conveyor  adjoining  the  press 
and  carried  for  about  150  feet  to  the 
space  reserved  at  the  rear  of  the  fur- 
naces. With  the  exception  of  the  hand- 
ling of  the  billets  or  forgings  at  the 
various  machines  or  furnaces  no  manual 
labor  is  required,  as  the  movement  from 
one  operation  to  the  next  is  performed 
by  the  conveyors. 

Forging  75  mm.  Shells 

The  heating  of  the  75  mm.  billets  is 
accomplished  on  the  same  principle  af 
the  larger  shells  but  the  furnaces  have 
a  capacity  for  250  billets.  For  the  forg- 
ing operations  four  Southwark  presses 
are  installed,  two  of  350  tons  and  two  of 
210  tons  capacity.  At  present  one  of 
each  is  working  on  the  75  mm,,  the  other 
two  to  be  utilized  for  the  British  shrap- 
nel when  work  on  these  shells  is  under 
way.  The  larger  of  these  presses  are 
adapted  for  the  piercing  operations  ami 
the  smaller  for  the  subsequent  drawing 
process.  The  general  practice  on  these 
small  shells  is  to  forge  two  at  the  same 
time,  transferring  the  pierced  billets  to 
the  drawina:  press,  so  that  the  complete 


SPACING   MACHINE   DESIGNED   E/    MR.    BECK. 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


385 


forging  operation  is  accomplished  at  tlie 
one  heat. 

The  details  of  the  mechanism  neces- 
sary for  the  primary  piercing  operation 
IS  illustrated  in  Fig.  4,  half  of  which  is 
shown  in  section,  both  sides  being  iden- 
tical. The  pedestal  A  is  secured  to  the 
bed  of  the  press,  and  carries  on  the 
upper  surface  the  die  pots  B,  in  which 
is  contained  the  renewable  chilled  cast 
iron  bushing  C.  Located  at  the  bottom 
of  this  bushing  is  the  cast  steel  piece  E 
that  shapes  the  tit  on  the  base  of  the 
forging,  together  with  any  lettering  that 
may  be  required  for  identification  pur- 
poses. Located  in  the  body  of  the 
pedestal  is  the  bushing  F,  held  in  posi- 
tion by  the  collar  G,  through  which  is 
the  channel  H  for  the  lowering  of  the 
plunger  J.  The  kickor  pin  I  is  operated 
by  this  plunger  which  travels  vertically 
in  the  cylinder  F.  With  the  die  pot  U 
firmly  bolted  to  the  pedestal  the  entire 
central  works  are  held  in  position  by 
the  binder  ring  D.  Through  this  binder 
ring  there  is  a  hole — centrally  located— 
to  take  the  centering  ring  K,  the  bore 
of  the  latter  being  a  sliding  fit  for  the 
piercing  punch,  and  guiding  the  latter 
when   in   operation.      For    keeping     the 


i". — s-es'-T 


V////////^ 


'CfiiHra    Sur/mcft. 


^^''-HiTi^ 


FIG.    8— CHILLED    CAST    IRON    DRAW   RINGS. 

bushing  cool  a  spiral  groove  L  is  cut  in 
the  die  pot,  and  through  this  groove 
water  is  kept  circulating,  so  that  little 
trouble  is  ever  experienced  by  the  over- 
heating of  the  dies. 

On  the  movable  ram  of  the  press  the 
turret  A  is  held  in  position  by  means  of 
the  washer  C  and  the  bolt  B,  bearing 
brackets  D  being  provided  to  support  the 
outer  edges.  If  sufficient  lift  is  given 
to  the  ram  the  turret  need  not  be  used, 
but  it  is  frequently  found  more  economi- 
cal to  regulate  the  stroke  of  the  press 
and  swing  the  punches  clear  while  re- 
moving the  forgings.  When  in  a  cen- 
tral position  the  turret  is  locked  by  the 
stop  pin  E,  which  is  operated  by  the 
handle  F.  The  piercing  punch  H  is 
screwed  into  and  held  in  position  by  the 
binder  ring  \.  Both  billet,  are  pierced 
simultaneously,  and  when  removed  from 
the  dies  are  given  to  the  operators  on 
the  drawing  press  for  the  final  process 
of  drawing  to  length  and  sizing  the  outer 
diameter. 

A  sketch  of  the  piercing  punch  and 
the  details  of  the  nose  is  shown  at  the 
top  of  Fig.  .'').  The  overall  length  of  the 
working  portion  is  12  inches  and  the 
diameter  of  the  main  section  is  2.18 
inc^ies,  with  the  exception  of  the  2% 
inches  at  the  end,  this  portion  being  ta- 
pered from  the  body  of  the  punch  to  a 
diameter  of  1  1.3-16  inches,  the  radius 
of  the  nose  being  %  inch;  the  center  for 


a  diameter  of  5-16  inch  having  a  radius 
of  2%  inches.  The  dimensions  of  the 
die  pot  bushing  can  be  seen  in  the  sketch 
Fig.  6. 

Draw  Press  Details 
The  details  of  the  drawing  press  is 
shown  in  Fig.  7.  The  top  plate  A  that 
carries  the  punch  holders  or  adapters  C, 
is  bolted  to  the  ram  of  the  press.  The 
upper  end  of  the  adapters  is  provided 
with  a  collar  and  is  held  in  position  by 
means  of  the  binder  ring  B.  The  draw 
punch  E  is  screwed  into  the  holder.    The 


^^\^^ 


T 


II  I  s    .y. 


ring  and  the  chills  being  supported  on 
the  steel  plate  L.  When  the  pierced 
blanks  are  first  brought  to  the  draw 
press  the  base  is  formed  by  using  the 
bottoming  pan,  after  which  the  pan  is 
removed  and  the  blank  shoved  through 
the  three  dies  and  stripped  from  the 
punch  by  inserting  the  stripper  O. 

The  sketch  of  the  draw  punch  and 
nose  dimensions  is  shown  in  the  lower 
part  of  Fig.  5.  The  wall  of  the  forgings 
is  reduced  gradually  as  it  passes 
through  the   three  cast  iron  chills,  the 


\\\>//7 


FIG.   7— ASSEMBLY   OF  TOOLING   FOR   DRAWING  OPERATION. 


posts  F,  one  on  either  side,  are  used  as 
stops  when  forming  the  tit  on  the  end 
of  the  forging,  and  also  act  as  guides 
when  drawing  the  shells.  On  the  top  of 
the  pedestal  is  secured  the  plate  G  that 
carries  the  draw  rings.  When  forming 
the  base  on  the  forging  the  draw  plate 
H  with  the  stop  I  is  moved  into  position 
below  the  posts  on  the  ram,  so  that  the 
thickness  on  all  the  forgings  will  be  the 
same  when  the  bottoming  pan  N  is  rest- 
ing on  the  top  of  the  draw  rings,  as 
shown  in  the  sketch.  The  three  chills 
M  are  held  in  the  retainer  ring  K,  this 


first  reduction  being  to  a  diameter  of 
3.65  inches,  the  next  to  a  diameter  of 
3.5  inches,  and  the  final  draw  leaving 
the  outside  diameter  3.4  inches.  This 
gives  a  wall  thickness  on  the  forgings 
of  approximately  .612  inch.  The  general 
appearance  and  dimensions  of  a  finishe<i 
forginj;  are  illustrated  in  the  upper  half 
of  Fig.  1. 

The  treatment  of  the  75  mm.  shells 
after  forging  is  conducted  along  the 
same  lines  as  that  adopted  for  the  6  inch 
forp:Lngs,  the  requirements  being  practi- 
cally the  same  in  every  respect. 


386 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


KNGUSH  MUNITION  JIB  CRANE 

■^  By  P.  E.  R. 

THE  electricillj^' operated  4-cwt.  jib 
crane,  used  in  shell  factories,  as  de- 
veloped by  Royce,  Limtied,  of 
Trafford  Park,  Manchester,  England, 
noted  in  the  accompanying  illustration,  is 


crane  consists  of  a  couple  of  stout  mild 
steel  channels,  to  which  the  steel  lattice 
jib  of  the  crane  is  attached,  the  mast 
and  the  jib  being  carried  on  Vhe  centre 
post  by  two  roller  bearings,  with  a  suit- 
able top  bearing  to  take  the  weight.  The 
load  is  lifted   on  a   single   fall  of  steel 


ESNGUSH  JIB  CRANE   FOR  SHOP   USE. 


a  light  type  of  high  speed  travelling  hoist 
of  recent  design. 

This  crane  has  the  hoisting  motion  and 
travelling  motion  electrically  driven, 
whilst  slewing  is  carried  out  by  hand  by 
pushing  or  pulling  the  load.  The  crane 
runs  on  a  narrow  gauge  track,  centres 
of  rails  being  3  ft.  6  in.  and  is  arranged 
to  pick  up  current  from  bare  conductors 
placed  in  conduit  in  the  centre  of  the 
track. 

The  crane  illustrated  deals  with  a  6- 
cwt.  load  at  a  radius  of  12  ft.  6  in.,  the 
height  of  jib  head  pulley  being  approx- 
imately 10  ft.  0  in.  above  rails.  The 
hoisting  speed  is  approximately  25  feet 
per  minute,  while  the  travelling  speed 
is  about  300  ft.  per  minute  and  has  a 
factor  of  2  to  1  against  tipping 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  operator's 
cage  or  platform  is  attached  to  one  end 
of  the  baseplate  and  the  whole  of  the 
control  gear,  consisting  of  controllers, 
resistances,  D.  P.  emergency  switch  and 
fuses,  is  mounted  in  a  convenient  posi- 
tion. The  hoisting  motion  is  driven  by 
a  totally  enclosed  series  wound  revers- 
ing motor,  fitted  with  a  solenoid  brake 
and  driving  a  cast  iron  machined  grooved 
barrel  through  machine  cut  gearing. 

The  travelling  motion  is  operated  by 
a  "Royce"  enclosed  series  wound  revers- 
ing motor,  driving  through  machine  cut 
gears  on  to  one  axle  and  the  two  axles 
being  coupled  together  by  means  of  a 
Hans-Renold  chain.  The  baseplate  of  the 
crane  is  a  massive  iron  casting,  carrying 
the  travelling  axle  bearings  and  the  cen- 
tre post  of  the  crane.    The  mast  of  the 


wire  rope  and  the  hook  is  of  the  swivel- 
ling type. 

The  travelling  wheels  are  of  steel,  of 
the  single  flanged  pattern  of  large  diam- 
eter, turned  on  the  tread,  while  the 
travelling  axles  are  carried  in  easily  re- 
newable brass-bush  bearings  and  the 
travelling  axle  nearest  the  driver's  plat- 
form is  fitted  with  a  powerful  brake, 
operated  iby  means  of  a  foot  lever. 


PROBLEMS   OF   MACHINE   CON- 
STRUCTION 

By  T.  H. 
Some  few  weeks  ago  a  paper  was 
read  before  the  American  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  on  the  subject  of 
"Aeroplane  Engine  Design."  The  paper 
has  attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention 
in  this  country  by  reason  both  of  its 
acute  analysis  of  the  aeroplane  engine 
problem  and  its  extremely  well-informed 
and  practical  treatment  of  the  subject. 
But  there  is  another  striking  feature  of 
the  paper  which  has  hardly  been  com- 
mented upon.  It  deals  in  a  way  mo.st 
unusual  in  technical  papers  with  the 
practical  mechanical  problems  that  arise 
in  the  designing  and  building  of  all  me- 
chanisms. One  example  will  suffice  to 
show  what  it  meant.  The  author,  Mr. 
G.  E.  Lucke,  having  described  the  ad- 
vance from  the  side-pocket  arrangement 
for  the  cylinder  valves  to  the  valve-in- 
the-head  arrangement,  with  the  advant- 


ages accruing  from  the  latter,  passes 
to  a  consideration  of  the  replacement  of 
the  cast  iron  jacket  wall,  which  has  no 
other  function  than  to  hold  water,  by 
some  lighter  arrangement.  No  sooner  is 
the  problem  faced  than  a  structural  dif- 
ficulty is  at  once  apparent — the  neces- 
sity of  providing  openings  for  the  intake 
or  outlet  from  each  valve,  an  igniter 
plug  hole,  and  at  least  two  pipe  connec- 
tions for  each  jacket,  and  seatings  for 
certain  driving  gear  fastenings.  This, 
naturally  tends  towards  the  retention  of 
a  casting  as  one  part  of  any  improved 
arrangement,  and  the  next  step,  which 
though  logical  enough,  took  several 
years  to  make,  was  to  have  the  cylinders 
of  cast  iron,  the  head  and  head  jacket  in 
a  one-piece  casting,  and  sheet  metal  for 
the  jacket  over  the  cylinder  barrel.  Pro- 
ceeding further  along  the  same  line  of 
weight  reduction  the  next  step  is  to  cut 
away  this  cast  iron  joining  the  ends  of 
the  parts  forming  the  wall  of  the  head 
jacket  and  substituting  sheet  metal 
welded  to  the  parts  by  the  oxygen  flame, 
brazing  or  welding  on.  any  additional 
supports  for  the  attachment  of  gears. 
When  this  is  done  the  cast  iron  cylinder 
is  still  there  with  its  cast  iron  parts,  and 
there  is  a  fundamental  objection  to  a 
cast  iron  cylinder  for  aeronautical  work. 
Cast  iron  cylinders  need  not  be  very 
thick  to  stand  the  gas  pressure  stresses 
provided  the  metal  can  be  relied  upon, 
but  no  one  can  be  absolutely  sure  that 
the  metal  inside  is  good  and  the  use  of 
cast  iron  cut  down  to  one-eighth  inch 
thick  incurs  taking  chances,  hence  at- 
tention is  turned  towards  steel.  Drawn 
steel  or  forged  steel  is  reliable,  and 
should  be  just  the  material  required,  but 
when  one  comes  to  study  how  to  use  a 
drawn  steel  tube  for  a  cylinder  and  how 
to  get  the  necessary  attachments  on  it 
the  matter  proves  not  at  all  simple.  That 
is  why  the  adoption  of  the  steel  cylinder 
was  so  long  delayed.  There  are  now, 
however  several  methods  of  making 
steel  cylinders.  There  is  the  steel  tube 
screwed  into  a  separate  cast  iron  head 
carrying  the  ports  and  head  jacket  cast 
in  one  piece;  there  is  an  all  steel  cylinder 
in  which  a  steel  cylinder  head  is  welded 
to  a  steel  tube  body;  there  is  the  cylinder 
made  in  the  form  of  a  drawn-steel  shell 
with  head  like  a  cartridge  case;  there  is 
the  Hispano-Suisa  arrangement,  in  which 
the  entire  outside  of  the  cylinder  is 
thread  and  the  cylinders  are  screwed  into 
an  aluminum  casting  which  is  double- 
walled  just  like  the  cast  iron  block  cast- 
ing in  an  automobile  engine,  and  there 
is  finally  the  one-piece  steel  forging  con- 
struction for  cylinder,  cylinder-head, 
ports,  and  ignition  holes,  surrounded  by 
a  steel  metal  welded  jacket.  Mr.  Lucke 
discusses  the  pros  and  cons  of  all  these 
arrangements  from  exactly  that  stand- 
point for  which  the  inventor-designer- 
mechanic  may  search. 


An  alloy  said  to  be  suitable  for  springs 
or  polished  sheets  has  been  patented  by 
C.  L.  Jones.  The  alloy  consists  of  cop- 
per, 28  per  cent.;  nickel,  67.8  per  cent.; 
manganese,  2.5  per  cent.;  iron,  1.5  per 
cent.,  and  vanadium,  0.2  per  cent. 


October  3,  1918. 


387 


Metal  Workers  Will  Gather  in  Milwaukee  Oct.  7 

Several  Association  Are  Holding  Big  Gathering,  When  Matters 
of  Importance  Will  be  Considered — Exhibition  of  All  Sorts  of 
Labor-saving  Machinery  For  Metal  Working  Will  be  a  Feature 


AT  Milwaukee,  during  tiie  week  of 
October  7,  will  be  held  the  great- 
est gathering  of  metal  manufac- 
turers ever  assembled  in  this  or  any 
other  country.  Simultaneous  meetings 
will  be  held  by  the  American  Foundry- 
men's  Association,  Iron  and  Steel  section 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  En- 
gineers, Institute  of  Metals  division  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Mining  En- 
gineers, and  American  Malleable  Castings 
Association.  Concurrent  with  these 
meetings  will  be  conducted  an  exhibition 
of  all  kinds  of  labor  saving  metal  work- 
ing equipment.  Every  branch  of  the 
metal  industries  will  be  represented,  in- 
cluding the  gray  iron,  steel,  malleable 
iron  and  brass  foundry  trade;  iron  and 
steel  industry,  from  the  mining  of  the 
ore  to  the  production  of  pig  iron,  its 
conversion  into  steel  and  finally  the 
rolled  product  and  the  brass  and  copper 
mill  rolling  industry. 

The  keynote  of  many  of  the  addresses 
and  papers  that  will  be  presented  will 
be  the  acceleration  of  production  for  the 
prosecution  and  winning  of  the  war.  In 
fact,  the  purpose  underlying  the  holding 
of  this  great  meeting  is  to  afford  manu- 
facturers of  ordnance  and  other  war 
equipment  an  opportunity  for  an  inter- 
change of  ideas  regarding  methods  of 
production  and  operation. 

The  great  interest  that  is  being  mani- 
fested in  this  event  is  reflected  by  the 
large  number  of  reservations  for  space 


in  the  Milwaukee  Auditorium,  where  the 
exhibition  will  be  held.  Already  165 
manufacturers  have  decided  to  make  dis- 
plays and  only  a  comparatively  small 
amount  of  space  is  still  available.  The 
indications  are  that  this  will  be  the 
largest  show  of  its  kind  ever  held  in  this 
country. 

The  manufacturers  of  Milwaukee  al- 
ready have  organized  committees  on 
arrangements  for  the  entertainment  and 
reception  of  the  visitors  who  will  num- 
ber from  3,500  to  4,000.  The  program, 
although  not  definitely  outlined,  will  in- 
clude a  reception  and  dance  at  the  Mil- 
waukee Auditorium,  theater  party  and 
boat  ride.  In  addition  the  visiting  ladies 
will  be  taken  on  an  automobile  sight- 
seeing tour  and  will  be  tendered  several 
luncheons.  Plant  visitation  probably  will 
be  confined  to  Thursday  and  Friday  and 
many  notable  works  in  the  Milwaukee 
district  will  be  open  for  inspection.  On 
Thursday  evening,  Oct.  10,  the  banquet 
will  be  held  and  addresses  will  be  de- 
livered by  speakers  of  international 
fame.  The  Milwaukee  committees  on  ar- 
rangements are  constituted  as  follows: 

General  Committee 
Theo.  O.  Vilter,  chairman,  president.  Vilter 
Mffir.  Co. :  W.  J.  Fairbairn.  secretary,  Milwau- 
kee Metal  Trades  and  Founders*  Association ; 
A.  Harrison,  superintendent  foundry  and  pat-  ■ 
tern  shop,  Allis-Ohalmers  Mfg.  Co. ;  E.  Bear- 
man.  Illinois  Steel  Co. :  John  D.  Bird,  general 
manager.  Power  &  Mining  Machinery  Co., 
Cudahy,  Wis.*;  James  Marshall,  general  manager, 
Geo.  H.  Smith  Sleel  Castings  Co. :  W.  G.  Bruce, 
secretary,    Milwaukee    Association    of    Commerce : 


Henry  Weber,  chairman,  Milwaukee  park  board; 
Geo.  Kuemmerlein,  superintendent  of  transporta- 
tion, Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  &  Light  Co. ; 
A.  E.  Copeland,  manager.  Hotel  Wisconsin  ;  W. 
P.  O'Connor,  general  agent,  Goodrich  Transpor- 
tation Co. :  F.  C.  Reynolds,  general  agent.  Per* 
Marquette  railroad,  and  Jos.  C.  Grieb,  manager, 
Milwaukee  auditorium. 

Finance    ('ommittee 

Theo.  O.  Vilter  chairman.  Vilter  Mfg.  Co.: 
W.  G.  Bruce,  Milwaukee  Association  of  Com- 
merce; C.  R.  Mcssinger,  Chain  Belt  Co.;  J.  D. 
Bird,  Power  t  Mining  Machinery  Co.,  Cudahy, 
Wis. :  T.  A.  Glasscott,  Pickands,  Brown  A  Co. ; 
John  Thomas.  'I*homas  Furnace  Co. ;  A.  J. 
Lindeman,  Lindeman  &  Hoverson  Co. ;  Otto  H. 
Falk.  Allis-Chaimers  Mfg.  Co.,  and  Walter  Kasten, 
treasurer,  .finance  committee,  Wisconsin  National 
Bank. 

Entertainment    Committee 

Geo.  Kuemmerlein.  chairman.  Milwaukee  Elec- 
tric Railway  &  Light  Co. ;  Henry  Wel)er,  Milwau- 
kee park  board;  J.  J.  McDevitt,  S.  Obermayer 
Co. :  John  Mertes,  Federal  Foundry  Supply  Co. ; 
C.  E.  Lemmon,  chemist;  T.  A.  Glasscott,  Pick- 
ands. Brown  &  Co. ;  James  Marshall,  Geo.  H. 
bmitii  Steel  Castings  Co. ;  F.  C.  Reynolds,  Pere 
Marquette  railroad,  and  J.   S.    Pinson.    Avery  Co. 

Golf   Committee 

J.  D.  Bird,  chairman.  Power  A  Mining  Ma- 
chinery Co..  Cudahy,  Wis.  ;  C.  R.  Messinger,  Chain 
Belt  Co. ;  David  McLain,  McLain*s  System ;  F.  E. 
Layman,   chemist,   and  C.   G.  Ocock,   Avery  Co. 

Reception    Committee 

E.  Bearman.  chairman,  Illinois  Steel  Co. ; 
l-rai.k  Cleveland,  Milwiukee  Association  of  Com- 
merce ;  David  McLain.  McLain's  System ;  J.  D. 
Shaw.  Shaw  Foundry  Co. ;  E.  A.  Wurccster,  Falk 
Co.  ;  J.  A.  McDevitt,  S.  Obermayer  Co. ;  Henry 
R.  Donald.  Essley  Machinery  Co. ;  T.  A.  Glass- 
cott, Pickands,  Brown  A  Co. ;  O.  B.  Pupikofer. 
American  Gum  Products  Co. ;  W.  J.  Fairbairn, 
.Milwaukee  Metal  Trades  &  Founders'  association  : 
Roy  Smith,  Hotel  Pfister ;  A.  E.  Copeland,  Hotel 
Wisconsin ;  Henry  Wehr,  Wehr  Steel  Castings 
Co. :  Herman  Kletxsch.  Republican  House;  W.  W. 
Sommers,    Hotel    Carlton ;    W.    M.    Nefzger.    Hotel 


THE   AUDITORIUM    AT  MILWAUKEE  WHERE   THE  CONVENTION     OF    THE    AMEKK  A.N     HjUnDKY  Mt.NS    ASsuCl  AIJO.N     ANO     iHr- 
AMERICAN    INSTITUTE   OF  METALS   WILL  BE    HELD    DURING   THE    WEEK   OF    OCT.   7,    1918. 


388 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


SchilU:    S.    Duffy.    HoUl    PUnkinton.    and    F.    B. 
Sweeney.  Hotel  Maryland. 

Plant    Viaitatian    Committee 
A.     Harriion,     chairman,     AUis-Chalmers     Mfg. 
Co.;       James       Marshall.Geo.  H.  Smith  Steel  Cast- 
ins    Co.:    H.    R.    Donald, Es&iey      Machinery     Co.: 
Welit    K.    Gres    and    H.G.  Siefert. 

Banquet    Committee 
W.     P.     O'Connor,     chairman.     Goodrich     Trans- 
portation   Co.  ;    A.    E.    Copeland.    Hotel    Wisconsin, 
and   H.   Weber,    Milwaukee    Park    Board. 

Theatre,    Automobile   and    Boat   Excnraion     , 
Committee 
James  Marshall,  chairman.  Geo.  H.  Smith  Steel 
Caatins  Co..    and  J.    C.    McDevitt,    S.   Obermayer 
Co. 

Ladies*    Committee 
E.     E.     Copeland,    chairman.     Hotel     Wisconsin  ; 
F.    C.    Reynolds,    Pere    Marciuette    railroad :    Henry 


Will  Use  Moving  Pictures 

The  exhibition  will  be  opened  formally 
on  Monday  afternoon,  Oct.  7.  Begin- 
ning Tuesday,  Oct.  8,  the  American 
Foundrymen's  Association  will  hold  daily 
meetings  in  the  morning  only,  and  on 
several  days  simultaneous  sessions  will 
be  recessary  to  dispose  of  the  lengthy 
program  in  time  for  adjournment  Friday 
noon,  Oct,  11.  The  Institute  of  Metals 
division  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers  will  have  one  meeting 
on  Tuesday,  two  on  Wednesday,  and  one 
on  Thursday.  The  Iron  and  Steel  sec- 
tion of  the  American  Institute  of  Min- 
ing Engineers  will 
hold  three  meetings 
and  will  adjourn 
Wednesday  after- 
noon. Only  one 
meeting     is     sched- 


of  papers  relating  to  gray  iron,  steel 
and  malleable  iron  foundry  practice.  An 
accident  prevention  conference  also  is 
scheduled  at  which  a  large  number  ot 
papers  will  be  presented  and  addresses 
delivered  on  the  conservation  of  life  and 
limb  in  industrial  plants. 

The  Program  of  Events 

A  tentative  program  of  the  topics  that 
will  be  discussed  follows: 

"Sar.d-Blasting  Etiuipment."  by  C.  T.  Bird, 
Pansrborn  Corp.,    Hagerstown,   Md. 

"Engineers— Their  Relation  to  the  Foundry  in 
the  Saving  of  L.abor,"  by  E.  S.  Carman,  Cleve- 
land Osbom  Mfg.  Co.,  Cleveland. 

"Pouring  Devices,"  by  Mark  P.  Ohisen,  Bril- 
lion  Iron   Works,   Brillion,   Wis. 

"Effective  Means  of  Improving  the  Quality  of 
Sand  Mixtures."  by  H.  B.  Hanley,  New  London 
Ship  &  Engine  Co.,   Groton,   Conn. 

'S3ommon  Troubles  in  Cupola  Practice  Which 
Tend  to  Cut  Down  Production."  by  G.  S. 
Fisher.  Whiting  Foundry  Equipment  Co.,  Harvey. 
111. 

"Women  in  Foundries,"  by  C.  E.  Knoeppel. 
C.  E.   Knoeppel   &  Co.,  New  York. 


ci:3»^ 


CITY    HA1.L,    MILWAlJKKfc. 


GRAIND  AVE.,  LOOKING  EAST. 


Weber,    Milwaukee    park    board    and    O.    B.    Pupi- 
kofer,   American    Gum    Products   Co, 

The  meetings  of  the  Allied  Metal 
Trades  Association  will  be  opened  on 
Tuesday  morning,  Oct.  8,  with  a  joint 
session  at  which  the  address  of  welcome 
will  be  delivered  by  Emanuel  L.  Phillip, 
governor  of  Wisconsin.  This  will  be 
followed  by  addresses  relating  to  the  im- 
portance of  the  metal  working  industry 
in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  by  speak- 
ers of  note  who  are  familiar  with  the 
activities  at  Washington.  Upon  adjourn- 
ment, the  opening  session  of  the  Am- 
erican Foundrymen's  Association,  Iron 
and  Steel  section,  and  the  Institute  of 
Metals  division  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Mining  Engineers  will  be  called 
to  order  in  separate  halls  in  the  Mil- 
waukee Auditorium  where  the  activi- 
ties of  the  week  will  be  centered. 


uled  by  the  American  Malleable  Castings 
Association. 

One  of  the  notable  features  of  these 
meetings  will  be  the  large  number  of 
interesting  moving  pictures  that  will  be 
shown.  These  will  include  the  use  and 
manufacture  of  hand  grenades;  the  civil 
re-establishment  of  wounded  and  crippled 
Canadian  soldiers;  the  manufacture  and 
launching  of  ships  at  the  Hog  Island 
yard,  Philadelphia;  the  building  of  con- 
crete ships;  the  manufacture  of  steel  by 
the  triplex  process,  and  the  cause  and 
prevention  of  industrial  accidents. 

The  program  of  the  American  Foun- 
drymen's Association  includes  a  large 
number  of  papers  of  interest  to  manu- 
facturers of  gray  iron,  steel  and  malle- 
able castings.  To  dispose  of  the  pro- 
gram in  the  time  alloted,  separate  ses- 
sions will  be  held  for  the  consideration 


"Organizing  a  Foundry  for  Tractor  Produc- 
tion." by   Paul  M.   Ramp,  Moline,  111. 

"Coke  Problems  of  the  Foundryman,"  by  J.  A. 
Galligan,    Pickands,   Brown    &    Co.,   Chicago. 

"Recent  Developments  in  Burning  Oil  in 
Cupolas,"  by  John  Howe  Hall,  Taylor-Wharton 
Iron   &  Steel  Co.,  High  Bridge,  N.J. 

•'Continuous  Operation  of  a  Two-Storey  Foun- 
dry," by  J.  F.  Ervin,  Michigan  Motor  Castings 
Co.,   Flint,  Mich. 

"Sale  and  Diatrfbution  of  Foundry  Pig  Iron 
in  War  Times,"  by  C.  J.  Stark,  editor  the  "Iron 
Trade    Review,"    Cleveland. 

"Concrete  Foundry  Floors,"  by  George  Moyer. 
Textile  Machine  Works.   Reading.  Pa. 

"Training  Your  Own  Help  Instead  of  Compet- 
ing With  Other  Manufacturers."  by  Ernest  Van 
Billiard  and  T.  Hough.  Jr.,  General  Railway 
Signal  Co..   Rochester.  N.Y. 

"Blowers."  by  J.  Trinks.   Pittsburgh. 

"Precipitation  of  Dust  in  Foundries,"  by  H. 
D.    Egbut,    Research    Corp.,   New    York. 

"Pyrometers  and  Their  Application  to  Core 
Ovens."  by  J.  P.  Goheen,  Brown  Instrument  Co.. 
Philadelphia. 

'^Cast  Iron  in  Service  Projectiles  and  Trench 
Warfare,"  by  Major  Edgar  Allen  Custer,  Pitts- 
burgh   district    ordnance    department.     Pittsburgh. 

Moving    picture    film    on    the    "Manufacture    and 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


389 


I 


Use  of  Hand  Grenades."  by  Major  Frank  B. 
Gilbreth.  Providence,  R.I. 

"A  Rapid  Method  for  the  Determination  of 
Graphitic  'Cart)on.'*  by  Frank  H.  Kingdom,  Metal- 
lurgist.   Sullivan    Machinery    Co.,    Claremont,    N.J, 

'^Cores  in  the  Foundry,"  by  Walter  F.  Prince, 
Elizabeth.  N.J. 

Malleable    Iron     Foundry    Practice 

"Some  Features  of  Malleable  Iron  Practice," 
by  J.  G.  Garrard,  Noi-thwestern  Malleable  Iron 
Co..  Milwaukee. 

"Soundness,"  by  Enrique  Touceda,  Albany,  N.Y. 

"AnnealinK  Malleable  Iron,"  by  H.  E.  Diller. 
General  Electric  Co.,  Erie,  Pa. 

"Use  of  Malleable  Castings,"  by  H.  A.  Schwartz, 
National    Malleable   Castings    Co.,    Indianapolis. 

"White  Rim  or  Picture  Frame  Fractures,"  by 
J.  B.  Deisher,  T.  H.  Symington  iCo.,  Rochester, 
N.Y. 

"Advantages  of  Malleable  Iron  versus  Steel  for 
Agricultural  Castings,"  by  W.  A.  Forbes,  Rock- 
ford  Malleable  Iron  Co.,  Rockford,  111. 

"The  Symington  Core  Department,"  by  Donald 
S.  Barrows,  T.  H.  Symmington  Co.,  Rochester, 
N.Y. 

Accident    Prevention    Conference 

"The  Cause  and  Prevention  of  Industrial  Acci- 
dents." to  be  shown  by  moving  pictures  and 
illustrating  accidents  as  reported  to  the  Indus- 
trial commission  of  Ohio. 

"Accident  Prevention  is  Good  Business,"  by 
Hon.  Fred  M.  Wilcox,  vice-president  Wisconsin 
industrial  commission. 

"What  the  State  Can  Do  to  Prevent  Acci- 
dents," by  Hon.  Thomas  J.  Duffy,  chairman. 
Industrial   commission  of  Ohio. 

"What  the  Buckeye  Steel  Castings  Co.  Has 
Accomplished  in  Accident  Prevention,"  by  Fred 
G.  Bennett,  safety  director,  Buckeye  Steel  Cast- 
ings Co.,    Columbus,   O. 

.  "The  Importance  of  Organization  in  Accident 
Prevention."  by  C.  W.  Price,  field  secretary. 
National   safety   council,   Chicago. 

"The  Vital  Necessity  of  Conserving  Man  Power 
During  the  War."  by  Victor  T.  Noonan,  safety 
director.  Industrial  Commission  of  Ohio,  Colum- 
bus, O. 

"What  Shall  be  Done  with  the  Crippled  Sol- 
dier." by  W.  A.  Janssen.  vice-president,  Cana- 
dian Steel  Foundries,  Montreal,  Canada. 

Steel    Foundry    Practice 

"Ordnance  Steel  for  the  Army  and  Navy,"  by 
John  Howe  Hall,  Taylor  Wharton  Iron  &  Steel 
Co.,  High   Bridge,   N.J. 

"Operating  an  Electric  Furnace  for  the  Pro- 
duction of  Ordnance  Castings,"  by  W.  E.  Moore, 
Union    Bank    building,    Pittsburgh. 

"Steel  Foundry  Practice  in  the  Far  West,"  by 
J.  D.  Fenstermacher,  Columbia  Steel  Co.,  San 
Francisco. 

"Acid  versus  Basic  Lining  for  Electric  Fur- 
naces," by  F.  J.  Ryan.  Electric  Furnace  Con- 
struction  Co.,    Philadelphia. 

An  interesting  report  on  the  heat  treatment 
of  steels  Nos.  2  and  3,  specified  by  the  ordnance 
departments  also  will  be  submitted.  This  will  be 
followed  by  a  topical  discussion  of  the  manu- 
facture of  steel  for  ordnance  purposes  by 
fonndrymen  who  have  had  a  wide  experience  in 
this  work. 

The  program  of  the  Institute  of  Metals 
division  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers  is  replete  with  prac- 
tical topics  of  interest  to  the  brass  foun- 
dryman.  One  feature  of  this  gathering 
will  be  the  discussion  of  the  conservation 
of  tin  and  representatives  of  various 
industries  using  tin  in  manufacture  will 
contribute  to  this  symposium. 

Tuesday  Morning.  Oct.  8 

"The  Metallography  of  TunKsten."  by  Zay 
Jeff  lies. 

"The  Constitution  of  the  Tin  Bronzes."  by  S. 
L.  Hoyt. 

"Notes  on  Babbitt  and  Babbitted  Bearings." 
by  Jesse  L.  Jones. 

"Oxygen  and  Sulphur  in  the  Melting  of  Copper 
Cathodes,"   by   S.    Skowrouski. 

'The  Relation  of  Sulphur  to  the  Overpoling  of 
Copper."  by  S.  Skowrouski,  with  discussion  by 
Philip   L.    Gill. 

Wednesday   Morning,    Oct.   9 

Symposium  on  "The  Conservation  of  Tin."  This 
topic    will    be    discussed    by    the    following: 

G.    W.    Thompson.    National    Lead    Co. 

G.   H.    Clamer,    Ajax    Metal   Co..    Philadelphia. 

C.  M.    Waring.    Pennsylvania    Railroad   Co. 

M.  L.  Lissberger,  Mark  Lissberger  &  Son,  Inc., 
Long    Island    City.    N.Y. 

D.  M.  Buck,  American  Sheet  &  Tin  Plate  Co., 
Pittsburgh. 

W.    M.    Corse.    Buffalo. 


G.  K.  Burgess  and  Mr.  Woodward.  United 
States   bureau   of   standards,    Washington,    D.C. 

M.  L.  Dizer,  war  industries  board.  Washing- 
ton,   D.tj. 

The  first  session  of  the  iron  and  steel 
section  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers  will  be  devoted  to  the 
consideration  of  papers  on  iron  and  steel 
topics.  This  will  include  the  considera- 
tion of  iron  ores,  ferro  alloys,  silica  brick 
and  the  manufacture  of  steel.  Another 
meeting  will  .consider  coal  and  coke.  The 
program  tentatively  outlined  follows: 

SESSION    ON    IRON    AND    STEEL 
Tuesday    Moriiing,    Oct,    8 

"The  Limonite  Deposits  of  Mayaguez  Mesa, 
Porto   Rico,"   by  C.    R.    Fettke  and    Be!a    Hubbard. 

"The  Manufacture  of  Ferro-Alloys  in  the  Elec- 
tric  Furnace."    by  R.    M.    Kceney. 

'*The  Manufacture  of  Silica  Brick,"  by  H.  Le 
Chatelier    and    B.    Bogitch. 

"Notes  on  Some  Iron  Ore  Resources  of  the 
World." 

"Recent  Geologic  Developments  on  the  Mesabi 
Iron  Range."  discussion  by  Anson  A.  Betts  and 
J.    F.    Wolff. 

"A   Volute  Ageing  Break,"  by   Henry   M.   Howe. 

Moving    Pictures    of    the    Triplex    Steel    Process. 

SESSION    ON   COAL    AND    COKE 
Wednesday     Morning,     Oct,     9 

"The  By-product  Coke  Oven  and  Its  Products," 
by    W     H.    Blauvelt. 

"The  Use  of  Coal  in  Pulverized  Form,"  by 
H.    R.   Collins. 

"Carbocoal,"    by    C.    T.    Malcolmson. 

"Low-tempered  Distillation  of  Illinois  and 
Indiana    Coals,"   by   G.    W.    Traer. 

'Trice  Fixing  tf  Bituminous  Coal  by  Tthe 
United  States  Fuel  Administration,"  by  R.  V. 
Norris    and    others. 

MISCELLANEOUS    SUBJECTS 
Wednesday    Aftemo«n,    Oct.    9 

Moving  pictures  showing  the  construction  of 
concrete    ships. 

Moving  pictures  sbowingr  the  «ivil  re-establish- 
ment   of    crippled    soldiers    in    Canada. 

The  exhibition  of  all  kinds  of  labor 
saving  equipment  to  be  held  in  the  Mil- 
waukee Auditorium,  both  in  size  and 
number  of  individual  exhibits,  probably 
eclipses  anything  of  its  kind  ever  held. 
Machinery  hall  will    be    converted    into 


a  foundry  and  machine  shop  since  prac- 
tically all  of  the  equipment  to  be  dis- 
played in  this  section  of  the  auditorium 
will  be  operated.  Many  new  devices  will 
be  shown  which  have  been  desired  anu 
built  to  facilitate  the  production  of  ma- 
terials for  the  winning  of  the  war.  Ex- 
hibits will  be  made  by  the  following 
manufacturers: 

Abell-Howe    Co.,    Chicago. 

Abrasive    Co.,    Philadelphia. 

AUis-Chalmers    Mfg.     Co.,    Milwaukee. 

American    Gum    Products    Co.,    New    York. 

American    Foundry    Equipment    Co.,    Cleveland. 

American   Kron   Scale  Co.,   New  York,  , 

E.    C.   Atkins   &  Co.,    Indiananolis. 

Arcade   Mfg.   Co.,   Freeport,   III. 

Asbury   Graphite   Mills,    Asbury,    N.J. 

Austin    Co.,    Cleveland. 

Ayer,    Lord   &   Tie  Co.,   Chicago. 

Badiger-Packard    Machinery    Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Barrett   Co..    Chicago. 

Befudry   &   Co..   Boston. 

Berkshire    Mfg.     Co..     Cleveland. 

S.    Birkenstein    &    Sons,    Chicago. 

G.    S.    BlodgeU    Co..    Burlington,    Vt. 

Blystone  Mfg.   Co.,  Cambridge  Springs.   Pa. 

Brass    World    Publishing    Co..    New    York. 

Bristol    Machine   Tool    Co..    Bristol,    Conn. 

Brown    Specialty    Machinery    Co.-    Chicago. 

Buckeye   Products   Co.,   Cincinnati, 

Bullard    Machine   Tool  Co.,    Bridgeport.    Conn. 

Carborundum    Co..    Niagara    Falls,    N.Y. 

Central    Electric    Co..    Chicago.  •_ 

Champion    Foundry    &    Machine    Co..    Chicago. 

Frank    D.    Chase.    Chicago. 

Chard   Lathe  Co..   New  Castle,   Ind. 

Charles    J.    Clark.    Chicago. 

Cincinnati    Pulley    Machinery    Co..    Cincinnati. 

Cleveland   Osborn    Mfg.   Co..   Cleveland. 

Clcvclana    Pheumatic    Tool    Co..    Cleveland. 

Clipper   Belt    Lacer   Co.,    Grand    Rapids,    Mich. 

Thomas    E.    Coale   Lumber   Co..    Philadelphia. 

Combined   Supply   &   Equipment  Co.,    Buffalo. 

Corn    Products    Refining    Co,,    Chicago. 

"Daily   Iron   Trade  and  Aletal   Market  Report," 

Cleveland. 
Dale-Brewster    Machinery    Co.,    Chicago. 
Davenport   Machine   &    Foundry   Co.,    Davenport, 

Iowa. 
Davis-Boumonville  Co.,    Chicago. 
Dpyton   Moulding   Machine   Co..   Dayton,   O. 
Deiater    Concentrator   Co.,   -Ft.    Wayne,    Ind. 
Detroit    Drill    Co.,    Detroit. 
Detroit  Steel    Products    Co.,    Detroit,    Mich.  . 
Dings    Magnetic    Separator    Co.,    Milwaukee. 
Joseph     Dixon     Crucible    Co.,     Chicago. 
R.    £.    Ellis    Engineering   Co.,    Chicago. 
Erwin  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee. 
Federal    Foundry    Supply    Co..    Cleveland. 


LEIF  ERICSON    .MONUMEINT  IN  JUNEAU    PARK.   MIl.WAl  KKE.     11     IS    Cl.AI.MEl)   FOR 
HIM    THAT    HE    WAS    THE    FIRST    TO    DISCOVER    AMERICA. 


390 


C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  N    M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


Fonirn   Cruelbica    Co.,    New   York. 

"The    Foundry,"    Cleveland. 

Foundry   Appliance  Co.,   Newark.   N.J. 

Foundrj-    E<iuipinent  Co.,    Cleveland. 

Foundrynien*fi    Supply    Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Warren    F.    Fraser  Co.,    Weatboro,   Mass. 

Garden    City    Sand    Co.,    Chicaso. 

General    Electric    Co.,    Schenectady.     N.Y. 

General    Steel    Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Gooley    &   Ediund.    Cortland,    N.Y. 

Gordon  Sand  Co.,  Conneaut,  O. 

Great  Weatem  Ifftr.   Co.,   Leavenworcfa.   Kansas. 


Norma    Co.    of    America.    New    York. 

Norton  Co.,   Worcester,   Mass. 

Oakley    Machine    Tool    Co.,     Cincinnati. 

S.    Obermeyer    Co.,    ChicaRo. 

Oesterlein    Machine    Co..    Cincinnati. 

Ohio    Machine    Tool    Co..    Kenton.    O. 

Oliver  Machinery    Co.,    Grand   Rapids,    Mich. 

Oxyweld  Acetylene  Co.,  ChicnKO. 

Pantrborn    Corp.,    Hagerstown,    Md. 

Pawling    &    Harnischfeger   Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Peerless  Machine  Co.,   Racine,    Wis. 

Peck   Iron   &   Steel   Works.    Kalamazoo,   Mich. 


I,AKE  PARK.— MILWAUKEE  IS  FAMOUS  FOR  ITS   WONDERFUL   PARK  SYSTEM- 
PART   OF  THE   CITY    IS    MORE   THAN    WALKING    DISTANCE 
FROM  SOME  PARK. 


-NO 


Greaves-Klusman  Tool  Co.,   Cincinnati. 

Grimea  Molding  Machine  Co.,  Detroit. 

Hauek  Hftr.  Co.,  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Haasfield    Co.,    Harrison,    O. 

Hayward  Co.,  New  York. 

Henry   &   Wright  Mfg.   Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 

Herman    Pneumatic    Machine   Co.,    Pittsburgh. 

Hoevel    Mfg.    Corp..    New    York. 

Holcomb    Safety    Garment    Co.,     Chicatro. 

Holland  Core  Oil   Co.,   Chicago. 

Hyatt  Roller   Bearing  Co.,   New   York. 

Imperial  Brass  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 

Industrial    Molding    Machine    Co.,    Chica«o. 

•"The   Iron    Age,"    New    York. 

"The   Iron   Trade   Review,"  Cleveland. 

Jenniaon-Wright   Co.,   Toledo,  O. 

Chas.    Jnrack    Pattern    Works,    Milwaukee, 

C.    C.    Kawin   Co.,    Chicago. 

Kearney    &    Trecker  Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Spencer,    Kellogg    &    Sons,    Buffalo. 

Kempsmith    Mfg.    Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Julius    King   Optical  Co.,   Chica«o. 

Laclede-Christy   Clay    Products  Co.,    St.    Ixiuis, 

H.    M.    Lane    Co.,    Detroit. 

Loewenthal    Co.,    Chicago. 

Lees    Bradner    Co.,    Cleveland. 

David    Lupton's   Sons    Co.,    Philadelphia. 

Marshall  &  Husehart  Machinery  Co.,  Chicago. 

McCroaky  Reamer  Co.,  Mcadville,   Pa. 

McLain's    System.   Milwaukee. 

McLain   Carter   Furnace   Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Mueller  Machine  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati. 

MacLean    Publishing    Co.,   Toronto,    Ont. 

Maeleod  Co.,   Cincinnati. 

Magnetic    Mfg.    Co.,    Milwaukee. 

Mahr   Mfg.   Co.,    Minneapolis. 

Harden,    Orth    A    Hastings    Corp.,    New    York. 

"Metal  Industry,"  New  York. 

MeUI    A   Thermit  Corp,,    New   York. 

Modern  Tool   Co.,  Erie.   Pa. 

Monarch   Engineering  ft   Mfg.   Co.,   Baltimore. 

Mumford    Molding    Machine    Co.,    Chicago. 

Munroe   CalculatinK    Machine   Co.,    New   York. 

Napier    Saw    Works,    Springfield,    Mass 

National    Engineering    Co.,     Chicago 

F'-w   Chicago  Crucible  Co.,   Cbleago. 

Wm.    H.    Nlcbollt    Co.,    Brooklyn.    NY. 


Penton    Publishing    Co.,    Cleveland. 
George    F.    Pettinos,    Philadelphia. 
Phoenix    Mfg.    Co.,    Eau   Claire,    Wis. 
Picklands,    Brown    &    Co.,    Chicago. 
Pittsburgh     Furnace     Co.,    Milwauki>e. 
Portage   Silica   Co.,    Youngstown,    O. 
Henry    E.    Pridmore,    Chicago. 
Progressive   Metal    &    Refining    Co.,    Milwaukee. 
Quigley   Furnace   Specialties   Co.,   New  York. 
Racine    Tool    &    Machine    Co.,    Racine,    Wis. 
Richards-WiJcox    Mfg.    Co.,    Aurora,    111. 
Rivets   I.athe    &    Grioder    Co.,   Boston. 
Robescn    Process    Co.,    New    York. 
RoKer.s.    Prown    &    Co..    ("ir.cinnati. 


Sand    Mixin.cr    Machine    Co..    New    York. 

Schroeter   Fn^intcrin'^    Co.,    Chicago. 

Shepard    Electric    Crane    &    Hoist    Co..    Montour 

Falls,    N.Y. 
Simonds   Mfg.    Co.,    Fitchburg,    Mass. 
W.    W.    Sly    Mfg.   Co.,    Cleveland. 
K.    P.    Smith    &     Sons    Co..    Chicago. 
Wer.ior     G.     Smith     Co.,     Cleveland. 
Southworth    Machine    Tool    Co.,    Portland,    Me. 
Standard    Optical   Co..    Geneva,   N.Y. 
The   Standard    Sand    &    Machine   Co.,    Cleveland. 
Sterling    Wheelbarrow    Co.,    Milwaukee. 
Frederic    B.    Stevenfc     Detroit. 
W.    F.    StoddiT     Syracuse,    N.Y. 
Strong,    Kcnnard    &    Nutt    Co.,    Cleveland. 
Sullivan    Machinery    Co.,    Chicago. 
Swan    &    Finch    Co.,    Chicago. 
Thomas    Elevator    Co  ,    Chicago. 
Tot'cliweld    Knuipment    Co..    Chicago. 
United    Compound    Co.,    BufTalo. 
United    States    Graphite    Co.,    Saginaw,    Mich. 
U.S.    Molding  Machine  Co.,   Cleveland. 
U.S.    Smelting    Furnace    Co..    Belleville,    111. 
United    States    Silica    Co.,    Chicago. 
Wadsworth     Cere     Machine     &     Equipment     Co., 

Akron,    O. 
J.    D.    Wallace    &    Co.,    Chicago. 
Warn'.'.-    &    Swasey    Co.,    Cleveland. 
Western    Eicctric    Co.,    New    York. 
F.    H.    Wheeler    Mfg.    Cl.,    Chicago. 
Whitini?    i''oundry    Eiuipment    Co..    Harvey,    III. 
E.    J.    Wood.son    Co..    Detroit. 
Young    Bros.    Co.,    Detroit. 


SAVE  TO  WIN 

At  a  time  when  strong  measures  are 
being  taken  to  gather  together  scrap 
metal  and  old  rags  it  occasions  no  sur- 
prise to  find  a  campaign  launched  for  tlie 
eliminating  of  waste  in  the  spending  of 
money.  The  country  needs  every  dollar 
that  can  be  saved,  and  every  movement 
that  will  promote  this  end  merits  en- 
couragement. A  great  deal  is  said  about 
the  value  of  the  last  dollar  in  this 
struggle,  but  the  lavishness  with  which 
some  people  spend  money  would  almost 
incline  one  to  think  that  the  dollar  was 
not  of  much  importance.  But  it  is,  and 
every  quarter  dollar,  too.  The  larger 
the  number  of  those  who  save,  the  more 
enduring  will  be  the  foundations  of  our 
financial  and  industrial  edifice. 


Edith  M.  Thayer,  in  "Popular  Me- 
chanics," says:  "Used  carbon  or  transfer 
paper  can  be  made  to  last  much  longer 
by  simply  holding  it  over  an  open  flame 
such  as  a  lamp,  candle,  or  match,  with 
the  carbon  side  down.  The  wax  sub- 
stance of  the  unused  parts  will  melt  and 
run  into  the  thinner  sections  of  the  used 
parts." 


PLANT   OF    THE    KB.Ml'.SMITH    M  \NUI  AC  TURING    CO..    MILWAUKEE. 


October  3,  1918. 

A  NOVEL  TENSION  AND  COMPRES- 
SION  TESTING   INSTRUMENT 

By   FRANK  C.  PERKINS 

THE  accompanying  illustrations, 
Figs.  1,  2,  3  and  4  and  drawing 
Figs.  5  and  6,  show  a  unique  form 
of  extension  and  compression  instrument 
recently  described  in  a  paper  before  the 
American  Society  for  testing  materials 
and  load  deformation  diagrams  and 
curves  of  tests  made  with  this  instru- 
ment. Its  applicability  to  a  wide  range 
of  specimen  sizes,  either  for  tension  or 
compression,  was  pointed  out  as  well  as 
the  ease  of  use  with  a  satisfactory  de- 
gree of  accuracy  and  its  simple  construc- 
tion and  low  cost. 

It  is  stated  by  Prof.  S.  H.  Graf,  of  the 
School  of  Engineering  and  Mechanic 
Arts  of  the  Oregon  Agricultural  College 
at  Corvallis,  Oregon,  that  the  device  com- 
bines in  one  instrument  all  the  require- 
ments usually  met  less  satisfactorily  by 
several     extensometers    and    compresso- 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


391 


PIG. 


two  screws  bearing  on  the  gage  marks 
on    the    specimen.      One    of   the    frames 


EXTENSOMETEB   IN   PLACE   ON   TEMSILE  TEST  PIECE. 


meters.  This  universal  strainometer  is 
of  simple  design  and  consists  of  two 
simple  adjustable  frames,  each  carrying 


carries  an  Ames  dial  and  pivots  on  a  rod 
held  rigidly  in  the  other  frame,  the  dial 
indicating  twice  the  actual  deformation. 


A  toggle  clamp  prevents  the  frame  from 
separating  from  the  pivot,  and  a  slender 
steel   rod  actuates  the  staff  of  the  gag 
head.     The   error   due   to   tilting   of  the 
dial  from   within   the  range  of  any  test 
IS    of    no    consequence    and    within    the 
elastic  limit  it  is  not  a  redahle  quantity. 
The    photographs,    Figs.    2,    3    and   4, 
show  the  instrument  applied  to  various 
specimens   and   indicate   its   range;   this 
range  includes  specimens  either  in  ten- 
sion or  compression  up  to  8  in.  in  diame- 
ter or  square,  and   of  any  gage   length 
from  2  in.  up.     To  adapt  the  instrument 
to  different  gage  lengths,  for  the  ordin- 
ary lengths   of  specimens,   rods   of  drill 
steel,   1-8   and   1-16   in.   in  diameter,  re- 
spectively, are  suitable,  while  for  special 
tests  where  the  length  may  be  consider- 
able, light  wooden   strips   with   steel  in- 
serts in  the  ends  are  perhaps  most  satis- 
factory. 

The  accuracy  and  reliability  of  the 
Ames  dial  when  applied  to  strain  mea- 
surements has  been  well  established  as 
repeated  calibrations  of  the  complete 
strainometer    as     just    described,     both 


FIG.  i.     APPI.rcATION  TO  COMPRESSION  TEST  OF  WOOD 


FIG.  3. 


392 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


against  a  micrometer  and  against  test 
bars  of  known  modulus,  have  shown  the 
instrument  to  be  fully  as  accurate  as 
others  desigmed  to  read  the  0.0001  in. 
Some  of  the  extensometers  and  com- 
pressometers  on  the  market,  while  funda- 
mentally of  very  precise  design,  are  so 
complicated  and  cumbersome  as  well  as 
slow  and  difficult  to  read,  that  their  ap- 


TORONTO  SECTION  HAD 
GOOD  DISCUSSION 

American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engin- 
eers Hear  Address  By  Past 
President 

The  Toronto  section  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  opened 


0 

Elongation  In 
0.4          0.8           1 

8  in 
I 

in. 
1.6 

?o 

70  000 

1 

instrument 

14  000 
12000 
10  900 
8000 
6000 
4000 
2000 

j 

1 

/ 

— 

, 

>. 

60000 

/ 

f 

/ 

^^ 

V 

50000 

/ 

/ 

'■ 

\ 

i 

' 

/ 

, 

\ 

■o"  40  000 

jL\ln5trutnent 

b-- 

1 

1 

1 30  000 

< 

1 

/ 

/ 

J 

20  000 

/ 

— 

y 

r 

J 

/ 

10  000 

1 

/ 

L^-'^V-ZZ. 

/ 

n 

/ 

seventy  members  present  at  the  meeting. 

The  next  meeting  of  the  local  section 
on  Octobr  4th  will  continue  the  discus- 
sion of  Power  Transmission  to  present 
day  problems,  as  a  general  discussion  is 
scheduled  on  the  subject  of  Grounded 
Neutral  versus  Isolated  Systems  of  High 
Tension  Transmission  and  Distribution. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Hull,  chairman  of  the  Sec- 
tion, announced  that  in  November  an  of- 
ficial meeting  of  the  Institute  would  be 
held  in  Toronto,  at  which  the  president 
and  directors  would  attend  from  New 
York.  At  this  meeting  there  will  be 
three  or  more  papers  presented  by  Can- 
adian members  of  the  Institute,  all  deal- 
ing with  developments  of  the  electrical 
art  in  Canada. 


0         0.004      0.008       0012  0  0004      0.008       0012       0.016       0.0?0 

Deformation  in  2  in..  Elongation  m  8  in.,  in 


Compression  Test 
of  Cast  Iron 
FIG.    5. 

parent  accuracy  as  shown  by  calibration 
cannot  be  obtained  under  operating  con- 
ditions. 

Some  objection  has  been  made  to  in- 
struments having  only  two  instead  of 
three  points  of  attachment,  but  numer- 
ous studies  made  by  means  of  the  Berry 
strain  gage  on  the  distribution  of  stress 
in  various  specimens  under  test  have  con- 
vinced the  author  that  under  proper  con- 
ditions of  gripping  tension  specimens 
and  of  bedding  compression  specimens, 
the  two  point  instrument  will,  with  equal 
care  in  centering,  give  the  average  de- 
formation as  faithfully  as  the  other. 

If  provided  with  three  dials  or  micro- 
meters the  three  point  instrument  is 
useful  in  showing  roughly  the  distribu- 
tion of  stress,  but  this  makes  the  instru- 
ment too  complicated  for  all  ordinary 
purposes.  Three  observers  would  be  re- 
quired if  readings  were  to  be  taken  on 
the  run,  and  even  when  load  is  applied 
by  increments,  it  is  difficult  for  a  single 
observer  to  read  three  dials  or  micro- 
meters accurately.  It  will  be  seen  that 
this  strainometer  embodies  a  combination 
of  principles  previously  applied  in  vari- 
ous other  instruments  and  is  of  great 
value  in  experimental  work  where  the 
extensometer  and  compressometer  have 
been  utilized  in  the  past. 


On  August  29  the  United  States  go- 
vernment paid  out  $156,000,000  for  or- 
dinary war  expenses,  making  the  large  .it 
single  day's  expenditures  for  these  ex- 
penses in  the  nation's  history. 


Tension    Test 
of  Mild   Ste.el  . 
FIG.  6. 

its  sixteenth  season  on  Friday,  Sept. 
20th,  at  the  Engineers'  Club,  with  an 
address  by  Mr.  Paul  M.  Lincoln  of  the 
Westinghouse  Electric  Manufacturing 
Company,  East  Pittsburg,  on  the  subject 
of  Development  of  Power  Transmission. 

Mr.  Lincoln  reviewed  the  progress  of 
electric  power  transmission  from  its  in- 
ception, and  even  presented  comparisons 
with  prior  developments  in  power  trans- 
mission by  hydraulic,  mechanical  and 
pneumatic  methods.  The  record  of  early 
transmissions  with  alternating  current  at 
approximately  1,000  volts  was  especial 
ly  interesting  in  view  of  their  effect  oi 
the  ultimate  standardization  of  alternat- 
ing current  systems  with  existing  volt- 
ages as  high  as  150,000.  Mr.  Lincoln 
discussed  the  limitations  to  stili  higher 
voltages  of  transmission,  and  it  is  his 
opinion  that,  within  five  year*,  there  will 
be  one  or  more  systems  operating  at 
200,000  volts. 

As  is  common  with  meetings  of  the 
Toronto  Section,  there  was  a  great  deal 
of  very  interesting  discussion  of  th« 
paper.  Mr.  Murphy,  of  the  Department 
of  Railways  and  Canals,  related  some  in- 
teresting experiences  in  connection  with 
early  electrical  developments  in  Ottawa, 
with  particular  reference  to  his  experi- 
ence with  one  of  the  first  synchroscopes; 
an  early  invention  of  Mr.  Lincoln's.  The 
paper  was  also  discussed  by  Messrs.  F. 
G.  Clark,  H.  C.  Don  Carlos,  D.  H.  Mc- 
Dougell,  P.  E.  Hart,  W.  P.  Dobson,  E. 
B.  Dwight,  E.  V.  Pennell  and  others. 

Mr.  Lincoln  was  tendered  a  very  en- 
thusiastic vote  of  thanks  on  behalf  of  the 


NINE  MONTHS  FOR 

LETTER  FROM  RUSSIA 

Harmless    Epistle    Had    Quite    a    Time 

Getting   Through   To   This 

Country 

There  are  evidences  coming  to  the 
surface  frequently  now  of  the  condition 
of  affairs  that  existed  in  Russia  during 
the  last  few  months.  There  are  many 
Canadian  firms  who  have  wondered  at 
times  what  has  become  of  mail  matter 
that  they  were  expecting  from  that 
much  worried  country. 

A  letter  came  to  the  office  of  CAN- 
ADIAN MACHINERY  this  week  from 
G.  Talal,  a  machinery  dealer  at  Odessa, 
Russia.     Translated    it  reads: 

Gentlemen: — 

In  reply  to  your  favor  of  17th  August, 
1917,  I  have  the  pleasure  of  informing 
you  that  I  shall  be  happy  to  receive  your 
new  "Annual  Review  Number,"  which, 
without  doubt,  will  be  very  useful  to  me 
as  I  interest  myself  specially  in  the 
industry  of  your  country. 

Awaiting  the  prompt  arrival  of  your 
publication  as  well  as  the  pleasure  of 
hearing  from  you,  I  present  you  my 
compliments, 

G.  TALAL. 

The  letter  was  started  on  its  journey 
on  the  10th  of  December,  1917,  and 
reached  this  office  on  the  13th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1918.  It  also  bears  the  mark 
of  having  been  opened  by  the  censor. 


British  sinkings  in  eight  months  of 
the  present  year  total  1,681,686  tons. 
Completions  total  only  1,029,865  tons. 
Thus  the  British  merchant  fleet  is 
steadily  shrinking  in  size,  while  the 
Japanese  is  greatly  increasing.  At  the 
end  of  the  last  great  war  Britain  possess- 
ed a  larger  mercantile  marine  than  at 
any  previous  period  in  her  history,  and 
thus  it  was  comparatively  easy  to  make 
good  the  ravages  of  war  by  drawing 
upon  all  the  markets  of  the  world.  There 
IS  no  such  prospect  as  things  are  novs- 
tending,  yet  ships  will  again  be  the  first 
requisite  when  reconstruction  begins. 


October  3,  1918. 


393 


Causes  of  Failure  in  Boiler  Plates 

Effect  of  Grain  Growth — Alteration  of  Crystalline  Structure  by 
Mechanical  Deformation — Some  Remedies 

By  WALTER  ROSENHAIN  and    D.    HANSEN. 


THE  occasional  cases  of  failures  in 
boiler  plates  met  with  in  practice 
have  formed  the  subject  of  several 
papers   and   discussions  before  the   Iron 
and  Steel  Institute  in  recent  years.       A 
number  of  such  cases  have  Deen  investi- 
gated by  the  authors,  and  an  account  of 
one   which   offers  features   of  particular 
importance  which  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  previously  noticed  was  read  before  ■ 
the  Iron  and  Steel  Institutes     in     May. 
y      These  are  of  special  importance  because 
;■       it  may  be  found  that  they  afford  a  clue 
"      to  the  cause   of  failure   in  other    cases, 
particularly  in  boiler  plates  of  the  larg- 
est dimensions. 

The  failure  occurred  in  the  last  stage 
of  the  manufacture  of  the  plate.  The 
size  and  dimensions  of  the  plate  are  il- 
lustrated in  Fig.  1.  The  plate  has  a 
thickness  of  1%  in.  and  measures  4  ft. 
4  in.  in  width  by  11  ft.  in  length.  It 
was  manufactured  under  a  stringent 
specification,  but  cracked  during  the 
straightening  of  the  edges  after)  the 
bending  operations  had  been  completed. 
Inquiry  shov>ed  that  the  bending  oper- 
ations had  been  carried  out  in  stages  in 
the  cold,  the  plate  being  subjected  to 
intermediate  annealings  between  the 
various  stages.  The  position  of  the 
crack  which  formed  in  the  plate  is  in- 
dicated  in  the  diagram. 

The  m'^terial  of  the  plate  was  first 
submitted  to  chemical  analysis,  mechani- 
cal tests,  and  general  microscopic  exam- 
ination. The  results  obtained  were  as 
follows: 

CHEMICAL   ANALYSIS 

Percent.  Per  Cent. 

Carbon 0.16       Manganese     0.623 

Silicon    0.079     Nicltel    0.10 

Sulphur 0.030     Chromium    nil 

Phosphorous     .     .   0.048 

There  is  nothing  abnormal  in  this 
composition,  which  represents  a  miul 
steel  of  high  quality. 

Tensile  tests  were  taken  from  the 
outside  and  inside  of  the  plate  as  re- 
ceived, with  the  results  in  Table  1, 
columns  1  and  2: 

Here  again  there  is  nothing  abnormal, 
except  perhaps  a  slight  indication  of  an 
unusual  condition  of  the  steel  in  the  com- 
paratively large  difference  between 
elastic  limit  and  yield  stress.  It  was 
thought  that  possibly  this  peculiarity 
might  arise  from  the  existence  of  inter- 
nal stresses  in  the  material,  and  in  or- 
der to  remove  these  as  far  as  possible 
without  changing  the  structural  condi- 
tion of  the  .steel,  a  portion  of  the  plate 
was  annealed  at  550°  C.  for  30  minutes. 
The  results  of  tensile  tests  of  a  plate  in 
this  condition  are  given  in  the  third 
column  of  Table  1.  It  wMll  be  seen  that 
the  difference  between  elastic  limit  and 
yield  stress  is  still  comparatively  large. 

In  order,  further,  to  test  this  point, 
and  also  to  ascertain  how  far  the  tensile 


tests  obtained  on  the  material,  as  re- 
ceived and  after  annealing  at  550°  C, 
correspond  to  the  best  properties  which 
the  material  is  capable  of  attaining,  a 
sample  of  the  plate  w-as  normalized  by 


FIG.   1— WHERE  THE  FRACTURE   OCCURRED. 

heating  to  900°  C.  followed  by  cooling 
in  air.  The  results  of  tensile  tests  made 
on  the  sample  thus  treated  are  given  in 
column  4  of  Table  1.  Here  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  elastic  limit  has  come  very 
much  closer  to  the  yield  stress,  while  the 
yield  stress  itself  has  been  raised.     The 


whether  the  properties  of  the  steel  were 
really  as  satisfactory  as  the  tensile  tests 
would  indicate.  For  this  purpose  an  im- 
pact test  has  been  used,  for  although 
it  is  recogized  that  the  conditions  under 
which  failure  occurs  in  boiler  plate  pos- 
sess no  apparent  resemblance  to  those 
of  an  impact  test,  yet  experience  has 
repeatedly  shown  that  materials  which 
give  a  low  figure  under  an  impact  test 
are  liable  to  fail  under  apparently  static 
conditions. 

The  form  of  impact  test  employed  is 
that  known  as  the  international  notched 
bar  impact  test,  made  with  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  Charpy  impact  testing  ma- 
chine, and  on  specimens  measuring  10 
mm.  by  10  mm.  in  section  by  53.3  mm. 
in  length,  having  in  the  middle  a  round- 
ed notch  with  a  radius  of  two-thirds  of 
a  millimeter.  On  the  material  as  receiv- 
ed this  test  gave  a  mean  figure  of  0.75 


TABLE    1— PHYSICAL   TESTS    OF   THE    FAILED  PLATE 

Plate  Plate 

Plate  a?  Received  Annealed  Normalized 

550°   C.  900°  C. 

Particulars.                                             Qutside                Insida  Outside  Outside 

12  8  4 

Diameter,    in 0.375                     0.376  0.375  0.375 

Cross   sectional    area.    sq.    in 0.1105                   0.1105  0.1105  0.1105 

Elastic   limit,   tons  per  sq.   in 14.2                        11.3  16.4  18.3 

Yield  stress,  tons  per  sq.  in 18.3                        16.1  18.7  19.15 

Ultimate  stress,  tons  per  sq.   in 26.88                     27.24  27.61  27.94 

Modules,    lb.    per    sq.    in 29.8x10"             29.8x10'  30.4x10'  30.2x10' 

Extension  per  cent,  on  1.3  in.*   31.6                       33.1  34.5  42.2 

Reduction   of  area  per  cent 59.6                       60.7  59.1  62.6 

*A  K&Ke  length  of  1.3  in.  is  chosen  to  give  a  ratio  of  gage  length  to  diameter  equal  to  8.5. 


"SS~1  !i  .      -   .^   — <'i.«n.'      _.  ^ 


•-•>. 


:^^^ii 


r.~t-,  vz}  .V  ■-»^ '''If,-':--  ''" ' 


-  .^v 


AND    ;.     SIKl  CTURE    IN    TRANSVERSE    AND    LONGITUDINAL    SECTION    OF    THE 
ORIGINAL    METAL,    50    DIAMETERS.       A    CONSIDERAB'.E    AMOUNT 
OF   BANDING  IS   PRESENT. 


ultimate  stress  has  only  been  slightly 
affected,  but,  on  the  other  hand  the  elon- 
gation has  been  mi^rkedly  improved. 

Since  the  tensile  tests  showed  little  or 
no  departure  from  the  normal  in  the  ma- 
terial of  this  plate  it  became  desirable 
to  apply  other  tests  in  order  to  ascertain 


kgm.  per  sq.  cm.,  the  actual  values  ob- 
tained being:  0.84,  0.88,  0.66,  1.08,  0.86, 
1.20.  These  figures  are  of  course  very 
abnormally  low,  a  reasonable  value  for 
a  boiler  plate  of  this  kind  being  from  8 
to  11  kgm.  per  sq.  cm.  It  was  thought 
that   possibly   this   low   value   might   be 


394 


C  \  N  A  I)  I  A  N    M  A  C  II  I  N  KU  Y 


Volume  XM. 


l-^. 


\, 


K 


J 


"5     V 


J' 


r^ 


■^ 


FIG.  4  iI.K:  I)  LARGE  FERRITE  CRYSTALS 
IN  THE  CARBONLESS  BENDS  OF  THE 
STRUCTURE  AFTER  FURTHER  ETCHING : 
MAGNIFICATION  IS   150  DIAM. 


due  to  cold  work  which  the  plate  had 
received,  leaving  it  in  a  work-hardened 
and,  possibly,  internally  strained  condi- 
tion. The  impact  tests  were  therefore 
repeated  on  specimens  of  the  plate  which 
had  been  annealed  for  thirty  rcinutes  at 
550°  C,  in  the  same  way  as  had  been 
done  with  the  tensile  test  pieces.  The 
mean  result  of  six  impact  tests  made  on 
the  steel  in  this  condition  gives  a  value 
of  2.90  kgm.  per  sq.  cm.,  the  actual  fi- 
gures obtained  being  as  follows:  2.10, 
3.86,  2.64,  3.36,  3.52,  1.92. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  very  low  tem- 
perature annealing,  by  removing  cold 
work  and  internal  stress  has  improved  the 
impact  behaviour  of  the  material  quite 
appreciably,  but  that,  even  when  thus 
treated,  it  is  still  very  far  below  the 
normal  valu^  for  steel  of  this  grade. 
This  is  indie  -.ted  bv  the  impact  figures 
given  on  samples  of  the  plate  after  nor- 
malizing at  900"-  C,  when  values  of 
10.78  and  11.72 — mean,  11.25  kgm.  per 
sq.  cm.  were  obtained. 

It  is  evident  from  these  figures  that 
the  steel  of  the  fractured  plate  is  in  an 
abnormally  bad  condition,  presumably 
as  the  result  of  some  treatment — ther- 
mal or  mechanical,  or  both — which  it  has 


-    4 


*■■■  ' \'  ^ii' 


J 


^. 


'-.•^^ . 


;-:- 


t  ■  - ».. 


•4   V' 


^.?i- 


•^ 
}<r 


V  1    ■.<••-■- *l- 

'^■?":v^ 

■  -^<0^'*^ 

N    - 

■  '^r'-oi 

:\ 

-  ,;v"p*;.^  I 

1 

.--.^- 

-  ~  M  ,=^ 

■  -'■^-  . 

■     •-''■     ^^ 

"■^ 

FIG.    .5    (CENTRE;- SAME    MATERIAL    AFTER 
NORMALIZING;    MAG.    150    DIAM. 


received  durina;  manufacture,  and  it  be- 
came necessary  to  discover,  if  possible, 
the  cause  of  this  abnormality. 

The  general  microscopic  examination 
of  the  steel  showed  at  first  sight  nothing 
abnormal.  The  structure  in  general 
transverse  and  lonofitudinal  section  is 
shown  under  a  magnification  of  50  dia- 
meters in  photomicrographs  Figs.  2  and 
3.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  scale  of  the 
structure,  so  far  as  ferrite-pearlite  dis- 
tribution is  concerned,  appears  to  be 
satisfactory,  but  there  is  a  considerable 
amount  of  banding  present,  although 
this  amount  is  not  in  itself  abnormal  for 
a  plate  of  such  large  size. 

More  careful  examination  of  the 
structure,  however,  particularly  after  it 
had  been  etched  in  such  a  way  as  to  de- 
velop the  ferrite  boundaries,  revealed  a 
striking  pecularity.  This  takes  the  form 
of  relatively  very  large  ferrite  crystals 
in  the  carbonless  bands  of  the  structure. 
These  are  illustrated,  under  a  magnifi- 
cation of  150  diameters,  in  Fig.  4.  The 
corresponding  grain  size  of  the  same 
material,  after  normalizing,  is  shown  in 
Fig.  5  under  the  same  magnification.  It 
should  be  noted,  however,  that  the 
normalized   structure   shown    in    Fig.    5 


FIG.     6     (RIGHT)-  STRUCTURE     OF     ONE     OF 

CARBONLESS    AREAS    OF    THE    SPECIMEN 

WHICH     HAS     BEEN     HAMMERED     IN     THE 

^     »ND    THEN    ANNEALED    AT    650"    C. 

MAG.    150. 

has  been  obtained  not  by  treating  a 
small  laboratory  sample  but  from  a  com- 
paratively large  piece  of  the  plate  about 
a  foot  square  which  had  been  subjected 
to  the  heat  treatment  described.  The 
most  careful  study  of  the  steel  in  both 
conditions  revealed  no  other  difference 
between  the  "as  received"  and  normal- 
ized conditions.  The  inference  is  thus 
indicated  that  the  abnormal  impact  be- 
haviour of  the  steel  as  received  may  be 
due  to  the  development  of  coarse  crys- 
tals in  the  carbonless  bands  which  occur 
in  this  material,  and  the  possibility  is 
.suggested  that  the  failure  of  this  plate 
may  be  connected  with  the  phenomenon 
of  grain  growth  which  has  in  recent 
years  been  discovered  in  the  case  of  iron 
and  very  low  carbon  steel. 

The  subject  of  grain  growth  is  of 
fundamental  importance  in  connection 
with  the  further  investigation  of  this 
plate,  and  it  is  referred  to  it  in  greater 
detail  at  this  point. 

Phenomena  which  are  now  recognized 
as  coming  under  the  general  title  of 
grain  growth  were  discovered  and  det- 
cribed  by  Stead'  and  Charpy".  A  con- 
siderable advance  in  our  knowledge  of 
the  subject  was,  however,  made  by  Sau- 


^My^  ^*^'- 


1      ,    ■     ' li 


f  A  .  .t- 


•r      V     "^  *  'A 


-^  .- 


¥' '.  ^ 

1          '        s* 

'      4 

KIG8.  7.  f.  »-   MICROSTRUCTUHES    AT   150   DIAMETTEKS  OF  THE  STEEL.     CORRESPONDING     TO     THE     VARIOUS     FORMS     OF     HEAT 

TREATMENT  OUTLINED  IN  TABLE  8. 


October  3,  1918. 


C  A  N  A  D I A  N    MACHINERY 


395 


veur*,  who  made  the  well-known  experi- 
ment of  straining  by  compression  a  con- 
ical piece  of  nearly  pure  iron,  and  sub- 
sequently annealing  the  piece  thus  treat- 
ed at  a  temperature  below  the  lowest 
critical  point.  On  cutting  a  section  and 
etching  it,  a  band  of  very  large  ferri*-o 
crystals  was  found  at  one  point,  and  this 


',, 

-  ^^S>'^^ 

-■*'»' 

ft) 

■  *-',  f 

•  ■ 

*. 

' •■.            '               J    ■     ■      . 

. 

:f:^:.:-ii:rz^:-  .. 

•^—:  ^.    .,       -it  .:<'■ 

^-.        ':    ,.'^5;^:^-^ 

i>. 

« 

*^     "  ..■ 

^ 

*-'■-. 

.->  .  ■  \  /  •  ■    •""=•-.    iT 

FIG.  10— MICROSTRUCTURE  OF  PLATE  NO. 
2  USED  EXPERIMENTALLY.  VERY  LITTLE 
BANDING  PRESENT.  THE  PLATE  BEING 
ONLY    i^-INCH   THICK 


led  to  the  view  that  there  is  a  critical 
amount  of  plastic  deformation  wliich,  for 
a  given  annealing  temperature,  below 
the  critical  range  produces  very  rapid 
grain  growth. 

The  subject  has  been  more  fully  in- 
vestigated by  Chappell,'  and  has  also 
been  dealt  with  in  America  by  Sherry.' 
The  latter  author  has  shown  that  grain 
growth  occurs,  not  only  in  comparative- 
ly pure  iron,  but  in  any  region  existing 
in  a  mass  of  mild  steel  from  which  peari- 
ite  is  absent  or  nearly  absent — in  the 
carbonless  bands  such  as  those  met  with 
in  boiler  plates,  provided,  of  course,  that 
the  necessary  treatment,  consisting  of 
plastic  deformation  of  the  right  inten- 
sity followed  by  annealing  at  a  corres- 
pondingly low  temperature,  has  been  ap- 
plied. 

In  view  of  the  results  obtained  by  the 
authors  just  referred  to,  the  observa- 
tions made  on  the  boiler  plate  which 
forms  the  subject  of  this  paper  at  once 
suggested  that  the  development  of 
coarse  feriite  crystals  in  the  carbonless 
bands  of  the  plate  was  the  result  of 
grain  growth  following  upon  deforma- 
tion in  the  cold  and  subsequent  low  tem- 
perature annealing.  When  it  is  borne 
in  mind  that  this  plate  was  bent  cold  and 
then  annealed  several  times  in  succes- 
sion, it  will  be  seen  that  the  conditions 
likely  to  produce  grain  growth  in  car- 
bon-free areas  had  been  present. 

The  authors,  however,  were  not  satis- 
fied with  a  general  inference  of  this 
kind,  but  endeavored  experimentally  to 
reproduce  the  conditions  under  which  the 
steel  had  developed  the  coarse  and  re- 
latively  brittle   structure    which   it  pos- 


sessed when  received.  For  this  purpose 
two  series  of  experiments  were  under- 
taken. In  both  series  the  material  was 
first  normalized  in  order  to  destroy  the 
previously  existing  coarse  crystals  and 
to  bring  the  material  into  the  condition 
in  which  it  gives  a  satisfactorily  high 
impact  figure.  Deformation  was  then 
applied  to  the  material  in  two  ways;  in 
one  case,  in  the  cold  (by  hammering), 
and  in  the  second  case  at  a  temperature 
between  600°  and  700°  C,  or  below  the 
critical  range.  Specimens  treated  in 
both  ways  were  then  annealed  at  650° 
C.  for  30  min.  The  microstructure  was 
examined  both  before  and  after  this  last 
annealing,  and  impact  tests  were  taken 
on  the   material  at  each  stage. 

The  resulting  structure  in  one  of  the 
carbonless  areas  of  the  specimen  which 
has  been  hammered  in  the  cold  and  sub- 
sequently annealed  at  650°  C.  is  shown 
in  Fig.  6  under  a  magnification  of  150 
diameters.  Comparison  with  Fig.  5 
shows  at  once  that  considerable  grain 
growth  has  taken  place,  although  the  re- 
sulting grains  are  not  quite  so  large  or 
well  developed  as  those  in  Fig.  4.  The 
sample  which  has  been  hammered  be- 
tween 600°  and  700°  C.  gives  a  very 
similar  structure,  and  the  impact  figure 
in  this  case  is  brought  down  to  1.56 
kgm.  per  sq.  cm. 

In  order  to  tep.t  the  matter  further  an- 
other series  of  experiments  was  under- 
taken in  which  varying  amounts  of  me- 
chanical deformation  were  applied  in  the 
cold   followed   by   annealing   at   650°    C. 


y^     ^         ,          •      V- 

♦     A    »   /^  ^'^ 

•^'^.':% 

w    ••-.^.'v 

■-/?'■ 

...   V-..      ■ 

^      v^- 

•/' 

.      -^.' 

\      -t.,5 

-       »._                 .   ;    ^ 

.  V  ,,r>.r 

'  *""  ^-  > 

'^    -*:.   1  -^ 

s 

^  *  tS 

"-               -►       .-     V. 

V   '■ -■ 

■  ■->? 

■>/. 

:■ 

■v^ 

r:    ►  ,  > 

-  ■  ■ 

^  -   ^       ^      ^ 

"v               ^■'«. 

>      '  .-      ^-♦■%  '  ^ 

-'•''.     -    -„:      'i 

In  order,  however,  to  prove  that  it  was 
not  the  annealing  process  alone  which 
resulted  in  the  reduction  of  the  impact 
figure,  the  normalized  sample  was  also 
annealed  at  650°  C.  without  previous 
mechanical  deformation.  The  results 
obtained  by  impact  tests  on  specimens 
thus  treated  are  given  in  Table  2: 

TABLE  2— TESTS  ON  BOILER  PLATE  NO.  1 

ResUtance  to 

Impact. 

Kilofcrammeter 

per  Square 

Treatment  Centimeter 

Normalized  at  900  des.  C 10.46 

Normalized  at  900  deir.  C 8.92 

Normalized;  annealed  at  660  deg.  C...  9.04 
Normalized ;     severely     deformed ;     an- 
nealed, 650  dee.  C 11.7 

Normalized ;     reduced     12.4    per    cent. ; 

annealed,   650  dee.   C 10.66 

Normalized ;   reduced  7.1  per  cent. ;  an- 
nealed,  650  deer.   C 8.44 

Normalized ;  reduced  6.9  per  cent. ;  an- 
nealed, 650  deg.  C 10.04 

Normalized ;  reduced  4.9  per  cent. ;  an- 
nealed,   660    deg.    C 8.14 

Normalized ;    reduced    S   per    cent, ;    an- 
nealed,   650   deg.    C 6.84 

In  this  table  the  amount  of  mechanical 
deformation  is  measured  by  percentage 
reduction  of  thickness  produced  by  press- 
ing in  the  cold  in  a  powerful  press. 

The  results  given  in  Table  2  are  in- 
structive. It  will  be  seen  that  large 
amounts  of  reduction  actually  improve 
the  impact  strength  slightly,  but  with 
decreasing  amounts  of  mechanical  de- 
formation followed  by  low  temperature 
annealing  the  impact  strength  is  very 
much  reduced,  although  the  lowest  value 
obtained  in  this  way,  6.34  kgm.  per  sq. 
cm.,  is  still  very  much  better  than  that 


■a'f 


f    tA 


-',        ■                 * 

•• 

J 

l-'IG.  11.  12  (UPPER),  IS  AND  14  (LOWER),  MICROSTKUCTURE  OF  PLATE  NO.  2  AITER 

TREATMENT  REFERRED  TO  IN  TABLE  i. 


396 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


found  in  the  plate  in  its  condition  as  re- 
ceived, or  that  described  in  the  hammer- 
ed sample  given  above.  There  is  nothing 
to  suggest,  however,  that  hammering,  as 
distinct  from  such  deformation  as  occurs 
in  cold  bending,  has  any  specific  effect. 
It  should  further  ba  borne  in  mind  that 
when  a  thick  plate  is  bent  in  the  cold,  a 
considerable  range  of  plastic  deforma- 
tion is  produced,  ranging  from  a  maxi- 
mum at  the  surface  of  the  plate  to  zero 
at  the  neutral  axis.  Somewhere  within 
this  range  the  critical  deformation,  cor- 
responding to  the  annealing  temperature 
employed,  is  likely  to  occur. 

The  microstructure  corresponding  to 
the  various  forms  of  treatment  referred 
to  in  Table  2  are  illustrated  in  Figs.  7, 
8  and  9,  at  a  magnification  of  150  dia- 
meters. Fig.  7  refers  to  the  last  speci- 
men mentioned  in  the  table  having  the 
lowest  impact  figure  and  corresponding- 
ly showing  the  largest  development  of 
grain  growth  in  the  carbonless  bands. 
Fig.  8  refers  to  the  material  as  normal- 
ized and  annealed  at  650'  C.  without  in- 
termediate deformation.  It  will  be  seen 
that  here  there  is  no  appreciable  differ- 
ence in  grain  size  between  the  carbonless 
band  and  the  adjacent  steel.  Finally. 
Fig.  9  refers  to  the  material  which  has 
been  severely  deformed  and  subsequent- 
ly annealed  at  650°  C,  giving  a  high 
impact  figure.  Here  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  grain  has  been  very  much  refined 
even  in  the  carbonless  areas,  and  this 
corresponds  in  a  striking  manner  with 
the  very  high  impact  figure,  11.7. 

When  the  evidence  above  described  i.^ 
carefully  considered  it  will  be  seen  to 
afford  a  considerable  degree  of  proof  of 
the  view  that  the  brittleness,  as  evidenc- 
ed by  the  very  low  impact  figures  and 
actual  failure  in  manufacture  which  has 
been  found  in  the  plate  under  discussion, 
arises  from  the  existence  of  coarse  fer- 
rite  crystals  due  to  grain  growth  in  the 
carbonless  bands  of  the  steel,  and  that 
this  grain-growth  is  the  result  of  a 
moderate  amount  of  deformation  in  the 
cold,  followed  by  low  temperature  an- 
nealing. It  is  further  evident  that  nor- 
malizing the  material,  or  indeed  merely 
heating  it  to  a  temperature  above  the 
critical  range,  is  sufficient  entirely  to 
obliterate  this  grain  growth  and  all  its 
evil  effects. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  conclusion  in- 
dicates that  the  presence  of  carbonless 
bands,  which  is  regarded  as  a  normal 
feature  and  has  not  hitherto  been  con- 
sidered a  serious  source  of  danger  or 
weakness  in  a  boiler  plate,  may  become 
the  cause  of  failure  if  associated  with  a 
suitable  combination  of  mechanical  de- 
formation and  low  temperature  anneal- 
ing. If  carbonless  bands  are  to  be  re- 
garded as  a  normal  feature  in  boiler 
plates — and  in  existing  practice  this  is> 
probably  inevitable — and  if  deformation 
in  the  cold,  such  as  bending,  etc.,  is 
otherwise  a  desirable  practice,  it  seems 
that  subsequent  normalizing  is  neces- 
sary, or  certainly  desirable,  as  a  safe- 
guard against  dangers  of  the  kind  des- 
cribed here. 

In  order  further  to  test  the  view  which 
has  been  advanced  above,  the  authors 
have  endeavored  to  carry  out  similar  ex- 


periments and  tests  on  other  samples  of 
boiler  plate,  but  the  other  samples  at 
their  disposal  came  in  every  case  from 
plates  of  much  smaller  size  and  thick- 
ness, with  the  result  that  the  banding, 
where  it  existed  to  a  marked  extent,  was 
on  a  much  smaller  scale.  Experiments 
on  these  plates  were,  however,  made  in 
order  that  the  results  might  be  regarded 
as  a  check  on  the  observations  already 
described.  In  the  case  of  a  plate  half 
an  inch  thick,  which  may  be  referred  to 
as  No.  2,  the  chemical  analysis  was  as 
follows:     , 

Per  Cent.  Per  Cent. 

Carbon 0.123     Phosphorous     ..     ..   0.057 

Silicon    O.OH     Manganese 0.49 

Sulphur 0.03 

which  again  indicates  a  steel  of  satis- 
factory composition.  The  general  micro- 
structure  of  this  plate  in  the  condition 
as  received  is  shown  in  Fig.  10.  A  cer- 
tain amount  of  banding  is  present,  but 
not  on  the  scale  found  in  the  first  plate 
described.     A   piece   of   this   plate   was 


'/ 


' ' ' ' , 


■(■- 


FIG.  16- MICROSTRUCTURE  OF  ANOTHER 
1,4-INCH  PLATK.  THERE  IS  AN  ABSENCE 
OF   MARKED   BANDING. 


normalized  at  950°  C,  and  portions  were 
subsequently  treated  as  follows: 

Hammered  cold  and  annealed  at  650  deg.  C. 

Hammered  between  600  and  700  deg.  C.,  and 
annealed  at  BtO  deg.  C. 

Annealed  at  650  deg.  C.  without  previous  me- 
chanical treatment. 

Impact   tests   have   subsequently   been 
carried  out  on  the  samples  thus  treated, 
with  the  results  given  in  Table  3: 
TABLE  3 — TESTS  OF  BOILER  PLATE  NO.  2 

Energy 
to  Fracture. 
Treatment  Kilogrammeters 

As   normalized   at  950  deg.   C 11.06 

Normalized  at  950  deg.  C. ;  hammered 

cold  and  annealed  at  650  deg.  C...  5.52 

Normalized,  9,')0  deg.  C. ;  hammered 
between    600   deg.   C.   and    700   deg. 

C.  and  annealed  at  6S0  deg.  C 7.18 

Normalized  at  950  deg.  C.  annealed 
at  650  deg.  C,  without  mechanical 
treatment   10.44 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  normalized 
material  again  gives  a  high  value,  and 
that  this  value  is  not  appreciably  dimin- 
ished by  a  further  anealing  at  650°  C. 
On  the  other  hand,  cold  hammering  fol- 
lowed by  annealing  at  650°  C.  lowers 
the  impact  figure  to  one  half  of  the  nor- 


mal value,  while  hammering  between  600 
and  700°  C.  reduces  it  considerably  but 
to  a  lesser  extent.  The  corresponding 
microstructures  are  illustrated  in  Figs. 
U,  12,  13  and  14.  Fig.  11  shows  the 
material  as  normalized.  Fig.  12  shows  it 
after  normalizing  and  reannealed  at  650° 
C.  without  mechanical  treatment,  Fig.  13 
shows  the  effects  of  cold  hammering  fol- 
lowed by  annealing  at  650°  C,  and  Fig. 
14  shows  the  effect  of  hammering  be- 
tween 600°  and  700°  C,  followed  by  an- 
nealing at  650°  C. 

It  will  be  seen  that,  in  general  terms, 
the  results  obtained  with  this  material 
are  of  the  same  kind  as  those  found  in 
the  first  plate  but,  probably  owing  to 
the  smaller  scale  of  the  banding  origin- 
ally existing  in  this  steel  the  results  are 
not  quite  so  intense  in  character.  It  may 
be  mentioned  that  this  plate  also  had 
failed  in  practice,  but  not  during  manu- 
facture, and  in  a  manner  which  is  not 
necessarily  related  to  the  phenomenon 
of  grain  growth.  The  experiments  on 
this  plate  serve  to  confirm  the  observa- 
tions made  with  the  first  example,  but 
they  indicate  that  in  plates  of  a  smaller 
thickness  the  effects  are  not  likely  to  be 
so  serious  as  in  the  larger  plates. 

The  results  obtained  with  plates  Nos. 
2  and  3  thus  confirm  the  view  that  the 
low  impact  figures  found  in  the  first 
plate,  and  to  a  lesser  extent  in  plate  No. 
2,  are  associated  with  the  coarse  crystal 
structure  in  the  carbonless  bands,  and 
that  these  are  the  result  of  grain  growth 
produced  by  slight  deformation  and  sub- 
sequent low  temperature  annealing;  also 
that  normalizing  in  every  case  complete- 
ly removes  this  source  of  weakness. 

"•stead.  Journal  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute, 1898,  No.  I,  p.  145;  ihid.,  No.  II,  p.  137; 

^Charpy,  Comptes  Rendua,  vol.  cU. 

'Sauveur,  I'roceediniie  of  the  International 
Comiress  for  Testing  Materials,  Simth  Congress, 
ini2,  vol.  xl. 

'Chappell,  Journal  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  In- 
stitute, 1914,  No.  I,  p.  460. 

"Sherry,  Faraday  Society,  Deeemljer,  1916. 


New  Patents  Out. — The  following  is  a 
list  of  Canadian  patents  recently  issued 
through  the  agency  of  Messrs.  Ridoul 
&  Maybee,  59  Yonge  street,  Toronto, 
from  whom  further  particulars  may  be 
obtained:  Samuel  R.  Kitchen,  snring 
mattresses  and  the  like;  Harvey  M.  Russ, 
dump  wagons;  Albert  E.  Salway,  multi- 
cylinder  internal  combustion  engine; 
Joseph  H.  Price,  sights  for  rifles,  pistols 
and  the  like;  William  Wilkie,  machines 
for  opening  and  pressing  the  seams  of 
wearing  apparel  in  the  process  of  manu- 
facture; John  G.  Robinson,  steam  super- 
heater; Robert  Blakoe,  tires  of  motor 
cars  and  other  vehicles;  Carl  F.  Doer- 
schuk,  self-locking  device;  Thoma.s 
Mitchell,  shim  boring  and  cutting  ma- 
chine; Frank  D.  Parmenter,  attaching 
means  for  electric  fixtures. 


Copper  ranks  next  to  steel  as  the  mo.->t 
important  war  metal.  Of  a  world's  pro- 
duction of  approximately  3,100,000,000 
pounds  in  1917.  the  refineries  of  the 
United  States  produced  2.362,000,000 
pounds,  or  a  trifle  less  than  80  per  cent. 


October  3,  1918. 


397 


THE  BASIS  OF  SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT 


By  M.  H.  Potter. 


IN  the  course  of  a  short  time  two 
establishments  in  the  same  industry, 
in  the  same  locality,  built  for  them  in 
same  buildings,  equip  them  with  the  same 
machinery  and  establish  for  them  simi- 
lar methods  of  handling  equipment  and 
materials- — yet,  there  will  be  a  difference 
in  both  the  quantity  and  the  quality  of 
their  output.  This  difference  in  result 
will  be  caused  by  the  difference  between 
the  two  in  the  quality  of  their  personnel. 
For  this  reason  alone  the  question  of 
personnel  must  ultimately  be  consider- 
ed the  real  problem  of  management. 

If  one  of  the  plants  mentioned  above 
were  headed  by  a  management  of  the 
ordinary  or  traditional  type  and  the  other 
by  a  management  which  fully  realized 
the  importance  of  personnel  and  had  de- 
veloped an  active  philosophy  tending  to- 
wards the  solution  of  the  personnel  prob- 
lem, the  difference  in  practical  results 
would  be  so  great  as  to  be  unbelievable 
by  the  uninitiated.  In  fact,  this  differ- 
ence alone  would  often  spell  failure  in 
:he  one  case  and  success  in  the  other. 
The  managers  of  both  plants  would 
see  the  shortsightedness  of  letting  build- 
ings and  other  equipment  run  down  for 
lack  of  upkeep  and  repair.  Both  would 
see  the  value  of  and  put  into  practice 
means  of  running  the  machinery  at  the 
most  efBcieni.  speeds  and  bringing  into 
use  the  best  tools  and  the  best  method 
of  handlins  material.  It  would  be  taken 
for  granted  by  both  that  anything  that 
goes  to  the  improvement  and  upkeep  of 
these  things  would  be  a  necessary  expen- 
diture or  a  wise  investment.  The  ordi- 
nary management,  however,  would  not 
think  of  applying  the  same  laws  of  up- 
keep and  improvement  to  the  persona! 
equipment. 

The  ordinary  or  unscientific  manager 
believes  that  factory  management  con- 
sists of  the  handling  of  orders,  mate- 
rials, and  machinery,  and  that  the  men 
in  the  plant  are  a  mere  adjunct  to  these 
things — a  necessary  evil.  When  this  type 
of  manager  is  confronted  withe  the  fact 
that  his  organization  is  less  efficient  than 
another  he  will  lay  the  blame  on  his  em- 
ployees. 

The  old  type  of  management  would  at 
the  least  consider  expenditures  for  the 
development  of  personnel  as  an  unneces- 
sary outlay  forced  upon  it  by  unintelli- 
gent public  opinion,  or  would  consider 
it  a  politic  expenditure  which  would 
bring  a  certain  amount  of  cheap  adver- 
tising at  the  expense  of  fair  wages. 
The  enlightened,  or  scientific  type  of 
management  would  consider  expenditures 
of  this  kind  not  only  wise,  but  also  an 
investment  bringing  proportionately 
larger  and  more  permanent  returns  than 
all  other  kinds.  Full  value  of  all  ex- 
penditures or  investments  for  upkeep 
and  improvement  of  a  plant  can  be  real- 
ized only  when  sufficient  investment  of 
both  time  and  money  has  been  made  for 
the  purpose  of  improvement  and  upkeep 
of  the  personal  side.  In  fact,  the  man- 
agement which  has  the  correct  viewpoint 


will  find  that  the  mechanical  and  mate- 
rial side  of  the  organization  will  be  bet- 
ter developed  as  a  necessary  incident  to 
personal  development  than  it  would  be 
where  this  point  of  view  is  reversed. 

Only  actual  comparison  of  the  mechan- 
ical and  other  developments  in  the  es- 
tablishments-of  up-to-date  manufactur- 
ing plants  would  suffice  to  prove  this 
point.  The  usual  type  of  management 
is  at  the  best  only  beginning  to  realize 
the  existence  of  the  personal  side.  As 
a  result,  machinery  and  equipment  are 
almost  universally  unlimited.  In  like 
manner  the  proper  handling  of  mate- 
rials and  the  installation  of  other  meth- 
ods developed  under  scientific  manage- 
ment have  been  introduced  in  the  estab- 
lishments as  necessary  steps  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  highest  efficiency  of 
the   individual. 

Scientific  Management 

Scientific  management  aims  directly  at 
increasing  the  quantity  and  quality  of 
the  output  of  the  individual  worker. 
While  scientific  management  in  its  appli- 
cation must  necessarily  go  deeply  into 
the  question  of  improved  machinery  and 
equipment,  and  v^rhile  this  in  itself  makes 
for  greater  output,  nevertheless,  a  ma- 
chine is  a  tool,  and,  like  any  other  tool, 
is  devised  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the 
individual  to  whose  direct  and  personal 
control  it  must  always  be  subject.  The 
question  of  quality,  even  in  the  case 
where  highly  developed  machinery  is 
used,  is  almost  entirely  a  question  of 
the  personal  element.  As  for  the  ques- 
tion of  quantity,  the  real  measure  of  ac- 
complishment is  not  output  per  machine 
or  per  tool,  but  output  per  man. 

Scientific  management  will  not  have 
completed  its  mission  when  it  has  deter- 
mined in  each  industry  the  best  method 
of  handling  materials  and  equipment  in 
relation  to  workers,  but  when  it  has  de- 
termined also  the  principles  which  un- 
derly  correct  methods  of  handling  men. 
It  is  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  show 
what  is  being  done  from  this  point  of 
view  and  what  a  little  effort  in  the  right 
direction  can  accomplish.  A  further  pur- 
pose of  this  article  is  to  bring  to  the  at- 
tention of  those  interested  in  the  future 
of  scientific  management  the  degree  to 
which  management  is,  in  the  final  analy- 
sis, the  handling  of  men  and  to  empha- 
size that  scientific  management  is  scien- 
tific only  in  so  far  as  it  recognizes  the 
fact. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  the  writer 
the  responsibility  of  handling  men  from 
the  time  of  their  original  selection  is 
the  most  important  responsibility  of  fac- 
tory management.  It  is  this  responsi- 
bility which  creates  the  function  of  em- 
ployment in  its  broadest  senss.  It  is  only 
beginning  to  be  recognized,  however,  that 
employment  is  a  function  of  m-inaae- 
ment.  Even  where  considered  or  essen- 
tial part  of  management,  the  employ- 
ment   function  ,    with      few    exceptions. 


consists  only  of  the  original  selection  of 
applicants. 

Scientific  employment  includes  not 
only  the  selection  of  new  employees,  but 
also  the  keeping  of  every  position  in  the 
organization  permanently  filled  with  the 
right  kind  of  man  or  woman.  The  main 
part  of  scientific  employment  begins 
after  the  act  of  hiring  is  completed.  Con- 
sidered from  this  point  of  view,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  important  functions  of  man- 
agement, and  one  that  requires  constant 
scientific  analysis  and  development. 
While  a  very  small  organization  may 
not  be  able  to  afford  even  one  person 
whose  sole  function  is  the  business  of 
employment,  this  activity  should  never- 
theless be  recognized  as  a  separate  and 
most  important  function  and  in  such 
cases  administered  by  the  manager  or 
assistant  manager  himself. 

This  employment  function  can  under 
no  circumstances  be  administered  pro- 
perly by  some  head  or  underling  of  an 
operating  department.  Many  of  the  ques- 
tions with  which  the  employment  depart- 
ment has  to  deal  are  questions  in  whkh 
iin  operating  head  is  an  interested  party; 
his  very  position,  therefore,  disqualifies 
him  from  administering  this  function. 
The  qualifications  required  of  such  a 
person  are  essentially  different  from 
those  required  of  one  administering 
an  employment  department.  More- 
over, the  qualifications  which  are 
generally  considered  essential  to  the 
head  of  an  operating  department  arc 
special  knowledge  or  mechanical  ability 
and  sometimes  a  certain  amount  of  ex- 
ecutive ability.  While  some  executive 
ability  is  useful  asset  in  administering 
the  employment  function,  the  chief  quali- 
ties required  are  capacity  to  investigate 
and  judge  impartially,  tact,  a  sincere  in- 
terest in  human  affairs  and  a  personality 
that  inspires  confidence. 

Functions  of  Management 

All  responsibilities  of  the  management 
in  the  direction  of  personal  service,  di- 
rected toward  the  welfare  and  develop- 
ment of  the  individual,  are  part  of  the 
function  of  employment. 

While  as  already  mentioned,  hiring  is 
only  a  small  part  of  the  function  of  em- 
ployment, nevertheless,  the  solution  of 
the  problem  of  selection  is  of  great  im- 
portance in  its  bearing  on  the  whole  fu- 
ture development  of  the  worker.  All 
applicants  are  interviewed  by  one  of  the 
heads  of  the  employment  department. 
Certain  specific  information  concerning 
the  applicant  is  obtained  in  evary  case 
and  entered  on  a  blank  for  the  purpose. 
Information  deemed  essential  consists  of 

Name  and  address. 

Date  of  application. 

Date  and  place  of  birth. 

Date  of  immigration,  when  natu- 

alized. 
Parentage. 
Languages  spoken. 
Education. 
Married   or   single. 
Number  in  family. 
Record  of  previous  employment. 


C  A  X  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


The  idea  should  be  to  keep  such  re- 
cords as  simple  as  possible,  only  the  im- 
portant details  being;  entered. 

Information  as^.to  past  employment  is 
important  as  a  record  of  experience  and 
earnings.  The  number  of  positions  held 
is  also  an  indication  as  to  whether  or  not 
the  applicant  is  steady. 

InterA-iewing 

The  interviewing  of  applicants  is  im- 
portant and  requires  considerable  tacc, 
-judgrmenl"  Snd  experience.  Ample  space 
should  be  left  on  every  application  form 
for  making  notes  as  to  the  individual's 
special  qualifications  as  well  as  any  other 
circumstances  surrounding  the  case.  As 
judgment  is  essential,  and  as  judgment 
is  influenced  by  immediate  impression, 
no  one  is  employed  on  the  date  of  ap- 
plication. Postponement  of  selection 
tends  to  bring  a,ll  applicants  in  their 
proper  relationship  in  the  mind  of  one 
who  has  the  responsibility  of  their  selec- 
tion. This  method  moreover,  tends  to 
reduce  the  number  of  unsteady  help  who 
otherwise  might  get  on  the  payroll. 

Application  Records,  Classification 

Application  records  are  classified  as 
to  sex,  age  and  apparent  suitability. 
When  a  position  is  to  be  filled  one  or 
more  applicants  are  sent  for.  A  definite 
time  is  set  for  their  appearance  and  self- 
addressed  postal  cards  are  enclosed  to 
be  mailed  in  case  appointment  cannot  be 
kept.  At  this  time  selection  is  made  for 
immediate  employment  and  the  fitness  of 
the  applicantt  is  more  definitely  deter- 
mined. Since  help  has  become  rather 
difficult  to  secure  in  many  localities,  this 
rule  cannot  be  carried  out  successfully, 
but  whenever  possible,  the  results  obtain- 
ed are  far  more  practical. 

As  a  rule  in  industrial  establishments 
where  the  question  arises  at  all,  only  fit- 
ness for  the  work  is  considered.  There 
are,  however,  two  kinds  of  fitness  to  be 
considered,  provided  a  person  is  suited 
for  industry  at  all;  one  is  fitness  for  the 
position,  the  other  is  fitness  for  the  or- 
ganization. Of  these  the  latter  is  by  far 
the  more  important. 

Fitness  for  the  organization  is  chiefly 
a  question  of  character.  Every  organ- 
ization has  a  distinct  character  of  its 
own,  which  is  often  recognized  as  being 
a  tangible  business  asset.  It  is  essential, 
therefore,  that  every  member  of  the  or- 
ganization have  a  character  sufficiently 
developed  or  capable  of  development  to 
be  in  harmony  with  the  character  of 
the  organization.  No  matter  how  skill- 
ed or  fitted  one  may  be  to  do  a  given 
piece  of  work,  or  to  operate  a  certain 
machine,  if  he  is  out  of  harmony  with 
the  spirit  of  character  of  the  organiza- 
tion, he  will  be  an  everlasting  detriment 
to  himself  and  all  others  in  the  organ- 
ization who  come  in  contact  with  him. 

The  interviewing  of  the  applicant  by  a 
trained  head  of  the  employment  depart- 
ment is  the  basis  of  predetermining  as 
far  as  possible  both  the  fitness  for  a 
position  and  for  the  organization.  In 
judging  fitness  for  a  position,  past  ex- 
perience; where  there  is  any,  is  some- 
times a  guide.  At  the  best,  however,  it 
i.^  a  guide  of  only  doubtful  value.  Per- 


sonal choice  can  be  taken  in  some  in- 
stances also  as  a  guide.  This  predilec- 
tion furnishes  in  itself  a  valuable  in- 
centive. Often,  however,  it  is  important 
to  weight  carefully  all  the  reasons  for 
the  predilection. 

The  applicant's  fitness  for  the  organiz- 
ation, while  more  important,  is  more 
readily  predetermined  by  interview.  The 
interview  at  the  time  of  employment  is 
very  thorough  and  designed  to  explain  to 
the  prospective  employee  the  character 
of  the  organization  and  its  policies,  and 
the  responsibilities  of  the  organization 
to  the  employee  as  well  as  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  employee  to  the  organiza- 
tion. 

Physical  and  Mental  Fitness 

.A.S  the  aim  of  the  employment  depart- 
ment is  to  keep  every  position  in  the 
organization  filled  with  fit  men  and  wo- 
men, the  question  of  physical  and  mental 
fitness  of  the  individual  is  of  prime  im- 
portance. The  equipment  includes  a  dis- 
pensary, separate  rest  rooms,  a  waiting 
room  and  a  consultation  room  for  the 
factory  physician.  Through  systems  of 
safety  devices  and  instructions,  accidents 
of  both  major  and  minor  kinds  have 
been  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Minor  ac- 
cidents when  neglected  cause  a  great 
deal  of  inconvenience  and  much  loss  of 
time  due  to  infection. 

Only  one  who  has  gone  deeply  into  the 
question  of  health  in  its  relation  to  effi- 
ciency can  realize  the  loss  occasioned 
by  lack  of  knowledge  and  attention  to 
even  the  simplest  rules  of  hygiene.  A 
great  deal  of  work  is  constantly  required 
to  educate  people  to  realize  the  necessity 
of  fresh  air,  proper  diet  and  regular 
hours,  lack  of  attention  to  one  or  all  of 
which  is  often  the  cause  of  inefficiency. 
The  care  of  the  eyes  and  teeth  is  most 
important  and  is  receiving  care  and  at- 
tention from  the  factory  physicians. 

Along  with  the  question  of  physical 
fitness  must  be  considered  the  mental  fit- 
ness of  the  individual.  Not  only  does  his 
capacity  for  certain  kinds  of  work,  but 
also  his  general  fitness  for  the  organ- 
ization and  his  ability  to  advance  depend 
to  a  great  extent  upon  his  mental  fit- 
ness. Education  is  valuable  in  industry 
only  so  far  as  it  develops  the  use  of  in- 
telligence and  character.  The  limitations 
to  the  use  of  such  tests  must  be  well 
borne  in  mind,  and  the  error  of  making: 
generalities  must  be  avoided.  Tests  of 
this  nature  can  not  determine  what  a 
person  can  do,  but  are  valuable  only  in 
assisting  in  determining  what  he  cannot 
do.  Recreation  forms  a  big  factor  in  the 
follow-up  work  of  the  individual.  Noon- 
day recreations  are  beginning  to  be  rec- 
ognized for  their  beneficial  effect  in  in- 
dustrial work.  Separate  reading  rooms 
and  recreation  rooms  are  also  main- 
tained. 

Library 

One  of  the  very  useful  means  toward 
general  education  nnd  develonment  of  the 
individual  is  the  library.  Good  reading 
is  promoted  and  in  many  instances  spe- 
cial reading  courses  are  provided.  Defi- 
nite information  is  furnished  by  the  em- 
ployment department  concerning  special 
classes  in  the  public  schools  and  other 
institutions. 


Another  feature  that  has  justified  its 
existence  is  the  bank.  Interest  is  paid 
on  all  deposits  remaining  in  the  bank 
three  months  or  more.  A  special  depart- 
ment is  maintained  in  the  interest  of  the 
war  savings  loans  and  through  canvass- 
ing amongst  the  employees  amounts  de- 
posited in  this  direction  are  increasing 
regularly. 

It  is  impossible  to  touch  upon  all  the 
features  of  the  useful  service  performed 
in  a  practical,  daily  administration  of 
the  employment  department.  The  chief 
thing  is  its  personal  contact  and  follow- 
up.  Steadiness  of  employment  must  be 
considered  not  only  from  the  point  of 
view  that  it  is  desirable  for  reasons  of 
profit,  but  also  from  the  point  of  view 
that  it  is  a  responsibility  of  the  manage- 
ment to  furnish  a  steady  and  efficient  em- 
ployee with  steady  opportunity.  From 
this  point  of  view  alone  it  becomes  the 
duty  of  the  management  to  standardize 
the  work  and  working  conditions.  The 
standardization  of  the  purchasing  and 
handling  of  materials  to  maintain  an 
even  flow  and  an  even  balance  of  work 
is  not  alone  essential,  but  the  balance  of 
employees  is  also  of  greatest  importance. 
In  most  industrial  organizations  it  will 
be  found  that  there  are  constantly  em- 
ployed' for  a  given  purpose  considerably 
more  people  than  are  necessary  to  turn 
out  the  work.  In  such  instances  it  will 
also  be  found  that  the  number  of  people 
employed  varies  to  such  a  degree  that 
there  is  not  only  no  opportunity  given 
for  steady  employment,  but  the  distribu- 
tion of  opportunity  varies  from  time  to 
time.  Means  such  as  are  used  under  sci- 
entific management  for  determining  the 
standard  methods  and  standard  times  for 
performing  a  task  should  be  used  to  de- 
termine the  exact  number  of  people  to 
be  maintained  in  every  position. 

Sales  Policy 

In  this  connection  one  of  the  most 
important  things  is  the  sales  policy. 
Many  businesses  have  not  a  sales  policy 
or  sales  organization  worthy  of  the 
name.  It  is  only  in  exceptional  instances 
that  the  sales  policy  and  the  manufactur- 
ing policy  are  properly  co-related.  Ordi- 
narily the  sales  department  is  adminis- 
tered with  entire  disregard  of  its  most 
important  function,  to  market  a  product 
that  will  permanently  be  of  most  profit 
to  the  entire  organization. 

Only  a  thorough  realization  of  all  the 
actual  problems  and  earnest  efforts  to- 
wards their  solution  will  bring  results. 
While  the  greater  part  of  these  results 
shows  in  the  spirit  of  the  organization 
and  in  the  spirit  of  its  personal  rela- 
tionships and  can  only  be  judged'  by  ac- 
tual investigation,  an  important  result  is 
a  decided  steadying  of  the  working  force, 
which  can  be  judged  by  accurate  data. 

In  regard  to  "quitters"  a  little  more 
explanation  is  necessary.  Very  few  peo- 
ple realize  the  tremendous  cost  to  indus- 
try from  this  cause.  Various  estimates 
of  this  cost  have  been  made.  These  esti- 
mates vary  from  fifty  to  two  hundred 
dollars  per  person,  depending  upon  the 
nature  of  the  work  and  character  of  em- 
ployee obtainable  and  the  percentage  of 
old  employees  who  are  retired.      Taking 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  II  I  N  K  R  Y 


even  the  lowest  possible  estimate,  it 
would  seem  that  any  reasonable  outlay 
of  both  money  and  effort  for  the  pur- 
pose of  reducinsT  this  industrial  waste 
would  be  justifiable. 

Labor  Turnover 

For  the  purpose  of  compiling  com- 
parable data  as  regards  "labor  turnover," 
standard  practices  should  be  established. 
The  average  standing  payroll  for  any 
given  period  should  be  the  basis  as  this 
gives  the  average  number  of  positions 
to  be  filled.  In  case  there  is  a  general 
reduction  in  the  number  of  positions  dur- 
ing the  period,  the  percentage  of  new 
employees  to  the  average  standing  pay- 
roll should  be  taken.  In  case  there  is 
an  increase  in  the  organization,  the  per- 
centage of  "quitters"  to  the  average 
standing  payroll  should  be  taken.  In  the 
first  case  that  amount  by  which  the  num- 
oer  of  "quitters"  exceeds  the  number  of 
new  employees  will  account  for  the  re- 
duction. In  the  second  place,  the  amount 
"by  which  the  new  employees  exceed  the 
number  of  "quitters"  will  account  for  the 
increase. 

It  can  easily  be  seen  how  intricate 
are  the  problems  involved  in  the  hand- 
ling of  men.  Every  step  toward  the  solu- 
tion of  these  problems  is  a  step  in  the 
direction  of  democracy.  Efficiency  as  a 
whole  is  accomplished  by  efficiency  of 
the  individual  and  efficiency  of  the  indi- 
vidual is  accomplished  only  by  methods 
involving  personal  contact. 

The  open  road  to  talent  is  an  essential 
to  every  successful  organization.  Prac- 
tically all  positions  in  the  organization 
including  semi-executive  and  executive, 
should  be  filled  by  those  who  by  reason  of 
sheer  personal  merit  have  come  up  from 
the  ranks.  One  of  the  most  important 
functions  of  the  employment  department 
is  to  develop  organization  spirit  and  free 
expression  from  its  source  to  the  ear  of 
the  management.  In  fact,  the  chief  pur- 
pose of  a  scientifically  organized  depart- 
ment is  nothing  more  than  the  develop- 
ment of  that  intimate  personal  contact 
so  necessary  to   management. 

It  is  estimated  that  about  one-fifth 
of  the  total  number  of  employees  may 
come  daily  in  contact  with  the  employ- 
ment department.  All  cases  where  di- 
rect contact  with  the  management  would 
be  beneficial  should  be  immediately  re- 
ferred to  it.  This  requires  constant 
dailv  contact  of  the  management,  and 
brings  it  into  intimate  relationship  with 
a  great  many  more  cases  that  would  be 
possible  in  the  average  organization  of 
much  smaller  size.  Wherever  the  man- 
agement assumes  the  policy  of  the  closed 
door,  this  department  may  well  be  shut 
down. 

Results  cannot  be  accomplished  in  the 
spirit  of  charity,  but  must  emanate  en- 
tirely from  a  sense  of  justice.  It  must 
be  understood  that  work  along  the  lines 
described  above  can  never  take  the  place 
of  wages.  Such  work  must  have  as  a 
reason  for  its  existence  not  only  increas- 
ed efficiency,  but  the  increased  reward  to 
which  increased  efficiency  is  entitled.  The 
increase  in  efficiency  in  one  plant  in  re- 
spect to  wages  during  a  period  of  four 
years   is  as  follows:    Production   4.5   per 


cent,  average  individual  hourly  wages  of 
45  per  cent.,  weekly  wages  37  per  cent., 
total  manufacturing  cost  of  about  10  per 
cent.  During  this  period  the  weekly 
working  schedule  was  reduced  from  fifty- 
four  to  forty-eight  hours. 

Results  such  as  these  are  obtainable 
only  when  scientific  management  is  sci- 
entifically applied.  Scientific  manage- 
ment will  live  if  for  no  other  reason  than 
that  it  has  faced  the  problem  squarely 
and  recognizes  that  the  science  of  man- 
agement is  the  science  of  handling  men. 


AN  ELECTRIC  CRANE  TRACTOR 

The  accompanying  illustration  shows 
an  electric  crane  tractor,  having  a  max- 
imum gross  trailing  load  capacity  of  15 
tons,  with  an  automatic  type  coupler  for 
hitching  to  trailers.  It  is  provided  with 
a  removable  battery  compartment  to 
facilitate  interchange  of  batteries  and  a 
balance  drive  is  used. 

The  crane  has  a  maximum  capacity  on 
the  hook  of  4,000  pounds  and  it  is  pro- 
vided with  an  electrically  operated  hoist 
of  the  swinging  goose-neck  type. 

As  a  tractor  these  electric  labor  saving 
devices  meet  the  demand  for  all  short 
heavy  tractor-trailer  haulage  on  ordinary 


emphasis  now  that  a  shortage  of  such 
labor  is  an  unpleasant  reality.  This 
proves  to  be  a  fact  whether  gas  or  elec- 
tric types  are  considered,  but  is  over- 
whelmingly true  where  electric  tractors 
are  compared  to  gasoline  motor  truck 
equipment. 

The  electric  transportation  equipment 
has  a  recognized  lessened  "fire  risk"  and 
for  that  reason  electric  tractors  or 
trucks  are  allowed  by  the  underwriters 
to  be  operated  practically  without  re- 
striction in  and  about  congested  termin- 
als, docks  and  warehouses,  where  gaso- 
line equipment  is  tabooed.  It  also  fol- 
lows that  at  least  a  portion  of  the  haul- 
age problems  of  all  these  institutions  are 
being  advantageously  cared  for  by  the 
installation   of  Walker  electric  tractors. 

Its  uses  as  a  crane  are  of  the  greatest 
importance  as  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  freight  handled  by  trailers  or  other 
forms  of  transportation  is  heavy  and 
unwieldy.  Where  handled  by  hand  or 
other  slow  methods  this  has  always  in- 
volved a  high  labor  cost.  As  will  be  seen 
this  crane  tractor  is  equipped  with  a 
swinging  electric  goose-neck  crane  on  its 
forward  end  by  which  it  is  possible  to 
expeditiously  and     economically    handle 


\ 


A,N  ELECTRIC  CRANE  TRACTOR 


age  problems  are  best  solved  by  these 
electric  tractors  hauling  trailers,  it  is 
pointed  out,  as  they  are  similar  to  the 
pavements.  They  are  said  to  be  efficient 
and  economical  and  have  the  same  ad- 
vantages as  electric  trucks.  Many  haul- 
Industrial  trackless  trains,  but  only  on 
a  larger  scale,  the  electric  tractor  being 
a  full  sized  and  rugged  road  type  ve- 
hicle. Such  operation  is  of  great  value 
where  there  is  large  tonnage  to  be  hauled 
over   short   or   moderate   distances. 

While  it  is  possible  for  the  tractor 
unit,  which  is  the  more  expensive  part 
of  the  equipment  to  be  worked  intensely, 
it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  a  trac- 
tor trailer  equipment  costs  less  than  one 
of  motor  trucks.  A  great  saving  does 
result,  however,  from  the  lessened  labor 
required  for  drivers  and  motor  truck 
mechanics.     This  is  a  feature  needing  no 


unwieldly  and  heavy  or  bulky  material. 
By  placing  the  vehicle  in  an  advantage- 
ous position  by  use  of  the  swinging  crane 
the  material  is  secured,  hoisted  and  trans- 
ferred to  or  from  trailers,  wagons,  motor 
trucks,  box  cars  or  convenient  piles. 

Practically  the  only  limit  of  rate  of 
working  of  this  novel  device  is  the  speed 
with  which  the  attaching  and  detaching 
operations  can  be  carried  out.  Material 
in  small  quantities  is  sometimes  carried 
on  hook  with  the  advantage  that  the  de- 
livery point  may  be  the  floor,  the  top  of 
a  pile,  or  the  loading  space  of  a  box- 
car or  truck.  The  article  is  placed  ex- 
actly where  desired,  and  for  emergency 
calls  the  entire  operation  takes  less  time 
than  would  ordinarily  be  required  load- 
ing the  article  on  to  a  wagon  or  a  truck. 
The  dexterity  with  which  the  various  op- 
erations can  be  carried  out  is  proving  a 


400 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


revelation  to  the  tininitiated,  for  not  only 
is  the  time  reduced,  but  the  attendant 
labor  necessary  is  but  a  fraction  of  that 
required  by  the  older  methods.  This 
unique  equipment  is  a  most  effective 
electrically  operated  labor  saving  device 
and  is  being  extensively  introduced  into 
industrial   service. 


SYNTHETIC  RUBBER 

A  very  instructive  communication  on 
the  difficulties  with  which  Germany  has 
to  contend  owing  to  the  dearth  of  the 
most  important  raw  materials  for  the 
war  industries  was  made  by  Dr.  Duis- 
berg,  one  of  the  leading  chemists  of  the 
Elberfeld  Farbenfabriken,  in  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Bunsen  Gesellschaft,  held  at 
Berlin  in  April  last.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  in  the  years  1910  to  1912 
Fritz  Hoffmann,  of  that  firm,  had  suc- 
ceeded in  preparing  isoprene  and  dime- 
thylbutadiene,  hydrocarbons  somewhat 
resembling  benzene,  which  on  long-con- 
tinued boiling  (for  weeks  or  months,  it 
is  now  admitted)  turned  into  a  sub- 
stance which  showed  the  chemical  re- 
actions and  some  of  the  properties  of 
caoutchouc.  This  synthetic  product  was 
used  as  a  rubber  substitute  or  as  ad- 
dition to  rubber,  and  the  process  seemed 
commercially  possible  in  those  days 
when  rubber  was  in  Germany  30  marks 
per  kilogramme.  When  the  price  went 
down  to  4  marks,  the  Leverkusen  works 
of  the  firm  gave  the  new  process  up. 
There  was  another  process,  tried  and 
afterwards  abandoned,  in  these  works: 
reduction  of  acetone  by  means  of  alum- 


inum to  pinakone,  which  is  closely  re- 
lated to  methylbutadiene.  The  war  once 
more  forced  attention  on  these  proces- 
ses. Meanwhile,  however,  aluminum 
and  acetone  had  become  equally  rare  and 
precious.  As  regards  aluminum  the 
manufacture  of  the  metal  was  taken  up 
in  Germany,  which  has  now  three  works. 
With  respect  to  acetone,  potatoes  had 
been  a  raw  material,  but  they  could  not 
be  spared  any  longer.  Bottinger  found 
that  with  the  aid  of  the  bacillus  maeer- 
ans  he  could  make  acetone  from  putrid 
potatoes,  the  fermentation  yielding  a 
mixture  of  about  two  parts  of  alcoliol 
and  one  part  of  acetone;  but  the  bacillus 
proved  very  sensitive,  and  the  process 
was  not  a  success  on  a  large  scale.  Cal- 
cium carbide  was  then  utilised  to  a 
larger  extent  than  before  the  war;  it 
yields,  with  water,  acetylene  which  in 
the  presence  of  a  contact  substance 
(mercury  salts)  is  converted  into  acetal- 
dehyde;  the  aldehyde  can  be  oxidised  to 
acetic  acid; -blown  over  another  contact 
substance  the  acid  loses  the  elements  of 
CO^,  turning  into  acetone.  This  pro.-ess 
is  worked  at  Leverkusen,  at  Hochst  and 
at  Burghausen  on  the  Alz.  The  rubber 
manufacture  was  then  resumed.  The 
rubber  industry  was  not  favourably  dis- 
posed to  the  new  methyl  caoutchouc, 
however,  which  was  not  real  rubber,  ab- 
sorbed ■  oxygen  from  the  air,  and  gave 
trouble  in  the  vulcanisers.  This  trouble 
was  overcome  by  the  aid  of  piperidin 
and  other  ingredients.  The  new  hard 
rubber  (ebonite)  so  improved  was  equal 
to  the  old  product  and  dielectrically  even 
stronger;     the  accumulator  boxes  of  the 


U-boats  are  made  of  this  ebonite.  The 
soft  rubber,  however,  was  not  perfect 
yet;  at  ordinary  temperature  it  resem- 
bled leather  more  than  rubber,  and  be- 
came elastic  only  when  warm.  The  ad- 
dition of  dimethylaniline  and  of  tolui- 
dine — both  valuable  products,  it  need  not 
be  pointed  out — cured  these  defects.  In 
the  improved  condition  the  rubber  is 
used  for  making  the  tyres  for  heavy 
motor  vehicles  and  also  for  artificial 
teeth.  The  Leverkusen  works  can  now 
supply  2,000  tons  of  rubber  per  year, 
which  is  about  one-eighth  of  the  amount 
of  rubber  wanted.  Meanwhile  Merling 
has  prepared  isoprene  from  acetylene 
and  acetone,  and  that  process,  though 
still  in  the  experimental  stage,  is  also 
regarded  as  promising.  As  to  the  out- 
look for  these  synthetic  rubbers  in 
normal  times  Dr.  Duisberg  was  guard- 
ed.— "Engineering." 


A  saving  of  coal  equivalent  to  350,000 
tons  annually  already  has  been  effected 
by  the  Fuel  Administration  in  its  con- 
servation campaign  among  the  steam 
power  plants,  it  is  stated  officially.  This 
saving  has  been  effected  through  the  in- 
spection of  300  plants.  It  is  the  inten- 
tion to  inspect  each  of  the  250,000  steam 
plants  of  the  country.  The  saving  is  de- 
clared to  be  the  result  of  applying  more 
efficient  firing  and  operating  methods. 
It  has  been  brought  about  without  cur- 
tailment of  output. 


We  Want  100  Editors 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY  wants  its 
readers  to  help  edit  this  paper.  There 
are  men  in  the  tool  room,  in  the  ma- 
chine shop,  in  the  pattern  room,  at  the 
drafting  board,  in  the  sales  department — 
all  over,  in  fact,  who  are  good  editors.  We 
want  them  to  work  for  us. 

A  good  editor  is  a  man  who  can  get  his 
ideas  over  to  the  other  fellow^. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  wants  ar- 
ticles on  shop  practice,  new  devices,  new- 
ideas.  We  want  stories  of  how  repair  jobs 
have  been  done,  how  production  has  been 
increased,  how  you  have  been  helped  in 
your  work. 

We  want  anything  that  has  shop  atmos- 
phere in  it.  The  man  out  of  the  shop  can- 
not be  as  good  an  editor  for  a  mechanical 
paper  as  the  man  in  the  shop.  We  want  an 
editorial  staff  that  will  stretch  right  across 
the  Dominion. 

If  you  have  never  written  for  publication, 
try  it.     Your  work  will  be  given  the  fairest 


treatment  here.  If  you  have  sketches  illus- 
trating your  idea,  send  them  along.  If  they 
are  worked  up  properly,  all  right.  If  they 
are  not,  our  own  draftsmen  will  attend  to 
this  for  you. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  pays  for  this 
work.  Some  mechanics  are  making  a  nice 
little  side  line  out  of  this.  Besides  this,  it 
gives  you  an  added  confidence  in  your 
work,  a  new  pride  in  your  trade,  and  it  w^ill 
bring  out  the  ideas  of  some  other  fellow 
w^ho  may  have  w^orked  the  same  problem  in 
an  entirely  different  way. 

In  these  days  of  special  work  on  muni- 
tions there  are  numerous  ideas  that  ought 
to  be  passed  along.  Don't  take  it  for 
granted  that  all  other  mechanics  have  had 
the  same  experience  as  you  have  passed 
through.  Your  ideas  may  help  some  person 
to  be  a  better  mechanic. 

Address  your  copy  and  drawings  to 
Editor,  Canadian  Machinery,  143  Univer- 
sity Avenue,  Toronto. 


October  3,  1918. 


401 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


STRAIGHT   EDGING  AND  JOINTING 
MACHINE 

A  recently  designed  wood  working  tool 
seen  at  Toronto  Exhibition  apart  from 
its  mechanical  merit  deserves  attention 
on  account  of  its  strictly  Canadian  origin 
and  design.  In  designing  the  straight 
edging  and  jointing  machine  shown  heri 
the  Canada  Machinery  Corporation, 
Gait,  have  produced  a  machine  whose  ex- 
cellent mechanical  design  renders  possi- 
ble accurate  and  quantity  production. 

Former  machines  de- 
signed for  similar  work 
were  made  with  an  over- 
head movable  arm  support- 
ing the  saw  arbor  with 
the  feed  chains  travelling 
in  the  saw  table  and 
grooved  to  clear  the  saw 
blade.  Many  disadvant- 
ages resulted  from  the 
overhead  suspension  of  the 
saw  arbor,  cuttings  were 
extremely  hard  to  dispose 
of  properly  and  short  stock 
vas  diff'cult  to  saw  with- 
out contrivantes  apt  to  get 
out  of  order.  The  placing 
of  the  saw  arbor  below  the 
table  and  the  making  of  the 
machine  into  an  under-cut- 
ting type  ai,  once  ramoves 
these  difficulties  and  pro- 
vides a  machine  which  is 
capable  of  sawing  pieces  as 
short  as  7  in.  and  which 
permits  of  the  feeding  of 
one  .piece  immediately  after 
another  so  that  the  cutting  of  the  saw 
is  continuous. 

To  saw  pieces  as  short  as  7  in.  in  the 
older  types  of  machines  a  smaller  blade 
was  necessarily  required  and,  as  is  well 
known  from  experience,  a  small  saw  re- 
quires a  much  higher  speed  and  more 
power  to  equal  the  performance  of  a 
moderately  sized  saw  and  permits  of  a 
better  cutting  angle   for  the  saw  teeth. 

The  drive  from  the  countershaft  is 
extremely  powerful,  an  8x8  in.  pulley 
being  provided  for  driving  the  saw  man- 
drel. In  consideration  of  the  fact  that 
an  adequately  supported  and  well  propor- 
tioned mandrel  is  essential  to  good  work 
the  mandrel  has  been  made  1  15-16  in. 
diameter  and  is  supported  in  three  long 


7  in.  bearings.  An  adjustable  and  thrust 
is  provided  for  the  taking  up  of  end  play 
resulting  from  wear.  The  mandrel  or 
saw  arbor  runs  as  quietly  and  as  smooth- 
ly as  a  shaper  spindle. 

In  the  mounting  of  the  saw  blade  on 
the  arbor  considerable  attention  has  been 
given  to  the  securing  of  a  strong  and 
rigid  connection.  7  in.  collars  are  pro- 
vided on  each  side  of  the  blade  permit- 
ting the  use  of  thin  saws  and  the  saving 
of  stock.     The     saw     arbor     is  carried 


STRAH3HT  EDGING  AND  JOINTING  MACHINE. 

through  these  collars  and  the  assembly 
is  securely  fastened  by  a  1  1-8  in.  nut  on 
the  end.  Coned  bushings  are  provided 
which  automatically  center  the  saw  in 
the  correct  position  on  the  arbor.  The 
provision  which  has  been  made  for  re- 
moving saws  is  an  especially  commend- 
able feature.  Saws  can  be  removed  and 
replaced  with  the  utmost  facility,  the 
time  taken  being  no  longer  than  that  re- 
quired to  remove  blade  from  an  ordinary 
rip  saw.  A  movable  section  of  the  table, 
on  being  actuated  by  a  crank,  carries 
with  it  to  one  side  one  of  the  feed  chains 
and  exposes  the  whole  saw  mounting  to 
view. 

The  feed    consists    of    two    travelling 
chains    with    serrated    surface,    one    on 


either  side  of .  the  saw  blade.  These 
chains  are  supported  in  long  ways  pro- 
vided with  adjustment  for  wear  and  are 
cleaned  and  oiled  at  each  revolution.  The 
truth  of  cut  depends  entirely  on  the 
travel  of  the  chains  whose  vertical  height 
is  adjustable  to  suit  either  rough  or 
sTooth  lumber. 

The  stock  is  held  to  the  feed  chains 
by  heavy  feed  rolls  swing  suspended  and 
under  the  action  of  heavy  feed  springs. 
The  feed  mechanism  is  driven  by  a  com- 
bination of  cone  pulleys  and 
reduction  gears  from  the 
saw  arbor.  Four  changes 
of  feed,  50,  75,  115,  and  175 
ft.  per  minute,  are  avail- 
able through  four  step  cone 
pulleys  actuated  by  a  hand- 
wheel.  A  handle  is  pro- 
vided for  instantly  disen- 
gaging the  feed. 

The  production  may  be 
estimated  from  machines  in 
use  which  are  ripping  1  in. 
kiln  dried  maple  at  a  rate 
of  115  ft.  per  min.  and  2  in. 
similar  stock  at  75  ft.  per 
min. 

The  machine  when  used 
with  a  planer  tooth  saw  will 
take  a  cut  so  straight  and 
smooth  that  the  stock  can 
be  glued  up  without  further 
dressing,  and  one  machine 
can  break  out  as  much 
stock  for  table  tops,  dress- 
ers, etc.,  as  4  or  5  hand- 
feed  rip  saws.  When  stock 
is  being  edged  by  hand  the  operator  must 
keep  his  blade  within  the  stock,  thus 
wasting  lumber,  whereas  the  6x11  saw 
will  dress  along  the  edge  without  goug- 
ing. 

In  the  design  of  this  machine  the  oper- 
ator's safety  has  been  the  first  considera- 
tion and  under  no  circumstance  is  it 
possible  for  the  operator's  hands  to  come 
into  proximity  to  the  saw  blade,  and  it 
is  impossible  once  the  stock  is  engaged 
in  the  feed  mechanism  for  it  to  be  thrown 
back  on  operator.  The  efficiency  and 
comfort  of  the  operator  is  also  provided 
for  by  the  sawdust  hood  which,  on  ac- 
count of  the  saw  being  driven  from  be- 
low, carries  away  all  dust  and  trimmings. 
The   capacity   of   the  machine   is   such 


402 


C  A  N  A  D I A  N   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


that  it  will  take  stock  29  in.  wide 
and  in  thicknesses  up  to  'i  in.  with  a 
14  in.  blade. 

The  table  and  feed  rolls  are  raised 
and  lowered  by  sq.  thread  sci-ews  equip- 
ped with  ball  bearings  to  take  end  thrust. 
The  fence  is  instantly  adjustable  and  is 
of  the  self-locking  type  and  is  provided 
with  a  graduated  scale  on  the  front 
bracket. 

A  workman  of  average  intelligence 
■will  in  a  few  days  become  quite  profici- 
ent in  the  operation  of  this  machine. 

In  one  plant  two  of  these  saws 
are  in  operation  On  each  saw  is 
a  boy  feeding  in  stock  and  a  girl  taking 
stock  away.  This  work  was  formerly 
done  by  experienced  men,  using  band  rip 
saws  and  hand-feed  circular  saws. 


OIL  BURNING  REFINING  FURNACE 

A  furnace  which  is  adaptable  to  a 
wide  range  of  uses  in  the  refining  of  iron 
has  been  developed  by  Edward  H. 
Schwartz,  436  Marquette  Building, 
Chicago.  At  the  plant  of  the  Garden 
City  Foundry  Co.,  Chicago,  the  furnace 
is  operated  in  connection  with  a  cupola 
and  the  finished  products  are  refined 
deoxidized  semi-steel,  refined  deoxidized 
semi-malleable  and  gray  iron. 

In  the  installation  shown  the  furnace 
receives  iron  direct  from  a  54-inch 
cupola,  the  spout  from  which  enters 
the  furnace  at  one  side.  Scrap  is  used 
almost  entirely  and  often  no  pig  iron 
is  employed  in  the  mixture. 

In  making  the  deoxidized  semi-steel, 
steel  scrap  is  charged  in  the  cupola  with 
a  small  percentage  of  spiegeleisen  to  aid 
in  picking  up  carbon  from  the  coke.  This 
alloy  also  assists  in  deoxidizing  and  sup- 
plies manganese  in  addition  to  fixing 
some  carbon.  In  order  to  supply  the 
proper  amount  of  silicon,  ferrosilicon 
is  added  after  the  metal  is  transferred 
to  the  Schwartz  furnace.  There  is  a 
small  refinin^c  loss  of  ferrosilicon  which 
is  taken  into  account  in  proportioning 
the  mixture.  Other  alloys  are  added  as 
desired  to  the  charge  in  the  furnace  at 
the  beginning  of  the  refining  process. 
An  hour  of  refining  is  sufficient.  A  ten- 
sile strength  of  50,000  pounds  per  square 
inch  has  been  obtained  in  a  bar  machined 
from  the  center  of  the  casting.  Steel  is 
produced  by  charging  steel  scrap  with 
spiegeleisen  in  the  cupola.  Some  of  the 
sulphur  is  removed  in  the  refining  fur- 
nace hv  the  formation  of  manganese 
sulphide.  Additions  of  manganese  and 
silicon  are  made  at  the  end  of  the  heal. 
Sulphur  and  phosphorus  also  are  elim- 
inated in  the  furnace  by  the  addition  of 
limestone  to  form  a  slag.  Malleable 
iron  is  made  by  charging  steel  scrap  and 
Spiegel  in  the  cupola  with  additions  of 
silicon  in  the  refining  furnace  in  the 
form  of  ferrosilicon.  Deoxidized  semi- 
malleable  refined  iron  is  produced  by 
charging  malleable  scrap  and  spiegel  in 
the  cupola.  Silicon  and  alloys  are  added 
in  the  furnace  during  the  refining  pro- 
cess. It  is  said  a  tensile  strength  of 
41.000  pounds  has  been  obtained  in  an 
un-annealed  machined  bar.  The  metal 
m'  y   be   hammered   like   malleable,   has 


bending  qualities  and  takes  a  high  polish. 

The  refining  operation  in  the  furnace 
is  relatively  simple.  The  action  of  the 
flame  cleanses  the  metal,  removing  the 
free  carbon,  oxides  and  occluded  gases. 
The  metal  is  heated  until  it  is  still  and 
dead  like  crucible  steel.  Slag  may  be 
used  to  remove  sulphur  and  phosphorus 
if  they  exist  to  too  high  a  degree  in  the 
strap. 

The  furnace  is  cylindrical  with  cast 
steel  ends  and  steel  plate  walls.  It  is 
6  feet  6  inches  in  diameter  and  10  feet 
long,  and  is  lined  with  firebrick  to  a 
thickness  of  10%  inches.  A  removable 
bottom  4%  inches  thick  extends  above 
the  slag  line.  This  bottom  consists  of 
chrome,  silica  or  magnesite  brick  as  neu- 
tral, acid  or  basic  effects  are  desired. 

The  charging  door,  in  the  center  of 
one  end,  is  circular.  It  is  mounted  on 
hinged  arms  and  its  machined  face  fits 
accurately,  avoiding  the  necessity  of 
clay  luting.  A  smaller  door  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  charging  door  covers  a  peep 
hole  through  which  progress  of  the  re- 
fining operation  can  be  readily  observ- 
ed. This  arrangement  is  clearly  shown 
in  the  accompanying  illustration.  In  the 
center  of  the  end  opposite  the  charging 
door  an  aperture  is  left  for  inserting  a 
li'jhter  to  ignite  the  gas  at  the  beginning 
of  the  process.  This  aperture  is  luted 
shut  after  the  flame  has  been  started. 
A  testing  door  and  slag  hole  are  fitted 
on  one  side.  Two  vents  are  placed  in 
the  top,  one  near  each  end,  with  a  vent 
hood  and  short  stack.  The  waste  heat 
from  the  furnace  passing  up  these  stacks 
preheats  air  passing  down  through  pipes 
leading  from  the  outer  air  to  the  gas 
burner.  The  current  of 
air  in  these  pipes  is  main- 
tained by  the  vacuum  ac- 
tion of  the  burner,  which 
has  5  per  cent,  of  com- 
pressed air  supplied  to  it. 
The  burners,  it  is  said,  are 
under  absolute  control  by 
one  valve.  Three  burners 
are  placed  in  the  top  of 
furnace.  One,  in  the  apex 
of  the  arch,  carries  only 
preheated  air.  The  other 
two  are  45  degrees  from 
the  apex,  in  line  with  the 
first,  and  carry  mixed 
gas  and  air.  The  currents 
from  the  three  meet  at 
the  center  of  the  furnace. 
It  is  claimed  that  temepr- 
atures  of  5000  degrees 
Fahr.  have  been  obtained. 

A  metal  of  uniform 
analysis  for  the  manufac- 
turer of  shells  is  produced 
as  semi-steel,  with  a  ten- 
sile streneth  of  40,000 
pounds.  The  furnace  may 
be  operated  independently 
of  a  cupola.  char<ring  the 
cold  scrap  direct  if  desir- 
ed, but  this  requires  more 
time  for  melting  and 
refining.  The  furnace 
at  the  Garden  City 
plant  is  operated  on  gas  from  city 
mains.  It  contains  about  500  b.t.u.  per 
cubic  foot.    As  stated  about  5  per  cent. 


of  compressed  air  is  employed,  the  re- 
maining per  cent  of  air  being  drawn  in 
by  the  vacuum  thus  established.  About 
10  volumes  of  air  to  one  of  gas  are  de- 
livered at  the  burner.  Changes  in  sup- 
ply of  gas  and  air  are  controlled  by  one 
valve.  Gas  supply  is  reduced  to  obtain 
higher  oxidizing  action  and  the  propor- 
tion of  air  is  reduced  to  obtain  a  reduc- 
ing effect.  During  the  refining  action 
the  flame  usually  is  maintained  at  the 
neutral   point. 


DRAW  CRUCIBLE  FURNACE 

The  furnace  illustrated  herewith  has 
been  designed  for  the  consumption  of 
either  gas  or  oil  and  is  adapted  to  the 
melting  and  refining  of  metals  where  it 
is  desired  to  pour  the  metals  out  of  the 
same  crucible  in  which  they  have  been 
melted. 

The  furnace  is  cylindrical  and  is  in 
two  parts,  the  lower  part  is  the  com- 
bustion chamber  and  the  upper  part  is 
the  crucible  chamber,  an  airtight  seal 
is  formed  between  the  lower  edge  of  the 
crucible  chamber  and  the  combustion 
chamber,  into  which  the  crucible  cham- 
ber drops  when  the  furnace  is  closed. 
Within  the  walls  of  both  parts  is  con- 
tained a  conduit  or  passage  way  from 
the  blower  to  the  burner  with  airtight 
joints  connecting  the  two  units.  The 
combustion  and  crucible  chambers  are 
cylindrical  and  are  lined  with  a  refrac- 
tory of  shapes  designed  to  fi'l  the  exact 
area  and  to  key  in  place.  In  the  com- 
bustion chamber  is  placed  a  refractory 
stool  for  the  crucible  and  mounted  at  the 
rear  of  the  base  are  columns  supportin,; 


SCHWARTZ  STATIONARY  REVERBERATORY  STEEL  MELT- 
ING   AND    REFTOING    KURNACE 


pulleys  and  cables  which  raise  and 
lower  the  crucible  chamber  by  a  pinion. 
A  counterweight  being  provided  to  bal- 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


403 


OIL    BURNING    FURNACE    CLOSED 


DETAILS   or   LOCKNUT  SHOWING  OPERATION   AND   METHOD   OF    UNLOCKING 


ance  the  weight  of  the  crucible  chamber. 
The  air  in  its  passage  from  the  blower  to 
the  burner  is  forced  through  con;l'jJt  in 
the  walls  of  the  combustion  and  crucible 
chambers  and  reaches  a  temperature  of 
450  to  550  degrees  and  thereby  cools  the 
temperature  of  the  walls,  givinpr 
thorough  atomization  of  the  fuel  and 
complete  mixture  of  the  fuel  and  air, 
w^hich  is  an  essential  point  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  desired  short  flame.  The 
flame  enters  the  chamber,  tangentially 
around  the  stool  and  crucible  com- 
pletely fills  the  space  around  it,  and 
when  adjusted  properly  does  not  measure 
in   excess   of   1%    feet  in   length       This 


The  Stay-lock  nut  is  manufactured 
from  bar  screw  stock  and  the  special 
shape  given  to  the  nut  makes  it  impos- 
sible for  anyone  to  mistake  it  for  an 
ordinary    nut. 

The  nut  is  released  by  inserting  a 
small  finishing  nail  in  the  key  hole  and 
applying  a  wrench.  Should  the  key- 
hole become  filled  with  dirt  it  may 
readily  be  cleaned  by  inserting  a  pin  or 
small  wire. 


POTASH  IN  FURNACE  DUST 

London. — The  Board  of  Trade  Journal 
publishes    a    remarkable    article    on    the 


FURNACE  OPEN  FOR  REMOVAL  OF  CRUCIBLE. 


furnace  is  manufactured  by  the  Her  Co., 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 


IMPROVED  NUT  LOCK 

The  Evertite  Nut  Corporation,  De- 
troit, Mich.,  have  developed  a  lock  nut 
possessing  valuable  features.  The  action 
of  this  nut  is  simplicity  itself.  Under 
forces  tending  to  unscrew  the  nut  a 
hardened  steel  ball  running  between  the 
bolt  threads  and  maintained  in  immediate 
contact  with  them  by  a  spring  is  forced 
to  wedge  in  the  thread,  instantly  tight- 
ening the  nut  to  absolute  immovability. 
As  a  result  no  amount  or  severity  of 
vibration  will  ever  loosen  the  nut. 


British  supplies  of  potash,  showing  the 
important  progress  which  has  been  made 
during  the  war  in  the  production  of  pot- 
ash in  Great  Britain. 

One  source  of  the  new  supply  is  from 
blast-furnace  dust,  from  which  potash  is 
obtained  by  a  cheap  and  simple  process, 
consisting  primarily  in  an  addition  of  a 
small  proportion  of  common  salt  to  the 
charge  of  the  furnace,  which  releases  the 
potash  present  in  the  ore  and  causes  it  to 
be  volatilized  with  the  emerging  gases 
as   potassium   chloride. 

As  the  result  of  experiments  on  a  large 
scale  it  was  estimated  that  it  would  be 
possible  to  recover  50,000  tons  of  potash 
salts  per  annum  from  blast-furnace  dust 


alone — enough  practically  to  meet  the 
needs  of  the  country. 

A  factory  already  has  been  erected  at 
Oldbury,  near  Birmingham,  desigrned  lo 
produce  400  to  500  tons  of  potassium 
chloride  weekly  from  blast-furnace  dust 
and  a  conversion  factory  is  to  be  added 
where  chloride,  not  needed  for  agricul- 
ture, may  be  converted  into  other  re- 
fined potash  salts.  Other  factories  are 
in  contemplation,  and  it  is  expected  to 
obtain  especially  large  quantities  of  pot- 
ash from  the  important  Cleveland  iron 
district. 

In  view  of  the  new  importance  thus 
given  to  blast-furnace  dust,  dealings  in 
this  raw  material  were  placed  in  August, 
1917,  under  Government  control,  which 
is   working  very   smoothly. 

Large  quantities  of  potash  can  simil- 
arly be  collected  from  fumes  and  dust 
from  cement  kilns,  and  potash  now  is 
being  sold  by  many  cement  manufactur- 
ers who  hitherto  had  no  idea  that  such 
valuable  material  could  be  so  easily 
collected. 


The  war  has  given  an  impetus  to  Can- 
adian trade  expansion  unequalled  in  our 
history.  In  considering  the  coming  of 
peace  the  question  is  put  not  infrequent- 
ly to  this  Department:  "What  are  you 
doing  to  prepare  for  the  commercial 
struggle  that  will  follow  the  war?"  This 
question  and  others  can  be  put  more  ap- 
propriately to  the  business  men  of  Can- 
at'a:  "What  are  you  doing  to  prepare 
for  the  commercial  struggle  that  will 
follow  the  war?"  "Are  you  studying 
the  possibilities?  Are  you  studying 
every  phase  of  the  cost  of  your  raw 
materials,  and  what  effect  peace  will 
have  on  supply,  labour,  transportation, 
and  market?"  The  Government  has  its 
limitations.  It  can  assist  by  pointing 
the  way  to  foreign  markets. 


J.  H.  Hall,  of  the  Monometer  Mfg.  Co., 
Birmingham  Enc:.,  his  invented  a  ma^ 
chine  for  recovering  tin  and  solder  from 
old  cans  and  scrap.  It  consists  of  an  in- 
clined cylinder  which  rotates  within  an 
outer  cylinder  lined  with  firebrick.  The 
inner  cylinder  has  at  its  higher  end  a  feed 


404 


Volume  XX. 


Germany  Losing  Grip  on  Iron  and  Steel  Sources 


[RECENT  advances  in  the 
West  Make  Her  Hold  on 
Great  Iron  Ore  Deposits 
More  Uncertain  —  Further 
Advances  Will  Put  Her  in 
a  Precarious  Position. 


THE  steel  production  of  United 
States  and  Canada  can  hardly 
be  increased.  In  fact  it  is  ap- 
parently out  of  the  question  for  any 
production  figures  to  be  attained 
that  will  be  sufficiently  in  excess  of 
what  is  being  shown  now  to  make 
any  appreciable  difference.  The  war 
needs  of  the  Allies  are  away  beyond 
the  best  capacity  the  steel  plants  of 
United  States  or  Canada  can  hope 
to  reach.  At  times  the  trade  has 
been  led  to  believe  that  it  would  be  pos- 
sible to  have  a  surplus  over  war  pro- 
duction to  be  distributed  to  the  commer- 
cial trade.  And  just  as  often  it  has  been 
shown  that  the  production  of  the  plants 
could  not  take  care  of  the  war  pro- 
gramme. The  commercial  users  of  steel 
have  ceased  to  look  for  relief  as  long  as 
the  war  lasts. 

The  Next  Best  Thing 

And  so  it  is  that  the  steel  trade  on 
this  continent  watches  with  compelling 
interest  the  advance  of  the  Allied  armies 
toward  those  parts  of  the  western  front 
that  contain  the  steel  mills  and  iron  ore 
from  which  Germany  has  drawn  the 
great  bulk  of  the  material  with  which 
to  wage  the  war. 

Germany  herself  is  not  rich  in  iron 
ore,  but  Germany,  with  the  territory 
which  she  seized  in  1871  in  Lorraine,  the 
land  which  she  overran  in  1914,  and  the 
domination  which  she  has  gained  over 
the  steel  centres  of  France  and  Belgium, 
has  been  a  greater  producer  of  iron  and 
steel  in  the  war  years  than  ever  before. 
Germany  had  this  well  planned,  and  it 
has  served  her  purposes  to  perfection. 

Not  only  has  it  helped  Germany,  but 
it  has  handicapped  France.  When 
France  lost  the  Briey-Longwy  fields, 
she  lost  from  65  to  70  per  cent,  of  her 
steel  production,  85  per  cent,  of  her  iron 
ore  supply,  and  55  per  cent,  of  her  best 
mechanics. 


But  In  Spite  of  This— 

Mancel  Knecht,  a  member  of  the 
French  High  Commission  in  United 
States,  and  a  native  of  Lorraine,  in  a 
recent  address  dealt  most  effectively 
with  this  very  point,  stating: 

"But  in  the  face  of  1,500,000  of  her 
men  killed  and  as  many  more  wounded, 
and  3,000,000  in  occupied  territory,  she 
has  been  able,  with  the  help  of  British 
coal  and  our  own  steel,  to  equip  by 
June,  1918,  with  field  guns,  20  divisions 
of  the  American  army,  meanwhile  hav- 
ing helped  Russia,  Serbia,  Rumania  and 
other  allies  not  only  with  prodigious 
quantities  of  munitions,  but  with  officers 
to  instruct  and  train." 

The  same  speaker  also  gave  statistics 
to  show  what  Germany  had  gained  by 
securing  control  of  the  iron  and  steel 
sources  on  that  section  of  the  continent. 

In  1913,  he  said,  the  annexed  part  of 
Lorraine,  which  was  under  German  dom- 
ination,, produced  21,000,000  tons  of  iron 
ore.  And  the  French  part,  which  had 
not  been  taken  by  Germany  in  1871,  the 
part  which  has  been  occupied,  nearly  all 
of  it,  since  1914,  produced  in  1914  19,- 
000,000  tons  of  iron  ore.  In  the  same 
year,  1913,  the  whole  German  territory, 
excepting  the  annexed  Lorraine  part, 
produced  only  7,000,000  tons  of  iron  ore. 
In  the  Lorraine  district,  he  continued, 
we  produced  in  1914  48,000,000  tons  of 
iron  ore,  and  in  your  Lake  Superior  dis- 


Q  E  R  M  A  N  Y  Has  Been 
Drawing  Heavily  For 
Her  Supplies  on  Territory 
Which  She  Seized  Shortly 
After  the  Outbreak  of  the 
War  —  The  Steel  Trade 
Watches  the  Move. 


trict  in  the  same  year  there  was  a 
production  of  52,000,000  tons. 

In  Lorraine  and  in  Luxemburg 
there  are  resources  of  iron  ore,  he 
added,  which  will  exist  when  there 
will  be  no  more  iron  ore  left  in  the 
Lake  Superior  district.  "We  have 
resources  amounting  to  5,330,000,000 
tons  of  iron  ore  in  those  two  little 
spots  on  the  map  of  Europe." 

He  spoke  particularly  of  the  ore 
at  Briey,  and  in  spite  of  the  depth 
of  the  mines  and  the  necessity  of  un- 
watering  them,  the  ore  was  obtained  in 
1913  for  4.69  francs  or  about  90  cents 
per  metric  ton.  The  importance  of  this 
deposit  he  emphasized  in  explaining  that 
its  output  amounts  to  76  per  cent,  of 
that  of  the  Longwy-Briey-Nancy  district. 
Meanwhile  France  has  been  developing 
a  rich  iron  ore  in  Normandy,  and  Mr. 
Knecht  expressed  a  lively  conviction  that 
before  long  the  much-talked-of  tunnel 
under  the  English  Channel  will  be  a  fact 
and  French  iron  will  go  into  England  and 
France  will  be  getting  in  return  the 
coal  she  needs  from  England  and  Scot- 
land. 

Menaces  Germany's  Control 

And  so  it  is  that  the  recent  advances- 
that  push  the  danger  zone  nearer  to 
Germany's  control  of  the  iron  and  steel 
sources  are  of  unusual  interest  to  this 
country.  Robbing  Germany  of  iron  and 
steel  is  one  grand  master  stroke.  It 
means  lessening  Germany's  supply  of 
steels,  of  munitions,  of  guns — it  means 
that  where  she  fired  two  shells  she  may 
find  it  hard  to  find  one.  It  means,  in 
short,  that  Germany's  power  will  be 
weakened.  There  is  nothing  surer  than ! 
that. 

The  steel  plants  in  Eastern  France  are 
mostly   at   Longwy,    Briey   and    Nancy; , 
in  Belgium  they  are  for  the  greater  part^ 
near   Charleroi   and  Liege.     In   German : 
Lorraine,  Thionville   can  be   said   to  be 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY- 


405 


the  centre  of  the  industry.  The  iron  ore 
fields  are  fairly  well  distributed.  In  the 
north  the  ore  is  at  Longwy  for  the  most 
part,  Briey  in  the  more  central  territory, 
while  to  the  south  Nancy  is  the  centre. 
About  one-half  the  pig  iron  of  Europe  is 
made  from  these  deposits,  now  almost 
entirely  controlled  by  and  operated  for 
the  benefit  of  the  German  war  machine. 

Germans  Have  It  In  Figures 

Germany  is  well  aware  of  the  im- 
mense advantage  that  her  early  war 
operations  have  been  to  her.  The  Hun 
war  machine  has  it  all  reckoned  in 
stacks  blown  and  tons  produced.  Before 
the  Association  of  German  Ironmasters 
in  Dusseldorf,  on  January  30,  1915,  Dr. 
Emi!  Schrodter,  in  an  address,  said: 

"In  France,  Germany  now  holds  parts 
of  10  departments,  covering  an  area  of 
about  5,250,000  acres  with  a  population 
of  3,255,000.  This  means  a  German  con- 
trol of  68.8  per  cent,  of  the  coal  output 
of  France;  78.3  per  cent,  of  the  coke  out- 
put; 90  per  cent,  of  the  iron  ore;  85.7  per 
cent,  of  the  pig  iron  output;  76  per  cent, 
of  the  raw  materials,  including  95.3  per 
cent,  of  the  basic  Bessemer  steel  and  76.9 
per  cent,  of  steel  castings,  and  the  entire 
output  of  tubes.  All  but  one  of  the 
French  locomotive  and  railroad  car 
plants  are  in  German  hands.  For 
wrought  tubes  the  French  will  have  to 
rely  on  British  and  American  supplies. 
Practically  all  of  the  French  iron-ore 
mines  are  in  territory  occupied  by  Ger- 
many. 

"Out  of  170  French  blast  furnaces,  95 
of  the  127  in  blast  when  the  war  broke 
out  are  in  the  war  zone.  Because  of  ore 
scarcity  only  30  of  those  still  in  French 
hands  are  able  to  run,  and  many  of  these 
are  small.  Hence  80  per  cent,  of  the 
total  French  blast-furnace  capacity  is  out 
of  commission.  Of  the  French  steel 
plants  70  per  cent,  are  in  German  hands. 
Steel  plants  uninjured  are  largely  idle. 
At  the  horse-shoe  works  at  Valenciennes 
enormous  stocks  were  found  and  appro- 
priated by  the  Germans." 

Summing  up  as  to  France,  Dr.  Schrod- 
ter said:  "While  we  on  the  German  side 
are  able  to  draw  upon  enemy  stocks,  the 
French  army  is  deprived  of  the  greatest 
part  of  its  manufacturing  resources  and 
has  to  get  its  material  from  foreign 
countries.  Hence  France  has  already 
been  so  severely  hit  as  to  cripple  and 
partly  destroy  her  economic  power." 

Germany  Fears  It,  Too 

And  so  it  is  that  Germany  seeks  to 
secure  iron  ore  from  Sweden.  Sweden 
has  the  ore,  and  it's  good  ore,  too,  but 
Sweden  depends  on  the  Allies  for  a  good 
many  supplies.  So  if  Sweden  choses  to 
sell  iron  ore  to  the  Hun  the  Allies  may 
be  inclined  to  cut  off  certain  supplies 
without  which  Sweden  would  be  in  a 
sorry  way.  And  so  Sweden  may  hesi- 
tate, and  the  chances  are  that  she  will. 

The  American  advance  that  wiped 
away  the  salient  at  St.  Mihiel  means 
much.  Germany  knows  what  it  means, 
and  the  steel  trade  knows  what  it  means. 
And  every  move  that  brings  the  Allied 


forces  closer  to  Briey  means  that  Ger- 
many is  going  to  lose  the  power  that 
she  has  gained  from  stolen  iron.  The 
progress  of  the  battle  is  interesting. 
There's  more  in  the  outcome  than  a  few 
miles    of    territory.      Without   iron   and 


steel  Germany  or  any  other  warring  na- 
tion is  beaten  hands  down,  and  the  day 
when  Germany  is  going  to  lose  her  grip 
on  the  iron  ore  deposits  and  the  blast 
furnaces  of  France  is  coming  very  close. 
Watch  it. 


TORONTO  MAN  BELIEVES  HE  HAS  NOW 
SOLVED  THE  MAKING  OF  THE  CAST  SHELL 


A  SHELL  that  would  require  no 
machining  of  any  kind,  but  would 
come  from  the  mould  practically 
ready  for  filling,  would  reduce  the  cost, 
and  increase  the  output  of  shells  enorm- 
ously. If  this  shell  should  be  cast  from 
a  mixture  of  semi-steel  that  made  a 
metal  of  perfectly  homogeneous  struc- 
ture, with  an  even  distribution  of  its 
component  parts,  and  giving  high  tensile 
strength,  a  revolution  in  shell  making 
might  be  anticipated. 

Such  were  the  thoughts  animating  J. 
C.  McLachlan,  of  Toronto,  when  the  shell 
industry  was  getting  well  under  way  in 
the  first  year  of  the  war.  He  began  to 
work  on  the  idea  about  three  years  ago, 
and  first  experimented  in  moulding,  to 
overcome  the  difficulty  of  keeping  the 
core  perfectly  central  in  the  mould,  to 
ensure  the  walls  being  of  even  thickness. 
This  was  not  achieved  without  a  long 
course  of  experimenting,  but  finally  he 
succeeded  in  turning  out  a  perfect  shell. 
Then  began  the  usual  vicissitudes  of  the 
inventor,  the  British  Government  were 
approached  first  of  all,  through  their 
Canadian  agents,  but  they  promptly 
turned  their  eyes  against  it,  as  they 
would  not  consider  any  shell  made  from 
cast  metal,  their  objection  being  that  a 
casting  would  not  stand  the  shock  of  the 
firing  charge,  resulting  in  the  shell  burst- 
ing as  it  left  the  gun. 

Given  A  Test 

Mr.  McLachlan  succeeded  in  getting 
the  ordnance  department  in  Quebec  to 
make  a  practical  test,  by  firing  some  of 
the  shells,  the  test  demonstrating  that 
the  shells  could  be  fired  without  any 
danger  of  fracturing.  Nine  shells  in  all 
were  fired,  and  afterwards  recovered, 
none  the  worse  for  their  trip.  About  this 
time  the  inventor  was  getting  in  touch 
with  the  U.  S.  Government,  and  incident- 
ally, got  in  touch  with  the  German  spy 
system. 

How  Germans  Worked 

The  U.  S.  had  not  yet  got  into  the 
war,  but  Mr.  McLachlan  received  a  mes- 
sage from  a  man  in  New  York,  offering 
him  all  his  expenses  to  go  down  there 
and  demonstrate  the  making  of  an  11- 
inch  shell.  As  he  did  not  wish  to  go  to 
the  States  at  the  time,  he  suggested  his 
correspondent  should  come  to  Canada. 
This  met  with  refusal  at  once,  and  offers 
of  still  more  liberal  treatment.  Finally 
he  decided  to  go  and  see  what  was  doing. 
He  met  his  client,  who  called  himself 
Grey,  and  was  dressed  in  the  height  of 
fashion,  and  carried  as  much  ready 
money  as  the  BaV.k  of  Montreal.  Mr. 
McLachlan  was  entertained  royally,  and 


it  was  arranged  he  should  get  the  use  of 
a  small  foundry  cupola,  and  make  an 
actual  shell.  While  arranging  for  this, 
the  U.  S.  declared  war,  and  Mr.  Grey 
vanished.  It  was  then  that  Mr.  McLach- 
lan found  that  the  Allies  did  ngt  use 
11-inch  guns,  but  the  Germans  did. 

French  Government  Using  Shells 

Mr.  McLachlan  submitted  his  shell  to 
the  French  Government,  and  they  tried 
it  out  successfully,  and  have  been  using 
it  in  considerable  quantities  for  some 
time.  Mr.  McLachlan  has  not  as  yet 
made  anything  financially  from  his  in- 
vention, but  he  is  not  worrying  over  that. 
The  U.  S.  Government  have  now  taken  up 
the  shell,  and  have  drawn  up  specifica- 
tions and  sent  them  out  broadcast  to 
Canadian  as  well  as  U.  S.  £<iundries. 
It  is  therefore  quite  likely  that  in  the 
near  future  the  manufacture  of  these 
shells  in  Canada  will  be  an  accomplished 
fact.  Probably  the  British  Government 
may  then  look  further  into  the  matter. 


N.  A.  S.  E.  Outing. — As  usual  the 
Lunkenheimer  Company  of  Cincinnati, 
royally  entertained  the  delegates  and 
visitors  of  the  N.  A.  S.  E.  national  con- 
vention held  in  Cincinnati  during  the 
week  of  September  9.  The  company  ob- 
tained permission  to  use  Cincinnati's 
wonderful  Zoological  Gardens  on  Wed- 
nesday afternoon  and  evening  for  their 
outing,  and,  judg:ing  from  the  large  at- 
tendance every  one  visiting  the  conven- 
tion was  present.  Amusements  of  all 
kinds  were  arranged  for  by  Lukenheimer 
representatives.  The  vaudeville  was 
particularly  enjoyed,  especially  the  ice 
skating  upon  the  only  outdoor  artificial 
ice  skating  rink  in  the  United  States,  the 
performers  being  the  very  best  that  the 
profession  afforded  and  were  brought 
from  Chicago  solely  for  this  affair. 
Amusements,  cigars,  drinks  and  an  ex- 
cellent dinner  were  all  furnished  gratis 
to  the  delegates  and  their  friends  by 
the  Lukenheimer  Company.  Over  fif- 
teen hundred  people  were  dined  and  all 
were  greatly  surprised  at  the  order  and 
despatch  with  which  the  meal  was  serv- 
ed. It  was  the  consensus  of  opinion  of 
the  delegates  and  their  friends  that  the 
Lukenheimer  outing  made  the  1918  con- 
vention one  of  the  most  enjoyable  and  in- 
teresting ever  given,  and  one  long  to  be 
remembered. 


Quebec— It  is  stated  that  a  company 
in  Quebec  is  considering  the  building  of 
thirty  wooden  vessels,  of  five  thousand 
tons  each. 


406 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX- 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

UMITED 
(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACIJJAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-President 

H.   V.  TYRRHS^L.   General  Manaser 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  News-* 

4  weekly  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B.  G.   NEWTON,  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.    1431S3    University    Avenue.    Toronto,     Ontario. 


Vol.    XX. 


OCTOBER  3. 


No.   14 


British  Labor  Favors  Tariff  Reform. 

JOHN  HODGE,  British  Labor  M.  P.,  and  Minister  of 
^  Pensions,  told  the  Iron  and  Steel  Trades  Confederation 
that  if  the  Labor  party  were  pursuing  the  policy  of  Free 
Trade  as  it  had  existed  prior  to  the  war,  his  connection 
with  the  party  must  cease.  To  him  the  war  had  demon- 
strated very  clearly  the  need  for  an  economic  change. 
Speaking  from  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  steel  and  iron 
situation,  he  expressed  the  opinion  that  he  was  not  in- 
clined to  let  any  steel  into  Britain  as  long  as  there  was 
an  idle  furnace.  He  was  also  out  of  touch  and  sympathy 
for  that  section  of  the  Labor  party  which  declared  for  no 
annexations  and  no  indemnities. 

John  Hodge  was  not  a  tariff  man  before  the  war.  To 
him  the  policy  of  free  trade  was  correct  and  sufficient. 
But  he  is  able  to  see  and  recognize  changed  conditions. 
He  does  not  hold  to  a  theory  in  preference  to  recognizing 
a  fact. 

John  Hodge  may  have  a  lone  furrow  to  plow  for  a 
few  turns,  but  the  same  serious  circumstances  that  pointed 
out  the  need  of  a  changed  policy  to  him  will  point  the 
need  to  others.  Making  Britain  the  dumping  ground  foi 
the  over-production  of  all  the  world  is  poor  stuff  for  an 
after-war  policy. 


Coal  Situation  East  and  West 

'T*HE  miners  in   Pictou  county,  N.S.,  are   out  on  strike, 

and  have  been  since  early  in  September.  In  district 
18  of  the  U.M.W.  of  A.,  which  takes  in  Alberta  and 
British  Columbia,  a  strike  is  likely  in  a  large  section  of 
that  country,  as  there  is  a  dispute  which  has  not  been 
settled   between    the    miners   and   operators. 

This,  with  winter  only  a  few  weeks  away,  and  with 
tremendous  demands  being  made  for  coal  for  war  indus- 
tries and  other  purposes,  presents  a  mighty  poor  lookout. 

The  mining  of  coal  in  Canada  is  a  poor  index  of  the 
coal   that  could   be   mined   in   Canada. 

Western  Canada  has  a  coal  wealth  that  should  make 
her  prosperous  the  year  around.  The  southern  part  of 
British  Columbia  should  be  busy  and  developing  all  the 
time.  It  is  not.  About  half  the  time  it  is  tied  up  with 
strikes.  On  operation  and  tie-up  it  looks  like  a  fifty-fifty 
proposition. 

There  is  a  foreign  element  in  Western  Canada  that  is 
making  trouble.  That  element  is  feeling  its  power  to-day 
as  it  has  never  had  a  chance  to  do  before.  It  is  bluffing 
the  whole  Dominion,  and  especially  the  West.  It  is  playing 
fast  and  loose  with  the  big  question  of  supplying  Western 
Canada  with  coal  this  year. 


In  the  East  the  situation  is  hard  to  understand.  That 
district  has  not  had  to  deal  with  the  foreign  element  to 
the  same  extent  as  the  West,  and  yet,  with  industries 
there  calling  for  coal  for  war  work,  and  with  a  known 
shortage  facing  the  whole  district,  the  miners  ignore 
their  contracts  and  refuse   to  work. 

The  Department  of  Labor  has  not  shown  itself  big 
enough  to  deal  with  these  matters.  It  approaches  them 
with  a  timidity  that  is  humiliating  and  dabbles  with  mat- 
ters with  a  ten-foot  pole  that  should  be  taken  up  with 
the  bare  hands  of  determination. 


A  Bit  of  a  Sermon 

COME  folks  is  makin'  money  now  they  never  dreamed 
"^  before,  and  where  they  used  to  earn  one  bone,  by 
heck,   they're   gettin'  four. 

Some  chaps  I  knew  not  long  ago  could  hardly  chase 
around,  to  raise  the  coin  'bout  twice  a  day  when  eatin' 
whistles  sound — they  lived  close  down  unto  the  ground, 
they  were  all  in  by  noon,  because  at  foddei;  time  they 
had  a  shoe  string  and  a  prune. 

They  only  had  one  suit  of  clothes  to  spread  upon  their 
skin,  and  that  there  suit  was  worn,  it  was,  until  'twas 
mighty   thin. 

They  had  some  patches  on  the  coat,  some  pieces  in  the 
vest,  it  was  a  shame,  by  jing,  it  was,  to  call  it  Sunday 
best — and  there  were  hunks  of  cloth  nailed  on  of  many 
hues  and  slants,  to  decorate  the  garments  that  bore  the 
name   of  pants. 

But  all  them  things  is  changed,  they  is,  there's  money 
now  to  spend,  and  they're  clothed  in  rags  what's  mighty 
fine  from  front  unto  the  end. 

They  used  to  smoke  a  bum  cigar  that  smoked  just 
like  a  stump,  and  labelled  him  what  puffed  it  a  lobster 
and  a  chump — but  nowadays  they  use  the  stuff  that's 
wrapt  in  silver  foil,  you'd  never  think  they  used  to  be 
a  lowly  son  of  toil. 

But  when  these  times  is  on,  me  boy,  just  think  about 
the  change,  just  sit  some  night  and  put  your  feet  upon 
the  kitchen  range,  and  see  if  you  ain't  goin'  dead  wrong 
to  spill  your  wad  like  that — you'd  better  give  your  brains 
a  chance  what  camp  beneath   your  hat. 

So  when  the  cash  is  comin'  thick,  when  pay  day's 
growin'  fat,  look  past  the  end  of  your  old  snout  to  days 
what  may  be  flat;  just  take  a  ten  spot  now  and  then 
and  put  it  down  to  soak,  against  the  day  when  your 
good  thing  may  be  all  warped  and  broke. — ARK, 


A  man  may  not  have  much  of  a  tooth  in  his  jaw  for 
oleomargarine,  but  when  butter's  touching  the  60  per 
mark  and  oleo  hangs  around  the  35  shot,  the  chances  are 
that  said  oleo  will  be  given  a  box  seat  at  the  kitchen 
table  performance. 

*  *  * 

Toronto  school  board  finds  that  it  can't  enforce  the 
regulation  for  children  to  salute  returned  soldiers.  The 
chances  are  that  a  square  deal  from  all  concerned  would 
be  much  preferred  by  the  soldiers  to  all  the  manoeuvres 
that  the  youngsters  could  shake  out  of  their  carcasses. 

*  *  * 

The  Kaiser  started  the  war  with  six  sons,  and  the 
family  roll  call  shows  them  all  above  the  daisies  yet.  It's 
a  caution  how  this  half-dozen  war  scarred  veterans  dodge 
bullets.  The  next  big  job  for  the  Kaiser  will  be  to  save 
enough  out  of  the  wreck  to  provide  for  his  sons.  Guns 
aren't  shootin'  far  enough  to  hit  'em. 


The  government  paper  investigation  is  calling  Cana- 
dian publishers  to  meet  at  Ottawa  on  October  16,  to  con- 
sider how  the  use  of  newsprint  can  be  curtailed.  The 
suggestion  is  made  that  comic  supplements  should  be  cut. 
out.  That's  all  right,  but  if  that's  done  some  of  them 
wouldn't  be  worth  buying.  The  juvenile  circulation  would 
shrink  to  nothing  at  all. 


1 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


407 


YES,  THERE'S  ALWAYS 

ROOM  AROUND  THE  TOP 


InterestinK  Experience  of  Man  Who  Secured  His  Education 

After  He  Left  the  School 

House 


FRED    J.     MILNE 


By  H.A.T. 

CATURDAY  evening  of  last  week  I  had  a  talk  with 
^^  Fred  J.  Milne,  mechanical  superintendent  of  the  Pure 
Gold  Manufacturing  Company.  In  relating  his  experiences 
he  impressed  upon  my  mind  certain  pictures,  and  I  cannot 
do  better  than  let  his  words  reveal  these  to  you,  after  I 
have  disposed  of  a  few  attendant  particulars. 

Fred.  Milne  was  born  in  the 
city  of  Toronto  on  the  28th 
day  of  July,  1881.  His  parents 
moved  to  the  United  States 
while  he  was  still  a  very  little 
boy.  All  the  school-given 
education  he  received  was 
that  imparted  by  a  public 
A  school   in   Buffalo,   N.Y.,   and 

^^^^E  d^m^^k:  another  in  Dayton,  Ohio.   Add 

^^^^^L   ^^  ^^^He  ^'^^^  ^^  earned  as  he  learned; 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B  that  he  was,  in  fact,  the  first 

^^^^^B^B^^^^Hp  boy  in  the  messenger 

^I^HHHHH^I^^  of  the  Western  Union  to  own 

a  bicycle — a  bicycle  that  he 
himself  built  by  giving  a 
semblance  of  the  vertical  to 
the  outward-spread  rear 
forks  of  a  tricycle,  shorten- 
ing the  rear  axle  and  dis- 
carding the  surperfluous  wheel;  add,  also,  that  at  the  age 
of  twelve  he  was  an  apprentice  in  the  Dayton  Computing 
Scale  Company's  plant,  and  you  have  a  fair  idea  of  the 
educational  equipment  with  which  he  set  out  to  best  the 
mechanical  world. 

At  this  time,  as  chief  engineer  in  the  plant  of  the 
Dayton  Artificial  Ice  Company,  the  lad's  father  was 
making  321  tons  of  ice  every  24  hours — something  to 
talk  about  years  after  1893.  So  possibly  this  proud,  but 
cold,  record,  and  the  ice  plant's  battery  of  12  boilers  and 
a  pay  envelope  by  a  few  bits  of  silver  fatter  than  $1.50 
a  week  may  have  jointly  conspired  to  attract  the  boy; 
or  possibly,  remembering  the  lad's  age,  to  "work  with 
dad"  was  inducement  enough.  Certain  it  is  that  young 
Millie  moved  from  the  scale  plant  to  the  ice  plant  before 
his  full  time  as  an  apprentice  in  the  former  had  been 
served.  And  for  two  years  following,  in  the  ice  plant 
and  in  the  Lockland  Woollen  Mills,  he  worked  to  good 
advantage  under  his  father. 

"I  was  turning  13  when  I  went  back  to  Buffalo  and 
apprenticed  myself  to  the  Rogers  Company.  Their  shop 
made  circular  saw  sharpening  machines.  The  foreman 
was  a  big  German. 

"In  that  shop  we  had  to  forge  and  draw  all  our  own 
tools. 

Where  He  Met  the  Hun 
"Even  our  flat  drills  we  had  to  make  from  diamond 
.steel.  Many  a  day  I  shaped  a  tool  on  the  anvil,  under 
a  hammer  that  was  a  sledge  to  my  strength.  And  that 
■big  GerHun  stiff  stood  near  and  timed  me.  And  more 
often  than  I  like  to  recall  he  towered  over  me  and  my 
lathe. 

"'You'll  do  it  right,  damn  you!'  he'd  say.  And  then 
he'd  stand  and  curse  for  half  an  hour  at  a  stretch,  while 
tears  rolled  down  my  cheeks  and  fell  as  coolant  on  the 
casting   in   my   lathe.     Only   they  were   hot  tears. 

"But  I  stayed  with  it — and  him — until  I  had  served 
my  full  time  as  an  apprentice — sixteen  months  in  thjjt 
shop. 

"The   day   after   my   time   was  up   I   was  working  for 


the  West  Tool  Machine  Company,  of  Buffalo.  In  this 
shop,  we  made  tinners'  machinery;  that  is,  machines  for 
cutting  tin,  crinkling  galvanized  sheet  metal,  etc.  I 
wasn't  a  great  while  in  this  shop  nor  in  the  next.  For 
the  old  folks  were  returning  to  Canada,  and  I  wanted 
to  go  along. 

"I  did — as  far  as  Hamilton.  Here  I  took  the  first  job 
that  offered — making  catsup  and  boiling  strawberries 
for  the  Simcoe  Canning  Company. 

"Not  on  a  bet,  to  this  day,  will  I  eat  a  preserved 
strawberry.  And  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  I  burned  up 
a  whole  kettleful  of  them,  after  almost  72  hours  on  the 
job  without  sleep,  I  was  the  last  one  paid  off  at  the 
season's  close. 

"I'll  not  forget  that  winter.  It  was  hard  and  times 
were  bad.  I  wasn't  more  than  15,  and  out  of  a  job.  As 
weeks  passed,  and  no  work  could  be  found,  things  became 
desperate  for  me.     I  decided  to  make  work — and  money. 

"I  built  a  hand  sleigh  and  on  top  of  it  rigged  up 
a  stove  out  of  a  link  of  old  stove-pipe.  Then  I  spent 
one  dime  for  a  bag  of  charcoal  and  another — the  last  I 
had — for  acid.  I  had  a  soldering  iron  and  a  bit  of  solder. 
So  I  built  a  fire  in  the  stove  and  started  out  as  a  tinker, 
prepared  to  mend  old  pans  and  kettles. 

From  house  to  house  I  went  in  the  outskirts  of 
Hamilton — in  the  outskirts  because  I  had  neither  a  license 
nor  the  price  of  one. 

The    Going   Was    Hard 

"But  holey  pans  were  scarce  that  day.  The  only  thing 
that  wasn't  scarce  was  trouble.  My  sleigh  overturned 
and  caught  fire.  I  put  the  fire  out  with  snow,  gathered 
up  the  spill  and  trudged  on  to  the  next  house.  There  I 
got  my  first  job — a  leaky  sauce  pan  and  a  boiler. 

"I  rebuilt  the  fire,  heated  the  soldering  iron,  got  the 
acid  handy,  and  set  to  work.  But  I  couldn't  make  the 
solder  stick.  I  worked  for  a  long  time.  It  wouldn't  stick. 
And  there  was  a  good  reason  for  that,  as  I  finally  dis- 
covered. 

"The  acid  must  have  poured  out  at  the  time  of  the 
spill,  for  the  liquid  left  in  the  bottle,  only  a  few  drops, 
was  snow  water. 

"After  that  venture  I  got  to  Toronto — some  way.  For 
a  time  I  was  cash  boy  in  the  window  shade  department 
of  Eaton's.  Paid  $2.50  a  week.  Later  I  worked  in  several 
plants  here,  both  before  and  after  I  went  to  'the  woods.' 

And  in  one  of  these  particularly — the  power  plant  in 
connection  with  the  W.  A.  Murray  store — I  got  useful 
electrical   experience." 

Mr,  Milne  explained  that  by  "the  woods"  he  meant 
the  village  of  Wilberforce,  at  that  time  named  Pusey. 
Here  he  joined  his  prospective  father-in-law  in  a  wood- 
cutting industry  that  did  not  prove  so  successful  as  it 
might  to-day.  And  here,  too,  he  was  engineer  in  the 
Thomas  Beck  saw  mills. 

Eleven   Years   Ago 

"It  is  now  11  years  since  I  started  in  the  Pure  Gold 
plant  as  engineer,"  he  continued.  "I've  seen  it  grow  to 
its  present  size,  and  I've  installed  all  the  mixers,  those 
great  hydraulic  presses,  all  the  electrical  power  equip- 
ment— practically   every   machine   operating  in    it  to-day. 

"I  was  promoted  to  mechanical  superintendent  a  little 
over    one    year    ago. 

But  his  story  would  not  all  be  told  if  I  stopped  without 
mentioning  that  his  salary  would  make  many  a  petty 
executive  envious,  any  more  than  it  would  all  he  told 
if  I  failed  to  say  that  his  son  is  a  clever  apprentice  in 
the  plant  of  the  Consolidated  Optical  Company,  or  that 
his  little  girl,  musically  gifted,  is  being  trained  by  the 
Toronto  Conservatory  of  Music,  or  that  the  good  mother 
looks  as  young  as  her  children. 

And  still  another  thing  I  noticed — a  library  of  15  to 
20  mechanical  and  electrical  engineering  textbooks.  These 
books  Mr.  Milne  has  had  for  about  11  years.  That  fact, 
considered  with  all  that  precedes,  seems  to  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  to  be  very  significant. 


408 


Volume  XX. 


'^W 

MARKET 

^pgaL-r  irr'^l^^ 

Jf'S^l 

DEVELOPMENTS 

KhI 

W^^^mvt 

*^^  ■  \x  ^'^^"''^^^W^^^^H 

Cutting  of  Non-Essentials  Improves  Situation 

Phonographs  and  Passenger  Autos  Will  Not  be  Made  in  United 
States  After  First  of  the  Year — Government  Places  Very  Large 
Order — Equipping  the  Canadian  Expedition  That  Leaves  Soon 

For  Siberia 


CANADIAN  dealers  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  market  looking  for  machine  tools  report  that 
the  biggest  concerns  there  are  not  looking  for 
business.  As  a  matter  of  real  fact  selling  has  ceased 
to  be  part  of  their  business.  It  is  now  simply  a  matter 
of  production  and  leaving  the  disposal  of  the  material  to 
the  government.  Some  idea  of  the  volume  of  business 
moving  can  be  gathered  from  the  following.  The  manager 
of  a  large  Canadian  firm  was  in  Cincinnati  where  he 
wanted  to  order  a  dozen  electric  drills.  At  the  same 
time  he  was  in  the  offices  of  the  company  there  came 
pn  order  from  Washington  calling  for  delivery  on  an  A^l 
rating  of  600  of  these  same  tools.  The  government  con- 
trols the  situation  absolutely. 

There  are  still  delays  in  the  equipping  of  Canadian 
plants  that  are  preparing  to  take  on  American  war  orders. 
In  a  couple  of  cases  there  is  not  a  little  embarrassment 
following  the  delays.  A  large  amount  of  the  capital  has 
been  put  into  plant,  and  the  government  allowance  in  the 
way  of  advances  has  been  used,  while  a  large  overhead 
remains  to  accumulate  against  the  day  when  there  shall 
be    deliveries    to   balance    the    account.      Every   eflFort   Is 


being  made  to  relieve  the  situation,  but  it  is  quite  a  dis- 
tance  from   being   satisfactory   yet. 

The  war  continues  to  make  all  sorts  of  new  calJs 
on  the  machine  tool  equipment  of  the  country.  This 
week  agents  are  busy  gathering  up  a  list  of  machine  tools 
for  the  equipping  of  the  Canadian  force  that  is  going  to 
Siberia.  This  force  will  run  into  facilities  for  repair 
and  upkeep  work  that  will  be  poor  or  of  a  zero  quality, 
and  for  this  reason  the  necessary  equipment  for  shop  work 
is  being  sent  along  with  them. 

Canadian  trade  is  looking  for  something,  better  in 
the  supply  of  plates  than  has  been  coming  to  this  country 
for  some  time.  The  United  States  has  been  cutting  off 
so  many  of  the  non-essential  users  that  there  is  bound 
sooner  or  later  to  be  an  improvement  in  the  situation. 
Every  week  sees  a  cut  made  in  the  list.  This  week  it  is 
announced  that  the  U.S.  War  Industries  Board  requests 
the  manufacture  of  passenger  automobiles  and  phono- 
graphs to  stop  by  the  first  of  the  year.  In  the  latter 
case  it  is  not  the  amount  of  steel  that  is  thought  of,  but 
the  inroads  that  the  business  makes  on  the  labor  market. 


SHIPBUILDING  BECOMING  THE 

CHIEF  INDUSTRY  AT  MONTREAL 


SpecUl     to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Oct.  3.— The  volume 
of  business  that  is  being  carried 
on  throughout  the  industrial  field  to-day 
is  confined  to  the  amount  of  material 
that  can  be  delivered  to  carry  on  this 
business.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it  is  this 
feature  that  virtually  controls  the  gen- 
eral situation.  Regarding  machine  tools 
the  time  of  delivery  is  the  factor  that 
determines  the  price,  as  the  latter  is 
based  on  the  market  at  the  time  of  ship- 
ment rather  than  a  fixed  price  at  the 
date  of  the  placement  of  the  order.  The 
demand  for  tools  of  a  general  descrip- 
tion has  been  additionally  heavy  of  late 
and  dealers  are  unable  to  satisfy  the  re- 
quests of  the  manufacturers,  as  the 
builders  are  unable  to  construct  the 
necessary  equipment  in  the  time  speci- 
fied, and  unstated  delivery  must  neces- 
sarily be  a  feature  of  an  accepted  order. 
It  is  understood  that  a  quantity  of  the 
12  inch  shell  is  included  in  the  recent 
large   contract   received   by   the   Canada 


Cement  Company,  and  a  factory  for  the 
production  of  these  shells  is  now  under 
construction  at  Rockfield,  P.Q.  A 
report,  which  has  virtually  been 
confirmed,  is  to  the  effect  that  the 
manufacture  of  a  cast  iron  shell 
for  the  U.  S.  government  will  soon  be 
taken  up  by  the  munition  makers  here  in 
Canada,  and  it  has  been  intimated  that 
negotiations  to  this  end  have  been  under 
way  for  some  time.  Shipbuilding  has 
been  making  good  progress  here  and 
plates  for  steel  vessels  are  coming  along 
regularly  with  the  yards  amply  supplied 
for  maximum  operations.  Yards  work- 
ing on  wooden  boats  have  experienced  a 
little  delay  in  obtaining  lumber  for  the 
superstructures.  This  situation,  how- 
ever, is  less  acute  at  present  as  ship- 
ments are  much  better. 

Steel  To-day  Means  Shipbuilding 

When  summing  up  the  activity  in  steel 
at  the  present  time  the  situation  could 


be  explained  in  the  one  word — shipbuild- 
ing. The  importance  of  this  industry 
has  overshadowed  every  other  enterprise 
and  the  requirements  for  ship  plates 
must  receive  precedence  over  every  other 
demand.  One  local  dealer  traveled  to 
Ottawa  to  see  what  could  be  done  re- 
garding some  steel  plate  for  general  in- 
dustrial requirements,  as  many  local 
concerns  were  urgently  in  need  of  ma- 
terial for  plant  repairs,  but  little  suc- 
cess resulted  from  his  efforts  as  he  was 
told  that  unless  the  plates  were  required 
for  steel  ship  work,  his  request  would 
receive  little  attention  from  the  War 
Trade  Board.  This  feature  of  the  exist- 
ine;  situation  was  additionally  emphasiz- 
ed by  another  steel  producer  here  when 
he  intimated  that  it  was  very  difficult  to 
obtain  the  necessary  material  for  the 
making  of  wrought  iron  pipe.  In  ex- 
planation of  this  the  manufacturer  stat- 
ed that  the  same  mills  that  could  pro- 
duce the  blanks  for  the  large  size  pipe 
could  be  utilized  for  the  production  of 
ship  plates,  and  the  heavy  requirements 
for  this  material  allowed  little  tonnage 
to  be  produced  for  pipe  purposes.  The 
volume  of  output  devoted  to  the  making 
of  pipe  was   therefore  confined   to   the 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


409 


short  periods  between  the  ship  plate 
rolling  process.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
latest  price  list  (37)  on  wrough  iron  pipe 
incorporates  a  slight  change  in  the 
method  of  quoting  prices.  In  previous 
lists  the  quotations  for  standard  lap- 
welded  pipe  have  been  based  on  a  price 
of  so  much  per  hundred  feet.  The 
changes  going  into  effect  with  the  latest 
list  are  on  the  old  basis  for  pipe  up  to 
and  including  4  inches  diameter,  larger 
than  this,  or  up  to  10  inches,  the  quota- 
tions are  made  at  so  much  per  foot.  The 
prices  of  lapwelded  pipe  have  advanced 
in  the  recent  list  and  these  changes  will 
be  seen  in  the  selected  market  quota- 
tions. In  nearly  every  direction  the  steel 
situation  is  feeling  the  pinch  of  ship- 
>)uilding  and  shell  requirements,  and  little 
material  is  available  for  other  purposes 
unless  it  can  be  clearly  shown  that  such 
needs  are  in  keeping  with  the  essential 
regulations  of  the  War  Trade  Boards.  The 
co-operation  of  the  two  governments  in 
this  respect  is  so  close  that  nothing  can 
be  obtained  without  the  sanction  of  one 
or  both  bodies. 

Market  Being  Eliminated 

The  general  market  is  being  more  or 
less  influenced  by  the  price  fixing  that 
has  featured  the  American  situation 
during  the  past  summer,  and  this  has 
been  a  factor  in  establishing  the  prices 
that  are  now  effective  in  this  market  if 
it  can  be  said  th^t  a  market  really  exists. 
Regulations  under  which  all  transactions 
are  carried  on  has  virtually  eliminated 
the  old  time  market,  when  price  fluctu- 
ations were  largely  a  factor  of  current 
developments.  With  the  actual  supply 
being  devoted  almost  exclusively  to  war 
requirements  and  these  requirements  al- 
lotted by  the  War  Trade  Boards  of  the 
two  countries,  the  changes  of  quotations 
are  invariably  set  at  certain  periods  and 
any  changes  are  determined  by  the  con- 
ditions existfng  at  that  particular  time. 
To  obtain  material  at  the  present  time 
it  must  be  shown  that  the  purchaser  is 
operating  on  essential  war  work  or  that 
directly  associated  with  it.  Unless  this 
is  so  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  secure 
material.  The  copper  situation  is  un- 
changed and  prices  are  firm.  The  easier 
position  in  tin  has  been  reflected  in  lower 
price  quotations  and  dealers  anticipate 
a  still  lower  level  in  the  near  future. 
Local  prices  have  declined  to  95  cents 
per  pound.  The  lead  situation  has  taken 
on  a  more  acute  tone  in  the  States,  and 
as  a  consequence  the  market  here  has 
been  affected;  no  American  lead  can  he 
shipped  to  Canada  at  present  and  this 
may  shortly  result  in  a  stronger  markec 
here.  At  present  the  demand  here  is  not 
excessive  and  the  prices  remain    firm. 

Spelter  demand  is  very  quiet  just  now 
and  the  situation  is  easier  but  as  yet 
price  quotations  are  unchanged.  These 
remain  at  10 %c  per  pound.  Through  a 
printer's  error  the  Montreal  quotation 
for  spelter  last  week  read  16%;  this 
should  have  been  10%c. 

Heavier  Tools  Hard  to  Obtain 

Machine  tool  requirements  are  still  of 
sufficient  volume  to  maintain  the  interest 
of  dealers  but  the  possibility  of  acquir- 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Coal  miners  have  been  on  strike  in 
Pictou  County  since  September  16, 
and  there  seems  small  chance  of 
them  returning  to  work. 

Makers  of  machine  tools  at  many 
United  States  points  are  so  far  be- 
hind in  deliveries  that  they  are  not 
looking  now  for  any  new  business  at 
all. 

Dealers  report  that  there  is  a  fair 
amount  of  machinery  scrap  coming 
into  the  market  now.  There  is  a 
large  surplus  of  brass  and  copper  iii 
the  yards. 

Some  of  the  pig  iron  furnaces 
claim  that  at  the  new  rate  of  price 
recognized  by  the  government  they 
are  not  making  any  money. 

United  States  War  Industrial 
Boasd  wants  the  manufacture  of 
phonographs  to  stop  by  the  first  of 
January  by  reason  of  the  number  of 
hands    employed    in    that    business. 

More  hopeful  reports  are  handed 
out  from  Pittsburg  regarding  the 
steel  supply.  It  is  likely,  on  account 
of  the  number  of  non-essential  lines 
that  have  been  cut  off,  that  the 
shortage  of  steel  plate  will  be  re- 
lieved. 


mg  certain  equipment  is  evidently  as  re- 
mote as  ever.  One  dealer  here  states 
that  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  secure 
equipment  from  the  States,  particularly 
lathes  of  a  size  greater  than  25  inch. 
Where  it  is  possible  to  place  orders  for 
machinery  of  the  standard  type  nothing 
like  prompt  delivery  can  be  obtained,  as 
shipment  cannot  be  guaranteed  under 
six  or  eight  months,  and  in  some  cases 
even  longer.  One  dealer  here  had  a 
testing  machine  recently,  and  while 
negotiating  with  the  I.  M.  B.  for  its  dis- 
posal, intimated  that  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  a  similar  machine  from  the 
manufacturers  under  three  or  four 
months.  The  official  of  the  board  re- 
plied that  delivery  could  not  be  expected 
before  a  period  of  at  least  eight  months. 
In  an  effort  to  secure  a  greater  volume 
of  machine  tools  of  a  general  character 
both  those  that  are  now  on  order  and 
some  additional  equipment  required  for 
customers,  another  local  dealer  has  left 
for  the  States  to  gather  together  as 
many  tools  as  he  can.  If  he  can  locate 
the  same  he  is  hopeful  of  securing  per- 
mission to  have  them  shipped  through 
at  an  early  date.  Tools  of  a  standard 
character  are  the  hardest  to  obtain,  this 
particularly  applies  to  boring  machines 
and  milling  machines.  The  recent  place- 
ment of  a  large  munitions  contract  here 


for  the  American  government  includes 
a  shell  of  the  12  inch  variety  and  con- 
siderable inquiry  for  suitable  tools  has 
recently  been  made  to  dealers. 

Scrap  Shows  Little  Activity 

Dealings  in  old  materials  is  not  mark- 
ed by  any  pronounced  activity,  and  what 
market  there  is  now  left  for  the  dealers 
is  very  quiet  in  character.  The  situation 
to-day  is  virtually  in  the  hands  of  the 
government  and  the  bulk  of  the  busi- 
ness is  done  direct  through  the  pro- 
ducer and  the  consumer  with  the  aid  of 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board.  Con- 
siderable demand  is  still  evident  for 
machine  cast  iron  and  malleable  scrap 
but  the  supply  is  apparently  light  and 
the  market  in  this  respect  is  quite  strong. 
Old  metals  have  weakened  during  the 
past  week,  but  little  more  than  a  nor- 
mal business  is  reported.  New  brass 
cuttings  show  a  decline  of  Vic  and  are 
now  quoted  at  $15  per  hundred  pounds. 
Red  brass  turnings  show  a  similar  de- 
cline and  are  now  quoted  at  18c  per 
pound.  Dealers  are  now  asking  9c  for 
light  brass,  this  quotation  being  one  cent 
lower  than  that  of  last  week.  Malleable 
scrap  is  comparatively  scarce  and  quo- 
tations have  advanced  to  $25  per  ton,  a 
rise  of  $4  during  the  week.  Machine 
shop  turnings  have  advanced  from  $8 
to  $9  per  ton.  Requirements  for  stove 
plate  have  become  easier  and  the  price 
is  easier  by  $2  per  ton,  the  current  quo- 
tation being  $30  per  ton. 


WAR  BOARD  KEEPS 

KEEN  EYE  ON  ORDERS 

Dealers   Believe  That   Plate  Will  Be  In 
Greater  Supply   Before  Long 

TORONTO.— The  securing  of  delivery 
of  machines  is  one  of  the  biggest 
matters  that  the  machine  tool  trade  has 
to  deal  with  just  now.  It  has  been  a 
serious  item  for  some  time,  and  the 
chances  are  that  it  will  continue  so.  In 
fact  there  are  a  couple  of  cases  in  which 
considerable  embarrassment  is  being 
caused  because  plants  are  not  in  a  posi- 
tion to  go  ahead  and  produce  shells, 
while  at  the  same  time  they  have  to  keep 
up  a  good-sized  overhead  charge  against 
their  plant.  Dealers  who  can  get  ma- 
chines can  sell  them  if  they  can  do  war 
work,  and  it  looks  as  though  this  con- 
dition would  continue  for  some  time  to 
come.  Some  of  the  later  contracts  that 
are  coming  out  now  in  the  making  of 
gas  shells,  which  is  largely  foundry  work, 
contain  a  cancellation  clause,  in  case  the 
war  shall  be  done  by  a  certain  date,  but, 
of  course,  the  firms  undertaking  the  work 
would  be  protected  in  case  such  a  thing 
came  to  pass. 

The  Steel  Trade 
The  War  Board,  at  Ottawa,  is  getting 
to  the  stage  where  it  can  turn  down 
orders  and  cut  them  pretty  close  in  or- 
der to  keep  the  allotment  of  steel  coming 
to  this  country  centred  entirely  on  war 
work.  For  instance,  one  of  the  large 
public  utilities  of  the  province  sent  in  an 
order  for  plate  during  the  last  week.  It 
was  returned  to-day,  and  will  not  be 
filled.    The  plate  was  not  for  any  specific 


410 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


purpose,  but  simply  to  keep  up  the  ware- 
house stock  for  repair  purposes.  Can- 
adian warehouses  are  getting  quite  gen- 
erous shipments  of  material  that  is  of  the 
lighter  gauge,  but  on  material  that 
comes  within  the  scope  of  the  Canadian 
allotment  they  are  not  receiving  sucii 
generous  treatment. 

The  Matter  Of  Price 

-  There  is  quite  a  big  gap  between  the 
prices  at  U.  S.  mills  and  the  prices  that 
are  now  recognized  in  Canada.  The  trade 
seems  to  think  that  if  the  governments 
of  both  countries  stepped  out  of  the  way 
and  allowed  the  steel  situation  to  work 
out  its  own  level  there  would  be  changes 
on  both  sides  of  the  line.  The  Canadian 
market  would  be  due  to  come  down  and 
the  U.  S.  price  might  advance  a  bit.  At 
present  plate  costs  $7.50  at  the  mill, 
which  is  at  the  rate  of  $150  per  ton.  On 
this  allow  $10  for  freight  and  handling 
and  you  have  $160  plate  in  Toronto.  The 
American  price  is  $3.25  at  the  mills, 
which  is  $65  per  ton.  To  this  add  $3 
duty  and  $5  freight  and  it  gives  plate 
from  the  U.  S.  mill  laid  down  here  at 
$73,  against  the  present  Canadian  price 
of  $160.  In  competitive  times  this  dif- 
ference would  have  to  be  taken  up 
quickly.  The  Canadian  price  would  not 
have  to  meet  the  existing  price  in  United 
States,  for  the  trade  seems  to  think  that 
steel  will  find  its  level  around  $4  per 
hundred,  which  is  a  fair  lift  over  the 
present  set  fi.grure  of  $3.25. 

Scrap  Yards  Full 

Quotations  for  copper  wire  are  off  $1 
this  week.  In  fact  all  grades  of  copper 
scrap  are  weaker  and  are  not  moving  as 
rapidly  as  usual.  Previously  all,  or  near- 
ly all,  the  copper  scrap  used  to  be  sent 
to  United  States  pioints  where  it  was 
used  and  turned  back  to  No.  1  electro- 
lytic copper,  but  now  that  there  is  an 
embargo  against  the  shipment  to  that 
market  there  is  a  considerable  quantity 
accumulating  in  this  country,  and  as  soon 
as  stocks  reach  a  certain  size  there  is 
bound  to  be  more  or  less  reaction. 
Dealers  claim  that  that  stage  has  now 
been  reached.  The  surplus  stock  of  cop- 
per and  brass  of  all  kinds  will  increase 
if  the  embargo  keeps  up.  The  most  of 
the  copper  scrap  continues  to  come  from 
the  domestic  utensils  gathered  by  the 
country  scouring  of  the  metal  wagons. 
Since  the  munitions  business  betcan  to 
operate  there  has  been  a  considerable 
amount  coming  from  the  bands,  but  the 
bulk  of  the  matter  that  reaches  the  yards 
comes  from  the  collectors  all  over  the 
country. 

There  is  also  a  fair  amount  of  ma- 
chinery scrap  in  the  yards  just  now, 
which  is  quite  a  contrast  from  the  con- 
ditions that  have  been  general  for  some 
time  past.  In  fact  several  of  the  deal  • 
ers  hinted  at  a  lower  figure  for  machin- 
ery scrap.  There  is  enough  on  hand  for 
the  con.sumers  to  use  now,  and  there 
seems  to  be  very  little  tendency  to  buy 
very  far  ahead.  There  has  been  quite  a 
lot  of  scrap  coming  from  the  west  and 
other  points. 


PASSENGER  AUTOS  AND  PHONOGRAPHS 

TO  BE  CUT  OFF  THE  PRODUCTION  LIST 


Special     to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Oct.  2.— Throu_4li 
the  combination  of  stimulating  pro- 
duction and  curtailing  the  supply  of  steel 
at  all  points  to  the  actual  needs  of  wai 
activities,  instead  of  looking  to  the  crea- 
tion of  possible  reserves,  production  and 
lequirements  may  make  a  more  even 
break  at  the  end  of  the  year  than  has 
been  in  prospect  from  the  figures  so  fre- 
quently mentioned  by  the  War  In- 
dustries Board.  First,  early  in  July,  the 
Loard  placed  the  half  year's  requirements 
iit  20,000,000  net  tons  of  finished  rolled 
steel,  intimating  that  there  was  no  like- 
lihood of  more  than  16,500,000  tons 
being  made.  Later  it  increased  its  esti- 
mate of  production  to  17,000,000  tons, 
while  by  successive  stages  it  advanced 
the  requirements  to  23,000,000  tons  and 
then  spoke  of  the  possibility  of  25,000,- 
000  tons  being  made. 

Production  in  the  past  three  months 
has  been  fully  9,000,000  tons,  and  as 
the  period  included  the  hot  weather, 
which  always  curtails  output,  while 
strenuous  efforts  are  being  made  to  in- 
crease production,  the  output  in  the  next 
three  months  ouffht  to  be  more  than  10,- 
000,000  tons  rather  than  less.  The 
September  report  of  steel  ingot  pro- 
duction, which  should  be  available  within 
a  fortnight,  will  give  an  inkling  of  the 
autumn  pace  in  steel  production. 

Curtailing  Steel  Supplies 

The  War  Industries  Board  has  an- 
nounced a  large  batch  of  steel  curtail- 
ment arrangements  made  with  various 
consumers,  from  the  makers  of  clothes 
wringers  to  the  makers  of  phonographs. 
On  an  average,  the  restriction  during  the 
last  four  months  of  the  year  is  to  be 
one-half  the  output  in  the  corresponding 
period  of  1917.  It  is  desired  that  the 
manufacture  of  passenger  automobiles 
and  phonographs  cease  entirely  January 
1.  Except  in  the  case  of  a  few  items, 
not  much  steel,  in  point  of  tonnage,  will 
he  saved  by  this  curtailment  in  industrial 
operations,  but  there  will  be  a  very  im- 
portant saving  in  man  power.  In  the 
case  of  tin  plate  conservation,  the  work 
is  being  done  by  the  Food  Administration 
which  has  been  making  agreements  with 
.  the  packers  of  non-perishable  food  pro- 
ducts to  curtail  their  consumption  oi" 
tin  plate,  or  stop  it  altogether.  As 
recently  reported,  a  curtailment  in  tin 
plate  production  for  the  fourth  quarter 
to  70  per  cent  of  the  former  rate  was 
ordered,  but  this  conservation  program 
is  expected  to  make  feasible  a  stili 
greater  reduction. 

The  War  Industries  Board,  besides 
seeking  agreements  with  ultimate  con- 
sumers as  to  restriction  in  steel  con- 
sumption, is  also  negotiating  with  the 
finished  steel  producers  themselves,  look- 
ing to  a  curtailment  in  their  consump- 
tion of  raw  steel.  The  pipe  mills,  for 
instance,  have  been  asked  to  consider 
whether   a     reduction    in      their   output 


would  cause   difficulty  in  any  important 
war  activity. 

A  very  important  point  in  connection 
with  all  this  steel  conservation  work  is 
that  it  is  not  directed  towards  the  saving 
of  steel  for  the  purpose  of  putting  the 
steel  into  some  particular  product  or 
channel  of  consumption.  Except  for  the 
item  of  rails,  it  is  not  definitely  shown 
that  the  supply  of  steel  is  distinctly 
short  in  any  direction,  at  least  with 
respect  to  any  considerable  tonnage.  To 
illustrate  this  point,  the  case  of  shells 
may  be  taken.  It  is  quite  clear  that 
there  would  be  no  desire  to  save  steel 
at  the  expense  of  shells.  Nevertheless, 
the  supply  of  shell  steel  has  been  scru- 
tinized, not  on  the  basis  of  how  many 
shells  the  prosecution  of  the  war  re- 
quires, iut  on  the  basis  of  how  much 
shell  steel  the  forge  shops  can  actuallj-- 
work.  Ship  steel  has  also  been  studied. 
No  statement  has  been  made  as  to  how 
much,  if  any,  steel  has  been  found  that 
can  be  taken  out  of  these  programs,  but 
it  is  hinted  from  Washington  that  a 
new  and  revised  estimate  of  the  half- 
year's  steel  requirements  may  be  forth- 
coming. 

Pig   Iron   Prices 

No  particular  effort  is  made  to  dis- 
guise the  fact  that  the  revision  of  pig- 
iron  prices  for  the  fourth  quarter  of  the 
year  was  dictated  entirely  on  grounds 
of  expediency.  Some  .  furnaces  were 
making  little,  if  any,  money  and  it  was 
desired  to  relieve  them.  A  general  and 
large  advance  could  not  be  considered, 
and  a  schedule  was  worked  out  whicir 
is  not  logical  but  which  is  perfectly 
practicable,  and  which  gives  an  increased 
price  to  the  furnaces  that  have  had  the 
highest  costs.  Eastern  Pennsylvania  is 
put  on  a  Pittsburgh  basis,  while  Tennes- 
see and  Virginia  are  put  on  the  Birming- 
ham basis.  As  Lake  Superior  ore  was 
advanced  25  cents,  basis  prices  were 
advanced,  but  only  on  basic  and  foundry, 
forge  and  Bessemer  'being  left  un- 
changed. The  ore  advance  of  25  cents 
would  mean  about  45  cents  increase  per 
ton  in  the  cost  of  making  pig  iron,  and 
the  grades  that  are  advanced  $1  a  ton 
comprise  about  three-fourths  of  all  the 
iron  that  is  sold,  being  therefore  equi- 
valent to  an  average  advance  of  about 
75  cents,  and  giving  a  net  advantage  to 
the  furnaces  using  Lake  Superior  ore  of 
say  30  cents.  Furnaces  using  local  ores, 
which  are  not  changed,  get  the  benefit 
of  the  full  pig  iron  advance.  The  ad- 
ditional advantages  given  by  reason  of 
the  removed  basing  points  amount  to  75 
cents  to  $1  in  the  case  of  Tennessee 
furnaces,  perhaps  $2  to  $4  in  the  case 
of  Virginia  furnaces,  and  possibly  $1  to 
$3  in  the  case  of  eastern  furnaces.  The 
lake  front  furnaces  will  sell  f.o.b.  furnace 
as  formerlv,  and  as  pig  iron  required  by 
Canada  will  doubtless  be  allotted  to  them, 
the  only  practical  interest  to  Canada  m 
the  price  revision  is  that  basic  and  foun- 
dry iron  will  be  $1  higher  than  formerly. 


J 


October  3,  1918, 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


411 


There  are  wider  differentials  for  silicon 
irons,  and  this  applies  even  to  No.  1 
foundry,  which  is  now  $1.25  above  No. 
2  instead  of  50  cents,  the  dividing  line 
being  2.25  per  cent,  silicon.  Buffalo  and 
eastern  Pennsylvania  No.  2X  is  above 
2.25  per  cent,  while  No.  2  plain  is  1.75  to 
2.25  cent. 

Basic  Eight-Hour  Day 
The  iron  and  steel  industry  as  a  whole 
will  adopt  the  "basic  eight-hour  day" 
which  the  Steel  Corporation  announced 
it  would  make  effective  in  its  plants 
October  1.  There  has  been  so  much 
argument  in  the  past  year  or  more  about 
"the  basic  eight-hour  day,"  much  of  it 
ignorant,  much  of  it  selfish,  and  not  a 
little  of  it  decidedly  intemperate,  that  it 
might  be  supposed  the  news  that  it  is 
heing  adopted  by  the  iron  and  steel  in- 
dustry is  regarded  as  of  tremendous 
importance.  It  is,  however,  nothing  of 
the  sort.  The  change  does  not  make  a 
Tipple  in  the  industry's  affairs.  Hours 
of  labor  are  not  affected.  There  is 
merely  a  little  change  in  the  payroll 
clerk's  arithmetic.  Formerly,  when  a 
man  worked  12  hours,  his  pay  for  the 
day  was  12  times  the  hourly  wage  rate. 
Now  it  will  be  14  times.  The  ten-hour 
man  will  get  11  times  the  hour  rate 
instead  of  10  times,  for  the  hours  be- 
yond eight  are  to  be  paid  time  and  a 
half.  One  is  a  wage  advance  of  16  2/3 
per  cent,  the  other  an  advance  of  10  per 
cent.  Men  working  eight  hours  get  no 
advance  at  all,  by  the  new  system,  but 
a  little  advance  may  be  given  some  of 
them.  The  total  increase  in  payrolls  will 
hardly  average  10  per  cent.  This  is  the 
eighth  wage  advance  since  the  war  be- 
gan, the  first  being  on  February  1,  1916. 
Six  were  of  10  per  cent,  while  one  was  of 
15  per  cent.  As  to  hours  of  labor  being 
reduced,  and  the  total  volume  of  man 
power  for  making  steel  reduced,  the  plain 
fact  is  that  the  12-hour  men  have  wanted 
to  work  the  12  hours.  When  they  are 
paid  a  bonus  for  the  hours  above  eight, 
they  will  be  still  more  anxious  to  work 
them. 


BIG  CONTRACTS  OUT 
FOR  SEMI-STEEL  SHELL 

U.   S.   Government  Sends   Out  Call   For 
33  Million  Gas  Projectiles 

Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

NEW  YORK,  Oct.  3.— To  carry  out  the 
impressive  program  of  the  War 
Department  for  a  vigorous  prosecution 
of  the  war,  several  hundred  million  dol- 
lars more  must  be  spent  in  the  purchase 
of  machinery  for  the  manufacture  of 
guns  and  ammunition.  The  request  re- 
cently made  to  Congress  for  a  deficiency 
appropriation  of  $7,000,000,000  empha- 
sizes the  enormous  work  that  must  stili 
be  done  in  providing  war  material.  The 
Ordnance  Bureau  alone  will  require 
.several  billion  dollars  for  artillery  and 
for  shells  of  various  kinds.  Contracts 
are  now  being  distributed  for  small  arms 
and  additional  orders  have  been  placed 
for  semi-steel  shells.  For  the  33,000,000 
semi-steel  shells  required  it  is  estimated 
that  about  140,000  tons  of  pig  iron  and 


NEW  PROCESS  FOR  SHELL 
NOSING 

Canadian  manufacturers  are 
keeping  to  the  front  in  the  develop- 
ment of  munition  machinery  of  all 
kinds.  A  recent  development  be- 
ing perfected  at  present  promises 
to  effect  considerable  improvement 
in  the  method  of  nosing  in  shells 
of  all  sizes.  We  are  fortunate  in 
securing  data  regarding  this  de- 
velopment and  promise  a  valuable 
feature  in  the  near  future. 


about  60,000  tons  of  steel  scrap  will 
be  needed.  In  the  last  week  orders  for 
about  36,000  tons  of  malleable  pig  iron 
for  such  shells  were  placed  and  other 
large  contracts  are  pending.  It  is  the' 
intention  of  the  Ordnance  Department 
to  obtain  the  assistance  of  about  150 
small  foundries  throughout  the  country 
to  take  on  such  work.  Manufacturers 
are  also  being  sought  who  can  produce 
trench  mortar"  shells  of  light  type  for 
carrying  gas,  smoke  and  illumination. 

In  the  last  week  buying  of  machine 
tools  in  the  eastern  territory  has  been 
confined  to  small  lots.  In  the  interior 
buying  has  also  been  of  relatively  small 
lots  but  in  the  aggregate  the  volume  of 
business  has  been  heavy.  Several  large 
contracts  for  shop  equipment  are  still 
pending,  the  largest  inquiries  coming 
from  the  Ordnance  Department  for  the 
Neville  Island  gun  and  projectile  plant 
being  built  by  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation. 

Some  Big  Deals 

Purchases  are  now  being  made  against 
a  list  of  318  cranes.  The  Midvale  Steel 
&  Ordnance'  Co.  is  about  to  put  out 
a  list  of  heavy  tools  required  for  equip- 
ping a  12-inch  howitzer  plant  at  Nice- 
town,  now  that  purchases  for  the  16-inch 
howitzer  plant  have  been  completed.  The 
Watervliet  Arsenal  has  bought  additional 
tools  costing  about  $100,000.  The  Gen- 
eral Ordnance  Co.,  Derby,  Conn.,  has 
purchased  tools  for  manufacturing  guns 
to  equip  hydro-airolanes.  The  Rock  Is- 
Innd  Arsenal  is  about  to  ask  bids  on 
$250,000  worth  of  forging  and  other  shop 
equipment.  The  Kohler  Co.  has  bought 
machines  for  making  shells. 

The  Ordnance  Bureau  of  the  War  De- 
partment has  est'riblished  a  new  division 
under  the  direction  of  Captain  John 
Turner,  formerly  of  New  York,  to  super- 
vise all  ordnance  equipment  purchases 
and  there  is  a  possibility  that  all  buying 
of  machinery  for  ordnance  contractors 
will  be  centered  in  Washington.  The 
Bureau  has  also  placed  several  additional 
contracts  for  light  arms.  The  Burroughs 
Adding  Machine  Co.  has  taken  a  con- 
tract for  pistols  and  two  similar  con- 
tracts are  pending  at  Philadelphia.  Sev- 
eral small  manufacturers  in  the  east  are 
buying  tools  for  making  fuses  and 
nozzles  for  flame  throwers. 

The  General  Engineer  Depot  in  Wash- 
ington has  been  bvfying  machinery  quite 
heavily    for    installation    in      locomotive 


round  houses  in  France  where  a  great 
deal  of  repair  work  is  done.  The  Yale 
&  Towne  Manufacturing  Co.,  Stamford, 
Conn.,  and  the  United  Injector  Co.  of 
Boston,  have  purchased  tools  for  making 
nozzles  and  injectors.  The  Towle  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  Newburyport,  Mass., 
previously  manufacturing  silverware, 
has  taken  on  a  contract  for  gas  buoys 
and  parts  of  gas  masks. 

The  Lake  Torpedo  Boat  Co.  has  put 
out  an  inquiry  for  $300,000  worth  of 
machine  tools  to  increase  output.'  The 
New  York  Shipbuilding  Co.  has  given  a 
contract  to  build  a  plate  and  angle  shop 
to  replace  the  buildings  recently  destroy- 
ed by  fire,  in  which  they  sustained  a  loss 
of  $300,000  but  the  company  continues  to 
operate  full  capacity,  about  40  ships 
being  under  coastruction.  At  the  ship- 
yards heing  operated  by  Pusey  &  Jones 
hereafter  only.  12,000-ton  ships  will  be 
built  and  the  five  shipways  at  Gloucester 
City  are  being  combined  into  three  large 
berths  for  the  building  of  the  larger 
type  boats. 


MAY  CATCH  TONNAGE 
BY  THE  FALL  OF  1922 

Chairman  of  Shipping  Board  Tells  Some- 
thing of  the  Work  Being 
Done 

Through  the  efforts  of  American  ship- 
ouilders  the  nations  fighting  Germany 
have  broken  "the  backbone  of  the  sub- 
marine campaign,"  Chairman  Hurley  of 
the  Shipping  Board  said  in  an  address 
oefore  the  Philadelphia  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, opening  the  fourth  Liberty  Loan 
campaign.  He  predicted  the  national 
marine  tonnage  will  be  restored  by  the 
fall  of  1922  or  earlier. 

"Every  plan,  every  prediction,  made 
by  the  German  government  has  failed," 
Mr.  Hurley  said.  "As  the  British  fleet 
bottled  the  Germans  in  the  Kiel  Canal, 
as  the  brave  French  held  the  Germans 
at  the  Marne,  the  shipbuilders  of 
America  have  .dashed  for  ever  the  hope 
of  Germany  to  isolate  this  country  and 
prevent  its  participation  in  the  war  of 
humanity  against  despotic  military 
power." 

Allied  Ships  Made  it  Possible 

Despite  the  enormous  expansion  of  the 
shipbuilding  industry,  Mr.  Hurley  said, 
it  had  not  been  possible  to  provide  the 
tonnage  necessary  to  transport  the 
American  armies  to  France  and  main- 
tain them  there.  Credit  should  be  given, 
he  asserted,  to  England,  France  and 
Italy,  who  though  "short  of  ships  them- 
selves made  further  sacrifices  in  order 
that  we  might  easily  get  nearly  two  mil- 
lion American  soldiers  to  the  battlefields 
in  the  first  year  and  a  half  of  our  war 
against  Germany. 

"War  has  produced  a  community  of 
interests  among  the  Allies  and  America 
and  it  is  only  by  the  unselfishness  of 
each  that  all  can  be  assured  of  victory." 


412 


C  A  N  A  D I A  N   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


PICTOU  COUNTY  MINERS  GO  OUT 

ON  STRIKE— A  BAD  SITUATION 


Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


SYDNEY,  N.  S.,  Sept.  30.— The  coal- 
miners  of  Pictou  County  have  been 
on  strike  since  the  16th  September  and 
at  the  time  of  writing  there  is  no  like- 
lihood of  them  returning  to  work.  The 
action  of  the  miners  is  incomprehensible 
and  indefensiblp«  inasmuch  as  it  is  in 
direct  contravention  of  the  agreement 
with  the  operators.  Following  the  lead 
of  the  Cape  Breton  miners — who  are 
organized  in  the  Amalgamated  Mine 
Workers  of  Nova  Scotia — the  Pictou 
miners — who  are  members  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor — agreed  to  a 
wage  adjustment  in  the  spring,  subject 
to  review  at  the  1st  of  July  to  conform 
with  any  appreciable  increase  which 
might  in  the  meantime  have  taken  place 
m  the  cost  of  living.  In  Cape  Breton, 
after  some  negotiation,  a  figure  of 
twenty  cents  per  day  was  agreed  upon 
as  representing  the  amount  required  to 
compensate  the  men  for  the  increases 
which  had  taken  place,  and  a  wage  in- 
crease of  this  amount  has  been  arranged. 
In  the  case  of  the  Dominion  Coal  Com- 
pany, certain  additional  adjustments 
were  made  as  between  the  wages  of  the 
machine-runners  and  their  helpers,  which 
were  intended  to  more  equitably  dis- 
tribute the  wages  paid  to  these  two 
classes  of  employees.  In  any  case  the 
agreement  between  the  men  and  the  com- 
panies in  Cape  Breton  was  loyally  lived 
up  to  by  both  the  men  and  the 
companies. 

Sent  Ultimatum 

In  Pictou  County  the  operators  offered 
the  men  the  same  increase  as  had  been 
arranged  in  Cape  Breton,  but  the  men 
refused  to  consider  this  offer,  entirely 
ignored  the  agreement  with  the  opera- 
tors, and  issued  an  ultimatum  that  unless 
an  increase  was  given  of  15  per  cent,  to 
men  receiving  more  than  $3.50  per  day, 
and  20  per  cent  to  men  receiving  $3.50 
or  less  per  day,  a  strike  would  be  called. 
The  operators  had  little  option.  They 
are  unable  to  raise  the  price  of  coal  .be- 
cause of  the  restrictions  imposed  by  the 
Fuel  Controller,  and  to  grant  the  de- 
mands of  the  men  would  have  meant  un- 
profitable operation  of  the  collieries.  The 
men  refuse  a  Conciliation  Board.  They 
have  so  far  ignored  the  instructions  of 
the  Fuel  Director  to  return  to  work, 
they  have  violated  both  their  agreement 
and  the  provisions  of  the  Industrial  Dis- 
putes Act,  and  apparently  the  authorit- 
ies, notwithstanding  all  the  special 
powers  given  to  the  Department  of  Labor 
and  the  Fuel  Controller  recently,  are  un- 
able to  bring  the  strike  to  an  end. 

Poor  Timed  Strike 

A  strike  of  any  kind  to-day  is  deplor- 
able, but  a  strike  of  coal  miners  —  in 
direct  proportion  to  its  extent — aids  the 
enemy  and  hinders  the  war  effort  of  the 
Allies.  Individually,  the  miners  of  Pictou 
County  are  probably  not  lacking  in 
patriotism.  Their  enlistment  record 
stands  to  prove  the  coAtrary.    They  are 


not  under-paid,  and  they  have  already 
lost  far  more  in  wages  by  idleness  than 
they  can  make  up  in  many  months  by 
any  increases  in  wages  they  can  hope 
to  obtain.  There  is  an  economic  limit 
to  this  matter  of  wages,  and  in  the  case 
of  the  Pictou  coal  companies  this  limii 
has  been  reached.  Nothing  can  force 
a  coal  operator  to  persist  in  unprofitable 
operation  of  his  properties.  The  only 
way  out  of  the  present  deadlock  is  for 
the  Government  to  take  over  and  operate 
the  collieries,  which  will  mean  saddling 
the  Government  with  a  monetary  loss, 
and  surely  the  Government  has  enough 
expenditure  before  it  not  to  require  such 
a  proceeding. 

A  Grave  Danger 

The  writer  has  on  several  occasions 
pointed  out  in  these  columns  that  a 
further  reduction  in  the  coal  output  of 
Nova  Scotia  seemed  inevitable,  ovsang  to 
the  reduction  in  the  working  forces,  the 
entire  cessation  of  immigration,  the 
further  operation  of  the  Military  Service 
Act  the  physical  condition  of  the  col- 
lieries, and  the  increasing  costs  of  wages 
and  materials;  but  no  one  seriously  con- 
templated a  strike  of  such  an  uncalled 
for  and  flagrant  character  as  that  now 
existing  in  Pictou  County.  The  only  ex- 
planation appears  to  be  that  the  think- 
ing and  patriotic  miners  are  all  in 
France,  and  that  the  men  who  remain 
behind  see  an  opportunity  in  the  present 
great  need  of  the  Empire  for  coal  to 
press  their  demands,  which  are  dictated 
not  by  any  economic  pressure  arising 
from  low  wages,  but  by  a  desire  to 
squeeze  out  of  the  present  national 
necessity  all  that  the  industry  will  stand. 
This  attitude  is,  at  least,  understandable, 
but  the  practical  repudiation  by  the  men 
of  their  agreement  admits  of  no  ex- 
planation. 

Must  Have  Coal 

The  production  of  coal  is  to-day  the 
first  of  all  military  necessities.  This 
statement  admits  of  no  qualification,  but 

PIG  IRON  PRODUCERS 
SATISFIED 

THE  general  feeling  among  the  pro- 
ducers of  pig  iron  at  U  S,  points 
is  that  the  advance  of  $1.00  per  ton 
allowed  by  the  War  Industries  Board,  is 
not  sufficient.  They  claim  that  this  small 
allowance  has  already  been  more  than 
absorbed  by  the  increasing  charges.  The 
output  of  pig  iron  still  keeps  well  in 
arrears  of  the  demands  that  are  made 
upon  it.  The  situation  at  U.  S.  points 
is  reported  to  be  as  follows: 

Pittsburgh. — There  is  a  feeling  here 
that  the  Government  now  has  secured 
almost  perfect  control  over  every  sit- 
uation that  can  arise  in  connection  with 
the  iron  industry.  As  a  result  of  this, 
few  enquiries  are  made  for  material  here, 
and   those  that  are  made   are   referred 


IS  the  simple  sincere  expression  of  a 
lact.  Coal  mining  to-day  is  not  an  in- 
dustry, properly  speaking.  It  is  a  branch 
of  the  military  arm.  The  coal  workers 
are  soldiers,  and  should  be  so  regarded. 
No  excuses  should  pass  muster  for  the 
idleness  of  a  colliery  to-day.  It  is  far 
worse  to  have  collieries  idle  than  it  is 
to  have  powder  factories  stopped,  to 
have  troopships  tied  up  at  the  wharf, 
and  to  have  reinforcements  refused  to 
our  troops  overseas.  These  things  would 
not  be  allowed  to  happen  without  most 
strenuous  efforts  to  prevent  them  occur- 
ring, but,  unless  coal  is  forthcoming, 
they  must  all  happen  eventually,  and 
while  it  may  be  a  long  time  getting 
there,  the  reflex  of  the  Pictou  County 
strike  will  eventually  reach  France  and 
be  represented  there  by  a  slowing  up  of 
the  war  effort  of  our  country. 

As  Veterans  See  It 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Great  War  Vet- 
erans' Association  held  in  Sydney  re- 
cently the  returned  men  spoke  in  no 
uncertain  terms  of  the  unpatriotic  action 
of  the  Pictou  miners,  and  if  workmen 
will  insist  on  calling  such  indefensible 
strikes,  they  must  be  prepared  for  a 
certain  amount  of  bitter  resentment  from 
those  who  have  learned  by  actual  exper- 
ience what  it  means  to  have  ammunition 
and  reinforcements  delayed  when  they 
are   supremely  needed. 

The  public  sympathises,  and  all  true 
men  sympathise  with  workmen  fighting 
for  their  rights,  with  men  who  are  op- 
pressed and  underpaid,  but  the  coal 
workers  in  Pictou  County  cannot  say  that 
this  is  so  with  them,  nor  will  they  be 
able  to  defend  with  any  hope  of  convinc- 
ing the  public  a  repudiation  of  their 
agreement.  It  is  said  that  to-day  every 
man  should  work  or  fight,  but  the  Pictou 
miners  are  not  working,  and  are  thereby 
preventing  other  men  from  fighting.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  a  man's  privilege  to 
say  whether  he  will  work  or  not,  but 
it  is  no  man's  privilege  to-day  to  hinder 
the  fighting  effort  of  our  armies.  When 
he  does  that  he  is  giving  comfort  to  the 
King's  enemies,  he  is  helping  the  Ger- 
man, and  no  excuse  will  absolve  either 
the  men  who  do  this,  or  the  Government 
which  permits  it  to  continue. 

ARE  NOT 

WITH  DOLLAR  BOOST 

direct  to  Washington.  Some  increases 
are  noted  in  the  production  of  pig  iron 
now  on  account  of  favorable  weather  and 
because  a  better  quality  of  coke  lo  being 
fuinis?ied    to  the  furnaces. 

New  York. — Considerable  tonnage  has 
been  lost  here  because  there  has  not 
been  enough  labor  to  look  after  the  work 
properly.  There  is  also  much  speculation 
here  owing  to  the  fact  that  ther'j  seems 
to  be  a  feeling  that  the  extension  of  the 
draft  a^es  may  make  further  serious  in- 
roads upon  tho  workers  in  the  mills. 

Buffalo. — One  of  the  biggest  furnaces 
in  this  district  is  sold  up  entirely  for 
1918  and  is  taking  no  business  at  all 
for  next  year  on  the  theory  that  the  Gov- 
ernment is  going  to  look  after  the  sales. 


October  3,  1918. 


CANADIAN-  MACHINERY 


413 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON  2 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh ?32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.   37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace 33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 
Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel.   No.   10   gauge,  base     4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   ^2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 'S  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *8  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 6  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

*Govemment  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lb». 

C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal     29  B&V2 

St.  John,  N.B 47%  63 

Halifax 49  64% 

Toronto    23%  271/2 

Guelph    231/2  27y2 

London     23%       27% 

Windsor     23%       27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper  $  32  00  ?  29  50 

Electro  copper  32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper  31  00  28  50 

Tin  100  00  95  00 

Spelter  10  75  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony   16  00  18  00 

Aluminum    50  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.   37 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per   100   feet 

Vs  in $  6  00     $     8  00 

lA  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1  in 12  41  15  56 

114  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


in 27  01         33  86 

2%  in 43  29         54  11 

3       in 56  61         70  76 

3%  in ". 71  76        88  78 

4      in 85  02       105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82         38  30 

2%   in 47  97         58  21 

3  in 52  73         76  12 

3%   in 78  20         96  14 

4  in 92  65       114  00 

4%  in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 
Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40?'<' 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 
4%"  and  larger,  16%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 

Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,   light    $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       23  00  22  00  , 

New  brass  cuttings 15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  turnings   18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings..   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass 13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    .  .     9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings   11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

Tea  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 66 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  -and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.    and   rd.   hd., 

steel 27% 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  bd.,  itcel  !• 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  80 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fll.    hd., 

brass add  26 

Nuts,  square  blank add  |1  60 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burf s  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs   26 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %'  and  larger  |8  50 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright «7H 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   37% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze   27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze 26 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 28 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws set 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in M 

Fin.  and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins  10 

Studs Bat 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 19 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  19 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus  20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,  10 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  In add  |4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Bessemer  billets |47  50 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets 00  00 

Wire  rods IT  M 

Government  prices. 

.     F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25      $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70        6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  M 

Spikes,  %  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided •  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 6  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope •  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 9  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila 9  48 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    MontrMtl    and 

Toronto    net 


414 


C  A  N  A  1)  1  A  X    M  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


MISCEIXANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt 16  05 

Red  dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  35 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk    0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls. ...  1  95 
Linseed  oil.  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper.  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04^4 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular ....     014 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Her  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  63  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  11^  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers   50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus  ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40'/o 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

15*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7'/4%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

lb.;  class  C,  24 %e  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28..  $  8  00  $  8  25 
Sheets,  black.  No.  10 . .  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head, 28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%   oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

V  in.,  $14.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.85;  %  in., 
$13.50;   7-16  in..  $12.90;    %    in.,  $18.20; 


$13.00;    %    in.,    $12.90;    1    inch,   $12.65; 
Extra  -for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 
ELECTRIC  WELD   COIL  CHAIN   B.B. 

hi  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and  Imperial    50 

Nicholson   32% 

Black  Diamond  321/2 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta   Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes    50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless  Lap  welded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2y*  in 53  00  38  00 

2V4  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3V4  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital  49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

T.ird  oi^    per  <ral $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing,  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides  1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  7B 

Admiral  Steel  Tane,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  50 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft.. . .     3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  25 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck..  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to      05 

Emery  glue 28  to      30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 85  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to      45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod. .  0  88 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hearier, 
base 0  U 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  4$ 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White,  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  Atlas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  ...   17^ 

Grand  19%      Ideal  17% 

Superior    ...   19  %      X  press 1$ 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    ....   12 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.  1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    16 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.  11         Dark  colored.  0» 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     . . .   10%      Best  grades  . .   16% 
ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper 36  to     .40 

Tin 70  to     .70 

Zinc   23  to     .26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  09     44  Oe 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal    Tnento 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25       $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .  13  25        18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50        12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic v $   .25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric   14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua    22 

Ammonium  carbonate 33 

Ammonium,  chloride 40 

.■Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 40 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 75 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 15 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .  80 

Potassium  sulphide  (substitute)     2  25 

Silver   chloride    (per   oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate   (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 30 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130<?^ 50 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     5.00 

Sodium  phosphate 16 

Tin  chloride    85 

Zinc  chloride 90 

Zinc  sulphate 20 

Prices    per   lb.    unless   otherwise   stated. 


October  10,  1918.  ■'''.■  103 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  OCTOBER. lo,  1918  ;  ^      ■.     No.  15 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

MAKING  OF  FILES  USED  TO  BE  A  HAND  OPERATION    415-418 

GENERAL ; 418 

WAR  CALLS  FOR  GREAT  BALL  BEARING  PRODUCTION  ..'. .  .419-422 

GENERAL  , 428 

GERMAN  SUBMARINE;  ITS  DETECTION  AND   DESTRUCTION    423-427 

GENERAL    428 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK  AND  DO 429-430 

Reamer  and  Arbor  Which  Are  Good  Producers — Scales. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   , 431-432 

Continuous  Photo-Printing  Machine — All  Steel  Work  Stand"— Magnetic  Separators. 

PRODUCERS  WANT  TO  KNOW  WHERE  PIG  IRON  GOES 433 

EDITORIAL 434-435 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   436-440 

Summary — Montreal   Letter — Toronto   Letter — Washington  Letter — Pittsburg  Let- 
ter— New  York  Letter. 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS  : .441-442 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS  61-69 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,   The  Financial   Post,   MacLean's   Magazine,   Farmers*  Magazine. 

Canadian    Grocer,   Dry  Goods   Review,    Men's    Wear  Review,    Printer  and   Publisher,   Bookseller  and 

Stationer,     Canadian     Machinery    and     Manufacturing     News,     Power    House,     Sanitary    Engineer, 

Canadian   Foundryraan,  Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto ;  Atabek,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


Canadian  Machinery 


Manufactur 


NG  News 


A.   R.   KENNEDY,   Managing  Editor.  B.   G.   NEWTON,  Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  J.  H.  BODGERS.  W.   F.   SUTHERLAND,  T.  H.  FENNER. 
Eastern  Representative :  E.  M.  Pattison :  Ontario  Representative :  S.  S.  Moore ; 
Toronto  and  Hamilton  Representative :  J.  N.  Robinson. 
CHIEF   OFFICES: 
CANADA— Montreal,  Soirtham  Building,  128  Bleury  Street,  Telephone    1004;    Toronto,    148-153   University    Ave.,    Tele- 
phone   Main    7JJ24 ;    Winnipeg,    1207    Union    Trust    Building,  Telephone  Main  8449. 
GREAT  BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MacLcan  Company  of    Great  Britain.   Limited,   88  Fleet  Street,   E.C.,   E.  J,  Dodd, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address :  Atabek,    London,   England. 
UNITED   STATES— New  York,   R.   R.   Huestis.  Room  620,    111    Broadway,    N.Y.,    Telephone    Rector    8971:    Boston, 
C.    L.    Morton,    Room   733,    Old   South   Building,   Telephone  Main   1204.     A.   H.  Byrne,  Room   900,   Lytton  BIdg., 
14  E.  Jackson   Street,  Chicago,   'Phone  Harrison   llil-i--*- 
SUBSCRIPTION    PRICE— Canada,    Great   Britain,    S6uth    Africa   and   the   West  Indies,    »8.00  a   year;   United  States 
$3. .50   a   year:   other   countries,    $4.00  a   year;   Single  Copies,   15   cents.     Invariably  in  advance. 


104 


CANADIAN     M  A  C  1 1  I N  K  H  Y 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can  Operate  This   Miller 


and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


ii 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian    Agents:    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. ; 
.-      ;    Machinery    Co.,    2«0    Princess    St.,    Winnipeg ;    A.    R. 
iViUiams    Maciiinery    Co.,    Vancouver;    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B.:   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


Allat    Machine    A    Tool    Co.    

AMcn    Wg.    Co 

Afanond    ll/g.    Co 

.\nulgamated   Machinery  Corp 

.\ndenon   &  Co.,   Geo 

.tichibaM    A    Co 

.\i-nisIxong  Bros.    Tool  Co 

.\rm.strong.    Whitworth    of    Canada.. 

Front  cover 
Atkins    it    t'o..    Wm 7 


70 
83 


B 

Baird  Machine  Co.    '.,  84 

Banlifld   A   Sons.    W.    H 69 

Barnes,   Wallace,  Co 68, 

Beaiidr^'   Sc   Co 81 

Bertram    &    Honji    Co.,    John     1 

Keitrams,    1*1 68 

Blake   &   Johnson    Co 88 

Bliss.    E.    W 23 

Blount  Co.,   J.    0 4 

Brant/onl    Oren    &     Hack    Co 68 

Bridgeford    Mach.    &    Tool    Woiks....  81 

Bristol    Company     82 

Bodden,    Hanbnry    A £9 

ButUrQeld    &   Co. 7T 

O 

Canada    Foundries   A   Forcings,    Ltd.  9 

Canada   Machinery   Corpotstion    

Outside   back   cover 

Canada   Metal  Co » 

Can.    Barker  Co 74 

Can.    Blower   A    Forge    Co SI 

Can.     Fairbanks-Morse    Co 32 

Can.     IngcmftlMtand    Co 13 

Cana^lian    Link-Bell    Co 16 

Can.    Riimely   Co 74 

Can.    8    K    F   Co..    Ltd 29 

Can.    .Slee)    Foundries    7 

Can.    Welding   Co 16 

Carlyle   Johns<m    Mach.    Co 8 

Chapman  Double  Ball  Bearing  Co.  ..  2> 

Chesterman.     Jas S8 

<*la!wified    Advertising    70 

Clevelarjd    I'neumalie  Tool   Co 99 

Conv)li/Ul(-(l     I're»i     Co.      22 

Coventry  Chain  Co 102 

t'A^r^i%    4t    Curtis    24 

Cushman     Chirck    Co 82 

) 
D 

r)ariing    Bros 71 

Daridiau     Mfg.     Co.,     Thos '.'.'.  63 

Davidson    T/j«»I    Mfg.    Coip 81 


Davis- Bounionville     Co 84 

Deloro    Smelting    &    Refininjr    Co U 

Dominion    Forge   &    Htan^ping   Co.    ..  18 

Dom.    Founlries    &    Steel.    Ltd 82 

Dominion    Iron    &    Wrecking   Co.    ...  71 

Dnirj    Co..    H.    A U 


Klliott    &    Whitehall    74 

Elm    Cutting   Oil    Co 86 

Knushev-sk.y   &    Son.    B 86 


Erie  Foundry 27 


F 

Federal   Engineeiing  Co. .   Ltd.    ......  69 

FethenUfmhnugh     C9 

Financial    Pest    66.  96 

Firth.    Thos 6 

Ford-Smith    Machine  Co W 

Foss  Machy.  &  Supply  Co.,  Geo.   P. 

Inside  back  cover 

Frost    Mfg.     Co 86 

Fry's    (I»ndon),    Ltd 23 


Oarlnok-Walker     .Machy.     Co 7^ 

Oan'in    Machine    Co.     26 

Geometric     Tool     Co 67 

(iiddings    &    Lewis    81 

Gillxrt    &     Barker    M*g.    Co 97 

(iiaholt    Machine    Co 31 

tirant  Gear  Works   86 

Grant   Mfg.    A    Machine    Co 76 

Greenfield   .Msxhine  Co »< 

Greenleafs,    "Ltd 68 

H 

Hamilton    Gear   &.   .Machine   Co 74 

Hamilton    .Macliiue   Tool   Co 9 

Hacna   &   Co.,    M.    A 6 

Harrey   &   Co.,    Arthur  C 12 

Hawkridge     Bros 68 

Hendey    Machine    Co 104 

Henry   k   Wright    Mfg.    Co.    89 

Hepburn,  John   T 9 

Hinckley    .Mach.    Works    86 

H...vt    Metal    Co 85 

Hull    Iron    &    «teel    Foundries    76 

Hunter  .Saw   &   .Machine  Co 85 

Hurllnirt-Rogers   .Machinery   Co IS 

Hydraulic    .Machy.     Co 2! 

Hyde  Engineering  Co 83 


I 
Independent   Pneumatic  Tool    Co.    ..    10 


Jacobs   (Mfg.    Ca    76 

Jatdine   Co.,    A.    B 13 

Joyce    Koebel    Co 86 

Johnson    .Mach.    Co.,    Carlyle    8 


Knight    Metal    Products    Co. 


L'Air    Liquide    Society    27 

Liindis    Machine    Co 86 

Latiobe    Electric   Steel    Co 8 

.M 

MacKinnon    Steel    Co 69 

Magnolia   .Metal  Co.    84 

.Manitoba    Steel    Co.    95 

■-Manufacturers    Equipmer^t   Co 2A 

.Marsh    Engineering   Works,    Ltd 63 

LMatheson   &   Co.,    1 70 

'.Matthews,   Jas.    H.,   &  Co.    28 

.McDougall   Co.,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside  back  cover 

.McLaren,     J,     C,     Belting    Co 84 

■Mechanical     Engineering    Co yb 

.Mi-talwotxl    .Mfg.     Co 27 

.VIoise   Twist   Drill   &  Mach.    Co.    ...  89 

Morton    .Mfg.    Co 69 

ilureliey   .Machine  &  Tool  Co £i 

N 

National    Acme    Co 78 

Aicholson     File    .Mfg.    Co.     79 

.N'iles.Rement-Pond Inside  front  cover 

Noi-mac  'Machine    Co 68 

Northern    Crane    Works    83 

-Norton,  A.  0 86 

.Norton  Co 28 

Nova   Scotia   Steel  A   Coal   Co 18 

O 

Oakley   Chemical  Co 83 

Ontario  Lubricating  Co 86 


Page    Steel    Wire    Co 81 

I'augboni    Corp 

I'alinenter  &    Bulloch   Co 86 

Peerle.HS    .Machine    Co 24 

Pliwes,    LUl 

l"ort    Hope    File   Mfg.    Co 

IVwitive   Clutch    &    Pulley    Works 

Pratt   A   Whitney   Inside   from    cover 

I'ul;an,    E 68 

R 

Raolne  Tool  A  .Machine  Co 91 

Richards  .Sand   Blast   Mach.   Co 8 


Ridout    &    'Maybee    69 

Itlvei  side    .Machinery    Depot    71 

Kockfoid   Drilling  Machine  Co 14 

Uoelofson    Machine   &   Tool  Co 19 

8 

Shuster    Co.,    F.     B 82 

Silver    Mfg.     Co 8t> 

Simonds  Canada  Saw  Co 30 

Skinner    Chuck    Co 82 

Smalley-General     Co.,     Inc 99 

Standard   Fuel   Engineering  Co 97 

Standaid  Machy.  A  Supplies,  Ltd.  6,  17 

Starrett   Co.,    L.    S 21 

Steel    Co.    of   Canada    3 

Steptoe,    John    Co.    16 

St.    Lawrence  'Welding   Co 13 

StoU    Co.,    D.    H 82 

Strong,    Kenuard    &    .Nutt   Co.,    The  86 

Bwediah  Steel  A  Importing  Co.,  (Ltd.  4 

T 

Tubor    Mfg.    Co 84 

Taylor,   J.    A.   M 83 

Ta>lor   Inatniment  Co 97 

Toledo    .Machine    &    Tool    Co 23 

Toronto    Iron    Works    82 

V 

United  Bras?  &  Ltail,   Ltd 74,  86 

V 

Vanadium-Alloys    Steel     Co 4 

Victoria     Foi:iidi-y    Co 85 

Vulcan    Crucible    Steel    Co 12 

W 

Welland    '.Machine    C( 75 

WelLs    Bias.    Co..    of   Canada    30 

Wheel   Tnuiug   Tool    Co 83 

Whitcomb-Blaisdell      Machine      Tool 

Co.     14 

Whiting  Foundry  A   Equip.  Co 85 

Whitman  A   Barnes  Supply  Co 26 

Wilkinson    &    Kompa.ss     85 

WUliams    .Machy.    Co,,    A.    R.   63.   66,  71 

Williams   .Machy.    (.'o..    of    Winnipeg  ?2 

Williams   &    Co..    J.    H 79 

Wiltoon   &   Co.,   T.    A 88 

Wilt    Twist    Drill    Co 5 

Windsor  Machine   A    Tool   Works    ..  29 

Wood    Turret  'Mach.    Co 76 

Z 

Zi-nilh    Cual    A    Ste.I    Pwhicts.  'Ltd.  73 


(AnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


October  10,  1918. 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.     No.  15. 


Making  of  Files  Used  to  Be  All-Hand  Work 

Interesting  Features  of  an  Important  Piece  of  Work — Just  Now 

the  Securing  of  Material  and  the  Making  of  Files  is  Proceeding 

Under  Cramped  Circumstances 

By  DONALD  A.  HAMPSON,  Assoc.    Mem.  Am.  Soc.  M.  E. 


i 


THOUGH  the  file  is  the  most  used 
of  all  the  hand  tools  in  the  ma- 
chine trade  and  is  one  of  the  old- 
est as  well,  it  is  a  tool  never  made  in  the 
shop  by  toolmakers,  but  always  bought 
from  specialists  who  have  developed  pro- 
cesses for  turning  out  files  in  enormous 
quantities  and  with  all  the  uniformity 
and  speed  common  to  other  lines  of  mod- 
ern manufacturing.  There  are  about  a 
score  of  file  factories  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic — not  very  many — so  it  is  not 
strange  that  most  machinists  have  never 
seen  a  file  made  nor  have  followed  the 
interesting  steps  in  the  process.  In  the 
early  days  of  the  business  the  work  was 
all  done  by  hand — the  file  was  forged  out 
on  the  anvil,  the  teeth  were  cut  with  a 
hand  chisel  and  a  hammer,  and  the  file 
was  hardened  by  heating  in  the  forgo 
fire  and  dipping  into  the  tank  at  the  side 
of  the  forge. 

Naturally  the  results  of  this  early  day 
work  could  not  compare  with  and  could 
not  be  expected  to  compare  with  the  files 


f'l  ' 


FIG.     I    -CUTTING     OFF     BLANKS.       FIG. 
FILES  PUNCHED  FROM  SHEETS. 


which  we  can  purchase  so  cheaply  to- 
day. The  early  file  maker  taught  his 
sons  and  kept  the  secrets  of  the  trade 
in  his  family;  these  little  file  factories 
Liained  the  apprentice,  who  later  became 
the  skilled  workman  in  the  plants  which 
followed,  a  greater  capital  was  needed 
and  the  demand  for  files  increased.  Ma- 
chinery slowly  came  into  use,  and  then, 
along  in  the  seventies  and  eighties,  ani 
right  up  to  this  time  the  file  business 
came  in  for  its  share  of  the  attention 
:ind  research    through    which     the     me- 


chanical   world  has    made    such     great 
strides. 

In  passing  it  is  worthy  of  notice  at 
this  time  when  prohibition  has  come  so 
much  into  actual  and  enforced  being, 
that  over-indulgence  in  liquors  was  one 
of  the  chief  factors  in  the  introduction 


FIG.  2— shh;ar  blades  for  file  stock 

of  machinery  into  the  file  making  busi- 
ness. It  has  been  said  that  file  making 
was  a  closely  held  trade;  the  skill  of 
these  artisans  was  truly  marvellous  as 
we  can  appreciate  when  we  compare  the 
hand  cut  and  machine  cut  teeth  on  so- 
called  Swiss  files — not  one  machinist  in 
u  hundred  could  do  more  than  guess  as 
to  which  is  hand  made.  These  file 
makers  felt  a  true  pride  in  their  work; 
they  thought  they  could  not  be  super- 
ceded by  any  process,  and  being  a  well 
paid  jolly  lot,  were  wont  to  spend  a  day 
or  two  a  week  with  boon  companions  in 
the  vicinity  of  a  friendly  tavern,  much  to 
the  exasperation  of  the  worried  shop 
owner  who  never  caught  up  on  his  orders. 
At  such  junctures  as  this,  the  inventor 
with  a  new  machine  or  process  found  a 
willing  audience  with  the  owner,  who 
was  only  too  glad  to  find  a  way  to  get 
along  with  a  few  less  men  or  to  substi- 
tute less  skilled  Labor  for  that  which  was 
causing  him   his   worries. 

The  Processes 

"File  steel"  comes  in  bars  of  the  right 
.ihape  for  all  the  types  of  files  in  com- 
mon use,  but  to  make  the  file  thinner  and 
iiurrower  at  the  point,  and  to  give  the 
"belly"  which  is  necessary  to  straight 
filing,  the  blank  most  be  forged  to  size. 
The  bar  stock,  which  is  a  high  carbon 
tool  steel,  is  cut  up  and,  and  these 
shorter    pieces     drawn    out   and     tangs 


formed — the  largest  size  of  the  finished 
blank  being  the  same  as  the  cross  sec- 
tion of  the  bar  from  which  it  was  made 
or  a  little  smaller — the  process  is  never 
one  of  upsetting  or  heading. 

Success  in  the  file  business  to-dsy  is 
gained  by  exactly  the  methods  which 
have  enabled  other  lines  of  metal  work- 
ing to  meet  competition  and  show  a  pro- 
fit, i.e.,  attention  to  details  and  system. 
One  of  the  paradoxes  is  the  saving  of 
money  by  doing  an  occasional  extra  oper- 
ation (to  make  a  subsequent  one  a 
quicker  operation).  To-day  the  size  and 
shape  of  every  file  made  is  laid  out  on 
the  drawing  board  and  the  standard 
maintained;  there  was  a  time  when  the 
plant's  die  maker  established  the  stand- 
ardard,  and  according  as  to  whether  he 


FIG.  4— rolling  BLANKS.    FIG.  S— SURFACE 

grinding. 


modeled  the  new  die  after  an  old  file  or 
after  a  new  idea  of  his  own,  the  blanks 
looked  like  real  tools  or  like  clubs. 

Waste,  of  course,  is  taboo.  The  bars 
of  steel  are  cut  off  in  shears  the  same 
as  in  machine  shop  practice.  But  there 
is  a  form  of  shear  shown  at  A,  Fig.  1, 
that  is  better  adapted  to  file  work  than 
the  usual  type,  which  is  shown  at  B.  The 
shear  at  A  cuts  half  way  through  the 
bar  from  each  side,  something  (combined 
with  the  sharp  jaws)   that  disturbs  ths 


416 


CAN  A  1)  I  A  N    M  A  C  11  I  N  K  K  Y 


Volume  XX. 


grain  of  the  steel  less  than  the  other 
method;  then,  too,  the  ends  of  the  pieces 
have  a  double  bevel  such  as  would  be  put 
on  the  blank  even  if  it  did  not  come  this 
way.  The  blanks  should  be  cut  off  con- 
siderably shorter  than  the  file-to-be  to 
allow  for  the  drawing  out  they  get  in 
forging;  during  the  forging  the  belly 
and  the  tang  are  formed  and  the  blank 
lengthens  correspondingly.  A  few 
makers  still  do  not  "shape"  the  files 
enough — leave  them  too  stubby — and 
while  this  makes  the  forging  operatioii 
easy,  it  makes  a  poorer  working  file  and 
IS  a  waste  of  steel.  By  cutting  the 
blanks  short  enough  and  drawing  them 


gy" 


mi 

FIG.     6— GRINDING     FLAT    SIDES. 

out  more,  not  only  will  the  file  do  more 
and  straighter  work  in  the  hands  of  the 
user,  but  there  will  be  a  saving  of  steel 
amounting  to  from  one  to  four  more 
blanks  cut  from  every  bar. 

In  shearing  blanks  from  the  bar,  dies 
are  sometimes  used  for  shapes  other 
than  rectangular.  Round,  square,  anc; 
triangular  shapes  are  cut  with  special 
dies  with  less  crushing  at  the  ends  than 
when  ordinary  shears  (as  B,  Fig.  1)  are 
used  for  the  purpose.  Fig.  2  shows  the 
lower  members  of  sets  for  round  and 
square  bars.  The  upper  member  for 
three-cornered  files  is  merely  a  straight 
blade,  for  square  and  round  files,  it  is  a 
duplicate  of  the  lower  one. 

Forging 

Forging,  the  succeeding  operation,  i;- 
one  full  of  interest.  Almost  all  the 
common  machines  for  the  purpose  are 
used  in  forging  files.  The  helve  hammer, 
strap,  spring,  and  drop  hammer,  all  are 
used  for  different  kinds  of  files.  Drop 
forging  is  resorted  to  on  half  rounds  and 
very  thin  files — work  where  the  flash 
from  ordinary  die  work  is  objectionable. 

As  has  been  said  before,  the  shape  of 
the  dies  has  everything  to  do  with  the 
appeirance  of  the  files.  File  dies  con- 
form to  resru'.ar  form  for  shaping;  the 
edtres,  and  in  the  center  is  the  form  for 
the  broad  working  face  of  the  fiie. 
Rounds  arc  formed  in  a  single  pair  of 


recesses.  Tangs  are  forged  at  a  separate 
heat  and  in  separate  dies.  This  gives  the 
forger  a  free  end  to  hold  with  his  tongs. 
The  furnaces  are  located  close  to  the 
hammers  so  the  forgers  can  sit  before 
the  latter  and  still  be  able  to  reach  the 
red  hot  blanks.  Furnace  tenders  load 
the  files  into  the  furnaces,  and  one  such 
keeps  several  forgers  supplied,  thus  al- 
lowing the  latter  to  devote  all  their  atten- 
Lion  to  the  work  where  their  skill  counts 
for  most.  The  forgers  handle  the  files 
very  rapidly,  changing  from  side  to  side 
of  the  die,  and  finishing  a  file  complete 
at  one  heat. 

Two  of  the  rectangular  files — mill  and 
warding — have  a  uniform  thickness 
throughout  their  length.  In  sizes  up  to 
S  inch  they  are  now  "forged"  almost  en- 
tirely by  stamping  on  a  punch  press. 
Tangs  included,  they  thus  come  out  of 
the  die  ready  to  grind.  Fig.  3  shows  the 
general  layout  as  these  files  are  punched, 
though  they  are  spaced  somewhat  closer 
together  for -economy  of  steel.  The  steel 
comes  in  sheets  of  thicknesses  for  each 
size  of  file. 

Another  most  interesting  variation  of 
the  forging  process  is  "rolling."  The 
machines  used  bear  a  resemblance  to  the 
two-high  rolls  of  the  steel  mill.  Fig.  4 
IS  a  diagram  of  the  elements.  The  two 
rolls  are  geared  together  and  driven  so 
their  line  of  taneency  is  moving  toward 
the  workman.  The  body  of  each  roll  is 
smaller  in  diameter  than  the  working 
portion,  or  dies,  and  this  opens  a  space 
during  every  revolution  through  which 
the  file  blank  may  be  thrust  against  the 
stop  S  which  is  adjustable  for  different 
lengths.  The  dies  are  removable;  they 
are  made  of  carbon  steel,  though  some- 
times chilled  iron  is  used  for  simple 
forms. 

The  working  face  of  the  dies  is  not 
concentric  hut  changes,  so  that  while  the 
dies  just  grip  the  blank  at  the  heel  tight 
tnough  to  drive  it,  they  roll  the  blank 
thinner  toward  the  point.  By  shifting 
the  gears  the  point  can  be  made  thinner 
at  will  Usuallv  the  dies  have  several 
impressions  in  their  fai^e  so  that  as  manv 
sizes  or  shines  c^n  be  rolled  without 
changing.  The  rolls  are  so  driven  that 
one  of  them  h^s  a  slicht  movement  in 
the  direction  of  its  axis  which  is  for  the 
nurnose  of  forcins'  the  metal  into  closer 
contract  and  counternctinp"  snre'idino' 

Rolling  is  particularly  fast.  So  fa.-t 
t'nit  often  a  furnace  is  placed  on  each 
side  of  the  rolls.  Roughly,  rolling  will 
nroduce  three  to  fouT  times  as  manv 
files  as  a  himme'*.  Tansrs  are  roPed. 
usu'l'v  bv  bovs  A  hov  can  roll  as  hin-h 
IS  600  doz  tiTi""i  1  d'^v.  while  a  skiHe'' 
forcer  would  f'o  but  a  fraction  as  minv 
In  f'ct.  the  roTin<'  machine  was  «coffcd 
at  until  shoTis  couH  not  fret  nroduction 
f'"om  tV-e  "Villed  forcers  who  were  in- 
'■'in^d  to  he  indenendeit  as  to  ontnnt. 
■R'orP'in"'  rolls  are  "sually  made  with  a 
hreaVdown  at  one  aide  to  assist  in  reduc- 
ing the  section  on  some  shapes. 

Axnodlinir 

to  rpll«ve  af'»'»irt^  n»if?   to  TnaVe   ^.T^erO   do5)'l 

cnft  ff)r  '•"tt'n"'     The  blanks  are  stacl'ea 
in  piles  in  the  furnaces  and  heated  to  a 


full  red,  they  are  kept  at  that  heat  for 
from  four  to  eight  hours,  then  the  heat 
is  turned  off  and  the  furnace  sealed,  al- 
lowing the  steel  to  cool  off  slowly,  which 
Lakes  (or  should  take)  from  thirty  to 
forty  hours.  The  differences  in  time 
stated  are  the  natural  differences  re- 
sulting from  various  types  of  furnaces, 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  loaded,  the 
size  and  shape  of  the  files,  and  the  par- 
ticular shop  processes. 

Annealing  is  an  exceedingly  important 


FIG.    7.      OLD    METHOD    OF    GRINDING    ROUNDS 

operation,  the  quality  of  the  file  being 
no  better  than  its  annealing.  Too  much 
heat  injures  the  steel  and  too  little  pro- 
duces a  file  with  hard  and  soft  spots  as 
it  is  cut,  followed  by  warping  in  the 
hardening.  The  old  method  of  judging 
the  temperature  of  the  furnaces  was  by 
noting  when  the  piles  of  files  "got  red"; 
after  that  point  was  reached  the  fire  was 
continued  for  so  many  hours  and  then 
drawn,  after  which  the  files  were  allow- 
ed to  cool  down.  Pyrometers  have  re- 
placed eye  methods  in  up  to  date  prac- 
tice, and  files  are  annealed  with  the 
same  accuracy  and  uniformity  that  gears 
are  treated.  Formerly  the  furnaces  were 
heated  with  egg  coal;  this  is  expensive 
in  first  cost  and  for  attendance  and  dif- 
ficult to  regulate  to  an  exact  tempera- 
ture. Many  coal  furnaces  have  been 
rearranged  for  oil  or  gas  fuel,  and  the 
result  is  a  decreased  fuel  and  labor 
charge,  together  with  much  closer  regu- 
lation. When  the  gas  used  is  free  from 
sulphur  the  flame  may  be  turned  direct- 
ly in  the  heating  chamber  with  no  injury 
to  the  file  blanks,  but  when  sulphur  ana 
certain  other  elements  are  present  the 
muffle  type  of  furnace  is  safer  to  employ 
--the  cost  of  operation  and  time  of  heat- 
ing being  corresoondingly  greater.     The 


FIG      8— FH>RM     GRINDING     ROUND     FILES. 
FIG.    9— GRINDING    ROUNDS. 


gas  made  from  naptha  is  said  to  be  the 
best  for  a  direct  flame. 

The  forge  furnaces  are  subject  to  the 
same  remarks  in  regards  to  fuel.  The 
economy  of  a  piped  fuel  supply  over  one 
that  has  to  bs  trucked  is  obvious.  With 
the  nroner  kind  of  gas  there  will  be  very 
little  scale  left  on  the  hammers  and  the 
annealed  blanks  wil  have  a  minimum  of 


October  10,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


417 


scale  to  grind  off.  Economy  of  space 
and  a  clearer  atmosphere  are  additional 
points  in  favor  of  gas  and  oil. 

Grinding 

Grinding  follows  tlie  annealing.  Its 
purpose  is  to  remove  the  scale  and  to 
produce  an  even,  smooth  surface  for  the 
cutters.  It  is  a  well  known  fact  that 
after  a  thorough  annealing  a  piece  of 
tool  steel  cannot  be  hardened  on  the  un- 
touched surface — in  shop  parlance,  the 
carbon  is  burned  off  the  surface.  But  if 
a  hundredth  of  an  inch  is  taken  off  that 
blackened  outside,  this  new  surface 
hardens  at  once.  The  provides  one 
reason  for  grinding,  and  another  is  thai 
in  the  heating  and  various  handlings  tho 
surface  may  get  slightly  briused  or  the 
file  may  get  a  little  bent.  All  this  is 
removed  in  grinding.  If  a  single  black 
spot  is  left  on  then  there  will  be  a  soft 
tooth. 

Custom  and  precedence  have  fixed  cer- 
tain processes  in  the  minds  of  file 
workers  as  standard.  Nowhere  have 
these  "standards"  been  harder  to  eradi- 
cate than  in  the  grinding  department. 
To  the  old  time  file  men  grinding  means 
natural  grindstones,  men  dressed  in 
leather  to  keep  from  being  soaked  all  the 
time,  men  sitting  in  awkward  positions 
astride  the  grindstones  and  working  thus 
in  a  dim  light  caused  by  the  windows 
being  continually  spattered  up.  In  the 
file,  saw,  and  cutlery  industries  such 
conditions  are  to-day  frequently  en- 
countered— we  who  are  familiar  witn 
grinding  as  done  in  machine  shops  all 
over  the  land  where  light  and  comfort 
and  cleanliness  are  synonymous  with  the 


FIG.    10. 


ROUGH   GRINDING   ROXJNDS 


term  "grinding"  marvel  at  the  resistance 
of  workmen  to  changes. 

Why  artificial  abrasive  wheels — which 
we  will  here  group  as  "emery  wheels" — 
are  not  universally  used,  is  very  hard  to 
say.  With  them  suitable  work  holding 
fixtures  so  grinding  is  not  a  matter  of 
skill  but  one  of  manufacturing  uniform- 
ity should  be  provided.  The  emery 
wheels  should  be  hooded  as  a  matter  of 
safety — likewise  suitable  splash  plates 
ought  to  be  a  matter  of  course. 

The  grindstones  still  so  prevalent  are 
Ohio  natural  stones  of  8  ft.  diameter  ana 
about  1  ft.  face.  These  cost  somewhere 
around  .$35,  and  last  two  weeks;  then  it 
takes  two  men  all  day  to  change  to  a 
new  one  and  the  "machine"  is  idle  all 
that  time.  For  rounds  and  half  rounds 
the  grindstone  is  mounted  on  an  arbor 
ihat  rests  in  two  heavy  pillow  blocks 
and  is  driven  by  a  wide  belt  from  the 
line  shaft  at  the  back  of  the  room  some 
fifteen  or  twenty  feet  away.  Flat  faces 
are  ground  on  an  interesting  machine 
part  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  .5.  This 
uses  the  same  grindstone,  mounted  and 
driven   in  the  same  way. 


Referring  to  "Fig.  5,  a  file  is  shown  in 
heavy  black.  Several  of  these  are  held 
in  a  suitable  fixture,  or.  magazine,  P, 
which  is  in  the  form  of  a  plate  that  may 
be  swung  back  and  taken  out  when  the 
locking  bar  is  tilted  back,  released  by 
the  handle.  The  grinder  luns  more 
than  one  machine  and  fills  these  extra 
magazines  while  files  are  grinding.  A 
yoke  piece  F  is  something  like  a  picture 
Irame;  it  serves  as  a  container  for  the 


/?^// 


FIG.  11.    HALF  ROUND        GRINDING 


magazines  P,  and  has  machined  sides 
that  travel  vertically  in  the  side  castings 
of  the  machine  (these  not  shown).  A 
reciprocating  motion  is  given  to  F  by 
the  rack  R  and  pinion  G  which  are  driven 
from  a  countershaft  and  operate  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  planer  shift  to  get 
the  reverse.  The  length  of  the  stroke 
may  therefore  be  adjusted  and  a  con- 
stant surface  speed  of  the  work  main- 
tained. 

The  rack  and  the  frame  are  connected 
by  a  rod  that  permits  of  a  limited  flex- 
ibility so  that  thick  and  thin  files  caii 
be  ground.  Pressure  for  grinding  is  ob- 
tained through  a  roller  H  set  in  a  slidt 
on  each  side  of  the  machine,  bearing 
against  F,  and  adjusted  by  the  hand 
wheel;  these  screws  are  connected  by  a 
cross  shaft  so  as  to  act  in  unison. 

The  vertical  travel  of  the  grinder  can 
be  thrown  in  and  out  at  will.  Files  can 
thus  be  removed  or  inspected  without 
stopping  the  stone.  In  order  to  prevent 
tiie  formation  of  grooves  in  the  stone  the 
latter  is  given  a  slow  movement  and  re- 
turn in  the  direction  of  the  axis,  th? 
mvement  being  through  a  cam  arranged 
at  one  end  of  the  shaft.  By  this  time  the 
reader  will  have  wondered  how  a 
(roughly)  convex  surface  is  ground  by 
passing  the  work  in  a  straight  line  at  a 
tangent  to  the  periphery  of  the  grind- 
stone; the  principle  employed  is  to  let 
the  work  follow  the  stone  and  is  obtained 
by  using  a  rubber  backing  for  the  files 
as  they  rest  in  the  rack  or  magazine  P. 
The  files  thus  move  slightly  in  their 
seats,  and  if  the  machine  is  set  to  grind 
the  point  thickness  the  rubber  com- 
presses an  amount  equal  to  the  difference 
ss  the  body  of  the  file  is  being  ground. 

A  more  mechanical  and  modern  way 
IS  to  have  the  runway  for  the  rollers  on 
the  back  of  the  frame  F  curved,  making 
their  surface  parallel  to  that  of  the  file 
and  replacing  the  adjusting  screws  by 
heavy  springs  which  put  an  even  pres- 


sure on  the  grinding  at  all  points.  A 
stop  is  used  to  prevent  too  much  grind- 
ing in  cas6  the  operator  neglects  the 
machine  for  any  reason.  Screws  are  put 
back  of  the  springs  to  regulate  the  pres- 
sure of  grinding  for  different  kinds  of 
work  and  for  files  of  different  sizes.  Of 
course  this  method  is  more  expensive  in 
the  first  cost  for  a  set  of  runways,  or 
bearers,  must  be  provided  for  each  shape 
of  file,  but  the  result  is  a  uniform  pro- 
duct; there  is  also  a  saving  in  rubber  and 
the  cost  of  renewal. 

In  file  work,  the  taper  of  the  tang  is 
used  to  a  great  extent  for  holding  pur- 
poses. The  machine  just  described  holds 
its  load  by  setting  one  end  of  the  files 
in  a  strip  with  taper  slots,  the  hands 
grinder  jams  each  file  blank  in  a  metal 
handle,  and  the  cutter  has  a  taper  guide 
or  holder  on  his  machine  to  position  the 
file  as  it  is  cut. 

From  a  mechanical  standpoint  the 
grinder  of  Fig.  5  leaves  but  little  to 
criticise.  The  production  is  high,  the 
quality  of  the  work  first  class,  the  wheel 
is  well  covered  and  supplied  with  plenty 
of  water — a  trough  under  the  machine 
catching  the  surplus  and  very  little 
spattering  about.  Water  is  used  in  all 
grinding  on  files.  The  grindstones  do 
not  glaze  the  surface  of  the  steel  if  they 
nave  been  well  cared  for,  and  this  is  one 
of  the  arguments  in  their  favor — the 
soft,  open  face  they  leave  on  the  work. 
But  a  stone  that  has  been  carelessly  ex- 
posed to  the  elements  for  a  length  of 
time  will  become  hard  in  whole  or  in 
part  and  will  do  inferior  work. 

Fig.  6  is  a  plan  view  of  a  surface 
grinder  of  the  Blanchard  or  Pratt  & 
Whitney  type,  arranged  to  grind  flat 
sides  of  files.  The  emery  whell  is 
marked  "W."  On  the  table  of  the 
grinder  is  mounted  a  false  table  P  for 
holding  two  loads  of  file  blanks.  The 
operator  empties  and  loads  at  the  free 
end  while  the  load  at  the  other  end  is 
being  ground.  The  table  P  swivels 
through  180°  and  locks,  which  makes  an 
^      

FIG.    12.      FORM    GRINDING    HALF   ROUNDS 

arrangement  that  reduces  the  idle  time 
of  the  machine  to  a  minimum  and  keeps 
the  operator  fairly  busy.  Here  also  are 
shown  the  taper  notches  by  which  the 
file  is  held  at  the  tang — at  the  othei 
end  pins  take  the  side  thrust  of  grinding 
The  production  is  equal  to  the  other  type 
of  grinder;  other  advantages  are  the 
ease  and  comfort  with  which  the  grinder 
works  (and  consequently  he  is  better 
satisfied)  and  the  few  minutes  only  that 
it  takes  to  change  the  wheels. 

Emery  wheels  properly  selected  will 
do  better  and  faster  work  than  the  grind- 
stones. The  prejudice  against  them 
comes  from  the  hard  surface  which  they 
leave  on  a  piece  of  steel — when  any  old 
wheel  is  used  at  any  old  speed — as  con- 
trasted with  the  open  surface  from  the 
grindstones,  which  come  uniformly  toe 
soft    (often    many     grades     too     soft). 


418 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Adapting  the  wheel  to  the  work  permits 
the  grinder  to  produce  as  nice  a  surface 
with  the  manufactured  article  and  that 
grit  and  grade  once  determined  can  be 
reproduced  in  one  of  a  thousand  dupli- 
cates. It  might  be  noted  in  passing  thai, 
German  shops  discarded  the  natural 
wheels  many  years  ago. 

Magnetic  chucks  have  been  tried  on 
surface  grinders  for  holding  file  blanks 
to  be  grround,  but  owing  to  the  first  cost 
of  chucks  that  fit  the  shape  of  the  blank, 
very  little  progress  has  been  made, 
though  the  scheme  has  shown  itself  to 
be  rapid  and  practical.  Milling  of  the 
broad  faces  of  mill  and  warding  files  is 
.•iiso  done — fixtures  of  a  type  that  holds 
several  files  at  once  are ,  employed,  and 
where  files  are  large  and  have  much 
stock  to  come  off  the  method  is  prefer- 
red to  grinding. 

Rounds  have  always  been  the  bugbear 
of  the  files  business — there  is  so  muer. 
hand  grinding  on  them  and  they  require 
so  many  more  cuts  than  any  other  file 
that  there  is  no  money  in  them,  ancj 
makers  consider  them  a  product  to  be 
endured  to  hold  their  customers.  The 
time-honored  way  of  grinding  rounds  i.s 
for  a  man  all  dressed  in  leather  to  sit 
above  one  of  the  grindstones  on  a 
"seat,"  whose  real  function  is  to  de- 
liver the  grinder's  weight  to  the  hook 
shown  in  Fig.  7,  encircling  a  round  file 
The  grinder  thrusts  the  tang  in  a  metal 
handle,  raises  his  weight  so  he  can  slide 
the  file  under  the  hook,  and  then  sits 
down  to  work,  turning  the  file  and  mov- 
ing it  lengthways  to  grind  over  all  of  the 
surface.  The  work  is  done  rapidly,  con- 
sidering the  mud  and  discomfort,  but  the 
product  can  hardly  be  expected  to  be 
uniform.  An  inspector  watching  one  of 
these  men  at  work  remarked,  "That  is 
the  least  desirable  of  all  the  factory  jobi 
I  have  seen  in  my  career." 

Some  plants  have  adopted  more 
modern  methods  for  round  grinding. 
Emery  wheels  have  replaced  the  grind- 
stones and,  whether  they  have  or  not, 
the  working  position  has  been  changed 
to  the  front  of  the  wheel  where  the 
grinder  can  produce  in  comfort.  That  a 
position  astride  the  wheel  is  not  neces- 
sary to  utilizing  the  grinder's  weight  Is 
shown  by  the  most  successful  arrange- 
ment in  Fig.  9.  Here  a  fork  is  connected 
by  levers  to  the  seat,  water  in  plenty  is 
supplied  but  splash  plates  keep  it  on  the 
work.  The  workman  turns  the  file  by 
hand  as  before,  using  a  handle  for  hio 
grip. 

As  file  grinding  passed  out  of  the 
realm  of  rough  work,  form  grinding 
came  in.  Fig.  8  shows  an  arrangement 
successfully  used  to  form  grind  rounds — 
used  with  the  natural  grindstones.  The 
face  of  the  stone  is  dressed  to  concave 
shape  by  a  dresser  travelling  in  a  fix- 
ture. A  swinging  bar  B  has  centers  in 
each  end  to  hold  round  files,  with  a  screw 
center  for  tightening  and  for  removing 
the  finished  pieces.  This  bar  is  brought 
up  until  the  file  touches  the  wheel,  then 
the  handle  is  tume<i  and  the  file  ground 
the  full  length  as  it  is  turned.  This 
makes  a  file  of  uniform  shape  and  docs 
it  in  the  shortest  time.  Those  familiar 
with  form  grinding  will  wonder  why  thii 


was  never  attempted  before;  the  reason 
IS  tnat  lirst  custom  naa  to  be  upset,  tne;; 
tne  enure  siandara  ox  tne  worK  nau  lo 
De  raisea  to  wnere  tne  tJiousanus  oi 
uianKS  would  come  to  tne  grinaer  so 
uniiorm  tnat  it  was  possioie  to  uo  tnio 
opeiaiion  m  commercial  time,  once  tne 
new  system  was  all  in  operation,  tne  ccst 
uroppeu  ana  tne    quality  impioveu. 

ine  rig  shown  in  itig.  8  is  used  lor 
several  sizes  of  files  witnout  cuangaij;' 
tne  lace  oi  tne  stone,  uooa  rigm  iix- 
tures  are  required  and  tne  stone  snouiu 
oe  tested  in  practice  to  determine  its  lu 
grade  lor  tne  work.  A  similar  outfit  is 
used  lor  grinding  the  uacKS  ot  naii 
rounds  Out  nere  tae  lUe  is  turned  inxougn 
an  arc  ot  approximately  izo  and  tnen 
turned  back,  repeating  until  the  suriace 
IS  Clean,  because  ot  tne  partial  surxace 
tnus  presented  a  longer  handle  is  neces- 
sary tnan  lor  the  continuous  rouiias 
It  IS  understood  tnat  sucn  grinding  is 
just  upon  the  straignt  section  oi  the  iialJ: 
round  DacK — the  bellied  or  tapering  por- 
tion is  hand  ground. 

J^'ig.  10  shows  an  interesting  grind- 
ing operation  on  round  iiles.  iwo  rol- 
lers are  mounted  on  each  side  of  the 
emery  wheel,  set  staggered  to  bring  their 
centers  closer  together  without  a  reduc- 
tion of  diameter.  These  rollers  take  the 
place  of  a  V  for  supporting  and  pressing 
the  files  as  they  are  ground;  tne  fric- 
tion is  less  with  rollers  than  with  a  plain 
rest.  The  axe  of  the  rollers  are  inclined 
to  that  of  the  wheel  though  not  as  much 
as  is  shown  (shown  increased  for  clear- 
ness of  illustration).  The  tiles  are  fed 
in  at  the  right  hand  side  and  by  the  in- 
clination carry  themselves  past  the 
wheel  and  out  on  the  left.  This  device 
is  used  for  rough  grinding  and  is  a  great 
producer;  the  work  produced  is  equal  to 
the  poorer  class  of  hand  grinding  but  it 
is  done  in  a  quarter  of  the  time.  The 
blanks  are  finished  on  another  machine. 
The  rollers  shown  are  carried  in  a  cradle 
which  is  pivoted  and  pressed  against  tlie 
wiieel  by  heavy  springs.  Limit  stops  are 
provided. 

The  curvature  on  the  back  of  halt 
rounds  varies  on  the  same  file  from  ^ 
radius  of  %  in.  to  1%  in.,  from  this  it 
will  be  seen  that  any  form  grinding  or 
travel  in  a  fixed  path  is  impossible  for 
finishing  the  entire  back.  That  portion 
of  the  back  which  is  of  fixed  radius  li 
ground  very  successfully  on  machincij 
buch  as  shown  in  Fig.  5,  the  only  changes 
being  the  disconnecting  of  the  cross 
movement  of  the  grindstone  and  the  for- 
mation of  proper  radius  grooves  in  the 
stone,  one  groove  for  each  file  in  the 
rack.  Fig;  12  illustrates  this  in  part. 
Round  files  are  also  ground  in  the  same 
way.  After  all  the  stock  has  been  re- 
moved on  the  straight  section,  the  taper- 
ing end  must  be  hand  finished. 

An  experimental  device  has  been  built 
to  grind  the  entire  back  of  half  rounds 
on  this  same  machine.  The  arrangement 
IS  shown  at  Fig.  11.  The  frame  F  cor- 
responds to  the  same  part  in  Fig.  5— it 
is  hooked  to  the  overhead  arm  to  get  its 
vertical  movement,  just  as  the  other,  and 
locked  in  place  by  the  bar  B.  But  in- 
rttead  of  being  held  stationary  the  files 
are  stuck  into  sockets  which  are  connect- 


ed with  the  gears  G  and  their  upper  ends 
rest  against  a  plate  which  is  spring  sup- 
ported. In  this  plate  are  two  pins  for 
each  file  to  keep  it  confined  sideways. 
The  gears  are  controlled  by  a  rack  D 
which  is  operated  on  by  a  ratchet  motion 
at  the  bottom  of  the  stroke  and  so  given 
a  movement  that  turns  the  file  for  each 
stroke,  returning  when  the  limit  is  reach- 
ed. The  device  is  intended  to  duplicate 
the  result  if  the  file  were  traveled 
lengthways  across  the  face  of  a  wheel 
and  bids  fair  to  working  out  to  a  com- 
mercial success.  The  file  by  spring  ten- 
sion is  given  a  change  to  let  its  own 
shape  guide  it  and  remove  the  same 
amount  from  all  parts.  The  pressure 
of  the  spring  is  not  as  great  as  used  for 
fiat  grinding  work. 

(  To  be  continued) 


WOMEN  AND  MUNITIONS 

The  immense  demand  upon  the  re- 
sources of  the  engineering  indus- 
try for  the  production  of  munitions 
of  war  has  necessitated  many  changes 
in  our  industrial  system  in  order  to  en- 
sure the  most  advantageous  employment 
of  labor  and  material.  A  great  expan- 
sion of  productive  capacity  had  to  be 
brought  about,  and  while,  thanks  to  the 
navy  the  supply  of  raw  materials  proved 
no  insuperable  difficulty,  the  provision 
of  the  necessary  labor  to  utilize  those 
materials  was  a  question  which  couio 
not  be  solved  so  readily.  The  number 
of  highly  skilled  craftsmen  in  the  country 
was  limited,  and  as  such  men  cannot  be 
improvised,  it  was  essential  to  utilize 
their  abilities  in  the  most  efficient  man- 
ner, and  to  drawn  upon  the  general 
labor  resources  of  the  country  for  all 
work  which  could  be  carried  on  without 
the  lengthy  and  specialized  training  of 
the  all  round  tradesman. 

The  wide  employment  of  women  in 
engineering  works  and  the  engineering 
sense  and  capability  that  they  have  de- 
veloped is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  out- 
standing phenomena  of  the  war.  Not 
that  there  is  anything  new  in  the  em- 
ployment of  women  on  engineering  and 
allied  work,  for  it  is  recorded  that  half 
a  century  ago  a  firm  in  Birmingham  em- 
ployed at  one  time  2,000  women  in  its 
works.  Generally  speaking,  however, 
their  female  labor  was  confined  to  rough 
and  poorly-paid  industries,  such  as  the 
chain,  nut  and  bolt,  screw  and  rivet,  and 
the  small  metal  trades  generally,  thougn 
later  women  began  to  take  a  more  intel- 
ligent part  in  the  newer  industries  such 
as  telephone  and  other  instrument  mak- 
ing, electrical  work,  cycles  and  motors. 

Usually  their  more  advanced  work 
was  confined  to  the  operation  of  auto- 
matic and  semi-automatic  tools  such  as 
capstans,  presses,  drills,  screw  and  gear- 
cutting  machines  producing  repetition 
work  and  requiring  little  more  than 
manipulative  dexterity,  though  there 
were  a  few  women  in  isolated  shops  do- 
ing skilled  work  on  the  centre  lathe  and 
at  the  fitting  bench;  indeed  in  the  workb 
of  a  prominent  member  of  this  institution 
women  were  employed  on  fitting  work 
using  micrometers  and  working  to  a  half- 
thousandth  of  an  inch,  but  this  was  an 
exceptional  case. 


October  10,  1918. 


419 


War  Calls  For  Great  Ball  Bearing  Production 

Demand  For  This  Fitting  in  Aeroplanes  and  Motor  Trucks  Has 
Been  Phenomenal— The  Canadian  Firm  Has  Opened  uj)  Factories 

in  the  States  as  Well 

By   T.    H.    FENNER,   Associate    Editor 


AN        industry 
which  was 

well  establish- 
ed and  organized 
before  the  war  was 
thought  of,  but  has 
had  enormously 

greater  demands 
thrown  on  it  by  the 
war,  is  that  of  mail- 
ing roller  bearings. 
The  widespread  use 
of  motor  traction  in 
all  departments  of 
the  armies  in  the 
field,  and  behind  the 
armies,  and  the  ex- 
tensive use  of  ball 
bearings  in  every 
type  of  motor,  has 
necessitated  the 

production  of  thous- 
ands,   where     hunu- 

dreds  sufficed  before.  Canada  is  doing  her 
share  in  supplying  this  demand,  and  the 
l)lant  of  the  Chapman  Double  Ball-Bear- 
ing Co.,  Toronto,  forms  a  notable  in- 
stance. This  company  has  been  manu- 
facturing ball-bearings  for  many  years, 
and  their  product  is  well  and  favorably 
known  in  hundreds  of  industrial  plants, 
so  they  were  well  equipped  with  both  the 
mechanical  appliances  and  the  organi- 
zation to  deal  with  the  requirements  of 
the  British  government  in  making  annu- 
lar and  thrust  ball-bearings  for  automo- 
biles, trucks,  and  aeroplanes,  which  work 
they  are  chiefly  engaged  on  now,  to- 
gether with  the  manufacture  of  shells. 


FINAL   INSPECTING    AND    ASSEMBLING   ROOM 

The  Annular  Ball  Bearing 

The  annular  ball  bearing  consists  es- 
sentially of  three  distinct  parts,  consist- 
mg  of  the  outer  race,  the  inner  race,  anu 
the  balls  and  cage.  The  outer  and  inner 
race  are  formed  from  one  steel  blank, 
the  inner  race  being  cut  out  of  the  blanks 
by  a  trepanning  operation.  The  first 
operation  on  the  blank  is  that  of  boring 
the  hole  on  a  Colborne  vertical  boring 
machine,  allowance  being  made  for  the 
subsequent  b6ring  and  grinding  to  the 
finished  size.  The  blank  then  goes  to 
a  Foster  hollow  spindle  turret  lathe,  of 
which  there  are  six,  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying illustration,  and  here  they  are 


faced  on  both  sides. 
The  next    operation 
is   that   of    trepan- 
ning, also  perform- 
ed    in     the     Foster 
lathe.    In  this  oper- 
ation   a    trepanning 
cut    is    taken     from 
one    side    half    way 
through    the    blank, 
which  is  then  turnea 
round         and        cut 
through     from     the 
other  face   to   meet 
the  first  cut.      The 
inner      and      outer 
races  are  thus  form- 
ed in  the  rough,  and 
are   now   ready  for 
the       initial       heat 
treatment. 
Initial    Heat  Treat- 
ment 
The   initial  heat  treatment   is   carried 
out  in  oil  burning  furnaces,  and  consists 
in  a  gradual  heating  up  to  a  temperature 
of  about   1375'    Fahr.     When  this   tem- 
perature  is   reached   they   are   removed 
from   the   furnace    and   allowed   to   cooi 
down  naturally  to  the  atmospheric  tem- 
perature, this    treatment    relieving    the 
metal  from  the  initial  stresses  set  up  in 
forging  the  blanks.    From  here  the  par- 
tially formed  bearing  goes  back  to  the 
Foster  lathes  to  have  the  finish  turning 
operations  performed  on  them. 

It  may  be  stated  here  in  passing  that 
were  it  possible  to  procure  steel  tubing 
of    the    necessary    tensile    strength    ana 


■•  ^tKlKm/^ 

II    ■ ' ' 

esk^KI 

r^i 

^m     ij 

1   \       N 

FOSTER  TURKEl'  LATHE  TURNING  OUTER  RACE 


420 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FOSTER  TURRET  LATHES  TURNING  BALL  RACE 


ohemical  composition,  a  good  many  oper- 
ations could  be  dispensed  with.  How- 
ever, it  is  impossible  to  procure  this  tub- 
ing at  the  present  day  as  the  demand  is 
far  ahead  of  the  supply.  A  great  deal 
of  this  tubing  used  to  be  obtainable  from 
Germany,  but  needless  to  say  this  avenue 
is  now  completely  closed. 

Finish  Turning  Operations 

The  outer  race  is  first  placed  on  a 
mandrel,  and  the  outside  diameter  turn- 
ed up  to  size  ready  for  grinding.  It  is 
then  taken  off  the  mandrel  and  placed  in 
a  chuck,  and  the  ball  race  turned  up.  The 
same  procedure  is  followed  with  the 
inner  race  and  the  next  operation  is 
making  the  slot  for  entering  the  balls. 
The  use  of  this  slot  makes  the  enterinji- 
of  the  balls  into  the  race  considerably 


easier,  and  allows  for  the  use  of  more 
balls.  Incidentally  it  was  the  cause  of 
litigation  reaching  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  U.  S.  The  original  patent 
covered  an  absolutely  uninterrupted  ball 
race,  and  the  patentees  contended  that 
the  inserting  slot  was  a  break  in  the 
continuity.  However,  it  was  shown  that 
the  slot  was  not  carried  down  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  race  but  was  left  .001  in. 
higher,  thus  not  interfering  with  the  bai'. 
race  proper.  It  can  be  easily  understood 
that  entering  the  balls  without  the  slot 
was  a  difficult  operation,  as  after  a  cer- 
tain number  of  balls  were  in  place  the 
inner  and  outer  race  would  assume  a  po- 
sition slightly  eccentric  to  each  other, 
making  the  springing  in  of  the  last  balls 
a  very  difficult  operation.  The  use  of 
the   slot  does   away   with  this   difficulty 


BRYANT   CHUCKING  GRINDER 


and  allows  the  ball  race  to  be  completely 
filled.  After  the  inserting  slot  has  been 
made  the  inner  and  outer  races  are 
stamped  with  the  firm's  name  and  the 
number  of  the  bearing,  and  are  then 
hardened.  Between  each  of  the  preced- 
ing operations  a  preliminary  inspection 
has  been  made,  ensuring  that  all  parts 
will  finish  up  to  size  in  the  grinding 
oiierations. 

Hardening 

The  hardening  of  the  races  is  a  part 
of  the  manufacturing  that  has  occasion- 
ed a  great  deal  of  experimentation,  and 
the  details  of  which  are  carefully  guard- 
ed by  the  various  manufacturers  of  ball 
bearings.  The  life  of  the  bearing  de- 
pends on  the  hardening  and  the  grinding, 
and  it  is  an  open  question  as  to  which  of 
these  important  operations  is  most  influ- 
ential, some  makers  favoring  the  hard- 
ening and  others  the  grinding.  It  is  easy 
10  appreciate  how  much  either  of  these 
operations  can  affect  the  finished  pro- 
fiuct,  but  where  experts  differ  it  is  out- 
side of  the  layman  to  offer  an  opinion. 

Grinding  the  Bearings 

The  grinding  is  carried  out  in  two 
stages,  rough  grinding  and  finished 
grinding.  In  between  these  two  stages 
a  period  is  allowed  for  seasoning  or  what 
niight  be  called  a  natural  normalizing. 
This  is  really  a  period  of  rest  to  correct 
<iny  fatigue  or  slight  distortion  which 
may  have  occurred  during  the  rough 
grinding  and  is  allowed  to  extend,  when- 
ever possible,  over  several  weeks,  but 
when  production  demands  are  too  great 
for  this,  artificial  seasoning  is  resorted 
to.  The  grinding  operations  proper  arc- 
as  follows:  First,  facing  off  the  rings, 
which  is  done  in  a  Blanchard  surface 
grinder,  with  a  magnetic  chuck,  an  illus- 
tration of  which  is  here  given.  The 
outer  rings  after  facing  are  placed  in  a. 
Bryant  chucking  machine  and  rough 
ground  in  bore,  this  machcine  being 
shown  in  the  illustration.  They  are  then 
placed  on  an  arbor  in  groups  according 


October  10,  1918. 

to  size  and  rough  ground  on  outsi(ie. 
They  are  then  chucked  on  Van  Normand 
and  ILandis  grinders  and  the  race  is 
rough  ground. 

The    inner    rings,    after     facing,     arc 
placed  on  a  short  steel  arbor  and  the  bail 
race  is  rough  ground  on  machines  made 
^specially    for    this    purpose,    from     the 
Chapman  Double  Ball  Bearing  Go's  own 
design.      Experiments    have    been    made 
of  grinding  the  race  on  these  rings   by 
placing  them  on   expanding  arbors,  but 
the  method  now  used  has     proven  the 
test.     Rough  grinding  the  bore  is  done 
in  the  Bryant  chucking  grinder  and  then 
they  are  put  away  for  seasoning.    A  very 
important  part  of  all  these  operations  is 
to  make  sure  of  perfect  cleanliness  be- 
tween each,  and  great  care  is  taken  to 
ensure  that  this   is  done.     The  finished 
grinding     operations     follow     the    same 
course  as  the  rough  grinding.     Grinding 
the  ball  slot  is  a  most  important  phase 
of  the  finished  grinding. 

Inspection 

The  necessity  of  a  rigid  inspection  can 
be  readily  understood  when  it  is  ex- 
plained that  the  greatest  toleration  al- 
lowed in  any  part  is  .0004  of  an  inch, 
and  in  the  case  of  the  race  diameters  no 
toleration  at  all  is  allowed.  Much  care 
and  experimenting  has  been  expended  in 
perfecting  this  department,  and  large 
sums  have  been  spent  in  procuring  ab- 
solutely reliable  measuring  instruments. 
Among  these  the  Prestwich  fluid 
measuring  gauges  are  prominent,  and  a 
complete  set  of  standard  Johannson  blocks 
are  used  for  checking  the  working  limit 
gauges.    By  the  "^o  nf  these  up-to-date 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


421 


CHAPMAN  BALL  BEARING  CO.'S   GRINDERS 


methods  absolute  uniformity  and  i.iter- 
changeability  are  procured.  To  ensure 
that  no  damage  or  rusting  can  take  place 
during  shipment  each  set  of  bearmgs  is 
wrapped  in  oiled  paper  and  enclosed  in 
a  metal  case. 

The  Thrust  Bearings 

The  thrust  bearings  are  made  from 
blanks  punched  out  of  strip  steel,  thes^ 
blanks  being  then  indented  for  the  ba»l 
race.  They  are  then  bored  and  placed 
on  mandrils  for  turning.  They  are  after- 
wards hardened,  and  the  subsequent 
grmding  operations  consist  of  grinding 
the  faces,  grinding  the  bore,  grinding 
outside,  and  then  the  ball  race,  which 
are  performed   in  the  machines  already 


described.  The  ball  cage  consists  of  a 
phosphor  bronzs  disc,  and  the  holes  for 
the  balls  are  drilled  alternately  from 
each  face.  This  method  ensures  that  the 
weight  of  the  thrust  will  always  come  on 
the  balls  and  not  on  the  cage. 

The  Organization 

The  making  of  these  bearings  is  a  class 
of  work  that  calls  for  intelligent  anc; 
skilled  help.  This  has  naturally  called 
for  a  considerable  amount  of  thought  and 
selection  in  building  up  an  organization, 
and  has  not  been  all  smooth  sailing  in 
these  days  of  shortage  of  labor.  Female 
labor  has  been  employed  with  consider- 
able success,  especially  in  the  inspection 
departments.    The  mechanical  end  of  the 


OIL    i'UUMACE    FOR    INITIAL    HEAT   TRE.'VTMENT 


BLANCHAHD  SURFACE  GRINDER  WITH  MAGNETIC  CHUCK 


422 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


VA.N    iNOKivlAlN    t^THiiNLir^Kft 


business  is  under  the  supervision  of  Mr. 
W.  J.  McCallum  who  has  been  with  the 
firm  for  eleven  years,  for  some  time  as 
head  desi^er.  Mr.  McCallum  is  one  of 
the  inventors  of  the  Chapman  elevating 
transfer  truck,  which  is  very  extensively 
used  in  munition  and  industrial  plants. 
It  is  chiefly  to  his  courtesy  the  procuring 
of  the  material  for  this  article  is  due. 


STANDARDIZATION       IN       GAUGE 
MANUFACTURE 

The  attainment  of  a  high  manufactur- 
ing eflBciency  is  very  difficult  when  the 
energies  and  interests  of  a  firm  are 
spread  over  the  production  of  different 
kinds  of  products,  unless  the  output  of 


ed  out  as  quickly,  cheaply,  or  with  so 
great  a  percentage  of  female  labor  as 
it  would  be  under  conditions  of  proper 
repetition  manufacturing,  and  in  the 
national  interest,  therefore,  firms  should 
be  confined  as  far  as  possible  to  the 
manufacture  of  the  minimum  number  of 
different  articles.  This  applies  par- 
ticularly to  the  case  of  gauges,  cutters, 
small  tools,  etc.,  which  in  the  aggregate 
absorb  a  vast  and  needless  amount  of 
highly  skilled  labor  when  manufactured 
in  small  quantities  by  firms  for  their 
own  use.  In  the  interests  of  the  con- 
servation of  skilled  labor  it  would  be 
well  if  all  standard  tools  and  gauges 
required  for  munition  work  were  manu- 
factured  as   repetition   products   in   fac- 


■¥ik 


CONCKETE   BASE   CA.ST  AROUND   BASE   OK   GRINDING   'I'OOL 
TO  GET  RIGIDITY 


each  product  is  sufficient  to  justify  a 
separate  department,  machinery  and  stafi' 
for  its  manufacture.    It  cannot  be  turn 


t'ories  set  apart  for  the  purpose.  In  a 
word,  the  production  of  gauges  and 
small  tools  of  all  description  should  be 


placed  on  the  same  basis  as  that  of 
shells,  fuses,  or  other  direct  munitions 
the  actual  figures  of  the  attainments  in 
each  respect  of  the  best  firms.  But  in 
order  to  determine  the  highest  prac- 
ticable standard  for  any  given  product 
more  information  is  required.  It  is 
necessary  to  analyze  methods  of  manu- 
facture down  to  the  smallest  details, 
and  to  consider  every  operation  in  turn 
both  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  labor 
hours  involved  and  of  the  class  of  labor 
necessary  to  perform  it.  Such  an  analysis 
is  no  doubt  made  now  in  greater  or  less 
detail  by  every  firm  when  planning 
methods  of  manufacture,  but  the  author 
holds  strongly  that  for  all  munition  pro- 
ducts the  Government  should  suoply  such 
information  to  contractors.  It  would 
avoid  all  controversy  about  the  possi- 
bility of  attaining  either  the  efficiency 
standard  or  the  dilution  standard  re- 
quired by  the  Government,  because  the 
possibility  could  be  proved  by  actual 
performance.  Compulsory  adoption  of 
the  standardized  methods  of  manu- 
facture is  not  advocated  where 
firms  can  produce  equally  good  re- 
sults by  any  other  methods.  But  the 
standard  established  would  assist  them 
in  planning  work  and  complying  with 
the  Government's  requirements  as  to  the 
maxima  of  time  and  labor  permissible 
for  a  given  output.  The  first  objection 
which  will  arise  in  the  minds  of  critics 
is  that  all  firms  are  not  equally  well 
equipped  for  production,  and  that  it 
would  therefore  be  unfair  to  insist  upon 
the  standards  of  time  and  labor  being 
universally  adhered  to.  The  proposal, 
however,  would  have  the  effect  of  ore  vent- 
ing firms  obtaining  contracts  they  are 
unable  to  carry  out  efficiently,  and  this 
would  obviate  the  waste  of  material  and 
labor  which  now  exists.  Furthermore, 
it  would  justify  the  application  of  a  firm 
for  such  machine  tools  as  would  enabie 
it  to  carry  out  its  contract  in  the  most 
efficient  manner,  and  would,  therefore, 
rapidly  bring  about  the  proper  equipment 
of  manufacturing  firms  for  their  special 
products.  It  would  also  have  a  good 
effect  in  the  standardizing  of  the  be&t 
machine  tools  with  a  corresponding  in- 
crease in  the  number  available  of  the 
best  types. 


October  10,  1918. 


423 


German  Submarine;  Its  Detection  and  Destruction 

Construction,    Operation,    Equipment,    Methods    of    Detection, 
Means  of  Destruction — Various  Proposals  Considered 


THE  bulk  of  the  war's  inventions 
have  originated  with  those  who 
have  had  a  grounding  in  the 
sciences  or  who  have  been  well  versed  in 
iTiachine  shop  practice  or  in  other  en- 
gineering pursuits.  Many  impracticable 
and  even  ludicrous  ideas  have  been  put 
forward  by  those  who,  having  the  be^c 
intentions  in  the  world,  were  not  suffi- 
ciently acquainted  with  the  subjec'-.  to 
plan  intelligently. 

In  releasing  information  as  to  what  has 
been  done  towards  the  elimination  of  the 
submarine,  the  Naval  Consulting  Koard 
of  the  United  States  are  performing  a 
service  which  must  necessarily  awaken 
interest  in  those  who  have  the  skill  to 
suggest  improvements  along  the  lines 
suggested. 

No  proposal  which  involves  premises 
not  based  on  the  laws  of  nature  as  com- 
monly understood  is  entitled  to  be  recom- 
mended for  experiment  and  development 
uiiiess  the  inventor  can  show  that  ih^-ve: 
IS  a  possibility  of  such  laws  beiag  er- 
roneous. Many  proposals  which  depend 
for  their  operation  upon  effects  which 
are  contrary  to  natural  laws  as  known 
have  been  submitted.  Below  is  given  an 
outline  of  some  of  the  most  popular  mis- 
conceptions. 

Electro-Magnets 

Although  the  laws  governing  the  use 
of  electro-magnets  are  generally  known 
and  applied  in  a  practical  manner  in  a 
multitude  of  devices  in  common  use,  even 
the  man  of  wise  experience  will  be  as- 
tonished at  the  limited  range  of  their 
effect.  For  instance,  the  magnets  used 
in  our  manufacturing  plants,  for  lifting- 
heavy  masses  of  iron  or  steel  are  de- 
signed to  exercise  maximum  magnetic 
effect,  and  for  operation  require  a  very 
considerable  amount  of  electrical  energy; 
yet  a  magnet  which  can  lift  twenty  tons 
when  placet!  in  contact  with  an  iron  plate 
of  that  weight  will  not  lift  two  pounds 
of  iron  or  steel  if  separated  from  it  a 
distance  of  two  feet.  Therefore  pro- 
posed devices  which  depend  on  the  at- 
tractive power  of  magnets  for  their 
operation  in  deflecting  or  arresting  tor- 
pedoes, mines  or  submarines,  must  be 
governed  by  the  simple  laws  of  magne- 
tism. A  torpedo  weighing  approximate- 
ly 2,500  pounds  and  traveling  at  a  speea 
of  from  25  to  45  miles  an  hour,  will  not 
be  deflected  to  any  considerable  degree 
by  any  known  application  of  magnetism, 
and  it  is  not  believed  that  an  enemy  tor- 
pedo, mine  or  submarine  will  ever  be 
found  in  a  position  to  be  interfered  witn 
effectively  by  any  electro-magnetic 
means,  however  powerful. 

Detection  by  Magnetic  Needle 

Tests    made    on   an    actual    submarine 
have  shown  that  the  magnetic  effects  due 
to  this  mass  of  iron,  are  quite  limited  in 
range.      For   instance    at   150   feet   dis 
lance  the  magnetic  effect  due  to  a  sub- 


marine is  only  about  1  per  cent,  as  much 
as  the  earth's  magnetic  effect.  The  sub- 
marine is  equipped  with  a  gyroscopic 
compass  that  cannot  be  affected  by  any 
magnetic  influence  from  the  outside. 

Mine  Attached  by  Magnets 

A  magnet  deriving  its  power  from  any 
battery  that  could  be  contained  within  a 
bomb  would  not  be  powerful  enough  to 
hold  the  bomb  in  contact  with  a  boat 
running  through  the  water;  therefore 
the  scheme  is  impracticable.  The  main 
point  would  be  to  locate  the  submarine. 
When  the  submarine  is  once  located  very 
simple  methods  of  disposing  of  it  are  ai 
hand. 

Electrical  Effects 

There  is  a  general  misconception  re- 
garding the  electrification  of  water  and 
the  atmosphere.  There  is  no  known 
method  of  charging  the  sea  with  electri- 
city; of  shooting  a  bomb  of  electricity, 
or  of  charging  the  atmosphere  with 
electrocuting  currents.  Suggestions 
along  these  lines  should  show  that  the 
writer  has  made  research  in  the  laws 
governing  the  application  of  electrical 
energy,  and  should  contain  sufficient  proof 
of  their  feasibilty  to  insure  serious  con- 
sideration. 

On  the  other  hand  applications  of  the 
transmission  of  electrical  energy  by 
me^ns  of  alternating  or  pulsating  cur- 
rents— as  used  in  wireless  systems,  for 
example — belong  to  a  different  class  of 
electrical  development.  Inventive  genius 
is  rapidly  improving  apparatus  of  thi^- 
type  for  the  sending  and  receiving  of 
signals  and  messages,  and  the  possibilit> 
of  valuable  results  in  this  field  is  un- 
limited. 

The  Submarine  and  its  Operation 

The  first  recorded  experiment  in  sub- 
marine operation  was  made  by  a  Hol- 
lander, Dr.  Cornelius  Van  Drebbel,  wh-^ 
ir.  1624  constructed  a  one-man  submarine 
operated  bv  feathering  oars,  which  made 
a  successful  underwater  trip  from  West- 
minster to  Greenwich  in  the  Thames. 

Dr.  David  Bushnell,  an  American  in- 
ventor and  graduate  of  Yale  in  the  class 
of  1755,  nearly  sank  the  '"Eagle"  in  New 
York  Harbor  during  the  Revolutionary 
War  by  the  use  of  his  little  one-man- 
powered  submarine,  the  "American 
Turtle." 

In  England,  the  American  inventor, 
Robert  Fulton,  in  the  presence  of  Wi!- 
li'im  Pitt,  then  Chancellor,  and  a  large 
number  of  spectators,  blew  up  a  brig  by 
exploding  a  mine  which  he  had  placed 
under  her  bottom  by  the  use  of  his  sub- 
marine boat.  Both  of  these  inventors 
were  discouraged  and  were  refused  the 
necessary  assistance  to  enable  them  to 
develop  further  their  ideas  regarding 
submarines,  although  they  had  undoubt- 
edly shown  that  there  were  great  possi- 
bilities in  the  underwater  type  of  vessel 


Modern  Typea 

Modern  submarines  are  divided  into 
two  general  classes:  the  coast  defense 
type  of  from  300  to  700  tons  surface  dis- 
placement, and  the  cruising  type  of  from 
800  to  2,500  tons  displacement,  having  a 
radius  of  action. of  from  3,000  to  8,000 
miles  and  capable  of  operating  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  from 
European  bases. 

Germany  appears  to  be  devoting  her 
energy  at  present  to  the  construction  of 
a  small  group  of  a  still  larger  type,  re- 
ported to  have  a  displacement  of  2,800 
tons,  which  also  possess  superior  gun 
equipment  for  surface  operations, 
greater  speed  when  cruising  on  the  sur- 
face, very  much  more  habitable  quartci  .^ 
for  the  crew,  and  storage  capacity  for  a 
larger  number  of  torpedoes  and  other 
supplies. 

"One-Man"  Type 

Many  hundreds  of  proposals  have  been 
received  advocating  one-man  submarines 
and  submarines  of  small  size,to  be  manu- 
factured in  great  numbers  for  the  pur- 
pose of  attacking  and  destroying  the 
larger  types  of  enemy  submarines.  This 
subject  has  been  given  exhaustive  con- 
sideration and  it  has  been  conclusively 
proved  that  no  small  submarine  can  be 
provided  with  the  necessary  power, 
speed,  equipment  and  living  quarters  for 
the  crew  to  enable  it  to  operate  success- 
fully in  the  submarine  zone.  Even  the 
smallest  of  modem  submarines  requires 
a  number  of  devices  for  its  successful 
operation;  an  internal  combustion  en- 
gine, an  electric  motor — which  also  can 
be  used  as  a  generator  to  charge  the 
storage  batteries,  water  ballast  and  trim- 
ming tanks,  pumps,  air  compressors,  air 
storage  tanks,  torpedo  tubes,  storage 
space  for  torpedoes,  quarters  for  crew, 
and  other  machinery  and  auxiliari"es. 

Hull  Construction 

Generally  the  German  U-boat — whicn 
is  the  designation  for  the  enemy  ocean- 
going submarines — it  made  with  a  double 
hull.  The  bottom  space  between  the 
inner  and  outer  hulls  is  used  for  water 
ballast;  the  top  space  is  used  for  carry- 
ing oil  fuel.  Water  ballast  displaces  the 
fuel  oil  as  it  is  consumed  by  the  internal 
combustion  engine. 

The  frequent  statements  that  oil  has 
been  seen  on  the  sea  after  a  U-boat  had 
been  attacked  may  have  merely  indicateil 
that  the  submarine's  outer  hull  had  been 
punctured.  However,  there  is  some  oi' 
.Slick  on  the  surface  when  the  exhaust 
mufflers  are  flooded. 

According  to  recent  statements,  the 
conning  tower,  in  the  latest  type  of  Ger- 
man submarine,  is  protected  by  a  thin 
belt  of  armor  plate,  and  the  vital  parts 
of  the  hull,  which  are  exposed  when  op- 
prating  on  the  surface,  are  also  mar'.a  ^ 
heavier  than  the  rest  of  the  hull,  to  pro- 


424 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


lect  them    at    least    from    the     smaller 
calibre  guns. 

Even  if  the  periscope  and  conning 
tower  are  shot  away  the  submarine  may 
&till  be  able  to  keep  afloat  and  operate. 

Source  of  Power 

The  internal  combustion  oil  engine  of 
the  Diesel  or  semi-Diesel  type  is  almost 
universally  employed  for  surface  oper- 
ation in  modern  submarines,  althoug;i. 
much  experimenting  has  been  done  with 
steam-driven  craft,  and  many  engineers 
oelieve  that,  for  extremely  high  power, 
steam  may  yet  be  used  effectively  if  some 
of  the  inherent  disadvantages — excessive 
heat,  etc. — can  be  overcome.  The  limit 
of  practical  size  has  almost  been  reached 
in  the  internal  combustion  engines  used 
in  the  latest  type  of  submarine,  and  if 
more  power  is  needed  the  engines  them 
selves  will  have  to  be  improved,  or,  per- 
haps steam  plants  will  be  resorted  to. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  internal  com- 
bustion engines  require  a  great  deal  of 
air  for  their  operation,  which  is  not 
available  when  a  boat  is  submerged,  sub- 
marines must  be  equipped  with  an  elec- 
unc  motor  run  by  storage  batteries  for 
underwater  propulsion.  It  is,  therefore, 
necessary  after  the  storage  batteries  are 
discharged  by  use,  for  the  boat  to  come 
to  the  surface  while  its  electric  generat- 
ing apparatus,  driven  by  the  internal 
combustion  engine,  recharges  the  bat- 
teries. 

Speed 
The  speed  of  a  submarine,  like  that  of 
other  vessels,  depends  upon  the  power  of 
its  engines  or  motors  in  overcoming  the 
resistance   of  the   hull   to  being   driver, 
through    the     water.       For     submerged 
operations   the   electric   motor    operates 
the  propeller,  the  engine  being  uncoupled 
and  the  current  for  the  motor  supplied 
oy  the  storage  batteries.     This  electrical 
equipment,  if  it  be  of  high  power,  occu- 
pies much  space  and  is  extremely  heavy, 
especially    if   an     extended     submerged 
range  of  action  at  high  speed  is  desired. 
Therefore,  the  space  for  such  equipment 
on  the  underwater  craft  has  to  be  pro- 
vided by  increasing  the  size  of  the  craft. 
If   high   surface   speed   is   also  required, 
larger  anl  heavi'ir  engines  must  be  in- 
stalled,  which   necessitate   an   additional 
increase  in  the  size  and  displacement  of 
the  vessel      Maximum  surface  and  sub- 
merged speeds  cannot  both  be  had  in  one 
type  of  submarine,  and  therefore  a  com- 
promise  which    ffives  the   most  efficient 
general  results  has  to  be  effected.     The 
main  engines  in  a  modern  submarine  con- 
stitute approximately  8  per  cent,  and  the 
storaore  batteries  16  per  cent,  of  the  total 
weizht  of  the  boat.     If  greater  surface 
speed    is    required    the     percentage     of 
•    v.eight  allotted  to  the  engines  is  increas- 
ed, or,  if  ereater  submerged  speed  the 
weight  of  batteries  is  increased  and  smal- 
ler engines  installed.     In   general,  sub- 
marines,  to  be   capable   of  the   highest 
possible  speed  both  for  surface  and  sub- 
mersed operations,  must  necessarily  be 
of  the  largest  type,  and  many  predictions 
of  eiant  submarines  are  made. 

German  cruisin<r    submarines    have    a 
,     maximum  unpod  of  about  17  knots  on  the 
surface  an  '  10  Vnots  submerged. 


Details  of  submarine  construction  are 
of  less  immediate  importance  than  ways 
and  means  to  protect  surface  vessels 
from  submarine  attack,  but  details  of 
construction  and  of  the  many  life-saving 
devices,  such  as  detachable  chambers  or 
onning  towers,  and  other  mechanisms 
which  have  been  proposed,  experimented 
"Tith  and  discarded,  may  be  found  in  the 
references  mentioned  on  a  subsequent 
page. 

Listening  Devices 

The  submarine  when  submerged  so 
that  its  periscope  does  not  project  above 
the  water  is  blind,  but  not  deaf,  for  it 
IS  provided  with  sound  detectors  or 
microphones  that  will  indicate  the  ap- 
proach and  direction  of  a  ship,  if  its  own 
machinery  is  at  rest  or  moving  slowly, 
with  noise  so  slight  as  not  to  interfere 
with  the  listening. 

The  propagation  of  sound  through  wa- 
ter is  more  rapid  and  efficient  than 
through  air,  because  water  does  not  have 
so  great  a  cushioning  effect  upon  sound 
waves.  While  we  speak  of  sound  waves, 
and  can  measure  their  amplitude  in  some 
cases,  there  is  no  bodily  displacement  of 
the  medium  through  which  they  travel. 
In  general,  the  harder,  denser  and  more 
incompressible  the  medium,  the  more 
efficient  the  transmission  of  the  sound 
waves. 

The  underwater  listening  devices 
which  are  so  frequently  availed  of  In 
submarines  and  patrol  boats  and 
destroyers  used  to  attack  them 
consist  primarily  of  a  large  dia- 
phragm or  its  equivalent  in  some 
other  physical  form.  The  diaphragm  is 
submerged  and  the  pressure  of  the  water 
upon  it  tends  to  cause  it  to  deflect  in- 
wardly to  a  slight  extent.  When  the 
sound  wave  strikes  the  diaphragm  the 
deflection  is  increased  and,  when  the 
wave  has  expended  itself  it  is  followed 
by  a  reduction  of  pressure  which  allows 
the  diaphragm  to  recover  until  the  suc- 
ceeding wave  strikes  it. 

The  human  ear  can  detect  sounds  hav- 
ing periods  of  vibration  as  low  as  16  per 
second  and  as  high  as  30,000  or  40,00d 
in  extreme  cases,  so  that  there  is  a  very 
wide  range  of  pitch  over  which  listening 
'ievices  might  be  used. 

The  vibrations  emitted  from  a  sub- 
marine are  usually  of  low  frequency  and 
therefore  the  listening  devices  which  are 
particularly  designed  for  submarine  de- 
tection have  to  specially  adapted  to  low 
frequency,  at  the  expense  in  many  cases 
of  their  capacity  for  receiving  the  high 
frequency  vibrations;  whereas  with  sub- 
marine signaling  devices  designed  to 
communicate  from  one  vessel  to  another 
a  frequency  of  several  hundred  vibra- 
tions per  second  is  found  to  give  better 
results. 

In  one  typical  form  of  listening  device 
the  diaphragm  is  provided  with  a  tele- 
phone transmitter.  The  vibrations  of  the 
diaphragm  vary  the  electrical  resistance 
in  the  transmitter,  which  are  either 
listened  to  by  a  telephone  receiver  di- 
rectly or  amplified  by  means  of  relays, 
such,  for  instance  as  the  audion  and  othe. 
bimi'ar  apparatus,  which  enables  sounds. 


to   be   heard   which   otherwise   would   be 
inaudible. 

Ways  and  means  to  tune  out  extran- 
eous noises,  such  as  the  falling  of  raia 
on  the  surface  of  the  water,  the  noise  of 
the  pumps  and  other  machinery  on  the 
boat  carrying  the  listening  device,  and 
arrangements  to  determine  the  direction 
of  the  source  of  sound  have  been  given  a 
great  deal  of  study  and  been  developed 
to  a  considerable  degree  of  effectiveness. 
Sound  waves  tend  to  emanate  from  thvi 
source  radially,  which  is  availed  of  in  the 
direction-indicating  devices.  However, 
the  details  of  these  devices  are  more  or 
less  confidential,  and  only  the  great  prin- 
ciples can  be  made  available  to  the  pub- 
lic. 

Periscopes 

The  superior  gunfire  to  be  expected 
from  a  merchantman  which  has  been 
properly  equipped  makes  it  prudent  for 
the  hostile  submarine  commander  to  ob- 
tain his  observations  for  accurate  aim- 
ing of  the  torpedo  through  a  periscope. 

A  submarine  is  usually  equipped  with 
two  or  three  periscopes,  extending  about 
twelve  feet  above  the  conning  tower,  the 
more  recent  periscopes  being  of  the 
"housing"  type,  which  permits  them  to 
be  quickly  raised  and  then  drawn  down 
after  the  observation,  thus  allowing  the 
undersea  boat  to  operate  unseen  much 
nearer  the  suface  and  not  lose  time  in 
changing  its  depth  of  submergence. 

It  is  rumored  that  the  latest  German 
U-boat  has  a  short  periscope  "fair- 
water,"  which  encloses  the  s.tuffing-box 
through  which  the  periscope  slides  up 
und  down.  The  periscope  fair-water 
usually  extends  4  or  5  feet  above  the 
top  of  the  conning  tower.  The  short 
periscope  is  used  when  the  boat  is  mov- 
ing at  considerable  speed  through  the 
water.  An  additional  periscope,  which 
can  be  extended  to  a  height  of  from  14 
to  16  feet  above  the  periscope  fair-water, 
is  also  provided.  It  is  used  only  when 
the  boat  is  stationary  or  nearly  so.  This 
taller  periscope  is  used  to  reduce  the 
chances  of  exposing  the  conning  tower 
and  hull  of  the  submarine  while  patrol- 
ling in  a  rough  sea,  with  the  hull  sub- 
merged. It  is  very  small  in  diameter  at 
tiie  top  and  is  commonly  called  the 
"finger"  periscope.  Owing  to  the  vibra- 
tion prevailing  at  any  sPeed  above  four 
knots  it  cannot  be  used  when  a  submarine 
i<  moving  rapidly.  A  third  periscope, 
smaller  in  diameter,  is  usually  provided 
as  a  spare  in  case  of  accident  to  the  two 
periscopes  described  above. 

A  periscope  is  usually  designed  to 
have  about  a  4.5°  angle  of  horizontal  field 
of  vision,  and  the  vertical  field  may  be 
iess.  It  is  rotated  by  the  observer  in 
order  to  scan  the  whole  horizon. 

When  a  submarine  is  cruising  on  the 
surface  the  top  of  the  periscope  may  ex- 
to  a  height  of  23  or  24  feet  above  the 
water,  thus  giving  a  range  of  vision  of 
about  six  miles  to  the  horizon,  if  the  day 
IS  bright;  while  an  observer  standing 
upon  the  conning  tower  can  see  the  hori- 
zon at  a  range  of  only  about  four  and 
one-half  miles;  however,  the  observer 
can  usually  see  much  more  distinctly  by 
his  direct  vision  than  through  the  pen- 


October  10,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


425 


scope.     The  upper  parts  of  ships  can,  oi 
course  often  be  seen  beyond  the  horizon. 

Greatly  increased  optical  efficiency  in 
the  periscope  is  not  a  theoretical  possi- 
bility, although  various  sizes  and  designs 
have  been  experimented  with.  Any  in- 
crease of  submerged  diameter,  or  length 
of  periscope  impedes  the  submerged 
speed  of  the  submarine.  The  older  typa 
gave  a  great  deal  of  trouble  from  defec- 
tive mechanical  construction,  but  the 
more  modern  devices  are  hermetically 
sealed  by  the  manufacturer  and  are 
reasonably  free  from  condensation  of 
moisture  on  the  lenses  and  from  vibra- 
tion. 

Experiments  have  been  performed  on 
the  subject  of  decreasing  the  visibility 
of  periscopes.  It  is  very  difficult  to  see 
a  periscope,  and  the  artistic  use  of  paint, 
simul'ting  foum  and  green  water  is  one 
of  the  best  means  of  making  a  periscope 
invisible.  A  periscope  so  painted,  pro- 
jecting a  few  feet  above  the  water  from 
a  motionless  submarine,  can  be  seen  at 
a  very  short  range  only,  and  if  it  is 
thrust  up  in  quick  observation  and  then 
withdrawn  the  presence  of  the  submarine 
is  usually  not  disclosed. 

The  use  of  mirrors  has  been  suggested 
and  experimented  with,  but  the  conclu- 
sion has  been  reached  that  their  use  is. 
not  nracticable.  Any  rolling  of  the  sub- 
marine will  change  the  angle  of  inci- 
dence and  reflection,  and  serve  to  reveal 
the  position  of  the  submarine. 

Periscopes  having  their  upper  portions 
made  of  glass  tubing  to  reduce  the  visi- 
bility   have  also  been  proposed. 

It  is,  however,  the  wake  of  the  peri- 
scope on  a  moving  submarine  rather  than 
the  periscope  itself  that  attracts  the  at 
tention  of  an  observer. 

Net-Cutting  Devices,  Etc. 

Numerous  devices  and  attachments 
have  been  provided  to  enable  submarines 
to  cut  nets,  put  out  divers,  and  to  send 
a  marking  buoy  to  the  surface  in  case 
of  accident,  and  have  proved  more  or  les^ 
ineffective. 

In  manoeuvering  it  requires  at  least 
60  feet — preferably  100  feet — depth  of 
vvater  to  remain  concealed  and  safe  from 
gunfire,  ramming,  or  collision  with  sur- 
face craft.  Submarines  are  frequently 
tested  for  safe  operation  at  depths  of  as 
much  as  200  feet,  at  which  depth  few 
effective  obstructions,  trawls,  or  nets  can 
be  used  against  them. 

A  modern  submarine  may,  if  it  is  in 
good  order  and  the  hull  not  punctured, 
remain  resting  safely  on  the  bottom  for 
a  day  or  more  without  inconvenience  to 
the  crew.  Under  favorable  conditions, 
when  the  waters  are  less  than  200  feet  in 
depth,  a  submarine  might  lie  at  rest  on 
the  bottom  and  detect  the  approach  of 
a  vessel  several  miles  away.  In  case  the 
water  is  more  than  200  feet  in  depth  a 
submarine  must  usually  be  kept  in  mo- 
tion to  obtain  steerage-way  in  order  to 
hold  its  proper  depth  of  submergence. 
This  speed  need  not  exceed  one  knot. 

In  its  method  of  attack  the  submarine 
has  many  advantages  over  its  adversary. 
The  ship  to  be  attacked  presents  a  defi- 
nite target  of  comparatively  large  size, 
and  is  easily  seen  by  the  submarine  com- 


mander at  a  range  where  the  submirine's 
jjeriscope  is  usually  quite  invisible  to 
those  on  the  surface  vessel.  Even  thougli 
the  submarine  be  cruising  on  the  surface 
it  is  not  easily  seen,  because  it  has  a  very 
low  freeboard. 

As  the  submarine  approaches  an 
enemy's  surface  vessel  it  submerges,  the 
periscope  being  the  only  evidence  of  its 
presence.  Periscopic  sighting  of  the 
target  is  necessary,  as  it  has  been  founu 
impossible  to  see  through  an  underwater 
window  far  enough  for  practical  obser- 
vation. In  the  event  of  accident  to  the 
periscope  a  submarine  must  come  to  the 
surface  for  observation  or  else  man- 
oeuver  blindly.  If  the  sea  be  rough  or 
ihe  weather  misty  or  foggy,  the  peri- 
scope may  not  be  seen  until  its  prey  is 
destroyed  by  a  torpedo,  and  in  some 
cases  not  even  then.  The  submarine 
commander  thus   has   every  opportunity 


to  verify  his  adversary's  identity,  speed 
and  course,  also  to  decide  upon  the  most 
vulnerable  point  of  attack,  and  to  place 
his  boat  in  the  best  position  to  discharge 
an  effective  shot.  Torpedoes  may  be 
discharged  with  equal  effectiveness 
whether  the  submarine  is  on  the  surface 
or  is  submerged,  but  at  the  most  effec- 
tive range,  say  one  half  mile  or  less, 
the  superior  gunfire  and  greater  ac- 
curacy of  the  guns  of  armed  merchant- 
men and  war  vessels  (because  of  their 
higher  and  steadier  gun  platforms) 
make  the  defeat  of  the  submarine,  oper- 
ating on  the  surface,  probable — in  fact 
almost  certain — if  the  torpedo  attack  is 
unsuccessful.  A  single  effective  shell 
might  disable  or  sink  the  submarine  be- 
cause of  its  relatively  small  positive 
buoyancy,  while  the  surface  vessel  might 
have  many  shells  strike  it  and  still  re- 
main in  a  seaworthy  condition. 


SAYS  THAT  THE  BONUS  PLAN 

OF  WAGES  HAS  BEEN  FAILURE 


As  an  incentive  in  speeding-up  produc- 
tion on  war  work,  and  at  the  same  time 
with  the  idea  of  maintaining  high  stan- 
dards of  workmanship,  many  firms  have 
adopted  a  bonus  system  in  remunerating 
their  mechanics.  It  is  further  felt  that 
the  plan  would  reduce  to  a  minimum  any 
feeling  of  restlessness  among  workmen 
and  hence  keep  the  organization  intact. 
How  is  the  plan  working  out?  Most 
manufacturers  have  some  interesting  ex- 
periences to  relate. 

"I  will  say  that  the  bonus  system  is 
a  failure,"  said  the  head  of  one  large 
eastern  concern.  "There  is  not  a  firm 
in  Canada  to-day  that  is  paying  better 
wages,  or  trying  more  seriously  to  be 
fair  to  their  mechanics.  Yet  their  atti- 
tude in  these  later  days  of  the  war  sug- 
gests that  if  we  can  pay  them  so  much 
under  the  bonus  system,  we  can  afford 
to  pay  it  to  them  as  regular  wages. 

"At  first,  the  plan  worked  splendidly. 
But  at  that  time,  the  men  had  not  for- , 
gotten  conditions  under  which  they  had 
worked  pi'ior  to  the  war.  Comparison 
was  a  simple  matter — even  to  the  simple 
minded.  But  now,  they  seem  to  have  for- 
gotten that  a  bonus  is  something  they  ac- 
tually earn  over  and  above  their  regular 
wages.  They  may  earn  their  wages  and 
they  may  not,  but  the  bonus  they  must 
work  for. 

"In  spite  of  this  opportunity  to  make 
good  money,  there  is  still  a  lot  of  rest- 
lessness, still  the  petty  distinctions  made 
as  between  union  and  non-union  men — 
even  though  wages  be  higher  and  con- 
ditions better  than  that  required  by  the 
union.  We  have  found  in  some  cases 
that  better  work  has  been  done  by  un- 
skilled workmen  than  by  the  skilled  me- 
chanic who  is  getting  high  wages.  We 
tested  it  out  recently.  A  skilled  me- 
chanic was  set  to  work  on  a  certain  job. 
At  the  end  of  the  day  he  had  produced 
six  articles  at  a  cost  of  $7.  Then  the 
work  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  un- 
skilled workman  and  he  actually  turned 


out  six  an  hour.  I  pointed  out  to  the  men 
that  if  we  could  afford  to  pay  $7  for  six 
articles  we  could  afford  to  pay  that  un- 
skilled workman  at  the  rate  of  $50  a 
day.  It  is  this  indifference,  this  appar- 
ent unwillingness  to  speed  up  that  is  the 
trying  proposition  to  the  manufacturer. 
"There  is  a  great  scarcity  of  skilled 
mechanics  at  the  present  time  and  it  is 
deplorable  that  there  should  be  a  dog- 
in-the-manger,  now-we-have-you-where- 
we-want-you  feeling  among  any  of  the 
available  men.  Even  where  it  exists  in 
a  very  minute  degree  it  is  bound  to  re- 
tard production.  Heaven  knows  that  the 
manufacturer  is  not  trying  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  workmen.  There  are  mechan- 
ics in  our  shop  to-day  who  are  actually 
receiving  more  than  the  superintendent. 
One  of  our  bosses  remarked  recently  uoon 
the  somewhat  amusing  fact  that  he  was 
paid  $150  a  month  for  watching  a  num- 
ber of  men,  some  of  whom  were  getting 
over  $200. 

"We  have  pointed  out  to  men  that  the 
country  is  paying  well  for  their  ser- 
vices and  that  they  should  give  the  best 
that  is  in  them.  In  many  cases  that  fact 
does  not  stick.  There  are  men  and  al- 
ways will  be  men  who  recognize  no  re- 
sponsibility, no  allegiance  toward  their 
work  or  their  employer  and  'vho  feel  that 
it  is  their  privilege  to  make  a  bee  line 
from  one  job  to  another  at  any  time  and 
without  notice.  It  is  most  unsettling. 
I  will  say  it  is  unpatriotic. 

"It  is  of  course,  one  of  those  regret- 
table conditions  of  war  time.  'C'est  li 
guerre,'  the  French  say,  but  it  would  be 
delightful  if  all  men  recognized  this  duty 
in  wartime.  There  is  a  titre  comine  of 
course,  which  may  impose  something  like 
normal  conditions — but  let  all  men  recog- 
nize that  the  country  is  in  this  thing  for 
victory  and  that  every  member  of  an 
organization  should  give  the  best  that  is 
in  him." 


426 


Volume  XX. 


Dividing  Essential  from  Non-Essential  Lines 

How  United  States  Authorities  Have  Listed  the  Industries  so 

That  War  Contracts  Shall  Have  the  Preference — Four  Classes 

and  Various  Divisions  of  Each  Section 


WM.  BARUCH,  chairman  of  the 
War  Industries  Board,  has  issued 
the  new  preference  list  of  indus- 
tries and  plants,  compiled  by  the  Priori- 
lies  Division  of  the  board. 

E.  B.  Parker,  chairman  of  the  Priori- 
ties Division,  states  that  the  determin- 
ation of  the  relative  importance  of  all 
industries  and  plants  for  both  production 
and  delivery  by  a  single  agency,  the  War 
Industries  Board,  renders  it  possibly  to 
maintain  a  well-balanced  programme 
with  respect  to  the  several  factors  en- 
tering into  production,  which  includes 
amonr  other  things  plant  facilities,  fuel 
supply  or  electrical  energy,  labor  and 
transportation,  without  all  of  which  pro- 
duction is  impossible. 

Judge  Parker  says:  "The  administra- 
tion of  priorities  is  calculated  to  bring 
order  out  of  chaos  and  to  develop  an 
evenly  balanced  industrial  programme  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  military 
programme,  and  at  the  same  time  supply 
to  essential  requirements  (as  distin- 
guished from  the  mere  wants  or  desires) 
of  the  civilian  population.  Now  that  it 
is  understood  that  priority  and  prefer- 
ence cannot  be  purchased  the  tendency 
is  for  prices  to  assume  more  nearly  the 
normal  level.  It  is  now  the  public  in- 
terest rather  than  the  dollars  of  the 
purchaser  that  determines  precedence 
in  production  and  delivery." 

An  explanatory  statement  signed  by 
Mr.  Baruch  and  Judge  Parker  says  in 
part: 

For  the  guidance  of  all  governmental 
agencies  and  all  others  interested  (1) 
in  the  supply  of  labor,  and  (.3)  in  the 
supply  of  transportation  service  by  rail, 
water,  pipe  lines  or  otherwise,  in  so  far 
as  such  service  contributes  to  production 
of  finished  products,  the  accompanying 
designated  Preference  List  No.  2  has 
been  adopted  by  the  Priorities  Board, 
superseding  Preference  List  No.  1  adopt- 
ed April  6,  1918,  and  all  amendments  anfl 
supplements  thereto. 

Where  it  is  imperative  not  only  to 
maintain  but  to  stimulate  and  increase 
pro'luction  to  satisfy  abnormal  demands 
created  by  war  requirements,  a  high  rat- 
ing is  necessary,  even  though  the  in- 
trinsic importance  of  the  product  may 
be  less  than  that  of  other  products 
pHced  in  a  lower  classification  because 
of  the  fact  that  the  supply  of  such  other 
products  equals  the  demand  without  the 
stimulus  of  ig  priority.  Were  it  is  neces- 
sary to  speed  the  production  of  a  partic- 
ular product  required  at  a  particular 
time  to  carry  into  effect  an  important 
programme,  a  hi-,'-h  priority  is  given  al- 
though changing  conditions  may  there- 
after .suggest  and  demand  a  reclassifica- 
tion. Certain  plants  produce  commodi- 
ties of  great  relative  importance,  but  at 
the  same  time  produce  other  commodi- 


ties of  less  relative  importance,  and  un- 
der such  circumstances  consideration 
and  weight  is  given  to  the  ratio  of  pro- 
duction between  the  more  important  and 
less  important  commodities.  Instances 
occasionally  arise  where  individual  plants 
are  given  preference  so  long  as  they  are 
rendering,  and  so  long  as  it  is  in  the 
public  interest  that  they  should  render, 
a  particular  service,  even  though,  taking 
the  country  as  a  whole,  the  supply  of 
their  product  is  ample  to  meet  all  de- 
mands. 

The  industries  and  plants  grouped  un- 
der Class  1  are  only  such  as  are  of  ex- 
ceptional im-portance  in  connection  with 
the  prosecution  of  the  war.  Their  re- 
quirements must  be  fully  satisfied  in 
preference  to  those  of  the  three  remain- 
ing classes. 

Ilequirements  of  industries  and  plants 
grouped  under  Class  2,  Class  3  and  Class 
4  shall  have  precedence  over  those  not 
appearing  on  the  preference  list.  As  be- 
tween these  three  classes,  however,  there 
shall  be  no  complete  or  absolute  prefer- 
ence. It  is  not  intended  that  the  require- 
ments of  Class  2  shall  be  fully  satisfied 
before  supplying  any  of  the  requirements 
of  Class  3,  or  that  those  of  Class  3  shall 
be  fully  satisfied  before  supplying  any 
of  those  of  Class  4.  The  classification 
does,  however,  indifcate  that  the  indus- 
tries and  plants  grouped  in  Class  2  are 
relatively  more  important  than  those  in 
Class  3.  and  that  those  in  Class  3  are 
relatively  more  important  than  those  in 
Class  4.  It  will  often  happen  that  after 
satisfying  the  requirements  of  Class  1 
the  remaining  available  supply  will  be 
less  than  the  aggregate  requirements  of 
the  other  three  classes,  in  which  event 
such  supply  will  be  rationed  to  the  indus- 
tries and  plants  embraced  within  those 
classes.  The  Priorities  Board  wi'l  from 
time  to  time,  after  conference,  and  in 
cooperation  with  each  of  the  several  go- 
vernmental agencies  charged  with  the 
distribution  thereof,  determine  particu- 
lar principles  values  and  methods  of  ai- 
plication  w^ich  may  be  followed  in  allo- 
cating fuel,  power,  transportation  and 
labor  resDe"tively,  to  the  end  that  proper 
reorganization  and  weight  may  as  far 
as  practicabl?  in  each  case  be  p-iven  to 
the  relative  importance  of  Class  2.  Clas.s 
3,  and  Class  4. 

Each  plant  listed  as  such  sha'l  not 
later  than  the  fifteenth  of  each  month 
file  with  the  secretary  of  the  Priorities 
Board,  Wa.^hin-'ton,  D.  C  ,  a  renort  on 
P.  L.  Fo'-m  No  3  coverin"  its  activities 
during  the  nreieding  month.  Any  plant 
failin"  to  file  such  report  will  be  drop- 
ped f'om  the  preference  list. 

Priorities  in  the  supply  and  distribu- 
tion of  raw  materials,  semi-finished  pro- 
ducts and  finished  products  shall  he 
governed  by  Circular  No.  4,  issued  by  the 


Priorities  Division  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  under  date  of  July  1,  1918,  and  ali 
amendments  and  supplements  thereto  or 
substitutes  therefor. 

This  preference  list  shall  be  amended 
or  revised  from  time  to  time  by  action 
of  the  Priorities  Board  to  meet  changing 
conditions.  The  Priorities  Commissioner 
shall,  under  the  direction  of  and  with  the 
approval  of  the  Priorities  Board  certify 
additional  classes  of  industries  and  also 
certify  additional  plants  whose  operations 
as  a  war  measure  entitle  them  to  prefer- 
ence treatment. 

X.ist  of  Industries 

Agricultural  Implements. — See  "Farm 
Implements." 

Aircraft. — Plants  engaged  priocipally 
in  manufacturing  aircraft  or  aircraft 
supplies  and  equipment — 1. 

Ammunition. — Plants  engaged  princi- 
pally in  manufacturing  same  for  the 
United  States  government  and  the  Allies. 
—1. 

Army  and  Navy. — .\rsenals  and  navy 
yards. — 1. 

Army  and  Navy. — Cantonments  and 
camps. — 1. 

Arms  (small). — Plants  engaged  prin- 
cipally in  manufacturing  same  for  the 
United  States  government  and  the  Allies. 
—1. 

Bags. — Hemp,  jute  and  cotton,  plants 
engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same. — 4. 

Blast  furnaces. — Producing  pig  iron. 
—1. 

Boots  and  Shoes. — Plants  engaged  ex- 
clusively in  manufacturing  same. — 4. 

Brass  and  Cooper. — Plnnts  engaged 
principally  in  rolling  and  drawing  copper 
brass  and  other  copper  alloys  in  the  form 
of  sheets,  rods,  wire  and  tubes. — 2. 

Buildings. — See  "Public  Institutions 
and  Buildings." 

Chain. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  iron  and  steel  chain. — 3, 

Chemic-ls. — Plants  enga?erl  principa'- 
ly  in  manufacturing  chemicals  for  the 
production  of  military  and  naval  explo- 
sives, ammunition  and  aircraft  and 
chemical  warfare. — 1. 

Chemicals. — Plants,  not  otherwise 
classified  and  'isted,  ensra-^ed  principally 
in   manufacturing  chemicals. — 4. 

Coke. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
producing  metallurgical  coke  and  by- 
products,   including    toluol. — 1. 

Coke. — Plants,  not  otherwise  classified 
and  listed,  producing  same. — 2. 

Copper  and  Brass. — See  "Brass  and 
Copper." 

Cotton. — Plants  engaged  in  the  com- 
pression of  cotton. — 4. 

Cotton    Textiles.— See   "Textilss." 

Cranes. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  locomotive  or  traveling 
cranes. — 2. 


October  10,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


427 


Domestic  Consumers. — Fuel  and  elec- 
tric energy  for  residential  consumption, 
includino;  homes,  apartment  houses,  resi- 
dential flats,  restaurants  and  hotels.— 
1. 

Domestic  Consumers. — Fuel  and  elec- 
tric energy  not  otherwise  specifically 
listed.— 3. 

Drugs. — Medicines  and  medical  and 
surgical  supplies.  Plants  engaged  prin- 
cipally  in   manufacturing   same. — 4. 

Electrical  Equipment. — Plants  engag- 
ed principally  in  manufacturing  same. — 
3. 

Explosives. — Plants  engaged  princi- 
pally  in   manufacturing  same. — 3. 

E.xplo3ives. — Plants  engaged  princi- 
pally in  manufacturing  same  for  military 
and  naval  purposes  for  the  United  States 
government  and  the  A'lies. — 1. 

Explosives. — Plants  not  otherwisa 
classified  or  listed,  engaged  principally 
in   manufacturing  same. — 3. 

Farm  Implements. — Plants  engaged 
principally  in  manufacturing  agricul- 
tural implements  and  farm  operating- 
equipment. — 4. 

Feed. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
preparing  or  manufacturing  feed  or  live- 
stock and  poultry. — 

Ferro-Alloys. — Plants  engaged  princi- 
pally in  producing  ferro-chrome,  ferro- 
manganese,  ferro-molybdenum,  ferro- 
silicon,  ferro- tungsten,  ferro-uranium, 
ferro-vanadium  and  ferro-zirconium.— 2. 
-  Fertilizers. — Plants  engaged  princi- 
pally in  producing  same. — 4. 

Fire  Brick. — Plants  engaged  principal- 
ly  in   manufacturing  same. — 4. 

Foods. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
producing,  milling,  refining,  preserving, 
refrigerating,  wholesaling  or  storing 
food  for  human  consumption  embraced 
within  the  following  description:  all 
cereals  and  cereals  products,  meats,  in- 
cluding poultry,  fish,  vegetables,  fruit, 
sugar,  syrups,  glucose,  butter,  eggs, 
cheese,  milk  and  cream,  lard,  lard  com- 
pounds, oleomargarine  and  other  substi- 
tutes for  butter  or  lard,  vegetable  oils, 
beans,  salt,  coffee,  baking  powder,  soda 
and  yeast;  also  ammonia  for  refrigera- 
tion.— 1. 

Foods. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
producing,  milling,  preparing,  refining, 
preserving,  refrigerating  or  storing  food 
for  human  consumption  not  otherwise 
specifically  listed  (excepting  herefrom 
plants  producing  confectionery,  soft 
drinks  and  chewing  gum). — 3. 

Food  Containers.  —  Plants  engaged 
principally   in   manufacturing   same. — 4. 

Foundries. — (Iron.)  Plants  engaged 
principally  in  the  manufacture  of  gray 
iron  and  malleable  iron  castings. 

Fungicides.  —  See  "Insecticides  and 
Fungicides." 

Gas.— See  "Oil  and  Gas,"  also  "Public 

Utilities." 

Guns. —  (Large.)  Plants  engaged  prin- 
cipally in  manufacturing  same  for  the 
United  States  government  and  the  Allies. 
—1. 

Hospitals. — See  "Public  Institutions, 
and  Buildings." 


Ice. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  same. — 3. 

Insecticides  and  Fungicides. — Plants 
engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same. — 4. 

Laundries.- — 4. 

Machine  Tools. — Plants  engaged  prin- 
cipally in  manufacturing  same. — 2. 

Medicines. — See  "Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines." 

Mines. — Coal. — 1. 

Mines. — Producing  metals  and  ferro- 
alloy minerals; — 2. 

Mines. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  mining  tools  or  equip- 
ment.— 3. 

Navy. — See  "Army  and  Navy." 

Navy  Department. — See  "War  and 
Navy  Departments." 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals. — Plants 
engaged  principally  in  printing  news- 
papers or  periodicals  which  are  entered 
at  the  post  office  as  second-class  mail 
matter. — 4. 

Oil  and  Gas. — Plants  engaged  princi- 
pally in  producing  oil  or  natural  gas  for 
fuel  or  for  mechanical  purposes,  includ- 
ing refining  or  manufacturing  oil  for 
fuel,  or  for  mechanical  purposes. — 1. 

Oil  and  Gas. — Pipe  lines  and  pumping 
stations  engaged  in  transporting  oil  or 
natural  gas. — 1. 

Oil  and  Gas. — Plants  engaged  princi- 
pally in  manufacturing  equipment  or 
supplies  for  producing  or  transporting 
oil  or  natural  gas,  or  for  refining  and 
manufacturing  oil  for  fuel  or  for 
mechanical  purposes. — 3. 

Paper  and  Pulp. — See  "Pulp  and 
Paper." 

Periodicls.  —  See  "Newspapers  and 
Periodicals." 

Public  Institutions  and  Buildings.- — 
(Maintenance  and  operation  of.)  Other 
th!>n  hosp'tnls  and  sanitariums. — 3. 

Public  Institutions  and  Buildings, — 
(Maintenance  and  operation  of.)  Used 
as  hosoitals  or  s-init-'riums. — 1. 

Public  Utilities. — Gas  plants  produc- 
ing toluol — 1. 

Public  Utilities. — Street  railways,  elec- 
tric lighting  and  power  comoanies,  gas 
plants  not  otherwise  classified,  telephone 
and  telegraph  companies,  water-supply 
companies,  and  like  general  utilities. — 2. 

Public  Utilities. — Plants  engaged  prin- 
cipally in  manufacturing  equinment  for 
railways  or  other  public  utilities. — 2. 

Pulp  and  Paper. — Plants  engaged  ex- 
clusively in  manufacturing  same. — 4. 

Railways  — Operated  by  United  States 
Railroad  Administration. — 1. 

Railways- — Not  operated  by  United 
States  Railroad  Administration  (e;cclud- 
ing  those  operated  as  plant  facilities.)  — 
2. 

Railwavs.  —  (Street.)  See  "Public 
Utilities." 

Rope. — See  "Twine  and  Rope." 

Rope  Wire. — See  "Wire  Rope." 

Sanitariums. — See  "Public  Institutions 
and  Buildings." 

Ships. — (Maintenance  and  operation 
of.)  Excluding  pleasure  craft  not  com- 
mon carriers. — 1. 

Ships. — Plants  e^gaged  principally  in 
building  ship-;,  excluding  (a)  pleasure 
craft  not  common  carriers,  (b)  ships  not 
built  for  the  United  States  government 


or  the  Allies  nor  under  license  from 
United  States  Shipping  Board. — 1. 

Soap. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  same. — 4. 

Steel-Making  Furnaces. — Plants  en- 
g'aged  solely  in  manufacturing  ingots 
and  steel  castings  by  the  open  hearth, 
Bessemer,  crucible  or  electric  furnace 
process,  including  blooming  mills,  billet 
mills  and  slabbing  mills  for  same. — 1. 

Steel-Plate  Mills.— 1. 

Steel-Rail  Mills.— Rolling  rails  fifty  or 
more  pounds  per  yard. — 2. 

Steel. — All  plants  operating  steel  roll- 
ing and  drawing  mills,  exclusive  of  those 
taking  higher  classification. — 3. 

Surgical  Supplies. — See  "Drugs  and 
Medicines." 

Tanners. — Plants  engaged  principally 
in  tanning  leather. — 4. 

Tanning. — Plants  engaged  principally 
in  manufacturing  tanning  extracts. — 4. 

Textiles. — Plants  engaged  principally 
in  manufacturing  cotton  textiles,  includ- 
ing spinning,  weaving  and  finishing. — 
4. 

Textiles. — Plants  engaged  principally 
in  manufacturing  woolen  textiles,  includ- 
ing spinners,  top  makers  and  weavers. 
— 1. 

Textiles. — Plants  engaged  principally 
in  manufacturing  cotton  or  woolen  knit 
goods. — 4. 

Textiles.^Plants  engaged  principally 
in  manufacturing  textile  machinery. — 4. 

Tin  plates. — Plants  engaged  principal- 
ly in  manufacturing  same. — 3. 

Tobacco. — Only  for  preserving,  drying, 
curing,  packing  and  storing  same — not 
for   manufacturing   and   marketing. — 4. 

Toluol.— See  "Coke,"  also  "Public 
Utilities." 

Tools. — Plants  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  small  or  hand  tools  for 
working  wood  or  metal. — 7. 

Twine. — (Binder  and  Rope.)  Plants 
engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same. — 4. 

War  and  Navy  Departments. — Con- 
struction work  conducted  by  either  the 
War  Departm'ent  or  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  in  embarka- 
tion ports,  harbors,  fortified  places,  flood 
protection  operations,  docks,  locks,  chan- 
nels, inland  waterways  and  in  the  main- 
tenance and  repair  of  same. — 2. 

Wirj  Rope  and  Rope  Wire. — Plants 
engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same.— 2. 

Woolen  Textiles.— See  "Textiles." 

(The  term  "principally"  means  75  per 
cent,  of  the  products  mentioned.) 


That  there  is  considerable  difference  of 
opinion  in  the  jewelry  trade  of  New  York 
as  to  the  use  of  white  gold  as  a  setting 
for  precious  stones  was  indicated  at  a 
meeting  of  manufacturers.  Arguments 
were  offered  in  favor  of  the  use  of  white 
gold  both  with  and  without  precious 
stone  settings,  and  a  resolution  submit- 
ted to  the  meeting  which  upheld  the  use 
of  white  gold  when  properly  stamped. 
This  resolution  was  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee. 


428 


Volume  XX. 


Producers  Want  to  Know  Where  Pig  Iron  Goes 

A  Veiy  Close  Watch  is  Being  Kept  to  See  That  War  Orders 
Have  a  Preference  in  the   Matter  of  Distribution — Questions 

That  Are  Asked 


No.  It's  not  an  easy  matter  for 
us  to  keep  going.  We  have  a 
fairly  large  stock  of  material 
on  hand,  but  it's  going  down  rapidly.  Our 
yards  have  not  nearly  as  much  pig  iron 
and  scrap  as  we  generally  carry,  and 
it's  not  much  of  a  job  to  see  the  day 
coming  when  we  will  have  to  curtail 
or  quit  entirely  for  a  time."  That  was 
the  opinion  of  a  prominent  stove  manu- 
facturer who  was  discussing  the  situation 
with  this  paper  a  few  days  ago.  He  had 
been  interviewing  a  number  of  salesmen 
who  were  in  touch  with  supplies,  but  he 
could  get  nothing  definite  that  would 
help  him. 

"As  a  matter  of  fact  the  men  who 
have  charge  of  the  distribution  of  pig 
iron  in  this  district  seem  to  have  a  lead 
on  the  government.  They  are  already 
in  coit-ol  of  the  situation,  and  believe 
me  the  only  chance  you  have  to  get  a 
ton  of  pig  iron  is  to  have  a  contract 
that  has  a  very  direct  bearing  on  the 
carrying  on  of  the  war.  I  was  certain 
that  the  last  time  I  went  to  the  furnaces 
in  Hamilton  that  I  had  put  up  a  pretty 
good  cise  for  the  stove  maker,  but  I 
was  simply  asked  if  we  could  make  a 
stove  that  could  be  shot  at  the  German 
armv  in  the  place  of  shells.  If  so  we 
could  get  pig  iron.  If  not,  we  could 
not  get  anv.  We  make  a  good  many 
stoves,  of  different  sizes  and  kinds,  but 
we  haven't  anything  that  can  be  shot 
at  the  German  army." 

QuestioiH    That    Are    Asked 

-\s  a  matter  of  fact  the  pig  iron  in 
this  section  of  the  country  has  been 
under  control  for  some  time,  and  in  a 
very  direct  way,  too.  A  questionnaire 
has  been  used,  it  being  required  that  it 
shall  be  fille<l  out  in  duplicate,  one  part 
going  to  the  director  of  licenses  of  the 
War  Trade  Board  at  Ottawa,  and  the 
other  to  the  company  supplying  the  pig 
iron.    The  questions  are  as  follows: 

Please  State 

1. — The  total  tonnage  of  pig  iron  re- 
quired based  on  your  estimated  monthly 
consumption  from  the  first  day  of  cur- 
rent month  to  December  31,  1918. 

2. — What  cla-ss  of  work  this  pig  iron 
is  to  be  used  for  and  give  the  percentage 
of  each  cla.ss. 

3- — What  quantity  of  pig  iron  you  now 
have  in  stock. 

4 — What  quantity  of  pig  iron  you  have 
purchased. 

5. — What  quantity  of  cast  iron  scrap 
you  now  have  in  stock. 

6. — What  quantity  of  cast  iron  scrap 
you  have  purchased. 

7- — The  weight  in  pounds  of  your 
daily   melt,  not   including   scrap. 

8  — The  weight  in  pounds  of  your  daily 
melt,    including   scrap. 

9. — Approximately  the  number  of 
melts  each  month. 

10. — What  castings  you  are  producing 


each  day  directly  connected  with  the 
government  war  programme  and  give 
weight. 

11. — The  percentage  in  weight  of  your 
melt  now  being  used  in  producing  cast- 
ings directly  connected  with  and  neces- 
sary to  the  conduct  of  the  war. 

12. — If  castings  are  being  furnished  by 
you  applying  on  government  orders 
direct,  please  furnish  the  order  numbers; 


and  if  such  castings  apply  on  indirect 
government  orders,  give  name  and  ad- 
dress of  your  principal. 

The  accuracy  of  the  above  report  is 
certified  to  as  being  substantially  cor- 
rect to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and 
belief. 

Firm 

Address   

Date Signed 


THE  VALUE  OF  THE  TRAINING 

COMES  OUT  AFTER  THE  WAR  WORK 


Editor  Canadian  Machinery: 

Sir: — My  reply  to  "Mechanical  En- 
gineer" in  the  Sept.  26th  issue  is  "not 
at  the  present  time."  He  and  the  thoui- 
ands  of  other  head  workers  have  every 
reason  to  feel  injured  at  the  present 
time  under  present  wage  scales.  For 
the  time  being,  the  years  of  training  and 
self-abnegation  count  for  but  little  along 
side  of  the  mere  ability  to  stand  before 
a  machine  and  keep  its  yawning  maw 
filled  with  chunks  of  metal.  The  men 
who  have  planned,  whose  brains  have 
maac  it  possible  for  every  cobbler  and 
barber  to  turn  out  a  lot  of  accurate 
work  the  first  day  in  the  shop,  they  have 
not  received  a  just  reward  nor  a  fair 
proportion  of  the  compensation  which  is 
rightfully  their  due. 

It  is  a  part  of  the  epoch  through  which 
we  are  now  going.  The  comfortiiiic 
thought  is  in  the  future,  for  of  sucli 
conditions,  "that  too  will  pass."  Other 
lines  than  mechanical  are  experiencing 
the  same  thing.  Here  in  the  U.  S.  with 
the  railroads  under  Government  con- 
trol we  find  ignorant  laborens  fairly 
blustering  with  the  hi^h  wages  thrust 
upon  them.  Women  clerks  are  taking  the 
place  of  men  clerks  who  h-ve  gone  to 
the  front,  and  are  receiving?  upwards  of 
a  fifth  more  than  the  experienced  mei, 
did  before  the  war.  Experienced  stenog- 
raphers in  law  offices  who  considered 
themselves  well  off  at  $15  per  weeK 
leave  and  go  into  railroad  work  of  the 
easiest  kind  at  a  fifty  per  cent,  greater 
salary.  Girls  who  couldn't  make  change 
in  stores  make  good  on  such  war  work. 

In  machine  shops  the  tale  is  the  same. 
P'oremen  and  superintendents  are  hard 
to  get.  And  why  shouldn't  they  be,  when 
toolmakers  and  machinists  are  allowed 
to  earn  double  the  money.  And  directing 
a  force  requires  a  lot  of  head  and  train- 
ing and  patience.  One  of  the  ablest 
men  in  the  heat  treatment  of  steel  in 
the  east  has  been  working  for  me  for 
about  a  year  doing  light  bench  work;  in 
applying  for  a  position  he  said,  "I  want 
a  job  where  all  I  have  to  do  is  my  work — 
this  planning  and  designing,  this  buck- 
ing the  queernesses  of  human  nature 
which  I  have  done  for  a  lifetime  is  the 
most  wearing,  most  discouraging  of  all 
kinds  of  work."     And  so  it  is  that  some 


big  industry  loses  a  man  that  is  worth 
55,000  a  year  to  it  because  it  makes  his 
road  too  hard  for  endurance,  while  he 
in  turn  is  smoothing  the  path  that  hun- 
dreds of  workers  might  earn  big  money 
and  the  coffers  of  the  house  be  corres- 
pondingly   swelled. 

But  when  the  war  is  over  and  the 
world  settles  down  to  peaceful  pursuits 
again,  then  the  engineer  and  executive 
will  come  into  his  own  again.  It  is 
an  impossibility  to  avoid  some  sort  of  a 
re-construction  or  transition  period 
during  which  the  manufacturing  ma- 
<-hine  shops  at  least  will  disgorge  their 
workers  as  formerly  they  drew  them  in. 
It  takes  years  and  months  to  change  to 
any  other  line,  just  as  it  did  to  start 
munition  work,  and  through  all  of  that 
time  the  piece  worker  will  be  laid  off. 
After  indefinite  lay  offs  and  months  of 
looking  for  work,  the  barber  will  nat- 
urally drift  back  to  his  chair  and  the 
cobbler  to  his  bench. 

Mechanical  work  appeals  to  most  m^n 
and  recent  conditions  have  been  the  en- 
tering wedge  long  sought  by  thousands 
of  them.  These  men  will  remain.  They, 
reinforced  by  the  men  who  return  from 
abroad  and  skilled  machinists  on  this 
side,  will  constitute  the  working  force  of 
the  future.  Their  number  and  the  slow- 
ing up  of  the  re-construction  period  will 
automatically  lower  the  wage  scale,  pos- 
sibly very  near  to  what  it  was  four 
years  ago. 

The  engineer  and  executive,  howev°r. 
will  be  more  necessary  than  before 
Brains  have  always  been  the  most  ex- 
cellent of  hard  time  assets.  Engineer.3 
can  and  will  command  more  money  than 
ever  before,  for  the  simple  reason  that 
under  competition  the  best  thrives  and 
many  of  the  makeshifts  and  misfits  of 
to-day  cannot  continue  To  meet  the 
competition  and  keep  men  at  work,  old 
methods  must  be  better  and  new  devices 
must  be  brought  out.  To  make  these 
possible  is  the  work  of  the  engineer, 
work  for  which  he  will  be  equably  paid. 

"They  copied  all  they  could  copy,  but 
they  couldn't  copy  my  mind 

And  I  left  them  sweating  and  stealing 
a   year   and   a  half  behind." 
— Donald  A.  Hampson,  Middletown,  N.  Y. 


October  10,  1918. 


429 


HWHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regardin-g  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


REAMER  AND  ARBOR  WHICH 

ARE  GOOD  PRODUCERS 

By  F.  Scriber 


A  REAMER  made  of  flat  stock  and 
having  two  cutting  edges  which 
may  be  expanded  to  compensate 
for  wearing,  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  1. 
This  reamer  was  used  in  a  turret  lathe 
and  the  expanding  feature  makes  it  an 
tconomical  tool  in  the  utilization  of  high 
speed  steel. 

The  boring  bar  itself  A  is  made  of 
machine  steel,  and  is  hardened  and 
ground.  The  reamer  B  goes  through  a 
slot  in  th6  bar  and  is  forced  against 
the  slot  C,  by  means  of  the  two  adjust- 
ing nuts  D,  one  of  which  is  used  for 
locking  the  other  to  prevent  it  from 
turning.  Between  the  reamer  and  the 
collars  a  hardened  and  ground  ring  E 
IS  placed,  this  is  a  slip  fit  on  the  bar  and 
is  used  to  obtain  a  square  surface  so 
the  reaming  cutter  will  be  forced  square- 
ij-  against  the  end  of  the  slot.  For 
l.olding  the  cutter  central  in  the  bar  a 
tapered  screw  F  is  used. 

When  it  is  desired  to  adjust  the  cutter 
to  compensate  for  wear  on  the  edges 
this  is  done  by  removing  the  cutter  from 
the  bar  and  driving  in  the  tapered  pin 
%\hich  is  indicated  as  number  six,  this 
expands  the  cutter,  which  is  split  almost 
through,  or  within  %  of  the  back  edge 
as    shown    by    the    drawing,    the    cutter 


Hcl 


over  the  diameter  C,  and  is  pushed  up 
against  the  collar  which  is  shown  in 
section.  In  this  diameter  C  a  slot  is  cut 
D,  and  in  this  slot  a  roll  E  is  placed, 
this  roll  is  also  shown  in  the  lower  right 


0<k. 


IS  shown;  this  fits  under  the  sectioned 
collar  and  helps  to  keep  the  roll  in  place. 
It  will  be  noticed  from  the  end  view 
that  a  plate,  H,  is  set  in  the  slot  at  an 
angle,  and  the  purpose  of  this  will  be 
understood  by  noting  the  operation  of 
this  arbor  in  gripping  work,  as,  for  in- 
stance, the  work  having  a  hole  in  it  is 
slipped  over  the  arbor  at  C,  the  arbor 
with  the  work  in  place  revolves  in  the 
direction   of   the   arrow,   and   when   the 


cc  IN  fc/KE: 


TS.  RoLi.-H*A. 


Fcr  To  ScoTA' 

EOLL  GKIP  ARBOR  FOR  LIGHT  WORK 


^^i- 


hand  corner  of  the  illustration  It  will 
be  noticed  that  both  ends  of  this  roll 
are  turned  down,  the  reason  for  this  is 
that  one  of  the  ends  turned  down  fits 
under  the  collar  which  is  shown  in  sec- 


cutting  tools  bite  into  the  work,  the 
roll  E  is  forced  up  the  tapered  plate  H, 
thereby  causing  the  roll  to  grip  between 
the  hole  of  the  work  and  this  plate. 
This  securely  holds  the  work  in  posi- 
tion and  drives  the  same  under  the  cut. 

This  arbor  has  been  found  particular- 
ly adaptable  for  short  operations  where 
the  cuts  are  pot  very  heavy,  as  under 
iiea\y  cuts  it  has  been  found  tha-t  the 
roll  will  sometimes  bite  into  the  hole 
of  the  work,  thus  marring  the  same. 
Both  of  these  tools  used  under  pro- 
per conditions  are  found  to  be  goot! 
economical    producers. 


Pi  LOT 

EXPANOING  REAMER    OF   THE   FLAT   CUTTER   TYPE 


IS   then   replaced   in   the   bar  and   is   re- 
ground  to  size. 

In  Fig.  2  an  arbor  of  the  roll  grip 
type  is  shown,  this  arbor  is  held  at  B, 
in  the  spindle  nose  of  the  turret  lathe, 
and  is  marked  "shank  to  suit  condi- 
tions."    The  work  to  be  machined  goes 


tion,  while  the  other  end  fits  in  the  slot 
X,  of  the  plate  F,  shown  below  the  arbor, 
this  plate  F  slips  over  the  end  of  the 
arbor  G,  and  is«  held  in  place  by  the 
dowels  noted. 

In  the   lower  left  hand  corner  of  the 
illustration  a  part  indicated  as  roll  guide 


THE  CARE  OF  SCALES 

By  W.  Schaphorst 
Engineers  and  others  in  and  about  the 
plant  often  use  scales  in  various  ways 
without  giving  them  much  thought.  It 
is  generally  assumed  by  the  average  en- 
gineer that  if  a  scale  "balances"  before 
the  load  is  put  on,  the  weight  registered 
will  be  "accurate,"  but  such  is  not  al- 
ways the  case.  Much  depends  upon  the 
care  given  the  scale  ibetween  weighings. 


430 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


It  might,  therefore,  be  a  good  plan  to 
say  a  few  words  about  scales  in  these 
columns  for  a  change. 

In  Figure  1  is  shown  a  so-called 
"knife-edge."  On  top  of  the  knife-edge 
is  the  bearing.  Both  the  bearing  and 
Tcnife-edge  should  be  made  of  the  same 
material,  of  equal  hardness.  The  harder 
and  stronger  the  material  used  the  bet- 
ter, in  most  cases. 

However,  it  is  evident  that  we  must 
have  more  than  mere  "line  contact" 
when  there  is  any  sort  of  load  on  the 
scales.  The  knife-edge  on  a  jeweler's 
scale  may  be  so  sharp  that  one  could 
shave  with  it,  but  on  the  high  capacity 
scales  the  knife-edge  is  really  nothing 
more  than  a  blunt  edge,  and  in  the 
largest  scales  is  actually  a  flat  surface 
without  semblance  of  a  point  or  "edge." 


stellite,  however,  has  lately  been  put  on 
the  market  as  superior  to  high-speed 
steel.  It  is  exceedingly  hard  and  will 
scratch  the  hardest  hardened  steel. 
There  is  '  no  iron  in  stellite  at  all 
except  as  an  impurity.  Stellite  is  very 
likely  the  coming  metal  for  knife-edges. 
It  has  another  advantage  over  steel  in 
that  it  does  not  corrode. 


BENDING  CAST  IRON  PIPES 
By  M.  E. 

A  successful  bending  of  large  straight 
cast  iron  pipes  was  recently  effected  in 
making  the  line  of  cast  iron  pipe  which 
it  had  been  decided  to  lay  to  convey  wat- 
er from  the  Guayabo  River  to  the  town 
of  Present,  Cuba.  By  mistake  no  sleeves 
or  curves  had  been  ordered.    The  canyon 


FIG.    1 


KIG.    2 


handle  to  the  stores.  The  file  probably 
goes  to  the  scrap  head,  but  the  handle 
can  be  used  many  times,  and  if  not  re- 
turned to  the  stores  the  user  should  be 
called  upon  to  pay  for  it.  On  regard  to 
hammer  handles  there  should  be  a  man 
attached  to  the  stores  who  can  handle 
hammers  properly,  and  instead  of  giv- 
ing out  handles  to  all  who  apply  for  them, 
the  hammer,  with  the  broken  handle, 
should  be  given  to  the  proper  man  to  be 
fitted  with  a  new  handle  at  once.  Prop- 
erly put  on,  a  hammer  head  should  not 
leave  the  handle,  and  as  the  user  gets 
used  to  the  "feel"  of  the  hammer  he 
takes  care  of  it,  a  thing  he  does  not  do 
when  the  hammer  is  a  bad  fit  in  the 
handle.  Either  well-seasoned  hickory  or 
cleft  oak  handles  should  be  used,  and  the 
size  should  be  suited  to  that  of  the  ham- 
mer to  which  it  is  attached.  Handles 
are  only  minor  items,  but  they  count  for 
a  great  deal  in  doing  work. 


Yet,  they  are  "called"  knife-edges,  .al- 
though the  proper  word  would  be 
"pivots." 

Figure  2  is  an  imagined  enlargement 
of  what  occurs  where  the  knife-edge  is 
harder  than  the  'bearing.  It  is  evident 
that  the  principal  deformation  will  take 
place  in  the  softer  metal. 

Figure  3  shows  a  case  where  the  knife- 
edge  is  soft  and  the  bearing  is  hard. 
The  knife-edge,  of  course,  will  be 
"blunted  down"  pretty  much  as  shown. 

Figure  4  shows  a  case  where  both 
metals  are  of  the  same  hardness.  That 
is  the  "ideal"  case,  although  it  would 
be  much  nicer  if  we  could  get  away 
from  surface  contact  altogether.  Theore- 
tically, the  ideal  case  is  a  "line"  pure 
and  simple.  If  the  line  could  be  at- 
tained in  actual  practice  things  would 
be  simplified  very  much  for  the  design- 
ers of  scales. 

To. keep  a  pair  of  scales  in  good  con- 
dition it  is,  therefore,  important  that 
they  be  never  overloaded.  Overloading 
may  deform  the  knife-edges  of  bearings 
permanently.  Never  allow  a  weight  to 
drop  heavily  upon  the  scale  platform, 
for  blows  are  liable  to  deform  the  edges, 
too.  And  never  allow  a  heavy  weight 
to  remain  long  upon  the  platform.  Give 
the  knife-edges  an  opportunity  to  return 
to  their  normal  shape  as  soon  as  possi- 
Tjle  after  the  weighing.  A  long-sus- 
'tained  heavy  load  will  cause  the  knife- 
edges  to  "flow"  and  remain  deformed 
permanently. 

To  date,  the  best  metal  for  knife-edges 
for  use  on  high  capacity  scales  is  the 
high-speed  steel  that  is  used  so  much  in 
machine  tool  work.     A  new  metal  called 


through  which  the  pipe  passes  for  a  dis- 
tance of  about  two  miles  from  the  dam 
is  crooked,  making  impossible  such  easy 
curves  as  would  be  made  in  the  pipe 
joints.  As  it  might  have  taken  several 
months  to  secure  additional  special  pipes, 
the  local  engineer  decided  to  bend  some 
of  the  straight  cast  iron  pipes.  The 
Cuban  workers  had  frequently  bent  steel 
or  wrought  iron  pipes  at  their  sugar 
mills,  and  they  followed  the  same  course 
of  procedure  with  the  cast  pipes,  with 
entire  success,  as  they  did  not  break  or 
spoil  a  single  pipe.  The  pipes  were  bent 
to  various  radii,  the  shortest  being  50 
feet.  A  cradle  of  old  rails  was  first  con- 
structed with  the  desired  amount  of  cur- 
vature, and  a  fire  of  hardwood  was  built 
under  and  around  the  pipes.  Six  or 
eight  pipes  were  bent  at  a  time.  In  one 
and  a  half  or  two  hours  after  starting 
the  fires,  the  pipes  were  hot  enough  to 
bend  and  settle  under  their  own  woiarht  on 
to  the  cradle  prepared  for  them.  T^".  nipes 
were  10  in.  in  diameter  with  9-16  in. 
thickness  of  shell,  their  weight  being 
about  760  lb  per  12  feet  length. 


HAMMER  HANDLES 
By  M.  M. 

In  a  large  number  of  places  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  supply  both  hammer  and  file 
handles  to  the  men  on  demand,  this  often 
leading  to  considerable  waste,  particular- 
ly when  the  cheapest  kind  of  handles,  ir- 
respective of  quality  are  provided.  So 
far  as  files  are  concerned  they  should  be 
issued  with  the  handles  fitted,  charging 
each  man  with  the  issue  and  crediting 
him  with  the  return  of  the  old  file  and 


PURE  SHEET-NICKEL 

Pure  nickel  should  not  be  confoundea 
with  the  inferior  metals  usually  sok'. 
as  nickel,  which  consist  mostly  of  steel, 
brass  or  German  silver  with  a  thin 
plating  of  nickel.  Nickel  is  essentially 
an  American  pro'uct.  For  many  years 
it  has  been  a  general  practice  to  have  the 
ore  which  has  been  mined  in  this  country 
and  Canada  rerluced  to  its  various  forms 
by  European  manufacturers.  Previour. 
to  the  war  most  of  the  material  imported 
into  this  country  as  foreign  stock  was 
the  American  metal  worked  into  the 
form  of  sheet,  strip,  and  finished  articles 
of  manufacture  by  foreign  concerns. 

Pure  nickel  does  not  rust  nor  oxidize, 
and  consequently  every  dan2:er  of  poibon- 
ing,  generallv  caused  by  verdigris,  i.= 
eliminated.  Neither  will  the  metal  tar- 
nish like  silver  or  some  of  the  alloys, 
such  as  German  silver,  and,  even  though 
the  surface  be  injured  there  is  no  danger 
of  corrosion  resulting  as  in  a  plated 
aiticle. 

While  not  so  good  a  heat  conductor 
as  aluminum,  nickel  utensils  are  made  of 
a  thinner  material,  which  more  than 
overcomes  the  difference.  Pure  nickel 
has  a  me'ting-point  of  "but  2,6'^0  i"'.. 
whereas  aluminum  has  only  one  of  about 
1,200".  There  is  not  the  same  possibility 
of  softening  under  constant  use.  The 
metal  is  also  much  more  resistant  to 
the  action  of  the  a^ids  commonly  fo-'iiri 
in  food  products.  The  silver-like  appear- 
ance of  pure  nickel  does  not  change  in  use. 
In  the  chemical  field  there  are  many 
uses  for  this  metal.  The  surface  of  pu'e 
nickel  is  not  attacked  by  acids  nor  alka- 
lies, in  the  dilute  form  usually  encoun- 
tered in  ordinary  service.  In  fact,  it 
is  practically  immune  to  the  attacks  of 
all  alkalies,  regardless  of  their  strength, 
and  is  largely  resistant  to  the  action 
of  most  acids  Nickel  has  a  high  tensile 
strength,  and  in  the  sheet  form,  being 
homogeneous  throughout,  is  ductile  and 
easily  formed  by  spinning  or  stamping. 
No  special  equipment  is  necessary  for 
manufacturintr  articles  from  these  sheets, 
the  same  tools  "nd  met-'ls  bein<?  em- 
ployed as  with  German  silver  and  hard 
allovs. — The  Journ-Franklin   Inst. 


October  10,  1918. 


431 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Maker,  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  workina 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


CONTINUOUS  PHOTO-I>RLNTING 
MACHINE 

The  illustrations  show  a  continuous 
photo-printing  machine,  used  in  conjunc- 
tion with  an  'automatic  washing  and 
tirying  machine,  both  of  which  were  de- 
signed and  constructed  by  the  C.  F. 
Pease  Company,  of  213-231  Institute 
Place,  Chicago,  Illinois,  U.S  A.,  and  are 
sold  under  the  trade  name  "Peerless," 
With  these  machines  a  single  operator 
can  print,  wash  and  dry  100  linear  yards 
of  blue  prints  per  hour,  during  which 
time  the  apparatus  consumes  7  units 
of  electrical  energy,  60  gallons  of  water, 
and  50  cubic  feet  of  gas.  It  is,  of  course, 
quite  possible  to  use  the  machine  for 
part  of  the  time  only  if  such  a  large 
output  is  not  required.  The  operator's 
•■ime  can  then  be  occupied  in  other  ways, 
and  the  working  costs  correspondingly 
reduced.  Prints  can  also  be  made  on 
separate  sheets  of  sensitized  paper,  in- 
stead of  in  continuous  rolls,  if  desireoi. 
Fig.  1  is  a  front  view  of  the  machine, 
and  Fig.  2  is  a  side  view,  showing  tlie 
.course  of  the  paper  through  the  ap- 
IJaratus.  The  table  from  which  the  trac- 
ings are  fed  into  the  machine  will  be  seen 
jn  Fig.  1,  and  beneath  it  are  two  hori- 
zontal spindlss  which  carry  roUs  of  sen- 
sitized paper  of  different  widths.  The 
tracing.',  and  paper  are  carried  upwards 
over  a  cylindrical  segment  of  thick  plate- 
glass  by  means  of  an  endless  canvas 
belt,  best  seen  in  Fig.  2.  Springs  are 
provided  to  keep  the  belt  tight,  so  as 
to  ensure  good  contact,  and  side  travel 


KIG.    1 


FRONT    VIEW    OF    BLUEPRINTING 
MACHINE. 


hand  side  of  the  machine;  both  motor 
and  rheostat  are  clearly  shown  in  Fig  1, 
By  means  of  the  rheostat,  the  speed  of 
the  paper  can  be  varied  from  4  in.  per 
minute,  which  allows  sufficient  exposure 
for  the  slowest  negatives  and  black-line 
prints,  up  to  6  ft.  per  minute. 

The  exposed  paper  can  be  examined 
immediately  it  has  passed  the  glass  seg- 
ment, so  that  the  speed  can  be  adjusted 
to  give  the  right  exposure  before  any 
prints  have  been  spoilt.  In  front  of 
tne  glass  is  a  bank  of  five  arc-lamps, 
of  the  enclosed  type,  fitted  with  alum- 
inum reflectors.  Each  lamp  is  separately 
wired  and  controlled  by  switches,  which 
are  enclosed  in  a  metal  box  on  the  left- 
hand  side  of  the  machine,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2.  The  number  of  lamps  employed 
can  thus  be  varied  according  to  the  width 
of  paper  being  used.  The  motor-switchec 
are  also  enclosed  in  the  same  box,  and 


of  the  belt  is  prevented  by  a  special 
device.  The  belt  is  driven  by  a  small 
electric  motor,  the  speed  of  which  is  con- 
frolled  by  a  rheostat  placed  on  the  righl- 


FIG.    2~-SIDE   VIEW    OF   MACHINE. 

all  the  wiring  is  encased  in  steel  tubing. 
A  small  electric  fan  of  the  pedestal'  type 
is  mounted  on  top  of  the  switch  box. 
This  fan,  which  can  be  distinguished  in 
Fig.  2,  drives  a  current  of  air  in  a  tra- 
nsverse direction  through  the  machine, 
in  order  to  carry  away  the  heat  from  the 
lamps. 

Fig.  3  shows  how  easily  accessible 
the  lamps  are  for  trimming  and  cleaning, 
and  also  illustrates  how  they  may  be 
turned  back  to  facilitate  these  opera- 
tions. 

After  printing,  the  tracings  are  de- 
livered into  an  enamelled  iron  trough 
in  front  of  the .  machine,  so  that  tho 
operator  can  remove  them  without 
changing  his  position.  This  trough, 
which  can  be  seen  in  Fig.  1,  also  serves 


to  catch  the  exposed  sensitive  papei 
if  the  printing  machine  is  used  inde- 
pendently of  the  washing  and  drying 
equipment,  as  is  often  the  case.    U.^ually 


FIG.  3-REAR  VIEW  OF  MACHINE  SHOWING 
ACCESSrsrUTY    of   LAMPS. 

however,  the  exposed  paper  passes  over 
a  roller  at  the  top  of  the  printing  ma- 
cnine,  and  thence  to  the  washing  and 
urying  machine,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 
This  part  of  the  apparatus  is  driven, 
by  means  of  chains  and  sprocket  wheels, 
from  the  motor  of  the  printing  machine, 
and  in  it  the  paper  is  first  washed  by 
a  spray  of  pure  water,  and  afterwards 
treated  by  a  weak  solution  of  potassium 
bichromate.  This  solution  is  contained 
in  a  galvanized  tank  placed  in  the  ba.se 
of  the  machine,  and  clearly  visible  in 
Fig.  2. 

From  this  tank  the  solution  is  circu- 
iated  by  a  small  rotary  pump,  driven  by 
an  electric  motor,  having  a  vertical 
shaft,  and  delivered  on  to  the  paper 
through  a  flexible  pipe;  an  inspection 
of  Fig.  2  will  make  the  whole  arrange- 
ment clear.  After  a  further  washing 
vvith  pure  water,  the  paper  passes  up- 
wards in  front  of  the  drying  device,  over 
a  roller  at  the  top,  and  down  at  the 
back  of  the  machine.  Here  it  passes 
through  a  system  of  rollers  which  carry 
a  series  of  elastic  bands,  running  in  op- 
posite directions,  and  forming  part  of 
a  device  for  rolling  up  the  finished 
prints.  These  are  wound  up  on  a  shaft 
but  the  end  of  the  paper,  as  it  descends 
from  the  roller  at  the  top  of  the  ma- 
chine, is  formed  into  a  loose  roll,  and 
this  roll  of  finished  prints  entirely  free 
from  wrinkles  and  distortion,  being 
placed  upon  the  bands,  continues  to  roll 
itself  up  automatically  until  the  opera- 
tor wishes  to  cut  it  off  and  start  a  new 
roll. 


432 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


ALL-STEEL  WORK  STAND 

The  field  of  the  work  stand  has  be- 
come so  varied  and  its  use  so  general 
as  to  render  a  definition  of  its  purposes, 
or  argument  in  favor  of  its  employ- 
ment, superfluous. 

The  work  stands  illustrated  are  made 
of  steel  throughout,  their  unique  con- 
struction affording  ample  strength  with 
minimum  weight,  stability  and  dura- 
bility,   without   clumsiness. 

The  two  legs  at  either  end  are  formed 
by  a  single  steel  angle,  whose  contin- 
uation across  the  top  adds  both  rigidity 
to  the  construction  and  a  finish  to  the 
rack's  appearance. 

The  trays  are  of  such  material  and 
design  as  to  render  them  remarkably 
stiff  and  substantial.  The  strengthening 
influence  of  the  2-in.  flange  along  sides 
and  back  is  supplemented  by  a  formed 
hem,  which  also  supplies  a  smooth  finisn 
to  edge  of  tray.  Forward  edge  is  turned 
down  to  afford  most  convenient  access 
to,  and  facilitate  cleaning  of,  trays.  At 
the  comers  are  welded  gussets  by  which 
trays  are  bolted  to  uprights  and  given 
additional  support.  Stand  has  no  sharp 
corners  or  ragged  edges  by  which  ac- 
cidental injury  might  be  sustained. 

Stand  may  be  had  with  two  or  thret 
trays  and  with  or  without  drawer.  Height 
to  top  tray,  32  inches.  Size"  of  trays, 
16  inches  by  26  inches. 


ALL   STEEIL  BENCH  STAITD 

A  hem  of  triple  thickness  around  its 
upper  edge  and  the  welding  of  all  joints 
combine  to  produce  a  drawer  of  remark- 
able strength  and  rigidity. 

The  slide  ways  are  welded  to  under 
side  of  top  tray,  and  give  to  drawer  a 
smooth  movement  free  from  binding  or 
cramping  tendency. 

Drawer  handle  is  of  generous  size 
with  a  shape  of  special  design,  affording 
a  very  comfortable  handhold. 

A  cylinder  lock  of  good  grade,  with 
two  individual  keys,  is  provided.  Master 
keying  if  desired  may  be  had  at  cost. 
The  possession  of  master  key  by  fore- 
man will  prevent  the  stowing  of  contra- 
band in  drawers. 

The  stands  are  shipped  knocked  down 
and    may    be    most    easily    and    quickly 


assembled  as  follows:  Insert  bolts  in 
one  side  angle  and  lay  it  flat  on  flooi 
or  box.  Place  trays  on  edge  in  proper 
positions  and  add  nuts.  Apply  other 
3ide  angle  to  upper  edges  of  trays  and 
insert  bolts.  Then  stand  tray  upright 
and  firmly  tighten  bolts. 

These  stands  are  manufactured  by 
the  New  Britain  Machine  Co.,  New 
Britain,  Con. 


MAGNETIC  SEPARATORS 

THE  Magnetic  Mfg.  Co.,-  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  are  manufacturing  a  variety 
of  magnetic  separators  for  use  in 
the  foundry.  One  of  the  great  advant- 
ages of  using  a  machine  of  this  nature 


MAGNETIC    SKPARATOR. 

is  that  the  sand  is  left  in  a  clean  and 
uniform  condition  and  may  be  used  in 
various  ways  in  the  foundry.  The  ma- 
chine is  very  simple  to  operate  and  does 
not  require  skilled  labor  to  get  the  best 
results.  It  will  not  clog  and  will  take 
care  of  any  material  that  would  be 
handled  with  a  shovel,  such  as  stray 
brick,  gaggers  and  other  coarse  material 
usually  found  in  foundry  refuse.  All 
parts  are  accessible  for  inspertion  with- 
out dismantling. 

The  material  is  shoveled  into  the 
machine  at  the  upper  end  of  a  revolving 
screen.  Sand  and  fine  material  passes 
through  the  screen  into  a  hopper  and 
may  be  caught  into  a  wheelbarrow.  The 
other  material     passes    on    through   the 


cylinder  and  comes  in  contact  with 
magnetized  blades  where  the  iron  being 
attached  to  the  blades  is  carried  up  to 
top  of  cylinder  and  then  discharged  into 
a  chute. 

One  of  the  commendable  features  in 
this  separator  is  its  simplicity.  There 
are  no  friction  wheels  or  level  gears  to 
wear  out  Qr  give  trouble.  There  are 
only  four  bearings  on  the  machine.  The 
two  main  bearings  supporting  the  re- 
volving cylinder  are  properly  propor- 
tioned and  are  made  dustproof.  The  only 
other  bearings  are  the  two  small  counter- 
shaft bearings  located  on  the  top. 


ANOTHER  TYPE  OF  SEPARATOK. 


NON-CRUCIBLE  MELTING 
FURNACE 

The  Hausfeld  Company  of  Har- 
rison, Ohio,  is  the  manufacturer  of 
the  furnace  herewith  illustrated,  which 
was  designed  particularly  for  the 
melting  of  brass  and  kindred  materials. 
It  is  of  the  open-flame,  non-crucible, 
tilting  type  and  has  a  capacity  of  400 
pounds. 

A  "complete  unit"  consists  of  the  fur- 
nace proper — lined  ready  for  service — 
equipped  with  a  Maxon  Premix  Burner, 
a  one-half -horse-power  motor  (D.  C.  or 
A.  C),  a  patented  fuel  oil-feeder  with 
burner  and  a  pouring  ladle,  all  as  shown 
in  illustration  above.  No  equipment 
other  than  piping  to  the  gas  and  the 
fuel  oil  reservoir  is  necessary.  The  fur- 
nace can  be  had  wi;thout  the  fuel  oil 
feeder  and  burner  if  desired,  but  for 
emergency  purposes  in  event  of  failure 
of  the  gas  supply  the  complete  unit  is 
almost  essential. 

One  of  the  advantageous  features  of 
the  complete  unit  is  the  facility  and 
speed  with  which  a  change  from  gas  to 
oil  fuel  can  be  made.  As  stated  in  a 
descriptive  booklet  of  the  furnace,  a 
copy  of  which  can  be  had  upon  request: 

"The  speed  with  which  a  change  from 
gas  to ,  oil  fuel,  or  vice  versa,  can  be 
made  may  be  best  explained  by  the 
statement  that  a  heat  started  and  half 
finished  by  gas  was  finished  by  oil  as 
the  fuel  in  practically  the  same  time 
had  the  change  not  been  made."  The 
change  is  accomplished  by  loosening  two 
bolts,  sliding  the  oil  feeder  housing  for- 
ward, thereby  placing  the  feeder  into  J 
gear  with  the  motor,  tightening  the  ^ 
bolts,  removing  the  plug  in  the  top  of 
the  elbow  attached  to  the  drum,  and 
inserting  the  oil  burner. 

Although  of  compact  form,  occupying 
the  minimum  amount  of  space,  the  oil 
feeder  develops  a  lift  of  over  18  feet, 
and  has  a'  delivery  pressure  of  over  60 
pounds.  It  is  equipped  with  a  relief 
valve  capable  of  regulation,  the  outler, 
of  which  is  piped  to  the  oil  reservoir, 
permitting  the  return  of  any  excess 
quantity  of  oil. 

The  patented  oil  burner  provides  for 
heating  the  oil  prior  to  its  injection  into 
the  furnace.  The  location  of  the  needle 
point  seat  being  at  the  extreme  end  of 
the  outlet  causes  a  spray  of  wide  range. 
To  increase  this  range  and  break  large 
particles  of  oil,  a  small  division  bar  is 
located  directly  in  front  of  the  burner 


October  10,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


433 


outlet.  With  this  arrangement  every 
drop  of  oil  is  satisfactorily  utilized,  and 
the  oil  being  preheated  and  so  finely 
atomized   results   in   quick   ignition. 

As  the  flame,  whether  from  gas  or 
oil  fuel,  covers  the  entire  inner  surface 
of  the  furnace,  a  uniformly  distributed 
heat  is  obtained  and  the  metal  is  there- 


ating  side,  so  that  when  tilting  the 
treadle  most  convenient  is  used.  Upon 
release  of  the  foot  pressure  the  drum  is 
mstantly  locked. 

The  Hausfeld  Company  guarantee  effi- 
cient and  satisfactory  results  if  the  fur- 
nace is  installed  and  operated  in  con- 
pliance   with   instructions   furnished. 


NON-CRUCIBLE    MELTING     FURNACE. 


I 


by  melted  largely  by  reflection  of  the 
heat  from  the  walls,  similarly  to  the 
effect  obtained   by   melting   in  crucibles. 

The  plain  shape  of  the  drum  facili- 
tates relining.  The  bricks  furnished  have 
locking  Joints  to  prevent  the  seep- 
age of  metal.  The  manufacturers  claim 
that  both  the  brick  and  cement  employ- 
ed have  excellent  refractory  qualities 
and  withstand  by  far  a  greater  number 
of  heats  than  any  other  with  which  they 
have  experimented. 

Depending  upon  the  character  of  the 
metal  to  be  melted,  from  9  to  12  heats 
can  be  obtained  every  9  hours. 

With  the  furnace  drum  in  a  vertical 
position,  the  furnace  can  be  charged 
with  gates  and  other  scrap,  while  the 
Hast  is  on,  the  metal  being  thrown  on 
top  of  the  drum  where  it  preheats  and 
then  shoved  into  the  charging  hole,  by 
means   of  a  bar,  as  fast  as  desired. 

The  pouring  ladle  is  located  directly 
over  the  pouring  hole  where  it  remains 
during  the  melting  of  the  entire  heat. 
By  this  arrangement  the  ladle  is  heated 
to  a  temperature  almost  equal  to  that 
within  the  furnace  and  a  separate  pre- 
Tieating  furnace  is  dispensed  with.  It 
also  materially  aids  in  retaining  the 
heat  within  the  furnace. 

The  furnace  is  tilted  by  means  of  a 
handle  of  a  length  sufficient  to  provide 
ample  leverage  for  easy  manipulation. 
The  locking  arrangement  is  spring  actu- 
ated and  tends  to  keep  a  bar  on  the 
frame  in  constant  engagement  with  the 
teeth  of  a  sector  attached  to  the  druni, 
securely  holding  the  drum  in  any  posi- 
tion desired.  The  release  of  the  lock  u 
effected  by  foot  pressure  on  a  treadle 
at  the  base,  permitting  the  use  of  both 
hands  for  tilting  or  rocking  the  drum. 
For  convenience,  a  double  treadle  is 
provided,  one  extending  to  the  front, 
and   the  other  to  the  rear  of  the  oper- 


CANADA'S  AFTER  THE  WAR  TRADE 

Call     For     Organization     of      Business 
Interests 

In  the  report  on  Canada's  trade  in 
1917,  the  Deputy  Minister  of  Trade  and 
Finance  emphasises  the  urgent  need  for 
preparing  commercial  organizations  for 
after-war  trade. 

His  statements,  although  directed  to- 
wards the  business  men  of  Canada,  are 
applicable  to  any  country  that  intends 
to  occupy  a  leading  position  as  an  ex- 
porting country  after  the  war.  For  this 
reason,  the  views  enumerated  by  the 
Deputy  Minister  are  quoted  below.  In 
his  report  he  states: — 

Germany's  Economic  Position 

When  hostilities  cease  and  peace  is 
declared,  if  the  cartel  systems  of  Ger- 
many be  co-ordinated  and  in  reality  be- 
come not  only  nationalized,  but  also  be- 
come State  monopolies,  as  has  been  an- 
nounced is  the  intention,  private  firms 
and  individuals  will  find  the  most  formi- 
dable possible  competition  in  every  mar- 
ket in  the  world.  Such  monopolies, 
backed  up  by  the  concentrated  strength 
of  all  the  banks  of  the  German  Empire, 
will  be  able  to  purchase  in  large  quanti- 
ties under  the  most  favorable  conditions, 
and  to  sell  at  prices  and  upon  terms  to 
render  competition  extremely  difficult,  if 
not  impossible.  Thus  will  Germany 
wage  economic  war. 

When  such  commercial  war  begins, 
Germany  will  have  its  shipping,  now 
locked  up  in  its  harbours,  its  factories 
unscathed  by  the  ravages  of  war,  and 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  labourers  re- 
turning to  commercial  pursuits,  ready  to 
work  for  the  merest  living  wage,  but 
Germany  must  look  abroad  for  many 
raw  materials  vitally  necessary  to  her 
commercial  existence,  for  many  of  which 


she  is  dependent  almost  wholly  upon  her 
present  enemies.  To  a  lesser,  though  im- 
portant, extent  she  is  dependent  upon 
the  British  Empire,  and  in  many  import- 
ant respects  upon  Canada  also.  In  fact, 
so  far  as  Canada  is  concerned,  apart 
from  her  grain  exports,  the  nickel  and 
asbestos  production  of  the  Dominion  are 
greater  than  all  the  rest  of  the  world 
put  together. 

In  considering,  however,  the  statement 
frequently  made  that  the  German  fac- 
tories will  be  ready  at  the  close  of  the 
war  to  offer  keen  competition  to  the 
world,  it  may  be  well  to  draw  attention 
to  a  more  recent  statement  which,  if 
true,  considerably  alters  the  general 
opinion  as  to  Germany's  position.  That 
statement  is  to  the  effect  that  manv 
factories  in  Germany  which  have  not 
been  engaged  in  war  work  have  been 
stripped  bare  of  their  machinery,  which  . 
has  been  transferred  elsewhere.  Under 
these  circumstances,  a  factory  whicn 
has  been  closed  down  cannot  be  pre- 
sumed to  be  able  to  resume  work  im- 
mediately on  the  restoration  of  peace. 
Such  factories  must  be  rehabilitated  with 
new  machinery,  the  manufacture  of 
which  will  require  considerable  raw  ma- 
terial. 

Organization    Imperative 

Is  it  not,  therefore,  urgent  that  the 
various  industries  in  Canada,  especially 
those  producing  food  and  raw  or  semi- 
raw  materials,  should  organize  upon 
such  a  basis  as  will  conserve  these  pro- 
ducts for  Canada  and  the  Empire  ?  If 
we  let  them  go  loosely  to  the  first  or 
highest  bidder — and  Germany  with  ex- 
hausted stocks  of  raw  materials  will  be 
in  the  forefront  as  a  buyer — the  demand 
will  naturally  lead  to  extravagant  prices, 
which,  of  course,  will  re-act  upon  our- 
selves and  increase  the  cost  of  produc- 
tion  and  manufacture  in  Canada. 

Collection  of  Statistics 

While  no  one  can  forecast  what  the 
conditions  of  business  may  be  when  the 
war  is  over,,  the  time  has  arrived  to  pre- 
pare for  every  possible  eventuality  oy 
widespread  organization  of  every  indus- 
try in  Canada.  Each  industry  should 
prepare  complete  and  accurate  statistics 
of  the  most  exhaustive  nature  with  re- 
spect to  itself,  so  that  if  necessary  such 
information  will  be  available  not  only  dur- 
ing the  progress  of  the  war,  but  also 
when  the  Government  is  called  upon  to 
study  tariff  problems  at  home  and  tariff 
arrangements  abroad. 

Co-operation  in  Export  Trade 

Such  organizations  are  not  inferrea 
to  be  in  the  nature  of  trusts  to  dominate 
prices  or  to  restrain  trade  in  Canada,  but 
for  the  purposes  of  assisting  and  advis- 
ing the  Government  with  all  possible  in- 
formation in  respect  of  such  industry, 
and  also  engaging  in  export  trade.  Co- 
operation in  export  trade  will  be  neces- 
sary to  meet  similar  foreign  export  syn- 
dicates. Such  combinations  develop  men 
of    initiative     and     constructive     genius. 


434 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The   MacLean    Publishing   Company 

LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MAOl^AN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice-Pr«.ident 

H.   V.  TYRRELL.   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5*> 

4  weekly  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.   Manager.  A.  R.   KENNEDY,   Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 

Office    of    Publication.    143163    University    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX 


OCTOBER  10. 


No.  15 


Keep  Up  That  Wall  of  Steel 

THE  Germans  may  talk  peace— they  may  get  Austria 
or  Turkey  to  hoist  the  white  flag— but  the  shell  factory 
gives  the  answer  of  the  Allied  nations. 

Did  you  hear  of  any  shell  contracts  being  cancelled 
on  Monday  morning  on  account  of  the  German  peace  talk 
of  Sunday? 

Did  vou  hear  of  the  call  being  any  less  for  18-pounders, 
the  75-m.m.,  the  155-m.m.,  the  9.2  or  the  six-inch? 

Not  a  bit  of  it.  The  forging  and  the  machining  were 
going  on  just  the  same  as  though  there  had  been  no 
peace  talk,  and  the  shipments  were  going  on  with  the 
same  unfailing  regularity. 

As  a  matter  of  real  fact,  the  Kaiser's  peace  kite 
didn't  get  the  eyes  of  the  world  long  enough  to  make 
the   munitions   workers   miss   a   single   operation. 

And  there's  no  let  up  in  the  Allied  programme  that 
calls  for  more  than  capacity  production  of  the  steel  plants 
of  the  continent.  Every  day  sees  the  figures  shoved  up 
a  few  more  hundred  or  thousand  tons;  every  day  sees 
another  non-essential  line  told  to  suspend  operations; 
every  day  sees  a  customer  told  that  there's  no  steel  or 
iron  for  him  because  he's  making  a  line  that  can  wait; 
every  day  sees  the  whole  commercial  and  mechanical  fabric 
of  the  continent  keyed  up  tighter  and  harder  for  ultra- 
maximum  production. 

The  men  who  control  the  steel  output  of  this  con- 
tinent know  the  enormous  tonnage  that  is  being  turned 
out — they  know  it  is  a  case  of  steel  or  men — the  more 
.steel  the  lower  the  casualties,  and  they  are  seeing  to  it 
that  the  wall  of  steel  that  precedes  the  march  of  the 
Allies  eastward  is  tremendously  efficient  and  perpetually 
maintained. 

The  whole  business  of  the  nation  has  been  thrown  out 
of  kilter,  and  it  is  going  to  stay  out  of  kilter.  The  war 
needs  occupy  the  centre  of  the  arena,  and  there's  no 
disposition   to  crowd  them  to  one  side. 

The  Kaiser  and  his  war  lords  started  this  war;  they 
lived  it  years  ago;  they  planned  for  it  and  they  plotted 
and  schemed  for  it.  But  the  Kaiser  and  hi»  war  lords 
are  not  going  to  finish  this  war.  That  part  of  the  per- 
formance is  going  to  be  attended  to  by  the  Allied  nations 
of  a  free  world. 

The  Allies  are  not  fighting  for  the  sake  of  fighting. 
The  lives  of  their  men  are  dear  and  precious  to  them. 
They  will  not  fight  five  minutes  longer  than  is  necessary, 
neither  are  they  disposed  to  cease  five  minutes  before 
they  have  accomplished  the  task  to  which  they  have  set 
their  hand. 

The  latest  indications  from  the  front  should  be  a 
challenge  to  the  munitions  workers  of  this  continent. 

If  you  are  making  shells,  make  more  of  them  and 
make  them  better. 


You  can  hasten  the  end  of  the  war  by  keeping  up 
that  wall  of  steel  that  goes  on  ahead  of  the  Allies. 

Don't  bother  about  the  Kaiser's  peace  proposals.  The 
diplomats  of  the  Allied  powers  are  acting  in  concert  and 
in  complete  accord,  and  they  are  not  going  to  betray  the 
trust  that  is  theirs. 

Peace  will  come,  and  it  may  come  quickly.  Against 
that  is  the  chance  that  it  may  not.  Base  your  efforts 
on  the  latter.  Better  to  have  a  pile  of  shells  left  over 
than  that  there  shall  be  a  break  in  the  wall  of  steel  that 
the  munitions  workers  are  building  on  that  Western  front. 


Better  Play  It  Safe  This  Time 

V,fECHANICS  are  these  days  receiving  exceptional 
wages.  Some  of  them,  most  we  hope,  are  salting 
away  neat  little  sums  for  the  rainy  season.  Among  the 
thrifty.  Victory  Bonds  are  regarded  as  one  of  the  premier 
investments,  and  the  new  issue  will  undoubtedly  be  very 
largely  taken  by  this  class.  But  occasionally  one  hears 
of  cases  in  which  men  have  not  been  careful — when,  in 
fact,  they  have  been  reckless  as  regards  their  own 
futures  and  those  depending  upon  them.  An  actual  in- 
stance that  stands  out  is  that  of  the  mechanic  who  was 
a  bear  to  work  and  who  was  making  something  like 
$3,000  a  year — probably  more  than  the  superintendent  of 
his  shop  was  receiving.  He  was,  in  fact,  a  good  work- 
man. This  man  purchased  a  car — not  a  flivver — a  car. 
One  night  while  out  driving  with  his  wife,  he  met  with 
an  accident.  The  car  turned  turtle;  he  was  killed  and  his 
wife  was  seriously  injured.  The  after  records  revealed 
that  the  man  owned  the  car — an  $1,800  machine.  It 
was  paid  for.  In  the  home  there  was  a  piano  on  which 
two  payments  had  been  made;  there  was  a  life  insurance 
policy  for  $500  and  a  chattel  mortgage  of  $400.  The 
machine  had  been  smashed^ — it  was  worthless.  This  was 
the  record  of  a  man  who  had  been  makina;  exceptional 
money — and  this  is  the  record  of  what  he  did  with  it — 
practically  nothing  to  place  on  the  credit  side  against 
disaster.  There  are  many  men  who  will  say  it  is  no- 
body's business  what  they  do  with  their  money.  Probably 
not;  but  to  a  good  many  others  the  good  old  moral  will 
appeal:  Buy  Victory  Bonds  and  give  the  clouds  a  silver 
lining. 


Visitor-    And   what  caused   this   sad  case? 

Helper  -  That   sir  is   a  Journalist  who   went  to   write  up  the   Russian 
situation." 

— F.   A.   G.   Racey  in   "Montreal   Star." 


October  10,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


435 


Protection  Needed  For  the  Public 

'npHERE  are  controllers  for  fuel  and  for  food.     There 
are   officials  to  see  that  people  don't  eat  too  much, 
and    there    are    others    to    see    that    they    don't    burn    too 
much   coal. 

The  country  is  sadly  in  need  just  now  of  a  controller 
or  some  such  official  whose  special  duty  it  will  be  to 
see  that  the  general  public  don't  get  soaked  when  they 
come    to    spend    their    money. 

The  people  who  need  protection  right  now  are  the  people 
who  spend  their  money  and  get  in  return  an  article  that 
is  a  fraud  and  a  scandal.  People  need  protection  against 
shoes  that  are  sold  as  leather,  and  which  in  reality  have 
only  the  merest  touch  of  leather  to  cover  up  a  lot  of 
substitute.  They  won't  stand  up  against  wear.  And 
yet  they  are  sold  in  the  open  market  and  at  a  good  price. 

People  need  protection  in  the  purchase  of  clothes. 
The  average  purchaser  is  not  an  expert  in  this  business. 
He  cannot  readily  detect  shoddy.  And  yet  he  puts  up 
his  good  money  for  the  clothing  of  himself  and  his  family, 
only  to  find  that  he  has  paid  a  good  price  for  something 
that  is  scandalously  distant  from  what  he  was  led  to 
believe. 

"Get  the  money"  seems  to  be  the  big  word  in  too 
many  business  concerns  now.  The  idea  of  "service"  is 
being  crowded  so  near  to  the  back  door  that  it's  not 
going  to  take  a  great  deal  of  coaxing  for  it  to  depart 
entirely   from    the   premises. 

"Get  the  money."  The  people  have  it  now.  "Get  the 
money."  Never  mind  v/hat  follows.  "Get  the  money." 
There's  a  new  bunch  of  suckers  coming  on  the  market 
every  Monday  morning.  "Get  the  money."  Don't  worry 
about  the  man  who  is  spending  it — he's  supposed  to  have 
his  eyes   open. 

There  are  men  and  firms  who  are  doing  business  in 
an  honorable  way.  Against  such  the  public  needs  no 
protection.  But  in  this  age  of  money-grabbing  shysters 
there  certainly  is  need  of  ample  protection  against  the 
gang  of  exploiters  that  are  foisting  their  shoddy  rubbish 
on   the   market. 


AND  now  the  report  comes  out  that  the  prune  crop  is 
going  to  be  a  failure.  Maybe  so,  but  there's  never  a 
failure  of  the  prune  crop  that's  swished  about  in  the 
boarding  houses. 

*  *  * 

U.S.  has  placed  soft  drinks,  pianos,  corsets  and  coffins 
on  the  non-essential  list.  Well,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  there's 
a  lot  of  folks  around  who  have  got  along  without  any 
of  this  stuff. 

*  ♦  * 

SULPHUR  is  getting  scarce.  So  scarce,  in  fact,  that 
the  chances  seem  to  be  much  against  the  youngsters  get- 
ting their  1919  spring  tonic  in  the  form  of  sulphur  and 
molasses.     It's  a  great  age  to  be  livin'  in. 

*  •         * 

THE  Secretary  of  State  for  Canada  has  stopped  the 
publication   of   the   Robotchyj   Narod.     Of  course   he  put 

it  down   in   writing  so  it  didn't  hurt  him  much. 

*  *         • 

THE  Probs.  in  a  Toronto  paper  the  other  day  read: 
"Thursday — Mostly  fair,  with  a  few  showers,  stationary 
or  slightly  rising  temperature."  So  it  could  either  be 
fair  or  showery,  same  or  higher  temperature.  The  weather 
man  was  taking  small  chance  of  spoiling  his  rep.  that  day. 

*  *         • 

KEMPSMITH  Komments,  the  house  organ  of  the  Kemp- 
smith  Mfg.  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  has  a  number  of  names 
on  its  honor  roll.  Here  are  a  few  of  them:  John  Samo- 
linski,  .loe  Koniecki,  Max  Wojczak,  Vincent  and  Arthur 
Wielant,  Joe  Vuchmanavich,  Alfred  Weisbecker.  And  they 
all  line  up  under  the  name  of  "Yanks."  The  German 
menace  is  just  as  acute  to  a  Vuchmanavich  as  it  is  t(J 
the  most  Simon  pure  New  Englander  that  the  country 
can  boast. 


A  Vision  of  Former  Dinners 

\X''HEN  we  go  out  to  eat  these  days  we  have  to  sit  and 
wonder,  if  food  controller's  hit  the  list  with  lightnin' 
and  with  thunder,  or  if  he's  put  some  more  laws  on  to 
choke  us  from  our  hash,  or  if  he's  took  from  us  our  oats, 
our  hay  and  our  bran  mash. 

And  when  I  see  the  sugar  lump  I  sit  and  heave  a  sigh, 
for  you  could  stick  the  bloomin'  thing  right  edgeways  in 
your  eye. 

And  likewise  bread  is  trimmed  up  thin,  and  butter, 
oh  by  heck,  there  aint  enough  doled  out  to  grease  the  hair 
upon  your  neck. 

Oh,  I  like  to  sit  in  times  like  these,  and  back  up  twenty 
years,  to  them  there  days  what  come  along  and  boot  away 
my  tears — to  the  good  old  days  of  harvest  homes  when 
tables  used  to  groan,  and  when  we  ate  full  to  the  neck 
for  a  quarter  of  a  bone. 

We  used  to  take  the  punkins  then,  the  com  stalks  and 
the  beets,  and  decorate  the  church  throughout,  the  pulpit 
and  the  seats. 


And  put  the  big  potatoes  there,  likewise  the  apples 
red,  and  cabbages  as  big  and  hard  as  was  the  deacon's 
head — and  twine  the  oak  and  maple  leaves,  and  spin  the 
golden  rod,  and  have  a  sample  of  most  things  what  sprung 
from  out  the  sod. 

And  then  we  had  the  harvest  home — come  back  once 
more  that  night — when  stuff  to  eat  was  piled  up  high  and 
tucked   in  good  and  tight. 

We  ate  some  turkey  and  some  ham,  some  chicken  and 
some  pie,  we  had  a  heap  of  sandwiches  heaped  up  both 
thick  and  high.  We  ate,  we  did,  until  we  groaned,  and 
then  we  ate  some  more,  and  every  course  that  came  along 
we  hollered  out  "encore!" 

And  after  all  that  there  was  done  they'd  clear  away 
the  wreck,  and  all  the  preachers  round  about  would  climb 
upon  the  deck,  and  tear  off  jokes  ten  years  of  age  and 
try  to  speechify  on  top  of  fourteen  kinds  of  meat  and  six- 
teen kinds  of  pie. 

There  weren't  no  food  controller  then  a-hangin'  round 
the  place,  to  see  how  much  you  gathered  up  and  shoved 
into  your  face. 

I'd  like  to  be  a  kid  again  just  for  one  harvest  home, 
with  sawhorse  tables  loaded  up  until  they'd  creak  and 
groan — with  punkin  pies  and  chicken  too,  with  home 
cured  country  ham,  and  best  of  all,  by  jing,  there  weren't 
no  food  controllin'  man. — ARK. 


Tin  is  coming  down  to  where  it  will  soon  be  on  speak- 
ing terms  with  the  rest  of  us.  Not  long  ago  it  had  reached 
the  dizzy  height  where  a  pound  was  worth  well  nigh  $1.50. 
Now  it  can't  quite  get  its  chin  up  to  the  dollar  mark  even 
with  one  toe  on  the  ground.  About  the  time  tin  hit  the 
^L.^O  mark  there  should  have  been  a  couple  of  lynchings. 
*       ♦       * 

THE  war  and  its  ravages  has  made  a  great  demand  for 
artificial  limbs.  And  now,  because  metal  is  so  scare, 
they're  talking  of  putting  wooden  legs  on  sewing  machines. 


436 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


Peace  Talk  Has  Made  No  Difference  Here 

There  is  Still  a  Very  Keen  Demand  For  All  Sorts  of  Equipment, 

Especially  in  Connection  With  155-mm.  Shells — Ship  Programme 

is  a  Big  Business  Item  in  Canada  at  Present 


PEACE  talk  has  not  made  much  impression  on  the 
programme  for  the  speeding  up  of  the  production 
of  munitions.  In  fact  the  actual  operations  have 
not  been  interfered  with  at  all.  There  is  just  the  same 
demand  to-day  as  there  was  before  the  week-end  peace 
talk,  and  there  is  the  same  uncertainty  regarding  delivery 
dates,  due  to  the  tremendous  pressure  under  which  the 
makers  of  munitions  equipment  are  working. 

It  is  a  poor  week  when  some  person  has  not  a  new 
guess  as  to  the  amount  of  business  that  will  be  handled 
in  the  future  by  the  war  contract  shops  of  the  Dominion. 
One  report  has  it  that  U.  S.  manufacturers  feel  that 
they  are  in  a  position  to  handle  the  shell  programme,  and 
they  desire  no  more  business  to  come  to  Canada.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  munitions  business  is  not  coming  to  Canada 
because  the  U.  S.  firms  want  to  send  it  here,  but  because 
the  munitions  shops  in  Canada  are  right  now  keyed  up 
to  a  wonderful  degree  of  efficiency  in  producing  shells, 
and  the  government  that  wants  good  shells  at  once  can 
get  them  from  the  Canadian  contractors.  The  largest 
orders  for  equipment  now  have  to  do  with  the  production 
of  the  155-m.m.  shell,  which  is  an  American  order. 

The  curtailment  of  iron  and  steel  to  those  concerns 
making  a  product  "that  can  wait"  continues.  And  as  it 
continues  the  industries  are  displaying  a  faculty  for  keep- 
ing afloat  that  is  indicative  of  Canadian  enterprise.  Makers 


of  sewing  machines  are  having  a  hard  time  securing 
the  supplies  of  pig  iron  they  need  to  make  up  their  proper 
mixture  with  scrap,  so  they  will  shortly  turn  out  machines 
with  wooden  legs,  saving  quite  a  bit  of  iron  in  this  way 
and  sacrificing  nothing  in  the  way  of  strength  and  rigidity 
in   construction. 

The  big  demand  continues  to  be  for  steel  plate.  The 
making,  shipping,  punching  and  putting  together  of  the 
steel  plates  for  the  vessels  now  under  construction  in 
Canada  has  developed  into  a  business  that  few  people 
apart  from  the  trade  fully  realize.  For  instance  here  is 
what  it  means  to  the  transportation  companies  having 
the  transcontinental  haul:  For  the  material  that  went  into 
the  construction  of  a  4,200-ton  vessel  in  Vancouver  (the 
largest  part  of  which  would  be  plate)  the  company  paid 
out   between   $75,000   and   $80,000   in   freight  charges. 

The  scrap  metal  trade  is  dull.  Dealers  are  not  buying 
heavily.  In  fact  in  some  cases  they  are  accepting  ship- 
ments simply  in  order  to  protect  their  credit  and  keep 
in  the  market.  Large  volumes  of  scrap  are  disposed 
of  direct  from  seller  to  consumer.  Dealers  fear  that 
industries  that  cannot  get  into  the  iron  market,  may  cease 
buying  scrap  because  they  cannot  get  pig  enough  to 
complete  the  mixture.  At  any  rate  the  trade  is  well 
nigh  stagnant  as  far  as  big  deals  are  concerned. 


PEACE  TALK  HAS  HAD  LITTLE 

EFFECT  IN  THE  MONTREAL  MARKET 


Special     to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Oct.  19.— Despite  the 
reported  willingness  of  the  German  Gov- 
ernment to  meet  the  Allies  for  the  con- 
sideration of  peace  the  activities  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  war  are  proceeding 
unabated.  The  feeling,  however,  is  un- 
doubtedly manifest  that  the  beginnin<< 
of  the  end  is  in  sight,  and  while  it  is 
not  anticipated  that  present  activities 
will  immediately  cease,  it  is  not  unlikely 
that  the  near  future  may  see  some  eas- 
ing up  in  the  operations  of  some  enter- 
prises that  are  now  working  to  capacity. 
St«el  For  Work  Exclusive 

On  a  par  with  the  manufacture  of 
munitions  is  the  imperative  need  of 
boats  for  transportation  to  offset  the 
continual  destruction  by  the  submarine. 
During   the    past    few    months    the    im- 


portance of  shipbuilding  has  been  im- 
pressed vividly  on  the  minds  of  tne 
Allied  Governments  and  every  facility 
has  been  given  to  the  increased  produc- 
tion of  plates  for  this  industry.  The 
consequence  has  been  that  further  re- 
strictions have  been  placed  on  the  dis- 
tribution of  plates,  and  in  some  in- 
stances large  locomotive  firms  have  ex- 
perienced increased  difficulty  in  getting 
their  accustomed  allotment  for  boiler 
construction.  Another  instance  that  de- 
monstrates the  priority  shown  to  ship- 
building is  the  increased  difficulty  that 
makers  of  large  pipe  have  in  obtaining 
supplies  for  their  mills,  as  the  mills 
working  on  this  material  is  largely  util- 
ized in  turning  out  ship  plates. 

Some  theorizing  is  taking  place  as  to 


the  possible  developments  in  the  steel 
t  ada  should  active  warfare  terminate 
in  the  near  future.  Some  speculation 
is  made  regarding  the  non-essential  de- 
mand for  steel  at  the  present  time  and 
which  the  mills  are  unable  to  take  care 
of.  While  some  think  that  a  great  part 
of  the  current  production  could  be  di- 
verted to  domestic  requirements,  it  is 
a  question  whether  this  demand  will  be 
as  apparent  as  it  is  now.  The  mills  that 
are  now  working  on  rounds  for  shell 
billets  could  undoubtedly  meet  every  de- 
man  '  for  this  class  of  steel,  but  in  the 
matter  of  plates  and  shapes  the  solution 
is  more  difficult.  The  present  proT;ram 
for  ship  construction  will  not  likely  be 
reduced  and  transportation  needs  will 
almost  equal  that  of  the  war  period,  so 
little  relief  can  be  expected  in  this  direc- 
tion. The  period  immediately  followimr 
any  serious  peace  considerations  will 
nroba'ily  result  in  a  slishtly  easier  situa- 
tion as  to  structural  material,  but  the 
imperative  need  for   this  class  of  steel 


October  10,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


487 


will  return  when  the  reconstruction 
period  is  well  under  way.  The  news 
of  the  past  few  days  has  given  an  un- 
certain air  to  the  general  situation  and 
few  will  commit  themselves  as  to  pos- 
sible developments. 

No   Relief   In   Tool    Situation 

Machine  tool  activity  at  the  present 
time  is  virtually  confined  to  the  produc- 
tion of  equipment  for  the  manufacture 
of  war  supplies.  The  question  of  prompt 
delivery  is  seldom  mentioned  in  negotia- 
tions, as  the  heavy  demand  for  machin- 
ery makes  it  impossible  to  obtain  defin- 
ite assurance  as  to  shipment.  Where 
tools  are  brought  into  Canada  from 
points  in  the  States  this  condition  is  par- 
ticularly emphasized,  owing  to  the  heavy 
placement  of  Government  contracts.  In 
few  instances  will  delivery  be  promised 
under  six  months  and  even  then  no  guar- 
antee is  given.  The  uncertainty  of  the 
situation  places  the  manufacturer  in  a 
position  where  a  heavy  overhead  is 
necessary  and  production  is  far  below 
the   possible   maximum. 

Local    plants,    working    on    the    larger 
American   shells,  are  getting  fair  deliv- 
ery  on   needed   equipment,  but  not   suf- 
ficient to  meet  all  requirements. 
Scrap  Reaction  Not  Unlikely 
Conditions   in   the   old   material   situa- 
tion  are   developing  to  the   point  when 
a  downward  tendency  may  be  expected. 
With    the   bulk    of    the    scrap    business 
under    the    indirect    control    of    the    Im- 
perial Munitions  Board,  the  dealers  are 
placed    in    a    position   more    or   less   de- 
pendent   on    the    wishes    of    the    body. 
During    the    past     summer     small     junk 
dealers  have  been  very  active  in  scour- 
ing the  country  for  every  description  of 
old    material    that   could    be    utilized    as 
scrap,  with  the  result  that  the  yards  of 
large    dealers    are     well     stocked     with 
every    variety    of    old      metal    material. 
Much   of   this   has  been   disposed   of    at 
different   intervals,  but  the  inter-opera- 
tion    of     munition     manufacturers     has 
eliminated  a  large  portion  of  the  business 
■     formerly   carried   on     by   the    individual 
dealers.     Considerable  machinery  is  ap- 
parently accumulating,  mucb  of  this  be- 
ing "cast-offs"  from  shell  making  plants. 
The    scarcity   becoming   less   pronounced 
and  dealers  are  looking  forward  to  lower 
prices.  ,  . 

The  latest  news  has  added  to  this 
belief,  and  as  one  dealer  stated:  "Witn 
peace  talk  abroad  this  kind  of  scrap 
will  soon  be  a  drug  on  the  market. 

PEACE  TALK  HAS 

NOT  AFFECTED  TRADE 

Big  Volume  of  Business  in  Sight — Sup- 
plies Sought  for  Manufacture  of 
155  MM.  Shell 

TORONTO  —  Dealers  in  machine 
tools,  as  well  as  firms  enaraged  in 
making  them  are  watching  events 
in  the  war  zone  with  considerable  in- 
terest lust  now.  Officials  of  the  Cana- 
dian War  Trade  Board  are  in  Washing- 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


In  order  to  conserve  the  supply 
of  iron  on  hand  in  the  yards  of  the 
makers  of  sewing  machines,  some 
firms  are  thinking  of  bringing  out 
machines  with  wooden  legs. 

Peace  talk  has  not  interfered  with 
the  demand  for  machinery  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  out  war  con- 
tracts. The  demand  for  equipment 
and  supplies  in  connection  with  155 
mm.  contracts  is  brisk. 

There  is  a  scarcity  of  light  sheets 
in  Toronto  just  now.  Some  of  the 
dealers  have  nothing  in  their  yards. 
This  stock  is  used  largely  by  the 
makers  of  stoves,  builders  of  smoke 
stacks,  etc. 

Scrap  metal  dealers  are  not  anx- 
ious to  buy  too  heavily  because  users 
of  scrap  in  many  cases  are  having 
such  difficulty  in  securing  pig  iron 
that  they  may  have  to  greatly  cur- 
tail or  suspend  their  operations. 

Tin  plate  mills  have  been  operat- 
ing at  seventy  per  cent,  capacity  for 
some  time,  but  the  chances  are  that 
now  that  the  canning  season  for 
perishable  fruit  is  over  this  figure 
will  be  decreased  severely. 

American  foundries  are  not  mak- 
ing much  progress  yet  with  the 
manufacture  of  semi-steel  shells. 

It  is  estimated  that  Detroit  has 
had  since  the  beginning  of  the  war 
at  least  $900,000,000  in  war  orders. 

The  big  automobile  industry  in 
Detroit  is  working  75  per  cent,  on 
government  war  contracts  now. 

A  slight  reaction  is  noticed  in  the 
price  of  some  of  the  war  securities 
on  the  market,  while  those  that  will 
be  in  good  shape  for  after-war  trade 
remain  strong  favorites. 


ton  this  week.  The  mission  they  are 
apparently  on  has  much  to  do  with  the 
future  of  the  machine  tool  business  in  re- 
gard to  munition  plants.  The  peace  move 
that  has  apparently  shown  its  first  signs 
of  coming  to  life  may  have  a  decided  in- 
fluence on  the  situation.  So  far  there  is 
nothing  to  indicate  that  there  is  going 
to  be  any  falling  off  in  the  business  of 
making  shells  and  munitions  of  war. 

In  fact  there  has  been  nothing  to  indi- 
cate that  the  first  signs  of  peace— when 
they  do  show  up  in  earnest — are  going  to 
have  the  effect  of  unsettling  the  situa- 
tion to  any  extent.  ,  Dealers  report  that 
there  is  still  a  very  keen  demand  for  all 
sorts  of  equipment,  and  there  have  been 
no  cancellations. 


The  Market  is  Firm 

Light  sheets  are  on  the  way  up.    They 
have  passed  the  lowly  10  cents  per  pound 
mark,  in  fact  some   of   the    warehouses 
that  are  quoting  this  mark  have  none  in 
stock,  so  they  might  as  well  quote  five 
cents  as  ten.    The  houses  that  have  light 
sheets  are   selling   them   out   in    nearly 
every  case  around  12  J^  cents,  and  there 
is  nothing  to  show  that  the  top  has  been 
reached  in  the  matter  of  prices.    The  in- 
dustries that  are  most  affected  are  the 
stove  makers,  and  the  firms  using  much 
material  for  roofing.     In  fact  there  are 
a  multitude  of  purposes  to  which  sheets 
are  put,  and  they  are  all  more  or  less 
being  put  on  thin  edge  by  the  scarcity 
and   price   of   sheets.     For  a   long   time 
No.  10  gauge   (140)    was    used    almost 
entirely  for  the  building  of  smoke  stacks, 
etc.,  but  for  this  purpose  No.  11  can  be 
used,  which  is  %  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 
No.  10  used  to  be  about  one  half  of  the 
tonnage  for  stacks,  tanks,  boilers,  etc., 
but  it  is  hardly  imported  at  all  for  this 
purpose  now. 

Firms  entering  the  market  for  steel 
supplies  are  still  finding  that  the  going 
is  poor.  This  week  a  large  concern  in 
the  east  applied  to  the  War  Trade  BoarJ 
for  supplies  for  the  finishing  of  a  plant 
where  chemicals  were  to  be  manufactur- 
ed, but  the  Ottawa  authorities  seemed  to 
have  it  figured  out  that  it  would  be  some 
time  before  they  could  produce  any  of 
the  finished  article.  Their  application 
for  material  on  the  embargo  list  was  re- 
fused. 

In  a  Queer  Place 

The  scrap  metal  trade  moves  slow  this 
week.  Occasionally  there  are  disputes 
over  the  prices  quoted  in  this  paper. 
Some  dealers  state  that  there  is  too 
great  a  snread  between  the  prices  quoted 
here  and  at  Montreal.  Montreal  is  a 
consuming  point.  The  same  can  hardly 
be  claimed  for  Toronto.  The  prices 
quoted  for  Toronto  are  net  tons,  and  for 
Montreal  gross  tons.  For  instance,  boiler 
plate  is  quoted  $27  in  Montreal  against 
$20  in  Toronto.  The  difference  between 
a  gross  and  a  net  ton  is  at  the  Toronto 
price,  $2.40,  which  brings  the  Toronto 
price  to  $22.40  at  once.  Add  freight  of 
$4.48  and  the  price  comes  to  $26.88, 
which  is  not  far  from  the  Montreal 
figure  of  $27.  The  figures  quoted  in  the 
scrap  trade  are  corrected  each  week,  and 
are  the  prices  that  the  dealers  here  will 
pay  for  scrap. 

Some  dealers  that  have  quite  a  quantity 
of  scrap  for  the  market  at  times  claim 
that  bidding  is  keen  for  anything  they 
have  to  offer.  On  the  other  hand  the 
yards  state  that  there  is  nothing  that 
would  encourage  them  to  go  ahead  and 
stock  up  now,  although  they  claim  there 
is  the  material  to  enable  them  to  do  this. 
They  claim  that  there  are  some  users  of 
scrap  metal,  in  fact  quite  a  number,  in- 
cluding stove  manufacturers,  etc.,  who 
cannot  get  a  supply  of  pig  iron  to  mix 
with  their  scrap.  They  see  that  there 
may  come  a  time  when  they  will  be  out 
of  the  market  for  scrap  because  they  can 
get  no  pig,  and  for  this  reason  the 
dealers  are    not    anxious    to    buy     very 


438 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


heavily  now.    There  has  been  no  change 
in  the  prices. 

Prices  on  non-ferrous  metals  show  no 
change  at  all.    There  is  a  good  volume  of 
business  offering  and  prices  are  firm. 
Brisk  Machine  Demand 

There  is  a  good  demand  for  machinery 
now.  Peace  talk  has  not  made  any  im- 
pression or  depression  on  the  volume 
that  is  offering  and  being  handled.  The 
manufacture  of  the  155  mm.  shell  is  tak- 


mg  a  lot  of  attention  and  is  causing  a  lot 
of  inquiries  for  supplies  to  come  to  the 
dealers  here.  According  to  information 
from  Ottawa  there  is  to  be  a  revival  on 
a  fairly  large  scale  of  orders  placed  here 
for  the  British  government,  as  well  as 
for  the  United  States  authorities.  For 
various  reasons  it  is  not  good  to  mention 
definite  figures,  but  very  reliable  esti- 
mates place  the  mark  at  a  good  many 
million  dollars  per  month. 


U.  S.  WAR  PROGRAMME  GOING  TO 

COME  UP  TO  MAXIMUM  FIGURE 

Special     to    CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

PITTSBURGH,     Pa.,  Oct.   10— Produe-  Of  late  the  authorities  have  been  making 

tion   of  pig   iron  and   steel   has  been  a  special  effort  to  curtail  the  production 

increasing  steadily  since    summer     wea-  and  use  of  foundry  iron  in  order  to  pro- 

ther  disappeared.     The  rate  of  pig  iron  vide  more  iron  for  steel  making.     About 

production,   which   hovered   between   40,-  a  month  ago  a  committee  was  appointeu 

000,000  ami  41,000,000  tons  a  year  from  lo  seek  cases  of  unnecessary  consumption 

April  to  August  inclusive,  is  believed  to  of  foundry  iron,  the  object  being  to  shut 

have  crossed  41,000,000    tons,    and    may  off   the   consumption    and   either    supply 

have  crossed  42  000,000  tons.    Production  the  foundry  iron  for  making  semi-steel 

of  steel   ingots   has  gained   in   whatever  .shells  or  discontinue  its  manufacture  in 

proportion  has  obtained  with  pig  iron,  as  favor  of  one  of  the  steel  making  grades, 
steel  production  has  been  hingeing  upon  ^^  Eight-Hour  Basic  Day 

pig   iron   supply  for  many  months  past. 

Improvement  in  pig  iron  production  is  It  is  well  established  that,  since  the 
attributed  to  better  weather  conditions,  Steel  Corporation  announced  adoption  of 
with  less  atmospheric  humidity,  and  to  the  basic  eight-hour  day,  its  adoption 
better  quality  coke  being  furnished,  this  will  be  general  in  the  iron  and  steel  in- 
latter  development  being  due  to  the  con-  dustry.  The  movement  is  going  farther, 
linuecl  and  strenuous  efforts  of  the  Fuel  however,  for  the  Employers'  Association 
Administration.  There  has  been  little  of  Pittsburgh,  composed  largely  of 
shortage  of  coke  from  a  tonnage  stand-  foundry  and  machine  shops,  has  decided 
point  for  several  months  past.  to  do  likewise  In  their  case  the  increas- 
The  official  statistics  of  pig  iron  pro-  ed  wage  cost  •wWl  be  relatively  small  as 
duction  in  the  first  half  of  1918  have  they  do  not  have  a  great  deal  of  time 
just  appeared,  but  give  little  news  as  to  beyond  eight  hours.  This  association 
the  total  since  that  had  been  estimated  makes  the  proviso,  however,  that  pay- 
very  closely.  The  half-year's  production  ment  of  time  and  a  half  shall  be  on  the 
was  very  poor.  Output  in  the  first  quar-  basis  of  48  hours  a  week  straight  time, 
ter  was  far  and  away  below  the  output  not  on  the  basis  of  considering  each  day 
in  any  quarter  for  several  years  by  rea-  by  itself. 

.son  of  the  traffic  blockade,  which  caused  The  iron  and  steel  industry  has  been 

a  coke  shortage.     Output  in  the  second  working  out  details  of  application.  There 

quarter  probably  made  a  new  record  for  will  be  no  double  time,  and  as  to  regular 

a  quarter,  but  it  was  nevertheless  quite  Sunday  work,  it  is   probable  that  there 

below  the  rate  capacity  of  the  furnaces.  will  be  time  and  a  half  for  the  first  eight 

Production  as  officially  reported,  in  tons  hours.    There  is  much  Sunday  work  that 

of  2,240  lbs.,  has  been  as  follows:  is  of  regular  character,  as  in  the  opera- 

rr,  tion    of    blast    furnaces    and    by-product 

First  half  of  1916 19,619,522  coke  ovens  the  men  as  a  rule  being  given 

Second  half  1916 19,815,275  one  day  off  out  of  the  seven^  Many  men 

.  First  half  1917 19,258,235  Prefer  that  day  to  be  a  week-day  rather 

Second  half  1917   19,362,981  ^''^^  S^^^^^'  ^"''  '"  '^"f  ^.^^'^^  ^^f  K  " 

First  half  1918 18,227,730  "°  occasion  for  a  bonus  for  Sunday  labo 

'  From  the  first  half  of  1917  to  the  first  S***'  ^"PP'y  ^•"'''  "^  ^^" 

half   of   1918   there   was   a   decrease   in  While  the  War  Industries  Board  has 

total  output  of  more  than  a  million  tons.  not  yet  completed  its  revision  of  the  esti- 

Production  of  basic  iron  was  stationary.  mated   total    steel   requirements   for   the 

Foundry     and   ferro.  silicon    showed     a  half  year,  stated  early  in  July  at  20,000,- 

slight  decrease  but  this  was  a  trifle  more  COO  net  tons  and  later  increased  to  23,- 

than  made  up  by  an  increase  in  malle-  000,000   tons   for  certain   and   25,000,000 

able  iron,  so  that  the  net  result  was  that  tons  as  a  distinct  possibility,  it  now  hints 

the  million  ton  loss  in  total  output  fell  that  the  total  will  not  be  reduced.      As 

entirely  on    Bessemer    pig    iron.       The  reported    in   previous   letters,   there  has 

showing  is  a  remarkable  one,    for    the  been  a  strong  effort  to  cut  down  all  es- 

foundries  were  not  supposed  to  be  par-  timates    wherever    possible,    even    shell 

ticularly  busy   in   the   first  half   of  this  steel  and  ship  steel  being  scrutinized  to 

year,  while  steel  making  iron,  both  basic  see  if  they  were  being  furnished  in  lar- 

and  Bessemer,  was  badly  needed,  and  it  ger  tonnages  than  were  being  consumed, 

noes  not  look  as    if    the    blast    furnace  The  intimation  that  the  estimated  total 

capacity  was  used  to  the  best  advantage.  is  not  likely  to  be  reduced  does  not  mean. 


however,  that  there  has  been  no  oppor- 
tunity found  for  curtailing  in  any  direc- 
tion. Rather  it  means  that  new  wants 
have  appeared  that  offset  any  reductions 
that  may  be  compassed.  For  this.  Gen- 
eral Pershing  seems  to  be  chiefly  respon- 
sible, his  demands  increasing  right  along. 
Probably  there  are  also  increased  de- 
mands from  Britain  and  France.  Then 
the  Railroad  Administration  has  been 
calling  for  more  steel,  wanting  more 
rails  than  the  40,000  tons  weekly  that 
have  been  furnished,  and  being  desirous 
of  placing  orders  for  more  cars  in  addi- 
tion to  the  100,000  ordered  a  few  months 
ago,  and  which  it  is  desired  to  get  out  of 
the  way  before  the  end  of  the  year. 

The  Conservation  Division  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  continues  to  make 
agreements  with  various  manufacturers 
who  use  more  or  less  steel,  with  a  view 
to  limiting  their  operations.  While  these 
curtailments  appear  rather  impressive, 
from  the  viewpoint  of  the  commercial 
wares  that  will  be  cut  off  from  the  civil- 
ian population,  they  are  not  equally  im- 
pressive from  the  viewpoint  of  the  ton- 
nage of  steel  they  consume.  It  does  not 
mean  a  great  deal  in  point  of  steel  ton- 
nage, and  it  means  much  more  in  point 
of  labor  that  will  be  saved  in  such  fac- 
tories. 

Very  little  definite  progress  seems  to 
have  been  made  in  the  matter  of  arrang- 
ing for  quantity  production  of  semi-steel 
shells.  Foundries  do  not  find  that  the 
technics  of  manufacture  have  been  ad- 
vanced to  such  a  stage  that  the  work  can 
be  undertaken  with  confidence. 

Tin  plate  production  is  destined  to  fall 
rapidly.  The  order  of  a  month  ago  that 
production  be  limited  in  the  fourth  quar- 
ter of  1918  to  70  per  cent  of  the  produc- 
tion in  the  same  quarter  of  1917  is  in 
force,  but  the  limitations  as  to  tin  plate 
consumption  are  so  great  that  nothing 
like  the  70  per  cent,  could  be  made.  By 
a  general  rule  tin  plate,  apart  from  that 
bought  by  the  government,  can  be  used 
only  for  packing  food  products,  this  rule 
applying  equally  to  the  United  States, 
Canada  and  South  America.  The  perish- 
able foods,  however,  are  about  done,  and 
the  Food  Administration  has  been  mak- 
ing arrangements  with  packers  of  non- 
perishable  foods  whereby  their  consump- 
tion will  be  greatly  reduced,  and  the 
visible  market  is  thus  brought  far  below 
the  70  per  cent,  limitation. 


BIG  AUTO  CONCERNS 

TURN  TO  WAR  WORK 


Estimated  Th^t  Detroit  Hps  Had  About 

$900,000,000  in  War 

Contracts 

Special    to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

NEW    YORK,     October     10.— Steel 
companies,     shipbuilders,     manu-     ■ 
facturers  of  guns,  shells,  aircraft     ' 
motors  and  motor  trucks,  as  well  as  the     ^ 
Ordnance  Department  of  the  army,  have 
purchased    machinery    in    the    last   week 
and  numerous  other  contracts  are  pend- 
ing.    The  greatest  activity  has  been  in 
the  Central  West,    especially    at    Cleve- 
land, Detroit,  and  Chicago.    Most  of  the 


October  10,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


439 


buying  by  interior  manufacturers  was 
at  these  points,  but  it  is  notable  that 
New  England  tool  makers  receivetl  a 
number  of  orders  from  the  Central  West. 
Government  inquiries  for  war  material 
calling  for  an  expenditure  of  $50,000,000 
are  reported  at  Detroit,  and  as  the  work 
IS  largely  for  foundries,  it  is  presumed 
that  the  prospective  orders  relate  to 
semi-steel  shells.  It  is  estimated  that 
jiovernment  contracts  thus  far  placed  in 
Detroit  alone  call  for  the  expenditure  of 
$900,000,000,  more  than  half  of  such 
contracts  will  be  fulfilled  by  the  end  of 
the  current  year. 

Turning  to  War  Work 

Automobile  manufacturers  have  turn- 
ed to  war  work  with  renewed  vigor,  and 
most  of  the  large  motor  car  companies 
are  now  operating  7.5  per  cent,  to  100  per 
cent,  on  war  contracts.  The  Maxwell 
Motor  Co.,  the  Studebaker  Corp.,  the 
Cadillac  Motor  Co.,  the  Paige-Detroit 
Motor  Car  Co.,  the  Liberty  Motor  Co., 
Dodge  Bros.,  and  120  companies  making 
motor  car  accessories  are  now  operating 
75  per  cent,  on  government  orders,  while 
the  Ford  Co.,  the  Packard  Car  Co.,  and 
the  Hudson  Motor  Car  Co.  have  their  full 
capacity  engaged  on  war  work. 

The  Winton  Co.,  Cleveland,  which  is 
manufacturing  tripods  for  the  large  type 
of  Browning  machine  guns,  has  purchas- 
ed machine  tools  in  the  last  week  and  is 
still  in  the  market.  With  the  installa- 
tion of  this  machinery  the  entire  capacity 
of  the  Winton  Co.  will  be  engaged  on 
government  contracts.  The  Doehler  Die 
Castings  Co.,  which  is  making  parts  of 
airplanes,  is  buying  machinery  for  its 
Toledo,  Ohio,  plant.  The  Willys-Over- 
land  Co.,  Toledo,  has  purchased  sonie 
tools  and  is  negotiating  for  others  which 
will  call  for  an  expenditure  of  $300,000 
and  which  will  be  used  in  manufacturing 
12-cy]in3er  airplane  motors.  The  ma- 
chinery being  purchased  includes  boring 
mills,  lathes  and  milling  and  drilling  ma- 
chines. The  government  is  now  taking- 
bids  from  Cleveland  manufacturers  on 
recoil  cases  for  Davis  guns  for  the  navy, 
and  the  manufacturers  in  turn  are  in- 
quiring for  the  necessary  machinery. 

It  is  estimated  that  between  300,000 
and  400,000  tons  of  steel  will  be  needed 
for  the  manufacture  of  motor  trucks,  the 
contracts  for  which  were  recently  distri- 
buted by  the  government.  Orders  are 
now  pending  for  40,000  rear  axles  for 
type  B  army  trucks,  and  with  the  plac- 
ing of  these  orders  additional  machinery 
will  be  purchased.  The  American  Can 
Co  ,  which  has  large  government  orders 
for  munitions,  has  purchased  twenty 
screw  machines  for  installation  at  its 
Toledo  plant. 

Canadian  Business 

The  United  States  government  has 
placed  additional  contracts  for  shells 
with  Canadian  manufacturers  and  an 
active  demand  for  tools  has  resulted.  It 
is  reported  here  that  most  Dominion 
manufacturers  are  so  filled  with  work 
that  they  are  unable  to  accept  orders  for 
shell  machinery.  The  Canadian  ship- 
building industry    is    also    expected    to 


spend  several  million  dollars  for  equip- 
ment and  it  is  possible  that  some  of  these 
orders  will  come  to  the  United  States. 

The  Charlestown  Navy  Yard,  which  is 
about  to  make  extensions,  will  require 
considerable  machinery.  The  Newport 
News  Shipbuilding  &  Drydock  Co.  has 
placed  an  order  for  cranes  with  a  Cleve- 
land manufacturer  for  its  new  boiler 
shop  at  Richmond,  Va.;  this  buying  is 
supplementary  to  the  orders  placed 
several  weeks  ago.  The  Ameriacn  Inter- 
national Shipbuilding  Corp.  has  purchas- 
ed four  cranes  for  the  Hog  Island  plant. 


Crane  inquiries  have  also  been  put  out 
by  the  Wm.  Cramp  &  Sons'  Shipbuilding 
&  Engine  Building  Co.,  Philadelphia.,  and 
by  the  Liberty  Steel  Products  Co.,  New 
York. 

The  Ordnance  Department  of  the  army 
has  placed  contracts  for  large  gun  bor- 
mg  and  turning  lathes  for  the  Neville 
Island  ordnance  plant  and  for  the  gun 
relining  plant  in  France.  It  was  found 
necessary  to  place  these  orders  with 
manufacturers  that  previously  had  not 
made  such  tools  but  who  have  facilities 
for  such  work. 


GOOD  HOMES  FOR  EMPLOYEES 

OF  BRANTFORD  STEEL  PRODUCTS 


The  plans  of  the  Dominion  Steel  Pro- 
ducts Co.,  Brantford,  having  in  view  the 
erection  of  a  model  village  to  be  avail- 
able for  its  mechanics  seeking  residence, 
are  fast  approaching  realization.  In 
Lansdowne  Park  a  very  desirable  sec- 
tion, not  far  from  the  company's  plant, 
quite  a  number  of  houses  are  in  course 
of  erection — several  in  fact  approaching 
completion.  The  houses  are  in  every 
sense  substantial.  They  are  of  concrete 
foundation  and  built  of  hollow  tile  cover- 
ed with  stucco.  The  idea  uppermost  in 
many  undertakings  of  this  ki.id.  when 
industrial  concerns  have  sought  to  solve 
the  housing  problem — when  the  houses 
are  much  of  the  same  type,  with  little 
thought  of  permanency,  comfort,  or  at- 
tractiveness to  the  home  builder — is  here 
conspicuous  by  its  absence. 

The  company  plans  the  erection  of  one 
hundred  houses,  and  these  will  be  divid- 
ed into  seven  separate  and  distinct  types. 


The  tract  of-  ground  for  the  purpose  is 
sufficiently  large  to  permit  of  these 
types  being  so  arranged  as  to  overcome 
any  danger  of  monotonous  similarity  in 
the  general  plan.  The  lots  have  an  aver- 
age depth  of  about  150  feet  and  there 
will  be  no  frontage  of  less  than  forty 
feet.  Each  house  will  cost  about  $4,000 
10  build.  Each  is  a  separate  7-roomed 
dwelling — that  is  there  are  no  so-called 
terraces  or  semi-detached  structures.  It 
will  be  a  section  of  which  Brantford,  or 
any  other  city,  large  or  small,  may  well 
be  proud,  and  one  in  w'hich  the  better 
class  of  mechanic  will  find  a  home  amid 
exceptionally  inviting  environments.  The 
dwellings  will  be  made  available  to  the 
company's  employees  at  cost. 

The  Dominion  Steel  Products  Co.  ara 
at  present  engaged  entirely  on  war  work. 
After  the  war  this  huge  plant  will  be 
organized  as  a  permanent  industrial  con- 
cern. 


PRODUCERS  OF  PIG  IRON  NOT 

ABLE  TO  KEEP  UP  WITH  ORDERS 


'Tp  HERE  is  considerable  speculation 
■'■  in  regard  to  the  pig  iron  market  in 
Ine  United  States  at  the  present  moment. 
When  the  government  authorities  allow- 
ed an  increase  of  $1  per  ton  on  pig  iron 
recently  they  also  made  the  stipulation 
that  future  deliveries  would  be  covered 
by  that  price  no  matter  when  the  orders 
had  been  booked.  A  lot  of  firms  have 
orders  that  have  been  standing  for  weeks 
and  months  at  the  furnaces,  and  now  if 
they  are  anxious  to  secure  deliveries  at 
once  they  will  have  to  come  along  and 
pay  the  additional  cost.  If  they  are  not 
willing  to  do  this  why  the  furnaces  can 
refuse  their  business.  Reports  from  some 
of  the  larger  points  in  the  United  States 
are  as  follows: 

Pittsburgh.— It  is  believed  that  Sep- 
tember production  will  make  the  best 
showing  for  several  months,  and  as  many 
furnaces  which  have  been  down  for  re- 
pairs or  for  relining,  will  go  into  blast 
within  the  next  few  weeks;  it  is  thought 
likely  that  the  present  month  will  make 
a  record. 

Buffalo. — The  increase  that  has  been 
granted  on  pig  iron  does  not  seem  to 
satisfy  the  furnace  men  in  this  district. 


They  point  out  that  the  increase  in  the 
price  of  ore  of  25  per  cent,  per  ton  wiK 
take  50c  of  the  $1  increase  per  ton  of 
iron  and  that  the  rest  of  the  $1  will  be 
taken  up  by  increased  labor  costs.  One 
thing  that  has  been  keeping  back  pro- 
duction as  much  as  anything  else  has 
been  the  very  inferior  quality  of  the  coke 
that  has  been  sent  to  the  furnaces  here 
for  some  time  past.  There  has  been  an 
improvement  in  this  lately  since  a  drastic 
action  has  been  taken  by  the  govern- 
ment. 

Cleveland. — Firms  that  have  any  pig 
iron  in  their  possession  are  being  welded 
up  by  the  war  authorities  and  are  being 
made  to  pledge  that  this  material  will  be 
used  for  war  work  and  nothing  else.  A 
circular  letter  now  being  sent  to  the  pro- 
ducers by  the  committee  of  Pig  Iron. 
Iron  Ore,  and  Transportation,  calling 
upon  the  trade  to  secure  these  pledges 
from  their  customers. 

St.  Louis. — Deliveries  here  are  excel- 
lent and  the  war  plants  are  all  working 
at  capacity.  Little  comment  is  made  on 
the  increased  price  in  iron  here  as  the 
consumers  are  so  anxious    to    get     ma- 


440 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


terial  that  they  are  willing  to  pay  any- 
thing within  reason  for  it. 

Chicago. — Some  of  the  users  of  pig 
iron  in  this  section  are  going  behind  in 
their  deliveries  all  the  time.  This  is  ac- 
counted for  by  the  fact  that  government 
allocations  come  along  and  make  large 
inroads  on  the  stock  with  which  they  had 
■ntended  to  fill  the  orders  booked.  In 
fact  one  of  the  largest  makers  here 
-states  that  his  plant  right  now  is  150,000 
tons  behind  their  schedule  on  regular 
contracts.  He  also  stated  that  it  would 
take  him  at  least  two  months  to  recover 
this  ground.  This  same  situation  is  quite 
common  all  over  the  district. 


MANY  ACTIVITIES  GOING  ON 

IN  THE  ST.  JOHN  DISTRICT  NOW 


ENGINE  BUILDING 

,    ON  PACIFIC  COAST 

In  a  recent  issue  of  this  paper  an 
article  appeared  entitled,  "Vancouver 
Firms  Pool  Engine  and  Boiler  Orders." 

In  the  course  of  this  article,  Mr.  Mc- 
Culloch  was  quoted  as  stating  with  re- 
gard to  the  building  of  engines,  that  on 
the  smaller  types  they  could  compete, 
but  on  the  larger  ones  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult. In  fact  it  had  not  been  under- 
taken. 

We  are  informed  by  Mr.  A.  F.  Menzies, 
who  is  now  in  Ottawa  representing  the 
Wallace  Shipyards,  of  Vancouver,  that 
the  construction  of  large  marine  engines 
and  boilers  has  been  undertaken  and  well 
carried  out,  and  is  proceeding  very  suc- 
cessfully. The  following  list  of  engines 
already  built  and  in  course  of  construc- 
tion by  this  company  remove  any  doubt 
on  the  matter: 

S.S.War  Dog,  1,350  I.H.P.,  now  at  sea. 

S.S.  War  Power,  1,650  I.H.P.,  now  al 
sea. 

S.S.  War  Storm,  1,650  I. HP.,  under 
construction. 

S.S.  War  Cayuse,  1,000  I.H.P.,  now  at 
sea. 

S  S.  War  Atlas,  1,000  I  H.P.,  ready  for 
trial  trip. 

One  steamer,  1,000  I.H.P ,  under  con- 
struction. 

Vessel  No.  100,  1,800  I.H.P.,  under  con- 
struction. 

Vessel  No.  106,  1,800  I.H.P. ,  under  con- 
itruction. 

Two  engines  of  2,500  I.H.P.,,  plans  in 
hand. 

The  next  size  to  be  undertaken  will 
be  of  3.000  I.H.P. 

The  boilers  for  the  above  vessels  are 
being  constructed  at  the  Vulcan  Iron 
Works,  Vancouver,  and  this  firm  are  also 
building  boilers  for  the  vessels  under 
construction  at  the  yard  of  the  J.  J. 
Coughlan  &  Sons,  whose  boiler  shop  was 
recently  destroyed  by  fire. 

The  foundry  of  the  Wallace  Shipyards 
Ltd.  has  furnished  all  the  iron  and  brass 
castings  for  the  above  vessels,  excepting 
the  first  two.  The  foundry  has  also 
turned  out  a  number  of  propellers  for 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board,  and  one 
large  manganese  bronze  propeller  for  a 
coast  steamer.  From  the  foregoing  it 
will  be  seen  that  engine  and  boiler  build- 
ing on  the  west  coast  is  an  accomplished 
fact,  and  we  are  pleased  to  correct  the 
impression  given  by  our  previous  article. 


Work  is  being  pushed  on  the  new 
wooden  steamer,  "War  Digby"  in  the 
Grant  &  Home  yard,  Courtenay  Bay. 

In  the  Marine  Construction  Company's 
yard.  Strait  Shore,  Mr.  D.  H.  Saker  has 
a  large  four-masted  schooner  framed  up. 
The  work  is  progressing  rapidly. 

The  C.P.R.  has  extended  its  grain  con- 
veyor on  the  west  side  in  anticipation  of 
an  enlarged  traffic  during  the  coming 
winter. 

The  Eastern  S.  S.  Corporation  has  re- 
newed its  lease  of  the  city  wharves  at 
Reed's  Point.  The  landing  pier  has  re- 
cently been  placed   in  thorough  repair. 

The  government  wharf  below  the  At- 
lantic Sugar  Refinery,  destroyed  i/i  a 
recent  gale,  has  been  restored. 

Repairs  have  been  made  to  the  govern- 
ment railway  track  at  Courtenay  Bay 

The  pier  on  the  north  of  the  West  Side 
ferry  slip  has  recently  been  rebuilt  by 
S.  H.  Mayes,  contractor  for  the  city. 

The  Imperial  Oil  Company  are  hasten- 
ing the  completion  of  their  three-storey 
brick  warehouse  at  Barrack  Point.  The 
new  building  will  have  a  very  comfort- 
ahie  office   equipment. 

The  Booth  Sardine  Fisheries  have  ad- 
ded a  large  boiler  room  to  their  building 
plant.     This    corporation    is    now    well 


equipped  for  sardine   packing. 

The  replacement  of  St.  David's  Pres- 
byterian Church  destroyed  by  fire  in 
December  last  has  been  begun.  The  new 
structure  will  be  a  creditable  one.  It  is 
the  intention  to  place  the  school  building 
in  the  rear  instead  of  in  the  basement 
as  before. 

The  Roman  Catholic  school  building 
on  Cliff  street  is  almost  complete,  and  in 
the  fall  will  be  occupied  by  schools.  Th'.^ 
building  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and 
best  equipped  of  the  school  buildings  of 
the  city. 

Golding  and  Starret,  Ltd.,  with  a  capi- 
tal stock  of  $5,000  and  head  offices  at 
Petersville,  Queens  County,  has  been  in- 
corporated for  a  lumber  and  pulp  busi- 
ness. 

The  Bealgrave  Mines  and  Development 
Co.,  Ltd.,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $78,000 
has  been  incorporated  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  on  a  coal  business  in  Queens 
county. 

The  Kay  Engine  Company  has  been  in- 
corporated at  St.  Andrews  to  promote 
the  construction  and  sale  of  the  Kay 
engine. 

A  movement  is  on  foot  to  accelerate 
the  development  of  the  coal  mines  in 
Kent  county. 


FREIGHT  ON  MATERIAL 

FOR  BOAT  IS  $80,000 

High   Figures   That   Ship   Yards   of   the 

Pacific    Coast    Have    To 

Work   Against 


A.  F.  Menzies,  of  Vancouver,  repre- 
senting the  Wallace  Shipyards,  Ltd.,  of 
North  Vancouver,  has  been  in  the  east 
for  a  few  days,  having  been  called  to 
Ottawa  in  connection  with  new  contracts 
for  vessels  under  the  order  of  the  Dom- 
inion Government.  The  Wallace  yards 
have  practically  completed  the  work  they 
had  under  way  for  the  Imperial  Muni- 
tions Board,  but  they  have  preparations 
well  under  way  for  going  ahead  with 
their  other  construction  work.  The  Wal- 
lace yard  had  a  launching  on  Saturday 
last,  which  was  most  successful.  The 
"War  Storm"  being  put  into  the  water. 
This  was  a  steel  vessel  of  some  4,700 
tons.  The  engines  were  h.p.  25,  i.p.41, 
l.T).  67.  and  45  stroke,  develonins'  about 
1,650  horse  power.  The  ship  yards  with 
which  Mr.  Menzies  is  connected  are 
gradually  working  into  the  construction 
of  ships  of  larger  size,  and  berths  are 
now  prepared  to  take  care  of  construc- 
tion up  to  8,100  tons. 

As  a  general  thing  the  coast  yards 
do  not  build  the  machinery  for  the  boats 
they  make,  but  at  the  Wallace  yards 
this  is  all  done.  They  have  had  very 
eood  success  in  their  foundrv  and  ali 
through,  having  cast  about  17  cylinders 
without  losing  one  Very  little  difficulty 
is  experienced  in  securing  all  the  raw 
material  that  is  necessary  for  the  foun- 


dry or  machine  shop  work.  The  boilers 
used  are  the  output  of  the  Vulcan  Iron 
Works,   at   Vancouver. 

To  a  question  as  to  whether  it  paid 
to  build  the  machinery  at  the  coast,  Mr. 
Menzies  replied  "we  build  the  engine.s 
because  we  cannot  buy  them.  Of  course, 
the  freight  charges  work  against  us 
there,  and  they  run  into  a  lot  of  money 
on  a  steel  vessel,  when  all  the  plate  is 
hauled  to  the  Pacific  coast  from  the 
rolling  mills  of  the  United  States.  On 
some  of  the  ships  we  have  made  the 
freight  on  the  material  will  run  from 
$75,000  to  $80,000." 

Mr.  Menzies  has  spent  some  time  at 
Ottawa  in  consultation  with  the  officials 
of  the  Marine  Department,  going  over 
details  in  connection  with  some  of  the 
new  orders  the  Wallace  yards  are  taking 
on  for  the  Dominion  Government. 


McAvity     Plant     Growing. — The    Mc- 

Avity  machine  plant.  Marsh  road,  St. 
John,  N.B.,  is  rapidly  developing  into  one 
of  the  largest  enterprises  of  the  kind  in 
eastern  Canada.  The  400-foot  unit, 
which  was  completed  in  such  record  time 
in  1916,  has  recently  had  a  unit  of  simi- 
lar dimensions  added  to  it  and  this  is  be- 
ing quickly  filled  up  with  machinery. 
But  even  with  this  enlargement  the  firm 
are  not  satisfied,  for  within  a  few  weeks 
the  erection  of  another  large  foundry 
building  has  been  begun  on  the  southern 
end  of  the  company's  lot  near  Westmor- 
land road.  Grant  &  Home,  who  con- 
structed the  original  unit  have  the  con- 
tract for  the  later  additions. 


1 


October  10,  1918. 


441 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  nnechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace 33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 
Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bar.s,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand  steel.  No.   10   gauge,  base     4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  M,  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh •3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh  ....   *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *3  50 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars    4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

*  Government  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  Iba. 
C.T,.  L.C.L. 

Montreal     29  39^ 

St.  John,   N.B 47 V2  63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto     23%  27V2 

Guelph     231/2  27y2 

London     23%  27% 

Windsor     23%  27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper    32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper   31  00  28  50 

Tin    100  00  95  00 

Spelter  10  75  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony 16  00  18  00 

Aluminum    50  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Mit^treal     Toronto 

Plates,  V*  up  $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price   List  No.   37 

RlacV       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per   too   feet 

%  in $  6  00     $     8  00 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in. '. 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  2.T  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3      in 56  61  70  76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82  38  30 

2%   in 47  97  58  21 

3  in 52  73  76  12 

3%   in 78  20  96  14 

4  in 92  65  114  00 

4%   in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 

Welland. 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4'  and  under,  45%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40* 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Mintr»»al     Toronto 

Copper,   light    $2100  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

CopDer.  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion     • 23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings  ....  15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  tuminars   18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings..  13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  01  9  50 

Medium  brass   13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...  24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable   scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    . .  9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings   11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavv  lead    7  00  8  00 

T-n  ]n^A    .«)  50  f;  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %"  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plnte  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 5 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends * net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

steel 27\4 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  &l.  hd.,  steel  It 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  80 

Machine    screws,   0.    and    fll.    hd., 

brass add  26 

Nuts,  square  blank  add  |1  50 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs   25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger  $8  50 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72V4 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 67% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  37% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  27% 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bronze 25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws  net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1  %  in M 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus     10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus   10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus It 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  1# 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plus     20 

Collar  acrews   list  plus  SO,     10 

Thumb  screws   20 

Thumb  nuts 06 

Patch  bolts add  40,     10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  80 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add     7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  eroM  tea 

Bessemer  billets |47  50 

Onen-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets 80  00 

Wire  rods 87  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70        6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  60 

Spikes,  %  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila •  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

T'acking,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

^'ew  Zealand  hemp •  88 

"ransmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
'discount    off    list,    Montre«l    and 

Toronto    net 


442 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt.   16  05 

Red   dry   lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt. 16  50 

Glue,  English 0  85 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03H 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  06 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular....     0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%   in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   25 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill   list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  Band  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

15%  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7^%;  east  bushings,  25%;  unions,  46%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24V^c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34e 

fb.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black,  No.  28..  $  8  00  $  8  25 
ShwtB,  black.  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown.  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%    oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00         20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%   in.,  114.35;  5-16  in.,  $13.85;   %   in., 
113.50;    7-16   in.,   $12.90;    %    in.,   $13.20; 


$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  V6  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and   Imperial    50 

Nicholson   32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes    60 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

l^  in 40  00  

1V4  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2%  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3%  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26H 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital   49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil.  per  ^al $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic 37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil  39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  18% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft. 8  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft.. . .     3  50 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  25 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck . .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to       05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to       09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to       09 

Rouge,  silver 85  to       50 

Rouge,  powder 30  to       45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  red . .   0  S8 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hearier, 
b»s« •  4» 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  4<- 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48^ 

WASTE. 
White,  Ots.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  Atlas    18Vi 

Peerless  21         X  Empire  . . .   17^4. 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17^ 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 1* 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    IS 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10^ 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    1* 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.   •• 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discouat  fw 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     . . .   10%      Best  grades 


16% 


Nickel   .. 
Copper   . . 
Tin  .... 

ANODES. 

.58  to 
.36  to 
.70  to 
.23  to 

.65 
.40 
.70 

Zinc 

.26 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in, 42  60     48  •• 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  Ot     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     4«  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  CO 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 45  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     TmtobW 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26       $18  86 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .  13  26        18  86 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50         12  M 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  $   -25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric   14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 22 

Ammonium  carbonate 33 

Ammonium,  chloride 40 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 40 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 75 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 15 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate  .• 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 30 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130fj^ 50 

Sodium  hydrate   ':        .22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     5 .  00 

Sodium  phosphate 16 

Tin   chloride    85 

Zinc  chloride 90 

Zinc  sulphate 20 

Prices    per   lb.   unless   otherwise   stated. 


October  17,  1918.  C  A  N  A  D  I A  iJ   M  A  C  H I  N  E  R  Y  119 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  intereats. 
Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  OCTOBER  17,  1918  No.  16 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

MAKING   OF   FILES   USED   TO   BE   ALL   HAND  WORK    443-448 

GENERAL 448 

Navigating   Instruments  Used  on  Aeroplanes. 

RESEARCH  THE  MAINSTAY  OF  A  NATION'S  INDUSTRIAL  LIFE   449-454 

GENERAL    454 

German    Metal    Substitutes. 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK   AND   DO    455-456 

The   Intelligent  Checking  of  Drawings. ..  .Machine  For  Accurately  Centering  Shells-, 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   457-459 

Automatic   Shell  Cleaning  Cabinet.  .  .  .Sand  Blast  ....  Radial  Drilling  Machine  .... 
Motor  Head  Face  Lathe. 

EDITORIAL     450-461 

A  Poor  Place  to  Work — Public  and  Private  Methods.  .  .  .The  Viewpoint  of  Two  Men 
.  .  .  .There  is  Always  a  Way  Up  For  the  Man    Prepared. 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   462-466 

Summary.  ..  .Toronto   Letter.  ..  .New  York   Letter ....  Pittsburgh  Letter. 

THE    BUYING    OF    SECOND    HAND    MACHINE  TOOLS 467 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 468-60 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS  .*. .     62-69 


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120 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


HENDEY  18-inch  GEARED  HEAD  LATHE 


8  mechanical  ciiaiises  of  speed  for  spindle  with  driving  shaft  running  at  constant  speed,  4  direct  and  4  through  back  gears. 

36  DIFFERENT 
THREADS  AND 
FEEDS  are  had 
through  Mounted 
Change  Gearing, 
each  change  being 
quickly  made 
through  controlling 
handles  in  Gear 
Boxes. 

BEFORE  PUR- 
CHASING A  NEW 
LATHE  INVESTI- 
GATE THE  HEN- 
DEY SERVICE. 

WE'LL  HELP  YOU  BY  FUR- 
NISHING   LIST    OF    USERS. 

Write  for  descriptive  circular. 

The 

Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn. 

Canadian  Agents:  A.  R.  Williams 
Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. ;  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess 
St..  Winnipeg;  A.  E.  Williams  Ma- 
chinery Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams 
Machinery  Co.,  St.  John,  N.  B. ;  Wil- 
liams   &    Wilson,    Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A. 

Aikcnhead    Hardware   Co 63 

Allatt    Machine    Co.    69 

Allen     Mfg.     Co.      98 

Almond    "Mfg.    Co 86 

Amalgamated   Machinery  Corp 23 

American    Pulley  Co .•-...  87 

Anderson,    Geo.    A 96 

Archibald    &    Co.,    Charles    70 

Armstrong    Bros.    Tool    Co.    96 

Atkins  &  Co.,   Wm 12 

Aurora   Tool    Works    106 

B 

Baird    Machine    Co 100 

Banfleld,   W.    H.,   &  .Sons    67.   78 

Barnes    Co.,    W.    F.    &    John    ..     ..106 

Barnes,    Wallace,    Co 79 

Beaver   Engineering   Co 97 

Bertram  A  Sons  Co.,  John  1 

Bertrams    Ltd 19 

Boker    &     Co.,    H 14 

Brant/ord   Oyen    &    Rack   Co 68 

Bridgcford  Mach.    &    Tool   Wks. 98 

Bristol   Company   96 

Bromi.    BogBS  Co U 

Brown     Engineering    Oorp.  ' 76 

Brown   &  Sharp  Mfg.   Co 106 

BiHWen.    Hanbtiry    A 67 

C 

Canada   Emery   Wheels    97 

Canada   Foimdries   &    Forgingt*.    Ltd,  9 

Canada    Machinery    Corporation    

Outside   hack    covpr 

Canada    Metal   Co 88 

Canada    Wire    &    Iron    Ooo-ls    84 

Can.    Barker  Co 76 

Can.  B.  K.   Morton  Co 89 

Can.    Blower   &    Kotge    Co 22 

Can.    Desmond-Stephan    Co 3) 

Can.    Drawn   Steel   Co.    96 

Can.  Link  Belt  Co.  15 

Can.    Fairbanks-Monw    Co.    32 

Can.     TngemoII-Rand    Co.     13 

Can.    Tjico-PhiUr*    Co..    Ltd 90 

Can.    Rnmely  Co 76 

Can.   S   K    F  Co..   Ltd 4 

Can.    Steel    Fmindriea    7 

Carlyle,    Johnson     Mach.     Co 8 

Carter   Welding    Co IflO 

Chapman    Doiible    Ball    Bearing  Co.  92 

Clas'iHed     Adrertining     70 

Cisco    -Machine    Tool    Co 69 

Consolidated    Press    Co.    1": 

Ctwtla    A   Curtis    93 

Cnrtman  <%aok  Co 96 

D 

DaTldson.    TTjos Sg 

OaTidfum    Too!    Mfg.    Corp 81 

I>aTis-Bo«rnonTtlle  Co 100 

Ddoro  Smelting  A  Defining  Co,    ...  1>' 


Dennis  Wire  &  Iron  Wks.  Co.  ..  -6 
Diamond  Saw  &  .Stamping  Work.s..  102 
Dominion  Iron  &  Wrecking  Co.  ..  74 
Dominion  Foundries  &  Steel  78.  W 

E 

Elliott  A    Whitehall    77 

Ehn   Cutting   Oil   Co 99 

EnushcTsky  &  Son,  B 101 

Erie  Foundry Ijl 

F 

Fawoett,  Charies,   Ltd 73 

Federal    Engineering  Co fi7 

Kerraciite   Machine  Co.    100 

Fetherstonhaugh    &    Co.    67 

Financial    Post   of   Canada    72 

Firth   &    Sons,    Thoa 6 

Ford  .Smith   Machine   Co 10 

Foas  Mach.   &  Supply  Co.,   Geo.    F, 

Inside  back  corer 

-  Frost  Mfg.    Co. 97 

Fiy's    (TiOndon).    Ltd 91 

O 

Call    Machine    Screw    Co 76 

CarkK^k-Walker    Machy.    Co 73 

Gar\'in    Machine  Co 22 

Geometric   Tool    Co 61 

Giddings  &    Lewis   Mfg.   Co   99 

Gilbert  &  Barker  Mfg.  Co.   Ill 

Gisholt  Machine  Co 31 

Gooley   &   E-IIimd    lOe 

Grant  Gear  Works   98 

Grant    Mfg.    &  Machine  Co 90 

Greenfleld    Machine    Co.    99 

Greenfield    Tap    &    Die    Cfirj! M 

Groenleafs    l.ld H 

H 

Hamilton   Gear  &    Machine  Co 91 

Hamilton   Mach.   Tool  Works   22 

Hanna  &  Co..    M.    A 6 

Harrey   &   Co..    Arthur  C 8 

Hawkrjdge   Bros 79 

Hendey  Machine  Co l''! 

Heald  Machine  Co.    9t 

Hepburn,    John   T 2^' 

Hibb<rt    &    Phillips    76 

High   Speed  Hammer  Co K 

Hinckley    .Mach.    Works    10^ 

Homer  &   Wilson    77 

Hoyt  Metal  Co.    102 

Hunter   Saw   A    Machine    Co 100 

Hurlburt -Rogers   Machinery  Co W 

Hyde  Engineering  Works  98 

I 

lllingworth  Steel  Co.,   John    7 

Independent  Pneimiatic  Tool  Co.   ...    28 

J 

Jacobs    Mfg.    Co 87 

Jardine  A  Co.,  A.  B 13 

Jphnaon  Machine  Co.,  Cat)>le  8 


Jones   &    Glassco    88 

Joyce-Koebel    Co 98 

K 

Kemp.<»mith     Mfg.     Co 24 

Knight  Metal    Products   Co 86 

L 

L'Air    Liquide   Society    ■. ]18 

Lancashire  Dynamo  &  Motor   85 

Landis     Machine     Co 97 

Latrobe   Electric   Steel  Co 14 

M 

Magnet   Metal    &    Foundry    Co MB 

Manitoba   Steel    Foundries,    1M\ 97 

.Manufacturers    Equipment    Co 86 

Marion   &   Marion    67 

.Marsh    Engineering  Works,    Ltd 59 

-Marten    Mach 77 

-Matheson  &  Co.,  I '.'    71 

.Matthews    &   Co..    Jas.    H 30 

-McDougall   Co.,    Lttl..    R 

Ineifle  back   cover 

McLaren,    J,     C,    Helling    Co 99 

Mechanical  /Engineering  Co 76,    113 

-Mechanic's   Tool  Case   Mfg.    Co.    ...    99 

-Metalwood    Mfg.    Co iro 

Morse   Chain    Co ss 

Morton    Mfg.   Co 79 

Murchcy  Machine  &  Tool  <:ci 85 

N 

National   Acme   Co 26 

New    Britain    Machine   Co 79 

Nicholson   File    82 

Niles-Bement-Pond... .Inside    front   rover 

Normac    Machine    Co 79 

Northern    Crane   Works    99 

Norton,    A,    0 97 

Norton    Co ]    30 

Vova  Scotia  Steel.  &  Coal   Co IS 

O 

Oakey  Chemical   Co 101 

Ontario    T.,ubricating    Co 96 

Oxyweld   Co 80 

P 

Page  Stool  &   Wire  Co 101 

Pangbom    Corp 97 

Parmentor   &    Biilloch    Co 98 

Peerless    Machine   Ca    92 

Perrin,   Wm.    R 109 

Plewes,    Ltxl 67 

Port   Hope    File    Mfg.    Co 38 

Positive    Clutch    &    Pnllov    Works...    99 

Pratt  &  Whitney Inside  front  cover 

r'rost-O-Lite    Co..     Inc 82 

Pullan,    B 69 

R 

Ilaclne  Tool  &  Machine  Co 51 

Uced-Prentloe  Co.    27 

Rhodes  Mfx.   Co H 

Richards  Sand   Blast   Mach.  Co,    ,..    80 

Rivemide    Machinery    Depot     71 

RoeJofson    Machine    &    Tool   Co 17 


S 
Shore   Instrument  &  Mfg.   Co.    .  101 

Shuster    Co.,    F.    B 99 

Sidney  Tool   Co.    .'. u 

Silver    Mfg.    Co 100 

Simonds  Canada  Saw  Co '    91 

Skinner    Chuck    Co 96 

Smalley-Gencral    Co,,    Inc 18 

Standard    Alloys    Co.     9 

Standard  Fuel   Engineering  Co.    U3 

Standard  Machy.   &  Supplies,  Ltd.  6,  21 

.Standard     Optical    Co 107 

Starrett  Co.,    L.    S 86 

Steel  Co.  of  Canada 3 

Steptoe,   John,   Co go 

St.    Lawrence   Welding   Co 13 

Stoll   Co.,    D,   H 96 

Streetcr,    H.    E 7 

Strong,    Kennard   &   Nutt  Co.  '..'.'.'.'.  101 

.Swedish    Crucible   Co 101 

Swedish  Steel  &  Importing  CoC.    ...    l' 

T 

Tabor   Mfg.    Co ;«) 

Tate  Jones  &  Co.,   Ine ',  U5 

Taylor    Instrument   Co 113 

Thwing    Instmment  Co 101 

Toomey,     B'rank     73 

Toronto   Testing   Laboratory,    Ltd.    ..    99 

Toronto    Tool     Co 77 

Toronto   Iron    Works    96 

C 

United    Brass    &   Lead,    Ltd 77 

I'nlted   Hammer  Co 100 

Cnited    States    Electrical    Tool    Co...    .10 

V 
Vanadium-Alloys  Steel  Co..   Front  cover 

Victor  Tool    Co 87 

Victoria    Foundr>-  Co Kd 

Vnlcan  Crucible  Steel  Co 14 

W 

Walton    Co.,    The    12 

WeWing   &   Supplies  Co.    84 

Wells    Bros.    Co.    of   Canada    28 

Wentwrvrth    Mfg.    Co.    102 

West    Tire    Setter  Co nl 

Whitcomh-Blalsdell    -Mach.   Tool  Co..    20 

Wheel    Tnirlng   Tool    Co 97 

Whiting   Foundry   &    Equip.   Co.    ...    W 

Whitney    Mfg.    Co 86 

Wilkinson  &   Komi)ass   100 

Williams,    A.    R.,    .Machiiier>-   Co.    59.  71 
Wllliaros,    A.    R.,    Machinery    Co.,   of 

Winnipeg    72 

Williams   &   Co..    J.    H 84 

Williams    Tool    Co    93 

Wlllson    &   Co.    T.    A im 

Wilt   Twist    Drill   Co 5 

Wisconsin    Electric    Co 65 

Wood   Turret    Machine   Co 28 

Z 
Zenith   Coal   &  Steel   Products   72 


(AnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


October  17,  1918. 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.    No.  16. 


Making  of  Files  Used  to  Be  All  Hand  Work 

Interesting  Features  of  an  Important  Piece  of  Work— Just  Now 

the  Securing  of  Material  and  the  Making  of  Files  is  Proceeding 

Under  Cramped  Circumstances 

By  DONALD   A.  HAMPSON,  Assoc.   M  )m.  Am.   Soc.  M.  E. 


The  first  of  this  article  appeared  in  the 

issue  of  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

of  October  10 

CUTTING 

FILE  teeth  are  cut  in  machines  which 
drive  a  chisel  into  the  blanks  wit.i 
great  rapidity,  moving  the  bed  on 
which  the  files  lie  at  a  rate  according  to 
the  "pitch"  of  the  teeth— in  file  par- 
lance, according  to  the  "cut."  Some  files 
are  cut  by  hand  but  the  number  is 
negligible,  and  it  is  predicted  that  the 
practice  will  die  out  with  the  present 
generation  of  file  cutters.  There  are 
two  general  types  of  files  cutting  ma- 
chmes  in  use:  the  Weed,  an  English 
machine,  and  the  Hess.  The  latter  is 
more  complicated  but  does  the  very 
nicest  kind  of  work  and  is  fast — it  is  not 
so  well  adapted  to  the  larger  files  such 
as  a  machinist  uses  in  his  daily  work 
because  of  structural  weaknesses  in- 
separable from  the  design. 

The  two  photographs  show  Weed  ma- 
chines of  diCerent  sizes— the  first  has 
a  "hammer"  of  but  2  pounds  weight, 
while  the  larger  one  has  a  40  pound  ham- 
mer. The  hammer  carries  at  its  lowei 
end  a  chuck,  B  in  Fig.  4,  in  which  the 
chisel  is  fastened;  the  weight  of  the  fall- 
ing hammer  together  with  the  reaction 
of  a  compressed  spring  drives  the  chisel 
into  the  file.  At  the  back  of  the  machine 
in  Fig.  13  will  be  seen  a  pulley;  this 
drives  the  main  shaft  which  has  at  its 
mner  end  a  two  or  three-lobed  cam  that 
raises  the  hammer  and  compresses  the 
spring  that  many  times  for  every  revo- 
Iuti<ui  and  allows  the  drop  between  every 
raise. 

In  Fig.  14  is  shown  the  details  of  that 

part  of  a  file   cutting   machine   that  in 

machine  shop  practice  would  be  termed 

the  carriage  and    carriage    feed.       The 

solid  black  represents  two  flat  file  blanks 

laid  on  the  swivel  bed  C  that  can  rock 

I  in  the  slide  G  but  is  confined  longitud- 

l  inally  by  shoulders  which   may  be  seen 

;  in  Fig.  13.     Should  the  files  be  slightly 

uneven  in  section  or  the  chisel  not  ground 

I  squarely    across    on     the     bottom,     this 

•  swivel  bed  instantly  adjusts  itself  undc-r 


the  blow  and  the  cut  produced  is  of  the 
same  depth  at  each  edge  of  the  files. 
The  slide  G  is  an  accurately  finished 
tasting  fitting  the  planed  V  in  the  base 
of  the  machine.  The  base  of  the  ma- 
chine is  solid  and  the  blow  is  deliverea 
right  over  the  center;  with  this  base  set 
on  a  foundation  of  cast  iron  and  concrete 
there  is  formed  the  finest  kind  of  an 
anvil  for  hammer  blows — the  parts  G 
and  C  are  of  a  form  that  is  self  compen- 
sating for  wear  and  that  rigidly  builds 
up  the  anvil  to  the  working  level. 


FIG.    13.      MODERN    FILE    CUTTER 

The  cut  is  started  at  the  point  of  a 
file  and  runs  toward  the  heel — this  means 
that  the  working  parts  travel  away  from 
the  operator,  the  travel  being  by  power. 
Figs.  13  and  14  show  this  mechanism.  A 
cross  shaft  at  the  rear  of  the  machine 
is  belt-driven  from  the  main  shaft. 
Bevel  gears  deliver  the  power  to  the 
buttress  thread  screw  at  the  side  of  the 
machine  which  moves  the  slide  when  the 
half  nut  F  is  engaged.  To  start  the  feed 
(and  the  cut  on  a  file),  the  operator 
presses  the  nut  against  the  screw;  to 
stop  the  feed  two  methods  are  employed; 
one  is  to  use  a  trip  which  disengages  the 
nut  quickly,  and  the  other  is  to  shift  the 
main  driving  belt  to  the  idle  pulley  on 
the  back  of  the  machine,  which  is  the 
method  used  on  the  machine  in  Fig.  13, 
where  part  of  the  throw-off  may  be  seen 
below  the  pulley.  On  ihe  smaller  ma- 
chines the  workman  shifts  the  belt  by 
a  hand  fork  at  the  end  of  the  cut.  The 
slide  is  returned  to  the  starting  position 


by  raising  the  nut  and  pulling  back  by 
hand. 

To  make  the  return  easier  the  V  cut  in 
the  bases  of  the  larger  machines  is  at 
an  angle  of  about  15=  with  the  hori- 
zontal. Lubrication  of  these  V's,  some 
of  which  are  as  big  as  on  a  48  in.  planer, 
is  by  oil  channels  and  a  squirt  can  just 
as  with  a  planer.  The  pounding  that 
the  beds  get  sets  the  moving  parts 
pretty  close  together  and  tends  to  breaK 
down  the  oil  film,  and  the  workmen  show 
signs  of  fatigue  after  pulling  back  on 
them  for  several  hours.  It  was  found 
that  by  putting  a  wedge-shaped  piece  in 
the  clearance  space  in  D  and  allowing 
the  slide  to  ride  on  this  at  the  end  of 
the  stroke,  the  slide  was  raised  enough 
to  break  the  grip'  of  the  suction  created 
and  the  parts  traveled  much  more  easily. 

Belt  drive  has  been  found  most  satis- 
factory for  file  cutting.  There  is  enough 
flexibility  in  it  to  take  care  of  the  mo- 
mentary stoppage  of  the  bed  every  time 
the  chisel  cuts  into  a  blank.  To  cut 
coarser  or  finer  teeth  on  the  same  ma- 
chine the  pulley  on  the  cross  shaft  is 
changed  and  the  belt  length  altered  to 
suit — some  of  the  commercial  forms  of 
V-belt  lending  themselves  to  such 
changes  very  nicely.  Another  and  bet- 
ter arrangement  for  changes  is  to  use 
an  idle  pu'ley  with  a  swinging  arm  that 
may  be  set  to  take  up  the  slack  without 
altering  the  belt  length.  In  larger  shops 
and  where  possible,  a  machine  is  kept 
set  up  for  one  cut  of  file  and  kept  so. 
In  this  connection  it  must  be  noted  that 
the  pitch  of  the  teeth  for  each  so-called 
cut  varies  with  the  size  of  the  file — thus 
a  14  in.  bastard  file  will  have  coarser 
teeth  than  an  8  in.  bastard  file. 

The  feed  screw  and  nut  are  important 
parts  of  the  machine  and  do  quite  heavy 
work.  Ball  thrust  bearings  are  now 
used  on  the  screw  to  relieve  the  shoulder 
of  the  pull  of  the  cut  and  are  very  satis- 
factory. A  babbitt  nut  is  used  for 
cheapness  of  renewal  and  to  take  the 
wear  from  the  screw  itself.  Fig.  16 
shows  a  portion  of  the  screw  and  of  the 
method  of  babbitting  the  nut.    It  is  ob- 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


vioos  to  a  mechanic  that  the  nut  can 
best  be  babbitted  rijrht  on  the  machine 
if  perfect  alignment  would  result;  it  is 
also  obvious  that,  being  a  top  half,  tlie 
nut  is  a  hard  one  to  pour.  One  shop 
settled  the  question  by  making  a  mold 
for  each  cutting  machine.  This  mold, 
as  seen  by  Fig.  16,  is  a  lower  half  nut 
which  completely  fills  the  threads  up  to 
a  horizontal  center  line;  it  also  has 
heads  at  the  ends  making  pasteboard 
and  putty  unnecessary.  Placing  the 
mold  against  the  under  side  of  the  screw 
the  nut  is  brought  down  on  it  and  the 
two  joined  by  a  C  clamp.  Then  all  thai 
IS  needed  is  a  ladle  of  babbitt.  The  pour- 
ing holes  at  the  top  and  the  retaining 
heads  of  the  nut  casting  hold  the  babbitt 
securely  in  place. 

Due  to  the  changing  cross  section, 
files  do  not  lie  well  on  the  bed  of  the 
machine  and  some  sort  of  a  seat  has  to 
be  built  up  for  them  so  that  they  are 
solid  under  the  chisel  blow.  Babbitt  and 
zinc  are  the  materials  used  for  the  pur- 
pose. At  one  time  babbitt  was  freely 
used  and  the  beds  were  made  hollow  on 
top  and  filled  up  to  a  working  surface 
but  increasing  attention  to  small  econo- 
mies and  the  rising  cost  of  babbitt  have 
cut  down  its  use  three-fourths.  Present 
practice  makes  use  of  the  cast  iron  bed, 
shaped  on  top  to  the  type  of  file  being 
cut  and  overlaid  with  a  strip  of  zinc. 
Thus  a  half  round  depression  is  formed 
for  the  back  of  half  rounds,  a  V  cut  is 
made  for  three  square  files  and  a  small 
half  round  groove  for  round  files — m 
these  cuts  the  zinc  strip,  1-16  in.  to  hi 
in.  thick,  is  pened  and  then  fastened  with 
a  screw  or  clamp.  As  these  are  worn 
out  they  are  renewed  and  the  old  ones 
salvaged  at  the  scrap  price.  Square  and 
rectangular  shaped  files  are  laid  direct- 
ly on  the  bed  with  the  strip  of  zinc  under 
them;  to  allow  for  working  variations 
this  strip  is  cut  perhaps  a  quarter  inch 
wider  than  the  file,  and  if  this  excess  is 
good  when  the  center  is  worn  out,  it  is 
trimmed  off  and  used  under  the  edges 
of  blanks  which  are  having  the  teeth  cut 
on  the  edge. 

Fig.  17  shows  a  round  file  and  how  a 
bed  of  babbitt  would  be  arranged  under 
it  Fig.  18  shows  a  babbitt  bed  under 
a  file  set  for  edging.  The  better  way 
with  both  the  foregoin?  would  have  been 
the  solid  cast  iron  with  zinc  facing.  Cast 
iron  itself  would  answer  every  purpose 


FIG.    19— A   SPBCIAT.   FILE 

for  the  first  cut  but  the  facing  puts  the 
wear  on  a  renewable  piece.  And  after 
tiie  teeth  have  been  cut  on  one  side  it 
is  policy  to  use  every  means  to  protect 
them. 

On  the  bed  of  the  file  cutter  there  is 
screwed  near  the  operating  end  a  piece 
of  steel  with  a  taper  notch  corresponding 
to  the  tang  of  the  file.  This  acts  as  a 
vi.se  for  the  tang  end  during  cutting. 
The  point  end,  and  in  fact  the  entire  file 


is  kept  from  rebounding  by  a  "pressure 
foot"  which  acts  directly  in  front 
of  the  line  of  cut.  How  this  works 
is  shown  in  the  details  of  Fig.  15 
which  shows  also  the  first  tooth  cut. 
This  pressure  foot  is  connected  to  a  slide 
controlled  by  the  lever  shown  at  the  left 


using  less  skilled  labor  and,  by  means  of 
limit  stops  for  travel  and  a  form  which 
automatically  changes  the  blow  instead 
of  doing  it  by  hand,  getting  the  same 
quality  of  work  as  before. 

Etching  is  a  method  sometimes  used 
for  round  files  of  the  better  grade.    Still 


A,f  /7 


t^rr^J 


post 


/■/«  /f 


Fi<i^S 


ittnutt.    .^"'^^^     /UC/-' 


mm 


y«v<f  /S 


FIG.  14-DETArLS  OF  PARTS.  FIG.  15— HOLDING  DOWN  THE 
BLANK.  PIG.  16— SCREW  AND  METHOD  OF  BABBITTING.  FIG. 
17— GROUND  FILE  ON   BED.     FIG.    18— HOLDING  TO   CUT  EDGES. 


in  Fig.  13,  which  lever  is  weighted  Lo 
give  the  desired  pressure  for  the  size 
of  file  at  hand.  By  means  of  a  foot 
treadle  the  slide  is  raised  for  removing 
the  file. 

The  actual  cutting  of  even  the  largest 
i'iles  takes  but  a  few  seconds  for  eacn 
side.  A  skilled  cutter  handles  the  filea 
very  rapidly,  turning  them  after  one  side 
is  cut  and  doing  the  second  or  third  side 
before  piling  on  his  bench.  Though  most 
machines  will  be  found  cutting  one  file 
at  a  time,  on  production  work  two  and 
three  are  now  the  order  of  the  day.  Fig. 
14  shows  two  flat  files  side  by  side,  co- 
vered by  a  wide  chisel.  When  cuttini< 
the  flat  side  of  half  rounds,  the  swivel- 
ing  possibilities  of  the  back  are  taken 
advantage  of  and  three  are  set  in  u 
three-grooved  bed  with  a  sufficiently 
wide  chisel  to  cut  out  all  at  once. 

Because  of  the  increasing  thicknes.; 
toward  the  heel  the  blow  of  the  ham- 
mer has  to  be  regulated  so  as  to  cut 
a  constant  depth  of  tooth.  It  is  for  thi.:- 
purpose  that  the  hand  wheels  are  put  at 
the  top  of  the  machines.  These  wheels 
are  sometimes  dished  to  bring  them  to  a 
convenient  working  position — the  opera- 
tor keeps  a  hand  on  the  wheel  all  the 
while,  and.  with  a  skill  that  is  cunnine 
moves  it  to  produce  the  perfect  file. 
The  hand  wheel  turns  a  screw  that  com- 
presses the  heavy  coil  spring  and  pro- 
duces a  deeper  cut.  A  cylindrical  block 
of  rubber  is  used  instead  of  a  spring  on 
smaller  work. 

Round  files  require  a  dozen  or  more 
cuts.  So  cut,  their  surface  is  really  a 
succession  of  flats.  It  is  these  numerous 
cuts  that  add  to  the  cost  of  rounds.  This 
cost  has  been  reduced  somewhat  in  shops 
that  have  standardized  their  shapes  by 


another  method  which  produces  a  su- 
perior file  is  to  cut  a  spiral  like  a  threaa 
the  entire  length,  doing  it  with  the  same 
chisel-driving  mechanism — this  cut  in 
distinction  from  the  other,  whose  cuts 
meet  but  approximately.  The  spiral  cut- 
ting is  done  by  a  device  which  bears  a 
resemblance  to  universal  milling  ma- 
chine fixtures  for  cutting  spirals,  i.e., 
turning  the  file  while  the  bed  is  advanc- 
ing at  a  predetermined  rate.  The  file  so 
produced  is  commercially  round  and  can 
be  used  for  the  best  class  of  work. 

On  the  broad  side  of  flat  files  the  cut 
needs  to  be  varied  but  little  because  the 
total  difference  in  thickness  is  only  about 
1-64  in.  to  each  side,  but  when  it  comes 
to  rounds  and  tapers  and  the  edges  of 
flat  shaped  files,  the  difference  may  be 
as  much  as  Vi  in.,  and  much  variation 
of  the  blow  is  required  to  produce  an 
even  Cut  throughout  the  length.  It  is 
here  that  the  eye  of  the  cutter  must  work 
synchronously  with  the  hand,  or  with  her 
hand,  for  women  have  been  taking  the 
place  of  men  in  file  work  for  the  last 
few  years  and  have  done  very  well. 

When  cutting  the  teeth  on  the  edges 
the  files  are  supported  as  shown  in  Fig. 
18  by  resting  against  a  vertical  side  cast 
on  the  bed  and  having  a  light  flat  spring 
set  in  the  post  as  shown,  pressing  the 
blank  up  to  the  side.  Sometimes  there 
is  no  retaining  piece  used,  and  again  a 
strip  is  screwed  to  the  horizontal  face 
forming  a  shallow  groove  in  which  the 
files  are  dropped.  Two  and  three  files 
are  cut  on  edge  at  a  time  on  the  less  par- 
ticular grades. 

There  are  hundreds  of  cutting  ma- 
chines in  some  of  the  larger  plants  anu 
every  machine  uses  one  chisel  when  it 
is  running,  besides  which  the  cutter  us- 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


445 


ually  has  several  other  chisels  allotted 
Iiim  for  different  cuts.  With  so  many  of 
these  tools  the  necessity  of  some  system 
of  grinding;  them  is  evident;  if  every 
man  left  his  machine  idle  and  went  to 
a  distant  grinder  for  sharpening  even 
once  a  day  the  loss  would  be  considerable 
to  say  nothing  of  the  loss  resulting  from 
every  man  grinding  according  to  his  par- 
ticular ideas.  The  most  satisfactory  way 
is  to  have  a  tool  boy  collect  the  dull 
chisels  twice  a  day,  taking  them  to  the 
tool  room  where  they  are  ground  on  a 
tool  grinder  which  is  arranged  with  set 
fixtures  to  make  every  chisel  of  the  same 
class  alike  on  the  cutting  edge.  A  sharp 
chisel  is  given  in  return  for  a  dull  one 
and  each  man  gets  his  chisels  on  check 
just  as  machinists  get  tools  from  tool 
rooms  by  check.  The  amount  of  money 
tied  up  in  a  few  thousand  chisels  of  ex- 
pensive steel  is  worth  the  effort  to  keep 
track  of  them. 

Cutting  is  a  piecework  job  as  are  many 
of  the  other  operations  on  the  file.  The 
cutter  gets  paid  say  twelve  cents  a  dozen 
for  10  in.  mill  files.  The  blanks  are  given 
out  to  the  workman  maybe  thirty  or 
forty  dozen  at  a  time  from  a  distributing 
crib  and  he  must  return  the  same  num- 
ber when  he  is  finished — if  one  or  two 
or  three  are  spoiled  in  cutting  no  deduc- 
tion is  made,  but  if  a  man  habitually 
spoils  a  greater  number  he  is  charged 


the  piecework  price  is  that  the  large  file 
pays  less  than  the  small  one,  the  coarse 
one  less  than  the  fine.  The  reason  is 
clear  when  we  consider  that  there  are 
more  teeth  to  the  inch  on  the  smaller 
files  of  the  same  cut  and  with  all  finer 
cuts  it  is  necessary  to  keep  the  chisels 
in  better  shape  and  take  more  care  to 
get  uniform  teeth— on  an  18  in.  bastard 
file  for  instance  a  slight  variation  in  the 
teeth  would  escape  the  notice  of  all  but 
the  expert,  and  it  would  do  no  harm  any- 
way. 

Stripping 

There  is  an  operation  preceding  the 
cutting  that  must  be  mentioned.  It  is 
called  "stripping."  Machinists  would 
call  it  "draw  filing,"  for  that  is  really 
what  it  is — the  file  blanks  are  draw  filed 
after  they  come  from  the  grinders  by 
using  regular  files  either  in  a  machine 
or  doing  the  work  by  hand.  In  the  ver 
nacular  of  the  trade,  stripping  "opens 
the  surface"  of  the  file  (which  may  be 
more  or  less  rolled  down  by  grinding)  as 
well  as  smooths  the  file  generally,  level- 
ling off  possible  high  spots  and  remov- 
ing burrs.  The  broad  side  of  flat  shapes 
and  of  half  rounds  are  done  in  stripping 
machines  where  a  number  of  blanks  ate 
laid  side  by  side  on  a  working  table 
which  is  given  a  limited  side  movement 
at  the  same  time  that  the  overhead  file 


ESfflS^SSSSfflEgSSSSS^^- 


t 


f^'Q  2.U 


nC.  20— HOW  PRECEDING  TOOTH  GUIDES  HAND  CHISEL.     FIG. 

21— STRAIGHTENING      APPARATUS.        FIG.      22— BEFORE      AND 

AJTER.    FK5.  24— RASP  TEETH. 


FIG.  23— TONGS  TO  HOLD  SIX  SMALL  FILES. 


with  them.  A  defect  in  cutting  that  does 
no  harm  except  as  to  appearance  puts 
the  file  in  the  "second"  class,  and  it  is 
hardened  separately,  packed,  and  sold 
under  another  name.     An  odd  feature  of 


is  passing  back  and  forth  throughout 
the  entire  length.  The  sharp  corners  of 
square  and  flat  shapes  are  draw  filed  to 
remove  the  keen  edge  and  to  take  off 
the  metal  that,  if  left  on,  would  create 


a  projecting  edge  at  each  comer  as  the 
teeth  were  thrown  up  by  the  chisel  work- 
ing on  the  side  and  the  edge  both. 

Hand  Cutting 

Hand  cutting  is  still  practised  to  some 
extent,  chiefly  on   specials.     The   long- 


SMALL    FILE    CUTTER. 

fancied  advantage  of  hand  cut  files  foi 
regular  machinists'  use  was  in  the  ir- 
regularity of  the  tooth  spacing.  Theor- 
etically they  would  cut  faster  and 
smoother  because  the  teeth  would  there- 
fore not  create  chatter  marks;  also  not 
so  many  touching  the  work  surface  at 
a  time,  the  file  would  take  hold  better 
and  remove  more  metal.  These  sup- 
posed advantages  have  been  pretty  well 
discounted  because  it  has  been  prove:, 
that  a  man  quickly  tires  when  he  makes 
a  ''hand  planer"  of  himself;  try  as  he 
will  he  cannot  remove  metal  as  fast  as  a 
machine,  because  a  file  properly  selected 
for  the  work  will  do  smooth  work,  and 
if  the  dies  are  made  of  the  right  shape  to 
give  the  files  the  taper  and  belly  no 
trouble  should  be  experienced  in  filing 
straight  and  in  removing  any  reasonable 
amount  of  metal.  Irregularly  spaceu 
teeth  have  been  and  still  are  made — a 
conventionalized  hand  cut,  as  it  were — 
but  for  the  reasons  above  stated  such  a 
file  is  not  worth  the  extra  trouble  of 
manufacture  and  most  manufacturers 
have  discontinued  making  them.  The 
name  "increment  cut"  is  applied  to  such 
files. 

Fig.  19  shows  a  special  file.  This  would 
be  made  hand  cut  because  of  the  rela- 
tively small  quantities  needed  and  the 
peculiar  shape  which  would  necessitate 
special  rigging  up.  It  is  much  like  the 
common  toolmakers'  files  but  is  made 
double  ended  with  teeth  on  the  flat  of  one 
end  and  on  the  edge  of  the  other,  leaving 
a  safe  edge  either  way.  An  expert  cutter 
would  get  about  fifty  cents  a  dozen  for 
cutting  these  at  hefore-the-war  prices, 
and  he  would  cut  teeth  that  run  forts 
to  fifty  in  an  inch  of  length,  fine  work 
for  toolmakers  even  at  production 
speeds! 

The  cutter  is  aided  in  his  hand  work 
by  the  sense  of  touch.  In  Fig.  20  is 
shown  a  file  with  a  few  teeth  cut  and 
the  chisel  ready  for  another  to6th;  it 
will  be  noticed  that  the  edge  of  the  chisel 
rests  against  the  raised  part  of  the  tooth 
last  cut.  This  accounts  for  the  regular- 
ity on  fine  work.     Many  of  the  so-called 


446 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Swiss  files  are  hand  cut — a  skilled  man 
will  cut  a  2  in.  (surface)  file  on  both 
bides  in  thirty  seconds.  Even  this  rapid 
work,  however,  is  bettered  a  hundred  per 
cent,  when  the  work  can  be  done  on  a 
machine. 

Marking 
A.side  from   inspection  and   stamping 
on  the  name,  the  file  is  now  ready  for 
hardening.    Some  shops  persist  in  stamp - 


5«-* 


A 


Hyo- 


FIG.    25 

ing  their  name  on  with  a  hammer  and  a 
hand  stamp  simply  because  those  in 
charge  have  never  seen  it  done  any  other 
way.  The  time  lost  and  the  cost  of 
quickly  battered  up  stamps  is  a  heavy 
loss.  Marking  machines  of  the  Slate 
variety  are  slow  for  this  kind  of  work 
unless  power  driven.  Some  form  of 
punch  or  press  is  the  quickest  kind  of 
marking  machine.  A  No.  18  Bliss  press 
is  plenty  heavy  enough — and  a  second- 
hand one  is  good  enough — ^for  marking 
files;  the  hand  stamp  is  fastened  in  the 
ram  instead  of  a  punch  and  the  machine 
belted  to  run  about  20  r.p  m.,  at  this 
speed  the  foot  treadle  can  be  blocked 
"down"  and  the  machine  runs  slow 
enough  to  enable  any  ordinary  workman 
to  feed  the  files  one  at  a  time  without 
trouble. 

A  most  excellent  marking  machine  has 
been  made  from  a  discarded  file  cutter. 
The  drawing,  Fig.  26  shows  one  of  these 
convej-ted  machines — it  has  all  the  de- 
sirable features  for  this  purpose,  i.e.,  the 
blow  is  not  limited  in  its  travel  and  thus 
the  machine  is  not  stressed  if  a  too  thick 
file  is  put  in  it,  and  a  thin  file  would  be 
mTked  just  as  any  other  (which  would 
not  be  the  case  with  the  punch  press), 
the  bed  on  which  the  files  are  laid  has 
a  self-adjusting  arrangement  that  makes 
it  very  desirable  for  both  flat  surfaces 
and  taper — the  latter  encountered  when 
the  name  is  marked  on  the  tang,  and  the 
machine  can  be  instantly  set  to  deliver 
a  light  or  a  heavy  blow. 

Too  light  a  machine  should  not  be  se- 
lected for  this  use,  but  there  are  found 
at  times  in  all  plants  medium-sized  or 
heavy  cutters  that  have  become  so  worn 
that  they  do  poor  work,  and  it  is  thought 
advisable  to  replace  them.  If  the  ad- 
justing screw  will  hold  the  compression 
of  the  spring  as  the  cam  raises  the 
hammer,  wear  in  the  other  parts  of  a 
Weed  machine  will  not  make  a  great 
deal  of  difference.  The  head  is  swung  to 
an  upright  position,  the  slide  should  be 
screwed  or  blocked  so  it  cannot  shift,  and 
a  hardened  anvil  set  in  directly  under  the 
blow.  Then  strips  to  suit  the  tang  or 
heel  of  the  files — adjustable  for  different 
sizes — are  fastened  to  the  bed.  The  ex- 
pense of  overhauling  the  vital  parts  of 
an  old  machine  is  not  great,  and  when  so 
iloing  the  overhanging  base  an/J  the  long 


bed  can  be  shortened,  which,  with  the  re- 
moval of  unused  parts  gives  a  neat  ap- 
pearing machine. 

This  form  of  marking  machine  is  really 
a  drop  hammer  procured  at  little  ex- 
pense. As  to  the  necessary  weight  of 
the  hammer,  this  can  be  computed  from 
the  total  length  of  line  in  the  stamped 
name  and  the  penetration  desired;  a 
heavier  hammer  can  be  made  and  put  in 
a  light  machine  but  the  additional  parts 
required  for  the  stamp  and  holder  often 
make  up  enough.  To  prevent  undue 
wear  and  tear,  a  stop  is  provided  as 
shown,  tripped  by  the  foot  treadle  that 
holds  the  hammer  up  except  when  trip- 
ped, the  cam  within  meanwhile  simply  re- 
volving. Depending  on  the  size  and  kind, 
from  four  to  six  hundred  files  can  be 
marked   in  an  hour's  time. 

Hardening 

The  universal  practice  is  to  heat  files 
in  a  lead  pot  for  hardening.  Files  are 
hardened  only,  not  drawn  as  the  ma- 
chinist knows  the  term;  in  reality  there 
IS  a  certain  amount  of  letting  down  the 
■  temper,  for  the  files  are  taken  out  of  the 
quenching  bath  before  they  are  cold.  In 
bygone  days  egg  coal  was  used  to  heat 
the  lead,  but  this  is  now  obsolete,  fuel 
oil  or  gas  having  taken  the  place  of  coal, 
oil  being  the  more  generally  used.  The 
saving  of  space,  of  fuel,  and  of  attend- 
ance with  oH  or  gas,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  closer  regulation,  allow  no  com- 
parison to  be  made  with  coal. 

The  files  before  hardening  are  coated 
with  some  preparation  to  keep  the  lead 
from  sticking  in  the  teeth.  Whiting  and 
wood  alcohol  is  one  of  the  commonest 
preparations  though,  due  to  the  present 
high  cost  of  the  latter,  water  is  now  uset! 
extensively  for  the  mixture — the  water 
dries  a  little  slower.  Helpers  or  boys 
dip  the  files  in  the  mixture  and  stand 
them  up  to  dry,  standing  them  against 
heated  racks.  It  is  highly  important  for 
the  safety  of  the  hardeners  that  there  be 
ho  trace  of  moisture  on  the  files  when 
dipped.  One  of  the  most  efficient  ar- 
rangements for  this  work  is  a  conveyor 
using  a  wire  mesh  belt,  power  driven, 
with  the  loading  position  close  to  the 
coating  tank  and  the  delivery  at  the  lead 
pot.  During  its  travel  the  belt  passes 
through  a  gas  or  steam  heated  oven  that 
is  kept  at  a  predetermined  heat  for  the 
assured  drwing  of  the  coating;  the  speed 
of  travel  is  also  variable  if  necessary. 
This  arrangement  delivers  the  maximum 
number  of  files  and  does  it  without  tak- 
ing up  any  storage  space  at-  either  end, 
the  speed  of  delivery  being  subject  to 
change  by  the  hardener  if  for  any  reason 
he  is  retarded  in  his  work.  Saving  in 
handling  and  in  danger  of  the  files  get- 
ting bruised  will  soon  pay  for  such  an 
improvement. 

The  files  are  suspended  in  the  lead  by 
driving  them  in  handles  that  in  turn  are 
suspended  from  cross  pieces  over  the 
pot.  The  hardener  always  has  a  suffi- 
cient number  ahead  to  give  all  a  chance 
to  heat  thoroughly  and  slowly.  Under 
the  best  systems  two  men  work  in  a  team 
and  harden  in  the  neighborhood  of  300 
dozen  medium-sized  files  in  a  day,  one 
man  doing  the  dipping  and  the  other  the 


straightening.  The  old  fashioned  way 
was  for  one  man  to  do  both  these  oper- 
ations, and  while  he  did  them  well  and 
rapidly  the  production  was  far  less,  due 
to  the  extra  movements  he  must  make. 
Under  present  systems  it  is  considered 
better  to  let  a  helper  place  the  working 
handles  on  the  files  before  the  hardener 
gets  them  and  to  remove  them  when  the 
straightener  is   through. 

The  lead  is  of  course  kept  at  a  red 
heat.  Its  surface  is  covered  with  pul- 
verized charcoal  or  other  substance  to 
keep  it  from  oxidizing.  In  connection 
with  the  conveyor  scheme  detailed  above 
a  saving  in  fuel  was  discovered  in  the 
files  being  so  warm  as  they  were  plunged 
—a  file  as  warm  as  could  be  held  in  the 
hand  would  not  chill  the  lead  to  the  ex- 
tent that  one  at  atmospheric  temperature 
would — the  heat  required  to  raise  the 
file  to  a  drying  temperature  was  saved 
and  utilized,  making  the  process  one  of 
pre-heating  as  well  as  drying. 

Salt  water  is  used  for  quenching  the 
heated  files.  It  is  a  medium  that  has  not 
yet  been  superseded.  The  brine  is  made 
very  heavy;  salt  is  addd  to  the  water 
until  it  will  absorb  no  more.  This  heavy 
quenching  bath  cools  better  than  water 
alone  because  it  does  not  fly  away  from 
the  plunged  file  as  does  the  lighter 
medium;  it  makes  better  contact  with  the 
file  just  as  the  liquid  lead  in  the  heating 
pot  makes  a  far  better  contact  than 
would  the  coals  of  a  fire. 

Files  are  subject  to  bending  or  warp- 
ing in  the  cooling  bath  just  as  other  ar- 
ticles of  carbon  steel  and  for  the  same 
reasons,  though  system  and  quantity 
production  and  supervision  have  elimin- 


FIG.   26— A  FILE  CUTTER   CONVERTED   INTO 
A   MARKING    MACHINE. 

ated  to  an  extent  many  of  the  causes  of 
warping  against  which  the  hardener  of 
a  few  odd  pieces  must  battle.  The 
straightener  has  been  mentioned  and  his 
duties  are  to  correct  the  worst  of  the 
crookedness  which  occurs  after  due  pre- 
cautions have  been  taken  in  manufacture, 
delivering  a  file  that  is  commercially 
straight. 

To  the  machinist,  the  idea  of 
straightening  a  piece  which  is  glass  hard 
and  not  drawn  seems  an  impossibility. 
It  is  a  trick  of  the  file  trade,  and  so  well 
acquired  that  the  straightener  rarely 
breaks  a  file.  While  the  file  is  yet  warm, 
before  it  entirely  ceases  to  sizzle,  it  ia 
withdrawn  and  quickly  inspected;  if  a 
crook  shows  up  the  file  is  bent  the  re- 
quired amount  and  cooled  in  a  way  that 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


447 


will  fix  this  shape  permanently.  For  this 
purpose  the  workman  uses  a  flat  brush 
which  he  dips  in  his  tank  of  water  and 
applies  to  the  side  of  the  file  that  he 
wishes  to  contract.  The  usual  method  of 
bending  is  shown  in  Fig.  21;  two  bars  arc 
fastened  across  the  top  of  the  tank  or 
near  to  it  so  that  the  file  may  be  thrusL 
between  them  and  pried  downward  at 
the  tang  end,  the  concave  side  of  the  file 
having  been  turned  uppermost. 

Half  round  files  are  the  most  trouble- 
some in  hardening  because  of  the  un- 
equal area  of  surface  on  the  face  and  the 
back.  To  overcome  this  the  hardener 
bends  the  file  slightly  as  in  Fig.  22  be- 
fore he  dips  it  in  the  brine,  an  amount 
which  his  experience  tells  him  will  be 
needed  to  counteract  the  "draw"  of  the 
greater  cooling  surface  on  the  back.  An- 
other trick  with  half  rounds  is  to  plunge 
them  in  the  brine,  not  straight  down  but 
with  a  circular  motion  that  brings  them 
out  of  the  liquid  at  its  end,  the  pocket  of 
brine  within  the  circle  and  above  the  file 
having  less  cooling  effect  than  the  body 
below  the  file. 

Various  improvements  and  kinks  in- 
crease the  production  of  the  hardening 
department.  Thus  the  smaller  sizes,  of 
which  the  special  in  Fig.  19  is  typical, 
are  held  in  groups  for  suspension  in  the 
lead  and  while  being  quenched.  As 
shown  by  Fig.  23,  special  tongs  with 
wide  faces  are  employed  that  hold  m 
this  case  six  files  at  a  time.  A  ring  over 
the  handles  secures  the  files  for  the 
entire  cycle  and  relieves  the  workman. 
The  jaws  are  faced  with  rubber  or  cork 
or  leather  to  provide  the  yielding  neces- 
say  to  holding  the  several  pieces.  Over 
300  dozen  of  such  files  have  been  hard- 
ened both  ends  in  a  day  by  an  expert. 

A  continuous  hardening  machine  has 
recently  been  tried  out  in  one  plant  and 
bids  fair  to  be  a  distinct  success.  It  in 
built  on  the  station  principle — loading 
station  where  the  files  are  hung  from 
arms  so  they  are  in  the  lead,  a  period  of 
travel  during  which  the  file  gets 
thoroughly  heated,  and  an  unloading 
station  where  the  hardener  takes  the 
files  off  the  arms  with  his  tongs  and  dips 
them.  The  arms  are  driven  by  a  central 
retaining  spider  rotating  about  a  verti- 
cal axis.  Each  arm  has  a  certain  num- 
ber of  snaps  which  the  loader  opens  to 
get  the  files  in  and  which  the  hardener 
touches  to  release  them.  So  fast  does 
the  hardener  "turn  'em  out"  with  this 
machine  that  two  or  three  straighteners 
are  kept  busy  on  that  final  operation. 
Gang  dipping  on  machinists  and  tool- 
makers'  regular  files  is  not  attempetd. 
Every  steel  man  knows  the  value  of  slow, 
thorough  heating  of  an  article  to  be 
hardened  and  the  files  in  this  machine 
get  all  of  that.  The  files  are  grasped  so 
they  travel  edge  to  the  lead,  so  set  and 
traveling  at  the  slow  speed  they  create 
almost  no  more  disturbance  of  the  molten 
lead  than  would  an  equal  number  of  files 
simply  submerged. 

Going  into  the  subject  as  a  matter  of 
research  it  has  been  found  that  files 
given  a  more  extended  heat  treatment 
will  do  more  work  before  wearing  out 
than  the  files  of  manufacture.    All  of  us 


are  familiar-with  the  qualities  imparted 
to  gears  and  other  motor  parts  by  suc- 
cessive heating  and  quenching  and  draw- 
ing, with  the  higher  elastic  limits  result- 
ing, the  increase  in  wearing,  and  the 
wonderfully  fine  grain  as  shown  by 
micro-photographs.  Files  are  made  from 
high  carbon  steel  and  to  an  extent  par- 
lake  of  the  qualities  named  when  pro- 
perly treated.  These  points  were  noted 
in  connection  with  files  when  users  re- 
ported that  re-cut  files  gave  better  ser- 
vice than  .new  ones — re-cut  by  softening, 
grinding  off  the  old  teeth,  re-cutting  and 
re-hardening.  The  refining  of  the  second 
heat  is  now  held  responsible  for  this,  a 
conclusion  borne  out  by  tests  with  new 
files  that  have  been  heated  and  dippec 
a  second  time  and  have  then  stood  up 
much  longer.  The  buying  public  how- 
ever is  not  ready  to  pay  the  extra  cost. 

Clean  and  Pack 

Following  the  hardening  the  files  are 
cleaned.  The  hardening  process  leaves 
a  very  slight  oxidization  and  there  is  a 
little  grit  left  from  the  coating,  all  of 
which  must  be  removed  to  make  a  neat 
appearing  file.  Stiff  brushes  are  used 
for  some  of  this  work  but  the  great 
volume  of  files  are  cleaned  in  a  steam 
cleaning  device  which  shoots  a  spray  of 
steam,  water,  and  a  little  of  the  finest 
sand  against  the  surface  of  the  files. 
The  apparatus  is  something  like  a  sand 
blast — a  metal  casing  protects  the  work- 
man and  confines  the  spray  and  is  sup- 
plied with  an  overhead  exhaust;  a  door 
in  the  front  is  so  placed  that  the  jet 
strikes  the  files  as  they  are  inserted  one 
at  a  time  and  as  fast  as  they  are  put  in, 
turned  over,  and  taken  out  when  they  are 
cleaned.  Sulphuric  acid  is  used  for 
cleaning  and  sharpening  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent. 


ffen  p£fiiea  i 


Fffi27 


FIG.    27-5KETCH    OF   H.\RDENING   MACfflNE 
AND    HOW    WOKK    IS    HANDLED. 


Immediately  after  cleaning  the  files 
are  oiled  to  prevent  rusting.  Then  they 
are  wrapped  in  manila  paper  and  put  in 
boxes.  Efficient  methods  are  followed  in 
this  seemingly  ordinary  operation  and  a 
marked  economy  of  time  and  wrapping 
paper  is  effected.  Instead  of  rolling  the 
dozen  files  in  a  long  strip  of  paper  com- 
pletely enclosing  them  and  forming  more 
than  one  thickness  at  a  number  of  places, 
paper  coming  in'  perforated  rolls  is  used. 


The  distance  between  perforations  is 
equal  to  two  sides  and  one  edge  of  a  file, 
it  will  therefore  protect  four  flat  sur- 
faces, to  say  nothing  of  the  one  edge. 
This  paper  is  drawn  out  over  the  box 
which  is  resting  on  the  bench  in  suitable 
guides  and  a  file  is  dropped  in  the  center  • 
of  each  space;  the  perforations  break  as 
the  file  reaches  the  bottom  and  its  sharp 
corners  cut  the  already  partly  severed 
strip.  Another  packing  that  is  used  in 
these  days  of  paper  shortage  is  to  lay 
pasteboard  strips  between  the  files  as 
they  are  placed  in  the  boxes — this  is 
quick  and  all  sufficient  as  the  sides  of 
the  box  are  ample  protection  for  the  file 
edges.  This  method  is  economical  and 
quick. 

Rasps 

Rasps  are  made  of  a  low  grade  of  steel, 
primarily  because  steel  of  higher  carbon 
will  not  stand  the  bending  and  compres- 
sion which  a  rasp  tooth  must  without 
breaking.  So  low  in  carbon  is  this  steel 
that  only  the  thin  points  of  the  teeth 
harden  at  all  but  this  is  sufficient  for 
the  work  rasps  have  to  do.  Fig.  24  shows 
rasp  teeth  in  perspective  and  in  section. 
They  are  cut  with  a  round  nose  chisel — 
this  leaves  a  half  round  gouge  in  the  flat 
surface  of  the  blank  and  the  m.etal  thus 
thrown  up  forms  the  tooth,  the  end  of 
the  chisel  making  the  straight  side. 

Formerly  rasp  teeth  were  cut  by  hand 
by  the  workman  who  sat  before  a  bench 
on  which  the  blank  was  strapped  down 
and  who  used  a  hand  chisel  which  he  drove 
by  a  sort-handled  hammer  having  a 
peculiar  bludgeon-shaped  head  weighmg 
several  pounds.  The  workman  spaced 
the  teeth  by  eye,  experience  enabhng  him 
to  turn  out  a  wonderfully  regular  piece 
of  work.  Needless  to  say,  he  workeo 
slower  at  this  job  in  the  afternoon  than 
in  the  morning,  and  the  physical  powers 
of  a  human  being  limited  the  production. 
In  the  days  before  the  wide  use  of  tne 
automobile  there  was  a  big  demand  for 
horse  rasps,  and  it  was  a  profiUble 
branch  of  the  business;  the  rows  of  men 
engaged  in  cutting  rasps  were  later  re- 
placed by  the  rasp  cutting  machine. 

Fig  25  shows  the  principle  on  which 
this  machine  operates.  The  blanks  are 
held  much  as  are  file  blanks,  and  the 
table  travels  under  the  chisels  m  mucn 
the  same  manner  but  the  table  trave.s 
between  the  uprights  of  the  machine,  and 
there  are  two  of  the  half  round  chisels 
held  in  the  chuck,  producing  two  teeth  at 
one  blow.  By  a  side  movement  the  whole 
of  the  width  of  the  blank  is  covered.  In 
Fig  25  the  heavy  shaded  part  is  the 
blank  Reference  to  the  left  hand  figure 
shows  that  the  head  travels  in  curved 
guides-this  gives  the  teeth  a  little  more 
or  the  throwing-up  cut  imparted  by  the 
hand  cutter. 

With  hand  cutting,  rasp  teeth  naturaii> 
varied  a  little  in  height,  nor  is  this  alto- 
gether eliminated  in  the  machine-cul 
article.  Where  the  best  of  work  is  turn- 
ed out  a  hieher  price  is  gladly  paid  for 
rasps  that  have  been  evened  off,  as  a 
single  high  tooth  will  score  quite  badly 
and  necessitate  further  dressing  down  of 
the  work.  This  evening-off  process  is 
done  like  cutter  grinding— just  the  topi 


448 


CANADIAN    STACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


of  the  teeth  are  touched  by  the  emery 
wheel  and  these  are  Riven  about  15  de- 
,rrees  of  clearance.  The  work  is  done  on 
a  frrinder  specially  constructed  for  thii 
purpose,  an  index  finger  rests  against 
the  row  of  teeth  being  levelled  off  and 
a  slide  on  which  the  rasp  lies  is  an  easy 
fit  in  ways  that  allow  slide  and  rasp  to 
be  moved  by  hand.  Rasps  so  bettered 
sell  for  $1  to  J1.50  more  than  the  run  of 
the  shop. 

In  connection  with  prices  at  the  pre- 
sent time,  a  comparison  with  those  of  a 
decade  ago  is  interesting.  The  steel 
alone  now  costs  more  than  the  retail 
price  of  the  files  then.  For  instance, 
14  in.  flat  files  once  sold  for  $2.50  a 
dozen  Twenty-one  pounds  of  steel  went 
into  their  make-up — hardly  a  profit  for 
handling  the  steel,  you  say,  let  alont 
paying  a  cent  towards  the  bigger  item 
of  manufacture,  but  at  that  time  the  best 
of  file  steel  cost  only  3  to  3%  cents  a 
pound! 


NAVIGATING   INSTRUMENTS  USED 
ON  AIRPLANES 

Before  an  airplane  can  be  put  into 
military  service  it  must  be  equipped  witii 
nine  or  more  delicate  aeronautic  instru- 
ments, some  of  which  are  absolutely  es- 
sential to  exact  flying,  and  all  of  which 
contribute  to  the  successful  operation  of 
a  plane.  Without  them  a  pilot  would 
soon  lose  his  location  as  to  height  and 
direction;  he  would  not  know  his  speed 
through  the  air,  the  speed  of  his  pro- 
peller, the  amount  of  gasoline  in  his 
tank,  the  temperature  of  his  cooling 
water,  or  if  his  oil  was  circulating  He 
could  not  tell  whether  he  was  banKing 
properly  on  his  turns.  These  comprise 
the  necessary  flying  instruments,  but  ar 
aviator  could  not  fly  to  any  great  heighi, 
without  another  valuable  instrument,  an 
oxygen  supplying  apparatus,  nor  could 
he  operate  his  guns,  signal  headquarters, 
release  his  bombs,  or  "shoot"  his  cameras 
without  additional  mechanisms. 

Two  Seta  Sometimes  Necessary 

All  these  instruments  must  be  ready 
for  installation  on  the  airplanes  as  soon 
as  they  are  assembled,  for  no  plane  is 
complete  without  them.  In  some  in- 
stances, particularly  for  the  two-seaters 
and  the  heavy  bombing  machines,  two 
and  even  three  instruments  of  each  sort 
are  necessary,  totalling  sometimes  as 
many  as  23,  but  for  ordinary  work  only 
about  nine  of  them  are  needed.  The 
average  cost  of  a  set  of  navigation  in- 
struments for  a  single  plane  is  $350. 

For  operation  of  actual  combat  planes, 
such  as  observing,  photographing,  bomb- 
ing, and  fighting  planes,  many  other 
complicated  and  expensive  instruments 
and  sets  of  apparatus  are  necessary. 
Among  them  are  machine  guns,  gun 
mounts,  synchronizers,  bomb  racks, 
(iroppin?  <ievices,  bomb  sights,  radio, 
photographic,  and  oxygen  apparatus, 
electrically  heated  clothing,  lights,  and 
flares.  The  cost  of  such  additional  ac- 
cessories would  bring  the  total  cost  of 
equipment  for  a  plane  to  several  thou- 
sand  dollars    each,  depending   upon    the 


type  of  plane.     But  these  devices  will 
not  be  discussed  in  detail  here. 

Foreign  Models  Improved  Upon 

When  the  American  air  programme 
began  to  be  developed  none  of  the  in- 
struments now  so  vital  to  the  service 
was  being  produced  in  quantities,  and 
some  of  them  were  not  being  produced 
at  all.  Over  60  per  cent,  of  these  instru- 
ments had  to  be  developed  from  foreii^n 
models,  and  the  remaining  40  per  cent. 
was  secured  by  modifying  or  remodeling 
American  automobile-type  instruments. 
Numerous  and  serious  difficulties  \vere 
encountered  in  designing  instruments, 
capable  of  quantity  production,  of  Iht 
lightest  possible  weight  and  under  ex- 
acting requirements  as  to  accuracy.  Dur- 
ing this  pioneer  work  new  instruments 
were  being  developed  abroad  almost 
daily,  each  new  design  carrying  an  im- 
provement. 

Most  of  the  work  in  this  connection 
was  done  by  the  Signal  Corps  in  con- 
junction with  manufacturers.  All  avail- 
nhle  information  and  data  were  collected, 
foreign  and  domestic  models  and  types 
were  carefully  tested,  designs  were  stan- 
dardized, and  specifications  prepared. 
Results  show  that  types  for  every  class 
of  instrument  have  been  adopted  and  put 
into  production  here.  Far  greater  stan- 
dardization has  been  reached  than  exists 
in  Europe  to-day,  tending  to  increase 
quantity  production  materially  and  de- 
crease the  number  of  replacement  parts 
necessary. 

Some  of   the   Instruments 
Various  instruments  developed  by  the 
Signal  Corps  include: 

The  tachometer,  or  revolution  counter, 
is  an  instrument  which  indicates  the 
number  of  revolutions  per  minute  at 
which  the  engine  is  running.  Unlike  the 
speedometer  on  an  automobile,  it  does 
not  translate  revolutions  into  miles  per 
hour:  another  instrument  rives  the 
sneed  in  relation  to  the  air.  When  in- 
strument matters  were  taken  up  last 
.TuV  there  were  no  tachometers  mana- 
fictured  in  this  country  of  the  type 
which  has  proven  most  successful 
abroad;  namely,  the  escapement  or  chro- 
matic tvpe.  Two  large  manufacturing 
comoanies  are  now  turnine  out  these 
instruments  in  large  quantities,  one  of 
them  100  a  dav,  and  a  third  company 
has  also  in  production  a  new  centrifugal 
type. 

The  Air  Speed  Indicator 
The  air  speed  indicator  is  a  pressure 
cauge  for  showing  the  speed  of  the  plane 
in  relation  to  the  air.  not  the  earth.  This 
instrument  includes  what  is  known  as  a~ 
Ventuvi-Pitot  tube,  which  is  fastened  to 
a  strut  and  takes  in  the  air  from  ahead. 
The  air  sets  uo  a  corresponding  pres- 
sure in  an  auxiliary  tube,  which  is  cali- 
brated and  indicated  on  a  dashboard  re- 
cording pressure  gauge. 

The  altimeter  is  an  aneroid  barometer 
eraduated  to  read  height  above  the  earth 
instead  of  pressure.  Under  standard 
specifications  a  reduction  in  weight  and 
size  was  effected  in  the  manufacture  of 
these  instruments,  which  are  now  being 
produced  in  large  quantities  and  of  a 
nullity  equal  to  the  best  foreign  make. 
Three  standard  types    are    made,    with 


ranges  of  20,000,  25,000  and  30,000  feet; 
Production  was  up  to  500  a  week  in  Aprii. 

The  Airplane  Compass 

The  Airplane  Compass. — After  much 
experimental  work  this  instrument  has 
not  yet  reached  the  perfection  desired.  A 
new  type,  having  advantages  over  any 
present  form  of  compass,  especially  as  to 
compactness,  is  now  used.  In  the  devel- 
opment of  this  instrument  effort  has  been 
made  to  reduce  the  weight  to  the  safest 
possible  minimum  and  to  decrease  the 
space  required  in  the  airplane.  One  con- 
cern is  now  turning  out  compasses  at 
the  rate  of  200  a  week. 

Airplane  Clocks.— Due  to  the  develop- 
ment which  had  been  made  in  clocks  for 
automobiles,  it  was  only  necessary  to 
standardize  a  design  of  mounting  in  or- 
der to  adopt  such  clocks  to  airplanes. 
Sufficient  quantities  are  now  available 
for  all  needs. 

Pressure  Gauges.— Instrument-board 
pressure  gauges  were  already  manufac- 
tured here  in  large  quantities,  and  as 
soon  as  standard  specifications  were  de- 
veloped production  started.  Two  types 
are  used,  one  to  register  the  air  pressure 
which  forces  the  gasoline  to  the  engine 
and  the  other  to  show  the  pressure  pro- 
duced in  the  oiling  system  by  the  oil- 
circulating  pump.  Standard  forms  of 
cases  and  dials  with  interchangeable 
glasses  and  bezels  have  been  designed. 

The  Radiator  Thermometer 

Radiator  Thermometer. — This  instru- 
ment is  mounted  on  the  instrument  board 
where  it  indicates  the  temperature  of  the 
cooling  water  in  the  engine.  Undue  heat- 
ing shows  that  the  engine  is  not  running 
properly  or  that  more  water  is  needed. 
Thermometers  of  this  type  made  here 
were,  and  still  are,  being  submitted  to 
extensive  tests.  Efforts  were  also  made 
to  stimulate  the  trade  toward  developing 
more  accurate  and  reliable  instruments, 
and  now  a  sufficient  supply  is  available 
from  two  sources. 

Banking  Indicator. — This  is  an  instru- 
ment used  to  show  when  a  plane  is  cor- 
rectly banked  in  making  a  turn.  Spirit 
level,  balance,  and  gyroscopic  types  are 
being  used.  The  problem  of  indicating 
the  extent  to  which  a  plane  is  inclined  to 
the  horizontal  in  the  air  is  a  very  compli- 
cated one.  No  simple  solution  has  yet 
been  reached.  Fortunately,  it  is  not 
often  necessary  to  determine  whether 
the  plane  is  exactly  horizontal,  except  in 
connection  with  bomb  drooping.  Devel- 
opment work  is  under  way  which  it  is 
hoped  will  lead  to  imnrovement  of  de- 
vices already  in  use  abroad. 

Aldis  Sight. — This  sight,  which  is 
used  in  connection  with  fixed  guns  firing 
through  the  propeller,  has  been  copied, 
as  regards  its  optical  features,  from  an 
English  instrument;  but  the  construction 
has  been  modified  in  such  a  way  that  the 
behavior  of  the  instrument  in  actual  use 
will  probably  be  very  much  improved. 
After  a  number  of  tests  and  experiments 
satisfactory  instruments  are  now  avail- 
able. The  makers  have  been  assisted 
in  recomputing  the  lenses  to  suit  the  op- 
tical glass  available  in  this  country.  The 
illumination  of  these  sights  for  night  op- 
eration is  also  being  studied. 


October  17,  1918. 


44» 


Research  the  Mainstay  of  a  Nation's  Industries* 

The  National  Research  Laboratory  of  England  Has  Been  a  Potent 
Factor  in  Overcoming  England's  Industrial  Handicap  and  in  the 
Placing  of  Her  Scientific  Work  on  a  Par  With  Germany's — The 
Author,  in  a  Paper  Delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution,  Describes 
the  Organization  and  Some  of  the  Work  it  Has  Accomplished 

By  SIR  RICHARD  T.  GLAZEBROOK,  C.B. 


SOMK  seventeen  years  ago  I  spoke 
in  this  room  on  "The  Aims  of  the 
National  Physical  (Laboratory."  I 
endeavored  to  make  clear  the  reasons 
for  its  establishment  and  to  indicate 
some  of  the  work  we  hoped  to  accom- 
plish. I  concluded:  "It  has  been  my 
wish  to  state  in  general  terms  the  aim 
of  the  laboratory  to  make  the  advances 
of  physical  science  more  readily  avail- 
able for  the  nation  and  then  to  illustrate 
the  way  in  which  it  is  intended  to  attain 
these  aims.  I  trust  I  may  have  shown 
that  the  National  Physical  Laboratory 
is  an  institution  which  may 
deservedly  claim  the  cordial 
support  of  all  who  are  in- 
terested in  real  progress." 

Much  has  happened  since 
then:  how  far  we  can  assert 
that  we  have  made  good  is 
for  others  to  say.  At  any 
rate  our  growth  and  the  gen- 
erous aid  we  have  been  given 
by  many  valued  friends  is 
evidence  that  the  support  for 
which  I  asked  has  not  been 
wanting.  And  now  that  an- 
other great  change  in  our  po- 
sition is  about  to  take  place 
and.  as  I  trust,  a  wider 
sphere  of  usefulness  is  of- 
fered to  us,  it  is  not  unfitting 
to  put  on  record  something 
of  what  has  been  done  and 
to  indicate,  though  it  must 
only  be  in  general  terms, 
plans  for  the  future.  "Plans 
for  the  future":  to-day  it  is 
hard   to   plan;    one    thought  fig.  l. 

only  fills  all  our  minds,  and 
every       effort       is       needed 
to    secure    that    victory    without    which 
future  plans  are  useless. 

statistics 

Let  me  commence,  then,  with  a  few 
statistics  as  to  growth  and  work:  In 
1901  the  staff  consisted  of  three  scienti- 
fic assistants  working  in  some  small 
rooms  at  the  Kew  Observatory,  and  the 
old  observatory  staff;  the  income  was 
perhaps  £5,000.  When  I  lectured  last 
arrangements  were  in  progress  for  mov- 
ing the  laboratory  to  Bushy  House. 
Teddington.  To-day — or  rather  from 
April  1  next — we  shall  be  organized  in 
eight  different  departments,  each  with 
its  own  superintendent  and  a  large  staff 
of  scientific  assistants  and  observers. 
The  staff  now  numbers  well  over  500 
persons,  of  whom  about  180  are  women. 
The   expenditure  during   the   current  fi- 


nancial year  will  be  considerably  above 
£100,000.  Quite  recently  several  acres 
of  ground  adjoining  the  laboratory  have 
been  secured  and  large  additional  build- 
ings are  being  erected;  these  '  are  re- 
quired for  urgent  war  work. 

Many  of  these  have  been  erected  by 
private  generosity.  Thus,  Sir  A.  F. 
Yarrow  gave  £20,000  for  the  William 
Froude  National  Tank,  Sir  Julius  Wern- 
her  erected  the  Metallurgical  Labora- 
tory at  the  cost  of  £10,000,  Sir  John 
Brunner  gave  £5,000  to  the  Electrical 
Laboratory,  while  many  friends — includ- 


THE   ADMINISTRATION    BUILDING    OF   THE    NATIONAL 
RESEARCH    LABORATORY. 


ing  the  Royal  Commissioners  of  the  Ex- 
hibition of  1851 — contributed  to  the  ad- 
ministration block  (Fig.  1)  and  the  Op- 
tical Laboratory  erected  in  1913  at  a 
cost  of  £20,000. 

As  to  finance,  it  may  be  of  interest 
to  give  some  figures.  The  ordinary  ex- 
penditure— excluding  sums  spent  on 
capital  account — increased  from  £5,479 
in  1900  to  £38,003  in  1913-14,  the  total 
income  from  January,  1900.  to  March 
31,  1914,  being  £282.545.  The  sources 
of  this  income  were  distributed  thus: 

Treasury      grants      to      the 

laboratory    £80,500 

Treasury    grants    for    aero- 
nautics         20,182 

Receipts  for  work  done   .  . .    166.633 

Donations   15,230 


£282,545 
During    the    same    period    the    capital 


expenditure  was  £156,198,  provided  thus: 
From   Treasury  grants    . . .  £75,941 
From  private  donations   . .  .     55,967 
Provided  out  of  income  . . .     24,290 

£156,198 
The  enormous  growth  in  expenditure 
from  £38,000  in  1913-14  to  over  £100,000 
this  year  is,  of  course,  due  to  the  war. 

The  growth  of  the  personnel  has  been 
already  alluded  to.  On  the  executive 
committee  the  changes  have  been  nu- 
merous. Of  the  original  members,  all  of 
whom  gave  untiring  work  to- 
wards the  promotion  of  our 
interests,  we  have  lost  Sir 
Courtenay  Boyle,  Sir  John 
Wolfe  Barry,  Sir  Edward 
Carbutt,  Dr.  Elgar,  Sir  An- 
drew Noble,  Sir  W.  Roberts- 
Austen,  and  Sir  Arthur 
Rucker,  while,  in  addition, 
from  the  names  of  the  ori- 
ginal general  board  the  fol- 
lowing are  missing:  Lord 
Kelvin.  Sir  William  Huggins, 
Sir  Michael  Foster,  Professor 
Ayrton,  Dr.  L.  Mond,  Sir 
William  Preece,  Sir  Joseph 
Swan,  and  Sir  W.  Wharton. 
Sir  John  Wolfe  Barry's  re- 
cent death  will  be  felt  as  a 
severe  loss,  not  only  to  the 
laboratory,  where  he  was 
welcome  as  a  wise  councellor 
and  a  real  friend,  but  to  all 
the  numerous  institutions 
with  which  he  was  connected. 
We  are  happy  in  having  Lord 
Rajleigh  stil  las  our  chair- 
man ;  his  hand  has  steered  us 
through  many  difficulties,  and  to  his 
consistent  support  much  of  the  success 
is  due. 

Growth 
During  this  period  the  ultimate  con- 
trol of  the  laboratory  has  rested  in  all 
particulars  with  the  president  and  coun- 
cil of  the  Royal  Society.  They  have 
been  responsible  for  the  finances  of  the 
institution.  Any  loss — I  am  glad  to  say 
there  has  been  no  loss — would  have  fal- 
len on  the  funds  of  the  society;  the  la- 
boratory, in  spite  of  its  name  "National" 
has  really  been  a  private  concern  of  the 
Royal  Society,  supported  most  cordially 
throughout  by  six  of  the  leading  techni- 
cal societies,  and  dependent  for  part  of 
its  income  on  a  grant-in-aid  from  the 
Treasury,  but  in  the  main  from  the  re- 
ceipts from  fees. 

From   April    1    next  there   is   to  be   a 
change.      The    scientific   control    of    the 


4fi0 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FIG.  2.    THE  ROLLING  MILL. 


laboratory  is  still  to  be  exercised  by  the 
president  and  council  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety the  property  of  the  laboratory  is 
to  be  vested  in  the  Imperial  Trust  for 
the  Encouragement  of  Scientific  and  In- 
dustrial Research — it  is  now  vested  in 
the  Royal  Society.  The  income  of  the 
laboratory,  including  receipts  from  fees, 
is  to  be  vested  in  and  is  to  be  under  the 
control  of,  the  committee  of  the  privy 
council  for  Scientific  and  Industrial  Re- 
search. The  laboratory  will  be  managed 
by  an  executive  committee  appointed  as 
heretofore  and  containing  representa- 
tives of  the  great  technical  societies.  In 
this  manner  it  is  hoped  to  secure  finan- 
cial stability  and  to  retain  at  the  same 
time  the  great  benefits  which  have  come 
from  the  close  connection  with  the  Royal 
Society. 

In  the  future,  as  in  the  past,  the  labor- 
atory will  endeavor  to  discharge  two 
functions;  it  will  be  a  laboratory  of  in- 
dustrial research,  and  a  national  testing 
institution  or  proving  house.  To-day  we 
deal  with  the  Laboratory  of  Industrial 
Research. 

Industrial  research — What  is  it?  In 
recent  years  much  has  been  written  on 
this  subject;  the  idea  of  a  laboratory  de- 
voted to  industrial  research  is  by  no 
means  novel,  and  the  steps  by  which 
ordinarily  a  scientific  discovery  develops 
into  a  manufacturing  process  are  gener- 
ally recognized.  First  and  foremost  we 
have  the  research  student  impelled  by 
his  thirst  for  knowledge,  his  desire  to 
penetrate  ever  deeper  into  the  mysteries 
of  nature;  he  does  not  work  with  the 
deliberate  intention  of  making  some- 
thing of  service  to  humanity.  Faraday's 
discoveries  of  electromagnetic  laws, 
made  in  this  building,  were  at  first  as 
useless  as  the  new  born  babe,  but  had 
within  them  that  power  and  potency 
which  has  transformed  the  industry  of 
the  world.  Rontgen,  when  he  discovered 
X-rays,  or  J.  J.  Thomson  when  he  track- 
ed down  ions  and  corpuscles  in  the  man- 
ner he  has  often  demonstrated  here, 
thought  little  of  their  application  to  sur- 


gery   and    the    countless    benefits    they 
have  brought  to  suffering  humanity. 

There  must  be  institutions  where  re- 
search work  is  carried  on  for  its  own 
sake,  where — to  apply  Sir  J.  J.  Thom- 
son's recent  remark — men  may  make 
discoveries  which  may  revolutionize  and 
not  merely  reform  the  world,  where  they 
may  train  students  in  those  fundamental 
laws  and  principles  which  must  be  at 
the  root  of  every  successful  endeavor 
to  apply  science  to  industry.  But  there 
is  a  wide  gap  between  such  homes  of 
science  and  the  works  of  the  manufac- 
turer, and  it  is  to  fill  this  that  labora-  * 
tories  of  industrial  research  are  needed. 

Optical  Glass 

Abbe  realized  in  1876  that  British 
optical  instruments  had  reached  the 
highest  development  possible  until  a 
radical  change  was  made  in  the  proper- 
ties of  the  glass  used  for  lenses;  it  took 
years  of  patient  labor,  aided  by  subsi- 
dies from  the  Bavarian  government,  be- 
fore he  and  Schott  were  able  to  place 
Jena  glass  on  the  market.  Von  Bayer 
discovered  synthetic  indigo  about  1880, 
but  it  was  not  till  twenty  years  had 
passed  that  the  Badische-Anilin-Soda- 
Fabric  produced  it  on  a  commercial  scale. 
Long  and  patient  inquiry  was  needed  in 
the  great  laboratory  of  the  General 
Electric  Company,  of  America,  at 
Schenectady  before  the  Coolidge  tube 
was  developed  from  the  original  X-ray 
tube.  The  work  of  the  discoverer  needs 
development  and  extension  before  it  can 
be  utilized  by  industry.  This  is  the  task 
of  the  Laboratory  of  Industrial  Re- 
search. 

Or.  again,  looking  at  our  problem 
from  the  opposite  side,  a  manufacturer 
has  some  question  to  solve — -the  utiliza- 
tion of  a  waste  product  which  if  it  were 
not  waste  would  make  all  the  difference 
between  commercial  failure  or  success, 
the  discovery  of  a  material  with  some 
special  properties — e.g.,  a  light  alloy  of 
great  strength  at  a  high  temperature — 
needed   before   a   new    machine   can   be 


completed.  Such  a  man  must  have  ac- 
cess to  a  laboratory  fitted  and  equipped 
for  the  purpose  with  a  trained  staff  hav- 
ing stored  experience  as  the  result  of 
previous  work  or  researches  on  cognate 
questions.  'Let  me  try  to  indicate  some 
of  the  methods  in  which  the  National 
Physical  Laboratory  has  endeavored  to 
fulfil  these  duties. 

Three  of  the  researches  referred  to  in 
my  earlier  lecture  related  to  the  produc- 
tion of  optical  glass,  the  work  of  the 
Alloys  Research  Committee  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Mechanical  Engineers,  and 
the  measurement  of  wind  pressure  on 
various  structures  and  surfaces.  On  all 
these  subjects  much  has  been  done.  It 
was  some  time  before  the  authorities 
could  be  persuaded  that  in  neglecting  to 
study  the  production  of  optical  glass  in 
England  they  were  adding  seriously  to 
the  risks  and  dangers  of  war.  Many 
years  ago  a  strong  committee,  formed 
under  the  chairmanship  of  the  late  Sir 
David  Gill,  took  the  matter  up  and  laid 
before  the  government  a  scheme  for  a 
complete  study  of  the  problem.  Nothing 
was  done  until  war  taught  us  the  need 
of  attending  to  key  industries,  but  since 
then  real  advances  have  been  made,  not 
only  at  the  laboratory  but  elsewhere 
also,  and  some  of  the  more  serious  diffi- 
culties of  the  problem  have  been  over- 
come; it  is  hoped  that  in  the  near  future 
it  may  be  possible  to  introduce  changes 
of  procedure  which  will  greatly  simplify 
the  process  of  manufacture  and  lead  to 
an  increased  output.  Closely  bound  up 
with  this  is  the  study  of  the  properties 
of  refractory  materials  used  in  furnaces 
and  elsewhere. 

Microscopy 

The  application  of  the  microscope  to 
investigate  the  mechanical  properties  of 
metals  and  alloys  was  comparatively  in 
its  infancy  in  1901  when  I  called  atten- 
tion to  the  then  recent  work  of  Pro- 
fessor Ewing  and  Mr.  Rosenhain  on 
slip-bands.  At  the  laboratory  the  study 
of  alloys,  principally  perhaps  the  light 
alloys  containing  large  percentages  of 
aluminum,  has  been  almost  continuously 
pursued  first  by  Dr.  Carpenter  and  now 
for  some  years  past  by  Dr.  Rosenhain. 
The  various  reports  of  the  Alloys  Com- 
mittee of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  must  be  referred  to  by  those 
who  wish  to  estimate  the  importance  of 
that  work;  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
nearly  all  the  alloys  of  aluminum  now 
used  in  the  production  of  aircraft  are  its 
outcome.  A  list  of  the  important  papers 
dealing  with  this  subject  presented  to 
the  Advisory  Committee  for  Aeronautics 
would  fill  many  pages  of  this  lecture 
and  our  knowledge  has  been  immensely 
increased  thereby.  It  must  not  be  in- 
ferred from  the  foregoing  that  the 
metallurgy  of  the  light  alloys  is  the  only 
branch  of  the  subject  which  has  been 
studied  at  the  laboratory.  A  large  num- 
ber of  "special  investigations"  have 
gone  in  the  various  departments.  By  the 
term  "special  investigation"  is  implied 
some  inquiry  into  a  particular  subject 
made  at  the  instance,  maybe  of  a  go- 
vernment department  or  of  a  private 
firm,    e.g.,    the    investigation    into     the 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


451 


properties  of  a  new  material  or  the 
cause  of  failure  of  some  machine  or 
process  such  as  a  boiler  plate,  the 
crankshaft  of  an  engine,  or  an  auto- 
genous weld.  For  example,  the  failure 
of  one  of  the  main  roof  trusses  of  Char- 
ing Cross  Station  some  years  ago  led  to 
an  interesting  inquiry  into  the  strength 
of  welds.  Thus,  certain  aspects  of  the 
metallurgy  of  steel  have  received  very 
full  consideration. 

But  it  is  sometimes  urged:  "Why  do 
you  need  a  special  laboratory  for  such 
work  ?  Can  it  not  be  done  equally  well 
in  one  of  the  university  or  technical 
college  laboratories?  Is  it  not  enough 
to  multiply  and  organize  these,  to  bring 
the  teachers  into  direct  contact  with  the 
manufacturers  of  their  districts  and  to 
encourage  the  students  at  an  early  stage 
to  interest  themselves  in  the  scientific 
problems  they  will  have  to  solve  later 
in  their  daily  work?"  To  this  my  an- 
swer would  be  that  it  is  not  enough.  The 
primary  work  of  the  professor  is  to 
teach  and  to  advance  knowledge,  that 
of  the  student  is  to  learn  how  to  re- 
search and  to  apply  his  knowledge.  The 
professor  will,  no  doubt,  keep  in  close 
contact  with  the  industry  and  take  his 
illustrations  from  the  manufactures  of 
his  district,  but  before  his  students  can 
usefully  engage  in  industrial  research 
they  must  have  a  thorough  grasp  of  the 
principles  underlying  all  research  and  of 
the  methods  of  employing  them.  Indus- 
trial problems  are  usually  too  complex 
for  students,  and,  moreover,  the  answers 
are  wanted  too  rapidly  to  make  them 
subjects  of  a  student's  exercise;  he  wil'. 
learn  by  failures;  by  the  inexperienced 
the  right  road  is  only  found  at  last  after 
many  tempting  tracks  leading  nowhere 
have  been  vainly  tried.  The  manufac- 
turer who  comes  with  a  problem  which 
cannot  wait  will  be  more  sure  to  find  a 
solution  if  he  applies  to  men  whose  daily 
work  is  to  attempt  such  problems  and 
who  have  the  experience  of  the  past  tc 
guide  them.  Moreover,  the  plant  and 
equipment  required  is  special;  the  in- 
dustrial  research    laboratory    must     be 


fitted  on  the  industrial  scale.  A  rolling 
mill  is  not  an  adjunct  required  in  every 
technical  school  where  the  principles  of 
metallurgy  are  taught,  and  yet  without 
a  rolling  mill  (Figs.  2  and  3)  the  study 
of  the  light  alloys  at  the  National 
Physical  Laboratory  couUl  not  have  been 
brought  to  the  pitch  it  has  been.  The 
plant  and  equipment  of  an  industrial  re- 
search laboratory  are  provided  for  the 
purpose  of  applying  science  to  industry. 
The  requirements  of  students  and  the 
educational  value  of  the  apparatus  need 
not  be  studied.  There  must,  of  course, 
be  many  specialized  laboratories  of  in- 
dustrial research;  much  more  than  the 
National  Physical  Laboratory  is  requir- 
ed. I  will  return  to  that  point  later.  At 
present  I  merely  wish  to  urge  that  uni- 
versity and  technical  college  laboratories 
cannot  fill  all   our  needs. 

And  now  let  me  come  back  to  another 
illustration  of  the  industrial  fesearcn 
done  at  the  laboratory  closely  connected 
with  our  original  work  on  wind  pressure. 
The  Advisory  Committee  for  Aero- 
nautics was  first  appointed  in  1908  by 
Mr.  Asquith,  as  Prime  Minister.  ^t. 
owes  its  inception  to  Lord  Haldane,  and 
much  of  the  experimental  work  which 
it  has  initiated,  and  which  has  had  so 
marked  an  effect  on  the  efficiency  of 
British  aircraft,  has  been  carried  out  at 
the  laboratory.  At  present  there  are 
five  air  channels  (Fig.  4)  in  practically 
continuous  use,  and  more  are  being 
erected.  Some  years  ago  I  gave  some 
account  of  the  work  by  which  Bairstow 
and  Busk,  starting  from  Bryan's  theory, 
had  solved  the  problem  of  stability.  It 
is  impossible  to  tell  at  present  of  the 
progress  made  since  that  time,  but  when 
the  day  comes  on  which  the  tale  can  be 
told  it  will  form  a  striking  example  of 
the  work  of  a  Laboratory  of  Industrial 
Research,  and  the  results  obtained  for 
purposes  of  war  will  bear  fruit  in  the 
rapid  progress  of  civilian  aircraft. 

Froude  Tank 

The  Froude  tank  is  another  depart- 
ment of  our    Laboratory    of     Industrial 


FIG.    .■).      THE    ROLLING    MILL. 


Research  (Fig.  5).  Built  by  Sir  Alfred 
Varrow  in  memory  of  Mr.  William 
Froude,  and'for  the  service  of  the  nation, 
he  has  had  the  privilege  of  seeing  it 
repay  its  cost  many  times  in  the  services 
rendered  to  naval  warfare,  while  the 
pages  of  the  Transactions  of  Navai 
Architects  bear  eloquent  witness  to  the 
value  of  the  work  Mr.  Baker  has  done 
for  naval  architecture  generally.  I 
could  multiply  instances.  Perhaps  I 
have  said  enoua;h  to  justify  the  claim 
that,  though  with  scanty  means,  we  have 
been  a  'Laboratory  of  Industrial  Re- 
search of  real  value  to  the  nation.  In 
tny  former  lecture  I  quoted  a  cynical  re- 
.  mark  made  in  regard  to  an  advertise- 
ment for  staff.  It  ran:  "The  scale  of 
pay  is  certainly  not  extravagant.  It  is, 
however,  possible  that  the  duties  will  be 
correspondingly  light."  The  first  sen- 
tence is  still  true:  the  staff  have  falsified 
the  inference.  ■   ■   ■ 

And  now,  turning  to  the  future,  let  us 
consider  what  is  to  be  the  position  of  the 
institution  as  a  central  laboratory  of  in- 
dustrial research. 

In  a  lecture  delivered  in  Birmingham 
rather  more  than  a  year  ago,  shortly 
after  Lord  Crewe  had.  announced  the 
formation  of  the  Department  of  Scienti- 
fic and  Industrial  Research,  I  referred 
to  such  laboratories,  and  I  wrote: 

"There  must  be  more  than  one;  in 
many  cases  an  industry  can  be  best 
served  by  a  laboratory  near  its  principal 
centre.  Large  firms,  again,  may  each 
prefer  to  have  their  own  trade  secrets 
— this  must  be  so  to  some  extent — and 
trade  jealousies  may  interfere  with  full 
co-operation,  but  a  private  laboratory 
on  a  really  sufficient  scale  is  expensive; 
too  often  it  becomes  little  more  than 
what  I  have  called  a  works  laboratory 
for  testing  the  products  of  the  factory, 
and  for  the  smaller  firms,  at  least,  the 
only  way  to  secure  the  full  advantage 
of  scientific  advance  is  by  co-operation 
— co-operation  in  the  laboratory,  co- 
operation, with  specialization  in  produc- 
tion in   the  works  themselves." 

It  has  been  suggested  that  I  wish  to 
make  the  National  Physical  Laboratory 
not  merely  a  national,  but  the  only 
bridge  between  science  and  industry. 
This  is  not  the  case;  let  me  quote,  in 
order  that  I  may  amplify  them,  the  con- 
cluding words  of  the  lecture: 

"Associations  are  to  be  formed  repre- 
senting various  trades  or  industries;  the 
representatives  of  these  will  discuss  with 
representatives  of  the  advisory  commit- 
tee and  other  experts  questions  needing 
scientific  investigation  and,  when  these 
are  determined,  the  grant,  supplemented 
in  most  cases  by  funds  raised  privately 
or  contributed  by  the  industry,  is  to  be 
used  to  carry  them  out.  Such  work 
needs  laboratories,  and  it  is  here,  it  seems 
to  me,  that  the  future  of  the  National 
Physical  Laboratory  lies.  The  lord  pre- 
sident spoke  in  generous  terms  of  the 
work  of  the  laboratory  in  the  past;  its 
many  friends  who  heard  him  were  grate- 
ful for  his  cordial  recognition  of  our 
labors,  and  he  indicated  a  sphere  of 
wider  usefulness  under  less  difficult  con- 
ditions in  the  future.  Let  me  picture  to 
you  what  I  trust  that  sphere  may  be. 


452 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


KIO.    4.     THE   SEVEN-FOOT   WIND   TUNNEL. 


"In  many  cases,  no  doubt,  the  re- 
searches contemplated  must  go  on  in 
special  laboratories  arranged  and  equip- 
ped for  the  purpose — laboratories  close- 
ly connected  with  the  industry  it  is  de- 
sired to  help,  situated  at  the  great  manu- 
facturing centres;  but  there  are  many 
other  researches  of  wide  interest  and 
gfreat  importance  for  which  a  centra! 
laboratory  is  the  proper  house,  a  labora- 
tory fitted  and  equipped  in  an  ample 
manner,  with  a  trained  and  competent 
staff  animated  like  those,  my  colleagues, 
who  have  built  up  the  National  Physical 
Laboratory,  with  a  love  for  science  and 
y^t  withal  with  a  keen  appreciation  of 
the  ■  practical  side  of  the  question  dis- 
cussed and  a  real  desire  to  help  our 
country  by  the  application  of  science  to 
industry. 

"The  body  controlling  industrial 
science  research  must  have  access  to  a 
laboratory  in  which  may  be  studied  the 
many  problems  which  do  not  require  for 
their  elucidation  appliances  of  the  more 
specialized  "works"  character,  or  oppor- 
tunities only  to  be  found  in  particular 
localities:  where  a  staff  is  available,  able 
and  experienced,  ready  to  attack  under 
the  advice  of  men  skilled  in  industry, 
the  technical  difficulties  met  in  applyin? 
new  discoveries  on  a  manufacturins 
scale  or  to  develop  ideas  which  promise 
future  success. 

"Such  a  role  the  National  Physical 
Laboratory  .should  be  prepared  to  play, 
such  is  the  future  which  I  trust  may  be 
in  store  for  it." 

This  work  has  already  been  begun. 
The    various    trades    associations    have 


been  formed,  or  are  being  formed,  for 
the  promotion  of  research  on  matters  of 
interest  to  the  members  of  the  trade. 

Objects  of  an  Association 

The  principal  objects  of  an  associa- 
tion, as  they  would  be  laid  down  in  the 
memorandum  of  association,  may  be 
briefly   summarized  thus: 

(a)  To  promote  research  in  connection 
with  the  manufacture  and  use  of  .  .  . 
by  maintainina;  or  subsidizing  existing 
laboratories  and  workshops,  or,  if  neces- 
sary, estahlishiner  and  equipping  labora- 
tories and  workshops. 

(b)  To  I'etain  or  employ  skilled  pro- 
fessional or  technical  advisers  in  connec- 
tion with  the  objects  of  the  association. 

(c)  To  encourage  the  discovery  of, 
and  investigate  the  merits  of,  improve- 
ments which  may  seem  capable  of  being 
utilized  for  the  purpose  of  the  respective 
industry,  and  to  take  out  patents  or 
licences  relating  to  such  inventions  or 
improvements  and  to  perfect  and  de- 
velop them. 

(d)  To  support  or  to  establish  li- 
braries, collections,  or  museums  neces- 
.sary  for  the  promotion  of  the  industries 
concerned. 

(e)  To  publish  or  to  assist  in  publish- 
ing any  literature,  statistics,  or  infor- 
mation relating  to  the  subject  of  .  .  . 
that  may  be  of  value  to  members  of  the 
association. 

(f)  To  promote  in  any  way  desirable 
the  educition  of  those  engaged  or  likely 
to  be  engaged  in  the  industries  concern- 
ed. 

(g)  To  co-operate  with  other  associa- 


tions or  bodies  having  objects  bearing 
on  the  work  of  the  association. 

(h)  To  apply  to  the  government  for, 
and  to  accept,  grants  of  money  and 
other  assistance  for  the  purpose  of  the 
objects  of  the  association  and  to  discuss 
and  negotiate  with  the  Department  of 
Scientific  and  Industrial  Research  and 
other  government  department's  schemes 
of  research  and  other  matters  within 
the  objects  of  the  association. 

Each  such  association  will  probably 
require  its  own  laboratory  situated,  for 
preference,  at  the  centre  of  the  trade 
concerned.  This  will  deal  with  the 
special  problems  of  the  trade,  problems 
which  need  intimate  association  with 
works  conditions  for  their  solution  and 
for  which  the  close  supervision  of  men 
in  works  is  important. 

Objects  of  a  National  Laboratory 

But  there  are  numerous  industrial 
problems  which  can  best  be  dealt  with 
in  a  central  laboratory;  let  me  give  some 
instances  of  what  I  mean.  Such,  for  ex- 
ample, are: 

(1)  Investigations  into  methods  of 
standardization  or  of  measurement  gen- 
erally. 

(2)  Investigations  into  the  physical 
and  mechanical  properties  of  materials 
used  in  many  trades. 

(3)  Investigations  useful  to  a  trade 
which  has  no  fixed  centre,  but  is  wide- 
spread over  the  country. 

Or.  again  (4)  a  central  laboratory  will 
be  of  service  as  a  means  whereby  in- 
formation as  to  large  questions  of  gen- 
eral interest,  investigated  either  at  the 
central  laboratory  itself  or  at  the  local 
special  laboratories,  may  i>e  circulated 
and  time  saved  by  placing  at  the  disposal 
of  any  special  laboratory  requiring  them 
the  results  obtained  elsewhere. 

Taking  these  heads  more  in  detail.  I 
will  postpone  the  consideration  of  No.  1 
— standardization  problems — to  my  next 
lecture.  It  is  sufficient  to  remark  here 
that  the  work  already  done  in  this  di- 
rection has  been  very  great,  and  to  point 
out  that  unification  of  standards  used  in 
various  trades  is  highly  desirable  and 
can  only  be  secured  by  the  existence  of 
a  central  standardizing  institution  work- 
ing in  close  co-operation  with  local  in- 
stitutions, 

light  Alloys 

Turning,  then,  to  (2) — investigations 
into  the  properties  of  materials  used  in 
many  trades,  the  work  done  on  light 
alloys  affords  a  good  example  of  this, 
work  for  which  the  British  Aluminium 
Company  have  recently  shown  their  ap- 
preciation by  sending  a  generous  dona- 
tion of  £500  to  the  funds  of  the  labora- 
tory.    They  write  as  follows: 

"The  board  of  directors  of  the  British 
Aluminium  Company,  being  desirous  of 
showing  their  appreciation  of  the  re- 
search work  that  has  been,  and  is  being 
carried  on  at  the  National  Physical  La- 
boratory, in  connection  with  light  alu- 
minium alloys,  and  with  a  view  to  assist- 
ing towards  further  work  awaiting  ac- 
complishment in  the  same  direction,  have 
unanimously  voted  a  donation  of  £500 
to  the  funds  of  the  laboratory. 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


453 


"A  cheque  for  that  amount  I  have 
pleasure  in  enclosing. 

"My  directors  do  not  wish  to  make 
any  special  conditions  attaching  to  this 
donation,  other  than  that  they  desire  it 
to  be  applied,  as  and  when  opportunity 
offers,  towards  research  in  connection 
with  the  development  of  light  aluminium 
alloys,  leaving  it  to  your  discretion  to 
determine  the  exact  application  of  the 
grant,  whether  as  to  the  provision  of 
instruments  and  plant,  or  technical  su- 
pervision, or  in  any  other  direction 
which  may  commend  itself  to  you." 

"I  take  this  opportunity  of  expressing 
on  behalf  of  my  board  and  myself,  our 
satisfaction  with  the  results  which  have 
so  far  been  achieved,  and  our  firm  con- 
viction that,  given  time  and  suitable 
conditions,  still  further  and  material 
advances  will  follow  in  due  time,  from 
which  material  benefit  should  accrue  to 
industry." 

Problems  for  Research 

Or,  again,  the  following  are  a  few  of 
the  problems  which  it  has  been  recently 
stated  need  solution  to  satisfy  the  needs 
of  one  important  industry: 

(1)  An  investigation  into  the  physical 
properties   of   alloy   steels. 

(2)  An  investigation  into  the  condi- 
tions affecting  the  flow  of  liquid  fuel 
through  an  orifice   with  reference  to: 

(a)  Proportions   of   orifice. 

(b)  Temperature  of  fuel  and  air. 

(c)  Viscosity  of  fuel. 

(3)  An  investigation  of  the  stress  dis- 
tribution in  irregularly-shaped  members 
— crankshafts  and   the  like. 

(4)  An  investigation  into  the  wear  of 
bearings. 

(5)  Investigations  into  the  material 
suitable  for  valves,  cylinders,  and  other 
parts   of  internal-combustion   engines. 

(6)  The  efficiency  of  radiators  for 
such  engines. 

(7)  An  investigation  into  the  cause 
of  the  lubricating  properties  of  oils  with 

.    a   view    of   framing   a    specification   for 
such  oils. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  results  of  all 
these  investigations,  while  of  special  im- 
portance to  the  automobile  industry, 
are  of  great  interest  to  others.  Any  of 
them  could  go  on  in  a  properly-equipped 
laboratory,  while  it  is  clear  that  to  carry 
out  many  a  very  complete  physical,  and 
in  some  cases  chemical,  equipment  is 
needed. 

And  that  leads  to  another  very  im- 
portant point.  A  special  laboratory,  if 
it  is  to  be  really  of  use,  must  be  com- 
plete. Many  of  the  investigations  just 
indicated  involve  thermal  and  electrical 
measurements  of  high  accuracy.  Ela- 
borate apparatus  is  involved  and  a  skill- 
Ied  staff  to  use  it.  These  conditions  can 
only  be  satisfied  if  the  laboratory  pos- 
sesses a  large  and  varied  staff,  capable 
of  advising  on  each  special  point  as  it 
arises,  and  the  necessary  outfit  of  deli- 
cate and  expensive  apparatus.  In  many 
instances  the  difficulty  lies  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  method  of  measure- 
ment and  the  calibration  and  standard- 
ization of  the  apparatus  employed  ra- 
ther than  in   the  actual  experiments. 


Refractories 

Or,  to  take  another  instance.  There 
have  been  some  conferences  lately  with 
regard  to  research  in  refractories,  and  it 
was  clear  that  there  is  much  work  to  be 
done  and  ample  opportunity  for  the  de- 
velopment of  research  in  special  labor- 
atories in  close  contact  with  the  indus- 
try, whether  at  Sheffield,  Middlesbrough 
or  South  Wales,  for  steel  making  and 
other  metallurgical  processes,  or  in  the 
Potteries  for  the  china  and  earthenware 
trades.  It  was  clear,  too,  that  there  was 
much  work  which  could  best  be  done  at 
a  central  institution  such  as  the  National 
Physical  Laboratory.  Such  work,  for 
example,  would  embrace: 

(a)  The  investigation  of  the  following 
physical,  physico-chemical,  and  mechan- 
ical properties  of  refractories  under  ser- 
vice conditions: 

Thermal  conductivity. 

Electrical  conductivity. 

Thermal   expansion. 

After  expansion   and   contraction. 

Softening  point  (with  and  without 
load). 

Thermal  endurance. 

Crystallography. 

Texture    (grain-size). 

Porosity. 

Density. 

Permeability  to  gases. 

Penetration  by  molten  metals. 

Mechanical  strength. 

Hardness. 

Resistance   to   abrasion. 

Resistance  to  chemical  action. 

(b)  Standardization  of  tests  and  form- 
ulation of  specifications  in  each  class  of 
material. 

(c)  A  study  of  the  properties  of  all 
refractories  and  metallic  oxides  associat- 
ed with  them,  up  to  the  highest  attain- 
able temperatures,  with  special  reference 
to  their  physico-chemical  transforma- 
tions. 

(d)  Development  of  micro-technology 
as  applied  to  refractories. 

(e)  A  special  study  of  the  rarer  re- 
fractories. 

As    instances     of     (3) — Investigations 


useful   to  a   trade   which  has  no  fixed 
centre — I  may  give  the  following: 

1.  A  research  has  been  in  progress 
for  some  time  at  the  laboratory  into  the 
heating  of  buried  cables  carrying  electric 
currents.  In  connection  with  the  Wiring 
Rules  Committee  of  the  Institution  of 
Electrical  Engineers  much  has  been  done 
to  determine  the  temperature  to  which 
the  cables  used  fn  house  wiring  are  rais- 
ed in  various  circumstances,  and  to  fix 
the  safer  currents  to  be  used  in  each 
case.  Our  knowledge  of  the  temperature 
reached  in  cables  when  buried  in  the 
ground  is  very  scanty  and  somewhat 
conflicting;  much  depends  on  the  nature 
of  the  covering  used  to  protect  them,  and 
possibly  something  on  the  nature  of  the 
soil.  Cables  laid  in  ducts,  again,  differ 
from  those  protected  merely  by  the  or- 
dinary forms  of  lead  or  other  covering, 
and  yet  the  life  of  the  insulation  de- 
pends in  great  measure  on  the  tempera- 
ture reached  when  the  current  is  flowing 
and  thus  regulates  the  carrying  capa- 
city of  the  cable.  Thanks  to  the  co- 
operation of  supply  authorities  in  many 
parts  of  the  country  much  valuable  in- 
formation has  been  collected,  and, 
though  the  research  at  the  laboratory 
proceeds  but  slowly,  results  of  great  im- 
portance are  being  obtained.  Such  a  re- 
search needs  large  appliances,  and  cur- 
rents up  to  8,000  amperes  or  10,000 
amperes  will  be  employed.  It  needs  also 
the  resources  of  a  fully-equipped  phy- 
sical laboratory  in  order  to  measure  ac- 
curately the  temperature  differences  due 
to  varying  conditions;  when  complete  it 
will  be  of  value  to  all  supply  companies. 
This  is  true  of  many  other  electrical 
tests  and  experiments;  the  results  are 
of  wide  application;  it  is  desirable  that 
they   should   be  widely  published. 

The  building  trade  offers  another  ex- 
ample of  this  kind.  Brick  and  stone, 
wood  and  iron,  have  been  used  for  long, 
and  their  properties  when  employed  for 
building  construction  are  generally  well 
known.  This  is  less  true  of  other  more 
modern  materials — ferro-concrete,  for 
example.  There  are  rules — based  no 
doubt   on   the   best  experience   available 


EX  PERI  MENIAL    lANK  FOR   SHIPS  MODEL  TESTING 


454 

— for  estimating  the  strength  of  beams, 
columns  and  floors,  but  there  is  much 
scope  for  inquiry.     Accordingly,  at   the 
insUnce  of  Sir  John  Cowan,  of  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  Redpath,  Brown  and  Co.,  who 
is  bearing  the  expense,  apparatus  is  be- 
in  built  to  test  columns  up  to  15  ft.  or 
20  ft.  in  length  and  floors  of  consider- 
able size.      War    conditions    again    are 
interfering,  but  the  work  is  progressing 
slowly   and   must  be   done.     There   are 
other    materials    besides    ferro-concrete 
urgently  calling  for  examination.     Nor 
is  the  strength  of  the  materials  the  only 
factor  to  be  considered.  Materials  trans- 
mit heat  in  very  varying  amounts  and 
the  comfort  of  a  house,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  cost  of  living  in  it,  will  depend 
on  whether  it  is  possible  easily  to  keep 
it  warm  in  winter,  cool  in  summer.     Re- 
cently  we   were  asked   to  compare   the 
heat  losses  from  two  enclosures  exactly 
alike  in  all  respects,  except  that  the  one 
was    roofed    with    corrugated    iron,    the 
other  with  some  preparation  of  asbestos. 
It  was  found   that  the  latter  cooled   20 
per   cent,   faster   than    the    former;    the 
loss  of  heat  depends,  in  part,  on  the  con- 
ductivity of  the  material,  in  part  on  the 
emissivity   of   its   surface,   and   the   su- 
perior emissivity  of  the  asbestos  sheet 
more  than  made  up  for  its  inferior  con- 
ductivity.    In  this  connection  it  is  clear 
there  is  much  to  be  done,  and  for  such 
work  a  central  laboratory,  with  proper 
equipment,   is  the  most  suitable    place. 
Arrangements  are  in  progress  by  which 
it  is  hoped  many  of  those  questions  will 
be  thoroughly  investigated. 

Little  need  be  said  as  to  the  fourth 
section  of  the  work  suggested  for  a  Na- 
tional Industrial  Research  Laboratory. 
The  importance  of  the  collection  and 
dissemination  of  information  on  matters 
connecting  industry  and  science  is  clear. 
At  a  central  laboratory  much  of  the  in- 
formation will  be  to  hand;  the  accumu- 
lated experience  of  the  staff,  their  know- 
ledge of  the  work  done  in  the  sectional 
laboratories,  their  appreciation  of  the 
bearing  on  industry  of  inquiries  in  the 
region  of  pure  science,  are  all  valuable 
assets  and  a  proper  organization  only  is 
needed — by  means  of  a  bulletin  or  in 
^  some  such  way — to  circulate  their  in- 
formation where  it  is  most  wanted. 

There  is  ample  room  for  a  central  la- 
boratory without  trenching  in  the  least 
on  the  spheres  of  the  local  sectional  in- 
stitutions. If  the  Department  of  Scien- 
tific and  Industrial  Research  is  to  carry 
out  effectively  the  work  it  contemplates 
such  a  laboratory  is  essentiol,  and  my 
hope  is  that  the  National  Physical 
Laboratory  may  develop  into  such  an 
institution  in  close  connection,  through 
the  department,  with  local  laboratories 
throughout  the  country. 

One  word  in  conclusion.  The  work- 
man is  worthy  of  his  hire.  In  the  past 
the  scale  of  pay  has  certainly  not  been 
extravagant,  and  there  is  no  call  for  ex- 
travavrance  in  the  future,  but  the  remu- 
neration offered  must  be  sufficient  and 
the  conditions  of  work  fair.  Much  has 
been  written  lately  as  to  the  inadequate 
remuneration  of  scientific  workers,  whe- 
Uier  teachers  or  the  expert  sUff  of  la- 
boratories and  factories,  and  it  is  real- 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 

ized,  I  trust,  that  the  time  has  come  to 
cange  this  for  men  and  for  women 
alike.  To-day  there  is  a  great  demand 
for  scientific  workers,  and  while,  as  in 
other  walks  of  life,  commercial  life  must 
offer  greater  prizes  than  government 
service,  it  is  essential,  if  the  necessary 
work  is  to  be  done  and  the  workers  re- 
tained, that  the  emoluments  of  technical 
posts  under  government,  and  the  condi- 
tions attached,  should  be  as  good  as 
those  of  the  regular  administrative  staff 
of  the  civil  service.  This  must  apply  not 
merely  to  the  heads  of  the  various  in- 
stitutions, but  to  the  rank  and  file  on 
whose  labors  success  depends.  This 
point  I  need  not  labor  here,  but  in  press- 
ing it  I  feel  confident  I  shall  have  the 
support  of  all  who  appreciate  the  im- 
portance of  science  to  the  nation. 


USE   OF    METAL    SUBSTITUTES 

The  Norddeutsche  Allgemeine  Zei- 
tung  publishes  the  first  of  a  series  of 
articles  on  the  numerous  substitutes 
which  the  British  blockade  has  compel- 
led Germany  to  use.  It  is  claimed  that 
the  problem  has  been  solved  with  great 
success.  It  is  impossible  to  publish  fui; 
mformation  until  after  the  war;  at  pres- 
ent only  bare  indications  can  be  given. 
When  the  blockade  isolated  Germany, 
three  possible  methods  of  adjusting  her 
metal  supply  to  her  metal  demands  pre- 
sented themselves:  a  strict  economising 
of  the  stocks  held,  the  use  of  substitutes, 
and  the  rearrangement  of  engine  and 
tool  production  in  accordance  with  the 
new  circumstances.  All  these  three 
methods  were  adopted. 

The  electro-technical  inductry  suf- 
fered most  by  the  shortage  of  copper; 
and,  as  in  the  engineering  and  ship- 
building industries,  it  had  to  content 
itself  with  zinc  alloys  containing  4  per 
cent,  to  5  per  cent,  of  copper  or  2  per 
cent,  to  3  per  cent,  of  aluminium.  In 
railway  and  tramway  carriages,  cast- 
iron  and  zinc  replaced  copper  for  door- 
handles, brake-handles,  etc.  Zinc  was 
also  used  instead  of  copper  and  nickel 
for  buttons,  shoulder-pieces,  and  other 
decorations  on  military  uniforms. 

The  optical  industry  before  the  war 
worked  almost  entirely  on  brass  and 
aluminium.  In  ^jlace  of  aluminium  it 
now  uses  an  alloy  of  magnesium  and 
aluminium,  called  Elektron  Light  Metai, 
which  is  lighter  and  firmer  than  alumin- 
ium. The  watchmaking  and  toy  indus- 
try was  likewise  badly  hit  by  the  meta. 
.shortage.  There  was  a  danger  lest  its 
stoppage  should  throw  thousands  of 
workpeople  out  of  employment,  and  it 
became  urgently  necessary  therefore  lo 
reorganise  it  on  the  basis  of  substitute 
metals.  At  first  the  watches  and  toys 
were  plated  with  copper  or  brass  in  order 
to  give  them  their  old  appearance.  But, 
before  long,  even  this  was  found  im- 
possible, and  people  had  to  content  them- 
selves with  "field-grey." 

After  copper,  tin  was  one  of  the  most 
important  metals  for  which  substitutes 
had  to  be  found.  It  was  used  principally 
for  bearings,  white  metals,  and  solder- 
ing.       If  no   substitute   had   been   dis- 


Volume  XX. 

covered  lor  the  bearings  with  70  per 
cent,  to  80  per  cent,  to  tin,  the  whole 
of  the  munitions  industry  might  have 
been  in  danger  of  stoppage.  The  situa- 
tion was  saved  by  zinc  alloy  and  by 
alloys  of  calcium  and  lead.  For  white 
metal  likewise  a  substitute  had  to  be 
found,  especially  as  tins  for  conserves 
of  all  kinds  play  a  very  important  part 
in  time  of  war.  Other  metals,  and  es- 
pecially prepared  lac,  have  been  adopted 
as  substitutes,  while  for  soldering  pur- 
poses cadmium  has  been  found  suitable. 
The  metal  shortage,  and  more  par- 
ticularly the  shortage  of  brass,  has  also 
been  felt  in  the  manufacture  of  scien- 
tific and  technical  instruments,  where 
brass  was  used  in  plates,  wire,  tubes, 
and  shaped  pieces.  The  whole  indus- 
try has  had  to  be  reorganised,  and  time 
and  money  have  been  spent  in  adapting 
the  work  to  the  new  conditions.  But  all 
this  has  not  been  without  gain,  for  many 
substitutes  have  been  discovered  which 
are  likely  to  be  retained  after  the  war. 
The  only  necessary  condition  is  that  the 
iron  should  be  malleable,  a  condition, 
however,  which,  in  consequence  of  the 
scarcity  of  materials  and  skilled  workers, 
is  hardly  ever  fulfilled.  Iron  and  steel 
bars  and  steel  tubes  have  come  to  be 
relied  on;  but  zinc  has  become  the  prin- 
cipal substitute  for  brass.  Zinc  plates, 
spherical  zinc,  and  zinc  tubes  are  very 
much  in  use;  and  since  zinc  by  itself 
is  not  suitable  for  working  up,  excellent 
zinc  alloys  have  been  turned  out,  only 
slightly  inferior  to  brass.  Naturally, 
the  problem  of  protecting  the  surface 
assumes  a  very  different  aspect  when 
iron  or  zinc  is  used  instead  of  brass.  It 
has  become  necessary  to  plate  the  sur- 
face of  the  parts  with  brass,  nickel,  or 
(since  nickel  is  also  becoming  scarce) 
cobalt.  Mostly,  however,  the  zinc  parts 
are  given  a  dark  tinge  and  then  covered 
with  a  serviceable  lacquer.  In  pre-war 
days  fine  instruments  looked  bright  ana 
shiny  in  their  brass;  to-day  they  are 
dark,  opaque,  even  black,  and  not  sel- 
dom  field-grey. 

The  hope  is  expressed  that  iron  and 
zinc  will  continue  to  be  used  in  Germany 
after  the  war  as  substitutes  for  foreign 
metals.  Yet  regard  should  be  had  to 
the  requirements  of  the  instrument- 
making  industry,  which  before  the  war 
worked  largely  for  export,  and  should 
therefore  be  placed  in  a  position  to  com- 
pete effectively  with  the  instrument 
manufacturers  of  foreign  countries.  As 
the  foreign  manufacturers  will  have  more 
copper  and  brass  at  their  disposal,  the 
German  industry  must  also  have  a  suf- 
ficiency of  these  metals,  lest  the  Ger- 
man product  should  come  to  be  regarded 
in  the  world  market  as  of  inferior 
quality.  Even  to-day  it  is  not  always 
possible  to  use  substitute  metals  in  the 
manufacture  of  instruments.  This  ap- 
plies in  particular  to  such  as  are  sub- 
ject to  weather  conditions  (e.g.,  nautical 
and  measuring  instruments). 

In  the  electro-technical  industry  con- 
ducting-wires  of  iron  and  zinc,  insulated 
by  artificial  silk,  or  by  paper  saturated 
in  insulation  lacquer,  are  now  employed. 
— Board  of  Trade  Journal. 


October  17,  1918. 


466 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


MACHINE  FOR  ACCURATELY 

CENTERING  SHELLS 


ONE  of  the  most  difficult  operations 
in  connection  with  the  machining 
of  shells  has  frequently  been  the 
cleaning  out  of  the  inside  profile  after 
the  closing  of  the  nose.  While  extreme 
accuracy  of  this  particular  section  is  not 
absolutely  essential  it  is  very  important 
that  the  surface  be  made  smooth  and 
free  from  prominent  ridges  or  chatter 
marks,  and  conform  closely  to  the  eon- 
tour  of  the  bore.  Owing  to  the  small 
opening  at  the  nose  after  the  bottlin;.? 
operation  it  has  often  been  a  problem  to 
provide  tools  of  sufficient  rigidity  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  this  machining 
detail.  In  many  cases  special  devices 
have  been  designed  for  this  work,  but  the 
general  practice  is  the  adoption  of  a  bor- 
ing bar  of  such  a  shape  as  will  give  the 
greatest  strength  for  the  work  required. 
To  do  this  it  is  necessary  that  the  bar  bo 
released  from  the  turret  before  it  can  be 
placed  in  or  removed  from  the  shell.  It 
has  been  found  advisable,  therefore,  to 
maintain  as  uniform  a  shape  to  these 
bars  as  conditions  will  permit  so  that  the 
cutters  and  bars  can  be  used  interchange- 
ably. 


The  system  adopted  at  the  plant  of  the. 
Modern  Tool  Mfg.  Co.  is  to  form  these 
bars  in  a  special  fixture  so  that  they  are 
virtually  identical  in  every  particular. 
The  accompanying  sketch  illustrates  that 
appliance  as  now  used.  The  base  plate 
A  of  the  machine  is  20  inches  long  and  16 
inches  wide,  and  along  one  side  is  the 
form  block  B,  cast  integral  with  the  base. 
The  cylindrical  portion  of  the  bar  that 
fits  into  the  hole  in  the  turret  is  gripped 
firmly  by  the  clamp  C.  This  clamp  is 
operated  by  using  a  wrench  on  the 
square  E,  this  square  forming  the  upper 
portion  of  an  eccentric  bolt  F,  the  lower 
pivot  of  which  fits  into  a  hole  in  the 
plate  and  the  upper  end  supported  by  the 
Llirust  piece  G.  The  lateral  position  of 
the  bar  in  the  fixture  is  determined  by 
the  wedge  H  that  passes  through  a  slot 
in  the  piece  C,  the  tail  end  fitting  into  a 
slot  in  the  rear  of  the  boring  bar.  This 
slot  has  a  relative  position  to  the  front 
section  of  the  bar  and  assures  a  uniform 
shape  to  the  latter  after  bending.  The 
thrust  of  the  wedge  is  taken  by  the  three 
pins  D. 

When   the    small   end   of  the   bar   has 


been  turned  to  the  desired  shape  and  size, 
it  is  placed  in  the  fixture  and  bent  by 
the  action  of  the  forming  block  O.  This 
IS  accomplished  by  the  turning  of  the 
eccentric  bolt  K,  this  bolt  being  support- 
ed in  a  similar  manner  to  the  one  for 
clamping  the  large  end.  Owing  to  the 
distance  through  which  the  bar  has  to  be 
bent,  it  is  necessary  to  perform  the 
operation  in  two  movements.  That  is, 
the  bar  is  first  bent  part  way  by  revolv- 
ing the  eccentric  on  the  block  N.  When 
the  limit  of  the  eccentric  is  reached  on 
this  block  the  upper  block  M  is  swung 
into  position  and  the  operation  is  com- 
pleted. This  appliance  has  given  very 
satisfactory  results. 


DRIVERS    FOR    SIMPLE    CYLINDRI- 
CAL WORK 

By  Howard  W.  Dunbar. 
Much  of  the  time  consumed  in  grind- 
ing may  be  chargeable  to  the  handling 
of  the  work,  the  loading  and  unloading 
of  machine,  and  provision  for  clamping 
the  driving  means  to  the  piece  to  be 
ground.  We  illustrate  this  month  two 
simple  driving  arrangements  which 
readily  engage  themselves  with  the  work 
to  be  ground.  Thsy  are  only  applicable 
to  work  which  has  drilled  holes  in  the 


45« 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


end,  which  in  turn  can  engage  the  driv- 
ing pin,  such  as  a  flange  shaft  with 
holes  drilled  in  the  flange,  or  pieces  in 
which  a  hole  has  been  drilled  to  provide 
for  this  driving  means. 

bi  6ne  illustration  the  driver  is  a 
lofse  bushing  which  fits  the  centre  of 
the  machine  and  revolves  freely  about 
this  centre  when  in  engagement  with 
the  driving  pin  on  the  face  plate,  and 
which  in  turn  carries  a  driving  projec- 


tion that  engages  the  hole  in  the  piece 
of  ground  work. 

The  other  illustration  is  a  simplei 
device  which  is  fastened  to  the  face  plate 
and  revolved  as  a  direct  engagement 
with  the  hole  in  the  piece  to  be  revolv- 
ed. Both  of  these  features  have  their 
advantages,  and  should  be  applied  de- 
pending on  the  conditions  surrounding 
the  grinding  operation  and  the  ease  with 
which  they  fit  themselves  to  each  indi- 
vidual case. — Grits  and  Grinds. 


F-OOTGTOCK 


-HEAOSTOCK 


T>'^L      ! 


HEADSXOCK 
'DRIVIIMG     PIIM 


FOOTSTOCK 


WORK 


THE  INTELLIGENT  CHECKING 

OF  DRAWINGS 

By  ROBERT  MAWSON 


IN  the  present  day.  rush  to  get  out 
war  supplies,  there  is  a  scarcity 
of  designers  and  draftsmen  as  well 
as  other  branches  of  engineering  indus- 
try. This  condition  has  changed  very 
materially  the  routine  of  drafting 
offices. 

•  Before  the  war  the  customary  prac- 
tice in  most  (Jrawing  offices  was  to  ad- 
vance the  meil  according  to  ability  and 
length  of  service,  from  the  board  to 
checker,  assistant  chief  draftsman  and 
eventually  to  chief  draftsman.  By  this 
process  a  man  gradually  becomes  ac- 
customed to  office  conditions  and  prac- 
tice, and  when  he  was  given  the  posi- 
tion as  checker  he  was  in  a  fair  way 
Co  handle  it  successfully. 

Taking  the  case  of  the  special  small 
tool  industry,  however,  in  these  war 
supply  manufacturing  days  the  old  re- 
gime rioes  not  hold  good.  Tool  designers 
are  movinir  from  office  to  office  and 
many  of  them  are  given  the  position  of 
checker  who  never  did  the  work  before. 
To  many  people  this  duty  seems  the 
easiest  work  of  all.    To  them  it  is  simply 


a  case  of  checking  up  dimensions  care- 
fully or  otherwise,  as  you  feel  like  it, 
and  trusting  to  the  accuracy  of  the  tool 
designer. 

I  said  in  passing,  "If  you  could  or  had 
an  opportunity  to  do  that  work  you 
might  find  it  a  rather  serious  joke." 

To  the  checker  belongs  largely  the 
success,  or  otherwise,  of  the  work 
turned  out  from  an  engineering  depart- 
ment. With  this  in  mind  I  have  tabu- 
lated the  chief  points  which  I  found 
most  important  to  be  observed  when 
acting   as    a    checker    on    toool    designs. 

1.  Check  if  the  part  to  be  machined 
is  laid  out  correctly  to  scale  and  see  if 
there  is  sufficient  clearance  between  it 
and  wall  of  the  tool  to  avoid  inter- 
ference. 

2.  See  if  the  surfaces  to  be  machined 
on  the  tool  are  the  best  design  to  suit 
the  equipment  of  the  shop. 

3.  Check  dimensions  of  tool,  see  if 
walls  are  strong  enough  and  not  too 
thick  to  make  the  tool  awkward  +o 
handle. 

4.  Check  if  straps   and   other  fasten- 


ings are  strong  enough  and  are  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  piece  being  machined 
may  be  removed  conveniently,  also  see 
the  nuts,  if  the  tool  has  any,  can  be 
tightened  without  using  special  wrench- 
es. 

5.  See  that  there  is  sufficient  chip 
room  on  jigs,  boring  fixture  and  the 
like,  so  the  chips  do  not  either  clog 
the  tool  or  interfere  with  the  correct 
locating  of  the  piece  in  the  tool. 

6.  Check  if  the  tongues  on  mUling 
fixtures  are  correct  to  fit  milling  ma- 
chines, splining  machine  or  machine 
tools  when  the  tool  is  located  by  means 
of  tongues. 

7.  On  punch  press  tools  see  that  the 
machine  has  sufficient  stroke  to  suit  the 
design. 

8.  Check  title  for  correctness  of  scale, 
names  of  designer,  tracer,  nlimber  of 
drawing  dated,  also  note  to  have  tool 
stamped.  It  will  be  observed  that  I 
take  up  first  the  checking  of  the  correct- 
ness of  the  piece's  layout. 

If  this  has  been  laid  out  to  the  wrong 
scale  the  usual  consequence  is  that  the 
tool  will  be  also  wrong  and  interference 
will  occur — see  the  designer  starts  out 
right. 

The  second  point  is  also  important,  as 
often  a  slight  change  in  design  to  avoid 
expensive  tooling  or  sometimes  special 
set-ups  will  change  very  materially  the 
cost  of  making  jig  or  fixture. 

As  regards  the  third  point,  often  jigs 
are  designed  with  the  walls  so  thicK 
and  the  tool  so  heavy  that  it  requires 
two  men  to  handle  it. 

This  can  be  avoided  by  coring  out 
walls  and  ribbing  the  casting  to  gee  the 
required  strength  and  yet  reduce  the 
weight  very  materially.  Oheckiiig  up 
fastenings  is  important  as  the  ease  by 
which  those  can  be  manipulated  deter- 
mines the  value  of  the  tool  as  a  time 
saver. 

If  a  case  should  arise  where  a  special 
wrench  is  necessary,  see  that  it  is  de- 
signed and  stamped  with  the  number 
of  the  tool,  kept  with  it  in  a  box  or 
other  means  in  the  tool  crib,  so  that  it 
is  at  hand  when  required. 

The  fifth  point  needs  no  comment, 
as  any  one  acquainted  with  the  use  of 
special  tools  realizes  the  value  of  chip 
clearance. 

As  regards  the  seventh  point,  if  a 
punch  press  tool  has  been  designed  for 
a  press  and  it  be  found  that  the  ma- 
chine has  not  sufficient  stroke  either 
re-design  the  tool  if  feasible,  or  change 
it  to  suit  a  press  having  the  required 
IcnfftV    of   stroke. 

The  eighth  point  is  obvious,  but  it 
might  be  added,  see  that  the  note  csl'ing 
for  the  stamping  of  the  tool  is  plain 
and  unmistakable,  if  need  be  underline 
It. 

I  trust  these  ideas  which  I  have  found 
useful  will  also  prove  valuable  to  the 
reader,  enabling  corners  to  be  cut  in 
checking,  back  stepping  and  yet  cover 
the  matter  so  the  tool  can  be  sent  out 
into  the  tool  room,  knowing  that  it  will 
be  bailt  to  do  the  work  successfully 
ani  yet  the  checker  feeling  he  has  not 
slipped  on  his  work. — Robert  Mawson, 
Kaniilton,  Ohio. 


October  17,  1918. 


457 


iMmm 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  ami  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

revieiv  in  this  section. 


AUTOMATIC  SHELL 

CLEANING  CABINET 

SAND-BLAST 

This  machine  is  designed  to 
provide  continuous  operation 
for  cleaning  155  mm.  shells 
with  direct  high  pressure. 
Primarily  it  consists  of  a 
cabinet  in  which  are  mounted 
four  rotating  chucks  driven  at 
slow  speed  on  dust  proof  ball 
bearings.  The  chucks  are 
driven  by  a  belt  from  a  main 
drive  gear  at  the  rear  of  the 
cabinet,  and  alternate  chucks 
revolve  in  opposite  direction.s. 
All  driving  gears  and  mechan- 
ism are  contained  in  a  separ- 
ate dust  tight  compartment.  A 
direct  high  pressure  sand- 
blast machine  supplies  two 
lines  of  hose  feed,  two  nozzles 
which  are  positioned  to  project 
within  the  nose  openings  of 
alternate  shells.  The  shells 
are  placed  in  the  rotating 
chucks  opening  downward,  and 
as  the  two  alternate  shells  are 
cleaned,  the  nozzles  are 
thrown  by  a  lever  on  the  front 
of  the  cabinet  to  the  other 
shells  without  stopping  the 
blast  action  while  the  clean 
shells  are  removed  and  other.s 
placed  in  the  chucks  for  clean 
ing. 


SAND    BLAST   MACHINE    FOR    SHELL    CLEANING 


A  hopper  formed  in  the  bot- 
:om  of  the  cabinet  receives  the 
5pent  abrasive  which  is  con- 
veyed to  an  elevator  and  rais- 
:o  an  abrasive  separator  over 
the  sand-blast  machine,  which 
oy  mechanically  operated 
screens  and  strong  exhaust,  at 
sne  operation  removes  both 
Tine  and  coarse  matsrial  whicii 
passes  to  a  rafuse  bin,  the 
clean,  sharp  abrasive  for  re- 
fuse being  delivered  to  a  stor- 
age bin  for  refilling  the  sand- 
blast machine. 

The  shells  are  simply  placed 
in  the  chucks,  which  are  so  de- 
signed as  to  firmly  hold  the 
j^helh  in  position  without  other 
support  or  attachment,  which 
leaves  the  top  of  the  cabinet 
entirely  free  for  manipulation 
and  observation  of  the  shells. 

The  sand-blast  machine  can 
be  used  with  either  sand  or 
the  metal  abrasives,  and  the 
equiiJIhent  in  actual  practice  is 
cleaning  90  155  mm.  shells 
ner  hour.  The  cabinet  is  also 
made  for  other  size  shells. 
The  illustrations  attached 
show  the  detail  of  the  chucks 
and  the  driving  belt,  two  of 
the  chucks  being  removed  and 
the  nozzles  seen  through  the 
ooenin^s.     The  lower  illustra- 


REAR    VIEW   OF   MACHINE 


DETAIL    OF   SAND    BLAST   NOZZLES 


458 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


tion  shows  the  hose  connection 
to  the  nozzles  and  their  method  of 
movement  by  the  lever  handle  on  the 
front  of  the  cabinet,  and  a  section  of  the 


planed  on  back  and  where  bolted  to  the 
wall  is  10  in.  wide,  6  ft.  10%  in.  high. 
Bracket  at  top  of  machine  with  bevel 
gear    housing   can   be    located   at   three 


conveyor  can  also  be  seen  in  the  bottom 
of  the  separator.  This  machine  is  manu- 
factured by  the  Pangborn  Corporation, 
Hagerston,  Md. 


RADIAL    DRILLING    MACHINE 

A  wall  radial  drilling  machine,  as 
made  by  the  Lynd  Farquhar  Co.  of  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  is  described  and  illustrated 
herewith.  This  is  a  well  designed  and 
carefully  built  machine,  and  special  care 
has  been  given  to  locate  the  entire  con- 
trol of  the  machine  within  easy  reach 
of  the  operator. 

The  arm  is  constructed  of  extra  heavy 
channels,  accurately  planed  top  and  bot- 
tom, with  substantial  supporters  at  each 
end,  and  is  supported  from  outer  end  to 
top  of  wall  bracket  by  heavy  steel  brace 
bars. 

The    wall    bracket   is   heavily    ribbed. 


positions  for  convenience  in  connecting 
belt  drive  from  countershaft. 

The  motor  application  is  made  by 
mounting  5  to  .7%  H.P.  variable  speed 
motor  on  suitable  brackets,  which 
will  be  furnished  at  extra  cost, 
in  place  of  bracket  that  carries  bevel 
gear  housings. 

The  head  is  exceedingly  rigid,  mounted 
on  four  flanged  wheels  fitted  with  roller 
bearinr^s,  and  moves  with  extreme  ease 
from  end  to  end  of  arm.  All  gears  are 
accurately  cut  from  the  solid,  feed  gears 
being  of  steel.  The  bearings  are  bronze 
bushed  and  renewable.  The  wheels, 
carrying  heads,  are  fitted  with  high 
grade  roller  bearings. 

A  hand  lever  feed,  nicely  counter- 
balanced by  adjustable  weight  for  light 
drilling  and  countersinking,  can  be  ad- 
justed to  remain  in  any  position.  The 
geared  power  feed  has  two  changes,  .015 


^t/gnfAmtM  Sfioftzt  BuSHfMss 


Tie  S**i  lv&* 

SntL  Sit£vt,  Bmomg  Bvsffmas 

Quick /iBTu0N  fioJ9  foweM  fM£o 
Ball  Trntusr  BmAm/iva 


\^- Aaj'usTABt.g  Couureii  WEiaftr 


OAftSC   PjrcH  /fAC/t 

fo  A  Afo/rse  Tap£A 


to  .025  per  revolution  of  the  spindle. 
Can  be  changed  while  drill  is  in  opera- 
tion, and  provides  a  good  range  of  feed 
for  drills  up  to  2%  in.  diameter.  An 
automatic  release  of  power  feeds  to  spin- 
dle is  provided  at  extreme  traverse  of 
spindle  to  prevent  damage  to  feed  gears. 

The  spindle  is  of  high  carbon  steel, 
2%  in.  diameter  in  bearings,  is  accur- 
ately ground,  runs  in  long  bronze  bush- 
ings, (renewable)  within  a  steel  sleeve; 
has  7  in.  traverse;  No.  4  Morse  taper 
hole,  is  fitted  with  high  grade  heavy 
duty  ball  thrust  bearing.  Upper  end  of 
spindle  2%  in.  dia.,  and  slides  through 
heavy  steel  driving  sleeve  to  which  is 
keyed   the  main  driving  gear. 

An  adjustable  eccentric  wheel  on  un- 
der side  of  arm  keeps  the  carriage  in 
proper   adjustment   along  the   channels. 

A  clamp  lever  conveniently  located, 
clamps  head  rigidly  to  the  arm.  Tie  bar 
lugs  are  provided  at  extreme  end  of  arm 
to  receive  tie  bar  in  event  it  should  be 
found  desirable  in  extra  heavy  drilling. 
The  countershaft  is  self  oiling,  tight  and 
loose  pulleys  16  in.  diameter,  4%  in.  face, 
and  should  run  350  R.P.M. 


L 


WAU>.  BAX>IAL  DRILLING  MACHINE 


DIRECT    CURRENT    FACE    LATHE. 

MOTOR    HEAD    FACE    LATHE 

In  developing  the  face  lathe  shown 
herewith,  the  Oliver  Machinery  Co., 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  have  kept  in  mind 
the  desirability  of  having  a  machine  tool 
which  would  be  entirely  self  contained. 
The  motor  head,  the  controller  or  switch 
and  the  rests  are  mounted  on  the  floor 
column,  making  the  machine  especially 
desirable  as  a  portable  face  lathe.  All 
the  electrical  parts  are  totally  enclosed — 
dust  proof. 

The  lathe  swings  24  inches  over 
bracket,  20  inches  over  rest  socket  and 
will  turn  work  up  to  12  inches  wide  by 
20  inches  diameter  or  6  inches  wide  by 
24  inches  diameter.  Great  care  should 
be  taken  not  to  run  these  lathes  at  a 
higher  speed  than  the  work  at  hand  will 
warrant. 

The  spindle  is  made  of  steel  tubing 
selected  for  strength  and  durability.     It 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


459 


REAR     VIEW     OF     ALTERNATING     CURRENT 
FACE    LATHE 

IS  l%inch  diameter  and  has  a  >4-inch 
hole  its  entire  length  to  facilitate  re- 
moval of  centers.  The  inside  end  is 
threaded  for  face  plates  and  bored  to 
receive  No.  2  Morse  Taper  Shanks.  Out- 
side end  carries  a  hand  wheel  for  holding 
the  spindle  for  removing:  face  plates,  for 
turning  spindle  by  hand  when  making' 
adjustments,  or  for  quickly  stopping 
motor.  When  rear  end  turning  is  desired, 
the  hand  wheel  may  be  replaced  by  a 
face   plate. 

Either  a.  c.  or  d.  c.  motors  may  be 
fitted  to  the  head  according  to  the  avail- 
able  supply. 

The  a.  c.  motor  head  will  run  at  800 
to  3,500  R.  P.  M.  ■  The  d.  c.  motor  head 
will  operate  at  600  to  3,000  R.  P.  M. 
The  a.  c.  motor  is  of  the  single  phase, 
series-compensated  type,  and  will  operate 
on  any  single  or  polyphase  circuit  of 
the  proper  voltage  ;md  also  on  any  fre- 


quency from'25  to  60  cycles.  The  wiring 
from  main  line  to  motor  comprises  two 
wires  only,  making  its  connection  simple 
through  the  avoidance  of  a  multiplicity 
of  wires  incidental  to  the  use  of  regu- 
lators or  rheostats.  The  lubrication  is 
very  simple  and  confined  to  the  occas- 
ional filling  of  grease  cups. 

The  stator  frame  is  constructed  of 
laminated  steel  reinforced  with  iron 
spacings  blocks  inserted  to  absorb  the 
thrust,  which  insures  absolute  rigidity 
of  the  headstock.  Speeds  from  800  to 
3,500  R.  P.  M.  or  any  intermediate  speed 
may  be  obtained  by  simply  turning  one 
or  the  other  of  the  conveniently  placed 
hand  wheels.  There  are  no  feed  rheo- 
stats, regulators  or  relays,  the  entire 
controlling  mechanism  being  contained 
in  the  motor. 


The  d.  c.  motor  has  a  frame  made  of 
soft  cast  steel  and  which  fully  encloses 
Jill  current  carrying  parts.  The  upper 
cover  on  the  commutator  end  is  for  in- 
specting brushes.  Polepieces  are  drop 
forgings  of  very  high  magnetic  permea- 
bility. Field  coils  are  form  wound  and 
thoroughly  insulated.  Bearings  are  rine 
oiling  and  adjustable  for  wear.  Commu- 
tator bars  are  made  of  hard  di'awn  cop- 
per, insulated  from  the  commutator 
center  and  from  each  other  by  selected 
mica.  Commutator  uses  two  brushes 
per  stub,  eliminating  brush  trouble  and 
sparking.  Armature  is  mounted  on  a 
special  shaft  constituting  the  head  stock 
spindle.  The  core  is  built  up  of  lamina- 
tions of  soft  steel  sheet  heavily  insulated 
before  the  coils  are  wound  into  place. 


RETURNED  SOLDIERS  ARE  NOT 

MUCH  IN  FAVOR  OF  FARM  LIFE 


FACE    LATHE    FOR    USE    ON     ALTERNATING 
CURRENT. 


WE  spent  many  an  evening  in  France 
in  our  little  mess,  discussing  the 
problem  of  what  the  men  would  want  to  do 
\\  hen  the  yretumed,  and  how  they  would 
be  absorbed  into  the  life  of  the  commu- 
nity. From  what  we  had  seen  we  came 
lo  the  conclusion  that  many  of  the  men 
who  had  been  working  in  clerical  posi- 
tions in  cities,  now  that  they  had  had  a 
taste  of  life  in  the  open,  ana  had  become 
rugged,  would  go  to  the  farm  in  prefer- 
ence to  the  city.  But  we  have  had  to  re- 
verse that  conclusion.  We  now  find  that 
the  men,  even  those  who  had  come  from 
the  land,  will  not  go  back  to  the  farm 
when  they  come  home,  because,  for  one 
reason,  they  have  become  more  or  lesb 
gregarious;  they  have  lived  together, 
and  men  who  had  lived  a  lonely  life  be- 
fore have  now  had  friendships  for  years. 
They  have  made  strong  friendships,  and 
they  have  come  to  a  different  point  of 
view  on  almost  everything. 

The  returned  soldier  is  a  man  who 
cares  very  little  for  wealth  or  for  posi- 
tion; he  will  look  you  right  in  the  eye 
and  tell  you  exactly  what  he  thinks.  i 
have  had  men  applying  for  positions 
who  have  been  private  soldiers,  and,  al- 
though I  was  in  uniform,  they  woula 
come  in  and  talk  to  me  in  a  way  they 
would  not  have  dared  to  do  had  they  been 
in  uniform.  They  have  seen  things  and 
they  realize  a  good  deal  of  what  is  real 
in  life.  When  we  talk  of  the  returned 
soldier  we  must  consider,  first  of  all,  his 
mental  point  of  view. '  The  returned 
soldiers,  particularly  those  who  have 
been  in  the  field  for  more  than  two 
years,  have  been  and  will  be  to  a  large 
extent  spoiled  for  ordinary  work.  Many 
things  they  considered  worth  while  be- 
fore will  no  longer  attract  them.  They 
consider,  for  instance,  that  the  question 
of  making  money  is  not  the  greatest 
thing. 

The  system  under  which  the  wounded 
man  lives,  and  is  encouraeed  to  do  noth- 
ing, in  the  hospital,  really  trains  him 
to  be  a  loafer.  He  is  deliberately  trained 
to  do  nothing.  The  first  thing  to  do  with 
the  average  man  when  he  comes  back  is 


to  get  him  gradually  broken  in  to  the 
idea  of  working  and  becoming  a  citizen 
of  the  community.  I  know  myself — I 
came  back  sick,  and  I  can  speak  from 
personal  experience — ^that  it  has  taken 
me  practically  to  the  present  time  to  get 
the  point  of  view  of  the  civilian  that 
things  here  are  worth  while.  The  man 
at  the  front  has  passed  through  great 
experiences,  and,  when  he  comes  back, 
the  ordinary  things  of  life  seem  dull  and 
unprofitable.  In  some  way  he  has  to  get 
out  of  that  attitude,  which  is  largely 
mental. 

Economic  conditions  after  the  war  wil. 
play  a  large  part  in  the  absorption  of 
the  returned  soldiers.  Whether  compe- 
tition be  great  or  not,  I  do  not  think 
these  men  will  go  on  the  land  unless 
some  means  can  be  provided  whereby 
they  can  live  together  and  have  a  com- 
munity life.  I  do  not  think  they  will  con- 
sider for  one  moment  going  back  on 
those  large  farms  on  the  prairies. — Col. 
George  C.  Nasmith,  M.D. 


It  is  not  being  out  at  heels  that  makes 
a  man  discontented,  it  is  being  out  at 
heart. — Bliss  Carman. 

The  best  compensation  for  doing  things 
is  the  ability  to  do  more. — Ginger. 

Any  man  is  a  success  who  can  do  his 
work  without  supervision. — ^Elbert  Hub- 
bard. 

Too  low  they  build  who  build  beneath 
the  stars. — Dr.  Young. 

A  wise  man  is  never  less  alone  than 
when   he  is  alone. — Swift. 

A  negative  thought  is  a  poison  as 
deadly  as  arsenic. — H.  L.  Fogleman. 

He  who  does  not  advance  recedes. — 
'Latin. 

I  have  often  wanted  Fortune,  but 
oftener   Enterprise. — Montaigne. 

When  you  begin  to  feel  sorry  for  your- 
self, you  have  a  right  to  be. — Logginn'. 

Nothing  is  impossible  to  industry. — 
Periander  of  Corinth. 

Success  will  go  a  block  out  of  its 
way  to  dodge  a  lazy  man — Sun. 


460 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  I  il  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 

LIMITED 

(BSTABUSHBD  lgS8) 

iOHN  BAVNE  MACLEAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice.Pre»id*nt 

H.   V.  TYRRELL.   General   Manazer 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5-> 

\  «eekl»  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B    G.   NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.   KENNEDY.  Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors : 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 

Officf    of     Publication.     143I5S    University    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX 


()(rix)i?EH  r 


No.   Ki 


A  Poor  Place  to  Work 

TJOW  is  it  that  municipalities  can  continue  to  secure  the 
*^  assistance  they  require  in  the  way  of  competent 
officials?  There  are  two  forms  of  employment  that'  are 
not  desirable.  One  of  these  is  appointment  under  political 
patronage.  The  other  is  a  position  in  the  gift  of  a  civic 
governing  body.  In  some  cases  a  mistaken  individual  may 
be  inclined  to  regard  either  of  these  as  sinecures.  They 
have  a  mental  picture  of  short  hours,  pleasant  offices  and 
easy  work.  Unfortunately  in  some  political  appointments 
these  specifications  have  been  lived  up  to. 

But  the  average  civic  official  has  not  a  desirable  ap- 
pointment. In  Toronto  this  week  we  have  had  the  spec- 
tacle of  the  Mayor  telling  the  Medical  Officer  of  Health 
that  he  ought  to  apologize  for  drawing  his  salary.  Sal- 
ary increases  were  threshed  out,  and  the  petty  raises  doled 
oat  in  many  cases  were  made  the  cause  of  prolonged  dis- 
cussions, all  of  which  appeared  in  print.  A  man  with  a 
good  sized  backbone  stuck  into  his  system  would  ten 
times  rather  go  without  the  miserable  increase  than  have 
his  salary  matters  paraded  before  the  public  in  such  cheap 
fashion. 

There  is  many  a  well-trained  official  serving  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  city  engineer  to-day  who  is  simply  going  to 
seed  because  he  knows  that  his  official  head  would  come 
off  close  to  the  collar-bone  were  he  to  get  up  and  speak 
the  blunt  truth  about  the  manner  in  which  civic  affairs 
are  carried  on. 

Pity  the  man  who  gets  jockeyed  into  the  position 
where  he  can't  call  his  soul  his  own,  and  where  his  best 
accomplishments  are  simply  a  second  rate  performance 
of  the  best  that  is  really  in  him. 


Public  and  Private  Methods 

IVHY  is  it  that  government  institutions  seem  so  often 
''*  to  lack  in  the  fine  precision  of  detail  that  makes 
private  operations  in  the  same  line  a  success? 

For  instance,  right  now  such  a  condition  exists  at 
Vancouver.  In  the  Vancouver  World  of  recent  date  the 
■following  appears: — 

"Vessels  are  unloaded,  re-loaded  and  get  away  from 
Vancouver  just  as  quickly  as  anywhere  on  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

That  is,  some  vessels  are. 

When  a  C.  P.  R.  boat  comes  in  she  finds  one  empty 
shed  to  receive  her  freight  and  another  full  shed  to  be 
emptied  into  her  hold.  Loading  is  going  on  at  one  end 
of  the  ship  and  unloading  at  the  other. 

Also  the  freight  does  not  accumulate  in  the  shed. 
There  are  cars,  all  the  cars  needed,  to  take  it  away  and 
so  prevent  congestion.  Also  switching  engines  to  move  the 
cars. 


And  likewise  at  the  Great  Northern  dock. 

But  not  so,  not  by  any  means  so,  at  the  other  docks  and 
at  the  government  dock  in  particular.  There  the  freight 
piles  up  and  piles  up  in  great  mountains  so  that  it  takes 
a  gang  nearly  twice  as  big  to  work  a  hatch  as  the  gang 
working  a  hatch  in  a  C.  P.  R.  steamer. 

And  moreover,  if  C.  P.  R.  or  Great  Northern  boats  are 
in  the  longshoremen  find  it  better  to  go  to  them  than  go 
out  to  the  government  dock,  where  they  are  a  Ion??  way 
from  home  and  not  a  solitary  restaurant  is  working  at 
night  when  a  man  wants  some  hot  coffee  to  see  him 
through. 

Now  that  condition  is  too  often  indicative  of  the  dif- 
ference between  public  and  private  ownership.  The  pri- 
vate company  has  to  study  actual  competitive  conditions 
and  "meet  them.  The  government  can  afford  to  take 
the  position  too  often  of  knowing  that  a  deficit  is  not 
going  to  wreck  their  business.  The  Vancouver  case  looks 
like  one  that  will  stand  some  explanation. 


The  Viewpoint  of  Two  Men 

SOME  months  ago  it  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
Kaiser  that  one  mother  had  lost  nine  sons  in  the  war. 
The  German  emperor  thereupon  wrote  to  her  as  fol- 
lows:— 

Nineteen-Eighteen 

Frau   Meter; — 

"His  Majesty  the  Kaiser  hears  that  you  have  sacrificed 
nine  sons  in  defense  of  the  Fatherland  in  the  present  war. 
His  Majesty  is  immensely  gratified  at  the  fact,  and  in 
recognition  is  pleased  to  send  you  his  photograph,  with 
frame  and  autograph  signature." 

What  sympathy!  What  comfort  to  that  heart-broken 
soul  who  had  sacrificed  nine  sons  while  the  Kaiser's  six, 
resplendent  in  all  the  official  trappings  of  war,  are  as  safe 
to-day  as  they  were  on  the  first  day  of  the  conflict! 

The  wording  of  the  message  is  hardly  short  of  blas- 
phemy. Viewing  the  loss  of  nine  sons  with  smug  com- 
placency the  beast  of  Berlin  expresses  his  gratification! 

Abraham  Lincoln  had  occasion  to  write  at  the  close  of 
the  Civil  War  to  a  mother  who  had  lost  five  sons  in 
battle.     His  letter  ran  as  follows: — 

Executive  Mansion,  Washington,  November  21,  1864 
Mrs.  Bixby,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

"Dear  Madam:  I  have  been  shown  in  the  files  of  the 
War  Department  a  statement  of  the  Adjutant-General  of 
Massachusetts  that  you  are  the  mother  of  five  sons  who 
have  died  gloriously  on  the  field  of  battle.  I  feel  how 
weak  and  fruitless  must  be  any  words  of  mine  which 
should  attempt  to  beguile  you  from  the  grief  of  a  loss  so 
overwhelming.  But  I  can  not  refrain  from  tendering  to 
you  the  consolation  that  may  be  found  in  the  thanks  of  the 
Republic  they  died  to  save.  I  pray  that  our  Heavenly 
Father  may  assuage  the  anguish  of  your  bereavement 
and  leave  you  only  the  cherished  memory  of  the  loved  and 
lost,  and  the  solemn  pride  that  must  be  yours  to  have 
laid  so  costly  a  sacrifice  upon  the  altar  of  freedom." 
Yours  very  sincerely  and  respectfully. 

A.   Lincoln. 

There's  something  in  that  message  of  Lincoln's  that 
appeals  to  the  manly  man  and  the  womanly  woman. 
There's  a  depth  of  feeling  and  a  wealth  of  heart-felt  sym- 
pathy that  speaks  the  innermost  convictions  of  a  godly 
man. 

There  is  enough  in  those  two  letters  to  show  why 
United  States  is  with  the  Allied  forces  in  the  greatest 
war  the  world  has  ever  seen. 


/^UR  idea  of  an  accomplished  man  is  the  chap  who  can 
^^  ride  in  some  other  person's  motor  car  with  that  splen- 
did indifference  that  makes  the  real  owner  look  like  his 

chauffeur. 

•         *         * 

If  you're  making  twice  as  much  money  as  you  used 
to,  don't  forget  to  peel  off  a  ten  spot  and  slide  it  into 
your  hip  pocket  occasionally. 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


461 


THERE'S  ALWAYS  A  WAY  UP 
FOR  THE  MAN  PREPARED 


Technical   Education  With   Practical   Experience  Make   a 
Winning  Combination 

By  A.  J.  T. 

/CERTAIN  learned  books  lament  that  talking  as  an 
^^  accomplishment  is  a  lost  art.  So  it  is.  For  in  the 
more  practical  environment  of  its  new  abode — industry — 
it  does  not  aspire  to  be  termed  an  art.  Nevertheless, 
one  commissioned  to  find  it  in  a  hurry  would  not  search 
first  in  the  production  end  of  business.  But  there,  and 
just  yesterday  evening,  this  ability  to  talk  interestingly, 
pleasingly,  was  found  in  the  person  of  William  C.  Beck, 
superintendent  of  the  Consolidated  Optical  Company,  of 
Toronto. 

"Thirty  years  ago,"  said   Mr.  Beck,  "I  was   15  at  the 

time  and  I  am  about  45  now, 
so  it  would  be  30  years  ago 
— I  did  my  first  work  for 
the  Ball  Electric  Light 
Company,  Adelaide  Street, 
Toronto. 

"The  following  five  years 
I'll  pass  up,  if  I  may;  for 
I'm  sure  I  did  not  greatly 
help  the  several  firms  I 
worked  for,  and  I'm  just  as 
certain  that  they  did  not 
help  me. 

"Twenty-one  years  old, 
with  the  machinery  of  a 
ramshackle  brick  yard  in 
my  care,  I  rubbed  shoulders 
with  dissatisfaction.  What 
was  there  ahead  for  me  ?  In 
school  I  had  not  gone  be- 
yond the  third  book.  A  mar- 
ried man  without  a  t^ade, 
without  education  enough 
for  an  office  stool,  what  was 
there  that  I  could  do? 

"I  left  the  brick  yard  and  for  a  time  favored  the 
Toronto  Electric  Motor  Company,  making  rheostats  mostly. 
My  wage  was  to  be  six  dollars  weekly.  Sometimes  it 
was.  But  all  too  frequently  one  dollar  or  a  single  fifty- 
cent  piece  was  all  I  obtained  for  six  days'  labor.  Con- 
sequently, if  dissatisfaction  had  been  shoulder-high  be- 
fore, here  both  fists  of  the  old  Goader  pummeled  me. 

"To  understand  my  plight  you  should  know  what  times 
were  like  25  years  ago.  It  was  a  trying  period  of  indus- 
trial stagnation.  Men  begged  for  work — and  did  not  get 
it.  Why,  even  journeymen  machinists — the  best  of  them 
— took  their  twelve  per  with  a  prayer  of  thanksgiving. 
"Groping  for  a  way  out,  I  met  Walter  Inglehart,  then 
in  charge  of  McFaren  Dental  Supplies  and  now,  by  the 
way,  superintendent  of  a  large  Chicago  plant.  Under 
Inglehart  I  made  my  own  patterns  and  forgings.  But 
this  work  was  heart-breaking,  for  I  knew  so  little  and 
willed  to  do  so  much. 

"It  was  through  Inglehart  that  I  started  attending  the 
'Tech.'  Three  nights  a  week  I  went  until  I  had  mastered 
algebra,  elementary  electricity,  steam,  machine  drawing 
and  machine  construction.  So  at  last  I  was  making  head- 
way, if  not  a  fortune. 

And  not  long  after  more  money  offered;  a  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  a  week  more,  with  another  advantage:  The 
Ballard  Electric  Machine  Company  did  the  finest  class  of 
machine  work  in  Toronto.  Here  I  learned  to  do  real 
good    die   and   tool   work. 

"Later  Wythe  &  Carter — their  plant  was  the  basement 
of  the  old  Truth  Building  on  Adelaide,  almost  opposite 
Sheppard — offered  three  dollars  and  fifty  cents  more. 
I  accepted. 


Wm.    C.    Beck 


"One  day  in  this  plant  the  superintendent  and  a  man 
named  Bowker  came  over  to  where  I  was  pickin{r  tools 
out  of  snow  banked  on  the  work  bench  below  the  street 
windows.  Could  I  make  dies  for  the  gentleman  ?  I  could. 
"Now  this  man  Bowker  managed  the  Ajax  Optical 
Company  and  had  been  superintendent  of  the  Standard 
Optical  Company,  a  United  States  corporation  with  which 
the  Ajax  was  affiliated.  He  came  often  with  work,  al- 
ways direct  to  me,  and  at  length  intimated  that  my 
future  with  him  might  be  bright.  Finally,  more  money 
was  proffered.  Pay  for  holidays!  I  can  relish  the  tliought 
to  this  day. 

"I  had  just  nicely  got  the  run  of  the  Ajax  plant  when 
I  saw  a  way  to  cut  out  expensive  machines  then  in  use. 
The  tool  I  made  eliminated  these  machines  entirely. 
Other  ideas  of  mine  were  adopted.  And  when  officials 
of  the  Standard  Optical  Company  visited  our  plant,  Mr. 
Bowker  gave   me   all  credit  for  improvements   made. 

"Moreover,  when  the  Ajax  Company  merged  int» 
Cohen  Brothers,  manufacturing  opticians,  all  the  Ajax 
workmen  except  Mr.  Bowker  and  myself  were  laid  off. 
He  agreed  to  go  with  Cohen  Brothers  as  mechanical 
adviser  provided  he  could  have  me  as  assistant.. 

"Well  do  I  remember  the  amazement  of  the  workmen 
in  Cohen  Brothers'  plant  the  first  time  they  saw  me 
sinking  cold  steel.  'Bill  Beck'  there  and  then  acquired 
a  spot  in  the  sun.  And  I  think  the  foreman,  sooner  than 
I,  sensed  what  was  to  follow.  Anyway,  when  I  was 
made  foreman,  he  took  the  change  graciously  enough. 

"One  week-end,  a  few  months  later,  I  was  called  into 
Mr.  Cohen's  office.  This  was  my  first  personal  contact 
with  any  one  of  the  three  Cohen  brothers.  I  was  some- 
what nervous  but  not  long  being  left  in  doubt.  For  Mr. 
Cohen,  commending  my  work,  evinced  an  interest  in  my 
future  amounting  to  this:  A  small  holding  of  stock  in 
the  company  and  a  wage  increase,  part  of  which  would 
go  to  pay  for  the  stock.  I'd  have  to  pay  interest  on 
shares  I  held,  but  this  was  more  than  offset  by  the  fifteen 
per  cent,  dividend  this  stock  was  then  earning.  Fur- 
ther, in  the  event  of  my  death,  it  was  stipulated  that 
this  stock  would  be  turned  over  to  my  wife  as  fully 
paid  up.  So  you  see,  from  every  angle,  the  proposition 
was   most  generous. 

"That  week-end  Mrs.  Beck  and  I  talked  it  over,  and 
of  the  one  possible  objection  our  happy  anticipations 
made  light.  I  refer  to  Cohen  Brothers'  superintendent. 
He  was  not  liked.  And  although  I  continued  to  get  along 
fairly  well  with  him,  Mr.  Bowker  would  not  and,  in  con- 
sequence, he  returned  to  the  Standard  Optical  Company. 
"In  time  there  was  talk  of  another  merger  and  in- 
timations that  I  stood  a  chance  for  the  superintendency 
of  the  then  forming  Consolidated  Optical  Company  reached 
my  ears  indirectly.  The  intermediator — a  friend  of  mine 
— said  I  was  the  man  for  the  job.  I  also  thought  so  and 
said   so,  provided   I   could   have  a   free   hand. 

"But  I  was  merely  'Bill  Beck  in  the  jeans'  to  our 
present  managing  director.  Therefore,  although  he  slated 
me  for  superintendent,  I  believe  he  did  the  trick  with 
no  small  amount  of  skepticism. 

"That  was  ten  or  eleven  years  ago.  Much  has  hap- 
pened since.  One  thing  I'll  mention,  because  it  shows 
the  far-reaching  effect  of  my  having  been  prepared  when 
Bowker  wanted  those  dies.  The  Standard  Optical  Com- 
pany offered  me  over  a  thousand  dollars  more  than  my 
salary  at  the  time  to  go  into  their  plant  as  assistant 
superintendent,  with  the  position  of  superintendent  an 
assured    thing    shortly. 

"Respecting  salary,  however,  as  it  grows  I'm  afraid 
a  man  loses  the  sense  of  proportion.  Mine  increased  a 
round  thousand  a  few  months  ago.  I  took  it  as  a  matter 
of  course.  So  I  suppose,"  Mr.  Beck  smiled  in  conclusion, 
"never  again  shall  I  thrill  to  a  prospect  as  I  thrilled  to 
Bowker's    promised    pay    for    holidays!" 


Gladstone's  grandson  wrote  his  mother  on  March  23, 
1915,  the  first  day  he  was  at  the  front:  "The  length  of 
life  which  a  man  lives  does  not  matter  so  much  as  what 
he   is  able   to   accomplish   in   that  life." 


4«2 


Volume  XX. 


1  A^flk 

EaB|^ 

MARKET 

%M 

rV 

DEVELOPMENTS 

^^^|p  j'.i^^/'^B^^^^B 

BBB^^j 

^^^1 

Tool  Trade  Receives  Impetus  by  U.S.  Buying 

U.S.  Government  Places  Orders  For  Much  Equipment  For  Various 

Plants— Spanish  Influenza  Serious  Factor  in  Decreasing  Work 

Production — No  Relief  in  Sight  For  Steel  Plate  Situation 


PROMISES  of  relief  in  the  shortage  of  steel  plate 
and  light  sheets  have  shown  no  signs  of  materializing 
as  yet.  Some  of  the  warehouses  have  no  stock  on 
hand.  The  War  Board  continues  to  cut  close  on  the 
orders  that  it  allows  to  pass  for  filling  and  in  some 
instances  a  disposition  has  been  shown  to  release  material 
for  repairs  more  readily  than  for  new  work. 

Manufacturing  interests  in  Canada  and  the  United 
States  are  being  hard  hit  in  many  cases  with  Spanish 
influenza. 

It  is  reported  that  plants  in  the  Chester  and  Eddy- 
stone  district,  Philadelphia,  including  the  Baldwin  Loco- 
motive Works,  are  short  50  per  cent,  of  their  workmen. 
One  plate  mill's  production  dropped  to  one-third  last 
week;  it  had  been  operating  at  over  95  per  cent.  Some 
others  show  a  reduction  of  25  per  cent,  in  workmen. 
The  Hog  Island  ship  plant  is  short  about  10  to  15  per 
cent,  of  workmen.  It  is  reported  that  Worth  Bros.  Co., 
at  Clayton,  Dela.,  will  close  down  temporarily.  There 
are  said  to  be  200,000  cases  of  influenza  in  Philadelphia, 
and  strict  measures  are  being  taken  to  fight  the  epidemic. 
Office  forces  are  badly  depleted  and  much  work  is  being 
held  up.  Plate  mills  are  also  watching  their  pig  iron  and 
coal  supplies  closely.  The  mills  buying  these  materials 
are  using  them  from  hand  to  mouth  and  are  unable  to 
accumulate   stocks   for   the   winter. 

Industrial  centres  in  Canada  report  much  the  same 
condition    of   affairs. 

There  has  been  considerable  activity  in  the  buying  of 


machinery  last  week.  In  the  East  some  large  orders 
were  placed  in  the  Philadelphia  market,  but  New  York 
and  New  England  trade  was  relatively  quiet.  The  United 
States  government  dominated  the  trade  in  all  sections, 
the  Ordnance  Bureau  of  War  Department  placing  orders 
for  tools  for  arsenals  and  also  buying  for  manufacture, 
with  whom  it  has  placed  contracts  for  guns,  shells,  and 
aircraft.  Large  contracts  are  still  pending  for  equipment 
for  gun   shops  at  home  and   abroad. 

Recent  activity  throughout  the  industry  is  reflected  in 
an  advance  of  prices  for  some  lines  of  tools. 

The  War  Department  has  approved  appropriations 
calling  for  the  expenditure  of  several  million  dollars  for 
additions  to  arsenals  and  for  several  other  plants  that 
are  executing  gun  and  ammunition  contracts. 

The  scrap  market  during  the  past  week  has  been 
devoid  of  any  changes  of  interest.  Only  a  fair  amount 
of  business  is  coming  in.  The  orders  are  smaller  than 
usual,  and  apparently  users  in  many  cases  are  not  in- 
clined to  stock  up.  American  points  have  been  reporting 
a  very  serious  shortage  in  all  grades  of  scrap,  but  within 
the  last  few  days  it  has  come  to  notice  that  some  of  the 
dealers  there  are  actually  in  the  market  with  very  at- 
tractive tonnages  of  sorted  material  for  sale.  Canadian 
dealers  have  been  contending  all  along  that  access  to 
the  U.  S.  market  would  be  a  good  thing  for  them,  but 
the  embargo  has  prevented  this.  It  would  seem  now 
that  selling  in  the  home  market,  although  more  limited, 
is  about   their  only  chance. 


STEEL  PRODUCTION  VERY  MUCH 

IN  ADVANCE  OF  ESTIMATES 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


p  ITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Oct.  16.— The 
^  rate  of  steel  production  in  Septem- 
ber was  12  per  cent,  above  the  rate  in 
August,  which  was  about  4  per  cent,  be- 
low the  rate  in  four  months  preceding. 
The  increase  even  exceeds  the  expecta- 
tions that  were  entertained,  based  on 
tre  pausing  of  hot  weather. 

A  further  and  very  encouraging  fact 
has  come  out,  by  reason  of  the  practical 
completion  of  statistics  of  the  country's 
steel  ingot  production  in  1917.  Previ- 
ously information  as  to  ingot  production 
has  come  through  reports  of  29  large 
companies,  which  reported  monthly.  In 
1916  these  companies  made  88.15  per 
cent,  of  the  country's  output,  and  it  has 
been  assumed,  naturally,  that  they  con- 
tributed about  the  same  amount  to  the 


1917  output.  On  that  basis  the  1917 
output  was  about  42,200,000  gross  tons 
of  ingots.  Now,  however,  returns  from 
practically  all  producers  for  1917  show 
that  in  that  year  the  output  was  about 
43,700,000  tons,  or  1,500,000  tons  more 
than  has  been  assumed.  The  29  com- 
panies contributed  only  85.10  per  cent, 
to  the  1917  output,  presumably  by  the 
fortuitous  circumstance  of  other  pro- 
ducers having  indulged  in  more  new 
construction  than  did  the  29  companies 
as  a  whole. 

On  the  basis  that  the  output  of  the 
29  companies  in  September  represented 
85.10  per  cent,  of  the  total  output,  as 
was  the  case  in  1917,  and  making  al- 
lowance for  the  number  of  working 
days,  the  country  produced  steel  ingots 


in  September  at  the  remarkable  rate  of 
46,800,000  gross  tons  a  year.  The  fav- 
orite estimate  of  capacity  has  been  not 
less  than  about  47,000,000  tons,  this 
estimate  being  based  on  actual  output 
in  1916,  which  was  41,400,000  tons,  plus 
allowance  for  new  construction.  Outputs 
have  appeared  to  fall  much  below  this 
amount,  and  the  forced  explanation  has 
been  that  on  account  of  war  time  diffi- 
culties, largely  the  shortage  of  scrap 
of  good  quality,  the  output  feasible  un- 
der normal  working  conditions  could  not 
be  oHtained.  Now  the  situation  appears 
much  more  favorable,  and  the  common 
view  is  that  October  will  show  a  better 
rate  of  production  even  than  September. 
Naturally  there  will  be  some  decrease 
with  winter  weather,  but  perhaps 
nothing   serious. 

Steel   Requirements   and   Supplies 

These  new  steel   ingot  production  sta- 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


463 


tistics  permit  a  close  examination  of 
steel  supplies  in  relation  to  require- 
ments as  formulated  by  the  War  Indus- 
tries Hoard  and  an  estimate  of  the  de- 
ficit between  supplies  and  the  program, 
with  enquiry  as  to  where  the  deficit 
■will  fall. 

It  will  be  recalled  that  early  in  July 
the  War  Industries  Board  estimated  the 
steel  requirements  for  the  half  year  at 
20,000,000  tons,  this  being  in  net  tons  of 
finished  rolled  steel.  At  the  same  time 
it  pointed  out  that  the  industry  had 
never  made  more  than  about  16,500,000 
net  tons  in  a  half  year.  There  is  some 
doubt  whether  that  statement  was 
strictly  correct.  Later  the  board  in- 
creased its  estimate  of  the  requirements 
to  23,000,000  tons  for  certain,  with  a 
possibility  that  the  total  might  be  25,- 
000,000  tons.  The  increases  were  due, 
first,  to  increased  demands  of  the  A.E. 
F.  and  our  Allies,  and  second,  to  large 
demands  of  the  Railway  Administration 
for  rails  and  for  cars  in  addition  to  the 
100,000  bought  a  few  months  ago.  The 
board's  estimate  of  supply  was  increas- 
ed only  to  17,000,000  tons. 

There  is  information  available  that 
permits  a  close  estimate  of  rolled  steel 
supply  from  the  tonnage  of  ingots  pro- 
duced at  about  6.200,000  net  tons  in  July 
and  August,  and  at  about  3,300,000  ton,* 
for  September,  making  9,500,000  tons 
for  the  three  months.  In  view  of  the 
Sene-Tiber  rate  of  output  and  the  ex- 
pectation that  October  will  do  still  bet- 
ter, 10,000,000  tons  or  possibly  a  trifle 
more  is  to  be  expected  for  the  current 
quarter,  makinor  19,500,000  to  20,000,000 
tons  for  the  half  year. 

Thus  there  will  be  a  deficit  of  not 
less  than  3,000,000  tons  between  the 
supply  and  the  estimated  requirements, 
and  the  question,  now  that  production 
is  speeded  to  the  utmost,  is  simply 
where  the  deficit  will  fall.  Enough  is 
now  known  to  make  a  rough  approxima- 
tion. It  will  fall  in  part  upon  supplies 
for  the  general  war  program,  chiefly 
by  way  of  reducing  the  factor  of  safety 
that  lias  been  used  in  making  up  the 
estimates,  and  partly  upon  the  commer- 
cial industries  that  have  been  recognized 
as  helpful  in  winning  the  war. 

It  is  certain  that  some  parts  of  the 
war  program  have  been  allotted  more 
st^eel  than  they  could  currently  use, 
whereby  reservoirs  have  been  created 
against  the  possibility  that  speeding  up 
afterwards  might  draw  from  these 
reservoirs  Three  instances  may  be 
mentioned  in  connection  with  the  pros- 
pective reduction  in  the  factor  of  safety, 
shell  st^e\  ship  steel  and  railroad  steel 
as  follows: 

(1)  In  the  past  ten  days  a  large  shell 
forging  plant  at  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  has 
been  closed  for  lack  of  steel,  while  a 
forge  shop  at  Cleveland  lost  three  days' 
time  and  is  now  put  on  the  basis  of 
onerating  two-thirds  capacity.  The  sup- 
plies of  forged  material  have  been  well 
in  excess  of  the  capacity  of  the  machine 
shops  to  make  finished  shells,  and  thus 
the  production  of  shells  will  continue  as 
formerly,   but      the      reservoir      against 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


United  States  government  places 
large  orders  for  machine  tools  and 
sanctions  private  purchases  for  go- 
vernment work. 

Spanish  influenza  is  a  serious  fac- 
tor in  reducing  output  of  munitions 
and  is  affecting  all  the  important 
centres  in  Canada  and  U.S. 

The  scrap  metal  market  reports 
little  change  with  ample  stock  on 
hand. 

Several  Canadian  firms  with 
ample  foundry  facilities  are  con- 
sidering the  advisability  of  making 
cast  steel  shell. 

The  plate  situation  shows  little 
change  with  a  number  of  warehouses 
entirely  out  of  stock. 


speeding  up  of  machine  shops  in  future 
is  decreased. 

(2)  The  quota  of  plates  for  shipbuild- 
ing hrs  been  50,000  net  tons  weekly  for 
several  months  past.  Several  weeks  ago 
a  survey  showed  that  fully  1,000,000 
tons  more  plates  had  been  shipped  from 
mills  than  had  been  applied  to  steel 
hulls.  Likewise,  there  have  been  many 
more  steel  hulls  launched  than  have 
been  completed,  because  the  bottle  neck 
has  been  the  flow  of  engines,  boilers  and 
the  thousand  and  one  other  appurten- 
ances needed  for  completing  hulls.  As 
the  flow  of  equipment  is  expected  to 
increase  greatly,  and  as  the  shipways 
are  certain  to  launch  hulls  more  and 
more  rapidly  each  month,  it  was  desir- 
able to  have  this  factor  of  safety,  of 
hulls  awaiting  completion,  and  of  plates 
awaitin'?  application  in  hulls.  Two 
months  ago  the  Director  General  of 
Shipbuilding  desired  that  the  plate  al- 
lotment be  increased  from  50,000  to  70,- 
000  tons  a  month,  but  this  could  not  be 
done,  and  there  is  no  likelihood  of  any 
increase  for  some  time.  Thus,  with  the 
steel  deficit  now  so  well  established  it 
will  be  impossible  to  maintain  these 
large  factors  of  safety,  but  the  balance 
of  probability  still  is  that  hulls  will  be 
launched  as  rapidly  as  they  can  be  com- 
pleted. 

(3).  The  Railroad  Administration  has 
been  desirous  for  some  time  past  of  re- 
ceiving 60,000  tons  of  rails  a  week,  40,- 
000  tons  a  week  having  been  furnished. 
Also,  it  desired  that  the  100,000  cars 
ordered  a  few  months  ago  be  put 
'hroii-'h,  so  that  additional  orders  could 
be  placed.  The  railroads  have  been 
functioning  quite  satisfactorily  through 
the  spring  and  summer,  but  to  cope 
with  "inter  condit,ions  needed  additional 
facilities  to  be  on  the  safe  side.  Now 
the  case  i?,  as  stated  plainly  in  an  of- 


ficial statement  by  Chairman  Baruch  of 
the  War  Industries  Board,  that  the  Rail- 
road Administration  has  renounced 
claim  to  some  of  the  steel  allotted  to  i' 
in  '"aver  of  General  Pershing,  and  there 
is  a  possibility,  with  particularly  bad 
weather,    of    railroad    difficulties      this 

As  to  steel  for  commercial  purposes 
on  the  preference  list  or  accorded  the 
lower  degrees  of  priority  as  helpful  in 
winning  the  war,  there  will  be  still  more 
serioi's  cu-t;iilmc~.t  than  there  has  been 
and  there  may  be  some  rearrangement 
of  priorities  and  preferences  to  take 
(■o~nizance  of  the  new  conditions  when 
it  is  clear  the  steel  supply  will  not 
stretch  through  the  preference  list,  and 
in  the  case  of  some  products  will  not 
last  through  the  priorities,  which  come 
before  t'^'e  general  preference  list.  One 
item  in  this  direction  has  already  ap- 
peared. Oil  country  goods,  chiefly  tubul- 
ar products,  .di?tributed  through  jobbers, 
have  hitherto  been  given  B-4  priority, 
the  same  as  standard  steel  pipe,  where- 
as when  ordered  direct  by  consumers 
have  been  accorded  B-2.  Now  the  order 
is  that  B-2  is  to  apply  also  to  oil  country 
jroo'ls  when  distributed  through  jobbers, 
and  the  account  is  to  be  kept  entirely 
separate  from  the  regular  replacement 
account  of  jobbers.  As  the  mills  can- 
not increase  their  output  of  tubular 
goods  in  general,  this  will  mean  that 
jobbers  will  receive  more  oil  country 
goods  for  distribution  and  less  standard 
steel  pipe  and  even  hitherto  their  re- 
placements, month  by  month,  have  been 
falling  somewhat  behind. 


TRADE  WAITS  TO 

HEAR  OF  NEW  ORDERS 

On  Their    Release  Will  Depend   Greatly 

The  Volume  of   Business  for 

Next  Year 

Toronto. — Promises  of  relief  in  the 
matter  of  steel  plate  and  light  sheets 
have  shown  no  signs  of  materializihgr 
as  yet.  Some  of  the  warehouses  are  ab- 
solutely out  of  stock  in  sheets.  The 
ravages  of  influenza  have  tended  to  go 
even  further  toward  curtailing  trade.  In 
nearlv  every  case  the  steel,  iron  and 
machinery  business  is  hit  hard.  There 
are  denartments  with  no  person  around 
to  talk  business;  there  are  trucks  with 
no  driver  to  operate  them,  and  there  are 
orders  with  no  person  to  see  that  they 
are  filled. 

The  War  Board  continues  to  cut  close 
on  the  orders  that  it  allows  to  pass  for 
filling.  Last  week  several  forging 
plants  applied  for  plate  for  ovens  In 
the  heat  treating  process.  The  first 
orders  were  returned,  Ottawa  wanting 
to  know  if  the  plates  were  for  repair 
or  new  work.  Apparently  the  War 
Board  would  release  material  for  re- 
pairing a  plant  now  operating,  while  it 
would  hesitate  to  give  out  material  for 
new  extensions. 

The  Machinery  Business 

Deliveries  are  much  better  now  than 


4«4 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


they  have  been  for  some  time  on  ma- 
chine tools  of  all  sorts.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  orders  that  were  placed  months 
ago  are  beginning  to  see  the  light  of 
day  now,  and  it  looks  as  though  better 
production  results  would  soon  be  se- 
cured. In  a  number  of  cases  deliveries 
are  needed,  not  only  by  the  governments 
buying  the  shells  but  by  the  contractors, 
who  need  the  pay  for  the  shells  in  or- 
der to  square  accounts  for  the  putting 
in  of  the  plants  and  the  other  equip- 
ment. Contractors  woh  have  taken  on 
Shell  work  have  had  to  go  into  a  very 
high  market  for  the  purchase  of  the 
necessary  equipment,  and  this  has  put 
them  under  pretty  stiff  obligation^  in 
many  cases,  with  the  result  that  they 
have  had  to  finance  pretty  close  to  the 
shore  against  the  day  when  their  pro- 
duction returns  would  become  a  real 
asset. 

There  has  been  a  dropping  off  in  de- 
mand of  recent  weeks,  but  against  this 
dealers  report  that  there  are  inquiries 
coming  in  for  machinery  that  will  be 
used  in  factories  which  are  already  plan- 
ning for  their  peace  time  trade. 

More    Big    Business? 

The  machine  tool  trade  is  waiting  now 
to  see  if  the  big  business  that  has  been 
held  up  at  Washington  for  some  days 
is  going  to  be  released.  There  are  a 
number  of  conferences  going  on  at  pres- 
ent. Undoubtedly  the  war  news  of  the 
past  weeks  has  something  to  do  with 
the  volume  of  business  that  the  deal- 
ers are  willing  to  prepare  for.  Opinion 
seems  to  be  pretty  well  divided  on  war 
contracts,  some  of  the  trade  believing 
that  they  should  play  the  thing  safe 
now,  while  others  are  certain  that  the 
call  for  munitions  is  not  going  to  fall 
off  for  some  time  yet.  It  is  expected 
that  it  may  be  well  on  toward  the  end 
of  the  week  before  any  definite  an- 
nouncement is  secured  on  this  particular 
point.  On  the  outcome  will  depend  to 
a  considerable  degrree  the  volume  of 
business  that  will  be  passing  next  year. 
It  will  make  not  much  difference  on 
present  operations,  as  they  are  all  under 
contract. 

Cast  Steel  Shells 

Several  Canadian  firms  with  good 
foundry  practice  and  equipment  are 
considering  the  matter  of  cast  shells, 
and  a  large  amount  of  these  are  likely 
to  be  called  for.  In  some  cases  en- 
quiries are  out  with  building  contracts 
for  the  erection  in  a  hurry  of  plants  to 
take  care  of  the  work.  Some  of  the 
foundrymen  are  certain  that  this  form 
of  shell  will  have  to  be  used  in  the 
future  if  the  programme  mapped  out 
for  production  is  to  be  adhered  to.  The 
gas  shell  can  be  cast,  also  anything 
used  for  bombing  purposes,  but  the  cast 
shell  that  will  satisfactorily  stand  up 
against  the  shock  of  being  fired  from  a 
gun  is  something  that  has  not  been 
brought  out  yet.  Various  suggestions 
are  made  for  the  giving  of  strength  to 
the  cast  shell,  but  many  of  these  are 
so  complex   and   laborious  that   any   ad- 


vantage that  would  be  gained  from  hav- 
ing them  cast  is  largely  discounted  by 
the   additional   operations. 

Scrap  Market  Still  Dull 
Dealers  are  quite  emphatic  in  statin? 
that  the  past  week  has  been  barren  of 
features.  Only  a  fair  amount  of  busi- 
ness is  coming  in.  The  orders  are 
smaller  than  usual,  and  apparently 
users  in  many  cases  are  not  inclined  to 
stock  up.  The  scrap  market  is  a  hard 
an  air  to  gauge.  Right  along  American 
points  have  been  reporting  a  very  seri- 
ous shortage  in  all  grades  of  scrap,  but 
within  the  last  few  days  it  has  come  to 


notice  that  some  of  the  dealers  there  are 
actually  in  the  market  with  very  at- 
tractive tonnages  of  sorte.l  material  for 
sale.  Just  where  it  came  from  is  the 
secret.  Canadian  dealers  have  been  con- 
tending all  along  that  access  to  the  U. 
S.  market  would  be  a  good  thing  for 
them,  but  the  embargo  has  prevented 
this.  It  would  seem  now  that  sellinff 
in  the  home  market,  although  more  lim- 
ited, is  about  their  only  chance.  If 
United  States  yards  are  full  they  are 
not  going  to  take  on  much  scrap  from 
Canada  even  were  the  embargo  to  be 
lifted  entirely. 


NEW  MUNITIONS  PLANTS  IN  U.S. 

MAKE  CALLS  FOR  RAW  MATERIALS 


Some  of  the  biggest  industrial  con- 
cerns in  United  States  have  put  out 
bids  for  bessemer  iron,  but  makers  are 
not  taking  them  up.  Business  that  is 
highly  desirable  is  going  begging.  The 
whole  output  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
government,  and  direct  dealing  over  the 
head  of  Washington  has  been  discour- 
aged to  the  point  of  absolute  disappear- 
ance. 

Reports  on  the  iron  situation  are  as 
follows: 

Pittsburg. — For  the  first  time  in 
many  weeks  it  can  be  said  that  the 
makers  of  iron  are  giving  shipments 
that  keep  up  with  government  alloca- 
tions. Production  figures  show  signs 
of  improving,  owing  largely  to  the  in- 
creased quality  of  the  coke  supply. 
Against  this,  however,  is  the  drawback 
that  as  the  quality  improves  the  quality 
is  falling   off. 

New  York. — Production  efforts  are  as 
great  as  ever  in  this  district,  and  the 
peace  talk  is  not  having  the  effect  of  les- 


sening the  pressure.  Many  of  the  big- 
gest producers  have  refused  to  book  any 
1919  business,  holding  their  plants  at 
the  disposal  of  Washington. 

Philadelphia.— In  nearly  every  case 
all  the  sales  here  are  now  made  f.o.b. 
smelters,  thus  shifting  freight  and  war 
tax  to  the  consumer.  Production  figures 
are  increasing  and  sickness  has  not  yei 
become  a  factor  in  holding  up  the  work. 

Cleveland. — Since  May  nearly  two 
million  tons  of  material  have  been  al- 
located in  this  district.  There  is  a  very 
small  open  market  left  and  little  busi- 
ness is  done  in  this   way. 

Buffalo. — Malleable  iron  is  very 
scarce  and  the  demand  is  far  in  excess 
of  the  supply. 

Chicago. — The  call  for  material  for 
munitions  plants  increases  rapidly.  In 
many  cases  firms  that  recently  went  in- 
to the  business  of  fitting  out  plants  are 
now  in  shape  to  take  in  the  raw  ma- 
terial. 


U.S.  GOVT.  SANCTIONS  INDUSTRIAL  PRO- 
JECTS; MACHINE  TOOL  TRADE  AFFECTED 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 


NEW  YORK,  Oct.  12.— There  was  con- 
siderable activity  in  the  buying  of 
machinery  last  week  in  the  Central  West, 
especially  at  Detroit,  Cleveland  and  Chi- 
cago. In  the  East  some  large  orders 
were  placed  in  the  Philadelphia  market, 
but  New  York  and  New  England  trade 
was  relatively  quiet.  The  United  States 
government  dominated  the  trade  in  all 
sections,  the  Ordnance  Bureau  of  War 
Department  placing  orders  for  tools  foi 
arsenals  and  also  buying  for  manufac- 
turers with  whom  it  has  placed  contracts 
for  guns,  shells,  and  aircraft.  Large  con- 
tracts are  still  pending  for  equipment  for 
gun  shops  at  home  and  abroad. 

Recent  activity  throughout  the  indus- 
try is  reflected  in  an  advance  of  prices 
for  some  lines  of  tools  in  the  Eastern 
territory.  Makers  of  sensitive  drills 
have  advanced  prices  10  per  cent.,  and 
one  large  manufacturer, of  lathes  has  ad- 
vanced prices  10  to  15  per  cent.,  while 
another    manufacturer     of    high     speed 


drilling  machines  is  asking  1.5  per  cent, 
advance  on  new  contracts. 

The  War  Department  has  approved 
appropriations  calling  for  the  expendi- 
ture of  several  million  dollars  for  addi- 
tions to  arsenals  at  Rock  Island,  Frank- 
ford  and  Watervliet  and  for  several  other 
plants  that  are  executing  gun  and  am- 
munition contracts.  Improvements  at 
the  Frankford  arsenal,  Philadelphia,  will 
cost  $1,000,000,  about  one  half  of  which 
will  be  spent  for  equipment.  A  large 
part  of  this  appropriation  will  be  used 
in  the  construction  of  new  departments 
for  making  cartridge  cases.  An  appro- 
priation of  $833,500  has  been  made  for 
additions  to  the  Rock  Island  arsenal, 
III.;  a  large  part  of  which  will  be  for 
machinery  in  three  lists  that  have  been 
issued;  one  of  these  lists  calls  for  $200,- 
000  worth  of  tools.  Another  appropria- 
tion of  $500,000  has  been  made  for  the 
building  of  a  phosphorus  plant  at  Fair- 
mount,  W.  Va.,  which  will  be  constructed 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


465 


and  operated  for  the  government  by  the 
American  Phosphorus  Co.,  of  Philadel- 
phia. Still  another  appropriation  of 
$250,000  has  been  made  for  a  tetryl  plant 
at  Sentre,  Mich.,  including  main  plant, 
magazines,  power  house  and  boiler  plant 
for  which  equipment  must  be  purchased. 

The  Procurement  Division,  Ordnance 
Department,  has  placed  an  order  for  one 
hundred  36-infh  lathes  with  a  Cincinnati 
manufacturer,  and  has  been  gathering- 
information  in  the  same  territory  pre 
liminary  to  placing  contracts  for  four 
thousand  20-inch  and  twenty  4-inch 
lathes. 

The  Ordnance  Department  is  about  to 
place  orders  for  shop  equipment  to  be 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  Colt's  auto- 
matic pistols,  the    orders     having     been 


placed  for  these  small  arms  with  the 
Savage  Arms  Corp.,  Utica.,  N.Y.,  and 
with  the  Lanston  Monotype  Machine  Co., 
and  the  S-S-E  Co.,  of  Philadelphia.  The 
War  Department  has  also  authorized  the 
construction  of  additions  to  the  plant  of 
the  Hero  Manufacturing  Co.,  Philadel- 
phia, for  making  brass,  bronze  and  alu- 
minum products;  extensions  to  cost 
about  $150,000. 

The  International  Harvester  Co.  has 
received  a  contract  for  5,000,000  hand 
and  rifle  grenades  and  another  order  for 
750,000  6-inch  shells.  Orders  for  rifle- 
grenades  have  also  been  placed  with  aii- 
other  manufacturer  in  Chicago  and  with 
three  plants  in  Milwaukee,  these  four 
plants  will  turn  out  140,000  grenades 
every  day.       The    A.    0.    Smith    Corp., 


Milwaukee,  has  accepted  an  order  for 
making  aerial  bombs,  while  the  Standard 
Manufacturing  Co.,  with  plants  at  Pitts- 
burg and  Louisville,  has  received  a  con- 
tract to  finish  155  mm.  shells.  The  Best 
Foundry,  Bedford,  Ohio,  a  subsidiary  of 
the  American  Stove  Co.,  has  taken  an 
order  to  cast  and  to  machine  150,000 
6-inch  trench  mortar  shells  of  gray  iron. 
Great  strides  have  been  made  in  the 
manufacture  of  Liberty  motors  by  plants 
in  Detroit  and  nearby  territory.  Recent 
orders  have  increased  governmentaircraft 
orders  atOetroit  to  over  one  billion  dollars. 
The  Willys-Overland  Co.  has  placed  or- 
ders for  $350,000  worth  of  tools  for 
manufacture  of  eight  and  twelve  cylinder 
Liberty  motors. 


The  Flu  Hits  the  Industrial  World  Hard 

In  the  Philadelphia  District  Almost  a  Quarter  of  a  Million  Men 

Are  Laid  Aside— Instmctions  That  C.M.A.  Are  Sending  Out 

Regarding  Fighting  the  Malady 


THE  manufacturing  interests  are 
being  hard  hit  in  many  cases  with 
Spanish  influenza.  In  many  cases 
it  is  like  the  old  la  grippe;  in"  many 
others  the  trouble  really  comes  from 
pneumonia  following  the  first  attack. 

The  best  authorities  say  there  is  no- 
thing to  take  as  a  direct  preventive.  The 
only  thing  in  this  direction  is  to  try  and 
keep  up  the  powers  of  resistance  to  as 
high  a  point  as  possible.  In  some  cases 
the  victim  is  taken  suddenly.  In  fact  it 
is  on  record  that  cases  have  terminated 
fatally  in  eight  hours. 

It  is  interfering  with  production  in 
many  centres.  In  Philadelphia  for  in- 
stance the  conditions  are  as  follows: 

The  ravages  of  an  epidemic  of  Spanish 
influenza,  grip  and  colds  constitute  a 
serious  factor  in  works'  production.  It  is 
reported  that  plants  in  the  Chester 
and  Eddystone  district,  including  the 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  are  short  50 
per  cent,  of  their  workmen.  One  plate 
mill's  production  dropped  to  one-third 
last  week;  it  had  been  operating  at  over 
35  per  cent.  Some  others  show  a  reduc- 
tion of  25  per  cent,  in  workmen.  The 
Hog  I.«land  ship  plant  is  short  about  10 
to  15  per  cent,  of  workmen.  It  is  re- 
potted that  Worth  Bros.  Co.,  at  Clayton, 
Dela.,  will  close  down  temporarily.  There 
are  said  to  be  200,000  cases  of  influenza 
m  Philadelphia,  and  strict  measures  are 
bein?  taken  to  fight  the  epidemic.  Office 
forces  are  badly  depleted  and  much  work 
is  bein?  held  up.  Plate  mills  are  also 
watching  their  pig  iron  and  coal  supplie.s 
closely.  The  mills  buying  these  ma- 
terials are  using  them  from  hand  to 
mouth  and  are  unable  to  accumulate 
stocks  for  the  winter. 

Industrial  centres  in  Canada  report 
much  the  same  condition  of  affairs. 

What  to  Do 

The  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion is  issuing  a  circular  prepared  by  Dr. 


Hastings,  medical  health  officer  for  To- 
ronto.    The  circular  is  as  follows: 

"Influenza  is  an  acute  communicable 
disease  and  is  contracted  by  coming  in 
contact  with  the  secretions  fro.n  the  nose, 
throat  and  mouth  of  a  person  who  is  ill 
with  the  disease.  For  this  reason  every 
effort  should  be  made  to  avoid  such  con- 
tact.    This  may  be  done  as  follows: 

"1.  The  person  who  is  taken  ill  must 
go  to  bed  promptly.  Early  going  to  bed 
minimizes  the  danger  of  the  disease. 
Furthermore  he  is  thus  removed  from 
association  with  healthy  persons.  He 
should  be 'provided  with  his  own  toilet 
articles,  eating  and  drinking  utensils, 
which  should  be  sterilized  by  boiling 
after  use.  All  discharges  from  coughing 
and  sneezing  should  be  collected  on  a 
piece  of  gauze  and  destroyed  by  burning. 

"2.  The  attendant  should  be  extremely 
careful  not  to  touch  his  own  face  or 
mouth  with  his  hands  while  handling  the 
patient  or  infected  articles  in  the  sick 
room,  and  should  c!eanse  his  hands  with 
soap,  water  and  a  nail  brush,  and  hold 
for  five  minutes  in  antiseptic  solution  (1 
in  40)  carbolic,  or  (1  in  1,000)  bichloridi', 
on  leaving  the  patient.  In  this  way  the 
attendant  will  protect  himself  from  the 
disease,  and  if  he  washes  his  hands 
thoroughly  will  not  carry  the  disease  to 
another. 

"3.  Every  person  should  endeavor  to 
maintain  the  highest  standard  of  general 
health  by  taking  suitable  exercise  in  the 
fresh  air,  eating  wholesome  food,  and 
sleeping  with  the  windows  open  and  ar- 
ranged so  that  no  draught  is  produced. 

"4.  Crowded  places  such  as  street  cars, 
mass  meetings,  moving  picture  shows, 
theatres  and  other  gatherings  should  be 
avoided  at  this  time. 

"5.  Kissing  should  be  avoided. 

"6.  No  food  should  be  taken  without 
previously   washing   the   hands,  and   the 


hands  should  be    kept    away    from     tlie 
mouth  and  nose  at  all  times. 

''7.  The  nose  and  mouth  should  always 
be  covered  with  a  handkerchief  in  the 
act  of  coughing  or  sneezing. 

"8.  All  persons,  especially  those  en- 
gaged in  factories,  large  business  estab- 
lishments, etc.,  where  a  number  of  people 
are  congregated,  should  report  on  the 
first  sign  of  illness  and  be  relieved  of 
their  duties.  To  endeavor  to  fight  off  the 
disease  by  continuing  at  work  not  only 
renders  the  severity  of  the  illness  more 
severe,  but  also  exposes  others  to  the 
disease. 

"9.  The  symptoms  in  typical  cases  are 
as  follows:  An  acute  and  sudden  onset 
with  headache,  intense,  just  behind  the 
eyes,  pain  in  the  small  of  the  back,  and 
sometimes  in  the  region  of  the  stomach, 
elevation  of  temperature  from  101  de- 
grees to  104  degrees  with  comparatively 
slow  pulse  rate.  The  face  is  flushed,  the 
tongue  coatetl,  and  in  every  ease  there 
is  some  redness  of  the  eyes  Great  pros- 
tration is  experienced  and  the  patient 
usually  lies  in  bed  in  a  'huddled-up'  posi- 
tion. In  some  cases  sore  throat  and 
cough  are  noted,  and  with  many  only 
part  of  these  symptoms  are  found. 

"The  temperature  becomes  normal  and 
the  patient  recovers  within  five  days, 
providing  complications  such  as  pneu- 
monia, middle  ear  diseases  and  affection 
of  the  heart  do  not  occur.  These  may 
be  avoided  by  prompt  and  careful  treat 
ment. 

"Consult  your  physician  as  soon  as  you 
have  reason  to  suppose  that  you  have  the 
disease." 


Putting  off  an  easy  thing  makes  it 
hard,  and  putting  off  a  hard  thing  makes 
it  impossible. 

Work  as  if  you  owned  the  place — and 
perhaps  you  may. — Elbert  Hubbard. 


466 


Volume  XX. 


The  Buying  of  Second-Hand  Machine  Tools 

The  Age  of  a  Machine  and  Its  Serial  Number  Are  Facts  That  the 

Purchaser  Should  Have  Information  About— Things  That  the 

Purchaser  Should  Watch  With  Great  Care 

By  DONALD   A.  HAMPSON,  Assoc.   Mem.   Am.   See.   M.   E. 


IN  these  days  of  machine  tool  shortage,  every  shop  has 
to  consider  the  possibilities  of  second  hand  machinery. 
Some  shops,  because  of  limited  capital,  never  buy 
a  new  machine  at  all.  It  is  possible  to  get  satisfactory, 
profitable  service  out  of  a  second  hand  machine  tool  just 
as  it  is  possible  to  get  horribly  "stung."  Any  man  who 
has  read  the  advertisements  in  trade  papers  for  years  and 
studied  the  photos  of  machine  tools  should  know  pretty 
nearly  all  the  makes  of  each  kind  of  tool — if  he  is  one  of 
the  coming  men,  he  has  formed  an  idea  of  the  relative 
value  of  each  and  he  has  mentally  adapted  certain  ma- 
chines to  the  work  in  his  own  shop.  Further,  if  he  has 
been  a  student  of  catalogues  and  has  occasionally  asked 
the  price  of  tools,  he  should  be  fairly  well  qualified  to 
purciiase  equipment  provided  he  uses  his  judgment  in  the 
matter  of  prices. 

To  such  a  well  read  person,  a  visit  to  both  new  and 
second  hand  displays  in  show  rooms  is  more  or  less  of  a 
delight — also,  if  he  has  been  located  far  from  great  me- 
chanical centres,  it  will  show  to  him  very  little  in  cold 
iron  and  steel  that  he  was  not  familiar  with,  on  paper  at 
least.  In  this  respect,  the  man  who  hails  from  Mullen- 
field  and  who  has  faithfully  studied  these  aids  that  the 
mail  has  brought  to  him  is  generally  broader  and  better 
informed  than  his  brother  mechanic  in  the  great  city  who 
has  worked  in  dozens  of  shops  and  knows  other  dozens 
that  hold  out  good  jobs  just  around  the  corner. 

The  Age  and  Serial  Number 

The  age  of  a  machine  and  its  serial  number  are  facts 
that  should  be  known  when  purchasing  a  second  hand 
tool.  Frequently  a  dealer  will  say  that  such  and  such  a 
machine  is  a  "model  4X,  about  two  years  old."  The  dealer 
may  be  perfectly  honest  and  yet  there  may  never  have 
been  any  but  a  model  4  made  in  that  size.  The  writer  has 
found  that  in  most  establishments  of  this  kind  the  sales- 
men and  mechanics  know  but  little  about  machine  tool 
lines  outside  of  lathes,  planers,  drills,  and  millers  and  often 
very  little  wide  knowledge  of  these;  when  it  comes  to 
automatics  and  keyseaters  and  turret  lathes  and  vertical 
millers,  they  soon  confine  their  talk  to  generalities  in  the 
presence  of  an  advertisement  reading  man.  The  latter 
must  select  for  himself. 

During  the  last  four  years  the  sale  of  emery  cloth 
must  have  trebled.  With  no  purpose  other  than  to  see 
how  some  of  the  smaller  places  were  conducted,  the  writer 
went  the  length  of  Centre  St.,  in  New  York,  one  afternoon 
ostensibly  in  search  of  a  No.  2  miller.  Almost  without 
exception,  the  owners  were  Jewish  and  ready  to  do  bus- 
iness at  any  reasonable  price — without  exception  all  the 
places  had  gangs  of  men  scrubbing  for  dear  life  to  get  the 
rust  and  oil  off  the  tools  on  the  floor.  Some  of  the  places 
were  smart  enough  to  do  the  cleaning  in  a  back  room, 
some  didn't  care,  and  the  emery  cloth  scraped  away 
right  inside  the  door.  Where  all  the  old  machines  came 
from  is  a  mystery — any  student  of  the  business  could 
and  can  tell  at  a  glance  about  the  decade  in  which  a 
machine  tool  belongs — the  oil  collecting  base,  the  box 
type  of  construction,  the  belt  drive,  the  absence  of  out- 
side ribs,  their  presence,  and  the  artistically  curving  legs 
— each  is  the  type  of  a  period  as  surely  as  the  Ionic  and  the 
Doric  in  architecture. 

There  are  second  hand  firms  with  a  reputation  and  a 
rating  that  rebuild  tools  that  go  out  just  as  good  in  all 
respects  as  new,  and  that  sell  a  tool  that  has  not  been 
rebuilt  on  a  satisfaction-or-money-back  plan;  such  firms 
know  the  products  of  the  past  and  present  right  to  the 


last  feed  pulley  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  do  business  with 
them. 

This  Shop  Was  Ear-marked 

Other  houses  quote  on  a  machine  that  has  been  "over- 
hauled and  is  in  first  class  condition."  Too  often  the 
overhauling  is  of  the  same  kind  that  Will's  boy  did  on 
their  Ford  and  the  machine,  though  marvelously  polished, 
has  been  taken  apart  and  reassembled  by  a  helper  of  the 
class  that  puts  "burrs"  on  chamfered  side  first.  I  was  look- 
ing for  a  turret  lathe  in  a  good  sized  warehouse  not  long 
ago;  turret  lathes  were  in  the  far  end  of  the  building  and 
passing  down  the  aisles  I  made  excuses  for  stopping  at 
other  tools  on  the  way.  They  didn't  show  much  sign  of 
wear  and  yet  I  wasn't  impressed.  Just  as  the  salesman 
and  I  reached  the  turret  lathes,  a  messenger  called  him 
back  to  the  office  to  get  a  long  distance  message  from 
N.Y.  While  he  was  gone  I  slipped  into  an  adjacent  building 
which  was  evidently  the  "shop"  where  overhauling  was 
done.  No  one  was  in  sight  then  but  two  boys  who  were 
filing  industriously  on  the  ways  of  some  large  lathes.  I 
asked  one  of  them  what  he  was  doing  and  he  said,  "Dunno 
mister,  the  boss  told  me  to  file  these  marks  out  (scored 
V's) — I  only  come  here  this  morning.  Say,  I  wonder  why 
they  don't  file  these  out  oftener  and  make  it  easier  for 
guys  like  us."  That  was  all  I  wanted  to  know  about  that 
place.  It  didn't  take  long  to  decide  that  the  turret  lathes 
were  a  bit  high  in  price — or  so  I  told  the  salesman  when  he 
reurned — high  at  any  price. 

Go  Over  the  Tools  Yourself 

The  best  plan  is  for  the  prospective  buyer  to  get  per- 
mission to  go  over  a  machine  himself.  To  do  this  he 
should  go  prepared  to  work  in  the  dirt  and  have  a  wrench 
or  two,  a  scraper,  a  screw  driver,  and  a  twelve  inch 
straightedge  (at  least)  with  him  for  tools  of  this  sort 
seem  to  be  as  scarce  in  such  places  as  they  are  in  some 
garages.  Permission  to  investigate  the  condition  of  a 
machine  tool  is  readily  obtained  and  should  be  taken  ad- 
vantage of;  many  a  weak  spot,  worn  or  broken,  will  be 
unearthed  in  this  way  and  again  the  good  condition  of 
another  machine  will  be  shown  beyond  doubt,  giving  one  a 
feeling  of  security  in  writing  out  the  check  for  the  same. 

Up  in  a  northern  city,  the  writer  was  giving  an 
automatic  screw  machine  the  "once  over"  some  time  ago. 
Next  to  the  automatic  was  a  No.  5  Brown  &  Sharpe  miller 
that  had  been  cleaned  and  polished  and  repainted  until  it 
looked  like  new.  It  had  really  been  well  overhauled — ways 
replaned,  bearings  scraped,  worn  parts  faced  up  true — • 
but  while  I  was  there  they  did  a  final  job  that  queered  the 
whole  thing.  Someone  had  gouged  the  table  with  a  cutter 
leaving  a  depression  an  inch  wide  by  about  four  long.  I 
should  have  left  that  as  it  was  or  until  I  had  a  chance 
to  clean  it  out  with  an  end  mill  and  set  in  a  piece  with 
three  small  screws,  but  in  the  second  hand  business  ap- 
pearances count.  So  along  came  a  husky  "wop"  with  chisel 
and  hammer  to  fix  up  the  spot.  And  he  really  was  an 
artist  with  a  chisel,  cutting  out  a  recess  nearly  an  inch 
deep  in  a  very  short  space  of  time  (the  gouge  was  only  an 
eighth  deep.)  Then  he  produced  a  piece  of  steel  from  his 
kit  which  he  drove  in  the  hole,  peening  it  down  all  around 
the  edges  until  no  trace  of  gap  was  left.  A  half  hour's 
work  with  a  coarse  file  and  the  spot  couldn't  be  located,  but 
— I  thought,  "after  that  peening  and  the  peening  effect 
of  the  chiseling,  how  straight  are  those  nicely  planed 
ways?" 

The   Serial   Number   Tells   It 

If  the  serial  number  of  a  machine  has  been  secured,  the 


October  17,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


467 


maker  can  tell  you  when  the  machine  left  his  plant.  This 
is  a  help,  but  is  not  an  infallible  guide  as  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  tool  because  some  machines  may  have  been 
forced  to  the  limit  and  had  no  care  while  others  may  have 
run  a  few  months  in  a  plant  which  has  gone  into  bank- 
ruptcy and  left  the  tools  standing  for  years  affected  only 
by  the  oil  and  chips  that  hadn't  even  been  wiped  off. 

For  my  own  part  I  prefer  to  buy  a  machine  as  it  was 
used,  not  "thoroughly  cleaned  and  overhauled."  Before 
that  machine  gets  to  work  in  your  own  shop,  it  invariably 
must  be  taken  apart  fore  some  adjustment  or  adaptation  and 
during  that  period  you  can  make  your  own  repairs  and 
clean  up.  A  substantial  reduction  can  usually  be  secured 
for  taking  a  machine  off  the  floor  "as  it  stands" — enough 
to  pay  for  the  subsequent  overhauling  that  will  be  done 
under  your  own  eye.  Except  in  the  better  class  of  dealers' 
shops  that  have  been  mentioned,  it  is  customary  to  take 
any  machine  tool  needed  in  the  repair  department  from 
the  stock  coming  in  and  overhauling  is  done  on  machines 
that  wheeze  and  jump  and  move  at  the  rate  of  15  feet 
per  minute.  I  saw  a  planer  on  skids  just  as  it  had  come 
out  of  the  freight  car  planing  the  table  of  another  planer 
and  I  mentally  compared  the  work  with  what  we  could 
do  in  our  own  shop  where  our  twelve  foot  planer  would 
cut  straight  to  a  cigarette  paper  in  that  length;  the  "ma- 
chine tool'  in  the  above  named  case  certainly  must  have 
been  built  before  the  Civil  War. 

Many  Things  Bear  Witness 

Various  telltales  are  apparent  as  one  looks  over  a  tool. 
For  instance,  most  tool  builders  use  cap  screws  and  set 
screws  of  their  own  make  and  design — a  little  better  fin- 
ished than  stock  screws,  usually  case  hardened.  In  the 
course  of  years'  service  these  screws  get  lost  or  broken  and 
stock  screws  are  substituted;  the  subtitution  of  these  odd 
and  random  length  screws  in  any  great  proportion  is  a 
good  indication  of  long  or  careless  usage.  The  condition 
of  gear  teeth  on  main  drives  shows  how  much  pulling  has 
been  done — -if  the  clearance  between  two  mating  gears 
is  a  minimum  and  the  tooth  outlines  as  viewed  from  the 
side  are  sharp  when  the  dirt  and  oil  is  cleaned  off,  that 
is  a  good  indication  of  little  service  or  careful  usage. 
Chips  tell  a  story:  the  presence  of  them  packed  in  out  of 
the  way  places,  discovered  when  taking  apart,  generally 
means  long  years  of  service.  Chips  of  brass  only  indicate 
that  the  machine  has  done  light  work,  though  the  speeds 
may  have  been  high  and  bearings  have  suffered  accord- 
ingly. 

The  countershaft  often  tells  something  about  the  ma- 
ichine  itself.  If  the  hanger  bearings  fit  reasonably  well 
and  the  loose  pulley  shows  unusual  wear,  it  is  a  sign 
that  the  machine  has  stood  idle  much  of  its  time  and 
should  be  in  good  physical  shape.  The  lack  of  the  us- 
ual shiny  coat  of  paint  on  overhauled  tools  lost  one  sale 


not  long  ago.  The  buyer  had  examined  the  machine  all 
around,  tried  the  fits,  used  a  bar  to  detect  any  play  in 
spindles  and  slides,  and  was  about  to  OK  the  deal  when 
he  noticed  witness  marks  on  the  spindle  boxes — home 
made  ones.  Taking  the  caps  off  and  the  brasses  out 
showed  a  bad  case  of  wear. 


Fighting  the  Flu 

WHEN  Spanish  Flu  gets  after  you  and  says,  "Look 
here,  John  Henry,  I'm  going  to  hand  you  a  jolt 
to  linger  in  your  mem'ry,"  don't  stop  to  argufy 
the  point,  just  touch  him  on  the  vest,  and  say,  come  on, 
S.F.   with   me   and   be   my   Sunday   guest. 

It  ain't  no  use  to  spar  with  him  or  side-step  from 
the  Flu;  this  Spanish  gent  he  sticks,  by  heck,  just  like 
a  hunk  of  glue. 

So  take  him  right  along  with  you  and  put  him  in 
your  bed,  stick  water  bottles  on  his  feet  and  a  pillow 
'neath  his  head — and  fill  him  up  right  to  the  neck  with 
senna  and  sage  tea — and  dose  him  up  with  liver  salts 
and  soak  him  one,  two  three. 

And  plaster  mustard  on  his  chest  to  puncture  through 
his  hide,  put  turpentine  and  vinegar  upon  his  back  and 
side. 

Put  camphor  oil  upon  his  pipes,  stick  pills  into  his 
throat,  and  jam  him  full  of  purgatives  and  strive  to  get 
his   goat. 

And  old  S.  F.  will  stey  with  you,  he'll  camp  upon 
the  job,  to  get  your  help  at  pushin'  up  the  daisies  through 
the  sod.  He'll  roost  upon  your  shoulder  blades,  he'll  sit 
upon  your  dome,  he'll  pay  a  visit  inch  by  inch  to  every 
rib  and  bone. 

He'll  put  ten  men  inside  your  head  with  shovels  and 
with  picks,  he'll  put  a  dozen  on  your  back  a-peltin'  atones 
and   bricks. 

So  when  you  see  him  comin'  now  don't  stop  to  fuss 
around,  because  he's  got  you  faded  when  it  comes  to 
coverin'  ground.  Just  crawl  into  your  little  cot,  for 
senna  get  a  thirst — for  if  you  don't  old  Spanish  Flu 
may   rise    and    swat   you    first. — ARK. 


Ship   BulldinK   on    the   Clyde 


The  printer  sometimes  makes  you  say  all  sorts  of 
things.  Thus  last  week  it  was  recorded  in  this  paper 
that  a  boat  launched  at  Port  Arthur  had  an  engine  with 
cylinders  20%  ft.,  34%  ft.,  55  ft.  and  40  ft.  When  inches 
grow  into  feet  at  such  a  reckless  rate  anything's  liable 
to  happen.  However,  we  haven't  got  to  stoke  to  keep  that 
tremendous   engine  going. 

*  «       « 

The  British  Trade  Review  in  a  recent  issue  said: — In 
Canada  there  has  been  instituted  a  rationing  system  for 
householders  by  which  supplies  will  be  given  for  next 
winter  up  to  70  per  cent,  of  last  winter's  supplies.  Amongst 
other  steps  to  be  taken  to  deal  with  the  situation  is  the 
erection  of  a  briquetting  plant.  This  has  been  done  on 
the  recommendations  of  the  Advisory  Council  for  Scientific 
and  Industrial  Research,  which  has  considered  the  possibil- 
ities of  utilizing  the  coal  supplies  of  Western  Canada  at 
points  other  than  those  in  the  near  vicinity  of  the  de- 
posits. Western  Canada  has  immense  deposits  of  coal, 
but  it  is  of  poor  quality. 

If  the  chap  who  made  that  reference  to  Western  Can- 
ada coal  has  not  been  fighting  on  the  western  front,  he 
can  have  all  the  sensations  of  war  by  going  to  Western 
Canada  and  looking  up  the  Alberta  coal  operators. 

*  *       * 

Fire  losses  in  Canada  amount  to  $30,000,000  annually. 
On  economic  grounds  such  waste  is  folly.  Canada  is 
faced  by  a  national  debt  of  almost  $1,250,000,000.  Can 
the  people  of  Canada  afford  a  national  bonfire  costing 
$30,000,000  a  year?  On  patriotic  grounds,  such  waste 
is  a  dereliction  of  duty.  The  ravages  of  fire  cost  more 
than  money.  Fire  takes  its  toll  in  food,  in  munitions  and 
in  clothing  and  equipment,  all  of  which  spells  loss  of  life 
"over  there."  Germany's  strong  ally  is  the  fire  scourge  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada. 


468 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  11 1  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh ?32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.   37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace  33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton :i"il 

Victoria 60  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  6  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 6  60 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base  5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base  4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron ; H  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   '2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh 'S  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *8  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 6  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

•Government  prices. 

FREIGHT    RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  ISO  lbs. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal     29  39% 

St.  John,  N.B 47%  63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto    23%  27% 

Guelph    23%  27% 

London    23%  27% 

Windsor    23%  27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper   31  00  28  50 

Tin    100  00  95  00 

Spelter  10  75  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony  16  00  18  00 

Aluminum 50  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  37 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per    100   feet 

%  in $  6  00     $     8  00 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  .35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

I      in 12  41  15  56 

V^  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3       in 56  61  70  76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82  38  30 

2%   in 47  97  58  21 

3  in 52  73  76  12 

3%   in 78  20  96  14 

4  in 92  65  114  00 

4%   in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  26%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,   light    $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings 15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  turnings   18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    . .     9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings   11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

Toa  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 68 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less .10 

Blank  bolts -. .  net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.    and   rd.   hd., 
steel 8T% 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel 
Machine    screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fil.    hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright. . . . 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze   

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


1* 


SO 

25 

$1  60 
1  76 

1  76 

2  00 
30 
50 
25 

$8  50 

8  4* 

72% 

67% 

37% 

..     32% 

..     27% 

..     25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws ....     20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws   net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in. . . .     26 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in CO 

Fin.   and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over   1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus     10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 1* 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  flUet, 

list  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  It 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus     20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,     10 

Thumb  screws   20 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,     10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in. . .  .add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in. .add     7  00 

BILLETS 

Per  rroaa  t«B 

Bessemer  billets $47  60 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  CO 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 17  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails 5  79         8  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  60 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 9  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided •  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 9  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  8* 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  8* 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 9  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila   0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto    net 


lOS 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  mtereats. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO,  OCTOBER  24.  1918  No.  17 


EDITORIAL    CONTENTS 

PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICES  OF  MECHANICAL  SKETCHING    469 

OPERATION  OF  MACHINE  TOOLS  EFFECTS  FUEL  SAVING    474 

THE  DRAGON  BALL  BEARING  475 

TANTIRON— AN  ACID  RESISTING  FERRO- SILICON  ALLOY  477 

CHEAP  LABOR  WAS  NOT  VERY  CHEAP  IN  THIS  CASE   481 

DEVELOPMENT  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   484 

EDITORIAL 486 

Get  Ready  for  Peace.  . .  .Not  Down  to  Brass  Tacks  Yet 

SKETCH  OF  HUGH  CLARK 487 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS  488 

Reports  from  Pittsburg,  Montreal,  New     ifork,  and  Other  Points. 

INDUSTRIAL   NEWS    495 


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104 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody  Can 


Operate  This   Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


ti 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  g;iv- 
ing  18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Caniidian  Asenls:  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. : 
A  •<.  Wi  liam«  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St..  Winnipeg:  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver:  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John.   N.B. ;    Williams  &  Wilson.  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

Allal    Mitcliiue  &    Tuol  Cm Si 

Allen  Mfg.  Co.    86 

Almond   Mfg.    Oo.    » 

.Vmalcamated  iMacbiniry  ('orp 26 

.VndentoQ    A    Ca,    G«o 81 

.\rdiibald   &  Ca    70 

-innstronc   Bros.   Tod   Co 85 

.\n!Mtrong.    Whitworth   of   Canada...  I 

AUinii    *    Co.,    Wm.    14 

B 

Uaiid    Machine   Co 86 

Banfleld  &  Sons,  W.  H 69 

Bame*.    Wallace,   Ca    68 

Beaudry    &    Co .,    86 

Bertram   A   Sons  Co.,   John    1 

BerUams.   Wd 68 

Belts   Machine   <*o 9 

RlaJce  &  Johnson  Co 91 

Blount   Co..    J.    0 76 

Brantforrl    Oren    &    Hack    Co 68 

Bridgefonl    .Msch.    &   T(«>1    Wi.ikH....  8i: 

Bristol    Company    H 

Biidden,    Hanbury    A G? 

Iliitterflcld    &   Co 19 

C 

Canada   KiMmdries  A    Forgingh.    Lid.  13 

Canada   Machinery  Corporation    

Outiflde  back  cover 

Canada    Metal    Cu.    ..; 30 

Can.    Barker   Co 74 

Can.    Blimer   tc    Foige   Co.    78 

Can.     Kairhanki'Murse    Co.     32 

C»ii.    Inger/Wftl-Itand   Co 7 

''anadian    Llnk-Brlt   Co 16 

C  n.    Riimely    Co.    T« 

Can.   H  K  F  Co..  I,td 29 

Can.    Steel    Foimdrtcs    7 

Can     Welling   Co 16 

Carlyle    Johnson    M»ch.    Co 8 

<*ha|misn  Oisible  Ball  Bearing  Co.   .. 

Fn-nt   cove* 

Obeaterman.    Jas.    91 

Olasalfled    Artrertislng    71 

Cleveland    Pueimialic    Tool    Co.     ....  » 

Coniolirlated    I'mw   Co.    22 

i'oventry    Chain    f>>.    102 

Conls  A    Cnrtis    J( 

Cmhman    Chock   Co.    84 

J) 

l^arling    lirrm 7] 

l>aTiilson   Mfg.   Co..   Thos ^ 

IHridson    T'-A    Mfg.    C<«p 83 

r>arla-Bnuraonrllle   Co.    86 

Deloro  HmelUif   A   Beflnlnc    Co.    ..  II 


l>i)niinioi]    Foige  te  .Stamniing  Co.    ..  93 

Uom.    Foundries    &    Steel,   Ltd.    ....  84 

Dominion   Iron  &   Wre<*ing  Co 73 

B 

Blllott  &   Whitehall   74 

BIm  Cutting  Oil  Co 87 

Knunhevsky   &  Son.    B 87 

Krie    Foundry     23 


Fwleral   Engineeilug  Co..   Ltd (i9 

Fetherstonhaugh    69 

Financial   Post  66,  96 

Firth,   Thos 6 

Fond-Smith    Machine   Co.    M 

FiKi   Maehj.    &   SnppLv  Co.,  Geo.    F, 

In.Hlde  tack   cover 

Kro«t    Mfg.    Co 88 

Fry'.-f    fT..ondonl,    Ltd 30 


rtarlorrk-Walker    Machy.    Co 1) 

Ciatvin   Machine  Co 2?i 

Geometric   Tool    Co 67 

OHdings    Sc    T.,ewis    8*; 

Gilbert    *   Barker    Mfg.    Co 9^ 

c.l«holt   Machine    Co SI 

Gwiley  &  Edlimd.  Inc f 

Grant    Gear    Work-*    87 

G'ant    Mfg.    &   Machine  Oo.    W 

CeenfleH    Machine   Co. f 

flreenleafs.    Ltd ; C8 


Hamilton  Gear  &  Machine  Co. 
Hajnilton  'Machine  Tool   Co.    ., 

Tfanna  A  Co.,   M.   A 

narvey  A  Co.,   Arthur  c 

Hawkridge  Bros 

ITendey    Machine   Co 

Henry    tc    Wright   Mfg.    Co.    ... 

Henbiim,    John    T 

Vincklev    Mach.    Works    

Vovt    Metal    Co.     

Hnll   Iron   &   Steel    Foundries   .. 
Wimter  flaw   *    Machine  Co. 

ITvdrauTlc    Mflchy.    Co 

Hy»le    Knglneerlng    Co.     


Iiidepeodent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co. 


Jacobs   Mfg. 
Jsrdine   Co., 


B. 


7« 
1" 
6 
1- 
f° 
1(V 

»>. 

r 

w 

8- 

r 

8* 


60 


Joj-oe    Koe<be1    Co 

Johnsofi    Mach.    Co.,    Carlyle 


Knight     Sletal     Products    Co. 


L'.\ir    Liquide    8ociet>-    27 

Landis     .Machine    Co 88 

Latrobe    Klectric   Steel   Co 8 

AlaoKinuon   8tecl   Co 60 

MaoLean's   (Magazine    82 

Manitoba    Sleel    Co.     87 

.Manufactum-a    Kqulpment    Co W 

.Marsh   Engini'ciing  Works,    Ltd 63 

Mathesou    &   Co.,    1 7D 

.\Ialtlicws.    Jan.    H.,    ft    Co.    28 

.MclJougaJl    Co..    Ltd.,    & 

Inside  back  cover 

McLaren,    .7.    C.    Belting   Co.    86 

-Vlechanical    Kngineeiing    Co 99 

'Metalwood    .Mfg.    Co.    23 

Morse   Twist   IJrill    ft   Mach.    Co.    ...  91 

.Morton     Mfg.     Co.     60 

.\4urchey  ^.Machine  &  Tool   Co 27 

N 

.Vational    Acme    Co.     80 

.Nicholson    File  Mfg.   Co 23 

'.Niles-Bement-Pond   InsiJe  front  cover 

.\ormac    Machine    Co 68 

Northern    Crane    Works    86 

Norton.   A.   O M 

Norton  Ca   28 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co ;  16 


O 

Oakley    Chemical     Co 85 

Ontario    Lubricating    Co 88 

!• 

Page   .Steel    Wire    Co.     86 

Pangbom    Corp 87 

Parroenter  ft   Bulloch  Co.    88 

Peerless  Machine  Co 24 

Plewes,   IM 68 

Port  Hope  File  Mfg.   Co 28 

Positive  Clutch   ft   Pulley  Worki   ...  88 
Pratt  ft   Wliitney   ....Inside  front   covet 

PrestJO-Lite  Co gl 

Pullan,    K 68 

R 

Itacine  Tool  A  Machine  Co 2S 

Richards  Sand  Blast  Mach.    Co.    ....  y. 


Rice.    Lewis    &    Son    76 

Ridont  &  Mayt)ee   69 

Riverside    .Machinery    Depot     71 

Rockfopd    Drilling    Machine    Co.     ...  14 

Roelofson    Machine    &    Tool    Co 18 

B 

.ShuBter  Co,    K.    I! m 

.Silver   Mfg.    Co 88 

Simomte    Canada    Saw   Co 20 

Skumer    Chuck    Co 84 

Smalley-General    Co..    Inc gn 

.Standanf   Fuel    Engineering    Co.     ...  97 

Standard  .Machy.  ft  Supplies,  Ltd.  6,  17 

Standard  Optical  Co.   79 

Starrelt   Co..   L.   S 21 

Steel   Co.    of  Canada    3 

Steptoe,  John  Co w 

St.  Lawrence  Welding  Co ■  13 

Stoll    Co..    D.    .H SI 

Strong,    Kennard    ft    Nutt    Co.,    The  88 

Swedish  Steel  &  Importing  Co.,  Ltd.  4 

T 

Tabor  Mfg.    Co 86 

Taylor,   J.    A.   .M 86 

Ta.yIor  In.sfniment   Co 97 

Toledo  Machine  &  Tool  Co 23 

Toronto  Iron   Works    84 

U 

United    BrsM    &    Lead,     Ltd 74.  88 

V 

Vanadium-Alloys    Steel    Co 4 

Victoria    Foundry    Co 87 

Vujcan    Crucible    Steel    Co 12 

W 

Walker  ft  .Sons,  Hiiam    77 

Welland    Machine    Co 75 

Wells   Bros,    of  Canada    30 

Wenlworth    Mfg.    Co 74 

Wheel    Tmeine   Tool    Co 86 

Whiting  Foimdrv  ft   Eq'dp.   Co 87 

Whitman  &  Banies  Supply  Co 93 

Wilkin.son   ft   Komitass   87 

Williams  Machv.   Co.,  A.  R.   ...fS,  66,  71 

Williams    Machy.    Co..    of    Winnip^  72 

Williams   ft  Co..   .1.    H 81 

WHIson   ft   Co.,   T.    .\ 88 

Wilt   Twist    Drill   Co 5 

Windsor    Machine   ft    Tnnl    Works    ..  10 

Wood    Turret    Mach.     Co 4 

7. 

Zenith   Coal   ft   Sleel    Pi-oducts,   T.td.  72 


GnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


October  24,  1918. 


MANUFACTURING  NEWS 


Volume  XX.    No.  17. 


Principles  and  Practice  of  Mechanical  Drawing 

In  Article  Six  the  Author   Takes    Up    Conventions  Relating  to 
Finish  Marks,  Dimensioning,  Notations  and  Lettering. 


Article    VI. — Finish    Marks    and    Some 
Other  Conventions 

AN  example  of  the  value  of  the 
ability  to  render  understandable 
sketches  came  recently  to  the  at- 
tention of  the  writer.  A  number  of  can- 
didates were  taking:  an  examination  for 
a  first-class  engineer's  license.  This 
question  was  asked:  "Assume  that  you 
have  under  your  charge  a  condensing 
alternating-current  turbo-generator  unit 
and  that  you  must  put  this  unit,  which 
is  standing  idle,  into  service  in  parallel 
with  another  similar  unit.  Describe 
the  operations  which  it  is  necessary  to 
follow  in  doing  this.  Name  the  different 
devices  and  apparatus  involved  and  des- 
cribe briefly  the  function  of  each  device 
and  its  relation  to  the  complete  unit." 

The  answer  which  was  by  far  the  most 
satisfactory  was  given  by  a  middle-aged 
man  who  had  grown  up  through  the 
ranks.  The  reason  that  his  presentation 
was  the  most  logical  and  understand- 
able was  that  he  submitted  a  sketch  in- 
dicating graphically  the  different  com- 
ponents of  the  equipment  and  their  rela- 
tion to  one  another.  He  was  the  only 
candidate  who  did  use  a  sketch.  His 
rendering  was  neat,  simple,  effective  ami 
constituted  in  itself  ample  evidence  that 
he  had  studied  sketching  as  a  means  of 
bettering  his  position  and  prospects. 
Because  of  his  inclusion  of  the  sketch 
and  his  utilization  of  reference  letters 
on  it,  his  written  description  was  quite 
brief.     He  obtained  his  license. 

The  other  candidates  consumed  pages 
of  paper  in  trying  to  describe  operations 
which  they  were,  doubtless,  quite  compe* 
tent  to  perform.  But  it  is  questionable 
whether  anyone,  with  only  these  ver- 
bose written  directions  to  guide  him. 
could  gain  a  reasonable  conception  of 
what  the  writers  were  endeavoring  to 
describe.  •      ,       : . 

Finish  marks  must  be  used  on  prac- 
tically every  mechanical  drawing  or 
sketch.  It  is  unnecessary  to  finish  cer- 
tain surfaces  of  the  component  parts  of 
machines  or  equipment.  These  parts 
may  remain  "rough"  just  as  the  castings 
come  from  the  foundry  or  as  the  metal 
?tork  is  received  from  the  jobber.     Such 


By  TERRELL  CROFT. 

surfaces  may  be  painted  or  otherwise 
treated,  without  cutting  the  metal,  to 
improve  their  appearance  but  such  a 
treated  surface  does  not  constitute  a 
finished  surface  as  the  term  is  used  in 
machine-construction  parlance.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  are  other  surfaces  on 
metal  members  which  must  be  finished. 
That  is,  the  metal  must  be  cut  off  by 
some  process  or  other  to  satisfy  cer- 
tain dimensions  or  to  present  a  certain 
specified  appearance.  Thus,  there  are 
a  number  of  different  kinds  of  "finishes": 
chip,  chip-and-file,  mill,  plane,  rough 
turned,  polish,  scrap,  and  others.  A  sur- 
face which  is  to  be  finished  must  be  so 
designated  on  the  drawing  that  the  ma- 
chinist will  understand  what  is  required. 

As  to  whether  the  finish  specifications 
should  be  determined  in  the  drawing 
room  or  the  shop  is  a  question  worthy 
of  some  consideration.  The  proper  an- 
swer to  this' question  is  determined  to  a 
large  extent  by  the  organization  and 
personnel  of  the  drafting  and  produc- 
tion departments  in  the  place  where  the 
work  is  to  be  done.  Unquestionably,  if 
the  draftsman  is  sufficiently  familiar 
with  machining  operations  to  specify  in- 
telligently the  finishes  these  specifica- 
tions can  be  made  most  economically  in 
t^e  drawing  room.  On  the  othei"  hand, 
if  the  draftsman  is  not  familiar  with  ma- 
chine-shop practice  it  is  then  better  to 
merely  specify  on  the  drawing  in  general 
terms  the  kind  of  finish  or  the  result 
desired.  The  conduct  of  the  machining 
operations  required  is  then  left  to  the 
shop.  This  procedure  permits  the  shop 
man  to  use  the  machine  or  method  he 
deems  most  suitable  for  the  work — but 
he  must  get  the  result. 

As  an  example,  holes  may  be  specified 
as  "drilled"  whereas  they  might  be  more 
economically,  and  quite  as  satisfactorily, 
"punched  "  In  this  case  the  finish  speci- 
fication regarding  these  holes  on  "the 
drawing  would  be  incorrect.  It  is  al- 
most obvious  that,  where  feasible,  it  is 
most  economical  to  have  all  of  the  ma- 
chining operations  planned  in  the  draft- 
ing room.  Where  this  procedure  is 
followed  the  shop  onerations  can  be  com- 
pleted with  the  expenditure  of  minimum 


time  and  effort.  Frequently  this  result 
may  be  obtained  most  effectively  by 
close  co-operation  between  the  shop  and 
the  drawing  room.  The  draftsman 
should  at  all  times  work  in  close  harmony 
with  the  chief  mechanic,  his  equivalent, 
or  the  shop  man.  If  he  does  this  his 
drawings  will  reflect  a  balanced  opinion 
of  theory  and  practice. 

The  approved  method  of  designating  a 
finished  surface  is  to  use  a  modified  "f" 
drawn  across  the  line  of  the  drawing 
representing  the  finished  surface  as  de- 
picted in  Fig.  1.  The  finish  symbol  is 
the  same  as  an  inclined  lower-case  "f" 
except  that  it  has  a  heavy  black  dot  on 
its  end.  The  cross  line  should  be  drawn 
transversely  through  the  stem  of  the 
"f "  adjacent  and  parallel  to  the  line  of 
the  drawing  representing  the  surface  to 
be  finished.  Often  one  of  the  words 
enumerated  in  the  list  above  (such  as 
'chip."  "mill,"  "plane,"  etc  ,  etc.)  is  nec- 
essarily used  in  combination  with  the 
finish  mark  to  show  just  the  character 
of  the  finish  which  is  required. 

Finish  designations  of  other  types  are 
shown  in  Fig.  2.  At  A  the  finish 
required  on  the  three  surfaces  of  a  key- 
way  slot  is  designated  by  using  a  single 
symbol  with  '  three  leaders  radiating 
from  it  to  the  surfaces.  At  B  is  repres- 
ented a  finish  symbol  in  which  the  trans- 
verse line  intersects  the  line  representing 
the  surface  to  be  finished.  Finish  marks 
of  this  type  are  considered  undesirable 


FIG     1— TWO    SURFACES    TO    BE    FINISHED 
DESIGNATED     BY     FINISH     MARKS. 

in  some  drafting  rooms  because'  it  is 
asserted  they  tend  to  confuse  the  outline 
of  the  object,  and  niav  not  indicite 
definitely  the  surfacfe  to  be  finished  At 
C  is  cited  a  finish  m^rk  lying  wholly 
outside  of  the  outline  of  the  object.  The 
surface  to  which  the  character  points  is 
'he  one  to  he  finished.  By  Using  dif- 
ferent numbers  and  arrangements  of  the 


410 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY^ 


Volume  XX. 


'■hooks"  on  the  symbol  a  code  can  be 
<i«veIop«d  whereby  finishes  of  the  dif- 
ferent characters  may  be  specifiea 
gfaphically.  However,  experience  has 
shown  that  it  is.  as  a  rule,  undesirable 
t«  d<isiirnate  the  different  types  of  fin- 
ishes by  code  symbols.  Confusion  usually 
results.  The  better  plan  Is  to  designate 
«a<?h  surface  to  be  finished  with  a  symbol 
and  W  th«iti  amplify  the  symbol  with  an 
explanatory  ritfte  if  necessary.  The 
symbol  at  C  wa.s  originated  by  Prof. 
Fellows.  He  sURsests  that  a  .'symbol  like 
that  at  AB  (Fig.  3)  may  be  used  where 
all  of  the  surfaces  between  the  two  sym- 
bols are  to  be  finished. 

When  a  dimension  is  expres-sed  deci- 
mally, as  at  A  in  Fig.  1,  such  specifica- 
tion ordinarily  implies  that  the  limiting 


C^fi/m  ^' tt^  // 


FIG.      2     ILLUSTRATING      APPLICATION      OF 

SYMBOLS    OK    DI?'FERENT    TYPES    TO 

INDICATE    FINISHED    SURFACES. 


surfaces  are  to  be  finished.  Obviously, 
the  specifying  of  a  dimension  with  a 
decimal  to  the  thousandths  place  would 
be  incon.sistent  where  the  dimension  was 
between  unfinished  surfaces. 

When  an  object  is  to  be  finished  all 
over,  the  information  may  be  communi- 
cated by  a  notation  "Finish  all  over"  or 
"F.A.O."  as  portrayed  in  Figs.  4  and 
5. 

In  specifying  the  finish  for  a  taper 
hole  which  is  machined  to  accomodate  a 
taper  pin  the  operations  involved  may 
be   explained    with    a    note    thus:    "Drill 


FIG.       »-ONE       METHOD       OF       COMBINING 
FINISH  MARKS   WITH   A   DIMENSION   LINE. 


7/32.     Ream  for  No.  4  Taper  pin,"  as 
entered  on  Fig.  5. 

Some  special  finish  markings  are 
defined  in  Fig.  6.  At  A  "li"  Tap"  means 
that  the  hole  is  to  be  drilled  with  a 
smaller  drill  (13/64  for  a  V4"  tap)  and 
then  a  thread  cut  in  its  surface  with  a 
%"  tap.  A  leader  from  the  notation  to 
the  hole  under  consideration  ties  them 
together.  The  surface  of  a  drilled  hole 
is  rough  and  it  is  impossible  to  drill 
accurately  a  hole  to  a  specified  dimen- 
sion. Therefore,  where  the  diameter  of 
a  hole  must  be  of  exact  dimensions  or 
where  its  surface  must  be  smooth,  the 
hole  must  be  reamed  after  drilling.  This 
may  be  specified  "V4"  ream"  as  shown 
at  B.  Ordinary  drilled  holes  are  cited 
at  C.     Where  a  hole  must  be  counter- 


bored  to  accomodate  the  head  of  a  cap 
screw  or  for  some  other  reason  this 
operation  can  be  specified  (D,  Fig.  6) 
as  "%'  counterbore."  The  V4-inch  speci- 
fies the  diameter.    The  depth  of  the  hole; 


'-i-^r-^^f-r 

1 

1 

t  t 

::; 

ai 

/'tMiJA    atl  ptffr 


FIG.     4     OBJECT      TO      BE      FINISHED      "ALL 
OVER-      OfTEN     SPECIFIED     AS    "F.A.O." 


must  be  given  in  a  note  or  shown  on; 
an  auxiliary  view  as  in  Fig.  6.  The 
notation  (E,  Fig.  6)  "3"  turn"  means; 
that  the  outer  surface  is  to  be  given  no 
other  finish  than  that  provided  when  it 
is  turned  off  in  a  lathe  or  mill  "Scrape" 
(F.  Fig.  6)  means  that  the  surface  speci- 
fied is  to  be  rendered  as  true  as  pos- 
sible byhand  scraping.  Such  a  surface 
should  be  tested  by  rubbing  on  a  sur- 
face plate  covered  with  a  verv  thin  coat- 
ing of  Prussian  blue  or  other  colored 
paste.  The.  high  spots  thus  disclosed  are 
then  .scraped  down.  The  testing  with 
a  surface  plate  and  the  scraping  down 
of  the  high  spots  is  continued  until  wo- 
high  spots  are  apparent.  "Polish"  (G, 
Fig.  6)  signifies  that  the  surface  identi- 
fied by  the  leader  is  to  be  made  bright 
and  smooth,  after  machine  finishing,  by 

A  fain  ftr  .»>  -^ 


uii  j5  ' 


±^    * 


^ffuirftf 


FIG.    .7— "DRILL"    AND    "REAM    FOR    TAPER- 
PIN"  AND  "F.A.O."  FINISH  DESIGNATIONS- 

'utting  down  with  emery  or  some  other 
abrasive,  and  then  buffing. 

The  notation  "core"  (H.  Fig.  7)  de- 
notes that  the  surface  insitie  of  the 
casting  is  to  be  left  rough  just  as  it 
comes  from  the  foundry.  The  hole 
marked  "bore"  (I,  Fig.  7)  is  to  be  cast 
smaller  than  specified  and  then  bored 
to  dimension  in  a  lathe  or  boring  ma- 
chine. Note  that  limits  are  specified  for 
the  diameter  of  this  hole.  It  may  not 
be  smaller  than  1.250-inch  nor  larger 
than  1.260-inch.  Thus  a  tolerance  of 
0.01-inch  is  allowed.  The  outside  sur- 
face of  this  cylinder  is  to  be  ground  (J, 


i  f'"., 


FIG.    8— SHOWING     APPLICATIONS    OF    THE 
LEGENDS    "DRILL,"    "TAP,"    "COUNTER- 
BORE."    "REAM,"    "TURN,"    "SCRAPE" 
AND    "POLISH" 

Fig.  7)  in  a  grinding  machine.  A  limit 
is  also  specified  for  this  diameter.  It 
may  be  either  0.005-inch  smaller  or 
0  006-inch  larger  than  2.010-inch  and 
pass  inspection. 


^  "Spot  face"  (K,  Fig.  8)  implies  that 
the  boss,  %-inch  in  diameter,  extending 
above  the  end  surface  has  been  provided 
to  permit  of  its  being  cut  off  about 
flush  with  the  end  surface,  this  to  in- 
sure an  even  bearing  for  a  nut  or  bolt 
head.  The  remainder  of  the  end  at  K 
may  be  left  rough.  The  legend  "%-inch 
Chore  to  surface"  (L,  Fig.  8)  denotes 
that  a  circular  spot  %-inch  in  diameter 
is  to  be  faced  off  flat.  That  i.s.  it  is  to 
be  dressed  until  the  roughness  of  the 
casting  is  obliterated  and  a  true  surface 
obtained.  No  dimension  as  to  depth  is 
necessary  in  this  instance  because  this 
specification  is  used  only  where  toler- 
ance limits  of  considerable  magnitude 
are  permissible. 


J    *j  Spif  fac 


-hSnlL. 


FIG,  7— CYLINDER  TO  BE  "CORED."  "BORED" 
AND    "REAMED"     INTERNALLY    AT    DIF- 
FERENT   LOCATIONS    ALONG    ITS 
LENGTH. 
FIG.     8     ILLUSTRATING     THE     MEANING     OK 
"SPOT    FACE"    AND    "COUNTERBORE" 
TO    SURFACE. 


Some  practical  examples  of  the  ap- 
plication of  finish  symbols  will  now  be 
considered.  In  Fig.  9  the  outside  sur- 
faces of  the  drill  block  are  all  to  be 
finished  as  indicated,  but  the  faces  of 
the  90-deg.  grooves  remain  unfinished. 
This  drawing  also  illustrates  the  ap- 
proved method  of  specifying  the  magni- 
tude of  an  angle  on  a  mechanical  draw- 
ing. Figs.  10  and  11  showing  respec- 
tively working  drawings  for  a  clamp 
and  a   shaft    present  practical  applica- 


•  >, 


lr?+-.5f/-  -44J 


-V^ 


\ 


FIG.  9-DETAILS  OK   A   DRILL  BLOCK  SHOW- 
ING   HOW   THE    MAGNITUDE   OK    ANGLES 
IN     DEGREES     MAY     BE     SPECIKIETD 
AND    ALSO    SHOWING    APPROVED 
METHODS    OF    INDICATING 
FINISHES. 

tions  of  some  of  the  finish  marks  and 
specifications  which  have  been  discussed 
in  preceding  paragraphs.  Both  of  these 
pictures  represent  practical  working 
drawings  rendered  in  accordance  with 
the  best  modern  practice.  Note  particu- 
larly on  Fig.  11  how  the  limits  and  ma- 
chine operations  are  specified.  Also 
consider  the  method  of  dimensioning, 
the  rendering  of  threads,  construction  of 
the  arrow-heads,  and  the  utilization  of 
the  sectional  view  at  AA. 

Conventional  "breaks"  can  often  be 
used  to  advantage  in  mechanical  draw- 
ing to  indicate  more  clearly  the  construc- 
tional character  of  some  member  shown 


October  24,   1918 


<^AKAI)IAN   MA  cm  .VERY 


471 


on  the  sheet.  Consiilerable  irig'enuity  can 
be  displayed  in  this  regard  by  a  drafts- 
man. He  may,  by  showing  some  mem- 
ber "broken"  convey  the  necessary  in- 
formation about  the  cdrtRtrtJCtion  of  the 


(3)  CLAMP  scnew 

FIG.     10     WORKING    DRAWING    OF    THE    DE- 
TAILS OF  A  CLAMP.  THIS   ILLUSTRATES 
GOOD      PRACTICE      IN      INDICATING 
FINISH,    IN    DIMENSIONING    AND 
IN    GENERAL    RENDERING. 

piece  which  would,  if  the  break  were  not 
shown,  require  several  views  for  its  com- 
plete definition.  In  Fig.  12  are  exhibited 
the  more  important  breaks  used  on  draw- 
ings. Where  a  long  thin  member  such 
as  a  pipe  or  rail  or  an  I-beam  is  to  be 
detailed  it  is  unnecessary  to  draw  a  short 
length  of  the  piece  and  then  "break"  a 
portion  out  of  the  center,  using  one  of 
the  conventional  breaks  shown  in  Fig. 
12,  The  overall  dimension  given  on  the 
sheet  will  indicate  the  exact  length  re- 
quired of  the  member. 

The  language  of  lines  in  mechanical 
drawing  is  interpreted  graphically  by 
Fig.  13.  The  fact  that  mechanical  draw- 
ings constitute  a  language  universally 
understood  by  those  familiar  with  en- 
Kineerinif  matters  has  been  explained 
ni  preceding  sections.  It  has  for  many 
years  been  the  practice  to  utilize,  in 
rendering  mechanical  drawings,  lines  of 
different    characters      to    represent    dif- 


fererit  things  or  ideas.  Wany  of'  the  cwv- 
.entions  thus  adopted  are  universally 
applied,  while  other's  are  employed  but 
seldom.  Obviously,  it  is  a  very  bad  and 
confusing  practice  to  use  on  a  drawing 
only  two  or  three  kinds  of  lines.  When 
this  is  done  the  drawing  does  not  appear 
complete  and  it  is  difficult  of  interpreta- 
tion. The  essential  requirements  of  the 
lines  of  the  different  characters  are 
three: 

(1)  They  should  be  readily  distinguish- 
uble  from  one  another. 

(2)  They   should   be  capable  of  being 
made  easily. 


boundary  or  sharp  break  of  a  surface, 
which  is  invisible  from  the  location  from 
which  the  object  which  is  shown  in  the 
drawing  is  viewed.  It  is  in  ordinary 
mechanical  drawing  to  be  made  quite 
heavy — the  heaviest  line  on  the  sheet 
with  the  exception  of  the  border  line — 
and  it  is  to  be  continuous.  It  is  made 
heavy  to  emphasize  the  contour  of  the 
object. 

Invisible  lines  (B,  Figs.  13  and  14) 
are  u.sed  to  show  any  edge  or  border 
of  u  surface  when  that  edge  or  border 
is  concealed  from  view.  A  dash  line 
comprising     relatively  short     dashei   is 


SOfZlO 


m    KOUNO   SAK 


lat 


]□□[ 


jy  TUBIN6  irf/PC. 


7     FLAT    BAR 


E.   WOOD 


\\m  ©) 


Zai    hf/HC    S/'/HMCS 


SQUARE  secr/i/M 


J^^^JHI 


Sect  tan   fl~fi 


M.    BE^HINCS 


FIG.     12— SOME     CONVENTIONAL 


■•BREAKS" 
DRAWING. 


EMPLOYED    IN    MBXJHANICAL 


(3)  There  should  be  considerable  con- 
trast between  them  to  insure  ready  in- 
terpretation and  good  appearance. 

The  second  requirement — that  of  ease 
of  production — is  of  particular  import- 
ance with  the  lines  which  are  made  most 
frequently.  The  symbols  of  the  chart  of 
Fig.  13  represent,  it  is  believed,  the  very 
best  practice.  The  lines  of  each  of  the 
types  exhibited  in  Fig.  13  will  now  be 
considered  individually.  Practical  ap- 
plications are  gi«en  in  Fig.  14. 

The  visible  outline  (A,  Figs.  13  and 
14),  sometimes  called  a  boundary  line, 
is    used    to    indicate      any    visible    edge, 


Ust  fj'  DnIL  r  >vv  /Va.  ^l  /'rati  i  h'A,tnei/ 

/from   a/ltr  /fssem.  ■■       f  ^~^    /te~ 

I  III  .t  ir^— ^-r-.t        t~ 


/'-S  US.S.  Thg. 


BELT  CONVEYOR. 

SH/IFT     DET/I/LS. 


EAiP//iE     P/IPER 
MILLS     COM  PAN  Y. 


DrauJn'ttrr 


CAfcked 


/Ippy^. 


A-li-lf. 


FIG.    11 -WORKING    DRAWING    OF    A    CONVEYOR    SHAFT    ILLUSTRATING    GOOD 
PRACTICE    IN     SPECIFYING     LIMITS.     IN     INDICATING     THREADS     AND 
IN    DIMENSIONING.    NOTES.    ARROWHEADS    AND    SECTIONING 


used.  The  dashes  may  be  from  1/8-inch 
to  3''16-inch  long  with  a  1/32-inch  open 
space  between  them.  The  invisible  line 
should  be  somewhat  lighter  (thinner) 
than  the  outline  to  insure  contrast. 
Whenever  two  lines  consisting  of  dashes 
are  drawn  parallel  and  close  together, 
the  breaks  between  the  dashes  should 
be  staggered.  Where  this  is  done  the 
course  of  each  broken  dash  line  can  be 
followed  more  readily  by  the  eye. 

Center  lines  (C,  Figs.  13  and  14)  are 
imaginary  lines  drawn  through  the  cen- 
ters of  symmetrical  views  and  are  used 
as  reference  lines.  The  object  of  the 
drawing  is,  or  certain  parts  thereof  are, 
symmetrical  around  the  center  lines.  In 
laying  out  a  drawing  or  sketch  usually 
the  first  step  is  to  plot  the  center  lines. 
They  should  be  very  light  and  composed 
of  alternate  dots  and  dashes.  The 
dashes  should  be  about  %-inch  long  and 
the  dots  1/32-inch  long.  The  spaces 
between  should  be  about  1/32-inch. 

Dimension  lines  (D,  Figs.  13  and  14) 
are  the  lines  which  identify  the  points 
between  which  dimensions  are  given.  On 
mechanical  working  drawings  on  tracing 
cloth  for  blueprinting  it  is  universally 
considered  good  practice  to  make  dimen- 
sion lines  very  fine  unbroken  black  lines, 
except  where  an  open  space  is  left  for 
the  figures  indicating  the  dimensions  and 
the  notations.  On  each  end  of  a  dimen- 
sion line  are  arrow-heads  or  barbs.  These 
.■should  be  distinctly  and  neatly  made 
(Fig.  15-1  and  11).  The  sides  of  the 
arrow-head  should  spre-id  slightly  away 
from    the    dimension    line,    but   not    to* 


472 


CANADIAN-  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


THE  LA^CUAQE   OF  l/A/£S. 


y/S/BLE  PUTLIM£.  ffr  iwi><//nf  /t»ts  aiu(  irisit/r  ruffes  ^  a  f/ei^ 
/WIS/BLE  arrUNE.  Ftr  tMisiH*  et/ffs   e/  a  v/ei>'. 
CEIfTEH  LINE     jfn  imafinory  /ine   Mreiy/)  Me  ct»/er  ef  a 
symmelrical    r/fitf,  St/fS  efc.    i/seti  as  a  re/erence    //ne 
AMmys  sftrf  ai>a  s/»p  a  Cffifer  //'ne    k"/h   a   i/cf 

0\  W"^  f£- *-OIMENSI(W  LINE.    Etr  inaica/mf  cftme/isions  anri  Mr  pomfs 

or  ivr/aers    ie/ifeefi     i^Aic/i    a   </imfns/an    /s    faken 

^J\  iJtttr __    i£^p£ff      f/„f  //„e    w//Ji   /la/f  arrfiir'  />/?  t/iti  />«i/>fin^ 

/eitfards    Mf   oi/ec/-. 

Q^iititr fXTENS/HM  LINE.     Etr  flre/ec/inf   pt/nts,  cfrnrrs,  *r  (w/- 

/mfS    t/  a  y/n>'  /tr  i/imeMS/imiif,  tr  /tr  /»catitit   vf  ff*tr 
vifvs       ^errr  permit    an   ejr/e/isiin  /int     /'    /n/ers*ef    a 
Wsit/t    e,/f/me.    ^  /1/i^ays    /eaye   a  spare  ie/kfeen   Me  Oi'M/it 
ana   Me   iefiim/n^    e/  af>    ejefensie/i  //ite. 
Q\ii*ilL C/fOSS-M^TC/f  l/NE.     Eer  cress-MMinf    er  secfio^iny. 

©'ifESHi!- S;    CUTT/MG  Lm£.     f»r  /Mfieafinp  p*sJ//«n    af  ci/f//nf   p/ane  />/- 

^-^ ''  a   sec/itn.       a.  fit/  a/tnf    a    ce/tfrr  /ine      0,aleitf  renfer  /m*. 

/fLTE/MAriVE   PesmOM  l//VE.    Ejr  sJitwi/if  a»   o/ftrne/^/fe 
pesffien    ef  a  par/  fir  an   ti///iiie    o^  prtpeseel  par/ 

^'      8/lE>4H  I  WES.     Eur  /na/eafinp    ire/ten     ma/er/a/ 
^  mf/a/.  S,    ^y^^et^. 

OITEO    L/flE.     Eer  ifi<fira//»f   a  repea/ec/  /"trm. 
LINE  PE /^Or/ffN.     Eur  //?://ea/i/>f  //le  ^cff/i    c//  mo//an 
of  a  pe//>/    er  gij'ecf. 


FIG.    13— A    CSHART    SHOWING    THE    LANGUAGE    OF    LINES. 


far.  Only  two  strokes  of  a  pen  are 
necessary  (III,  Fig.  15)  to  make  an  ar- 
row-head. Where  drawings  must  be  re- 
produced for  zinc  etching  line  cuts,  a 
dotted  dimension  line  gives  more  con- 
trast and  hence  is  more  readily  under- 
stood than  a  fine  unbroken  dimension 
line  and  is,  therefore,  frequently  used 
for  this  purpose. 

The  leader  (E.  Figs.  13  and  14)  fs 
used  to  point  to  and  designate  some  sur- 
face, hole,  or  other  feature  concerning 
which  a  notation  or  explanatory  legend 
is  necessary.  It  comprises  a  fine  light 
line  with  a  half  arrow  on  one  end.  It 
may  be  either  straight  or  curved.  Where 
the  draftsman  is  skillful,  the  leader  line 
may  be  drawn  free  hand.  Where  he  is 
not,  it  should  be  drawn  mechanically 
with  a  ruling  pen  or  compass.  Note 
that  the  end  next  to  the  object  should 
terminate  in  a  half  arrow  (Fig.  15-IV) 
and  not  in  a  complete  arrow-head  as 
used  on  the  end  of  a  dimension  line. 
The  end  adjacent  to  the  note  or  legend 
need  not  have  any  distinguishing  charac- 
ter on  it. 

The  extension  line  (F,  Figs  13  and  14) 
sometimes  called  a  projection  line,  is 
an  imaginary  line  used  to  project  lin^s 
or  points  for  dimensioning  or  to  connect 
in  the  drawing  the  same  surfaces  or 
edges  in  different  views.  For  example, 
an  extension  line  may  be  used  for  pro- 
jecting the  position  of  a  surface  or  edge 
in  one  view — possibly  the  side  view — to 
the  position  or  edge  of  that  same  surface 
in  another  view — perhaps  the  top  view. 
Extension  lines  are  fine  lines  made  up 
of  dashes  ^k  to  %-inch  long  and  with 
small  ttpaces  between  them. 


The  cross-hatch  line  (G,  Figs.  13  and 
14)  is  used  in  shading  cut  surfaces.  Ord- 
inarily they  are  quite  light  and  continu- 
ous, and  drawn  about  1 '16-inch  apart. 
However,  they  may,  if  some  convention 
symbols  have  been  adopted  to  indicate 
the  sections  of  different  materials,  be 
dotted  or  of  varying  weights  as  occasion 
demands.  The  application  of  sectioning 
and  section  lines  has  been  treated  in 
some  detail  in  a  preceding  article. 

A  cutting  line  (H-a,  Figs.  13  and  14) 
sometimes  called  a  cross-section  line, 
is  used  when  it  is  necessary  to  show 
where  a  section  is  taken  through  an 
object.  That  is,  a  cutting  line  may  be 
drawn  through  the  view  to  represent  the 
edge  of  the  cutting  plane.  This  lin^ 
should  be  of  medium  weight  and  should 
comprise  long  dashes  separated  at  equi- 
distant intervals  by  two  short  dashe.^i  or 


dots.  Sometimes  the  alternate  cutting 
line  shown  at  b  is  employed  when  it 
is  necessary  to  take  a  section  along  a 
center  line.  One  heavy  dash  is  drawn 
on  the  center  line  at  the  beginning  and 
another  at  the  end  of  the  imaginary 
cutting  plane.  Different  combinations  of 
letters  are  used  to  designate  the  dif- 
ferent sections  which  may  be  taken  on 
a  drawing.  Thus  in  Fig.  14  at  H  the 
section  is  designated  by  the  letters  AA. 

The  alternate  position  line  (I,  Figs.  13 
and  14)  is  used  where  it  is  necessary  to 
show  the  second  position  of  some  other 
part  that  may  interfere  or  for  which 
clearance   must   be    provided.     This   line 


6  LH  Acmf    rfit/s 


^OlUfi    Or   Ifffifar    /me 

ftr  tf7rfaas 

JI  r»/i£/io£D  Shaft 
-  Dtttt   tr  ffepfai   //^f    irairafirij   . 
Iftat    tfetit    extent^  artuna    rjit    ua//, 

I.  S£/i/i    Wheel 


FIG.    14A~SH0WING    APPLICATION    OF    THE 

DITTO    OR    REPEAT    LINE. 
(The  form  or  contour  of  which  the  ditto  line  in- 
dicates  a    repetition    should   always   be   shown   one 
or   more  times   before  the   ditto   line   is   used). 


is  made  of  medium  weight  and  the  dashes 
Vi-inch  to  %-inch  long. 

The  break  line  (J,  Figs.  13  and  14)  is 
used  where  a  part  of  a  view  is  broken 
away.  This  line  is  drawn  very  irregular 
to  insure  that  its  significance  will  be 
obvious.     Refer  also  to  Fig.  12. 

The  ditto  line  (K,  Figs.  13  and  14A)  is 
used  for  indicating  a  series  of  forms 
such  as  gear  teeth  and  the  like. 

A  line  of  motion  (L,  Figs.  13  and  14) 
is    used    to    designate    the    path    of    the 


FIG.    14- ILLUSTRATING    THE    APPLICATION 
OF  THE  LINES  OF  DIFFERENT  TYPES. 


J]r    £'xAMPL£S     Of     Le/jDlns 


FIG.       15  — EXAMPLES      EXPLANATORY      OF 
GOOD     PRACTICE    IN     LINE    SYMBOLS. 


motion  of  a  point.  This  symbol  m  -st  be 
used  often  in  machine  drawings  to  in- 
sure the  provision  of  proper  clearance 
and  proper  arrangement.  It  comprises 
a  series  of  very  short  dashes. 

The  lettering  of  a  mechanical  draw- 
ing is  a  feature  the  importance  of  which 
is  often  under-estimated.  There  is  no 
other  one  thing  which  is  so  effective  in 
giving  tone  and  a  business-like  appear- 
ance to  a  drawing.  A  poorly-rendered 
drawing  well  lettered  may  present  an 
attractive  apoearance.  But  on  the  other 
liand,  no  matter  how  well  a  drawing  is 
"^ade  if  it  is  poorly  lettered  it  will  look 
like  a  botched  job.  The  lettering  charac- 
ters should  be  such  that  they  may  be 
read  with  minimum  effort,  which  neces- 
sites  a  plain  outline  and  uniform  spacing, 
and  they  should  be  such  that  they  can 
be  made  easilv  and  rapidly.  All  letter- 
ing should  be  freehand. 


October  24,  1918 


CAN  A  F)l  A  X    M  ACIIINERY 


473 


Anc:-Lpnfr^W'ym^j^7^rf-^3Tfig^^pfr4f^r=^bf'./a^/tcjfSF 


'iA'^M'itit^tMt-*.-mrf.-rm^'i>u-W'/fr'mtr/./M^'M 


ltT7^ZI7^/l>aK\     I  - 


Le/irrs  of  variaus  sizes /n'l^  Ae  i/j!pa~acror^n^  /o  jtj/^TnPwt- 


aird  by  ^ace  p^uat  fa  /ir^-mnr^^han  hrtfli/  nf  /pf/pr.f 


FIG.    16-      LETTERING    OF    THE    STYLE    WHICH     IS    MOST    SUITABLE    AND 
ECONOMICAL    FOR    MECHANICAL    AND    ENGINEERING    DRAWINGS. 


To  acquire  the  ability  to  letter,  care- 
ful, faithful,  and  intelligent  practice 
is  necessary.  It  appears  that  there  are 
few  who  cannot,  with  the  expenditure  of 
a  reasonable  amount  of  effort,  develop 
the  knack  of  lettering.  Because  an  in- 
dividual is  a  g-ood  writer  does  not  mean 
anything  one  way  or  the  other  in  so  far 
as  his  capacity  for  lettering  is  concerned. 
Some  good  letterers  are  also  good 
writers,  but  many  are  not. 

As  to  the  type  of  letter  which  should 
be  adopted  it  is  now  usually  conceded 
that  the  inclined  Gothic  or  the  so-called 
"Reinhardt"  modification  thereof  is  the 
preferable  one  for  engineering  drawing. 
This  letter  (Fig.  16)  is  simple  and 
readily  executed  Charles  W.  Reinhardt, 
who  was  for  many  years  chief  drafts- 
man on  the  Engineering  News  made 
a  study  of  lettering  for  engineering 
drawings  and  has  prepared  a  very  valu- 
able brief  treatise  "Lettering  for  En- 
gineers, Draftsmen,  and  Students,"  in 
which  he  described  in  detail  the  methods 
whereby  one  mav  become  deft  at  the 
art  of  producing  freehand  letters.  The 
simplicity  of  the  system  will  be  apparent 
from  a  consideration  of  Fig.  16.  This 
type  is  used  very  extensively  in  engineer- 
in"  offices  and  machine  drafting  rooms. 

In  constructing  freehand  letters  note 
that  all  are  based  on  the  oval  and 
.=;traight  line.  The  slant  of  all  the  let- 
ters should  be  uniform  and  may  be  taken 
at  some  one  angle,  which  mav  be  one 
between  60  dee.  and  7.5  deg.  It  is  fre- 
quently desirable  to  adopt  a  60-d9g. 
slant  because  60-deg.  trian-^-Ies  are  avail- 
able for  drawing  pencil  guide  lines. 

The  size  of  the  lettering  to  be  used 
on  any  sheet  should  be  determined  by 
the  purposes  and  character  of  the  words 
which  are  to  be  used  For  titles,  capi- 
t!ils — frequently  drawn  vertical — about 
3  16-inch  hi-rh,  constitute  good  practice. 
For  sub-titles,  letters  %-inch  high  may 
be  emdoved.  The  notes  and  explana- 
tions should  comprise  only  lower  case 
letters.  There  are  two  reasons  for  this. 
First,  it  is  much  easier  to  read  lower 
case  letters  than  it  is  capitals.  Second, 
the  lower  rase  letters  can  be  made  more 
rapidly.     The   bodies   of  the  lower  case 


letters  should  be  equal  to  two-thirds 
the  height  of  the  capitals.  In  lettering 
pencil  drawings  a  soft  pencil— about  2H 
— should  be  used. 


GERMANY'S  SHORTAGE  OF 
TUNGSTEN 

By  R.  E. 
Tungsten,  a  metal  discovered  by  a 
Spaniard,  is  the  principal  ingredient  in 
the  manufacture  of  high-speed  tool  steel, 
and  plays  such  an  important  part  in  the 
manufacture  of  projectiles,  armour  plates, 
gun  boring,  etc.  Tungsten  ore  was  found 
chiefly  in  the  United  States  of  America, 
Bolivia,  Peru,  Burma,  Siam,  China,  Ja- 
pan, Malaya,  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
Spain,  Portugal,  England,  and  to  a  small 
extent  in  South  Africa.  Even  before  the 
war,  the  high-speed  industry  had  secured 
an  annual  turnover  of  more  than  £300,- 
000,  and  dbubtless  a  comparatively  small 
outly  of  £25,000  or  £30,000  on  the  produc- 
tion of  tungsten  powder  in  this  country 
previous  to  1914  would  have  saved  us  a 
vast  amount  of  money  and  much  anxiety 
in  the  production  of  munitions.  Thanks 
to  the  British  Navy,  Germany,  which  had 
been  reaching  out  her  hands  to  control 
the  industry,  was  suffering  from  a  short- 
age of  tungsten  amounting  almost  to  fam- 
ine. Owing  to  the  greatly  increased  pro- 
duction of  tungsten  powder  in  the  United 
States,  where  the  output  has  risen  during 
the  war  from  1,400  to  7,000  tons  a  year, 
and  also  in  the  British  Empire,  and  again, 
in  Siam,  Britain  was  no  longer  depen- 
dent on  Germany  for  any  of  the  alloys 
used  in  the  making  of  high-speed  steel, 
while  there  are  within  the  bounds  of  the 
British  Empire  ample  resources  to  meet 
all  our  requirements  if  only  the  industry 
is  properly  fostered  and  encouraged. 

AN    ELECTRICALLY    EQUIPPED 
SHIPYARD 

By  MARK  MEREDITH. 
During  his  tour  of  inspection  of  the 
shipbuilding  areas  of  the  North-East 
Coast,  Lord  Pirrie  visited  the  Egis  Yard. 
This  yard,  on  which  work  was  begun  in 
November,  and  is*  now  nearly  completed, 


fcovers  a  site  ot  nearly  16  ftcres,  and  is 
interesting  from  the  fact  that  the  whole 
of  the  plant  is  driven  by  electricity.  The 
yard  has  four  berths,  each  capable  of 
building  a  ship  430  feet  long  by  56  ffeet 
beam,  and  of  about  10,000  tons  of  dead- 
weight. The  principal  buildings  are 
erected  on  either  side  of  the  berths. 
On  the  south  is  a  plater's  shed 
532  feet  long  by  100  feet  broad,  which 
contains  all  the  most  up-to-date  electric- 
ally driven  machinery  for  working  the 
steel  material.  Direct  gas-firing  furnaces 
for  frame  and  plates  are  installed. 

The  means  of  erecting  the  materials, 
when  worked  on  to  the  slips,  is  provided 
by  20  steel  derrick  posts,  98  feet  long,  with 
35  feet  derricks,  four  on  each  side  of 
each  ship,  with  an  independent  electric 
winch  capable  of  lifting  3  tons  to  each 
derrick.  Six  other  portable  electric 
winches  are  also  provided  for  use  when 
required.  On  the  fitting-out  quay  466 
feet  long,  where  the  vessels  will  be  fitted 
out  after  launching,  is  a  30-ton  electrical 
driven  travelling  crane  capable  of  lifting 
30  tons  at  a  radius  of  54  feet,  and  10  tons 
at  a  radius  of  98  feet.  The  various 
stores  and  shops  are  all  equipped  with 
the  latest  and  most  efficiency  machinery, 
and  electrical  power,  lighting  pneumatic 
piping,  water  pipes,  are  taken  down  be- 
tween each  berth,  providing  every  facility 
for  utilizing  pneumatic  power  to  the 
greatest  possible  extent.  The  plant  is 
driven  throughout  by  electricity  supplied 
on  the  three-phase  system. 


CANADA'S    SEA    CONNECTIONS 

By  M.  M. 

In  view  of  the  progress  now  being  made 
in  Canada  with  the  shipbuilding  indus- 
try, more  enterprise  is  being  shown  there 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  Empire.  It 
is  of  interest  to  hear  that  important  ne- 
gotiations are  taking  place  for  a  big  de- 
velopment of  shipping  services  between 
this  country  and  the  Dominion.  Much, 
however,  depends  upon  the  settlement  of 
the  railway  question  which  Sir  Robert 
Borden  has  in  hand,  and  with  which  it  is 
understood  he  has  made  good  headway 
since  his  visjt  to  London  in  connection 
with  the  Imperial  Conference.  The  Cun- 
ard  Line  is  one  of  the  companies  vitally 
interested,  as  over  a  year  ago  it  arrived 
at  a  working  arrangement  with  the  Can- 
adian Northern  Railway  for  an  expan- 
sion of  the  country's  overseas  commerce, 
both  on  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific;  and 
is  naturally  being  held  back  pending  an 
agreement  between  the  various  parties 
concerned.  Another  question  to  which  it 
is  said  Sir  Robt.  Borden  is  to  give  prompt 
attention  is  the  report  of  the  Quebec 
Board  of  Trade  for  a  prolongation  of 
navigation  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  between 
that  port  and  the  sea,  throughout  the 
year.  If  carried  out,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  the  recommendations  of  the  commit- 
tee will  make  navigation  on  that  river 
easier,  but  until  an  imj5rovement  is  re- 
flected in  underwriters'  statistics  there 
can,  be  no  possible  reduction  in  pre- 
miums. 


474 


Volume  XX. 


Operation  of  Machine  Tools  Effects  Fuel  Saving 

Coal  is  Only  of  as  Much  Value  as  We  Get  Out  of  it — Proper  Care 
and  Operation  of  Machine  Tools  Means  Lower  Production  Costs, 
and  More  Important  Still,  the  Conserving  of  Considerable  Fuel 

By  J.  H.  RODGERS,  Associate  Editor 


WAR  and -waste  demand  conserva- 
tion. Pre-eminent  among  the 
problems  of  the  present  day  is  the 
urgent  need  to  save  both  food  and  fuel. 
Production  has  been  so  seriously  inter- 
fered with  that  the  shortage  in  many 
instances  has  approached  a  staice  border- 
ing on  famine.  Fortunately  we  in  this 
country  have  not  felt  the  full  effects  of 
warring  conditions,  but  the  "experience  of 
the  past  year  in  particular  has  been  suffi- 
ciently vivid  to  impress  us  with  the  dire 
necessity  of  conserving  to  the  utmost 
these  two  prime  essentials  of  human 
maintenance.  Last  winter's  coal  scarcity 
is  still  fresh  in  the  memory  of  most  of  us, 
and  therefore,  it  behooves  us  to  avoid,  as 
far  as  possible,  a  repetition  of  such  con- 
ditions. The  saving  of  fuel  is  a  problem 
of  such  magnitude  that  a  comprehensive 
study  of  its  many  features  would  require 
the  work  of  months  or  years  to  thoroughly 
grasp  its  fullest  significance. 

The  fundamental  value  of  coal  is  the 
potential  power  contained  therein  With 
the  production  of  the  mines  away  below 
the  industrial  and  domestic  requirements 
the  problem  becomes  one  of  utilizing  to 
the  fullest  extent  every  ounce  of  power 
contained  in  the  quantity  of  coal  that  is 
now  available.  When  the  saving  of  fuel 
IS  mentioned  we  invariably  turn  our 
thoughts  to  the  actual  burning  of  the 
coal,  as  If  this  was  the  only  place  where 
the  real  objective  could  be  attained.  Un- 
doubtedly the  actual  combustion  of  the 
coal  for  the  Production  of  heat  units  is 
the  elementary  factor  that  must  be  con- 
sidered for  a  satisfactory  solution  of  this 
problem  but  it  is  by  no  means  the  only 
one.  The  burning  of  the  coal  is  only  the 
means  to  an  end.  In  the  achievement  of 
this  purpose  many  elements  are  obviously 
involved  that  are  more  or  less  important 
as  fuel  saving  factors. 

The  heat  from  the  burning  coal  must 
necessarily  be  transferred  to  various 
agents  befo-e  the  desirej  object  is  finally 
accomplished.  The  primary  agent  is  the 
steam  generated  from  the  boiling  water, 
this  steam  m  turn  transferring  its  power 
to  the  piston  of  an  engine  or  the  blades  of 
a  turbine,  from  which  the  power  is  again 
transmitted  to  the  various  machines  by 
means  of  suitable  mechanical  equipmeni>- 
or  may  be  utilized  in  the  operation  of  elec- 
tric generators  for  power  or  lighting  pur- 
poses. ^  ^ 

Friction  means  power  lost 

With  a  little  study  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  sole  duty  of  the  coal— apart  from  its 
actual  heat  giving  value— is  in  overcom- 
ing the  friction  and  resistance  incidental 
to  the  operation  of  machinery,  or  pro- 
cesses, for  manufacturing  purposes.  Very 
frequently  the  management  of  large  in- 
dustrial works  look  to  the  power  plant 


staff  for  assistance  in  solving  problems 
relating  to  "fuel  or  power  development. 
In  the  case  of  the  latter  it  is  mainly  a 
question  of  ample  and  suitable  equipment, 
but  when  the  two  extreme  factors  oi 
maximum  power  and  minimum  consump- 
tion of  coal  is  required  the  satisfactory 
solution  is  far  more  complex.  In  an- 
alyzing this  fuel  saving  problem 
it  might  be  well  to  lool:  farther 
from  the  boiler  and  engine  room  than  we 
are  generally  accustomed  to  do.  Broadly 
speaking,  the  industrial  conditions  have 
greatly  changed  during  the  past  few 
years.  What  would  have  been  considered 
maximum  production  three  years  ago 
would  be  classed  as  poor  practice  at  the 
present  time.  This  has  been  brought 
about  by  the  heavy  demand  for  war  ma- 
terial and  the  opportunity  of  manufac- 
turers and  machine  tool  builders  to  con- 
centrate all  their  efforts  in  one  direction, 
namely,  the  development  of  machinery 
and  accessory  equipment  for  the  achieve- 
ment of  a  specific  object.  In  some  res- 
pects the  old  meaning  of  competition  has 
been  virtually  eliminated,  as  every  tool 
builder  is  taxed  to  the  utmost  in  supplying 
the  present  and  future  requirements,  but 
this  emulous  contest  is  still  continued  in 
producing  special  tools  to  meet  the  ever 
increasing  demands  for  greater  rigidity  in 
design  and  greater  production  capacity. 

To  meet  the  possibilities  of  the  im- 
proved qualities  of  cutting  tool  steels, 
greater  power  is  required  to  work  these 
tools  to  their  fullest  capacity.  In  oidnc 
that  the  additional  power  could  be  trans 
imtle;:  ti:  the  Cdirirp  tool  it  was  neces- 
sary io  change  ^he  proportions  of  the 
nii' chines  and  strengthe'i  manv  of  the 
parts.  In  adiiitior.  to  the  improvemei.t 
made  to  standard  loiiipment  man;  special 
machines  hnve  been  constructed  fo.  .speci- 
fic shell  operations.  One  noticeable 
feature  that  predominates  in  munition 
making  machinery,  particularly  on  the 
rough  turning  and  Dciing  typ"?  is  the 
greater  bearing  surfaces  that  liave  been 
given  to  the  movable  parts.  The  spindle 
bearings  are  much  longer  and  diameters 
greatly  increased,  especially  on  those  bor- 
ing machines  where  the  shell  chuck  is  con- 
tained within  the  jpiiidie.  Greater  length 
and  width  of  ways  are  used  on  the 
carriage  and  cross  slides,  so  that  in  many 
cases  the  frictional  area  of  the  movable 
parts  have  been  more  than  doubled  and 
likewise-the  weight  of  the  different  pieces. 
Therefore,  before  useful  work  can  be  per- 
formed on  such  machines  sufficient  power 
is  required  to  overcome  the  friction  of 
these  parts.  The  amount  of  this  resist- 
ance depends  very  largely  on  the  ability 
of  the  operator. 

Labor   and  .  Operating    Efficiency 

Under  normal  conditions  selected  labor 


would  assist  in  maintaining  the  effleibiicy 
of  the  machine,  as  good  mechanics  \vill 
usually  take  a  special  interest  in  the  care 
of  the  tools  under  their  charge.  With  the 
class  of  labor  now  available,  and  under 
the  system  of  piece  work,  little  considera- 
tion is  given  to  the  machine  itself,  as 
every  effort  is  spent  in  what  the  men 
think  is  along  the  lines  of  maximum  pro- 
duction. It  is  quite  safe  to  say  that  few 
machine  operators  stop  to  consider  the 
relative  connection  between  their  work 
and  this  need  of  fuel  con.servation.  Never- 
theless, it  is  essential  that  each  individual 
take  a  personal  interest  in  this  question. 
In  the  operation  of  machinery  a  large 
portion  of  the  power  transmitted  is  ab- 
sorbed by  the  moving  parts,  so  that  the 
effective  work  is  reduced  to  the  extent  of 
such  resistance.  It  should  be  the  duty  of 
each  operator  to  see  that  this  machine 
friction  is  kept  down  to  the  lowest  possible 
fraction.  Time  should  be  taken  each  day, 
and  when  necessary  at  intervals  during 
the  day,  to  thoroughly  lubricate  every 
portion  of  the  machine  where  oil  will  as- 
sist its  operation.  This  does  not  imply 
that  all  friction  surfaces  should  be  pro- 
fusely treated  with  oil,  but  that 
sufficient  should  be  used  at  all  times 
to  eliminate  all  unnecessary  resistance 
to  the  moving  parts.  In  many  large 
manufacturing  plants  the  lubrication  of 
the  transmission  is  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  a  man  appointed  for  the 
purpose,  and  in  some  instances  this  prac- 
tice has  been  extended  to  the  main  bear- 
ings of  the  individual  machines.  How- 
ever, unless  the  details  of  machine  lubri- 
cation are  taken  care  of  by  this  method, 
the  practice  miicht  still  be  detrimental  to 
efficient  machine  operation. 

Irrespective  of  any  system  that  may  be 
adopted  for  general  lubrication,  there 
must  still  be  certain  details  that  can  only 
receive  attention  by  the  operator  in 
charge.  Chief  among  these  is  the  lubrica- 
tion of  the  slides  on  the  carriage  or  tur- 
ret heads.  Generally  the  spindles  or 
shaft  bearings  on  machines  are  protected 
from  flying  dust  or  cuttings,  but  this  is 
not  the  case  when  open  slides  are  used. 
In  order  to  maintain  rigidity  of  the  car- 
riage and  cross  .slide,  it  is  imperative 
that  the  gibs  be  adjusted  to  avoid  any 
semblance  of  lost  motion.  However,  these 
slides  must  be  free  enough  to  move  with- 
out too  great  an  effort,  so  that  continual 
care  must  be  exercised  in  their  mainten- 
ously  acects  the  acc?u:-acy  of  the  slide 
entirely  free  of  dust  and  cuttings,  so  that 
in  time  the  fine  particles  work  their  way 
between  the  surfaces,  increasing  the 
power  required  to  move  the  parts.  To 
make  these  work  easier  many  operators 
will  slightly  release  the  gib,  thus  adding 
to  the  space  between  the  parts  and  like- 
wise  affecting  the   rigidity   of  the   tool. 


October  24,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


476 


Others  will  flood  the  slides  with  oil  after 
carelessly  removing  the  exposed  dust; 
this  is  probably  worse  practice  than 
bael<ing  off  the  pib  as  the  oil  and  grit  act 
as  a  grinding  compound  that  in  time  seri- 
ously affects  the  accuracy  of  the  slide, 
without  materially  aiding  its  movements. 
Before  applying  oil  to  the  parts  that  are 
exposed  to  dust  or  cuttings,  the  slides 
should  be  carefully  wiped  clean  and  just 
sufficient  oil  used  to  give  a  thin  layer  to 
the  surface.  In  addition  to  this  it  would 
be  good  practice  to  thoroughly  clean  the 
ways  several  times  a  week  with  kerosene. 

The  writer  has  often  experienced  the 
effect  of  carriage  lubrication  in  the 
manipulation  of  saddles  on  large  lathes. 
The  free  movement  of  the  carriage  is 
often  so  gradually  affected  that  an  opera- 
tor may  not  realize  the  effort  he  is  put- 
ting forth  in  moving  it  along  the  ways. 
When  the  slides  are  dry  or  choked  with 
fine  dust,  it  frequently  requires  ten  times 
the  power  to  operate  the  carriage.  This 
condition  also  applies  to  thrust  bearings. 
It  may  be  that  the  cylindrical  portion  of 
the  bearing  is  well  lubricated  and  free 
running  when  the  machine  is  not  operat- 
ing under  load,  but  with  work  in  progress 
the  friction  of  the  thrust  portion  is  exces- 
sive, owing  to  the  absence  of  oil.  This 
can  be  readily  seen  in  the  cross  feed  screw, 
as  a  detail  under  the  direct  control  of  the 
machine  operator;  very  often  a  drop  of  oil 
between  the  thrust  collar  and  its  seal 
will  remove  over  .50  per  cent,  of  the  resist- 
ance. 

In  connection  with  the  saving  of  fuel 
these  various  mechanical  details  of  ma- 
chines may  appear  almost  insignificant 
but  in  plants  where  hundreds  of  ma- 
chines are  in  continual  use,  the  power  re- 
quired to  overcome  this  friction  is  no 
small  matter,  so  that  a  more  careful  con- 
sideration of  this  feature  might  well  serve 
as  a  basis  for  the  reduced  consumption  of 
coal,  and  at  the  same  time  maintain  the 
maximum  efficiency  of  the  various  ma- 
chine tools. 


THE  "DRAGON"  BALL  BEARING 

The  "Dragon"  bearing  is  a  new 
and  distinctly  different  type  of 
ball  bearing  which  the  Fafnir 
Bearing  Company  of  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  has  recently  begun  to  manufac- 
ture.    This   bearing   involves   new    pvir;- 


ready    in    use;    and,    in    every    instance, 
they   have   proved  very  efficient. 

Although  the  accompanying  cuts 
(luite  clearly  illustrate  the  salient  and 
distinctive  principles  involved,  they  may 
well  be  supplemented  with  a  few  words 
of  description.  To  begin  with,  this 
bearing  is  a  double  row  ball  bear- 
ing, manufactured    in     standard     single 


be  even  more  thoroughly  appreciated  by 
the  reader  when  he  realizes  that  in  all 
existing  types  of  single  row  radio  thrust 
bearings  (which  include  all  other  types 
of  angular  contact  bearings  manufac- 
tured in  standard  single  row  widths) 
thrust  load  can  be  carried  in  one  direc- 
tion only,  resulting  in  a  constantly 
present  danger  that  the  bearing  may  be 


COMPLETE     BALL    BEARING    APPLICATION. 


row  widths,  in  each  instance  containing 
approximately  double  the  number  of 
balls  of  the  corresponding  single  row 
bearing.  This  very  advantageous  fea- 
ture in  the  construction  of  the  Dragon 
bearing  is  made  possible  by  the  fact  that 
the  two  rows  of  balls  are  staggered  in 
relation  to  one  another.  Furthermore, 
this  intersecting  of  the  two  rows  of 
balls  renders  superfluous  the  use  of  a 
ball  retainer,  since  the  balls  automati- 
cally space  one  another  and  travel 
around  the  race  paths  with  a  total  ab- 
sence  of    spinning. 

On  account  of  the  greater  number  of 
balls,  the  bearing  will  easily  carry  fully 
as  much  radial  load  as  a  single  row 
radial  bearing.  Moreover,  since  it  is 
an  angular  contact  ball  bearing,  in 
which  the  load  lines  of  the  two  rows  of 
balls  are  mutually  opposed,  the  Dragon 
bearing  will  carry,  in  addition  to  tne 
aforementioned    radial     load,    a    tremen- 


so  mounted  that  the  thrust  load  does 
not  fall  on  the  heavy  side  of  the  ring. 
A  mistake  of  this  kind  in  mounting 
would  naturally  be  disastrous  and  would 
inevitably  result  in  the  summary  de- 
struction of  the  bearing  itself  and,- very 
likely,  of  other  parts  of  the  mechanism. 
In    regard    to   the    Dragon    ball   bearing. 


SECTIONAL   ELEVATION. 

however,  it  will  plainly  be  seen  that 
there  is  no  possibility  of  such  mishap, 
since  the  thrust  capacity  of  this  bearing 
is   equal   in   both   directions. 

In    addition    to   this    the   bearing   is   a 
self-contained  unit  and  does  not  require 


APPLTCATIO    NOF    BALL    BEARING    TO    DRILL    SPINDLE. 


ciples  of  design  which  make  it  much 
more  efficient  than  the  ordinary  bail 
bearing  for  certain  kinds  of  service.  A 
large  number  of  these  bearings  are  al- 


dous    amount    of    thrust    load    in    either 
direction. 

The     significance  ,  of    this    important 
feature  of  the  Dragon  ball  bearing  will 


a  second  bearing  mounted  with  its 
thrust  line  opposed,  in  which  event,  the 
efficiency  of  the  entire  installation  de- 
pends upon  the  accur?icy  with  which  a. 


476 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


delicate  adjustment  is  made  of  the  bear- 
ings endwise,  in  order  to  effect  exactly 
the  correct  degree  of  ball  contact,  in- 
volving the  elimination  of  end  play 
without  cramping  the  bearings.  This 
condition,  however,  applies  to  all  other 
kinds  of  angular  contact  bearings  man- 
ufactured in  standard  sintrle  row  width's 
and  embraces  all  types  of  single  row 
radio  thrust  bearing.s.  These  are  con- 
siderations of  primary  importance,  espe- 
cially at  the  present  time,  since  in  many 
j)lants  the  men  in  the  assembly  depart- 
ments are  not  skilled  mechanics,  and  no 
matter  how  complete  the  directions  for 
mounting,  mistakes  and  extremely  cost- 
ly ones,  too,  will  and  do  occur. 

When  Applicable 

Coming  to  a  discussion  of  the  condi- 
tions under  which  the  bearing  is  par- 
ticularly applicable,  it  will  be  evident 
from  the  above  statement  that  here  is 
a  ball  bearing  which,  in  every  instance, 
is  interchangeable  with  the  correspond- 
ing standard  single  row  radial  bearing, 
but    which,     in   addition      to    possessing 


rying  capacity  of  the  bearing.  More- 
over, at  this  juncture,  it  should  not  be 
overlooked  that  this  bearing  may  also 
be  utilized  in  place  of  an  ordinary  two- 
row  angular  contact  ball  bearing,  per- 
forming the  same  work  but  occupying 
less  space  and  being  less  expensive  to 
buy. 

Examples  of  Installations 
An  application  which  is  characteristic 
of  the  type  of  installation  for  which  the 
Dragon  iiall  bearing  is  exceptionally 
useful  and  efficient  is  to  be  had  in  a  worm 
shaft  mountinir,  a  typical  example  of 
which  is  contained  in  the  accompanying 
illustration.  Here  the  bearing  carries 
the  radial  load  at  one  end  of  the  shaft 
and,  in  addition,  takes  the  heavy  em! 
thrust  load  involved  in  the  transmission 
of  power  through  the  gears.  Finally,  it 
will  be  noted  that  a  Dragon  bearing  is 
mounted  to  carry  the  drill  thrust  of  the 
high  speed  drill  spindle  shown  in  the 
accompanying  cut. 


THE  DRAGON  BALL  BEARING 


equal  capacity  for  carrying  radial  load, 
will  take  heavy  end  thrust  load  in 
either  direction.  Consequently,  it  will 
frequently  be  found  highly  advantageous 
and  also  economical,  both  in  space  and 
money,  to  install  a  ball  bearing  where 
hitherto  it  would  have  been  customary 
to  employ  a  single  row  radial  bearing 
and  a  thrust  bearing.  For  example, 
under  conditions  of  service  involving 
both  radial  load  and  heavy  thrust  load 
in  either  direction  at  extremely  high 
speeds  of  rotation,  the  bearing  will  be 
found  far  more  efficient  than  the  com- 
bination of  radial  and  thrust  bearings. 
This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  effec- 
tiveness of  a  thrust  ball  bearing  at 
very  high  speeds  is  seriously  affected 
by  the  tendency  of  centrifugal  force  to 
cause  each  ball  to  travel  on  a  tangent 
and  leave  the  races.  On  the  other 
hand,  centrifugal  force  actually  in- 
creases the  efficiency  of  the  Dragon 
type,  since  it  causes  the  balls  to  be 
seated  more  firmly  in  the  outer  races, 
which  tends  to  increase  the  thrust  car- 


SHELI,  CENTERING  MACHINE 

ECCENTRICITY  in  the  walls  of 
shell  forgings  has  always  been  a 
serious  factor  in  the  production  oi' 
munitions.  It  is  the  exception  rathei 
than  the  rule  -to  obtain  a  shell  forginj; 
with  absolutely  uniform  walls.  The 
variation  in  the  thickness  between  the 
thin  and  the  thick  side  is  sometimes  so 
great  that  nothing  can  be  done  to  utilize 
the  forginj.  Fortunately  the  percentage 
of  shells  now  rejected  for  this  defect  is 
considerably  smaller  than  when  this  in- 
('ustry  was  in  the  incipient  stages,  the 
work  now  turned  out  by  the  presses  be- 
ina:  more  accurate  and  the  equipment 
more  reliable.  However,  it  i«  still  prac- 
tically impossible  to  pro'luce  .shell  forg 
na:s  with  concentric  walls,  so  that  cave 
must  be  exercised  in  the  p^-imary  center- 
ing operations  to  insure  the  turning  of 
the  shells  to  the  .specified  diameter. 

Owing  to  the  bore  of  the  shell  oflferins 
Ihe  greatest  obstacles  to  accurate  ma- 
chining it  is  invariably  the  practice  to  do 
the  initial  gauging  from  the  interior  sur- 
faces. Whenever  possible  the  center  in 
the  base  for  the  turning  of  the  outer  dia- 
meter   is  placed  in  the  axial  line  with  the 


placing  the  shell  on  the  centering  arbor. 
The  factor  of  time,  however,  is  the  chief 
consideration  in  the  adoption  of  any  de- 
vice for  this  purpose. 

The  drawing  herewith  illustrates  a 
machine  produced  by  the  Victoria  Foun- 
dry Co.  for  the  base  centering  on  the  6- 
inch  shells.  Several  features  are  incor- 
porated in  the  design  that  tends  to 
economy  and  rapidity  of  operation.  The 
arbor  A  is  secured  to  the  nose  of  the 
spindle  which  is  hollow  for  the  use  of  a 
draw  rod  when  same  is  required.  The 
operating  bolt  B  is  so  designed  that  the 
pressure  on  the  end  is  sufficient  to  main- 
lain  the  jaws  against  the  bore  of  the 
shell  while  the  center  is  being  drilled. 
An  extension  D  to  the  front  bearing 
carries  the  small  shaft  E  upon  which 
slides  the  easting  F,  and  at  right  angles 
to  the  traverse  of  F  is  located  the  sliding 
rod  G,  the  front  end  carrying  the  small 
wheel  H  and  the  back  end  carrying  a 
small  pin  for  operating  the  pointer  I,  the 
needle  of  this  finger  indicating  the  ec- 
centricity (magnified)  on  the  graduated 
quadrant  J.  This  is  accomplished  by  the 
turning  of  the  hand  wheel  N.,  the  roller 
H  bearing  against  the  shell  and  the  in- 
dicator showing  the  eccentricity  of  the 
forging.  When  the  machine  is  in  opera- 
tion the  gau(?ing  device  can  be  swung 
clear  of  the  shell.  The  spindle  is  re- 
volved by  means  of  the  clutch  ooeratin  ' 
in  the  loose  pulley  L  On  the  right  end 
of  the  lathe  bed  is  the  slide  0  that  carries 
the  saddle  P  unon  which  is  mounted  the 
centering  spindle  that  carries  the  center 
Q.  the  forward  motion  of  the  center  be- 
inq-  obtained  bv  the  movement  of  the 
handle  R:  the  lever  o  fthis  is  not  shown. 
The  carriage  can  be  moved  to  the  back 
of  the  slide  by  means  of  the  handle  T 
so  that  the  shell  mav  he  removed  from 
the  arbor.  To  nrevent  the  weio'ht  of  the 
shell  from  resting  on  the  end  of  the  arbor 
when  removing  it  from  position,  a  roUev 
W  is  provided,  this  roller  being  support- 
ed on  a  shaft  resting  in  brackets  placed 
on  the  bed  of  the  machine. 


Victoria. — W.  P.  Hinton,  vice-presi- 
dent and  general  manager  of  the  G.T.P., 
has  just  completed  a  tour  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  points.  He  says  that  great  strides 


SHELL  CENTERING  MACHINE 


forged  bore.  This  naturally  throws  any 
eccentricity  upon  the  exterior  surface. 
Various  methods  have  been  devised  to 
determine  whether  this  eccentricity  is 
greater  than  permissible,  the  general 
practice  being  to  gauge  the  wall  before 


have  been  made  in  shipbuilding  in  the 
coast  since  his  last  trip,  and  predicts 
that  the  renewal  of  the  wooden  ship- 
building industry  at  Victoria  will  be  the 
making  of  the  port  indu.strially  and 
commercially. 


October  24,  1918 


47T 


Tantiron;  An  Acid  Resisting  Ferro-Silicon  Alloy 

Acid-resisting  Irons  of  Great  Use  in  Industry— Replace  Far  More 
Expensive  Metals  and  Give  Equal  or  Better  Service 


THE     manufacturing     chemist     and 
metallurgist  are  greatly  restricted 
by  the  limitations  of  applicability 
of  their  apparatus.     In  many  processes, 
the   difficulty  is  not  so  much   to  obtain 
the   raw   materials   as   to  find   furnaces, 
containers,  pipes,  &c.,  that  will  bear  the 
chemical  and  physical  stress  of  the  re- 
actions, and  to  avoid   the  contamination 
of  the  products  by  the  substances  with 
which  the  reactions  bring  them  into  con- 
tact.    For  these  reasons  many  a  promis- 
ing process  never  gets  beyond  the  labor- 
atory stage;  hence,  also  the  cry  for  sub- 
stitutes of  rare,  expensive  materials,  as 
well  as  the  natural  distrust  of  them.  The 
enhanced  activity  of  certain  chemical  in- 
dustries has  much  increased  the  demana 
for  refractory  materials  and  acid-resist- 
ing  alloys.      Experiments    with    acid-re- 
sisting iron  alloys  are  not  new,  of  course. 
Wollaston    made    a    silicon-iron,    and    he 
may  not  have  been  the  first.     Engineers 
and    electricians    found   silicon-iron   very 
useful    for   special    purposes,    and    many 
attempts  were  made  to  construct  chemi- 
cal  plant  of  silicon-iron   and   other   iron 
alloys.     Tungsten,  chromium   and  nickel 
were  tried.     But  foundrymen  seemed  to 
be  unable  to  make  vessels  even  of  mod- 
erate dimensions  of  such  materials,  and 
it  was  not  till  1912  that  an  acid-resisting 
iron   alloy   of   sufficient   uniformity   and 
strength   for   the  engineer   to   deal   with 
was   put  on   the  market,  states  "Engin- 
eering." 

It  was  the  tantiron  of  Mr.  R.  N.  Len- 
nox, made  by  the  Lennox  Foundry  Com- 
pany, of  Glenville  Grove,  New  Cross,  S. 
E.  Since  then  silicon-iron  and  other  non- 
corrosive  iron  alloys  have  been  brought 
out  by  several  firms.  Both  the  "duriron" 
of  the  Duriron  Castings  Company,  of 
Drayton,  Ohio,  and  the  "ironac,"  of  the 


FRC^ZINC   POINTS  OF 

rERRO'PHOSPHORUS 

f£KRO-CHKOM£  AND 

-rCRHO-SILICON.         


Pcrcentat^c  oTP.Cr.Si 

FIG.    1 


for  tantiron  were,  in  1913,  taken  over 
by  the  Bethlehem  Foundry  and  Machine 
Company,  Pennsylvania.  "Ferrochrome" 
is  supplied  by  the  Electrometallurgical 
Company  of  Niagara  Falls;  the  "fera- 
lun"   is   likewise    an    American    product, 


not — attacked  by  sulphuric,  nitric,  or 
acetic  acids,  concentrated  or  diluted, 
boiling  or  cold,  and  indeed  not  by  most 
chemicals.  One  kind  already  mentioned 
—a  more  recent  invention — also  resists 
hydrochloric  acid  equally  well.     Carbonic 


Houghton  Company,  of  London,  are  sili- 
con-irons, like  the  mptillures  of  A.  Jouve, 
one  of  the  first  in  this  field,  and  the 
Italian  eleanites,  which  contain  about  2 
per  cent,  of  nickel.    The  American  rights 


and  German  activity  in  the  field  will  not 
have  ceased  during  the  war;  in  addition 
to  "neutraleisen"  there  are  ferro- 
chromes  and  ferro  borons. 

That  Mr.  Robert  N.  Lennox  should 
have  taken  up  the  manufacture  of  ap- 
paratus  for  the  concentration  of  strong 
acids  was  only  natural.  His  father  had 
made  sulphuric  acid  in  Glasgow  in  the 
days  when  heavy  investments  in  platin- 
um plant  were  indispensable  for  that 
purpose.  When  Mr.  Lennox  started  a 
foundry  on  his  own  account,  he  had  for  a 
good  many-  years  conducted  experimental 
engineering  works  of  his  own,  and  had, 
as  assistant  in  the  Royal  Institution  for 
nearly  2.5  years,  taken  his  share  in  Sir 
James  Dewar's  low-temperature  and 
high-pressure  researches  and  in  the  man- 
ifold other  investigations  which  are  be- 
ing carried  on  in  the  Royal  Institution. 
Extensive  well-equipped  laboratories  are 
a  noteworthy  feature  of  his  works. 

Properties 

Tantiron — a  fancy  name — is  a  silicon- 
iron,  containing  about  15  per  cent,  of 
silicon.  In  appearance  it  is  a  silvery- 
white  close-grained  cast-iron,  and  has 
the  general  properties  of  a  machinable 
cast-iron.  One  special  brand  of  tant- 
iron is  very  hard,  and  not  machinable; 
another  quality  resists  hydrochloric  acid 
which  the  others  do  not.  It  melts  at 
about  1,200  deg.  C,  can  be  cast,  ground 
with  carborundum,  cut  with  the  saw, 
drilled,  screw-cut  and  tapped,  &c.  So 
far  as  chemical  and  mechanical  corro- 
sion is  concerned,  it  is  a  superior  iron 
and  is  used  for  cast  vessels  or  in  the 
shape  of  linings  for  those  of  steel  or 
iron.  It  does  not  rust,  except  at  the 
skin,  and  the  rust  is  removed  by  pickling 
in  diluted  sulphurip  acid  or  by  grinding. 
The  tantiron  itself  is  not — or  practically 


acid  attacks  it  slightly,  but  the  corrosion 
is  only     about     one-thousandth     that  of 
cast-iron.     Alkalis  corrode   it   about    as 
much  as  they  do  cast-iron;  chlorates  anil 
perchlorates  do  not  corrode  it,  and  it  will 
resist  chlorine  gas  up  to  a  temperature 
of  105  deg.  C.     But  sulphur  dioxide  cor- 
rodes  tantiron   badly.     In  view   of  this 
latter    fact,    the    suitability    of    tantiron 
pans   and   basins   for   the   concentration 
of  sulphuric     acid     is  rather  surprising 
Large  pans  have  been  in  use,  however, 
we   are   informed,   since   1912,  and   some 
25,000  basins  are  actually  in  use  in  sul- 
phuric-acid  works.    There  is  some  slight 
corrosion,  of  course,  and  there  are  break- 
ages, partly  due  to  the  material,  partly 
to     improper     treatment     by     unskilled 
labour,   which    causes    many    small    and 
large  accidents   in   these   days   of   rapid 
plant  erection  and  high-pressure  activity. 
The  maintenance  cost  of  pans  and  basins 
is  about  2V6d:  or  3d.  per  ton  of  acid  con- 
centrated.    After  boiling   100   grams   of 
the  alloy  for  17  hours,  10  per  cent,  sul- 
phuric acid  was  found  to  have  dissolved 
0.13  gram  of  tantiron,  25  per  cent,  nitric 
acid,  0.25  gram,  and  30  per  cent,  hydro- 
chloric acid,  .16  gram. 

Limitations 

The  terms  "non-corrodible  and  acid- 
resisting  iron,"  are  misleading,  as  all 
such  general  terms  are.  Every  chemist 
knows  that  he  must  not  allow  metals  to- 
glow  in  his  platinum  crucible,  as  they 
would  form  fusible  platinum  alloys,  and 
that  caustic  alkalis  and  certain  alkali 
salts,  and  even  the  sooty  flame  of  the 
gas  burner,  will  ruin  his  crucible.  Tant- 
iron also  has  its  peculiar  weaknesses.  It 
resists  hot  sulphuric  acid  much  better 
than  cold  acid  ,and  many  instances  of 
attack  are  so  far  inexplicable.  In  one 
case,     a       tanMron       tower     containing 


478 

vapours  from  boiling  sulphuric  acid 
showed  defects  in  the  top  sections,  with- 
out any  attacks  on  the  bottom  sections. 
The  top  sections  were  replaced  several 
times;    the   bottom   sections,   which   had 


Fia    8— DENITRATING    TOWER 


been  in  use  for  eighteen  months,  were 
taken  out  and  inserted  in  the  top,  when 
they  were  attacked  within  a  fortnight; 
yet  temperature  determinations  at  dif- 
ferent points  of  the  tower  never  showed 
differences  exceeding  5  deg.  C.  In  other 
cases,  sulphuric  acid,  on  being  carefully 
freed  from  arsenic  by  sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen, attacked  the  tantiron  nearly 
three  times  as  quickly  as  the  original 
acid.  But  the  amount  of  attack  is,  of 
course,  exceedingly  small.  A  tantiron 
vessel  weicrhing  4,950  grams,  had  600 
tons  of  sulphuric  acid  passed  through  it 
during  concentration  with  a  total  loss  of 
weight  of  12  gram.  The  attack  is  mainly 
on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  which  should, 
therefore,  be  removed  when  corrosion 
tests  are  conducted. 

Though  the  iron  carbide  seems  chiefly 
to  be  attacked,  the  corrosion  is,  appar- 
ently, uniform;  under  the  microscope, 
acid-corroded  tantiron  keeps  its  smooth 
surface,  while  cast-iron  shows  irregular 
corrosion.  Mr.  Lennox  prefers  to  have 
no  carbon  in  the  iron  at  all.  His  raw 
materials  are  casf-iron,  scrap,  and  old 
tantiron,  and  further  ferro-silicon.  The 
latter  is  obtained  with  about  12  per  cent, 
silicon  from  Middlesbrough,  and  in  a  50 
per  cent,  grade  from  Norway.  The  aver- 
age composition  of  tantiron  is  in  per 
cent.  :  silicon,  14  per  cent,  or  15  per 
cent.;  total,  carbon,  from  0.20  per  cent, 
to  0.60  per  cent.;  manganese,  0.25  per 
cent,  to  0.35  per  cent.;  phosphorus,  0.16 
per  cent,  to  0.20  per  cent.;  sulphur,  under 
0.05  per  cent.  The  three  kinds  mentioned, 
machinable  tantiron,  hard   tantiron   and 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

tantiron  for  hydrochloric  acid,  differ  lit- 
tle in  composition,  but  the  small  frac- 
tions of  additional  constituents  are  very 
important.     To  study  their  influence,  in- 
gots are  poured  from  furnace  charges  of 
1    ton,   to  which   additions   are   made   in 
very   small   increments;   the   ingots    are 
then  tested  chemically  and  mechanically. 
The    sulphur    and    manganese,    in     their 
percentages,    seem    to    be    of    no    conse- 
quence.    The   phosphorus   is   deleterious, 
maiiily   probably  because  it   is   not   uni- 
formly  distributed,   but   concentrated    in 
spots.     As  phosphorus  is  added  to  iron, 
the  freezing  point  is  first  lowered,    and 
then,   when    10   per  cent,   of   phosphorus 
is  exceeded,  rises  again,,  but  the  cooling 
curves  are  not  regular,  whilst  the  freez- 
ing  point     curves     of     silicon-iron   ana 
chrome-iron  show  a  very  slow,  but  steady 
rise  with  increasing  percentages  of  those 
elements.      (See   Fig.    1.)      Impact    tests 
are   made   on    %-in.   square   bars,  which 
are  not  notched;  they  break,  e.g.,  under 
stresses    of  from    8  ft -lb.    to    10    ft.-lb., 
against  12  ft.-lb.  to  14  ft.-lb.  in  the  case 
of  cast-iron.     On  the  whole,  the  strength 
of  tantiron  is-  about  25  per  cent,  smaller 
than    that   of    cast-iron.      The    following 
is   a   summary   of  the   comparative   pro- 
perties   of    tantiron    and    cast-iron    (the 
latter  figtlres  in  brackets) :     Density  6.8 
to  7.0  (7.3);  tensile  strength,  6  to  7  (9  to 
10)  tons  per  sq.  in.;  t-ansverse  strength, 
bars  of  12  in.  by  1   in  ,  1,600  lb.   (2,600 
lb.);    crushing    strength    per    inch    cube, 
34    (40   tons);   melting   point,   1,200    (1,- 
150)  deg.  C;  hardness,  1.6  (1);  heat  con- 
ductivity,  8    (10);    electrical   resistance, 


Volume  XX. 

10  (8);  resistance  to  corrosion,  1,000  (1); 
contraction  allowance  in  casting,  3-16 
( Vs )  in.  per  ft.  As  regards  other  proper- 
ties, also  of  other  materials,  the  com- 
parative  order   for    iron,   tantiron,   lead, 


FIG.  4 


AUTOCLAVE  CUP  OPEN 
ON    STAND 


FIG.     5-   AUTOCL.WE    CLIP    CT.OSED 


quartz,  stoneware  is:  Transmission  of 
heat,  230,  215,  115,  28,  20;  hardness,  24, 
35,  1,  52,  32;  density,  7.3,  7,  11.3,  2.6, 
2.0;  melting  point,  1,150, 1,200,  335, 1,900, 
1,800  deg.  C. 

Limits  of  Corrosion 
With  respect  to  corrosion  by  chemi- 
cals, there  is  generally  a  first  attack, 
followed  by  relative  immunity  under 
continued  exposure.  The  following  fig- 
ures indicate  the  percentage  losses  of 
tantiron  after  boiling  for  24,  48,  72 
hours;  the  greater  action  during  the  first 
24  hours  is  largely  due  to  the  already- 
mentioned  skin  effect,  the  outer  surface 
having  been  changed  by  contact  with  the 
sand  in  which  the  tantiron  is  cast;  this 
skin  is  removed  in  the  foundry,  as  we 
stated.  „  .  , 

First  Second  Third 

24  hrs.  24  hrs.  24  hrs. 

Sulphuric    acid.    98    rer    cent.     .19  .02  .02 

Sulphuric    acid.    30    per    cent.     .07  .00  .00 

Nitric    acid,    1.4    03  .01  .00 

Nitric    acid,    1.1     01  .00  .00 

Acetic  acid,   60   per  cent 08  .01  .00 

Chromic    acid,    10    oer    cent..     .07  .00  .00 

Tartaric    acid,    25   per   cent...       OiV  .0.<  .M 

Iodine    (sat.    sol.)     00  .00  .00 

Bromine    water    (sat.)     01  .01  .00 

Bleachinl?  powder    (sat.   aol.).      .04  .01  .01 

Copper  sulphate    (acid   sol.)..     .00  .00  .00 

Copper  sulphate   (alkaline)...     .00  .00  .00 

Ferric    sulphate    isoi.)     06  .00  .00 

Zinc    chloride.    30  per   cent...      .03  .00  .00 

Ammonium   chloride  sol 05  .02  .01 

Fused    sulphur    06  .01  .00 

Fused  nitrate  of  ammonia  ...      .00  .  .00 


October  24,   1918 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


479 


To  meet  the  peculiarities  of  the  ma- 
terial, it  is  desirable  that  desiRners  of 
parts  to  be  made  in  tantiron  should  bear 
the  following  rules  in  mind:  large  flat 
surfaces    should    be    avoided,   corners   be 


FIG.    6— SECTION   THROUGH   AUTOCLAVE 

rounded;  slots  be  used  by  preference  to 
bolt  holes;  facing  strips  be  narrow  and 
of  ample  height;  the  effects  of  expan- 
sion and  contraction  should  be  well- 
considered;  coring  and  moulding  be 
made  easy,  by  preference  without  the 
use  of  chaplets  to  support  cores.  Among 
the  chief  products  now  made  wholly  or 
partly  of  tantiron,  are:  acid  pans,  basins, 
stills,  bleachers,  denitrating  towers, 
autoclaves,  condensers,  pumps,  stop 
cocks,  valves,  pipes  and  fittings,  elec- 
trodes, &c.  Frequently  a  tantiron  lining 
will  suffice  to  prevent  either  chemical 
or  mechanical  erosion.  The  largest 
tantiron  casting  so  far  constructed 
weighed  7V2  tons. 

Moulding 
The  greatest  care  is  bestowed  upon 
clean  moulding,  which  is  mostly  done 
by  women,  and  use  is  made  of  rotating 
strickles  in  preparing  the  moulds  for 
parts  of  circular  section.  For  lining 
pipes  with  tantiron,  the  pipe  must  be 
suspended  vertically  by  a  flange  with 
the  core  in  proper  position,  the  pipe  to 
be  lined  being  wei'jhted  below;  if  the 
liquid  tantiron  were  poured  into  a  hori- 
zontal pipe,  the  pipe  would  curve.  This 
practice  is  generally  adopted  for  lining 
iron  or  steel,  wherever  possible,  and  the 
part  to  be  line.d  is  well  dried,  but  not 
pre-heated.  The  adhesion  between  the 
iron  and  the  tantiron  is  said  to  be  good, 
fusion    taking    place    between    the    sur- 


faces; the  adhesion  is  tested  with  the 
aid  of  paraffin  oil.  The  lining  may 
have  a  thickness  from  V*  in.  up  to  IV* 
in.  and  more.  The  subsequent  finish- 
ing of  the  product  is  largely  done  with 
the  aid  of  carborundum  wheels  and 
grinders.  It  is  rather  curious  that  the 
fine  tantiron  particles  torn  off  by  the 
tools  do  not  spark;  there  is  only  a 
glow.  Drills,  saws  and  planers  are  also 
used. 

The  basins  for  the  heating  and  con- 
centration of  sulphuric  are  mostly  of 
the  plain  porcelain  dish  style,  but  are 
provided  both  with  a  lip  and  an  arc- 
shaped  baffle  (not  shown);  they  are 
supplied  also  in  the  Webb  and  Dyson 
styles  (Fig.  2).  The  basins  are  ar- 
ranged in  cascade,  so  that  the  hot  acid 
drips  from  the  lips  of  one  basin  into 
the  one  next  below,  and  the  baffle  pre- 
vents the  acid  from  streaming  right 
over  the  basins  to  the  lip.  Provision 
for  more  efficient  circulation  and  stir- 
ring of  the  acid  in  the  basin  is  made 
in  the  "Mackenzie  field  tube  evaporator 
basins,"  also  supplied  by  Mr.  Lennox; 
this  style  has  calix  shape,  being  a  tube 
opening  out  into  a  basin;  a  "field"  tube 
fits  concentrically  into  the  cylindrical 
portion  and  promotes  active  circulation. 
Other  basins  are  provided  with  covers 
and  necks,  and  made  corrugated,  and 
they  serve  generally  also  for  the  con- 
centration of  corrosive  liquids,  such  as 
zinc  chloride,  lead  nitrate,  &c. 

Concentration  of  Nitric  Acid 

The  concentration  of  nitric  acid  re- 
quires more  varied  apparatus,  which 
have  successfully  been  made  of  stone- 
ware in  the  past  few  decades.  When 
the  war  broke  out,  the  stoneware  works 
of  this  country  were  not  able  to  deal 
with  the  demands,  and  tantiron  vessels, 
which  can  be  made  in  a  few  days,  whilst 
good  stoneware  requires  months,  were 
lai-gely  adopted.  Valentiner  plants,  com- 
prising a  still,  condenser  and  coils,  built 
up    of    pipes    and    return    bends    flanged 


up  of  socket  pipes,  14  in.  diameter,  and 
is  packed  with  quartz  fragments;  the 
acid  enters  at  the  top  and  steam  at  the 
bottom,  and  the  nitric  acid  and  vapours 
condense  in  the  cylinder  by  the  side  of 
the  tower.  Nitric-acid  stills  arc  also 
used  for  the  distillation  of  acetic  acid. 
The  autoclaves  for  making  ammonium 
nitrate  from  cyanamide  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  120  deg.  C.  and  a  pressure  of 
about    2      atmospheres,    resemble     one 

/r»  CNO.  BOTTOM  tUD  Of  UK. 


Mnaeteit  an. 
']  TaiUiron 

Eroaien, 


FIG.   7-  EROSION    OF  TANTIRON    PIPF.S 
IN  SERVICE 

style  of  nitric-acid  retorts.  The  outer 
vessel  is  a  jacket  of  cast  iron,  the  inner 
vessel  of  tantiron  forms  the  saturator; 
the  height  is  SVi  ft.,  and  the  diameter 
4'^  ft.,  e.g. 

The  autoclave  illustrated  in  Figs.  4, 
5  and  6  is  a  clever  compact  laboratory 
apparatus,  whose  utility  and  handinesa 
will  appeal  to  every  chemist.  The  or- 
dinary autoclave  has  to  be  screwed  up 
tightly  and  unscrewed  a'^ain  each  time. 
In  this  Lennox  autoclave  the  parts  are 
clamped  and  undamped  by  the  use  of 
one  spanner,  and  everything,  crucible  or 
cup,  stirrer,  pressure  gauge,  burner,  is 
ready  for  use.  In  Fig.  4,  the  cup  is 
seen  on  its  stand  open,  and  the  stirrup 
clamp  is  turned  up.  When  the  cup  of 
tantiron  is  lifted,  and  the  clamp  turned 
down,  the  cup  is  pressed  against  the 
lead  joint  in  the  cover  (Figs.  5  and  6), 
and  the  autoclave  is  sealed;  the  bolt 
passing  through  the  clamp,  by  means  of 
which  the  autoclave  is  tightened  up, 
also  serves  as  the  gas  burner,  and  the 
axial  stem  of  the  stirrer  is  hollow  to 
receive  a  thermometer;  the  stirrer  is 
actuated  by  an  elec'ri?  motor. 


FIG.   S-^ACID   PROOF  VALVES   AND   FITONGS 


together,  all  of  tantiron,  are  now  made. 
The  denitrating  tower  illustrated  in  Fig. 
3  is  an  interesting  novelty.  The  spent 
acid  of  nitroglycerin  works  consists  of 
diluted  sulphuric  acid,  which  has  to  be 
concentrated  again,  and  some  nitric  acid, 
which  is  to  be  regained  by  distillation. 
There  may  also  be  small  globules  of 
oily  nitroglycerin  which  might  coalesce 
if  the  evaporation  were  carriei  on  in 
pans.     The   tower,'  15  ft.   high,  is  built 


Acid  eggs,  apparatus  for  forcing  up 
corrosive  liquids  with  the  aid  of  com- 
pressed air,  are  made  of  two  tantiron 
cups,  joined  by  their  top  flanges  so 
as  to  form  a  horisontal  cylinder  with 
spherical  ends  and  one  common  flange 
on  the  vertical  middle  plane;  they  are 
provided  with  acid  inlet  and  outlet 
valves  and  an  air  pipe,  and  are  supplied 
in  large  sizes.  The  pumps  of  the  works, 
reciprocating    and    centrifugal,    do    not 


480 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


differ  much  in  appearance  from  ordin- 
ary  pumps;    the   barrels   and    impellers 
and  pipes  are  made  of  tantiron  or  lined 
with   it.     As  these  parts  of  hard  tant- 
iron cannot  be  machined  or  repaired,  it 
is    recommended    to    keep    spare    parts 
ready    for    cases    of    accident.      Centri- 
fujiral    pumps    are    supplied    for    lifting 
6,000    gals,    of   acid    or    corrosive    mine 
water,  &c.,   per    hour,  against    a    head 
of  50  ft.,  running  at  1,600  r.p.m.     Slime 
pumps,  e.g.,  for  conveying  the   crushed 
quartz  in  gold  mines,  are  likewise  made 
of  tantiron,  to  obviate  the  heavy  erosion 
of  the  pipes  by  the  gritty  quartz  parti-' 
cles.      For    the    same    reason,    tantiron- 
lined   steel   pipes  are   used   in   the   Rand 
mines,   South   Africa,  for  the   sand-fill- 
ing plant      V.^hen  the  pillars  left  in  the 
galleries  below  are  to  be   removed,   the 
galleries    have    to    be    refilled    with    the 
finely   crushed      quartz     from    the   vast 
white  waste  mounds  which  form  a  con- 
spicuous   feature    of   the    district.     The 
spoil    is    flushed    down    the   pipes     with 
water.     The  first  pipes  used,  steel  pipes, 
were   ruined   by     6,000     tons     of   sand; 
poi-celain-lined    pipes    were     then    tried, 
which    could    stand    up    to    50,000    tons; 
the  tantiron  pipes,  introduced  four  years 
ago,  are  still  doing  duty,  and  their  life 
capacity    is    estimated    at    500,000    tons. 
The   500   ft.   of  5-in.   pipes   put   in   were 
delivered  in  sections  of  7  ft.  Fig.  7    il- 
lustrates   the    erosion    they   had    under- 
gone by  the  passage  of  106,000  tons  of 
quartz    sand    under    a    head    of    500    ft. 
In  each   case  the  outer  ring  represents 
the  steel   pipe,  the  second,  intermediate 
ring,  the  tantiron  remaining  intact,  and 
the  inner  ring  the  eroded  thickness.  The 
erosion  is  greater  at  the  top,  where  the 
sand   strikes  the   pipe   than   at   the   bot- 
tom, and  is  not  the  same  in  all  sections, 
probably  owing  to  peculiarities  of  their 
positions.      Similarly-lined      steel    pipes 
and  tantiron  pipes,  up  to  2  ft.  in  diam., 
are   in   use  for    ash    ejectors,  especially 
on  board  ship,  where  heavy  erosion  and 
corrosion   by   the  caustic   ashes   and   the 
sea  water  have  to  be  guarded  against. 

In  stop  cocks  and  valves  of  tantiron 
corrosion  by  acid  sodium  bisulphate  (the 
acid  cake  residue  of  the  distillation  of 
nitric  acid  from  salt  and  sulphuric  acid), 
erosion  by  grit,  rusting  and  sticking  are 
the  chief  sources  of  trouble  to  be  met. 
■Here,  again,  tantiron  competes  with  lead 
and  stoneware,  and  its  advantages  lie  in 
greater  strength  and  indifference  to  high 
temperatures  and  frost.  Fig.  8  shows 
types  of  cocks  up  to  4  in.  in  internal 
diam.;  a  groove  is  made  in  the  centre 
of  the  cock  and  charged  with  a  greasy 
preparation  of  ceresin,  vaseline,  black 
lead,  and  asbestos,  which  is  pressed  into 
the  groove  by  means  of  a  screw.  A 
great  variety  of  cocks,  valves,  T-pieces, 
strai'fht  and  bent  socketed  pipes,  pro- 
vided with  threads,  are  made  in  tant- 
iron. 

Specialties 
Of  other  specialties,  we  mention  the 
porro.'iive-vapour  drying  and  baking 
ovens,  the  flat  doors  and  walls  of  which 
are  lined  with  sheets  of  tantiron,  which 
are  screwed  on.    Tantiron  can  be  rolled 


at  about  700  deg.  C,  but  is  brittle  then. 
.\nother  specialty  is  the  tantiron  elec- 
trode for  cyanide  baths  (silver  and  gold), 
and  also  copper  baths,  &c.,  replacing 
iron  and  other  alloy  electrodes,  which 
are  not  insoluble,  and  very  objectionable 
on  this  account,  or  more  expensive  than 
tantiron.  For  the  same  reason,  steel- 
mixing  mills  for  the  manufacture  of 
manganates,  the  balls  and  stirrers  of 
other  mills,  and  many  apparatus  used 
in  the  acid  and  dye  and  other  chemical 
industries,  are  made  of  tantiron. 

Foundry  work  had  been  carried  on  in 
the  buildings  which  Mr.  Lennox  now  oc- 
cupies for  over  100  years.  There  are 
2%  acres  under  roof,  and  about  200 
people,  including  50  women,  are  now  en- 
ployed.  The  work  of  the  women,  who 
have  all  been  trained  at  the  works,  gives 
complete  satisfaction;  excepting  in  the 
pouring  department,  in  which  men  alone 
are  employed,  they  work  in  all  the  de- 
partments, in  the  laboratories,  moulding 
pits  and  machine  shops,  as  well  as  in 
the  office,  but  are  under  the  special 
control  of  a  lady  on  the  staff,  who  also 
looks  after  their  little  privileges  as  to 
tea  and  rest  intervals,  their  starting 
work  10  minutes  after  the  men,  and 
leaving  before  them,  &c.  When  hus- 
band and  wife  are  both  in  the  works, 
they  are  not  attached  to  the  same  de- 
partment. 

Like  every  manufactured  article,  tant- 
iron is  constantly  beino;  improved,  and 
does  not  claim  to  have  reached  fnial 
perfection.  Acid-resisting  materials 
must  possess  various  properties  which 
are  not  easily  combined,  and  possibly 
not  capable  of  combination.  A  ^Tim- 
promise  has   to  be  accepted. 


FLINT  AND  TINDER 

By   A.    L.    HAAS 

In  the  account  given  of  the  flint 
Snapping  industry  of  Brandon,  Suffolk, 
England,  on  page  225,  August  issue, 
there   is  a   serious  misconception. 

The  industry  survived  not  upon  com- 
mercial merit  so  much  as  the  production 
of  spurious  pre-historic  flint  imple- 
ments. Nearly  every  museum  disnlay- 
ing  flint  arrow  heads  and  other  products 
of  Neolitric  man  shows  also  spurious 
modern  specimens  of  Brandon  handi- 
work. 

While  m.atches  are  short  over  hero 
at  present  they  are  not  unobtainable 
and  the  writer  has  yet  to  learn  that  the 
flint  and  tinder  of  our  ancestors  is  beinpr 
used.  The  misconception  evident  is  that 
the  so-called  flint  in  the  mechanical 
lighter,  whether  tinder  or  petrol,  is 
knapped  flint  of  natural  origin. 

The  substance  used  is  an  artificial 
product,  a  side  issue  in  the  making  of 
the  substances  with  which  incandescent 
gas  mantles  are  impregnated. 

Actually,  it  is  ferro-cerium  and  is  in 
every  respect  superior  to  the  natural 
flint  stone  in  its  sparking  quality  in 
conjunction  wth  hardened  steel.  The 
flint  knapper  of  Brandon  will  doubtless 
still  find  a  market  for  his  wares,  the 
credulous  are  numerous  and  short  of  the 


advice  of  an  expert.  It  is  well  to  be 
wary  of  pre-historia  flint  implements 
offered  in  many  places  to  the  tourist  in 
search  of  trophies.  Actually  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  the  only  flints 
made  to-day  from  natural  stone  are  for 
export  to  where  the  heathen  in  his 
darkness  bows  down  to  wood  and  stone, 
while  the  lucifer  match  has  penetrated 
almost  the  entire  globe.  The  flint  lock 
musket  was  the  last  real  use  to  which 
natural  flints  prepared  by  knapping 
were   put   and   that  is   many   scores    of 

years   ago. 

♦■ 

ST.    LAWRENCE   NAVIGATION 

EXTENSIONS 

By  D.  I. 

During  the  past  decade,  intere»ting  and, 
as  resiu'.ts  have  shown,  important  experi- 
ments, have  been  carried  out  by  the  Que- 
bec Board  of  Trade  and  others  on  behalf 
of  the  Canadian  Government,  with  a  view 
to  ascertaining  to  what  extent  the  navi- 
gation season  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  which 
officially     opens  about  the  beginning     of 
Mav  and  closes  towards  the  end  of  No- 
vember, is  capable  of  prolongation.  Those 
who  took  part  in  the  inquiry  are,  defin- 
itely of  opinion  that  ships  may  run  be- 
tween Quebec  and  the  sea  at  all  times  of 
the  year,  and  the  Dominion  Marine  De- 
partment is  now  being  urged  to  provide 
the  additional  safeguards  that    are  con- 
sidered    necessary,     such     as     sheltered 
storm    centres,   buoys   and    wireless   sta- 
tions. By  this  means  it  is  believed  regul- 
ar cargo  steamship  services  eonld  be  es- 
tablished between  Quebec  and  the  United 
Kingdom  all  year  round.  The  employment 
of   powerful    ice-breakers   would   also  be 
essential   in   lower   reaches  of  the  river. 
A  board  of  marine  underwriters  for  Can- 
ada on  the  lines  of  Lloyd's  is  about  estab- 
lished at  Montreal.     It  will  among  other 
things  provide  for   a   system   of  corres- 
pondents all  over  the  world    and  supply 
early  and  accurate  information  of  wrecks 
and    casualties    with    special    reference, 
however,  to   conditions  on   the  St.   Law- 


VALUE    OF   SCRAP   IRON 

By  T.  H. 

In  view  of  the  increasing  demand  from 
the  steel  mills  of  the  country  for  scrap 
iron,  which  demand  is  said  to  far  exceed 
the  supply,  an  appeal  has  been  made  for 
a  special  effort  to  save  all  such  material. 
Before  the  trunk  railways  of  the  country 
were  taken  over  by  the  Government,  the 
railways  were  the  most  important  con- 
tributors to  material  of  this  class  used  at 
mills.  In  many  insUiices  it  could  be  de- 
livered cheaply  by  the  railroads  them- 
selves, and  they  have  good  facilities  for 
its  collection.  It  is  said  that  if  all  the 
available  iron  and  steel  scrap  in  the 
country  were  marketed  there  would  be 
no  shortage  of  steel  at  the  mills.  Its  col- 
lection has  apparently  been  somewhat  ne- 
glected since  the  Government  assumed 
contro  of  the  railroads,  but  there  is  no 
logical  reason  why  such  economy  should 
not  be  practised  under  Government  ad- 
ministration. 


October  24,   1918 


481 


Cheap  Labor  Was  Not  Very  Cheap  in  This  Case 

Locating  a  Factory  in  a  Small  Town  to  Secure  Cheap  Land  and 

Low  Labor  Cost — Many  Other-  Things  Entered  to  Make  It  Certain 

That  the  Cheap  Location  Was  a  Very  Expensive  One 

By  T.  H.  FENNER,  Associate  Editor. 


k 


WHEN  a  manufacturing  company,  with  a  well 
established  business  in  one  section  of  the  country, 
or  in  another  country,  wishes  for  the  purpose  of 
extending  their  business  to  establish  a  branch  establish- 
ment in  some  district  far  removed  from  the  head  office, 
they  often  fall  into  some  grave  mistakes  in  their  choice 
of  a  location. 

A  great  many  firms  are  content  to  locate  in  some 
well-defined  manufacturing  district  in  the  midst  of  a 
considerable  population  and  in  so  doing  accept  the  accom- 
panying penalties  of  high  land  prices,  high  taxes,  and 
a  wage  scale  governed  by  prevailing  conditions.  To  offset 
these  conditions,  they  have  the  advantages  usually  as- 
sociated with  an  established  industrial  locality,  these  being 
plentiful  rail  and  water  shipping  facilities,  ample  labor 
supply,  and  a  large  stock  of  general  merchandise  such 
as  is  always  required  in  a  manufacturing  plant  imme- 
diately available  through  the  medium  of  numbers  of  com- 
peting supply  houses  close  at  hand.  If  any  particular 
piece  of  material  for  a  hurry  up  repair  is  required  it  is 
usually  merely  a  matter  of  a  telephone  message  to  one 
or  several  warehouses  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 
to  secure  the  required  article  in  short  time.  Being  in 
the  centre  of  things,  as  it  were,  it  is  an  easy  matter  for 
the  purchasing  agent  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  various 
markets  and  the  staff  generally  through  the  usual  daily 
meetings  and  intercourse  with  others  in  the  same  line 
are  kept  up-to-date  and  on  their  toes.  The  labor  turnover 
will  be  governed  by  the  conditions  prevailing  in  the  fac- 
tory, but  whether  it  is  large  or  small,  the  supply  will 
be  always  on  hand.  This  may  not  be  true  in  abnormal 
times  such  as  the  last  four  years,  but  it  is  correct  in 
normal   times. 

Other  Ways  of  Locating 

There  are  other  concerns  who  send  their  representatives 
abroad  through  the  highways  and  byways  of  the  land 
seeking  for  some  sort  of  a  manufacturing  Eden.  They 
are  looking  for  a  spot  which  shall  offer  all  the  ideal 
conditions  for  an  industry  without  a  drawback.  They 
want  a  situation  on  the  main  lines  of  three  or  four  rail- 
ways with  water  transportation  also  convenient,  the  town 
to  donate  the  land  for  the  building,  exempt  them  from 
taxation  for  any  period  not  exceeding  99  years,  guarantee 
cheap  labor,  and  instal  a  fire  station  at  the  front  gate 
to  reduce  the  company's  insurance  rates.  Needless  to 
say,  this  location  has  never  yet  been  found  and  prob- 
ably never  will.  However,  there  are  many  small  rural 
municipalities  who  hold  out  inducements  that  appear  to 
make  the  planting  of  an  industry  in  their  midst  a  good 
thing  for  the  industry.  In  many  cases  it  turns  out  all 
right,  in  others  it  does  not.  The  usual  drawing  cards 
are  those  already  mentioned,  that  is,  low-priced  land, 
exemption  from  taxation,  and  cheap  labor.  These  con- 
ditions coupled  with  shipping  facilities  are  big  induce- 
ments to  any  firm  but  they  should  not  be  the  deciding 
factors. 

The  Case  of  Two  Shops 

There  are  several  conditions  connected  with  a  location 
which  though  not  very  evident  when  a  location  is  beins 
decided  on  are  very  evident  after  the  factory  is  built. 
The  writer  has  in  mind  two  concrete  examples  which 
will  illustrate  what  is  meant.  Though  both  located  in 
the  same  place,  they  afford  two  distinct  examples.  The 
town  in  question  is  in  a  country  district,  but  only  30 
miles  from  a  large  manufacturing  centre.  One  of  th? 
factories  employs  nearly  all  female  help,  while  the  other  , 
is  dependent  chiefly  on  male  labor.     Both   firms  received 


the  usual  inducements  to  locate  and  large  sums  were 
expended  in  building  thoroughly  up-to-date  factories,  well 
equipped  both  for  production  and  the  comfort  of  the 
employees. 

The  first  factory  had  been  located  in  the  neighboring 
manufacturing  town  and  the  necessity  of  extending  the 
plant  had  determined  the  executive  to  move  away  from 
the  city.  The  whole  of  the  foremen  and  executive  staff, 
also  the  majority  of  the  clerical  staff,  as  well  as  some 
of  the  older  hands,  were  moved  out  at  the  firm's  expense 
to  the  new  habitat,  their  personal  effects,  furniture,  etc., 
being  included.  A  large  portion  of  the  machinery  was 
also  moved,  and  it  can  be  safely  said  that  the  expense 
of  the  moving  of  material,  etc.,  would  have  gone  some 
distance  towards  the  paying  of  the  difference  in  land 
values  between  the  outskirts  of  the  city  and  the  rural 
district  selected.  In  any  case,  the  moving  was  finally 
accomplished  and  the  factory  started  up.  Right  away 
the  labor  problem  obtruded  itself.  Labor  was  ce.rtainly 
cheap  in  so  far  as  the  actual  money  paid  out  was  con- 
cerned, but  taking  into  account  the  return  received  on  the 
money,  labor  was  dear.  The  population  the  labor  was 
drawn  from  was  chiefly  agricultural  and  densely  ignorant 
of  mechanics.  Furthermore,  never  having  been  used  to 
work  regular  hours  for  regular  wages,  they  were  inclined 
after  receiving  a  week's  pay  to  lay  off  until  the  money 
was  spent  when  they  would  work  for  another  week.  This, 
of  course,  did  not  apply  to  every  worker,  but  to  enough 
of  them  to  make  their  presence,  or  rather  absence,  felt. 
Some  of  the  foremen  who  had  moved  out  from  the  city 
became  dissatisfied  with  the  simple  life  and  went  back 
to  the  bright  lights.  Their  leaving  opened  up  another 
trouble.  To  induce  the  right  kind  of  man  to  come  out 
he  had  to  be  paid  about  10%  more  than  he  would  have 
received  in  the  city.  The  company  would  naturally  prefer 
to  have  married  men  take  positions  with  them  as  they 
would  be  likely  to  stay.  The  right  kind  of  man  would 
make  enquiries  round  about  educational  facilities  for  his 
children  and  finding  these  practically  non-existent  would 
decide   against  coming. 

And  More   Yet  to  Come 

This  was  all  very  discouraging,  but  there  was  more 
to  come.  Some  of  the  men  who  were  capable  and  in- 
telligent and  learned  to  be  fair  operators  soon  discovered 
they  could  get  work  in  the  city  at  better  wages  and 
off  they  would  go.  The  result  of  all  these  conditions  is 
that  a  factory  equipped  with  very  expensive  machinery 
and  extensive  buildings  for  large  production  has  never 
approached  nearer  than  30%  of  the  capacity  designed  for, 
and  furthermore  its  cost  of  production  is  higher  than 
that  of  any  factory  owned  by  the  same  firm  notwith- 
standing  the   lower  wages  paid. 

The  experience  of  the  second  factory  compares  closely 
with  this.  They  were  a  United  States  firm  establishing 
a  Canadian  factory  with  entirely  new  equipments.  The 
executive  staff  only  was  sent  from  the  States,  the  inten- 
tion being  to  train  up  foremen  locally.  The  same  trouble 
was  experienced.  The  local  material  could  not  respond 
to  the  opportunities  and  men  had  to  be  sent  from  the 
States.  These  men  came  more  or  less  under  compulsion 
and  with  a  feeling  that  they  were  being  side  tracked,  a 
feeling  not  without  justification.  Any  man  capable  of 
filling  a  responsible  position  who  is  placed  in  one  of 
these  outlying  factories  knows  that  he  is  liable  to  stay 
there  indefinitely  as  the  difficulty  of  getting  the  right 
kind  of  man  to  move  from  a  factory  situated  in  a  more 
(Continued  on  page  487) 


482 


VolSHfe  IKp 


FROM  THE  MEN 
WHO  PRODUCE 

Methods,  Machining  Devices,  Systems  and  Suggestions  From 
Shop  And  Drafting  Room 


MANUFACTURING  THE  HILL 

HOLD  BACK  DOG 

Hy  rOBEPT  MAWSON 


EVERY     machinist    is    familiar    witli 
the   method   used   of  holding   a   piece 
of  work  which  is  only  carried  on  one 
center,  that  in   the  head  stock,  and  the 
outer  end  of  the  work  supported  in  the 
steady  rest. 

The  practice  followed  is  to  fasten  the 
dog,  which  is  attached  to  the  work,  by 
means  of  rope  or  similar  medium  to  the 
face  plate.  For  the  fastening:  opera- 
tion the  face  plate  is  screwed  back  a 
distance  so  *^hat  af'er  the  rope  has  been 
tied  t'-e  ation  of  screwing  the  face 
plate  hcire  tenHs  to  tij^hten  the  hold 
which  the  rope  has  on  the  dog  and  work. 


At  best  this  method  is  slow  and  un- 
satisfactory. Often  when  leather  straps 
are  used  for  the  fastening  means  they 
stretch  and  the  result  is  a  drive  which 
is  not  positive. 

To  overcome  these  difficulties  the 
Ready  Tool  Co.,  Bridgeport,  Conn., 
have  developed  a  mechanical  hold-back 
dog  which  can  be  set  up  easily  and 
quickly.  One  of  these  set  up  in  posi- 
tion is  shown  in  Fig.  1. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  work  is 
gripped  by  male  and  female  vees,  ad- 
justment being  provided  with  set  screws 
A,   one   on   each   side.     A  bolt   B   passes 


through  each  driver  and  through  one 
of  the  face  plate  slots.  At  the  rear  of 
the  face  piate  springs  are  placed  on  the 
bolt  B,  which  afford  the  flexibility  of 
lacing  but  superior  in  that  a  spring  has 
no  permanent  stretch  or  give. 

The  bolts  are  adjustable  with  the 
knurled  collar  shown  so  that  they  may 
be  set  to  cause  the  work  to  run  true. 
The  outer  end  of  the  work  is  supported 
in  a  steady  rest  in  the  usual  manner. 

The  jig  used  when  drillinij  the  male 
dviver  is  shown  in  Fi'?.  2.  The  forging 
is  located  by  two  angular  blocks  A  and 
forced  back  against  the  rear  wall  of  the 
jig  with  the  screw  B  operated  by  the 
handle  shown.  Two  holes  are  then 
drilled,  one  in  each  boss,  the  drill  being 
guided    through   bushings    as    shown. 

A  similar  jig  is  used  v-^hen  drilling  the 
female  driver,  shovn  in  Fiq;.  3;  the  only 


FIG. 


HOLD  BACK  DOG  SET  UP  ON  LATHE 


FIG.    2     DRILLING    THE    MAIN    DRIVER 


IIG.    3     DRILLING    THE    FEMALE    DRIVEK 


FIG.    4— MILLING   THE   SLOT 


October  24,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


483 


difference  is  that  a  raised  block  which 
fits  in  the  depression  of  the  forging;  is 
used  as  the  locating  medium. 

The  forging  is  forced  and  held  back 
with  a  screw  of  a  similar  design  to  the 
tool  last  noted,  two  holes  are  now 
drilled,  afterwards  being  tapped  to  suit 
the  set  screws. 

An  interesting  feature  of  the  drill 
'jigs  shown  in  Fig.  2  and  3  is  the  method 
of  holding  the  piece. 

This  is  by  means  of  a  nut  riveted  to 
the  end  of  a  threaded  rod.  At  the  outer- 
end  of  the  rod  is  attached  a  crank,  the 
turning  of  which  holds  or  releases  the 
part  according  to  its  rotation. 

This  medium  of  a  crank  for  operatin^r 
the  holdinsr  device  is  both  quick  and 
positive  and  could  be  copied  to  advan- 
tage on  the  design  of  many  jigs  and 
fixtures. 

In  Fig.  4  is  shown  the  method  used 
to  machine  the  slot  in  the  drivers,  mak' 
and  female. 

The  piece  is  located  by  two  nins  A, 
which  fit  in  the  r'rilled  holes.  Nuts,  as 
shown,  hold  the  forging  securely. 

The  m-illintr  machine  table  is  then  fed 
to  stop  airainst  the  revolving  cutter  B. 
which  finishes  the  inside  of  the  slot  and 
also  faces  it.  The  table  is  afterwards 
fed  up  or  down  until  the  full  length  of 
the   slot  has  been   machined. 

The  rest  of  the  elements  used  on  th° 
dog  are  simple  lathe  operations  and 
need   no   detailed   description. 

The  forgings  are  afterwards  polished 
and  hardened  when  they  are  ready  for 
assembling  into  complete  hold-back  do<?s 
to  the  form   already  shown. 


GAS  FIRED  BOILERS 
By  M.  M. 

It  may  usually  be  taken  for  grant3d 
that  where  power  is  to  be  generated 
from  gas  fuel  it  is  more  advantageous  to 
instal  an  internal  combustion  engine,  but 
many  cases  arise  in  which,  for  consider- 
ations overriding  that  of  thermal  effi- 
ciency it  is  desirable  to  burn  the  gas  un- 
der boilers  serving  a  steam  engine,  and 
in  such  cases  it  is  important  that  the 
boilers  should  be  well  adapted  to  the 
special  requirements  of  gaseous  fuel 
combustion.  In  discussing  the  suitability 
of  various  types  of  boiler  to  gas  firing, 
there  is  a  disadvantage  in  the  Lanca- 
shire boiler  when  gas-fired  in  any  of  the 
usual  ways.  The  fall  of  temperature  in 
the  gases  from  one  end  of  the  flues  to 
the  other  is  not  sufficient  to  set  up  good 
circulation  of  the  water  as  is  done  by 
the  intense  local  heat  of  the  fire  when 
the  boiler  is  coal-fired.  Boilers  of  the 
Lancashire  type  intended  for  gas  firing 
would  be  better  with  three  or  four  flues, 
instead  of  the  usual  two,  as  that  would 
not  only  give  a  larger  heating  surface, 
but  aso  allow  of  smaller  volumes  of  gas 
being  burned  in  each  flue,  which  would 
enable  combustion  to  proceed  with  a 
smaller  excess  of  air.  Carrying  this  line 
of  argument  a  little  further  and  keeping 
in  mind  the  advantages  of  the  flue  boiler 
over   the    water-tube   boiler   when    using 


feed  water  of  doubtful  quality,  the  best 
results  would  probably  be  obtained  by 
having  a  boiler  with  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  smaller  tubes,  forcing  the  gas  to 
bum  at  the  highest  possible  temperature 
in  each,  with  no  obstruction  in  the  tubes 
and  no  mechanical  suction.  Such  a  boil- 
er, properly  insulated,  would  give  at  least 
as  good  results  as  the  best  water  tube 
boiler,  provided  that  the  correct  ratio 
of  boiler  length  to  flue  diameter  was  as- 
certained. This  could  be  worked  out  at 
a  comparatively  small  cost  by  experi- 
menting on  pipes  of  different  diameter 
and  length  immersed  in  a  water  tank. 
Wherever  high-pressure  boilers  are  to  be 
installed  there  is  little  doubt  that  water- 
tube  boilers  will  be  chosen  if  t'-e  avuil- 
able  feed  water  is  soft  enough,  or  can 
be  suitably  treated.  It  is  important  that 
sufficient  combustion  space  should  be  pro- 
vided for  the  huge  volumes  of  gas  to  be 
burned,  so  that  the  gas  may  be  fully 
burned  before  passing  through  the  tubes, 
but  external  combustion  chambers  should 
be  avoided  as  causing  unnecessary  losses 
by  radiation  and  conduction  of  heat  and 
because  the  highest  temperature  is  not 
attained  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
tubes.  The  two  great  drawbacks  to  the 
gas-firing  of  boilers  as  against  their  fir- 
ing with  coal  are  the  low  rate  of  evapora- 
tion per  square  foot  of  heating  surface, 
which  with  the  best  water  tube  boilers 
is  seldom  more  than  5  V2  lbs  to  6  lb  of 
steam  per  hour,  and  the  relativelv  low 
efficiency  obtainable.  The  best  boiler  up 
to  the  present  is  unquestionably  a  water- 
tube  boiler  which  is  '"'•''nged  so  that  ti^e 
gas  can  be  fully  burned  before  passing 
through  the  tube=!  and  where  t>ie  gis 
stream  is  kept  at  right  angles  to  the  line 
of  the  tubes  by  careful  baffling,  and  to 
get  higher  outputs  from  such  a  boiler 
per  square  foot  of  heating  surface  only 
requires  a  Tnore  rapid  combustion  of  the 
gas,  with  more  intense  flame  temnera- 
ture.  Because  of  the  low  rate  of  evap- 
oration and  low  efficiency  of  gas  boilers, 
tV,o  rroipct  of  gasifvino-  ste^m  coal,  re- 
coverino-  the  by-products  and  burning  the 
"•as  under  steam  of  boilers  has  not  made 
much  headway,  as  it  has  been  found  that 
steam  can  be  raised  more  chennlv  from 
the  coal  direct,  even  after  allowinp-  for 
all  the  income  derived  from  the  s'lle  of 
bv-oroducts.  Even  now  there  are  mod- 
dern  producer  plants  and  boilers  on  the 
market  which  can  make  gasification  and 
gas-firing  a  commercial  success  under 
suitab'p  conditions,  and  improvements 
are  to  be  looked  for. 


14  Ib»  good  black  paint,  1  lb  powdered 
litharge,  2  pints  oak  varnish,  1  pint  boiled 
linseed  oil  and  1  pint  thick  boiled  oil,  well 
ground  together  and  passed  through 
a  strainer  to  secure  smoothness.  After 
the  first  coat  has  dried,  the  outside  of 
the  sheet  should  have  a  second  coat,  the 
dressing  and  drying  occupying  about 
three  weeks  in  fine  weather. — D.  S. 


DRESSING  TARPAULINS 

For  temporary  protection  against  rain, 
tarpaulins  are  largely  used,  this  causing 
an  annual  dressing  to  be  necessary.  In 
arranging  for  this  all  necessary  repairs 
should  be  done,  and  the  sheets  should  be 
laid  out  open  and  thoroughly  brushed 
and  cleaned  on  one  side,  being  after- 
wards hung  up  to  dry  thoroughly.  When 
dry  they  should  be  thoroughly  dressed  on 
both  sides  with  one  of  the  various  dress- 
ings sold  for  the  purpose,  or  they  could 
be  done  with  one  made  up  as  follows: — 


CINDERS 

By  T.  H. 
In  view  of  the  fuel  shortage,  present 
and  prospective,  particular  importance 
attaches  to  cinders.  According  to  an  esti- 
mate made  recently  3,745,000  tons  of  cin- 
ders are  either  tipped  or  burned  in  Brit- 
ish municipal  destructors  every  year,  and 
this  cinder  fuel  is  equivalent  to  no  less 
than  2,675,000  tons  of  coal.  Some  of  the 
more  enlightened  local  authorities  utilize 
the  cinders  for  steam  raising  purposes, 
but  the  comparative  fewness  of  those 
bodies  may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that 
this  economic  use  absorbs  only  about  one- 
eighth  of  the  total  quantity  of  cinders 
collected  by  the  municipalities,  thus  leav- 
ing the  equivalent  of  2,226,000  tons  of 
coal  absolutely  thrown  away.  London  is 
alleged  to  be  one  of  the  worst  offenders, 
but  even  in  the  Metropolis  there  are  a  few 
municipalities  w^hich,  before  the  era  of 
fuel  rationing,  had  kept  a  wary  eye  on 
the  calorific  potentialities  of  the  dustbin. 
The  recovery  of  cinders,  now  allowed  to 
go  to  waste,  reckoning  coal  at  26s  a  ton 
means  an  annual  saving  of  £2,894,000,  and 
on  the  basis  of  the  1916  output  a  year's 
labor  of  11,000  miners.  Coal  rationing 
will  no  doubt  stimulate  private  economies, 
but  it  may  not  have  occurred  to  the  au- 
thorities that  the  scarcity  and  dearness 
of  sieves  and  sifters  militates  against 
private  effort  in  this  direction. 


NEW    APPRENTICESHIP    SCHEME 

By  R.  E. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  more  will  be 
heard  of  the  highly  interesting  scheme  of 
apprenticeship  which  is  being  taken  in 
hand  by  a  big  London  grocery  firm.  The 
the  old  plan  of  apprenticeship  as  inter- 
preted in  these  days  has  outworn  its 
usefulness  is  obvious,  but  it  is  equally 
obvious  that  something  must  take  its  place 
if  our  commercial  ascendancy  is  to  be 
maintained.  This  wise  and  enterprising 
firm  offers  to  boys  who  will  engage  for 
three  years,  working  six  hours,  seven 
hours  and  eight  hours  a  day  respectively, 
facilities  for  education  at  a  continua- 
tion school  in  the  first  year,  at  the  Gro- 
cers' Institute  in  the  second,  and  at  one 
cf  the  best  London  business  colleges  for 
the  third  year,  the  firm  paying  all  ex- 
penses, and  gives  wages  of  six  shillings, 
twelve  shillings  and  eighteen  shillings  in 
the  three  years.  The  result  of  this  should 
be  that  boys  who  care  to  apply  will  be 
thoroughly  outfitted  with  a  sound  com- 
mercial education  side  by  side  with  prac- 
tical knowledge.  If  some  such  plan  be- 
came general  in  big  cities  the  whole  stan- 
dard of  commercial  acquirement  would  be 
raised  to  the  benefit  of  both  parties  and 
of  the  State. 


«84 


Volume  XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  simp  anil  metal  icoiking 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrfrtions  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


LEAD  TESTING   MACHINE 

This  machine  was  designed  with  the 
idea  of  providing  a  very  rapid  and  ac- 
curate method  of  determining  the  er- 
ror in  lead  of  screw  thread  gauges  and 
to  enable  those  required  to  pass  upon 
large  quantities  of  gauges  to  secure  de- 
pendable results   in   minimum   time. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  device  con- 
sists primarily  of  a  cast  iron  bed  ma- 
chined all  over  with  two  parallel  dove- 
tail bearings  on  the  top.  Upon  the  rear 
and  larger  bearings  are  mounted  the 
centers  for  holding  the  gauge  to  be  test- 
ed and  upon  the  front  bearing  is  fitted 
the  sliding  block  which  carries  the  indi- 
cator slide.  Upon  this  slide  is  mounted 
the  indicator  which  is  held  in  place  by 
means  of  a  hardened  stud  which  is 
clamped  in  position  with  a  small  head- 
less set  screw.  Both  the  sliding  block 
and  the  indicator  slide,  which  has  a 
dove-tail  gibbed  bearing  in  block  are  suf- 
ficiently long  to  afford  ample  bearing 
surface  and  by  mounting  the  indicator  in 
the  proper  bushing  the  ox)erato-  is  as- 
sured of  a  full  bearing  of  slide  in  block 
when   machine   is   in   use. 


Wft- 


SHEFFIELD    PRECISION    INDICATOR. 


a  Sheffield  product,  which  is  used  to 
record  the  amount  of  error,  is  an  ex- 
tremely accurate  tool  and  is  graduated 
to  read  in  ten  thousandths  of  an  inch 
and  the  scale  is  so  arranged  that  frac 
tional  parts  of  tenths  can  be  very  close- 
ly estimated.  Several  sizes  of  ball 
points  are  furnished  to  enable  readings 


SHEFFIELD   LEAD  TESTING   MACHINE 


The  indicator  slide  is  provided  with  a 
knurled  stop  screw  with  lock  nut  giv- 
ing assurance  that  the  indicator  bal' 
will  record  from  the  same  point  on  the 
angle  of  each  thread  after  being  set  in 
first  thread  to  be  tested. 

The    Deming   precision   indicator,  also 


to  be  taken  of  any  pitch — the  finer 
pitches,  of  course,  requiring  the  smaller 
points. 

The  gauge  to  be  tested  is  mounted  be- 
tween the  centers  as  shown,  the  heads 
bing  clampd  in  desired  positions  by 
means    of   knurled     binding    screws      in 


rear.  A  Johannson  block  is  inserted  be- 
tween the  contact  points  to  obtain  zero 
reading.  One  of  these  contact  points  is 
oni  the  sliding  block  and  two  in  steel 
plate  projecting  upward  from  end  of 
bed.  The  indicator  slide  is  then  pushed 
toward  the  gauge  until  the  ball  point 
of  the  indicator  slide  comes  in  proper 
contact  with  the  angle  of  first  thread 
to  be  tested,  the  stop  screw  set  and 
locked.  The  gauTe  is  either  turned 
slightly  or  adjusted  longitudinally  by 
releasing  one  and  advancing  the  other 
renter  by  means  of  the  threaded  center 
spindles  with  knurled  heads  until  the  in- 
dicator needle  reads  zero  on  graduated 
s:ale. 

It  may  be  assumed  for  convenience 
that  the  gauge  to  be  measured  is  8 
pitch;  it  will  be  readily  seen  that  it 
to  the  initial  Johannson  block  is  added 
another  measuring.  12.'>  in.  and  the  slide 
brought  against  this  combination  as  be- 
fore that  the  indicator  needle  when 
point  is  again  brought  in  contact  with 
thread  would  still  read  zero,  providing 
the  distance  between  the  two  threads 
is  exactly  1-8  in.  Should  there  be  an 
error  of  .0001  in.  or  even  .00005  in.  in 
lead  either  way  it  will  be  clearly  shown 
on  the  scale  In  the  same  way  that 
the  1-8  in.  block  in  combination  with 
the  one  used  for  the  first  reading  give* 
the  correct  lead  for  the  first  thread, 
using  the  1-4  in.  block  would  give  the 
lead  for  two  threads  or  the  1-2  in. 
block  for  four  threads,  etc.     Other  com- 


October  24,  1918 


C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  N    M  A  C  1 1  I  N  li  R  Y 


485 


binations  can  be  readily  made  up  in 
this  manner  for  any  lead,  either  Eng- 
lish or  metric,  (the  latter  by  usinj"; 
metric  blocks)  with  no  chance  of  error 
as  the  use  of  a  micrometer  or  screw 
measuring  device  of  any  kind  is  elim- 
inated. In  fact  the  complete  unit  may 
be  described  as  a  holding  fixture  for  the 
work  and  a  measuring  system,  both  as 
simple  and  dependable  as  it  is  possible 
to  make  them. 

A  machine  for  such  accurate  meas- 
urements must  necessarily  be  very  ac- 
curate'y  built  and  we  therefore  are  ex 
tremely  careful  as  to  the  quality  of  ma- 
terial and  workmanship  which  enter  in- 
to its  construction.  The  castings  are 
well  seasoned  and  all  alignments  are 
accurate  to  within  a  fraction  of  a  tenth. 
The  hardened  and  ground  test  bar 
shown,  one  of  which  is  furnished  with 
each  machine,  is  provided  to  enable  the 
user  to  check  the  alignment  of  the  two 
parallel  dove-tail  bearings  on  bed  to  de- 
tect any  wear  which  might  affect  the 
accuracy   of  the  results  obtained. 

Either  straight  or  taper  gau<?es  can 
be  checked  with  equal  facility  and  with 
the  aid  of  a  chart  furnished  accurate 
m.easurerrents  may  be  taken  of  the  form 
of  thread.  Gauges  and  taps  3  5-8  in. 
in  diameter  and  10  in.  long  can  be  ac- 
commodated between  centers. 

Each  machine  is  furnished  with  an  at- 
tractive wooden  case  and  is  complete 
with  test  bar  as  sbown.  Measuring; 
blocks  are  not  included  as  part  of  reg- 
xilar  equipment. 

This  machine  is  manufactured  by  the 
Sheffield  Machine  and  Tool  Co.,  Day- 
ton,  Ohio. 


on  all  bearing  surfaces.  All  gearing  is 
entirely  guarded  with  hand  hole  covers 
tains  a  hei  ring-bone  gear  reduction.  The 
drive  is  in  single  pulley  18  in.  x  6%  in 
and  gives  but  one  spindle  speed.  For 
other  classes  of  work  the  gearing  would 
have  to  be  redesigned  for  the  work  to 
be  performed.  The  feed  is  positive  gear 
drive  through  a  single  train  and  is  de- 
signed for  the  class  of  work  at  hand. 
In  the  apron  the  feed  is  by  worm  with 
approximately  a  100  to  1  reduction. 
There  is  a  positive  and  automatic  knock- 
out to  the  power  feed.  There  is  also 
an  auxiliary  worm  which  can  be  thrown 
in  when  it  is  desired  to  use  the  hand 
wheel  feed  for  rapid  movement  of  the 
carriage. 

The  carriage  in  the  photograph  is  of 
special  design  to  hold  a  Liberty  motor 
cylinder.  This  is  arranged  with  a  quick 
acting  clamp  which  centralizes  the  cyU 
inder  and  holds  it  securely  for  the  bor- 
ing operation.  When  the  proper  depth 
has  been  reached  the  carriage  feed  is 
automatically  tripped  and  the  feed  stop- 
ped. The  carria?ce  is  supported  on  two 
extrem.ely  large  heavy  ground  bars  in- 
stead of  on  the  bed  as  is  the  usual  prac- 
tice. This  is  to  give  direct  support  in 
line  of  pressure  when  the  machine  is 
in  operation  and  prevent  any  distortion 
of  the  bed.  The  end  pressure  while 
boring  is  tremendous,  and  this  is  all 
taken  up  by  tension  in  the  bars  with 
little  or  no  strain  on  the  bed.  The  bed 
has  been  made  extra  deep  and  wide,  wall 
braced  with  ties  to  give  the  machine  a 
rigid  foundation.  An  oil  pan  is  provided 
for  the  cutting  compound.  This  ma- 
chine   as    can    be    understood    from     the 


CYLINDER     BOR    NG    MACHINK 


CYLINDER  BORING  MACHINE 

This  specialized  machine  was  de- 
signed by  the  Reed-Prentice  Co.,  of 
Worcester,  Mass.,  for  boring  the 
cylinders  of  Liberty  Motors.  In  the 
several  months  that  they  have  been  in 
operation  they  have  accomplished  more 
than  was  expected  of  them  in  the  rapid 
removal  of  metal  accurately.  The  head 
unit  is  very  rigid  and  massive  and  con- 
tains a  herring-bone  reducton.  The 
bearings  are  bronze  with  sight  feed  oil 
ers.  The  spindle  is  hardened  and  ground 


above      description,      can,      by  slight 

changes    in    design    of   gearing,  etc.,   be 

made     to     accommodate     most  boring 
operations. 


CONVOY  ORDERS 

The  convoy  system  is  now  an  integral 
part  of  our  naval  policy,  but  it  is  only 
after  much  effort  and  considerable  ex- 
perience that  it  has  been  possible  to 
bring  it  to  its  present  efficient  state. 
Credit    is    due    not    only    to    the    Navy, 


which  escorts  our  shipping,  but  also  to 
the  masters  of  the  merchant  ships  which 
form  the  convoys,  as  without  implicit 
obedience  on  their  part  and  a  thorough 
understanding  of  what  is  expected  of 
them,  the  value  of  the  escort's  protec- 
tion would  be  much  reduced. 

An  important  part  of  a  convoy's  or- 
ganisation is  the  conference,  which  has 
been  found  invaluable  and  always  neces- 
sary in  the  ease  of  large  ocean-going 
convoys.  This  conference  is  really  a 
lecture  which  the  master  of  each  ship 
about  to  sail  in  the  convoy  has  to  attend 
in  order  to  receive  his  instructions  for 
outwitting  "Fritz"  during  the  forth- 
coming voyage. 

Picture  to  yourself  a  smallish  room 
with  dirty  whitewashed  walls  and  a  long 
deal  table  running  down  the  centre.  At 
one  end  is  a  raised  platform  facing  a 
large  blackboard  covered  with  little 
discs;  at  the  other  is  a  small  table  litter- 
ed with  multifarious  documents,  guard- 
ed by  a  Naval  Reserve  officer. 

Grouped  round  the  table,  some  sitting, 
others  standing,  are  about  40  masters 
of  all  ages;  jovial-looking,  fair-haired 
Swedes  are  mingled  with  tall  ana 
serious-looking  Norwegians  and  Danes, 
while  the  remainder  are  obviously  Brit- 
ish. Some  are  attired  in  well-cut  blue 
suits  and  "bowler"  hats,  others  are  con- 
tent with  a  suit  of  "reach-me-downs"' 
and  a  muffler,  but  the  stamp  of  the  sea 
is  clearly  marked  on  each  face. 

A  corner  of  the  room  contains  the 
commanding  officers  of  the  escort  ves- 
sels, and  in  front  of  the  platform  stand 
the  port  convoy  officer  and  the  senior 
officer  of  the  convoy  itself. 

The  port  convoy  officer,  who  is  a  cap- 
tain R.N.,  mounts  the  platform  and  gives 
his  audience  the  general  instructions  for 
the  voyage.  Each  ship  is  assigned  her 
place  in  the  convoy,  which  is  shown  in 
miniature  on  the  blackboard.  Emer- 
gency signals  are  explained  and  the  im 
portance  of  darkening  lights  at  night 
and  keeping  a  good  look-out  by  dav  are 
particularly  emphasised.  Most  of  the 
masters  are  "old  hands"  used  to  con- 
voys and  the  orders  are  not  new  to  them, 
but  nevertheless  not  a  word  or  a  shuffle 
interrupts  the  lecturer. 

All  the  neutral  masters  speak  and 
understand  English  perfectly  and  have 
unbounde<l  confidence  in  the  Navy,  which 
enables  them  to  follow  their  livelihood 
with  a  daily  increasing  degree  of  safety. 
For  four  years  now  these  men  have 
sailed  in  submarine  and  mine-infested 
waters  with  but  little  personal  gain, 
knowing  that  their  lives  are  in  the  bal- 
ance on  each  voyage;  but  they  never 
shrink  from  their  work  and  carry  on  for 
the  good  of  their  own  country  and  ours. 

Notes  are  taken  as  the  lecture  pro- 
ceeds, and  finally  the  masters  are  asked 
if  everything  is  quite  clear  and  whether 
they  have  any  questions  to  ask.  One 
master  is  not  quite  certain  of  his  pro- 
cedure in  the  event  of  sighting  a  torpedo 
heading  for  his  ship;  this  is  at  once  ex- 
plained to  him.  Another  apologises  for 
dropping  astern  during  a  previous  voy- 
age, explains  how  he  was  let  down  by 
inferior  coal  and  hopes  he  will  be  able 
to  maintain  the  convoy  sped  in  future. 


486 


canXdian  machinery 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 

UMrrED 

(ESTABUSHED  1888) 

lOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vifw-President 

H.  V.  TYRRELL.   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

(JnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  Ne>a/5*> 

A  mekly*  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufaeturinK  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 

Office    of    Publication.    143163    University    Avenue.    Toronto,    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


OCTOBER  24. 


No.   17 


Get  Ready  For  Peace  Now 

'T'HERE  may  be  quite  a  fight  left  in  the  Hun  yet.  It 
is  well  to  reckon  that  the  Hun  war  machine  will 
reform  this  side  of  the  Rhine  and  fight.  With  the  whole 
caboose  of  them  taking  to  their  heels  it's  an  easy  matter 
to  sprout  a  heap  of  cocksuredness  that  will  do  all  sorts 
of  damage. 

That  means  that  the  war  effort  is  to  be  sustained. 
At  the  same  time  there  is  no  reason  why  manufacturers 
cannot  plan  ahead.  One  guess  is  as  good  as  another 
regarding  events  that  will  take  place  after  the  war.  But 
the  one  best  guess  is  that  business  and  trade  will  go  to 
those  who  are  in  shape  to  go  out  and  get  it. 

There  are  evidences  already  showing  that  plans  are 
being  made  by  some  of  the  best  executives  on  the  con- 
tinent to  meet  the  period  of  uncertainty  that  will  follow 
immediately  the  cessation  of  war.  The  head  of  one  big 
concern  announces  to  his  selling  force,  which  covers  this 
continent,  that  his  policy  right  now  to  protect  his  com- 
pany is  that  no  cancellations  of  contracts  shall  be  allowed. 
It  is  not  always  possible  to  carry  this  out  but  there  is 
good  reason  to  urge  it  where  at  all  possible.  Cancel- 
lations, when  they  become  chronic,  kick  the  bottom  out 
of  business  as  fast  as  any  other  agency  that  is  known. 
Manufacturers  and  dealers  should  protect  themselves  as 
far  as  possible  in  this  way.  Readjustments  are  hard  to 
make  in  many  cases,  and  in  the  majority  of  deals  they 
are  not  satisfactory. 

The  selling  forces  in  many  cases  have  become  "soft" 
since  the  autbreak  of  the  war.  Business  has  been  pelted 
at  them.  They  have  not  had  to  dig  for  their  prospects. 
At  best  their  work  has  been  mainly  seeing  how  close 
they  could  keep  to  delivery  promises.  It's  good  business 
right  now  to  get  the  selling  forces  trimmed  for  the  day 
they  will  have  to  get  out  and  sell  once  more.  It's  good 
business  to  get  the  advertising  campaigns  in  shape  for 
the  season  of  competitive  business  that  is  nearing. 

None  of  these  things  mean  that  there  should  be  any 
slackening  on  war  efforts  or  production.  They  are  all 
part  and  parcel  of  a  sound  and  sane  policy  of  good  busi- 
ness. 

Don't  allow  the  cessation  of  war  orders  to  find  you 
at  the  stage  where  your  only  move  is  to  fire  the  staff 
and  spar  for  time. 


Not  Down  to  Brass  Tacks  Yet 

'npHE  people  of  this  country  may  think  that  they  know 
what  it  is  to  have  the  line  drawn  between  essential 
and  non-essential  industries.  As  a  matter  of  fact  they 
know  little  or  nothing  about  it. 

There's  a  heap  of  wasted  energy  running  wild  in  this 
country.  If  you  take  the  trouble  to  do  so,  you  can  look 
around   your  own   community  and  see  it. 

On  a  business  street  of  Toronto  there  have  been  erected 
in  the  last  few  months  four  stores.  It  took  labor  and 
money  and  material  to  put  them  there. 

One  of  the  stores  sells  cigars,  newspapers  and  maga- 
zines. Another  deals  in  optical  goods;  the  third  is  a  music 
store  and  the  four  is  a  shoe  shine  stand. 

The  residents  would  have  done  very  well,  indeed,  with- 
put  any  of  these  establishments  coming  into  existence.  The 
community  was  well  served  with  cigar  stores  before.  It 
was  never  known  that  a  family  had  moved  out  because 
there  was  a  lack  of  cigar  stores.  There  are  a  number 
of  optical  parlors  in  the  same  district,  and  hundreds  of 
places  in  the  city  where  you  could  squint  at  the  elusive 
letters  and  go  out  with  a  set  of  fixtures  on  the  end  of 
your  nose.  Of  music  stores  and  shoe  shine  parlors  nothing 
need  be  said  more  than  to  add  that  to  see  a  string  of 
able-bodied  men  sitting  on  a  bench  while  some  other  able- 
bodied  foreigner  dabs  and  whisks  at  their  shoes  is  apt 
to  give  a  sensible  man  a  pain  in  the  ribs.  If  the  family 
altar  needs  to  be  revived,  so  does  the  family  shoe  shine 
box. 

All  that  labor  and  all  the  labor  needed  for  the  upkeep 
of  those  places  is,  in  the  last  analysis,  non-essential.  That 
case  can  be  duplicated  hundreds  of  times  all  over  the 
country. 

Canadians  don't  know  yet  what  it  means  to  get  down 
to  brass  tacks. 


We're  Busy  Dodgin'  Germs 

/^H  folks  imagine  nowadays  that  every  place  they  turn, 
some  person's  waitin'  for  to  hoist  on  them  a  Spanish 
germ.  They  see  them  settin'  on  the  road,  and  campin' 
on  the  trees,  and  scatterin'  forty  different  ways  whene'er 
they  hear  a  sneeze. 

They're  sprayin'  dope  on  dollar  bills  that  camp  inside 
the  bank,  they're  killin'  germs  that  venture  there,  the 
fat   ones   and   the   lank. 

You  see  a  man  come  in  the  car,  there's  murder  in 
his  eye,  to  see  if  any  germ-stuffed  jay  is  comin'  on  too 
nigh — he  sizes  up  the  line  what's  there,  and  if  he  hears 
a  sneeze,  he  trembles  from  his  stomach  up  and  wabbles 
at  the  knees. 

And  when  he  goes  to  get  some  grub  he  grabs  the 
battin'  card,  and  gazes  at  the  things  thereon  and  ponders 
long  and  hard. 

He's  sure  the  soup  is  full  of  germs,  on  fish  they'll 
camp,  'tis  true,  and  on  the  liver  and  the  rice  will  dwell 
ten  million  Flu — the  waiter,  too,  his  eye  looks  bad, 
there's  death  upon  his  paw,  there's  torture  written  on 
his   chest   and    sickness    on    his   jaw. 

That  waiter  should  be  run  right  in  and  planted  in 
the  coup,  this  thumb  with  sixteen  kinds  of  germs  has 
gamboled   in   the   soup. 

Oh,  there  ain't  much  fun  in  livin'  now.  I'd  rather  be 
a  worm,  what  camps  inside  some  lonely  spot  what's  free 
from  any  germ,  than  hoofin'  round  the  streets  these  days 
a-scared  of  folks  like  you,  what's  tryin'  to  fasten  on  to 
me  big  hunks  of  Spanish  Flu. — ARK. 


IF  you  are  thinking  of  going  out  on  strike,  just  remember 
that  there  are  thousands  of  the  best  men  this  country 
has  ever  produced  who  have  been  taking  their  lives  in 
hand  for  years  now  at  $1.10  per  day. 


October  24,  1918 


C.\  N  A  !)  I  A  K    MAC  II  INERY 


487 


JUDGE  A  MAN  BY  STARTING 
POINT 

Hugh  Clark  Worked  and  Asked  Questions  and 
Studied  All  At  the  Same  Time. 


HUGH     CLARK 


PMPLOYEES  of  the   Singer  Sewing  Machine  Worlds  at 

■^  Clydebank,   Scotland,  at  least  those  of  the  old'  guard 

whose  memories  go  back  30  to  35  years,  could  tell  you  of 

a  lad  they  all  called  Hughie.    They  could  tell  you  how  this 

little  more  than  toddling  lad 

worked  in  the  packing  rooms 

3f  that  30-acre  plant.     With 

reminiscent  smiles  they  could 

tell    you    how,    along    in    the 

year    1888,    he    soberly    an- 
nounced intention  to  go  with 

his  parents  to  Canada.     And 

as  he  fitted  the  action  to  the 

word  a  few  weeks  later    it  is 

our    privilege    to    report    his 

measure    of    success    in    this 

land    of    recompense    for    in- 
telligently directed  effort. 
Hugh    Clark,   or   "Hughie" 

still  to  his  intimates,  started 

work  in  Canada  as  a  carder 

in     the     Standard     Woollen 

Mills.     With  the  lapse  of  10 

years    in   this   Toronto   plant 

he  stood  at  the  gateway  to  the  age  at  which  a  young  man 
either  st»-ikes  out  for  the  thing  he  wants  to  do  most  or 
passively  accepts  his  lot  and  rears  a  grouch  upon  it.  He 
could  be  a  carder  to  the  end  of  time  or  he  could  buckle 
down  to  grimy  toil  and  lamentably  neglected  studies  and 
so  fit  himself  for  the  work  he  mightily  wanted  to  do. 

To  his  credit,  young  Clark  arranged  for  a  transfer  to 
the  fireroom  in  the  Standard  Mills.  Here  for  four  years 
he  worked  as  a  fireman  in  a  double  sense.  That  is  to 
say,  he  stoked,  and  he  fired  questions  at  all  and  sundry  who 
could  let  him  into  the  mysteries  of  boilers,  engines  and 
anything  and  everything  mechanical. 

And  at  length,  when  he  was  ready,  opportunity  was 
ready  too.  The  power  plant  of  the  W.  A.  Murray  store, 
Toronto,  needed  an  assistant  engineer.  Clark  got  the 
job. 

Three  years  later  this  privately  owned  plant  was 
closed.  And  where  do  you  suppose  was  opportunity? 
Just  a  few  blocks  to  the  south-east  or,  to  be  precise,  where 
Berkeley  street  is  lost  in  a  maze  of  railroad  tracks,  the 
Joseph  Simpson  Sons,  Ltd.,  Knitting  Mills  had  to  have  a 
night  engineer.     Clark  proved  that  he  was  competent. 

That  is  13  years  ago,  and  for  these  last  11  years  he 
has  been,  and  is  to-day,  mechanical  superintendent  of  the 
Simpson  Mills.  So  if  you  are  ever  tempted  to  doubt  the 
value  of  a  good  correspondence  course  in  steam  and  elec- 
trical engineering  or  to  underrate  the  practical  help  a  man 
can  get  from  such  a  paper  as  CANADIAN  MACHINERY, 
go  and  talk  with  Hughie  Clark. 

In  -the  big  game  named  "getting  ahead  in  the  world" 
he  has  made  a  creditable  score.  I  say  that  well  knowing  it 
is  never  wise  to  measure  a  man  by  the  position  he  holds 
to-day.  Rather  stand  in  his  shoes,  if  you  can,  and  drop 
your  plumb  line  to  the  job  at  which  he  started. 


THE  Kaiser's  big  job  now  is  not  the  winning  of  the  war, 

but    saving    enough    out    of    the    scrap    heap    to    provide 

underwear   and  fodder  for  himself  and  family. 
*       ♦       • 

THE  Toronto  "World"  announced  that  the  Page-Hersev 
Co..  of  Guelph.  had  secured  a  large  order  for  155  H.H. 
shells.  These  H.H.  shells  are  somethin":  ouite  new  to  Uo. 
No  doubt  the  H.H.  stands  for  "Hun  Hitting." 


"YouVe  fired!" 


— Ireland,    in   Columbus   Dispatch 

CHEAP  LABOR  WAS  NOT  VERY  CHEAP 

(Continued   from   page   481) 

civilized  locality  makes  the  general  executive  very  chary 
of  making  a  change.  All  these  factors  made  life  hard 
to  bear  in  ordinary  times,  but  with  the  advent  of  war, 
bringing  with  it  the  highly  paid  munitions  work,  the 
position  of  these  factories  went  from  bad  to  worse. 
Being  within  30  miles  of  a  large  centre,  with  its  enormous 
demand  for  labor  and  the  high  prices  offering  for  the 
skilled  and  unskilled  variety,  practically  all  the  help  of 
any  value  decamped  en  bloc.  Those  that  were  left  natur- 
ally demanded  higher  wages.  These  were  granted  but 
had  no  effect  on  production  as  the  higher  wages  simply 
enabled  these  workers  to  earn  the  same  or  better  money 
for  less  hours  work,  a  situation  they  promptly  availed 
themselves  of.  The  position  of  the  works  manager  who 
is  expected  to  keep  up  production  can  readily  be  imagined. 
These  cases  are  not  exceptions  but  are  quoted  as  concrete 
examples. 

There  is  no  question  but  that  in  both  these  cases 
money  would  have  been  saved  if  these  factories  had 
been  located  in  a  large  centre  without  any  initial  saving 
due  to  cheap  land  and  exemption  from  taxation  and  with- 
out the  doubtful  advantage  of  cheap   (  ? )   labor. 

It  would  always  be  advisable  when  settling  on  the . 
location  of  a  factory  to  look  into  the  general  conditions, 
such  as  housing  facilities,  educational  establishments,  and 
general  characteristics  of  the  surrounding  population.  It 
would  be  a  good  rule  for  the  party  making  the  choice 
to  consider  if  they  themselves  would  like  to  be  sentenced 
to  live  there  and  bring  their  families  up.  Man  does  not 
live  by  bread  alone,  and  the  neglect  of  considering  this 
may  often  militate  against  the  success  of  an  industry 
where  other  things  are  most  favorable. 


THE   community   is   divided   into   two   great  cHsses  now, 
viz.,  them  what's  had  the  Flu  and  them  what  ain't.    • 
•         *         • 

IT  shouldn't  be  much  of  a  job  to  grab  the  Turkish  army 

if  the  soldiers  wear  the   sort  of  trousers   the  Turks  are 

generally  pictured   as  wearing. 

*       *       * 

CIVIC  ofl^cials  used  so  many  civic  autos  in  Toronto  going 
to  the  ceremony  of  opening  a  new  road  that  private  cars 
had  to  be  secured  to  carry  nurses  to  attend  to  influenza 
patients.  All  the  ceremony  needed  to  open  the  road 
was   a  couple   of  huskies   to  knock   down   the  barricades. 


4SS 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


War  Orders  Growing  Under  German  Peace  Talk 

The  Only  Uncertainty  Now  is  in  the  Case  of  Machine  Tool  Dealers 
Where  Deliveries  Are  Not  Possible  Until  Well  on  in  1919 — Some 
Firms  Are  Refusing  Business  That  Carries  a  Cancellation  Clause 


THE  war  orders  being  placed  by  United  States -Gov- 
ernment since  the  beginning  of  the  German  peace 
talk  are  greater  in  volume  than  they  have  been  for 
some  months  past.  That  is  the  feeling  in  the  steel  industry 
and  it  is  reflected  in  the  trades  most  concerned  in  the  pro- 
duction of  munitions.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it  will  not  be 
long  before  the  production  of  shell  steel  is  at  the  rate  of 
600,000  tons  per  month,  a  figure  that  has  not  been  yet 
attained,  but  developments  show  that  it  is  not  impossible. 
The  only  element  of  uncertainty  entering  into  the  situa- 
tion now  is  for  the  machine  tool  trade.  Their  position  is 
different  from  that  of  the  conti-actor  for  munitions.  Busi- 
ness placed  now  for  war  plants  is  placed  on  the  known  fact 
that  delivery  cannot  be  made  for  some  months  yet,  and  it 
will  be  still  longer  than  that  before  the  machines  can  come 
to  the  point  where  they  will  be  taking  their  place  in  the 
production  returns  in  the  way  of  delivered  shells.  Figur- 
ing on  business  a  month  in  advance  is  not  the  problem  of 
the  machine  tool  trade.  Rather  they  are  right  now  trying 
to  figure  OHt  what  conditions  are  apt  to  be  toward  the  end 
of  the  first  half  of  1919.     The  rapidity  with  which  events 


are  developing  on  the  Western  front  is  not  making  their 
task  any  the  less  difficult.  If  the  terms  of  the  Allies  are 
unconditional  surrender  it  means  that  there  will  need  to 
be  a  lot  of  metal  shipped  across  the  ocean  before  the  last 
chapter  is  enacted. 

The  influenza  epidemic  is  interfering  to  a  rather  serious 
extent  with  the  production  of  munitions  in  some  of  the 
shops.  For  instance  in  one  shop  in  Toronto  where  there 
are  2,800  hands  on  the  payroll  almost  600  are  away  now, 
and  the  disorganization  is  felt  in  the  output  figures. 

Some  of  the  large  machine  firms  have  sent  out  very 
explicit  instructions  to  their  selling  agencies  that  they  will 
not  take  on  any  business  that  has  a  cancellation  clause 
attached  to  it.  They  are  taking  this  step  to  protect  them- 
selves during  the  period  of  uncertainty  that  may  follow 
the  declaration  of  peace.  Any  business  that  they  take  on 
now  must  be  on  the  distinct  understanding  that  delivery 
will  be  made  and  the  machine  paid  for  regardless  of  the 
trend  of  the  war.  Of  course  there  are  other  firms  that 
have  not  made  any  such  rules,  and  they  are  willing  to  con- 
sider cancellations,  subject,  of  course,  to  satisfactory  ad- 
justments covering  the  labor  costs  already  incurred. 


SICKNESS  CAUSES  FALLING  OFF 

OF  PRODUCTION  IN  MONTREAL 


Special     to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


MONTREAL.  Oct.  24.— Industrial  and 
commercial  activities  throughout 
this  district  have  been  seriously  inter- 
fered with  by  the  raging  of  the  influ- 
enza epidemic  that  has  been  scouring  the 
country.  Many  of  the  plants  in  Montreal 
are  operating  away  below  the  maximum 
owing  to  the  sickness  of  large  numbers 
of  their  help.  Production  has  been  fall- 
ing off  for  the  past  two  weeks,  and  like- 
wise deliveries,  owing  to  the  difficulties 
under  which  the  railroads  are  operating. 
The  demands  for  steel  are  as  insistent  a^ 
ever  and  the  same  regulations  as  those 
effective  for  the  past  month  still  apply. 
Essential  requirements  are  still  excessive 
with  jobbers  unable  to  obtain  material 
for  many  of  their  customers.  In  general 
the  situation  has  been  little  affected  by 
current  peace  talk,  but  it  can  hardly 
eliminate  the  undertone  of  nervousness 
that  appears  to  prevade  the  market.  This 
has  bfen  reflected  somewhat  in  the  re- 
duction of  orders  that  are  being  placed 


for  distant  requirements.  Plants  work- 
ing on  American  ammunition  contracts 
are  actively  engaged  in  acquiring  their 
full  complement  of  machinery,  and  for 
this  reason  are  unable  to  operate  at  tl:e 
maximum.  In  this  respect  it  has  been  i-i 
timated  that  little  impression  has  been 
made  by  the  pos.sible  approach  of  peaeo, 
as  in  all  likelihood  the  contracts  now  un- 
der way  will  be  completed. 

Steel  Production  Affected 

Efforts  are  being  made  to  maintain 
operations  in  spite  of  the  activity  of  the 
influenza  that  is  biting  into  the  numerous 
offices  and  factories  throughout  the  dib- 
trict.  The  situation  in  regard  to  steel 
plates  shows  little  relief  and  the  difficulty 
in  obtaining  material  except  for  the  most 
necessary  purposes  is  as  acute  as  ever. 
Local  mills  are  compelled  to  work  uncn  r 
additional  pressure  owing  to  the  number 
of  men  that  are  away,  so  that  in  con- 
sequence the  general  output  is  consider- 


ably below  the  average  for  the  perioil. 
Dealers  report  that  in  some  respects  the 
delivery  of  material  from  the  States  has 
been  delayed  and  the  cause  of  this  is 
generally  conceded  to  be  the  prevailing 
shortage  of  help  for  the  operation  of  tno 
rolling  stock.  A  factor  that  is  beginninK 
to  influence  the  trend  of  activities  is  ihe 
possible  effect  that  an  early  peace  may 
have  on  the  industrial  situation.  While 
to  all  appearances  the  business  continues 
as  brisk  as  ever  there  is  .some  tendency 
to  retrench,  particularly  in  the  direction 
of  covering  requirements  for  future  oper- 
ations. This  has  as  yet  not  been  felt  re- 
garding existing  activities  but  the  under- 
tone is  quite  pronounced  in  many  places. 
Operation.s  on  the  American  shell  con- 
tracts are  showing  no  reduction  apart 
from  the  local  influence  of  the  ra2;ing 
disease,  a  feature  that  has  depleted  the 
local  plants  to  no  small  degree.  Asked 
as  to  what  the  effect  of  peuce  would  be 
on  those  firms  now  working  on  these 
orders.  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  was 
advised  by  a  reT!-e.':er,tative  of  Lyall.s- 
that  it  would  make  very  little  difference 
at  least  in  the  immediate  future,  as  firms 
working  on  American  orders  would  still 


October  24,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


489 


continue  to  do  so.  as  the  initial  contracts 
would  be  completed.  However,  in  the 
event  of  peace  he  intimated  that  it  was 
very  unlikely  that  they  could  expect  re- 
peat orders,  especially  in  connection  with 
munition  work,  but  this  would  not  apply 
to  many  other  accessories  such  as  cloth- 
ing and  general  equipment,  as  the  men  at 
the  front  would  require  replacements  for 
such  time  as  they  were  away  from  home 
or  until  they  were  discharged  from  the 
service.  General  conditions  in  all  branche.s 
of  activity  show  little  change,  and  apart 
from  the  uncertainty  that  prevails,  the 
situation  is  going  on  as  usual,  with  prices 
holding  firm. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


NO  CANCELLATION 

CLAUSES  INSERTED 

Machine   Tool   Dealers   Are   Playing 

Safe   In   Regard  To  The 

War  Shops 

np  ORONTO— There  is  an  element  of 
A  uncertainty  tnteiing  mio  .~,oine  oi 
the  business  transactions  that  are  takinp 
place  or  hanging  fire  just  now.  That  is 
to  be  expected.  It  all  comes  back  to 
the  old  question,  "When  will  the  war 
end."  The  man  who  can  sit  down  and 
figure  that  out  for  you  can  do  a  great 
(leal  .just  now  to  tell  the  machine  tool 
trade  what  the  best  move  is. 

The  scrap  metal  situation  is  best  des- 
cribed as  being  stagnant  this  week. 
Some  of  the  large  dealers  state  openly 
that  they  are  not  in  the  market  for 
material  at  all. 

Prices  for  the  most  part  have  remained 
at  the  levels  of  the  last  few  weeks,  al- 
though deliveries  are  reported  more 
satisfactory. 

Material  Still  Scarce 

There  have  been  some  shipments  of 
sheets  reaching  Toronto  this  week,  but 
they  are  not  in  keeping  with  the  business 
booked  against  them.  Galvanized  sheets 
that  are  being  delivered  now  are  selling 
for  $11  up,  mostly  up.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  $11  figure  does  not  exist 
now  as  a  selling  mark,  and  prices  arc 
running  at  $12  and  $12  50.  Peace  talk 
has  had  no  effect  on  the  calls  that  are 
made  on  the  material.  There  is  a  fair 
amount  of  the  lighter  sizes  in  plate  still 
on  hand  in  Toronto,  but  for  the  heavier 
Ports  the  scarcity  is  felt.  Ottawa  does 
not  sanction  extension  to  plants,  even 
for  the  production  of  munitions,  but  will 
grant  permits  for  material  that  is  re- 
quired for  the  upkeep  or  repair  of  exist- 
ing plants,  with  a  view  to  keeping  pro- 
duction up  in  size  and  quality. 

Dealers  are  finding  it  hard  also  to 
keep  up  an  assorted  stock  of  tubes.  Es- 
pecially is  this  so  in  the  smaller  sizes. 
In  pre-war  days  a  dealer  kept  a  standing 
order  at  the  mills  for  perhaps  100  tons 
assorted  per  month.  The  mill  knew  just 
about  how  to  mix  them  for  lengths  and 
sizes,  and  went  pretty  much  on  their 
own  initiative  in  keeping  the  stock  up. 
But  since  the  war  programme  has  such 
preference  in  almost  everything  now,  all 
these  arrangements  have  ceased  to  exist, 
and  as  a  result  it  is  not  an  uneommo:. 


The  production  of  steel  has  not 
been  interfered  with  at  all  by  rea- 
son of  the  peace  talk. 

I'.  S.  Government  orders  for  steel 
have  been  heavier  since  the  German 
peace  drive  than  they  have  been  for 
some   weeks   past. 

The  output  of  shell  steel  in  United 
States  is  now  at  the  rate  of  about 
(iOO,000  tons  per  month. 

Some  of  the  users  of  scrap  ma- 
terial claim  that  dealers  have  been 
getting  high  prices  for  material 
that  does  not  come  up  in  quality  to 
heavy  melting  of  good  order,  and 
that  as  soon  as  peace  is  declared 
there  will  be  a  tendency  to  "hit 
back"  at  these  traders. 

.Some  of  the  machine  tool  firms 
have  sent  instructions  to  their  sell- 
ing agents  that  there  shall  be  no 
cancellation  clauses  attached  to  the 
business  accepted  by  them  from  now 
on. 

In  one  Toronto  shell  shop  where 
2,8C0  hands  are  employed,  over  .500 
are  off  at  present  with  the  influ- 
enza, and  production  is  being  in- 
terfered with  to  some  extent.  One 
factory  doctor  states  that  he  fears 
the  spreading  of  the  disease  more 
by  the  men  after  they  have  returned 
to   work. 

One  of  the  largest  scrap  metal  deal- 
ers in  Toronto  stated  that  his  firm 
.  was  practically  out  of  the  market 
for  the  present.  They  are  not  buy- 
ing except  under  very  exceptional 
circumstances.  They  are  well 
stocked  and  future  s&les  are  not 
much  in  evidence. 

New  York  reports  that  the  Teu- 
tonic peace  talk  has  stimulated  in- 
terest in  the  production  of  war  ma- 
terial  in   that  district. 

Large  orders  are  apparently  to  be 
placed  for  gas  shells,  to  be  made  by 
the  semi-steel  process.  Canadian 
foundries  may  take  over  some  of 
this  work. 

thing  for  warehouses  to  find  that  they 
are  out  of  certain  lines  almost  con- 
tinually. 

The  Scrap  Situation 
"We  are  practically  out  of  the  market 
at  the  present  time,"  was  the  way  in 
which  one  of  the  big  yards  in  Toronto 
sized  up  the  situation  this  morning.  He 
was  inclined  to  think  that  peace  talk 
was  to  blame  f9r  his  trouble,  as  there 
had  been  a  very  acute  falling  off  in  the 


week  after  the  first  real  peace  talk  had 
come  to  the  surface.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
there  has  not  been  the  call  for  scrap' 
for  some  time  that  has  existed  across 
the  Ime.  The  prices  that  are  quoted 
now  are  nominal  in  many  cases,  the 
dealers  state.  They  are  not  keen  to  buy 
at  the  figures  given  becau.se  they  have 
no  place  in  sight  now  to  dispose  of  the 
material,  and  they  are  not  inclined  to 
stock  up  their  yards  under  these  con- 
ditions. 

The  Machine  Tool  Trade 
It  would  be  useless  to  disguise  the 
fact  that  there  is  an  element  of  un- 
certamty  entering  into  the  machine  tool 
business  at  the  present  moment.  The 
trade  knows  quite  well  that  the  time 
must  come  when  they  shall  get  off  war 
trade  and  make  the  necessary  adjust- 
ments for  a  peace  time  footing.  The 
approach  of  that  season  has  not  been 
lost  sight  of.  One  item  that  comes 
largely  into  the  business  is  the  indefi- 
nite air  that  is  attached  to  deliveries. 
When  orders  are  placed  now  it  really 
amounts  to  contracting  for  business  that 
will  not  take  place  until  well  into  1919, 
because  machines  ordered  now  could  not 
be  finished  and  delivered,  and  give  pro- 
duction before  well  on  in  next  year.  If 
the  thing  were  permissible,  one  might 
sum  up  the  situation  by  saying  that  the 
machine  tool  trade  want  to  play  safe 
and  yet  handle  all  the  business  they  can 
accomodate. 

No  Cancellations 

Letters  have  been  sent  out  by  the 
heads  of  some  of  the  largest  machine 
tool  firms  on  the  continent  giving  abso- 
lute instructions  to  their  selling  forces 
that  they  will  not  accept  any  business  • 
now  that  has  a  cancellation  clause  at- 
tached. As  a  matter  of  fact  there  are 
cases  where  a  substantial  cash  payment 
is  asked  for  when  the  business  is  placed 
in  order  to  protect  the  tool  manufacturer 
against  any  eventuality  that  may  turn 
up.  Speaking  of  this  matter  the  mana- 
ger of  one  of  the  largest  businesses  in 
Toronto  stated  to-day,  "We  are  going 
through  our  files  now,  and  any  business 
that  has  been  there  for  three  or  four 
months  is  going  to  be  well  sorted.  We 
want  to  know  for  a  certainty  if  it  is 
still  good,  and  if  not  we  want  to  get 
rid  of  it.  It  is  not  the  time  to  be  carry- 
ing any  more  unfilled  orders  than  is 
necessary.  Experience  does  not  show 
that  the  making  of  adjustments  has  been 
satisfactory  in  the  past.  It  is  almost 
better  to  risk  some  future  business  and 
adhere  to  the  non-cancellation  idea.  We 
have  been  trying  to  find  out  from  Ottawa 
what  is  in  the  mind  of  the  Munitions 
Board  there,  but  so  far  this  has  brought 
us  very  little  assistance. 

Another  m''nufarturer,  who  spent 
some  time  in  Washington  a  week  ago, 
stated  that  at  that  time  there  was  no 
talk  of  any  let-up  in  the  manufacture 
of  munitions,  or  in  the  matter  of  prose- 
cuting the  war.  "These  two  things  go 
together."  he  stated,  "and  the  feeling 
in  the  American  capital  seemed  to  be 
that  when  you  heard  that  peace  had 
been    signed    you   would   hear   that   war 


490 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


contracts  had  been  cmcelled.  Of  course 
the  feelinsr  may  have  changed  during  the 
past  week,"  he  concluded,  "but  from 
what  I  could  gather  during  my  stay  there 
it  did  not  seem  likely  that  the  war  work 
would  stop  for  some  time  yet." 

That  feelinsr  seems  to  be  shared  by  a 
good  many  who  are  closely  in  touch  with 


the  situation.  They  do  not  believe  that 
so  great  a  thing  as  the  German  war 
miehine  is  going  to  cave  in  all  at  once, 
and  that  peace  will  come  in  an  instant. 
The  feelinsr  is  that  the  German  war  ma- 
chine has  got  to  be  smashed  to  a  pulp, 
and  that  it  is  going  to  take  a  lot  of 
material  to  do  this 


AMERICAN  DEALERS  HAVE  TROUBLE 

GETTING  SHIPMENTS  TO  CANADA 


MANUFACTURERS  have  two  kinds  of 
of  problems  in  these  days  of  stress. 
On  one  hand,  there  are  those  that  stand 
out  as  unavoidable — such  as  scarcity  of 
labor,  difficulty  in  obtaining  material,  or 
in  making  deliveries — and  finally,  the 
"Flu"  which  seems  to  have  mixed  in  and 
aggravated  most  of  the  other  problems. 
On  the  other  hand  there  are  troubles  that 
seem  to  be  avoidable — which  are  all  the 
more  provoking  because,  very  often,  they 
seem  to  be  beyond  the  capability  of  hu- 
man explanation.  Very  often  these  prob- 
lems are  traceable  to  poor  organization, 
or  to  a  weak  link  in  the  chain  of  respon- 
sibility on  which  organization  is  devel- 
oped. The  crush  of  war  work,  for  ex- 
ample, has  brought  to  the  surface  the 
fact  that  in  handling  certain  details  offi- 
cial machinery  is  not  beyond  criticism — 
or  to  draw  it  more  mildly,  cannot  always 
be  understood. 

Manufacturers  who  have  been  trying 
to  maintain  some  kind  of  service  on  this 
export  business  are  having  their  troubles 
—troubles  that  seem  all  the  more  trouble- 
some because  there  seems  to  be  no  rem- 
edy— official  or  otherwise. 

"Why,  we  have  had  goods  made  up  for 
delivery  for  six  weeks,"  said  an  Ameri- 
can manufacturer,  "and  although  they 
are  wanted  by  a  Canadian  firm  working 
on  American  war  contracts  we  have  the 
greatest  difficulty  in  getting  the  necessary 
official  permits.  This  should  be  a  case 
in  which  the  necessary  machinery  should 
work  smoothly  and  with  despatch.  Speed 
is  e8sential,and  when  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  industry  is  working  on 
munitions,  there  must  be  plain  sailing." 

"Should  you  desire  the  information," 
remarked  another  manufacturer^  "I 
could  probably  tell  you  when  there  is  a 
mighty  fine  ivory  mine.  We  have  had 
some  steel  on  order  here  for  weeks,  but 
cannot  get  the  necessary  permit  to  shoot 
it  across.  Why  ?  We  have  filled  out  all  the 
information  that  seems  necessary — ex- 
cept that  there  may  be  some  doubt  as  to 
where  my  wife's  great  grandmother  was 
born — but  still  the  permit  doesn't  come. 
That  steel  is  wanted  in  Canada  by  a  firm 
working  on  an  American  contract.  To 
my  mind  it  makes  no  difference  whether  it 
is  an  American,  British  or  Canadian  war 
contract — we  are  all  fighting  the  same 
thing — yet  the  permit  machinery  on  es- 
sential material  does  not  work  smoothly. 
It'.s  holding  back  important  work." 

As  bearing  out  the  statements  by 
American  manufacturers,  a  Canadian 
manufacturer  engaged  on  an  American 
contract,  flourished   a  letter   from    U.S. 


headquarters,  asking  for  some  informa- 
tion that  would  help  them  form  an  opinion 
as  to  when  they  might  expect  their  con- 
tract proceeded  with. 

"I  am  just  writing  them,"  said  the 
manufacturer,  "that  just  as  soon  as  they 
release  the  necessary  materials  we  shall 
proceed  with  the  work.  We  have  been 
held  up  for  weeks.  We  have  had  the  same 
trouble  right  here  at  home.  There  are 
officials  who  don't  seem  to  realize  that 
time  is  the  essence  of  the  whole  matter." 

The  problem  certainly  seems  to  be  a 
real  one  that  there  should  be  some  rem- 
edy for — at  least  before  the  next  war. 


PEACE  DRIVE  CAUSES 

MORE  WAR  ORDERS 

New    York    Says    That    Was   the   Effect 

Of    Developments   of   the    Past 

Week. 

Special     to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

NEW  YORK,  Oct.  24— The  Teutonic 
peace  drive  has  stimulated  rather  than 
decreased  war  activities  in  this  country. 
The  Government  is  taking  vigorous 
measures  to  push  the  output  of  both 
guns  and  projectiles.  More  contracts 
have  been  placed  for  war  munitions  in 
the  last  week  and  other  important  con- 
tracts are  pending.  As  a  result  of  these 
orders  more  machinery  is  needed  for 
equipping  new  plants  and  in  rounding 
out  equipment  of  other  works.  It  is 
notable,  however,  that  October  orders 
booked  by  New  York  machinery  deal- 
ers have  fallen  below  the  average  of 
September.  The  renewal  of  shell  con- 
tracts increases  the  purchase  of  fin- 
ishing tools. 

The  Ordance  Department  has  given 
an  order  to  the  Marlin  Rockwell  Cor- 
poration for  7.5,000  light  Browning 
rifles  and  for  1.5,000  aviation  guns  and 
an  order  has  been  given  to  the  Pfau 
Manufacturing  Co.,  Cincinnati,  for  over 
100,000  water  boxes.  The  Department 
has  also  placed  further  orders  for  ma- 
chinery for  equipping  the  Neville  Is- 
land gun  and  projectile  plant  and  the 
American  Bridge  Co.,  which  is  furnish- 
ing the  structural  steel  for  this  plant, 
has  now  received  definite  orders  for  57,- 
000  tons,  shapes  which  will  be  sufficient 
to  meet  matured  plans  well  into  1919, 
but  double  this  steel  tonnage  will  be  even- 
tually needed.  The  two  hundred  or  more 
small  cranes  for  equipping  this  projec- 


tile plant  will  be  widely  distributed;  be- 
cause of  the  urgent  need  of  quick  deliver- 
ies, practically  all  of  the  crane  makers 
will  share  in  the  work.  The  Department 
has  given  a  contract  to  the  Barney  Ah- 
lers  Construction  Corporation  of  New 
York  for  the  building  of  a  gas  defense 
plant  on  Governors'  Island.  The  Dur- 
stan  Gear  Corporation,  Syracuse,  N.Y., 
is  to  manufacture  transmissions  for  motor 
trucks  to  be  used  in  France. 

The  Cast  Shell  Order 

Two  contracts  for  a  total  of  600,000  4.7- 
inch  shells  have  been  virtually  closed  with 
two  manufacturing  interests,  but  the  con-  ^ 
firmation  of  this  order  must  wait  the 
passing  of  the  deficiency  appropriation 
by  Congress.  It  will  be  recalled  that  the 
Government  is  about  to  place  contracts 
for  .30,000,000  semi-steel  gas  and  smoke 
shell,  in  this  section,  including  24,000,- 
000  6-inch  and  8-inch  shells,  all  of  which 
will  be  completely  machined.  The 
6,000,000  4.7-inch  shells  will  be  only 
partially  finished.  It  is  estimat- 
ed that  to  produce  250,000  six 
inch  shells  a  day,  22  machining  tools  and 
ten  tool  room  machines,  including  turret 
lathes  and  screw  machines,  will  be  re- 
quired. Some  of  the  plants  that  will  help 
to  provide  these  shells  are  already  fully 
equipped  and  the  Government  will  pro- 
vide a  machine  plant  for  the  foundries 
which  have  the  necessary  floor  space  to 
accept  large  casting  contracts.  If  the 
niachinery  cannot  be  obtained  from  the 
regular  machinery  makers,  arrangements 
will  be  made  for  manufacturers  who  have 
not  previously  made  machine  tools  to  en- 
ter the  Government  service.  Foundry 
interests  in  the  Birmingham,  Ala.,  dis- 
trict, are  being  urged  to  accept  contracts 
for  3-inch  shells  calling  for  an  output  of 
80,000  per  day. 

Canadian   Interests 

Buying  of  machinery  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  pistols  is  still  held  in  abeyance, 
but  the  Government  is  expected  to  act 
speedily  to  meet  the  needs  of  ten  differ- 
ent concerns  that  have  been  given  orders 
for  Colt  pistols  and  among  these  are: 
Carem  Bros.,  Montreal,  and  the  North  ^ 
American  Arms  Co.  of  Quebec.  Orders  ■ 
in  the  United  States  have  been  placed  ■ 
with  the  Winchester  Arms  Repeating  Co., 
New  Haven,  the  Savage  Arms  Corp., 
which  is  operating  a  factory  at  San  Diego, 
California,  as  well  as  one  at  Utica,  N.Y.; 
the  S.-S.-E.  Co.,  and  the  Lanston  Mono- 
type Machine  Co..  of  Philadelphia;  the 
National  Cash  Register  Co.,  Dayton, 
Ohio,  Rnd  the  Burroughs  Adding  Ma- 
chine Co.,  Detroit.  Thos.  A  Edison,  Inc., 
Orange,  Ne\Y  Jersey,  will  manufacture 
adaptors  for  75-mm  shells  and  is  about 
to  come  into  the  market  for  shop  equip- 
P'ent. 

It  Is  an  int  •r(<;t!rg  fact  that  the  Em- 
ergency Fleet  Corp.  will  discontinue  the 
building  of  ships  which  cannot  be  com- 
pleted in  1919,  and  as  a  number  of  the 
yards  are  already  behind  in  their  con- 
tracts, the  demand  for  marine  plates  and 
shapes  will  be  less  pressing  than  pre- 
viously anticipated." 


October  24,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  II I  N  K  l{  Y 


49} 


PEACE  TALK  HAS  NOT  INTERFERED 

WITH  ORDERS  OF  U.S.  GOVERNMENT 


Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Oct.  24.— Peace 
talk  has  attracted  relatively  little 
attention  in  the  steel  industry  in  the  past 
fortnight.  The  steel  producers  are  as 
anxious  for  peace  as  any,  and  face  great 
complications  and  uncertainties  in  the 
markets  and  trade  conditions  generally 
in  the  period  of  re-adjustment,  but  they 
have  no  time  to  consider  these  matters 
being  so  busy  endeavoring  to  swell  pro- 
duction and  distribute  their  output  in 
strict  accord  with  the  regulations. 

War  Orders  Heavy 

In  the  matter  of  placing  war  orders 
for  steel  the  Government  has  certainly 
shown  no  signs  of  relaxation  for,  if  any- 
thing, orders  have  been  heavier  since 
the  German  peace  drive  started  than 
the  average  of  preceding  months.  Three 
large  batches  of  orders  for  sheets  have 
been  distributed,  making  the  buying  the 
heaviest  for  months.  Recent  orders  in- 
clude 32,000  tons  of  80-pound  rails,  for 
General  Pershing,  together  with  150  loco- 
motives. The  40.350  cars  for  General 
Pershing,  on  which  bids  were  recently 
taken,  are  likely  to  be  allotted  shortly 
and  the  filling  of  the  orders  may  further 
delay  completion  of  the  100,000  freight 
cars  which  have  been  on  order  for  domes- 
tic roads  for  several  months. 

Shell  Steel 

Fresh  pressure  is  being  exerted  to 
secure  still  more  shell  steel.  One  im- 
portant wire  producer  in  the  Pittsburgh 
district,   which  was   kept  off   shell   steel 


business  for  a  long  time  on  account  of 
the    need    for    its    wire    products,   began 
making     shell   rounds     a  trifle  over     a 
month  ago    on  one  of  its  continuous  bil- 
let mills  formerly  serving  its  rod  mills, 
and    this    interest   has    now    been    asked 
to  increase  its  shell  steel  production  by 
40  per  cent.       A  little  information  has 
leaked  out  as  to  the  actual  tonnages  of 
shell  steel  produced.     It  appears  that  in 
the  early  months  of  the  year  the  total 
production   was   running  at  the   rate   of 
about  350,000  tons  a  month.     The  rate 
increased  until  recently  it  passed  500,000 
tons  a  month,  and  a  rate  of  600,000  tons 
is   expected   to   be   attained    this    month 
or  next.    The  indication  is  that  the  total 
shell   steel   output   in   the  calendar  year 
will  be  about  midway  between  5,000,000 
and   6,000,000   tons.     At  600,000   tons   a 
month   the   output    would   represent   ap- 
proximately   18   per  cent,     of   the   total 
finished  rolled  steel  output.    The  propor- 
tion of  the  ingot  output  involved  in  mak- 
ing shell  steel  is  considerably  larger  than 
18  per  cent,,  by  reason  of  the  heavy  dis- 
card required,   but   in   practically   every 
instance   all   the   discard   steel   that   can 
possibly   be   utilized    is    rolled    into    one 
finished  form  or  another,  chiefly  for  war 
purposes.       The  War  Industries  Board 
for  several  months  past  has  been  keen 
to  find  war  uses  for  shell  discard  steel 
and    has   been   auite   successful.     As   a 
rule,  when  fresh  orders  are  given  a  mill 
to  roll   shell   steel,  orders   are   given  at 
the  same  time  for  the  utilization  of  the 
discards,  and  only  the  material  that  can- 


The   Kitchen   Rancers  cited  for  Kallantnr. 

— Cesare.  in  New  Yorlc  Evening  Post 


not   be    rolled    goes   back   to   the   open- 
hearth  furnace  as  scrap. 

Scrap  Supplies  Slightly  Better 

Reports  from   consumers  in  the   past 
week  are  of  slightly  better  supplies    of 
scrap.        The   mills   still  claim  they   are 
very  short  of  scrap,  but  on  the  whole 
the    situation    is   a   trifle   easier.        One 
theory  to  account  for  the  improvement 
is  that  many  railroads,  finding  labor  so 
scarce,  have  adopted  a  practice  of  sel- 
ling  their   scrap    as    gathered,    without 
attempting  to  sort  it,  and  this  gets  the 
material  into  the  market  sooner,  though, 
of  course,  the   supply   in   the   long  run 
would  not  be  increased  by  the  new  prac- 
tice.     The    Pennsylvania    Railroad    con- 
tinues to  sort  and  grade  its  scrap, -and 
has  been  canvassing  consumers   with   a 
view  to  their  making  contracts   to  take 
offerings   in   one   grade   or   another,   the 
contracts  to  run  for  three  to  six  months. 
Hitherto  the  system  h^%  always  offered 
its  accumulation  monthly,  as  a  fresh  of- 
fering.    Another  observation  made  as  to 
increased  supplies  of  scrap  is  that  with 
the  heavier  deliveries  of  cars  and  loco- 
motives  to   the   railroads  the  roads   are 
scrapping    more    old    equipment.         The 
scrap  dealers  have  been  thinking  rather 
keenlv  on  the  subject  of  peace  and  recog- 
nize that  when   peace  comes  consumers 
of  scrap  will  be  prompt  to  "get  back"  at 
dealers  for  the  trving  experiences  they 
have  had.  particularlv  in  the  matter  of 
dealers     holding     extremely     indifferent 
grades  of  scrap  at  the  full  heavy  melt- 
ing steel  nrice  of  $29  delivered,  material 
which    mills    say    woiild    freouently    not 
bring  $10  a  ton  in  ordinary  times     Just 
now.  with  all  mi'ls  striving  for  the  hst 
possible  ton  of  output,  they  are  forced 
to  buv  the  scrap  th^.t  is  offered,  but  when 
opportunity  come"?   to   let   down    on    the 
pressure   their   oolicv    in   the   matter   of 
buying  scrap  will  be  quite  different. 

Priorities  for  Controlled  Consumers 

For  several  weeks  past  the  conserva- 
tion division  of  the  War  Industries  Board 
has  been  making  agreements  with  vari- 
ous manufacturing  consumers  of  iron 
and  steel,  whereby  these  consumers 
would  limit  their  operations  to  certain 
rates,  based  on  former  practice.  In  many 
instances  the  arrangement  has  been  for 
the  consumer  to  ooerate  during  the  last 
four  months  of  this  year  on  an  average, 
at  not  to  exceed  one-half  the  average 
rate  in  a  four-month  period  in  1917,  i.e., 
production  in  the  four  months  to  be 
"50%  of  four-twelfths  of  the  production 
in  1917."  In  the  majority  of  cases  these 
manufacturing  consumers  had  no  definite 
prospect  of  getting  any  steel,  under  the 
present  regulations,  to  operate  at  all, 
and  questions  have  been  asked  whether 
they  were  to  be  given  any  assistance. 

The  War  Industries  Board  has  now 
undertaken  to  grant  certain  priorities 
to  manufacturing  consumers  who  have 
entered  into  these  arrangements.  The 
degree  of  priority  that  will  be  given  is 
not  announced,  but  whatever  it  is  it  will 
be  helpful  to  consumers  who  otherwise 
would  have  no  claim  for  steel  except 
through    their   being   on   the   preference 


492 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


list.  With  nearly  all  the  mills  the  prior- 
ity orders  are  absorbinK  the  output,  leav- 
ing nothing  for  the  preference  list.  The 
agricultural  implement  trade  is  an  excep- 
tion to  this  practice,  as  it  already  has 
B-2  priority,  given  as  "automatic  prior- 
ity" in  circular  No  4  of  July  1  last. 
This  industry  is  limited  to  a  75  per  cent, 
operation  in  the  twelvemonth  beginninp 
October  1,  1918. 

When  Perce  Comes 

Ther?  are  very  few  in  the  steel  tradt 
who  think  that  the  diplomatic  inter- 
changes of  the  past  fortnight  indicate  a 
balance  of  probability  that  peace  will 
come  in  f-e  near  future.  The  strongly 
preponderating  feeling  is  that  there  is 
several  months  of  hard  fighting  ahead, 
the  actual  time  on  the  calendar  depend- 
in?  largely  upon  weather  conditions, 
which  will  determine  how  much  of  the 
fightins  can  be  done  this  winter. 

One  thing,  hov.ever,  these   diplon  atic 


interchanges  are  regarded  as  suggesting 
rather  clearly  is  that  when  peace  does 
come,  eventually,  it  will  come  suddenly. 
There  will  not  be  a  long  period  of  un- 
certainty. Acordingly,  the  change  from 
war  time  to  peace  conditions  in  the  mar- 
ket, and  in  the  trade  generally,  will  be 
a  sudden  change,  not  a  gradual  one. 
There  have  been  strong  intimations 
lately  from  Washington  that  the  Gov- 
ernn-ent  purposes  to  retain  control  of 
industry  for  a  while  after  peace  becomes 
assured,  but  the  nature  of  the  contem- 
plated control  is  not  known.  While  it 
has  been  pointed  out  that  shell  steel  or- 
eds  would  probably  be  cancelled  instant- 
ly, while  orders  for  shiptuilding  and  for 
the  domestic  roads  would,  of  course, 
stirtd,  there  is  thought  in  some  quarters 
that  the  Government  would  early  make  a 
stand  for  lower  prices,  oi.  th'J  ground 
that  with  peace  conditions  and  le^s  pres- 
sure for  tonnaare  output,  steel  could  be 
mide  somewhat  more  economically. 


CROWN  PRINCE  WILLIE  HAS 

WRITTEN  LETTER  TO  HIS 


TAPA" 


An  American  agent  in  Toronto  for  a 
liig  machinery  corporation  in  the  U.  S. 
had  the  following  sent  from  some  of  his 
American  friends.  It  gives  the  U.  S. 
-view  in  an  entertaining  way: 

On  the  Run,  Somewhere  in  France. 

Dear  Papa, — I  am  writing  on  the  run, 
as  the  brave  and  glorious  soldiers  under 
my  command  have  not  seen  the  Rhine 
for  so  long  that  they  have  started  back 
that  way,  and,  of  course,  I  am  going  mid 
them.  Oh,  papa,  dere  has  been  some 
ofTel  dings  happened  here  in  France. 
First,  I  started  in  my  big  offensive  which 
was  to  crush  de  fool  Americans,  but  dey 
know  so  little  about  military  tactics  dat 
dey  will  not  be  crushed  be  like  I  want 
dem.  I  sent  my  men  in  der  fight  in  big 
waves  and  when  dey  got  to  the  Ameri- 
cans dey  all  said  "Boo"  as  loud  as  they 
could  holler.  Well,  according  to  vat  you 
haf  always  told  me,  de  Americans  shoula 
haf  turned  and  run  like  blazes.  But  vat 
you  tink?  Dem  fool  Americans  don't 
know  anything  about  war,  and  instead 
of  running  de  odder  vay,  dey  came  right 
toward  us.  Some  of  them  was  singing 
something  about  "Ve  von't  come  back 
till  it's  over  over  there"  or  some  other 
foolish  song,  and  some  of  dem  laffin  like 
fools.  Dey  are  so  ignorant.  But  dey 
are  offel  reckless  mit  der  guns  and  ven 
dey  come  toward  us  it  was  den  dot  my 
men  took  a  notion  dey  vanted  to  go  back 
to  der  dear  old  Rhine.  Ve  don't  like  de 
little  old  dirty  Mame  river  anyhow.  And, 
oh,  papa,  dem  Americans  use  such  offel 
language.  Dey  know  nothing  of  kultur 
and  say  snch  offel  dings  right  before 
us.  And  dey  talk  blasphemy,  too.  Vat 
you  tink  dey  said  right  in  front  of  my 
face?  One  big  husky  from  a  place  dey 
call  Kansas,  he  said — oh,  papa,  I  hate 


to  tell  you  vat  an  offel  ding  he  said — 
but  I  can't  help  it.  He  said  "To  holl  mit 
der  Kaiser!"  Did  you  ever  hear  anydin? 
so  offel?  I  didn't  tink  anybody  would 
say  s'ich  a  offel  ding.  It  made  me  so 
mad,  I  wouldn't  stand  and  hear  such  ofTe! 
ting  so  I  turned  and  run  mid  der  other 
boys.  Vas  I  right?  Vat?  And,  oh, 
papa,  you  know  them  breast  plates  vat 
you  sent  us — can  you  send  some  to  put 
on  our  backs?  You  know  we  are  going 
der  odder  way  now  and  breast  plates  are 
no  good,  for  der  cowardly  Americans 
are  shooting  us  right  in  der  back.  Some 
of  our  boys  took  off  der  breast  plates 
and  put  'em  behind,  but  der  fool  Ameri- 
cans  are  playing  "Der  Star  Spangled 
Banner"  mit  machine  guns  on  dem 
ulates.  Can't  you  help  us?  You  remem- 
ber in  your  speech  you  said  nottings 
could  stand  before  der  brave  German 
soldiers.  Oh,  papa,  I  don't  believe  dose 
i<?norant  Americans  ever  read  your 
speech  for  dey  run  after  us  just  like  ve 
vas  a  lot  of  rabbits.  Vot  you  tink  of 
dot?  Can't  you  send  'em  some  of  your 
speeches  right  avay?  Dey  don't  know 
how  terrible  we  are.  Can't  you  move 
my  army  back  to  Belgium  vere  ve  von 
all  our  glory?  My  men  can  vip  all  de 
vimmin  and  children  vot  dem  Belgiums 
can  brin-?  up.  But  dese  Americans  are 
so  rough  and  ignorant.  Ve  can't  make 
•em  unnerstand  dot  ve  are  der  greatest 
soldiers  on  earth,  and  ven  ve  try  to  sing 
"Deutschland  Uber  Alles"  dey  laff  like 
a  lot  of  monkeys.  But  ve  are  getting 
the  best  of  the  Americans.  Ve  can  out- 
run dem.  Papa,  if  ve  are  not  der  best 
fighters  on  earth  ve  sure  are  de  best  run- 
ners. Nobody  can't  keep  up  mit  us 
ven  ve  tink  of  der  dear  old  Rhine  and 
my  army  never  did  tink  so  much  of  dot 
dear  old  river.  Let  me  know  right  avay 
vat  to  do  by  return  post  office. 

Crown    Prince    Willie. 


SYMPATHETIC  STRIKE 
FROWNED  ON  BY  LAW 

Wider   Application   of   the   "No   Strike" 
Order  Is  Now  Under  Consideration 

Ottawa.— Wider  application  of  the  no- 
strike  order-in-council  is  understood  to 
be  under  consideration.  Prosecutions  so 
far  in  Calgary  have  been  taken  under 
the  provisions  of  the  Industrial  Disputes 
Investigation  Act,  which  provides  pen- 
alties for  men  engaged  in  certain  indus- 
tries who  strike  without  first  applying 
for  a  board  of  conciliation.  This  course 
was  taken  because  there  was  doubt 
whether  the  original  strike  was  declared 
before  the  no-strike  order  was  approved 
by  the  Governor-General. 

But,  it  is  pointed  out  here,  sympa- 
thetic strikes  are  in  a  different"  cate- 
gory. Any  declared  since  the  approval 
of  the  order  come  under  its  provisions. 
Not  only  are  the  penalties  heavier 
which  may  be  imposed  by  the  civil 
courts,  but  the  order  contains  a  work  or 
fight  provision  which  may  be  put  into 
effect.  In  scope,  it  goes  farther  than 
present  applications  '  of  the  Military 
Service  Act.  No  married  men  have  been 
called  to  the  colors  under  the  Military 
Service  Act.  The  work  or  fight  provision 
includes  all  men  of  military  age, 
whether  married  or  single. 

"Any  male  person,  employer  or  em- 
ployee of  military  age  as  defined  by  the 
Military  Service  Act,"  reads  the  pro- 
vision, "who  violates  any  of  the  herein- 
above enacted  resrulations  and  any  di- 
rector of  such  military  a<re  of  any  com- 
pany who  acquiesces  in  the  violation  by 
the  said  company  by  any  of  said  regula- 
tions, shall  ipso  facto  be  deemed  to  be 
a  soldier  enlisted  in  the  military  of 
Canada  and  sub.iect  to  military  law  for 
the  duration  of  the  present  war,  and  of 
demobilization  thereafter  and  shall  for- 
feit any  exemption  granted  to  him  and 
any  right  to  apply  for  or  obtain  any  ex- 
emption from  military  service  under  the 
Military  Service  Act." 

It  is  emphasized  that  there  is  no  de- 
sire to  cause  undue  hardship  by  rigid 
application  of  the  order-in-council,  and 
hope  is  expressed  that  satisfactory  set- 
t'ement  will  be  reached  before  such  a 
course  is  rendered  necessary. 


HALF  BITJ.ION  TN 

NEW  SHELL  ORDERS 


Which    Means    Busy    Times    Ahead    For 

War    Order    Shops   of    the 

Dominion 

Ottawa. — It  is  officially  announced 
that  up  to  Sentember  30  manufacturers 
in  Canada  had  produced  68,000,000 
shells  and  7.5,650,000  forgings. 

The  war  authorities  are  making  pre- 
parations as  if  there  was  no  peace  in 
sight  and  orders  on  a  larger  scale  than 
ever  are  being  let  by  the  Imperial  Mu- 
nitions Board.  The  orders  for  the  com- 
ing year  will  run  nearly  half  a  billion 
dollars. 


October  24,   1918 


493 


Some  Methods  of  Fighting  the  Influenza 

It  Has  Always  Traveled  From  East  to  West,  and  the  Last  Scourge 

Was  in  1889-1900— Known  as  Far  Back  as  1510— Some  of  the 

Things  to  do  if  You  Feel  You  Have  It 

By  COMMISSION  OF  CONSERVATION. 


INFLUENZA,  which  is  now  sweeping 
over  Canada  from  one  end  to  the 
other,  is  a  very  old  disease.  It  was 
known  in  ancient  times,  and  as  early  as 
1510  it  overran  the  whole  civilized 
world.  For  centuries  it  has  periodically 
swept  over  various  parts  of  the  world. 
The  last  great  world  epidemic  was  in 
1889-1890  when  it  was  generally  known 
by  the  French  name  of  la  grippe.  The 
(ii?C'a=e  has  always  travelled  from  east 
to   west. 

Symptoms 

The    symptoms    are    similar    to    those 

of   a    heavy    cold;    more    or    less    severe 

headache,   cold   in   the   head   and   throat, 

fits     of     sneezing,     flushed   face,   chills, 

aches  and   pains  in  the  back  and  limbs, 

lains    in    the    eye-balls    and    behind    the 

>es,    general    physical    depression,    and 

temperature   rising  to   between   101   and 

104  degrees. 

How  to  Prevent  It 
As  it  is  such  an  old  disease,  doctors 
have  naturally  learned  a  great  deal 
iibout  its  prevention  and  treatment.  The 
"first  principle  of  prevention  is  to  keep 
away  from  those  infected,  and  the  sec- 
ond, to  build  up  the  germ-resisting  parts 
of  the  body  by  eating  nourishing  foods, 
dressing  comfortably,  getting  lots  of 
•■leep,  and  by  living  in  the  open  air  and 
in  bright,  well-ventilated  rooms  as  much 
as  possible.  The  mouth,  throat  and  nose 
-should  be  systematically  and  frequently 
disinfected  by  antiseptic  inhalations, 
sprays  and  washes.  Such  preparations 
as  chloretone  and  listerine  are  well  ad- 
apted for  this  purpose. 

In  fighting  previous  epidemics,  doc- 
tors found  quinine  a  "useful  preventive. 
'  »ne  grain  of  sulphate  of  quinine  mixea 
ith  (but  not  dissolved  in)  a  wineglass- 
iul  of  cold  water  makes  an  excellent  an- 
tiseptic gargle.  The  anti-microbic  pro- 
perties of  quinine  are  well  known  and 
its  use  as  described  above  at  once  re- 
lieves the  symptoms  of  sore  throat, 
which  result  from  the  strain  of  the  fight 
between  the  white  blood  corpuscles  and 
the  invading  germs  in  the  tonsils — ^the 
body's  first  line  of  defence.  Quinine  is 
also  given  internally  with  success  as  a 
preventive.  In  one  of  the  more  recent 
outbreaks  in  Europe,  an  experiment  was 
tried  in  which  the  men  of  one  squadron  of 
a  regiment  of  cavalry  were  each  given 
7Vi  grains  of  quinine  in  %  ounce  of 
whiskey  daily  for  22  days,  whilst  those 
of  the  other  squadrons  were  given  none. 
The  latter  squadrons  had  from  22  to  44 
cases  each  of  influenza  whilst  the  squad- 
ron treated  with  quinine  developed  only 
4  cases.  Inhalations  of  oil  of  eucalyp- 
tus, thymol,  oil  of  mountain  pine  and 
the  like  are  also  valuable  as  preventives. 


How  to  Treat  It 

When  a  person  is  struck  by  influenza, 
only  one  course  lies  open.  That  is  to 
take  to  bed  with  the  least  possible  delay, 
and  call  a  doctor.  Rest,  warmth  and 
quiet  are  three  sovereign  remedies  of 
the  primary  disease,  and  the  best  pre- 
ventive of  its  more  deadly  complications, 
of  which  pneumonia  is  the  most  fre- 
quent. While  there  is  no  specific  for  in- 
fluenza, yet  there  are  many  drugs  which 
play  a  useful  part  in  relieving  it,  such 
as  quinine,  aspirin  and  various  tonics, 
anti-neuralgic,antiseptic,  and  heart  medi- 
cines, to  be  prescribed  by  the  physician 
in  charge. 

What  to  Eat 

The  dietetic  rules  which  apply  to  any 
fever  apply  equally  to  influenza.  Liquid 
foods  at  first,  solids  a  little  later  on  in 
a  gradually  ascending  scale  from  lightly 
boiled  fresh  eggs  to  chicken,  roast 
joints,  etc.  Water,  cold  or  hot,  may  be 
sipped  or  "egg  water"  may  be  given. 
This  excellent  dish  is  prepared  by  blend- 
ing with  a  pint  of  cold  water  the  whip- 
ped whites  of  from  2  to  4  eggs,  flavored 
with  salt  or  cinnamon.  Then  the  animal 
broths  may  be  given.  There  are  many 
cases   in   which   even   the   lightest   foods 


are  spurned  with  loathing  and  common 
sense  must  be  used  in  adapting  diet  to 
the  particular  case  in  hand. 

Precautions   Against   Influenza 

( 1 )  The  sick  should  be  separated  from 
the  healthy.  This  is  especially  impor- 
tant in  the  case  of  first  attacks  in  the 
household. 

(2)  Discharges  from  the  nose  and 
mouth  should  not  be  allowed  to  get  dry 
on  a  pocket  handkerchief  or  inside  the 
house,  office  or  factory.  They  should  at 
once  be  collected  in  paper  or  clean  rags 
and  burned.  If  this  cannot  be  done,  they 
should  be  dropped  into  a  vessel  con- 
taining water. 

(■i)  Infected  articles  and  rooms  should 
be  cleansed  and  disinfected.  Use  disin- 
fectants everywhere.  Wash  the  hands 
frequently. 

(4)  Those  attacked  should  not,  on  any 
account,  mingle  with  other  people  for 
at  least  a  period  of  ten  days  from  the 
commencement  of  the  attack.  In  severe 
cases,  they  should  remain  away  from 
work  for  a  longer  period. 

(.5)  Special  attention  should  be  fiven 
to  r'eanliness  and  ventilation.  Warm 
clothing  should  be  worn,  the  feet  should 
be  kept  dry  and  all  unnecessary  expos- 
ure avoided. 


HOW  ONE  OF  THE  LARGE  U.S. 

FIRMS   IS   FIGHTING  THE   FLU 


FOREMOST  among  the  indu-^tries  in 
guarding  against  the  "flu"  is  the  S. 
F.  Bowser  &  Co.,  oil  tank  and  pump 
works,  of  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  The  officials 
have  organized  a  health  campaign  for 
the  benefit  of  all  employes,  as  well  as 
for  the  benefit  of  the  city  itself.  Sta- 
tions have  been  installed  about  the  plant 
buildings  which  are  easily  accessible  to 
all,  and  every  employee  of  the  big  works 
is  requested  and  expected  to  have  his 
or  her  nose  and  throat  sprayed  at  least 
twice  daily. 

Specially  instructed  attendants  for  the 
spraying  are  on  hand  at  all  times,  the 
service  is  absolutely  free,  the  company 
paying  the  entire  expense.  Special  bul- 
letins have  also  been  posted  instructing 
the  men  and  women  on  the  care  of  the 
nose  and  throat.  The  influenza  germs 
are  in  the  air  in  the  form  of  dust  and 
naturally  attack  through  these  organs, 
therefore,  every  precaution  possible 
should  be  taken.  Spraying  of  the  nose 
and  throat  is  one  of  the  greatest  pre- 
ventives. 

As  a  further  precaution  employees  have 
been  sworn  in  as  deputy  health  commis- 
sioners with  full  power  to  enforce  all 
rules    and    laws    of    the    health    depart- 


ment. It  is  their  duty  to  take  action 
(drastic,  if  necessary)  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  the  disease  through  spitting, 
coughing  or  sneezing,  and  to  report  all 
cases,  however  slight. 

Employees  of  the  factory  and  office 
have  been  instructed  to  report  all  cases 
to  the  deputies.  -  Any  employee  showing 
the  slightest  symptoms  will  be  sent  home 
immediately.  The  employes  are  all  re- 
sponding with  a  will  to  the  treatment.^, 
realizing  that  everything  is  being  done 
to  insure  their  health  and  keep  them  at 
their  different  tasks,  which  are  so  essen- 
tial in  the  maintenance  of  the  war. 

All  spittoons  of  any  kind  have  been  re- 
moved, as  one  of  the  common  mediums 
of  transmitting  the  germs  of  influenza 
is  through  spitting.  All  employees  are 
also  requested  to  refrain  from  spitting 
on  the  premises. 

The  Bowser  scheme  of  precaution  is  a 
forerunner  of  similar  campaipms  which 
are  being  inaugurated  among  the  larger 
plants.  Officials  of  the  General  Electric 
Works  are  devising  plans  along  similar 
lines. 

The  Poster  Used 

The  following  poster  is  placed  in  the 
Bowser  works: 


494 


I  <: 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


To  the  Heads  of  Factories,  Managers 
of  Department  Stores,  and  all  Institu- 
tions where  numbers  of  men  or  women 
are  employed: 

Pursuant  to  a  resolution  of  the  board 
of  health  you  are  hereby  ordered  to  ex- 
clude from  your  workshop,  office,  or 
store,  everyone  suffering  from  any  of 
the  symptoms  of  a  cold.  Coughing, 
sneezing,  or  a  running  nose  are  sufficient 
cause  for  sending  an  employee  to  his 
home,  where  he  or  she  are  to  stay  until 
these  symptoms  have  disappeared.  Refer 
immediately  all  violations  of  health  laws 
to  the  health  deputy  in  your  institution 
or  to  the  board  of  health,  telephone  715. 
— E.  A.  CRULL,  Health  Commissioner. 

Spittoons  removed  from  factory.  One 
of  the  common  mediums  of  transmitting 
the  germs  of  influenza  in  through  spit- 
ting. It  has  therefore  been  ordered,  ef- 
fective Thursday,  October  17,  1918,  that 
all  spittoons  be  removed  from  factory 
and  factory  offices.  Deputies  are  charged 
with  the  enforcement  of  the  rule  that 
there  shall  be  no  spitting  anywhere  on 
the  premises. 

Care  of  Nose  and  Throat.  The  influ- 
enza germs  are  conveyed  about  in  the  air 
in  the  form  of  dust  and  naturally  attack 
through  the  nose  and  throat,  therefore, 
every  precaution  possible  should  be 
taken.  Spraying  of  the  nose  and  throat 
is  one  of  the  greatest  preventatives. 
Spraying  stations  have  been  located  both 
in  the  factory  and  office. 

We  expect  every  employee  to  have  his 
or  her  nose  and  throat  sprayed  at  least 
twice  daily,  for  which  no  charare  is  made. 
Deputies — Their  responsibilities.  As 
a  further  precaution  deputy  health  of- 
ficers have  been  sworn  in  with  full  power 
to  enforce  all  rules  and  laws  of  the 
Health  Department.  It  will  be  their  duty 
to  take  any  action  (drastic  if  necessary) 
to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease 
through  spitting,  coughing  or  sneezing 
in  public;  and  to  report  all  cases  how- 
ever slight.  The  deputies  for  S.  F.  Bow- 
.ser  &  Company  are  (a  list  of  twenty 
names  follows) : 

Employees  are  requested  to  report  all 
cases  to  one  of  the  above.  Employees 
are  to  be  sent  home  when  symptoms 
appear. — S.  F.  Bowser  &  Co.,  by  order 
Board  of  Health. 


TRADE  GOSSIP 

Amalgamation  in  Steel  Trade. — The 
W.  J.  Crouch  Company,  Incorporated, 
and  Rownson,  Drew  &  Clydesdale,  Inc., 
announce  the  amalgamation  of  their  re- 
spective organizations.  All  trading  and 
manufacturing  operations  henceforth  will 
be  conducted  under  the  name  of  Rown- 
son, Drew  &  Clydesdale,  Inc.,  with  gen- 
eral offices  at  68  William  street,  New 
York. 

In  future  the  name  of  "Crouch  Steel" 
and  all  that  it  implies  will  be  linked 
with  the  century  old  traditions  of  the 
house  of  Rownson,  Drew  &  Clydesdale, 
which  should  be  a  guarantee  to  their 
customers  all  over  the  world  of  the 
highest  ;n  "service." 

Mr.  ■.  G.  Donald,  president  of  Rown- 
son, Drew  &  Clydesdale,  Inc.,  will  con- 
tinue in  this  office,  while  Mr.  I.  Smull- 
yan,    president    of    the    W.   J.    Crouch 


company.  Incorporated,  will  act  as  man- 
aging director  of  the  new  firm. 

Messrs.  Victor  E.  Karminski  and  A. 
E.  Heame,  both  treasurer  and  general 
manager  of  the  W.  J.  Crouch  Company, 
Incorporated,  and  Rownson,  Drew  & 
Clydesdale,  Inc.,  respectively,  will  in 
future  act  as  joint  general  managers  of 
the  new  concern,  Mr.  Karminski  con- 
ducting the  Crouch  Steel  Division,  and 
Mr.  Heame  directing  all  other  trading 
operations. 

Mr.  H.  Lad  Landau,  assistant  secre- 
tary and  general  manager  of  sales  of 
the  W.  J.  Crouch  Company,  will  con- 
tinue wit  hthe  new  concern.  So  will 
other  leading  officers  of  the  company, 
such  as  Mr.  John  H.  Allen,  purchasing 
agent,  who  will  in  the  future  be  assisted 
by  Mr.  M.  Greenberg  of  Rownson,  Drew 
&  Clydesdale,  Inc.;  Mr.  Albert  Smull- 
yan,  comptroller;  Mr.  O.  W.  Andrews, 
traffic  manager,  and  head  of  the  com- 
pany's licensing  bureau,  and  all  others 
occupying  positions  of  trust  with  the  old 
companies. 

CATALOGUES 

The  United  States  Silica  Co.  have 
recently  issued  a  descriptive  booklet  of 
their  various  products  enumerating  the 
excellent  qualties  of  flint  shot  and  il- 
lustrated by  a  number  of  excellent 
drawings,  which  effectively  drive  home 
its  advantages.  Flint  shot  is  extremely 
hard  and  effects  a  considerable  saving 
in  freight,  air  and  labor,  and  may  readi- 
ly be  used  on  castings  of  any  material, 
forgings,  stampings,  hot  rolled  bars  or 
sheets. 

The  Armstrong  Cork  and  Insulation 
Co.,  Pittsburg,  describe  their  nonpareil 
high  pressure  insulation  in  a  booklet 
recently  issued.  The  desirability  of 
minimizing  the  loss  of  heat  from  steam 
drums,  feed  water  heaters,  internally 
fired  and  locomotive  type  boilers,  en- 
amel and  japan  baking  ovens'  tanks, 
breechings,  etc.,  has  long  been  recog- 
nized. The  advantages  of  nonpareil  in- 
sulation for  these  purposes  is  dealt  with 
and  the  reason  for  its  excellence  as  a 
heat  insulation  explained.  Its  applica- 
tions to  various  industries  is  shown  in 
the  half  tone  illustrations  of  typical  in- 
stallations. 

In  Bulletin  No.  104  the  University  of 
Illinois  have  published  the  results  of  an 
investigation  undertaken  to  determine 
the  rigidity  of  riveted  joints  in  steel 
structures  and  valuable  data  have  been 
secured.  Tests  were  made  on  full-sized 
members  with  different  connections. 
The  distribution  of  the  stresses  in  a 
"  rectangular  frame  depends  upon  the 
rigidity  of  the  connections.  In  analyz- 
ing the  stresses  in  such  a  frame  it  is 
customary  to  assume  the  connections 
are  perfectly  rigid.  If  they  are  not,  it  is 
apparent  that  the  actual  stress  may  not 
be  equal  to  the  computed  stress.  In  ad- 
dition to  determining  the  rigidity  of 
riveted  connections,  analyses  have  been 
made  to  determine  the  effect  of  lack  of 
rigidity  upon  the  distribution  of  stresses 
in  a  frame. 


The    Armstrong    Cork    and    Insulation 

Co.  have  issued  a  descriptive  booklet 
dealing  with  their  lineotile  floor  cover- 
ing. The  floor  problem  is  always  a 
vexing  one.  Nowhere  is  it  more  trouble- 
some than  in  offices,  banks,  stores, 
church  lobbies  and  places  of  similar 
character.  Similar  problems  present 
themselves  in  the  floors  of  certain 
rooms  in  private  residences  such  as  bil- 
liard rooms  and  kitchens.  To  meet  need 
of  a  floor  which  would  be  suitable  for 
such  requirements  this  company  has 
brought  out  the  Linotile  floor,  a  cover- 
ing which  fulfils  the  requirements  of 
resiliency,  silence,  warmth,  sanitation, 
durability  and  cleanliness  at  a  reason- 
able cost.  The  various  uses  of  the 
flooring  are  described,  its  advantages 
explained  and  numerous  illustrations  in 
color  give  a  good  idea  of  its  attractive- 
ness and  adaptability  to  varying  archi- 
tectural   requirements. 

The  Defender  Regulator  Co^  Saint 
Louis,  describe  their  various  instru- 
ments for  use  in  the  efficient  operation 
of  the  boiler  room.  In  view  of  the 
necessity  for  conserving  fuel  literature 
on  apparatus  of  this  type  is  of  special 
interest  at  the  present  time.  Complete 
control  boards  are  illustrated  and  draft 
gauges,  vertical  pressure  and  vacuum 
gauges,  pyrometers,  thermometers  and 
complete  gas  analysis  apparatus  are 
listed  and  described  in  detail.  Informa- 
tion is  given  on  the  proper  location  and 
use  of  instruments  of  this  type  and  a 
sample  boiler  room  report  sheet  is  il- 
lustrated, which  the  company  supply. 
This  latter  is  an  excellent  means  of  re- 
cording detail  operations  in  the  boiler 
room,  gas  analysis  and  draft  pressures. 


Raised  Them   Himself 

Food  Controller  Hoover  told  at  a  meat- 
less-wheatless  banquet  a  story  about  a 
poultry  profiteer. 

"A  lady  entered  his  shop,"  said  Mr. 
Hoover,  "and  asked  the  price  of  chick- 
en." 

"'Them  birds  in  the  winder,'  said  the 
profiteer.  'Waal,  they're  very  fine  qual- 
ity stock.  I  can't  let  'em  go  for  less 
than  94  cents  a  pound.' 

"'Indeed!'  said  the  lady.  'Did  you 
raise  them   yourself?' 

"  'Yep',  said  the  profiteer,  absently. 
'They  were  70  cents  yesterday.'" 


How    She'd   Changed 

"It  looks  as  if  Jones  is  better  satis- 
fied  with  his   wife." 

"Yes,  he  is.  You  see,  he  went  back 
home  on  a  visit  and  saw  the  girl  he  had 
been  dreaming  of  for  the  past  twenty 
years." — Life. 


Not  Necessarily 

"'One  wife  too  many!'"  exclaimed 
Mrs.  Wederly,  as  she  glanced  at  the 
headlines  of  her  husband's  pacer  "1 
suppose  that  is  an  account  of  the  doings 
of  some  bigamist?" 

"Not  necessarily,  my  dear,  replie.i 
her  husband,  without  daring  to  look  up. 


October  24,   1918 


495 


Great  Tmportance  Of  Buying  Good  Pig  Iron 

ff  it  is  Too  High  in  Sulphur  or  Too  Low  in  Phosphorus  Trouble 
Will  Follow  Its  Use — Fine  Grades  For  Strong  Castings  Require  a 

Careful  Analysis 


WHEN  you  require  a  good  clear  pig 
iron,  free  as  possible  from  dross, 
kish,  oxide,  sand,  etc.,  the  follow- 
ing analysis  will  be  found  an  excellent 
grade.  The  percentage  of  "sows"  must 
never  vary  to  any  great  extent  from  the 
usual  amount  found  in  a  strictly  graded 
iron,  according  to  the  old  fracture  method. 

Analysis  of  Foundry  Pig  Iron,  No.  1 

Per  Cent. 

Silicon   must  not  be  less  than    2.50 

Sulphur  must  not  exceed    0.03 

Phosphorus  should   not   exceed    0.60 

Manganese    should    not   exceed 0.50 

Total    carbon    not   specified. 

The  carbons  will  usually  be  between 
3  and  4.50  per  cent,  in  this  grade.  Any 
No.  1  foundry  pig  which  shows  on  an- 
alysis less  than  2.40  per  cent,  of  sili- 
con or  more  than  0.035  per  cent,  of  sul- 
phur should  be  rejected. 

Foundry  No.   2 

Per  Cent. 

Silicon   must  not  be   less  than    1.95 

Sulphur  must  not  exceed    0.04 

Phosphorus    should    not    exceed 0.70 

Manganese  should  not  exceed 0.70 

Total    carbon    not   specified. 

The  carbons  in  No.  2  will  generally 
range  from  2.90  to  4.20  per  cent.  Any 
foundry  pig  No.  2  which  shows  on  an- 
alysis less  than  1.85  per  cent,  of  silicon 
or  more  than  0.045  per  cent,  of  sulphur 
should  be  rejected. 

Foundry  Pig  No.  3 

Per  Cent. 

Silicon  must  not  be  less  than    1.35 

Sulpihur    must    not    exceed     0.05 

Phosphorus    should    not    exceed 0.80 

Manganese  should  not  exceed    0.90 

Total    carbon    not   specified. 

The  carbons  of  this  grade  will  usually 
be  between  2.50  and  4  per  cent.;  if  No.  3 
shows  on  analysis  less  than  1.25  per 
cent,  of  silicon  or  more  than  0.055  per 
cent,  of  sulphur,  it  should  be  rejected. 
All  grades  of  pig  iron  should  be  bought 
by  analysis  instead  of  by  fracture;  you 
should  mix  by  analysis  in  the  foundry, 
and  the  pig  iron  should  necessarily  fol- 
low the  specifications;  furthermore,  if 
you  accept  as  No.  2,  which  fails  to  fill 
the  No.  1  conditions,  you  might  eventu- 
ally be  overstocked  with  No.  2  and  be 
unah'e  to  get  the  results  aimed  at  in 
the  cupola  mixture;  consequently  an  iron 
sold  as  No.  1  or  any  other  grade  should 
be  rejected  if  not  strictly  within  the 
specifications   for   said   grade. 

Test  the  Pig  Iron 

When  a  car  of  pig  is  received,  it 
should  be  immediately  sampled  by  an 
exoerienced  man  (professional  sampler) 
who  could  select  a  certain  number  of 
pijs  from  different  parts  of  the  car 
which  according  to  his  judgment  shall 
represent  the  average  quality  of  the 
iron;  these  pigs  should  be  broken  and 
drillings  from  the  face  of  the  fracture 
should  be   sent  to  the  laboratory   for  a 


By  E.   STANDIFORD 

chemical  analysis;  this  analysis  will  de- 
cide the  acecptance  or  rejection  of  the 
iron. 

In  case  of  dispute  the  furnace  or  the 
seller  should  have  the  ri^ht  to  re-sample 
the  iron  in  conjunction  with  the  buyer, 
each  to  select  five  pigs.  Drillings  from 
ten  pigs,  after  being  well  mixed,  could 
be  divided  into  three  different  samples, 
one  lot  to  be  analyzed  by  the  furnace, 
one  by  the  laboratory  and  one  by  a  dis- 
interested chemist  agreed  upon  by  the 
parties  in  dispute.  The  two  analyses 
nearest  alike  could  then  be  accepted  as 
the  proper  chemical  composition  of  the 
iron. 

Methods  To  Be  Used 

The  following  chemical  methods  could 
be  used  in  the  laboratory,  viz.: 

Silicon — Brown's  method. 

Sulphur — Evolution  and  titration  with 
iodine  (volumetric)  as  a  rapid  met'^od. 
and  the  oxidation  method  (gravimetric) 
in  ".'1  c^ses  of  dispute. 

Pho.sphorus — Emmerton's  method  for 
rapid  work  and  the  molybdate  magnesia 
method  for  very  accurate  determini- 
tions. 

Manganese — Deshay's  or  the  colori- 
nietric  method  for  rapid  work  and  the 
acetate  process  for  extremely  accurate 
work. 

Carbons — Carbons  are  worked  gener- 
ally by  the  colorimetric  and  combustion 
methods.  In  case  of  dispute  analyses 
could  be  made  by  gravimetric  methods. 

Silver  Gray   (S.  G.)  or  Silicon  Pig 

In  the  following  analysis  you  can 
expect  a  pig  iron  medium  high  in  siM- 
eon  and  not  too  low  in  graphitic  car- 
bon; this  can  be  used  as  a  softener.     _ 

Per  Cent. 

Silicon   must  not  be   less  than    3.00 

And  should  not  be  more  than   5 .  50 

Sulphur  must  not  exceed   0.04 

Phosphorus    should    not    exceed 0.90 

Manganese  should  not  be  less  than 0.30 

Total  carbon   should  not  be  less  than 2.50 

Any  car  of  S.  G.  iron  which  shows 
on  analysis  less  than  3  per  cent,  of 
silicon  or  more  than  0.055  per  cent,  of 
sulphur   should   be  rejected. 

Ferro-Silicon  Pig   Iron 

This  is  a  specification  of  a  pig  iron 
with  8  per  cent,  silicon;  the  general 
range  for  silicon   in  this  grade   is  from 

6  to  12  per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Silicon  must  not  be  less  than    7.00 

Or   not  more  than    nrH 

Sulphur  must  not  exceed    0 .  04 

Manganese    not    specified. 
Carbon    total    not   specified. 

As  a  rule  the  graphite  carbon  would 
be  low,  carrying  from  3  to  0.50  per  cent. 
Manganese  may  occasionally  vary  from 
0.20  to  3  per  cent,  br  more.  Cars  should 
be  rejected  which  show  less  than  6  per 


cent,  of  silicon  or  more  than  0.045  per 
cent,  of  sulphur. 

Manganese  Pig  (Manganiferous  Pig) 

Per  cent. 

Silicon  should  not  be   less   than 2.60 

Sulphur    must    not    exceed 0.O4 

Phosphorus   should    not   exceed 0.70 

Manganese  must   not   be   less   than 0.90 

Carbon    not   specified. 

In  this  specification  you  get  an  iron 
from  1  to  2.50  per  cent,  manganese; 
the  ordinary  No.  1  pig  iron  running 
about  1.50  per  cent,  in  manganese  would 
fill  all  conditions  required;  as  a  rule 
higher  the  manganese  the  greater  the 
proportion  of  combined  carbon;  com- 
bined carbon  may  range  from  0.30  to' 
3  per  cent,  while  the  graphitic  carbon 
may  vary  from  0.40  to  3.50  per  cent. 

I  will  now  make  a  few  remarks  on 
manganiferous  irons  which  may  help  xo 
define  the  dividing  line  between  the  ordi- 
nary foundry  pig  and  the  regular  man- 
ganese iron.  Manganese  pig  is  an  or- 
dinary iron  made  from  ore  containing 
somewhat  more  manganese  than  the 
regular  foundry  irons;  it  will  run  from 
0.80  to  3.50  per  cent,  in  manganese;  it 
is  added  to  foundry  pig,  in  cupola  prac- 
tice, to  raise  the  combined  carbon,  there- 
by increasing  the  strength.  In  a  meas- 
ure it  neutralizes  the  effect  of  sulphur, 
removes  excess  of  gas  and  prevents 
blow  holes;  it  must  be  used  with  cau- 
tion, as  a  low  silicon  and  carbon,  with 
high  manganese,  gives  hard  iron  and 
alters  the  shrinkage;  spiegel  iron  is 
used  mostly  in  steel  making,  it  is  sup- 
posed to  contain  from  10  to  25  per  cent, 
of  manganese,  but  some  authorities 
place  the  range  from  3.50  to  20  per 
cent. 

Ferromanganese  contains  from  25  to 
90  per  cent,  of  manganese;  most  of  the 
ferromanganese  on  the  market  runs 
about  80  per  cent,  of  manganese.  With 
80  per  cent,  of  manganese  present  there 
is  not  much  room  for  iron;  the  metal 
however,  usually  contains  sulphur,  phos- 
phorus, carbon  and   silicon. 

In  cupola  practice  the  amount  of  ftr- 
romanganese  used  is  generally  very 
small,  consequently  the  effect  of  the 
cthar  metalloids  is  not  great.  Manga- 
nese has  a  tendency  to  keep  the  carbon 
in  the  combined  form;  hence  it  lowers 
the  graphitic  carbon,  thereby  reducing 
the  deflection;  it  neutralizes  the  effect 
of  sulphur  by  reducing  red  shortness, 
and  indirectly  offsets  the  cold  shortness 
or  brittleness  caused  by  high  phos- 
phorus. 

In  foundry  practice  the  more  manga- 
nese present  in  the  pig  the  more  silicon 
and  graphitic  carbon  required  to  pro- 
duce soft  castings.  For  "chill  mixtures" 
where  great  toughness  is  required,  a 
pig    with    2    per    cent,    manganese    and 


496 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX, 


less  than  1  p«r  cent,  silicon  is  a  desid- 
eratum. 

Malleable  Bessemer  Pig 

This  specification  will  cover  ho.h  t':e 
"common"  and  "straight"  malleable 
Bessemer;  when  the  straight  Bessemer 
is  specified  it  is  understood  that  the 
phosphorus  is  not  to  exceed  0.10  per  cent, 
straight  Bessemer  with  1  to  1.50  per  cent, 
of  silicon,  about  0.60  per  cent,  manga- 
nese, under  0.11  per  cent,  phosphorus 
and  below  0.04  per  cent,  sulphur  would 
be  satisfactory;  in  common  Bessemer 
the  following  limit  is  specified: 

Per  cent. 

Silicon  may  ranse  from   0.70  to  2.10 

Sulphur  must  not  exceed    0. 045 

Phosphorus  must  not  exceed   0. 15 

Manganese  may  ransre  from 0.  SO  to  1 .20 

Total   cartjon   should   not   exceed 3.76 

As  a  rule  the  combined  carbon  will 
vary  from  0.30  to  1.30  per  cent,  and  the 
graphitic  carbon  from  3.45  to  1.80  per 
cent.  The  iron  should  be  rejected  if 
the  analysis  shows  more  than  0.05  per 
cent,  of  sulphur  or  more  than  0.18  per 
cent,  of  phosphorus. 

Phosphoric    Pig    Iron 

Phosphoric  iron  is  used  almost  ex- 
clusively for  small,  thin  castings,  where 
great  fluidity  is  desired;  a  very  fluid 
iron  is  essential  in  thin  work,  as  it 
fills  every  part  of  the  mold  and  gives  a 
clear,  solid  casting.  Iron  high  in  phos- 
phorus is  very  weak  and  brittle  under 
impact  (shock)  consequently  it  cannot 
be  used  where  great  strength  is  requir- 
es); with  high  silicon  and  a  ^{erh  trri- 
phitic  carbon  the  phosphorus  may  rise 
to  1  per  cent,  in  the  casting,  but  in  chill- 


ed work,  with  low  silicon  and  much  com- 
bined carbon,  the  phosphorus  must  be 
kept  below  0.30  per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Silicon   must   not  be   less   than    1.50 

Sulphur  must   not  exceed • 0.055 

Phosphorus   must   not   l>e  below    1 .  00 

Manganese  may  range  from 0.80  to  0.90 

Total  carbon   should  not  be  l>elow 3.00 

Any  car  of  iron  which  shows  upon 
analysis  more  than  0.06  per  cent,  of 
sulphur  or  lesj  than  0.90  per  cent,  of 
phosphorus  should  be  rejected. 


CONTROL  OF  COOLING  IN 
CASTINGS 

By  D.  STREET 
For  preventing  the  difficulties  and  de- 
fects that  arise  from  the  uneven  contrac- 
tions of  irregular  masses  of  metal  for 
casting,  Mr.  Cecil  Greenhill,  Gloucester, 
has  patented  a  method  which  depends  on 
the  application  pf  electric  heat  to  the 
thinner  and  less  dense  parts  of  the  cast- 
ings, with  the  object  of  keeping  their  fall- 
ing temperature  the  same  as  those  of  the 
thicker  and  dense  parts.  As  the  method 
of  application  he  suggests  casting  run- 
ners or  ribs  on  the  thinnest  section  and 
applyina;  heat  electrically  by  dropping 
electrodes  in  the  molten  metal  and  allow- 
ing the  preliminary  cooling  to  1,300  de- 
grees C.  to  make  the  joint.  In  cooling 
the  thinner  sections  cool  more  rapidly 
than  the  thick  ones,  but  if  an  electrical 
current  is  passed  through  more  heat  will 
be  developed  in  the  thinner  ones  because 
they  have  greater  electrical  resistance 
than     the     thicker    ones.      The     amount 


of  current  required  would  not  be  as 
large  as  might  appear  at  first  sight,  since 
only  losses  of  heat  have  to  be  replaced. 
It  would,  therefore,  not  be  anything  so 
great  as  would  be  required  to  heat  bodies 
of  metal  up  to  the  temperatures  at  which 
they  are  treated,  and  it  would  be  designed 
merely  to  keep  the  thinnest  portions  at 
the  same  falling  temperature  as  the  thick- 
est ones.  The  method  of  procedure 
might  be  varied  so  that  the  current  might 
be  used  either  through  the  whole  range 
of  temperature  in  cooling  or  through  por- 
tions only.  In  the  case  of  steel  it  need 
perhaps  be  applied  only  at  critical  per- 
iods of  steel  formation,  say,  between  1,- 
300  and  1,050  deg.  C,  after  which  the 
casting  might  be  allowed  to  cool  naturally 
without  harm.  Or  the  casting  might  be 
kept  at  1,050  deg.  and  in  shapes  where 
the  mould  could  be  stripped  the  mould 
might  be  removed  and  the'  casting  placed 
in  the  annealing  furnace,  thus  saving  re- 
heating to  this  temperature  for  annealing. 


His   Excuse 

It  was  the  middle  of  the  week  when 
the  young  man  appeared  at  the  office 
to    make   his    excuses   and    explanations. 

"You  should  have  returned  from  your 
vacation  last  Monday,  sir,"  said  his  em- 
ployer. "You  were  having  a  .good  time 
at  that  summer  resort,  I  suppose,  and 
thought  you  were  entitled  to  three  days 
of   grace." 

"N-not  exactly,"  stammered  the  young 
man,    with    heightened    color.       "Laura, 


Current  Events  in  Photograph 


LOCKS  ON  THE 
TRENT  CANAL 

Picture  shows  the  upper 
lock  of  the  Trent  Canal 
at  Hailey's  Falls,  Ont. 
The  lift  here  is  27  feet. 
The  canal  has  only  re- 
cently been  placed  in 
operation,  and  connects 
Peterboro  and  Trenton. 
Further  work  is  in  pro- 
gress which  will  make 
it  one  of  Canada's  most 
important  waterways. 


October  24,  1918 


CANADIAN    .MACHINERY 


497 


THE  STEERING  OF  SHIPS 

By  M.  M. 

All  ships  must  possess  the  power  to 
nianceuvre,  but  exactly  to  what  extent 
will  depend  on  the  type  of  the  vessel 
and  the  use  for  which  it  is  intended. 
Although  all  vessels  possess  the  power 
to  manoeuvre  it  can  hardly  be  said  that 
the  majority  of  ships  are  really  easy 
to  handle.  It  is  true  they  are  handled 
and  handled  effectively,  but  nevertheless 
captains  often  wish  that  they  had  more 
control  over  their  vessels  than  is  given 
them  even  by  twin  propellers  and  the 
o  dinary  rudder. 

It  will  not  be  without  interest  to 
examine  what  takes  place  when  helm  is 
given  to  a  ship.  As  the  rudder  at  first 
goes  over,  the  ship  for  the  moment  con- 
tinues on  her  course  and  there  is  a  sud- 
den concentration  of  water  b'etween  the 
rudder  and  the  deadwood  aft.  This  sets 
up  an  increase  of  pressure  on  both  the 
rud'ler  and  the  deadwood  which  pushes 
away  the  stern  of  the  ship  in  the  oppo- 
site direction  to  which  the  rudder  is 
turnina:.  The  ship  also  moves  bodily 
outwards.  The  instantaneous  effect 
theiefore  is  to  move  the  ship  along  a 
course  which  is  curved  in  the  opposite 
way  to  that  in  which  the  ship  is  re- 
quired to  turn  finally.  In  a  short  time 
the  ship  takes  up  a  definite,  but  not  really 
steady  swing.  This  swing  is  helped  by 
the  pies  jure  on  the  bow,  the  excess 
pressure  on  the  deadwood  aft  being  re- 
duced. Shortly  after  this  the  vessel  set- 
tles down  to  a  steady  swing,  the  pres- 
sures on  bow  and  the  rudder  turning 
her,  but  the  pressure  on  the  deadwood 
aft  is  now  on  the  opposite  side  to  what 
it  was  originally,  with  the  result  that 
it  retards  the  turning  of  the  vessel. 
Equilibrium  must  eventually  be  estab- 
lished when  the  middle  line  of  the  ship 
takes  up  a  definite  angle  to  the  direc- 
tion in  which  the  centre  of  gravity  of 
the  ship  is  travelling.  This  angle  is 
called  the  drift  angle.  The  distance 
between  the  original  course  of  the  vessel 
and  the  position  of  the  ship  when  she 
is  moving  in  exactly  the  opposite  direc- 
tion to  her  original  one  is  called  the 
tactical  diameter  of  the  vessel.  If  this 
is  to  be  small  the  deadwood  aft  shouhi 
be  well  cut  away. 

When  the  ship  settles  down  on  her 
turning  circle,  about  the  centre  of  which 
she  rotates,  there  is  some  point — usually 
well  forward  of  amidships — on  the  ves- 
sel which  only  has  a  motion  along  the 
middle  line,  every  other  point  on  the 
vessel  reallji  moving  in  some  other  di- 
rection. This  point  is  called  the  pivoting 
point,  and  the  resistance  of  the  various 
P''vts  under  water  to  turning  depend  on 
their  distanc?  from  this  pivoting  point. 
Since  the  pivoting  point  is  forward  of 
amidships,  it  follows  that  the  aft  dead- 
wood  is  more  effective  in  reducing  turn- 
in  er  than  the  forward  deadwood. 

When  the  rudder  is  first  put  over,  the 
centre  of  pressure  on  it  is  below  the 
centre  of  pressure  of  the  force  opposing 
the  lateral  motion  of  the  ship,  and  in 
consequence  the  vessel  at  first  heels  to- 
wards the  centre  of  the  turning  circle. 
When  steady  motion  is  established,  cen- 
trifH,'al  force  acts  on  the  vessel  through 


a  point  generally  above  the  water  line 
and  certainly  above  the  centre  of  lateral 
resistance.  This  force  is  more  powerful 
than  the  pressure  on  the  rudder,  with  the 
result  that  the  vessel  heels  outwards. 
Although  this  is  very  generally  true,  it 
would  be  possible  to  conceive  of  a  case 
u  here  the  pressure  on  the  rudder  was  so 
great  and  relatively  high,  and  the  centre 
of  gravity  of  the  ship,  through  which 
the  centrifugal  force  acts,  so  low,  thai 
the  ship  might  heel  inwards  on  the  turn- 
ing circle  instead  of  outwards. 

It  is,  of  course,  well  known  that  wind 
will  affect  the  steering  of  a  ship.  If  she 
is  moving  with  the  wind  on  the  beam, 
the  centre  of  pressure  of  the  wind  force 
on  the  above-water  portion  may  be  for- 
ward of  abaft  the  centre  of  lateral  re- 
sistance of  the  under-water  portion.  In 
any  case,  helm  will  have  to  be  carried 
one  way  or  another  to  correct  the  ten-- 
dency  of  the  wind  to  turn  the  ship.  This 
will  always  decrease  the  speed  of  the 
vessel.  In  one  particular  case,  it  so  hap- 
pened that  the  centre  of  pressure  of 
wind  was  abaft  the  centre  of  lateral 
resistance,  the  deadwood  aft  was  cut 
away,  bringing  the  latter  point  further 
forward,  making  matters  worse,  so  that 
a  good  deal  of  helm  had  to  be  carried 
with  a  beam-wind. 

It  is  generally  understood  that  wind 
can  affect  the  speed  of  a  shi;i  a  good 
deal.  If  the  wind  is  directly  ahead,  it 
will  retard  the  motion  of  a  shin  con 
siderably  by  direct  pressure,  although  it 
will  not  affect  the  helm.  If  it  is  on  either 
bow,  it  will  not  only  retard  the  speed  on 
account  of  its  direct  pressure,  but  also 
by  the  fact  that  helm  will  have  to  be 
carried  to  keep  the  vessel  straight.  With 
wind  directly  on  the  beam,  helm  will 
always  practically  be  carried,  and  the 
speed  of  the  ship  will  be  retarded  on 
this  account,  although  the  wind  pres- 
sure has  no  direct  effect. 

Rudders  are  divided  into  several  clas- 
ses. The  most  common  form  is  the 
ordinary  merchantile  rudder  in  which  the 
w  hole  area  of  the  rudder  is  abaft  the 
axis  of  rotation.  For  many  years  the 
most  common  type  of  rudder  in  war 
vessels  has  been  the  balanced  rudder. 
This  takes  several  different  forms.  It 
may  be  completely  balanced  and  sup- 
ported bv  the  rudder  head  and  a  bottom 
pintle,  or  it  may  be  completely  balanced 
and  also  completely  underhung  and  sup- 
ported from  two  points  on  the  rudder 
stock.  There  is  another  form  of  rudder 
described  as  semi-balanced,  in  which  a 
small  portion  only  of  the  rudder  area 
is  forward  of  the  axis,  the  rudder  being 
pivoted  on  the  rudderhead  and  on  one  or 
more  pintles,  the  portion  of  the  rudder 
below  the  bottom  pintle  being  completely 
underhung. 

The  ordinary  mercantile  form  of  rud- 
der in  general  u?e  because  it  is  easily 
handled,  although  it  is  not  so  economical 
in  form  as  some  of  the  other  types 
sneeds  o'  merchant  vessels  being  gener- 
al'y  sni'.n  i'o°s  not  make  the  rudder 
unmanageable  in  size.  The  steering  coav 
for  it  has  to  be  larger  and  heavie'"  than 
the  more  effective  judder  of  the  balanced 
or  semi-balanced  type,  all  of  its  area 
being  abaft  the  axis,  the  twisting  forces 


acting  on  it  are  much  greater  than  with 
the  latter  type.  For  vessels  with  cruiser 
.'^terns  —  which  includes  practically  all 
war  vessels — the  balanced  type  of  rud- 
der becomes  almost  a  necessity,  although 
in  the  last  few  years  certain  merchant 
vessels  fitted  with  cruiser  sterns  hav« 
still  been  given  the  ordinary  merchant 
type  of  rudder,  and  it  is  doubtful  if 
there  is  any  reason  to  depart  from  this 
form  in  general  practice.  If  particularly 
rapid  manoeuvring  is  required  there 
may  be  some  reason  for  it. 

There  is  not  a  very  accurate  way  of 
\yorking  up  the  strength  of  rudders  from 
first  principles,  as  the  forces  acting  on 
them  have  never  been  very  accurately 
determined.  Formulae  are  used  for  this 
purpose  in  cert-jin  cases  which  are  ad- 
mittedly comparative.  For  the  majority 
of  merchant  vessels  the  necessary  rudder 
sizes  are  all  given  in  the  rules  of  the 
registration  societies.  It  can  hardly  be 
said  that  a  rudder  is  particularly  effec- 
tive in  controlling  a  ship,  in  fact,  if 
specially  delicate  manoeuvring  is  re- 
quired in  a  vessel,  twin  screws  must 
always   be   fitted    to    assist   the   rudder. 


REPAIRING  A  LINE  SHAFT 
By  A.  L.  Haas. 

A'though  naturally  unacquainted  with 
the  precise  circumstances  or  nature  of 
the  fracture  it  looks  as  though  the  emer- 
gency repair  described  by  J.  H.  Houlds- 
worth  on  page  243,  August  issue  was 
unduly  complicated.  Moreover,  the  re- 
pairs as  described  weakened  the  shaft 
and  unless  a  very  large  factor  of  safety 
was  present,  it  is  probable  that  the 
repair  would  not  have  held. 

In  one  classic  instance  of  fracture 
to  a  steamer's  propeller  shafting,  the 
ship  was  worked  into  port  by  coiling 
chain  round  the  fracture,  more  to  camo- 
flage  it  than  for  any  other  reason,  the 
break  was  very  oblique  and  allowed  a- 
head  working  at  slow  speed. 

Faced  with  the  conditions  outlined  in 
the  sketch  in  the  article  in  question,  an-1 
presuming  that  the  fracture  was  not 
a  dead  square  parting  of  the  shaft,  a 
simpler  artifice  involving  much  less 
labor,  is  open  as  a  temporary  expedient. 

A  pair  of  shaft  couplings  can  be 
mounted  on  the  break  if  available,  cut- 
ting the  key  ways  is  not  a  long  job, 
a  smith  made  clip  of  plate  would  prob- 
ably serve  to  restore  running  conditions 
without  keying  at  all,  if  made  in  any 
usual  manner. 

Solid  drawn  tubing,  if  available,  and 
from  saddle  keys  each  end  would,  if 
the  shaft  were  small,  provide  another 
alternative.  A  pulley  boss  or  pulley  com- 
plete would  have  served.  A  pair  of 
shafting  collars  could  also  be  impressed 
into  service,  the  obliquity  and  inherent 
roughness  of  the  break  providing  the 
drive. 

In  short  it  seems  to  the  writer  that: 
the  method  chosen  shews  a  want  of  re- 
source which  impaired  the  shaft  strength 
by  about  30  per  cent  and  is  by  no  means 
a  commendable  mean''  of  temporary 
fixing.  It  must  have  taken  at  least  a 
day's  work  to  effect. 


498 


Volume  XX. 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 
Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia.    ..... 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace 33  40 

Government  prices. 

.Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton ••••• 

Victoria „,^^-,-  ^"  "" 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base. .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 6  25 

Steel  hoops J  50 

Norway  iron i  ca 

Tire  steel ^. »  °» 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand  steel.  No.   10   gauge,  base    4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

SUybolt  iron ....  11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh • .  '3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *3  50 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes o  "° 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates *  *° 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lb«. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal    29  39y2 

St.  John,  N.B... 47%       63 

Halifax 49  64% 

Toronto 23%       27% 

Guelph 23%       27% 

London    23%       27% 

Windsor    23%       27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper   $  32  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper  32  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper    31  00  28  60 

Tin         100  00  95  00 

Spelter  10  75  11  00 

Lead    10  50  10  00 

Antimony 16  00  18  00 

Aluminum    50  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00     $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  37 

BlacV       Galvanized 

Standard  Bnttweld 

Per   100   feet 

%in $  600     $     800 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in            5  22  7  35 

tA  in'  6  63  8  20 

%  in    8  40  10  52 

1      in' 12  41  15  56 

1%  in      16  79  21  05 

Vi  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3      in 56  61  70   76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82  38  30 

2%   in 47  97  58  21 

3  in 52  73  76  12 

3%   in 78  20  96  14 

4  in 92  65  114  00 

4%   in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4'  and  under,  45%. 
IV2"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%, 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,  light    $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire  24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings  ....  15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  turnings   ....  18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings..  13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass   13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...  24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.  shop  turnings    . .  9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings  11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

Toa  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %"  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 56 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 5 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

steel 2T% 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  ttttA 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.    and   fil.    hd., 

brass *dd 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright. . . . 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze   

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


1« 

M 

25 
$1  60 
1  76 

1  76 

2  00 
SO 
60 
25 

$8  50 
8  4» 
72% 
87% 
37% 
32% 
27% 
25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 80 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws  net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in M 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus  10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins *• 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 1# 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  !• 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  pins  20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,  10 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts W 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  erOM  ten 

Bessemer  billets $47  80 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 80  00 

Wire  rods IT  00 

Government  prices. 

F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails .......  5  70        6  86 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   .•. 80* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  66 

Spikes,  %  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 6  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto     net 


127 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  OCTOBER  31,  1918  No.  18 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

HOW  INDUSTRIAL  PLANTS  ORGANIZED  FOR  VICTORY  LOAN   499 

MANUFACTURING  STEEL  BARS  FOR  RIFLE   BARRELS ;.....  504 

DEFECTS   IN    STEEL   INGOTS    507 

THE   DEVELOPMENT   OF  LARGE  NAVY  CRANES    512 

NEW   EQUIPMENT  FOR  THE  MACHINE   SHOP  517 

EDITORIAL   PAGE 520 

HARD  WORK  AND  HARD   STUDY    521 

THE  MARKET  SITUATION  THIS  WEEK  522 

Market  Letters  From  Montreal,  Toronto  Pittsburg  and  New  York. 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

lOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  G«n.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,  The  Financial   Post,   MacLean's   Magazine.   Farmers*   Magazine, 

Canadian   Grocer,   Dry  Goods   Review,   Men*a   Wear  Review,    Printer  and   Publisher,    Bookseller  and 

Stationer,     Canadian     Machinery    and     Manufacturing     News,     Power    House.     Sanitary    Engineer. 

Canadian   Foundryman,  Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto  ;  Atabek.  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


(ANADiAN  Machinery 


Manufactu 


NG  News 


A.   R.   KENNEDY,  Managing  Editor.  B.   G.   NEWTON,  Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  J.  H.   RODGERS,  W.   F.   SUTHERLAND,  T.  H.  FENNER. 
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1^ 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Anybody  Can 


Operate  This   Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


it 


HENDEY' 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn,,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  ArcnU:  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. ; 
A.  R.  William*  Macliinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipeg;  A.  R. 
Williams  Macliinery  Co..  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B.;  Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


AUstt     Machine    Co. 71 

Atleu     Mig.     Co.     Kj 

AlOKnd  Utt.  Co.   17 

Aiilgwiated  Msdiintfry  Corp.    B/ 

AndcnoQ   ft   Co.,   Oca    lA 

AicUibaM    A    Co.    H 

AimMtuag    Bn».    Tool    Co W 

Alkiu/.  A  Co.,   Wm. u 

Auiara    Tool   Cu.    

B 

Hunt*    Co..    M.    F.    ft    John »i 

Hcsrei    EnciatFertnc  IC l.i 

BalrJ  Jtscbine  Ca    lii 

BaiilMd,    W.    H..   ft  Sooa    19 

Baniea.    Wallace.    Col    K 

BaaUs    ft    CaU    «i 

Meitiam  ft  Suoa  Co..  John  

Proot  cover  and   page   I 

Bcrtraau.    l,t<l i> 

Hlakr    ft   JohoMio    Co.    li: 

Hli-,     E.     W , 80 

K<Aci    A     Co..     B ni 

Kranlfuitl    <>T«i    ft    Rack    Oo 71 

BridgrTurd    Macb.    ft   Tool    Works....      > 

Briilol    Cumpanj    :...  IM 

Bnnrn-Bunp  Ca,    Ltd U 

Broini  ft  Ahaive  Mt(.  Ca W 

Bnlden,    Haaboo    A 71 

C 
Canada  PoaDdriea  ft  Fofzino,  Ltd..    U 

Canada  Maflhlnaty  Cocpocatioo  

Oa&rtde  back   covcf 

Canada   Metal  Co.    tS 

Can-      Baiter     Co 76 

*:an.    Bloirer  ft    Pocae  Ca    X 

Can.     B.     K.     Motor    Ca »1 

Can.    I>aaBoai|«lephan  Co S 

Can.     Drawn    Bteel    Ca 1'* 

Can.  PalitaaksMone    Ca     K 

Can.  IncenoU-Baod    Co.     ( 

Can.  Link    Belt    Co    15 

Canada    lietal    Co.    K 

Can.  Bmaclr  Co 78 

fan.  H    K    P  Co..    Ud.    „     4 

<Tan.    Med     PoiiadrlM    7 

Canada  Wire  ft    Itoo   OmVi   Co....    m 
Cailrle  JotanaoD  Machine  Co.,  The..     8 

Cataract    Beflninx   Co 101 

Chaiman    Double    Ball    Bearint   Co..  lU 

d»*-ifli.|     Adrertiitins     M 

Cli-rrUiKl    Pnefjmatic   Tool   Co.    U3 

tlc»rf«n<l     Wire    Spring    Co S3 

CrinVilkdatcd   PieiM  Ca    lU 

Co»,mtrx    fhatn    Ca     \^ 

Cirti.  ft   r,irU»  K 

C'lJimtB     frh.ick     rn IM 

D 

I>«bU.fi    Mill.   r<...  The  SJ 

IHWiA^^m    Tor.l    .\If«     Co as 

Ila«^-a<>nrs<atUle    C-^     V^ 

IWIa     Fll»     W.«1u     ,.   71 

•  vl.m   ttowrltlnx   ft    a*(lnlns    fo B 

••'••,1/wid    Ha*    A    ltlaiBT>tn«   WotIh..  \m 

uvkii*.   ftfi.   r. m 

itamirAim    nelthw    Cn <W 

iMMialnn    Rrtdge    Ca     ae 


I»om.    Foundries   &   Steel,    Ltd IW 

Dominion     Iron     &     Wi-ecking    Co...    75 

E 

Elliott     &     Whitehall     7C 

Km   Cutttag  Oil   Co 107 

Entisheraky   ft  Son,    B Kl 

Erie     Founiirj-     91 

F 

Federal     Engineering    Ca,     Ltd es 

Fethentonhaugh    71 

Firth.      Tho« 14 

Fleck.      Alel 71 

Foixi-Smith  .Machine  Co 20,21 

,FrT'»    (lynodon).    Ltd 102 

Fro.t    Mfg.    Co.,    The    108 

Fo45   Machinery  ft  Supply  Co.,   Geo. 
F.    .Inside    back    corer 

O 

Oalt    Machhie    Screw    Co 77 

Gardner,     Kobt Tl 

Garl'ickWalker    Machy.     Ca 76 

Ojnrin     Machine    Co 36 

Geometric    Tool    Co 66 

G'Hing    A     l.ewlii    I'* 

GMhert    A     Bariier   Mfg.    Co 1?1 

OUholt      Machine     Co 31 

Ooo'.ey  &   E<llund,   Inc.    1^6 

Grant     Gear    Work«.     Inc.      107 

Grant    Mfg.    A    Machine   Co.    ....:...    28 

Giar    Mfg.    A    Machine    Co 117 

Greenflrl'l    Machine    Co W 

Greenflel'l    Tap    A    Die    Corp. 28 

Greenleafa,    Ltd 89 

H 

Hamilton    Gear    ft    Machine    Co 92 

Hamilton    Co.,    William    82 

Hamilton    Machine    Tool    Co 26 

Hanna    A    Ca,    M.    A 14 

Hardinge     Bma.     78 

Hancr    A    Co..    Arthur  C... 8 

HawkH<lge    Bros.    W 

Hendev     Machine     Co.      128 

Henry   A    Wright    Mfg.    Co 117 

Wepbtirtl.    John    T 83 

High   .Speed    Hammer  Co.,    Inc 93 

"inckley    Mach.    Works    V« 

HoTt    Metal   Ca    IW 

Hunter  flaw    A    Machine   Works W? 

Hntllnirt-Rogeni    MaciiineiT    Co 8<! 

Hyde    Engineering    Co 105 

I 
Independent   Pnemnailc   Tool    Co.    ..    28 
lUingworth  Ateel  Co.,  The  John   ....    11 

J 

.lacohs    Mfg    Co 91 

Jardlne  Co.,   A.    B K 

Jr>hnson    Machine    Co.,    Cartyle    8 

Jones    A    Glaasco    (Beg'd)    96 

Joy^-e-Koehel   Ca.    Inc 77 

K 

ICer    A     Goodwin     Tl 

Keystone     Mfa.    Co 81 

Kemmmlth    Mfg,    Co W 

Knight     Metal     Pmdiicts     Co W 

L 
L'air    Liqnlde    Socletr 9 


Lancashire  Dynamo  &  .Motor  Co.   of 

XJanada    89 

Lamliif   Machine   Co U,S 

Latrabf     Electric     Steel     Co 17 

London    Bolt   &   Hinge    Co 71 

&1 

.MacKinnon      Steel     Co. 69 

.MacLean'a   .Magazine    8> 

.Magnolia    Metal    Co.     100 

.Marion    &    Marion    71 

-Marten    Machine    Co 66 

.Manitoba    Steel    Co 157 

.Mamifai-turera   EQuipment   Co .'    93 

Marah    l!>]gineering   Works,    Ltd 63 

Matheson    A    Ca     1 72 

.MalUiews,   Jas,    H.,   &  Co.    30 

MoDougall  Ca,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside  i>ack  cover 

IMAaren,    J.     C,     Belling     Co 106 

.Mechanical    Engineering   Co 78 

.Mechanics    Tool    Case    -Mfg.     ('o 19 

Magnet    .Metal    &    Fonndi-y    Co 1% 

Metalwood     Mfg.     Co 11.5 

.Morton    Mfg,    Ca     60 

Muir,      Alex 68 

.Murdiey   Machine    &    Tool    Co 96 

N 

National    Steel    Car  Co.,    The    74 

National     Acme     Co 84 

.National     Machinery     Co.      106 

Nicholson    Kile    .Mfg.    Co 9S 

Niles-liement-Pond.... Inside    front   cover 

Normac    Machine    Co.    69 

NorUiem    Crane    Works    1C6 

Norton,      A.      O X'8 

Morton     Co.,     The     30 

Nova    Scotia    Steel    ft    Coal   Co.....    10 

O 

Oiyweld    Co.,    The    126 

Oakley    Chemical   Co.    l** 

Ontario     Lubricating     Co.      1C8 

P 

Page   Steel    Wire   Co 1C6 

Pangbom    Corporation    ir7 

Parmenter   A    Bulloch    Co ire 

r*eacock     Bros 84 

Peerless    Machine    Co 92 

Plesslsville    Foundry   Co.    66 

Plewea.      Ltd 68  . 

Port     HolH-     File     Mfg.     Co 30 

Positive   Clutch    &    Pulley   Works....  107 

Pratt    &    Whitney Inside    front    cover 

Pritchard-Andrews    81 

Pullan.     IE 71 

Presto-Lite    Co.    of    Canada    89 

R 

Reddoway     Mfg.     Co 90 

Racine    Tool    A    Machine    Co.     108 

Rhodes    Mfg.    Co 27 

Richards  Aand  Blast  Mach.   Co !>*> 

Ridnut     &     Maybee     63 

Riverside    Machinery     Depot     73 

Roelofson    Machine    A    Tool    Ca....    24 

S 
Shore    Instrument    A    Mfg.    Co.....;  109 
Smslley    General    Co..     Inc 11* 


Standard    Alloys    Co.     14 

Sheldons,     Ltd 101 

Shuster  Co.,  F.  B IW 

Silver    -Mfg.     Co IM 

Simouds    Canada    Saw    Co 102 

Skinner    Chuck    Co 104 

.Smart-Tunier    Machine    Ca    76 

SmoolhJOn   Mfg.   Co 109 

Standard   Fuel   Engineering  Co 121 

Standard   Machy.   &  Supplies.  Ltd. ..6,  18 

Starrett     Ca,     L.     S 103 

Steel   Co.   of  Canada   3 

Steele.    James    68 

Steptoe.    John,    Co 100 

Stirk    &   -Sons,    John    71 

St.    Lawrence   Welding    Co 13 

Stoll     Co..     D.     H 104 

Strong,   Kennairt  A   Nutt  Co.,  The..  108 
Swedish    Cnicible    Steel    Co.    of   Can.  IPS 

Swclish    Gage    Co..    Inc 7 

8w«ll-sh  Steel   &   Importing  Co 16 

T 

Taft-I'ierco    Co 79 

Tate    Jones   A    Co.,    Inc 123 

Tabor    -Mfg.    Co 106 

Taylor,    J.    A.    M 17 

Taylor  Instniment    Go 181 

Tole<ln   Machine   &   Tool    Ca    .......    86 

Toronto     Iron     Works     82 

Tctronto  Testing  Laixvratory   108 

Toomey,   Inc..    Frank    77 

Trahern  iPump   Co 84 

V 

Union    Drawn   Steel  Co 83 

United  Brass  &  Lead,  Ltd 76,108 

UnitKl    Hammer    Co UK 

United    States    Electrical    Tool    Co...    28 

V 

Vanadium-.\lloys  Steel   Co 16 

Victoria    Foundry    Co 98 

Victor    Saw     Works,     Ltd 97 

Victor  Tool  Co 81 

Vulcan    Cnicible   Steel   Co 16 

W 

Wentworth    .Mfg.    Co.     78 

Welding  &  Supplies  Co.    89 

West    Tire    Setter    Co 98 

Wells    Bros.    Ca,    of   Canada    28 

Wheel   Tracing  Tool   Co 19 

Whiting  Frnmdry  &   Equip.    Co 107 

Whitney    Mfg    Co,  The    88 

Whiton,     D.     E 106 

Wilkinson    A    Komrpaas    ., 107 

Williams.  A.   A..  Mach.  Co....  63.  73,  74 
Williams  Co.,   of  Winnipeg.   A.    R...    74 

Williams    Tool     Co M 

Williams    A    Ca.    J.    H 99 

WI1-im    &    Co.,    T.    A 108 

Wilt    Twist    Drill    Co 5 

VVikkI    Turret    Mach.    Co 96 

Worth     Engineering    Co 68 

Y 

Yates  Machine  Ca,   P.    B 119 

Z 
SScnith   Coal   A   Steel  Products,  Ltd.    73 


(AnadianMachinery 

AN  D  _  _ 


MANUFACTURING  NEWS 


October  31,  1918. 


Volume  XX.    No.  18. 


Shop 'Organization   for   Handling   Victory  Loan 

How  the   Massey-Harris   Co.   of   Toronto   Have   Handled   the  '     ,^  ^ 

Advertising,  Selling,  Collection  and  Delivery  of  Bonds — What 
is  Being  Done  in  Other  Industrial  Centres  of  the  Dominion 


THE  Massey-Harris  Co.  of  Toronto, 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  for 
the  Victory  Loan  campaign  in 
their  shops  here,  hark  back  to  the  days 
of  the  Old  Testament,  and  estimate  that 
one-tenth  of  his  earnings  is  a  fair 
amount  for  a  man  to  put  into  Victory 
Bonds  in  the  present  great  drive.  At 
least  that  is  the  objective  they  set  up. 
There  is  no  compulsion  about  the  matter. 
Mr.  Leo  S.  B.  Smyth,  secretary  of  the 
Victory  Loan  organization  in  the  Massey- 
Harris  Co.,  discussing  the  matter  with 
CANADfAN  MACHINERY,  stated:  "We 
do  not  force  men  into  the  purchasing:  of 
'bonds,  and  where  a  man  has  good  reasons 


for  not  buying,  we  do  not  press  the  mat- 
ter any  further.  But  where  we  know 
that  a  man  is  in  a  position  to  buy,  why 
our  canvassers  go  straight  for  him  and 
do  their  best  to  make  a  sale." 

The  Massey-Harris  Co.  have  been 
through  the  Victory  Loan  business  be- 
fore, and  know  just  about  what  is  good 
and  bad  in  the  various  systems  of  shop 
organization  that  have  been  tried  out. 
They  sold  some  $150,000  worth  of  the 
last  loan  in  their  Toronto  shops.  Includ- 
ing the  works  in  Brantford  and  Wood- 
stock, the  total  would  run  over  $250,000. 
This  dop«  r>ot  include  the  subscrintions 
of  any  of  the  offivials  or  directors  of  the 


company.  The  system  they  made  use  of 
is  being  used  by  several  other  manufac- 
turers for  the  handling  of  this  campaign, 
and  officials  of  the  company  are  quite 
willing  that  any  part  of  their  system,  as 
outlined  here,  should  be  made  use  of  by 
any  company  handling  the  sale  of  Vic- 
tory Bonds  to  their  employees,. and  un- 
dertaking to  extend  payments  and  make 
collections. 

The  Advertising  Campaign 

Some  days  ago  the  advertising  cam- 
paign was  started.  All  the  posters  that 
could  be  secured  were  hung  up  in  the 
shops,  and  everything  possible  was  done 


500 


CANADIAN    STACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


to  brinjr  the  campaijm  to  the  attention 
of  the  employees  as  often  and  as  forcibly 
as  possible.  Literature  explaining  the 
loan  and  the  nature  of  the  security  pro- 
vided was  also  given  out  Along  King 
street,  where  the  works  are  located,  bul- 
letin boards  were  used  freely  with  some 
of  the  campaign  material  prominently 
displayed.  Everything  possible  was  done 
to  make  it  the  topic  of  conversation  and 
of  chief  interest  all  through  the  works. 

When  the  employees  were  going  out 
at  noon  and  in  the  evening  they  were 
handed  little  cards  bearing  messages 
pertinent  to  the  campaign.  These  were 
changed  frequently,  so  that  the  men 
would  not  become  accustomed  to  think- 
ing that  they  had  seen  the  thing  before, 
and  therefore  pay  no  attention  to  it. 
Here  are  some  of  the  messages  on  these 
cards.  They  were  2hi  inches  by  4  inches, 
in  two  colors,  red  and  blue: 

WHAT  IF  PEACE    SHOULD    COME? 

Whether  we  have  an  early  peace  or 
not  will  make  no  difference  as  to  the 
need  of  the  money  to  be  raised  by  the 
Victory  Loan,  1918. 

Should  peace  come  it  will  still  be 
months  before  Canada's  soldiers  can  be 
brought  back  and  demobilized,  during 
which  time  they  will  need  food  and  cloth- 
ing. Then  there  is  the  expense  of  trans- 
portation and  demobilization — so  let  us 
still  stick  to  the  boys — buy  Victory 
Bonds. 

DUTY  WITH  AN  OPPORTUNITY 

It  is  our  duty  to  back  the  boys  at  the 
front  with  our  money.    The  Victory  Loan 


Application  for  Canada's  Victory  Bonds-Interest  51% 


Conditions: 


Bearer  Bonds 


Fully  Registered  Bonds 
in  name  of 


,Vo. 

Street 

P.O. 


X  SO 
X  100 
X  500 
X  1000 

X  5U 
X  100 
X  500 
X  1000 


SYear,  S 
5-Year,  $ 
5- Year,  $ 
5-Year,  $ 

15- Year,  $ 
15- Year,  $ 
15- Year,  $ 
15- Year,  $ 


October  28,  1918. 

To  Massey-Harris  Co.,  Limited. 

I,  the  undersigned,  desire  to  invest  in  Canada's  Victory 
Bonds  to  the  value  of  and  according  to  Terms  of  Payment  and 
other  conditions  set  forth  in  left  margin  of  this  Application.  I 
authorize  you  to  reserve  from  my  Wages  or  Salary  the  various 
instalments  as  they  fall  due  as  well  as  any  Payments  of  Interest  to 
the  Dominion  Government  or  Banks  for  carrying  my  Bonds,  if  such 
there  be.  I  have  the  right  to  pay  the  remaining  instalments  at  any 
time  and  receive  my  Bonds  forthwith. 

Name  

Street  No. 

Street 


TOTAL,    -    $ 


Payable 

S Weekly 

$ J.Bi- Weekly 

$ Monthly 

$    Cash  Down 


Post  Office _ „,..;.. 

Check  No.. „„,..,.„ 

Witness, 

REMARKS: 

Cash  paid  to  Canvasser,  $.. 


FORM   USED   IN   SECURING    APPLICATION    FOR    SUBSCRIPTIONS    TO 
VICTORY  LOAN  IN  MASSEY-HARRIS  SHOPS 


gives  us  an  opportunity  to  do  so,  and  at 
the  same  time  secure  a  safe  investment 
at  good  interest — Make  a  loan  or  be 
alone. 


Table  showing  Amounts  and  Due  Dates  for  each  $100 
Bought  on  10-Payment  Plan 


Payments  Due 

Amount  Due 

With  Application                    -           -     - 

-   ■ 

$10.00 

Dec.  1, 1918 

.           . 

- 

10.00 

Jan.  1. 1919 

. 

• 

10  00 

Feb.  1. 1919 

. 

10.00 

Mar.  1,  1919 

■ 

10.00 

Apr.  1,  1919 

■ 

10.00 

May  1. 1919 

- 

10.00 

June  1, 1919 

. 

10.00 

July  1, 1919 

. 

10.00 

Aug.  1, 1919 

. 

- 

9.50 

Amount  of  Payments, 

$99.50 

Credit  Interest  Coupon 

■ 

May  1st,               -    •      2.75 

Less  Bank  Interest    -     2.25 

.50 

TOTAL    -    ■ 

$100.00 

BACK  OF  FORM  USED  BY  MASSEY-HARRIS  CO..  SHOWING  HOW  EXTENDED 
PAYMENTS  ARE  HANDLED. 


Privileges  in  a  free  counti-y  always 
carry  with  them  obligations.  Buy  Vic- 
tory Bonds  and  secure  freedom  not  only 
to  the  present  generation  but  to  pos- 
terity. Bondmen  now — Freemen  for 
ever. 

Upon  the  success  of  the  Victory  iLoan 
of  1918  depends  not  only  the  maintenance 
of  Canada's  military  effort  overseas,  but 
also  the  continuance  of  national  pros- 
perity. On  both  patriotic  and  personal 
investment  grounds,  Victory  Bonds 
should  be  purchased  to  the  limit  of 
ability. 

The  Shop  Organization 

"We  have  the  organization  all  com- 
plete here,"  stated  Mr.  Smyth  in  dis- 
cussing that  part  of  the  campaign.  "The 
Toronto  shop  is  divided  into  districts, 
according  to  the  departments.  We  try 
as  nearly  as  possible  to  have  about  two 
hundred  men  in  each  district.  The  plan 
used  here  is  to  divide  on  these  lines,  or 
as  nearly  so  as  nossible: 

Machine    shop. 

Steel  department. 

Woo<lworking  shops. 

Molding  shops. 

Packing  and  shipping. 

Painting  shop. 

Printing  department. 

Knife  and  grinding. 

Yard  forces. 

Office  staff. 

Each  of  these  districts  has  a  captain. 
This  year  the  following  are  the  leaders: 
J.  G.  Hossack,  A.  M.  Rae,  D.  B.  Mac- 
Pherson,  A.  E.  Shields,  F.  W.  Hunt,  J.  N. 
Patterson,  J.  T.  Orr,  J.  B.  Warnock, 
George  White,  Leo.  S.  B.  Smyth.  Mr. 
Smyth,  as  well  as  being  a  district  cap- 


October  31,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


501 


tain,  has  charee  of  the  whole  of  the  cam- 
paign in  the  Massey-Harris  shops  in 
Toronto. 

How  Campaigning  Helps 

On  Monday,  October  28,  meetings  were 
held  in  all  the  various  departments.  The 
factory  whistle  blew  at  nine  o'clock,  and 
meetings  were  held  at  ten  different  points. 
After  that  the  campaign  was  considered 
as  started.  Here  in  brief  is  the  attitude 
of  the  company  in  the  matter  as  ex- 
plained in  some  of  the  leaflets  that  were 
handed  around  the  shop: 

"In  order  that  as  many  as  possible 
of  the  Massey-Harris  employees  may 
take  advantage  of  the  opportunity  to 
invest  in  Victory  Bonds,  the  company 
has  arranged  to  supply  them  to  its  em- 
ployees and  extend  the  payments  over 
ten  months. 

"This  makes  it  possible  for  almost 
everyone  to  buy  a  bond,  as  the  payments 
are  made  so  light  they  will  never  be 
missed. 

"Should  any  employee  adopting  the 
above  plan  find  it  necessary  to  leave  the 
employ  of  the  company  before  the  bond 
is  fully  paid  up,  he  can  either:  Pay  the 
balance  and  receive  his  fully  paid  up 
bond.  Continue  to  make  payments  to  the 
company  as  specified.  If  unable  to  con- 
tinue the  payments  you  can  readily  sell 
your  bond. 

Instructions  to  Canvassers 

The  following  instructions  have  been 
prepared  and  are  handed  to  the  can- 
vassers: 

1.  Work  from  this  list  and  call  on 
every  man. 

2.  Supplementary  list  of  new  men 
added  to  payroll  will  be  issued. 

3.  If  purchaser  is  paid  from  the  head 
office  say  monthly  or  weekly  in  place 
of  check  number. 

4.  Payments  will  be  deducted  from  Mr. 
Powell's  pay  roll  in  first  pay  of  each 
month.  Those  paid  by  Mr.  Kelly  will 
settle  at  Victory  Loan  desk  in  office. 

5.  Take  all  money  offered  and  show 
amount  under  remarks.  Have  men  bring 
cheques  if  convenient.  If  they  draw  on 
their  bank  account  a  cheque  can  be  got- 
ten. 

6.  Put  daily  totals  of  cash  collected  in 
space  above  and  receive  receipt. 

7.  If  a  man  buys  a  bond  for  cash  try 
and  sell  a  second  one  on  time. 

8.  Give  every  purchaser  a  button  when 
application  signed. 

9.  Try  and  sell  bonds  for  cash  to 
Chinese. 

10.  Endorse  cash  received  in  column 
number  one  on  other  side  this  sheet,  also 
show  amount  of  subscription  in  first 
column  to  right  of  name.  Second  and 
third  sales  (if  any)  go  in  second  and 
third  money  columns  to  right  of  name. 
Add  subscriptions  and  report  to  black- 
board in  cafeteria  at  noon  each  day. 

11.  Come  to  the  lunch  at  cafeteria 
daily. 

12.  "Every  man  a  bond." 

13.  "Every  girl  a  bond." 

The  "list"  referred  to  in  the  above 
list  is  a  list  of  all  the  men  employed  in 
the  works.  It  is  prepared  from  the  pay- 
roll and  shows  the  check  number,  name. 


subscription,  and  the  amount  of  cash 
paid  to  the-  canvasser.  An  estimate  is 
made  from  the  pay  roll  and  it  is  figured 
on  a  ten  per  cent,  basis  how  much  each 
department  should  buy,  and  that  amount 
is  made  the  objective. 

Means  a   Lot  of  Work 

"We  had  1,200  ledger  accounts  in  the 


office  here  from  the  last  campaign," 
stated  Mr.  Smyth,  "and  counting  the 
other  branches  there  must  have  been 
2,500  accounts  in  all.  The  clerical  work 
made  it  necessary  for  us  to  engage  an 
accountant  to  look  after  this.  We  do 
not  make  any  offers  to  the  effect  that  the 
company  will  take  the  bonds  over  if  the 
men  do  not  want  to  finish  the  payments. 


Dominion  of  Canada 

WAR  LOAN  BONDS 


Pay  Roll  No.- 
^ame 


Address- 


DATE  BONDS  DUE. 


Particulars 


Bon<ls   @  $       50.        Numbert- 


Bond*   @  $      100.        Numbers- 


Bonds   @  $     500.        Numbers- 


Bond*  @  $  1,000.       Numbert- 


Information 

These  Papers  are  valuable  and  should  be  put  in  a  place 
of  safety. 

Interest  is  Payable  June  1,  1918,  and  each  six  months 
thereafter. 

Interest  Coupons  are  to  be  detached  from  Bearer 
Bonds  and  cashed  at  any  Bank, 

Owners  of  Rioistebed  Bunds  will  receive  their  Interest 
by  Cheque  direct  from  Ottawa.  They  must  remember,  how- 
ever, to  send  any  change  of  address  to,  Dept  of  Finance,  War 
Loan*,  Ottawa,  Ont.     Better  do  so  by  Registered  Letter.     No 

Postage  required. 

If  necessary  to  sell,  it  is  best  to  deal  with  a  responsible 
Broker. 


MASSEY-HARRIS  CO.,  Limited. 
TORONTO. 


THE   ABOVE    IS    PRINTED   ON    A    STIFF   MANILA    ENVELOPE— A 
GOOD   PLACE  TO   KEEP  THE   BOND. 


502 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Voluma  XX. 


We  do  not  encourage  buying  with  a 
string  attached  to  it  On  the  other  hand 
we  always  try  to  deal  as  fairly  as  pos- 
sible in  the  matter.  If  we  find  that  a 
man  has  had  considerable  time  off  in  any 
one  pay,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  he  cannot 
stand  to  have  his  allowance  taken  off  of 
that  again,  and  an  extension  is  given  to 
him.  The  company  will  do  all  in  its 
power  within  reason  to  help  an  employee 
hold  on  to  his  bond,  but  we  will  not  go 
in   on   the   understanding   that   we   will 


take  it  off  his  hands  any  time  he  feels 
like  droppinsr  it.  Much  of  this  is  ex- 
plained in  the  material  given  out  to  the 
employees.  In  case  of  sickness  or  hard- 
ship the  same  rule  applies,  and  an  ex- 
tension is  jrranted  to  meet  the  case." 

The  payments  are  deducted  from  the 
pay  envelope,  and  in  place  of  the  amount 
deducted  a  receipt  for  it  is  placed  in  the 
envelope;  this  has  been  found  to  be  the 
most  satisfactory  method  of  handling 
this  work.    In  some  cases  the  card  punch- 


ing syste.-i  was  used,  but  this  was  not 
nearly  as  satisfactory,  as  it  was  neces- 
sary for  the  men  to  stand  in  line  and 
generally  wait  quite  a  while  for  their 
turn  to  come. 

The  Massey-Harris  organization  has 
been  complete  and  ready  for  some  days, 
and  nothing  remained  in  the  way  of  de- 
tail— except  going  ahead  and  selling  the 
bonds.  Although  the  officials  are  not 
mentioning  any  figures  in  advance,  they 
are  confident  of  an  excellent  showing  for 
this  great  industrial  plant  in  Toronto. 


The  Russell  Motor  Car  Aiming  at  $250,000 

Shop  Has  Been  Divided  Into  Districts  and  the  Canvassers  Have 
the  Situation  Well  Cleaned  up  Now — Little  Booster  Paper  Makes 
Its  Appearance  in  the  Works  Every  Day 


ORGANIZATION  has  been  com- 
pleted at  the  plant  of  the  Rus- 
sell Motor  Car  Co.,  for  the  sell- 
ing of  Victory  Bonds  to  the  employees 
there.  The  firm  is  setting  up  a  quarter 
of  a  million  as  the  objective,  and  they 
are  putting  on  a  campaign  that  has 
enough  pep  in  it  to  clear  up  on  the 
situation  in  a  day  or  so.  Three  shifts 
are  working  there  all  the  time,  and  on 
that  account  it  is  necessary  to  have 
more  workers  than  in  many  other 
places. 

The  firm  is  issuing  a  diminutive  paper 
every  day,  called  the  "Russell  Victory 
Loan  Booster."  From  the  "Booster"  we 
take  the  following  concerning  the  shop 
organization: 

We   Go  At  It 

"We."  not  the  ordinary  "we,"  but 
really  "we" — us,  the  people — had  a 
rousing  good  time  in  the  Shell  Ship- 
ping Room  on  Friday  afternoon,  when 
the  Victory  Loan  campaign  received  its 
kick-off. 

The  general  manager,  Mr.  Russell, 
rushed  from  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
shareholders  and  was  right  at  himself 
in  a  ripping  ten  minute  talk  on  the  need 
for  a  Victory  Loan,  the  meaning  of  a 
Victory  bond  and  the  duty  of  the  Russell 
employees  in  buying  Victory  bonds. 
There  was  really  nothing  left  to  be  said 
when  he  got  through  that  hot  talk. 

Nevertheless,  our  old  friend  Boss 
Burt  from  Buffalo  managed  to  throw 
in  some  hot  bricks  as  to  the  pace  set  by 
the  Russell  employees  over  the  line. 

Chairman  MacKay  at  once  suggested 
that  if  the  Russell  people  in  Buffalo 
took  a  week  to  raise  an  average  of 
$10000  per  head,  the  Russell  employees 
in  Canada,  having  been  in  the  war  four 
years  longer  than  the  Yanks,  could  ob- 
tain the  same  objective  in  two  days. 

The  suggestion  that  the  "Honor  Flag" 
will  fly  froni  the  Rtissell  masthead. 
King  and  Dufferin  streets,  Toronto, 
Tuesday  night  met  with  a  hearty  re- 
sponse. After  giving  cheers  for  the 
boy.s  and  the  Loan,  and  the  singing  of 
the  National  Anthem,  the  crowd  went 
back   to  work  with   a   resolve   that  the 


$100.00    per    woman    and    man    average 
was  a  sure  thing. 

Our  Organization 

General  Committee. — Fred  Adams;  T. 
Yellowley;  G.  Ellis;  F.  Bavington;  A. 
Bowman;  N.  Graham;  J.  W.  Widdup;  J. 
F.  MacKay,  chairman;  G.  W.  Suggitt, 
secretary. 

Speakers'  Committee — Mr.  MacKay; 
Mr.  Yellowley,  and  Mr.  Ellis. 

Publicity — Mr.    Widdup. 

Entertainment  Committee — Mr.  Bow- 
man; Mr.  Maltman;  Mr.  Suggitt  and 
Miss  Moore. 

Department  Committee — Shell:  Mes- 
srs. Dusty;  Hannah;  Gerbig;  Marks; 
Davis;  Hunt;  Stephens;  Williams;  Cur- 
tis; Thomas;  Dueker;  Barry;  Arnold. 

Fuse:  Messrs.  Clark;  Othen;  Spence: 
Hicks;  Corbett;  Burkhart;  Morang; 
Burns;   Christie;  Richardson. 

Tool:     Messrs.  Bowman  and  Dawson. 

Millwright,  Stores  and  Carpenter  De- 
partments— Mr.    Graham,    Mr.    Stewart,, 
Mr.  Sorensen  and  Mr.  Brown. 

Engineering  Department  —  Mr. 
Thompson. 

Government  Inspection — Fuse:  Mr. 
Freedman.     Shells:  Mr.  Dolson. 

Office — General:  Mr.  Widdup.  Time: 
Mr.  Gartshore. 

Machine  and  Stamping — Mr.  Whyte, 
Mr.  Smith  and  Mr.  Kay. 

General  Manager's  Appeal 

The  following  is  the  appeal  made  to 
the  employees  by  T.  A.  Russell,  vice- 
president  and  general  manager  of  the 
company: 

Since  the  first  year  of  the  war  the 
wheels  of  our  factories  have  been  kept 
turning  almost  continuously,  producing 
munitions  of  war  on  a  scale  never 
dreamed  possible  in  Canada  prior  to  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities.  When  the  last 
Victory  Loan  was  offered  for  subscrip- 
tion in  this  country  the  employees  of 
the  Russell  Motor  Car  Company  took 
a  place  among  the  first  half-dozen  in- 
dustries of  the  country  in  the  percent- 
age of  employees  subscribing  for  the 
bonds. 

In    view    of   all    that     has    happened 


during  the  past  year — the  indescribable 
sacrifices  made  by  our  men  at  the  front, 
the  glorious  victories  they  have  achiev- 
ed, coupled  with  the  continuous  em- 
ployment and  comfortable  conditions 
under  which  we  have  l.ved — 1-  it  too 
much  to  expect  that  every  employee 
of  our  company  will  subscribe  for  one 
01  more  Victory  bonds'*  Would  it  not 
be  a  record  in  which  each  one  of  us 
would  feel  a  measure  of  satisfaction  in 
the  years  to  come  to  know  that  at  least 
to  this  extent  we  lent  our  aid  in  the  de- 
feat of  the  Huns  ? 

The  money  already  loaned  by  the  Can- 
adian people  to  the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment in  the  form  of  Victory  bonds  has 
made  possible  the  carrying  on  of  the 
ordinary  affairs  of  the  Government  as 
well  as  the  financing  of  the  huge  muni- 
tion orders  throughout  this  country.  For 
the  twelve  months  ending  March  31, 
1918,  Canadian  manufacturers  exported 
over  $636,000,000  worth  of  merchandise, 
an  increase  in  three  years  of  $551,000,- 
000,  or  648%.  $20,000,000  per  month 
has  been  advanced  to  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  at  Ottawa  for  the  pur- 
chases of  Great  Britain  in  this  country, 
and  there  has  also  been  expended  ap- 
proximately $20,000,000  a  month  for 
other  war  purposes  in  Canada. 

In  one  sense  it  does  not  seem  proper 
to  call  a  subscription  to  a  Canadian  Vic- 
tory Loan  a  w^rk  of  patriotism,  for  it 
is  in  reality  a  sound  business  trans- 
action. The  bonds  are  offered  at  par 
and  interest  at  5'^%.  The  amount  of 
the  lopn  the  Government  is  asking  for 
is  $300,000  000,  but  it  is  hoped  that,  as 
has  been  the  case  with  former  Canadian 
loans,  the  amount  will  be  very  largely 
over-subscribed.  The  bonds  mature  in 
5  or  15  years,  as  desired  by  the  sub- 
scriber, and  may  be  converted  into  any 
future  domestic  issues  of  like  maturity 
or  longer  made  during  the  remaining 
oeriod  of  the  war.  The  bonds  will  be 
issued  in  denominations  of  $50,  $100,  $500 
and  $1,000.  The  bonds  are  exempt  from 
taxes,  including  any  income  taxes  im- 
posed in  pursuance  of  legislation  enact- 
ed by  the  Parliament  of  Canada.     The 


October  31,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


503 


terms  of  payment  ?.re:  10%  on  applica- 
tion; 20%  on  December  6th;  20%  on 
January  6th;  20%«  on  February  6th, 
and  31.1/6%;  on  March  6th;  or  100'/<, 
flat,  on  application.  The  selling  cam- 
paign will  open  on  October  28th  and 
close  on  November  16th. 

The  world  is  watching  Canada.  Our 
money  is  required  for  the  proper  prose- 
cution of  the  war,  but,  beyond  this, 
there  is  great  moral  need  of  it.  Is  the 
spirit  waning  that  has  made  possible 
the  incomparable  deeds  of  heroism  on 
the  part  of  Canada's  men  in  France  and 
Flanders?  We  believe  not,  but  each 
one  must  answer  for  himself  and  her- 
self. 

•An  "Honor  Flag"  will  be  presented 
to  every  firm,  the  employees  of  which  to 
the  number  of  75%c  subscribed  to  the 
loan  an  amount  equal  to  10%  of  the 
annual  pay-roll.     As  in  the  past,  we  will 


be  pleased  to  deduct  the  proper  pro- 
portion from  the  pay  envelope  of  each  em- 
ployee subscribing  to  loan.  The  schedule 
showing  the  amount  of  each  payment 
will  be  handed  to  each  Subecriber  at  the 
time  subscription  is  made. 

It  is  our  hope  that  the  employees  of 
the  Russell  Motor  Car  Co.  will  be  first 
among  the  industrial  establishments  of 
Canada  to  fly  an  "Honor  flag"  from  the 
flag   pole   of  our  building. 

With  this  in  view  a  central  executive, 
representative  of  the  company's  various 
departments,  has  been  formed,  teams 
will  be  organized  to  canvass  every  em- 
ployee, and  it  is  hoped  no  bonds  will  be 
subscribed  for  outside  of  this  organiza- 
tion. 

Faithfully  yours, 
RUSELL  MOTOR  CAR  CO..  LIMITED, 
T.  A.  RUSSELL, 
Vice-President  and  General  Manager 


KITCHENER  FACTORIES  ARE  ALL 

READY  TO  MAKE  THE  LOAN  GROW 


1^  ITCHENER,  October  28.— This  hive 
-*^  of  industries  is  all  alive  on  the 
eve  of  the  Fourth  Victory  Loan  cam- 
paign. The  objective  for  kitchener  has 
been  fixed  at  $1,700,000  but  a  deter- 
mined effort  will  be  made  to  reach  the 
$2,000,000  mark  before  the  campaign 
concludes.  The  objective  for  North 
Waterloo  has  been  set  at  $6,000,000, 
which  is  considered  to  be  a  fair  aver- 
age for  this  community. 

In  a  city  with  over  a  hundred  indus- 
tries, and  the  great  majority  of  its  in- 
habitants wage-earners  an  unusual  op- 
portunity presents  itself  to  show  their 
determination  to  help  the  cause  of  the 
Allies  by  buying  Victory  bonds,  and 
thus  placing  at  the  disposal  of  the  gov- 
ernment their  savings.  In  some  of  the 
factories  of  this  city  from  80  to  90 
per  cent,  of  the  employees  purchased 
bonds  in  the  third  Victory  Loan  cam- 
paign, and  many  of  them  are  anxiously 
awaiting  the  opportunity  to  add  to  the 
number  of  bonds  they  are  holding  at 
the  present  time. 

The  Dominion  Rubber  System,  the 
largest  employers  of  labor  in  this  city, 
will  inaugurate  a  thorough  canvas  of  ali 
the  employees  immediately  after  the 
bells  and  whistles  announce  the  open- 
ing of  the  campaign.  There  are  four 
factories  here  and  a  friendly  rivalry  is 
already  created  between  the  different 
branches  in  order  to  become  the  posses- 
sors of  honor  banners  for  exceeding  the 


objectives  set  for  their  respective  in- 
dustries. Superintendents  Charles, 
Smiley  and  Kabel  will  supervise  the 
campaign  for  the  System,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Central  Industrial  Com- 
mittee. 

The  Williams.  Greene  &  Rome  Co., 
shirt  manufacturers,  will  make  a  strong 
bid  for  an  honor  banner.  The  firm  is 
making  special  arrangements  to  ac- 
comodate the  employees  in  the  financ- 
ing of  the  purchase  bonds,  with  the  ob- 
ject of  encouraging  practically  a  100 
per  cent,  subscription. 

The  Kaufman  Rubber  Co..  is  another 
industry  that  promises  to  make  a  good 
showing.  The  organization  of  the  staff 
is  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Frank 
Dunham^  and  nothing  will  be  left  un- 
done to  secure  subscriptions  from  every 
employee  in  this  growing  industry. 

The  furniture  industries  are  being 
organized  in  groups  and  will  be  canvas- 
sed by  specially  selected  enthusiasts. 
Similar  arrangements  are  being  com- 
pleted by  the  Industrial  Committee  to 
canvas  every  factory,  which  will  be 
done  during  the  second  week  of  the 
campaign,  to  be  known  as  "Industrial 
Week."  Previous  to  that  time  the  work- 
ers will  be  circularized,  and  addresses 
will  be  delivered  by  prominent  citizens, 
urging  the  importance  of  this  hitherto 
German-speaking  centre  to  show  itself 
to  be  100  per  cent.  British  by  buying 
Victory  bonds  until  they  feel  it. 


HOW  CANADIAN  VICKERS  HELP 

THEIR  MEN  TO  PURCHASE  BONDS 


MONTREAL,  Oct.  28.— To  obtain  the 
enrollment  of  their  employees  on 
the  list  of  subscribers  to  last  year's  Vic- 
tory Loan  the  Canadian  Vickers,  Ltd., 
adopted  a  scheme  to  obtain  the  co-opera- 
tion of  their  men  that  met  with  good 
response,  by  a  very  large  number.  Two 
plans  were   in   operation   and   known   as 


the  Victory  Loan  Plan  and  the  Canadian 
Vickers  Plan.  With  the  first  we  are  all 
more  or  less  familiar,  but  the  operation 
of  the  latter  method  had  features  that 
generally  appealed  to  the  workers.  The 
bonds  were  offrg-ed  to  the  men  on  the 
payment  of  $1  per  week  for  each  $50 
bond  taken;  that  is,  if  the  value  of  the 


bonds  was  $100,  the  purchaser  was  ex- 
pected to  pay  $2  per  week,  a  $200  bond 
would  mean  a  payment  of  $4  per  week. 
These  payments  were  deducted  from  the 
weekly  amount  due  to  each  workman- - 
or  member  of  the  staff — for  a  period 
of  49  weeks,  and  the  final  or  fiftieth 
week  a  further  sum  of  22  cents  was 
collected  for  every  $50  bond.  This 
meant  a  relative  saving  to  the  bond 
holder  of  78  cents,  as  he  obtained  pos- 
session of  his  bond  after  payment  of 
$19.22.  "For  a  $100  bond  the  amount 
collected  would  be  $98  44.  This  saving 
to  the  men  was  affected  by  the  accu- 
mulation of  the  payments  from  the 
inauguration  of  the  loan  up  to  the  first 
of  May,  when  the  permanent  bonds  were 
available;  the  Company,  however,  col- 
lecting the  first  six  month's  interest. 
The  total  number  of  men  participating 
in  the  buying  of  bonds  was  upwards  of 
1,870,  which  was  over  60'per  cent,  of  the 
total  number  employed  at  the  plant. 
The  value  of  the  bonds  taken  was  in- 
variably of  $50  denomination,  but  in 
many  cases  $100  worth  were  taken  by 
the  men  and  $500  worth  by  the  leading 
officials  under  the  Canadian  Vickers  plan. 
The  total  amount  realized  under  the 
company's  plan  was  over  $172,000,  this 
amount  being  exclusive  of  any  bonds 
purchased  by  the  men  from  outside 
sources.  This  account  is  kept  separate 
from  the  general  funds  of  the  company 
and  is  known  as  the  Canadian  Vickers 
Employees'  Account.  It  has  not  been 
definitely  decided  what  will  be  the  policy 
this  year,  but  Mr.  H.  Williams,  the 
comptroller  of  the  company,  who  is 
supervising  the  operation  of  the  loan 
among  the  employees,  anticipates  that 
the  same  scheme  will  be  operative  this 
year  with  slight  modifications  to  meet 
the  conditions  of  the  new  bond  issue. 


STEEL  WORKERS' 

PAY  INCREASED 

SYDNEY.  N.  S.— Official  announce- 
ment was  made  at  the  steel  works  that 
all  rates  for  employees  whose  earnings 
on  31st  August  last  were  less  than  forty- 
five  cents  per  hour,  would  be  advanced 
two  and  one-half  cents  per  hour,  that 
all  other  rates  would  be  advanced  two 
cents  per  hour,  and  that  these  changes 
were  retroactive  to  last  September.  This 
means  that  all  employees  will  receive 
with  their  pay  for  the  last  half  of  Octo- 
ber a  bonus  equivalent  to  the  amount 
of  the   extra  pay  for   two  months. 

This  is  the  third  general  revision  of 
rates  made  during  the  current  year  in 
addition  to  many  special  or  partial  re- 
visions, the  combined  effect  of  which  is 
to  raise  the  average  daily  wage  of  all  em- 
ployees over  one  dollar  above  the  cor- 
responding average  for  the  year  1917 — 
equal  to  about  33  1-3  per  cent,  between 
the  years  1916  and  1917,  and  5  per  cent, 
between  the  years  1915  and  1916,  and 
makes  the  average  daily  wage  of  all 
employees  nearly  double  what  it  was  in 
pre-war  days.  The  minimum  rate  for 
unskilled  labor  has  increased  114  per 
cent,   since   January,   1916. 


504 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


LONDON  MANUFACTURERS  HAVE 

THEIR  JOB  WELL  IN  HAND  NOW 


LONDON.  Oct.  28.— London  manu- 
facturers are  bound  to  see  that 
they  are  well  represented  among:  the 
purchasers  of  Victory  bonds  during  the 
present  campaigrn.  With  this  end  in 
view  an  industrial  committee  has  been 
established  with  Arthur  W.  White,  vice- 
president  and  manager  of  the  George 
White  &  Sons,  Company,  Limited,  as 
chairman.  Associated  with  him  are  the 
following  manufacturers:  Charles  H. 
White,  manager  of  the  London  Rolling 
Mills  Company;  Frank.  E.  Leonard,  of 
E.  Leonard  &  Sons,  Limited;  Chester  F. 
Stevens,  assistant  general  manager  of  the 
Empire  Manufacturing  Company;  Lieut. 
Col.  W.  M.  Gartshore,  vice-president  of 
McClary  Manufacturing  Company,  Limi- 
ted; J.  Fred  Grant,  president  of  the 
National  Brass  Company;  W.  H.  Heard, 
manager  of  Spramotor  Company;  F. 
McCormick,  of  McCormick  Manufactur- 
ings are  chosen  from  among  the  men 
president  of  McClary  Manufacturing 
Company,  Limited,  and  T.  W.  McFar- 
land,  vice-president  of  D.  S.  Perrin  & 
Company,  Limited. 

Mr.    White     as   chairman     has   been 
working  hard  to  get  the  various  indus- 


tries in  line  for  the  big  drive.  Small 
cards  setting  forth  the  need  of  the  hour 
were  enclosed  in  all  the  pay  envelopes 
of  London  last  week.  Each  employee 
m  the  several  factories  will  be  person- 
ally canvassed.  This  work  has  been 
undertaken  in  the  above  firms  by  the 
respective  representatives  on  the  indus- 
trial  committee. 

Meetings  are  being  held  in  the  work- 
shops to  arouse  the  interest  of  the  em- 
ployees. The  speakers  for  these  meet- 
ings are  chosen  from  among  the  men 
who  are  best  acquainted  with  the  lines 
manufactured  by  the  men  whom  they 
address. 

A  friendly  spirit  of  rivalry  has  been 
developed  between  the  various  depart- 
ments of  each  factory  and  also  between 
the  several  factories.  In  this  way  the 
men  are  stimulated  to  their  best  work. 

One  million  dollars  has  been  set  as  the 
objective  by  the  industrial  committee. 
This  is  $400,000  more  than  the  amount 
subscribed  by  industrial  London  to  the 
Victory  Loan  of  last  year.  With  the 
efficient  organization  this  year  it  is 
confidently  expected  that  industrial 
London  will  go  over  the  top. 


GRAND  TRUNK  IN  TORONTO 

ORGANIZE  TO  SELL  WAR  BONDS 


The  Grand  Trunk  men  in  Ontario  are 
going  "over  the  top"  in  valiant  fashion 
in  the  big  Victory  Loan  drive.  The 
final  details  of  the  G.  T.  R.  officers  and 
employees'  organization  to  support  the 
loan  of  1918  were  decided  upon  during 
the  past  week-end,  when  superintend- 
ents of  motive  power,  master  car  build- 
ers and  other  heads  of  departments  were 
called  together  in  Toronto  from  various 
centres  in  the  province  to  discuss  with 
General  Superintendent  Bowker  and 
other  officials  the  plans  for  ensuring  a 
maximum  sub.«cription  to  the  loan  from 
the  railwav's  men.  C.  R.  Moore,  assist- 
ant to  operating  vice-president;  C.  Man- 
ning, assistant  to  vice-president  in 
charge  of  motive  power  and  car  depart- 
ments, were  present  from   Montreal  to 


outline  the   general   plan  that  has   been 
adopted  over  the  whole  system. 

Thev  stated  that  from  one  end  of  the 
line  to  the  other  assurances  were  forth- 
coming of  increased  support  for  the  loan. 
The  Ontario  lines  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
had  always  done  splendidly  in  the 
patriotic  campaigns,  and  the  manage- 
ment of  the  road  and  all  interested  in 
the  success  of  the  effort  to  maintain  the 
Dominion's  war  activities  at  their  maxi- 
mum were  lookins:  forward  to  the  estab- 
lishment this  fall  of  a  new  Victory  Loan 
record  by  the  G.  T.  R.  men  in  Ontario. 
Every  man  in  the  Fervice  is  to  be  can- 
vassed, and  the  company  has  made  ar- 
rangements v.hereby  the  Victory  Loan 
payments  n-av  be  spread  over  a  period 
of  ten  months. 


At  this  meeting  steps  were  immediately 
taken  for  the  formation  of  a  thorough 
organization,  to  be  based  on  specific 
conditions  agreed  to  by  the  gathering. 
These  were  generally  to  have  the  ex- 
ample in  subscribing  set  by  the  factories 
to  the  employees,  and  to  leave  no  stone 
unturned  to  bring  the  latter  to  a  reali- 
zation of  the  great  need  for  funds. 

With  the  factory  managements  pledg- 
ed to  devote  all  of  their  funds  that  they 
possibly  could  to  the  loan,  it  was  decided 
to  appeal  to  the  employees  to  put  all 
the  cash  their  pockets  could  spare  into 
the  loan,  with  a  special  effort  being 
made  to  secure  every  factory  an  "honor 
flag."  The  factory  managements  will 
undertake  to  receive  the  men's  sub- 
scriptions, and  to  turn  the  complete 
quota  into  the  local  headquarters  as  one 
big  subscription.  The  firms  will  also 
undertake  to  carry  the  men's  bonds,  al- 
lowing small  payments  to  be  made  as 
convenient  to  the  men.  Where,  through 
sickness  or  other  causes,  bonds  have  to 
he  forfeited  by  the  employee  purchasers, 
the  firms  will  make  every  effort  to  dis- 
pose of  the  bonds  without  any  loss  to 
the  employee.  In  every  factory,  shop 
committees  Will  be  formed  by  and  from 
the  men  themselves,  and  to  these  com- 
mittees every  assistance  will  be  given 
by  the  firm. 

The  appeal  to  be  made  will  be  an  open 
one,  but  the  objective  »f  every  shop  has 
been  decided  on  the  basis  of  ten  per 
cent,  of  the  yearly  pay  roll  for  that 
shop.  Thus,  a  firm  with  250  men,  with 
a  pay  roll  of  $300,000  would  be  expected 
to  have  its  men  in  line  for  $30,000  in 
bonds,  while  one  with  40  men  and  a  pay 
roll  of  $40,000  would  be  expected  to  have 
its  list  up  to  $4,000.  This  is  exclusive 
of  the  executive  staff  of  the  factory,  or 
heads  of  departments  referring  only  to 
the  normal  pay  roll. 

The  committee  chosen  by  the  manu- 
facturers to  act  for  Brantford's  indus- 
trial life  as  a  whole,  is  composed  of  -T. 
B.  Detwiler,  Steel  Company  of  Canada; 
S.  B.  Chadsey,  Massev-H-rri":  C.  G. 
Ellis.  Barber-Ellis,  and  W.  J  Verity, 
Verity   Plo^y   Company. 


BRANTFORD  SETS  TEN  PER  CENT. 

AS  MARK  IN  THE  VICTORY  LOAN 


D  RANTFORD.  Oct.  28— Industrial 
■-'  Brantford  is  lined  up  solidly  against 
the  Hun.  The  organization  for  the  Vic- 
tory Loan,  achieved  almost  at  the  last 
minute  owing  to  the  disruption  which 
the  influenza  epidemic  had  brought 
about,  is  such  that  the  manufacturers 
are  confident  that  this  city  will  go  away 


over  its  objective,  and  that  the  factories' 
organization  will  have  the  largest  share 
in  bringing  this  to  pass. 

A  rousing  meeting  of  representatives 
of  manufacturing  plants  and  whole- 
salers was  held  in  the  local  Victory 
Loan  headquarters  on  Friday  afternoon, 
with  every  class  of  industry  represented. 


FEEDING   A   S01l,DIER 

.  It  costs  from  45  to  50  cents  a  day  to 
feed  a  United  States  soldier.  It  takes 
about  478,515,000  pounds  of  beef  a 
year  for  an  army  of  3,000,000  men. 

The  Morse  Chain  Company,  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  have  recently  sent  us  a  copy  of 
a  booklet  of  data  sheets  containing  use- 
ful information  regarding  silent  chain 
drives.  The  booklet  is  illustrated  with 
cuts  of  engines  and  drives  and  covers 
the  subject  of  the  number  of  teeth  and 
links,  lubricating  and  venting,  sprocket 
materials,  chain  widths,  chain  contacts, 
chain  adjustments,  etc.  It  will  be  sent 
free. 


1^4^ 


-^^S^T^ 


October  31,  1918. 


505 


Manufacturing  Steel  Bars  for  Rifle  Barrels 

Quality  Required — Size  of  Billets^-Furnaces — Care  in  Rolling 
and  Heating  Needed — Composition  of  Metal  Most  Desirable  in 

Rolls 

By  W.  S.   STANDIFORD 


THK  great  world  conflict  which  is 
raging  has  resulted  in  a  heavy  de- 
mand upon  our  manufacturers  for 
munitions  and  various  implements  of  de- 
struction; among  the  most  important 
being  rifles,  of  which  large  quantities 
are  manufactured.  As  they  are  used 
extensively,  the  designs  of  the  rolls, 
their  proper  adjustment  and  handling 
will  be  found  interesting  to  the  readers 
of  this  magazine.  The  steel  is  manu- 
factured hy  the  open-hearth  process.  It 
contains  0,40  per  cent,  of  carbon  and 
also  3.00  per  cent,  of  nickel.  This  makes 
a  very  strong  metal,  capable  of  with- 
standing the  hifrh  pressures  exerted  by 
smokeless  powder  which  is  used  m 
modern  rifles. 

Billets 
The  steel  for  making  the  rounds  is  in 
the  shape  of  4  3-8  inch  square  billets, 
having  rounded  comers  and  cut  to 
lengths  to  suit  the  engine  power  and 
furnace  requirements  of  the  mill  using 
them;  the  average  mill  using  a  billet 
about  two  feet  long.  Where  mills  do 
not  have  a  steel  making  plant  the  billets 
are  usually  purchased.     As  the  heating 


Fig.  1 — Illustrates  a  good  working  heating  fur- 
nace having  the  water-curtain  in  place.  This  is 
a  very  effective  device  and  gives  the  workmep 
more  comfort  from  the  intense  heat  radiated  from 
the  furnace. 

vise  means  to  keep  the  front  of  the 
furnace  cooler,  so  that  the  heater  will  be 
able  to  keep  the  output  up  to  the  maxi- 
mum tonnage.     This  is  achieved  by  the 


spray-pipe  is  capped  at  one  end  and 
connected  to  the  water  supply  at  the 
other. 

This  curtain  is  not  used  in  the  winter 
time,  it  being  easily  removed  by  dis- 
connecting the  supply  pipe  and  lifting 
the  apparatus  off  the  trolley  track.  In 
use,  the  water  curtain  proves  very  ef- 
fective. Heating  iron  or  steel  calls  for 
the  utmost  skill  and  care  upon  the  heat- 
er's part,  as  the  latter  by  his  handling 
of  the  furnace  can  spoil  the  best  metal 
ever  made^too  quick  heating  bums  the 
outside,  while  the  interior  of  the  billet 
is  not  hot  enough.  If  they  are  sent  to 
the  rolls  in  this  condition  the  finished 
bars  will  be  very  brittle,  splitting 
lengthwise  in  the  middle  when  bent.  If 
they  are  unevenly  heated  there  bein^jr 
cold  spots  on  the  billet,  the  finished  pro- 
duct will  be  wavy  in  appearance  and 
varying  in  size  due  to  the  rolls  spring- 
ing more  on  the  cold  than  on  the  hot 
parts.  If  the  steel  is  left  too  long  in 
the  furnace  it  loses  its  quality  by  ab- 
sorbing the  gases  given  out  by  the  coal 
— the  result  being  that  the  metal  is 
brittle    and    has    little    tensile    strength 


\ 

1 

1 

^ . 

1  ' 

t 

—  1 


^'ig.  2 — Roughing  rolls  showing  box  and  edging  passes.  Steel  is  en- 
tered into  the  deepest  pass  in  bottom  roll,  goes  from  that  into  the  top 
groove,  it  being  then  turned  over  on  edge  and  inserted  into  the  deep- 
est edging  pass,  bar  then  is  inserted  into  the  top  edging  pass,  which 
snuares  it  up  ready  for  the  angle  pass.  These  type  of  rolls  are  very 
efficient   and   give   good   service. 


Fig.    4 — Depicts   the   oval    rolls.     The   violent   change    in    section   of  the 

metal    from    a   square   to   an    oval    aids    in    making    the   bar   fibrous    in 

nature. 


furnace  plays  a  most  important  part  in 
the  manufacture  of  steel  bars,  it  will 
be  considered  first.  There  are  various 
designs  of  furnaces  used  by  manufac- 
turers for  heating  steel,  each  one  being 
built  with  a  caoacity  suited  to  the  roll 
equipment  of  the  mill;  the  idea  being 
in  all  cases  to  so  proportion  the  work 
that  the  workmen  on  the  day  turn  will 
have  their  steel  rolled  on  schedule  time 
and  be  out  of  the  way  when  the  night 
men   report  for  duty. 

As  the  output  of  finished  material 
falls  off  in  the  summer  time,  which  is 
due  to  the  intense  heat  radiated  from 
the  furnace  added  to  that  of  the 
weather,  efforts  have  been  made  to  de- 


use  of  a  "water-curtain"  shown  in  Fig. 
1.  It  consists  of  a  rectangular  shaped 
sheet  metal  screen  suspended  by  three 
door   hangers  placed   on   an   iron  track. 

Water  Curtain 

The  two  charging  doors  seen  in  the 
illustration  have  angle  iron  around 
their  edges  so  as  to  keep  the  water  from 
flowing  into  the  furnace.  Riveted  to 
bottom  is  a  trough  having  a  pipe  on  left 
fide,  which  receives  the  water  and  con- 
veys it  to  the  bosh.  At  the  top  and 
extending  lengthwise  is  the  spray  pipe; 
this  has  a  row  of  small  holes  in  the  bot- 
tom which  allows  the  water  to  flow 
against   the    side   of   the   curtain.      The 


compared   with   a   billet   that  has    been 
properly   heated.    , 

Rolls 
From  the  foregoing  it  will  readily  be 
seen  that  the  heating  of  iron  or  steel 
must  not  be  done  too  quickly,  nor  too 
slowly,  if  a  fine  quality  of  product  is 
desired.  It  may  be  thought  that  as  the 
billets  are  the  same  in  size  and  weight, 
that  it  would  be  a  very  easy  matter  to 
heat  them  'all  evenly,  but  although  the 
furnace  is  supplied  with  billets  of  a  uni- 
form size  and  weight,  so  as  to  make  a 
lot  of  bars  of  the  same  length,  it  by  no 
means  follows  that  the  heating  of  any 
one  billet  will  take  the  same  time  as 
another.    The  heating  of  a  furnace  with 


6M 


C A  N  A  D I  A  N    MACHINE  R  Y 


Vo'.unre  XX. 


Fiv.  S — Strsnd   roll*   showinR   the  fillets   in   the  bottoms  of  the  erooves. 

Th«  fillet*  make  the  edxes  o(  the  bar  fibrous   in   character,   which   is  so 

e«sential  for  strensrth   in   iron  and  steel  sections.     Being  made  out  o. 

chilled  iron  these  rolls  wear  long. 


Kig.  5 — Illustrates  the  finishing  rolls.  The  rounded  sides  of  the  oval 
easily  conforms  to  the  shape  of  the  round  groove.  In  practice,  these 
rolls  are  worked  with  1-32  of  an  inch  light  between  their  collars,  which 
prevents  their  delicate  edges  from  breaking.  The  change  in  the  shape 
of  b'ar  from  oval  to  round  also  adds  to  the  fibrous  nature  of  the  metal. 


coal  precludes  the  possibility  of  secur- 
ing the  even  heating  of  all  of  the  billets 
at  the  same  time.  As  a  general  rule 
there  will  be  a  sufficient  number  of 
them  hot  enough  to  start  the  rolling 
and  by  the  time  these  are  sent  to  the 
rolls  the  others  are  ready.  The  tram 
of  rolls  used  to  make  these  1  1-8  inch 
steel  bars  consists  of  roughers,  strands, 
ovals  and  guide  rounds  or  finishers.  The 
roughing  rolls  are  three-high  and  are 
made  out  of  either  cast  iron  or  stee', 
the  latter  metal  being  the  best,  as  it 
stands  rough  usage  better,  it  occasion- 
ally happening  that  a  pair  of  tongs  will 
slip  out  of  the  rougher's  hands  and  go 
into  the  rolls.  If  thev  are  made  out  of 
cast  iron  a  collar  will  be  broken  off, 
thus  the  set  will  be  idle  until  a  new 
roll  can  be  turned.  If  a  pair  of  tongs 
goes  into  steel  rolls  it  will  be  cut  in  two 
— the  collar  edge  where  it  cut  the  tongs 
will  be  dented,  which  does  not  prevent 
the  rolls  from  working.  And  as  it  takes 
a  blacksmith  about  three  hours  to  make 
a  new  pair  of  tongs,  while  it  will  con- 
sume about  one  week's  time  to  turn  a 
new  roll,  it  will  be  se»«n  that  the  steel 
roughing  rolls  are  more  economical  than 
cast  iron  ones. 

In  purchasing  steel  rolls  it  is  best  to 
get  a  metal  having  a  high  carbon  con- 
tent, as  they  wear  better  in  the  mill 
and  do  not  bend,  besides  p-iving  good 
satisfaction  to  the  users.  Following  is 
a  chemical  analysis  of  roll  steel  which 
is  considered  "next  to  the  ideal  metal  by 
chemists,"  rolls  of  this  analysis  hav- 
ing stood  the  roughest  kind  of  usage  in 
the  mill  and  lasting  long  in  the  housings 
before  requiring  dressing  in  the  lathe. 

Carbon;  combined,  .49;  silicon,  .211; 
sulphur,  .036;  phosphorus,  .041;  man- 
ganese, .68. 

The  type  of  roughing  rolls  used  in 
modem  mills  is  the  box  and  edging  pass 
design,  illustrated  in  Fig.  2.  Box  and 
edsring  passes  reduce  the  billet  much 
quicker  than  the  gothic-shaped  grooves 
which  were  much  formerly  .used.  The 
rouehing  rolls  used  to  make  the  round 
steel  bars  for  rifle  barrels,  are  each  10 
inches  in  diameter  and  40  inches  long, 
excluding  necks  and  wobbler  lengths. 
They  contain  a  box  and  edging  pass  in 
each  roll  in  addition  to  the  angle 
grooves,  of  which  there  are  nine  in  each 
roll  ranging  in  size  from  2  1-4  inches 
downwards.      For    the    sake    of    clear- 


ness in  the  photographs,  the  full 
number  of  angle  passes  are  not  shown. 
The  white-hot  billet  from  the  furnace 
goes  through  the  various  passes  in  the 
roughing  rolls  until  it  is  reduced  to  1% 
inches  in  diameter. 

It  is  then  ready  for  the  strand  rolls 
depicted  in  Fig.  3.  Like  the  roughers, 
these  are  three,  high,  each  roll  being  ten 
inches  in  diameter.  In  body  length  they 
are  30  inches  long,  being  ten  inches 
shorter  than  the  roughing  rolls.  Strand 
rolls  are  made  of  chilled  iron,  so  as  to 
give  long  service  in  the  mill  before  re- 
ouiring  dressing — as  a  general  rule 
they  will  last  in  the  average  mill  be- 
tween three  and  four  months  before  the 
grooves  wear  out  of  shape.  They  con- 
tain the  following  passes,  each  one  hav- 
ing an  angle  of  92  degrees.  1  7-16, 
1  3-8,  1  5-16,  1  1-4,  1  3-16,  1  1-8,  1  1-8, 
1  1-16,  1  1-16,  1  15-16,  7-8,  13-16,  and 
3-4  inches.  It  will  be  observed  that 
there  are  a  number  of  duplicate  passes. 
These  are  put  in  the  rolls,  so  that  when 
one  groove  wears  out  another  of  the 
same  size  can  be  used  by  the  roller; 
thus  allowing  the  rolls  to  be  in  use 
longer. 

As  the  grooves  vary  in  size  by  six- 
teenths, the  roller  can,  by  raising  the 
rolls,  make  a  1  1-2  inch  bar  in  the  1  7-16 
inch  pass— this  method  of  using  the 
grooves  in  the  strand  rolls  also  allows 
them  to  be  in  use  longer  before  they 
require  dressing  in  the  lathe,  money  be- 
ing saved  for  the  firm  by  this  methoa 
of  handling.  The  1  1-2  inch  bar  from  the 
roughers  is  taken  over  to  the  strand 
rolls  and  goes  once  through  the  1  3-8 
inch  pass  and  from  thence  into  the  1  1-4 
inch  strand  groove.  After  going  once 
through  this  pass  the  bar  is  turned  over 
at  a  right  angle  and  pushed  through  the 
same  sized  oass  again,  the  idea  beincc 
to  have  all  four  comers  of  the  bar  with 
snuare  fillets,  all  bein<r  as  perfect  as 
possible,  which  the  double  rolling  in  the 
one-sized  pass  secures. 

Grooves 

By  inspection  of  the  strand  roll  pic- 
ture it  will  be  seen  that  the  comers  of 
the  grooves  are  not  left  with  a  sharp 
edge,  but  that  thev  have  a  small  fillet 
at  the  bottom.  This  is  done  so  that 
the  comers  (the  weakest  part  of  the 
bar)  will  be  worked  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, 80  that  they  will  have  a  uniform 


strength  compared  to  the  rest  of  the 
bar,  and  also  keep  the  grooves  in  the 
oval  from  wearing  out  rapidly,  which 
would  be  the  case  if  sharp  edged  strand 
bars  were  used.  The  bar  is  now  ready 
for  the  oval  rolls  shown  in  Fig.  4. 
These  are  two-high  and  have  the  same 
lengths  and  diameters  as  the  strands. 
They  are  also  made  of  cilled  cast  iron 
and  wear  well.  This  set  contains  the 
following  passes,   some  being  duplicate. 

One  3-4,  one  13-16,  two  7-8,  two  15-16, 
three  .1  inch,  two  1  1-16,  two  1  1-8,  one 
1  3-16,  and  one  1  1-4  inch  pass.  The 
above  sizes  must  not  be  taken  as  the 
actual  widths  of  the  grooves,  but  they 
are  used  to  designate  the  size  of  oval 
used  to  make  a  certain  size  of  round; 
thus  the  1  1-8  inch  oval  takes  its  name 
from  the  size  of  round  made  in  the 
finishing  rolls.  The  strand  bar  is  placed 
on  its  side  and  inserted  into  the  oval 
groove.  This  changes  the  shape  of  the 
1  1-4  inch  square  bar  to  an  oval  one 
1  7-16  inches  wide  by  1  inch  thick.  There 
are  different  styles  of  oval  grooves  put 
in  rolls  to  make  round  bars — some  being 
very  wide  and  not  very  thick;  others 
approach  the  size  of  the  round  bar  to 
be  made,  the  thickness  being  nearly  the 
same  diameter  as  the  round,  the  width 
being  only  3-16  of  an  inch  larger.  Such 
an  oval  will  not  cause  the  finishing 
grooves  to  lose  their  shape  as  quickly 
as  the  sharper  and  thinner  ovals  do; 
therefore,  they  last  longer  in  the  mill 
before  requiring  dressing.  There  is  one 
drawback  to  the  rounder  shape  of  ovals, 
viz.:  They  are  harder  to  insert  into 
the  round  groove,  especially  when  the 
speed  of  the  engine  is  high,  or  when  the 
end  of  the  bar  is  colder  than  other  parts. 
The  sharper  edged  ovals  enter  the  round 
rroove  very  quicklv,  whether  the  speed 
of  the  eneine  is  high  or  low.  The  width 
of  oval  used  to  make  the  1  1-8  inch 
steel  bar  occupies  an  intermediate  posi- 
tion, it  being  between  the  round  and 
sharp  edced  ones.  We  now  come  to  the 
design  of  the  finishing  rolls  shown  in 
Fig.  5.  As  this  is  a  10-inch  train  of 
rolls,  the  guide  rounds  are  also  ten 
inches  in  diameter,  the  top  roll  being 
one-eighth  of  an  inch  larcrer  in  diame- 
ter, so  that  the  faster  peripheral  speed 
of  this  roll  will  deliver  the  finished 
metal  in  a  straight  line. 

Like  the  strands  and  ovals,  these  rolls 
(Continued  on  page  515) 


October  31,  1918. 


507 


Causes  of  Defects  in  Steel  Ingots 

Influence  of  Casting  in  Relation  to  Bar  —  Bottom  Cast  Steel  — 
Top  Poured  Steel  —  Composition  of  Slag 

By  J.  N.  KILBY 


AT  the  September  meeting  of  1916 
and  the  May  meeting  of  1917,  of 
the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  papers 
were  presented  by  the  author  dealing  with 
defects  found  in  steel  ingots  or  in  the 
article  manufactured.  Papers  upon  the 
same  subject  have  also  been  read  before 
the  Sheffield  Society  of  Engineers  and 
Metallurgists  and  the  Staffordshire  Iron 


present  value  of  pyrometry  in  controlling 
the  furnace  product.  In  November  last 
this  variance  of  opinion  was  obvious  at 
a  gathering  of  experts  upon  the  subject. 
(Faraday  Society.  See  Engineering,  No- 
vember 9,  16' and  23,  1917.)  I  give  here 
some  views  upon  the  matter,  which  at  the 
least  do  not  agree. 

Dr.  Rogers,  in  his  criticism  of  my  last 


'Hot," 


FIG.  1 — Zone  "A"  nozzle  IV2  in.  Where  the  ladle  running  at  full 
stream  above  capacity  of  the  ingots  upon  the  bed,  and  the  rate  of 
filling  depends  upon  the  teemer  using  the  stopper  throughout. 
Zone  "B" — Nozzle  1^^  in.  Where  the  number  of  ingots  per  bed  is 
3\i<it  under  the  capacity  of  the  ladle,  casting  at  full  stream. 
%one  "C" — Nozzle  %  in.  Where  the  nozzle  size  and  the  capacity  of 
the  ingots  on  the  bed  balance  when  casting  full  stream,  the  steel 
tending   to    freeze   slightly   on    the    surface   during    filling. 


k  and  steel  Institute.  In  this  present  pa- 
per, read  before  the  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute and  reported  in  Engineering,  it  Is 
intended  to  extract  some  of  the  matter 
given  in  the  last  two  papers,  coupled  with 
further  observations  and  results. 

Previous  Conclusions  Upon  Influence  of 

Casting  in  Relation  to  Cracks  in 

The  Ingot  of  Bar 

It  is  generally  accepted  that  the  import- 
ant factors  are: — 

1.  Temperature  of  the  steel  at  casting. 

2.  Speed  with  which  the  mould  is  filled, 
other  yet  lesser  factors  are: — 

1.  Whether  the  ingot  is  bottom  or  top- 
poured. 

2.  Size  and  weight  of  the  ingot. 

3.  Cross-sectional  area  compared  with 
length. 

4.  Composition  of  the  steel. 

5.  Weight  of  steel  to  be  cast  from  the 
ladle. 

Temperature   of   the   Steel 
Different  opinions  still  exist  as  to  the 


HINUTCS 

AVCfACE 

A 

TIMC 
tACH  IHCOT 

\'A 

2 

n 

3 

\07. 

DErtcTS 

20Z 

102 

5Z 

3Z 

B 

TIMt 
MCM  IHCOT 

2 

za 

3 

3^ 

52 

Defects 

102 

52 

32 

22 

C 

TIMt 
CXCHINCOT 

3 

Si 

-4 

4i 

12 

Defects 

2 

1 

CNKCK 

FIG.   2— Showing    yield  of  sound   steel   free   from 
cracks   in   rolling  to  be  read  with  Fig.   1. 


paper  in  May,  says  "that  a  good  deal 
could  be  done  with  the  aid  of  pyrometers, 
but  that  he  had  not  found  them  to  be  suf- 
ficient in  themselves,  and  that  his  own 
efforts  in  the  direction  of  inventing  a 
pyrometer  to  overcome  the  limitations 
were  not  as  yet  completely  successful." 

He  further  states  that  "he  quite  well 
knew  the  temperature  of  the  bath,  vision 
also  being  supplemented  in  many  prac- 
tical ways,'  so  that  control  and  investiga- 
tion of  the  process  presented  no  diffi- 
culty in  that  respect."  No  doubt  a  good 
deal  can  be  done  when  the  temperature  of 
the  steel  in  the  furnace  can  be  determined 
accurately:  it  is  not  much  that  divides, 
but,  unfortunately,  it  is  the  mainspring 
of  the  whole.  High  temperature  just 
prior  to  tapping  can  be  easily  be  adjusted 
by  additions  of  scrap. 

Mr.  Service  thought  I  relied  too  much 
upon  what  he  termed  "experience  and  eye 
method."  The  opinion  of  Mr.  Service  is 
very  interesting  when  compared  with  the 
following  extract  from  Mr.  Cosmo  Johns' 
paper,  published  in  The  Iron  and  Coal 
Trades  Review  for  November  16,  1917: — 

"It  was  found  that  a  skilled  observer 
could,  with  the  aid  of  blue  glasses,  from 
observations  of  the  steel  as  it  poured  from 
the  furnace  into  the  ladle,  estimate  differ- 
ences of  possibly  lOdeg.,  and  certainly  15 
deg.,  apparent  temperature;  while  men, 
watching  the  pouring  of  the  steel  from  the 
ladle  into  the  moulds,  where  the  increased 
viscosity,  due  to  decreased  temperature 
and  other  factors,  rendered  possible  a 
greater  precision  in  the  estimate,  could 
certainly  distinguish  differences  of  10  deg. 
apparent  temperature.  Any  pyrometer 
adopted  must  therefore  be  capable  of  giv- 
ing consistent  readings  with  greater  pre- 


cision than  10  deg.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
a  trained  observer  can,  with  a  suitable 
instrument,  obtain  readings  with  a  varia- 
tion of  2-5  de.  under  very  favorable  con- 
ditions, and  this  degree  of  accuracy  is 
more  than  sufficient  for  effective  control 
of  the  metallurgical  processes  employed. 
For  each  class  of  steel  it  is  only  necessary 
to  determine — for  the  particular  casting 
method  employed — the  'normal'  tempera- 
ture when  the  steel  is  tapped  from  the 
furnace,  which  gives  the  best  result. 
This  'normal'  may  vary  as  the  process 
employed  is  modified.  The  measurements 
involved  are  therefore  divergences  from 
the  particular  'normal'  adopted  at  the 
time,  and  as  the  range  of  variation  in  re- 
gular practice  is  small,  no  appreciable 
error  is  introduced  by  considering  the 
differences  in  the  pyrometer  reading  as 
temperature  differences.  The  desirable 
temperature  varies  10  deg.  apparent  from 
the  normal,  and  a  very  high  percentage  of 
the  casts  does  not  appreciably  exceed 
these  limits.  Temperature  variations  of 
20  deg.  apparent  give  rise  to  serious  dif- 
ficulties, and  15  deg.  apparent  can  be  con- 
sidered to  be  the  variation  admitted  in 
practice.  These  limits  are  for  special 
steels;  they  are  wider  for  ordinary  com- 
mercial steels." 


lOcvn 
IZOScci 

ALL  RIGHT 

WCWTI 

SOSctt 

ALL  RtCHT 

lOcvn 
SOStcs 

ALL  RIGHT 

lOCWT* 

60SKS 

DOUBTrUL 

lOom 

ao&o 

WILL  CRACK 

lOeirTS 
SOSies 

1         1 

WILL  CRACK 

FIG.  3 — &-ton  ingot  to  be  cut  tip  for  tire  blocks. 
Total  teeming  time,  7  mmutes.  Top  half,  pas- 
sable, bottom  half  sure  to  crack.  (Where  nozzle 
lull  stream  excee<ls  capacity  of  ingot). 
As  shown  t]he  time  varies  for  each  10  cwt.  portirn 
and  would  result  in  defects  according  to  the  time 
taken    for    each    portion. 

A  statement  by  Dr.  W.  Hatfield  on 
"pyrometers  from  the  Standpoint  of  Fer- 
rous Metallurgy,"  published  in  The  Iron 
and  Coal  Trades  Remew  for  November 
9  of  last  year,  may  be  of  interest  at  this 
point: — 

"Although  the  temperature  at  which 
steels  are  cast  must  have  an  influence 
upon  their  ultimate  physical  properties, 
no  ready  or  really  reliable  method  for 
measuring  such  temperatures  from  the 
works   standpoint  is   available.     This   is 


608 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


a  considered  statement  It  would  ob- 
viously be  of  considerable  use  if  the  tem- 
peratures of  successive  heats  could  be  con- 
trolled and  determined." 

When  one  speaks  of  casting  tempera- 
tures, the  terms  hot  or  mild  are  purely 
relative  to  the  product  desired,  Uiougrh 


Argument  upon  casting  temperatures 
would  lead  one  to  suppose  that  the  dif- 
ference in  degrees  of  heat  was  extreme- 
ly great.  Experience  proves  that  this  dif- 
ference, coupled  with  the  factor  of  safety 
is  not  great.  The  casting  of  heat  after 
heat  with  a  slight  skull  left  behind,  at 


& 

s 

1  . 

^. 

■\ 

s 

^ 

V 

"^ 

\ 

^ 

\ 

^ 

\ 

V 

N 

N 

s 

"^ 

v 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

•^ 

UhUt  eFTOmt 
FIG.  4A— Where  insufficient  Ca  O  or  no  C*  O 
b  used.  Showing  erratic  fall  in  carbon  and  con- 
•etiuent    variable    condition    at    finishins. 


they  are  often  used  without  full  regard 
to  accuracy.  For  instance,  a  cast  alleged 
to  be  on  the  "hot"  side  may  produce  in- 
gots free  from  cracks,  provided  the 
period  of  filling  be  prolonged  to  the 
correct  extent  by  using  correct-sized 
nozzles,  or  secondary  ladles,  or,  when 
bottoming  casting,  putting  down  a 
sufficiently  large  number  of  ingot  moulds 
per  bed.  Further,  a  cast  alleged  to  be 
on  the  coo!  side  will  most  certainly  yield 
ingots  which  will  crack  at  cogging,  if 
they  have  been  teemed  relatively  quick- 
ly. Teeming  speed  is  really  of  greater 
importance  than  temperature,  taking 
the  variation  from  one  cast  to  another 
to  be  within  usual  everyday  practice, 
and  omitting  exceptional  cases  of  hot 
steel  caused  by  careless  manipulation. 
Of  all  trades  and  processes  the    steel 


■e 

4 

y 

y 

— 

% 

>     i 

•jt    « 

X         i 

z        s 

X             It 

« 

T*rC«nt,  Ca.0 
FIG.  5 — To  show  relatian»hip  between  Mn.  yield 
into  the  ttee.  and  the  percentaee  of  Ca  O  in 
the  alajT  all  varyins  factors,  of  course,  being 
eonaidered. 


trade  stands  first  in  it  dependency  upon 
the  personal  g^uation  and  the  whole  busi- 
ness appears  to  be  one  compromise  after 
another.  The  only  direction  in  which 
we  can  work  is  to  avoid  all  unnecessary 
complications,  and  to  provide  methods 
possessing  the  widest  margin  of  safety. 


JTnils  of  Time 
FIG.     4B — Where    the    slag    contains    the    correct 
Ca  O  per  cent.     Showing  correct  bath  conditions 
at    any    period    of    the    boil. 

the  same  time  getting  cracked  ingots  in 
the  mill  or  forge,  points  to  the  great 
importance  of  correct  teeming  speed  per 
ingot.  Speaking  of  casting  tempera- 
tures and  skulls,  a  case  occurs  to  my 
mind  of  the  principal  of  a  firm  who  in- 
sisted upon  the  necessity  of  cool  steel, 
asking  for  confirmatory  evidence  in  the 
form  of  a  certain  minimum  weight  of 
skull  (5  cwt.)  each  time.  After  numer- 
ous too  successful  attempts  at  the 
weight  desired  (very  often  resulting  in 
the  loss  of  the  entire  cast)  someone  dis- 
covered that,  by  ramming  or  bricking 
the  ladle  bottom  in  a  direction  sloping 
away  from  the  nozzle,  a  skull  of  con- 
sistent weight  could  be  obtained  every 
time,  even  on  the  warmest  of  casts,  but 
all  casts  were  thereafter  accepted  as 
cool. 

Bottom  Cast  Steel 
The  objects  achieved  by  bottom  cast- 
ing are: 

1.  Better  surface  of  ingot. 

2.  Less  splash. 

Z.  Freedom  from  cracks  during  work- 
ing. 

The  first  two  items  are  generally  ob- 
tained, but  the  third  is  dependent  upon 
factors  already  detailed.  There  are  a 
grreat  many  objections  to  the  bottom 
casting  of  steel,  the  danger  of  the  ex- 
traneous inclusions  being  far  greater 
than  is  the  case  in  top  casting. 

It  is  possible  to  cast  group  of  ingots 
from  the  same  heat  and  have  a  number 
of  them  work  well  while  others  will  be 
very  badly  cracked. 

It  will  be  seen  that  casting  through 
varying  sized  nozzles,  or  varying  weight 
per  bed,  one  may  easily  obtain  great 
differences  in  the  actual  time  required  to 
fill  each  ingot.  The  time  factor  governs 
the  first  formation  of  solid  steel,  and 
decides  whether  the  later  contraction  will 
crack  the  ingot  or  not.  The  steel  should 
not  fill  the  mould  in  too  free  a  manner, 
but  should  tend  to  scum  over  and  grad- 


ually and  evenly  form  a  thin  cover  of 
semi-solid  steel  from  the  bottom  to  the 
top  as  the  filling  proceeds. 

If  one  casts  a  charge  steel  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner: 

1st   bed    6  ingots. 

2nd   bed    . . .  . ; 5  ingots. 

.3rd   bed    4  ingots. 

4th   bed    3  ingots. 

5th  bed 2  ingots. 

with  a  similar  stream  from  the  ladle  in 
each  case,  the  result  would  give  a  varia- 
tion in  percentages  of  defects  to  the 
proportion  of  increase  of  the  speed  with 
which  the  moulds  filled  (see  Figs.  1  and 
2).  Cheese  tires  amply  prove  this,  e.g., 
I  found  that  in  casting  480-lb.  cheese 
tyres  the  percentages  of  defects  were  as 
follows: 
Minutes. 

% All  cracked  under  pressure. 

1     50%   cracked   under  press. 

1% 25%   cracked   under  press. 

1% 5%    cracked  under  press. 

1% 2%   cracked  under  press. 

2  and  over.  .None. 

Again,  with  regard  to  tyre  steel,  where 
ingots  are  sliced  into  blocks  and  after- 
wards, etc.,  varyin<]C  results  may  be  OD- 
tained  upon  the  self-same  ingot,  due  to 
erratic  teeming,  as  indicated  by  Fig.  3. 

Regarding  the  base  of  bottom  portion 
of   any   bottom-poured    ingot    (where    a 


OK* 
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re  EDS 

CAKBO^UCOH 

Tim 

rcios 

^•oJi^c^ 

on£ 

r??« 

B/TTH  SiHruS 

DM 

UML 

file 

unsAMnaX 

ItO 

*orr 

sorr 
fcwr 
sarr. 

100 
■90 
■10 

■ss 

■SI 

■010 
•010 

■oia 
■oie 
■oa 

1-30 
3  0 
3  30 
*0 
4^S0 

- 

SCWT. 

son 

2S 

■21 
■17 

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■n 

■039 
■030 
■0  27 
■030 

12-30 

to 

1-39 
20 

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(5410 

'J 

FIG.  6 — Finishing  added  in  bath  ;  Fe  Mn  in  bath 
.">  minutes.  Theoretically:  Carbon.  0.16;  silicon. 
0.15;:  manganese,  1.10.  Practically:  Carbon. 
0.06  ;  Bilicon.  01.10  ;  manganese,  0.63. 
To  show  bad  cast:  of  over-oxidised  charge  during 
melting.  Also  conditions  subsequently  and  analysis 
of   steel,    etc. 

good  percentage  of  defects  will  show,  if 
visible  anywhere),  it  is  important  not 
to  rush  the  first  foot  of  the  ingot  during 
teeming. 

Variation  in  the  teeming  speed  either 
in  the  individual  groups  of  ingots,  in  a 
cast,  or  from  one  cast  to  another,  is 
therefore  to  be  brought  to  a  minimum. 
There  is  a  definite  time  per  ton  for  any 
mould;  above  this  time  no  cracks  re- 
sult, but  below  it  trouble  begins,  in  spite 
of  "cool"  steel. 


Oftober  31,  1918. 


C  y\.  N  A  D  I A  N    M  A  C  1 1  I  N  IC  Jt  Y 


509 


From  the  foregoing  remarks  relative 
to  bottom-cast  steel,  the  logical  conclu- 
sions to  be  deduced  are:  That  the  pitman 
must  be  in  such  a  position  that  he  can- 
not possibly  teem  too  quickly,  and  that 
the   speed   must  be   such   as  to   be   safe. 


FIG.    7-    Section     of    acid    lined    furnace. 


yet  so  regulated  that  the  cast  can  be 
successfully  dealt  with.  Where  slow 
teeming  depends  entirely  upon  stopper 
manipulation  erratic  results  are  certain. 

Top-Poured  Steel 

Certain  classes  of  steel  are  cist  to 
.  advantage   by  being   top   poured- 

Such  material  is  always  freer 
from  extraneous  inclusions  and 
shows  fewer  defects  from  this  cause 
when  the  ultimate  article  "has  to  be  ma- 
chined and  closely  scrutinized.  The  com- 
pensating disadvantage,  however,  of  top 
pouring  steel  is  the  greater  liability  of 
obtaining  cracked  ingots.  In  many  cases 
no  regard  is  paid  to  the  actual  t'me  in 
filing  the  moulds  or  finding  the  speed 
most  conducive  to  correct  results. 

Speed  in  filling  the  mould  is  the  most 
important  factor  at  any  time  in  the  pro- 
cess of  steel-making.  Provided  that  the 
speed  of  a  top-poured  ingot  compares 
equally  with  a  bottom-poured  one,  simi- 
lar in  size,  corresponding  results  can  be 
obtained  as  far  as  freedom  from  cracks 
or  rokes  is  concerned.  When  top  pour- 
ing, the  flow  of  the  steel  tends  to 
force  any  particles  of  extraneous  mat- 
ter to  the  sides  of  the  ingot,  thus  mak- 
ing a  purely  surface  defect,  as  compared 
with  an  embedded  one  in  the  case  of  bot- 
toming pouring.  When  taking  teeming 
times  the  period  should  commence  from 
the  moment  the  steel  enters  the  mould  to 
the  instant  that  "feeding,"  as  it  is  termed, 


'W^r, 


'V,., 


takes  place.     Two  ingots  may  be  teemed, 

the  total  time  being  equally  divided  be- 
tween them,  yet  one  may  be  sound  and 
the  other  work  badly;  the  reason  for  this 
being  that  the  time  taken  by  the  latter 
may  have  been  spent,  not  in  casting  the 
ingot  proper,  but  in  feeding  the  last  por- 
tion. The  smaller  the  ingot  the  greater 
the  comparative  necessity  of  top  pouring 
correctly. 

It  is  somewhat  striking  to  note  the  dif- 
ferences one  finds  in  teeming  speeds,  for 
a  given  weight,  at  different  works.  For 
the  same  quality  of  steel  in  a  65-cwt.  in- 
got, teeming  times  varying  from  1  minute 
up  to  10  minutes  for  the  whole  ingot  have 
been  noted. 

Dr.  Burgess,  in  his  communication  on 
Brearley's  paper,*  gives  his  time  for 
teeming  a  7,200-lb.  ingot  as  1  minute. 
Taking  a  similar  ingot  my  experience  1=^ 
that,  when  tQpmed  under  3  minutes,  80 
per  cent,  will  show  cracks  at  rolling,  the 
safety  line  actually  being  6  minutes. 


should  the  steel  be  so  cool  as  to  lap  badly, 
the  chances  are  much  against  the  mould 
filling  at  all. 

Chrome,  high  silicon  and  vanadium 
steel  are  always  subject  to  lappiness  in 
a  greater  or  less  degree.  The  appear- 
ance of  the  ingot  will  give  some  idea 
whether  this  lappiness  is  going  to  be  a 
serious  defect  or  not.  If  the  teeming  is 
so  slow  as  to  allow  the  steel  to  form  a 
solid  cake  or  cover,  through  which  it 
afterwards  bursts  (and  this  frequently 
occurs  in  this  cl  xss  of  stee  ),  the  r;m  t 
will  be  sufficiently  serious  to  attract  no- 
tice later  when  machining.  The  forma- 
tion of  oxide  films  on  the  surface  of  such 
slowly  cast  ingots  tends  to  give  fine  elon- 
S'l-ted  seams  or  pockets  v.hen  f.^e  steel  is 
oiled.  The  use  of  p'tch,  r  ound  as  fine  as 
flour,  in  the  mould  as  the  steel  arises, 
must  necessarily  help  to  minimize  the 
danger,  as  also  the  tarring  of  the  mould. 
An  ingot  scumming  over  too  quickly  will 
clean  itself  with  a  minute  proportion  of 


K- — a — -^je- h 


/T5?'T^'Tr'^^^ 


■■^■< 


10"  square  ingrot.  Where  a 
larpe  portion  of .  the  intcot  is 
chilled.  Inclusions  fairly  well 
distributed. 


Cheese  tire  in^ot  where 
the  entire  ingot  is  solidi- 
fied by  direct  cooling  of 
'the  mould  itself.  In- 
clusions finely  dissemin- 
ated. 

FTGS.  8,  9  AND  10 — "A"  shows  proportion  of  ingot  solidified  by  chilling  effect  of  the  mould: 
"3"  shows  proportion  solidified  by  radiation.  The  curvr.s  show  the  rate  of  solidification  of  the 
whole  ingoU  The  slag  particles  are  fairly  evenly  distributed  in  the  chilled  area  but  are  found 
more    locally    in    the   more    slowly    solidified    steel. 


14"  square  ingot,  where  about  one- 
third  of  the  ingot  is  chilled.  The 
dotted  area  in  small  bars  from  the 
ingots  show  where  inclusions  would 
be   located. 


Lappiness 

Bottom-poured  steel  cast  at  too  low  a 
temperature  or  too  slow  a  speed  tends  to 
cause  lappiness  or  folds,  in  the  in^ot.  Or- 
dinary carbon  steels  do  not  suffer  much 
from  this  condition  for  the  reason  that, 


y" 


Li*'  *    ^      ■   '  4      '      ■     •  ^ 


^f 


No.  1 — Section  of  basic  open  hearth  steel  show- 
ing unsoundness  due  to  suitable  conditions  of 
slag   and  bath    at   tapping. 


No.  !J — Section  of  electric  steel  ingot  showing  (1) 
blowholes  (wild  steel)  ;  (2)  lappiness.  or  folds  in 
the   ingot:    (3;    included    unfluxed   fire   clay. 


such  pitch. +  Itisevi'e-f  t'er'fore,  that 
in  the  case  of  some  steels  there  is  a  min- 
imum rate  below  which  the  teemino'  must 
not  drop. 

The  use  of  comparatively  large  nozzles 
in  the  ladle  and  a  small  weight  per  bed 
lead  to  what  I  term  spasmodic  teeming, 
the  stream  from  the  ladle  running  at  full 
force  being  of  greater  volume  than  is 
compatible  with  the  correct  filling  of  the 
moulds.  In  these  cases  the  teemer  has 
to  use  his  discretion  and  endeavor  to  con- 
trol the  stream  so  as  to  fill  the  moulds 
correctly.  Often  the  result  is  an  ingot 
teemed  in  widely  varying  speeds  and 
lapped  in  a  good  many  places,  the  stream 
being  often  momentarily  cut  off.  '•  ■ 

Composition  of  Slags  of  the  Different 
Steel-Making   Processes,  Their  Phy- 
sical   State,    and    Relationship    to 
the  Ultimate  Product 

Acid  Open  Hearth. — In  the  May  paper 
of  1917  a  number  of  charts  were  given 
with  certain  facts  illustrating  the  effect 
of  lime  upon  slag  composition  and  the 


510 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


resultant  physical  conditions  of  the  acid 
open-hearth  process.  It  was  my  argu- 
ment, based  upon  analyses  and  records, 
obtained  from  different  works,  and  ex- 
tending over  a  period  of  more  than  ten 
years,  that  the  use  of  limestone  or  simi- 
larly constituted  basic  material  was 
highly  essential  to  the  success  of  the 
process.  That,  with  a  slag  containing 
certain  percentages  of  lime,  the  danger 
of  slag  inclusion  resulting  from  retained 
oxides,  silicates,  etc.,  was  to  a  lar^e  ex- 
tent ininimized,  at  any  rate,  as  far  as 
furnace  control  could  go.  Further,  that 
this  was  brought  about  by  the  lime  slag 


CaO  upon  the  manganese  yield  is  very 
marked.  Including  all  variables,  par- 
ticularly the  time  factor,  and  basing  ths 
figures  given  upon  data  extending  over 
a  huge  number  of  casts,  the  relationship 
may  be  described  thus: 

The  yield  of  manganese  obtained  in 
the  steel  in  the  bath,  from  added  ferro- 
alloys, all  variables  considered,  is  pro- 
portionate to  the  CaO  per  cent,  (or  its 
equivalent  of  similar  basic  material)  in 
the  slag.'     See  Fig.  4A  or  Fig.  5 

It  will  be  noted  in  Fig.  5  that  the 
manganese  yiel  1  obtTned  incre-ises  with 
the  CaO  per  cent,  in  the  slag.  The  curve 


Biuers  car  as  shown  sprinc  bars,  showihc  defects. 

FIG.  11 — To  show  4  in.  by  3  in.  billets  cut  where  marked  to  a  depth  of  %   in.  and  afterwards 
rolled   to  show  how  defect  developes.     To   illustrate  effect   of   rocky   billets 


being  in  a  perfect  state  of  flux,  thus 
yielding  more  intimate  contact  with  the 
steel,  and  a  state  of  receptivity  for  such 
undesirable  inclusions  referred  to.  Ref- 
erence was  also  made  to  the  control  of 
carbon  elimination. 

Fig.  4  shows  two  diagrams,  A  and  B: 

(A)  Charge  worked  throughout  with- 
out CaO. 

(B)  Charge  worked  throughout  with 
CaO. 

In  the  top  diagram  (the  charge  with- 
out CaO)  it  will  be  noted  that  the  fall 
in  carbon  is  erratic  and  for  a  given  time 
varies  greatly.  The  bath  at  any  stage 
would  not  be  in  a  reliable  condition,  and 
naturally  such  heats  usually  vary  in  the 
finish  results  as  far  as  analysis  goes, 
apart  from  the  other  and  greater  evil 
of  doubtful  steel.  In  the  bottom  diagram 
where  CaO  has  been  introduced  from 
the  beginning  and  maintained  through- 
out the  process,  the  carbon  elimination 
is  more  regular,  and  a  charge  could  be 
tapped  almost  at  any  period  without  fear 
of  very  wrong  results  analytically.  Con- 
sistent results  from  finishing  material 
added  are  more  readily  obtained.  Where 
large  losses  of  manganese  take  place  at 
the  finishing  stages,  one  may  suspect 
bad  cases  of  the  trouble  in  question, 
viz.,    slag    inclusions.    The    influence    of 


is  derived  from  the  results  of  average 
casts,  with  varying  CaO  per  cent. 
The  difference  as  shown  is  imme- 
diate decrease  of  FeO  in  the  slig 
immediate  decrease  of  FeO  in  the  slag, 
produce  a  more  absorbent  medium  for  any 
extraneous  matter  present  in  the  steel. 

4.  That  CaO  is  not  added  to  thin  the 
slag. 

The  elimination  of  any  element  or  com- 
pound impurity  from  the  metal  into  the 
slag  or  flux  of  almost  any  metallurgical 
refining  process  depends  upon : — 

(A)  Temperature. 

(B)  The  receptivity  of  such  slag  or 
flux  for  such  impurity. 

Furthermore,  the  last  traces  of  impur- 
ity are  usually  most  difficult  of  removal 
Consider  for  a  moment,  that  in  the  case 
of  particles  of  included  matter  in  the 
steel,  the  loss  of  defective  material 
through  this  cause  is,  comparatively 
speaking,  only  a  very  small  proportion 
by  weight.  In  the  case  of  the  acid  open- 
hearth  also  let  us  consider  that  we  are 
trying  to  remove  traces  of  compounds 
somewhat  similarly  constituted  chemical- 
ly, to  the  envelope  by  which  the  molten 
metal  is  surrounded.  Reference  is  made 
here  to  the  sectional  diagram  of  the  acid 
open-hearth  bath  (Fig.  7.)  When  new, 
the  hearth  proper  is  composed,  or  should 


be  composed,  of  semi-fused  SiO.  plus 
small  percentages  of  oxides  of  alumina 
and  iron.  This  assumes  before  charging 
the  appearance  of  an  almost  white  semi- 
?:lassy  mass.  In  this  condition  it  is  in  a 
highly  absorbent  state,  and  continues  to 
take  from  the  charge  a  large  amount  of 
oxides  (not  metallic  matter)  until  the 
bottom  becomes  satisfied  or  completely 
impregnated.  By  this  means  the  hearth 
becomes  a  most  important  source  of  in- 
fluence upon  the  working  of  the  steel 
and  its  ultimate  composition,  and  pos- 
sesses some  relationship  to  certain 
classes  of  defects.  There  is  a  stage, 
usually  after  the  first  few  heats,  when 
the  hearth,  satisfied  with  oxides,  re- 
verses to  some  degree  the  action,  re- 
lieving minute  particles  of  non-metallic 
matter  which  are  taken  into  the  steel. 
The  elimination  of  any  such  matter  can 
only  be  effected  through  the  absorbing 
properties  of  the  slag,  at  least  in  so  far 
as  furnace  operations  are  concerned. 
The  composition  of  the  slag,  and  its 
physical  state,  must  therefore  be  so  con- 
stituted as  to  aim  at  this  desired  and 
necessary  form. 

Thus  far  I  have  dealt  with  oxides 
formed  during  melting  or  introduced 
during  boiling, ,  and  their  possible  elim- 
ination, by  me?ms  of  the  slag  influence 
upon  them.  Under  good  conditions,  how- 
ever, an  appreciable  residual  amount  not 
removable  in  the  furnace  remains  in  the 
steel.  Commercially  we  may  have  steels 
termed  free  from  the  evil,  which  in  point 
of  fact  are  not.  The  amount  present  in 
such  instances  is  insufficient  to  affect 
tests,  or  the  speed  of  solidification  and 
size  of  the  ingots  and  the  requirements 
of  the  manufactured  article  do  not  re- 
veal, but  tend  to  hide  its  presence.  Small 
ingots  retain  the  inclusion  disseminated 
fairly  evenly  throughout  the  mass,  the 
chilling  effect  of  the  mould  preventing 
liquation  of  the  particles.  In  the  case  of 
large  in??ots  the  reverse  is  experienced. 
A  cheese  tire  ingot,  for  example,  is  sub- 
ject to  what  I  may  term  direct  chilling 
solidification,  or  in  other  words,  the 
mould     influence     outweighs     the     heat 


set 

l-J 

i^o^ 

— 

' ■ 

.- 

1 
1 

^ 

FeO 

101 

^ 

CcuO 

Melted  Botliiuf 

FIG.    12 — Showing  how   addition   of  Ca   O   during 
period  of  melting  to   boiling    influences  slag    com- 
position. 


above  freezing-point  possessed  by  the 
steel  in  the  mould.  Taking  such  an  in- 
got, weighing  only  a  few  hundred- 
weights, and  comparing  it  with  one 
weighing  about  25  tons,  the  actual  time 
of  solidification  in  the  former  case  is  in 
minutes,  and  in  the  latter  many  hours. 
We   find     therefore     that     weight   and 


October  31,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


cross-sectional  arena  of  the  ingots  have  material  easily,  which  in  our  acid  or 
their  own  particular  influences  upon  the  basic  open-heartli  would  present  con- 
locality  of  the  inclusions.     See  Figs.  8,  siderable  difficulty. 

9  and  10.  Of  the  many  claims    of    the  process. 

The   article   to   be  manufactured    and  freedom   from   slag  or   gases   has    been 

the   processes   through   which   it   passes  most  prominent.     Correct    manipulation 


Fiq.lS.        YIELO  S  COST  CM Attr.   MCLTING  SHOP     OFURHACC.     jJtN.ir  TO   DEC.ai^  1917.. 


(S*10LI 


Kfiuvta- 
yf  Average  for  prevwus  year  or  whcJi  is  c.x:pected.  ax  mmirrujyn. 


J^f^.^'-"^  a  closer  relationship  between  melting  shop,  mill  and  forge,  and  to  bring  home 
defective  material.  Also  to  formulate  a  bonus  system  to  increase  outpit  and  quali^  giving 
the   steel-makers   an    interest  beyond   the    ingot.  xusmy,   giving 


are  important  points  bearing  upon  the 
subject.  With  small  forgings  or  stamp- 
ings in  special  steels,  or  highest  grade 
wire,  every  few  pounds  of  the  whole  cast 
is  put  practically  to  close  physical  and 
other  tests,  whilst  close  machining  also 
tends  to  reveal  defects  of  minute  pro- 
portions yet  sufficient  to  cause  rejection 
and  failure.  The  inevitable  residual  slag 
inclusions  found  in  the  ingot  and  not 
removable  in  the  furnace  present  a  dif- 
ficulty worthy  of  overcoming.  To  cast 
the  steel  in  such  a  manner  as  to  bring 
the  whole  in  direct  contact  with  some 
absorbent  flux  either  in  the  ladle  or  a 
secondary  ladle,  or  in  the  mould,  would 
possibly  prove  a  successful  course.  Some 
essential  basic  fluxes  have  great  affinity 
for  oxides  and  silicates  of  iron,  man- 
ganese, and  aluminium,  and  the  contact 
of  the  steel  with  such  during  the  process 
of  casting  would  certainly  be  at  the  least 
partially  successful.  It  will  be  often 
noted,  when  casting  steel  by  the  tun- 
dish  method,  that  a  good  deal  of  extran- 
eous matter  rises  to  the  surface  of  the 
steel,  due  to  giving  up  of  matter  previ- 
ously held  in  suspension.  The  experi- 
ments made  in  the  direction  named  do 
not  warrant  more  on  the  subject  at  pres- 
ent, but  certainly  give  incentive  to  more 
investigation. 

Basic    Open-Hearth     Steel,    With    Some 
Reference  to  the  Electric  Process 

During  the  last  three  years  particul- 
arly the  growth  of  the  electric  process 
of  steel  making  has  been  nothing  less 
than  phenomenal.  No  one  can  dispute 
that  the  electric  process  can  produce 
will    most    probably    justify    this   claim. 


but  material  is  sometimes  made  which, 
as  regards  defect,  rivals  that  by  any 
other  process.  This  defective  material 
has  been  obtained  naturally  by  wrong 
manipulation  and  the  non-fulfilment  of 
the  priciples  of  sound  steel-making,  and 
the  fault  is  not  attributable  therefore  to 
the   process. 

The  defects  from  which  our  basic 
open-hearth  steel  suffers  are  due  to 
siniilar  causes  in  the  case  of  the  electric 
process.  That  high-grade  material  can 
be  made  and  is  made  on  the  basic  hearth 
is  undoubtedly  correct.  Numbers  of 
otherwise  practical  men  couple  thoughts 
of  basic  steel  with  the  inseparable  phos- 
phate slag,  which  has  perhaps  been  the 
main  obstruction  to  producing  sound 
high-grade  steel.  A  good  many  of  the 
claims  of  the  electric  basic  furnace  ap- 
ply equally  as  well  to  basic  open- 
hearth.  The  main  difference  in  the  two 
processes,  ignoring  certain  mechanical 
advantages,  is  the  quick  supply  of  local 
intense  heat  in  the  electric  furnace.  The 
physical  state  and  chemical  composition 
of  the  slag  in  a  basic  open-hearth  pro- 
cess are  the  main  essentials  for  suc- 
cess. Giving  full  appreciation  to  the 
valuable  work  done  in  this  country  by 
Mr.  E.  H.  Saniter  and  other  eminent 
metallurgists,  in  working  out  the  pro- 
cess as  a  formidable  competitor  of  the 
acid  open-hearth,  little  has  been  done  in 
establishing  its  position  in  the  industry 
as  far  as  special  and  alloy  steels  are 
concerned.  The  failure  of  the  material 
is  not  due  to  the  process,  but  to  incom- 
plete exploitation  'or  faulty  manipula- 
tion. 


511 

If  the  basic  open-hearth  process  is 
worked  with  highly  phosphoric  raw  ma- 
terial direct,  and  with  one  slag  only,  it 
will  not  prove  to  be  a  serious  rival  of 
ihe  other  processes  in  the  special  steel 
trades.  I  may  be  told  that  the  particular 
advantage  is  in  its  adaptability  to  the 
use  of  almost  any  class  of  raw  material. 
I  maintain  that  the  load  (if  I  may  use 
the  term)  of  the  working  of  the  charge 
is  in  ratio  to  the  phosphorus  content; 
and  that  the  means  necessary  for  its 
removal  constitute  the  first  source  of 
f'anger  in  the  way  of  poor  material. 
Charges  relatively  high  in  phosphorus 
have  to  be  more  than  liberally  dosed 
with  oxide  to  effect  elimination  of  that 
element,  leaving  behind  in  the  steel  the 
undesirable  oxides  producing  the  defect 
as  shown  in  photograph  No.  1. 


*Journal  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute,  1916,   No,   II.,   page   180. 

tThe  use  of  anthracite  for  this  pur- 
pose is  fraught  with  great  danger  and 
should  never  be  resorted  to. 


INTERESTING  EXPERIMENTS 

Proof    of    Earth's    Revolution    Can    Be 
Obtained   With   Bowl 

Take  a  good-sized  bowl,  fill  it  near- 
ly full  of  water,  and  place  it  upon  the 
floor  of  a  room  which  is  not  exposed 
to  shaking  or  jarring  from  the  street. 
Sprinkle  over  the  surface  of  the  water 
a  coating  of  lycopodium  powder,  which 
can  be  obtained  at  almost  any  chemist. 
Then  upon  the  surface  of  this  coating 
of  powder  make,  with  powdered  char- 
coal a  straight  black  line,  say  an  inch 
or  two  in  length. 

Having  made  this  little  mark  with 
the  charcoal  powdw  on  the  surface  of 
the  contents  of  the  bawl,  lay  down  upon 
the  floor  close  to  the  bow!  a  stick  or 
some  other  straight  object,  so  that  it 
will  be  exactly  parallel  with  the  mark. 
If  the  line  happens  to  be  parallel  with 
a  crack  in  the  floor,  or  with  anv  station- 
ary object  in  the  room,  this  will  serve 
as   well. 

Leave  the  bowl  undisturbed  fo^r  a  few- 
hours,  and  then  observe  the  position  of 
the  black  mark  with  reference  to  the 
object  with  which  it  was  parallel.  It 
will  be  found  to  have  moved  in  the  direc- 
tion opposite  to  that  of  the  movement 
of  the  earth  on  its  axis.  The  earth  is 
simply  revolving,  has  carried  the  water 
and  everything  else  in  the  bowl  round 
with  it,  but  the  powder  on  the  surface 
hi'-   been   left  behind   a   little. 

The  line  will  always  be  found  to  have 
moved  from  east  to  west,  which  is  per- 
fectly good  proof  that  everything  else 
has  moved  the  other  way. 


The  Union  Engine  and  Machine 
Works,  Ltd.,  Montreal,  has  been  in- 
corporated with  a  capital  stock  of  $300,- 
000  by  Walter  R  L.  Shanks,  Francis  G. 
Bush,  George  R.  Drennan  and  others,  to 
manufacture  machinery,  tools,  engines, 
etc. 


512 


Volume  XX. 


60  H.P.  motors  and  hoist  drums. 


LARGE  AMERICAN  NAVY 
CRANE  AT  PANAMA 


Regenerative  Breaking  and  Safety  De- 
vices Make  Electrically-Operated  Crane 
Safe  From  Operating  Standpoint 


FLOATING  cranes  generally  are  of 
the  bridge  type  and  when  operat- 
ing the  whole  crane  including  the 
pontoon  is  manoeuvered  to  bring  the 
hoisting  cables  to  the  proper  position 
for  lifting.  The  one  illustrated  is  of 
«  revolving  tjrpe  and  it  operates  on  the 
principle  similar  to  that  of  the  ordinary 
derrick. 

To  give  a  concrete  idea  of  the  amount 
of  work  this  apparatus  can  accomplish 
it  may  be  said  that  its  capacity  is  equi- 
valent '  to  the  weight  of  100  of  the 
largest  touring  cars.  The  lifting  hook.i 
weigh  about  two  tons,  or  the  equivalent 
of  a  large  touring  car.  When  the  jib  is 
raised  to  its  maximum  height  it  is  over 
200  feet  above  the  water  level,  a  height 


greater  than  that  of  an  18  story  building. 
As  previously  stated  the  whole  structure 
is  mounted  on  a  flatboat,  or  floating  pon- 
toon. 

The  boat  contains  a  complete  boiler 
plant,  and  an  engine  driven  generation 
which  supplies  the  electric  current  for 
operating  the  various  motions  of  the 
crane,  which  are  controlled  from  a  small 
house  mounted  high  above  the  deck.  By 
the  means  of  a  few  levers  and  master 
controllers  one  operator  is  able  to  control 
all  the  functions  with  the  utmost 
delicacy. 

The  speed  can  always  be  controlled 
by  the  means  of  the  electrical  mechanism 
of  the  crane.  When  heavy  loads  are 
lowered    the    motors    are    turned      into 


generators  and  thus  the  speed  is  con- 
trolled with  great  accuracy.  In  the  case 
of  an  accidental  interruption  of  electric 
current,  all  of  the  crane's  motions  are 
automatically  locked  by  means  of  brakes, 
and  so  ensure  the  impossibility  of  drop- 
ping the  load.  Safety  and  accuracy  are 
essential,  as  the  crane  is  used  to  handle 
large  guns  and  turrets  on  battleships, 
and  if  through  carelessness  or  inaccuracy 
these  should  be  damaged,  it  would  mean 
a  loss  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
dollars. 

The  illustration  (Figure  2)  shows  the 
first  work  which  the  crane  did.  The  navy 
tug  "Massasoit"  was  suddenly  sunk  in 
one  of  the  harbors.  After  divers  had 
passed   the   necessary  cables   under   the 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  PONTOON  CRANE 


October  31,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


613 


tug,  the  crane  rapidly  and  quickly  lifted 
it  to  the  surface  as  shown.  Westinghouse 
motors  driving  the  hoisting  drums  are 
shown  in  Figure  3. 

It  might  be  interesting  to  add  that 
the  Panama  Canal  Commission  pur- 
chased two  similar  large  cranes  for 
heavy  work.  The  cranes  were  purchased 
from  a  German  corporation,  but  when 
the  test  load  was  applied  (which  was 
the  same  as  applied  to  the  crane  showri 
in  the  illustration)  it  didn't  pass  muster. 
The  first  collapsed  and  was  wreckea 
owing  to  a  faulty  design  of  structure. 

The  following  data  will  give  a  good 
idea  of  the  size  of  this  machine.  Size 
of  pontoon,  140  ft.  long  by  85  ft.  wide 
and  15  ft.  deep,  size  of  engine  generator 
set,  150  KW;  the  crane  has  a  main  hoist 
consisting  of  two  books  of  75  tons,  each 
fixed  on  the  jib;  an  auxiliary  hoist  of  25 
tons  capacity  movable  up  and  down  on 
the  boom;  the  crane  rotates  in  a  com- 
plete circle,  the  rotating  being  controlled 
by, two  60-HP  motors;  the  boom  luffs 
up  and  down  from  a  practically  vertical 
position  to  an  angle  of  about  30  degrees 
from  the  horizontal  in  its  lowest  posi- 
tion; the  luffing  is  accomplished  by  two 
10-inch  screws  operated  by  two  60-HP 
motors;  the  main  hoists  can  operate 
separately  or  simultaneously,  as  desired; 


when  lifting  the  maximum  load  it  i.s 
operated  by  two  60-HP  Westinghouse 
type  MC  motors;  the  auxiliary  hoist  has 
separate  motors  for  hoisting  and  trol- 
leying,  each  of  which  is  60-HP,  the 
counter-balance  at  the  rear  end  of  the 
ci-ane  is  fixed,  and  amounts  to  600,000 
pounds;  the  total  weight  of  the  pontoon 
crane  (displacement)  is  5,000,000  pounds; 
the  capstans  are  electrically  driven,  four 
in  number,  one  at  each  corner  of  pon- 
toon; the  anchor  hoists  are  steam  driven, 
two  in  number,  one  at  each  end.  The 
main  pivotal  bearing,  or  step  bearing 
supports  a  ball  or  universal  joint,  and 
'•arries  a  maximum  load  of  2,021,000 
pounds;  the  speed  of  the  main  hoist 
under  maximum  load  is  about  6  ft.  per 
minute;  the  speed  of  the  auxiliary  hoist 
is  30  ft.  per  minute;  the  speed  of  the 
rotation  is  one  revolution  in  four  min- 
utes; speed  of  luffing  boom,  entire  range 
12  minutes.  The  boom  is  of  the  canti- 
lever type. 


The  Beach  Foundry  Company,  Ot- 
tawa, Ont.,  is  planning  to  expend  about 
$75,000  on  the  erection  of  plant  ad- 
ditions. 


COURTS  PERMIT  SHIPS 
TO  INSTALL  WIRELESS 

Ruling      Means      That      War      Urgency 

Is  Greatest  Thing   At 

Present 

MONTREAL.— Mr.  Justice  Bruneau 
dismissed  the  petition  of  the  Marconi 
Wireless  Telegraph  Company,  which 
asked  the  Superior  Court  to  grant  the 
issue  of  an  interlocutory  injunction  to 
restrain  the  Canadian  Car  and  Foundry 
Company,  Limited,  from  installing  cer- 
tain apparatus  for  wireless  telegraphy 
in  ships  under  construction  for  the 
French  Government  at  Port  Arthur  and 
elsewhere  in  the  Dominion.  To  grant 
the  injunction  at  the  present  time,  in 
view  of  the  facts  that  the  ships  are 
needed  for  purposes  connected  with  the 
war  would  be  against  policy,  his  Lord- 
ship said.  "The  French  Government 
wants  these  ships,"  he  said.  "It  is  a 
question  of  urgency.  Any  interference 
by  this  court  in  the  manner  asked  would 
delay  construction,  equipment,  and  deli- 
very of  the  ships.  The  respondents  may 
be  made  to  account  for  what  they  have 
done — but  later  on,  after  the  war.  To 
grant  this  injunction  would  be,  in  my 
opinion,  not  only  a  great  political  mis- 
take, but  nothing  less  than  a  crime 
against  the  French  Government,  without 
doing  any  practical  good  to  the  peti- 
tioner." 


160-TON    REVOLVING    CRANE,    RAISING    SUNKEN    TUG    MASSASOIT 


General  Motors  To  Build.  The  Gen- 
eral Motors  Company,  of  Pittsburgh 
will  build  a  $50,000  brick  motor  truck 
factory  at  iLtondon,  Ont.  Work  is  to 
commence  shortly. 

Plant  Nearing  Completion. — The  new 
plant  of  the  Lyall  Construction  Co., 
which  is  being  erected  in  the  east  end  of 
Montreal  for  the  purpose  of  taking  care 
of  the  big  American  order  placed  with 
the  company  some  time  ago,  is  nearing 
completion,  and  will  be  ready  for  opera- 
tion in  about  a  fortnight's  time. 

Hamilton  Short  of  Gas.  The  gas 
shortage  in  Hamilton  during  thfi  com- 
ing winter  will  be  just  as  acute  as  it 
was  last  _year.  This  was  stated  by  E. 
S.  Estlin,  gas  commissioner  for  On- 
tario, who  was  making  an  investigation 
for  the  Ontario  Railway  Board.  Mr. 
Estlin  urged  that  all  citizens  be  asked 
to  conserve  gas  to  the  greatest  possible 
extent.  He  contended  that  those  using 
it  in  furnaces  were  the  worst  offenders 
and  would  have  to  realize  that  conserva- 
tion was  absolutely  essential.  Mr.  Est- 
lin has  made  a  survey  of  the  number 
of  industrial  plants  and  business  places 
using  gas  from  the  Selkirk  fields  and 
he  found  that  there  were  60.  These 
had  not  yet  been  put  on  permits  but 
this  step  would,  be  taken  at  once,  he 
stated.  There  are  150  applications  for 
gas  now  on  file  at  the  office  of  the 
United  Gas  and  Fuel  Company,  Hamil- 
ton. New  consumers  will  not  be  taken 
on.  Mr.  Estlin  instructed  Mr.  Byrnes 
that  under  no  consideration  would  more 
consumers  be  added. 


514 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


A  DAY  OF  REST?   LN  THE  POWER  PLANT 


By  T.  H.  FENNER 


A  SERIOUS  and  expensive  break- 
down occured  to  an  ITX^'X 
14'  hifrh  speed  tandem  compound 
engine  under  my  charge  in  a  peculiar 
manner.  The  accident  occurred  on  a 
Sunday,  when  the  regular  engine  room 
attendant  was  not  on  duty.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  no  one  was  in  the  engine  room 
at  the  time,  the  fireman  on  duty  in  the 
boiler  room  being  under  orders  to  come 
up  and  look  at  the  oiling  arrangements 
from  time  to  time.  To  understand  what 
happened  we  must  have  a  glance  at  the 


and    from    this    to      the    whole    exhaust 
system. 

The  day  that  the  accident  happened 
being  a  Sunday,  in  the  ordinary  course 
of  events  nothing  would  have  been  run 
ning.  However  a  50  h.p.  armature  had 
burnei  out  on  the  Saturday  morning, 
and  the  millwrights  and  electricians  had 
been  working  Saturday  afternoon  and 
Sunday  morning  and  were  ready  to  try 
the  motor  after  dinner  Sunday.  This 
would  mean,  if  the  repairs  were  O.K., 
about    ten      minutes    running.        Being 


flU"-'^  T.  Mnri*i 


^mmM  Pt<9r'9atm, 


j  r-  •^'  ■*  ■  ^*  ""-^^ 


Jll„l  /WAJ/ 


A/lllH 


M 


^Kf/PCrST- 


3 


PIPING  LAYOUT 


boiler  room,  where  the  cause  of  the  ac- 
cident originated. 

The  feed  pumps  took  their  water  from 
overhead  open  heaters,  of  the  Webster 
type,  discharging  through  economiser  to 
boilers.  There  was  also  a  direct  dis- 
charge to  main  feed  leader  direct,  by 
passing  the  economiser,  and  also  a 
direct  discharge  to  an  auxiliary  header, 
as  shown.  The  suction  pipe  from  heat- 
ers to  pump  came  down  to  a  T  between 
the  two  pumps,  and  branched  off  to  each 
pump.  There  were  also  two  independent 
suctions  on  each  pump  connected  to  hot 
and  cold  wells.  On  one  of  these  suctions 
a  connection  had  been  made  from  the 
discharge  of  the  fire  pump  for  washing 
out  boilers,  and  an  emergency  boiler 
feed.  A  branch  was  tapped  off  the 
auxiliary  header  at  each  boiler  to  con- 
nect the  valve  of  the  turbine  hose  for 
washing  out.  When  washing  out  the 
fire  pump  was  used,  discharging  through 
the  fe«d  pomp  suction,  through  thr 
pump,  and  auxiliary  header.  The  boiler 
room  staff  had  stringent  orders  never  to 
touch  this  fire  pump  valve,  the  engineer 
on  duty  in  the.power  house  being  the 
only  one  authorised  to  make  the  con- 
nectioQ.  The  reason  for  this  care  was 
apparent,  as  if  the  valve  from  the  fire 
pump  was  opened  and  the  suction  from 
the  open  heater  left  open  at  the  same 
time,  the  discharge  from  the  fire  pump 
weuld  have  clear  access  to  the  heater 


anxious  to  know  if  everything  would  be 
alright  for  Monday  morning,  I  decided 
to  go  down  to  the  factory  myself.  The 
regular  day  engineer  had  been  instruct- 
ed to  come  in  after  dinner  to  run  the 
engine  as  required,  but  as  he  had  not 
shown  up  I  started  up  myself,  made  the 
switchboard  connections,  and  saw  that 
the  forced  lubrication  was  alright.  I 
told  the  fireman  where  I  was  going,  and 
warned  him  to  come  up  at  intervals  of 
not  more  than  ten  minutes,  and  look  at 
the  engine.  I  expected  to  be  all  through 
before  he  came  up  twice.  However, 
some  minor  troubles  developed  in  con- 
nection with  the  motor  and  shafting.  A 


about  five  minutes  the  motor  started  to 
slow  down  and  the  lights  to  dim.  1 
started  for  the  engine  room  on  the  run, 
but  about  half  way  there  was  met  by 
the  fireman,  who  informed  me  in  quite 
a  disinterested  way  that  No.  1  engine 
had  "gone  to  h — ."  He  also  volunteered 
the  information  that  there  was  a  lot  of 
water  in  the  basement.  Arriving  in  the 
engine  room,  I  saw  a  tangle  of  oil 
pipes,  and  the  broken  crank  case  lying 
on  the  floor,  and  at  the  same  moment 
an  ominous  cracking  broke  on  my  ears. 
Coupling  this  with  the  fireman's  state- 
ment of  the  leak  in  the  basement,  I  made 
a  rush  for  the  feed  pump,  finding  what  I 
expected,  the  valve  from  the  fire  pump 
open,  and  the  heaters  and  exhaust  sys- 
tem flooded.  The  leak  in  the  basement 
was  the  excessive  overflow  from  the 
heaters  backing  up  the  water  seal  from 
the  sewer.  The  next  thing  was  to  look 
at  the  water  gauge  to  find  the  water 
just  bibbing  in  the  bottom  nuts  of  the 
glasses  on  the  two  boilers  that  were 
working.  I  began  to  reconstruct  things 
a  bit  in  my  mind,  and  then  proceeded  to 
catechise  that  picture  of  injured  inno- 
cence, the  fireman.  The  evidence  being 
so  complete,  he  could  not  deny  opening 
the  valves,  but  hedged  a  bit  about  the 
reason.  However,  I  had  a  good  idea  of 
that,  too,  and  on  putting  it  up  to  him, 
he  admitted  the  soft  impeachment.  He  . 
began  the  course  of  events  by  neglectin:; 
to  watch  his  gauge  glass,  and  when  he 
did  look,  found  the  glass  full,  but  how 
much  more  he  knew  not.  However,  he 
promptly  stopped  the  feed  pump,  ne- 
glecting to  shut  the  checks  on  the 
boilers.  He  then  resumed  his  paper,  be- 
ing anxious  to  see  how  Foch  was  makini: 
out.  Presumably  he  found  the  news  to 
his  likin^j,  for  when  he  next  looked  the 
water  was  about  half  glass.  He  con- 
gratulated himself  on  his  excellent 
judgment  in  stopping  the  pump,  and 
thought  it  would  be  all  right  now  to  start 
it  up  again.  Here  he  struck  a  snag.  The 
boiler  checks  not  being  dead  tight,  when 
the  pump  stopped  some  leakage  occurred 
from  boiler  to  pumps,  resulting  after  a 
while  in  the  pumps  and  heaters  getting 
good  and  hot,  too  hot  to  handle  water. 
Deciding  that  here  again  was  a  case  for 
a  good  man  to  use  his  own  judgment,  he 
decided  to  pump  some  water  through 
from  the  fire  pumps,  achieving  the 
double  purpose  of    feeding    the    boilers 


^ 


f^j^^^jjjj>>j>^fiii,i/,,ji,,,},,, 


i^^,in/f/i/ 


\nij,ijj.iii.jiiiii,i}?fyjirrTmn 


njtl , 


WHAT  HAPPENED  TO    THE   PISTON 


man  was  sent  over  to  the  engine  room 
to  see  how  things  were  and  he  reported 
everything  alright.  We  got  ready  to 
start  the  motor  again,  and  it  started 
up  this  time  perfectly,  but  after  running 


and  cooling  off  the  lines  and  pumps.  He 
-started  up  the  fire  pump,  opened  the  dis- 
charge through  the  feed  pimps,  and  left 
the  main  suction  open.  The  water  in  the 
boilers  did  not  rise,  but  it  did  somewhere 


October  31,  1918. 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


515 


else,  and  his  ears  were  soon  assailed  by 
numerous  strange  noises.     At  the  same 
time   his   gauge   glass   lamps   started   to 
lose  their  brilliancy,  and  it  crept  into  his 
mind  that    something    was    wrong.      He 
went  up  to  the  engine  room  just  in  time 
to  hear  a  crash,  and  had  then  decided  to 
go  and  get  advice.    His  view  of  the  mat- 
ter was  that  it  was  decidedly  unjust  to 
spoil  any  poor  man's  Sunday  by  involv- 
ing him  in  a  series  of  untoward  happen- 
ings that  kept  him  in  a  state  of  nervous 
tension.     Not  having  time  to  discuss  the 
matter  fully   I  went    to    ascertain     the 
damage.      I    found    both    the    crank    pin 
and  crosshead  gib  straps  sheared  off,  the 
brasses  themselves     broken     in     several 
pieces,  and  all  the  oil  piping  twisted  and 
broken.     The  cast  iron  crank  case  was 
also   broken,   though   this   was    a   detail. 
This  was  the  outer  damage.     Next  thing 
was    to   look   for   the    internal    troubles. 
The  H.  P.  cover  was  removed  and  an  at- 
tempt was  made  to     move     the     piston 
ahead..     It  was   apparent  at  once   that 
something  was   jammed,     and     jammed 
hard,    as     the     hammer     rebounded     as 
though  from  an  anvil.     It  was  decided  to 
take  the  nut  off  the  end  of  the  rod,  and 
a  spanner  was  brought  for  the  purpose, 
but  at  the  first  application  the   end   of 
the  rod  and  the  nut  came  away  together, 
and  it  was  evident  that  the  rod  had  been 
ready  to  break.    We  then  found  that  the 
piston   came   off   the    taper   surprisingly 
easy,  and  after  removing  the  piston  from 
the  rod  a  tentative  tap  with  a  hammer 
was  tried  on  the  end  of  the  rod  with  the 
same   result   as   before.     The   next   step 
was  to  open    up    the     L.     P.,     and     this 
achieved,   the   trouble    was   at   once  evi- 
dent.    The  L.    P.    piston    was     cracked 
across,  the  crack  being  open  from  %  in. 
to  3-16  in.,  and  the  piston  had  been  forc- 
ed over  the  taper  into  the  parallel  part 
of  the  rod,  jamming  on  the  walls  of  the 
cylinder.     The  only  way  it  could  be  re- 
moved was  to  drill  holes   all  round  the 
boss  and  break  a  piece  out,  letting  the 
piston  come  down  on  the  rod,  and  reliev- 
ing the  pressure.     The  piston  was  then 
taken  out  in  halves.     The  repairs  neces- 
sary were  new  piston  rod,  new  low  pres- 
sure   piston,    new     connecting    rod     end 
brasses,   gibs,   straps,   cotters,  and  bolts 
complete,  and  oil  piping,  guards,  etc.,  all 
of  which  was  done  at  the  factory. 

Cause   of  the  Trouble 

What  had  happened  was  as  follows: 
The  water  from  feed  pump  had  backed 
up  through  open  heaters  till  they  filled 
up  to  overflow  level.  The  overflow  took 
care  of  some  of  the  water,  but  the  level 
still  rose  till  it  came  to  the  exhaust 
steam  opening.  Entering  this  it  dropped 
dovv-n  to  the  main  heating  exhaust  and 
travelled  along  to  the  building.  Pre- 
sumably about  this  time  the  engineering 
genius  in  the  boiler  room,  finding  he 
was  getting  no  water  in  the  boilers, 
speeded  the  pump  up  a  bit.  There  was 
some  back  pressure  on  the  engine  by 
now  but  the  water  had  not  yet  reached 
the  level  of  the  cylinder.  However, 
shortly  after  it  did,  with  the  results  as 
named.  When  the  final  smash  occurred 
the  engine  was  just  coming  to  the  back 
centre.      She   must   have   been   consider- 


ably slowed  down  from  her  normal  260 
R.  P.  M.,  and  was  probably  running 
about  half  that.  The  L.  P.  piston  met 
a  solid  wall  of  water,  and  the  energy  of 
the  fly  wheel  was  enough  to  force  the 
rod  through  the  piston,  splitting  the 
piston  and  jamming  everything  hard  and 
fast.  The  fly  wheel  still  possessed  con- 
siderable energy,  the  whole  of  which  was 
applied  to  move  the  crank  ahead,  against 
the  resistance  of  the  immovable  L.  P. 
piston.  The  weakest  parts  were  evident- 
ly the  straps  in  crankpin  and  crosshead, 
and  these  parted.  The  fly  wheel  evident- 
ly made  a  few  revolutions  after  this,  as 
the  connecting  rod  was  thrown  back 
near  the  front  cover,  and  pieces  of  the 
bearing  boxes  were  in  the  crankpit  and 
on  the  floor,  while  the  oil  piping  gave 
mute  testimony  of  what  it  had  gone 
through.  The  shock  of  the  sudden  stop 
on  the  H.  P.  end  of  the  rod  had  to  be 
absorbed  by  the  piston  nut,  and  this  had 
evidently  been  too  much  for  it  The 
metal  had  given,  and  the  piston  had 
loosened  in  the  taper  and  was  ready  to 
let  go  at  the  first  movement.  This  shows 
what  can  happen  through  one  man's 
carelessness,  and  the  guilty  one  should 
be  susceptible  to  a  more  drastic  punish- 
ment than  being  discharged  as  in  these 
days  being  discharged  holds  no  terror 
for  the  average  fireman. 


MANUFACTURING       STEEL       BARS 
FOR  RIFLE  BARRELS 

(Continued  from  pa?e  506) 
are  made  out  of  chilled  cast  iron.  Their 
length  is  12  inches,  not  including  that 
of  the  necks  and  wobblers.  They  are 
two-high,  each  one  weighing  about  350 
lbs.,  and  contain  the  following  passes: 
One  1  1-4,  one  1  3-16,  two  1  1-8,  one 
1  1-16,  and  one  1  inch  pass.  When  the 
bar  comes  from  the  ovals  it  is  taken  by 
the  workman  on  the  finishing  rolls  and 
inserted  between  guides,  which  are  used 
to  hold  it  in  an  upright  position  with 
the  sharp  edge  of  the  oval  bar  facing 
upwards. 

The  worker,  (called  the  finisher) 
then  waits  until  the  metal  is  between 
a  cherry-red  and  a  yellow  color;  then 
pushes  the  bar  between  the  guides  and 
into  the  groove.  The  heat  at  which  the 
steel  is  rolled  in  the  finishing  rolls  is 
most  important — too  high  a  heat 
auses  the  oval  to  over-fill  the  round 
groove,  thus  making  it  mark  the  bar  at 
the  joints  between  the  top  and  bottom 
rolls.  With  too  low  a  heat,  the  metal 
will  not  fill  out  the  groove  in  the  rolls, 
it  makino-  a  bar  of  uneven  size.  The 
setting  of  the  guides  is  also  a  matter 
of  importance.  It.  one  guide  is  set 
further  over  on  one  side  of  the  groove 
the  bar  will  twist  from  that  guide  and 
have  a  flat  side — it  will  also  mark  the 
steel  on  the  opposite  side.  Should  one 
guide  be  set  higher  than  the  other  there 
will  be  a  twist  from  the  higher  guide. 
If  the  oval  is  not  quite  large  enough  to 
fill  up  the  round  groove,  there  will  be 
flat  sides  to  the  finished  bar.  If  the 
grooves  in  the  top  and  bottom  rolls  be 
not  set  exactly  Apposite  each  other,  the 


bar  wfill  be  marked  on  the  sides.  It  will 
be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that  the 
rolls  have  to  be  set  very  carefully  in 
order  to  make  perfect  bars.  As  rust 
is  the  great  enemy  of  steel  it  is  custom- 
ary in  some  mills  to  pass  their  steel 
bars  as  they  come  from  the  rolls 
through  a  trough  containing  cuttings 
of  fiber  or  leather  saturated  with  tar 
— the  vapor  of  which  gives  the  hot  metal 
a  thin  glossy  coating.  The  roll  turners' 
part  in  desig^ning  and  turning  the  rolls 
is  most  important  and  complex.  Rolls 
that  work  well  in  some  mills  will  not 
do  so  in  others,  but  have  to  be  altered. 
This  is  due  to  the  material  used  and 
also  to  the  engine  power  and  steam 
pressure.  Attempts  have  been  made  to 
find  quicker  methods  of  making  iron 
and  steel  bars,  but  all  have  been  fail- 
ures. It  is  most  likely  that  nothing  bet- 
ter can  be  devised  to  displace  the  use 
of  rolls  for  making  iron  and  steel  sec- 
tions, which  are  used  extensively  in  all 
evilized  countries. 


BANKER  AS  GATEMAN 

Wealthy   Man  Working   at   Shipyard   in 
Seattle 

James  K.  Corbiere,  for  40  years  a 
banker  in  New  York  City,  is  employed 
as  gateman  at  the  Ames  shipyards  in 
Seattle.  Mr.  Corbiere  is  a  man  of 
wealth.  He  has  never  had  to  soil  his 
hands  by  hard  work.  He  is  60  years 
old,  exceptionally  careful  in  his  dress, 
and  equally  careful  of  his  health  and 
appearance.  His  hair  is  snow-white. 
He  seldom  appears  without  a  flower  in 
his  coat  lapel,  and  usually  wears  spats 
and  carries  a  cane.  In  every  respect, 
age,  dress  and  habits,  he  is  different 
from  the  accepted  style  of  the  shipyard 
worker.  He  goes  to  work  at  7  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  two  hours  earlier  than 
he  has  been  in  the  habit  of  rising;  is 
on  his  feet  practically  all  day,  and  quits 
at  4.30  in  the  afternoon.  He  has  been 
a  personal  friend  of  Charles  M.  Shwab, 
steel  king,  and  now  director-general  of 
the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  for 
30  vears. 

When  asked  how  it  happened  that  a 
man  in  his  station  in  life,  when  he  felt 
the  call  to  patriotic  duty,  did  not  under- 
take Red  Cross  work,  or  offer  his  ser- 
vices in  some  other  capacity  more  nearly 
similar  to  that  in  which  he  had  been  so 
long  engaged,  Mr.  Corbiere  said: 

"No:  there  are  enough  men  seeking 
that  kind  of  work.  But  it  appeared  that 
there  was  a  real  need  for  men  in  the 
shipyards,  and  I  believe  every  man 
should  help  win  this  war." 

When  asked  what  he  was  earning  at 
the  shipyards,  Mr.  Corbiere  replied:  "I 
do  not  know.  I  have  not  called  for 
my  pay." 


A  San  Francisco  chorus  girl  held 
her  job  for  seven  weeks  before  the 
director  found  out  that  she  was  deaf 
and   dumb. 


BU 


Volume  XX. 


The  Story  of  a  Pound  of  Coal 

Explaining  the  Enoiinous  Losses  Occurring  When  a  Pound  of  Coal  is  Burned  Under  a 
Boiler,  the  Steam  Generated  Used  to  Run  a  Steam  Engine,  and  This  in  Turn 
Caused  to  Drive  a  Dynamo  Supplying  Electricity  For  Lighting 

By  H.  W.  SECOR,  Associated  Editor  of    "Electrical  Experimenter." 


DID  you  ever  stop  to  consider  how 
much  of  the  energy  present  in  a 
pound  of  coal  is  actually  converted 
into  electrical  energy,  even  in  the  best 
power  plants  of  to-day  ?  In  a  few  words 
it  is  this — that  out  of  every  pound  of 
coal  burned  in  a  steam  boiler  in  an 
electric  power  station  we  only  succeed 
in  converting  about  one-half  of  one  per 
cent,  of  the  total  energy  in  that  pound 
of  coal  into  radiant  light!  The  average 
person  believes  that  in  this  so-called 
"electrical  age"  we  have  reached  well- 
nigh  perfection,  but  the  above  figure  il- 
lustrates vividly  that  the  electrical  and 
steam  engineers  have  many  problems 
yet  in  front  of  them  before  anything 
like  real  efficiency  is  attained  in  con- 
verting the  energy  in  coal  to  electric 
light,  or  for  that  matter  into  electrical 
energy  with  which  to  feed  the  lamps 
and  other  apparatus.  For  the  largest 
and  most  highly  developed  steam-elec- 
tric plants  of  to-day  do  not  realize  an 
over-all  efficiency  of  much  above  ten 
per  cent. 

This  figure  of  ten  per  cent,  represents 


the  ratio  between  the  coal  burned  in 
the  boilers  and  the  current  delivered  by 
the  dynamos  to  the  bus-bars,  and  shows 
that  what  most  persons  believe  to  be  a 
wonderful  and  highly  efficient  electric 
power  generating  station  is  really 
throwing  away  about  90  per  cent,  of  the 
energy  in  the  coal  it  buys.|  A  modern 
water-power  electric  generating  station 
may  show  a  gross  efficiency  of  as  high 
as  56  per  cent.;  therefore  there  is  some- 
thing radically  wrong  with  our  coal- 
burning  methods,  beyond  the  shadow  of 
a  doubt.  Several  well-known  inventors 
have  ventured  to  design  a  different  type 
of  apparatus  for  developing  electrical 
energy  direct  from  coal,  but  so  far  no 
commercially  successful  method  has  been 
perfected.  Even  Edison  has  tried  his 
hand  at  perfecting  such  a  machine,  but 
so  far  we  have  not  advanced  beyond  the 
well-known  boiler  and  fire-box  stage  in 
our  commercial  utilization  of  the  energy 
in  coal. 

Therefore  it  is  of  interest  to  study  this 
important  subject  a  little  and  to  find  out 
where   this   enormous   loss   takes    place. 


The  accompanying  illustrations  show  m 
a  graphic  manner  just  where  these  losses 
occur  in  each  part  of  the  system  of  a 
modern  steam-electric  plant.  The  vari- 
ous losses  and  efficiencies  are  taken 
from  a  report  made  in  the  transactions 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical 
Engineers  by  a  well-known  electrical  en- 
gineer, Mr.  H.  G.  Stott,  and  represent 
the  efficiency  of  a  large  steam-electric 
plant.  Some  of  the  large  present-day 
plants  of  this  type  obtain  a  slightly 
higher  over-all  efficiency  than  the  one 
here  cited,  for  instance,  the  Interboro 
Rapid  Transit  Company's  plant  in  New 
York  City  showing  a  •  gross  efficiency 
between  coal  burned  and  electricity  de- 
veloped, of  about  12  per  cent. 

Let  us  now  resume  the  discussion  of 
the  present  steam-electric  plant  here  il- 
lustrated. In  looking  at  the  illustration 
from  right  to  left,  keep  in  mind  the 
energy  in  a  pound  of  coal  at  the  start, 
viz.,  14,150  B.  T.  U.  (British  thermal 
units.)  One  B.  T.  U.  is  the  amount  of 
heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature 
(Continued  on  page  526) 


Since  the  days  of  Watt  and  his  steam 
engine,  down  through  all  these  years, 
engineers  have  constantly  striven  to 
improve  the  process  for  converting 
the  latent  energy  of  coal  into  useful 
work.  With  all  the  thousand  and 
one  improvements  made,  however,  we 
still  lose — actually  throw  away — 90 
per  cent,  of  the  energy  in  producing 
electricity.  We  only  obtain  one-half 
of  one  per  cent,  of  the  energy  in  coal 
n  the  light  from  an  incandescent 
lamp. 


^■'. '  ::jr-A%w".  '^mxmmf'i^m'- 


'55  in  Pipe  heal   fb.<Ji^».t;oa    - 
■     aS  B  T.U.    , 


Bus-bars— .10.3%   bmscdl 

■  BT.U.  I 


.^ 


October  31,  1918. 


517 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  m,etal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review-  in  this  section. 


THE    CLEVELAND    MILLING 
MACHINE 

THE  accompanying  illustration 
shovys  the  Cleveland  milling  ma- 
chine deve'oped  by  the  Cleveland 
Milling  Machine  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
In  the  design  of  this  machine,  structural 
features  have  received  great  attention, 
and  the  operating  characteristics  lena 
themselves  to  ease  in  operation  and 
quantity  production. 

The  Cleveland  millina;  machine  is  a 
constant  speed  driven  type  with  sixteen 
changes  of  spindle,  and  sixteen  changes 
of  feed.  Speeds  and  feeds  are  controlled 
by  two  levers  of  the  ball-joint  type, 
similar  to  an  automobile  gear  shift.  Ail 
changes  for  both  speeds  and  feeds  ob- 
tained through  sliding  gears  only.  Botii 
are   automatically  lubricated. 

The  column  is  of  very  rigid  construc- 
tion, being  a  complete  box  section.  Ths 
base  and  the  column  are  in  one  piece, 
a  heavy  ribbed  semi-steel  casting  being 
used,  tied  together  with  heavy  vertical 
and  horizontal  walls.  The  only  opanin^:. 
in  the  column  are  those  necessary  for 
the  change  gear  levers  on  the  front,  the 
pulley  drive  housing  in  the  rear  and  the 
cutter  lubricint  tank  on  the  left  side 
of  the  machine.  It  never  becomes  nec- 
essary to  open  up  the  co'umn,  as  all  the 
parts  inside  are  automatically  lubri- 
cated, and  all  adjustments  on  the  bear- 
ings are  made  from  the  outside.  The 
dovetail  knee  slide  extends  unwards  to 
the  overarm.  This  offers  amr>le  surface 
for  clamping  attachments.  The  depth 
of  the  column  has  been  carefully  deter- 
mined in  order  to  place  the  spindle  anil 
the  shaft  bearings  at  the  correct  dis- 
tances apart  to  secure  the  maximum 
rigidity.  On  account  of  the  design  of 
the  horizontal  and  the  vertical  walls  to 
separate  the  lubricating  oil  for  the  ma- 
chine from  the  cooling  compound  used 
for  the  cutter,  the  column  is  very  rigid. 
The  base  of  the  machine  is  ample  in 
size.  Transverse  and  longitudinal  ribs 
tend  towards  rigidity.  It  is  also  finisheo 
on  the  under  side  so  it  will  stand  solidly 
on  its  foundation.  The  base  is  pan- 
shaped  and  has  enough  depth  to  catch 
oil  and  chips,  thus  keeping  the  surround- 
ings clean. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  column  is 
the  knee.  It  is  therefore  necessary  tha;, 
the  knee  be  especially  designed  to  with- 


stand all  the  weight  that  is  put  upon 
it  in  doing  heavy  work.  The  knee  as 
well  as  the  column  has  an  improved 
dovetail  slide.  The  bearing  of  the  sad- 
dle is  not  on  the  thinnest  section  of  the 
dovetail  slide,  but  on  the  flat  wide  sur- 
face. The  narrow  slide  acts  as  a  guide 
only.  There  is  no  bearing  on  the  center 
of  the  dovetail  slide.  This  eliminates 
chances  of  having  same  marred  by  the 
operator  laying  wrenches  or  tools  on  the 
top  of  the  knee.  The  bearing  of  the  knee 
on  the  column  is  carried  well  above  the 
top  of  the  saddle  slide,  thus  giving  the 
knee  a  longer  bearing  on  the  column  and 
reducing  the  bearing  pressure  to  a  mini- 
mum. The  feed  box  as  we'.l  as  the  knee 
is  entirely  closed,  eliminating  any  pos- 
sibility of  chips  getting  into  the  feed 
mechanism.  The  elevating  screw  is  large 
in  diameter,  and  in  one  piece.  The  post 
acts  as  both  support  to  the  elevating  nul 
as  well  as  a  guide  in  the  knee.  The 
screw   is   operated   with   a   double   bevei 


gear,  hand    feed  and  power  feed    being 
independent  of  each  other. 

With  the  table  and  saddle  of  all  mil- 
ling machines  comes  a  most  trying  pro- 
blem for  designers  of  machine  tools,  as 
these  are  subject  to  torsional  as  well 
as  bending  movements.  The  table  is 
machined  all  over,  to  keep  its  alignment, 
as  it  has  been  proven  that  a  table  finish- 
ed only  on  one  side  is  liable  to  warp,  on 
account  of  the  internal  strains.  The 
bearings  on  the  tab'e  are  at  the  top 
of  the  saddle  instead  of  at  the  bottom 
of  the  dovetail.  This  method  secures 
a  large  bearing  surface  and  locates  the 
bearings  at  greater  distances  apart. 
These  bearings  are  automatically  lubri- 
cated by  rollers  in  the  saddle.  The  bear- 
ing on  the  saddle  is  also  at  its  widest 
portion,  and  both  saddle  and  table  bear- 
ings are  taken  up  with  long  taper  gibs 
which  are  provided  with  adjusting- 
screws  at  both  ends  to  make  up  the 
wear. 


CLEVEL.4ND    UNIVERS.AL    .MILLING    MACHINE 


S18 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


The  square  overarm  provides  posi- 
tive alignment  of  its  arbors  and  maxi- 
mum rigidity  of  the  arm  pendants.  If 
the  arbor  is  not  exactly  true  and  tht 
arm  pendant  is  brought  into  place  by  the 
operator  to  accomodate  the  arbor,  tht 
arbor  under  these  conditions  is  working 
in  a  cramped  condition  and  will  shorti> 
be  crystallized  and  break.  With  the 
square  overarm  it  is  impossible  for  the 
operator  to  place  the  arbor  supports  on 
the  overarm  and  on  the  arbor  in  an> 
other  way  than  exactly  in  line.  The 
square  overarm  also  enables  work  to  be 
placed  on  the  table  and  be  fed  in  a 
vertical  position  past  the  overarm.  Ow- 
ing to  the  firmness  which  the  square 
overarm  imparts,  a  greater  variety  of 
work  can  be  performed  than  would  bs 
otherwise  possible. 

A  flanged  spindle  eliminates  the  over- 
hang end  of  the  spindle  as  well  as  the 
trouble  caused  by  cutters  screwing  fast 
on  the  spindle  and  also  allows  the  cutter 
to  be  run  in  either  direction.  On  the 
flanged  spindle  is  a  face  keyway,  inserted 
into  which  are  hardened  steel  jaws  for 
driving  the  arbor  as  well  as  the  face 
mills.  It  is  unnecessary  to  remove 
these  at  any  time  to  change  from  the 
face  mill  to  an  arbor,  as  the  driving  is 
done  by  the  hard  steel  jaws.  The  strain 
is  therefore  taken  off  the  taper  hole  to 
drive  the  arbors.  The  spindle  is  pro- 
vided with  a  positive  lock  that  enables 
the  operator  to  loosen  the  arbor  nuts 
with  the  least  possible  difficulty.  The 
spindle  lock  cannot  be  operated  while 
the  machine  is  running,  nor  can  the 
main  driving  clutch  be  thrown  in  while 
the  spindle  lock  is  in  this  position.  The 
bearing  on  both  the  front  and  rear  end 
of  the  spindle  is  taken  up  with  a  nut 
jn  the  outside,  at  the  back  end  of  the 
spindle. 

All  bearings  in  the  column  and  knee 
are  flooded  with  lubricant,  thereby  tak- 
ing the  responsibility  for  oilin?  the 
important  parts  of  the  machine  off  the 
operator  entirely,  and  eliminating  the 
necessity  for  having  oil  holes  in  any 
of  these  members.  This  system  is  highly 
efficient  and  is  entirely  automatic.  The 
reservoir  containing  the  oil  has  to  bs 
filled  hut  twici  durin?  the  year.  Em- 
bodied in  the  design  is  a  centrifuea! 
pump  which  ooerates  only  when  the 
spinffle  ("oes,  therefore  it  is  necessary 
to  shut  off  the  cutter  lubricant  when 
changing  work  or  measuring  same.  This 
ope»"^tes  automaticilly  when  the  clutch 
is  thrown  in  starting  the  machine. 

The  sneed  and  feed  arran<rement  are 
both  of  the  sliding  p-ear  type.  All  six- 
teen chonges  of  spinHle  as  well  as  feeds 
are  made  bv  two  levers  conveniently 
located  to  the  operator.  The  spindle 
speeds  are  sixteen  in  number,  in  either 
direction,  and  the  feeds  are  sixteen  in 
number  also,  so  that  this  machine  will 
efficiently  handle  all  classes  of  cutters, 
soeeds  and  feeds,  and  being  in  geomet- 
riol  ratio,  gives  the  correct  changes 
of  feed  for  the  work  to  be  done.  All 
gears  and  shafts  in  the  drive  as  well 
as  the  feed  are  hardened  steel,  auto- 
miticallv  lubricated,  running  in  bronze 
bea«-ingE. 

Power  is  transmitted  through  a  cons- 


tant speed  drive  pulley  and  is '  so  de- 
signed that  it  requires  no  loose  gears 
on  the  spindle.  All  shifting  of  gears  is 
done  on  the  secondary  shafts  below  the 
spindle.  The  starting  or  stopping  lever 
can  be  operated  from  both  sides  of  the 
machine.  The  single  pulley  running  at 
constant  speed  for  the  drive  is  protected 
by  a  belt  guard  and  is  so  constructed 
that  it  can  be  adjusted  to  any  angle  and 
extensions  can  be  added  to  it.  The 
spindle  reverse  is  contained  within  the 
machine  so  that  right  or  left  hand  cut- 
ters can  be  used  on  the  machhine.  All 
the  speeds,  feeds,  and  other  driving  mec- 
hanism is  self-contained  within  the  ma- 
chine, it  not  being  necesary  to  have  any 
driving  mechanism  bolted  on  the  outside 
of  the  column  of  the  knee. 


METAL  SAWING  MACHINE 

The  hack  sawing  machine  illus- 
trated by  the  enclosed  engraving  is 
one  of  the  largest  machines  of  this 
type  that  have  been  made.  It  weighs 
3%  tons  and  will  saw  through  a  billet 
of  oil  hardened  gun  steel  26  inches 
square.  The  machine  was  specially 
designed  and  made  for  one  of  the  Royai 
Naval  gun  factories  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land by  Messrs.  Edward  G.  Herbert,  Ltd., 
Atlas  Works,  Levenshulme,  Manchester. 

This  firm  was  one  of  the  first  to  ap- 
preciate the  possibilities  latent  in  the 
old  Millers  Falls  hack  saw  and,  by  the 
production  of  heavier  quick  cutting  ma- 
chines, elevated  the  hack  saw  to  the 
position  of  a  real  production  machine 
tool,  competing  with,  and  frequently 
replacing  circular  and  band  sawing 
machines. 


The  general  design  of  the  machine 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  "Rapid"  sawing 
machines  made  by  this  firm.  The  saw 
frame  is  3  feet  deep  and  5  feet  wide 
over  all  and  takes  blades  from  24  inches 
to  39  inches  in  length  and  2  inches  wide. 
The  main  slide  bearing  is  3  feet  6  inches 
long  and  the  main  driving  shaft  3  inches 
diameter.  The  slide  is  pivoted  on  a 
separate  shaft.  The  heavy  frame  is 
counter-balanced  by  springs  in  the  bed 
of  the  machine  and  the  pressure  of  the 
saw  blade  on  the  work  is  regulated  by 
a  worm  wheel  and  indicated  by  a  dial. 
The  saw  blade  cuts  on  the  outward 
stroke  and  is  lifted  from  the  work  on 
the  return  stroke.  Althou9:h  the  weight 
of  the  frame  is  considerable  the  blade 
is  lowered  on  to  the  work  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  stroke  without  any 
shock. 

The  saw  frame  can  he  raised  and 
lowered  by  hand  through  worm  gearing 
'it  the  front  of  the  machine.  The  worm  is 
dropped  out  of  gear  when  cutting  begins 
and  the  feed  is  by  gravity.  In  the  same 
factory  there  are  five  No.  3  motor  driven 
"Rapid"  sawing  machines,  sawing  up  to 
15  inches  diameter,  these  being  the 
largest  machines  previously  made  by 
Messrs.  Edward  G.  Herbert,  Ltd.  They 
are  engaged  in  sawing  test  pieces  from 
oil  hardened  gun  tubes  and  jackets. 

All  six  machines  are  looked  after  by 
one  unskilled  man  and  a  woman.  One 
saw  blade  will  cut  through  the  26-incn 
square  billet  and  still  remain  service- 
able. The  motor  fitted  is  a  3  H.  P.  2/1 
variable  speed  motor  made  by  the  Lanca- 
shire Dynamo  &  Motor  Co.,  Ltd. 


October'^Si,  1918:' 


irmjKMmosLW.  w.A^zetm.^iL'^ 


519 


Procedure  Regarding  Export  'Licenses 

Effort  Being  Made  Now  to  Simplify  the  Rather  Intricate  System 
That  Had  Come  to  be  Used  in  War  Order  Business — Lists  of  the 
Lines  That  Are  Affected  by  the  Order 


WASHINGTON.— 1.— The  War  Indus- 
tries Board  and  the  War  Trade  Board 
announce  that  they  have  jointly  adopted 
the  following  rules  and  regulations  for 
the  purpose  of  simplifying  the  procedure 
of  obtaining  export  licenses  from  the 
War  Trade  Board,  priority  certificates 
from  the  Priorities  Committee  of  the 
War  Industries  Board,  and  permits  from 
the  director  of  steel  supply  of  the  War 
Industries  Board. 

2. — The  War  Industries  Board  an- 
nounce the  withdrawal  of  its  regulations 
as  set  forth  in  P.  C.  Form  No.  18,  July 
3,  1918,  paragraph  6,  requesting  that 
applications  for  licenses  to  export  iron 
or  iron  and  steel  products  should  not  be 
filed  with  the  War  Trade  Board  unless 
the  orders  are  covered  by  either  priority 
certificates  or  permits  from  the  director 
of  steel  supply. 

3. — On  and  after  October  14,  1918,  ap- 
plications for  licenses  to  export  any 
article  on  Schet'ule  "XP,"  annexed  here- 
to, should  be  filed  with  the  War  Trade 
Board,  and  must  include  the  following 
papers  properly  executed: 

(a)  One  ppplication,  Form  X,  to  which 

should  be  attached: 

(b)  One   each    of    such    supplemental 

information  sheets  as  may  be 
required  by  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations of  the  War  Trade  Board 
to  be  used  in  connection  with 
shipments  of  certain  commodi- 
ties and  shipments  to  certain 
countries,   and 

(c)  New      supplemental      information 

sheet.  Form  X-26,  which  will  be 
ready  for  distribution  by  the 
War  Trade  Board  on  and  after 
October   14,   1918. 

4. — Applications  which  have  Form  X- 
26  attached  will  not  require  Form  X-2. 

5 — The  Priorities  Committee  of  the 
War  Industries  Board  has  awarded 
priority  classification  "C"  to  all  articles 
(on  which  priorities  are  issued)  which 
are  on  the  export  conservation  list  of 
the  War  Trade  Board  and  are  covered 
by  export  licenses  issued  on  and  after 
October  16,  1918.  No  class  "C"  certifi- 
cates will  be  issued  with  such  licenses. 
If  the  article  specified  on  the  licenses  is 
one  on  which  priorities  are  issued,  and  if 
no  individual  priority  certificate  accom- 
panies the  export  license,  the  license  it- 
self will  be  evidence  that  the  articles 
covered  by  it  have  been  automatically 
awarded  priority  classification  "C." 

6. — Export  licenses  issued  on  and  after 
October  16,  1918,  under  these  regula- 
tions, covering  commodities  on  which 
priority  certificates  are  issued,  will  be 
accompanied  by  individual  priority  cer- 
tificates of  the  Priorities  Committee 
when  in  the  opinion  of  the  Priorities 
Committee  a  higher  rating  than  Class 
"C"  ■  is  of  the    Priorities    Committee    a 


higher  rating  than  class  "C"  is  war- 
ranted. These  priority  certificates  will 
be  issued  by  the  Priorities  Committee 
and  forwarded  with  the  export  license 
without  further  request  from  the  ap- 
plicant. 

7. — Export  licenses  issued  on  and  after 
October  16,  1918,  for  the  exportation 
of  iron  or  steel  or  the  products  or  manu- 
factures thereof,  which  are  not  covered 
by  priority  classification,  will  in  them- 
selves constitute  a  permit  and  approval 
from  the  director  of  steel  supply  for  the 
filling  of  the  orders  for  the  quantity  of 
iron  or  steel  specified  in  such  export 
license  to  the  extent  that  such  delivery 
will  not  interfere  with  the  delivery  when 
and  as  required  of  orders  covered  by 
priority. 

8. — It  is  the  policy  of  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  and  the  War  Trade  Board 
to  discourage  and  prevent  exporters  and 
manufacturers  from  purchasing,  manu- 
facturing, or  producing  articles  on  the 
export  conservation  list  for  the  fulfill- 
ment of  specific  export  orders  until  an 
appropriate  export  license  has  been  is- 
sued. Instances  have  come  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  War  Trade  Board  in  which 
manufacturers  before  obtaining  export 
licenses  have  manufactured  articles  foi 
specific  export  orders,  which  articles, 
while  useless  for  domestic  consumption, 
could  not  under  the  regulations  of  the 
War  Trad*  Board  be  exported.  It  is  es- 
sential for  the  proper  conservation  of 
commodities  in  the  United  States  that 
this  practice  be  stopped,  and  it  is  the 
purpose  of  the  War  Trade  Board  to  re- 
fuse licenses  to  exporters  who  do  not 
conform  to  this   policy. 

9. — The  Priorities  Committee  an- 
nounces that  it  undertakes  where  neces- 
sary to  adminisier  priority  in  the  pro- 
duction of  all  raw  materials  and  finish- 
ed products  save  foods,  feeds,  and  fuel. 
The  preference  list  promulgated  by  the 
Priorities  Board  forms  the  basis  for  the 
distribution  of  fuel.  Priority  is  being 
administered  generally  on  iron  and  steel 
products,  copper  and  brass  products, 
electrical  equipment,  and  the  product.= 
of  which  any  of  the  above  form  an  in- 
tegral part.  Priority  is  not  being  ad- 
ministered at  this  time  on  lumber  or 
lumber  products,  paper  or  paper  pro- 
ducts, chemicals,  brick,  cement,  lime, 
hides,  pig  tin,  tin  plate  mine  products, 
and  numerous  other  items  which  cannot 
well  be  enumerated.  It  is  not  possible 
to  prepare  lists  in  detail  covering  either 
prioritied  or  nonprioritied  products,  and 
even  in  those  mentioned  above  excep- 
tions will  from  time  to  time  occur.  Any 
inquiries  with  re.spect  to  the  commodities 
upon  which  priority  is  being  administer- 
ed should  be  addressed  to  the  priorities 
committee  of  tjje  War  Industries  Board. 
VANCE  C.  McCORMICK, 
Chairman. 


Schedule  XP,  Referred  to  Above 

Pig  iron. 

Ferro-silicon. 

Spiegeleisen  (frequently  described  as 
specular  iron  and  mirror  iron). 

Iron  and  steel:  Scrap,  ingots,  billets, 
blooms,  slabs,  sheet  bars,  skelp,  wire 
rods,  alloy  steel,  high-speed  steel,  tool 
steel,  bars  (including  flats  6  in.  wide 
and  narrower)  ;_hoops  and  bands  (includ- 
ing hot  and  cold  rolled  strip  steel); 
shapes  (including  beams,  angles,  chan- 
nels, tees  and  zees);  fabricated  struc- 
tural steel  (including  beams,  angles, 
channels,  tees,  zees,  or  plates  Vs  in.  thick 
or  heavier,  punched  or  shaped,  including 
tanks  made  of  plate  %  in.  thick  or 
heavier).  Plates  (all  classes  %  in.  thick 
and  heavier  and  wider  than  6  inches, 
and  circles  over  6  inches  in  diameter. 
This  includes  No.  11  U.  S.  gauge  but  not 
No.  11  B.  W.  gauge).  Sheets  (all  classes 
under  %  in.  thick).  Boiler  tubes, 
mechanical  tubes,  boring  tubes,  oil  well 
casing,  line  pipe,  drive  pipe,  cast  iron 
pipe,  wrought  iron  and  steel  pipe,  poles, 
wire  rope,  cable  and  strand,  consisting 
of  6  wires  or  more,  rails  and  splice  bars, 
frogs  and  switches,  railroad  tie  plates, 
railroad  track  spikes,  railroad  track 
bolts,  boat  spikes,  wire,  wire  nails,  wire 
spikes,  cut  nails. 


Never  Meant  for  Scrapping 

A  scrap  iron  dealer  in  Harrodsburg, 
Ky.,  recently  bought  from  an  old  col- 
ored "Auntie"  an  old-fashioned  iron 
stove  which  evidently  had  been  made 
in  the  early  days  of  stove  manufactur- 
ing. A  big  door  in  it  could  be  raised 
to  let  in  andirons  on  which  wood  for 
the  fire  could  be  placed. 

When  men  in  the  dealer's  yard  start- 
ed to  break  up  the  stove  they  found 
that  the  irpn  was  nearly  an-inch  thick, 
and  thev  tried  in  vain  to  wreck  it  with 
heavy  sledgehammers.  Finally  the 
stove  was  sold  intact  as  an  antique. 


Steel   Workers  in   Service 

The  United  States  Steel  Corporation's 
service  flag  now  shows  25,985  men  from 
its  plants  are  in  the  army  and  navy. 
The  corporation  has  word  so  far  that 
60  of  its  former  employes  have  been 
killed  at  the  front. 


Companies  Incorporated.  Incorpora- 
tion has  been  gi-anted  to  the  following: 
Mabee  Condensed  Milk  Company,  Ltd., 
Toronto,  capital  $1,500,000;  The  P.  Q. 
Towing  Company,  Ltd.,  Dalhousie,  N. 
B.,  capital  $50,000;  Petrie  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  Ltd.,  Hamilton,  capital 
$2,000,000;  Consolidated  Machine  and 
Tool  Company,  Ltd.,  Brantford,  $500,- 
000. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 

UMITED 

(ESTABLISH^)  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNK  MACLXAN.  Pwldent      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vire-Pr«.ld*nt 

H.  V.  TYRRELL.   General  Hanacer 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 


^ 


MANUFACTURING  NEWS 


&  mckly  Journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufaeturine  interesu. 
B.  O.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Man.  Editor. 

Auoeiate  Editor*: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNEB      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal 

08tn    of    Publication.    143153    University    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


Vol.  X\. 


OCTOBER  31 


No.  18 


Clipping  Coupons  Is  Profitable. 

npHE  army  of  coupon  clippers  in  Canada  is  growing. 
■*■  Xot  long  ago  the  term  "bond"  used  to  scare  people. 
It  wasn't  something  that  the  average  individual  had  any- 
thing to  do  with.  It  had  an  atmosphere  of  private  offices, 
ease  and  luxury  that  belonged  only  to  those  who  had  made 
their  wad. 

But  of  recent  years  there  have  been  a  heap  of  people 
in  Canada  who  have  found  out  from  actual  experience  that 
a  bond  is  a  mighty  fine  little  thing  to  have  around  the 
premises,  and  also  that  coupon  clipping  isn't  a  very  pain- 
ful operation  after  all. 

The  public  has  come  to  realize  that  lending  money  to 
the  Government  at  a  little  over  five  per  cent,  is  away 
ahead  of  buying  oil  stocks,  mining  securities,  or  taking 
a  chance  at  industrials  that  may  go  or  go  under. 

And  it's  that  feeling  that  is  going  a  long  way  toward 
making  the  Victory  Loan  a  success.  The  Loan  is  attractive 
apart  from  any  patriotic  appeal  that  can  be  made  on 
behalf  of  it.  It  is  tax-free.  It  ought  not  to  be,  but  it  is. 
The  Government  should  never  have  started  this  form  of 
tax  dodging,  but  having  started  it,  it  now  fears  to  jeopard- 
ize the  success  of  the  issue  by  making  it  liable  to  taxa- 
tion. The  purchaser  of  Victory  Bonds  gets  the  benefit  of 
the  early  course,  mistaken  though  it  was. 

The  Canadian  mechanic  need  not  hestitate  about  put- 
ting his  money  into  the  war  loan.  He  can  afford  to  strain 
a  point  in  paying  for  his  bond.  Take  it  as  a  hard  business 
proposition,  apart  from  the  patriotic  considerations,  apart 
from  what  it  means  to  Canadian  business — the  Victory 
Loan  is  an  investment  chance  that  does  not  come  often. 
The  man  who  has  not  invested  before  should  get  his  school- 
ing in  this  good  thing. 


don't  subscribe  for  $1,000,000  more.  For  me  it  is  an 
as  well  as  a  pleasant  task  because  I  buy  Liberty  bonds 
with  the  Kaiser's  own  money." 

It  so  happens  that  Mitchell  is  Alien  Property  Custo- 
dian of  United  States.     Here's  how  he  operates. 

"Why  some  few  weeks  ago,  out  in  a  western  city,  a 
school-teacher  who  was  a  German-born  woman,  died,  and  m 
her  will  she  bequeathed  $10,000  to  von  Hindenburg.  I 
got  that.  I  invested  it  in  Liberty  bonds  and  the  proceeds 
were  used  to  buy  ammunition,  and  now  Pershing's  boys 
are  trying  to  deliver  the  legacy  to  von  Hindenburg  over 
in   Germany. 

"We  have  made  every  dollar  of  German  money  in 
America  fight  the  Germans.  Great  iron  and  steel  mills, 
which  were  wont  to  send  their  profits  out  of  America  back 
to  Germany,  are  now  sending  their  profits  to  the  Treasury 
of  the  United  States  and  their  product  into  war  munitions 
to  destroy  their  owners. 

"Great  woolen  mills  over  in  New  Jersey,  which  were 
wont  to  send  large  dividends  back  to  Berlin,  are  now  send- 
ing those  dividends  to  Washington,  and  working  every 
loom  and  spindle  to  make  those  Army  suits  for  the  boys 
with  Pershing  in  France. 

"Great  metal,  mining,  and  mineral  companies  all  over 
the  United  States,  owned  with  German  money,  are  working 
night  and  day,  three  shifts  to  the  day,  to  produce  material, 
not  for  the  German  over  here  to  plant  his  industry  in  our 
midst  as  a  sort  of  spy  system  against  us,  but  for  the 
United  States,  which  he  sought  to  destroy." 

It  is  well  to  realize  that  war  is  not  play.  It's  plain  hell, 
and  a  nation  must  handle  it  in  that  way.  Love  taps  don't 
fizz  on  the  German  either  on  the  western  front  or  in  this 
country.  Politicians  are  gradually  coming  to  the  stage 
where  they  know  the  German  hasn't  got  a  vote  just  now, 
and  they're  licked  if  they  stop  to  reckon  about  the  votes 
he  may  have  in  years  to  come. 


w 


German  Money  a  Real  Boomerang. 

npHERE'S  one  man  in  United  States  who  has  broken 
all  records  for  buying  bonds.  The  way  he  tosses  out 
millions  for  the  Liberty  Loan  would  make  Carnegie  or 
Rockefeller  gasp  and  reach  for  the  railing  to  keep  from 
being  swept  off  the  deck. 

His  name  is  A.  Mitchell  Palmer.  Already  he  has 
bought  $80  000.000  worth,  and  he's  still  going  strong. 
If  you  want  to  know  how  it's  done,  here's  the  explanation 
in  Mr.  Mitchell's  own  words: — 

"Possibly  I  have  some  little  right  to  be  a  Liberty  bond 
salesman,  if  there  is  any  merit  in  the  maxim  "practice 
what  you  prt-ach,"  because  they  tell  me  I  am  the  biggest 
buyer  f>f  Liberty  bonds  in  America.  I  have  got  some- 
thin?  like  $60,000,000  worth,  and  it  is  a  poor  day  when  I 


Well,  Here's  Your  Chance  Now 

THEN  pay  is  good  and  work  is  thick  and  things  are 
runnin'  smooth,  when  there  ain't  no  bumps  nor  kinks 
to  hurt  the  slidin'  in  the  groove— when  all  them  things 
is  happenin',  boy,  when  you're  a  man  of  means,  why  don't 
forget  to  now  and  then  put  a  ten   into  your  jeans. 

It's  easy  for  to  take  your  cash  and  fling  it  far  and 
wide,  to  put  fresh  fixin's  in  the  house,  new  duds  upon 
your  hide. 

There  ain't  no  end  to  things  to  buy,  vou've  found  that 
bloomin'  store.  You'd  like  to  cut  a  swath,  me  boy,  that's 
out  before,  these  things  they  beckon  on  to  you  in  every 
sixteen  yards  across,  and  doll  yourself  to  be  the  likes  of 
some   ten   thousand   boss. 

But  just  remember  all  the  same  that  fat  piys  come 
and  go,  that  after  soimmer  comes  the  fall  and  trailin' 
that  the  snow. 

It's  nice  to  spend,  we  all  know  that,  it  aint  no  trick 
at  all,  to  flash  your  dust  at  every  curve  and  toss  to  every 
call.  It  sometimes  takes  a  little  nerve  to  stay  unon  the 
sod  and  quietly  sprout  another  ten  unto  your  little  wad. 

But  here's  the  time,  me  boy,  to  take  and  blow  your 
bloomin'  pile,  and  stick  your  chest  six  inches  out  and 
hatch  a  wholesome  smile.  Yes,  here's  your  chance  to 
stike  your  cash  in  somethin'  good  as  gold,  that  wouldn't 
grow  stale  upon  your  hands  nor  yet  grow  stale  with  mold. 
And  here's  your  chance  to  help  the  boys  what's  gone 
across  the  pond — by  buying  deep  and  long  and  loud  that 
good  old  Vict'ry  Bond!— ARK. 


AFTER  all  said  and  done  it's  a  great  thing  to  mind  your 

own  business. 

•        •        • 

PUTTING  the  hell  into  shell  is  really  the  work  of  the 
munition  plants  at  present. 


October  31,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


521 


HARD  WORK  AND 

HARD  STUDY  DID  IT 


Arthur  A.  Hopkirk  Wanted  to  Drive  a  Locomotive 
When  He  First  Entered  Shops. 


ARTHUR     A.     HOPKIRK 


SIX  years  ago  an  unassuming  young  man  earned  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  a  month.  To-day 
his  monthly  salary  is  four  hundred  dollars  plus.  On  pay 
'days  he  signs  five  hundi-ed  and  seventy-five  cheques. 
Above  his  signature  is  the  firm  name  Universal  Tool  Steel 
Company.  Below  his  signature  is  his  official  title,  sup- 
erintendent. Arthur  A.  Hopkirk  is  his  name  in  full,  but 
Jhis  signature   is   simply  A.  Hopkirk.     Better  reasons  for 

our  saying  he  is  unassuming 
could  be  told. 

One  is  that  he  confessed 
to  having  been  a  messenger 
boy  the  first  year  or  two  after 
leaving  public  school.  Out 
of  his  earnings  as  a  messen- 
ger he  saved  enough  to  pay 
b's  own  way  through  one  of 
the  business  schools. 

Figuratively  speaking,  it 
was  only  a  step  from  the 
school  to  an  insurance 
office.  Typewriters  rattled 
and  bond  papers  crackled  and 
routine  wove  its  web.  Some- 
thing in  Hopkirk  rebelled. 

The    general    master    me- 
chanic   of   the    C.P.R.,    West 
Toronto    shops,    lived    across 
the    streets    from    his    home. 
One  day  he  asked  the  father  of  young  Hopkirk  what  he 
was  going  to  do  with  his  boy. 

"You'll  have  to  be  more  definite,"  the  father  of  seven 
toys  smiled. 

But  the  boy  meant  was  ripe  for  any  change  that  would 
take  him  away  from  stiff-collar  monotony. 

Variety  thrived  in  the  general  master  mechanic's  office. 
So  did  young  Hopkirk.  There  were  men  in  and  out  that 
knew  a  joke.  There  were  yard  engines  and  spare  moments 
to  be  spent  in  their  cabs. 

Perhaps  those  rough  and  ready,  but  verily  salt  of  the 
earth,  railroaders,  were  good  guessers  or  perhaps  they 
were  not.  However,  that  may  be,  they  knew  nothing  of 
the  sizable  ambition  squelched  by  their  answers  to  the 
questions  Hopkirk  put  with  seeming  unconcern.  At  the 
end  of  a  year  he  knew  the  worst.  He  could  never  be  the 
proud  driver  of  a  locomotive.  His  eyes  were  not  long- 
sighted enough. 

He  had  not  shared  his  ambition  with  a  soul.  Neither 
would  he  share  his  keen  disappointment.  He  was  a  shy, 
studious  lad  with  inner  thoughts  that  he  could  not  bring 
himself  to  tell. 

After  a  year  and  four  months  in  the  general  master 
mechanic's  office  he  went  into  the  shop  proper,  and  for 
five  years  he  served  as  an  apprentice. 

In  the  fourth  year  of  his  apprenticeship,  when  making 
seventeen  cents  an  hour,  he  married  the  world's  most 
courageous  girl.  At  least  so  he  thinks  of  her  now  when 
thoughts  go  back  to  their  two-roomed  home. 

The  next  year  he  finished  his  apprenticeship  and  went 
with  the  Canada  Foundry  where  he  commanded  journey- 
man's wages  right  away.    But  six  months  later  the  C.P.R. 
West  Toronto  shops  offered  as  good  pay,  and  he  returned. 
"I  worked  three  more  years  in  those  shops,  studying  in 


my  spare  time,"  he  told  me.  "I  took  a  correspondence  com- 
plete course  in  mechanical  engineering.  About  this  time, 
too,  your  technical  papers  had  a  good  deal  to  say  about 
shop  efficiency.  As  well  as  reading  all  I  could  find  on  the 
subject  I  made  time  studies  in  relation  to  production  my- 
self. 

"I  guess  some  of  the  men  thought  I  was  a  nut,  but  I 
knew  what  I  was  doing  and  tried  to  be  indifferent  to  their 
talk  while  continuing  my  studies. 

"Just  before  the  three  years  were  up  I  wrote  S.  J.  Hun- 
gerford,  general  manager  of  the  C.N.R.  I  told  him  what 
experience  I  had  had,  the  progress  made  in  my 
studies,  and  that  I  thought  possibly  a  young  man  would 
stand  a  better  chance  for  quick  promotion  in  one  of  the 
western  shops  of  the  C.N.R. 

"It  wasn't  long  after  that  A.  Dickson,  then  our  general 
foreman,  came  to  me  with  a  letter  from  A.  E.  Eager,  shop 
superintendent  of  the  C.  N.R.  at  Winnipeg.  Eager  wanted 
to  know  if  I  had  any  right  to  be  so  ambitious,  and  Dickson 
evidently  told  him  that  I  had. 

"So  I  went  to  Winnipeg  as  C.N.R.  shop  engineer.  I 
went  on  trial  for  three  months  at  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  dollars  a  month,  but  I  stayed  three  years. 

"And  it  is  now  three  years  since  I  returned  to  Toronto. 
Galloway  preceded  me  by  no  more  than  a  week  or  two. 
He  came  East  to  accept  the  superintendency  of  this  plant. 
I  came  to  act  as  general  foreman. 

"We  started  on  eighteen-pounder  shells.  Our  second 
contract  was  for  eight-inch.  Then  we  switched  back  to  the 
former,  and  since  the  first  of  the  present  year  we've  been 
making  six-inch  howitzer.  Each  change  entailed  a  re- 
arrangement of  the  plant,  and  that  was  no  cinch,"  the 
speaker  said  emphatically. 

Six  months  ago  Galloway  was  made  general  manager 
of  the  J.  J.  Carrick  plant  at  Buffalo.  Arthur  A.  Hop- 
kirk, thirty-seven  years  old,  was  given  his  private  office 
and  all  that  goes  with  it.  He  speaks  modestly  of  his 
success,  but  if  you  are  a  young  man  and  sincere,  he  will 
tell  you  that  hard  work  and  hard  study  put  him  where  he 
is  to-day. 


SIR   THOMAS    WHITE. 

Finance     Minister,     of     Canada,    .who     has     given     lucid 
explanation   of  the    Victory    Loan. 


Volume  XX. 


522 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


New  Regulations  Are  Causing  Some  Concern 

French  Experts  Have  Very  High  Opinion  of  Efficiency  of  Cana- 
-    dian  Shell  Shops— All  Steel  Materials  Will  Likely  Come  Under 
Government  Observation  and  Control 


THE  warehousing  business  in  Canada  is  surely  com- 
ing to  the  point  where  it  works  in  rather  uncertain 
channels.  For  a  long  time  material  of  less  than 
%-inch  in  thickness  was  not  included  in  the  embargoed 
list,  and  firms  that  had  a  good  connection  at  U.S.  rolling 
mills  had  little  trouble  in  "carrying  on."  Even  when  the 
War  Trade  Board  turned  down  an  application  for  the 
release  of  certain  material — particularly  plate — they  often 
did  so  with  the  recommendation  to  "use  some  lighter  ma- 
terial." This  provided  an  easy  way  out,  but  now  this 
lighter  material  is  under  the  same  ban. 

Canadian  shops  maintain  a  very  high  standard  of 
efficiency  on  shell  work.  A  party  of  French  mechanical 
experts  are  in  Canada  at  present,  under  the  guidance  of 
an  interpreter  from  the  Dominion  government.  They  have 
been  in  United  States  for  some  months  in  connection 
with  French  orders.  They  state  positively  that  in  point 
of  production  and  the  well-planned  arrangement  of  the 
sequence  of  operations,  Canadian  shell  shops  are  absolutely 
the  best  in  the  business. 

Inquiries  for   equipment   in   machine  tool  circles   are 


mostly  for  155  m.m.  contractors.  Those  shops  that  are 
producing  now  are  in  much  better  position  to  add,  piece 
by  piece,  to  increase  their  output,  than  new  plants  are 
to  go  out  for  an  entire  outfit.  Dealers  have  odd  machines 
on  standing  orders,  and  delivery  in  this  way  is  compara- 
tively rapid. 

Supplies  were  sent  forward  this  week  for  the  mechani- 
cal equipment  that  is  to  accompany  the  Canadian  expe- 
ditionary force  to  Siberia.  Apparently  nothing  is  being 
lost  sight  of  that  will  be  needed  to  make  the  force  self- 
sustaining  as  far  as  repairs  are  concerned.  Shipment 
was  made  to  the  embarking  point  at  Vancouver. 

United  States  War  Industries  Board  has  given  notice 
that  the  manufacture  of  lawn  mowers  will  have  to  be 
curtailed  for  the   present. 

Scrap  metal  dealers  are  having  an  off  month.  All 
those  who  have  any  stock  on  hand  are  apparently  looking 
for  purchasers,  but  purchasers  are  few.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  a  large  amount  of  this  business  passes  directly  from 
seller  to  melters,  to   the   exclusion  of  the  dealers. 


NO  PANIC  EXPECTED  V^HEN  PERIOD 

OF*  RECONSTRUCTION  DOES  ARRIVE 


SpecUl  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Que.,  Oct.  31 —Few 
industrial  activities  have  been 
directly  affected  by  possibilty  of 
an  early  termination  of  European  hos- 
tilities. Some  signs  of  this  though  are 
apparently  not  pronounced,  but  the  im- 
pression may  be  gathered  from  the  re- 
marks of  those  who  are  in  a  position  to 
know  and  that  period  of  readjustment 
may  come  at  almost  any  time.  How- 
ever, it  is  the  opinion  of  many  that  any 
likelihood  of  a  panic  will  be  avoided  by 
the  operations  of  the  War  Trade  Boards, 
as  it  is  believed  that  these  bodies  will 
continue  to  regulate  and  control  the  sit- 
uation for  some  time  after  peace  is  de- 
clared. The  demand  for  machine  tools 
is  a  little  quieter  and  dealers  report  this 
due  to  the  peace  movement  now  on 
foot.  Plants  working  on  American  or- 
ders, however,  are  losing  no  time  com- 
pleting their  equipment,  as  it  is  intim- 
ated that  the  temporary  lull  will  be 
shortly  followed  by  increased  activity. 
Operations  on  the  new  plant  of  the  Can- 
ada  Cement  Co.   have  been   temporarily 


suspended,  owing  to  the  fact  that  some 
change  may  be  made  in  the  size  of  shell 
to  be  manufactured.  Industrial  work  in 
this  district  is  still  affected  by  the  in- 
fluenza scourge  and  output  has  been  in- 
terfered with;  during  the  past  thre» 
weeks  the  Canadian  Vickers  plant  has 
had  over  500  men  affected. 

Less  Demand  For  Futures 

The  dominating  feature  of  present 
activity  is  the  apparent  nervousness 
that  prevails  in  many  circles.  Frequent- 
ly this  feeling  is  partly  hidden  in  the 
announcement  that  tlie  war  will  last  for 
a  long  time  yet,  but  the  atmosphere  is 
so  full  of  uncertainty  that  early  future 
predictions  are  virtually  impossible.  The 
general  steel  situation  shows  little 
change  over  the  past  few  weeks,  but 
more  reluctance  is  evident  in  the  plac- 
ing of  orders  for  future  requirements, 
and  many  of  those  placed  are  done  so 
subject  to  such  conditions  as  may  exist 
at  time  of  delivery.  An  influencing 
factor    on    present    transactions    is    the 


fact  that  U.  S.  Government  require- 
ments are  being  placed  with  the  mills 
subject  to  cancellation,  providing  the 
same  will  not  materially  affect  the  op- 
eration of  the  plant.  Early  future  con- 
ditions hinge  on  the  outcome  of  the 
present  movement  for  an  armistice. 
Should  current  negotiation  end  in  a 
cessation  of  active  warfare  it  is  more 
than  possible  that  certain  industries 
will  be  curtailed  to  meet  the  changed 
conditions.  The  first  to  be  affected  will 
doubtless  be  that  of  steel  and  in  partic- 
ular that  branch  related  to  munitions. 
However,  it  is  not  anticipated  that  any 
sudden  collapse  will  follow,  as  it  is 
thought  that  the  intention  of  the  Gov- 
ernment War  Boards  is  to  maintain  a 
state  of  equilibrium  while  a  gradual  re- 
turn to  normal  is  attained.  This  action 
is  not  only  advisable,  but  essential,  in 
view  of  the  vast  increase  in  production 
facilities  during  the  past  three  years. 
Under  no  form  of  control  the  market 
would  rapidly  assume  a  panicky  condi- 
tion, which  would  be  detrimental  to  fu- 
ture prosperity.  The  demands  for  ma- 
terial for  present  and  immediate  future 
needs  are  still  insistent,  but  a  notable 
decline  is  reported  in  the  orders  that  are 
being  placed  now  for  1919  delivery.  This 


October  31,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


628 


attitude  will  likely  continue  until  some 
definite  announcement  as  to  Germany's 
intentions  is  known.  Little  consideration 
is  yet  given  to  ordinary  steel  require- 
ments, as  essential  operations  are  still 
sufficient  to  absorb  all  the  available  ma- 
terial. The  local  situation  remains  un- 
changed and  the  attitude  of  the  dealers 
here  is  one  of  watchful  waiting.  Present 
quotations  are  only  a  guide  to  existing 
conditions,  as  purchasers  are  advised 
that  in  the  majority  of  cases  the  prices 
are  only  of  a  nominal  character. 

Metals  Are  Easier 

General  conditions  are  having  the  ef- 
fect of  making  the  metal  market  easier 
and  price  quotations  are  declining.  Pres- 
ent peace  possibilities  and  the  unsettled 
condition  of  the  trade  is  the  influencing 
factor,  and  as  a  consequence,  buyers  are 
acting  cautiously  in  covering  their  fu- 
ture requirements.  Should  the  war  ter- 
minate in  the  near  future  it  is  thought 
that  quotations  on  some  of  the  metttia 
would  show  a  marked  falling  off,  not- 
ably spelter  and  lead,  and  probably  tin. 
Copper  will  be  less  affected  owing  w 
the  strict  regulations  now  governing  the 
sale  and  distribution  of  the  metal.  Deal- 
ers here  are  now  asking  31  cents  tw 
lake  and  electro  and  30%  cents  for  cast- 
ings. Tin,  which  was  quoted  at  about 
95  cents  last  week,  is  now  90  cents. 
Spelter  shows  a  slight  decline,  the  cur- 
rent quotation  being  10%  cents  per  lb. 
Antimony  at  15  cents  is  a  decline  of  on# 
cent  per  lb.  Aluminum  quotations  are 
•about  46  cents  per  lb. 

Tool  Trade  Affected  By  Peace  Talk 

It  is  quite  natural  to  assume  that  un- 
•certainty  will  upset  the  operations  of 
any  enterprise  and  this  appears  to  be 
true  in  respect  to  machine  tool  activity. 
During  the  past  two  weeks  there  has 
T)een  a  noticeable  decline  in  the  placing 
of  orders  for  future  delivery,  as  many 
"buyers  are  reluctant  to  purchase  under 
present  unsettled  conditions.  This  peace 
talk,  however,  has  had  little  effect  on 
manufacturing,  as  tools  now  on  order 
are  still  urgently  needed,  and  it  is  not 
anticipated  that  any  letting  up  will  take 
place  until  something  definite  has  been 
decided  on.  One  dealer  here  goes  so  far 
as  to  intimate  that  in  another  month 
everything  will  be  going  full  swing 
again,  on  the  supposition  that  present 
negotiations  will  not  end  in  a  satisfac- 
tory settlement.  Nevertheless,  the  ten- 
dency in  all  directions  is  to  retrench  in 
the  matter  of  covering  future  needs. 
Dealers  in  small  supplies  and  tool  steei* 
report  a  slight  falling  off  in  the  demand, 
particularly  for  large  lots. 

Little  Market  In  Old  Materia) 

Recent  developments  in  the  war  sit- 
uation have  added  to  the  general  dull- 
ness that  has  characterized  this  market 
for  the  past  several  weeks.  What  little 
transactions  have  been  maintained  are 
more  or  less  of  a  local  nature,  to  cover 
the  requirements  of  small  consumers. 
Heavy  trading  has  been  virtually  elim- 
inated and  under  the  present  unsettled 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Pittsburg  reports  that  steel  mills 
and  bla.st  furnaces  are  being 
seriously  interfered  with  by  the 
spread  of  Spanish  influenza. 

Scrap  metal  dealers  state  that 
there  are  many  more  sellers  than 
buyers  in  the  market  at  present, 
and  from  this  they  look  for  lower 
prices  in  the  near  future. 

A  party  of  French  experts  visited 
Canadian  shell  shops  this  week. 
They  stated  that  the  shops  of  the 
Dominion  were  the  best  they  had 
seen  from  the  standpoint  of  produc- 
tion and  efficiency. 

Large  orders  of  machine  tool 
supplies  were  shipped  this  week  for 
the  use  of  the  Canadian  Siberian 
expeditionary  force.  They  were 
sent  to  Vancouver,  where  all  the 
material   is  being   assembled. 

U.  S.  War  Department  sent  tele- 
grams to  operatives  not  down  with 
influenza  to  redouble  their  efforts 
to  keep  up  the  production  of  ma- 
chine tools  for  the  fitting  out  of 
the  war  plants. 

Makers  of  lawn  mowers  can  op- 
erate on  a  forty  per  cent,  basis  up 
to  January  1  next,  after  which  time 
they  are  expected  to  go  on  war 
work  on  a  100  per  cent,  basis. 

Some  war  contracts  were  cancel- 
led in  the  United  States  by  the  go- 
vernment, but  this  does  not  indi- 
cate any  let-up  in  their  plans.  The 
cancellations  were  made  simply  be- 
cause the  deliveries  could  not  be 
made  on  schedule  time,  or  anything 
approaching  it. 


state  dealers  are  not  anxious  to  stock 
up  their  yards  with  a  lot  of  material. 
With  munitions  operations  entirely  con- 
trolled by  the  War  Trade  Boards  the 
business  of  the  small  dealers  is  confined 
to  a  relatively  small  area.  Current  quo- 
tations are  unchanged,  but  are  more 
nominal  than  actual. 


HARDER  THAN  EVER 
TO  SECURE  MATERIAL 


Jobbers  Not  Certain  How  The  New 

Regulations    Are    Going 

To  Work  Out 

qp  ORONTO.— Victory  Loan  has  right 
-*■  of  way  this  week.  It's  talked  of 
more  than  the  war,  more  than  produc- 
tion, more  than  machine  tools  and  more 
than  all  of  them  put  together.  It's 
surely  the  cock  of  the  walk  for  the 
time  being,  and  any  little  attention 
that   such   comnjon   things   as   trade   af- 


fairs  happen   to  secure   is  simply  as   a 
word  thrown   in  edgeways. 

Machine  tool  dealers  are  doing  a  satis- 
factory business.  There  is  still  talk  of 
155-m.m.  plants,  although  were  they 
started  now  it  would  mean,  that  with  the 
very  best  luck  and  management,  they 
could  not  produce  shells  before  March 
or  April  of  next  year. 

The  tendency  seems  to  be  to  bring  the 
plants  already  operating  to  a  greater 
degree  of  efficiency  rather  than  to  start 
new  ones  on  the  road.  It  is  not  such 
a  difficult  matter  to  do  this,  as  dealers 
can  supply  odd  machines  for  very  quick 
delivery,  where  the  extensive  equipment 
that  goes  into  a  new  shop  takes  many 
months  to  secure  and  bring  to  the  point 
of  operation. 

For  the  present  the  155-m.m.  work 
seems  to  hold  the  greatest  interest,  and 
the  chances  seem  to  be  that  this  will 
continue  to  be  the  greatest  centre  of 
production  in  Canada  for  some  time 
yet. 

In  Smaller  Compass 

It  can  be  correctly  stated  that  the 
steel  trade  looks  now  for  more  action 
in  regard  to  the  output  of  steel,  not 
only  in  the  shape  of  plates  and  sheets, 
but  in  everything  else  that  has  steel  in 
it.  Jobbers  are  not  quite  certain  how 
they  are  going  to  come  out  in  the 
scramble,  but  they  are  quite  certain  of 
one  thing,  and  that  is  that  there  is  ap- 
parently no  let  up  in  the  way  that 
orders  are  being  turned  down  by  the 
War  Trade  Board  at  Ottawa.  Form- 
erly it  was  possible  to  get  material  in 
under  %  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  as 
this  was  not  on  the  embargo  list.  It 
has  been  the  custom  of  the  trade,  and 
of  the  government  as  well  to  advise 
users  who  have  been  calling  for  No.  10 
gauge  to  substitute  comething  lighter, 
In  many  cases  this  has  been  done.  But 
now  the  "something  lighter"  is  included 
in  the  list  of  things  that  have  to  be 
passed  under  the  embargo,  and  the 
trade  is  wondering  just  where  they  are 
going  to  come  in  under  the  new  order 
of  things.  The  opinion  is  also  expres- 
sed that  much  of  the  later  movement 
is  due  to  a  desire  to  straighten  out  the 
rather  intricate  system  that  has  been 
worked  out,  by  the  use  of  licenses  and 
priorities  as  well.  Just  this  week  war 
business  of  a  very  positive  nature  was 
turned  down  for  a  firm  that  is  forging 
for  the  American  government,  and  the 
material — plates  in  this  instance — was 
urgently  needed.  The  usual  advice  of 
using  something  lighter  was  given,  but 
the  trouble  is  going  to  be  the  securing 
of  the  something  lighter.  The  jobber 
who  secured  the  order  was  so  sure  that 
it  would  be  passed  at  Ottawa  that  he 
would,  had  there  been  the  urgency 
in  the  case,  have  shipped  the  material 
along,  takino;  a  chance  on  the  War 
Board  sanctioning  the  release  of  the 
material  from  the  warehouse.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  applications  are  getting 
turned  down  right  and  left  at  Ottawa 
at  present. 

A  Dull  Scrap  Market 

"We  can't  say  that  we  are  in  for  an 
era  of  lower  prices,  but  there  are  many 


524 


CANADIAN    MACHINKRY 


Volume  XX. 


thinirs  pointing  that  way,"  stated  one 
of  the  larpfe  dealers  this  morning.  "The 
trouble  is  just  now,"  he  continued,  "that 
every  person  wants  to  sell  their  stock, 
and  very  few  people  want  to  buy  in 
quantities  that  will  make  a  dent  in  the 
larjre  reserves  that  are  being  stacked 
up  in  almost  every  place.  The  result 
of  such  a  situation  is  almost  invariably 
that  the  prices  will  be  forced  down,  al- 
though we  cannot  say  it  has  come  to 
that  yet  Quotations  have  not  come 
down,  but  the  chances  are  that  they  will 
before  long." 

There   are   quite   a   number   of   deals 

put  through  in  which  the  dealers  have 

no    share,   and      the      material      passes 

directly  from  the  sellers  to  the  melters. 

.The  Machine  Tool  Trade 

The  month  just  closed  has  been  a  good 
one  for  the  machine  tool  trade  and  for 
the  supply  departments  as  well.  The 
155-m.m.  work  accounts  for  the  most 
of  the  demand.  There  is  quite  a  bit 
of  replacement  and  addition  business 
coming  in,  and  this  can  be  handled  to 
much  greater  advantage  than  the  put- 
ting in  of  new  plants.  Dealers  have 
stocks  from  which  they  can  draw  for 
odd  pieces  and  give  good  delivery. 

Dealers  in  supplies,  especially  of  high 
speed  goods,  report  that  there  is  a 
tendency  to  buy  pretty  close  to  actual 
needs.  The  peace  talk  that  was  ram- 
pant some  weeks  ago  made  the  pro- 
ducers of  shells  a  little  anxious  lest 
some  of  the  jjancellation  provisions 
should  come  into  operation.  As  a  result 
the  shops  are  not  very  well  stoclced 
with  this  class  of  material,  and  when 
orders  do  come  in  they  are  wanted  at 
once. 

Equipment  for  the  Siberian  expedi- 
tion has  been  furnished  by  a  number  of 
Toronto  dealers.  A  large  consignment 
of  reamers,  cutters,  taps  and  drills  went 
to  the   shipping  point,  Vancouver,  this 

Dealers  report  that  deliveries  are 
very  indifferent  now  for  cutters,  etc.  In 
fact  nearly  all  the  war  material  sup- 
plies have  deliveries  now  that  hardly 
improve  on  eight  or  ten  weeks,  which 
is  a  much  poorer  showing  than  has  been 
made  during  the  last  few  months. 


PURCHASES  SMALL, 

BUT  LOTS  OF  THEM 

Things    Holding    Ud    War    Orders    Are 

B«ing  Ironed  Out  Rapidly  in 

United  SUtes 

SpmUI    U    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

NEW  YORK.  Oct.  31.— The  influenza 
epidemic  has  invaded  the  shops  of  the 
manufacturers  of  machine  tools  as  well 
as  those  of  the  steel  plants.  Production 
of  machinery  has  been  curtailed  because 
of  the  disease.  How  serious  is  the  situ- 
ation may  be  judged  from  the  action  of 
the  Ordnance  Department  in  sending  out 
telorrams  to  plants  engaged  in  war 
work  requesting  operatives  remaining  at 
their  tasks  to  redouble  efforts  to  keep 
production  up  to  the  point  reached  be- 
fore the  epidemic. 

Greater  activity  in  the  buying  of  ma- 


chine tools  was  evident  in  the  local  mar- 
ket last  week  but  most  of  the  purchases 
were  of  relatively  small  lots  of  tools. 
Contracts  for  equipment  to  be  installed 
in  eastern  plants  to  make  shells  and 
pistols  are  still  held  in  abeyance,  but 
the  Lower  House  at  Washington  hab 
finally  passed  the  "first  deficiency  ap- 
propriation BilL"  setting  aside  nearly 
$6,400,000,000  for  war  expenses.  Of  this 
total  nearly  $3,700,000,000  will  be  avail- 
able to  the  Ordnance  Department,  and 
as  soon  as  these  funds  and  credits  are 
available,  large  contracts  for  machinery 
will  be  closed. 

The  greatest  activity  in  machinery 
buying  continues  to  be  centered  in  the 
central  West,  especially  at  Detroit, 
Cleveland  and  Chicago.  The  American 
Multigraph  Co.,  which  recently  acquired 
the  Cleveland  service  plant  of  the  Ford 
Motor  Co  to  manufacture  time  fuses  for 
shells,  is  now  buying  shop  equipment; 
about  3O0  tools  will  be  purchased,  in- 
cluding 100  automatic  screw  machines, 
100  drilling  machines,  50  hand  screw 
machines,  and  complete  tool  room  equip- 
ment. Many  other  plants  in  the  Central 
West  engaged  largely  on  government 
work  have  bought  and  are  still  buyins; 
shop  equipment.  The  Studebaker  Cor- 
poration has  bought  turret  lathes  and 
screw  machines,  and  is  now  negotiating 
for  milliner  machines.  There  is  a  very 
heavy  demand  for  screw  machines  from 
other  sources,  and  90  have  been  pur- 
chased, mainly  by  plants  in  the  Central 
West,  including  12  bought  by  the  Willys- 
Morrow  Co.,  Elmyra,  17  by  the  Steel 
Products  Co.  of  Cleveland,  45  by  the 
National  Acme  Co.,  Cleveland,  and  15 
by  the  Thomas  A.  Edison  Co ,  Inc., 
Orange,  N.J.  The  American  Brake 
Shoe  and  Foundry  Co.  has  purchased  16 
turret  lathes  for  its  Erie,  Pa.,  plant. 

The     Olds     Motor     Works,     Lansing, 


Mich.,  will  devote  its  entire  plant  to 
making  aircraft  and  Liberty  motors. 
Extensions  and  equipment  for  this: 
plant  will  cost  $1,250,000.  The  Syming- 
ton-Chicago Corp.,  which  is  building  a. 
large  plant  to  manufacture  shells  is  ia 
the  market  for  tool-room  equipment,, 
including  lathes,  milling  machines  and 
drill  Dresses.  The  Holt  Manufacturing 
Co.,  which  is  buildino;  an  extension  to 
its  Peoria,  111.,  plant  to  manufacture 
caterpillar  tractors  and  tanks,  is  now 
buying  machinery. 

Canadian  Buyers 

Canadian  manufacturers  who  have 
large  United  States  government  orders, 
are  buying  very  little  machinery  in  this 
country  because  under  present  regula- 
tions Dominion  buyers  may  import  from 
the  United  States  only  such  tools  as  are 
unobtainable  in  Canada.  Recent  pur- 
chases in  Canada  include  boring  ma- 
chines, lathes  and  hand  grooving  ma- 
chines. 

Shipyards  and  railroads  are  placing 
supplementary  orders  for  machine  tools. 
W.  H.  Gahagan  Inc.,  Arverne,  Long 
Island,  which  is  to  build  steel  tugs  for 
the  Emergency  Fleet  Corp.,  has  been 
buying  punches,  drills  and  bending  ma- 
chinery for  its  new  plant  and  is  still  in 
the  market  for  portable  shipyard  tools. 
The  Robert  Dollar  Co  ,  N.Y.,  agent  for 
the  Chinese  government,  is  buying  25 
machines  for  rounding  out  shop  equip- 
ment of  the  Shanghai  Navy  Yard,  which 
will  construct  four  10.000-ton  ships  for 
the  United  States  Emergency  Fleet 
Corp.  The  Sun  Shipbuilding  Co.  has 
purchased  cranes  for  its  Chester,  Pa., 
plant.  The  Pennsylvania  R.  R.  has  taken 
bids  on  cranes  for  its  .\ltoona  shops  and 
is  still  in  the  market.  The  Delaware 
and  Lackawanna  Western  R.  R.  is  buy- 
ing a  dozen-  miscellaneous  tools  for  its 
various  repair  shops. 


STEEL  MILLS  AND  THE  BLAST 

FURNACES  HIT  HARD  BY 


'FLU" 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Oct.  30.— The 
epidemic  of  "Spanish  influenza," 
or  "flu'  for  short,  is  rather  general 
throughout  the  east  and  the  central 
west.  The  spread  seems  to  depend  upon 
climatic  conditions,  whereby  it  has  not 
extended  north  beyond  certain  latitudes. 
The  epidemic  seems  to  follow  main  art- 
eries of  travel  very  largely,  and  to  be 
severe  in  accordance  with  the  density 
of  population.  Some  health  authorities 
have  estimated  that  in  the  end  15  per 
cent,  of  the  population  will  have  been 
affected.  As  a  result  of  these  vagaries 
of  travel  some  of  the  steel  mills  and 
blast  furnaces  have  been  very  seriously 
affected  as  to  their  working  forces, 
while  others  have  escaped  wholly  or 
largely,  and  no  general  average  can  be 
struck.  As  an  extreme  case  the  Du- 
ouesne  Steel  Works  of  the  Carnegie 
Steel  Company  may  be  cited,  where  of 
late  an  average  of  15  per  cent,  of  the 
working  force  of  about  5,100  men  have 
been  off  duty,  absence  being  attribut- 
able in  nearly  all  cases  to  the  "flu,"  but 


managers  feel  that  there  is  a  disposition 
to  attribute  to  the  "flu"  absences  that 
may  be  due  to  some  other  cause,  while 
furthermore  some  of  the  absences  are 
due  to  sickness  in  the  family,  rather 
than  to  the  workman  himself.  The  next 
most  serious  case  is  that  of  the  Home- 
stead Steel  Works  proper,  employing 
about  8,000  men,  and  with  an  average 
of  fully  800  absent.  Subsidiary  plants, 
somewhat  removed  from  the  main  plant, 
like  the  Shoen  steel  wheel  department, 
the  Howard  Ax'e  Works,  etc.,  are  much 
less  affected.  In  the  Shenango  valley 
the  epidemic  has  scarcely  been  felt,  but 
the  Mahoning  valley  has  had  some  seri- 
ous  experiences. 

Altogether  the  curtailment  in  produc- 
tion has  been  much  less,  in  percentage, 
than  the  curtailment  in  working  forces. 
The  remaining  men  seem  to  work 
harder.  October  was  expected  to  show 
a  materially  better  production  rate  than 
the  very  favorable  September  showing, 
in  both  pig  iron  and  steel  ingot."!,  and  a 
rough  estimate  is  that  with  the  curtail- 


October  31,  1918. 

ment  due  to  the  epidemic  there  will  still 
be  shown  some  slight  increase  in  the 
rate  of  production,  after  allowance  has 
been  made  for  the  fact  that  the  month 
contains  one  more  working  day  than 
September,  in  the  case  of  blast  fur- 
naces, and  two  more  in  the  case  of 
steel  works. 

Reflected  Priority 

The  War  Industries  Board  seems  to 
have  regarded  its  circular  No.  4,  dated 
July  1,  but  not  actually  circulated  until 
late  in  the  month,  as  susceptible  of 
clear  and  exact  interpretation,  but  it 
has  developed  that  many,  if  not  the 
majority,  of  manufacturers  concerned 
have  misinterpreted  certain  provisions, 
and  it  has  been  necessary  to  issue  pre- 
cise interpretations,  which  will  materi- 
ally alter  the  manner  of  securing  priori- 
ties in  a  great  many  cases. 

The  circular  provided  "automatic 
priority"  for  material  for  a  great  many 
war  contracts  and  activities,  including, 
for  instance,  the  following:  Turbines, 
locomotive  construction  and  repair. 
Fleet  Corporation  vessels,  cranes,  farm 
implements,  etc.  For  these  various 
cases  "automatic  priority,"  was  pre- 
scribed, whereby  the  buyer,  instead  of 
securing  an  individual  priority  certifi- 
cate from  the  War  Industries  Board  for 
material,  etc.,  desired,  could  place  his 
order  with  merely  an  endorsement,  by 
aflBdavit,  showing  that  the  material  was 
for  the  designated  purpose,  and  stating 
the  prescribed  priority  for  the  activity, 
such  priorities  ranging  from  A-4  down 
to  B-2. 

Many  interests  interpreted  this  to 
mean  that  the  priority  would  work  all 
along  the  chain  or  line,  in  case  material 
passed  through  successive  hands,  for 
instance,  a  shipyard  could  place  an  order 
with  "automatic  priority,"  and  the  manu- 
facturer receiving  the  order  could  in 
turn  order  supplies,  to  be  used  in  filling 
the  order,  with  "autom,atic  priority," 
and  the  second  manufacturer  could  in 
turn  use  the  "automatic  priority,"  and 
son  on  indefinitely,  as  long  as  the  iden- 
tity of  the  material  conH  be  preserved. 
Such  practice  accordingly  came  to  pre- 
vail in  many  cases. 

Maurice  Hirsh,  secretary  of  the  Pri- 
orities Division  of  the  board,  has  lately 
issued  a  series  of  rulings  cutting  all 
"this  out.  The  automatic  priority  must 
work  but  once.  The  shipyard  working 
for  the  Fleet  Corporation,  for  instance, 
may  order  bolts  or  rivets  with  A-5 
■priority,  but  the  bolt  or  rivet  maker 
cannot  order  steel  for  his  goods  with 
an  automatic  priority.  He  must  secure 
•a  priority  certificate  for  the  material 
direct  from  the  Priorities  Division,  just 
as  would  have  been  necessary  before  the 
system  of  automatic  priority  was  estab- 
lished. The  bolt  and  rivet  makers,  to 
continue  using  them  as  an  illustration, 
were  not  named  as  being  accorded  any 
automatic  priority.  Then  there  is 
another  clas  of  cases  in  which  the  manu- 
facturer with  whom  the  order  is  placed 
has  been  accorded  an  automatic  prior- 
ity of  his  own.  Crane  building,  for  in- 
stance, is  given  B-1  priority.  Thus  the 
shipyard  can  order  a  crane  as  A-5,  and 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 

CANADIAN  SHELL 

SHOPS  ARE  BEST 


That      Is      The      Opinion      of      French 

Mechanics  Who   Are  On 

Tour  of  District 


A  party  of  French  mechanics,  under 
the  supervision  of  an  interpreter  from 
the  Dominion  government  at  Ottawa, 
has  been  paying  a  visit  to  some  of  the 
shell  plants  in  Toronto  during  the  week. 
The  party  has  been  in  United  States 
for  some  months  past,  going  there  at 
the  request  of  the  French  government 
in  connection  with  shell  work.  On  Mon- 
day morning  they  were  at  the  plant  of 
the  Russell  Motor  Co.,  where  large 
orders  for  the  9.2  shells  are  being  filled. 
Through  their  interpreter  they  expres- 
sed their  surprise  and  satisfaction  at 
the  splendid  results  that  were  being 
secured  in  the  Canadian  plants,  intimat- 
ing in  no  uncertain  way  that  in  their 
opinion  the  Dominion  of  Canada  shops 
were  the  last  word  in  the  speedy  and 
accurate   production   of   munitions. 


require  the  crane  builder  to  ICumish 
the  crane  before  he  fills  other  orders 
that  have  lower  priority  or  none.  The 
crane  builder  can  place  orders  for  mat- 
erial attaching  B-1  priority  thereto,  and 
he  gets  this  same  priority  on  all  his 
material,  irrespective  of  which  crane 
order  the  material  is  used  for  filling. 

Some  of  the  steel  mills  appear  to  be 
considerably  exercised  over  the  new  rul- 
ings, aserting  that  there  will  be  a  multi- 
plication of  small  orders  upon  the  mills, 
from  various  manufacturers  who  must 
secure  individual  priorities  instead  of 
lumping  their  orders  for  steel,  but  the 
War  Industries  Board  insists  that  the 
priorities  will  be  granted  promptly,  and 
even  states  that  some  cases  may  be  ar- 
ranged whereby  priorities  will  be  grant- 
ed to  cover  a  succession  of  individual 
orders. 

More  Steel  Conservation 

Announcements  have  been  made  of 
many  additional  agreements  made  be-  ' 
tween  the  War  Industries  Board  and 
manufacturing  consumers  of  iron  and 
steel,  whereby  the  operations  of  manu- 
facturing consumers  will  be  curtailed 
more  or  less.  Makin"?  lawn  mowers  is 
restricted  to  a  40  per  cent,  rate  to  Janu- 
ary 1,  and  the  manufacturers  are  then 
expected  to  stop  entirely  and  get  into 
war  work.  The  making  of  phonograpli 
needles  on  the  other  hand  is  merely  re- 
stricted to  the  1917  rate.  Thus  there 
is  recognition  of  the  fact  that  an  old 
lawn  mower  can  be  used  over  again 
while  an  old  phonograph  needle  should 
not  be.  These  agreements  are  alto- 
gether too  numerous  to  summarize. 
Only  in  quite  exceptional  cases  is  there 
any  intimation  that  'when  the  restriction 


~  525 

has  been  put  into  effect  provision  will 
be  made  for  furnishing  the  steel. 

Shipbuilding  Activities 

Recent  developments  in  the  matter 
of  shipbuilding  should  not  be  interpreted 
as  suggesting  that  there  will  be  any  de- 
crease in  the  pressure  to  secure  more 
ships.  A  batch  of  contracts  for  wooden 
vessels  was  recently  cancelled,  but 
simply  because  the  yards  were  evidently 
unable  to  carry  them  out  in  reasonable 
time.  An  order  for  steel  for  a  ship- 
yard extension  has  been  cancelled,  like- 
wise an  order  for  steel  for  building  a 
boiler  plant,  but  these  developments 
simply  indicate  that  existing  facilities, 
or  facilities  nearing  completion,  are  re- 
garded as  sufficient  to  utilize  the  labor 
and  materials  available.  The  September 
completions  of  vessels  for  the  Fleet 
Corporation  amounted  to  360,000  tons 
deadweight,  a  new  high  record,  all  being 
from  United  States  yards  except  one 
6,000  ton  vessel  built  in  Japan  under 
contract.  British  shipyards  completed 
over  240,000  tons  deadweight  in  the 
month,  making  over  600,000  tons  for 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  plus  the 
one  Japanese  vessel  for  American  ac- 
count. Japan  also  built  other  vessels 
no  doubt,  and  Canadian  building  is  not 
included. 


FIRST  STEEL  VESSEL 
LAUNCHED  AT  MIDLAND 


Successful  Event  Marks  Progress  of  In- 
dustry of  First  Importance. 


Midland  —  The  ocean-going  cargo 
steamer  "War  Fiend,"  of  full  canal  size, 
of  the  modern  type,  was  successfully 
launched  from  the  shipyards  of  the  Mid- 
land Shipbuilding  Company,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  a  holiday  multitude  numbering 
several  thousand  people. 

This  was  the  first  launching  of  the 
company,  and  incidentally  the  first  steel 
vessel  to  be  constructed  in  Midland,  which 
at  present  is  in  the  throes  of  the  Span- 
ish "flu"  epidemic.  Contrary  to  expec- 
tations, the  big  hulk  refused  to  budge 
when  the  ropes  were  cut,  the  substruc- 
ture of  the  ways  having  sunken  into  the 
ground  during  theh  period  the  boat  was 
being  adjusted  on  the  ways  preparatory 
to  making  her  initial  plunge.  The 
launching  was  set  for  1  o'clock,  but  it 
was  3.40  before  the  hull  started  on  its 
downward  path,  and  in  a  few  seconds  it 
was  all  over. 

The  "War  Fiend,"  built  to  the  order  of 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  for  the 
British  Government,  is  261  feet  long, 
with  a  beam  43  feet  6  inches,  and  a 
moulded  depth  of  23  feet.  She  Is 
equipped  with  triple  expansion  engines, 
surface  condensing  type,  developing  1,250 
horse-power.  She  has  two  Scotch  boil- 
ers of  the  marine  type,  and  is  fitted  for 
ocean  service  with  electric  plant,  cargo 
winches,  steam  windlasses,  steam  and 
hand  steering  gears,  evaporating  outfits, 
etc. 


526 


CANADIAN   M  A  C  JI  I  N  K  K  Y 


Volume  XX. 


COMMERCIAL  BUSINESS  BOBS  UP 

AS  SOON  AS  PEACE  TALK  STARTS 


FROM  all  reports  that  can  be  gather- 
ed from  the  large  producing  points 
in  the  U.  S.  it  is  certain  that  the  only 
let-np  in  the  production  of  iron  there 
during  the  past  week  has  been  on  ac- 
count of  the  epidemic  of  influenza 
rather  than  from  any  peace  talk.  At 
•the  same  time  there  are  indications 
on  the  surface  that  the  peace  talk  is 
having  its  effect  in  some  places.  For 
instance  a  clause  has  just  been  inserted 
in  new  ship  steel  contracts,  which  pro- 
vides for  the  cancellation  of  the  order 
by  the  shipping  board  whenever  it  is  to 
the  country's  interest  to  do  so.  Another 
rather  interesting  feature  is  that  as  soon 
as  there  appeared  to  be  some  possibil- 
ity of  war  work  falling  off,  there  im- 
mediately came  a  great  grist  of  en- 
quiries from  many  lines  of  commercial 
work  that  had  b»een  neglected  during 
the  course  of  the  war.  Conditions  at 
some  of  the  producing  points  in  the 
U.  S.  are  indicated  in  the  following  re- 
ports: 

CLEVELAND.  —  Interest  is  being 
created  here  in  the  placing  of  contracts 
for  semi-steel  shells,  and  large  alloca- 
tions of  war  material  are  being  made 
to  shops  that  will  handle  these  contracts. 
Pig  iron  production  generally  is  re- 
ported by  the  furnace  interests  in  this 
district  to  be  considerably  ahead  of 
the  record  breaking  rate  of  September. 
XEW  YORK.— It  looks  as  though 
the  war  shops  were  going  to  be  in 
favor  after  the  war  with  the  producers 
of  iron  just  as  much  as  they  are  now. 
The  number  of  contracts  that  are  being 
placed  here  now  for  1919  are  plainly 
givine  favors  to  those  shops  that  are 
certain  to  have  good  business  prospects 
in  the  trade  after  the  war  work  is 
over. 

PITTSBURGH.— There  is  a  move  be- 
ine  made  here  to  the  end  that  the  War 
Industries  Board  or  some  such  organi- 
zation should  be  continued  for  some 
period  at  the  expiration  of  the  war  or- 
der business.  Both  the  consumers  and 
producers  of  material  seem  to  feel  that 
they  will  need  some  court  of  resort  in 
order  to  secure  fair  prices  either  for 
buying  or  selling. 

BUFFALO. — A  questionnaire  has 
been  sent  out  by  the  Government  to  hold- 
ers o^  pig  iron  in  this  country,  and  it 
is  quite  searching  in  its  nrovisions — one 
of  the  results  is  that  it  is  quite  certain 
that  a  number  of  the  users  of  pig  iron 
had  over-estimated  the  amount  that 
they  would  require,  doing  this  in 
order  to  make  sure  that  their  de'iveries 
would  be  up  to  the  needs  of  their  shops. 
These  figures  are  being  promptly  cut 
down  and  a  good  deal  of  material  is 
beine  released  in  this  way. 

CHICAGO.— Some  of  the  1919  con- 
tracts that  are  bein<r  filled  out  here  at 
the  present  time  have  a  number  of 
rlau'es  in  them  which  seek  to  protect 
both  ends  of  the  tr^de  For  instanco 
it  is  provided  that  if  the  Government 
cease   to   fix    maximum    prices   at   any 


time,  the  last  maximum  price  is  to  be 
paid  for  the  remainder  of  iron  shipped 
on  the  contract.  The  buyer  is  given  the 
privilege  of  cancelling  at  any  time  the 
price  is  not  satisfactory,  and  the  seller 
reserves  the  right  to  cancel  if  the  price 
fixed  is  below  the  cost  of  production. 

ST.  LOUIS.— Most  of  the  makers  of 
pig  iron  in  this  district  have  classifica- 
tions of  essentials  that  will  take  their 
output  for  some  time  to  come.  One  ef- 
fect of  the  peace  rumor  though  has 
been  to  stimulate  enquiries  from  the 
non-essential  consumers.  It  has  been 
brought  out  very  forcibly  that  there 
is  enormous  amount  of  late  business 
waiting  to  be  executed  the  moment  iron 
is  released  to  go  into  it.  Building  which 
has  virtually  been  at  a  standstill  for 
many  months  is  expected  to  revive  the 
moment   materials   are  available. 


THE  STORY  OF  A  POUND  OF  COAL 

(Continued  from  page  516) 

of  1  pound  of  pure  water  1  degree 
Fahrenheit,  at  or  near  its  maximum 
density,  39.1  degrees  Fahrenheit.  One 
B.  T.  U.  is  also  equivalent  to  778  foot 
pounds  of  energy;  or  1  B.  T.  U.  per  hour 
=  .000293  kilowatt-hour,  also  1000  B.  T. 
U.  per  hour  =  .293  K.W.  hour).  Having 
this  quantity  in  mind  the  per  cent.  loss 
in  each  apparatus  is  readily  judged  as 
we  progress  from  right  to  left  or  refer- 
ence to  the  following  table  prepared  by 
Mr.  Scott  gives  these  percentages 
directly. 

Thus  we  see  where  the  energy  in  the 
pound  of  coal  goes  to  before  it  finally 
reaches  the  switch-board  bus-bars.  In 
other  words,  starting  with  100  per  cent 
of  energy  in  the  coal  when  placed  in  the 
fire-box,  we  eventually  throw  away 
nearly  90  per  cent,  of  this  energy,  or 
to  be  exact  89.7  per  cent.,  and  deliver 
to  the  electrical  system  only  10.3  per 
cent,  of  the  power  we  started  with, 
when  we  lighted  the  fire  in  the  boiler. 


If  we  operate  electric  motors  from 
this  electrical  energy  we  fare  quite 
well,  as  the  motor  has  an  efficiency  of 
from  80  to  90  per  cent,  or  more,  de- 
pending upon  the  size.  That  is,  the 
motor  converts  say  90  per  cent,  of  the 
electrical  energy  put  into  it  into  me- 
chanical power  at  the  pulley.  But  in 
converting  the  electrical  energy  into 
radiant  light  we  find  that  the  most  ef- 
ficient of  all  incandescent  filament 
lamps — the  tungsten  lamp — only  re- 
alizes about  5  per  cent,  efficiency  ,and 
requires  about  1  watt  per  candle-power. 
Thus  of  the  electrical  energy  put  into 
the  lamps  we  only  receive  five  per  cent, 
in  the  form  of  radiant  light, — ^the  other 
95  per  cent,  is  lost.  Lost,  all  because 
we  of  to-day  do  not  know  enough  to 
more  efficiently  convert  electric  current 
into  radiant  light.  At  the  present  en- 
ergy consumption  of  1  watt  per  C.  P. 
for  a  tungsten  lamp  and  figuring  on  the 
perfect  transformation  of  the  energy  in 
one  pound  of  coal,  viz.,  14,150  B.  T.  U. 
we  would  get  (14.15  x  .293  kilowatt- 
hour  =  4.14  K.W.  hr.)  4,145  candle- 
power,  as  represented  by  the  large  lamp 
at  the  right  of  the  illustration.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  we  only  manage  to  get 
1.45  x  .293  K.W.  hr.  or  .424  kilowatt- 
hour,  owing  to  the  nearly  90  per  cent, 
loss  in  the  steam-electric  generating  sys- 
tem. This  results  in  424  candle-power, 
as  represented  by  the  small  tungsten 
lamp  at  the  left  of  the  illustration,  based 
on  1  watt  per  candle-power. 

The  over-all  efficiency  of  the  entire 
system,  from  coal  burned  to  radiant  light 
is  thus  seen  to  be  10.3  per  cent,  multi- 
plied by  5  per  cent,  or  .51  of  1  per  cent; 
or  a  little  over  one-half  of  1  per  cent.! 
Think  of  it!  All  we  get  out  of  the  coal, 
no  matter  how  much  we  bum,  is  a  paltry 
one-half  of  one  per  cent.  One  immediate 
remedy  for  this  wasteful  system  of  util- 
izing coal  as  a  source  of  energy  is  the 
mouth-of-mine  plant.  These  electric  gen- 
erating stations,  placed  at  the  mines, 
eliminate  all  carting  and  hauling  of  coal 
and  permit  the  high  tension  electric  cur- 
rent produced  to  be  transmitted  hundreds 
of  miles  at  very  high  efficiency. 


ANALYSIS  OF  AVERAGE  LOSSES  IN  CONVERSION  OF  ONE  POUND  OF  COAL  INTO 

ELECTRICITY 

No.                             Part  of  Plant.                          B.T.U.          Per  cent.         B.T.U.  Per  cent. 

1.  B.  T.  U.  per  lb.  coal  supplied 14,150  100.00 

2.  Loss    in    ashes    340  2.4 

3.  Loss   to  stpck    3,212  22.7 

4.  Loss  in  boiler  radiation  and  leakage.  1,181  8.0 
6.  Returned   by   feed-water  heater    441  8.1 

6.  Returned   by    economizer     960  6.8 

7.  Loss  in  pipe  radiation    28  0.2 

8.  DeDHvered    to    circulator    228  1.6 

9.  Delivered   to   feed-pumo    2M  1 . 4 

10.  Loss   in   leakage  and   high  pressure 

drips     162  1.1 

11.  Delivered  to  small   auxiliaries 61  0.4 

12.  Heating  31  0.2 

13.  Loss   in   engine  friction    Ill  0.8 

14.  Electrical   losses    86  0.3 

16.     Engine  radiation  losses  28  0.2 

16.     Rejected  to  condenser 8,624  60.1 

n.     To   house  auxilUries    29  0.2 

15,661  109.9              14,099  99.6  total  loss 

14,099  99.6 

Delivered    to    bus-bar     1.412  10.8  gross-efficiency 


October,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


527 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 


T  "Hr^  .«*'' 


Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    37  26 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 
Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.."and  larger  base . .     7  00 
Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  .......     5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,"M6ntreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base  5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand  steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base    4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   '2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 'S  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh  ....   *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh *8  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  60 

Small  shapes 6  76 

P.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

•Government  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Hit   IiiO    h^^. 
C  I..  \.C  T,. 

Montreal     29  394 

St.  John,  N.B 47>^  63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto    23%  27% 

Guelph    23%  27% 

London    23%  27% 

Windsor    23%  27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper  $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper  31  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper  30  50  28  50 

Tin  90  00  95  00 

Spelter    10  50  11  00 

Lead    10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  00  18  00 

Aluminum    46  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00    $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50       10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  37 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Bnttweld 

Per    100    feet 

%  in $  6  00  $    8  00 

'/4  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15.56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in.. 20  08.  .^j  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3      in 56  61  70   76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

.Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82  38  30 

2%  in 47  97  58  21 

3  in 52  73  76  12 

3%  in 78  20  96  14 

4  in 92  65  114  00 

4V2  in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in.    1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 

Welland. 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

4%'  and  larger,  40% 

4'  and  under,  running  thread,  26%. 

Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,  light   $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings  ....   15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  turnings   18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   . ; 9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel  ...  24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  Wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    .  .     9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings   11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc  6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

Tea  lead 6  50  6  76 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 66 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over ,  net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  leas 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net  ■: 

Machine  screws,  fl.   and   rd.  hd.,  •  .".cs-^ 
steel tTH 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fll.  hd.,  st«e( 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.    and   fil.    hd., 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank  add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


14 

eo 

26 

$1  60 
1  76 

1  76 

2  00 
30 
60 
25 

$8  60 
8  4« 
..  7J% 
..  67% 
..  37% 
..  32% 
..  27% 
..     25 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cenl 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 80 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws  net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  I'p  to  1  in. . . .     26 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in M 

Fin.  and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins    10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 19 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 19 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  19 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plus     20 

Collar  screws  list  pins  SO,    10 

Thumb  screws M 

Thumb  nuts M 

Patch  bolts add  40,    10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  f4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add     7  00 

BILLETS 

Per  (MM  t»B 

Bessemer  billets $47  80 

Open-hearth  billets 47  80 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billeta 60  00 

Wire  rods 8T  00 

Government  prices. 

P.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  25      $6-30 

Cut  nails 6  70        8  88 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60^ 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  8ft 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 9  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 9  34 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 9  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila 0  48 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    MontrMtl    ami 

Toronto    net 


SX8 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MI8CBLLANKOUS 

Solder.  stricUy   0  56 

Solder,  guaranteed ,»  ♦»  70 

Babbitt  in«Ul«    \  RA 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Le«l  w«ol.  per  lb 0  16 

Putty.  IW-lb.  dnuM *ll 

White  lead,  pur«,  ewt.  lo  "«> 

Red   dry  lead,   100-lb.   keja,  per 


cwt 


15  60 


Glue.  English • ^f 

Tarred  slater'a  paper,  roll 0  »o 

Gaaoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  53 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk •  0  d- 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  i  ua 

Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls    . .  1  9» 

Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .  i  vs 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl.   .... .  3  50 

Sandpaper.  B.  &  A Ijst  plus  20 

Emei^rcloth W»t  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  0»^ 

Sulphur,  rollK...... 0  0» 

Sulphur,  commercial „  na 

Rosin  "D."  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G."  per  lb. 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

yrr  Csnt. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...     35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  .No.  53  to  80     40 

aundard  drills  to  1V4  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 4" 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    1° 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   26 

Electricians'^  bits 30 

Sockets *" 

Sleeves *V 

Taper  pin  reamer* net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers ^0 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  sneed  cutters,  list  plus   40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  l"t  Pl"*  ^'^'^ 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Diaconnta  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FimNGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A.  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C.  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittmgs. 

16*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7^%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  46%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

fb.;  class  C,  24Hc  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Hontrtml     Toronto 

.Sheets,  Wick,  No.  28. .  |  8  00  $  8  25 
StMets.  black.  No.  10. .  10  00  "  l"  ^ 
Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand.  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

<lueen's  Head,  28  B.W.O 

Fleur-de-Lls.  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28  >.x  M'':  ^ '. . . .'» 
Premier.  No.  28  U.S.. .      ....."  10  70 

Premier.  10%   oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

U.  h)..  914.36;  5-l«  in.,  $18.85;  %  in.. 
$18.60;   7-18  in.,  $12.90;    %    in.,  $13.20; 


$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  \i  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 60 

Vulcan    60 

P.H.   and   Imperial    60 

Nicholson   32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    60 

McClelland,    Globe    60 

Delta   Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes   60 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Siie.  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1      in $36  00        $ 

1%  in 40  00          

m  in 43  00  36  00 

1  %  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2mn 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3V4  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal. 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital 49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  87% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   ..30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing,  No.  1 1  96 

Leather  in  sides 1  76 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 8  50 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck..  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to       05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 80  to      45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

'"  ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  red. .  0  88 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hesrier, 

•  48 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  4C 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  49 

WASTE. 
White.  OU.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  AUas    1»% 

Peerless  21         X  Empire  . . .  17)4 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    . . .  19%      X  press tC 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    16  Popular    18 

Standard    ...  13%      Keen     lOH 

No.  1   13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    .....  25         Anvil    16 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  M 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discoimt  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard    ...  10%      Best  grades  ..  16% 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .66 

Copper 38  to     .45 

Tin 70  to     .70 

Zinc    18  to     .18 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars.  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00    48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 4600     4400 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Hontiwl    TWrato 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26       $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  25         18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  50         12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  $   -25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric   14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 23 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .  80 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride   (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate   (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite .15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 40 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6 .  00 

Sodium    phosphate    18 

Tin  chloride 1  •  75 

Zinc  chloride,   C.P 80 

Zinc  sulphate    15 

Prices   per   lb.   unless  otherwise   stated. 


AN  D 


Manufacturing  News 


Novemljer  7,  1918. 


Voluma  XX.    No.  19. 


Making  Thread 
Gauges 

By  T.  H.  FENNER 
Associate  Editor 


the;  l.\pping  bknhh 


IN  the  manufacture  of  shells,  it  is  im- 
portant that  extreme  accuracy  be 
maintained  in  all  fitted  parts  and 
particularly  where  screw  threads  are 
concerned.  The  making  of  thread 
gauges  is  therefore,  a  job  that  calls  for 
the  highest  amount  of  precision,  all 
sharp  edges  are  honed  off,  and  ehe  gauge 
may  pass  the  rigid  tests  called  for  by 
the  various  governments  using  them. 
It  is  pleasing  to  be  able  to  state  that  in 
this  highly  specialized  work,  Canada  is 
taking  a  worthy  share,  and  Canadian 
firms  are  making  gauges  for  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board.  The  Re- 
liance Tool  &  Motor  Co.,  of  Toronto,  have 
been  highly  successful  in  this  line  of  work, 
and  a  description  of  their  plant  and 
methods  will  be  found  of  great  interest 
to  any  one  connected  with  the  munition 
industry,  and  to  toolmakers  and  machin- 
ises,  generally.  The  types  of  gauges 
handled  by  this  company  include  the 
Marks  II  Fuse-U.S.  155  m.m.  and  75 
m.m.  adapter,  155  m.m.  and  240  m.m. 
shell,  and  Booster  Casing  Mark  III  thread 
gauges. 


The    List    of    Operations 

In  making  the  ring  gauge  quite  a  num- 
ber of  operations  are  necessary,  seventeen 
in  all.     They  are  arranged  as  follows: — 
1. — Cut  off  stock  in  Power  Saw. 
2. — Rough  Bore  Hole. 
3. — Put   on    Arbor,   and   take   cut   off 
dia.  and  sides. 

4. — Place    Gauge    in     oil    tank    at    500 
degrees  F.,  and  leave  12  hours. 
5. — Anneal. 

6. — Finish  bore  hole  and  face  one  side. 
7. — Finish  face  both  sides,  and  rough 
thread  within  1-32  inch  of  original  dia. 
8. — Carbonize  and  have  soft. 
9. — Finish  thread  and  face  to  width. 
10. — Cut  slot  in  gauge. 
11. — Harden. 

12. — Rough  grind  to  within  .005  of  size 
and  allow  to  stand  48  hours. 

13. — Final  rough  grind  on  finisher  and 
have  stand  24  hours. 

14.— Finish  grind  to  size. 
15. — Grind    root    diameter     and    face. 
Have  all   sharp  edges   of  gauge. 
16.— Check. 
17. — Marking. 


The  operations  for  making  the  internal 
gauge  are  somewhat  different,  so  for  in- 
stance, instead  of  operation  2  being 
rough  boring  hole,  as'  in  the  rin?  gauge, 
it  would  be  rough  turn.  After  rough 
turning  the  heat  treatment  tak-es  place, 
following  which  comes  the  first  thread 
cutting.  Here  we  find  something  novel 
in  the  manner  this  is  carried  out. 

Cutting   The  Thread 

Tho  tool  used  for  this  operation  is  a 
Le  Blond  heavy  duty  lathe,  fitted  with  a 
precision  lead  screw.  It  will  be  noticed 
from  the  illustration  that  the  tool  is  in 
the  inverse  position  to  that  usually 
found  in  turning  operations.  That  is 
to  say,  that  instead  of  the  cutting  edge 
of  the  tool  being  on  the  top,  and  the  job 
turning  towards  the  operator,  the  tool 
is  placed  with  the  cutting  edge  down,  and 
the  job  turning  away  from  the  operator. 
This  method  has  been  a'dopted  as  lead- 
ing to  best  results  in  the  class  of  work 
done.  In  cutting  a  thread  in  the  ordinary 
way,  with  the  very  fine  clearances  used 
in  the  tools,  it  was  found  that  small  chips 


530 


C  A  N  A  1»  I  A  N     M  A  C  II  1  N  Hi  \ 


Volun-.e  XX. 


were  apt  to  collect  on  the  top  of  the  tool, 
and  the  motion  of  the  job  would  carry 
them  down  between  the  tool  and  the 
thread,  making  a  ragged  thread,  and  in 
some  cases  breaking  a  piece  out,  the  re- 
sult being  a  scrapped  gauge.  By  turn- 
ing the  lathe  backwards,  and  turning 
the  tool  upside  down,  the  chips  all  drop 
clear,  and  it  is  also  found  that  all  ten- 
dency to  chatter  is  eliminated.  The  error 
in  the  lead  screw  in  these  lathes  is  about 
.0004  in  5  inches,  so  that  in  the  length 
of  the  thread  that  is  cut,  about  5/8  inch, 
the  error  is  not  perceptible. 

The    Heat    Treatment 

The  heat  treatment  between  the  oper- 
ations of  rough  boring  or  turning,  and 
the  finish  boring  or  thread  cutting  con- 
sists of  a  12  hour  soak  in  the  tank  con- 
taining oil  at  500  degrees  F.  After  com- 
ing out  of  the  oil  bath,  the  gauges  are 
put  in  a  pot,  placed  in  a  furnaca,  and 
brought  slowly  up  to  a  temperature  of 
1320  degrees  F.,  after  which  thev  are 
allowed  to  cool  down  to  atmospheric  tem- 
perature before  removing  from  the  box. 

Finish   Boring   Operations 

The  finish  boring  operation  is  perform- 
ed on  Le  Blond  engine  lathe,  a  standard 
undersized  reamer  being  used.  After 
boring,  one  side  is  faced.  The  gauge 
is  then  placed  on  an  arbor  and  both 
sides  faced  in  the  lathe,  after  which  they 
are  taken  off  the  arbor,  and  the  thread 
is  rough  turned  to  within  1-32  in.  of  the 
original  diameter.  Carbonizing  is  the 
next  operation,  the  gauges  being  left 
soft.  After  this  the  thread  is  finished 
in  the  lathe,  and  the  gauge  is  faced  to 
the  finish  width. 

Cutting    The    Slot 

The  final  machine  operation  to  be  per- 
formed on  the  ring  gauge  is  the  cutting 
of  the  slots.     There  are  three  of  these, 


CUTTING  THE  THREAD  ON  CHECK  GAUGE 


as  shown  in  the  sketch.  The  three  slots 
are  cut  with  a  very  fine  saw,  and  then 
the  hole  is  drilled  and  tapped  for  the 
adjusting  screw.  This  screw  is  for  the 
purpose  of  making  adjustment  to  the 
amount  of  the  slot  opening.  After  the 
gauge  is  finally  adjusted,  a  liner  is  placed 
in  the  slot,  and  the  screw  is  sealed  to 
prevent  tampering.  The  gauge  i3 
then  hardened. 

Grinding  Operations 
The  first  operation  after  hardening  is 
to  rough  grind  to  within  .005  of  size, 
after  which  the  gau!»e  is  allowed  to  stand 
for  48  hours,  for  seasoning.  A  final 
rough  grind  is  then  made,  and  another 
24  hours  seasoning  allowed  to  interpose. 


FINISH    GRINDING   THE    THREAD 


before  finish  grinding  to  size  on  outside. 
The  thread  is  then  ground  to  root  dia- 
meter on  thread  grinding  machine.  Thfr 
final  operation  is  marking  with  size, 
firm's  name,  etc.  This  is  done  by 
etching. 

Limits    Allowable 

The  limits  allowable  in  this  work  are 
extremely  fine.  An  example  of  this  is 
shown  by  the  following  specification  for 
the  United  States  32  thread  per  inch 
Right  Hand  Gauge. 
Pitch  Diameter  =  1.480— .0002. 
V4  Angle=30„  plus  or  minus  20  minutes 
Lead=plus  or  minus  .0002  in.  in  .22  in. 

This  allows  for  the  pitch  diameter  only 
two  ten  thousandths,  and  for  the  lead 
two  ten  thousandths  either  way,  or  four 
ten  thousandths  in  all.  The  allowance 
in  the  angle  of  the  thread  is  1.1  per  cent.^ 
so  it  can  be  readily  understood  that  ex- 
treme care  is  necessary  in  each  operation. 

All  lapping  operations  are  performed 
by  hand,  and  the  illustration  shows  the- 
corner  of  the  shop  devoted  to  the  lapping 
benches. 

Some  Details  of  The  Work 

Another  interesting  detail  shown  here 
is  setting  the  tool  for  cutting  the  thread 
on  the  plug  gauge.  The  photograph  il- 
lustrates this  very  clearly.  As  can  be 
seen,  a  clamp  is  the  lathe  and  a  pair  of 
callipers  clamped  onto  this  by  one  leg. 
On  the  other  leg  is  clamped  a  spring 
indicator,  registering  in  ten  thousandth 
parts  of  an  inch.  A  stop  is  placed 
against  the  tail  stock  of  the  lathe,  and- 
the  carriage  is  brought  back  against  the 
stop  by  the  screw.  The  tool  is  then  in 
contact  with  the  indicator,  at  the  cutting 
end.  The  carriage  is  then  moved  clear 
of  the  stop,  and  the  tool  holder  moved 
in  to  the  job  till  the  back  of  the  tool  is 
in  line  with  the  indicator.  The  carriage- 
is   moved   back  onto  the  stop,  when   the 


J*Iovember  7,  1918. 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N   M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


531 


SETTING  THE  COMPOUND  liEiT 


back  of  the  tool  will  be  in  contact  vvitn 
the  indicator.  If  the  reading  is  the  same 
in  both  positions,  then  there  is  no  doubt 
of  the  perfect  alignment  of  the  tool,  and 
the  thread  ca«  be  cut  wifnout  fear  of 
error. 

Setting  the  compound  rest  of  the  lathe 
to  get  the  correct  angle  for  the  cutting 
tool  is  an  interesting  job.  The  illus- 
tration makes  it  perfectly  clear.  An  an- 
gle plate  is  bolted  on  to  the  face  plate 
of  the  lathe.  This  angle  plate  is  perfect- 
ly square  being  lapped  all  over.  A  pro- 
tractor with  an  attachment  for  a  straight 
edge  is  clamped  on  to  the  angle  plate, 
the  protractor  being  marked  in  degrees 
and  quarters,  and  a  vernier  mounted  on 


the  protractor  reading  minutes.  A  dial 
indicator  is  mounted  on  the  tool  post, 
and  the  spindle  of  the  indicator  brought 
in  contact  with  the  straight  edge.  By 
moving  the  rest  in  and  out  along  the 
straightedge,  and  watching  the  indicator, 
any  error  over  .0001  of  an  inch  can  be 
detected. 

A  Good  Word  For  the  I.  M.  B. 

The  Reliance  Tool  and  Motor  Co.  had 
been  making  and  shipping  gauges  to  the 
U.  S.  before  handling  any  Canadian 
business.  On  the  suggestion  of  the  War 
Trade  Board  that  Canadian  business 
should  be  looked  after  before  exporting 
the  firm  got  in  touch  with  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board,  and  received  enough 
orders  to  fully  occupy  them  without  look- 
ing any  further  afield.  In  this  connection 
they  received  very  valuable  help  from 
the  inspection  department,  headed  by 
Capt.  Durley  of  the  Imperial  Ordnance 
Dept.  at  Ottawa;  While  it  is,  for  welf 
understood  reasons,  impossible  to  go  into 
details,  it  may  be  said  that  it  was  always 
possible  to  get  the  ungrudging  help  of 
Capt.  Durley  and  his  staff  when  any  in- 
formation was  required  that  it  was  in 
their  power  to  furnish,  and  this  without 
any  expense  to  the  company.     While  we 


-3/1 


£lA.<.cA. 


RING  GAUGE 


METHOD    OF    ADJUSTING    CUTTING       TOO], 


CHECK 

often  hear  complaints  of  red  tape,  etc., 
in  connection  with  government  work,  it 
is  pleasant  to  hear  the  expressions  of 
appreciation  from  a  firm  engaged  in 
such  difficult  work,  for  assistance  and 
advice   so   heartily   given. 

The  Personal  Factor 

The  man  who  has  built  up  this  highly 
successful  business  is  Mr.  Thos.  L.  May, 
of  Toronto.  Mr.  May  is  a  thoroughly 
practical  man.  •  He  started  his  career 
as  an  apprentice  to  the  Bertram  Engine 
Works,  Toronto,  building  engines,  in 
1896.  He  remained  with  them  until  1900, 
when  he  went  to  Niagara  Falls,  with  the 
Usher  Wease  Co.,  of  Switzerland,  where 
he  was  engaged  on  the  installation  of  the 
first  Hydro  electric  power  stations.  He 
remained  with  them  about  three  years, 
and  incidentally,  first  came  in  touch  with 
the  metric  system.  From  there  he  went 
to  the  Waterbury  File  and  Machine  Co., 
where  for  two  years  he  was  in  their  tool 
making  department.  On  leaving  them 
he  came  back  to  Toronto  the  Toronto 
Silver  Plate,  in  the  tool  room,  having 
previously  taken  a  correspondence 
course  in  mathematics.  He  later  took 
charge  of  this  department.  He 
remained  with  them  for  about 
3  years,  and  then  started  a  small 
jobbing  shop  in  Toronto,  at  126  Adelaide 
Street,  where  he  made  the  metallic  but- 


582 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


^'oluxwe  XX. 


tons  for  the  militia  uniform  tonics,  pro- 
bably the  first  made  in  Canada.  He 
then  went  with  the  Brandon  Shell  Co., 
now  defunct,  making  the  45  shell,  and  in 
1915  started  the  present  company  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Geo.  S.  Brintnell.  In 
March  1916  Mr.  Brintnell  retired,  Mr. 
May  taking  over  most  of  his  interest, 
and  since  then  has  carried  on  the  business 
in  association  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Newman, 
of  Rowen  Jones  &  Somerville.  For 
about  IM  years  has  been  making  thread 
gauges,  and  has  achieved  a  market  suc- 
cess, not  without  much  persistent  work 
and  woriy.  Mr.  May  personally  super- 
intends the  manufacture  of  the  gauges 
throughout.  In  speaking  of  his  success, 
Mr.  May  gives  great  credit  to  the  organiz- 
ation he  has  gathered  about  him,  for  their 
personal  interest  and  attention  to  the 
various  operations  covered  in  the  making 
of  a  highly  finished  product. 


CONVERTING  A  GROUCH 
By  J.  James 

A  few  days  ago  an  engineer  remarked 
to  me,  "These  engineering  journals  make 
me  weary."  Said  I,  "What  special  ail- 
ment is  bothering  you  now,  my  friend?" 
He  elucidated  somewhat  as  follows: 

"The  editors  come  at  a  fellow  and  call 
him  down  because  he  will  not  write  about 
how  he  overcame  some  difficulty  in  con- 
nection with  his  work.  They  say,  never 
mind  if  your  sketch  is  crude  and  your 
letter  shy  on  correct  grammar,  writing 
or  spelling,  we  will  polish  them  up  for 
you,  it  is  the  idea  we  want,  and  we  will 
cash  up  for  that  same  idea,  telling  how 
you  won  out  and  so  forth  and  so  on. 
There  am  I  taking  their  advice  and  usmg 
np  my  postage  stamps,  time  and  station- 
ery to  help  them  out,  and  every  time  my 
letters  come  back,  not  because  they  are 
not  good  enough,  so  reads  their  printed 
notice  enclosed  with  tlTe  returned  letter, 
but  because  they  are  not  suitable  for  the 
journal.  How  do  I  know  what  will  suit 
them  ?  I  send  them  power  plant  ex- 
periences all  right,  dang  it  all,  my  ex- 
periences are  just  as  good  as  some  of 
those  I  see  in  print,  and  better  than  a 
lot  of  them."  At  this  point  he  paused,  but 
before  he  got  started  on  the  second  lap 
I  cut  in.  "Will  you  allow  me  to  throw 
some  talk  for  awhile?  I  have  written 
many  hundreds  of  letters  for  these  jour 
nals  you  talk  about  and  have  received 
cash  for  many  of  them;  I  have  also  had 
many  of  them  returned  as  being  unsuit- 
able, perhaps  the  ideas  therein  were  old 
and  had  been  printed  several  tirties  with- 
out my  knowledge,  in  fact  on  two  oc- 
casions when  I  thought  I  had  solved 
«ome  particularly  difficult  problem  the 
editor  made  a  note  directing  my  atten- 
tion to  where  practically  the  same  idea 
had  been  printed  many  moons  before  I 
had  .sent  in  mv  MSS. 

"Another  way  to  look  at  things  is  this: 
The  editor  is  the  buyer  for  the  publisher; 
he  is  paid  for  what  he  knows  about  goods 
that  will  give  satisfaction  to  the  publish- 
ers' customers;  the«e  are  the  subscribers 


FACE  GRINDING  PLUG  G.AtJGE 


as  a  whole,  he  is  responsible  for  the  ma- 
terial dished  out  in  the  editorial  or  read- 
ing pages.  He  does  not  want  to  tell  a 
customer,  who  is  trying  to  sell  him  some 
stale  goods  that  the  said  goods  are  out 
of  date,  he  just  sends  on  a  polite  printed 
note  letting  him  down  easy,  and  perhaps 
the  note  contains  a  carefully  hinted  sug- 
gestion to  try  and  bunco  some  other 
editor  who  may  prove  an  easy  mark." 
At  this  point  I  started  talking  again 
before  my  friend  could  do  so. 

"Suppose  a  traveling  salesman  for 
some  goods  of  which  you  had  a  big  stock 
on  hand,  called  on  you  and  insisted  you 
buy  more  of  the  goods  just  because  they 
were  good,  the  fact  that  you  did  not  want 
any  more  of  them  making  no  difference 
to  him,  what  would  you  do,  would  you 
give  in  to  him  and  buy  something  you 
did  not  want  with  your  nice  handy  cash 
just  because  he  thought  he  knew  your 
business  better  than  you  did  yourself? 

"Perhaps  you  are  in  the  same  class, 
trying  to  sell  something  the  editor  has 
enough  of  or  has  had  enough  of.  Try 
again,  perhaps  your  next  near  original 
idea  will  catch  him  unprepared,  and  he 
may  cause  your  chest  to  swell  and  your 
heart  to  throb  when  you  receive  his 
check  for  a  whole  lot  of  dollars,  perhaps 
as  many  as  two,  but  never  forget  he  is 
the  buyer  and  you  the  seller.  If  you 
cannot  think  up  something  original  try 
and  put  a  disguise  on  it  and  make  it  look 
original  (this  is  my  advice,  not  the 
editor's.  I  bet  he  won't  print  it),  per- 
haps you  may  get  by  with  it.  An  editor 
is  only  human — you  may  not  believe  thi? 
but  it  is  true,  so  if  you  stick  to  it  long 
enough  you  are  bound  to  get  him  some 
day  and  receive  enough  coin  to  pay  for 
all  the  stamps  and  stationery  you  have 
used  up  in  the  past." 

"Dan?  it,"  said  my  friend.  "I  thouscht  I 
could  talk,  you  are  it,  take  some  advice 
from  me,  quit  engineering,  eo  sell  books, 
you  will  make  a  fortune     No  one  could 


choke  you  off.  Say,  I  be'ieve  you  have 
done  me  good,  anyhow,  I'll  think  better 
about  those  editor  fellows,  especially  do 
I  pity  them  if  they  have  to  watch  out 
for  fellows  like  you  if  you  write  as 
fast  as  you  gas." 


SPOT  WELDED  BRAKE  HANGERS 

The  Portland  Railway,  Light  and 
Power  Co.  finds  that  the  half-ball  brake 
hangers  used  on  its  Brill  trucks  can  be 
repaired  by  spot  welding.  The  repair 
costs  less  than  a  new  part  (besides  elim- 
inating delivery  delays),  and  the  repaired 
parts  have  longer  life  than  the  new 
equipment.  The  worn  parts  are  sorted 
according  to  their  condition  and  repaired 
to  fit  corresponding  gauges. — "Electric 
Railway  Journal." 


GAS  RIVET  HEATERS 

At  the  Bethlehem  Shipbuilding  Cor- 
poration's Alameda  Works,  U.S.A.,  gas 
is  henceforth  to  be  used  exclusively  for 
rivet  heating,  plate-bending,  and  general 
fabricating  heating  purposes.  This  is  a 
radical  departure  from  the  shipbuilding 
methods  that  have  been  in  use  for  years, 
whereby  it  was  thought  that  only  coke 
could  be  used — even  oil  was  considered 
an  innovation.  Good  work  by  a  riveting 
crew  depends  to  a  great  extent  on  pro- 
perly heated  rivets.  With  a  continuous 
and  uniform  gas  forge  the  heater  man 
can  give  his  undivided  attention  to  regu- 
lating the  forge  so  that  there  will  be  no 
burned  or  overheated  rivets,  irrespective 
of  the  speed  at  which  the  crew  works. 
This  tends  towards  regularity,  with  pro- 
perly up.set  and  tight,  full-headed  rivets 
as  a  result.  The  cooling  contraction  is 
likewise  more  uniform,  and  caulking  is 
reduced  to  a  minimum  — "Chemical  and 
Metallurgical  Engineering." 


November  7,  1918. 


533 


Machining  Nine  Point  Two  Shell  and  Adapter 

The  Various  Machining  Operations  Are  Described -and  Illustrated 
in  Detail — To  Machine  the  Shell  Requires  Twenty-four  Opera- 
tions— While  to  Turn  Out  the  Adapter  Nine  More  Are  Necessary 


OPERATION     NO.l 
t)RU.LnND  ROUGH  FACE    Milhdnll 

press  and  ire/olvinq- table  wi+hevfahdinq 
h\andrete  for  Ivto  shells  or  radial  dri! ' 
With  stetionary  mandrels. 


OPERATION    N0.4- 

BORE  5in<}te(intertMl}ra(lius  shells  mHK 
sirK\lc  poiiiW  "Ibol  with  face,  cam  ptD? il<,dt*»eh- 
mentoMboHhq  lathe. 

For  sinqle  oirdooble(mteirrw!l)M<iios 
shells,1wo  cutlets  "for  rooqhinq^  strai(^ht 
parTjTwo  profile  tooqhmcr  bladbs  and  1wo 
pmfile  iinisliirKT  Wflde^- ihfee  sepottiilie^rul 
inlndwnipble  borinq  heads .  The  shell 
is  held  '\n  4  damp  chucK. 


OPERATION     NO.  a 
GUT  OFF  OPEN  END  with  Special  simfle, 
purpose  vr«chine('two  tools  opposite  e«ch 
other  cultinq-  towards  the  cer\trc. 


OPERRTlOW      N0.5 
FIMI5H  FUZE  HOLE.  vj"\tW  borinof 
rec€«inq-,anofle  Wnc^  tools, shell  fwmtr 
ai\(i  colapsable  fep  Ir\  turret  lathe.  5l\tll 
Ktld  on  eitpdndinof  meiiaclrel. 


OPERATIOM    N0.3 

ROUGH  TdRM  OUTSIDE  wilh  lathc  haviiK^ 
ont  Mma({e  and  face  cain  ptoflliiKf  attachment 
or  with  lathe  equipped  with  two  carrr«(fes 
one  for  straiqht  part  at  shell  and  the  othcir 
for  the  fadius.  Shell  held  on  expandinq- 
MdrtdineL 


OP£RRT\01\J      Ma6 
f;mi5H  Tuf^n  wilh  sinc[lt  poinfed 
tool  on  lath^  yiith  race  cam  pyotdinqf 
altsichmtwt.  Shell  held  on  exp<3iacim£f  wn- 
drel, 


COONTER,0Oi^E  AND  RECESS  BRSE 

EMD  With  n3o(fhin<[dnd  ^ihiahinff  cojfiterWrt 
tools  and  recessi'hq-  tool  in  "ftirw  laiWe.. 
Shell  held  in  thtre  jaw  f lodiiKf  tinr  pot 
chuck  at\ci  plqin  -ihree  jaw  sieaa^  ^t 
base  end. 


0PER,nTION     MO.  8 
GKPO'JE  RND  WftVE, spedal 5in(|;lt 
putpwe  inachire  or  lathe  withatidunent 
({act  «m  akvJ  eit)for  cuttrnq-wsNed  ribs 
with  tools  for  toucfnihqr  arui  undercuttmcf. 
Tools  in  hn\  or  fpui-  w«j  tool  post.5li«ll  Held 
on  Cipandincf  mei»ic(r«l. 


OPERRTION    NO,  3 


THf^EftD  SRtiE  ENiO,  sWtlls 

drill  pre5s,shell hild \n hinc^ed  clan^ip 
thuc,\^. 


Miller. 


Or  sptcial  sinc[lt  purpo-be  %faci 


04 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


0PeRf\T\OM    MO.IO 
PREllMlNftRH  SHOP  INSPECTION 

OPERATION     NO.ll 
PHELlMlNRfW  WVERNMf  WT  INSPBCT- 


lON. 


OPERRTION     NO.  12 

FIT  RonpTER.  b^j  Kawd. 

OPERftTlON    NO.  13 
5CKEW  I^A  RDflPTER  With  SffC- 
\i\  power  dr'wJtA  screvu  dnVcv  or  wi^K 
ha*vJi  wr€AcH,5Ktll  held  i'ia  -floor  cl«wp. 


OPEHRTIOIM     NO.  14- 
flPPLV  BflMO  wkv\  hotdtiev  dwial- 
\Y\^  in  special  declric  heater  or  cms  -fur- 
Mte.  Band  a^plwd  04  sifeual  beind- 
\r\Of  pe5%. 

0PER.RTIOM     NO.  15 
WEi&H  on  itawdlard  scales 


OPERATION   NO.  16 
FACE  0R5E  TO  WEIGHT  wliH  ^iattol- 

aird  tummcf  tool  on  laHit.Shtil  drivm 
bu  c«w\ve  scrwd  into  hose  threads. 
SrttU  iu^iiported  4t  l«5C  evicl  bu  ttjller- 


0PEt?PiTlON    IM0.17 
CHECK  \AlOGHT  on  stflMdaincI 


0PtRf\T\Olvi    NO.iS 

•STRMP  BRSE,  vNi^V\  Ji\\turetohol(i 
s1avviif»6  in  procer  poVition  clawMped  o\«r 
bast  of  sKt\l.  Mavyi  hciwmer  u^ed  V 
sUmoinc^  .Sh«il  held  (<s+  ba\«v\c\v\<\  pomf) 
in  tini'ntf  cvaolle  on  oench  io  44cilit4t«. 
eeisiey  ust  of  haffimtv: 

OPERfillOM    HO.\Q 

WWH  BMo  CLERtvj  SKtllb  are 
'mwd  fnto  a  tahH  0^  not  water  oincl 
a\K^li  tWouc^^il^  riMseot  and  tHev\  allow<«l 
to  dru. 

OPERRTIOM    NIOZO 
VRRNISH  [deptndinqf  u^ion  spec- 
if'cation*).  If  attey  adaptev  Has  b<en 
mserleol.a  special  ^/amiiK  spiav^incr  mach- 
ine with  fravermo-  nonle  and  i-oiier 
cradlle  -fer  rwolmcj^  shell  or  bi^  lm€^l^^s 
of  a  5yv\-s<l  Mami'sh  5|pr«uinqf  c^uniTKWrtt- 
ed  on  a  board  held  in  a  ^lide.  Shell 
revoWd  on  belt  drWtn  rollers  U'hen 
\Jarni9h  ofun  i*.  beirx^  slfd  ih  awol 
out  of  sWcU .  uun  is  -fitted  with 
notile  to  suit  dtjptk  of  bore  in  ^elL 

OPERKTION     MO.  21 
SRKE  VRRMiSH  (at  siptcit I ed  ■!«*«>• 
eratore"^  iV\  special  electric  heaters  oV 
in  qfa*  ovlen  in  the  Uter  case  the. 
sKelltj  are  placed  base  ao\ov\  or^  -trucW^ 
ot  suitabk  a^e  and  run  into  oven 
on  a  tratVc.. 


OPERRTlOM     NO.Z-i 

Turn  copper  bpind  on  speci'^1 
s\nq[ie  purpose  machiVie  or  latWt. 
Nwi'th  carr'iaqe  ^(^uipiped  with  sipeclai\ 
fool  holders  awi  'feob,  tvgo  ^w\\t  ^ivded 
toob  -tor  iritnmma- band  to  u»idtK  .rooqy\ 
torrt\  turnmof  ibol  and  finish  forvw  shw- 
inc^lool.  Shell  is  held  on  latne  bq 
e^ipandihof  mandrel. 

OPERATION     NO.  23 
FINRU  SHOP  \NSPECTION 

OPERATION    KO.ZA- 
FjNftU  SO^EI^NMBNT  WSPEC^TlOINj. 


OPERRTIOKJ  NO.  I 
R0U6H  TORN  AND  FftOE  BOOV  on 

lathe.  The  adapter  is  held  b^  its  ilano[e 
ir\  a  thiree  ^aw  universal  cKocV. 


OPeRRTiorsi  No.a 

I70UGH  TURN  RMD  FACE  TLANGfl 

on  lathe.  Ttie  adaiptcr  is  held  ^  'its 
bodu  111  a  three  j9W  unWersal  cHucK- 


OPERRTION    Na3 
FIMISH  TURN  BODV  AND  RECESS 
on  lathe. The  adapter  is  heldb*^  its  flan((E 
ir\a1hree  jaw  untosal  chuck.. 


OPERMIOM   N0.4 
DRILL  WRENCH  HOLES  ondri\l 
press. iie  adapter  is  held  b^  us  bod4 
ih  fl  boy  C«^lam]p)  ya[. 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


636 


OPERRTiON    M0.5 
CUT  THf^ETOS  ovi  drill  press  wi^h 
self  openmq  die .  The  adapter  is  cenW- 
ed  b^  ITS)  f lancfe  and  held  bi|  dfl*iel  ipins 
in  its  wrench  Wee..  If  a  speaal  threqol 
miller  1%  used  h  this  opewhbn  the. 
wrench  holes  ma4  mi  io  klapp?*  Ixwe 
this  operation  to  hold  aolapter  \n  4he. 
miller  dttd  rc-drilUd  (Sfterward&. 


OPERRTION    N0.6 
FINISH  TOKN  AND  SQuaRE. 

FLBNGL  on  laihe.Th€  adapteir  is  held 

bi^  Us  threads  \ifva  ihret  leiw  lthrad«d 
to5uit  adisiptev)uhi^er$oil  cnucK.- 


OPERftTlON   MOT 
FIM15H  URN   PiND  FftCEl  PILOT 

ott  lathe.  The  adapter  !&  held  ^s  in  thd 
wth  opcMtion  but  with  its  pilot  outwards. 


OPEiV\TlON    NO.S 
FINRL   5H0P  INSPECTION. 


OPEt^RTlON  MO.  9 
FINRL   GOy/ER.NJMENT  INSfECTlON. 


UNUSUAL  LUBRICANTS 
By  M.  M. 

The  problem  of  lubrication  is  by  no 
means  simple  and  its  complexity  has 
been  pointed  out  on  many  occasions. 
Lubrication  js  conditioned  by  many  cir- 
cumstances. 

A  spindle  from  the  machine  and  like- 
wise the  bearing  in  which  it  is  carried 
have  surfaces  which  consist  of  circum- 
ferential grooves.  These  are  minute, 
but  until  the  surface  more  nearly  ap- 
proaches a  perfect  cylinder,  a  new  bear- 
ing requires  unusual  care  until  run  in, 
otherwise  until  the  hills  have  been  ab- 
raided  to  the  level  of  the  valleys.  It 
is  by  no  means  well  known  that  longiti- 
tudinal  drawfiling  with  a  dead  smooth 
file  has,  before  to-day,  restored  running 
conditions  in  a  bearing  which  would  not 
behave.  For  large  spindles  such  treat- 
ment is  beneficial  before  erection  and 
i.s  seriously  recommended.  Since  it  will 
restore  a  bearing  which  persistently 
runs  warm  to  a  sense  of  due  behaviour, 
it  is  worth  more  general  adoption. 

There  are  instances  where  a  big  job 
must  be  kept  running  at  all  costs  with  a 
hot  bearing,  and  playing  a  hose  on  the 
same  may  dissipate  the  heat,  but  doas 
not  remove  the  conditions;  leading  as 
it  does  to  very  rapid  wear. 

There  are  a  few  simple  prescriptions 
all  of  them  tried  and  found  successful, 
which  have  restored  a  hot  bearing  to 
good  running  conditions,  when  shutting 
down  was  impossible.  Heavy  doses  of 
castor  oil  and  minute  alterations  or  in- 
jections of  distilled  water,  to  induce 
saponification,  is  one  remedy.  Graphite 
and  lubricating  oil  is  another.  The  worst 
cases  are  those  in  which  a  steel  spindle 
runs  in  gun-metal,  and  there  is  no 
remedy  to  compare  with  flour  of  sul- 
phur mired  with  lubricating  oil;  it  acts 
like  a  charm  in  most  instances,  and  is 
strongly  advised. 

Cast  iron  sliding  on  cast  iron  gives 
in  time  a  surface  skin  whose  co-officient 
of  friction  is  very  small,  and  such  skin 
is  not  easily  broken.  When  this  surface 
is  abraided,  the  conditions  are  rather 
startling,  for  actual  red  hot  sparks  com- 
mence to  fly  in  a  very  short  time,  and 
lubricating  oil  simply  burns  to  a  car- 
bon deposit,  and  has  no  effect  whatever. 
Putty  white  lead,  mixed  with  lubricating 
oil,  has  been  successfully  used  to  cure 
even  these  conditions.  The  most  un- 
usual lubricant  which  came  under  per- 
sonal notice  and  experience  was  used  in 
the  thrust  bearing  of  a  steamer,  and 
han  been  utilized  there  for  many  years. 
As  is  well  known,  the  type  of  bearing 
has  a  large  enclosed  volume  which  can 
serve  as  a  bath.  This  was  filled  to 
axis  of  shaft  with  a  solution  of  soft 
soap  in  distilled  water,  about  1  cwt.  of 
soft  soap  sufficing  for  six  month's  use. 
The  entire  contents  were  occasionally 
changed,  and  a  daily  feed  of  about  ^ 
pint  of  strong  solution  added.  The  bear- 
ing never  gave  trouble  unless  a  new 
greaser  started  to  oil  it,  when  its  tem- 
perature increased  in  direct  ratio  to  the 
amount  of  oil. 

When  a  bearing  gets  hot,  the  metals 
are  in  intimate  eontact,  and  the  norma! 


film  is  broken  down.  The  remedies 
noticed  restore  conditions  by  the  inter- 
position of  a  more  durable  film  between' 
the  surfaces.  They  give  an  artificial 
skin  to  the  bruised  surfaces,  and  allow 
gradual  restoration  of  its  condition. 

Unlike  the  nigger  doctor,  who  gave 
rosin  and  alum  for  a  broken  limb— the 
last  to  draw  the  bones  together,  and  the 
first  to  stick  them — the  remedies,  al- 
though perhaps  not  scientific,  are  suc- 
cessful A  word  of  caution  is  perhaps 
advisable — don't  follow  Mark  Twain  in 
his  cure  for  a  cold,  and  mix  the  remedies 
. — give  one  a  chance  before  trying 
another. 

Finally,  the  remedies  here  noticed  are 
known  to,  and  practised  by,  marine  en- 
gineers, and  they  have  before  to-day, 
kept  the 'job  running  when  a  shut  down 
on  a  lee  shore  would  have  meant  disaster. 
This  last  for  the  sceptic  who  may  be  in- 
clined to  doubt  their  efficacy. 


The  Jeffrey  Manufacturing  ComD^ny 

have  issued  a  catalogue  No.  175  on  the 
subject  of  belt  conveyors  which  will  prove 
of  value  to  the  manufacturer,  engineer 
or  contractor  having  to  do  with  the 
economical  handling  of  materials.  A  de- 
partment from  the  usual  catalogue  has 
been  made  in  that  the  subject  of  belt 
conveyors  is  treated  from  a  strictly  en- 
gineering standpoint  and  the  purchasers 
requirements  for  information  regarding 
capacities  speeds,  etc.,  are  fully  met. 

Early  types  of  belt  conveyors  are  treat- 
ed of  as  an  interesting  historical  side- 
light and  the  various  improvements 
which  followed  a  desire  for  better  service 
follow  in  order.  Some  idea  of  the  scope 
of  the  belt  conveyor  and  of  the  many 
industries  using  it  is  given  in  a  chapter 
devoted  to  the  various  industries  and 
their  use  in  detail  of  the  belt  conveyor. 

Little  information  is  available  regard- 
ing the  engineering  design  of  belt  con- 
veyors and  the  portion  of  this  catalogue 
which  gives,  condensed  data  for  the  en- 
gineer, belt  tension  and  horse-power  pull, 
general  tables  of  belt  capacities,  belting 
facts  in  widths,  plys  and  covers  is  of 
timely  interest  and  should  prove  of  high 
value  to  those  having  to  do  with  the  de- 
sign of  conveyor  installations.  Other 
subjects  treated  of  are,  protecting  the 
life  of  the  conveyor  belt,  curve  of  belt 
from  horizontal  to  incline,  various  forms 
of  belt  conveyor  drives,  spacing  of  con- 
veyor parts  for  best  service,  methods  of 
loading  and  unloading  belts  and  rules 
for  installing  conveyors.  This  catalogue 
is  being  issued  through  the  Montreal 
office  of  the  Jeffrey  Manufactirring  Co., 
Power  Building,  Montreal. 


Company  Can  Build.— The  Cluff  Am- 
munition Company,  of  Toronto,  made 
application  for  the  use  of  a  building  at 
Atlantic  avenue  for  the  storing  of  shells, 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Property  Commis- 
sion. It  was  explained  that  it  would 
only  be  used  during  the  war  and  torn 
down  after  the  war.  The  application 
was  granted. 


636 


Volume  XX. 


Tooling  Up  Single  Spindle  Automatics  and  Lathes 

Tooling  For  British  101  Fuse  Body — Importance  of  Gauging — 
Method  of  Gauging — Planning  Sequence  of  Operations  to  Enable 
Limits  to  be  Easily  Adhered  to — Reducing  the  Poor  Work 


THE  demand  for  accurate  and 
rapid  production  of  parts  from 
bar  steel  has  caused  an  increased 
need  of  experienced  mechanics  as  design- 
ers, tool  setters  and  head  operators. 

The  particular  part  referred  to  in 
this  article  is  the  British  101  fuse  body. 
Fig.  1  shows  the  first  operation  and  the 
final  tooling:  that  was  arrived  at  and 
which  secured  the  best  result.  The 
operation  bein^  carried  out  on  a  No.  4 
single  spindle  Gridler  automatic.  The 
sequence  of  this  operation  is  worthy  of 
note,  the  manner  in  which  the  rough 
and  finish  forming,  and  the  drilling 
was  accomplished. 

The  actual  gauges  necessary  to  check 
the  work  performed  in  this  operation 
are  illustrated  in  Fig.  2.  The  gauges 
were  desigrned  along  lines  that  would 
advance  and  secure  rapid  and  accurate 
inspection,  as  it  must  be  born  in  mind 
by  the  mechanic,  that  this  is  most  im- 
portant, first,  inasmuch  as  the  gauging 
is  an  expensive  necessity  both  from  the 
viewpoint  of  operation  and  the  gauges 
themselves,   second,    that   should    incor- 


rect work  be  permitted  to  pass  inspection 
that  owing  to  a  latter  check  its  rejection 
vvou^d  mean  additional  expense  in  time 
wasted. 

Fig.  2A,  shows  the  fuse  body  after 
the  first  operation,  the  gauges  beinij 
used  marked  across  each  dimension 
line. 

The  second  operation  that  of  reaming, 
drilling  and  rough  facing  to  length,  was 
carried  out  on  a  similar  machine  and 
is  illustrated  by  Fig.  3.  The  method  of 
gauging  to  determine  as  to  whether  or 
not  the  piece  is  within  the  required  limits 
is  shown  in  Fig.  4. 

Fig.  4A  shows  the  fuse  body  after  the 
second  operation,  the  gauges  used  be- 
ing marked  on  the  dimension  lines. 
Gauges  R.  112;II.  determines  the  proper 
length  of  the  core. 

The  third  operation,  that  of  shaving 
grooving,  knurling,  recessing  and  cham- 
fering is  illustrated  by  Fig.  5.  It  being 
a  good  example  of  the  type  of  work 
which  can  be  performed  on  a  turret 
lathe. 

Fig.  6  shows  the  gauges  used   after 


this  operation.  Attention  is  called  to 
the  comparative  few  number  of  gauges 
required,  although  the  operation  is  not 
what  might  be  called  simple. 

Fig.  6A  shows  the  fuse  body  after 
this  operation,  the  gaujres  being  markea 
on  same  as  previously  noted  in  the  first 
and   second  operations. 

The  illustrations  explaining  the  vari- 
ous ■  operations  can  be  carried  out  in 
similar  manner  on  various  components, 
the  principle  being  identical  and  in  keep- 
ing with   general   practice. 

As  previously  pointed  out  the  method 
of  gauging  to  be  employed  must  be  con- 
sidered at  the  offset  and  laid  out  to 
determine  a  simple  and  accurate  means 
of  securing  the  required  results. 

In  p'anningr  similar  operations  close 
limit  requirements  on  certain  dimen- 
sions must  be  considered  and  the  se- 
quence of  operations  so  arranged  that 
such  dimensions,  or  rather  their  limit, 
can  be  easily  and  readily  adhered  to. 
The  mechanic  in  charge  and  responsible 
for  the  work  of  a  battery  of  machines 
must  have   or   rather   will   be   in   a   far 


\^  re^p/vz/vc    rem   HOLDen-Ai-s 


3PLir  ai/SH  -/y-/« 


t     ^ 


C£NT/IE 
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FIG.  1 


FIG.  2 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


CHUCK      Pl/ITE        j^t-^i 


537 

better  position  to  secure  the  desired  re- 
sults if  he  is  familiar  with  the  whys 
and  wherefores  of  the  planning  of  his 
operation  in  hand. 

In  order  to  reduce  the  amount  of  poor, 
scrap  and  what  is  termed  salvageable 
work,  a  control  inspection  should  be  in- 
stalled. This  consists  of  the  gauging 
directly  of  each  indivdual  machine  dur- 
ing certain  appointed  hours  or  intervals. 
By  such  means  the  poor  work  can  be  re- 
duced to  a  minimum  and  correctly  be- 
fore any  great  amount  of  similar  work 
is  produced. 


g  -/D/  -  T-S/ 


SH/iy/Ne    TOPI    Bl  OCH 
<P  HO L  PER         y 


r/t/i/SHT    FLUrED    OniLL    -  O/t/LL    HOLOeR 


F-6 


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t!-/ei  -  T-  /£ 

FIG.  3 

r 

1 

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i_. 

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fi- J 23-221 


FIG.    4 


FIG.   S 


5S8 


Volume  XX. 


FROM  THE  MEN 
WHO  PRODUCE 

Methods,  Machining  Devices,  Systems  and  Suggestions  From 
Shop  And  Drafting  Room 


BENDING  PUNCH  AND  DIE 

FOR  MAGAZINE  PLATE 


By  F.  SCRIBER 


■;:^3*^-^ 


The  accompanying  ilustrations,  Figs. 
1  and  2,  show  an  assembly  drawing  and 
details  respectively  for  bending  up  the 
edge  X  on  the  rifle  magazine  plate 
shown  in  Fig.  i  This  plate  is  previously 
blanked  out  to  shape  and  has  the  holes 
shown  punched  in  it.  In  this  operation 
it  is  located  on  two  pins  A,  Fig.  1,  al- 
though these  pins  are  not  depended  on 
to  keep  it  in  position  while  bending  as 
it  is  backed  up  along  the  edges  X  and  Z, 
which  are  opposite  the  bend  by  solid 
metal  which  conforms  to  the  outline  of 
the  magazine  plate.  This  die  is  of  the 
spring  pad  type,  the  spring  pad  is  in- 
dicated as  C.  This  spring  pad  fits  in 
the  centre  of  the  die  blank  D,  and  the 
punch  E  in  conjunction  with  the  die 
block  and  spring  pad  are  the  chief  fea- 
tures of  this  tool  and  are  what  actually 
performs  the  bend. 

Before  describing  just  how  this  bend 
is  performed  it  is  first  advisable  to  more 
completely  describe  the  construction  of 


/-ST£El 

M/ia/izif^E    FL/ire 

FIG.    3— MAGAZINE    PLATE 

the  die.  The  punch  E  is  held  by  screws 
and  dowels  to  a  punch  holder  F,  this 
punch  holder  fits  into  the  ram  of  the 
punch  press.  In  the  punch  E  two  holes 
G,  are  drilled,  these  are  clearance  holes 
so  they  will  not  interfere  with  the  pins 
A,  while  the  punch  and  die  are  in  opera- 
tion. The  die  block  D,  is  likewise  held 
to  the  die  holder  H,  by  screws  and  dowels 


and  in  this  die  block  four  springs  are 
provided.  These  springs  enter  the  spring 
pad  and  are  backed  up  by  screws  J.  The 
spring  pad  is  free  to  slide  up  and  down 
in  the  die  block  it  being  prevented 
from  coming  up  more  than  the  desired 
amount  by  the  flange  on  the  spring  pad 
at  K. 

In  bending  this  piece  the  flat  maga- 
zine plate  is  placed  on  top  of  the  spring 
pad,  the  top  surface  of  this  spring  pad 
being  at  this  time  slightly  above  the 
top  surface  of  the  die.  It  is  located  on 
the  pad  and  is  backed  up  by  the  solid 
metal  as  previously  described.  As  the 
ram  of  the  punch  press  descends  the 
magazine  plate  is  firmly  jammed  be- 
tween the  punch  and  the  spring  pad  and 
as  the  punch  continues  down  it  carries 
the  spring  pad  with  it  and  thus  the  edge 
of  the  magazine  plate  is  curved  up  by 
the  die  as  indicated  at  X  in  the  lower 
right  hand  view  of  Fig.  2.  As  the  ram 
of  the  punch  press  ascends  the  spring 
pad  carries  the  magazine  plate  or  work 
up  and  the  work  may  thus  be  easily 
picked  off  the  top  of  the  die.  A  slot  Z, 
is  cut  across  the  end  of  the  pad  so  a 
hook  may  be  used  to  pick  the  work  oflf 
the  pad.    The  parts  shown  on  Fig.  2  are 


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FIG.  I— DETAILS  OF  DIE 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


539 


k^ 


"W^W 


TWr 


FIG.  1— GENERAL  ARRANGEMENT 


some  of  the  details  of  this  die  each 
detail  shown  has  a  number  on  it  enclosed 
by  a  circle  and  this  number  corresponds 
to  the  same  number  on  the  assembly 
drawing  Fig.  1,  while  in  the  upper  right 
hand  corner  of  Fig.  2  a  list  of  material 
is  given. 


SY.MMETRICAL  TEMPLETS 

By  JOHN  ECCLES 

The  making  of  a  templet,  which  is 
symmetrical  about  a  centre  line,  seems 
to  give  many  a  tool  maker  considerable 
difficulty. 

From  a  toolmaker's  standpoint  the 
tendency  is  to  work  too  close  to  the  line 


before  reversing  only  to  find  not  suf- 
ficient stock  left  to  get  a  clean  up. 

The  trouble  usually  run  into  in  mak- 
ing only  one  templet  at  a  time  is  that 
errors  are  never  checked  as  accurately 
and  the  finished  product  does  not  show 
the  interchangeability  it  should. 

Assuming    that    we    are    to    make     a 


a.a.a.O.     HiOets    ftr  Oampinf 


piece  as  per  illustration,  the  writer  has 
found  the  following  method  most  suc- 
cessful. Instead  of  making  one  only, 
choose  stock  for  two  and  after  getting 
it  perfectly  flat  and  doing  all  lettering, 
proceed  to  make  the  usual  lay-out  by 
means  of  height  gauge,  (a  scale  and 
scratch   awl   are   not   accurate   enough). 


FINISHED  TEMPLET 


s«o 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Next,  rivet  the  two  pieces  togrether  out- 
side of  the  layout  so  as  not  to  marr  fin- 
ished piece,  placing  pins  as  illustrated 
to  allow  for  machining. 

Machine  in  shaper  or  milling  machine, 
leaving  about  .005  per  side  outside  of 
line.  Next,  clamp  pieces  together  and 
proceed  to  cut  pins  off,  and  after  draw- 
filing  spots  where  rivets  have  been  to 
limits,  start  drilling  holes  in  one  end 
only.  Make  sure  the  holes  are  the  cor- 
rect distance  from  the  end  and  centres. 

Now  reverse  pieces  end  for  end  and 
after  aligning  sides  and  ends,  use  holes 
drilled  as  jig  for  drilling  other  end. 


By  means  of  pin  plug  in  wholes  proceed 
to  reverse  all  ways,  filing  to  the  low 
ed^e  until  limit  is  reached,  making  sure 
edges  are  kept  perfectly  square.  Finish 
edges  to  polish. 

This  will  produce  a  templet  that  is 
symmetrical  and  an  extra  one  is  pro- 
duced for  practically  the  same  cost  and 
may  be  retained  as  a  sample  for  filling 
in  gauge  room. 

SCiTie  tool  makers  claim  it  is  easier 
to  make  three  on  account  of  there  not 
being  the  same  tendency  for  rocking  of 
file  in  finishing,  and  thus  a  truer  edge 
may  be  obtained. 


A  FIXTURE  ARRANGEMENT  FOR 

GANG  MILLING  OPERATIONS 


By  SCRIBER 


AN  arrangement  for  gang  milling  a 
■'*  number  of  bearings  at  one  setting  is 
shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration 
Fig.  1. 

This  consists  of  a  fixture  in  which  is 
contained  suitable  locating  pins  and 
clamps  for  holding  the  work  and  as  the 
arrangement  for  holding  one  piece  would 
be  the  same  no  matter  how  many  bear- 
ing are  held  at  one  setting,  but  one  end 
of  the  fixture  is  shown. 

The  body  of  the  fixture  is  indicated  as 
A.  and  the  work  is  indicated  as  B.  When 
setting  the  work  in  the  fixture  it  is  lo- 
cated on  three  pins  at  C,  D.  and  E.  which 
three  points  bearing  prevents  the  work 
from  rocking,  it  is  also  located  against 


/IRBOR. 


Cl/TTEHS,^ 


FIG.    2— MILLING    CUTTERS 

the  two  pins  F.  and  G.,  which  therefore 
must  take  the  thrust  of  the  cut.  To 
clamp   the  work   securely   in   place  the 


steel  plate  H.  is  provided,  this  has  the 
front  edge  beveled  to  hook  the  comer 
of  the  work  and  the  work  is  forced 
against  this  by  the  hinged  clamp  J.  which 
is  also  beveled  and  pivots  on  the  pin  K. 
in  the  block  L.  This  clamp  is  also  bevel- 
ed to  hook  over  the  corner  of  the  work 
and  bearings  so  gripped  will  be  firmly 
held  under  heavy  cuts. 

A  nut  and  ball  washer  M.  complete  the 
work  holding  arrangement  and  the  fix- 
ture may  be  extended  at  the  end  where 
shown  broken  off  to  hold  any  number  of 
parts  up  to  the  capacity  of  the  machine. 
In  the  particular  instance  noted  twelve 
bearings  were  held,  while  being  machined 
as  indicated  by  the  x  marks,  a  special 
gang  of  milling  cutters  Fig.  2.  being  pro- 
vided for  this  purpose. 


CENTER  SQUARE 

By  C.  E.  H. 

The  center  square  here  shown  is  by 
no  means  new,  but  it  is  much  handier 
than  the  commercial  article  for  strik- 
ing the  center  on  small  round  work  on 
account   of   its   lightness  and  balance. 

The  one  I  use  daily  was  made  from 
a  piece  of  1-16  in.  tool  steel  and  a  cou- 
ple of  screws  (see  sketch),  the  heads 
being  cut  off  after  being  screwed 
"home." 

The  plate  was  cut  to  approximate 
shape,  drilled  and  tapped  for  the  screws 
and  trued  up  afterwards. 

The  line  A.B.  must  be  at  right  angles 
to  CD.  and  half  way  between  the  two 


.ALi^^^ 


■^ 


h'ilj'lbiJ 


FIG.  1— DETAILS  OF  FIXTURE 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


541 


screws,  CD.  being  tangent  to  the  two 
screws. 

The  dotted  circles  on  sketch  serve  to 
illustrate  its  use  on  round  work  of  dif- 
ferent diameters. 

By  placing  the  studs  against  the  clr- 


c.-ls^.-rfs^ 


CRITICISM  OF  EACH  OTHER'S  WORK 

IS  BOUND  TO  PRODUCE  RESULTS 


CENTRE   SQUARE 

cumference  of  the  work  lines  scribed 
along  A.B.  always  intersect  at  the  exact 
center. 

INFLUENCE   OF   WAR   CONDITIONS 

IN   THE   QUALITY   OF 

GERMAN  IRON 

In  the  course  of  his  explanation  of  the 
debased  quality  of  German  iron  castings 
made  under  war  conditions.  Professor 
Osanne  points  out,  as  the  cause  of  the 
undue  hardness,  with  its  bad  conse- 
quences, a  lack  of  silicon  in  the  metal. 
Analysis  frequently  shows  a  percentage 
as  low  as  1.5  and  1.0.  Moreover,  the 
produce  of  one  and  the  same  blast- 
furnace varies  in  silicon  content  between 
1.5  and  3  per  cent.  The  difficulty  is  due 
to  the  interruptions  of  the  supply  of  raw 
material.  The  requisite  proportions  are 
maintained  as  far  as  possible  by  an  addi- 
tion of  scrap.  But  there  is  necessarily 
a  falling  off  in  silicon  with  every  melting. 
Besides  silicon  there  is  a  correspondin-? 
diminution  of  mignesium  content  To 
make  matters  worse,  the  proportion  of 
sulphur  and  phosphorus  is,  from  the  same 
causes,  no  longer  under  control.  The 
writer,  in  suggestino;  remedies,  recom- 
mends the  use  of  larger  quantities  of 
Luxembourg  pig  iron. — "Giesserei  Zei- 
tung." 


TO    ASCERTAIN    THE    SPEED    AND 
DIRECTION  OF  AIRPLANES- 
OVER  THE  WATER 

The  practicability  of  flying  over  long 
stretches  of  water  is  handicapped  by  the 
difficulty  of  determining  the  direction 
and  speed  of  flight.  Admiral  Fiske  pro- 
posed a  means  of  overcoming  this  diffi- 
culty based  on  the  idea  of*  making  an 
aeroplane  follow  the  same  general  pro- 
cedure as  a  ship  does. 

For  long  flights  over  water  the  ma- 
chine should  ba  made  to  fly  quite  close 
to  the  water  and  steer  a  straight  course, 
not  only  laterally,  but  vertically,  thus 
enabling  the  pilot  to  obtain  information 
concerning  the  direction  and  speed  of 
flierht  from  the  water  itself  by  means  of 
what  may  be  called  "an  airplane  log." 


Dear  Sir:  In  answer  to  your  corres- 
pondent A.  L.  Haas,  re  line  shaft  repair. 
I  quite  agree  with  him  in  the  cast  of  the 
shafting  being  of  a  light  nature,  and 
also,  the  work  being  the  same, 
the  ways  and  means  mentioned  would 
have  been  all  right.  As  a  matter  of  fact 
I  have  run  a  line  shaft  break  with  the 
aid  of  two  lathe  dogs  with  holes  counter- 
sunk in  the  shafting  to  accommo-iate  t>ie 
set  screws,  but  be  aware  it  was  in  the 
case  of  a  shafting  2%  inches  diameter, 
also  with  setting  shafting  collars  up  tight 
against  the  hanger  bearings.  For  a 
shaft  of  6  in.  diameter  you  are  not  al- 
ways in  a  position  to  pick  up  a  coupling 
of  tlie  above  diameter  and  cutting  the 
keyway  would  take  almost  as  long  as 
cutting  same  as  I  mentioned,  and  would 
also  have  had  the  trouble  of  losing 
about  thTee  large  pu'leys  that  were  dead 
against  the  face  of  the  hanger  bearings 
and  sliding;  in  any  case  one  length  of  t'^e 
.=;haft  back  to  put  on  the  coupling.  As 
to  solid  drawn  tubing  that  is  out  of  the 
question  in  this  case  as  I  consider  I 
wou'd  have  a  lively  time  in  securing  tub- 


infr  of  this  size,  and  I  think  that  it  would 
not  stand  up  to  the  work  it  had  to  do. 

The  pulley  boss  would  be  all  right  in 
some  cases  as  I  have  also  used  this 
means  of  repairing  a  shaft,  not  a  line 
shaft  but  one  in  a  machine. 

I  must  mention  that  in  the  case  of  the 
pair  of  collars  the  break  was  a  direct 
and  nearly  even  twist  break  as  we  found 
the  same  had  been  fractured  for  some 
time,  as  I  should  say  1-5  of  the  way 
through  the  break  it  was  very  rusty, 
which  clearly  shows  my  above  state- 
ments to  be  correct. 

If  I  am  not  mistaken  I  think  the  repair 
took  us  about  nine  hours  or  thereabouts. 

I  am  pleased  to  know  your  correspond- 
ent took  an  interest  in  contradiction  as 
to  my  method  as  it  shows  other  ways  and 
means  of  doing  the  job,  and  I  have  al- 
ways maintained  that  if  there  were  more 
of  these  good-natured  criticisms  of  one 
another's  work  it  would  be  much  better 
for  all  concerned.  Trusting  I  may  have 
the  pleasure  of  sometime  renewing  the 
acquaintance  of  Mr    *    t.   Kfi-  = 

A.   H.   HOULDSWORTH. 


The  direction  can  be  ascertained  by 
towing  through  the  water  a  small  object 
bv  means  of  a  long  ind  li-jht  steel  wire. 
The  small  object  will  always  be  in  t^e 
vertical  nlane  containing  the  fight  path, 
and  the  direction  may  be  found  by  attach- 
ing the  log  line  to  the  end  of  a  pointer 
moving  under  the  compass,  or  to  a 
"dumb  compass'  kept  in  agreement  with 
the  compass. 

To  find  the  speed  it  would  be  necessary 
merely  to  tow  a  "Massey's  log" — a  simple 
contrivance  towed  by  a  ship  and  consist- 
ing of  a  sort  of  box  fitted  with  a  pro- 
peller that  actuates  dials  on  the  ,'^urface 
of  the  box  when  it  turns.  The  dials  in- 
dicate the  distance  the  box  has  been 
tow^d,  and  knowing  the  time,  the  speed 
can  be  determined.  The  error  that  might 
be  made  in  calculating  the  speed  is  es- 
timated at  2  per  cent.— "Aerial  Age 
Weekly." 


centre    of    the    completed    axle. — R.     H. 
Parsons,  "Electric  Railway  Journal." 


WELDING  CAR  AXLES 

The  price  of  car  axles  has  increased 
about  250  ner  cent,  during  the  past  three 
years,  and  deliveries  are  now  very  un- 
certain; hence  broken  axles  should  be 
welded  whenever  possible.  By  the  electric 
arc  method  a  good  man  can  prepare  and 
weld  two  4-inch  axles  per  day;  the  cost 
of  a  fini.shed  reclaimed  axle  is  only  about 
one-third  that  of  a  new  one. 

The  axle  is  burned  off  by  the  arc  to  V 
shape,  5  or  6  inches  inside  the  wheel  fit 
so  that  only  good  "live"  metal  is  used  in 
the  reclaimed  axle.  Two  prepared  pieces 
are  laid  in  an  angle  iron  with  their  V- 
ends  together.  They  are  then  welded 
together,  using  a  carbon  electrode  and 
cold  rolled  steel  as  filler.  After  the  we'd 
is  partly  completed  the  axle  is  rested  on 
a  simnle  trestle  "and  filling-in  is  complet- 
ed. The  axle  is  'then  cut  to  length  and 
machined.    The  weld  comes  nearly  in  the 


HOLLAND'S  COAL  AND  IRON  TRADE 
IN  WAR  TIME 

The  degree  in  which  Dutch  industries 
have  suffered  from  the  war  is  indicatec 
by  the  serious  contraction  of  the  iron 
trade  in  the  last  three  years. 

The  imports  of  coal  which  reached  11 V4 
million  tons  in  1914  shrank  to  a  little 
more  than  2%  million  tons  in  1917.  The 
exports  amounted  to  only  58,000  tons  in 
1917.  against  3,962  millions  in  1914.  The 
shrinkage  in  the  iron  trade  has  been  no 
less  serious.  The  imports  of  iron  of  all 
kinds  amounted  in  1917  to  only  134,848 
tons,  against  647.224  tons  in  1915.  The 
exports  in  the  same  period  fell  from 
171,990  tons  to  7,117  tons.  The  deliveries 
of  iron  from  Great  Britain  in  1916  were 
only  a  third  of  what  they  were  in  1913. 
Since  then  a  serious  falling  off  has  taken 
place.  This -shortage  is  compelling  the 
Dutch  to  seek  th«;ir  supplies  in  Germany. 
— -"Zeitschrift  fur  angewandte  Chemie." 


COVERING  CAST-IRON  WITH  ALUM- 
INUM 

W-j  learn  from  the  "New  East"  that  a 
process  for  covering  the  surface  of  cast- 
iron  with  aluminum  has  been  discovered 
and  tested  in  practice.  The  iron  is  first 
galvanized  or  tin  coated  and  then  plunged 
in  a  bath  of  molten  ahiminum  at  a  tem- 
perature of  700°  to  800°  C.  While  in 
the  bath  the  surface  is  rubbed  with  steel 
brushes.  The  tin  or  the  zinc  goes  over 
to  the  molten  aluminum  and  is  replaced 
on  the  surface  of  the  iron  by  aluminum. 
Two  or  three  baths  are  renuired,  but  the 
larger  part  of  the  tin  or  zinc  is  displaced 
by  the  aluminum  in  the  first  bath.  The 
advantages  of  the  process  are:  remark- 
able firmness  of  adhe=ion.  and  economy 
comnared  with  pure  aluminum. — "Metall 
und  Erz." 


Stt 


Volume  XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


HORIZONTAL  SAND  BLAST  MILL 

An  interesting  feature  among  the  ex- 
hibits at  the  Milwaukee  Foundrymen's 
Convention  was  that  of  the  W.  W.  Sly 
Manufacturing  Co.,  Cleveland,  C,  and 
which  is  illustrated  below.  This  machine 
is  known  as  the  No.  o0'40  sand  blast 
mill,  the  barrel  being  30  in.  by  40  in. 
There  are  many  new  features  embodied 
in  the  design  of  this  machine,  as  for  In- 
stance the  motion  of  the  barrel,  which  is 
both  oscillating  and  rotating.  The  bear- 
ings are  all  of  the  roller  type  and  are 
located  outside  of  the  housing  so  as  to 
be  completely  protected  from  the  action 
of  the  sand  and  dust.  The  sand  blast 
guns  are  the  Booster  type,  the  efficiency 
of  which  is  well  known.  The  guns  are 
mounted  on  brackets  and  can  be  adjusted 
to  any  desired  position,  and  the  bracket 
can  also  be  thrown  back  as  shown  in  the 
illustration.  A  very  good  feature  of  the 
barrel  is  the  arrangement  of  the  door, 
which  is  so  constructed  that  it  can  be 
neither  opened  or  closed  until  two  levers 
on  either  end  have  been  struck  sharply. 
The  position  of  these  levers  make  it  com- 
pulsory for  the  operator  to  have  arms 
and  head  clear.  The  barrel  door  also 
locks  automatically  in  the  open  or  closed 
position.  The  door  is  made  of  %  inch 
steel  plate  and  is  strong  and  rigid.  Care 
has  been  taken  in  the  design  to  ensure 
ready  access  to  all  parts  needing  lubrica- 
tion, inspection,  and  repairs. 


?^v^rr"^3S5<s.WJ*',;i  ■ '."™ 


TWENTY-EIGHT         INCH         SHELL 
LATHE 

The  special  heavy  duty  tool  shown  in 
the  illustration  is  manufactured  by  the 
Oliver  Machinery  Co.,  of  Grand  Rapids, 


SLY    SAND    BLAST    DRILL 


Mich.  This  machine  has  all-geared 
head  with  single  pulley  drive,  and  may  be 
arranged  for  either  motor  or  belt  drive. 
It  is  somewhat  of  a  single  purpose  lathe, 
the  feeds  being  few  and  very  heavy. 
The  machine,  which  is  of  very  rugged 
build,  has  been  designed  with  the  pur- 
pose of  getting  the  very  best  results 
from  high-speed  steel.  All  the  gears  are 
of  steel,  and  the  pinions  made  from  steel 
forgings.     The   spindle   is   forged  from 


high  carbon  steel,  and  accurately  ground. 
The  bearings,  which  are  made  extra 
large,  are  fitted  with  replaceable  bronze 
bushings,  and  are  made  adjustable  to 
take  up  the  wear.  The  apron  is  of  the 
double  wall  type  with  removable  front 
plate  permitting  the  mechanism  to  be 
viewed  at  any  time  without  the  necessity 
of  removing  the  entire  apron.  The  con- 
trols are  simple  and  well  arranged. 


28"  SHELL  LATHE 


NEW  HORIZONTAL  BORING  MILL 

The  demand  for  an  ever-increasing 
supply  of  large  machine  tools  by 
the  different  government  depart- 
ments and  private  manufacturers  has 
been  met  by  machine  tool  makers  in  a 
very  satisfactory  manner.  A  type  of 
machine  called  for  very  largely  is  the 
horizontal  fcoring  mill  of  the  floor  type. 

In  this  connection  we  illustrate  this 
month  a  mill  manufactured  by  the  Gid- 
dings  &  Lewis  Mfg.  Co.,  of  Fond  du  Lac, 
Wis.,  and  described  by  them  as  No.  4 
floor  type  boring,  drilling  and  milling 
machine. 

The  machine  has  been  designed  with  a 
view  to  adaptability,  and  the  operations 
that  can  be  performed  on  it  include  bor- 
ing, drilling,  milling,  tapping,  threading. 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


543 


racing,  turning  and  slotting.  The  ac- 
companying cut  shows  clearly  the  gen- 
eral arrangement  of  the  machine.  Fol- 
lowing are  some  of  the  salient  points  in 
the  makeup  of  the  machine. 

Floor  Plate  on  Runway 

The  large  floor  plate  is  firmly  bolted 
and  doweled  to  the  runway,  both  of 
which  are  supplied  with  generous-sized 
surfaces  resting  on  the  foundation.  They 
are  cross-ribbed  and  have  metal  properly 
distributed,  thus  making  them  strong 
enough  to  remain  in  perfect  alignment 
after  being  properly  installed.  The  "T" 
slots  of  the  floor  plate  are  conveniently 
positioned  to  receive  the  anchor  bolts 
securing  the  work  and  they  are  machin- 
ed out  of  the  soiid  metal.  The  floor  plate 
itself  is  machined  all  over,  affording 
convenience  in  gauging  and  aligning  the 
work. 

The  Column 

Great  care  has  been  taken  to  furnish 
the  necessary  strength  for  this  import- 
ant part.  It  is  well  ribbed,  and  has 
metal  correctly  distributed  to  withstand 
all  unusual  strains  to  which  it  is  sub- 
jected. The  base  or  bottom  surface  is 
supplied  with  an  unusual  spread  in  all 
directions  where  it  rides  the  generous- 
sized  ways  of  the  bed.  Lost  motion  be- 
tween these  parts  is  eliminated  by  means 
of  long  taper  and  square-locked  gibs. 

The  End  Support 

While  not  subjected  to  the  major 
strains  such  as  the  column,  this  part  is 
made  unusually  strong  in  order  to  per- 
form its  functions  when  used  as  the 
outer  support  for  long  boring  bars,  etc. 
When  necessary  to  use,  and  it  is  possible, 
this  end  support  should  be  placed  as 
close  to  the  work  as  convenient.  This  is 
accomplished  by  sliding  the  piece  over 
the  top  of  the  floor  plate,  it  being  guid- 
ed by  a  long  key.  It  is  entirely  in- 
dependent from  the  rest  of  the  machine 
and  can  be  easily  removed  when  it  is  de- 
sired to  place  extra  large  work  on  the 
floor  plate.  All  of  the  adjustments  on 
this  unit  are  made  by  hand  in  the  most 
convenient  and  accurate  manner  possible. 

The  Headstock 

The  headstock  is  of  boxed  design  and 
unusual  strength,  furnishing  perfect 
support  to  all  of  the  moving  parts.  It 
has  very  large  vertical  and  horizontal 
dimensions  on  the  face  of  the  column. 
Rigidity  is  obtained  by  means  of  two 
taper  square-locked  gibs.  The  face  or 
outside  surface  is  supplied  with  a  cover 
which  is  removed  to  adjust  the  spindle 
sleeve  bearing  and  other  inside  adjust- 
ments. Located  on  the  top  and  within 
reach  of  the  operator  are  oil  reservoirs 
which  supply  lubrication  for  all  of  the 
bearings.  From  the  bottom  of  this  unit 
is  suspended  the  operator's  platform, 
which  is  designed  to  ride  with  the  head- 
stock  at  any  position.  When  the  head- 
stock  IS  at  its  lowest  extreme  the  plat- 
form supports  telescope  and  allow  it  to 
ride  the  ways  of  the  bed.  This  platform 
places  the  operator  directly  before  and 
convenient  to  all  controlling  mechanism 
and  makes  it  possible  to  actively  control 
the  machine  at  all  times,  thus  keeping  it 


NEW  HORIZONTAL  BORING  MfLL 


continually  in  the  cut  and  making  maxi- 
mum efficiency  possible. 

The  Spindle  and  Sleeve 

The  centre  of  the  heat-treated,  ham- 
mered high  carbon  steel  spindle  is  posi- 
tioned unusually  close  to  the  face  of  the 
column,  eliminating  an  undesirable  over- 
hang. It  is  ground  to  exact  size  and  the 
front  end  is  bored  to  receive  the  Morse 
taper  shank,  tang,  and  drift  key,  while 
the  back  end  is  equipped  with  a  ball 
thrust  bearing,  through  which  the  feed 
is  transmitted  by  the  use  of  an  extra 
long  ram,  carrying  the  rack,  which  dis- 
engages with  the  pinion  at  both  ex- 
tremes. The  power  is  transmitted  to  the 
spindle  from  the  sleeve  by  means  of  two 
long  spindled  keys,  diametrically  oppo- 
up  collet  is  provided  and  by  its  proper 
adjustment,  the  slide  of  the  spindle  is 
made  snug,  thereby  allowing  for  precis- 
sion  alignment.  The  sleeve,  like  the 
spindle,  is  made  of  heat-treated,  ham- 
mered, hisrh  carbon  steel,  and  is  of  un- 
usual length  and  strength.  It  is  rigidly 
supported  in  two  generous-sized  adjust- 
able bronze  bearings  placed  far  apart. 
Each  of  these  bearings  is  independent- 
ly adjusted  for  taking  up  wear,  thus 
eliminating  all  lost  motion.  The  front 
face  of  this  sleeve  is  prepared  to  receive 
milling  cutters  and  attachments. 

To  the  spindle  sleeve  are  secured  two 
large  driving  bull  gears.  The  front  or 
face  gear,  being  the  larger,  receives  its 
power  through  the  sliding  back  gear 
shaft.  The  power  is  transmitted  through 
the  variable  speed  unit  located  at  the 
upper  right-hand  corner  of  the  head- 
stock.  This  selective  gear  speed  unit 
contains  heat-treated  steel  clash  gears, 
cut  with  stub  teeth  to  provide  additional 
strength  and  ease  of  operation.  The  high 
sneed  shafts  in  this  unit  are  ball  seated 
and  all  heavy-duty  shafts  have  generous- 
sized  phosphor  bronze  bearings. 


in  generating  stations  by  interesting  the 
employees  in  the  saving  by  a  bonus  sys- 
tem, according  to  which  the  money  saved 
is  equally  divided  between  the  employees 
and  the  undertaking.  The  division  com- 
mences as  soon  as  the  consumption  of 
coal  falls  below  a  certain  limit.  This 
limit  is  set  according  to  a  calculated  con- 
sumption based  on  the  efficiency  to  be 
expected  from  the  plant  if  run  with  care. 
In  a  calculation  concerning  a  special  in- 
stallation with  a  peak  load  of  25,000  k.w. 
and  a  wage  bill  of  Fr.  700  a  day,  the 
consumption  limit  from  which  the  bonus 
should  commence  is  found  to  be  6,400 
calories  per  k.w.  hour. — L.  Conge, 
"Revue,  General  de  I'Electricite." 


BONUS  SYSTEM  FOR  ECONOMY  OF 
COAL  IN  GENERATING  STATIONS 

It  is  argued  that  it  is  desirable  to  en- 
courage economy  in  the  coal  consumption 


LIFTING   HEAVY   PARTS  FOR 

MACHINING 

By  D.  S. 

In  a  great  many  instances  where 
heavy  stuff  has  to  be  fixed  in  machines 
too  much  reliance  is  placed  on  manual 
labor,  both  strength  and  time  being 
rather  uselessly  wasted  in  this  kind  of 
work.  If  a  piece  of  metal  or  other  mat- 
erial can  be  mechanically  lifted  and 
slung  into  position,  say  over  a  lathe 
there  only  remains  the  adjustment  of 
position  to  be  dealt  with,  and  this  is 
easier  to  manage  with  a  slung  article 
than  with  one  supported  by  men's  arms, 
let  the  men  be  as  experienced  and  care- 
ful as  they  may.  The  methods  of  sling- 
ing will  probably  depend  on  the  con- 
veniences possessed  by  the  machine  shop, 
and  will  vary  between  overhead  runways 
which  will  serve  a  long  line  of  machines, 
to  small  portable  cranes  which  move 
about  on  wheels,  the  matter  being  one 
of  both  cost  and  convenience.  Whatever 
is  used,  however,  it  should  be  capable 
of  holding  the  slung  article  in  a  con- 
venient position  for  fixing,  and  in  ad- 
dition to  the  lift  from  the  trolley  or 
other  carriage  on  which  the  article  is 
brought  up,  should  be  clear  of  the  ma- 
chine itself,  for  very  obvious  reasons. 
A  large  saving  can  be  made  by  using 
appliances  of  the  kind  with  reduction 
of  cost. 


hi* 


Volume  XX. 


Modern  150  Ton  Track  Scale  Now  in  Use 

No  Knife  Edges  Employed,  but  Plate  Steel  Fulcrums  Used  instead 

— Assembled  by  Locomotive  Crane — Scale  Pit  is  Heated  by  Hot 

Water  System — Great  Advances  Made  in  This  Work 

By  FRANK   C.   PERKINS 


THE  accompanying  illustrations, 
Figs.  1,  2,  3  and  4,  show  the  de- 
tails of  construction  of  che  stand- 
ard railroad  track  scale,  developed  at 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.  These  photographs  of 
this  modern  150-ton  railroad  track  scale 
show  the  mechanism  at  close  range,  with 
six  of  the  eiifht  central  transverse  levers 
connected  with  the  longitudinal  levers 
plainly  visible.  The  bearing  on  high 
stands  will  be  noted  supported  on  con- 
crete piers.  The  opening  in  transverse 
levers  provides  access  to  alignment  of 
girders  on  lever  system  by  adjustment 
of  nuts  under  girder. 

The  weigh  beam  house  of  this  15-ton 
railroad  track  scale  has  convenient  win- 
dows for  observing  movement  of  cars. 
The  uncovered  scale  shows  the  deck 
beams  supporting  the  dead  rails;  also 
shorter  steel  ties  supporting  the  live 
rails.  By  varying  thickness  of  rail  bases 
on  top  of  beams  all  four  rails  are  on  the 
same  level. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  building  of 
modem  scales  by  the  aid  of  a  powerful 
crane  reduces  the  cost  of  erection  and 
the  men  work  under  safer  conditions. 
The  illustration  Fig.  4  shows  the  placin'.? 
of  steel  ties  for  weigh  rails  upon  the 
powerful  girders,  freely  suspended  upon 
the  lever  system,  prior  to  the  setting  of 
the  longer  deck  beams. 

The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company 
installed  the  first  two  section  plate  ful- 
crum track  scale.  This  construction 
marks  ereat  advance  in  the  development 
of  weighing  machines  for  heavy  service 
conditions.  It  eliminates  entirely  the 
need  for  regrinding  or  renewing  knife 
edges  and  bearings,  which  has  been  a 
source  of  heavy  expense  and  annoyance 
at  busy  weighing  points.  It  also  elim- 
inates the  dead  rails  with  their  attendant 


sw.tcnes  and  signals.  Relieving  gear, 
which  has  heretotore  been  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  dead  rails,  is  also  rendered 
unnecessary  by  the  plate  fulcrum  con- 
struction and  a  permanent  installation 
is  obtained  which  will  ert'ectively  witn- 
stand  the  heaviest  service  conditions  and 
give  accurate  weights  for  fifty  years, 
without  any  necessity  for  renewal  of 
parts. 

The  plate  fulcrum  track  scale  has 
plate  fulcrums  which  are  substituted  for 
the  regular  knife  edges  and  bearings 
which  heretofore  have  always  been  used 
in  track  scale  construction.  The  plate 
fulcrums  are  formed  with  a  relatively 
thin  central  portion,  connecting  two 
heavier  portions  or  heads.  The  thin  por- 
tion forms  the  plate  and  srives  the  desir- 
ed flexibilty,  while  the  large  heads  dis- 
tribute the  load  on  the  supporting  mem- 
bers and  decrease  its  intensity  and,  in 
addition,  furnish  a  ready  means  for  at- 
tachment to  the  levers  and  the  support- 
ing stands.  The  thin  central  portions 
are  all  arranged  so  as  to  act  in  direct 
compression  and  are  subjected  to  a  slight 
flexure  as  the  weighing  beam  vibrates 
and  the  lever  system  responds  to  the 
condition  of  balance. 

The  plate  fulcrums  used  as  the  load 
plates  in  the  main  levers  as  noted  in 
drawing  Pig.  5.  This  plat«  fulcrum  is 
a  piece  of  rectangular  steel  reduced  to  a 
thin  web  section  in  the  centre,  thus  form- 
ing a  thin  plate  of  steel  which  acts  in 
compression  under  the  load  imposed  on 
the  weighing  rails.  With  this  construc- 
tion the  possibility  of  wear  is  entirely 
eliminated  in  the  vital  parts  of  the  scale. 
Wth  the  knife-edge  construction,  when 
the  scale  is  new  there  is  practically  a 
line  contact  between  the  knife  edges  an;l 
the  bearing  steels,  but  in  the  course  of 


time  the  bearing  surfaces  inciease  and 
the  knife  edges  are  said  to  be  dull  or 
blunt.  When  this  condition  exists,  in- 
accuracies are  introduced  into  the 
weights  and  it  is  necessary  to  repair  or 
renew  the  pivots  and  bearings  if  accur- 
ate weights  are  to  be  obtained.  With 
the  plate  fulcrum  construction,  any  pos- 
sibility of  such  wear,  with  subsequent 
inaccuracies,  is  entirely  eliminated,  as 
the  thin  plates  of  steel  remain  in  their 
original  condition  regardless  of  th3 
amount  of  weighing  that  is  done  on  the 
scale. 

The  scale  is  installed  in  a  concrete  pit 
as  the  foundation  piers  and  walls  are 
heavily  reinforced  with  twisted  bars.  The 
inside  length  of  pit  is  69  ft.  and  its  in- 
side width  measures  10  ft.,  the  height 
from  top  of  foundation  piers  to  base  of 
rail  being  10  ft.  6  in.  and  the  distance 
from  centre  line  of  scale  to  centre  line 
of  weighing  beam  is  10  ft.  for  an  effec- 
tive weighing  rail  of  52  ft.  The  addi- 
tional length  of  pit  is  used  to  provide 
approach  spans  supporting  a  short  sec- 
tion of  rail  which  is  independent  Irom 
both  the  main  track  and  the  weighing 
rail. 

The  weighing  rail  is  supported 
on  cast  iron  rail  stands,  which  in  turn 
rest  upon  steel  cross  ties  supported  on 
the  main  girders.  The  rigid  deck  type 
of  construction  is  used  and  the  deck  is 
composed  of  5-16  in.  steel  plates  sup- 
ported on  12  channels  which  rest  on 
bearing  plates  supported  by  a  ledge  in 
the  side  walls  of  the  pit.  These  channels 
are  curved  so  as  to  give  a  crowning  ef- 
fect to  the  deck,  which  will  effectively 
shed  surface  water.  The  steel  plate  is 
covered  with  %  in.  cork  brick. 

The  scale  assembled  before  being  in- 
stalled may  be  noted    in    Fig.    6,    while 


FIG.   1     WEIGH  BEAM  OF  150  TON  TRACK  SCALE 


FIG.  2     MECHANISM   OF   160  TON   TRACK   SCALE 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


546 


FIG.  3 — CENTRAL  TRANSVERSE  LEVERS  Of  150  TON 


Fiff.  7  shows  the  main  and  longitudinal 
extension  levers.  In  the  photographs 
Figs.  8  and  9  may  be  ssen  the  beam  poise 
and  the  wei^h  beam  of  this  plate  ful- 
crum track  scale.  This  scale  is  of  tne 
two-section  type  wherein  four  main 
levers  transmit  the  load  to  two  longi- 
tudinal extension  levers  which  in  turn 
transmit  to  a  transverse  extension  lever 
and  this  lever  is  connected  directly  to  the 
weighing   beam.     The  main   and   longi- 


.|-I 


FKJ. 


-DETAIL    OF  TYPICAL    PLATE 
FULCRUM 


tudinal  extension  lever  stands  are  di- 
rectly supported  on  massive  base  cast- 
ings which  rest  directly  on  the  concrete 
foundation.  Only  seven  levers  are  used 
in  the  scale,  thus  making  a  remarkably 
simple  and  effective  construction  and 
eliminating  entirely  the  complication  of 
intermediate  sections  which  is  encoun- 
tered when  the  four-section  type  of  scalv; 
is  used.  The  main  girders  are  so  design- 
ed that  a  test  car  may  be  placed  direct- 
ly over  the  center  line  of  a  section. 

It  is  claimed  that  this  has  never  been 
practical  wtih  track  scales  built  in  more 
than  two  sections.  An  effective  means 
is  thus  provided  for  accurate  calibration, 
and  as  there  are  only  two  sections  in  the 
scale  the  final  ad.justment  in  the  field 
is  extremely  simple.  The  main  bridge 
is  constructed  of  two  plate  girders,  one 
on  each  side  of  the  scale.  They  are 
.5  ft.  2  in.  deep,  back  to  back  of  angles, 
and  reduced  to  2  ft.  7  in.  back  to  back 
of  angles,  where  thev  are  supported  on 
the  scale  sections.  Three  top  and  bot- 
tom flange  plates  are  used,  17  in.  x 
9-16  in.  The  flange  angles  are  6  in.  x 
6  in.  X  9-16  in.,  and  the  web  plates  are 
%  in.  The  girders  are  securely  tied 
together  by  means  of  transverse  and 
diagonal  bracing  so  that  a  very  rigid 
brindfe  construction,  which  will  ef- 
fectively resist  longitudinal  and  lateral 
strains,  is  produced. 

The  steel  cross  ties  are  composed  of 
10  in  3.5  lb  I  beams,  and  these  are  se- 
curely riveted  to  the  top  flange  of  the 
B-irders.  The  railstands  are  supported 
directly  on  the  cross  ties.  The  approach 
spans   are   composed   of   18   in.   70   lb.   I 


beams,  which  are  supported  on  base 
plates  provided  with  spool  bearing  which 
provide  a  means  for  the  alignment  of 
the  approach  rails  with  the  weighing 
rail  without  any  distortion  or  springing 
of  the  rails.  The  18  in.  I  beams  in  turn 
support  a  steel  casting  which  furnishes 
a  support  for  an  intermediate  rail  stand 
under  the  approach  rails.  These  rails 
are  6  ft.  8  in.  long  and  are  independent 
both  of  the  weighing  rail  and  the  rails 
in  the  main  track. 

The  rail  stands  are  designed  to  shed 
the  surface  water.  This  is  accomplished 
by  two  umbrella  flanges,  one  above  the 
deck  and  the  other  below.  The  top 
flange  will  shed  the  most  of  the  surface 
water  away  from  the  opening  in  the  steel 
deck.  The  lower  flange  in  turn  sheds 
the  small  amount  of  water  which  may 
pass  through  into  a  water  trough  under 
the  deck  and  a  system  of  spouting  is 
arranged  to  convey  the  water  to  a  pump 
in  the  bottom  of  the  pit. 

The  lever  system  consists  of  four  main 
levers  made  of  steel  castings  and  each 
lever  is  arranged  to  support  three  plate 


FIG.    4—150    TON    TRACK    SCALE 

fulcrums.  For  the  reception  of  the  load 
plate,  a  rectangular  recess  is  provided 
of  sufficient  width  to  accommodate  both 
the  head  of  the  plate  fulcrum  and  a 
clamping  block.  One  side  of  the  head 
is  vertical  and  engages  with  the  vertical 
side  of  the  recess.  The  other  side  is  ta- 
pered and  engages  with  a  corresponding 
taper  on  one  edge  of  the  clamping  block. 
The  opposite  edge  of  the  clamping  block 
is  vertical  and  engages  with  the  vertical 
edge  of  the  recess  opposite  to  the  plate 
fulcrum  when  in  position.  The  clamping 
block  is  arranged  so  that  its  lower  sur- 
face does  not  engage  with  the  bottom 
of  the  slot  in  its  final  position  and  it  is 
forced  down  into  position  by  means  of 
cap  screws.  This  action  forces  the  plate 
fulcrum  head  firmly  against  the  side  of 
the  recess  and  retains  it  in  a  fixed  posi- 
tion. The  butt  and  tip  ends  of  the  levers 
are  provided  with  square  seats,  which 
form  supports  for  the  end  plates. 

The  end  plate  fulcrums  are  drilled 
through  the  heads  and  securely  attached 
to  the  levers  to  cap  screws.  The  design 
is  so  arranged  that  the  load  is  trans- 


FIG.     6— THE    SCALE     ASSEMBLED     BEFORE     OPERATION 


546 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


f erred  directly  to  the  solid  portion  of 
the  lever  and  the  cap  screws  are  reliev- 
ed of  all  shearinsr  strains.  The  seats  for 
the  plate  fulcrums  are  very  accurately 
machined  so  as  to  maintain  the  true 
theoretical  distance  between  the  centre 
lines  of  the  plates  and  also  to  preserve 
their  exact  parallelism.  The  longitudinal 
extension  levers  are  composed  of  20  in. 
140  lb.  Bethlehem  giTder  beams  to  whicli 
are  attached  at  the  butt  ends  heavy  steel 
castingrs  for  carryinjr  the  plate  fulcrums. 
Heavy  steel  castings  forming  angle 
plates  are  provided  at  each  side  of  the 
web  and  these  plates  are  held  in  posi- 
tion by  means  of  tapered  bolts  accurate- 
ly fitted  into  reamed,  tapered  holes.  The 
easting  carrying  the  plate  fulcrums  is  in 


FIG.   7-  MAIN    AND   LONGITUDINAL 
EXTENSION  MEMBERS 


turn  secured  to  the  reinforcing  angles 
and  flanges  of  the  I  beam  by  tapered 
bolts  which  are  made  a  driving  fit  into 
reamed,  tapered  holes.  The  plate  ful- 
crums are  supported  in  square,  truly 
machined  seats  and  are  held  in  position 
in  the  same  way  as  the  end  plates  in 
the  main  levers.  Bearing  plates  are 
applied  to  the  tip  ends  of  the  levers  and 
are  held  in  position  by  means  of  bolts 
and  dowel  pins.  These  plates  are  pro- 
vided with  longitudinal  recesses  which 
form  sliding  ways  for  the  nose  irons. 

The  nose  irons  are  steel  castings  pro- 
vided with  truly  machined  seats  for  the 
heads  of  the  plate  fulcrums,  which  are 
used  at  the  end.  They  are  held  in  posi- 
tion on  the  levers  by  IM  in.  studs.  Ad- 
justment of  the  nose  irons  is  furnished 
by  means  of  non-corrosive  adjusting 
screws.  The  transverse  extension  lever 
is  composed  of  a  10  in.  105.5  lb.  Bethle- 
hem H  beam  and  is  furnished  at  the  butt 
end  with  a  heavy  steel  casting  for  the 
support  of  the  plate  fulcrums.  This  cast- 
ing is  secured  to  the  I  beam  by  means 
of  tapered  bolts,  accurately  fitted  into 
reamed,  tanered  holes.  The  nose  iron 
is  of  cast  iron  and  the  plate  fulcrum  is 
held  in  position  in  the  same  way  as  in 
the  nose  irons  for  the  longritudinal  ex- 
tension levers.  It  is  Weld  in  position  by 
1  in.  studs  and  adjustment  is  provided 
by  means  of  a  non-corrssJTe  adjusting 
screw,  '  ■  n-L; 

The  multiplication  of  th«.  fevers  ia  as 
follows: 


Multiple 

Main  levers    3% 

Longitudinal  extension  levers....  20 

Transverse  extension  lever   113-7 

Butt  of  weighing  beam 800 

The  lever  stands  are  steel  castings  de- 
signed with  a  single  web  section  connect- 
ed to  a  heavy  lower  flange.  They  are 
accurately  machined  for  the  support  of 
the  plate  fulcrums,  the  seats  being  made 
in  the  same  way  as  the  end  seats  in  the 
main  levers.  In  the  plate  fulcrum  con- 
struction it  is  necessary  that  one  of  tiie 
plate  fulcrum  heads  be  attached  to  the 
lever  and  the  other  to  the  lever  stand  or 
to  the  block  transmitting  the  load  sa 
that  it  is  necessary  to  provide  accurately 
machined  seats  both  in  the  levers  them- 
selves and  in  the  lever  stands  and  bear- 
ing blocks.  The  lever  stands  for  the 
main  and  longitudinal  extension  levers 
are  directly  supported  on  two  main  base 
plates,  one  at  each  end  of  the  scale. 

Each  base  plate  provides  support  for 
two  main  lever  stands  and  one  longi- 
tudinal extension  lever  stand.  The 
stands  are  bolted  to  the  main  base  plates 
with  1  in.  bolts,  and  after  their  proper 
location  has  been  determined  so  that 
both  the  main  levers  and  the  longitudinal 
extension  levers  can  be  assembled  and 
connected  without  introducing  any  ini- 
tial strain  in  the  plate  fulcrums,  the 
stands  are  permanently  maintained  in  a 
true  and  accurate  position  by  two  %  in. 
dowel  pins  passing  through  the  lower 
flange  of  each  lever  stand  and  the  upper 
flange  of  the  main  base  plates.  The 
main  base  plates  are  24  in.  deep  and  are 
heavily  ribbed  so  as  to  effectively  trans- 
mit and  distribute  the  load  over  the  con- 
crete foundation. 

The  transverse  extension  lever  stand 
is  supported  on  an  independent  base 
casting  of  ample  proportions  to  distri- 
bute the  load  evenly  over  the  foundation. 
The  base  plates  are  accurately  machined 
on  both  the  top  and  bottom  surfaces  so 
as  to  provide  a  true  seat  on  the  top  sur- 
face for  the  lever  stands  and  to  provide 
a  true  and  even  surface  to  rest  on  the 
concrete.  The  piers  supporting  the  base 
plates  were  hammer  dressed  and  rubbed 
down  so  as  to  have  them  true  and  level, 
as  it  is  very  essential  that  the  base 
plates  should  be  maintained  in  a  truly 
level  position,  and  in  order  to  overcome 
any  slight  inequalities  that  may  have 
been  left  in  the  concrete  foundation  a 
%  in.  thickness  of  "linotype"  was  used 
between  the  concrete  foundation  and  the 
base  plates.  One  and  one-eighth  inch 
"cinch"  expansion  bolts  are  used  for 
holding  the  base  plates  in  position. 

The  longitudinal  extension  levers  are 
connected  to  the  transverse  extension 
lever  by  means  of  radial  struts  which 
are  furnished  with  hardened  curved  steel 
surfaces  in  the  lower  portion  which  en- 
gage with  hardened  steel-bearing  plates 
supported  on  a  platen,  which  in  turn  is 
suspended  by  substantial  rods  from  the 
bearing  block  engaging  with  the  load 
Dlate  in  the  transverse  extension  lever. 
The  bearing  plates  are  encased  by  hous- 
ings which  are  designed  so  that  th.?y  can 
be  adjusted  in  the  longitudinal  direction 
an^jAhey  are  operated  by  means  of  non- 


corrosive  adjusting  screws.  This  is 
necessary  so  as  to  enable  the  radial 
struts  to  be  maintained  in  a  ver- 
tical position,  should  there  be  any  ad- 
justment of  the  longitudinal  extension 
lever  nose  irons.  The  transverse  exten- 
sion lever  is  connected  to  the  butt  of  the 
weighing  beam  by  means  of  two  sus- 
pension rods  supporting  a  platen  which, 
in  turn  supports  a  radial  strut  connec- 
tion directly  attached  to  the  end  plate 
fulcrum.  In  order  to  prevent  any  possi- 
bility of  displacement  at  theh  ends  of 
the  longitudinal  extension  levers  a  trans- 
verse stay  plate  is  provided.  This  plate 
is  attached  at  one  end  to  the  lower  platen 
and  at  the  other  end  it  is  anchored  to 
the  base  of  the  transverse  extension 
lever  base  plate.  A  stay  plate  is  also 
provided  at  theh  tip  of  the  transverse 
.  extension  lever.  In  this  way  the  true 
position  of  all  the  extension  levers  is 
very  accurately  maintained. 

As  to  the  bridge  supports  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  heavy  steel  castings  pro- 
vided with  accurately  machined  slots  for 
the  reception  of  the  intermediate  or  load 
nlate  fulcrums  in  the  main  lever  furnish 
a  means  for  the  transmission  of  the  load 
to  the  lever  system.  The  slots  in  these 
castings  are  tied  together  in  the  trans- 
heads  of  the  nlate  fulcrums  in  the  main 
levers  are  a  '.'sucking"  fit  therein.  The 
castings  are  tide  together  in  the  trans- 
verse direction  by  means  of  tie  bars,  and 
after  they  have  been  accurately  spaced 
so  as  to  maintain  the  plate  fulcrums  in. 
a  truly  vertical  position  they  are  held 
in  position  by  means  of  %  in.  dowel  pins. 
The  main  bridge  is  fixed  at  one  end  and 
free  to  move  at  the  other.  The  fixed 
end  is  supported  by  means  of  a  trans- 
verse I  beam  engaging  directly  with  the 
bearing  castings  above  referred  to. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  movable  end 
of  the  bridge  is  supported  on  cast  steel 
struts  provided  with  hardened  steel  in- 
serts, ground  to  a  radius,  and  engaging 
with  hardened  steel  plates  at  their  top 
and  bottom  surfaces.  The  lower  plates 
are  directly  supported  on  two  steel  cast- 
ings similar  to  those  described  for  the 
transmission  of  the  load  at  the  fixed  end. 
The  housings  are  provided  for  the  steel 


. '-VA'.V--'      .>^4!| 


FIG. 


BEAM  POISE 


bearing  plates  and  adjustment  is  pro- 
vided in  the  longitudinal  direction  by  a 
non-corrosive  adjusting  screw  so  that 
the  struts  may  be  placed  in  a  truly  ver- 
tical position  when  the  bridge  is  in  its 
normal  longitudinal  position. 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


547 


There  is  a  heavy  casting  directly  con- 
nected at  the  movable  end  to  the  main 
girders  by  means  of  1  in.  bolts  and  a 
layer,  of  stereotype  metal  is  used  be- 
tween this  easting  and  the  lower  flange 
of  the  main  girders.  The  top  bearing 
plates  engage  with  this  casting  and  are 
secured  in  position,  as  adjustment  is  not 
necessary  at  the  top  of  the  struts.  Re- 
cesses are  provided  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom bearing  plates  in  which  oiled  felt 
is  inserted  so  as  to  prevent  rusting  of 
the  rocker  or  the  housing.  This  felt  is 
in  turn  protected  by  means  of  shields, 
which  are  secured  to  the  struts  by  means 
of  cap  screws. 

,  The  main  bridge  is  checked  in  the 
longitudinal  direction  by  means  of  a  stay 
plate  44  in.  wide  by  1  in.  thick,  reduced 
to  V*  in.  at  each  end  so  as  to  allow  for 
flexure.  This  stay  plate  is  secured  to 
the  girders  by  means  of  a  heavy  trans- 
verse connection  and  is  anchored  to  a 
cast  steel  transverse  support  which  in 
turn  is  securely  anchored  to  the  founda- 
tion. The  transverse  checking  is  ar- 
ranged with  a  substantial  connection  to 
the  transverse  support  at  the  movable 
end  of  the  bridge  and  is  connected  to  a 
rigid  support  attached  to  the  side  walls 
of  the  pit.  These  transverse  checks  are 
composed  of  two  rods  2%  in.  in  diameter 
and  reduced  to  1%  in.  in  diameter  at 
each  end  to  provide  for  flexure. 

The  weighing  beam  noted  in  Fig.  9  is 
of  open  hearth  steel  machined  all  over. 
It  is  notched,  fitted  and  sealed  with  the 
utmost  care  and  is  supported  by  means 
of  plate  fulcrums  of  the  proper  dimen- 
sions to  give  the  requisite  strength  and 
the  necessary  flexibility  to  insure  a 
sensitive  scale.  It  is  provided  with  an 
indicator  which  moves  over  a  graduated 
scale  and  thus  furnishes  a  means  for 
taking  a  very  exact  balance. 

There  is  a  locking  device  provided  so 
that  the  beam  can  be  securely  locked 
when  the  scale  is  not  in  operation.  This 
device  consists  of  an  eccentric  which  en- 
gages with  a  flat  spring  so  that  a  pres- 
sure of  15  lbs.  is  applied  at  the  per- 
manent beam  stop.  A  stabilizing  weight 
is  locatsd  exactly  over  the  fulcrum  and 
is  provided  with  vertical  adjustment  so 
that  the  period  of  vibration  of  the  beam 
can  be  changed  at  will  so  as  to  suit  local 
weighing  conditions.  Immediately  over 
the  indicator  fulcrum  a  small  vertical 
weight  is  applied,  which  is  provided  with 
screw  adjustment  in  the  vertical  plane. 
This  has  the  effect  of  changing  the 
sensibility  of  the  scale,  which  can  be  ad- 
justed to  suit  local  conditions. 

There  is  an  oil  dash  pot  provided  at 
the  tip  end  of  the  beam  so  as  to  steady 
its  motion.  The  beam  is  graduated  for 
the  main  beam  300,000  lb.  by  1,000 
lb.  notches  and  the  fractional  bar  1,000 
lbs.  bv  50  lbs.  An  auxiliary  weight  of 
100,000  lbs.  capacity  is  furnished  so  that 
it  can  be  applied  at  the  tip  of  the  beam 
to  give  a  total  weighing  capacity  of 
400.000  lbs. 

The  balance  of  the  beam  is  obtained 
by  means  of  two  sets  of  balance  weights, 
one  being  arranged  at  the  back  of  the 
beam  for  rough  adjustment,  the  final  ad- 


FIG.  9— WEIGH  BEAM 


justment  being  obtained  by  means  of  a 
balance  weight  provided  at  the  butt  end 
and  held  in  position  by  means  of  a 
knurled  lock  nut. 

The  poise  is  noted  in  photograph  Fig. 
8  and  is  fitted  with  ball  bearings  and 
centre  indication  is  provided  for  the 
faces  of  the  main  beam  and  the  frac- 
tional bar  are  made  of  "Monel"  metal 
and  the  figures  and  graduations  are  fill- 
ed with  red.  The  beam  is  supported  on 
a  well-proportioned  metal  shelf  which  in 
turn  is  supported  on  two  metal  pillars 
resting  on  sub-bases  which  are  provided 
with  means  for  transverse  adjustment 
of  the  beam  outfit  so  that  if  it  is  neces- 
sary to  move  the  nose  iron  in  the  trans- 
verse extension  lever  a  means  is  provid- 
ed for  preserving  the  true  vertical  posi- 
tion of  the  beam  rods. 

It  is  of  .interest  to  note  that  the  plate 
fulcrums  in  the  main  and  extension 
levers  are  composed  of  high  grade 
chrome  vanadium  alloy  steel  with  a 
tensile  strength  of  200,000  lbs.  per 
square  inch.  They  are  truly  machined 
to  dimensions  and  are  accurately  fitted 
in  the  levers.  The  plate  fulcrums  in  the 
weighing  beam  are  made  of  high  grade 
"blue  strip"  steel.  All  the  plate  ful- 
crums are  so  designed  that  when  the 
slight  flexure  occurs  the  stresses  induced 
are  well  within  the  elastic  limit,  so  that 
no  permanent  distortion  can  occur. 

It  may  be  mentioned  that  the  scale 
pit  is  heated  by  means  of  an  efficient  hot 
water  system,  sufficient  radiation  being 
provided  to  maintain  a  temperature  of 
60°  in  the  pit.  A  number  of  electric 
lights  are  installed  so  as  to  properly 
illuminate  the  pit  so  that  proper  inspec- 
tion can  be  made  of  all  parts  of  the 
mechanism.  The  beam  outfit  is  install- 
ed in  a  scale  house  furnished  with  a 
large  bay  window  which  gives  the 
weighmaster  an  efficient  view  of  the 
scale  rail.  The  height  of  the  indicator 
from  the  floor  has  also  been  very  care- 
fully considered  so  as  to  place  it  in  the 
most  desirable  location  for  the  weigh- 
master so  as  to  facilitate  the  quick 
balancing  of  the  scale  when  cars  are  be- 
ing weighed  in  motion. 


LINING  ROUGH   EMERGENCY  CRU- 
CIBLE FURNACES 

By   M.  M. 

Given  an  old  sheet  iron  oil  or  paint 
drum,  about  20-inch,  diameter  by  30- 
inch,  deep  some  means'  of  producing 
blast,  if  only  from  a  portable  forge,  a 
30-lb.  or  40-lb.  crucible,  and  some  coke 
of  anthracite,  if  you  line  the  drum  with 
some  fairly  refractory  material,  you  can 
melt  anything  up  to  copper.  Sandy 
brick  earth,  clay,  sandy  silt  from  the 
riverside,  scraping  off  a  stoned  road^ 
not  limestone  —  and  other  earths  will 
answer  fairly  well  for  a  few  melts,  if 
dried  before  firing  takes  place,  and  make 
passably  good  makeshifts  for  good 
linings,  but  of  course,  a  fire-clay  that 
will  burn  hard  or  a  good  ganister  is 
best,  owing  to  its  greater  durability. 
With  a  little  ingenuity,  however,  emer- 
gency melting  can  be  done  readily  if 
a  little  thought  is  given  to  the  matter. 


WATERPOWER 

By   T.   H. 

The  new  Galloway  Engineering  Works, 
erected  in  the  south  of  Scotland,  mostly 
in  reinforced  concrete,  is  fitted  with  a 
hydro-electric  equipment.  A  dam  in 
mass  concrete,  6-feet  clear  above  ordin- 
ary water  line,  battened  on  to  upstream 
side,  strengthened  by  buttresses,  has 
been  built  half  across  the  river;  from 
the  pool  to  the  headrace  a  channel,  214- 
feet  long,  13-feet  broad  and  7-feet  6- 
inch.  deep  has  been  erected  in  reinforced 
concrete,  Kahn  rib  bars  being  used.  A 
good  head  of  water  is  obtained  through- 
out the  year,  without  interfering  with 
the  salmon  fishing  on  the  river  in  any 
way.  The  works  are  approached  across 
the  headrace  by  a  reinforced  concrete 
bridge  of  15-feet  span  and  9-feet  wide 
between  the  parapets,  which  are  panel- 
led capped,  by  an  overhanging  coping. 
These  parapets  form  the  main  beams, 
which  cross  beams  at  5-feet  centres, 
supporting  6-inch,  reinforced  concrete 
slabs,  the  whole  being  designed  to  carry 
a  5-ton  wagon. 


548 


Volume  XX. 


Many  Points  in  Building  an  Export  Trade 

Apparently  the  World  is  Full  of  Markets,  but  the  Great  Task  is 
to  Get  Into  Them — France  Wants  to  Secure  Canadian  Goods  For 

Reconstruction  Period 


EXPORT  trade,  both  for  itself  and 
in  relation  to  demobilization  and 
reconstruction,  is  a  practical  proD- 
lem  to  be  faced  immediately.  The  pres- 
ence, in  the  deputation  that  interviewed 
the  Cabinet  in  Ottawa,  of  James  T.  Gunn, 
vice-president  of  the  Labor  Party  of 
Greater  Toronto,  indicates  that  the  mat- 
ter is  not  wholly  for  the  employers  to 
decide,  but  that  the  workers  also  must 
have  their  voice. 

It  is  estimated  that,  with  the  coming 
of  peace,  between  600,000  and  700,000 
Canadian  men  and  women  would  be  re- 
leased from  military  service  or  from 
nurely  war  industries.  With  their  fami- 
lies, a  million  and  a  half  or  perhaps 
two  million  people  will  be  affected  in 
the  readjustment  period. 

Various  plans  to  provide  employment 
are  already  under  consideration,  includ- 
ing land  settlement  and  large  public 
works,  but  industrialism  must  do  its 
share.  The  home  market  in  itself  must 
be  developed,  but  that  alone  is  not  suf- 
ficient. A  greatly  increased  exporc 
trade  must  be  sought. 

Europe  and  Russia 

What  is  the  market  for  such  a  trade? 
For  one  thing,  there  is  the  physical 
reconstruction  of  the  devastated  areas. 
In  1917,  the  loss  of  industrial,  agricul- 
tural and  public  property  in  France, 
Belgium,  and  the  eastern  theatre  of  war 
alone  was  estimated  at  $6,000,000,000. 
Since  then,  other  billions  have  been 
added  to  this  total.  There  will  be  a 
demand  for  lumber,  furniture,  railway 
equipment,  building  supplies  and  agri- 
cultural, mining  and  electrical  machin- 
ery. There  is  also  the  field  of  Ruuia. 
The  Government  has  appointed  a  com- 
mercial commission  to  study  the  possi- 
bilities there.  Binders  and  tractors  will 
be  needed,  and  all  sorts  of  farm  ma- 
chinery, including  equipment  for  the 
flour  milling  industry. 

There  is  no  lack  of  markets.  How 
can  Canada  get  her  share  of  the  busi- 
ness? In  export  trade,  volume  Is  es- 
sential, and  in  this  country  there  are 
probably  not  very  many  industries 
which  have  sufficient  resources  to  en- 
able them  to  penetrate  by  themselves 
into  forign  markets. 

It  is  advocated  in  some  quarters 
therefore,  by  Hon.  Frederick  Nichols  for 
example,  and  by  the  Canadian  Indus- 
trial Reconstruction  Association,  that 
there  should  be  a  combination  or  fed- 
eration of  kindred  industries,  with  com- 
mon shipping  anl  common  selling 
agencies. 

It  is  true  that  in  Great  Britain  and 
in  the  United  States,  such  federations 
for  after-war  trade  are  being  formed. 
The   British  Trade   Corporation,  with  a 


VETERAN  MANUFACTURER'S  VIEWS  ON 
THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  WAR 

By  JOHN   McCLARY,    President,   McClary   Mfl.   Co. 

I  predict  that  at  the  close  of  the  war  there  will  be  such  a  re- 
joicing that  for  a  time  the  disturbed  future  will  be  overlooked. 
The  war  has  created  a  condition  that  will  require  the  united  wisdom 
of  our  ablest  statesmen  to  meet,  and  do  justice  as  far  as  possible 
to  our  returned  soldiers,  to  labor,  and  to  the  general  public. 

Bonar  Law,  many  months  since,  issued  a  statement  to  the 
British  public  that,  after  the  return  of  their  triumphant  soldiers, 
it  would  be  as  great,  or  nearly  as  great,  a  task  to  absorb  them  as 
it  was  in  the  first  place  to  create  them.  They  would  have  to  be 
kept  employed  and  well  paid  if  they  did  not  earn  half  their  salaries 
— intimating  the  necessity  of  producing  merchandise  beyond  the 
requirements  of  the  limited,  disturbed,  world's  market,  and  citing 
pig  iron  as  an  illustration  which  would  not  depreciate  in  carrying. 
These  conditions  apparently  could  only  be  carried  through  by  the 
action  of  the  Government.  These  views  reflect  to  some  extent,  what 
we  may  look  forward  to  at  the  close  of  the  war. 

The  first  effect  on  our  cities  will  be  the  stoppage  of  production 
of  war  materials.  These  highly  paid  artisans  engaged  in  this 
work  would  be  thrown  idle.  The  inflated  prices  of  merchandise, 
running  from  one  to  three  hundred  per  cent.,  must  suffer  a  gradual 
sinking  back  to  more  normal  levels.  The  raw  materials  of  the 
McClary  Manufacturing  Company  average,  upon  the  whole,  fully 
three  times  normal  prices  of  metals  and  other  products  consumed. 

The  first  effect  of  the  closing  of  the  war  will  be  to  create  a 
waiting  condition.  Outside  of  food,  the  average  consumer  will 
purchase  only  for  immediate  requirements.  The  manufacturer,  in 
most  lines,  will  only  produce  reduced  outputs  to  even  up  his  stock, 
looking  forward  to  his  raw  materials  gradually  shrinking  back  to 
the  former  normal  prices.  While  he  has  a  duty  to  perform  to  em- 
ployees as  far  as  conditions  reasonably  permit,  there  is  likely  to 
be  a  largely  reduced  number  of  operatives,  with  a  corresponding 
reduction  in  salaries,  having  an  unfavorable  influence  on  trade  in 
our  cities.  Many  trades  now  doing  apparently  a  prosperous  busi- 
ness will  find  their  sales  reduced,  and  their  stocks  carried  de- 
preciating from  month  to  month,  causing,  I  fear,  many  failures, 
especially  among  traders  who  have  kept  their  stocks  up  to  normal, 
assuming  the  present  inflated  prices  would  continue. 

The  depressed  conditions  will  continue  more  or  less  for  a 
period,  I  assume,  of  twelve  months  or  more. 

The  farmer  will  continue  to  be  comparatively  prosperous,  the 
purchaser  of  merchandise  for  immediate  requirements. 


capital  of  $500,000,000,  has  been  organ- 
ized toi  ensure  credits,  give  financial 
backing  to  British  enterprises  througn- 
out  the  world,  and  to  furnish  informa- 
tion as  to  opportunities  for  trade  exten- 
sion in  foreign  countries.  Among  other 
bodies  is  the  Federation  of  British  In- 
dustries, which  is  spending  $12,500,000 
to  stimulate  exports. 

In  the  United  States  similar  tenden- 
cies are  at  work.  The  Webb  law  re- 
verses previous  American  policy  and 
permits  combinations  of  producers  and 
manufacturers  for  export  business.  A 
federation  of  industries,  including  300,- 
000  plants  and  10,000,000  workers,  is 
being  organized. 


Such  developments  are  not  without 
their  serious  potential  dangers.  Com- 
bines in  the  past  have  not  been  popular, 
nor  have  their  results  been  beneficent. 
If,  to  face  new  conditions,  combinations 
or  federations  (which  would  probably 
be  looser  ehan  the  old  combines)  should 
spring  into  existence  here,  their  activi- 
ties would  have  to  be  carefully  scrutin- 
ized and  a  constant  watch  kept  over 
their  tendencies. 

Here  is  where  labor  figures.  Such 
federations  of  industries,  if  they  are  to 
exist  at  all,  should  be  humanized  by  the 
direct  participation  of  labor  in  their 
management.  Democratic  control  of  in- 
dustry is  a  slogan  which  is  sure  to  g^row 


I 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


549 


in  strength  both  in  England  and  Am- 
erica in  post  bellum  days.  If  the  work- 
ers did  have  a  greater  share  in  the  man- 
agement and  operation  of  industrial 
establishments,  if  they  were  given  more 
responsibility    for    production,     like     the 


coal  miners  in  Pennsylvania,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  more  privileges  and  rewards 
to  match  the  responsibility,  then  neither 
single  industries  nor  groups  of  them 
would  be  sources  of  dissension  or  rancor. 


FRANCE  WANTS  CANADA'S  HELP 

FOR  PERIOD  OF  RECONSTRUCTION 


WITH  Canada  apioaching  the  period 
of  reconstruction  when  war  mdus- 
tries  must  be  readapted  to  peace  activi- 
ties and  new  trade  secured,  it  is  encourag- 
ing to  note  the   possibilities  of  greatly 
improved     commercial       relations     with 
France.     At  the  recent  meeting   of  the 
Canadian   Reconstruction   Association   at 
Montreal,  Senator   Beaubien  emphasized 
the  desire  of  the  Republic  for  increased 
trade      with     the     Dominion.      "Deeply 
moved    by    Canada's    effective    co-opera- 
tion in  the  war,"  he  said,  "France  seems 
anxious  to  show  her  appreciation  of  our 
efforts.      Inspired    by    that    desire,    the 
Comite   Franco-Amerique,  which   is  pre- 
sided   over   by   Monsieur   Gabriel    Hano- 
taux,   and   whose   principal   object   is   to 
extend     to   the   fields   of     in  lustry    the 
close  relations  now  welding  Canada  and 
France  on  the  fields  of  battle,  has  callea 
the  attention  of  its  Canadian  section  to 
the  great  trade  opportunity  afforded  in 
reconstruction  work  necessary  to  restore 
the    devastated    areas      of      France.      It 
points   out   that   many   nations   are    al- 
ready  eagerly   seizing   this   opportunity 
and   strongly   urges   Canada   to   do   like- 
wise.     The    Canadian     section      of     t»«. 
Comite     Franco-Amerique     has     already 
recommended    to    the    Government     that 
an    Honorary    Commission,    assisted    by 
experts    if    necessary,    be    appointed    to 
ascertain  what  Canadian  products  could 
be  furnished  for  the  work  of  reconstruc- 
tion   in    France,    pareicularly    such    pro- 
ducts as  can  be  standardized  and  nrovided 
in   largo   quantities.     The   Canadian   As- 
sociation   further    suggested     that     this 
Commission    should   negotiate   with     the 
French    Government    "with    a    view    of 
having    France,    as    a    nation,    purchase 
large    quantities    of     such     standardized 
products    with    the     understandin<j     that 
the   orders  for  such   materials  would  be 
handled  by  Canada  in  the  same  manner 
and  through  the  same   channels   as  war 
orders." 

In  supporting  measures  for  greater 
trade  with  France,  Senator  Beaubien 
submitted  some  striking  figures  of  our 
present  exportation  to  prove  that  large 
orders  can  be  secured  from  the  Republic. 
Within  the  last  two  years  orders  have 
been  placed  in  Canada  for  very  large 
amounts  of  metallurgical  products.  One 
enquiry  received  by  a  consulting  engin- 
eer in  Montreal  was  for  no  less  than 
250,000  miles  of  cable  exceeding  in  price 
$10,000,000.  Tremendous  quantities  of 
material  are  required  by  the  French 
State  Railways,  including: 
Wheels  for  locomotives. 
Wheels  for  frei?:ht  and  passenger 
cars. 


Straight  axles  for  locomotives,  freight 
and  passenger  cars. 

Bent  axles  for  locomotives. 

Locomotive  steam  cylinders. 

Cast  steel  lubricating  boxes. 

Cast  iron  lubricating  boxes. 

Iron,  brass  and  bronze  castings. 

Round,  flae  and  square  steel  bars. 

Steel  castings. 

Steel  billets,  spring  steel. 

Helicoidal  and   spiral  springs. 

Steel  shapes. 

Spikes,  cut  and  wire  nails. 

Iron  fittings,  spare  parts  for  freight 
and  passenger  cars. 

Copper  and  steel  fire-box  plates. 

Rails,  bars  and  splices. 

Traction  chains  and  hooks. 

Drawn  and  seamless  steel,  copper  and 
brass  tubes. 

During  September  enquiries  were  re- 
ceived at  the  French  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce    for     shoes,     hardware,     lumber, 


foodstuffs,  canned  goods,  prepared  furs, 
glassware  for  electric  light,  lard,  bacon 
and  smoked  ham,  toys,  maple  syrup  and 
tree  felling  and  cutting  machines. 

The     present     demand     for     window 
ashes  and  doors  alone  in  the  devastated 
areas  in  France  would  supply  a  splendid 
market   for    Canadian    factories,   but   as 
Senator  Beaubien  pointed   out,  prior  to 
the  war  and  even  up  to  two  years  ago, 
the   major  part  of  ready-made  wooden   > 
doors  sold  on  the  Canadian  market  were 
manufactured    in    the    States;    most    of 
them  came  from  the  middle  West,  many 
even  from  the  State  of  Washington.    A 
substantial  proportion  were  made  out  of 
Canadian  lumber.     In  other  worls,  Am- 
erican   doors    dominated     the    Canadian 
market  despite  the  fact  that  these  arti- 
cles had  to  bear  the  extra  cost  of  long 
railway   haul   and      of     Canadian   duty 
which  alone  af'de  1  f-ncticl'v   oie-thiri 
to  their  cost  price.    The  reason  for  such 
an    extraordinary    state    of   things    Sen- 
ator Beaubion  declared  was  the  failure 
of  Canadian  manufacturers  to  Standard- 
ize  their   products.     As   he   said,  "with 
their  enormous   markets  the  Americans 
can  specialize   in    one    product    and  by 
producing    enormous     quantities    reduce 
cost   price   to   a   minimum."     Standard- 
ization  is   one   of   the   outstanding   fea- 
tures  of    British    and    American    trade 
preparations.      The    question    should   be 
given  the  earnest  consideration  of  Can- 
adian  manufacturers. 


JAPAN  BUSY  LOOKING  NOW  FOR 

OPENINGS  FOR  HER  EXPORT  TRADE 


AGENTS  of  Japanese  syndicates  are 
reported  to  be  negotiating  for  the 
purchase  of  a  large  number  of  mines, 
flour  mills,  brick  works,  saw  mills,  and 
other  industrial  undertakings;  while  com- 
mercially they  are  making'  every  effort 
to  extend  their  influence.  The  Japanese 
firms,  which  for  the  most  part  have  only 
recently  been  established  at  Vladivostok 
are  enlarging  their  operations  and  en- 
deavoring to  secure  as  large  a  share  as 
possible  of  the  trade  of  the  territory. 
The  scouts  of  these  firms  are  reported  to 
be  scouring  the  country  for  scrap  iron, 
hides,  wool  and  other  Siberian  and  Man- 
churian  products  required  in  Japan. 
Since  the  outbreak  of  the  war  Japanese 
products  have  been  exported  to  Siberia 
in  large  quantitie.'i,  and  are  to  be  seen  in 
all  the  shops  and  in  the  bazars.  In  com- 
parison with  the  same  period  last  year 
the  figures  for  the  export  of  Japanese 
goods  to  Siberia    show    an    increase    of 

687,628  yen. 

♦ 

Wages  Question  Decided  at 
Ottawa. 


Provision  Made  for  Altering  Scale   Ac- 
cording to  the  Cost  of 
Living 

The  Labor  Board  of  Appeal's  report 
in  the  appeal  of  several  Toronto  firms, 


members  of  the  Employers'  Association 
of  Toronto,  from  the  award  of  the  Board 
of  Conciliation  which  considered  the  dis- 
pute between  the  firms  and  their  em- 
ployees, blacksmiths  and  engineers,  was 
made  public  to-day.  It  shows  that  the 
report  of  the  Board  of  Conciliation  has 
been  modified  in  a  few  respects  to  the 
benefit  of  the  appellant  firms.  The 
Board  of  Conciliation  granted  the  boiler- 
makers  an 'advance  of  3%  cents,  bringing 
their  rate  to  58%  cents  per  hour.  The 
rate  of  pay  for  general  blacksmiths  is 
reduced  from  68  to  62%  cents  per  hour, 
and  forging  machine  operators  reduced 
from  60  cents  to  57%  cents  per  hour  per 
hoar,  and  with  these  amendments  the 
schedule  fixing  rates  of  pay  is  confirmed, 
and  men  at  present  receiving  more  than 
these  rates  shall  be  reduced.  The  Board 
of  Appeal  confirms  the  decision  of  the 
Conciliation  Board  granting  ten  per  cent, 
extra  to  night  shifts.  The  employers 
also  appealed  the  decision  of  the  Board 
of  Conciliation  fixing  August  20  as  the 
date  on  which  the  increased  wages  should 
take  effect  and  providing  for  the  revis- 
ion of  rates  at  the  end  of  six  months,  if 
the  rate  of  living  is  increased.  The 
Board  of  Appeal  considers  that  the  word 
"increased"  should  be  struck  out  and 
replaced  bv  "altered"  in  order  to  provide 
for  a  reduction  in  the  wage  scale  if  the 
cost  of  livino;  should  decrease. 


sso 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX, 


The   MacLean   Publishing   Company 

LIMITED 

(ESTABLISHED  1M8) 

iOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  Pr«id.nt      H.  T.  HUNTEK.  Vi«.-P«.Id.nt 

H.   V.  TYKRELL.   General  Mmnager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

(AnadianMachinery 

^MANUFACTURING  NEW5-> 

A  w«*'y  joorn.1  deroted  to  the  maehinerr  and  manufacturing  inUreat.. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  B.  KENNEDY,  Man.  Editor. 

Aaaociate  Editors: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  BODGERS  (Montreal) 

0(ri«    of    Publication.    US15S    Univ.raitT    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


by  surprise.  They  have  been  looking  forward  to  it,  and 
many  of  them  have  planned  ca.refully  to  fit  their  business 
relations  to  the  new  conditions. 

The  panic  that  marked  the  opening  days  of  the  war 
vpill  not  be  repeated  unless  all  signs  fail  and  peop  e 
lose  their  heads  entirely.  The  population  of  the  world 
will  still  need  things  to  eat  and  to  wear;  they  will  neeci 
machinery,  and  they  will  need  buildings.  The  sun  will 
probably  continue  to  rise  in  the  east  and  set  m  the  west, 
and  the  chances  are  that  the  North  Star  will  remain 
in  the  north.  Folks  will  probably  go  to  bed  at  night 
and  get  up  in  the  morning  as  per  usual,  and  the  head 
of  the  house  in  this  land  will  sift  ashes  and  crank  the 
furnace  as  per  usual.  Don't,  let  the  panic  idea  get  into 
your  head.  It's  not  going  to  come  unless  y()u  go  out 
ar.d  put  a  rope  around  its  neck  and  haul   it  in. 


\o\.  XX. 


XC)\'EMBER 


Xo.  19 


European  Events  and  War  Contracts. 

THE  falling  down  of  the  German  war  machine  has  come 
T  ^ith  the  earmarks  so  characteristic  to- the  breaking 
UP  oTa  hard  winter.  Just  now  the  German  war  lords 
a?e  fighting  with  their  backs  against  the  wall,  and  the 
Speafances  indicate  that  the  djnjamite  is  well  and  care- 
fully  laid  to  blow  down  the  wall. 

The  world  hardly  realized  what  a  tower  of  strength 
Austria-Hungary  had  been  to  Germany  until  the  former 
quit.  Germany  was  regarded  as  holding  up  the  dual 
monarchy,  while  as  a  matter  of  fact  Austria-Hungary 
Z:  the 'great  and  effective  buffer  that  kept  the  fasten, 
frontiers  of  Germany  immune  from  attack.  That  buffer 
has  gone.  Turkey  has  gone  absolutely  and  without  a 
squirm  by  way  of  protest.  Bulgaria  led  the  procession 
Stripped  of  her  allies,  Germany  stands  alone  to  face 
the  fury  of  an  aroused  and  outraged  world.  If  the  Hun 
wills  to  fight  on,  then  the  Hun  must  have  counted  the 
cost  and   decided   to   commit  national   suicide. 

The  moment  the  German  army  came  to  a  standstill 
it  was  beaten,  for  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  was  a 
war  of  conquest,  and  not  defence,  that  called  the  Potsdam 
war  machine  to  action.  The  moment  the  German  army 
^ot  word  to  retire,  that  was  the  beginning  of  the  end, 
for  an  army  bent  on  conquest,  by  its  first  yard  of  retire- 
ment announces  to  the  world  that  it  has  failed  in  its 
mission  and  purpose. 

The  empire-shattering  events  that  are  going  on  in 
Europe  have  their  sequel  in  the  commercial  and  industrial 
world.  They  have  their  touch  on  the  situation  m  Canada. 
They  reach  the  machine  tool  trade,  the  supply  trade,  the 
mechanic  and  the  unskilled  employee.  They  have  all  to 
do  with  the  ushering  in  of  that  period  to  which  we  refer 
now  as  reconstruction,  the  turning  from  war  work  to 
the  industries  of  peaceful  days. 

Making  munitions  has  been  the  means  of  good  money 
for  Canadian  shops  and  Canadian  mechanics.  But  Can- 
adian shops  and  Canadian  mechanics  do  not  want  to  make 
munitions  any  longer  than  the  necessity  of  war  calls  for 
them.  The  turning  out  of  munitions  is  the  carrying  on 
of  war,  and  there  is  a  tragedy,  unwritten  at  the  time,  in 
every  shell  that  leaves  the  lathe,  and  sorrow  and  deso- 
lation in  every  bit  of  shrapnel  that  passes  the  inspector. 
A  mechanic  may  regret  the  passing  of  a  form  of  employ- 
ment that  has  meant  good  money  to  him,  but  no  mechanic 
worthy  of  the  name  of  a  man  could  wish  the  war  to 
continue  in  order  that  his  employment  at  good  wages 
might  be  projected  on  indefinitely  into  the  future. 

The  end  of  war  contracts,  though  it  has  not  come  yet, 
is  in  sight.     It  is  not  going  to  take  the  manufacturers 


Coal  Bins  and  Church  Union. 

THE  Protestant  churches  in  Brockville  held  union  ser- 
vices last  winter.  It  may  have  been  that  they  were 
forced  to  do  this  because  there  was  a  shortage  of  coal. 
Asjainst  this,  however,  is  the  fact  that  they  are  doing  it 
cheerfully  on  a  large  scale  this  winter  because  they  want 
to  do  it,  and  have  sent  a  letter  to  the  Ontario  fuel  control- 
ler pledging  support. 

This  sort  of  business  is  liable  to  do  quite  a  heap  of 
good  apart  from  the  coal  that  will  be  saved,  and  that 
should  amount  to  quite  a  bit,  for  the  average  sexton  is 
a  pretty  fair  stoker  when  it  comes  to  burning  coal. 

The  Presbyterians  may  possibly  happen  to  find  out 
that  the  Methodists  are  not  half  bad,  and  the  Methodists 
may  in  turn  wise  up  to  the  fact  that  the  Baptists  are  not 
such  a  poor  sort  when  they  get  a  close-up  view  of  them. 
Not  only  so,  but  it  must  be  some  satisfaction  for  the 
pastors  to  get  a  chance  to  preach  to  a  full  house  now  and 
then.  If  there's  anything  that  should  put  a  preacher 
in  shape  for  tremendous  action  it  is  a  full  house.  If 
there's  anything  that  would  put  the  damper  on  this  elo- 
quence and  the  cold  water  on  his  fervor  it  would  be  a  com- 
plement of  empty  seats.  Somehow  we've  always  felt  sorry 
for  the  pulpiteer  who  has  had  to  start  his  day's  job  with 
that  won't-you-move-up-to-the-front  look  on  his  face.  He 
may  get  off  to  a  good  start  and  keep  going  right  to  his 
"in  conclusion,"  but  at  the  same  time  he's  got  a  handicap 
against  him  that  puts  him  in  the  class  of  a  lame  horse 
pulling  a  stone  boat. 

By  all.  means  let  the  church  goers  save  feul.  Let  the 
Baptists  sit  in  tight  up  against  the  Methodists,  and  let 
the  stalwart  Presbyterians  be  sandwiched  with  the  Con- 
gregationalists.  Nothing  will  harm  them.  Let  them  vie 
in  matching  pennies  on  the  collection  plate.  Let  'em  lift 
their  voices  higher  than  the  rafters  in  praise  and  worship. 
If  this  coal  famine  keeps  up  much  longer  we'll  have  a 
real  church  union.  If  all  these  doctrinal  hair  splitters  can 
live  happily  together  during  the  cold  months  of  winter, 
you  won't  be  able  to  keep  them  apart  during  the  happy 
months  of  the  spring  and  summer. 


ADVICE  received  from  a  very  reliable  source  at  Ottawa 
intimates  that  Cabinet  reconstruction  will  take  place  there 
within  a  few  days.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  business 
interests  of  the  country  will  be  strongly  represented. 
There  has  been  a  serious  deficiency  at  the  capital  in  this 
direction,  and  it  should  be  remedied.  Industrial  Canada 
will  need  a  strong  representation  to  state  its  case  in  the 
after-v/ar  problems.  It's  no  job  for  a  weakling,  and  it's 
so  great  a  proposition  that  a  little  man  would  hardly 
dare  tackle  it. 


Some  chap  in  Austria  wants  to  govern  the  German 
nation  when  the  Kaiser  quits.  If  he's  really  in  earnest 
for  that  job  he'd  better  apply  to  the  Allied  custodian 
of  alien  enemy  property. 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


551 


Is  Power  Rationing  Needed. 

THE  insistent  cry  for  more  power  from  the  makers 
of  war  necessities  can  be  met  in  only  one  way.  During 
the  coming  winter  it  is  hardly  to  be  expected  that  more 
power  will  be  available  and  the  only  wise  and  reasonable 
course  is  to  rightly  use  that  available.  Anyone 
acquainted  with  the  situation  existing  to-day  knows  that 
the  munition  load,  though  large,  forms  but  a  part  of  the 
total  power  consumption  and  the  curtailing  of  the  energy 
supplied  to  makers  of  household  goods,  amusement 
devices,  and  luxuries  of  all  kinds,  would  go  far  towards 
the  releasing  of  power  for  the  steel  plants,  abrasive  in- 
dustries, carbide  and  cyanamide  makers,  and  other  In- 
dustries which  make  North  America  dependent  in  no 
small  degree  upon  the  Niagara  district. 

This  rationing,  while  just  and  equitable  in  itself,  would 
work  to  the  advantage  of  the  country  in  another  and 
perhaps  more  tangible  form.  The  labor  situation  is,  to 
say  the  least,  serious,  and  any  curtailment  in  the  produc- 
tion of  non-essentials,  automatically  releases  workers  for 
the  vital  war  industries.  People  can  very  well  do  without 
pianos,  talking  machines,  and  the  like  for  a  few  months, 
and  can  easily  purchase  them  after  the  war,  when  their 
manufacture  will  help  in  the  necessary  readjustment. 

The  home,  too,  might  well  be  put  on  light  and  power 
rations.  The  Tuesday  morning  ironing  bee  in  the  home 
means  an  extra  16,000  kilowatt  load  on  one  of  the  Niagara 
systems  alone,  and  no  effort  is  being  made  to  curtail 
the  sale  and  use  of  electric  appliances  for  the  home. 

Hand  in  hand  with  the  equitable  allotment  of  the 
white  coal  goes  the  need  for  more  energetic  measures 
for  coal  conservation.  We  are  to  a  large  extent  de- 
pendent upon  our  southern  neighbor  for  our  coal,  and  the 
least  we  can  do  is  to  use  it  as  efficiently  as  is  being 
done  in  the  United  States.  A  questionnaire,  such  as  they 
have  sent  out  to  the  power  plant  owner  is  unheard  of 
in  Canada,  and  the  rigid  inspection  of  the  individual 
power  plant  by  government  officials  evidently  has  never 
been  thought  of.  A  plant  owner  faced  with  the  com- 
plete stoppage  of  his  coal  supply  through  his  own  care- 
less ways  of  burning  coal  is  extremely  likely  to  take  an 
active  interest  in  his  boiler  room  and  its  equipment.  A 
CO,  apparatus  then  is  looked  upon  as  a  life  saver,  and 
other   means   of  checking  plant  waste   likewise. 


It  is  quite  clear  that  the  Allies  do  not  intend  to  treat 
with  the  Kaiser.  What  then  is  to  become  of  him?  A 
kicked-out  monarch  is  too  dangerous  to  be  at  large.  if 
he  is  allowed  to  remain  in  Germany  he  will  hold  to  him 
a  retinue  of  followers  who  will  constitute  a  hot-bed  of 
plotters  against  any  form  of  government  that  would 
overthrow  the  German  autocracy. 

Were  the  question  put  to  a  dozen  men,  "What  would 
you  do  with  the  Kaiser?"  the  replies  would  run  the 
gauntlet  of  excesses. 

The  German  ruler  stands  right  now  convicted  of 
murder  a  million  times  over.  Why  should  he  not  face 
the  charge,  then,  the  same  as  any  other  individual?  If 
a  man  kill  another  in  this  land  he  is  convicted  of  murder 
and  is  executed. 

Why,  then,  is  the  murderer  of  a  million  any  the  less 
a  criminal,  and  worthy  of  death? 


The  Kaiser  a  Plain  Murderer. 

WE  have  been  accustomed  of  late  to  speak  of  the  pros- 
pective   surrender    of    Germany.        As    far    as    the 
German  is  concerned  there  should  be  no  terms. 


One  Grand  Old  Custom. 

/^H,  things  change  fast  in  these  here  days,  they're 
^^  most  peculiar  times,  and  its  hard  to  keep  your  ways 
and  thoughts  from  draggin'  on  the  lines.  Why,  things  what 
was  quite  new  and  fresh  a  day  or  so  ago  is  .set  kerchuck 
inside  a  day  at  the  bottom   of  the  row. 

Why,  clothes  that  wimmen  used  to  wear,  the  latest 
thing  in  style,  if  we  should  see  'em  nowadays  we'd  heave 
a   husky   smile. 

iL'ikewise  the  men  they  used  to  wear  chin  whiskers 
on  their  face,  and  sproutin'  these  here  ornaments  was 
like  unto  a  race — but  nowadays  they  whack  them  off  and 
all  our  young  man  grows  is  a  tuft  about  one  inch  across 
a-settin'  'neath  his  nose. 

Folks  used  to  get  a  paper  'bout  once  or  twice  a  week, 
and  through  the  columns  of  the  thing  both  up  and  down 
they'd  seek — they  knew  most  all  that  paper  said,  they 
was  full  up  with  news,  and  likewise  versed  upon  all  stuff 
like  Grit  and  Tory  views.  But  in  this  here  fast  and 
dizzy  age  a  sheet  comes  out  at  dawn,  and  'fore  the 
kettle's  on  at  noon  the  thing  is  old  and  gone,  and  noon 
editions  have  a  spell,  they  live  for  half  an  hour,  but 
'round  at  six  they're  greeted  with  a  look  what's  cold  and 
sour. 

And  youngsters  used  to  learn  to  play  pianers  fine  and 
grand,  but  now  they  pay  their  30  cents  for  music  roiis 
what's  canned. 

But  there  is  one  old  custom,  more  glorious  than  the 
rest,  that  stays  in  favor  in  the  north,  likewise  the  east 
and  west — when  winter  time  comes  'round  each  year  'tis 
then  it  thrives  for  fair,  when  father  slides  down  cellar 
and  sifts  the  ashes  there. — Ark. 


STUDY  PROBLEMS  THAT      WILL  COME  AT  END  OF  THE  WAR 


A  BOUT  forty  persons,  including  representatives  from 
■^^-  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association,  the  Cana- 
dian Reconstruction  Association,  and  organized  labor, 
were  present  at  the  conference  at  Ottawa  last  week  to 
consider  reconstruction  problems  after  the  war.  Among 
those  present  were  Senator  Beaubien,  Senator  Nichols, 
Major  Anthes,  James  T.  Gunn,  Sir  Alexander  Bertram, 
A.  D.  Huff,  H.  P.  McNaughton,  W.  K.  George,  J.  G.  Hay, 
A.  H.  Brittain,  R.  Jamieson,  George  Henderson,  Sir  John 
Willison,  S.  R.  Parsons,  and  a  number  of  others. 

The  declared  object  of  the  delegation  was  to  lay  sug- 
gestions before  the  government  looking  to  the  formation 
of  a  strong  committee  to  cooperate  with  the  government 
in  a  definite  scheme  which  would  form  part  of  a  broad 
plan  of  reconstruction  after  the  war,  the  particular  aim 
of  the  manufacturers  represented  on  the  delegation  being 
the  extension  of  the  export  trade.  Premier  Borden  said 
he  cordially  welcomed  the  important  interests  represented 
and  invited  them  to  name  a  committee  to  meet  with  the 
Reconstruction  and  Development  Committee  of  the  Senate, 
which  has  been  considering  some  of  the  problems  referred 
to.  The  choosing  of  the  committee  was  left  in  the 
hands  of  Senator  Nichols,  and  when  his  work  is  complete  ' 
it  will  be  called  together  in  Ottawa  to  formulate  a  scheme 
to  put  before  the  government. 


After  the  meeting  with  the  government  a  further 
meeting  of  the  delegates  was  held  at  'the  Chateau  Laurier, 
at  which  they  heard  some  particulars  of  the  Lyon's  Sample 
Fair,  which  has  been  held  at  Lyons,  France,  for  the  past 
three  years,  and  which  was  instituted  to  replace  the 
Leipsic  Fair. 

The  first  year  of  the  Lyons  Fair  it  was  made  up 
largely  of  French  exhibits,  t'.ie  Allied  and  neutral  nations 
contributing  not  over  ten  per  cent,  of  the  articles  shown. 
Since  then  interest  has  increased  greatly,  and  the  per- 
centage of  allied  and  neutral  exhibits  also.  Last  year 
they  were  thirty  per  cent,  of  the  total.  There  was  prac- 
tically nothing  from  Canadal  At  the  fair  which  will  be 
held  next  year  a  fair  amount  of  space  has  been  secured 
for  Canada,  and  it  is  hoped  that  a  fairly  good  exhibit 
of  a  composite  character  representing  the  products  and 
produce  of  the  factories  and  farms  of  Canada  will  be 
shown.  The  Dominion  Government  is  bearing  the  cost 
of  transportation  of  the  exhibits  from  the  Canadian  sea- 
board to  Lyons,  as  well  as  any  charges  for  space  at  the 
fair.  After  the  exhibits  have  been  shown  at  Lyons  it 
is  intended  that  they  shall  be  taken  to  the  fair  at  Milan, 
Italy,  and  from  there  to  (London.  The  amount  of  busi- 
ness transacted  through  the  Lyons  Fair  has  grown  very 
rapidly.  Last  year  it  amounted  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  million  dollars. 


55Z 


Volume  XX. 


Getting  in  Shape  for  the  Coming  of  Peace 

Machine  Tool  Trade  Reports  Falling  Off  of  Orders  For  War  Shops 

— Some  Form  of  After- War  Price  Control  is  Looked  For — Scrap 

Prices  Are  Likely  to  Drop  Soon 


EVENTS  that  are  transpiring  in  Europe  are  having 
their  effect  on  the  machine  tool  and  supply  trade 
this  week.  There  is  nothing  surprising  in  that. 
In  fact  the  trade  is  right  now  going  through  the  successive 
stages  that  had  been  anticipated.  There  are  lines  in  which 
it  can  be  said  that  the  passing  from  war  to  peace  footing 
has  been  partially  accomplished.  Panic  talk  is  not  heard. 
Of  course  there  are  industries  that  are  so  outstandingly 
war  favorites  that  they  will  pass  away  when  peace  comes 
again,  but  this  group  is  in  the  minority  and  is  prepared 
for  its  fate. 

There  seems  to  be  a  growing  feeling  that  there  will 
be  some  measure  of  control  in  regard  to  the  steel  and 
iron  situation  after  the  war  has  ended.  Such  a  measure 
would  have  the  effect  of  lending  a  desirable  stability  to 
a  situation  that  might  otherwise  be  uncertain  and  panicky. 
Reports  from  United  States  indicate  that  some  form  of 
control  will  be  maintained  from  Washington  while  busi- 
ness is  getting  on  a  peace  footing.  The  feeling  is  that 
with  some  such  body  setting  the  standard  of  prices  it 
will  be  a  much  easier  matter  to  avoid  cutting  prices  to 
points  below  cost,  and  it  will  allow  firms  to  dispose  of 
their  war-price  stock  without  having  to  go  out  of  busi- 
ness. 

The  demand  for  machine  tools  for  war  plants  is 
practically  at  a  standstill.  Sales  of  supplies  are  better 
but  inclined  to  be  spasmodic.       Munitions  plants  are  not 


stocking  up  with  supplies  but  are  buying  for  actual  and 
immediate  needs. 

Jobbers  are  running  low  on  stocks  of  steel  plate.  In 
fact  it  is  hard  for  them  to  restock  at  present,  and  they 
are  not  inclined  to  do  so  considering  the  difficulty  that 
is  met  with  in  getting  material  from  United  States  points. 
They  are  satisfied  to  approach  the  coming  of  peace  with 
warehouses  as  near  empty  as  it  is  safe  to  run  them. 

Machine  tool  dealers  in  Canada  come  under  a  recent 
ruling  made  in  United  States  in  regard  to  "stock"  orders. 
The  practice  in  the  trade  has  been  to  place  orders  for 
machines  and  then  sell  them.  Now  no  order  can  be 
placed  that  is  not  backed  by  a  bona  fide  sale.  This 
ruling  will  make  it  harder  for  the  dealers  to  do  business 
for  the  time  being,  but  it  will  also  do  much  to  keep  them 
from  facing  peace  with  a  lot  of  single-purpose  machinery 
on  their  hands,  and  it  will  also  go  a  long  way  in  cutting 
down  the  avalanche  of  cancellations  that  otherwise  might 
follow  in  the  wake  of  peace  being  announced. 

Scrap  dealers  are  to  all  intents  and  purposes  out  of 
the  market.  The  prices  have  not  actually  slumped  yet 
but  every  indication  points  to  a  moving  to  a  lower  plane 
in  the  very  near  future.  Scrap  metals  are  now  about 
85  per  cent,  above  pre-war  prices.  Copper,  for  instance, 
was  worth  about  14  cents  before  the  war,  while  now  the 
United  States  government  fixed  price  is  26c.  Scrap 
prices  are  likely  to  come  down,  and  as  a  result  there 
are  many  sellers  on  the  market  now  but  few  buyers,  and 
sales  are  made  only  for  special  and  urgent  cases. 


LIGHTER  VOLUME  OF  BUSINESS 

NOTED  IN  MONTREAL  THIS  WEEK 


Special     to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Nov.  7.— With  every 
day  bringing  new  but  not  unex- 
pected surprises  it  is  natural 
to  find  that  industrial  conditions  are 
more  or  less  affected.  The  encouraging 
news  from  the  front  has  created  a  situ- 
ation that  time  alone  can  define.  That 
munitions  making  activity  should  be 
first  to  feel  the  reaction  of  the  peace 
movement  is  expected,  and  nervousness 
is  shown  in  shell-making  circles  as  to 
the  early  possibilities  in  this  connection. 
Despite  the  restricting  influence  of  the 
influenza,  the  subscriptions  to  the  Vic- 
tory Loan  are  flowing  in  regularly,  and 
its  importance  is  clearly  shown  over  ail 
other  activities.  The  markets  generally 
are  feeling  the  inevitable  results  of  peace 
possibilities,  as  shown  in  the  lighter 
volume  of  future  trading.  Machine  tools 
are  quiet  with  shell  demand  almost 
eliminated.  Old  material  business  is 
almost  stagnant  from  the  dealers'  stand- 
point. The  metal  markets  are  operating 
on  a  normal  basis  with  little  of  feature 
to  report.  Under  existing  conditions 
quotations  are  given  as  a  nominal  guide 
only. 

Steel  sun  Active 
Develonments  in  the  war  situation 
are  tending  to  unsettle  the  trade,  but 
this  so  far  has  only  shown  on  the  surface 
as  activity  in  all  quarters  is  apparently 
undiminished.  Steel  output  is  still  in- 
sufficient to  meet  the  requirements  of 
present  demand.  Some  dealers  have  been 


hoping  for  relief  in  the  getting  of  steel 
owing  to  the  possible  early  falling  off 
for  war  purposes,  but  little  indications 
of  such  conditions  are  shown  in  the  at- 
titude of  the  War  Board  as  restrictions 
on  the  distribution  are  as  firm  as  ever. 
Even  should  peace  materialize  out  of 
present  developments  it  is  not  likely  that 
immediate  relief  would  be  given  to  steel 
consumers  unless  it  be  in  the  direction 
of  heavy  steel  bars  now  utilized  for 
shell  material.  The  demands  for  plate 
and  structural  steel  will  probably  con- 
tinue for  an  indefinite  period,  so  that  a 
return  to  pre-war  conditions  will  be  a 
matter  of  many  months,  or  perhaps 
years.  Another  factor  that  will  influ- 
ence the  post-war  activity  is  the  retain- 
ing of  the  present  boards  for  the  purpose 
of  adjusting,  gradually,  the  existin-? 
system  to  meet  the  needs  of  future  re- 
quirements. The  tendency  is  to  ease  up 
on  shell  production,  and  this  has  been 
reflected  in  the  suspension  of  new  acti- 
vities in  this  district.  Plants  now  work- 
ing on  American  shells  expect  to  com- 
plete their  initial  contracts  but  are  not 
antcipating  renewal  orders.  It  is  under- 
stood that  some  orders  for  supplies  are 
being  placed  with  cancellation  clauses 
to  guard  against  possible  contingencies. 
Local  dealers  are  still  looking  to  the  War 
Trade  Board  for  their  steel  requirements, 
and  conditions  here  are  virtually  un- 
changed, with  prices,  apart  from  those 
"nder  direct  control,  on  a  nominal  basis. 


Little    Demand    for    Shell    Machines 

Despite  the  quieting  effect  that  ap- 
proaching peace  possibilities  have  had 
on  the  general  industrial  situation,  the 
enquiries  for  machine  tool  equipment  are 
still  of  fair  volume  but  showing  a  ten- 
dency for  domestic  tools  rather  than 
special  machines  for  shell  manufacture. 
The  principal  feature  in  connection  with 
present  condition  is  the  falling  off  in  the 
placements  for  munitions  equipment. 
Those  tools  that  have  been  waiting  de- 
livery are  coming  along  with  fair  regu- 
larity but  little  business  of  a  new 
character  is  reported.  This  must  be  ex- 
pected in  face  of  the  rapid  developments 
that  are  likely  to  change  the  early  future 
prospects  as  regards  war  materials.  No 
sudden  cessation  of  shell  making  is  an- 
ticipated, but  new  plants  now  under  con- 
sideration, or  the  placing  of  new  orders, 
will  doubtless  be  deferred  for  a  period. 
It  is  understood  that  one  large  contract 
for  the  American  government  that  would 
entail  the  erection  of  an  entirely  new 
plant,  has  been  held  up  pending  early  de- 
velopments. The  general  machinery 
market  is  quiet,  with  business  relatively 
light.  Prices  are  likely  to  ease  up  early 
in  the  new  year. 

Dullness  Still  a  Feature 

Dullness  continues  to  characterize  the 
general  scrap  situation,  and  if  anything, 
is  more  emphasized  than  last  Few  con- 
sumers are  in  the  market  for  large  sup- 
■  plies  of  material,  and  what  business  is 
passing  is  confined  to  small  lots  for  job- 
i)ing  foundries.  The  mills  are  taking 
only  what  they  require  for  immediate 
needs  and  demand  for  future  delivery  is 
practically     nil.       The     situation     here 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  IH  NE  R  Y 


563 


might  be  summed  up  in  the  statement  of 
one  dealer,  that  "we  are  not  selling  a 
solitary  thing."  This  of  course  refers 
to  relatively  large  sales,  some  light  or- 
ders still  being  placed.  The  controlling 
factor  appears  to  be  the  unsettled  condi- 
tion of  the  trade  as  a  result  of  the  pre- 
sent European  developments.  This  un- 
certainty will  tend  to  maintain  the  pre- 
sent nervousness.  Dealers  are  antici- 
pating a  decline  in  scrap  prices,  especial- 
ly in  irons  and  steels,  but  are  holding  to 
the  present  nominal  prices  until  some- 
thing turns  up  on  which  they  can  base 
their  further  adjustment. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


TRADE  PASSING 

FROM  WAR  BASIS 


U.   S.   Order   Re   "Stock"   Orders  Clears 

The  Decks,  If  It  Does  Make 

The   Going   Harder 


TORONTO.  —  The  whole  trade,  ma- 
chine tool,  supplies,  steel,  scrap— - 
in  fact  any  industry  that  has  been  affect- 
ed by  the  making  of  munitions,  watches 
the  situation  on  the  western  front,  in 
Austria,  Turkey,  and  every  place  where 
the  quick-changing  last  act  in  the  war 
drama  makes  more  certain  the  near  ap- 
proach of  the  time  when  business  will 
have  to  be  recokened  with  from  the 
angle  of  peace-time  competitive  trade. 
We  say  competitive  trade  because  the 
element  of  competition  in  war  trade  has 
been  largely  eliminated. 

The  idea  that  there  is  goin^  to  be 
panic  is  being  discounted  by  men  who 
are  giving  a  great  deal  of  attention  to 
the  matter.  They  have,  in  many  cases, 
brought  their  business  affairs  to  the 
point  where  the  load  is  not  heavy,  and  in 
other  cases  they  have  been  aided  in 
this  by  some  of  the  latest  regulations 
that  have  been  put  into  effect  by  Wash- 
ington. 

Machine  tool  supplies  are  quietier  in 
demand.  There  has  been  a  falling  off 
in  the  inquiry  for  new  equipment.  The 
dealers  in  scrap  metals  report  that  they 
are  largely  out  of  the  market,  because 
there  are  more  sellers  than  buyers,  and 
they  are  overstocked  now.  But  these 
conditions  have  been  anticipated,  and 
the  business  executives  have  not  been 
napping  or  sleeping  at  the  switch.  In 
many  cases  the  businesses  have  passed 
into  the  first  stages  that  were  antici- 
pated following  the  declaration  of  peace. 

In    Machine   Tools 

Dealers  in  machine  tools  can  readily 
see  where  the  war  business  is  falling 
away.  They  report  no  inquiries  for  new- 
plants  during  the  week,  and  as  yet  sell- 
ing for  after-war  trade  has  not  com- 
menced in  earnest.  The  action  of  United 
States  War  Industries  Bokrd  in  cancell- 
ing "stock  orders"  for  machine  tools 
has  cleared  the  decks  as  far  as  a  great 
deal  of  business  handled  by  Canadian 
dealers  is  concerned.  There  were  firms 
in  Canada  who  some  months  ago  were 
placing  orders  heavily  in  United  States 
against  dates  as  far  removed  as  June  1, 
1919.  It  is  probable  that  'in  the  aggre- 
gate this  prospective  business  placed  in 


Scrap  metal  dealers  state  that 
they  are  practically  out  of  the  mar- 
ket. Prices  now  are  on  an  average 
80  per  cent,  above  pre-war  figures, 
and  dealers  do  not  want  to  be  carry- 
ing these  high  value  materials  when 
the  time  cojncs  to  sell  into  a  peace 
time  market. 

Machine  tool  dealers  report  that 
there  are  very  few  inquiries  for  new 
equipment  for  the  turning  out  of 
war  work. 

Business  in  supplies  for  munitions 
plants  is  spasmodic.  Most  of  the 
shops  are  not  carrying  much  stock, 
and  only  place  orders  for  immediate 
needs. 

Dealers  in  steel  plate  believe  that 
the  day  of  10  cents  per  pound  sales 
is  about  over,  and  in  nearly  every 
case  the  stock  has  been  allowed  to 
reach  a  low  level,  so  there  will  be 
little  of  this  high-priced  plate  on 
hand  when  lower  levels  are  reached. 

The  experience  of  the  past  week 
shows  that  it  is  h?rder  than  ever  to 
secure  material  for  anything  but 
straight  war  work.  A  large  gas 
company  was  refused  steel  plate  for 
repairs  to  existing  equipment.  The 
same  thing  happened  some  months 
ago,  but  at  that  time  the  comp^nv 
secured  statements  from  many  mu- 
nitions plants  stating  that  gas  was 
essential  to  them,  and  the  steel  ma- 
terial was  forthcoming. 

New  York  reports  that  there  has 
been  a  decided  falling  off  in  the 
volume  of  business  for  war  shops 
being  placed  by  the  United  States 
government  this  week. 

Pittsburgh  believes  that  the  War 
Industries  Board,  perhaps  in  some 
modified  form,  will  remain  in  exis- 
tence for  some  time  to  regulate 
prices  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war. 


U.  S.  shops  would  amount  to  many 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars.  It 
has  been  the  best  way  that  the  Canadian 
dealers  could  book  business.  They  would 
order  the  machines  first  and  then  pro- 
ceed to  sell  them,  quite  secure  in  the 
anticipation  that  there  would  be  a  mar- 
ket for  their  holdings.  It  was  an  easy 
matter  to  approach  a  prospect  with  the 
suggestion  that  you  had  a  machine  on 
order  three  months  back,  and  that  he 
could  get  this  by  securing  the  necessary 
priority  and  license.  It  was  much  easier 
than  to  approach  the  customer  with  the 
information  that  you  would  have  to  take 
his  order,  secure  the  necessary  papers 
and  information,  and  then  go  to  the 
makers  of  such  piachines  and  see  what 


couU  be  done  in  the  matter  of  deliver- 
ies. The  latest  ruling  has  practically 
cleared  the  Canadian  houses  of  any- 
thing but  real  bona  fide  business.  Al- 
though it  may  work  out  a  bit  rough  in 
a  few  cases,  it  will  be  a  blessing  in 
others,  and  on  the  whole  will  add  a 
degree  of  stability  that  could  not  other- 
wise be  secured.  In  one  way  it  backs  up 
the  policy  that  has  been  adopted  already 
by  some  of  the  larger  firms  of  "no  can- 
cellation." It  will  tend  to  give  a  clear 
sheet  to  work  on.  Had  the  machine  tool 
manufacturers  found  their  books  full  of 
cancellation  business  on  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  they  would  have  been  faced 
with  a  serious  problem,  because  the 
cancellations  would  follow  on  through  a 
good  many  shops  in  which  part  of  the 
work  had  been  carried  on,  and  there 
would  have  been  a  great  deal  of  read- 
justment, much  of  which  would  not  be 
satisfactory. 

The  Supply  Business 

The  machine  tool  supply  business 
may  well  be  described  as  spasmodic. 
One  week  the  bookings  are  good,  the 
next  week  they  are  equally  bad.  Muni- 
tion firms  are  not  buying  supplies  at 
the  rate  they  were  a  few  months  ago. 
There  is  a  very  marked  tendency  to 
adopt  a  pretty  close  policy  in  this  re- 
'-ard.  Of  course  there  are  shops  that 
have  contracts  where  they  know  they 
are  well  protected  against  any  invest- 
ment they  may  make  with  regard  to 
equipment  or  supplies,  but  in  the  major- 
ity of  cases  the  policy  of  buying  well 
ahead  is  not  being  followed  in  the  muni- 
tions plants. 

The    Steel    Trade 

The  day  of  ten  cent,  steel  is  almost 
done  for.  That  is  the  opinion  of  the 
trade,  and  the  trade  is  glad  of  it.  Two 
hundred  dollars  for  a  ton  of  steel  is 
a  fictitious  price,  and  it  cannot  long 
survive.  The  jobbers  have  faced  a  dan- 
gerous situation.  There  has  been  a  lot 
of  business  offering  even  at  ten  cents 
a  pound,  and  dealers  have  been  quite 
safe  in  buying  at  a  price  that  ran  around 
7%c.  The  danger  came  in  being  over- 
stocked when  the  time  should  come  to 
meet  the  3%c.  price  at  the  American 
mills.  It  has  been  so  difficult  to  secure 
material  that  there  has  been  little  chance 
to  stock  up  very  much.  Jobbers  have 
let  their  plate  stocks  bought  at  fairly 
high  prices  run  out  almost  to  the  point 
of  exhaustion,  and  they  consider  that  it 
is  good  policy  on  their  part  to  keep 
these  stocks  right  there  until  there  is 
something  more  definite  in  the  way  of 
new  prices.  There  is  a  feeling,  quite 
marked  too,  that  the  War  Trade  Board, 
or  some  organization  of  a  like  character 
may  remain  in  power  for  some  time  fol- 
lowing the  war,  to  consider  and  equalize 
nrices.  A  statement  by  Hon.  Mr.  Bal- 
lantyne  only  a  few  days  a^o  intimates 
that  there  will  be  a  drastic  readjust- 
ment in  the  price  of  plate.  The  govern- 
ment right  now  recognises  $150  per  ton 
at  the  mills  for  plate,  while  the  price 
arranged  for  the  new  mills  at  Sydney, 
for  ship  plate  "is  $83.  Small  wonder 
that    the    dealers    are    working    on    the 


554 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


policy  of  hand-to-mouth  until  the  situa- 
tion has  been  ironed  out  more  satis- 
factorily. 

There  is  no  betterment  in  the  steel 
supply  coming  to  Canada.  A  large  gas 
company  was  refused  plate  for  repair 
work.  Not  long  ago  this  same  concern 
was  turned  down  at  Washington  because 
the  authorities  there  held  that  gas  plants 
were  not  necessary  to  the  production 
of  munitions.  The  management  im- 
mediately secured  the  statements  of  a 
number  of  munitions  manufacturers  that 
"  gas  was  very  essential,  whereupon  the 
needed  material  was  secured. 
Full   Up   On   Scrap 

"For  the  greater  part  of  last  week, ' 
stated  one  of  the  big  dealers,  "we  were 
out  of  the  market  entirely.  We  are  not 
keen  to  buy  now.  In  fact  there  are 
lines  that  we  would  not  purchase  at  any 
figure.  Our  whole  premises  are  loaded 
to  the  ceiling,  and  we  will  not  take  on 
anything  else.  The  whole  trend  of 
events  and  of  feeling  in  the  trade  points 
to  lower  values,  although  the  prices 
quoted  now  afe  nominally  correct.  The 
situation  is  this,"  he  continued,  "prices 
are  now  too  high  for  commercial  busi- 
ness. They  are,  on  an  average  85  per 
cent,  above  the  pre-war  figures,  and  we 
are  not  going  to  buy  at  war  prices  and 
hold  to  sell  into  a  lower  after-war  mar- 
ket. Copper  .and  spelter  set  the  pace 
for  the  yellows,  so  brass  follows.  Cop- 
per, as  a  general  thing,  is  the  bi?  end 
of  the  scrap  metal  business,  although 
according  to  the  stocks  at  the  foundries, 
steel  and  iron  are  a  close  second  at 
times.  The  average  price  of  copper  be- 
fore the  war  was  around  14  cents  per 
pound,  while  the  price  fixed  by  the 
United  States  government  at  the  pres- 
ent time  is  26  cents.  There  are  large 
quantities  of  scrap  offering  for  sale.  We 
don't  want  to  buy  and  we  may  as  well 
make  our  position  definite  in  the  mat- 
ter." 


COMING  OF  PEACE 

FELT  IN  NEW  YORK 


But  Large  Orders  Are  Still   Being 

Placed  For  War  Plants 

Here 


SpkUI  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

NEW  YORK,  Nov.  6th.— The  coming 
of  peace  with  rapid  strides  undoubt- 
edly creating  a  conservative  feeling 
throughout  the  machinery  industry  but 
there  is  a  wide  difference  of  opinion  in 
regard  to  the  ultimate  effect  upon  manu- 
facturers. Although  the  volume  of  busi- 
ness has  been  reduced  somewhat  by 
expectation  of  less  activity  in  war  pre- 
paration, it  is  notable  that  important 
contracts  for  machine  tools  continue  to 
be  placed  by  the  Government  and  by 
war  munition  plants.  Some  cancellations 
of  orders  previously  placed  indicate  that 
extensive  programs  for  ordnance  will 
not  be  carried  out  as  originally  intended, 
yet  heavy  purchases  will  be  made  in  the 
aggregate  for  some  weeks  longer. 

The  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  has 
cancelled  equipment  orders  for  the  pro- 
posed Scott  boiler  plant  of  the  Barber 


From  information  which  CAN- 
ADIAN MACHINERY  received 
from  Ottawa  before  going  to  press, 
there  had  been  no  cancellations  of 
munitions  contracts  made  yet.  How- 
ever, the  feeling  at  the  capital  is 
that  this  move  will  be  made  in  the 
not  distant  future,  should  the  situa- 
tion on  the  Western  front  remain 
as  favorable  as  it  is  at  this  writing. 
Local  munitions  firms  are  in  much 
the  same  position  as  Ottawa,  but 
in  the  meantime  capacity  produc- 
tion is  the  watchword  of  the  shops. 


Asphalt  Paving  Co.,  at  Maurer,  New 
Jersey,  and  also  for  tools  designed  for 
equipping  Government  owned  shipyards 
in  various  stages  of  completion.  Already, 
steps  have  been  taken  to  suspend  the 
construction  of  wooden  ships  at  the 
Kearny,  New  Jersey  plant  operated  by 
the  Foundation  Co.  Before  the  first  of 
the  next  year  the  Foundation  Co.,  will 
have  completed  the  building  of  ten  Fer- 
ris standard  type  ships  at  the  Govern- 
ment yards  built  on  the  property  of  the 


Ford  Motor  Co.,  but  orders  for  other 
wooden  craft  to  be  built  at  this  plant 
have  been  cancelled;  large  numbers  of 
workers  have  already  been  laid  off. 

Purchases  of  several  million  dollars 
worth  of  hydraulic  forging  presses  have 
been  made  by  the  Government  for  equip- 
ping various  munition  plants  throughout 
the  country  to  pierce  hot  ingots  for 
shells.  Orders  were  also  placed  for  the 
same  plant  for  several  hundred  thousand 
dollars  worth  of  pumps  and  accumu- 
lators. 

The  placing  of  additional  contracts 
for  4,000,000  semi-steel  shells  by  the 
Government  is  also  announced  and 
several  of  the  manufacturers  receiving 
these  orders  are  buying  machine  tools. 
The  Kansas  City  Hay  Press  Co.,  is  to 
make  2,000,000  155-m.m.  shells,  the  Pitts- 
burgh Iron  &  Steel  Foundries  Co.,  Mid- 
land, Pa.,  will  make  250,000  8-ineh  shells 
and  the  Kohler  Co.,  Kohler.  Wis.,  will 
manufacture  200,000  155-m  m.  shells. 
The  Massey-Harris  Co.,  Batavia,  N.  Y., 
has  also  received  a  contract  for  semi- 
steel  shells. 

The  Singer  Manufacturing  Co.,  has 
made  additional  large  purchases  of  ma- 


WELLAND  MAN'S  VALVE  MEETS  - 

WITH  BIG  SALE  IN  WAR  PLANTS 


AL.  C.\LVERT,  60  Randolph  street, 
•Welland,  chief  engineer  of  the  Can- 
ada Forge  Company,  has  invented  a 
hydraulic  operating  valve  which  will 
make  his  name  famous,  and  if  it  does  not 
make  him  rich  it  will  be  a  wonder. 

This  valve,  which  was  designed  to  ease 
the  operation  of  shell  making,  was  per- 
fected last  March,  and  the  first  one  was 
installed  at  the  Canada  Forge  plant.  The 
invention  met  with  an  instantaneous 
success.  It  was  taken  up  by  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  and  the  Imperial  Ord- 
nance Board,  as  well  as  the  United  States 
Board  in  charge  of  munition  making. 

The  result,  says  the  "Welland  Tele- 
graph," is  that  eight  firms  are  engaged 
to-day  in  making  the  Calvert  valve. 

The  selling  price  of  the  device  is 
$1,040. 

Invention     Meets     With    a    Remarkable 
Reception 

Among  the  Canadian  installations  are 
the  following:  Canada  Forge  Co.,  15; 
British  Forgings,  Toronto;  the  following 
Montreal  firms,  Peter  Lyall  &  Son,  Fair- 
fax Forging  Company,  and  Dominion 
Bridge  Company;  the  Goldie  McCullough 
Co.,  Gait. 

Last  week  45  valves  were  installed  in 
the  Symmington  Forge  Company's  plant 
in  Rochester,  and  this  week  a  similarly 
large  installation  will  take  place  in  a 
large  Chicago  plant. 

The  valve  used  formerly  to  operate 
presses  in  shell  making  was  packed  with 
leather.  This  packing  had  to  be  replaced 
every  few  days,  causing  a  delay  of  some 
hours,  not  only  to  press,  but  to  the  whole 
unit  engaged  in  the  operation.  With  the 
increasing  cost  of  leather  the  leather 
bills  ran  into  thousands  of  dollars. 

Mr.  Calvert  set  out  to  perfect  a  valve 
that  would  eliminate  the  use  of  leather 


and  advance  operating  time  to  one  hun- 
dred per  cent. 

Inventor  Nearly  Floored 

He  got  the  idea  of  the  valve  and 
had  it  completed,  but  he  came  to  a  full 
stop  when  he  came  to  devise  a  plan  to 
connect  it  up.  He  worried  over  this  for 
weeks,  until  finally  he  was  in  very  poor 
health.  His  doctor  told  him  he  was 
worrying  about  something,  but  Mr. 
Calvert  gave  no  inkling  of  the  secret. 
One  day  at  dinner  the  idea  of  the  con- 
nection came  across  him  like  a  flash.  In 
a  few  days  the  first  valve  and  connection 
were  completed  and  installed  at  the 
Canada  Forge  plant.  Soon  fifteen  Cal- 
vert valves  replaced  the  ones  previously 
in  use.  Inspectors  for  the  Imperial  Mu- 
nitions Board  saw  the  valves  and  what 
they  were  doing,  and  now  all  the  muni- 
tions plants  are  being  fitted  with  them 
as  fast  as  they  can  be  installed. 
First  Valve  Has  Never  Lost  a  Minute 

As  the  first  valve  was  put  in  opera- 
tion only  on  the  15th  of  March  last,  the 
success  of  Mr.  Calvert's  invention  must 
be  put  down  as  one  of  the  largest  suc- 
cesses in  the  engineering  field.  That 
first  valve,  it  is  interesting  to  note,  has 
never  been  a  minute  out  of  commission 
since  it  was  put  in. 

The  device  is  very  simple  in  operation. 
A  small  lever  lets  loose  a  pressure  of 
from  250  to  500  tons  as  is  required. 

Mr.  Calvert  has  sold  the  American 
manufacturing  and  selling  rights  to  the 
Southwark  Foundry  and  Machine  Com- 
pany of  Philadelphia,  and  in  Canada  the 
machine  is  made  by  the  Imperial  Manu- 
facturing Company  of  Welland. 

After  twelve  years  with  the  Canada 
Forge  Company,  Mr.  Calvert  now  finds 
it  necessary  to  devote  practically  all  of 
his  time  to  the  immense  business  de- 
veloped by  reason  of  his  invention. 


November  7,  1918. 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


555 


chine  tools  for  equipping  its  Elizabeth, 
N.  J.,  plant  for  the  production  of  gun 
'  recoil  mechanisms.  The  J.  L.  Mott  Co., 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  that  will  concentrate 
on  fuse  work,  has  purchased  fifteen 
lathes  and  other  tools.  The  Symington- 
Anderson  Co.,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  is  add- 
ing twenty  tools  to  its  gun  plant.  The 
Bartlett  Hayward  Co.,  Baltimore,  and 
Sprague  works  of  the  General  Electric 
Co.,  at  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  that  are  con- 
centrated on  Government  work,  have 
been  buying  supplementary  lists  of  ma- 
chinery. 

The  Holt  Manufacturing  Co.,  Peoria, 
111.,  has  concluded  the  purchase  of  $500,- 
000  worth  of  tools  for  the  manufacture 
of  caterpillar  tractors  and  the  Ordnance 
Department  of  the  United  States  Steel 
Corp.,  has  made  additional  purchases 
of  machinery  for  the  Neville  Island 
plant,  including  large  gun-boring  and 
turning  lathes.  Equipment  orders  thus 
far  placed  for  this  plant  call  for  the 
expenditure  of  $10,000,000  and  a  large 
number  of  small  and  medium  size  tools 
are  still  pending.  Buying  of  machinery 
for  the  16-inch  howitzer  plant  at  Nice- 
town,  Pa.,  however,  is  held  in  abeyance 
awaiting  instructions  from  Washington. 
Included  in  the  $130,000,000  purchases 
of  motor  trucks  and  similar  equipment 
by  the  Motor  Transport  Corps  are  $12,- 
000,000  worth  of  class  B  motor  trucks; 
these  latter  orders  were  distributed 
among  seven  different  manufacturers, 
including  the  Republic  Motor  Truck  Co., 
Alma,  Mich.,  which  will  build  2,000,  and 
the  Denby  Motor  Truck  Co.,  Detroit, 
1,500.  The  Stutz  Motor  Co.,  Indian- 
apolis, has  taken  an  order  for  200  artil- 
lery tractors. 

Large  allocations  of  rails,  shell  steel, 
and  shapes  for  the  manufacture  of  40,- 
000  cars  have  been  made  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. 


GOVERNMENT  CONTROL  MAY 

LAST  AFTER  PEACE  IS  SIGNED 


SpecUl  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERT 


PITTSBURGH,     Pa.,     Nov.    6.— Dis- 
guise   may     be     attempted,     but 
the    great    question    before    the 
iron     and     steel     trade     in     the     past 
week    has    been    the     matter    of     pro- 
spective     prices.         Military      develop- 
ments have  come  rapidly,  and  it  is  the 
cessation  of  firing,  when  armistice  terms 
are   such  as   to   prevent  its  resumption, 
that   marks   the   advent  of  peace   from 
the   business   man's   viewpoint.     In   con- 
sidering   the    matter    of    prices,    and    oi 
control  or  regulation  of  business  general- 
ly,   it   is    important   to   have    clearly    in 
mind  the  difference  between  peace  from 
the    commercial    world's    viewpoint   and 
peace    from    the    diplomatic    viewpoint. 
Diplomatically,  peace  will  not  come  un- 
til  the   President  has   issued   his   peace 
proclamation,      which      will      be      many 
months  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities. 
All  the  war  instrumentalities  that  have 
been   created    by   authority   of   law   will 
continue  in  existence,  and  doubtless  with 
full  legal  power,  at  least  to  the  declara- 
tion of  peace  by  Presidential  proclama- 
tion.    The  Railroad  Administration,  the 
Food  Administration  and  the  Fuel  Ad- 
ministration,  will     continue   for     some 
time  afterwards. 

Thus  there  will  be  an  interim  period, 
from  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  called 
"peace"  by  the  business  world,  to  the 
declaration  of  peace  by  the  Government. 
There  may  be,  and  probably  will  be,  an 
interval  of  several  months.  Naturally 
there  will  be  no  effort  to  speed  the 
declaration  of  peace,  but  rather  the  re- 
verse, so  as  to  maintain  such  war  time 
control  of  affairs  as  is  desirable. 


This  separation  in  the  dates  of  "peace" 
— commercial  and  diplomatic — brings  to 
the  front  the  matter  of  how  war  time 
control  of  industry  has  been  exercised. 
That  which  is  based  on  law,  like  tKe 
control  of  the  price  of  coke,  resting  upon 
the  Lever  Act  of  August,  1917,  the  "food, 
feed  and  fuel  law"  is  one  thing,  that 
which  rests  upon  agreement,  like  the 
steel  price  control,  is  another  thing.  The 
War  Industries  Board  controls  steel 
prices  by  agreement  with  the  producers, 
the  steel  trade  has  felt  strongly  all 
along  that  control  by  agreement  is  bet- 
ter than  control  by  law,  and  indeed 
one  reason  why  it  accepted  control  by 
agreement  when  it  did  was  because 
otherwise  control  by  law  was  in  sight, 
the  Pomerene  bill  being  ready  for  sub- 
mission to  Congress.  The  matter  be- 
comes very  awkward,  however,  at  this 
time,  because  for  war  time  conditions 
control  was  requisite  to  prevent  prices 
being  too  high;  for  the  immediate  future 
the  steel  trade  holds  control  to  be  desir- 
able to  prevent  them  being  too  low.  It 
is  intimated  that  the  Government  agrees. 
It  wants  to  keep  business  prosperous 
for  various  reasons,  one  being  that  it 
is  necessary  to  collect  taxes,  and  it 
wishes  to  avoid  a  slump  or  demoraliza- 
tion. Legally,  in  view  of  the  Sherrtan 
law,  it  is  one  thing  for  steel  producers 
to  agree  not  to  sell  at  above  certain 
prices  and  quite  another  thing  for  them 
to  agree  not  to  sell  below  certain  prices. 

Government  as  Buyer 

It  is  hinted  that  there  may  be  legis- 
lation to  enable  the  War  Industries 
Board  or  some  other  agency  to  control 


LONGITUDINAL  SECTION  OF  SEMI-STEEL  SHELL 


sniii.—    —    ~f.m,„ 


Several  Canadian  shops  are  figuring 
on  the  making  of  cast  shells,  and  in  one 
case  a  shop  has  been  started,  but  that 
is  about  as  far  as  the  work  has  pro- 
grassed  to  date.     The  machining  opera- 


tions much  resemble  the  work  on  the 
.155,  though  of  course  the  work  is  much 
more  simple.  The  nose  of  the  gas  shell 
has  a  longer  radius.  There  are  practi- 
cally no   operations    on      the      interior 


Manufacturers  plant  to  test  each  shell 
with  hydraulic  pressure  up  to  1,000 
pounds,  while  it  is  understood  that  the 
government  test  calls  for  300  pounds  air 
pressure. 


656 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


iron  and  steel  prices  either  way,  up  or 
down,  but  legislation  is  not  always 
easily  secured.  There  is  another  con- 
tingency, however.  In  the  case  of  rail- 
road steel  and  ship  steel  the  Government 
will  continue  to  be  a  large  buyer,  per- 
haps a  larger  buyer  in  these  two  fields 
than  formerly.  If  it  agrees  upon  prices 
that  will  set  a  pace.  Sherman  law  or 
not,  steel  producers  could  not  be  ex- 
pected to  sell  to  commercial  buyers  at 
lower  prices  than  it  asked  the  Govern- 
ment. One  could  hardly  charge  that  ad- 
herence to  prices  thus  approved  by  the 
Government  constituted  an  agreement 
in  restraint  of  trade. 

When  there  is  so  much  confusion, 
doubt  and  uncertainly,  there  is  one  clear 
and  important  thing  to  consider  in  the 
matter  of  prospective  prices:  What  will 
be  the  Government's  attitude  as  to 
prices  for  ship  steel  and  railroad  steel? 
On  this  subject  there  is  some  light.  Tho 
United  States  Shipping  Board,  which 
controls  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corpora- 
tion, the  body  that  places  contracts  for 
ships  and  controls  the  shipyards  com- 
mandeered, has  for  about  three  weeks 
been  engaged  on  a  program  of  revision 
of  the  whole  operation,  the  matter  be- 
ing referred  to  in  this  correspondence 
a  fortnight  ago.  There  have  been 
developments  almost  daily.  Several  con- 
tracts for  shipyard  extensions  have  been 
cancelled,  also  a  number  of  contracts 
for  ships,  chiefly  wood  ships.  The  spirit 
in  which  this  has  been  done  has  been 
quite  obvious  to  those  familiar  with  the 
circumstances,  but  both  Chairman  Hur- 
ley, of  the  Shipping  Board,  and  Director 
General  of  Shipbuilding  Schwab,  of  the 
Fleet  Corporation,  have  made  official 
statements  which  leave  no  room  for 
doubt.  The  object  is  to  continue  build- 
ing ships,  as  many  as  possible,  but  to 
economize,  to  cut  out  inefficient  opera- 
tions, which  were  grasped  at  when  every 
single  ship  that  could  be  added  promised 
to  be  almost  invaluable,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  encourage  the  building  of  ships 
at  efficient  yards.  Mr  Schwab's  state- 
ment of  only  a  few  days  ago  was  that 
the  definite  program  that  had  been 
adopted  was  to  build  1.5.000.000  tons 
deadweight,  and  only  2, .500,000  tons,  or 
one-sixth,  had  thus  far  been  built.  The 
program  was  to  be  cairied  out.  This 
would  mean,  as  the  efficient  yards  speed 
up  still  more,  that  the  weekly  or  monih- 
Iv  tonnape  of  steel  going  into  shipbuild- 
ing would  increase  for  months  to  come 
over  the  present  rate. 

Thus  there  is  assured  a  very  heavy 
demand  from  the  Government  for  ship 
steel,  but  obvious'y  a  part  of  the  pro- 
gram already  well  considered  is  that  of 
getting  the  steel  at  the  lowest  possible 
price.  As  already  reported,  contracts 
have  lately  been  offered  to  steel  mills 
with  a  new  clause,  allowing  the  Govern- 
nent  to  cancel  at  will.  Clearly  the  ob- 
ject is  to  seek  a  lower  price  whenever 
cir.-umstances  permit. 

As  to  railroad  steel  the  esse  is  enu^iUy 
clear.  Lone  a^o  prices  on  all  importnnt 
steel  commodities  were  fixed,  with  one 
prominent  ex'-ffition.  standard  section 
■tcel  rails.  Last  Seotember  the  Wpr 
Indastries   Board   agreed   with    Lne   rail 


mills  on  prices  of  $55  for  Bessemer  and 
$57  for  open-hearth  rails,  but  tiie  Rail- 
road Administration  withheld  its  ap- 
proval. Of  course,  it  is  now  more  dis- 
posed than  ever  to  seek  a  lower  price. 
.Another  important  fact  ::  th.it  .some  of 
the  railroads  have  refused  to  accept,  and 
pay  for  freight  cars  ordered  by  the  Rail- 
road Administration  several  montns  ago, 
its  total  distribution  being  100,000  cars. 
The  railroads  that  object  assert  that  the 
prices  are  too  high  and  they  may  not 
need  the  cars  anyhow.  They  urged 
the  Railroad  Administration  to  pay  for 
the  cars  out  of  the  "revolving  fund"  of 
$500,000,000  provided  by  Congress  for 
various  purposes,  and  then  sell  the  cars 
to  the  roads  after  the  war  at  what 
would  then  be  a  fair  price.  Thus  one 
has  both  the  Railroad  Administration 
and  some  of  the  individual  railroads 
plainly  opposed  to  the  present  steel 
prices,  and  their  attitude  assumed  before 
the  cessation  of  hostilities  came  so 
clearly  in  sight.  Now,  of  course,  they 
are  necessarily  still  more  strongly  op- 
posed. 

Thus  we  have  it  that  the  two  great 
fields  in  which  the  Government  will  re- 
main a  buyer  of  steel  after  the  ces- 
sation of  hostilities,  and  for  quite  a 
period,  there  is  clearly  going  to  be  a 
move  for  materially  lower  steel  prices. 
In  all  the  present  uncertainty  this  is 
something  concrete.  One  cannot  attempt 
to  predict  how  steel  prices  will  range 
during  the  period  of  readjustment  from 
a  war  time  to  a  peace  time  basis,  but 
one  of  the  distinct  possibilities  is  that 
it  will  be  a  sort  of  "waiting  market" 
for  the  Government  to  take  the  lea( 
Jn  developing  new  prices  for  ship  steel 
and  railroad  steel. 

As  to  the  present  attitude  of  the  steel 
buying  public,  that  is  quite  clearly  dis- 
closed. All  the  regulations  of  the  War 
Industries  Board  remain  in  force,  of 
course,  but  the  restrictions  have  always 
related  to  the  manufacture  and  delivery 
of  steel,  not  its  purchase  and  sale.  One 
is  permitted  to  buy  and  sell  all  the 
steel  he  likes,  as  "Class  D,"  which  is 
steel  that  may  be  made  and  delivered 
after  priorities  and  preferences  are  pro- 
vided for  (not  necessarily  filled)  so  if 
buyers  were  eager  to  get  steel  without 
knowing  the  prospective  price,  they 
would  be  eager  to  place  orders.  This 
is  not  the  case.  They  are  not  even 
enquiring. 


CONTRACTS  TO  BE 

FOR  MORE  VESSELS 


Outline    Given    By    Minister    of    Marine 

Regarding    The    Future 

Work 


In  pursuance  of  the  Government's  ef- 
forts to  estflb'ish  a  C^mdian  mercantile 
Tieet,  the  Minister  of  Marine  has  now 
fi^'pn  out  contracts  for  the  construction 
of  31  vessels.  These  are  all  steel  steam- 
ers, viryin?  in  tonnaee  from  3.400  tons 
to  8.100  tons  deadweight  canacitv.  They 
are  of  the  one  deck  and  two  deck  type. 
It  is  also  the  intention  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  construct  a  larger  class  of  ves- 


sel, reaching  a  deadweight  capacity  of 
10,500  tons.  The  vessels  will  all  be 
built  to  the  highest  class  of  Lloyd's 
or  the  British  Corporation,  and  to  the 
requirements  of  the  British  Board  of 
Trade,  and  Canadian  Steamship  Inspec- 
tion Board. 

There  has  been  some  delay  in  making 
a  start  with  these  vessels,  but  it  has 
been  entirely  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
building  berths  were  occupied  by  ves- 
sels building-  to  the  order  of  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board.  However,  these  ships 
are  in  many  cases  vacating  the  ways, 
and  the  Government  vessels  will  be  laid 
down  as  fast  as  there  is  available  build- 
ing space.  The  contracts  have  been  dis- 
tributed to  yards  in  all  parts  of  the 
country,  though  of  course,  the  size  that 
can  be  built  by  the  lake  shipyards  is 
limited  to  the  capacity  of  the  canals. 

It  is  expected  that  Messrs.  Canadian 
Vickers,  Montreal,  will  be  the  first  yard 
to  launch  any  of  these  ships,  as  they 
expect  to  put  two  vessels,  one  of  4,300 
tons,  and  one  of  8,100  tons,  into  the 
water  during  November.  They  will  be 
named  respectively  Canadian  Voyageur 
and  Canadian  Pioneer,  and  will  have  as 
sponsors  Sir  Robert  and  Lady  Borden. 
If  all  goes  well  after  launching,  it  is 
probable  that  these  two  ships  will  leave 
the  St.  Lawrence  before  the  close  of 
navigation.  During  the  winter,  if  de- 
liveries of  steel  continue  satisfactorily, 
work  will  have  been  far  enough  advanced 
to  have  seven  or  eight  vessels  ready 
for  service  early  in  the  spring,  while  the 
whole  of  the  175,000  tons  comprised  in 
the  31  vessels,  will  be  sailing  before  the 
end  of  next  year. 

Such  is  the  demand  for  shipping  that 
if  it  was  desirable  the  Government  could 
dispose  of  the  vessels  contracted  for 
at  a  handsome  profit,  but  such  is  not 
their  intention.  Being  now  in  possession 
of  a  national  railway  system  of  con- 
siderable dimensions,  the  Minister  stated 
it  was  the  intention  of  the  Government 
to  keep  these  vessels  for  the  Canadian 
people,  and  work  them  in  conjunction 
with  the  national  railway  system.  In 
this  connection  the  railways  will  feed 
the  ships  on  their  eastern  voyages,  while 
the  ships  will  feed  the  railways  on  the 
return  voyage.  The  management  of  the 
steamers  will  be  under  D.  B.  Hanna  and 
his  staff,  and  will  not  be  subject  to  any 
interference  outside  of  the  management 
itself. 

This  combination  of  rail  and  vessel 
transportation  has  worked  out  very 
successfully  under  private  management, 
and  if  the  same  success  can  be  achieved 
with  a  national  venture,  it  will  go  a 
long  way  to  encouraee  the  partisans  of 
Government  ownership.  However,  we 
must  wait  and  see. 


Appointed  Director. — At  a  special 
meeting  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Company, 
held  in  Chicago  on  Wednesday,  October 
30,  Roger  C.  Sullivan  was  appointed  a 
director  and  elected  chairman  of  the 
board,  also  a  member  of  the  executive 
committee,  to  fill  the  vacancies  caused 
by  the  death  of  the  late  John  P.  Hopkins. 


November  7,  1918. 


557 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace  33  40 

Government  prices. 

Muntreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base. .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   5.  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base     4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  ^  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   •2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *S  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  Iba. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

39^ 
63 
64% 
27% 
27% 
27% 
27% 
106% 


Montreal    29 

St.  John,  N.B 47% 

Halifax    49 

Toronto    23% 

Guelph    23% 

London    23% 

Windsor    23% 

Winnipeg    81 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   31  00 

Castings,  copper    30  50 

Tin    90  00 

Spelter    10  50 

Lead    10  50 

Antimony 15  00 

Aluminum    46  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Mnntreal     Toronto 

Plates,  %  up $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price   List  No.   37 

R'nck       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

""r    100    feet 

%  in $  6  00     $     8  00 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1  in 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


29  50 
28  50 
95  00 
11  00 
10  00 
18  00 
50  00 


$10  00 
10  10 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3       in 56  61  70   76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82  38  30 

2%  in 47  97  58  21 

3  in 52  73  76  12 

3%  in 78  20  96  14 

4  in 92  65  114  00 

4%  in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 

Welland. 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinceg. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4'  and  under,  45%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40^5- 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 

Standard  couplings,  4'  and  under,  35%, 

4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,  light    $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire  24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings  ....  15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  'turnings 18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings..  13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel  ...  24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    .  .  9  00  8  50 

Stove  nhte    30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings   11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

T"n  Ipad 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS.  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plite  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   ft.    and   rd.   hd., 

steel '. 27H 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel  It 
Machine    screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  tO 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fil.    hd., 

brass add  tS 

Nuts,  square  blank add  |1  60 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  SO 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %'  and  larger  $8  50 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  M 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72  V4 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright «7H 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   37% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  ....  26 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 2S 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1  %  in 20 

Fin.   and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins     10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head   bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and 10 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  pins     ZO 

Collar  screws   list  phis  80,     10 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts 60 

Patch  bolts add  40,    10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  80 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1  %  in. .  add     7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  vrots  ten 

Bessemer  billets |47  50 

Onen-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets 00  00 

Wire  rods IT  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25       $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70        6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  ?4  in.  and  larger $7  86 

Spikes,  %  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 6  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila 0  48 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto     net 


668 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MI8CBLLANBOUS 

Solder.  stricUy   J  55 

Solder,  gu»rante«d ,«^i  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  weol,  per  lb 0  J» 

Putty,  l»0-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  le«d,  pure,  ewt.  16  05 

Red   dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,  per 

cvrt.  15  60 

Glue,  English • 0  « 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  »5 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  83 

Bensine,  per  gal.,  bulk   •     0  3^ 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  Od 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .  1  »» 
Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl.   . . ...     3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A Iwt  plus  20 

Emery  cloth Hst  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  0»» 

Sulphur,  roll».. .. .   ■ 0  06 

Sulphur,  commercial "  „« 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G,"  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .  35 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80  40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 


Bit  stock 


40 


Ratchet  drills    1^ 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   26 

Electricians'^  bits 52 

Sockets fO 

Sleeves *» 

Taper  pin  reamers »** 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers   60 

Centre  reamerB 1" 

Chucking  reamers n«t 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  pins "5 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus 40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mm  li«t  plus  40-* 

At  warehouse list  plus  60% 

Discounts  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

16*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

7%*;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  46%; 

pings,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%e  lb.;  dass  C 

black,  16%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,.34c 

fb.;  class  C,  24He  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black,  No.  28. .  $  8  00  $  8  25 
Sbfsets,  black.  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheeta   9  00  9  16 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  V>%,   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  18 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%   oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 

B 

'    %  hi.,  $14.86;  6-16  in.,  $18.86;  %  in., 

$13.60;   7-16  In.,  $12.90;    H    in..  $13.20; 


$13.00;    %    in.,   $12.90;    1    inch,    $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  Vi  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  hi  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.  and  Imperial   50 

Nicholson   32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.   Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston   • 40 

Whitman  &  Barnes    50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

m  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 63  00  38  00 

2^4  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3V4  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26V4 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital   49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil  39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  18% 

BELTING— NO.   1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-6% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing,  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 8  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft.. . .     3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck..  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to      05 

Emery  glue 28  to      30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 80  to       45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive .08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod. .  0  88 
Brass  sheeta,  24  gang*  and  hMiTier, 

•  a 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 6  41 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Ots.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  Atias    lS\k 

Peerless 21  X  Empire  ...   17^4 

Grand 19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 16 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    12 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    IS 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.   99 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     . . .   10%      Best  grades  . .   16% 
ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper    38  to     .45 

Tin 70  to     .70 

Zinc    18  to     .18 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  iO     4$  M 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  CO     4»  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheeta,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  60 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     TW*Bte 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26       $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   18  25         18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60         12  M 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic   $   .25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric 14 

Acid,  sulphuric , . .        .06 

Ammonia,  aqua  . 23 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 85 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 36 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide  (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 06 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 40 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6 .  00 

Sodium    phosphate    18 

Tin  chloride  1.76 

Zinc  chloride,   C.P 80 

Zinc  sulphate    15 

Prices   per   lb.   unless  otherwise   stated. 


103 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO;  NOVEMBER  14,  1918  No.  20 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

PRACTICAL  SYSTEM  IN  FACTORY  OPERATIONS   559 

THE  EMPLOYMENT  OF  THE  RETURNED  SOLDIER ; . .  561 

TWO-TON  ELECTRIC  FURNACE  MAKES  ALLOYS 563 

EDUCATIONAL   VALUE    OF    MUNITIONS    IN  CANADA    566 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK  AND  DO  567 

CUTTING   LUBRICANTS  AND   FLUIDS— THEORY  AND   PRACTICE    568 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   569 

COURAGE  OF  THE  RAIL  SPLITTER  NEEDED  NOW   572 

NEW  PLANT  OF  DARLING  BROTHERS  574 

EDITORIAL 575 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   577 

Summary. . .  .Market  Letters. 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS   580-581 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS  58-65 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal.  The  Financial   Post,  MacLean's  Magazine,   Farmers'  Magazine, 

Canadian  Grocer,  Dry  Goods  Review,   Men's   Wear  Review,   Printer  and   Publisher,   Bookseller  and 

Stationer,     Canadian    Machinery    and     Manufacturing    News,     Power    House,    Sanitary    Engineer, 

Canadian   Foundryraan,  Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto ;  Atabek,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


@iADiAN  Machinery 


MANUFAaUR 


NG  News 


A.   R.   KENNEDY,  Managing  Editor.  B.   G.   NEWTON,   Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.   F.   SUTHERLAND,  T.  H.  FENNER. 
Eastern  Representative:  E.  M.  Pattison  ;  Ontario  Representative:  S.  S.  Moore; 
Toronto  and  Hamilton  Representative;  J.  N.  Robinson. 
CHIEF    OFnCES: 
CANADA— Montreal.  Southam  Building,  128  Bleury  Street,   Telephone    1004 ;    Toronto,    143-158    University    Ave.,    Tele- 
phone   Main    7324 ;    Winnipeg,    1207    Union    Trust    Building,  Telephone  Main   3449. 
GREAT  BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MacLean  Company  of   Great  Britain.   Limited.   88  Fleet  Street,  E.G.,  E.  J.  Dodd, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address :  Atabek,   London,  England. 
UNITED   STATES— New   York,    R.    R.    Huestis.    Room    620.     Ill     Broadway,    N.Y.,     Telephone    Rector    8971;     Boston, 
C.    L.    Morton,    Room    733.    Old    South    Building,    Telephone  Main    1204.      A.    H.    Byrne,   Room    900,    Lytton    Bldg., 
14  E.  Jackson   Street,  Chicago,  'Phone  Harrison    1147. 
SUBSCRIPTION    PRICE — Canada,    Great   Britain,    South    Africa  and  the   West  Indies,   $3.00  a  year;  United  States 
$3.50   a  year;   other   countries,    $4.00  a   year;   Single  Copies,   15  cents.     Invariably  in  advance. 


104 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Anybody  Can  Operate   This   Miller 

and  Turn  Out  aJ^Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 

"HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

•  Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian    AsrenU :    A.    R.    Williams   Machinery    Co..    Toronto.    Ont. ; 
•t.    Wi  Hams    Machinery    Co.,    260    Princess    St.,    Winnipeg;    A.    R. 
Williams    Machinery    Co.,    Vancouver;    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B.;   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


AUatt   Maohiae   Co 63 

Allen    Mfg.    Co.     82 

Allied    Machinery   Co.,    of   America.  68 

Almond    Mfg.    Co 23 

Amalgamated  Machinery  Corp 95 

Anderson    &   Co.,    Qeo.    82 

Armstrong   Bros.    Tool   Co 86 

Atkins  *   Co.,   Wm.    U 

Aurora    Tool    Co.     8f 

B 

Babies  Co..  W.   P..  &  John  a 

BaiM    Machine   Co.    82 

BanfifM.    W.    H..    &    Bona    63 

Ram«<i,     'Wallace.     Co M 

BtaTer    Engineerinff    Co 81 

Bertram  A  Sons  Co.,  John   1 

Bertrams.    T.td flS 

Blake    ft    Johnson    Co.    80 

Blashill    Wire   Machinery   Co..   The.,  n 

Bllas.    E.    W 79 

Boker   A    Co.,    H 10 

Brantfonl     Oren     A     Rack    Co.     ....  63 

BrWgefoprI   Mach.    A  Tool  Works   ...  9 

Bristol    rrmpany    86 

Brown    A    Shame    Mfg.    Co 

Front  co^er  ami  jiagr  M 

BiKlden.    "HanhiirT    A 65 

O 

Canada   Foundries  A   Porginics.    LUI..  U 

Canada   Machinery   Corporation    

Outside  back  cover 

Tanada     Metal     Co.     »> 

Canada  Wire  A  Iron  Goods  Co.    ...  ?« 

Can.     Barker    Co.     72 

rTan.   Blower  A  Forge  Co 99 

ran.    B.    K.    Morton    Co.    79 

Can.     Drawn     Steel    Co.     W> 

Can.     Fairbanks-Morae     Co.     V 

Can.     Inoemoll-Rand     Co.      7 

Can.    Link    Belt    Ca     15 

Can.     Rn»nelT     Cn 79 

Can.    H   K   F  Co.,    I,td 4 

ran.     Steel     Fotindriw     7 

rarlTle   Johnson    Machine   Co..  The..  8 

Chspw^an    Donhle   Ball    Bearing    Co..  H 

riassiflM     Adrertl^lng     '•' 

riPTflsn.1   Pneinnatlc  Tool   Co 91 

r<m<u^iH«te<l     Press    Co 97 

r>.rt|«    A    ''"His    *1 

rn.hman    Chnck    Cn.     88 

D 

D«r1.1»on   Mfg.   Co.,   The   W 

Oaild^on    Tool    Mfg.    Co 78 

DaTli-BofmonTllle    Co 82 

Delta    File    W^wks    71 

Dfloro   ^.Tieltlng   A    Refining  Co.    ,.  17 

Dennis  Wire  A    Iron  Works   Co.    ...  26 


Dom.    Foundries    &   Steel,    Ltd.    ...  86 

Dominion    Iron    &    Wrecking    Co.    ..  89 

Elliott    A    WhltehaU    71 

Elm    Cutting  Oil  Co 83 

Emishersky   A    Son,    B 8G 

Erie    Foundry     72 

F 

Federal   Engineering  Co.,   Ltd 66 

Fetheratonhaugh     66 

Financial  Post  of  Canada  68,  78 

Firth,    Thos 6 

Ford-.Smith    Machine   Co 10 

Fry's    (London),    Ltd 31 

Frost   Mfg.    Co.,    The    85 

Fofls  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.,   Geo. 
IF Inside   l«ck    cover 

O 

Oalt  (Machine  Screw   Co.    71 

OariockJWalker    Machy.    Co 69 

Oarvin     Machine    Co 20 

Geometric  Tool   Co 69 

OlMing     A     Lewis 8? 

Oilhert  A  Barker  Mfg.   Co 96 

Oisholt    Machine    To 31 

Ooolpy    A    Eflluml.    Inc 82 

Grant    Gear    Works.    Inc (« 

Grant   Mfg.   A   Machine  Co 26 

Greenfield     Machine     Co 8K 

Greenflel'l    Tan    A    Die    Corp ?9 

Grpcnleafs.    Ltd 63 

H 

Hamilton    Gear    A    Machine    Co.    ...  72 

Hamilton    Co..    William    16 

Hamilton    Machine   Tool   Co Ifi 

Hanna   A    Co..    M.    A 6 

Hawkridgp     Bros. W 

Hen'U-v     Machine     Co. 1/M 

Henr\-    A    Wright    Mfg.    Co.     W 

Henbiirn.    John    T 21 

Hiffh   sfneei  Hammer  Co.,  Inc W 

Htnrklcv    Mach.    Works    .  I*: 

HoTt    Metal    Co n 

WiTTitpr    S.1W    A    Msch'ne    Work*    ...  ^ 

■Hiirl^nrt-nocer^   Mpfhlnery   Co at 

Hvde  Engineering  Co fr 

1 

tndrf>endent   Pnenmatic   Tool   Co.    . .  ^ 

nilngworth  Steel  Co  .  The  John   ....  7 

J 

Jacohs  Mfg.    Co.    "^ 

.Tardine    Co.,    A.    B W 

-Tohnson    Machine  Co..   Carlyle    8 

.TonM    *    Gla.vco   (RwT'd)    <** 

Joyee-Koebel    Co..     Tnc     Tl 

K 

Kemnnnith    Mfg.     Co.     11 

Knitlit   Metal   Frodncta  Go 22 


L 

L'Air    Liquide    Society    99 

Lancashire  Dynamo  A  Motor  Co.    of 

Canada    72 

Landis   Machine    Co M 

Latrobp   Electric  Steel    Co 10 

M 

MacGovem    &    Co. .    Inc 70 

MacKinnon    Steel   Co 86 

MaoLean's    Magazine    .'.  74 

Magnet    Metal    &   Fdry.    Co.    82 

.Magnolia    Metal    Co I'M 

Marion    &    Marion    66 

Manilla    Steel    Co »i 

Mannfnctiirpra    Equipment    Co OT 

Mawh  Engineering  Works.  Ltd 57 

Matheson   A  Co.,   I W 

Matthew.*,   Jas.    H.,    A   Co 30 

MoDollgall   Co.,    Ltd,,    R 

Inside  back   cover 

McLaren,    J,     C,    Belting    Co 91 

Mpchnnical    RnKineering    Co 96 

Mechanic*   Tool    Caw  ^Ifg.    Co VW 

Metalwond     Mfc.     Cn 58 

Morton    Mfg.    Co fR 

^f"i^      .41eT FS 

Mlirehey    .Machine    A    Tool    Co 52 

N 

National    Acme    Co 36 

.Vicholwm     File    Mfg.     Co 28 

NIlps-Bempnt-Pond Inside    front    cov^ 

Vor»"ac    ^fichine    Co.    ff 

Vorthem    Cijuip    Worka    ^ 

Norton.     \.    CI      9^ 

Vorton     Cf,  .     The     T 

Nova   Scotia    Sleel    A   Coal    Co U 

o 

Oakley    Chemical    Co i« 

Ontario    T.nhricatlng    Co 86 

Oityweld    Co. ,    The    Va 

P 

Page  .steel   Wire  Co 83 

Panghom    Comoration    86 

Parmenter  A   Bulloch  Co. W 

Peacock    Bro* 94 

Peck.   Stow  A  Wilcox  Co.,  The  7K 

P^»«rl€<^*    Machine    Co 8i 

r»l»we*.     Ltd 86 

Port    fHoOB    File    MV     Co      •« 

PfWltive    C1"lch    A    Puller   Works    ,,  83 

Vrf^^    A    Wliltney Inside    front    cove' 

p,.wi.he™'  Page   ' 

Piillan,   B P5 

R 

Rscine  Tool   A  Machine  Co,    21 

Pho-'e*    Mfe.     Co 27 

Pivpr»tde   Machinery    Denot    67 

Roelofson   Machine  A  Tool   Co 19 


B 

Sheldons,    Ltd lOi 

Shore  Instrument  Co 66 

Shuster  Co.,    P.    B I0» 

Silver    Mfg.    Co 86 

Simonds    Canada   Saw   Co 24 

Skinner    Chuck    Co 82 

Smalley-General    Co.,     Inc 18 

Smart -Turner    Machine    Co 76 

Standard    Alloys    Co M 

Standard    Fuel    Engineering   Co 99 

Standard    Machy.    A    Supplies.    Ltd.  6 

Starrett   Co..    L.    S 24 

Steel   Co.    of   Canada    3 

Steele,    James    88 

Steptoe,     John,     Co.     72 

St.    Lawrence    Welding    Co.    18 

Stoll    Co..    D.    H 82 

Streeter.   H.   1? 7 

Strong.    Kennard   A    Nutt    Co..    The  86 

Swedish   Cnidble  Steel   Co.    of  Can.  88 

Swedish    Steel    A  Importing  Co.    12 

T 

Tabor   Mfg.    Co 83 

Taylor,    .1.    A.    M 117 

Toledo    Machine   A   Tool   Co.  ■ 79 

Toronto    Iron    Work.* 91 

Toomcy,    Inc. .    Prank    7n 

Traheln    Pump    Co 27 

n 

United   Brass  A   Lead,   Ltd 71,  84 

United   Hammer   Co 83 

United    States    Electrical    Tool    Co...  .10 

V 

Vanadium-Alloys    Steel    Co 12 

Victoria    Foundry    Co 83 

Victor    Tool    Co.    22 

Vulcan    Crucible    Steel    Co 12 

W 

Weldtog  A   Supplies  Co M 

Wentworth    Mfg.    Co 76 

West   Tire    Setter    Co 97 

Wells   Bros.    Co,    of   Canada   29 

Wheel    Tnieing   Tool    Co 83 

Whitpheafl.    .Son    A    Co..    W.    T.     ...  63 

Whitcomh-Rlaisdell    Mach.    Tool    Co.  18 

Whiting   Foundry   A   Equip.    Co M 

Whitney  Mfg.  Co..  The  88 

WiIkln.*on   A    Komna*s    84 

William*.    A.    R..   Mach.   Co...   SI,   67,  70 

Williar.M   Co.,    of   Winnipeg.    A.   R..  68 

WilUnras    Tool     Co M 

Williams    A    Co.,    J.    H 77 

Wil*on    A    Co.,    T.     A 84 

Wilt    Twist     Drill     Co ! 

Wisconsin    Electric    Co 61 

Wood   Turret  Mach.    Co » 


GnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


Manufacturing  News 


November  14,  1918. 


Volume  XX.    No.  20. 


Practical  System  in  Factory  Operations 

It  is  Necessary  to  Know  Costs  by  a  System  That  Can  Give  You 

Figures  at  Short  Notice — Charts  Tell  a  Story  That  May  Have  Its 

Sequel  in  Many  Other  Plants 


A  STUDY  of  all  the  conditions  hold- 
ing in  the  old  plant  must  be  made 
before  the  factory  can  be  placed 
on  a  paying  basis.  A  good  many  make 
the  mistake  of  starting  at  once  to  re- 
organize one  department  or  one  branch 
without  considering  each  department's 
relation  to  all  the  others  and  to  the  parent 
trunk. 

The  first  step  in  straightening  out  the 
tangle  in  this  factory  was  to  investigate 
all  the  conditions.  After  spending  about 
three  weeks  investigating  these  condi- 
tions a  general  plan  of  reorganization 
was  laid  out  on  paper.  The  duties  of  the 
various  persons  connected  with  the  heads 
of  the  departments  were  charted,  and 
then,  with   the   whole   plan   in   view   the 


By  M.  H.  POTTER 

organization  was  rearranged  along  the 
lines  shown  in  Chart  1. 

The  purchasing  agent  seemed  to  have 
his  hands  full;  he  was  unable  to  give 
proper  attention  to  any  one  subject.  He 
had  some  duties  in  common  with  other 
heads  of  departments.  And  as  the  man- 
ager of  the  factory  was  present  only  a 
comparatively  short  time  during  the  day 
a  great  many  things  were  allowed  to  pass 
unnoticed.  Such  a  subject  as  the  main- 
tenance of  the  plant  and  equipment. 

The  same  men  were  retained,  but  the 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  each  one 
were  diagrammed  so  that  no  misunder- 
standing could  exist.  After  the  whole 
plan  had  been  thoroughly  considered  and 
worked  out,  blue  prints  of  this  chart  were 


made  and  distributed  to  each  department 
in  the  factory.  This  method  of  distribut- 
ing information  in  the  factory  was  fol- 
lowed by  putting  any  part  of  the  new 
plan  into  effect.  The  head  of  each  de- 
partment received  a  bound  copy  of  the 
methods  decided  upon  so  that  he  could 
understand  exactly  his  relation  to  all  the 
other  departments  and  to  the  work  of 
which  he  was  in  charge. 

When  putting  such  a  plan  into  effect 
the  hearty  co-operation  of  each  individ- 
ual, which  is  essential,  can  be  secured  by 
making  it  of  pecuniary  advantage  to  fol- 
low out  the  plans  as  laid  down.  The  men 
in  charge  of  departments  naturally  con- 
sider that  the  plans  upon  which  they 
were  operating  are  good  and  do  not  take 


A//IM£       OF      F/fiM 

If^uisilirr,     fe   furc/iase                              furc^osf    i7ri/fr    Afn 

T^    fiurc/iasfr     -   F/easf     ffr^fr    nt    /'eZ/fk'inf    - 

oa/e    (/  fiffui'siticn 

Sterfs 
Dftii/tr  /e. 

Charff     U 

knen    Vftafa 

a/< 

Purr-Aasfrs    ff /C 

Dale     i/ri/frref 

//?    Slerfs 

/ifcftl/pa'    in    <ie>pi:f    tTt 

7/7ifl/tffn   iif 

Datr 

■' 

ra  3 

/V/IME    ar   FJHM 

Afar/f    S/iipmrnf 

Tfrms 

fnt/Dice     ana  ^// 

ftr 

i/i/anti/y. 

Ofse    n/  /*fafrria/. 

Price. 

■ 

FORM  3 


A//IME   er  F//}M 

furiT^tasir:!!  Ofpr 

Da/e 

Per   I/our  request    u/t  art   ma/tiaf   //re   /'t//su/i/if    fuctatisns 

Quantity 

/Ir/ic/e 

list 

Sisct. 

/Vet. 

r.ae 

deffti^s    /feceii/ea'                                         3i/ 

^tt   J/^s  a/ti^  fupfarie/ts  /f  ie  cfftsriferea^  j/icutd  fie  me/^e  ert  /!^is  card. 

FORM  2 

/I ec£iv//ve    /trPc/fr 
/fecefL'ei:/     Frffm 
Aadress                                                                 />a/e 

l/ia                              1  C/reraes 

Weia/it 

Par/taiies 

fenaitun 

ffeco/  £c^                         C/i^er  Sy 

Cti"!/ee/    B(/ 

Dr}/)esitiin 

FORM 

4 

rDr    Defft 

/f/W  f/  ive/fl  Iriin/ea 

Affe   //e^utreet 

fiemar/ts. 

/fE9l//SlTI0N 

fe/> 

He  LP. 
t>ate 
Mgrriet 
Sinfle 

'] 

Prf/frrr£f 

FORM  5 


560 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


^^rue" 

r/t/f    re"   S^'ufeivr 

StluaiitK    »s 

Oare 

A/ame 

^3f 

tt4ti(rfss 

Marriftf 

Mf^a^fS     exjfCUa                    Cts     p^r  ^r 

Sfrt/fit             ^rs 

Mat    emp/tjftlt    ty 

r»r_ 

^»ars    at              cerffs    p^r    A0t/r 

l4itf    emp/»tfr^    iu 

1 

£MPi0y/*iE»T     Chart                                                ] 

^ffpfrs  i  Sorip^  Mrh  !  Mi  Uers 

Mac /is 

Lalht 

Opfrs 

MeJl      Offi/- 

dfne/tn^  ^efi/ 

forfe    £>fpf 

i^rllu^rif/tf 

Starfs 

FORM  6 


CHART  3 


very  kindly  to  new  burdens  imposed  up- 
on them  by  a  reorganization  or  by  the  re- 
arrangement of  the  work  formerly 
handled  in  their  departments.  By  pay- 
ing a  bonus  on  daily  production  the  de- 
partment changes  in  routine,  however, 
may  often  be  accomplished  successfully. 
After  it  is  explained  to  the  man  that  he 
can  make  more  by  working  out  the  plan 
proposed  he  is  not  long  in  deciding  that 
the  new  plan  is  at  least  worth  trying  out 

After  a  general  plan  of  organization 
has  been  developed  the  second  step  is  to 
arrange  the  methods  used  from  the  buy- 
ing of  the  raw  material  to  the  shipping 
•of  the  product.  An  easy  way  to  do  this 
is  to  take  some  one  particular  product 
and  trace  its  course  from  start  to  finish 
through  the  plant,  putting  all  the  differ- 
ent steps  down  on  paper  so  that  the 
actual  routine  used  in  the  factory  can 
be  seen  graphically.  After  this  has  been 
done  it  will  be  found  that  the  purchas- 
ing and  stores  department  is  a  starting 
point  for  reorganization. 

So  in  reorganizing  the  factory  the 
start  is  made  with  the  requisition  blank. 
As  no  regular  system  of  buying  had  been 
in  use  in  the  factory  the  purchasing  and 
stores  departments  were  replanned. 
When  it  was  necessary  for  any  raw  ma- 
terials, supplies  or  tools  to  be  purchased 
it  was  arranged  so  that  the  department 
head  requiring  the  material  was  to  make 
out  a  requisition  called  a  "requisition  to 
purchase"  (Form  1).  This  was  sent  from 
the  department  head  to  the  superinten- 
dent for  aoproval.  If  the  cost  was  con- 
siderable this  requisition  had  also  to  have 
the  approval  of  the  factory  manager,  and 
in  cases  where  purchases  amounted  to 
over  one  hundred  dollars  the  general 
manager  of  the  plant  O.K.'d  the  requisi- 
tion. The  requisition  thus  O.K.'d  was 
given  to  the  purchasing  agent  and  con- 
stituted his  authority  for  making  the 
-purchase. 

If  the  item  was  something  which  tne 
purchasing  agent  had  no  quotations  of 
on  hand,  a  "request  for  quotation"  card 
(Form  2)  was  sent  to  the  firm  or  firms 
handling  the  goods  required.  They  had 
only  to  fill  in  the  price,  sign  and  return 
the  card.  These  cards  were  made  stand- 
ard size  so  that  they  could  be  filed  con- 
veniently in  the  indexed  drawer  and  kept 
as  a  basis  for  price  on  future  orders. 
After  the  cards  were  returned  a  clerk 
entered  the  prices  upon  a  quotation  record 
■card  for  general  reference. 

When  a  purchase  was  to  be  made  the 
-©rder  was  sent  out  on  a  sheet  like  that 
shown  in  Form  3.  Three  copies  were 
"made,  the  original  going  to  the  supplier. 
The  first  copy  was  kept  by  the  purchas- 


7777 


ing  agent  and  the  third  sent  to  the  store- 
keeper. The  latter  checks  off  the  re- 
ceipts on  his  copy  from  the  receiving  re- 
port (Form  4). 

It  had  been  customary  in  the  plant  to 
call  the  factory  manager,  superintendent, 
or  foreman  whenever  an  appli- 
cant for  employment  presented 
himself.  The  request  for  an  \i\- 
terview  was  usually  made  to  the 
telephone  operator,  whose  desk 
was  near  the  office  entrance. 
Since  she  was  desirous  of  pleas- 
ing everybody  and  aiding  her 
friends,  the  operator  would  im- 
mediately create  confusion  in 
the  whole  plant,  if  necessary,  in 
her  somewhat  over-zealous  en- 
deavor to  locate  the  department 
heads. 

This  plan  of  hiring'  men  was 
abandoned.  The  accounting  de- 
partment was  housed  in  the  ad- 
joining room  to  the  entrance 
as  is  shown  by  the  office  arrange- 
ment (Chart  2).  The  location  of  the 
timekeeper  was  changed  and  a  window 
was  cut  in  the  partition  at  his  back.  How 
the  office  was  rearranged  is  also  made 
clear.      Just    above    the    window     was 


r/rr/r. 


\ff/ifrai 
\Maiaffr 


raettrf  _     Ptirc^asf 


Sufit 
^   Of/It     " 


-|  Mn/fr 


Main  tetia/icr 


mounted  a  blue  print  (Chart  3).  This 
chart  was  called  the  "employment  chart" 
and  the  timekeeper  could  tell  at  a  glance 
just  what  cla.is  of  employees  were  in  de- 
mand throughout  the  various  depart- 
ments.   The  employment  department  was 


O'ft 


ri^fanv/aclt/rlno       1 
J   Mainltienct  j 


^3 


4'//"' 
Jlee»i/ii\ 


Aetevots  ] 


Cist 


G 


^ee0¥0t» 


^^EH" 


^0%eafe 


1 


Pfttn^f      /**»// 


3- 


Time 


\ 


rupe 


\Sf0rr         /?/y. 


Wa»tfi 


J 


Safr 


CHART  2 

turned  over  to  the  timekeeper.  Each  de- 
partment head  would  issue  a  "requisition 
for  help"  (Form  5)  when  in  need  of  help 
of  any  kind.  One  of  these  requisitions 
was  issued  for  each  person  desired.  Upon 
receipt  of  these  the  timekeeper  would 
place  a  peg  or  glass-headed  push-pin  in 
one  of  the  squares  opposite  both  the  de- 
partment and  the  class  of  employees. 

When  an  applicant  presented  himself 
it  was  a  very  simple  matter  to  tell 
whether  or  not  he  was  needed.  If  not, 
he  was  requested  to  fill  out  an  applica- 
tion as  shown  by  Form  6,  providing  the 
timekeeper  thought  that  the  company 
would  ever  care  to  engage  him. 


CHART  \ 


SPONTANEOUS   COMBUSTION    OF 
COAL 

It  has  been  shown  by  experiment  that 
the  sulphur  contained  in  coal  in  the 
form  of  pyrites  is  not  the  chief  source 
of  spontaneous  combustion,  as  was  form- 
erly supposed,  but  the  oxidation  of  the 
sulphur  in  the  coal  may  assist  in  break- 
ing up  the  lumps  of  coal,  and  this  may 
increase  the  amount  of  fine  coal,  which 
is  particularly  liable  to  rapid  oxidation. 
Even  this  opinion  is  not  unanimously 
endorsed.  In  spite  of  experimental  data 
showing  that  sulphur  is  not  the  deter- 
mining element  in  spontaneous  combus- 
tion, the  opinion  is  widespread,  if  pos- 
sible, it  is  well  for  storage  purposes  to 
choose  a  coal  with  a  low  sulphur  con- 
tent.—M.  E. 


November  14,  1918 


S6I 


The  Employment  of  the  Returned  Soldier 

The  Following  Article  Gives  an  Interesting  Resume   of  This 
Problem  as  Viewed  by  an  English  Correspondent  of  the  Engineer- 
ing Supplement  of  the  London  Times 


WITH  the  manhood  of  the  whole 
nation  in  arms  so  far  as  it  is  of 
military  age,  the  reintroduction 
of  the  nation's  soldiers  into  industry  will 
be  a  far-reaching  problem.  It  will,  in- 
deed, not  arise  for  solution  until  the 
war  is  over,  but  then  there  will  be  no 
time  for  working  out  plans  to  ensure 
that  this  indispensable  process  will  be 
done  thoroughly  and  efficiently.  In  the 
interest  both  of  production  and  of  the 
producers,  the  plans  for  assuring  this 
will  need  to  have  been  matured  before 
the  time  arises  for  putting  them  into 
operation,  and  there  will  be  no  industry 
that  will  not,  in  greater  or  less  measure, 
have  to  be  prepared  with  its  programme. 
But  in  the  meantime  the  employment 
of  discharged  soldiers  includes  an  in- 
stant problem,  which  has  now  been  long 
before  manufacturing  industry,  and  is 
daily  increasing  in  volume — the  prob- 
lem of  employing  men  from  the  Services 
who  are  discharged  through  being  no 
longer  fit  for  military  duty.  The  en- 
gineering trades  in  particular,  which 
are  for  the  time  being  the  backbone 
of  British  industry  and  the  most  cer- 
tain source  of  employment,  are  badly 
affected  by  this  problem,  and  the 
methods  by  which  it  may  be  solved  are 
all  the  more  interesting  because  of  the 
somewhat  similar  problem  on  a  vaster 
scale  which  these  trades  will  have  to 
face  when  the  war  is  over. 

Kinds  of  Disability 

Men  may  be  discharged  from  the  Ser- 
vices for  various  reasons.  The  typical 
case  is,  of  course,  that  of  men  who  have 
lost  one  or  more  limbs  or  eyesight.  No 
class  of  workers  can  more  deserve  at- 
tention; and  it  is  satisfactory  to  note 
that  no  class  appears  to  be  more  in  the 
way  of  getting  it.  It  may  perhaps  be 
too  early  to  say  how  far  the  great  in- 
genuity that  has  been  spent  on  devis- 
ing mechanical  means  for  replacing  lost 
limbs  has  arrived  at  the  best  mechanical 
solution  of  the  problems  it  has  had  to 
consider.  By  this  time  many  solutions 
are  under  practical  trial  on  the  persons 
of  large  numbers  of  returned  soldiers; 
and,  in  the  light  of  their  experience,  it 
should  be  possible  to  arrive  at  some- 
thing like  standard  designs,  embodying 
what  experience  on  the  unhappily  large 
scale  now  available  may  suggest  as  the 
best.  When  this  has  been  done,  it  will 
be  no  less  urgently  necessary  to  make 
arrangements  for  producing  the  arti- 
ficial limbs  at  a  reasonable  cost.  For 
the  time  being  cost  is  doubtless  a  matter 
of  secondary  consequence  compared  with 
the  importance  of  giving  soldiers  who 
need  artificial  limbs  the  best  that  can 
be  produced  with  the  least  possible  de- 
lay. Once,  however,  the  emergency  call 
is  satisfied,  the  economical  aspect  will 
resume  its  ordinary  importance,  and  it 


will  be  the  business  of  those  who  are 
in  charge  of  the  provisions  for  supply- 
ing artificial  limbs  to  see  that  the  in- 
dustry is  placed  on  a  sound  footing  in 
respect  of  economical  production.  There 
is  reason  to  hope  that  both  for  dis- 
charged Service  men  who  are  maimed 
and  for  those  who  have  lost  their  eye- 
sight, enough  attention  is  being  paid  by 
enlightened  men  to  make  sure  that  the 
essential  requirements  of  the  situation 
will  be  fully  met. 

Unmutilated  Men 

It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that 
of  men  discharged  from  the  Services, 
only  a  small  fraction  have  suffered 
mutilation.  A  large  majority  have  their 
sight  and  members  unimpaired,  and  of 
these  a  good  proportion  retain  full  mus- 
cular strength,  for  either  all  or  many 
industrial  purposes.  While,  therefore, 
an  essential  part  of  the  provision  for 
employing  discharged  soldiers  must  lie 
in  finding  work  that  can  be  done  by 
those  whose  physical  powers  are  im- 
paired, the  problem  includes,  and  con- 
sists to  even  a  larger  extent  for  deal- 
ing with  those  who  have  been  released 
without  these  disabilities — cases  of  shell- 
shock,  gas-poisoning,  wounds  which 
though  they  incapacitate  men  for  the 
violent  activities  of  war,  leave  them  es- 
sentially as  good  as  ever  for  most  pur- 
poses of  the  workshop.  Such  men  con- 
stitute the  large  majority  of  those  who 
have  to  be  Veinstated  in  industry.  The 
figures  are  not  available  for  showing 
precisely  how  many  are  coming  in  month 
b)y  month,  but  no  doubt  exists  that  they 
are  considerable,  and  are  increasing.  At 
the  present  time  most  branches  of  en- 
gineering industry  are  suffering  from 
shortage  of  labor,  and  nothing  could  be 
more  helpful  to  the  engineering  trades  in 
discharging  their  present  great  duty  to 
the  nation  than  that  they  should  have 
and  make  use  of  a  full  supply  of  dis- 
charged Service  men.  Nor,  on  the  other 
hand,  could  there  be  anything  mo?& 
helpful  to  the  men  than  that  they  should 
be  introduced  into  industry  at  a  time 
when  it  is  most  in  need  of  them,  and 
when  no  economical  reason  exists  for 
subjecting  them  to  any  form  of  compe- 
tition such  as  they  will  have  inevitably 
to  face  in   ordinary  times. 

It  is,  therefore,  of  great  importance 
both  to  the  work  and  the  workers  to 
consider  what  may  be  learned  from  such 
experience  as  has  been  collected  up  to 
now.  Engineers  have  not  forgotten  that 
discharged  soldiers  as  a  class  did  not 
prove  satisfactory  when  it  was  sought 
to  introduce  them  into  industry  at  the 
end  of  the  Boer  War.  Some  of  those 
who  have  been  introduced  lately  have 
undoubtedly  done  better;  but  evidence 
from  all  parts  of  the  country  concurs 
in   showing  that,  as  a   whole,   the  ser- 


vices of  discharged  service  men  have, 
not  been  as  successful  in  the  shops  as  it. 
had  been  hoped  they  would  be. 

Industrial  Training 

It  is  best  to  admit  the  fact  plainly^ 
because  beyond  any  doubt  a  remedy  has 
to  be  found  for  it.  Whatever  circum- 
stances may  impede  the  satisfactory 
amalgamation  of  the  fraction  of  the. 
armies  now  returning  with  the  indus^ 
tries  that  should  receive  them  will  apply 
no  less  to  the  great  bulk  when  they  re- 
turn at  the  end  of  the  war.  If  the  disap- 
pointments and  difficulties  that  are  now 
met  with  are  glossed  over  or  ignored, 
they  will  be  left  to  impede  much  larger 
operations  later  on.  If  they  are  faced 
plainly  and  intelligently,  not  only  may 
a  solution  be  found  for  those  for  whom 
it  is  wanted  at  present,  but  their  more 
numerous  comrades  may  benefit  by  it 
later  on. 

The  complaints  that  are  received  do 
not  seem  for  the  most  part  to  show 
that  discharged  service  men  do  not  find 
any  special  difficulty  in  acquiring  the 
necessary  mechanical  skill.  One  of  the 
results  demonstrated  by  experience  of 
war  manufacturing  has  been  the  extra- 
ordinary rapidity  with  which  women 
can  acquire  a  useful  amount  of  skill — 
an  amount  insufficient,  indeed,  to  con- 
stitute a  skilled  all-round  tradesman,  but 
emply  sufficient  to  do  what  is  required 
in  a  very  large  part  of  a  properly  sub- 
divided manufacture.  This  experience 
is  getting  more  and  more  a  matter  of 
common  knowledge,  though  even  now  it 
is  far  from  being  recognized  as  widely" 
as  it  might  be.  As  yet,  however,  it  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  aonlied  very 
completely  in  the  introduction  of  dis- 
charged service  men  into  industrv.  It 
has  perhaps  not  been  recognized  so  gen- 
erally that  there  is  no  necessary  reason 
why  women  should  be  more  amenable  to 
the  intensive  training  by  which  these  re- 
sults are  produced  than  men  would  be  if 
they  were  trained  in  this  way,  and  not 
left  to  the  happy-go-lucky  methods  of 
trial  and  error  by  which  lads  pick  up 
their  trades  in  workshops. 

There  is  accordingly  no  reason  at  all 
why  discharged  service  men  should  not 
rapidly — that  is  to  say,  in  anything  from 
a  month  to  two,  three,  or  six  months, 
according  to  the  complexity  of  the  craft 
that  they  are  set  to  acquire — reach  a 
standard  of  skill  that  is  fully  equal  to 
what  would  be  required  of  them  in  a 
well-organized  factory.  On  the  whole, 
experience  seems  to  show  that  when 
they  have  ben  properly  trained  they 
give  fully  as  good  results  as  women — 
results  that  are  quite  up  to  anything 
that  a  shop  can  require.  What  seems 
to  be  more  generally  lacking  is  the  dis- 
cipline  of   industrial   life — the   habit   of 


562 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


keeping  time,  sticking  to  a  job,  and  ac- 
cepting industrial  work  as  a  contending 
vocation. 

Factory  Life 

Nothing  can  be   less    surprising   than 
this  result.    A  soldier's  life  is  regulated 
by  discipline;  but  whether  he  is  fighting 
or  in  reserve  the   discipline   is   entirely 
different  from  that  by  which  men  are 
made  contented  and  efficient  in  industrial 
life.    When  a  soldier  is  in  the  front  lines 
some  forms  of  routine     discipline     are 
greatly  relaxed.     The  life  is  an    alter- 
■ation.    It  includes  epochs  of  the  sever- 
est strain,   in    which    all    circumstances 
combine  to  force  men  for  an  evident  com- 
mon   purpose    into    the     attitude     their 
chiefs  desire.     In  the  intervals  between 
these  epochs  of  strain  are  periods  of  in- 
evitable   monotony,   during  which   disci- 
pline, though  inexorable  in  essential  par- 
ticulars, occupies  a  relatively  small  part 
of  a  man's  attention.    When  he  is  in  re- 
serve a  well   proved  and  judicious  arti- 
ficial  discipline  engages  practically  the 
whole  of  his  time;  but  this  discipline  is 
so  shaped  as  not  only  to  keep  him  busy 
but  to  keep  him  interested  and  amused. 
It  would  in  any  ease  be  out  of  place  for 
civilians  to  criticize  methods  of  military 
discipline;  but  it  is  permissible  to  refer 
to  the  fact,  now  practcally  of  common 
knowledge  among  all  who  have  followed 
the  fortunes  of  men   at  the  front  with 
any  intelligent  interest,  that  the  virtue 
of  this  apparently    artificial     discipline 
has  been    verified     by     the     most     con- 
spicuous success. 

When  a  man  comes  into  a  works  dis- 
cipline is  no  less  necessary  for  the  pur- 
pose there  in  view  than  it  is  in  the  army, 
but  both  the  purpose  and  the  methods 
are  different.     The  sanction  of  extreme- 
danger  to  a  corporate  body,   of  which 
each  man  is  a  member,  no  longer  exists. 
The  discipline  is  no  greater  at  one  time 
than  another,  but  must  extend  uniformly 
throughout  the  day  and  the  year  if  the 
work  is  to  be  done  efficiently.     To  those 
who  have  found  a  technical   interest  in 
their  work  it  may  not  be  monotonous, 
but  those  who  have  not  are  left  for  the 
most  part  to  get  contented  with   their 
new  life  as  best  they  can.    They  are  in- 
troduced  into  this  new  situation  fresh 
from  the  very  different  life  they  had  led, 
conscious   that  they  at  least  have  de- 
served well  of  their    country,    disposed 
perhaps  to  expect  a  special  consideration 
and  a  softening  of  their  job  not  permit- 
ted by  works  conditions.     What  can  be 
more  natural  than  that  a  considerable 
proportion  of  them  should  become  dis- 
contented ?     And  what  contenting  result 
can  be  hoped  for  from  discontented  men, 
particularly   when   the   ground   of   their 
discontent  is  a  sense,  whether  well  found- 
ed or  not,  that  they  are  being  treated 
with  less  than  justice  or  with  ingrati- 
tude? 

The  Need  for  Interest 

It  is  idle  for  manufacturers  to  imagine 
that  difficulties  such  as  these  will  right 
themselves,  and  still  less  is  it  either  wise 
or  fair  that  the  returned  soldier  should 
be  pitchforked  into  industry  to  accommo- 
date himself  to  the  conditions  of  factory 
life  as  best  he  can,  and  to  take  the  con- 


sequence in  the  form  of  exclusion  if  he 
should  fail  to  do  so,  leaving  out  of  ac- 
count altogether  considerations  of  public 
duty,  of    which    nevertheless    engineers 
are  fully  as  sensible  as  any  other  body 
of  men.     Again,  to  leave  soldiers  to  ac- 
commodate themselves  to  works  life  if 
they  can,  or  to  take  themselves  off  if  they 
cannot,  would  not  only  be  unfair  to  the 
men,  but  would  deprive  industry  of  what 
should  be  a  valuable  means  of    produc- 
tion.   It  is  more  prudent  as  well  as  more 
decent  to  consider  by  what  means  mili- 
tary training  has  got  such  brilliant  re- 
sults out  of  the  same  men  as  are  found 
unsatisfactory    in     industrial     life;     and 
when    military    methods    are    contrasted 
with  those  of  industry,  the  chief  differ- 
ence will  as  a  rule  be  found  to  lie  on  one 
hand  in  the  absence  of  corporate  spirit 
by  which  men  should  be  attached  to  their 
works,   and   on  the   other  hand,    in    the 
absence  of  means  for  keeping  men  in- 
terested and  amused,  which  are  an  essen- 
tial part  of  the  discipline  of  military  life 
for    soldiers    not     actually   engaged     in 
fighting.     It  may  be  said  that  to  attend 
to  such  matters  is  outside  the  scope  of 
manufacturing — that   either    it     is     the 
business  of  philanthropists,  or  that  men 
should  be  able  to  attend  to  such  matters 
for  themselves.    It  is  needless  to  discuss 
whether  this  contention  has  any  merits. 
The  question  has  to  be  settled  by  mucii 
more  practical  considerations.  Those  who 
take  the  trouble  to  apply  the  arts  that 
underlie    military   training   to   the    care 
of   men   engaged   in   industry   will   have 
a  body  of  co-operating  workers,  and  given 
good  management,  such  a  body  will  be 
more  efficient  than  groups  of  men  who 
are  not  so  treated.     The  works,  there- 
fore, that  adopt  these  methods  will  have 
an  advantage  over  those  who  do  not;  and 
in  times  that  are  coming  no  works  can 
afford  to  dispense  with  any  such  advant- 
age. 

Position  of  Employers 
Civil  industry  would,  of  course,  fail  if 
it  aspired  to  the  methods  of  control  that 
are   used   by   military   authorities.     Not 
only  w-ould  such  methods  be  unacceptable 
to  workers,  but  it  is  more  than  doubtful 
whether,  even  if  they  were  accepted,  they 
would  prove  efficient  for  civil  purposes. 
Where     the     military     example     should 
serve  as  an  object  lesson  to  employers 
is  in  the  care  that  it  takes  to  keep  men 
inters'Sted,   and   in   the   extent  to  which 
it   can    count  on   their   corporate    spirit. 
The  first  condition  for  a  man  being  in- 
terested in  his  work   is    that    he    shall 
know  the  difference    between    doing    it 
right  and  doing  it  wrong.     Where  there 
is  any  chance  that  the  work  to  which  a 
discharged  soldier  is  to  be  put  may  be 
done  wrong,  it  is  asking  for  trouble  to 
put  him  straight  to  it  among  a  body  of 
men  who  are  doing  it  right,  and  trust 
to  luck  that  he  will  pick  up  the  knack. 
Sometimes  he  may  do  so;  sometimes  his 
new  mates  may  help  him;  but  often,  as 
repeated  experience  has  shown,  the  men 
with  whom  he  may  fall  into  relations  will 
not  be  those  who  are  the  keenest  on  do- 
ing the  work  right,  and  his  attention  will 
be  attracted  more  to  the  inconveniences 
with  which  he  has  to  put  up  than  to  the 


initiative  in  marked  advanced  of  selling 
work  which  he  is  conscious  of  doing  only 
indifferently. 

The  first  condition,   that    discharged 
soldiers  should  have  a  reasonable  assur- 
ance of  being  interested   in  their  work, 
is  that,  either  in  the  works  itself  or  in 
some  preliminary  training  school  or  in- 
structional factory,  they  shall  be  group- 
ed with  other  men  in  like  position  and 
be  shown  how  to  do  the  work  right  and 
how  to  extract  from  it  all  the  technical 
interest  that  it  can  yield.     While  a  man 
is  learning  thus  he  will  need  more  per- 
sonal attention  and  encouragement  than 
the  ordinary  routine  of  most  works  can 
spare.    At  the  same  time  some  influence 
beyond  what  an  ordinary  works  atmos- 
phere will  exercise  on  a  newcomer  will 
be  required  to  help  him  into  habits  ot 
punctuality    and     continuous     attention. 
Some  works  who  adopt  no  such  means 
find  that  a  majority  of  the  discharged 
soldiers  whom  they  take  on  do  not  stop 
at  their  work,  but  that    those    who    do 
stick  to  it  for  three  months  remain  per- 
manently and  do  well.    Probably  a  much 
higher  proportion  could  be  trusted  to  see 
the  thing  through  if  they  had  a  reason- 
able  introduction  or  re-education  in  in- 
dustrial life,  given  under  conditions  that 
include  the  necessary  personal  attention 
and  encouragement. 

It  must,  however,  be  remembered  that 
men  vary  individually  in  the  work  which 
suits  them  and  which  they  can  do  best. 
A  man  himself  cannot  be  certain  that  he 
will  select  his  occupation  suitably,  when 
he  has  yet  to  learn  and  become  accustom- 
ed to  its  details;  and  thouglf  experience 
may  do  much  to  cultivate  in  an  instructor 
the  intuition  that  selects  correctly  the 
work  for  each  man,  the  wisest  instructor 
cannot  always  be  right.  The  latitude 
that  can  wisely  be  shown  discharged 
soldiers,  if  the  best  use  is  to  be  made 
of  their  services  in  their  own  interest 
and  that  of  industry,  should  therefore 
include  the  choice  of  a  second  class  of 
work,  should  the  first  not  have  been 
suitably  chosen. 

Team  Work 

When,  however,  the  initial  difficulties 
have  been  overcome  there  remains  a  wide 
scope  for  trying  to  induce  into  civil  in- 
dustry the  corporate  co-operation  that  is 
found  in  military  units.    What  is  wanted 
is  not  that  men  should  learn  either  to  be 
eloquent  themselves    on    the   rights     or 
wrongs  of  classes,  or— the  more  frequent 
case — to  sit  under  other  men  whose  chief 
stock-in-trade  lies  in  such  eloquence,  but 
that  they  shall  be  actively  practising  co- 
operation as  charity  should  be  practised, 
beginning    with     their     own      industrial 
homes.     The  purpose  of  a  works  is  co- 
operation to  a  useful  industrial  end.    The 
more  fully  that  end  is  attained  the  better 
the  works,    and    in     any    well-managed 
works  the  better  for  each  worker.    The 
common  experience  shows  that  that  co- 
operation is  never  so  keen  and  active  as 
when  it  is  promoted  by  immediate  com- 
petition.    In  those  works  that  are  large 
enough   to  have  separate   units   a   wide 
field  is  open  for  stimulating  interest  by 
promoting  competition  between  shops  oi 
other  groups  of  men  within  the  works. 


i 


November  14,  1918 


563 


Two-Ton  Electric  Furnace  Makes  Alloys 

Heroult  Furnace  Used  For  Non-ferrous  Alloys — Description  of 

Plant  and  Equipment 


AN  electric  furnace,  whose  main 
product  is  nichrome,  the  well- 
l<nowTi  high-temperature  resisting 
alloy,  has  recently  been  installed  at  the 
plant  of  the  Driver-Harris  Co.,  Harrison, 
N.J.  The  furnace  is  of  special  interest 
because  of  its  electrical  equipment,  which 
is  an  excellent  example  of  modern  prac- 
tice. Alloys  of  various  characters  are 
also  manufactured  by  the  furnace.  It  is 
of  the  Heroult  Arc  type,  featured  with 
automatic  regulation,  and  has  a  capacity 
of  two  tons. 

The  amount  of  power  taken  at  the  start 
of  the  heat  is  small,  but  as  the  resistance 
of  the  furnace  circuit  decreases,  owing 
to  the  heating  up  of  the  electrodes  and 
the  consolidation  of  the  charge,  the 
power  consumption  rapidly  increases  un- 
til stable  conditions  are  reached.  The 
average  amount  of  power  consumed  is 
then  held  practically  constant  by  the 
automatic  regulator,  with  the  exception 
of  a  slight  continuous  increase,  due  pro- 
bably to  a  corresponding  decrease  in  the 
resistance  of  the  furnace  circuit. 

There  is,  however,  no  uniformity  in 
the  actual  power  consumption.  As  the 
charge  melts  down,  pieces  of  metal  fall 
between  the  electrodes  and  establish 
short  circuits.  For  the  most  part  these 
short  circuits  are  only  momentary  as  the 
fragments   causing   them   are    promptly 


melted  down,  but  occasionally  they  per- 
sist, and  then  the  automatic  regulator 
draws  up  the  electrodes  until  they  are 
clear.  This  process  sometimes  breaks 
the  arc  and  then  there  is  a  sudden  de- 
crease in  the  power  consumption  until 
the  regulator  brings  the  electrodes 
down  again  and  re-establishes  the  arc. 
As  would  be  expected  steel  alloys  show 
more  of  these  irregularities  than  the 
softer  nichrome. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  run  there  is 
a  marked  change  in  the  power  consump- 
tion when  the  metal  is  given  a  special 
treatment  before  pouring.  In  the  case 
of  the  nickel  steel  a  higher  temperature 
was  necessary,  perhaps  to  lower  the  car- 
bon contents,  while  with  nichrome  the 
temperature  was  lowered.  The  temper- 
ature of  the  furnace  averages  about 
2,200°   Fahr. 

The  high  momentary  overloads  are 
characteristic  of  electric  furnace  work 
and  make  it  very  different  from  ordinary 
power  service.  They  must  be  taken  into 
account  in  designing  the  electrical  equip- 
ment for  the  furnace,  and  some  of  the 
apparatus  must  be  specially  designed  to 
withstand  them,  as  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing description  of  the  Driver-Harris  in- 
stallation. 

Power  for  this  furnace  is  furnished  in 
the  form   of  two-phase,   60-cycle,  2,200- 


volt  current  from  the  lines  of  the  Public 
Service  Electric  Co.  In  the  high  tension 
lines  are  a  disconnecting  switch  and  an 
oil  circuit  breaker.  This  latter  is  used  to 
control  the  circuit.  It  can  be  operated 
manually  and  is  also  provided  with  low- 
voltage  and  overload  protection.  In  or- 
der to  prevent  its  operation  on  momen- 
tary overloads,  the  overload  trip  is  con- 
trolled by  relays  with  definite  inverse 
time-limit  action.  The  high  tension  ap- 
paratus and  the  transformers  are  con- 
tained in  a  brick  compartment  behind 
the  furnace. 

There  are  two  400-kva.,  2,200  110- volt 
transformers  of  the  oil-insulated  self- 
cooled  type.  They  are  Scott-connected 
so  that  they  change  the  high-voltage 
two-phase  current  into  low-voltage 
three-phase  current,  one  phase  for  each 
of  the  three  electrodes  of  the  furnace. 

Special  construction  is  necessary  to 
withstand  the  overloads.  These  over- 
loads are  of  such  short  duration  that 
their  heating  effect  is  negligible,  but 
they  tend  to  force  the  coils  apart.  Hence 
the  coils  are  very  firmly  braced  and  are 
in  fact  capable  of  withstanding  momen- 
tary overloads  fifteen  times  greater  than 
the  normal  load. 

The  reactance  of  these  transformers 
is  about  double  that  of  ordinary  power 
transformers  of  the  same  size.     This  re- 


I 


FURNACE    DURING    MELT 


THURY    REGULA,LH;o.    lai^u..  lAli    AND    CONTROLLERS 


KILLING    THE    LADLE 


2-TON  HEROULT  FURNACE 


5€t 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX- 


KEAR  VIEW  OF  FURNACE  SHOWING  WINCH  MECHANISM 


INCOMING  LINE   AND   OIL  SWITCH 


actance  together  with  that  developed  in 
the  low  tension  leads  (which  are  made 
as  short  as  possible  in  order  to  keep  this 
factor  low)  prevents  the  current  flowing 
through  the  furnace  from  exceeding  five 
or  six  times  normal  values  even  on  dead 
short  circuits.  The  voltage  regulation  is 
from  106  volts  on  no  load  to  about  100 
volts  on  full  load,  and  the  power  factor 
is  from  85  to  90  per  cent. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features 
of  the  equipment  is  the  Thury  regulator, 
which  automatically  maintains  an  ap- 
proximately constant  current  at  the  fur- 
nace electrodes.  Without  this  device  the 
current  consumption  would  vary  erati- 
cally  even  if  an  operator  were  constantly 
endeavoring  to  correct  the  variations.  It 
therefore  saves  labor  and  current,  re- 
duces to  a  minimum  the  time  required  to 


prepare  a  charge,  and  by  providing  uni- 
form conditions  keeps  the  quality  of  the 
product  uniform. 

Each  furnace  electrode  has  a  separate 
regulating  mechanism  and  a  raising  and 
lowering  motor.     The   regulator  can   be 
set  for  any  desired   current  value,  and 
when  this  value  is  exceeded  each  regu- 
lating rachanism  closes  a  contact  momen- 
tarily, which  causes  the  motors  to  raise 
the    electrodes    slightly.       The    contacts 
continue  to  close  at  brief  intervals  until 
the  electrodes  are  drawn  up  high  enough 
to  reduce  the  current  to  the  predetermined 
value,  the  intermittent  action  being  em- 
ployed to  prevent   the    electrodes    from 
being      raised      too      high      and      thus 
causing   an   unstable   condition.       When 
the  current   falls    below    the     predeter- 
mined value  the  electrodes  are  lowered 


in  a  similar  manner.  The  regulator  it- 
self is  controlled  by  a  solenoid  energized 
by  means  of  current  from  series 
transformers  in  the  main  high-tensioa 
circuit.  Damping  devices  prevent  the 
regulator  from  acting  on  overloads  that 
immediately  correct  themselves. 

In  addition  to  the  automatic  device, 
each  electrode  motor  has  a  drum  con- 
troller for  manual  operation. 

The  electrode  motors  are  direct-cur^ 
rent  machines,  because  alternating  cur- 
rent motors  cannot  be  controlled  with- 
sufficient  delicacy.  The  operatmg  cur- 
rent is  obtained  from  a  41/2  kw.  motor- 
generator  set  located  in  the  transformer 
compartment.  The  motors  are  2  h. p.  ca- 
pacity and  are  totally  enclosed.  Thej 
are  provided  with  grease-cup  lubrication, 
instead  of  the  ordinary  ring-oilmg  sys- 


"?>«j 


POURING  THE  INGOTS 


I'D 


K.N  ACE   IN  TILTED   POSITION 


November  14,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


5«5 


".VESTINGHOUSE     TRANSFORMER     MOUNTED     ON     PEDE- 
STAL TO   SHORTEN    LENGTH  OF  SECONDARY   LEADS. 
BELOW :   MOTOR   GENERATOR  SET  FOR   CONTROL 
MECHANISM 


TILTING    MECHANISM     AND    COUNTERWEIGHT    SHAFT. 
WESTINGHOUSE    MOTOR    USED 


Lem  SO  that  the  lubrication  is  not  inter- 
fered with  when  the  furnace  is  tilted  for 
pouring. 

An  instrument  board  is  located  beside 
the  regulators  and  carries  the  following 
apparatus:  A  kilowatt  meter;  a  volt 
meter;  a  power  factor  meter;  an  am- 
meter for  each  phase;  a  graphic  watt- 
meter; a  plug  switch  for  reading  the 
voltage  of  each  phase,  both  across  the 
arc  and  across  the  low-tension  leads  out- 
side the  furnace;  the  operating  handle 
of  the  high-tension  circuit  breaker;  the 
inverse-time-element  relays  for  the  cir- 
cuit breaker,  and  an  integrating  kilowatt- 
liour  meter. 

On  the  other  side  of  the  regulator  is 
mounted  a  small  panel  carrying  the 
switches  and  meters  for  the  motor- 
generator  set,  below  which  is  the  motor 
auto-starter. 

When  the  charge  is  finished  the  whole 
furnace  is  tilted  bodily  for  pouring. 
This  tilting  is  effected  by  an  11-h.p. 
alternating-current  slipring  motor  lo- 
cated in  a  pit  beneath  the  furnace  and 
geared  to  the  tilting  mechanism.  It  is 
controlletl  by  a  drum  controller  by  the 
side  of  the  furnace. 

The  regulating,  tilting  and  control 
equipment  was  supplied  by  the  Westing- 
house  Co. 


The    Montreal    General    Tool    Co.,    of 

Montreal,  expect  to  secure  a  contract  for 
one  hundred  marine  pumps,  the  value  of 
which  will  approximate  $300,000. 


STOKER    MANUFACTURERS'    ASSO- 
CIATION 

At  a  meeting  in  Cleveland  on  August 
1,  1918,  an  association  was  formed  of 
the  stoker  manufacturers  of  the  United 
States.  The  principal  reason  for  getting 
together  was  to  place  at  the  disposal  of 
the  government  the  entire  facilities  of 
the  stoker  industry  to  the  end  that 
everything  possible  might  be  done  to 
help  out  in  the  national  emergency.  Even 
after  the  war,  however,  it  is  expected 
that  great  benefit  will  be  obtained  by  the 
association  members  in  the  discussion  of 
subjects  of  interest  and  value  to  the 
stoker  industry;  in  the  advancement  and 
improvement  of  that  industry;  in  the 
standardization  of  stoker  manufacture 
and  application,  and  in  the  promotion  of 
a  spirit  of  co-operation  among  its  mem- 
bers for  improved  production  and  in- 
creased application  of  stokers.  Practi- 
cally all  of  the  builders  of  mechanical 
stokers  are  included  as  charter  members 
of  the  association. 

At  the  first  meeting  the  following 
officers  and  executive  committee  were 
elected:  President,  P.  Albert  Poppen- 
husen,  Chicago,  111.;  vice-president,  S.  L. 
Nicholson,  E.  Pittsburg,  Pa.;  secretary- 
treasurer,  Fred  H.  Daniels,  Worcester, 
Mass.;  William  F.  Sauter,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.;  W.  H.  Rea,  Detroit,  Mich. 

The  Stoker  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion has  been  informed  that  it  has  been 
formaMy  elected  tp  membership  in  the 
Chamber  of   Commerce    of    the    United 


States.  A  national  councillor  will  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  association  to  represent 
it  in  the  National  Chamber,  and  through 
this  national  councillor  the  association 
will  have  an  opportunity  of  expressing 
itself  on  national  questions  under  dis- 
cussion by  the  federal  authorities. 

The  association,  through  its  War  Ser- 
vice Committee,  has  tendered  to  the 
federal  government  the  entire  resources 
and  service  of  its  members,  and  the  com- 
mittee is  working  with  the  Fuel  Ad- 
ministration and  the  War  Industries 
Board  for  the  conservation  of  fuel,  labor 
and  raw  materials.  The  association  is 
prepared  to  do  any  and  everything  which 
may  be  necessary  to  prove  that  American 
business  is  ready  to  back  up  the  govern- 
ment until  victory  is  assured. 


OBITUARY 

Mr.  Frank  Davey,  superintendent  of  the 
Lyall  Shipyards,  Vancouver,  died  last 
week  after  a  short  illness.  Mr.  Davey, 
who  was  bom  in  Hamilton,  O.,  went  to 
the  coast  ten  years  ago  and  entered  the 
employ  of  Mr.  Andrew  Wallace,  who  was 
then  starting  the  Vancouver  yards.  He 
remained  with  the  Wallace  Company 
until  the  Bewicke  Avenue  yard  was 
transferred  to  the  William  Lyall  Ship- 
building Co.,  when  he  w«s  appointed  su- 
perintendent for  that  firm.  He  held  this 
position  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 


566 


Volume  XX. 


Educational  Value  of  Munitions  in  Canada 

Mechanics  Who  Used  to  Measure  an  Inch  Into  Eight  Parts  For 
Fine  Work  Now  on  Speaking  Terms  With  Some  of  the  Finest 

Dimensions  in  the  Trade 

By  J.  N.  ROBINSON 


SHORTLY  after  war  broke  out  it  was  suggested  that 
Canadian  factories  manufacture  munitions.  The  idea 
was  scouted  by  most  of  the  manufacturers.  They 
claimed  it  was  an  impossibility  to  handle  this  fine  work 
with  the  class  of  labor  and  machinery  obtainable  in 
Canada.  However,  some  few  were  bolder,  and  with  the 
advice  of  the  Imperial  authorities,  and  with  the  wonderful 
driving  power  and  enthusiasm  of  the  Minister  of  Militia, 
Sir  Sam  Hughes,  behind  them,  they  embarked  on  the 
enterprise. 

What  their  troubles  and  diflSculties  were  during  the 
year  of  1915  will  never  be  realized.  But  the  biggest 
obstacles  were  gradually  overcome  and  to-day  Canada's 
shell  plants  compare  favorably  with  any  others  in  the 
world. 

We  have  re-bnilt  old  machinery  to  our  needs,  and  we 
have  built  new.  But  greatest  of  all  we  have  trained  men 
and  women  to  handle  the  fine  work  necessary  in  making 
shells.  It  ordinarily  takes  from  three  to  five  or  seven 
years  for  a  man  to  work  out  his  apprenticeship  in  any 
of  the  mechanical  trades.  But  here  in  Canada  we  had 
to  take  men  who  hardly  knew  there  was  a  measurement 
smaller  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch,  and  women  who 
measured  things  by  the  yard  or  by  the  length  of  their 
fingers  and  teach  them  to  work  to  limits  of  two  or  three 
thousandths  of  an  inch  or  even  finer.  And  it  had  to  be 
done  in  a  hurry.  England  needed  the  shells  and  Germany 
would  not  wait  until  we  learned  how  to  make  them. 

True,  we  had  in  Canada  a  large  number  of  splendid 
mechanics  who  needed  little  or  no  training  to  enable  them 
to  handle  this  fine  work.  But  a  great  many  of  them 
enlisted  and  many  more  went  to  England  to  work  in  the 
munition  plants  there.  This  left  us  sadly  handicapped 
at  a  time  when  we  were  in  dire  need  of  the  best  mechanical 
skill   obtainable. 

That  we  did  succeed  is  largely  due  to  the  untiring 
energies  of  the  manufacturers  and  too  much  credit  can- 
not be  given  them. 

To-day  we  have  many  thousands  of  men  and  women 
successfully  handling  this  very  finest  class  of  work.  They 
learned  under  the  stress  of  the  moment  and  because  it 
was  absolutely  necessary  for  them  to  learn,  for  their  work 
at  that  time  was  indispensable  to  England. 

And  what  they  have  learned  they  will  not  forget. 
After  the  war  if  they  do  go  back  to  their  old  trades  they 
will  unconsciously  do  better,  finer  work.  The  need  for 
this  has  been  drilled  into  them  for  nearly  four  years. 
They  will  be  better  workmen  and  will  command  better 
wages. 

Bnt  They  Learned  It 

A  typical  case  of  this  follows.  Early  in  1915  a  com- 
pany in  a  small  town  near  Toronto  obtained  a  contract 
for  4.5-inch  brass  nose  sockets.  Their  regular  line  of 
work  was  on  iron  castings.  They  had  a  splendid  organiza- 
tion and  many  loyal  men.  But  when  it  came  to  getting 
down  to  fine  work  they  failed  badly.  Government  in- 
spectors were  sent  to  the  plant  with  orders  to  give  the 
management  all  the  help  possible  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  sockets. 

One  of  the  inspectors  in  helping  a  man  to  set  up  a 
machine,  made  the  suggestion  that  if  a  certain  measure- 
ment on  a  roughing  cut  was  made  one-sixteenth  of  an 
inch  .smaller,  it  would  make  the  succeeding  operation 
easier  and  quicker. 

The  man  opened  his  mouth  in  blank  amazement  and 
stared   at  the   inepector.     Then   drawing   a   blacksmith's 


scale  out  of  the  leg  pocket  of  his  overalls  he  examined 
it  carefully,  glancing  scornfully  at  the  inspector  from 
time  to  time.  Finally  he  folded  up  the  rule  and  put  it 
away,  saying,  "Say,  boss,  when  you  start  to  talk  about 
sixteenths  of  an  inch  around  this  shop  you  are  in  the 
wrong  boat.  If  you  talk  of  eighths  I  might  be  able  to 
follow  you.    But  nothing  less  than  that  goes  around  here." 

A  few  days  ago  this  same  inspector  met  the  workman 
—Jones,  we'll  call  him — on  the  street.  He  didn't  know 
Jones.  Jones  was  neatly  dressed  and  appeared  pros- 
perous, and  in  general  looked  more  of  a  success  than  he 
did  three  years  ago.  Jones  had  to  tell  his  name,  for  the 
inspector  could  not  place  him  as  the  man  who  did  not 
know  what  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  looked  like. 

It  seems  that  Jones  is  now  working  in  a  factory  mak- 
ing shell  gauges.  He  has  learned  his  lesson.  He  now 
not  only  knows  what  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  is,  but  is  on 
familiar  speaking  terms  with  ten-thousandths  of  an  inch, 
pitch  diameters,  root  diameters,  thread  micrometers,  ver- 
nier scales  and  all  the  terms  and  instruments  used  in  fine 
mechanical  work. 

So  "it's  an  ill  wind  that  blows  nobody  good,"  and  the 
above  case  is  typical  of  thousands  of  others.  In  fact 
the  education  value  of  the  munitions  industry  in  Canada 
can  never  be  indicated  in  dollars  and  cents.  But  the 
workmen  and  women  who  have  learned  will  be  better 
workmen  and  women  and  better  citizens  hereafter  because 
they  are  more  efiicient.  And  in  these  days  of  manufactur- 
ing competition  it  is  efficiency  that  counts. 


I 


But  Times  Change 

USED  to  think  I'd  like  to  have  a  job  of  bein'  a  king, 

or  else  an  emperor  or  duke  or  some  such  hefty  thing, 
to  have  a  crown  stuck  on  my  dome  and  set  upon  a  throne, 
and  havin'  fifty  thousand  folks  a-dustin'  round  your  home. 

To  say  unto  this  man,  get  out,  to  that  chap,  come  in, 
to  see  them  hustle  off  the  porch  and  'op  about  like  sin. 

To  always  have  a  dollar  bill  to  blow  just  when  I 
please,  and  not  to  hear  my  creditors  line  up  and  snort  and 
wheeze.  To  have  ten  pairs  of  boots  to  wear  and  sixteen 
suits  of  clothes,  by  heck,  that  gent  would  have  no  frets, 
no  troubles  and  no  woes. 

But  just  the  other  day  the  folks  what  dwell  about 
Berlin,  they  pulled  a  trick  that  worried  me  and  got  be- 
neath my  skin.  They  went  unto  the  Kaiser's  place,  they 
pounded  on  the  door,  and  walked  with  muddy,  ob'-nailed 
boots  upon  his  parlor  floor,  and  took  the  crown  from  off 
his  brow  and  gave  it  to  some  jay,  who  used  to  wear  a 
homespun  gown  and  dine  on  bread  and  hay. 

And  then  they  turned  again  to  him  what  ruled  the 
German  land,  and  they  had  blood  within  their  eye  and 
muscle  in  their  hand,  and  said:  "Now,  Bill,  hoist  out  of 
this,  and  move  your  wife  from  here,  for  after  this  you'll 
drift  and  earn  your  wieners  and  your  beer." 

I'd  rather  have  some  lowly  job,  where  I  could  show 
my  worth,  where  I  could  take  a  pick  and  gouge  some 
holes  into  the  earth.  Where  I  could  hear  the  boss  come 
'round  and  say,  "You  are  a  bird,  I'll  make  you  boss  some 
day,  you  jay,  of  all  the  bloomin'  herd.  You'll  rise  to  be 
a  dandy  here,  the  banks  will  court  you  soon,  I'll  give 
unto   you  ten  bucks   more   and   holidays   in  June." 

No,  this  here  job  of  kingin'  and  emperorin'  over  folks, 
and  tryin'  to  stand  in  sideways  with  all  the  warrin'  blokes, 
it  ain't  just  what  it  used  to  be,  I'd  rather  be  uncrowned, 
the  way  they're  grabbin'  things  and  tossin'  them  around. 
—ARK. 


November  14,  1918 


567 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regardin-g  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


MAKING  A  RECORDING  STEAM 

CONSUMPTION  METER 

By  T.  H.  FENNER,  Associate  Editor. 


THE  necessity  often  arises  in  plant 
and  factory  operation  to  deter- 
mine the  amount  of  steam  con- 
sumed by  a  particular  apparatus.  This 
may  be  occasioned  by  the  requirements 
of  the  cost  accounting  department,  or 
by  the  desire  to  compare  two  different 
ways  of  operating  the  same  unit,  or 
the  relative  merits  of  two  different  ap- 
pliances for  the  same  purpose.  For  all 
these  purposes,  accuracy  is  the  essence 
of  the  contract,  while  the  question  of 
obtaining  accuracy  with  small  expense  is 
also   important. 

Methods  of  Measuring  Water 

If  there  are  suitable  tilting  traps  on 
the  premises,  to  which  a  counter  can 
be  attached,  registering  the  number  of 
times  the  trap  discharges  in  a  certain 
time,  then  the  volume  of  the  trap  being 
known  fairly  accurate  results  can  be 
obtained.  However,  there  is  always 
room  for  inaccuracies  to  creep  in, 
through  leakage  from  glands,  valves,  etc. 
If  all  working  parts  are  perfectly  free 
to  move,  the  trap  will  be  sensitive,  and 
open  and  shut  promptly,  while  if  the 
gland  packings  are  at  all  hard,  or  unduly 
tight,  the  trap  is  slow  to  open  and  dis- 
charge and  steam  is  blown  through  for 
a  moment  after  the  condensation  has 
been  removed.  Errors  like  these  are 
small  in  themselves,  but  multiplied  by 
a  large  number  of  operations  extend- 
ing over  days,  they  make  a  respectable 
total,  and  render  valueless  any  test  that 
does  not  take  them  into  account.  An 
ordinary  water  meter  may  be  used,  but 
these  are  by  no  means  to  be  depended  on. 
If  a  Venturi  meter  can  be  connected  up 
to  the  return  pipe,  it  is  possibly  the 
best  means  of  securing  the  consumption, 
but  a  large  number  of  plants  do  not  pos- 
sess these  instruments,  and  where  they 
are  installed  they  are  usually  connected 
to  the  boiler  feed,  and  are  not  easily 
moved. 

Needed  a  Meter 

The  writer  had  occasion  some  time 
back  to  determine  the  steam  consump- 
tion on  a  number  of  different  kilns,  used 
for  baking  Japan,  varnish,  etc.,  also 
lumber    drying    kilns.      As    the    results 


were  to  establish  the  cost  of  produc- 
tion of  various  parts,  accuracy  was  neces- 
sary, while  at  the  same  time  it  was  not 
desired  to  go  to  much  expense  in  secur- 
ing the  figures.  Under  these  circum- 
stances a  search  around  the  plant  was 
made  for  suitable  equipment.  There 
were  a  variety  of  traps  on  the  premises 
but  none  on  which  much  dependence 
could  be  placed  for  a  particular  job 
of  this  kind,  so  they  were  eliminated 
from  the  list  of  possibilities.  However, 
in  looking  around  a  store  house  of  obso- 
lete or  unused  machines,  several  steel 
tanks  that  had  been  used  in  the  plating 
room,   were    discovered,   and   these    sug- 


How  It  Was  Ma4le 

The  tank,  as  shown  in  the  cut  was 
mounted  on  skids,  and  kept  about  18- 
inches  off  the. floor.  This  was  to  give 
room  for  the  discharge  pipe  to  come  be- 
low the  bottom  of  the  tank.  The  general 
arrangement  can  be  followed  easily  by 
referring  to  the  cut,  and  the  action  was 
as  follows.  The  condensation  was  led 
into  the  tank  from  the  kiln  to  be  tested 
by  a  half-inch  pipe.  A  2-inch  nipple 
with  a  long  thread  was  screwed  into  the 
side  of  the  tank  near  the  top,  and  a 
union  put  on  inside  the  tank,  to  connect 
the  suction  leg  of  the  siphon  pipe.  The 
down  leg  of  siphon  was  connected  to 
nipple  through  the  elbow  outside  the 
tank  as  shown  ,and  the  pipe  carried 
down  low  enough  to  give  a  good  dis- 
charging head.  On  the  end  of  the  dis- 
charge pipe  a  clock  valve  was  fastened 
by  a  hinge,  and  on  the  opposite  side  to 


v//y  / 


HOME-MADE   WATER    METER 


gested  the  idea  of  making  our  own  meas- 
uring appliance,  which  was  at  once  acted 
on,  the  result  being  a  very  serviceable 
instrument,  at  practically  no  cost. 


the  hinge  a  lug  was  carried  out,  to  which 
was  fastened  a  wire,  the  other  end  be- 
ing fastened  to  a  beam  in  the  ceiling, 
and  a  light  spring  connected  between. 


668 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


This  valve  and  spring  were  the  key  to 
the  whole  affair,  and  some  considerable 
experimenting  had  to  be  made  before 
the  correct  strength  of  spring  was 
arrived  at.  This  spring  had  to  have  just 
enough  tension  to  balance  the  column 
of  water  in  the  siphon  pipe,  so  that  the 
instant  the  water  rose  above  the  top  of 
the  pipe,  the  valve  would  open.  This 
would  start  the  siphon,  and  the  velocity 
of  the  escaping  water  held  the  valve 
open  till  the  water  was  emptied  down 
eo  the  level  of  the  bottom  of  suction  pipe. 
The  spring  would  then  close  the  valve, 
and  the  tank  fill  again.  Here  then,  we 
had  a  definite  quantity  of  water  dis- 
charged, and  all  that  was  wanted  was 
a  means  of  recordins;  the  number  of 
times  the  tank  was  filled  and  discharged 
in  a  definite  period,  and  make  one  neces- 
sary correction.  This  correction  was 
the  quantity  of  water  flowing  into  the 
tank  from  the  return  pipe  while  the 
siphon  was  discharging.  This  was  merely 
a  matter  of  placing  a  T  on  the  return 
pipe,  with  a  valve  outside  the  tank.  A 
pail  was  placed  under  this,  and  the  tank 
watched  carefully,  and  as  soon  as  the 
siphon  opened,  the  valve  on  the  return 
pipe  was  opened  and  the  water  ran  out 
into  the  pail  instead  of  the  tank.  A.s 
soon  as  the  tank  was  emptied,  the  valve 
was  closed  and  the  water  in  the  pail 
weighed  carefully.  This  weight  had  to 
be  added  to  the  weight  of  water  dis- 
charging from  the  tank,  to  make  it  cor- 
rect. 

The  Recording  Chart 

For  recording  the  number  of  times 
discharged,  a  chart,  rejristering  auto- 
matically was  required.  This  was  secured 
by  purchasing  for  75  cents  an  ordinary 
domestic  alarm  clock.  The  fingers  and 
dial  were  removed,  and  a  tin  dial  sol- 
dered onto  the  spindle  of  the  hour  hand. 
Four  small  cleats  were  made  on  the 
new  dial  to  hold  a  paper  chart.  A  flat 
piece  of  wood,  1-inch  thick  by  6-ineh. 
square  formed  a  float  into  which  was 
fastened  a  piece  of  %-inch  round  iron, 
which  passed  through  a  guide  fixed  on 
the  flanged  edge  of  the  tank.  A  cross 
beam  of  wood  was  connected  to  the  top 
end  of  this  and  this  was  supported  on 
a  fulcrum  about  two-thirds  of  its  length 
away  from  the  float  rod.  The  other  end 
carried  a  vertical  rod,  throue-h  which 
was  passed  the  pencil.  A  >;top  was 
placed  on  the  float  rod,  to  hold  the  float 
up  when  the  water  dropped  below  a 
aertain  level.  This  level  was  "-^justed 
to  give  just  enough  upward  travel  to 
the  float  when  tank  was  filling,  to  make 
a  mark  of  1%-inch.  long  on  the  chart. 
The  charts  were  placed  on  the  dial  at 
7.00  a.m.  and  7.00  p.m.  and  thus  a  con- 
tinuous 12  hours  record  appeared  on 
each  chart  The  position  of  the  clock 
is  shown  on  drawing.  In  the  actu''! 
layout  the  clock  was  enc'ofed  in  ■?  wood- 
en box,  to  protect  it  from  steam,  and 
dirt  in  the  air.  The  valve  on  the  bot- 
tom of  siphon  pipe  was  made  of  two 
pieces  of  galvanized  iron  No.  16  gauge, 
one  soldered  to  the  other.  The  top  piece 
was  of  just  sufficient  diameter  to  enter 
the  pipe  neatly,  while  the  bottom  piece 


was  made  to  the  outside  diameter  of  the 
pipe,  and  two  lugs  made  on  it,  one  for 
the  hinge  the  other  for  the  wire.  A  piece 
of  good  1-16  wire  wove  insertion  was 
made  to  fit  the  end  of  the  pipe,  to  form 
a  joint,  and  fastened  onto  the  valve  to 
begin  with  by  shellac.  Otherwise,  the 
rush  of  the  water  would  have  washed  it 
off.  Later  on  this  insertion  joint  was  re- 
placed by  a  ring  of  square  rubber,   M- 


inch  wide  by  i/fe-inch  thick.  This  was 
more  satisfactory.  Later  on  two  more 
tanks  and  clocks  were  added,  to  enable 
three  different  tests  to  be  made  at- 
once.  This  method  resulted  in  accurate 
figures  being  furnished,  and  the  only 
new  material  was  the  three  clocks  cost- 
ing $2.25.  The  pipe  and  fittings  were 
all  on  hand,  and  the  labor  amounted  to 
probably  another  $2. 


CUTTING  LUBRICANTS 

THEORY  AND  PRACTICE 


A  MEMORANDUM  on  cutting  lu- 
bricants and  cooling  liquids  issued 
as  Bulletin  No.  2  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Scientific  and  Industrial  Re- 
search, England  was  prepared  in  con- 
nection with  a  survey  of  the  field  for 
research  or  lubricants  and  lubrication. 
While  the  bulletin  is  not  claimed  to 
contain  new  knowledge,  it  is  published 
in  the  belief  that  it  furnishes  a 
laree  amount  of  useful  information 
which  will  be  new  to  many  users  of 
cutting  lubricants  and  likely  to  increase 
the  efficiency  of  production  in  opera- 
tions concerned  with  the  cutting  of 
metals. 

The  materials  discussed  in  the  first 
part  of  the  memorandum,  which  is  by  Mr. 
T.  C.  Thomsen,  are  classified  as  soluble 
oils,  which  are  oily  liquids  that  form 
emulsions  when  mixed  with  water, 
soluble  compounds  or  cutting  compounds, 
which  are  greasy  pastes  that  form  emul- 
sions when  mixed  with  water;  cuttine; 
emulsions,  formed  by  mixing  soluble  oils 
or  soluble  compounds  with  water;  and 
cuttin?  oils,  such  as  lard  oil,  rape  oil, 
mineral  oils,  or  mixtures  of  such  oils, 
free  from  water  and  soap,  which  ordin- 
arily do  not  form  emulsions  with  water. 

Characteristics  and  Preparation 

The  mineral  oils  best  suited  for  use  as 
cutting  lubricants,  either  alone  or  mixed 
with  animal  or  vegetable  oil,  are  prefer- 
ably of  pale  color  and  low  viscosity, 
rangino;  from  100  to  200  seconds  Red- 
wood at  100°  Fahr..  those  of  lower  vis- 
cosity being  used  for  high-speed  condi- 
tions, and  those  of  hisrher  viscosity  for 
slow  speeds.  Tinged  lard  oil,  containina; 
as  much  as  10  or  15  per  cent,  of  free 
fatty  acid,  is  the  animal  oil  most  fre- 
auentlv  used  either  alone  or  in  admixture; 
prime  lard  oil,  which  is  almost  frpe  from 
acid,  is  more  expensive,  but  is  less  in- 
clined to  gum  under  severe  conditions  of 
heavv  cut  and  high  speed.  Wherever 
possible  a  mixture  of  lard  oil  and  low 
cold  test  mineral  oil  is  to  he  preferred 
on  account  of  greater  fluidity  in  the  cold. 
Cottonseed  oil  oxidizes  more  readnly  than 
rape  oil,  and  should  not  be  used  for  cut- 
ting lubricants  that  are  to  be  employed 
in  a  circulation  svstem.  Animal  oils  are 
not  so  easilv  oxidized  in  circulation  sys- 
tems as  sre  vegetable  oils,  and  lard  oil 
produces  deposits  in  such  systems  under 
severe  operative  conditions  onlv  when 
the  percentage  of  free  acid  exceeds,  say, 
10  per  cent.  Cutting  oils  are  nearly  al- 
ways  used  "straight,"  i.e.,  without    ad- 


mixture* of  oils;  some  of  them  containing 
at  least  5  per  cent,  of  free  fatty  acid  and 
preferably  over  20  per  cent,  of  saponi- 
fiable  (animal  or  vegetable)  oil,  may  be 
used  either  straight  or  in  the  form  of 
cutting  emulsions.  They  will  emulsify 
with  water  to  which  the  requisite  amount 
of  alkali  (soda  ash,  borax,  etc.)  has  been 
added. 

Soluble  oils  are  prepared  by  dissolving' 
a  soap  (usually  less  than  20  per  cent.) 
in  a  mixture  of  mineral  oil  (usually  less 
than  70  per  cent.)  and  saponifiable  oil 
(usually  more  than  15  per  cent.).  The 
oils  used  for  making  the  soap  are  either 
animal  or  vegetable  (lard  oil  or  other 
olein  from  animal  fat,  whale  oil,  wool 
grease,  castor  oil,  sulphonated  castor  oil, 
rape  oil,  cottonseed  oil,  resin,  etc.),  and 
are  saponified  with  caustic  soda  or 
potash.  In  some  cases  a  small  percent- 
age of  alcohol  or  ammonia  is  employed 
to  promote  the  formation  of  the  emul- 
sion. Soluble  compounds  are  made  on 
similar  lines,  except  that  they  contain 
10  to  50  per  cent,  of  water  and  are  in  a 
semi-solid  and  semi-emulsified  condition. 
They  are  not  so  easily  mixed  with  water 
as  soluble  oils,  which  therefore  are  usu- 
ally preferred. 

Purposes  of  Use 

Cutting  lubricants  and  cooling  liquids 
are  used  for  the  purposes  of  cooling,  lu- 
bricating, producing  smooth  finish, 
washing  away  chips  and  protecting  the 
finished  product  from  rust  or  corrosion. 

The  importance  of  properly  cooling 
the  oroduct.  particu'arly  under  high- 
speed conditions  and  with  materials  such 
as  aluminum  which  have  a  high  co- 
efficient of  expansion,  lies  in  the  fact 
that  the  material  is  warmed  by  the  heat 
developed  during  machining,  and  con- 
tracts on  cooling,  its  dimensions  then 
differing:  from  the  measurements  taken 
during  machining.  Excessive  heating  of 
the  tool  causes  the  cutting  edge  to  wear 
rapidly;  in  a  tool  of  large  section  the 
heat  is  more  rapidly  conducted  away 
than  in  one  small  section.  Efficient  cool- 
ing of  the  tool  edge  increases  output; 
with  high-speed  steel  the  gain  in  cutting 
speed  on  steel  and  wrought  iron  is  from 
30  to  40  per  cent.,  and  on  cast  iron  from 
16  to  20  per  cent.  Efficient  cooling  of 
the  shavinsrs  on  the  side  not  in  contact 
with  the  tool  is  pai-ticularly  important  in 
tough  material,  helping  to  reduce  the 
friction  produced  by  the  shavings  rub- 
bing against  the  nose  of  the  tool.  Lubri- 
cation is  of  little  importance  where  the 


November  14,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


669 


I 


manufactured  article  is  made  of  brittle 
Jtiaterial,  but  is  very  important  where 
the  metal  is  toujfh  and  is  removed  a^ 
spiral  shavings  which  grind  their  way 
over  the  face  of  the  tool.  The  heavier 
the  cut  the  greater  the  necessity  for  lu- 
bricating the  nose  of  the  tool. 

When  the  requirements  of  cooling  and 
lubrication  are  satisfied  the  finish  will 
be  good.  Cutting  oils  of  great  oiliness 
are  required  for  a  very  smooth  finish, 
and  for  this  purpose  some  engineers  find 
vegetable  oils,  such  as  rape  or  cotton 
seed,  preferable  to  either  mineral  or 
animal  oils.  Dies,  taps,  reamers  and 
form  tools  have  a  longer  lift  when  used 
on  tough  steel  if  a  cutting  oil  is  employ- 
ed in  place  of  an  emulsion  prepared  from 
a  compound  or  soluble  oil.  For  finish 
boring,  rifling,  etc.,  a  mixture  of  1  part 
of  castor  oil  to  3  parts  of  mineral  clean- 
ing oil  (gravity  about  860-890)  has  been 
used  with  good  results;  the  addition  of 
an  equal  volume  of  turpentine  substitute 
(white  spirit)  causes  perfect  solution  to 
take  place  and  is  said  to  be  advantageous 
for  finish  turning  on  guns  and  hard  ma- 
terial. 

The  washing  away  of  chips  is  often 
quite  an  important  function  of  the  cut- 
ting lubricant  or  cooling  liquid,  particu- 
larly in  cases  of  deep  drilling  and  in 
most  milling  operations.  In  boring  deep 
holes,  gun-tubes,  etc.,  a  solution  of  50  lb. 
of  sodium  carbonate  and  25  lb.  of  soft 
soap  in  200  gallons  of  water  has  given 
very  satisfactory  results.  If  the  cutting 
emulsion  is  too  weak  it  will  not  carry 
away  with  it  the  minute  particles  of 
Tnetal  and  scale,  which  may  prove  detri- 
mental to  the  machine  tool. 

Good  cutting  oils  used  straight  wil- 
not  cause  rusting,  but  those  containing 
fixed  (animal  or  vegetable)  oils,  such  as 
lard  oil  with  a  large  percentage  of  free 
fatty  acid,  wil!  give  rise  to  verdigris  on 
hrass.  Vegetable  oils  such  as  rape,  with 
a  small  percentage  of  free  acid,  do  not 
produce  verdigris  unless  they  are  rancid. 
Cutting  emulsions  made  up  from  cutting 
compounds  or  soluble  oils  and  water 
cause  rusting  if  they  are  used  too  weak 
or  if  they  contain  acid.  Water  contain- 
ing sodium  chloride  is  most  destructive 
to  emulsions  and  must  not  be  used,  nor 
must  hard  water  on  account  of  the  pre- 
cipitate caused  by  the  calcium  and  mag- 
nesium salts  in  it.  Emulsions  of  oil  and 
water  are  not  stable  in  the  presence  of 
even  minute  quantities  of  acid;  to  a 
limited  extent  they  can  be  reformed  by 
neutralizing  the  acid  with  ammonia,  but 
excess  of  alkali  may  facilitate  corrosion. 

Factors  in  Selection 

Low  speeds  and  shallow  cuts  require 
little  cooling  and  lubrication.  Low  speeds 
and  heavy  cuts  demand  a  lubricant  of 
great  oiliness,  particularly  if  the  ma- 
terial is  tough.  High  speeds  and  shal- 
low cuts  demand  a  cutting  medium  with 
great  cooling  properties;  hence  emul- 
sions are  favored  and  should  be  used  if 
the  speeds  are  particularly  high.  Tur- 
pentine substitute  is  a  satisfactory  lu- 
bricant for  aluminum,  but  being  inflam- 
mable must  be  used  with  care.  A  mix- 
ture of  paraffin  oil  and  lard  or  other  cut- 
ling  oil  for  high  speed  work  on  aluminum 


is  also  dangerous,  and  has  led  to  several 
fires.  Cutting  emulsions  which  possess 
the  necessary  cooling  properties,  and  die 
not  inflammable,  are  to  be  preferred. 
Cutting  emulsions  are  nearly  always 
used  for  brittle  material,  and  frequently 
for  tough  material  if  the  speeds  are  high 
and  the  cuts  light;  when  the  material  is 
tough  and  the  cut  heavy  it  is  necessary 
to  employ  cutting  lubricants  used 
straight  and  containing  10  to  50  per 
cent,  of  animal  or  vegetable  oils,  or  con- 
sisting entirely  of  such  oils.  Emulsions, 
in  some  cases,  have  been  found  to  form 
a  deposit  on  the  working  parts  of  auto- 
matic screw-cultmg  machines;  this  may 
be  avoided  by  using  straight  oils,  but 
emulsions  should  be  adopted  wherever 
possible,  in  view  of  the  present  scarcity 
of  oil.  The  amount  of  soluble  oil  or 
soluble  compound  used  in  preparing  the 
cutting  emulsion  varies  from  2V4  to  20 
per  cent;  the  richer  mixtures  are  used 
for  severe  conditions,  and  the  weaker  for 
light  duty  or  for  materials  like  brass  and 
aluminum,  where  there  is  no  danger  of 
rusting. 

The  cutting  lubricant  may  be  applied 
by  hand  by  a  drop-feed  system,  or  oy 
some  system  employing  gravity  or  pump- 
irig.  In  large  machine  shops  the  cutting 
oil  is  sometimes  circulated  in  pipes 
throughout  the  works,  returning  through 
other  pipes  to  a  central  tank;  group 
systems  with  central  tanks  are  excellent 
where  one  mixture  is  used  for  all  the 
machines  on  the  circuit.  The  return 
pipes  should  be  large  and  arranged  for 
easy  access  for  cleaning;  isolating  valves 
should  be  employed  to  sectionalize  tne 
system  when  large;  efficient  strainers 
should  be  fitted  on  all  return  pipes  and 
pump  sections,  and  should  be  cleaned 
daily.  Tanks,  as  a  rule,  should  be  clean- 
ed out  every  four  weeks,  and  return 
pipes  every  four  months.  Any  scum 
formed  should  be  skimmed  off  the  tanks 
daily.  It  must  be  remembered  that  tine 
oil  or  emulsion,  in  any  system  in  which 
it  is  circulated  over  and  over  again,  is 
exposed  to  the  admixture  of  dust  and 
dirt  from  the  machine  shop  and  to  the 
oxidizing  influence  of  air.  The  suction 
of  any  pumps  that  are  employed  should 
always  be  covered^  to  prevent  air  from 
being  drawn  in,  since  aeration  of  the  oil 
or  emulsion  has  a  strong  oxidizing  effect 
upon  it. 

Effects  on  Health  ' 
In  the  concluding  part  of  the  memor- 
andum. Dr.  J.  C.  Bridge  deals  with  skin 
diseases  produced  by  lubricants.  He 
describes  oil  rashes  as  being,  generally 
speaking,  of  two  kinds— one  due  to  the 
plugging  of  the  small  glands  at  the  root 
of  the  hairs  on  the  arms  and  legs  of 
workers,  and  the  other  to  mechanical  in- 
jury to  the  skin  produced  by  metallic 
particles  suspended  in  the  cutting  lubri- 
cant. Primarily  the  first  is  purely 
mechanical.  The  plugging  of  the  minute 
openings  of  the  glands  by  the  mixture 
of  oil  and  dirt  sets  up  inflammation 
round  the  hairs,  and  this  may  lead  to 
suppuration  or  abscess  formation.  In- 
.lury  from  suspended  particles  occurs 
chiefly  on  the  hands,  where  two  surfaces 
are  rubbed  together,  e.g.,  the  skin  be- 
tween   the   fingers.     Injury   to   the   skin 


may  also  be  produced  by  wiping  the 
hands  or  arms  with  a  cloth  or  rag  when 
they  are  coated  with  a  film  in  which 
metallic  particles  are  suspended.  Such 
injury  permits  the  entry  of  germs  and 
causes  septic  infection. 

Methods  of  prevention  include  clean- 
ness of  the  workers  of  the  lubricant  and 
of  the  machines.  Washing  accommoda- 
tion must  be  on  a  liberal  scale,  and  hot 
water,  soap,  and  scrubbing  brushes  are 
essential.  Workers  should  be  instructed 
not  to  wipe  their  hands  on  rags  before 
washing  and  to  avoid  washing  their 
hands  in  the  cutting  compounds.  Either 
soap,  which  dissolves  oil,  has  been  found 
useful  in  preventing  inflammation  of  t3ie 
hair  follicles,  and  dusting  the  arms  with 
a  powder  containing  equal  parts  of 
starch  and  zinc  oxide  before  starting 
work  prevents  the  action  of  the  oil  on 
the  skin. 

In  handling  of  the  constituents  of  the 
lubricant  before  blending  care  must  be 
taken  that  they  have  not  undergone 
changes  such  as  the  formation  of  free 
fatty  acid.  Constant  removal  of  metal 
particles  is  necessary;  filtration,  such  as 
is  provided  on  the  machines,  and  centri- 
fugal action  are  insufficient.  When 
straight  oils  are  used  their  viscosity  can 
be  diminished  by  heat  sufficiently  to 
allow  the  particles  to  sink  without  affect- 
ing the  lubricating  value,  and  this  oper- 
ation completely  removes  the  particles. 
Where  this  procedure  is  impossible  con- 
stant change  and  renewal  of  the  lubri- 
cants are  necessary.  Frequent  cleaning 
of  the  machines,  with  removal  of  all  old 
lubricant  from  their  parts,  is  essential. 

Various  antiseptics,  carbolic  acid  (1  to 
2  per  cent.)  being  the  most  common, 
have  been  added  to  the  lubricant  to  pre- 
vent rashes,  and  in  the  case  of  cutting 
emulsions  disinfectants  soluble  in  water 
have  been  used  to  the  extent  of  0.5  per 
cent,  for  the  same  purpose.  The  results, 
however,  have  not  been  altogether  satis- 
factory, and  the  method  cannot  be  relied 
on  to  prevent  skin  rashes.  Heating  the 
cutting  oil  to  300  °  Fahr.  for  a  short 
period,  with  the  object  both  of  sterilizing 
it  and  of  increasing  its  antiseptic  or 
germicidal  action,  has  been  suggested, 
laboratory  experiments  in  America  hav- 
ing shown  that  oil  which  has  been  heated 
by  use  possesses  rather  marked  germi- 
cidal effects.  Apparently  heating  new- 
oil  does  bestow  germicidal  powers  on  it; 
the  actual  temperature  required  has  not 
been  determined  but  is  above  125°  C. 

Workers  whose  hands  have  become  the 
seat  of  septic  infection  should  not  be  al- 
lowed to  work  on  machines  as  they  aie 
liable  to  infect  the  oil  vi-ith  germs  and 
so  infect  others.  As  a  general  rule  fre- 
quent washing  with  soap  and  hot  water 
is  sufficient  to  bring  about  rapid  cure 
of  folliculitis  produced  by  plugging  of 
the  glands.  Subsequently  the  skin  may 
be  dusted  with  zinc  oxide  and  starch 
powder,  and  where  this  has  been  in- 
sufficient a  mild  antiseptic  applied  on 
lint  has  relieved  the  irritation  and  given 
good  results.  Septic  infection  of  the 
skin  due  to  cuts  should  be  treated  on 
general  principles  with  suitable  antisep- 
tic dressings. 


570 


Volume  XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


'SFTTJ.-l 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


NEW  FULFLO  PUMP 

OWING  to  a  demand  from  manu- 
facturers of  small  grinders,  drill 
presses,  milling  machines,  hack 
saws,  etc.,  for  a  smaller  size  "Ful- 
flo"  pump,  the  Fulflo  Pump  Co.,  Blan- 
chester,  O.,  have  developed  the  small 
direct  driven  pump  illustrated  herewith. 
This  pump  is  provided  with  a  %-inch 
intake  and  outlet,  and  has  a  capacity  for 
pumping  up  to  5  gallons  per  minute 
when  compound  or  water  solutions  are 
us«d,  and  3  gallons  per  minute  when 
mineral  lard  or  oils  of  like  viscosity  are 
handled.  Like  all  of  the  "Fulflo"  pump 
designs,  this  type  is  centrifugal  in  ac- 
tion, and  it  may  be  placed  above  the 
level  of  the  liquid,  and  absolutely  retain 
its  prime  under  all  conditions  without 
the  aid  of  valves  or  other  mechanical 
means.  There  is  but  one  internal  work- 
ing part — the  impellor — that  does  not 
depend  upon  any  contact  fits  for  pump- 
ing efficiency;  consequently  it  is  not  af- 
fected by  grit,  chips  or  other  abrasive 
matter  that  is  always  present  in  the 
liquid  being  pumped.  The  pressure  is 
not  cumulative  and  therefore  no  relief 
valve  or  overflow  piping  is  required, 
since  the  flow  is  entirely  controlled  by 
a  stop  cock  at  the  outlet  of  the  piping, 
which  may  be  opened  or  closed  at  will. 
The  pump  may  be  permitted  to  run  in- 
definitely with  the  stop  cock  closed 
without  damaging  either  pump  or  pip- 
ing. 

There  being  no  passages  in  the  pump 
interior  smaller  than  the  intake  and  out- 
let obviates  all  possibility  of  clogging, 
and  anything  that  can  be  sucked  in  will 
pass  through  without  damage.  Bear- 
ings do  not  come  in  contact  with  the 
liquid  pumped,  and  are  oiled  through 
lubricators  that  are  supplied  with 
pump.  The  shaft  of  the  pump  is  hard- 
ened and  ground,  made  of  cold  rolled 
steel,  all  other  parts  except  bearings 
which  are  bronze,  are  of  cast  iron. 
Pumps  can  be  furnished  of  brass  or 
bronze.  The  packing  is  of  flexible  me- 
tallic type,  not  affected  by  any  liquid 
either  hot  or  cold. 

The  pad  for  mounting  is  located  at 
the  bottom  of  the  pump,  but  when  it  is 
desirable,  an  angle  bracket  is  furnished 
on  which  the  pad  can  be  bolted;  this  al- 
lows the  mounting  to  be  made  at  either 
the  back  or  the  front  of  the  pump  as 
may  be   desired. 


The  over  all  dimensions  are  7%  in.  x 
5  in.  The  pump  has  a  greater  capacity 
by  50  per  cent,  than  any  other  type  of 
pump  manufactured  for  machine  tool 
use  of  equal  size.  The  driving  pulley  is 
1V»  in.  in  diameter;  1  in.  or  1^  in.  single 
belt  is  used.  The  pump  is  built  to  stand 
speeds  up  to  3,500  r.p.m.  Weight,  com- 
plete, about  9>^  lbs. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  capacity  and 
flexibility  of  this  little  pump,  at  2,100 
r.p.m.  with  a  12  in.  suction  and  a  4  ft. 
head  lift  the  flow  will  be  3%  gallons  per 
minute.  With  the  same  suction  and  the 
same  head  lift  at  2,600  r.p.m.  the  flow 
will  be  5  gallons  per  minute.  With  a 
30  inch  suction  and  a  10  ft.  head  lift,  at 
speed  of  3,000  r.p.m.,  the  flow  will  be 
5  gallons  per  minute.     With  a  30  inch 


NEW    FULFLO    PUMP 

suction  and  an  18  ft.  head  lift,  at  speed 
of  3,500  r.p.m.,  the  flow  will  be  3%  gal- 
lons per  minute.  It  will  thus  be  seen 
that  this  pump  is  capable  of  supplying 
any  machine  tool  that  does  not  require 
more  than  5  gallons  per  minute  of  liquid 
and  will  meet  any  possible  condition  that 
may  be  demanded  at  any  machine  shop. 


SHELL  LATHES 

The  Amalgamated  Machinery  Corp- 
oration, Chicago,  now  has  nearing  com- 
pletion the  first  of  168  large  lathes  for 
turning  and  boring  shells  in  the  Neville 
Island,  Pittsburgh,  ordnance  plant 
which  the  United  States  Steel  Corpora- 
tion is  building  for  the  Government. 

The  turning  lathe  is  29  ft.  9  in.  in 
length  over  all;  5  ft.,  3  in.  in  width,  has 
a  swing  of  39  in.,  and  at  the  headstock 
end  is  6  ft.,  8  in.  in  height.     The  total 


weight  is  approximately  65,000  lb.  The 
new  machines  embrace  several  novel 
features  apart  from  their  massiveness. 
The  spindle  has  a  double  drive;  there 
are  unusual  and  convenient  means  of 
control;  the  feed  screw  is  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  bed,  instead  of  outside  and 
through  the  apron  of  a  carriage;  there 
is  a  specially-designed  method  of  turn- 
ing the  curved  portion  of  the  shell,  be- 
sides other  features,  as  will  be  de- 
scribed. 

The  bed  and  headstock  are  cast  in  one 
piece.  The  machine  is  belt-driven  by  a 
12  X  16-in.  pulley  on  the  first  driving 
shaft,  the  pulley  being  equipped  with  a 
friction  clutch,  thus  obviating  any  over- 
head countershaft  with  tight  and  loose 
pulleys,  or  other  overhead  contrivances 
for  starting  and  stopping  the  machine. 
The  speed  reduction  gears  are  contained 
in  the  headstock,  four  gear  shifts  giv- 
ing four  spindle  speeds  with  a  constant 
speed  of  the  first  driving  shaft.  The 
gear  ratios  are  27.3,  31.3,  36.1  and  42 
to  1. 

The  driving  gear  changes  have  been 
so  proportioned  that  when  the  work  is 
changed  from  shells  of  one  size  to  an- 
other the  cutting  speed  may  remain  un- 
changed. The  feed  change  gears  are 
easily  accessible  through  a  door  at  the 
end  of  the  headstock.  The  faceplate 
itself  is  a  gear,  while  also  on  the  spin- 
dle, back  of  the  front  bearing,  is  an- 
other gear,  the  teeth  of  the  two  being 
staggered,  thus  distributing  the  applica- 
tion of  power  and  averting  a  tendency 
in  the  spindle  main  bearing  to  wear  bell- 
mouthed. 

Because  of  the  contour  which  must  be 
given  the  shell,  both  cross  slides  are 
fitted  with  forming  attachments  that 
are  fastened  to  the  carriage  at  the  back. 
The  one  which  enables  one  tool  to  form 
the  flare  is  a  simple  arm  connected  with 
a  block  which  slides  in  a  slot  that  in- 
clines toward  the  axis  of  the  shell  and 
in  the  direction  of  the  live  center.  More 
complicated,  though  still  simple,  is  the 
arrangement  for  compelling  the  other 
tool  to  follow  the  proper  curve  to  be 
imparted  to  the  nose  of  the  shell,  this 
end  being  toward  the  dead  center  of 
the  lathe.  In  this  case,  two  arms  radi- 
ate from  a  point  on  the  slide  to  which 
they  are  firmly  attached,  forming  a  tri- 
angle,  the   two   back   corners   of   which. 


November  14,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


571 


are  attached  to  blocks  that  slide  in  a 
cam  slot  having  its  outline  curved  to 
correspond  with  the  curve  of  the  shell. 
The  result  is  that  the  tool  moves  with 
a  motion  similar  to  that  which  it  would 
take  if  it  were  pivoted  on  an  arm  sev- 
eral feet  long,  the  tool  and  holder  being 
at  all  times  at  right  angles  to  the  work, 
a  phase  of  the  arrangement  which  is 
considered  most  important  as  it  obviates 
any  tendency  of  the  tool  to  mount  the 
curve  in  steps  and  causes  the  proper 
cutting  edge  to  be  presented  to  the  work 
at  all  times.  The  cutting  edge  does  not 
change  as  it  would  if  the  tool  were  at 
right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  shell. 

The  carriage  consists  in  part  of  what 
is  termed  a  master  carriage,  this  being 
in  reality  the  base  and  the  part  that 
rests  on  the  ways  and  that  carries  the 
nut  through,  which  motion  is  imparted 
by  the  feed  screw.  The  upper  part  of 
the  carriage,  including  the  cross  slides 
and  the  apparatus  for  giving  the  proper 
contour  to  the  shells,  is  easily  changed 
for  each  size  of  shells. 

The  tailstock  is  of  heavy  design  cor- 
responding to  the  other  parts  of  the 
lathe,  and  is  held  secure  to  the  bed  by 
eight  1%-in.  bolts.  The  spindles,  both 
live  and  dead,  are  7  15-16  in.  in  diame- 
ter. 


SHELL    BORING    LATHE 

The  boring  lathe  differs  from  the 
turning  machine  in  that  the  carriage 
and  tailstock  are  eliminated  and  re- 
placed with  the  necessary  equipment 
for  holding  and  operating  a  boring  bar, 
the  end  of  which  is  bored  to  take  a 
taper  shank  attached  to  a  boring  head 
carrying  the  cutters.  The  boring  bar  is 
7  15-16  in.  in  diameter,  and  11  ft.,  6  m. 
long.  It  is  supported  by  a  rest  in  which 
it  slides,  and  by  a  carriage  in  which  it 
is  clamped  and  keyed.  The  rest  is  fit- 
ted with  a  bushing  and  is  moved  by 
power,  having  a  half  nut  which  meshes 
with  the  feed  screw  beneath,  and  is 
made  to  move  by  lifting  a  lever. 

An  important  feature  of  the  boring- 
bar  carriage  is  an  arrangement  where- 
by the  movement  of  the  carriage  and 
consequently  the  feed  of  the  bar  can  be 
retarded  or  accelerated  by  turning  a 
hand-wheel  on  the  rest,  thus  virtually 
giving  the  bar  the  advantage  of  hand 
feed  when  it  is  desired.  The  handwheel 
being  on  the  rest  makes  it  conveniently 
located,  along  with  the  other  controls, 
for  the  operator.  The  main  points  of 
design  which  enable  the  boring  bar  to 
be  controlled  by  hand,  are  as  follows: 

The  carriage  is  driven  by  a  nut  on  the 
feed  screw,  the  nut  being  supported  in  a 
bearing  in  which  it  can  revolve.     At  one 


end  of  the  nut  is  a  worm  gear  meshing 
with  a  worm,  the  latter  being  turned  one 
way  or  the  other  at  will  by  the  operator 
manipulating  the  handwheel.  He  can 
thus  nullify  the  movement  of  the  feed 
screw,  reduce  the  movement  imparted 
by  the  screw  or  make  the  carriage  move 
faster.  Left  alone,  the  nut  and  car- 
riage move  at  the  uniform  speed  im- 
parted by  the  feed  screw. 

Another  feature  of  the  carriage  is  the 
manner  in  which  its  tendency  to  tilt  up- 
ward in  front  from  the  pressure  of  the 
boring  bar  is  overcome.  Ordinary  pro- 
cedure would  be  to  gib  the  base  of  the 
carriage  under  the  ways,  in  which  case 
the  strain  would  be  on  the  bolts  holding 
the  gibs  to  the  carriage  castin' 
avoid  this,  the  carriage  is  cast  with  a 
hook-like  bearing  surface  on  the  under 
side  of  the  ways,  and  the  gibs  proper 
are  placed  on  the  top  of  the  ways  with 
suitable  screws  for  adjustment.  At  the 
rear  end  of  the  carriage,  gibs  are  used 
in   the   customary   manner. 


Shelbume,  N.S. — The  schooner,  "Jean 
MacKay"  was  successfully  launched  last 
week.  She  is  owned  by  Patten  and 
Forsey,  Newfoundland.  Rigging  is  pro- 
ceeding. 


SHELL   TURNING    LATHE 


572 


Volume  XX. 


The  Courage  of  the  Rail  Splitter  Needed  Now 

Canada's  Industrial  Future  Now  in  the  Melting  Pot— A  Better 
Labor  Market  Than  Before  the  War  Industries  Came— What  the 
Manufacturei"s  Expect  of  the  Government  in  Way  of  Co-operation 


THE  coming  of  peace  was  not  a  surprise  to  Canadian 
manufacturers.  They  had  known  for  a  long  time 
that  it  was  on  the  way.  They  had  figured  out  in 
m  good  many  cases  what  they  would  do  when  the  glorious 
day  of  peace  did  arrive.  But  its  coming  '.las  caused  a 
little  jerk  just  the  same. 

Right  now  is  the  time  for  the  Canadian  manufacturer 
to  show  his  common  sense.  If  he  has  been  in  war  work 
Tie  has  been  able  to  run  his  plant  on  munitions  contracts 
while  others  went  to  the  front  and  took  their  lives  in 
their  hands. 

His  business  has  not  been  confiscated.  His  home  has 
not  been  invaded  nor  have  the  members  of  his  family  been 
maltreated  by  invaders.  He  has  not  gone  hungry,  nor 
has  he  stood  day  after  day  in  the  stench  and  stink  of  a 
trench.  The  chances  are  that  his  plant  is  in  better  con- 
<iition  than  it  was  before  the  war  contracts  came.  The 
making  of  shells  was  simply  a  temporary  piece  of  business, 
and  he  knew  it  before  he  ever  went  into  it. 

Apart  from  all  that,  there  is  the  fact  that  the  future 
must  be  faced  right  away,  and  it  must  be  faced  fearlessly 
«nd  cheerfully.  The  present  is  no  time  for  blue-ruin 
blatherskites  to  be  turned  loose  in  the  land.  It  is  above 
all  else  a  time  for  quiet  and  serious  consideration,  for 
real  assistance  on  the  part  of  the  government,  and  for 
courage  and  confidence  on  the  part  of  the  manufacturers 
themselves. 

Has  Opened  Canada's   Eyes 

Canada  has  had  a  good  chance  to  get  her  eyes  open 
during  the  period  of  munitions  making.  This  country 
has  found  out  that  it  can  compete  with  the  world.  It  has 
made  shells  and  fuses,  its  mechanics  have  worked  to 
finer  dimensions  than  they  ever  thought  possible,  and 
unskilled  men  are  able  to  value  the  thousandth  part  of 
an  inch. 

Canada  has  developed  her  industrial  nerve  to  a  greater 
extent  than  ever  before.  There  is  no  reason  why,  having 
learned  quickly  the  making  of  shells  and  their  parts,  she 
cannot  turn  to  lines  that  were  never  known  to  mechanics 
here,  and  which,  in  years  gone  by,  we  have  simply  passed 
along  to  other  countries  because  we  have  taken  it  for 
xranted  that  their  enormous  equipment  and  their  out- 
standing industrial  prestige  have  entitled  them  to  the 
trade  without  a  struggle  on  our  part. 

The  Spirit  of   Lincoln 

Right  now  we  need  the  spirit  of  Lincoln  when  it  came 
tc  dealing  with  the  steel  monitor. 

Early  in  the  war  of  the  secession,  Ericsson,  a  Swede 
in  New  York,  invented  a  monitor  and  needed  a  govern- 
ment appropriation  to  build  it.  G.  B.  Fox,  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  said  the  heavy  armor  would  sink 
such  vessels.  "But,"  answered  President  Lincoln,  "is  not 
that  a  sum  in  arithmetic?  On  our  Western  rivers  we 
figure  just  how  many  tons  will  sink  a  flat-boat.  Can't 
your  clerks  do  the  same  for  an  armored  vessel?" 

But  that  was  too  absurd.  Why  was  it  necessary  when 
all  rule-of-thumb  experience  was  against  such  an  idea — 
for  there  are  mle-of-thumb  scientists  as  well  as  business 
men? 

Congress  passed  a  special  appropriation  for  the  pur- 
pose, but  the  naval  board,  consisting  of  a  commodore  and 
an  admiral,  condemned  the  monitor.  Ericsson  went  to 
Washington  and  argued  the  question  in  the  President's 
presence  with  this  board  of  naval  officers.  Again  the 
board  ruled  adversely.  Lincoln  overruled  the  board  and 
told  Ericsson  to  go  ahead.    The  result  was  the  "Monitor," 


and  the  subsequent  triumph  over  the  "Merrimae."  The 
principle  of  the  armored  vessel  was  practically  established. 
That  was  an  instance  in  which  the  common  sense  of  the 
rail-splitter,  with  the  memory  of  his  work  on  a  Western 
river,  overruled  the  rule-of-thumb  "experts,"  who  obeyed 
only  the  law  of  precedent,  but  had  neither  common  sense 
nor  open-mindedness  towards  innovation,  as  a  part  of  their 
science.  Lincoln's  common  sense  could  see  no  essential 
difference  between  the  boats  on  the  sea  and  the  boats 
on   the   river. 

Canada  needs  to  develop  a  splendid  disregard  for  the 
shiver  that  says,  "Can't  do  it."  It  can  be  done.  It  doesn't 
make  any  difference  whether  it's  been  made  here  before 
or  not.  Neither  shells  nor  fuses  were  made  here  before, 
and  the  operations  on  each  are  of  very  close  dimensions. 
Canadian  manufacturers  doubted  their  own  ability  and  the 
ability  of  their  mechanics  to  make  shells  and  fuses.  Can- 
adian manufacturers  and  Canadian  mechanics  have  demon- 
strated beyond  a  doubt  that  they  can  make  shells  and 
fuses. 

What  Manufacturers  Want 

A  deputation  of  Canadian  manufacturers  went  to 
Ottawa  recently  and  submitted  the  following  outline  on 
"reconstruction": 

"The  most  pressing  problem  at  the  close  of  the  war  will 
be   to   find  employment  for  all  available   labor. 

"The  manufacturing  industry  will  be  more  seriously  af- 
fected than  any  other,  and  it  is  certain  that  unless  the  gov- 
ernment takes  immediate  steps  to  assist  the  manufacturers  to 
increase  the  demands  for  their  products  they  cannot  cope  with 
the   situation. 

"Therefore,  we  would  ask  the  government  to  seriously  con- 
sider the  following  suggestions:  — 

"1.  That  the  plan  for  building  up  an  export  trade  to  be 
submitted  to  the  Reconstruction  and  Development  Committee 
of  the  Cabinet  by  the  export  committee  of  the  C.M.A.  be 
adopted. 

"2.  That  a  commission  be  appointed  to  take  a  survey  of 
imports  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  what  part  of  such  imports 
could  be  made  to  better  advantage  in  Canada. 

"3.  The  government  publicity  department  should  be  in- 
structed to  start  immediately  a  nation-wide  campaign  to  edu- 
cate the  people  on  the  importance  of  buying  Canadian  pro- 
ducts, and  we  respectfully  suggest  that  the  policy  herein  advo- 
cated be  adopted  by  the  government  as  a  fixed  and  permanent 
practice  for  the  conduct  of  government  departments. 

"4.  Tnat  the  Dominion  Government,  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ments and  municipalities  be  prepared  to  start  immediately 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  all  necessary  construction   work. 

"5.  That  immediate  steps  be  taken  to  ascertain  what  use 
can  be  made,  after  the  war,  of  plants  employed  during  the 
war  for  the  production  of  munitions  and  war  supplies. 

"6.  That  it  would  be  in  the  national  interests  if,  as  far  as  • 
practicable,  our  soldiers  were  returned  to  the  provinces  from 
which  they  came  and  that  in  determining  the  order  in  which 
soldiers  will  be  returned  the  military  authorities  be  requested 
to  govern  themselves  in  conformity  with  information  to  be 
periodically  supplied  them  by  the  government  employment 
bureaus  as  is  hereinafter  described. 

"7.  That  government  employment  bureaus  be  started  imme- 
diately and  that  one  of  the  principal  duties  to  be  assigned 
them  be  that  of  surveying  the  labor  market  with  a  view  to 
furnishing  the  military  authorities  with  monthly  reports  show- 
ing both  by  location  and  occupations  the  number  of  men  for 
whom  immediate  employment  can  be  found. 

"8.  That  a  practical  land  settlement  plan  be  worked  out  at 
once   and   in   connection   with   same   the   publicity   department 


November  14,  1918 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


57S 


should  start  a  campaign  to  educate  our  soldiers  in  the  advan- 
tages of  farming. 

"An  interesting  series  of-  booklets  should  be  supplied  to 
our  soldiers  while  they  are  still  at  war  particularly  designed 
to  show  that  community  farm  life  can  be  made  not  only  profit- 
able but  socially  attractive  in  the  older  as  well  as  in  the  new 
provinces. 

"9.  The  publicity  department  of  the  government  should 
start  at  once  an  'optimism  after  the  war'  campaign,  and  in  this 
they  should  ask  the  press  of  the  country  to  co-operate. 

"The  country  is  drifting  into  a  pessimistic  frame  of  mind 
as  regards  'after  the  war'  conditions;  this  might  easily  bring 
about  far-reaching  depression  unless  it  is  quickly  checked. 

."10.  When  the  time  comes  for  demobilization  the  Militia 
Department  and  the  government  employment  bureaus  should 
co-operate  in  order  that  the  lapse  of  time  between  discharge 
and  employment  be  as  short  as  possible.  Congenial  work  is 
not  only  an  antidote  for  discontent  but  it  will  be  a  pleasant 
relief  for  the  soldiers  after  the  ordeals  of  war. 

"11.  Having  regard  to  the  important  part  which  research 
must  necessarily  play  in  Canada's  industrial  reconstruction 
the  appropriation  for  that  purpose  should  be  increased  to  not 
less  than  one  million  dollars  annually,  and  that  the  adminis- 
tration should  be  entrusted  to  a  board  of  business  men. 

"12.  That  the  government  in  shaping  its  policy  with  regard 
to  the  problems  of  standardization  and  the  cost  of  living 
should  follow  the  practice  that  has  grown  up  at  Washington 
of  calling  the  manufacturers  and  the  representatives  of  their 
employees  into  consultation;  that  price  arrangements  rather 
than  governmental  fixed  prices  be  made  the  governing  prin- 
ciple so  long  as  such  agreements  can  be  arrived  at  that  will 
accord  with  t.ie  government's  own  sense  of  what  is  right  and 
fair. 

"13.  The  Dominion  Government  should  contribute  to  the 
Provincial  Governments  for  the  development  of  vocational 
training. 

"14.  The  Dominion  Government  should  take  some  action 
towards  developing  water  powers  now  going  to  waste. 

"The  government  may  rely  upon  the  manufacturers  col- 
lectively and  individually  to  do  their  utmost  to  provide  em- 
ployment and  to  show  proper  consideration  for  all  those  who 
may  be  handicapped  by  participation  in  the  war,  but  if  the 
government  will  co-operate  along  the  lines  suggested  above 
the  manufacturers  will  be  in  a  position  to  render  muc.i 
greater  service  than  would  be  possible  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions." 

Expect  Trade   To  Develop 

The  agricultural  implement  trade  should  be  in  for  a 
period  of  expansion  and  development.  That  seems  to  be 
the  consensus  of  men  close  to  the  trade  with  whom 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY  has  discussed  the  matter. 
But  they  also  point  out  that  much  depends  on  the  en- 
couragement and  assistance  they  receive  from  the  govern- 
ment. The  government  can  play  the  game  of  business 
or  it  can  play  the  game  of  politics.  The  breach  between 
Western  Canada's  agriculturists  and  the  manufacturing 
interests  of  the  Dominion  has  not  been  bridged,  and  it  is 
just  possible  that,  unless  wise  counsels  prevail,  scheming 
politicians  may  see  the  advantage  to  further  selfish  politi- 
cal interests  by  driving  this  wedge  deeper  and  pitting  the 
Westerner    against    the    manufacturer. 

There  should  be  a  better  labor  market  than  ever. 
Mechanics  will  not  agree  that  experience  on  a  one- 
operation  machine  makes  a  mechanic  out  of  a  laborer. 
It's  not  worth  while  to  argue  the  point,  because  the 
mechanic's  contention  is  right.  At  the  same  time  there 
are  thousands  of  men,  and  women  too,  who  have  had 
several  years'  hard  experience  at  doing  things  exactly 
right  in  the  production  of  shells.  This  experience  will 
be  of  unusual  help  when  they  come  to  work  at  peace- 
time lines. 


Canada's  position  is  strong.  She  has  a  host  of  people 
holding  her  bonds.  Interest  charges,  large  though  they 
may  be,  will  be  paid  largely  in  such  a  way  that  the  money 
will  remain  in  the  country.  She  has  resources  capable 
of  enormous  devalopment,  and  she  has  a  place  in  the 
eyes  and  heart  of  the  world  that  will  stand  behind  every 
move  she  may  make  in  industrial  development. 

For  the  present  the  big  task  is  to  be  brave,  hopeful, 
and  big  enough  to  meet  the  new  situations  that  will  arise 
in  the  very  near  future.  These  problems  can  be  turned 
into  stepping-stones  to  bigger  and  greater  things,  or  they 
can  turn  themselves,  through  pessimism  and  indifference, 
into  millstones  that  will  put  industrial  Canada  in  a  position 
of  near  bankruptcy  and  misery. 

It's  up  to  you.  See  to  it,  no  matter  what  your  calling 
or  capacity  may  be,  that  you  meet  every  situation  with  a 
firm  resolve  to  conquer  it,  and  that  you  regard  every 
occasion  as  a  great  opportunity.  Do  this  and  the  future 
has  a  wonderful  development  in  store  for  us. 


THE  VISION  OF  AN  OLD  HAT 

(Copy  from  New  York  Times) 

Ninety-seven  million  rosy  and  comfortable  people 
in  this  country  pick  out  three  million  men  and  say  to 
the  three  million  men  they  have  picked  out:  "You  go 
into  the  jaws  of  death  for  us!" 

Then  what   do  the   ninety-yevcn   millions  do? 

God  help  us  if  there  is  a  man  or  woman  left  before 
this  week  is  over  who  is  not  acting  or  trying  to  act 
as  if  he  or  she  were  the  whole  ninety-seven  million! 

When  a  man  cries  out  to  me  three  thousand  miles 
away:  "Oh  brother,  won't  you  lend  me  fifty  dollars  to 
die  for  you  with!  "What  can  I  do?" 

I  know  one  thing. 

I  am  not  going  to  be  caught  by  my  God  higgling 
on  the  edge  of  his'  grave  with  him — with  the  man  who 
is  dying  for  me — as  to  whether  I  will  have  to  run  a 
little  risk  or  not,  or  go  without  a  servant  or  not,  or 
wear  my  old  hat ! 

What  has  risk  to  do  with  it? 

The  more  risk  goes  with  a  bond  the  more  decent  a 
bond  feels  I  My  brother  says  to  me:  "I  give  my  life 
for  you!"  I  say  to  him:  "Here  is  another  inch  I 
.smoke  on  my  cigars  for  you!" 

Every  man  speaks  for  himself,  but  as  for  me — 
when  I  think  of  him — of  the  man  who,  without 
knowing  it's  a  crosf,  has  died  for  me — when  I  think 
of  Him  I  wear  my  old  hat  through  crowds  while  the 
tears  roll  down  my  cheeks. 

How  strangely  the  world  is  lighted  up  as  I  see  the 
soldiers  troop  down  the  streets. 

I  think  of  nine  hundred  thousand  dead  English 
boys. 

I  think  as  our  boys'  faces  pass  of  the  nine  hun- 
dred thousand  dead  English  boys. 

How  the  nine  hundred  thousand  dead  English 
boys  light  our  boys'  faces  up! 

I  stand  on  the  curbstone  and  watch  our  boys. 

Down  the  street  their  faces  go,  and  out  to  sea, 
silent,  unmentioned,  unknown,  while  the  bands  play 
— each  with  his  shadowy  cross  on  his  shoulder! 

Hundreds  of  thousands.  Then  more  hundreds  of 
thousands! 

Hundreds  of  thousands  of  soldier  boys  bring  back 
to  me  my  God! 

The  Cross  is  no  longer  crowded  off  on  to  a  lonely 
hill  in  Galilee  two  thousand  years  away. 

I  walk  as  in  a  dream  past  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  crosses  down  the  street! 

I  have  seen  two  thousand  boys  with  crosses  follow 
Christ  up  Calvary 

That  we  may  have  a  world  children  can  say  their 
prayers  in! 

AN   OLD   HAT   SEEMS   LITTLE   ENOUGH 
"GO!   GO!   NO  LEFT  TURNING" 


574 


Volume  XX. 


New  Grey  Iron  Foundry  of  Darling  Bros. 


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THE  steady  increase  in  the  business 
of  Darling  Bros.,  of  Montreal,  has 
required  considerably  more  factory 
space  during  the  past  few  years.  While 
much  of  this  has  been  the  result  of 
munition  work  the  greater  portion  of 
the  increased  activity  has  resulted  from 
the  enlarged  volume  of  orders  for 
general  contract  work.  The  most  recent 
expansion  is  in  the  foundry  business,  this 
development  being  virtually  forced  upon 
them  by  the  existing  situation  created  by 
the  contingent  difficulties  in  obtaining 
the  necessary  castings  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  their  product.  The  inability  of 
many  foundries  throughout  the  country 
to  secure  sufficient  raw  materials  for 
their  usual  operations,  created  a  situa- 
tion where  many  essential  industries — 
dependent  upon  outside  sources  for 
fundamental  material — were  brought  to 
the  point  of  establishing  for  themselves 
a  source  of  supply  upon  which  they  could 
rely. 

The  new  foundry  of  Darling  Bros,  had 
been  under  consideration  for  some  time 
but  was  necessarily  hastened  by  abnorm- 
al conditions  arising  out  of  the  war.  To 
meet  the  pressing  demands  for  greater 
output  the  decision  to  construct  the 
foundry  was  shortly  followed  by  active 
operations,  and  work  on  the  foundations 
was  started  early  in  the  spring,  and  early 
in  October  the  first  cast  was  successfully 
made.  The  foundry  building,  which  con- 
sists of  the  new  addition  and  a  small 
portion  of  the  old  structure  which  houses 
some  of  the  auxiliary  equipment,  covers 
an  approximate  area  of  18,000  square 
feet.  The  main  portion  is  of  the  lantern 
type  which  provides  abundant  lighting 
to  all  sections  of  the  floor  and  gallery, 
where  the  charging  floor  is  located.  The 
cupola  now  installed  is  of  the  10-ton  con- 
tinuous type,  and  provision  has  been 
made  for  an  additional  unit  of  similar 
capacity.  The  blast  for  the  cupola  is 
supplied  by  a  No.  4  Roots  blower,  with 
a  capacity  of  4,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per 


minute;  this  unit  is  operated  from  the 
line  shaft. 

Two  ladles,  one  of  2  ton  and  one  of  1 
ton  capacity,  made  by  the  Whiting 
Equipment  Co.  are  provided,  each  of 
these  being  fitted  with  improved  pin 
spur  gear  opening  arrangement.  The 
core  ovens  are  built  of  brick  and  are 
equipped  with  the  necessary  shelves  in 
addition  to  the  portable  car.  Balanced 
lifting  doors  are  also  provided.  The 
smaller  oven  was  installed  by  C.  J. 
Woodison  Co.  of  Detroit,  and  is  of  the 
stationary  type,  set  in  brick.  The  cores 
are  placed  on  swinging  shelves,  which 
operate  independently  of  each  other,  al- 
lowing of  the  removal  of  the  cores  with- 
out hindering  the  baking  process  of  the 
other  shelves. 

The  central  portion  of  the  floor,  where 
the  heavy  work  will  be  done,  is  provided 
with  a  4-ton  electric  traveling  crane, 
operated  and  controlled  from  the  floor 
level. 

The  fettling  shop  is  amply  provided 
for  the  cleaning  and  dressing  of  the 
castings  before  the  same  are  transferred 
to  the  machine  shop.    The  large  Whiting 


tumbler  is  of  the  steel  plate  barrel 
variety  driven  off  the  line  shaft.  Emery 
wheel  and  air  hammers  are  also  provided. 
A  power-driven  elevator  with  a  platform 
5  ft.  6  in.  by  8  ft.,  and  with  a  capacity 
of  3,000  pounds,  has  been  installed  for 
supplying  the  charging  floor. 

The  building  is  heated  by  the  Webster 
vacuum  system  of  steam  heating,  steam 
being  delivered  through  a  reducing  valve 
from  a  40  horse  power  return  tubular 
boiler.  The  contVinsation  is  returned  by 
means  of  a  5  x  6  x  10  vacuum  pump, 
discharging  to  a  receiver,  from  when  it 
is  returned  to  the  boiler  by  a  5  x  3  x  6 
boiler  feed  pump  in  the  usual  way.  There 
is  installed  2,000  square  feet  of  direct 
radiation  divided  into  14  units  capable 
of  maintaining  a  temperature  of  60'" 
during  the  most  severe  weather. 

Adjoining  the  foundry  and  in  a  section 
of  the  old  structure  is  the  pattern  mak- 
ing department.  This  space  has  been 
enlarged  and  equipped  with  the  latest 
type  of  modern  wood-working  machinery. 
This  department  which  was  formerly  lo- 
cated in  the  main  building  across  the 
street,  is  in  charge  of  a  competent  super- 


POURING:    DARLING    BROS.'    FOUNDRY 


Xovember  14,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


575 


CROSS  SECTION  THROUGH  FOUNDRY 


visor  of  long  experience  and  a  staff  of 
efficient  pattern  makers. 

The  primary  object  of  the  recent  de- 
velopment was  for  the  purpose  of  supply- 
ing the  need  of  their  own  business,  but 
it  is  expected  that  general  contract  work 
will  also  be  a  feature  of  this  new  activity. 

T.  Pringle  and  Son,  architects  and 
engineers,  were  the  designers  and  erec- 
tors of  the  building  and  the  finished 
structure  exemplifies  the  latest  and  most 
efficient  practice  in  foundry  installation 
and  operation. 


It  is  stated  that  during  a  recent  French 
offensive  the  consumption  of  petrol  for 
the  army  and  air  service  was  at  the  rate 
of  1,800  tons  per  day,  which  represents 
3  daily  consumption  of  approximately 
500,000  gallons  of  petrol. 


SUCCESSFUL  WITH  A  "VOLUNTEER 

PLAN"  AT  THE  BOWSER  TANK 

AND    PUMP    WORKS 

FORT  WAYNE,  INDIANA 

THE  Fourth  Liberty  Loan  Cam- 
paign at  the  Bowser  plant  was 
conducted  strictly  according  to 
a  "Volunteer  Plan."  The  Allen  County, 
Indiana,  organization  put  on  a  "volun- 
tary campaign"  and  the  factories  were 
asked  to  join  in  the  spirit  of  the  under- 
taking. 

In  previous  campaigns  a  soliciting 
squad  was  organized  w-hich  enlisted  the 
services  of  practically  175  workers.  The 
head  of  each  department  was  designated 
as  captain,  and  he  would  appoint  as 
many  lieutenants  as  necessary  to  get  the 
subscriptions  in  his  department. 

This    "Volunteer"    campaign    made    it 


unnecessary  for  all  of  these  workers  to 
solicit  the  S'Ubscriptions.  Everyone  was 
urged  to  buy  as  many  bonds  as  they 
could  possibly  afford,  without  being  per- 
sonally called  upon  to  do  so. 

In  consequence  of  the  request,  the  old 
Bowser  team  organization  which  have 
operated  in  the  past  were  not  in  exist- 
ence. Three  booths  were  set  up  in  the 
plant  where  subscriptions  were  received. 
There  was  no  soliciting — there  was  no 
urging — but  every  man  and  woman  was 
permitted  to  work  out  the  problem  with 
his  or  her  ovm  conscience,  and  be  the 
sole  judge. 

When  the  voluntary  campaign  closed 
Tuesday  night,  October  first,  the  results 
were  counted  up  and  it  was  found  that 
the  conscience  of  the  Bowser  employees 
had  been  seriously  at  work  without  a 
single  prompting  from  the  old-time  team 
organization.  The  employees  had  sub- 
scribed of  their  own  free-will  a  larger 
amount,  number  of  people  considered, 
than  was  subscribed  in  the  Third  Liberty 
Loan  campaign.  The  fact  attests  to  the 
soundness  of  the  voluntary  subscription 
plan  of  a  conscience  campaign  and  at 
the  same  time  speaks  well  for  the  state 
of  health  of  the  Bowser  Conscience. 

Fourteen  hundred  and  ninety-five  sub- 
scriptions were  contributed  to  the 
Fourth  Liberty  Loan.  No  branch  ofBce 
nor  salesmen's  subscriptions  were  in- 
cluded in  this.  The  firm  deemed  it  ad- 
visable for  branch  office  employees  and 
salesmen  to  subscribe  locally.  The  con- 
tributions were  therefore  solely  from 
the  home  office  and  factory  forces. 


i\V    OF   DARLING   BROS.'    FOUNDRY,   MONTREAL. 


576 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The   MacLean    Publishing   Company 

UMITED 

(ESTABUSHBD  IMS) 

JOHN  BAYNK  MAOLKAH.  Pr«id«nt      H.  T.  HUNTKR.  Vkie-PrMident 

H.  V.  TYBRELL.   General  MkDMTcr 

PUBLISHERS  OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5*>^ 

k  wMkl7  Journal  devoted  to  tb«  maehinery  and  manufaetarinc  interest*. 
B.  G.  NKWTON.  Manaaer.  A.  B.  KENNEDY.  Man.  Editor. 

Aaaoeiate  Sditora: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNBB      J.  H.  RODGEaiS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.    1481BS    Unlveraity    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


NOVEMBER  14 


No.  20 


After  War  Orders— What? 

A  PERUSAL  of  the  armistice  terms  imposed  on  Ger- 
many make  it  quite  certain  that  the  German  war 
machine  has  been  smashed  and  crushed  for  keeps.  The 
Allied  nations,  having  been  driven  to  war,  resolved  that 
they  would  make  an  end  to  it,  and  they  have. 

It  almost  looks  like  taking  away  a  man's  clothes 
and  not  extending  the  courtesy  of  a  barrel  in  which  to 
sneak  home. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  German  emperor  doesn't 
appear  to  have  a  back  alley  left  open  to  him. 

Canada  faces  a  new  world.  For  all  purposes,  con- 
sider war  contracts  as  finished. 

Get  the  words  of  Prime  Minister  Hughes  of  Australia, 
who  said: — 

"The  war  has  destroyed  all  the  landmarks  of  the 
world  in  which  we  used  to  live.    Every  day  we  confront 
a  situation  without  precedent,  and  ancient  traditions 
are  buried  beneath  the  burning  lava  of  war.    Nothing 
matters  but  that  we  should  learn  by  experience  to  no 
longer  waste  our  time  in  profitless  doctrinaire  discus- 
sions or  drift  with  the  backwaters  of  inaction." 
That  practically  amounts  to  the  statement  that  out  of 
the  cauldron  of  war  has  come  a  time  for  the  Canadian 
people  to  develop  to   the  .full  the   initiative   with  which 
they  are  endowed;  to  forget  past  precedents  that  have 
held  them  in  check,  and  to  press  on  until  they   occupy 
the  place  in  the  world  for  which  they  have  been  so  won- 
T  d^ously  endowed   by  raw  materials,  boundless  resources 
and  a  race  of  splendid  men. 


order  that  we  might  be  more  efficient  to  wage  war.  This, 
young  land  gave  a  practical  demonstration  of  her  moral 
strength  that  England  could  not  give.  The  Old  Land 
was  weakened  by  booze,  and  yet  in  the  face  of  national 
disaster  it  could  not  rise  in  its  might  and  strangle  the 
slimy  thing. 

The  industrial  world  in  Canada  is  better  by  a  thousand 
per  cent,  with  John  Barleycorn  dead  and  buried  than  it 
ever  was  with  him  trotting  around  and  making  damn  fools 
out  of  otherwise  sensible  men. 

Be  mighty  careful  when  you  take  a  hand  in  the  business 
of  rolling  away  the  stone  that  is  holding  his  carcass  under, 
the  ground  for  the  time  being. 

Booze  is  not  dead  yet,  but  the  people  who  were  soused 
in  it  before  have  had  a  chance  to  pull  themselves  to- 
gether and  appreciate  the  sensation  of  being  sober  and 
decent  and   100  per  cent,   efficient. 


A  Celebration  With  No  Booze 

A  NUMBER  of  cities  in  the  Dominion  had  a  scare 
■**  celebration  on  Thursday  on  the  strength  of  the  report 
that  an  armistice  had  been  signed  and  fighting  had  ceased. 
In  Toronto,  during  the  affair,  the  suggestion  was  made 
in  several  sources  that  the  ban  on  liquor  should  be  lifted 
for  24  hours,  in  order  that  the  celebration  should  be  a 
mad  one  and  a  merry  one. 

i^.  Fortunately   the   suggestion   never   got   to    the    stage 

'     fatyiere-  it  had  a  good  chance  to  sprout. 
y,  V*  There  is  a  feeling  that  liquor  should  have  been  freely 

^-."      spilled  during  the  influenza  epidemic.    Booze  has  a  string 

.•  *  of  victims  to  its  credit  that  would  make  the  death  list 
from  influenza  look  simply  like  an  index  to  the  chapters 
that  follow. 

A  man  who  cannot  \  celebrate  the  coming  of  peace 
and  remain  in  his  solber'  mind  and  in  possession  of  all 
his  senses  had  better  not  celebrate  at  all.  It  must  be 
remembered   that  booze  was   shut  out  of  this  country  in 


Canada's  a  Great  Place 

/^  ERTAIN  factions  of  the  Canadian  press  are  given  at 
VJ  times  to  discussing  the  degree  of  imperialism  to 
which  they  are  addicted.  Apparently  there  are  luke- 
warm imperialists  to  whom  Canada  is,  and  always  will  be, 
a  colony  and  nothing  else. 

With  all  due  regard  to  the  policy  of  some  of  these 
papers,  there  is  a  great  big  work  that  remains  for  the 
Canadian  papers  to  do,  and  that  is  to  speak  and  think  in 
terms  Canadian. 

This  country  is  a  great  proposition.  There  is  none 
better.  The  children  in  the  schools  should  be  taugnt 
that  it  is  the  greatest  place  under  the  sun.  They  should 
be  etrly  given  the  idea  that  Canada  is  a  nation,  not  an 
offshoot. 

Canada  has  been  giving  a  demonstration  in  the  last 
few  years  that  should  serve  to  let  a  little  daylight  into 
the  skulls  01   some   of  the  colonial-saturated   folk. 

This  country  has  made  a  record  on  the  field  of  battle 
that  has  not  been  surpassed  by  all  the  military  traditions 
in  the  world.  The  Dominion  has  shown  that  the 
mechanics  of  this  country  are  capable  of  making  the 
Canadian  shell  shops  the  finest  in  the  world,  and  shell 
and  fuse  making  were  new  things  to  the  Dominion.  The 
very  fact  that  the  Dominion  was  able  to  maintain  her 
leadership  in  this  business  shows  that,  with  equal  oppor- 
tunity she  could  do  the  same  in  any  other  line  that  her 
pepople  had  the  opportunity  of  tackling.  Canada  has 
developed  her  industrial  nerve  to  quite  a  degree,  and 
she  is  not  minded  to  let  it  grow  weak  after  the  making 
of  shells  lias  ceased. 

All  this  is  well,  but  there  are  happenings  at  Ottawa 
that  the  Canadian  press  would  do  well  to  watch  and 
watch  carefully.  This  country  is  being  too  much  gov- 
erned by  orders-in-council  and  the  rule  of  censorship. 
The  censorship  of  the  Canadian  press  was  never  justified, 
and  the  serious-minded  people  resent  it.  It  was  a  slam 
at  the  whole  decent  press  because  certain  authorities  had 
not  the  courage  to  handle  a  few  renegade  papers  that 
council  is  d.^ngerous;  it  is  not  a  good  thing  for  the 
government  itself  that  has  to  abide  by  the  decisions  of 
the  few  of  its  members  who  put  these  things  across;  it 
is  not  good  for  the  people  of  the  country  at  learge  who 
have  to  live  under  the  half-baked  legislation  that  is  gal- 
loped through.  The  press  of  the  Dominion  can  right 
now  perform  a  real  service  by  calling,  irrespective  of 
politics,  for  a  cessation  of  the  ruling  of  Canada  by 
orders-in-council. 


THERE'S  three  things  you  can't  beat,  the  race  horses, 
the  stock  market  and  the  booze. 

*         •         * 

DON'T  imagine  you're  a  great  patriot  because  you  buy 
a  war  bond.  It's  a  gilt  edge  security,  and  non-taxable.  In 
fact  it's  the  best  investment  in  sight,  and  buying  them 
isn't  nearly  so  risky  as  fighting  at  $1.10  per  day. 


November  14,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


577 


HAD  TO  START  ALL 

OVER— BUT  HE  DID  IT 

Frank  W.  Barron  Recollects  His  Apprenticeship  at 

Time  the  Roller  Boat  Was 

Being  Built 


•npHE  temperance  wave  swept  many  hotelmen  oflf  their 
-*■  feet.  One  of  them  was  Frank  W.  Barron — for  three 
years  proprietor  of  the  Oshawa  Hotel  at  Oshawa,  On- 
tario, and  now,  little  more  than  two  years  later, 
mechanical  superintendent  of  British  Acetones,  Toronto, 
Limited.     This  is  the   story  of  how  he  came  back. 

"Remember  the  Knapp  roller  boat?"  he  asked. 
"About  the  time  I  finished  my  apprenticeship  with  the 
Poison  Iron  Works  she  was  ready  to  ride  the  Bay.  I  had 
helped  to  build  her. 

"Knapp  was  a  clever  fellow  and  he  had  several  in- 
telligent and  moneyed  backers.  But  a  number  of  the 
workers  had  misgivings.  One  of  them  swore  she  would 
fail.  To  him — a  little  Irish  sailor  from  the  Upper  Lakes 
— she  was  a  monstrosity,  a  fool  thing  designed  to  outlaw 
the  sanctity  of  water." 

Five  years  in  the  Poison  Works  was  time  well  spent 
to  Frank  Barron,  ambitious  to  become  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer. Not  more  than  eleven  or  twelve  years  old  when 
be  started  at  Poison's,  he  was  still  a  lad  when  he  left 
to  work  in  Eaton's  power  plant  under  E.  J.  Phillip,  who 
is  now  with  the  Belleville  Locomotive  Works. 

It  was  while  with  Phillip  that,  young  Barron  formed 
the  study  habit.  In  fact,  he  was  probably  one  of  the  first 
Canadians  to  mix  advanced  theory  *ith  practice  by  en- 
rolling for  a  correspondence  course  in  mechanical  en- 
gineering. But  toward  the  end  of  five  years,  hard  study 
on  the  top  of  hard  work — and  it  was  work  underground 
in  the   Eaton   plant — started   inroads   on   his  health. 

He  left  Eaton's  and  went  as  erecting  engineer  with 
the  Wrought  Iron  Range  Company,  of  St.  Louis.  And 
with  the  change  his  health  improved  —  likewise  his 
finances. 

But  when  all's  said,  there's  always  room  for  another 
snug  nest  among  Canada's  maples,  and  Frank  Barron, 
acutely  aware  of  this  after  five  years  away,  demonstrated 
that  no  inducement  in  even  "show  me"  Missouri  could 
hold   a  homing  bird. 

The  Copland  Brewing  Company  started  him  as  chief 
engineer;  promoted  him  to  plant  superintendent;  later  to 
superintendent  of  construction.  And  when  he  signified 
a  desire  to  go  into  the  hotel  business,  it  was  this  com- 
pany's capital  plus  his  own  considerable  savings  that 
gave    him    proprietorship    of   the    Oshawa    Hotel. 

"Out  of  the  wreck,"  he  said,  speaking  of  the  pro- 
hibition enactment,  "I  saved  nothing  but  the  farm  that 
had  provisioned  the  hotel  table.  I'd  have  gone  on  it  at 
once  had  I  known  farming,  for  there  were  my  wife  and 
three   boys   to   provide   for. 

"One  day  I  heard  that  the  Whitby  Asylum  needed 
a  night  engineer.  I  applied  for  the  job  and  got  it.  And 
I  managed  all  right,  for  I  had  plenty  of  time  to  think 
before  I  had  to  act.  But  had  I  first  of  all  attempted  the 
job  I've  here,  or  one  like   it,   I'd  have  surely  failed. 

"As  it  was,  my  first  few  weeks  in  this  plant  were 
nearly  too  much  for  me,"  Barron  said  seriously.  "I  sat 
up  all  night  studying  my  plant  problems  more  times  than 
I'd   care  to  tell   you. 

"Two  and  one-quarter  tons  of  coal  consumed  to  every 
one  ton  of  corn  distilled  in  making  acetone — that  was  the 
situation  when  I  came  here.  But  since  then,  by  utilizing 
exhaust  steam  until  by  making  other  plant  changes,  the 
management  has  dropped  the  consumption  of  coal  to 
seven-eighths   of  a   ton  to  one  of  corn. 

"Other    problems    were    quite    as    difficult.      The    men 


had  to  be  patiently  trained.  What  that  meant  youll 
understand  when  I  say  that  we  have  miles  of  steam  pipes 
and  that  the  best  steam  fitter  might  easily  make  serious 
mistakes  and  never  depart  one  iota  from  standard  practice. 

"For  the  making  of  acetones  and  the  by-product  butyl 
is  purely  a  germ  proposition.     It  calls  for  a  delicate  dis- 
tillation process,  for  pipes  that  are  steam  tight,  for  fre- 
quent flushing,  thorough  sterilizing,  for  care  surpassing       , 
that  of  an  expert  dairyman  handling  sweet  milk." 

"And   just  what  is   acetone?"   Barron  was   asked. 

"It  is  a  cordite   solvent — a  munition   of  war." 

If  ever  on  Trinity  Street  you  might  find  it  worth  while 
to  step  into  Barron's  office.  On  the  wall  above  a  sub- 
ordinate's desk  and  in  full  view  of  his,  you  would  notice 
a  score  of  simple  clips  holding  work — orders  for  as  many 
departments.  He  can  tell  at  a  glance  whether  work  for 
any  one  or  for  all  departments  is  at  high  ebb  or  low. 

On  the  wall  opposite  his  own  desk  are  two  or  three 
large  white-prints  captioned  "Late  and  Absent."  No 
need  to  waste  words  on  a  delinquent;  just  show  him  his 
record. 

But  supposing  you  don't  carry  away  an  adaptable  idea, 
you'll  have  met  Frank  W.  Barron — a  young  man  who 
has  mastered  the  theory  and  practice  of  mechanical  en- 
gineering, mastered  both  so  well  that  he  came  back  and 
made  good. 


Hanging  to  a  Poor  Old  System 

'TpHERE  is  still  a  tendency  to  adhere  to  certain  regula- 
tions regarding  civic  business  that  serve  no  other 
purpose  than  to  be  a  nuisance.  There  was  a  case  in 
point  in  an  investigation  that  was  being  Carried  on  in 
Toronto  a  few  days  ago.  Here  is  the  way  in  which  it 
was   reported: 

"Did  you  know  that  Miles  Yokes'  sons  were  selling 
to  the  board?" 

"I  knew  the  British-American  Hardware  Company 
were  selling.  I  spoke  to  Mr.  Vokes  about  it,  and  he 
said,  'Hodgson,  my  position  is  clear.  I  have  had 
legal  advice,  and  am  told  that  a  joint  stock  company 
is  quite  legal.'  " 

"You  knew  that  Mr.  Yokes'  sons  were  the  British- 
American   Hardware  Company?" 

"I  knew  nothing  direct.  It  was  only  what  I  was 
told." 

"Don't   you   think    it   was    a   vicious   principle?" 
"Not  if  they  were   the   lowest   tenderers." 
Now,  just  where  the  vicious  part  of  the  system  comes 
in,   it  is  hard   to  understand   as  long  as  the  whole  work 
is   let  by   tender,   and   the   tenders   are   handled   honestly 
and   in  public. 

Civic  regulations  provide  that  men  who  sit  on  councils 
or  commissions  shall  not  sell'  to  that  body.  What  is  the 
result?  A  capable  man,  one  who  might  make  a  splendid 
public  servant,  keeps  out  of  public  life  because  he  does 
not  feel   in  a   position  to  sacrifice  his  business. 

There  are  instances  all  over  the  country  where  this 
same  thing  is  working  to  very  grave  disadvantage.  It 
is  easy  to  imagine  a  case  where  there  would  be  plenty 
of  grafting  were  it  possible  to  do  the  purchasing  other- 
wise than  by  tender.  But  the  public  can  be  protected 
and  well  protected  if  the  public  tender  system  is  used,  and 
if  these  tenders  are  opened  at  a  certain  time  in  public. 
Publicity  is  in  this  case  the  safeguard,  and  it  will  also 
allow  a  man  to  serve  his  community  without  having  to 
hang  up  a  shingle  saying,  "I'm  under  suspicion  because 
I  am  a  member  of  the  council." 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY  learned  that  British  Ace- 
tones, Toronto,  Limited,  manufacture  seventy-five  per  cent, 
of  all  acetones  made  in  Canada,  and  that  a  good  deal 
of  this  remarkable  success  is  owing  to  Colonel  Gooder- 
ham's  executive  ability  and  long  experience  in  the  dis- 
tillery business.  For  over  two  years  he  has  given  his 
plant  and  his  personal  services  gratis  to  the  British 
government. 


578 


Volume  XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


U.S.  Government  Stops  Chance  of  Any  Panic 

War  Contractors  to  be  Treated  Very  Liberally  and  Given  Every 

Opportunity  to  Get  Back  on  Peace  Lines  Again — Should  Be  a 

Better  Labor  Market  in  Canada  Now  Than  Before  the  War 


EVERY  precaution  has  been  taken  in  United  States 
against  allowing  the  bottom  to  fall  out  of  business 
by  reason  of  the  cancellation  of  contracts.  It  is 
only  following  the  logical  course  of  events  that  these 
should  go  by  the  boards  in  a  short  time  following  the 
cessation  of  hostilities,  but  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance 
that  the  operation  should  be  completed  with  the  least 
possible  derangement  of  the  industrial  fabric  of  the  nation. 
Any  movement  that  is  taken  in  United  States  in  this 
direction  will  certainly  have  a  reflex  influence  on  this 
country.  The  government  will  accept  and  pay  for  all 
materials  finished  at  the  time  of  cancellation,  and  will 
also  buy  all  material  in  process  at  prices  including  a 
pro  rata  of  profit.  The  term  "material  in  process"  will 
be  interpreted  liberally  to  include  material  secured  for 
the  purpose  of  filling  the  contract,  even  though  no  actual 
work  has  been  done  on  it.  This  plan  has  been  submitted 
to  the  leading  holders  of  U.S.  war  contracts  and  they 
approve  of  it.  It  seems  only  reasonable  that  the  same 
arrangement  will  be  made  with  Canadian  contractors  who 
have  unfinished  contracts  for  the  U.S.  government. 

The  signing  of  the  armistice  has  been  the  signal  for 
a  lot  of  neglected  business  to  come  prominently  to  the 


front.  Railroad  shops  orders  for  machine  tools  are  re- 
ported in  generous  quantities  at  U.S.  points.  This  class 
of  business  has  largely  been  denied  access  to  the  markets 
for  some  time  past,  and  now  that  the  war  pressure  is 
removed,  there  is  likely  to  be  considerable  activity  and 
renewed  buying. 

Industrial  Canada  faces  its  period  of  reconstruction 
right  now.  It  has  been  anticipated  in  many  cases,  and 
firms  have  ambitious  programs  that  should  work  out  to 
good  advantage  if  the  proper  support  is  forthcoming. 
Other  firms  were  war  favorites  and  nothing  else,  and 
they  will  simply  drop  out.  Although  there  may  have 
been  little  in  the  mechanical  training  a  person  received 
in  a  shell  shop  that  would  fit  that  person  for  machine 
work  after,  there  is  another  side  to  the  matter.  Those 
who  have  worked  for  some  years  in  shell  shops  have 
become  accustomed  to  working  to  very  fine  dimensions. 
They  have  learned  to  do  things  within  a  ten  thousandth 
of  an  inch  of  being  absolutely  correct,  and  this  training 
is  not  going  to  be  lost.  The  shell  shop  workers  will  carry 
a  lot  of  it  into  other  lines,  and  in  that  will  come,  the 
benefit  of  providing  Canada  with  a  better  labor  market 
than  she  ever  had  before. 


SUPPLIES  WILL 

HANG  OUT  LONGEST 

Will  be  Sold  to  War  Trade  as  Long  as 

There  is  a  Shell  to  Be 

Turned 

TORONTO.— Munition  shops  in  To- 
ronto started  work  on  Tuesday 
morning  as  though  there  had  been  no 
cessation  of  war.  Of  course  the  man- 
agement and  those  in  the  works  know 
very  well  that  it  will  be  only  a  short 
time  until  these  operations  shall  have 
ceased.  There  does  not  seem  to  be  any 
tendency  to  adopt  the  guillotine  method 
in  cancelling  these  contracts,  rather 
does  it  seem  likely  that  they  will  be 
dropped  as  easily  as  possible,  with  a  view 
to  avoiding  anything  approaching  a 
panicky  feeling  in  the  industrial  or  labor 
world.  It  is  intimated  that  the  policy 
of  United  States  authorities  will  be  to 
pay  for  all  material  in  the  process  of 
manufacture,  and  to  make  readjustment 
on  the  basis  of  labor  costs  on  material 
that  is  not  needed.  It  is  likely  that  the 
same  treatment  will  be  extended  to  shops 
in  Canada  handling  American  orders.   It 


may  be  that  before  this  reaches  the 
readers  a  statement  may  have  been  sent 
out  from  Ottawa  covering  the  case  in 
full. 

Dealers  in  Canada  are  not  quite  clear 
yet  on  some  of  the  rulings  that  have 
been  made  at  Washington  regarding  the 
placing  of  stock  orders  with  firms  on  tt.e 
other  side  of  the  line.  The  interpreta- 
tion of  the  order  made  at  Ottawa  does 
not  coincide  with  that  at  Washington  in 
detail.  In  fact  in  a  good  many  cases 
there  has  been  quite  a  bit  of  confusion 
regarding  priorities  and  licenses.  Some 
of  the  larger  dealers  have  found  it  neces- 
sary to  institute  and  maintain  a  separate 
department  to  deal  with  these  matters. 

One  of  the  dealers  here  expressed  the 
view  this  morning  that  the  day  of  the 
single-purpose  machine  had  not  passed 
with  the  end  of  the  war  contracts.  "I 
believe  that  production  machines  in 
specialty  work  will  be  more  than  ever 
used  in  this  country,  and  that  to  that 
extent  they  will  replace  the  general  pur- 
pose machine.  The  best  results  have 
been  obtained  where  each  operation  in 
the  shop  is  specialized." 

This  same  dealer  refused  absolutely  to 


believe  any  blue-ruin  talk.  On  his  desk 
were  letters  from  four  firms  that  had  not 
in  four  years  purchased  a  dollar's  wortii 
of  equipment  outside  of  war  work  ma- 
chinery. They  stated  that  they  were  de- 
sirous of  information  regarding  certain 
lines  of  machinery  that  the  dealer  had 
practically  gone  out  of  for  the  period  of 
the  war. 

The  Supply  Departments 

Supplies  for  war  shops  will  be  the  last 
to  receive  notice  to  quit.  As  long 
as  there  is  a  shell  made  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  have  supplies  for  the  work.  Some 
of  the  dealers  here  are  fairly  well 
stocked  with  this  material.  They  are 
getting  rid  of  it  in  fair  style,  however, 
and  by  the  time  the  munition  contracts 
are  done  for  they  will  be  pretty  well 
squared  away  on  the  material  that  they 
had  to  purchase  at  war  prices.  War 
shops  have  been  buying  their  supplies 
rather  close  for  some  weeks  past  so  that 
there  will  not  be  any  particular  jar  in 
this  direction. 

The  Steel  Stock 

Most  of  the  houses  doing  a  warehouse 
business  in  steel  are  in  good  shape.  That 


November  14,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


579 


is  they  are  fairly  well  cleaned  out  of 
material  that  has  had  a  period  of  very 
high  and  inflated  value  during  the  period 
of  war  buying.  In  some  cases,  however, 
there  are  stocks  held  that  will  not  be 
readily  disposed  of  at  prices  that  will 
clear  the  dealers.  For  instance,  some 
places  have  a  fairly  large  amount  of 
nickel  steel  on  hand.  When  munitions 
contracts  and  airplane  building  fall  off 
the  big  demand  for  this  in  war  work 
will  be  done  for.  It  is  used  for  auto- 
mobile axles,  but  builders  of  cars  are  not 
likely  to  pay  war  prices  for  anything 
that  will  be  sold  in  the  after-war  mar- 


ket. This  opinion  is  simply  based  on 
presumption. 

Dealers  do  not  look  for  a  slump  in  the 
price  of  the  basic  article,  steel.  They 
anticipate  a  higher  level  than  is  paid  at 
U.  S.  points  of  production  now. 

There  seemed  to  be  a  tendency  all 
through  the  market  to  look  for  good 
business  ahead.  The  trade  is  willing  to 
admit  that  there  may  be  a  period  of 
quiet  trade,  but  the  fact  that  the  war 
is  over  and  the  Allies  are  more  than 
conquerors  is  enough  to  counterbalance 
this  many  times  over. 


EVERY  SAFEGUARD  PLACED  AROUND 

CANCELLATION  OF  THE  WAR  CONTRACTS 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Nov.  14.— Pig 
iron  production  in  October  fell  off 
about  1.3  per  cent,  from  the  September 
rate  and  steel  ingot  production  about 
3.2  per  cent.  This  is  contrary  to  prece- 
dent, as  October,  with  its  favorable 
weather  conditions,  usually  shows  excep- 
tionally heavy  production  rate.  This 
year  there  were  two  special  factors.  In 
the  first  place  September  production 
was  very  heavy,  showing  a  sharp  gain 
over  the  August  rate,  while  in  the  sec- 
ond place  the  influenza  epidemic  very 
considerably  reduced  working  forces  at 
blast  furnaces  and  steel  mills.  The  pro- 
duction of  coke  was  materially  reduced, 
but  it  appears  that  the  blast  furnaces 
suffered  from  depletion  of  working 
forces  more  than  from  shortage  of  coke. 

The  production  of  steel  ingots  in 
October  was  at  the  rate  of  about  45,- 
250,000  gross  tons  a  year,  and  that  is  in 
itself  a  favorable  showing,  comparing 
with  actual  outputs  of  about  43,700,000 
tons  in  1917  and  41,400,000  tons  in  1916. 
Productive  capacity,  with  all  conditions 
favorable,  is  fully  47,000,000  tons  a 
year,  perhaps  more,  but  in  these  war 
times  conditions  have  not  all  been  fav- 
orable. There  has  been  some  shortage 
of  labor,  and  in  a  few  cases  inefficiency 
of  labor,  while  there  has  been  a  short- 
age of  good  grades  of  scrap.  The  total 
tonnage  of  scrap  has  been  fairly  large, 
but  it  has  run  to  the  lighter  grades, 
really  standard  heavy  melting  steel  be- 
ing in  poor  supply. 

Cancellations  of  War  Contracts 

It  goes  without  saying  that  the  ces- 
sation of  hostilities  means  a  great  de- 
crease in  the  total  amount  of  steel  re- 
quired for  war  and  near-war  purposes, 
and  many  contracts  have  to  be  canceled. 
Already  there  has  been  worked  out  a 
definite  plan  for  such  cancellations  as 
may  be  necessary,  to  cover  the  case  of 
contracts  that  do  not  carry  their  own 
cancellation  terms,  and  the  majority  of 
contracts  do  not.  The  government  will 
accept  and  pay  for  all  material  finished 
at  the  time  of  the  cancellation,  and  will 
also  buy  all  material  in  process,  at 
prices  including  a  pro  rata  of  profit.  The 
term  material  in  process  will  be  inter- 
preted liberally,  to  include  material  se- 


cured for  the  purpose  of  filling  the  con- 
tract, even  though  no  actual  wo,rk  has 
been  done  on  it.  This  plan  has  been  sub- 
mitted to  leading  holders  of  contracts 
and  meets  their  approval.  The  Govern- 
ment having  purchased  material  of  vari- 
ous sorts  will  be  in  position  to  sell  it  at 
the  best  price  obtainable,  as  values  will 
run  under  the  new  conditions,  and  in 
most  cases  the  material  will  no  doubt 
be  sold  back  to  the  contractor.  The  gov- 
ernment has  established  a  board  of  mili- 
tary men  to  hear  and  adjust  complaints 
under  these  contract  cancellations,  so 
as  to  avoid  what  would  otherwise  be 
tedious  delays  in  adjustment. 

The  first  cancellations  will  doubtless 
be  of  contracts  for  shell  steel  fdr  the 
Allies,  the  next  of  contracts  for  shell 
steel  for  the  government.  At  all  times 
there  is  a  large  quantity  of  shell  steel 
in  transit  and  in  process  of  manufacture, 
and  even  the  instant  cessation  of  all 
rolling  of  shell  steel  would  allow  for  a 
large  supply  of  shells  for  emergencies 
during  the  period  between  the  cessation 
of  hostilities  and  the  final  assurance  of 
absolute   peace. 

Ship  Steel 

The  Shipping  Board  continues  work- 
ing out  its  policy  of  retrenchment, 
but  this  is  retrenchment  in  expen- 
ditures, the  introduction  of  econo- 
mies, rather  than  any  material  reduc- 
tion in  the  quantity  of  ships  to  be  built. 
Relations  with  inefficient  yards  will  bo 
discontinued,  and  various  contemplated 
shipyard  extensions  have  been  aban- 
doned. The  program  to  build  15,000,000 
tons  deadweight  of  vessels,  of  which 
about  2,500,000  tons  has  been  complet- 
ed,  is   left  intact. 

To  the  steel  trade,  especially  as  re- 
gards conditions  during  the  next  few 
months,  the  important  item  is  a  decision 
not  yet  officially  announced,  but  quite 
well  known  in  the  steel  circles  immedi- 
ately involved.  That  is,  to  reduce  the 
weekly  quota  of  ?hip  plates  called  for  to 
been  held  to  a  schedule  of  50,000  net 
an  amount  not  exceeding  the  quantity 
of  plates  that  is  at  the  same  time  actu- 
ally passing  into  vessel  hulls.  This  will 
effect  a   reduction   in   weekly  deliveries 


of  plates  of  from  30  to  50  per  cent.  For 
several  months  past  the  plate  mills  have 
tons  weekly  of  plates  for  account  of  the; 
Fleet  Corporation.  This  would  cover  ap- 
proximately 700,000  tons  deadweight  of 
steel  shipbuilding  per  month.  The  actu- 
al average  of  steel  hull  launchings  in 
the  past  few  months  has  only  been  be- 
tween 300,000  and  400,000  tons.  As  a 
consequence,  plates  have  accumulated. 
There  must  be  a  large  tonnage  in  tran- 
sit and  in  course  of  fabrication,  but  the 
accumulation  apart  from  that  is  now 
understood  to  be  about  a  million  tojis. 
When  it  was  important,  regardless  of 
expense,  to  complete  every  vessel  possi- 
ble, it  was  right  to  have  a  surplus  at , 
every  point  along  the  line,  even  though 
shortage  in  some  particular  retarded  the 
use  of  the  material  or  facilities.  Thus 
the  "bottle  neck"  for  months  past  has 
been  the  supply  of  engines,  boilers  and 
other  appurtenances.  Now,  when  money 
must  not  be  spent  so  lavishly,  these  ex- 
treme factors  of  safety  are  not  desira- 
ble. Hence,  plate  deliveries  are  shortly 
to  be  curtailed,  so  that  there  will  be  no 
further  accumulation,  and  the  present 
accumulation  may  even  be  reduced.  The 
reduction,  however,  will  only  be  tempor- 
ary, as  Director  General  of  Shipbuild- 
ing Schwab  has  just  stated  that  the 
present  objective  is  700,000  tons  dead- 
weight of  vessels  per  month,  and  this 
rate  is  expected  to  be  reached  next 
Spring.  That  rate,  or  even  a  •  greater 
rate,  will  be  continued  for  a  long  time 
when  once  it  is  attained.  The  rate  would 
require  about  50,000  net  tons  of  plates 
a  week,  the  quota  recently  in  force,  so 
that  the  former  rate  of  deliveries  is 
eventually  to  be  restored.  Meanwhile, 
there  will  be  more  plates  for  other  pur- 
poses. Foreign  buyers  are  keen  to  se- 
cure plates  and  there  are  indications 
that  they  are  ready  to  pay  very  high 
prices,  above  the  present  Government 
limits.  It  appears  even  that  some  such 
purchases  have  been  made.  Plates  in 
the  domestic  market,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  expected  to  rule  at  less  than  the 
present  level. 

Price  Control 

The  War  Industries  Board  is  making 
progress  in  its  plans  for  continuing  con- 
trol of  industry  after  the  war.  Its  life 
is  assured  to  the  President's  proclama- 
tion of  peace,  which  will  necessarily  be 
months  hence,  but  legislation  is  to  be 
sought  covering  a  further  period  of  six 
months.  This  plan  meets  with  general 
approval  among  iron  and  steel  manu- 
facturers, who  expect  that  without  such 
control  there  would  be  a  period  of  light 
demand,  while  the  market  finds  itself 
for  extended  period  of  prosperity  that 
nearly  all  expect  to  follow  the  war.  In 
that  period  the  market  would  presum- 
ably slump  to  a  level  far  below  that 
subsequently  to  be  established,  and  this 
would  cause  disorganization. 

There  are  some  iron  and  steel  manu- 
facturers, however,  who  apparently 
would  prefer  the  slump.  Doubtless  their 
idea  is  that  there  is  so  much  to  be  done 
by  way  of  reducing  costs  that  a  period 


580 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


of  slackness  would  be  useful  in  helping 
this  cost  readjustment.  They  are  think- 
ing of  wage  rates  amonj;  other  items, 
but  it  is  really  doubtful  whether  wages 
can  be  reduced  much,  if  at  all.  A  couple 
of  years  or  so  ago  the  trade  was  almost 
a  unit  in  expecting,  and  desiring,  a  gen- 
eral "shake-out"  after  the  war,  to  gel 
costs  down,  believing  this  to  be  im- 
peratively necessary,  but  a  great  many 
have  changed  their  minds  meanwhile, 
and  expect  wages,  commodity  prices  and 
practically  everything  to  continue  on  a 
much  higher  level  after  the  war  than 
obtained  before,  probably  for  years 
afterwards  and  perhaps  for  an  indefin- 
ite' time. 


RAILWAY  SHOPS 

COME  IN  THE  MARKET 


Will  Do  a  Lot  of  Buying  Now  in  Order 

to  Catch  Up  With  Repair 

Work 

8r«cUl  t*  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

NEW  YORK.  November  13.— The 
topic  of  all-absorbing  interest  in  the 
machinery  industry  to-day  is  the  effect 
that  the  end  of  the  war  will  have  upon 
orders  for  machinery  to  be  utilized  in 
the  manufacture  of  war  munitions.  In  a 
general  way  the  government  is  relied 
upon  to  prevent  any  hardship  being  visit- 
ed upon  either  manufacturers  or  dealers 
in  machinery.  In  the  Eastern  territory 
last  week  there  was  evidence  of  a  con- 
servative feeling  and  of  the  holding  back 
of  prospective  orders  for  machine  tools 
that  were  expected  to  be  needed  for  the 
additional  manufacture  of  guns,  shells, 
small  arms  and  other  war  munitions. 

Thus  far  the  most  of  the  cancellation 
of  orders  for  machine  tools  have  come 
from  shipbuilding  concerns  and  most  of 
these  resulted  from  the  abandonment  of 
the  Alameda  ship  plant  by  the  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corp.  Cancellation  of  ma- 
chine tool  orders  have  been  guarded 
against  by  provisos  in  contracts  placed 
daring  the  last  six  months  or  a  year, 
stipulating  that  one  third  or  one-half  of 
the  order  be  paid  for  in  cash  upon  ac- 
ceptance of  the  contract  and  the  balance 
of  the  purchase  price  be  subject  to  sight 
draft  against  bill  of  lading.  Such  con- 
tracts were  entered  into,  however,  only 
with  untried  interests,  this  precaution 
not  being  considered  necessary  in  deal- 
ings with  regular  customers  with  stable 
lines  of  manufacture.  Not  a  few  con- 
tracts were  recently  written  with  a  non- 
cancellation  clause.  This  form  of  con- 
tract has  been  quite  generally  adopted  in 
the  last  month. 

On  the  other  hand  a  few  large  manu- 
facturers of  machinery  have  taken  a 
stand  against  the  non-cancellation  clause, 
believing  that  as  the  government  is  prac- 
tically the  source  of  all  work  for  which 
machinery  has  been  purchased,  that  satis- 
factory arrangements  will  be  made 
covering  the  period  of  reconstruction. 

Upon  the  cancellation  of  contracts  for 
Iroop  ships,  made  by  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  with  the  Bethlehem 
r;eel  and  the    New    York    Shipbuilding 


Corporations,  it  was  ordered  that  work 
on  machinery  for  these  government 
yards  be  suspended.  This  order,  how- 
ever, applied  only  to  equipment  upon 
which  manufacture  had  not  yet  been 
commenced.  It  is  now  understood  that 
the  Fleet  Corporation '  has  called  upon 
each  machinery  contractor  to  report  the 
exact  status  of  machinery  orders  at  his 
plant. 

It  is  understood  that  the  twelve-inch 
howitzer  plant  planned  for  construction 
at  Nicetown,  Pa.,  by  the  Midvale  Steel 
and  Ordnance  Co.  will  not  be  built.  No 
actio'i  has  been  taken  toward  the  pur- 
chase of  tools  for  the  manufacture  of 
pistols  under  recent  contracts,  and  no 
orders  for  machine  tools  have  been  plac- 
ed for  the  additional  machine  shop  at  the 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  Navy  Yard,  which, 
with  equipment,  was  to  cost  $900,- 
000.  It  is  expected  also  that  the  $1,000,- 
000  list  of  tools  for  the  Osgood,  Bradley 
Car  Co.,  Worcester,  Mass.,  will  be  witli- 
drawn. 

Railroads,  however,  have  been  buying 
machinery  more  actively  in  the  last  week 
and  are  expected  to  continue  placing  im- 
portant orders  for  shop  equipment.  The 
Pennsylvania  R.  R.  is  buying  tools  for 
its  locomotive  repair  shop  now  being 
built  at  Marietta,  Pa.  The  New  York 
Central  is  placing  orders  for  cranes  for 
its  East  Buffalo  car  shops.  The  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  has  also  bought  tools; 
other  railroads  have  put  out  inquiries  for 
machinery,  including  forging  machines, 
which  will  probably  be  purchased  for 
1919  delivery.  The  Pennsylvania  R.  R. 
will  spend  about  $1,000,000  for  buildinp: 
^nd  equipping  repair  shops  in  South 
Philadelphia. 


SERVICE  FLAGS  IN 

THE  DUNDAS  SHOPS 

There  was  no  great  stimulus  required 
in  the  plant  of  the  Bertram  Company  in 
Dundas  to  put  them  over  the  top  in  the 
Victory  Loan  campaign.  The  payments 
on  the  last  loan  had  just  been  completed 
on  the  company's  extended  payment  plan, 
and  the  receipt  of  these  documents  just 
on  the  eve  of  the  present  loan  had  a  very 
good  effect  in  bringing  home  the  real 
value  of  the  proposition.  The  company 
used  a  large  envelope,  printed  in  red,  to 
deliver  the  paid-up  bonds,  and  also  to 
solicit  subscriptions  to  the  new  issue. 
The  envelope  stated,  "This  is  YOUR 
Victory  Bond,  bought  and  paid  for  out 
of  your  weekly  earnings.  Perhaps  the 
payments  pinched  you  sometimes,  but — 
would  you  have  made  this  saving  if  you 
had  not  subscribed  for  this  bond?  You 
have  shown  yourself  what  you  can  do. 
You  are  again  offered  the  same  oppor- 
tunity to  save  systematically." 

The  publicity  was  well  attended  to.  T. 
Stevenson,  from  the  Trades  Council,  To- 
ronto, was  secured  to  address  the  men, 
and  he  put  the  case  in  a  very  plain  and 
pointed  way  and  made  a  good  impression. 
When  a  reoresentative  of  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  was  at  the  Bertram  plant 
a  few  davs  ago  there  were  service  flags 
proudly  displayed  in  a  good  many  of  the 
departments.    The  sum  of  $150,000  was 


the  total  subscription.  The  company 
needed  813  subscribers  to  get  a  service 
flag,  and  the  total  a  few  days  ago  was 
940.  In  fact  the  Bertram  plant  is  pretty 
close  to  100  per  cent,  in  the  matter  of 
the  number  subscribing. 

In  the  Pratt  &  Whitney  plant,  which 
is  just  across  the  road  from  the  Bertram 
plant,  the  same  good  success  w-as  met 
with  in  the  search  for  purchasers  of 
Victory  bonds.  There  were  several  ra- 
ther amusing  events  here.  The  company 
had  eighty-two  men  on  the  roll,  and  there 
were  eighty-four  applications  taken  in. 
The  explanation  was  given  that  two  men 
had  been  taken  on  since  the  census  was 
taken.  There  are  also  two  boys  in  the 
office  at  this  plant  that  have  at  an  early 
age  developed  the  financing  instinct  to 
quite  a  degree.  These  lads  made  the 
proposition  that  if  their  wages  were  in- 
creased they  would  gladly  subscribe  to 
the  Victory  Loan  fund.  Pratt  &  Whit- 
ney won  their  flag  in  short  order. 


HOW  WELL  AND  WENT 

AFTER  THE  BIG  LOAN 

The  following  tables  show  the  records 
made  last  week  by  Welland's  industries. 
Up  to  noon  last  Saturday  ten  plants  ex- 
ceeded their  quotas  and  work  is  still 
progressing  in  all  the  plants. 

The  following  industries  have  exceed- 
ed their  quota  by  the  percentages  shown: 
Volta  Company,  145  per  cent.;  Electric 
Steel  &  Metals,  117  per  cent.;  Electro 
Metals,  95  per  cent.;  John  Deere,  73  per 
cent.;  Canadian  Billings  Spencer,  75  per 
cent.;  Union  Carbide,  69  per  cent.;  Ply- 
mouth Cordage,  58  per  cent.;  M.  Beatty 
&  Sons,  50  per  cent.;  Chipman  Holton, 
46  per  cent.;  Canadian  Steel  Foundries, 
8  per  cent.;  Empire  Cotton  Mills,  5  per 
cent. 

The  following  percentages  show 
amount  of  quota  raised  by  these  plants: 
Page  Hersey,  94  per  cent.;  Welland  Ma- 
chine &  Foundries,  93  per  cent.;  Sl.ip- 
building  Company,  75  per  cent.,  and 
Metals  Chemicas,  70  per  cent. 
100  Per  Cent.  Industries 
Every  employee  in  the  following 
plants  have  bought  bonds:  Canadian 
Forge,  John  Deere,  Electric  Steel  & 
Metals,  Empire  Cotton  Mills,  Union 
Carbide,   Volta   Mfg.   Company. 

Up  to  Saturday  noon  the  following 
amounts  were  raised  in  the  factories 
named: 

Electro  Metals $117,000 

Canada  Forge   105,000 

Union  Carbide 76,400 

Canadian  Steel  Foundries  .  .      75,850 

Empire  Cotton  Mills   57,000 

Plymouth  Cordage   47,500 

Canadian  Billings  &  Spencer      47,400 

Page  Hersey    41,650 

Shipbuilding  Company    38,000 

Electric  Steel  &  Metals   .  .  .     31.300 
John  Deere  Mfg.  Company  .      17,100 

Beatty  &  Sons 15,600 

Metals  Chemicals   10.250 

Volta  Mfg.  Company 8,800 

Welland  Machine   6.000 

Knitting  Company  3,700 


$698,550 


November  14,  .1918 


Cx\NADIAN    MACHINERY 


581 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace  33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 60  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  26 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  60 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 6  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base  4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  ^  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   ♦2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 'S  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh 'S  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh 'S  50 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

•Government  prices. 

FREIGHT    RATES 
Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal    29  39% 

St.  John,  N.B 47%       63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto    23%  27% 

Guelph    23%       27% 

London     23%       27% 

Windsor    23y2       27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper  $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper  31  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper  30  50  28  50 

Tin  90  00  95  00 

Spelter    10  50  11  00 

Lead    10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  00  18  00 

Aluminum    46  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  V*   up $10  00  $10  00 

Tank  plates,  3-16  in 10  50   10  10 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  37 

Bbck       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Pfr   100   feet 

%  in $  6  00     $     8  00 

1-4  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1  in 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  In 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3      in 56  61  70  76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82  38  30 

2%  in 47  97  58  21 

3  in 52  73  76  12 

3%  in 78  20  96  14 

4  in 92  65  114  00 

4%  in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  80  1  69 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  criedit. 

Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph* 

Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,  Toronto, 

Welland. 

Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 

Provinces. 

WROUGHT  NIPPLES 

4"  and  under,  45%. 

4%"  and  larger,  40% 

4"  and  under,  running  thread,  26%. 

Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 

4%'  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 

Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Mont.-eal    Toronto 

Copper,   light   $21  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible  24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       23  00  .      22  00 

New  brass  cuttings 15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  turnings 18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass 13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel  ...   24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable   scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    .  .     9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate   30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings   11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc  6  60  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

T"a  lead 5  50  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up. . . net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 66 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine  screws,   fl.   and  rd.  hd., 

steel 87H 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  iteel 
Machine   screws,  fl.   and  rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fil.    hd . 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plot 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %'  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  abore 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


It 


26 
11  60 
1  76 

1  76 

2  0« 
SO 
60 
26 

$8  60 
8  40 
7fH 
•7% 
37% 
32% 
27% 
26 


MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  C«nU 

Set  screws 25 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20"    . 

Rd.  &  Fil,  Head  Cap  Screws  ....  net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  fat., 

up  to  1%  in 20 

Fin.  and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over   1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in ploa  10 

Studs att 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  10 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fln- 

ished  nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plus  20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  SO,  10 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts 06 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

PcrcTM*  ten 

Bessemer  billets |47  80 

Open-hearth  billets 4T  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods IT  00 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKBS 

Wire  nails  $5  25  $6  80 

Cut  nails 6  70  6  06 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   00* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  60 

Spikes,  Vt,  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  80 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    aad 

Toronto    net 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volamo  XX. 


MISCBLLANBOUS 

Solder,  strictly  *  56 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

LMkd  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  dnims 4  76 

White  head,  pure,  ewt.   16  06 

Red  dry   lead,   100-lb.   ke^s,   per 

cwt. 16  60 

61ae,  Kn; liah 0  S6 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  96 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  SS 

Benzine,  per  g»\.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linaaed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  96 
LinMed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  ft  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda Q  08% 

Solphor,  rollML 0  06 

Snlphnr,  eommertial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G."  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-flnted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    IB 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drill*  26 

Electricians'  bits 80 

Sockete *6 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamert net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers   50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 76 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  pins  40* 

At  warehotise list  plus  60* 

Discounts  off  new  list    Warehouse  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20*  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

16*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  26  and 

^hi%•,  cast  bushings,  25*;  unions,  46*; 

plugs,  20*  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 

black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

fl>.;  class  C,  24Hc  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28..  $  8  00  J  8  26 
SbMta,  black.  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  doll,  62 

sheets   9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10%  on. 

galvanized  . . .  ^ 

Queen's  Head, 28  B.W.G 

FleuT-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.8 10  70 

Premier,  10%   oz 11  00 

ZIne  sheets 2000        2000 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%  in.,  914.86;  6-16  in.,  $18.85;  %  in., 
$13.50;   7-16  In.,  $12.90;    %    hi.,   $18.20; 


$13.00;    %    in.,    $12.90;    1    inch,    $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.76;  6-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  H  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lb*. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 55 

Vulcan   60 

P.H.  and  Imperial   60 

Nicholson  32% 

Black  Diamond 32V4 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle   60 

McClelland,    Globe    60 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes    60 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Slie  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

1V4  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2^in 56  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3H  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in .-. . .     90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26V4 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil,  Capital  49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  ^al $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  . . 37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  18% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-6* 

Standard    40* 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  96 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  60  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 8  80 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft. . .     3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  25 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck . .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 8%  to      05 

Emery  glue 28  to      30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 85  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to      45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grite,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  red . .  0  88 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hearier, 

•  a 


Brass  tubing,  seamless  6  46 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  4S 

WASTE. 
White.  OU.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  AUas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .   17^4 

Grand 19%      Ideal  17% 

Superior    . . .   19%      X  press M 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    IC 

Standard    ...  18%      Keen     10% 

No.  1   13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    16 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  M 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  diacoiuit  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...   10*      Best  grades  ..   !•* 
ANODES. 

Nickel 68  to     .66 

Copper   38  to     .45 

Tin .70  to     .70 

Zinc    18  to     .18 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  M 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  06 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  06 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  06 

Braziers,'    in    sheete,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  06 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montrtml    Tanm,t» 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26       $18  86 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  f t  . .   13  25         18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60         12  M 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic $   -25 

Acid,, hydrochloric   ..'. 06 

Acid,*  nitric 14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 23 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide  (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride   (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate   (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 40 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6 .  00 

Sodium    phosphate    18 

Tin  chloride 1.75 

Zinc  chloride,  C.P 80 

Zinc  sulphate    15 

Prices   per   lb.   unless   otherwise   stated. 


119 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufaetwing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO,  NOVEMBER  21,  1918  No.  21 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

CONCILIATION   WILL  DO   MUCH  TO  SOLVE   PROBLEM    583 

MASSEY-HARRIS    WANT    100    MOLDERS,   THEN   1,000  MEN    584 

HAMILTON    INDUSTRIES    IN    GOOD    SHAPE  FOR  IT   585 

WELLAND   PLANT  IS  O.K 587 

BRITISH   COST   IS   AWAY   BELOW  THIS   COUNTRY'S    588 

NOVEL   ENGLISH    SPEED    REDUCTION    GEARS 589 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK  AND   DO 590 

Centering   Tool   for   Drilling    Concentric    H  jhs.  ..  .Straightening  Hardened  Pieces 

by  Various   Methods. ..  .Slipping  of  Belts. 

THE    MINIMETER   FOR   FINE    MEASURING 592 

THIN  VERSUS  THICK  BELTS    593 

STANDARD    SPECIFICATIONS   FOR    BABBITT    METALS    594 

WELDING  AND  CUTTING   595 

Improved    Levin   Oxyhydrogen   Generator.  ..  .New   Welding   Plants.  ..  .Boiler   and 

Other  Repairs  by  Electric  Welding. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   602 

Universal  Convertible  Grinder.  ..  .Garvin  D  inlex   Milling   Machine. 

ENGINEERS    MEET    IN    TORONTO 603 

EDITORIAL 604 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   606 

Summary. . .  .Montreal  Letter. . .  .Toronto  Letter. . .  .Pittsiburg  Letter.  . .  .New  York 

Letter. 

SELECTED    MARKET    QUOTATIONS    609 

INDUSTRIAL   DEVELOPMENTS 62 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

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Canadian  Grocer,  Dry  Goods  Review,  Men's  Wear  Review,   Printer  and   Publisher,   Bookseller  and 

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Canadian  Foundryman,  Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

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ESTABLISHED    1887. 


QJADIAN  MaCHINEET 


Manufactu 


N6  News 


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Associate  Editors:  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.  F.   SUTHERLAND,  T.  H.  FENNER. 
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GREAT  BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MacLean  Company  of   Great  Britain.   Limited.  88  Fleet  Street,  E.G.,  E.  J.  Dodd, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address :  Atabek.    London,  England. 
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no 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Anybody^.Can  Operate   This    Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 

HENDEY 


ii 


99 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  AfenU:  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Ca.,  Toronto,  Ont. ; 
A.  R.  WilliamB  Machiner;  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipear;  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B.;  WUIiams  &  Wilsan,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

Aikrnbead     Hardwire    Ca     6S 

Allatt     Msdilne    Co.     «9 

AIl«B    Hit.     Co.     ; 98 

Almomi    Mt.    Ca 90 

AaakaaaUd    llachineiT    Corp. K 

AaMifam    PuUcr    Co.    ve 

Aadeoon.    Oea    A 96 

Anattranc  Bro.  Tool  Co.    m 

AiBntmiK    Whitworth    oT   Canada...    12 
AUins   *    Col.   Wm.    H 

B 

Baiid     Machine    Co.     KM 

BaoOdd,   W.    B..   ic  8oa>  80 

Bamt*  Co..  W.   y..  A  Son !<« 

Baraei,    Wallace.    Co.    TO 

BeanlTT    *   C«.,    Inc.    1/» 

BkoDt.   Co..  J.   O UB 

BiilnM   it  8oa»  Co.,  John    1 

BcrtiBBs     Ltd. 89 

BetU    Madifaie   Ca    9 

Baker  *   Co.,   H U 

Bnntfotd    Oren    *    Back   Co. 69 

BftdfufoRl  Xaeh.  A  Tool  Wks. 9 

Brwcl    CoBpuT     K 

Bnxra,    Boob   Co.    II 

Btotto   Vnmcerinc   Coip.    77 

Bodden,  Haifbarr  A 71 

BottaifMd    *    Ca.    Inc.    2t 

C 

Canada     Bnary    Wheris     97 

ranada  Fooodrici  ft   Fofctaiv,  Ltd.    13 
,  Canada    Machinery   Corporatioa    — 

OiltaVle  back  anrpr 

Canada    Metal    Ca     1( 

Can.     Barker    Co.     77 

Can.    Bkmer   A    Poi«e  Co.    14 

Can.    I>— ijliil'gtephan    Ca     20 

€;»«.    Drtrer    Hairti    Ca IB 

Can.    Uak   Bdt  Co. U 

Can.    PaMiaoks^onie   Co.         32 

Cam.    Intsfson-Band    Cn.    8 

Caa.   Laa>.PhIUps  Co..  Ltd.    » 

On.     BiiMiU    Co 77 

Cml   S  K  r  Ca.  Lid. 1* 

Cm.    atari    Tamttttt    7 

Cu.    WeldiBC  Wki.    *> 

Cartyte.  JokaMo  Maeb.   Co 8 

dupaua  Doable  BaD   Bearing  Ca.    ic 

ClaaMal    MwtrtHint    72 

Claedasl  Twist  I>ril1   Ca.. Front  crnrrr 

Cofmlry    Chsin    Cn 118 

Clioo    Machine    Tool   Co.    88 

CoDKlklatad    Praas    Ca     107 

Cortis    *    Canl»     m 

Cartia  PaenauUr  Mschtee  Ca    8* 

CnshDun    Chuck    Co.    98 

O 

DarldM*.     Tho» 89 

OMidm    Tool    Htt.    Corp.    87 

Daelt-BooreaaTilu     Co im 

DdOTO  aadtbif  A  IMIoini  Ca   ....   » 


DianioiKl   Saw   &   St&mpinff   Works.,    a 
Dominion    Fontc  &    Stunr'inK  Co....    28 

Dominion    Koumirips   A    Steel    80 

Domininu    Iron   &   Wreckinc  Co. 76 

E 

Kagic    Mfg.     Co 96 

(Bniolt     &     Whitehall     78 

>ain    Cutting  Oil   Co 98 

»i]U5li«'T<iky    A    Son,    B 101 

Erie    Kwnidry    IflT 

F*fdpral     KngincfTing    Co 71 

Ftrrachnte    Machine    Co 100 

Fetheistonhaugh    &   Co.    71 

Financial    Post    of    Canada 89 

Firth    A    Sons,    "Hies.     6 

Foni-Smith    Machine    Co.    10 

Foas  Mach.  A  Suiiply  Co.,  Geo.  V., 

Inside  back  corer 

Frost    Mfg.    Co 97 

Frj's     (London),     Ltd 2B 

a 

Oarlock -Walker    Machy.    Co 76 

Oarrin     Maclline    Co 20 

Ot'ometric    Tool    ffo 63 

Oiddings   A    Lewis   iMfg.    Co 99 

liillxrt  A   Barker  Mfg.   Co HI 

Oisiiolt    Machine    Co.     31 

^Jlntoe   Engineering   Ca    78 

•iooley     A     Edlund 101 

Grant    Oear    Works     98 

Crant    Mfg.    A    Machine  Co.    Ill 

i;r(.<.nfioId    .Machine   Co.'  98 

(jrwnfield  Tap  A  Die  Corp 28 

Grpenleafs     Ltd 68 

H 

Mamilteo   Gear   A    .Machim^   Cn.    ...  94 

Hamilton   Mach.   Tool   Works 21 

Hanns    A    Co.,    .M.    A.     6 

flawkridge     Bros.      70 

Hendey    Machine   Co.    IQO 

Hcald    Machine    Co 7S 

Hibbert    A    Phillips    77 

Hinckley    Mach.     Works    » 

Homer    A    Wilson     78 

Hoyt    MeUl    Co 102 

Hull  Iron  A  Steel  Foundries  K 

Hughes     Electric    Heating    Co,     fj 

Hunter   Saw    A    .Mai-hinc    Co 99 

Hnrlburt-Rogera    M.irhineo'    Ca 07 

Hyde    Rngineering    Works    91 

Hjrdraulic   Machinery   Co. 82 

I 

Indepeudent   Pneumatic  Tool   Co.    ..  101 

J 

Jacobs    Mfg.    Co 91 

Jaidine   A   Co..    A.    B 13 

J^>hnson    Mschinc   Co.,   Csrlyle    8 

Jon*^  A  Glaasco  92 

Joyce-Koehel     Co,     78 

K 

Knight    .Metal    Products  Ca    90 


L 

L'Air    Liqiiidc    Society     76 

Landi.t    Machine   Co.    97 

Latmlie    Electric  Steel    Co 14 

Leather   Products   of   Canada,    Ltd...  101 

M 

MacGorern    &    Cn 74 

.MacKinnon    .Slecl    Co.,    Ltd 71 

Matroet    Metal   &   Foundry  Co.    101 

Manitoba    .Steel    Foundries,    Ltd.    ...    OT 

Mannfnetnivi-i     Equipment     Co 911 

Marsh   ETisiueering   Works,    Ltd 69 

•Marten     Mach 79 

Matheson    &    Co..    1 72 

.Matthews  &  Co..  Jas.   H 30 

MoDougall   Co.,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside  back   cover 

McLaren.    J.    C.    Belting  Co 96 

Mechanical    Engineering   Co 113 

Mechanic's    Tool    Case   Mfg.    Co 96 

Metalwood    .Mfg.    Co 30 

.Morse    Phain    Co.     93 

Mone   Twist    Drill    A    Machine   Co.  106 

Morton     Mfg.     Co 71 

■Mulliner-Enlund    Tool    Co 109 

Murchey    Machine   A   Tool    Co 81 

N 

■National    Acme   Co r  22 

New    Britain    Machine   Co 81 

■Nicholson     Pile     M 

Niles-Bement-Pond.. Inside     front     cover 

Normac    .Machine   Co 71 

■Northern    Crane    Works    99 

TJorton,     A.     0 97 

■Norton     Co 30 

.Nora   Scotia    Btee!    A   Coal    Co 14 

O 

Oakey     Cliemical    Co lOO 

Ontario    Luhriciting    Co 96 


I'age    Steel    A    Wire   Co im 

Panglxfm    Torn 97 

Parmenter  &   Bulloch   Co.    OS 

Peerless    .Machine    Co.     101 

Perrin,    Wm.    R m 

Plewes.     Ltd 71 

Port   ttnrif    File    Mfg.    Co 28 

Positive    Clutch    A    Pullev    Worta....    99 

Pratt-  A  Whitney Inside  front  cover 

Prest-O-Lite  Co..   of  Canada    91 

Pullan,     B 71 


Racine    Tool    A    Machine    Co 96 

Reed-Prentice     Co 27 

Rice    Jjcv/ifi    A    Son    86 

Ridout    A   ..Maybee    71 

Riverside    .Machinery   Depot 73,74 

Rockford    Drilling    Machine    Co 18 

Roelofsoti   Macliine   A   Tool   Co 17 


Shore   Instniment  A   Mfg.    Co 99 

Shuster   Co.,    F.    B 98 

Sidney    Tool     Co 9? 

Silver     Mfg.     Co ',]  ^ 

Simonds   Canada    Saw    Co 22 

Skinner    Chuck    Co.     96 

Smalley-General    Co.,    Inc 84 

Standard    Alloys    Co 7 

Standard     t'uel     Engineering     Co Ill 

Standard    Machy.    &    Supplies,    Ltd..  6 

Standard     Optical     Co 83 

■Starrett    Co.,    L.    S 23 

Steel    Co.    of   Canada 3 

■Steptoe,     ,lohn,-.   Co 16 

St.     Lawrence    Welding    Co.     13 

Stoll    Co.,    D.    H 96 

Streeter,    H.    E 7 

Strong.   Kennaid   &   Nutt   Co 100 

Swedish    Steel    A    Importing   Co 4 

T 

Tabor  Mfg.    Co 98 

Taylor    Instrument    Co.     113 

Thwing    Instniment    Co.     101 

Toomey,     Frank     73 

Toronto  Testing   Laboratory,    Ltd.    ..    99 

Toronto    Iron    Works    96 

Toronto    Tool    Co.     78 

Trahem     Pump    Co.     106 

U 
United    Bra.'is   A    Lead.    Ltd 77,99 

V 

Vanadium-Alloys  Steel  Co 4 

Victoria    Foundry    Co.     100 

Vulcan    'Crucible    Steel     Co 4 

W 
Walker     &     Sons     Metal     Products, 

Hiram     88 

Walton    Co,,    The    91 

Whitman    &    Barnes    .Mfg.    Co M 

Whitehead,    Son    A   Co.,    W.    T 89 

Wetland    Machine    A    Dies    79 

Wells  Bros.  Co.  of  Canada 28 

Wentworth     Mfg.      Co.      21 

■Whllcomb-Blaiedell    llach.    Tool    Co.    21 

Wheel    Tnicing    Tool    Co 97 

Whiting  Foundry  A   Equip.   Co 97 

Whitney     Mfg.     Co.     20 

Wilkinson    &    Krvmpass    IflO 

WlIHams.    A.    R..   .Machinery   Co.    ..    61 
Williams,     A.     B. ,     Machinery    Co., 

of     St     .lohn     75 

Williams.   A.    R.,    Machinery  Co..   of 

Winnipeg    74 

Williams    A    Co..    J.    H 96 

Willson  A   Co,,   T,    A WO 

Wilt    Twist    Drill     Co.     5 

Wood    Turret    Machine    Co 12 

Windsor  .Machine  Ca    79 

Z 

Zenith    Coal    A    Steel    Products 73 


GnadianMachinery 

AN  D  _   _ 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.    No.  21 


November  21,  1918 


Conciliation  Will  Do  Much  To  Solve   Problem 

Imperial  Munitions  Board  Let  Some  of  the  Contracts  Run  to 

Ease  Labor  Situation — Minister  of  Labor  Sees   No   Cause  to 

Anticipate  Trouble  in  Handling  the  Situation 

Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


OTTAWA,  November  19. — Ottawa's  not  the  same  old 
Ottawa  that  it  used  to  be.  There's  too  much 
business  being  carried  on  here  to  permit  of  the  old 
political  atmosphere  thriving  and  having  full  fling.  The 
ward  heeler  is  not  cutting  much  ice  in  the  capital  just 
now,  although  his  day  may  come  again.  But  the  people 
who  are  here  and  who  get  the  hearing  are  the  men  who 
are  in  touch  with  business,  who  have  much  to  do  with  the 
employment  of  labor,  who  are  planning  how  best  to  pilot 
their  several  concerns  from  the  war-time  trade  to  the 
basis  of  peace-time  work.  Of  course  it's  all  a  little  rough 
on  the  old-time  politician,  but  it's  a  fact,  and  for  the 
present  chapter  his  likes  or  dislikes  are  not  of  very 
serious  consequence. 

As  far  as  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  can  find  out, 
the  matter  of  after-the-war  trade  has  been  put  right  in 
the  centre  of  the  ring.  It  has  preference  over  every- 
thing. In  fact  its  rating  on  the  basis  of  priorities  is 
Al.  Men  are  discussing  it.  It's  the  talk  at  the  Chateau, 
in  the  government  offices,  and  in  the  inner  chambers  as 
well.  So  if  talking  and  discussing  are  going  to  settle 
the  after-war  problems  they  will  be  polished  and  turned 
until  they  dazzle.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  great  "What 
next"  chapter  is  the  centre  of  all  interest.  Anything 
else  that  gets  a  chance  simply  flies  off  on  a  tangent. 

Stopping  the  Orders 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  learns  that  the  extension 
of  British  orders  after  the  cessation  of  war  was  largely 
out  of  consideration  for  the  men  employed  in  the  works, 
and  partly  from  a  desire  to  avoid  dumping  thousands  into 
the  labor  market  at  once.  The  Munitions  Board  do  not 
ivant  the  shells.  That  is  pretty  generally  understood. 
■Some  weeks  ago — in  fact  at  various  times — they  have 
"drawn  the  attention  of  the  government  that  the  day  was 
coming  when  they  would  not  give  out  any  more  orders, 
and  they  have  urged  the  government  to  look  forward  to 
that  time,  and  guard  against  it.  So  it  is  that  at  the 
-present  time  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  is  in  the 
position  of  the  purchaser  buying  clothes  that  he  will  not 
wear,  or  of  the  householder  loading  up  his  larder  with 
food  that  he  will  not  need.  Poor  business,  you  say  ?  Yes, 
it  is,  and  the  chances  are  that  the  head  of  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  would  not  be  inclined  to  dispute  the 
point.  He  knows  a  real  business  deal  about  as  thoroughly 
as  any  man  in  Canada,  and  if  the  matter  were  looked  at 
from  that  slant  alone  the  contracts  would  probably  have 
been  cancelled  the  day  the  armistice  was  signed. 

The  Other  Side 

Several  other  ways  were  considered.  It  was  sug- 
gested at  one  time  that  the  munitions  workers  should 
"be  given  a  bonus  of  a  couple  of  weeks'    pay    in    lieu    of 


any  notice  that  their  services  were  no  longer  required. 
There  were  objections  to  this  plan  as  it  was  felt  that 
there  would  be  an  inevitable  glutting  of  certain  labor 
markets,  and  it  was  decided  to  make  every  effort  to  avoid 
this,  so  the  plan,  which  meets  with  the  approval  of  Sir 
Joseph  Flavelle,  was  brought  out,  of  giving  contracts 
until  the  14th  of  December  to  run.  That  was  coupled 
with  instructions  not  to  take  any  new  material  into  the 
works  after  Friday  night,  the  15th.  Those  in  the  rough 
turning  would  thus  be  let  out  first,  probably  about  ten 
per  cent,  of  the  force. 

Not  Likely  to  Continue 

The  suggestion  has  been  made  here  that  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  should  continue  in  office.  They  have 
a  splendid  organization  that  has  produced  results  that 
the  country  hardly  appreciates,  and  if  it  did  understand 
their  work  better  it  might  add  to  the  size  and  insistence 
of  the  request  that  they  continue  in  office.  When 
questioned  on  this  point  Sir  Joseph  simply  remarked  that 
the  work  now  before  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  was 
to  liquidate  as  quickly  as  possible.  "We  were  brought 
■nto  existence  to  perform  a  stated  work.  That  has  been 
done,  and  as  soon  as  possible  we  will  cease  to  exist" 
That  apparently  is  the  feeling  of  the  chairman.  When 
on  this  subject  it  might  be  worth  while  to  give  the  opinion 
of  a  prominent  Canadian  manufacturer  who  was  in  Ottawa 
within  the  last  few  days.  The  manufacturer  in  question 
stated  that  he  was  going  to  tell  Sir  Joseph  personally 
the  same  thing.  Speaking  to  your  correspondent  he 
said:  "Our  firm  has  a  great  deal  to  thank  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  for.  I  have  gone  to  the  chairman 
several  times  with  propositions  that  I  couldn't  see  day- 
light through  and  I  have  never  come  away  without  the 
solution  of  my  trouble  or  something  pretty  close  to  it. 
I  believe  that  I  should  give  credit  for  the  assistance  that 
we  have  received  in  this  way." 

Absorbing  Labor 

The  Imperial  Munitions  Board  had  a  request  from  a 
lumbering  concern  in  the  north  asking  if  that  board  had 
any  objections  now  to  its  taking  men  from  shell  shops 
for  bush  work.  The  Board  replied  by  wire  that  if  the 
lumber  concern  were  able  to  do  this  they  would  be  help- 
ing very  materially  in  bringing  about  the  very  end  that 
the  Imperial  Munitions  organization  has  in  sight. 

American  Contracts 

While  the  British  business  is  done  for — or  at  least  will 
be  within  a  few  days  or  weeks — there  is  not  such  certainty 
about  the  termination  of  some  of  the  American  contracts. 
The  production  of  the  240  mm.  shell  may  be  continued. 


584 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The  guns  for  these  shells  are  being  turned  out  now  in 
United  States  shops;  the  Motor  Trucks  Ltd.,  of  Brantford, 
have  a  contract  for  250,000  of  these  shells.  The  shell 
differs  front  the  old  9.2  as  it  has  quite  a  taper  from  about 
half  way  up  the  body.  The  U.  S.  government  wants  these 
shells,  and  it  may  be  that  firms  holding  these  contracts 
will  be  making  shells  when  the  business  in  other  centres 
may  have  become  simply  a  memory  of  good  wages  and 
quantity  production.  Of  course  there's  nothing  official 
about  this,  but  it  looks  probable. 

J.  B.  Detwiler,  president  of  Motor  Trucks,  was  at  the 
Chateau  for  a  day  or  so  at  the  week-end.  He  went  from 
here  to  confer  with  some  of  the  directors  in  New  York 
City,  and  it  may  be  that  something  definite  will  be  an- 
nounced shortly. 

Motor  Trucks  have  a  large  shop  in  Brantford,  and  it 
may  continue  after  the  war  work  is  done.  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  discussed  this  point  with  Mr.  Detwiler. 
"We  have  a  shop  there  that  is  certainly  something  more 
than  a  shell  shop,"  he  stated.  "It  is  700  x  90  feet,  and  it 
was  finished  in  45  days  from  the  breaking  of  ground.  It 
is  a  steel  structure  and  fitted  for  other  lines  than  the 
production  of  shells.  I  am  not  able  to  state  just  what 
lines  I  refer  to,  but  we  have  plans  that  are  fairly  well 
advanced  in  this  direction.  Production  has  been  held 
back  with  delays  in  installing  equipment,  an^  more  es- 
pecially with  power  shortage.  We  are  equipped  for 
group  motor  drive,  and  it  is  only  recently  that  we  have 
been  able  to  secure  anything  like  sufficient  power  for 
some  of  the  heavy  initial  operations." 

The  Position  of  Labor 

The  next  few  months  is  likely  to  require  a  considerable 
amount  of  common  sense  on  the  part  of  both  employers 
and  employees.  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  can  state 
definitely  that  the  Labor  Department  does  not  anticipate 
trouble  if  this  condition  can  be  brought  about,  and  there 
are  many  indications  that  point  to  it  as  a  real  likelihood. 
Senator  Robertson,  the  newly  appointed  Minister  of 
Labor,  has  a  grasp  of  the  situation.  He  came  from  the 
ranks  of  organized  labor,  and  it  does  not  require  much 
conversation  with  him  to  impress  upon  one  the  fact  that 
he  sizes  up  like  a  good  go-between  for  both  capital  and 
labor.  He  discussed  the  situation  at  some  length  with 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY,  and  his  views  are  those  of 
a  man  who  has  been  a  keen  student  of  the  situation, 
well  versed  in  the  contributory  causes  to  trouble  and  their 
cure,  and  firm  enough  to  have  a  solution  for  them. 


"I  have  no  reason  to  anticipate  serious  trouble,  al- 
though we  realize  that  the  demobilization  of  the  army, 
following  hard  upon  the  cancellation  of  war  contracts, 
is  going  to  give  the  country  a  real  problem  to  deal  with. 
Against  that  I  am  firmly  convinced  that  we  have  a  more 
conciliatory  spirit  on  the  part  of  both  employers  and 
employees  than  has  been  the  case  for  some  time  past. 
The  employer  of  to-day,  especially  the  younger  genera- 
tion, realizes  in  a  very  direct  way  that  they  have  a  greater 
responsibility  to  the  man  in  their  shops  than  simply 
to  extract  a  day's  work  from  him,  and  the  men  are 
coming  to  see  that  their  success  is  very  closely  con- 
nected with  the  success  of  their  employer.  Then  there 
is  the  softening  influence  of  the  war.  It  has  played  its 
part.  It  may  not  be  apparent  on  the  surface,  but  it  ia 
there,  and  it  is  going  to  be  felt. 

The  Demobilization  Plan 

"The  manner  in  which  the  army  is  going  to  be  de- 
mobilized is  going  to  prevent,  as  far  as  possible,  the 
congesting  of  the  labor  market  in  any  one  particular 
section.  For  instance  if  you  take  ten  thousand  British 
Columbia  men  and  put  them  back  in  British  Columbia, 
and  ten  thousand  Alberta  men  in  Alberta,  and  so  on, 
you  are  going  to  have  a  much  more  equal  distribution 
than  had  you  taken  that  ten  thousand  and  unloaded 
them  at  some  of  the  ports,  either  at  Halifax  or  Quebec. 

"If  there  is  going  to  be  a  pinch  it  will  probably 
come  in  the  first  four  months  of  the  year.  We  are 
facing  a  situation  where,  above  all  else,  we  have  a  right 
to  demand  from  all  classes,  moderation,  and  a  large 
measure  of  conciliation.  Give  us  that,  and  we  have  little 
to  fear." 

Officials  in  close  touch  with  the  Labor  Department 
believe  that  a  lot  of  foreigners  will  be  leaving  Canada 
very  shortly.  One  of  them  put  the  case  to  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  this  way:  "As  soon  as  an  Italian  gets 
about  $2,000  in  his  belt  he  buys  a  ticket  and  goes  back 
to  Italy,  and  he  is  fairly  well  fixed  for  some  time  to 
come.  These  men  have  not  been  able  to  get  back  for 
some  time,  and  when  I  refer  to  that  I  mean  others  than 
Italians.  They  have  in  many  cases  during  the  last 
four  years  made  more  money  than  they  ever  dreamed 
was  possible.  As  soon  as  shipping  is  available  they  are 
going  to  leave.  They  will  take  quite  a  lot  of  money 
with  them,  but  lying  in  their  money  belt  is  equivalent 
to  having  it  withdrawn  from  circulation.  So  my  parting 
word  to  them  would  simply  be,  "We'll  never  stop  you." 


MASSEY-HARRIS  WANT  loo  MOLDERS,  THEN  i,ooo  MEN 


THAT  the  securing  of  one  hundred  molders  right 
now  means  the  employing  of  1,000  men  in  the  shops 
of  the  Massey-Harris  Company  is  the  information  given 
out  there  to-day.  The  Massey-Harris  Company  is  start- 
ing an  advertising  campaign  to  secure  these  men.  They 
are  using  3pace  liberally.  Here  are  some  of  the  advertis- 
ing notices  that  state  the  case  from  the  company's 
point  of  view: 

Food  For  Thought! 
What  does  the  future  hold  for  you,  Mr.  Worker? 
Why  worry  when  prompt  action  may  get  you  a 
steady  position  in  the  largest  peace  industry  in 
Canada  ? 

MASSEY-HARRIS   CO.,  LTD. 
Notice  To  Factory   Workers 
Now  that  peace  is  in  sight  you  will  wish  to  con- 
sider permanent  employment.    Never  has  the  de- 
mand for  food  been  so  urgent.    Why  not  help  us 
to  increase  production  by  working  in  the  Massey- 
Harris  factories?     Ideal  working  conditions. 
Massey-Harris    Co.    still    have    room    for    more 
molders  as  the  demand  for  implements  is  urgent. 
Why  not  secure     steady  work   at     the   highest 
wages  while  you  still  have  the  opportunity? 


Mr.  Gifford,  superintendent  of  the  Toronto  plant,  in 
discussing  the  matter  with  CANADIAN  MACHINERY, 
stated  that  their  policy  would  be  to  keep  up  the  wages 
as  long  as  possible,  and  so  secure  the  cream  of  the  men 
that  would  be  desiring  employment.  "A  few  men  drop- 
ping in  and  asking  for  work  in  the  last  few  days  is 
the  first  sunshine  that  we've  seen  in  a  long  time,"  he 
stated.  Ten  of  their  old  molders  are  back  with  them 
again. 

In  some  cases  molders  have  quit  their  trades  and 
entered  war  contract  shops  for  the  higher  wages  that 
were  being  paid  there.  In  that  they  have  acquire<i 
a  liking  for  machine  operations,  and  seek  them  when 
they  apply  at  places  like  Massey-Harris.  However  the 
chance  of  making  around  $6  per  day,  with  steady  em- 
ployment, is  quite  a  factor  in  making  them  molders 
again. 

Officials  at  the  plant  stated  that  there  was  a  ten- 
dency on  the  part  of  some  who  had  been  laborers  before 
to  hold  out  for  something  better  because  they  have  been 
making  big  money  in  munitions  plants,  and  they  do  not 
like  to  fall  back  to  the  laborer's  rate  of  pay.  The  pros- 
pects of  steady  work  through  the  winter  have  consider- 
able to  do  with  a  decision,  though. 


November  21,  1918. 


585 


Hamilton  Industries  In  Good  Shape  For  It 

Interviews  With  Large  Number  of  the  Industrial  Leaders  Gives 
Reason  to  Hope  For  Continued  Employment — How  War  Shops 
Are  Turning  to  Other  Lines  Now 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


HAMILTON,  Nov.  19.— The  forecasts  made  by 
economists  that  a  period  of  industrial  depression 
was  bound  to  follow  quickly  on  the  heels  of 
the  termination  of  the  European  conflict,  are  not  going 
to  materialize  so  far  as  the  numerous  large  industrials 
of  Hamilton   are   concerned. 

Not  that  the  heads  of  these  concerns  think  th'ere  will 
not  be  a  period  of  grave  re-adjustment  to  be  carefully 
weathered.  But  they  are  prepared  for  the  transition 
that  must  soon  come,  and  ventured  the  opinion  collec- 
tively that  there  would  be  enough  foreign  orders  to 
keep  the  wheels  of  industry  humming  for  many  months; 
to  come,  to  say  nothing  of  the  large  volume  of  domestic 
business  which  is  looked  for. 

Shut-downs  are  not  looked  for  at  all,  and  while  in 
a  few  isolated  cases  war  workers  may  be  thrown  upon 
the  country  for  a  short  time,  and  the  reduction  of  the 
Canadian  army  may  do  likewise,  Hamilton  manufacturers 
rather  lean  to  the  opinion  that  all  this  available  labor 
will  be  absorbed  quickly. 

It  was  frankly  admitted  by  several  of  the  more  promi- 
nent manufacturers  that  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
'vould  in  all  likelihood  entirely  cancel  its  contracts  witliin 
the  next  few  days,  but  no  alarm  is  felt  at  that,  because, 
as  has  been  mentioned,  all  preparations  for  placing  fac- 
tories on  a  peace  basis  have  already  been  made.  Nor 
does  this  imply  that  wages  will  decrease.  The  labor 
market  is  still  acute  and  is  likely  to  remain  so  for 
some  time  to  come.  More  than  a  few  Hamilton  in- 
dustrials reported  that  they  could  all  do  with  two  and 
three  hundred  more  men  each,  and  were  willing:  to  pay 
current  wages.  Die  sinkers  and  machinists  are  most 
in  demand. 

As  for  foreign  business,  there  appears  to  be  plenty 
of  it  in  sight.  A  heavy  demand  has  been  created  for 
machine  tools  in  foreign  countries,  all  the  belligerent 
nations  included.  Much  rollink  stock  is  also  wanted, 
while  South  American  nations  have  placed  large  orders 
for  agricultural  implements  with  four  Hamilton  con- 
cerns. 

It  might  be  said  here  that  the  labor  market  is  causing 
concern  if  anything.  Many  manufacturers  predict  that 
once  the  present  scarcity  of  shipping  is  relieved — as  they 
expect  it  will  be  another  twelve-month  hence — hundreds 
of  foreigners  who  worked  steadily  during  the  four  years 
of  war  for  the  highest  wages  they  ever  earned  in  their 
lives,  will  flock  to  their  native  lands  with  pockets  filled 
with  gold.  The  question  which  causes  worry  is:  "From 
where  will  albor  be  recruited  to  make  up  for  this  short- 
age?" Meanwhile,  there  is  every  promise  that  Hamilton, 
industrially  speaking,  will  pass  through  the  period  of 
readjustment  without  any  depression.  Fully  thirty  or 
thirty-five  thousand  industrial  workers  are  engaged  at 
the  present  time,  and  this  huge  force  will  be  increased 
if  anything. 

An  individual  canvass  of  the  larger  industries  tends 
strongly  to  confirm  the  general  viewpoint.  Especially 
large  orders  for  all  kinds  of  equipment  have  been  re- 
ceived from  Belgium  and  France,  and  now  that  the  sub- 
marine menace  has  ceased,  export  business  will  gradually 
revert  back  to  normal,  and  orders  which  have  not  been 
delivered  on  this  account  will  now  be  forwarded. 

The  largest  industry  in  Hamilton  is  the  Steel  Com- 
pany of  Canada,  which  employs  2,900  men,  and  which 
has  been  working  steadily  on  war  work  since  the  out- 
break of  hostilities.  The  company's  contracts  with  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  would  ensure  it  remaining 
on  war  work  for  many  months  to  come,  but  it  is  felt 
that  these  contracts  will  doubtless  be  cancelled  at  an  early 


date.  Loss  of  this  work  will  cause  not  even  a  temporary 
lull  in  the  operations  of  this  plant.  Francis  H.  Whitton, 
general  manager,  stated  that,  while  the  company  was 
necessarily  uncertain  at  present  as  to  how  much  longer  it 
would  continue  to  produce  war  material,  there  was  no 
uncertainty  regarding  future  orders. 

Much  Depends  On  Railways 

"We  are  working  on  war  orders  at  full  blast  at  the 
present  time.  If  the  war  work  is  stopped  we  will  revert 
to  our  other  orders  which  include  equipment  for  foreign 
countries.  We  have  considerable  domestic  business  in 
sight  also."  stated  Mr.  Whitton,  who  added  that  the  rail- 
ways were  all  in  need  of  rolling  stock,  which  meant 
heavy  castings,  etc.,  while  the  government  would  no 
doubt  start  many  public  works.  Mr.  Whitton  said  it 
was  imperative  to  the  stability  of  conditions  in  Canada 
that  railways  keep  things  moving.  If  transportation  was 
not  adequate  to  the  new  demands  then  it  would  be  very 
difficult  for  large  industrials  to  carry  out  their  pro- 
grammes. 

Mr.  Whitton  pinned  great  faith  in  the  ability  of  the 
Canadian  Trade  Commission  to  procure  much  foreign 
business  for  Canadian  manufacturers  while  it  is  abroad. 
He  thought  that  if  manufacturers  were  prepared  for  the 
readjustment  this  commission  would  see  to  it  that  they 
got  all  the  orders  they  could  handle  for  months  to  come. 

Mr.  Whitton  made  it  clear,  however,  that  no  one  really 
knew  iust  what  the  future  held.  Many  broad  questions 
were  involved;  but  summing  the  situation  up,  by  and  large, 
he  thought  it  was  very  promising. 

As  regards  the  probable  demand  for  machine  tools, 
Mr.  Whitton  said  the  Steel  Company  of  Canada  was 
not  purchasing  any  at  the  present  time.  This  company 
is  not  likely  to  scrap  its  munitions  machinery. 

At  The  Westinghouse  Plant 

Paul  J.  Myler,  president  of  the  Canadian  Westinghouse 
Company,  which  has  worked  extensively  on  munitions, 
when  asked  what  the  outlook  for  his  company  was,  was 
inclined  to  be  non-commital  as  he  said  he  was  not  in  a 
position  to  talk.  Mr.  Myler  did  say,  however,  that  the 
company  had  sufficient  American  orders  for  electrical 
equipment  to  keep  it  going  for  the  next  four  months. 
About  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  output  of  the  company 
is  destined  for  the  American  markets  in  normal  times, 
and  no  uneasiness  is  felt.  As  for  the  equipment  whicli 
had  been  used  in  the  making  of  munitions,  Mr.-  Myler 
stated  emphatically  that  none  of  it  would  have  to  be  scrap- 
ped as  it  was  adapted  for  such  work. 

War   End   Makes  No   Difference 

Although  it  has  worked  exclusively  on  munitions  since 
the  outbreak  of  war  the  cancellation  of  such  orders  will 
have  no  effect  on  the  Tallman  Brass  &  Metal  Company, 
and  work  will  continue  as  usual. 

Addison  H.  Tallman,  manager  of  the  company,  said 
that  if  anything  conditions  in  the  immediate  future  would 
be  better  than  ever.  "We  do  not  look  forward  to  experienc- 
ing the  slightest  difficulty  during  the  readjustment  period. 
There  might  be  a  temporary  hold-up,  but  that  is  ex- 
tremely unlikely.  We  have  large  orders  on  hand  which 
were  held  up  owing  to  the  shortage  of  certain  material. 
The  ending  of  hostilities  will  enable  us  to  get  these 
materials  and  then  we  shall  proceed  with  our  new  busi- 
ness. Our  new  orders  are  both  domestic  and  foreign. 
We  expect  to  be   soon  able  to  resume   our  export  trade 


586 


C  A  N  A  I)  1  A  N    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


in  brass  lines  to  Australia,  Siam  and  South  America.    We 
certainly  will  not  close  our  plant." 

Will  Make  Steel  Barrels 

Otto  W.  Cook,  manager  of  the  Canadian  Cartridge 
Company,  stated  that  the  end  of  the  war  would  not  affect 
his  company  in  the  slightest  degree.  One  of  the  largest 
makers  of  munitions  in  Canada,  this  concern  has  lost 
no  time  in  preparing  for  the  period  of  readjustment,  and 
will  divert  its  efforts  into  a  new  channel  entirely.  Be- 
lieving that  a  large  market  is  open  in  Canada,  the  United 
States  and  other  countries  for  steel  barrels  the  Canadian 
Cartridge  Company  has  erected  a  new  $100,000  addition 
to  its  plant  for  this  purpose  and  will  commence  making 
these  barrels  early  in  December.  This  cr.mpany  will  be 
the  only  one  in  Canada  to  make  steel  barrels,  and  the 
present  staff,  engaged  on  munitions,  will  all  be  absorbed 
when  the  new  work  is  taken  up. 

"We  do  not  expect  the  slightest  lull  in  operations. 
By  the  time  we  clean  up  our  munition  work  we  shall 
be  able  to  proceed  with  the  manufacture  of  barrels,"  said 
Mr.  Cook,  who  added  that  machinery  for  the  new  work 
was  arriving  every  day. 

Men   Are  Wanted   Here 

Officials  of  the  National  Steel  Car  Company  were  very 
hopeful  regarding  the  future.  They  said  that  they  had 
plenty  of  business  in  sight  and  were  not  worryin?  in  the 
least  at  the  possible  early  cessation  of  munition  making. 

B.  A.  Hamilton,  works  manager  of  the  company,  said 
that  the  new  orders  the  company  had  received  were 
chiefly  for  rolling  stock  for  the  Canadian  Govermnent 
and  the  Malay  and  Indian  governments.  One  thousand 
cars  alone  would  be  made  for  Canadian  railways  con- 
trolled by  the  government.  Increased  business  was  antici- 
pated as  a  result  of  the  visit  to  Europe  of  T.  E.  McAllister, 
president  of  the  company,  who  recently  returned.  The 
company  also  thought  that  the  Canadian  Trade  Com- 
mission would  be  very  hopeful  to  Canadian  industrials. 

"We  are  badly  in  need  of  more  labor,  and  can  use 
three  or  four  hundred  more  men  and  ensure  them  steady 
employment  for  several  months  to  come.  We  principally 
want  die-sinkers,  machinists  and  car  builders,"  concluded 
Mr.  Hamilton. 

At  Dominion  Foundries 

Officials  of  the  Dominion  Foundries  &  Steel  were  not 
in  a  position  to  say  just  what  the  future  activities 
of  the  company  would  be.  The  making  of  shell  castings 
had  occupied  the  company's  attentions  for  the  past  four 
years,  but  plenty  of  new  work  was  in  sight,  chiefly 
heavy  castings  and  forgings.  No  shut-down  is  antici- 
pated. 

Not  On  War  Work 

Walter  B.  Champ,  secretary-treasurer  of  the  Hamilton 
Bridge  Works  Company,  said  that  large  orders  for  ship- 
building material,  principally  angle-iron,  etc.,  would  keep 
the  company  busy  for  many  months  to  come. 

"We  have  large  orders  for  this  material  from  the 
United  States  to  enable  it  to  carry  out  its  large  shipping 
programme.  We  also  have  many  orders  for  construction 
steel  and  iron.  The  company  never  engaged  in  war 
work,  strictly  speaking,  and  therefore  will  not  be  affected 
during  the  readjustment  period,"  said  Mr.  Champ. 

Plenty  of  Orders 

Col.  Arthur  F.  Hatch,  general  manager  of  the  Canada 
Steel  Goods  Company,  was  optimistic  regarding  the  out- 
look in  general.  He  hazarded  the  opinion  that  two  years 
hence  Canada  would  be  the  most  prosperous  country  in 
the  world.  "Any  country  that  can  produce  the  grain 
we  can,  does  not  need  to  worry  about  the  future.  As 
for  our  own  company  we  have  plenty  of  orders  on  hand. 
There  is  always  a  demand  for  steel  goods,  consequently 
we  do  not  look  for  any  lull  in  production.  We  have 
many  foreign  and  domestic  orders." 

Tonnage  Will   Help 

C.  R.  Brown,  secretary  of  the  Canadian  Drawn  Steel 


Company,  said  that  his  company  was  in  good  shape. 
The  output  of  this  concern  is  chiefly  agricultural  im- 
plements and  also  equipment  for  shipbuilding  concerns. 
These  oredrs  will  keep  the  company  busily  engaged  foi' 
several  months  to  come,  and  are  destined  for  Canadian 
points.  Mr.  Brown  said  that  the  company  always  did 
a  large  export  trade  until  the  scarcity  of  shipping  pre- 
vented further  activity.  With  the  tonnage  growing  better 
all  the  time  he  said  the  company's  export  trade  would 
not  only  come  back  to  normal,  but  would  doubtless  in- 
crease, as  it  was  out  for  all  the  foreign  business  it  could 
get. 

Officials  of  the  Otis-Fensom  Elevator  Company,  which 
has  worked  almost  exclusively  on  munitions  during  the 
war,  declined  to  make  any  statements  regarding  the  in- 
dustrial outlook  of  the  company,  as  they  said  they  thought 
the  present  time  was  not  opportune  for  forecasts. 

No  Trouble  Here 

A.  L.  Page,  general  manager  of  the  Frost  Wire  Fence 
Company,  stated  that  his  concern  has  been,  and  will  be, 
engaged  solely  on  the  producing  of  agricultural  equipment 
and  farm  requirements.  Mr.  Page  said  that  the  company, 
having  never  engaged  in  war  work,  did  not  contemplate 
any  difficulty  in  passing  through  the  period  of  readjust- 
ment, as  it  had  plenty  of  orders  on  hand. 

Want   Farm   Machinery 

The  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Company,  which  also  has  not 
engaged  in  war  work,  has  plenty  of  export  orders  on  hand 
to  keep  it  going  for  a  long  while  to  come.  Great  demands 
for  tractors  have  come  from  South  America,  Australia 
and  Western  Canada.  Gang  plows  and  all  other  forms 
of  agricultural  equipment  are  in  demand  also.  "We  have 
plenty  of  orders  on  hand  for  this  equipment  from  South 
Africa,  Great  Britain,  and  other  countries  already  men- 
tioned," said  Albert  C.  Dann,  superintendent.  This  com- 
pany is  also  eager  to  engage  many  additional  workmen. 
Bench  hands,  assemblers,  forge  hands,  etc.,  are  wanted. 

Busy  at  International 

H.  H.  Biggert,  superintendent  of  the  International  Har- 
vester Company,  stated  that  the  company  had  orders  for 
agricultural  equipment  that  would  keep  it  going  for  the 
next  twelve  months,  and  with  the  return  of  conditions 
to  normal,  orders  would  no  doubt  be  increased. 

"We  have  much  business  for  New  Zealand,  Australia, 
Great  Britain,  South  America  and  Italy.  We  are  going 
full  force  at  the  present  time  and  unless  something  un- 
foreseen happens  will  continue  so  for  some  time  to  come. 
There  is  no  possibility  of  this  plant  closing  down.  Every 
man  we  have  will  be  kept  busy,"  concluded  Mr.  Biggert. 

Orders  of   Machine  Tools 

Regarding  the  likelihood  of  a  demand  for  machine 
tools,  officials  of  the  Ford-Smith  Machine  Company  stated 
that  they  were  figuring  on  a  large  demand  for  this  class 
of  work  from  the  foreign  markets.  The  current  demand 
of  the  domestic  market  might  slacken  for  a  time;  but 
there  was  no  doubt  in  their  minds  that  much  of  the  muni- 
tion equipment  would  have  to  be  scrapped.  Most  of  it 
was  worn  out  anyway,  it  was  said. 

"We  have  large  orders  for  machine  tools  from  all  the 
belligerent  countries,"  said  an  official. 


LONDON  SHOPS  READY 

Geo.  White  &   Sons  Co.  Have   Lines  in  Shape — Concrete 
Machines  For  Export  Trade. 

LONDON,  Ont.,  Nov.  21— George  White  &  Sons  Com- 
pany, Limited,  and  employees,  of  London,  have  sub- 
scribed $75,000  to  the  fifth  Victory  Loan  which  has 
just  closed.  Arthur  W.  White,  vice-president  and  man- 
ager, has  been  the  efficient  chairman  of  the  industrial  com- 
mittee of  the  London  Victory  Loan  organization  and  to 
his  leadership  a  great  deal  of  the  success  of  the  work 
among  the  factories  has    been    due.      The   canvass    was 


November  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


687 


handled  by  the  company,  the  work  being  done  in  the  vari- 
ous departments  by  the  different  foremen.  F.  J.  White, 
secretary  and  sales  manager,  and  E.  A.  White,  treasurer, 
had  charge  of  the  canvass  among  the  office  employees. 
John  Vasbinder,  superintendent,  assisted  the  foremen  in 
their  work.  Following  are  the  names  of  the  department 
heads  who  did  good  work  among  the  employees  in  the 
canvass:  Harry  Williams,  machinists;  William  Wood,  foun- 
dry; John  Fryer,  boiler  department;  William  Elliott,  and 
William  Cooper,  woodworking  department;  William  Mason, 
wheel  department;  Frank  Meanley,  engine  erecting  depart- 
ment. 

After-War  Conditions 

Arthur  White  says  in  reference  to  the  conditions  of 
the  near  future,  that  his  firm  is  ready  to  start  full  blast 
on  the  manufacture  of  farm  machinery  as  soon  as  it  is 
possible  to  secure  sufficient  supplies  of  raw  materials.  He 
anticipates  that  his  company  will  have  a  full  supply  of 
gasoline  and  steam  tractors,  and  threshing  machines  ready 
for  7iext  year's  trade  which  he  thinks  will  be  unusualljr 
heavy. 

He  Intends  going  after  the  tractor  trade  as  he  sees  a 
great  opportunity  in  it.  The  tractor  is  here  to  stay  and 
it  will  not  be  long  until  it  will  be  as  common  as  the 
automobile.  The  steam  tractor  is  still  holding  its  own  with 
the  gasoline  tractor,  and  Mr.  White  thinks  that  it  will  be 
in  good  demand. 

Export  trade  is  being  considered  by  the  company,  but 
it  is  the  intention  to  supply  the  home  market  first.  It  is 
anticipated  that  this  market  will  be  so  heavy  that  it  will 
be  nearly  impossible  to  supply  any  goods  for  export. 

Prospects  Are   Bright 

"Prospects  are  bright  for  a  heavy  trade  in  our  line 
at  least,"  said  H.  Pocock,  president  of  the  London  Con- 
crete M-ch'nery  Company,  to  the  CANADIAN  MACHIN- 
ERY AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS  recently  in  ref- 
erence to  the  outlook  for  business  following  the  war.  "Our 
business  has  keot  up  throughout  the  four  years  of  war  and 
for  the  first  fifteen  days  of  November  it  has  been  double 
that  of  the  corresponding  period  in  any  other  year.  Sep- 
tember and  October  of  this  year  we  did  the  largest  bus- 
iness of  any  co-responding  months  in  any  other  years." 

The  London  Concrete  Machinery  Company,  H.  Pocock, 
president;  J.  C.  Doidge,  vice-pres'dent,  manufactures  con- 
crete mixers  of  all  sizes,  and  it  has  recently  undertaken  to 
distribute  the  Novo  dust-proof  and  frost-proof  gasoline 
engines  for  Canada.  This  is  the  engine  that  is  now  being 
put  out  with  the  concrete  mixers.  It  is  made  by  the 
Novo  Engine  Company,  of  Lansing,  Michigan.  It  is  a 
vertical  engine  and  all  its  working  parts  are  enclosed  in 
oil.  The  manufacturers  assert  that  this  feature  enables 
it  to  give  service  for  three  times  as  long  as  the  ordinary 
open  type  engine.  It  is  also  lighter  in  weight  per  rated 
h.p.  than  theh  ordinary  gasol'ne  engine. 

The  Export  Trade 

An  order  recently  has  been  received  by  the  company 
for  two  carloads  of  cement  mixers  to  be  shipped  to 
Australia,  two  carloads  to  South  Africa,  and  one  car  to 
New  Zealand.     The  company  is  busy  on  these  orders  now. 

This  company  is  already  making  plans  to  capture  some 
of  the  export  trade  in  France  as  it  is  thought  that  the  de- 
mand for  its  goods  will  be  large  there  for  the  next  few 
years.  It  will  have  an  exhibit  of  concrete  mixers  at  the 
Lyons  fair  which  will  be  held  in  France  in  March.  Several 
sizes  of  mixers  suitable  for  building  construction  will  be 
exhibited. 

Mr.  Pocock  has  no  fears  for  the  future  of  Canada  as 
he  thinks  the  export  trade  will  enable  the  wheels  of  in- 
dustrialism to  keep  revolving  at  a  sufficient  speed  to 
preserve  the  present  prosperity  and  in  time  increase  it. 


WELLAND  PLANT  IS  O.K. 

steel  and  Metals  is  in  Shape  to  Manufacture  Mining  Ma- 
chinery  Now. 

WELLAND,  Nov.  21— The  Electric  Steel  and  Metals, 
Welland,  are  actively  contemplating  the  manu- 
facture of  mining  machinery  and  other  products 
of  like  nature.  Unlike  many  plants  engaged  on  war  work, 
this  company's  equipment  is  admirably  adapted  to  peace 
needs.  The  electric  furnace  installation  and  the  struc- 
ture in  which  the  furnaces  are  located  were  erected  in 
1913  to  serve  the  strictly  commercial  purpose  of  making 
steel  castings  and  no  change  in  equipment  was  needed  to 
adapt  the  plant  to  the  casting  of  steel  shell  billets.  On 
teh  coming  of  peace  a  few  days'  preparation  will  suffice 
to  change  from  a  war  to  a  peace  basis  and  the  buildings 
since  erected  for  shell  turning  have  been  built  to  serve 
the  purpose  of  a  permanent  machine  shop. 

In  conversation  with  a  representative  of  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  Mr.  E.  Carnegie,  president  and  general 
manager,  expressed  the  opinion  that  Canadian  manufac- 
turers have  reason  to  be  very  optimistic  over  future  bus- 
iness conditions  and  that  a  little  thought  and  foresight 
now  would  be  amply  repaid  in  the  permanent  prosperity 
to  come. 


-Courtesy   of    Belts. 


BELT    TERMS    DEFINED. 


588 


Volume  XX. 


British  Cost  Is  Away  Below  This  Country's 

Figures  Secured  Shows  That  the  Shipbuilding  Industry  in  Canada 
is  Up  Against  a  Veiy  Hard  Competition  by  Reason  of  the  Differ- 
ence in  Wages  and  Cost  of  Material 

Special     to     CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


OTfAWA,  November  20. — Under  the  programme  of 
Canadian  shipbuilding  authorized  by  order-in- 
council  last  March  fifty-five  million  dollars  was  to 
be  expended.  Up  to  the  date  of  this  article  the  con- 
tracts authorized  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Lake  type  9  vessels 

4,300  ton  type 6      " 

5,100    "      "     8      " 

8,100    "      "     : 14      " 

10,600    ••      ••     2      " 

39 
As  mentioned  by  Sir  Joseph  Flavelle  in  an  interview 
given  to  this  paper  this  week,  the  policy  of  the  Imperia; 
Munitions  Board  will  be  to  push  its  shipbuilding  activities 
to  the  limit,  and  as  soon  as  the  berths  occupied  by  the 
Board's  vesseds  are  cleared  they  will  be  occupied  by 
ships  to  be  constructed  under  the  Canadian  Government 
programme. 

For  some  time  to  come  the  government  work  will 
keep  all  the  yards  fully  occupied.  From  the  very  first 
the  Marine  Department  has  been  opposed  to  the  increasing 
of  the  establishment  of  new  yards.  The  steel  available 
has  not  been  sufficient  to  keep  existing  yards  fully  occu- 
pied, and  the  Department  felt  that  the  best  policy  was 
to  keep  existing  yards  occupied  to  their  full  capacity  rather 
than  to  increase  the  number  of  yards  when,  owing  to  thr 
scarcity  of  labor  and  material,  they  would  not  be  running- 
full  time.  It  was  also  felt  that  if  at  any  time  in  future 
construction  should  decline,  the  same  thing  would  apply 
The  Matter  of  Price 
The  prospects  for  the  future  largely  depend  on  how 
far  we  in  Canada  can  go  in  the  direction  of  building  ships 
within  measurable  distance  of  what  they  can  be  built  for 
in  the  United  Kingdom.  This  applies  to  the  future  of 
shipbuilding  in  the  United    States   also,   because    at    the 


present  time  prices  in  the  Canadian  yards  compare  most 
favorably  with  the  prices  for  ships  of  the  same  type  in 
American  yards. 

At  present,  ships  built  in  Canada  are  costing  about 
double  what  they  cost  in  the  United  Kingdom.  This  is 
due  to  the  high  cost  of  material  which,  in  turn,  is  due  to 
the  high  cost  of  labor,  mainly. 

Steel  plates  have  been  available  to  builders  in  Great 
Britain  at  a  price  of,  approximately,  fifty-five  dollars  a 
ton.  Compare  that  with  the  following  schedule,  show- 
ing the  delivered  cost  of  steel  per  long  ton  from  Pittsburg 
and  Chicago  to  different  points  in  Canada: 


From  Pittsburg  to  Cost 

Vancouver,  Victoria  and  Prince  Rupert 

Port  Arthur 

Toronto   

Collin.2:wood    

Montreal 

Three  Rivers   

Quebec 

Halifax    

From  Chicago  to  Cost 

Vancouver,  Victoria  and  Prince  Rupert  . . . . 

Port  Arthur  

Toronto   

Collingwood    

Montreal 

Three  Rivers   

Quebec 

Halifax    


per  long  ton 
$102.25 
89.37 
78.84 
80.19 
96.89 
81.87 
81.87 
84.67 

per  long  ton 
$100.80 
82  32 
79.29 
81.08 
99.68 
84.78 
84.78 
87.36 

So  much  for  the  relative  cost  of  materials  with  our- 
selves and  our  great  competitors.  The  next  factor  is  the 
cost  of  labor  in  the  shipyards.  The  following  are  the 
wages  paid  per  week  to  the  different  classes  of  ship- 
yard workers  in  Great  Britain  and  in  different  points  in 
Canada: 


Wages  Per  Week  to  Shipyard  Workers  in  Great  Britain  and  Canada,  With  Per  Cent. 

Increase  in  Canada  Over  Great  Britain 


Tradw 

Shipwrights   

Joiners   

Patternmakers    .  . 

Plumbers    

Blacksmiths  

Hammermen  .... 

Painters    

Machinists   

Rivetters   

Holders  on 

Platers    

Caulkers    

Electricians 

Riggers   

Laborers    

Engineers 

Boiler  makers  .  .  . 

Boiler  makers,  riv- 
etters   

Boiler  makers, 
helpers  


EnKland 
iiO  hrs. 

$16.50 
16.50 
16.50 
16.50 
16.05 
13.00 
16.05 
14.40 
15.55 
14.15 
16.05 
15.55 
16.50 
13.20 
12.70 
16.09 


16.50 
12.40 


Montreal 
50  hrs. 

$27.80 
26.50 
31.80 
27.80 
27.80 
17.50 
23.85 
29.25 
29.15 
26.25 
29.15 
29.15 
27.80 
23.85 
20.00 
33.75 
39.25 


% 

Inc. 

68.5 
60.0 
92.0 
68.5 
73.0 
34.5 
48.5 

100.0 
87.0 
85.0 
81.0 
87.0 
68.0 
80.0 
57.5 

110.0 


39.25      137.0 
20.00       61.0 


Pt.  Arthur 
50  hrs. 

$34.45 
35.77 
37.00 
34.45 
34.45 
35.15 
29.15 
35.75 
35.75 
26.50 
26.50 
35.75 
35.77 
31.80 
21.20 
33.75 
33.75 

33.75 

22.50 


<'/r 

Inc. 

108 

116 

124 

108 

114 

93 

82 

148 

130 

87 

65 

129 

116 

141 

67 

110 


100 
80 


Pac.  Coast 
44  hrs. 

$36.30 
36.30 
39.30 
33.00 
33.00 
24.64 
20.22 
33.00 
33.00 
25.52 
33.00 
33.00 
33.00 
33.00 
21.12 
33.00 
33.00 

33.00 

23.65 


Inc. 

120 
120 
138 
100 
105 

89 

88 
129 
100 

80 
105 
112 
100 
150 

66 
105 


100 
91 


Pac.  Coast 
%  inc.  over 
Montreal 

30 
37 
24 
19 
19 
41 
26 
12 
12 

*2% 
12 
13 
18 
38 
5 
*2 
*19 

*19 

18 


•Dm. 
Atrprmlmat*  Incr»u«~ 
Montreal    over   Enxland 


80% 


Port  Arthur  over   England    108% 

Pacific    Coast  over   England    •110% 

Pacific   Coast  over  Montreal    •16% 

•Not  allowing    for   lower  number   of   worl<ing  hours. 


November  21,  1918. 


CA  N  A  If  r  A  N     M  A  C  II  I  N  K  l{  Y 


689 


Needless  to  say,  if  private  capital  is 
to  be  invested  in  the  purchase  of  ships, 
they  will  buy  in  the  cheapest  market, 
and  cost  of  building  being  about  the 
same  here  and  in  the  United  States, 
the  competitor  of  both  countries  will  be 
Great  Britain.  If  the  industry  is  to  ex- 
pand, or  even  continue  to  the  same  ex- 
tent as  before  the  war,  it  is  apparent 
that  it  can  do  so  under  one  of  two  con- 
ditions: wages  must  come  down  in  the 
steel  making  and  shipbuilding  trades, 
or  the  industry  must  be  helped  by  some 
system   of  bonuses   or   tariff   protection. 

Before  the  war  a  common  objection 
to  the  feasibility  of  building  ships  here 
was  that  we  did  not  have  a  supply  of 
skilled  labor.  That  objection  has,  to 
a  large  extent,  vanished.  A  large  body 
of  skilled  labor  has  been  trained  here 
during  the  war.  As  a  matter  of  fact 
there  is  nothing  very  intricate  or  tech- 
nical about  the  majority  of  the  opera- 
tions in  building  a  ship,  and  the  time 
required  for  men  to  become  reasonably 
skilled   is   not  long. 

The  immediate  policy  of  the  govern- 
ment in  regard  to  the  industry  will  be 
to  fill  up  the  present  berths  as  they 
become  empty,  and,  so  far  as  can  now 
be  seen,  this  will  continue  for  an  in- 
definite  time   to   come. 


NOVEL  ENGLISH  SPEED  REDUC- 
TION GEARS 

By  F.  C.  P. 

The  English  speed  reduction  gears 
shown  in  the  accompanying  illus- 
trations were  designed  at  Willes- 
den,  London,  England.  These  reduction 
gears  are  constructed  on  the  epicyclic 
principle,  having  sun  and  planet  pinions 
running  in  oil  and  enclosed  in  a  cast-iron 
dust-proof  case.  The  pinions  are  cut 
from  solid  steel  blanks  by  special  machin- 
ery and  bushed  with  phosphor  bronze, 
and  the  pins  on  which  they  turn  are  all 
carefully  case-hardened. 

There  are  oil  grooves  cut,  along  which 
when  the  gear  is  running  the  oil  is  forced 
into  various  bearings  by  centrifugal 
force.  For  lai;ge  power  gears  running  at 
high  speeds  an  oil  cooler  is  attached  and 
the  pinions  are  frequently  cut  from  spec- 
ial high  quality  nickle  steel. 

Owing  to  the  efficient  system  of  lubri- 
cation, and  to  the  special  shaping  of  the 
wheel  teeth,  a  very  high  efficiency  is  ob- 
tained with  this  gear,  90  per  cent  to  95 
per  cent  being  obtained,  and  this  effici- 
ency unlike  that  of  most  other  forms  of 
gear,  is  found  to  be  lasting.  Instead  of 
the  load  being  transmitted  through  one 
point  of  contact,  as  in  most  gears,  it  is 
divided  between  three  points  simultan- 
eously, thus  greatly  reducing  the  pres- 
sure between  individual  teeth,  and  conse- 
quently the  friction  and  wear. 

It  will  be  seen  that  by  varying  the  size 
of  the  pinions,  it  is  easy  to  construct  a 
gear  to  give  any  required  reduction,  there 
having  been  developed  gears  of  from  .3  to 
1.  2.000  to  1  reduction.  The  slow  shaft  at 
one  side  of  the  gear  is  in  a  straight  line 
with  the  fast  shaft  entering  on  the  other 
side.  It  is  often  a  very  great  conven- 
ience to  have  the  drive  in  a  straight  line 


with  the  engine  or  motor  shaft  as  in  these 
gears.  A  friction  clutch  is  provided  in 
the  gear  which  allows  the  engine  or  mot- 
or to  be  started  without  any  load  on,  and 
when  started,  the  load  may  be  gradually 
applied  by  means  of  the  clutch. 

It  may  be  stated  with  regard  to  the 
life  of  the  gears  that  there  have  been 
several  cases  in  which  they  have  been 
running  for  7  or  8  years  and  a  number 
running  in  the  Willesden  Works  for  driv- 
ing line  shafting  and  machines  from  elec- 
tric motors  for  8  or  9  years,  thp  original 
wheels  being  still  in  use. 

The  advantage  of  the  direct  electrical 
method  of  driving  machines  in  almost 
all  kinds  of  manufactories  is  now  very 
generally  admitted,  it  permits  the  ma- 
chines to  be  placed  in  any  position  and 
does  not  restrict  them  to  the  line  of  the 
shafting;  they  can  be  placed  in  out  of  the 
way  positions  far  away  from  the  source 
of  motive  power;  the  very  heavy  losses 
due  to  belt  slip  and  friction  on  line  shaft- 


toriously  wasteful  in  power.  Slow  speed 
motors  can  be  obtained,  'but  are  neces- 
sarily very  heavy  and  very  costly. 

Another  difficulty  which  applies  espec- 
ially to  places  where  alternating  current 
is  used  is  the  difficulty  of  starting  up  the 
motors  under  load.  These  difficulties  are 
entirely  overcome  by  employing  speed 
gears  for  coupling  the  electric  motor  to 
the  driven  machine. 

This  gear  is  an  adaptation  of  the  epi- 
cycle principle,  spur  wheels  and  pinions 
being  used  throughout  arranged  to  dis- 
tribute the  driving  force  in  the  gear  as 
to  reduce  the  pressure  between  the  teeth 
of  the  gear  wheels  as  much  as  possible, 
thus  ensuring  high  efficiency  and  reduced 
wear.  This  is  accomplished  by  always 
having  a  large  number  of  teeth  of  the 
wheels  in  mesh  and  dividing  the  load  be- 
tween certain  number  of  points  in  the 
gear,  two  in  the  low  ratio  gear  and  three 
in  the  higher. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  sun  and  planet 


ENGLISH    SPEKD    REDUCTION    GEAR    ATTACHED    TO    MOTOR 


ing  and  counter  shafting  are  avoided. 
Finally  and  perhaps  more  important  than 
all  others  is  the  advantage  that  where 
each  machine  has  its  own  motor  no  power 
is  being  wasted  during  the  time  that  the 
machines  or  some  of  them  are  standing 
idle. 

It  is  claimed  that  one  difficulty  which 
has  stood  in  the  way  of  the  application  of 
the  electrical  drive  has  been  the  high 
speeds  at  which  electric  motors  of  low 
and  medium  powers  run,  and  the  ineffici- 
ency of  the  ordinary  means  employed  to 
reduce  these  speeds  to  those  of  the  driven 
machines.  In  many  cases  where  the 
driven  machines  run  at  low  speeds  as 
much  energy  is  absorbed  by  the  gearing 
or  belt  transmission  as  would  suffice  to 
drive  the  machine.  Counter  shafting 
with  the  necessary  belting  takes  a  great 
deal  of  room  and  is  constantly  requiring 
attention  and  even  then  the  loss  of  power 
due  to  friction  and  belt  slip  is  very  con- 
siderable. Worm  gearing  if  carefully 
constructed  for  low  radius  of  reduction 
is  fairly  efficient  while  new,  but  wears 
very  quickly,  and  is  then,  and  when  em- 
ployed for  high  ratios  of  reduction,  no- 


wheels  run  in  oil,  and  are  carried  in  a 
cage  upon  which  centripetal  grooves  are 
cut,  which  distribute  oil  under  pressure 
to  all  bearings,  and  the  gearing,  being 
eased  in,  is  thoroughly  protected  from 
dust  and  dirt.  The  teeth  of  the  wheels 
are  very  accurately  cut  by  special  ma- 
chinery from  steel  blanks,  and  the  wheels 
are  suitably  bushed.  In  special  cases 
nickel  steel  pinions  are  used. 

This  gear  is  noiseless  and  very  compact. 
It  is  usually  fitted  on  an  extended  bed- 
plate with  the  motor.  These  gears  with 
any  ratio  up  to  30  to  1  can  be  used  to  in- 
crease speed  instead  of  reducing  by  work- 
ing from  the  opposite  end  of  the  gear. 
In  this  form  they  can  be  successfully  em- 
ployed to  couple  slow-running  engines 
to  dynamos.  Most  reductions  required 
for  any  commercial  purpose  can  be  ob- 
tained in  a  very  small  space. 

There  are  a  great  manv  of  these  gears 
in  use  for  mining  haulage  work,  stamps, 
elevators,  pumps,  line  shafting,  conveyor 
bands,  mixing  machines,  gas  blowers,  and 
for  numerous  other  purposes  where  the 
speed  of  the  driven  machine  is  compara- 
tively low. 


590 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding/  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  A  dministra- 
Hon  and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


CENTERING  TOOL  FOR  DRILLING 

CONCENTRIC  HOLES 


By  D.  A.  Hampson 


ANYONE  who  has  done  automatic 
screw  machine  work  knows  of  the 
necessity  for  centering  if  a  con- 
centric hole  is  to  be  produced.  At  times 
a  set-up  may  be  so  involved  that  there 
is  no  chance  to  use  a  centering  tool  in 
any  of  the  turret  holes;  then  various 
devices  are  resorted  to  which  put  in 
the  center  by  a  combination  of  turret 
and  cross  slide  movements  actuating  an 
auxiliary  tool;  again,  no  center  at  all 
will  do  if  the  drill  is  large  and  has  but 
a  short  extension  beyond  the  holder. 
But  if  there  is  no  way  to  get  in  a  cen- 
ter and  the  drill  is  small  and  must  enter 
the  work  a  considerable  depth,  then  a 
breakage  of  a  dozen  drills  an  hour  must 
be  expected  and  a  large  number  of  ec- 
centrically drilled  pieces  will  result. 

If  not  pushed  and  with  a  machine  in 
first-class  condition,  an  operator  can 
keep  the  severed  end  of  the  bar  flat; 
against  this  flat  end  a  small  drill  will 
usually  start  true  if  a  light  feed  is  used, 
but  given  average  conditions  and  we  find 
a  suspicion  of  a  raise  or  teat  on  the  bar 
end  which  works  havoc  with  the  dril's. 

We  had  a  ^4-inch  hand  screw  machine 
that  had  been  rigged  up  to  work  automa- 
tically, that  used  but  one  of  five  holes  in 
the  turret  and  as  a  consequence  was  not 


made  to  revolve  the  latter.  The  machine 
did  well  on  plain  work.  Unexpectedly, 
it  was  necessary  to  put  the  machine  on 
a  steel  piece  that  had  a  1-16-inch  hole 
'/4-inch  deep,  and  it  was  impossible  to 
arrange  any  centering  tool.  The  device 
shown  by  the  drawing  is  how  the  work 
was  done  successfully  with  but  little 
drill  breakage. 

A  yoke  shaped  piece  A  was  fastened 
to  the  turret  saddle  reaching  over  in- 
side the  turret  and  holding  the  guide  D, 
sliding  in  the  forward  hole  and  having 


a  hardened  end  to  guide  the  drill.  The 
guide  D  is  drilled  out  almost  its  entire 
length  and  in  this  space  there  extends 
the  drill  holder  C,  carrying  the  drill  at 
its  forward  end  and  secured  to  the  tur- 
ret at  the  rear  end.  Slots  in  the  free 
end  of  D  give  access  to  the  screws 
holding  the  drill  and  permitting  chips 
to  fall   out  below. 

The  guide  is  set  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
away  from  the  work;  it  remains  in  one 
position  all  the  time  but  the  drill  passes 
in  and  out  according  to  the  camming  of 
the  machine.  The  hole  at  the  rear  of 
the  turret  secures  and  moves  the  drill 
instead  of  the  front  hole  as  usually 
done.  Operation  was  quite  satisfactory, 
the  drill  in  effect  being  guided  as  in  a 
drilling  jig. 


STRAIGHTENING  HARDENED  PIECES 

BY  VARIOUS  METHODS 

By  D.  A.  Middleton 


All  machinists  know  in  a  general 
way  that  tool  steel  pieces  that 
have  been  hardened  can  be  straight- 
ened. But  in  trying  out  the 
method — heating  the  part  and  springing 
it  in  the  direction  it  should  go — there 
have  usually  been  disastrous  results.  I 
have  seen  1-inch  arbors  that  had  got 
bent  put  in  the  lathe  and  forced  over 
by  a  piece  in  the  tool  post  and  about 


SET   UP    FOR    DRILLING    CONCENTRIC    HOLES 


the  time  they  assumed  the  desired  shape, 
they  snapped  like  so  much  glass.  Break- 
ages will  occur — do  occur  even  in  plants 
that  make  drills  and  reamers  and  have 
experienced  straighteners  at  work  all 
the  time — ^but  if  the  principles  are  un- 
derstood and  care  exercised  there  is  no 
reason  why  much  crooked  work  cannot 
be  straightened  and  represent  a  big 
saving 'for  the  shop. 

It  must  be  understood  that  freak 
bends  belong  in  another  class.  A  piece 
8  inches  long  with  an  inch  of  bend  can- 
not be  straightened — here  the  trouble 
is  ignorance  or  carelessness  on  the  part 
of  the  hardener  or  it  has  originated  from 
lack  of  knowledge  as  to  working  the 
steel  in  the  machine  shop.  But  suppos- 
ing a  special  rose  reamer  for  a  '/4-inch 
hole  has  been  carefully  made  up  and 
tempered  and  when  put  on  the  centers 
it  shows  a  bend  of  a  sixty-fourth — that 
can  be  straightened  very  easily. 
Heating 

The  heating  is  done  in  a  variety  of 
ways  according  to  the  shop  equipment 
and  the  nature  of  the  crooked  piece.  A 
"hot  plate"  is  often  the  medium  for  flat 
pieces,  a  Bunsen  burner  or  ordinary  gas 
flame  or  an  alcohol  torch  serves  very 
nicely  in  other  cases,  and  even  the  forge 
fire  can  be  made  to  answer  when  the 


November  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


591 


piece  is  large.  One  would  naturally 
think  that  as  the  hollow,  or  concave, 
side  of  the  crooked  piece  has  to  stretch 
out  in  straightening  that  that  side  would 
be  heated  to  take  advantage  of  the  ex- 
pansion that  occurs  with  a  rise  of  tern- 


iron  straighteners,  very  simple  and 
cheap,  and  as  the  work  was  all  deli- 
cate, a  %-inch  thumb  screw  furnished 
all  the  "power"  necessary  and  was  a 
safeguard  against  too  much  springing. 
The    lathe    and      the    straightener    have 


important.  Slipping,  once  begun,  may 
polish  the  inner  side  of  the  belt  and  re- 
duce its  adhesion.  A  layer  of  air  is 
said  to  enter  between  a  high-speed  belt 
and  its  pulley,  serving  as  a  lubricant 
and  reducing  adhesion.      As  a  remedy. 


Heat  ond  Press  Here 


EFFECTS   OF  HEAT  AND   PRESSURE. 


EFFECT    OF    PLUNGING 

PIECE    IN    WATER    ON    A 

SLANT 


SMALL  PRESS  FOR 
STRAIGHTENING 


perature,  but  such  is  not  the  case— the 
heat  is  always  applied  to  the  "high"  or 
convex  side. 

Gauging  the  Heat 

If  the  part  being  straightened  has 
been  polished,  the  workman  can  tell 
when  the  limit  of  heating  has  been 
reached  by  the  appearance  of  the  light- 
est straw  color;  in  most  cases  this  will 
be  the  limit,  though  in  others  the  natu- 
ral working  state  of  the  part  may  cor- 
respond to  a  blue  and  in  such  cases  any 
color  up  to  the  blue  will  do  no  harm.  A 
good  way  to  gauge  the  heat  is  to  put 
a  film  of  oil  on  the  concave  side,  then 
when  this  begins  to  smoke,  it  is  a  sign 
that  the  temoerature  has  risen  several 
hundred  degrees  and  the  work  is  ready 
to  spring.  Various  oils  have  different 
flash  points,  so  if  desirabble  they  can  be 
roughly  calibrated  and  used  according 
to  the  different  tempers  in  different 
work  pieces.  A  point  in  favor  of  the 
oil  method  appears  when  the  work  can- 
not conveniently  be  polished  or  when  the 
flame  is  of  a  discoloring  nature. 

Making  the  Bend 

Having  brought  the  work  up  to  right 
heat,  the  greatest  heat  at  greatest  bend, 
it  is  transferred  quickly  to  sonxe  sort  of 
a  straightener  or  to  lathe  centers.  With 
a  portable  source  of  heat,  the  heating 
is  done  with  the  work  already  in  place. 
Selecting  the  point  of  greatest  bend, 
pressure  is  applied  on  the  high  side, 
springing  the  work  until  it  bends  the 
other  way.  By  holding  the  piece  so,  as 
it  cools,  a  permanent  set  is  acquired.  It 
is  possible  to  overdo  the  spring  and 
bend  the  piece  in  the  opposite  direction 
— experience,  good  judgment,  and  trial 
will  tell  how  far  to  carry  this;  skilled 
men   seldom   have   to  re-heat  a   piece. 

Pieces  with  centers  in  may  be  handled 
in  a  lathe.  In  lieu  of  this,  the  small 
bench  straighteners  on  the  market  are 
supplied  with  centers  and  these  are  the 
most  convenient  means  of  straightening 
rectangular  shaped  pieces.  Slender 
pieces  may  be  held  by  pliers  in  each 
hand.  Another  way  is  to  weight  the 
part  that  has  been  heated.  A  shop 
that  had  quite  a  variety  of  this  work 
to  do — largely  flat  and  square-made  cas-t 


been  disastrous  in  so  many  cases  because 
"a  man  gets  too  strong"  when  using 
them. 

Prevention  h^is  always  been  better 
than  cure;  applied  to  hardening,  much 
of  the  warping  and  crookedness  can  be 
avoided  by  prober  heating  and  dipping. 
It  is  generally  known  that  long  pieces 
should  be  dipped  straight  down — some- 
times they  are  suspended  from  a  string 
to  insure  this.  When  a  piece  is  held 
at  angle  and  plunged,  it  cuts  a  path 
through  the  water  which  cannot  close 
quickly  enough  to  give  the  same  inti- 
mate contact  on  the  back  as  on  the  lead- 
ing side,  with  a  result  that  the  leading 
side  cools  first  and  contracts,  giving  it 
a  concave  form  which  necessitates 
straightening.  In  some  kinds  of  work 
this  may  be  taken  advantage  of  and 
forms  a  trick  of  the  trade — as  in  file 
hardening  where  the  back  of  a  half 
round  has  more  surface  than  the  flat 
side  and  consequently  contracts  more 
if  dipped  straight,  but  the  hardener 
overcomes-this  by  dipping  the  file  at  an 
angle. 

♦ 

SLIPPING   OF   BELTS 

By  M.  E. 

Belts,  when  running  slowly  and  trans- 
mitting little  power,  may  run  a  con- 
siderable time  without  giving  evidence 
of  slip,  but  when  running  at  recognized 
speeds  for  the  transmission  of  power, 
the  slip  may  be  considerable,  although 
it  is  hardly  a  subject  for  calculation. 
Many  factors  may  enter  into  the  causes 
of    slipping,    slackness    bein?    the    most 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY  wants 
articles  on  shop  practice,  new  de- 
vices, new  ideas.  We  want  stories 
of  how  repair  jobs  have  been  done 
and  how  you  have  developed  new 
kinks  to  help  your  work  along. 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY  pays 
for  material  of  this  nature  and 
our  contributors  find  it  well  worth 
their  while. 


perforating  the  pulley  with  holes  has 
been  tried,  but  without  definite  results. 
Centrifugal  action  has  also  been  s.ug- 
gested  as  a  cause  for  slipping;  but, 
when  reduced  to  calculation,  the  centri- 
fugal of  a  piece  of  belt  x  weight  run- 
ning at  w  speed  round  a  pulley  by  radius 
would  be  a  very  small  amount  compared 
with  the  united  pull  of  the  driving  and 
returning  sides  of  the  belt.  There  is 
another  consideration,  usually  neglected, 
that  may  account  for  what  might  be 
called  the  permanent  slip  of  all  belts 
that  are  to  any  degree  elastic.  The 
driving  and  return  sides  of  a  belt  work 
under  different  stresses,  and  as  it  pas- 
ses from  driving  tension  to  return  ten- 
sion it  is  altering  in  length  to  the  mea- 
sure of  its  elasticity.  When  entering 
on  the  driven,  pulley  it  travels  partly 
round  before  meeting  the  pull  of  the 
driving  side,  which  takes  place  before 
it  reaches  the  point  of  release.  It  is 
here  that  the  belt  is  stretched  and  the 
permanent  slip  or  creep  takes  place, 
which,  in  every  elastic  belt,  is  unavoid- 
able. A  properly  adjusted  steel  belt 
should  be  fe-ee  from  this  peculiarity 
and  should  ensure  an  accurate  trans- 
mission of  speed  in  all  machines  except 
those  in  which  the  respective  revolutions 
of  axis  bring  about  fixed  recurrent  re- 
lations as  in  clockwork.  Irregularities 
of  belt  transmisision  ajise  from  dirt 
adhering  to  the  pulleys  or  to  the  belts, 
and  also  from  the  action  of  heat  and 
moisture.  All  belts  and  cords  contain 
some  moisture,  and  any  increase  or  de- 
crease of  this  moisture  affects  their 
length.  A  leather  belt  shortens  on  dry- 
ing and  elongates  on  becoming  wet.  Hair 
has  the  same  property  as  leather,  and 
this  property  is  utilized  in  the  hair 
hygrometer  for  measuring  atmospheric 
humadity.  Cotton  cords  and  belts,  on 
the  contrary,  shrink  when  moistened 
and  elongate  when  dry.  This  is  due  to 
the  alteration  of  the  thickness  of  the 
fibre  which,  when  twisted  either  in 
woven  tissue  or  cord,  swells  and  alters 
the  angle  of  twist,  causing  contraction. 
Air  may  hold  a  great  deal  of  moisture 
in  suspension  but,  if  hot  enough,  it  can 
absorb  more,  and  thus  an  oppresively 
hot  and  moist  atmosphere  is  still  cap- 
able of  drying  and  slackening  driving 
ropes    and   bands. 


592 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


THE  MINIMETF.R  FOR  FINE  MEASURING 

By  FANK  C.  PERKINS. 


THE  accompanying  illustration 
shows  the  various  forms  of  mini- 
meter  of  the  Hirth  design  for 
measuring  threads,  balls,  cylindrical 
parts  and  grooves,  also  for  inside  meas- 
uring of  various  diameters.  It  is  claimed 
that  there  has  been  a  revolution  in  fine 
measuring  since  the  war  as  the  greatest 
care  and  precision  has  been  necessary 
in  the  manufacture  of  guns  and  shells. 

The  development  and  progressive  spe- 
cialization of  modern  machinery  and  the 
wholesale  manufacture  of  same,  ne- 
cessitates the  interchangeability  of  parts, 
thus  demanding  the  most  perfect  meas- 
uring instruments.  The  ordinary  rule, 
caliper  gauge  with  vernier,  the  feeler, 
and  the  deoth  gauge,  are  only  sufficient 
for  approximate  measurements.  Micro- 
meter screws  serve  for  fine  measurements 
and  are  adjusted  on  valuable  and  sen- 
sitive measuring  instruments. 

The  construction  of  the  micrometer  is 
well  known.  It  allows  gauging  to  within 
.0005  of  an  inch,  but  its  use  requires  the 
practiced  hand  of  a  skilled  workman  and, 
in  spite  of  various  improvements,  two. 
persons  seldom  obtain  the  same  result 
in  measuring  the  same  part.  The  wear 
of  the  anvils,  the  spring  of  the  shoe  and 
the  play  of  the  screw,  which  needs  lubri- 
cation, are  the  causes  of  many  errors 
in  taking  measurements.  The  measuring 
limits  of  a  micrometer  are  also  small,  as 
long  screws  cannot  be  made  sufficiently 
accurate. 

For  absolutely  accurate  measurements 
only  measuring  machines  can  be  taken 
into  consideration.  The  German  ma- 
chines made  by  Reinecker  and  various 
American  machines  vary  considerably  in 
their  methods  of  exact  adjustment,  but 
are  in   principle  more  or  less  large  mi- 


crometer gauges.  In  both  type  of  ma- 
chines the  measuring  disc  is  divided  into 
thousandths  round  its  periphery,  but 
.000005  of  an  inch  can  be  read  on  the 
vernier.  This  fine  graduation,  however, 
is  only  useful  when  the  screw  is  em- 
ployed in  short  lengths,  that  the  error 
arising  from  same  may  be  neglected.  It 
is  therefore  necessary  to  adjust  by  means 
of  liinit  end  gauges  by  steps  of  one  inch 
or,    when    most   accurate    measurements 


M 


Ui 


MINIMEIEK    wmi    .STAND    FOK   MEASURING 
THREADS    UP    TO    80-MM. 


SECTION    THROUGH    MINIMETER 

are  required,  in  stages  of  not  more  than 
.25  of  an  inch. 

It  is  true  that  the  instalment  of  a 
fine  measuring  machine  and  the  sets 
of  end  gauges  which  accompany  it  In- 
volves heavy  cost,  and  its  use  requires 
much  experience.  Such  a  machine  is 
therefore  practically  limited  to  the  works 
testing  room  and  may  only  be  used  to 
adjust  the  limit  gauges.  The  latter  are 
really  the  actual  measuring  gauges  used 
in  manufacturing  and  it  is  a  well  known 
but  deplorable  fact,  that  they  very  soon 
lose  their  accuracy  through  wear.  Their 
maintenance  is  accompanied  by  large  and 
continual  expense,  but  their  greatest 
drawback  is  that  they  are  useless  except 
in  practiced  and  skilful  hands  and  only 
register  if  a  dimension  is  too  large  or 
too  small,  leaving  the  amount  of  error 
unknown,  thus  giving  the  limits  of  error 
an  unsafe  and  unsatisfactory  character. 


MINIMETER    WITH    HOLDER    FOR    CALIPER- 
ING    CYLINDRICAL    PARTS 


The  completion  of  the  work  can  there- 
fore only  be  carried  through  with  great 
care  and  considerable  loss  of  time  by 
constant  measuring  and  checking. 

The  fine  measuring  instrument  known 
as  the  Minimeter  illustrated,  it  is  said, 
avoids  all  the  drawbacks  by  its  original 
and  simple  construction  and  enables  this 
class  of  work  to  be  revolutionized.  The 
principle  of  the  Hirth  Minimeter  consists 
of  a  lever  having  unequal  arms  carried 
on  knife  edges.  The  use  of  a  double 
system  of  levers  and  bearing  pins  being 
discarded,  oil  films  and  all  play  are  en- 
tirely avoided,  thus  doing  away  with  the 
causes  affecting  precision  of  apparatus. 
A  longer  or  shorter  distance  between  the 
points  of  support  of  the  lever  allows 
a  variation  of  travel  of  the  indicating 
hand,  whilst  the  length  of  the  latter  re- 
mains the  same,  thus  permitting  of  any 
given  ratio  of  lever  arms  to  be  used. 

There  is  a  spring  which  holds  the 
lever  on  to  the  knife  edges  and  keeps 
it  in  its  normal  position  when  out  of  use. 
The  whole  appartus  is  screwed  into  a 
tube  with  a  glass  covered  opening  at  its 
upper  end,  showing  the  graduated  dial, 
bearing  the  proportion  of  the  lever  arms 
(1:100,  1:200,  1:500,  1:1000),  and  above 
which  the  hand  of  the  lever  moves.  All 
the  working  parts  are  made  glass  hard. 

The  photographs  show  a  complete  in- 
strument in  actual  service.  The  clamp 
holding  the  minimeter  slides  up  and 
down,  thus  allowing  the  minimeter  to  be 
set  very  quickly  by  means  of  the  screw 
behind  the  head  of  the  minimeter,  and 
is  locked  by  the  two  clamping  screws  at 
the  side.  The  adjustment  is  made  by 
means  of  two  standard  gauges.  The  two 
rests  supporting  the  part  to  be  measured, 
consist  of  two  hardened  and  ground  cyl- 
indrical rods,  so  that  any  wear  on  the 
rests  does  not  interfere  with  the  accur- 
acy. The  clip  holding  the  rear  rest  can 
be  adjusted  for  various  diameters  of 
work  according  to  the  scale,  which  can 


November  21,  1918. 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  X    M   \  C  I !  I  \  E  R  Y 


693 


be  seen  in  the  illustration.  The  scale 
has  proved  itself  a  great  time  saver  in 
adjusting  and  measuring  various  sizes 
of  work.  The  end  of  the  measuring  pin 
is  made  semispherical,  but  can  also  be 
made  conical,  if  required.  The  lever  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  minimeter  enables 
a  light  finger  pressure  to  raise  the  meas- 
uring pin  and  thus  allows  free  introduc- 
tion of  the  part  to  be  measured,  avoid- 


used  for  measuring  various  diameters,  by 
changing  the   measuring  head. 

In  the  special  arrangement  for  meas- 
uring inside  rings,  the  minimeter  is  fas- 
tened in  the  upper  sleeve  and  the  three 
surfaced  stops,  which  are  let  in,  form 
a  rest  exactly  at  right  angles  to  the  axis 
of  the  ring.  The  two  slots  allow  for  a 
wide  range  of  varying  diameters.  It 
may  be  stated  that  inside  measuring  in- 


MINIMETER     WITH     TUBE     FOR     INSIDE        MEASUREMENTS    BETWEEN    I7,)-l.i0  MM. 
•    AND   OF    LARGE   DEPTHS 


ing  premature  wear  on  the  rests  and 
permitting  the  measurements  to  be  taken 
rapidly. 

In  the  minimeter  for  measuring  larger 
dimensions,  the  construction  of  the  low- 
er end  of  the  shoe  allows  a  fine  adjust- 
ment of  the  instrument,  by  means  of  a 
fine  threaded  screw,  which  is  locked  by 
two  milled  nuts.  The  shoe  is  held  in  a 
wooden  socket  which  closes  on  hinges. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  by  the  arrange- 
ment for  surface  measurements,  they  can 
be  readily  taken  and  the  platform  or 
table  can  be  quickly  moved  within  cer- 
tain limits,  by  means  of  the  screw  under- 
neath. The  minimeter  holder  is  in  the 
form  of  a  double  clamp  and  allows  hori- 
zontal or  vertical  adjustment  over  a  large 
field. 

Besides  the  minimeters  above  men- 
tioned, arranged  for  outside  measure- 
ments, the  difficult  matter  of  inside 
measurements  has  been  considered  and 
an  absolutely  exact,  useful  and  rapidly 
operated  instrument  has  been  made.  Un- 
til recently  one  has  had  to  be  satisfied 
with  plug  gauges  and  micrometers, 
which  give  doubtful  results  with  small 
bores.  An  important  step  in  this  direc- 
tion has  also  been  made  in  the  minimeter 
for  this  purpose,  which  is  a  well- 
thought-out  arrangement  for  inside 
measuring  of  small  parts. 

The  diameter  of  a  circle  being  given 
by  three  points  of  contact,  two  fixed  ball 
points  are  arranged  on  the  cylindrical 
measuring  head,  whilst  the  third  point  is 
attached  to  a  lever,  borne  on  knife  edges. 
This  lever  is  in  contact  with  the  arm 
inside  the  casing  and  causes  a  propor- 
tional deflection  of  the  indicating  arm  in 
the  manner  previously  described,  if  this 
arm  is  pressed.  The  horizontal  contact 
pins  serve  as  side  stops  for  the  measure- 
ment  of   rings.     This   apparatus   can  be 


struments  in  various  sizes  up  to  40 
inches  diameter  are  available  by  means 
of    interchangeable    rods. 


THIN  VERSUS  THICK  BELTS 

By  Mark  Meredith 

In  a  recent  conversation  with  a  man 
whose  experience  entitles  him  to  respect 
the  subject  of  belt  life  and  endurance 
was  broached.  The  individual  in  ques- 
tion has  pretty  definite  convictions  on 
the  subject,  and  explained  that  he  would 
not  give  double  belting  house  room.  He 
explained  that  unless  the  pulleys  were 
of  inordinate   size   the   internal   stresses 


roller  toweling  purchased  at  the  local 
drapers.  I  was  invited  to  see  the  belting 
in  use  in  the  particular  shop,  and  also 
that  in  the  stores;  it  was  certainly  all 
single,  and  even  so,  thinner  than  ordin- 
ary. The  pulleys  driving  various  tools 
and  machines  were  all  criticised  on  the 
ground  that  speed  cones  were  invariably 
too  narrow,  that  is  from  my  friend's 
point  of  view. 

Although  much  has  been  written  first 
and  last  on  the  subject  of  belting,  the 
particular  point  elicited  here  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  made  permanent. 
Leather  can  be  had  single  and  double, 
and  there  are  processes  of  tanning  which 
plump  out  the  substance  to  obtain  the 
greatest  weight  from  the  original  hide. 
Indeed,  for  years  past  the  proverb, 
'there  is  nothing  like  leather,"  needed  re- 
vision, for  steady  deterioration  has  been 
a  universal  experience.  In  judging, 
therefore,  between  rival  offers  accompan- 
ied by  small  samples,  it  needs  caution, 
for  the  best  color  and  substance  is  by 
no  means  the  best  article.  The  belt 
lunniHg  over  small  pulleys,  as  in  a  high- 
speed sensitive  drill,  which  stretches  like 
elastic  and  grows  thinner  and  thinner 
at  each  take  up,  is  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon, and  perhaps  the  conditions  in  this 
instance  are  the  worst  possible.  It  is 
equally  certain  that  a  thick  belt  on  a 
small  pulley  has  no  more  adhesion  than 
the  thinner  type,  and  slippage  means 
speedy  destruction.  If  for  unavoidable 
reasons  the  width  of  the  pulley  must  be 
limited,  and  the  belt  thickness  increased 
to  stand  the  load,  the  pulleys  must  be  as 
large  as  possible. 

The  same  facts  apply  to  balata.  This 
can  be  obtained  3,  5,  7,  and  9-ply,  the 
latter  unusual,  but  provided  that  the 
belt  is  narrow  there  is  no  reason  why 
the  thickness  need  stop  here.  The  limit- 
ing factor  is  the  width  canvas  can  be 
woven.  My  informant,  whose  opinions 
are  entitled  to  respect,  believes  in  thin 
belts  of  adequate  width.     He  has  given 


PRINCIPLE  OF  MINIMETER 


in  the  belt  by  flexure  and  repeated  bend- 
ing wore  them  out  in  a  very  speedy 
manner.  His  solution  is  increase  in 
pulley  width  and  decrease  in  thickness; 
indeed,  he  goes  further  and  says  that 
even  where  pulley  width  cannot  be  in- 
creased it  is  quite  as  economical  to  use 
a  thin  belt,  it  will  last  as  long.  Inter- 
polating as  to  belting  of  the  Hendry  type 
where  the  thickness  can  be  anything  de- 
sired, I  was  informed  that  this  type  of 
belting  was  ideal,  but  it  was  best  not 
too  thick. 

As  practical  instances  of  what  could 
bg  done  at  a  pinch  in  an  emergency,  a 
neighboring  factory  shut  down  by  the 
main  drive  belt  repeatedly  breaking, 
was  got  going  again  by  teh  use  of  stout 


much  attention  to  the  subject  first  and 
last,  and  the  unsuspecting  belt  salesman 
who  calls  for  the  first  time  is  apt  to  be 
crestfallen  at  the  result  of  the  interview. 
My  reason  for  relating  the  foregoing  is 
■  that,  from  personal  experience  I  am  in- 
clined to  think  that  many  machine  tools 
have  stepped  pulleys  too  narrow  on  the 
steps.  Where  conditions  are  good  it  is 
really  wonderful  the  length  of  time  that 
a  piece  of  first-rate  belting  will  endure; 
it  reaches  a  dozen  years  in  some  in- 
stances, a  length  of  time  which  may 
cause  surprise  in  those  quarters  where 
belting  costs  are  a  disproportionate  an- 
nual expense. 


394 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


STANDARD  SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR  BABBITT  METALS 


THE  American  Society  for  Testing 
Materials,  at  its  annual  meeting 
at  Atlantic  City,  N.J.,  June  25-28. 
1918,  proposed  the  following  specifica- 
tions for  babbitt-bearing  metals,  desig- 
nated as  grades  Nos.  1  to  12: 


lbs.  per  square  inch,  compressed  to  only 
0.0020,  or  two  one-hundredths  of  an  inch. 
and  its  melting  point  is  469°  Fahr. 

The  difference  between  these  two  al- 
loys under  1,000  lbs.  pressure  per  square 
inch  is  only  one  one-hundredth  of  an  inch, 


Copper 
Per  Cent. 

No.     I i.6 

No..  S ».6 

No.     S «.M  l/S 

No.     4 »•• 

No.     S «.» 

No.    • l.i 

No.     7 

No.     8 

No.    » 

No.  I* 

No.  II 

No.  II 


TABLE  NO.   1— FORMULAS. 

Tin 
Per  Cent. 
91.0 
89.0 

8S.SS  1/8 
7S.0 
65. 0 
20.0 
10.0 

5.0 

5.0 

2.0 


Antimony 
Per  Cent. 

4.5 

7.5 

8.83  1 
12.0 
16.0 
15.0 
15.0 
15.0 
10.0 
15.0 
15.0 
10.0 


Lead 
Per  Cent. 


10.0 
18.0 
63.5 
76.0 
80.0 
85.0 
83.0 
86.0 
90.0 


TABLE   NO.   X— PHYSICAL    PROPERTIES    OF    METALS 

Deformation  of  CyHnd-tr  IVi"  dumeter.  2M'  high  at  70"    F»h.   in. 

At  At                           At 

1.000  llM.  5.000  lbs.  lO.OOO  lbs  '«'>■ 

No      I     0.0000  0.0010                     0.01,50  458.2 

No.     1 0.0000  0.0015                     0.0120  460.4 

No.     S 0.0010  0.0045                     0.0070  462.2 

No.     4 0.0005  0.0026                     0.0090               '       866.0 

No.     i 0.0010  0.0030                     0.0090                       

No.     • 0.0015  0.0050                       0.0180                          

No.     7 0.0010  0.00,iO                    0  Oi'O  464.0 

No.     8 0.0020  0.0090                     0.0630  .469.4 

No.     » 0.0040  0.0120                     0.0840  469.4 

No.  10 0.0010  0.0100                    0.1540  471.2 

No.  II O.OOie  0.0100                    0.1190  474.8 

No.  12 0.0025  0.0170                    0.2850  474.8 


MeltinK   Point. 
Degrees. 


Cent. 
234 
238 
289 
186 


240 

243 
243 
244 
246 
246 


The  society  wisely  refrained  from  re- 
commending these  formulas  for  any 
special  purposes;  confining  themselves 
to  the  statement  that  "these  specifica- 
tions cover  the  range  of  alloys  commer- 
cially used." 

It  is  regretable  that  these  tables  do 
not  also  give  the  coefficients  of  friction 
as  this  information  would  have  been  per- 
haps the  most  useful  aid  in  determining 
the  relative  values  of  these  twelve  bear- 
ing metals — especially  if  tests  had  been 
made  with  water  lubrication.  But  the 
society  has  made  a  good  start  and  doubt- 
less they  will  give  these  frictional  co- 
efficients at  some  future  time. 

However,  the  data  furnished  in  these 
tables  is  useful  for  purposes  of  com- 
parison, and  the  object  of  this  article  is 
merely  to  point  out  certain  facts  in  con- 
nection with  these  figures  that  may  have 
escaped  general  notice. 

Many  users  of  babbitts,  especially 
those  required  for  heavy  duty,  are  very 
careful  to  specify  "copper-hardened" 
metals,  and  certain  manufacturers  of 
babbitts,  knowing  this  pedilection, 
boost  copper-hardened  products.  In  this 
connection  we  call  attention  to  formulas 
Nos.  3  and  8,  given  in  above  tables. 

No.  3  is  a  tin  base  metal  and  contains 
8  1-3  per  cent,  copper,  the  highest  per- 
centage of  copper  in  any  of  these  formu- 
las. This  composition,  under  1,000  lbs. 
pressure  per  square  inch,  compressed  to 
only  0.0010.  or  one  one-hundredth  of  an 
inch,  and  its  melting  point  is  462.2° 
Fahr. 

No.  8  is  a  lead  base  metal,  which  con- 
tains no  copper,  under  pressure  of  1,000 


which  is  in  width  about  equal  to  a  line 
made  by' the  stroke  of  a  hard  lead  pencil, 
and  the  same  relative  difference  between 
these  two  metals  is  maintained  at  5,000 
lbs.  pressure  per  square  inch. 

As  to  the  melting  point  of  these  two 
alloys,  the  lead  base  metal  has  the  better 
of  it  by  about  7°  Fahr. 

When  you  consider  that  the  tests 
shown  in  Table  No.  2  were  made  by  com- 
pressing a  small  cylindrical-shaped  block, 
and  that  in  actual  use  a  babbitt  metal 
would,  in  most  cases,  be  supported  by  a 
backing  and  further  bolstered  by  re- 
cesses, the  difference  in  sustaining 
powers  between  a  tin  base  copper  hard- 
ened metal  and  a  lead  base  metal  is  prac- 
tically nil. 

Table  No.  2  also  gives  a  good  illustra- 
tion of  the  influence  of  lead  in  tin  alloys, 
as  shown  by  No.  4.  This  composition 
contains  but  10  per  cent,  lead,  yet  this 
small  quantity  was  enough  to  reduce  the 
melting  point  to  365°  Fahr.,  which  is 
about  5°  lower  than  the  fusibility  of  half 
and  half  solder. 

Attention  is  also  called  to  the  fact  that 
the  compressive  strength  of  Nos.  10  and 
11,  which  contain  neither  tin  nor  copper, 
is  equal  to  that  of  No.  3  at  1,000  lbs. 
pressure  per  square  inch,  but  at  the 
higher  pressure  the  No.  3  shows  greater 
sustaining  strength,  due  doubtless  to  its 
greater  malleability,  but  such  high  pres- 
sures are  rarely,  if  ever,  used  in  actual 
practice.  It  is  rather  anomalous  that 
alloys  Nos.  1  and  2,  which  contain  less 
copper  and  Antimony  than  No.  3,  should 
show  greater  resistance  to  pressure. 

The  conclusion  that  can  be  drawn  from 


Volume  XX. 

the  foregoing  figures  is  very  favorable 
to  the  use  of  lead  base  alloys  for  all 
bearing  purposes  except  in  cases  where 
malleability  is  a  prime  requisite  and 
paramount  to  all  other  considerations  on 
certain  forms  of  thin,  loose  shell  bear- 
ings. 

The  lead  base  metal  is  unquestionably 
superior  anti-frictionally  to  the  tin  base 
metals  and  by  reason  of  that  quality  it 
wears  longer,  runs  cooler  and  protects 
the  bearing  from  the  injurious  effect  of 
frictional  heat,  and  it  is  very  much 
cheaper. 

The  lead  base  metal  also  has  an  ad- 
vantage in  pouring  as  the  tin  base  metal 
with  high  copper  content  has  to  be 
brought  to  a  much  higher  heat  to  obtain 
the  proper  fluidity  to  obtain  a  good  cast- 
ing. 

These  figures  of  tests  are  doubtless 
dependable,  and  assuming  that  they  are 
at  least  approximately  correct,  they  un- 
questionably show  the  fallacy  of  using 
.he  copper-hardened  tin  base  metals 
merely  to  obtain  compressive  strength 
and  apparently  authorities  in  these  mat- 
ters have  been  taking  a  good  many 
things  for  granted. 

The  fact  that  lead  base  metals  are  be- 
ing used  successfully  under  extremely 
high  pressures  is  evidence  that  their 
failure  in  some  instances  where  the  tin 
-  base  metals  succeed  is  doubtless  often- 
times due  to  improper  handling  rather 
than  fault  of  the  metal. 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  NITROGEN 
FIXATION   IN   AMERICA 

In  a  lecture  on  the  nitrogen  problem, 
by  Professor  A.  A.  Noyes,  at  Washing- 
ton recently,  the  author  said  that  as  re- 
gards "fixation"  processes,  America  is 
now  working,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent, 
all  the  methods  w^hich  have  been  develop- 
ed during  the  past  fifteen  years.  Even 
before  the  war  the  American  Cyanamide 
Company  at  Niagara  Falls  was  produc- 
ing about  20,000  tons  of  cyanamide  a 
year,  largely  for  use  in  agriculture.  By 
the  action  of  steam  upon  this  substance 
it  is  practicable  to  get  substantially  all 
the  original  nitrogen  in  the  form  of  am- 
monia. This  process  is  capable  of  n 
great  extension,  and  has  already  reached 
considerable  proportions  in  Germany, 
where  it  competes  with  the  Haber  pro- 
cess. The  American  government  is 
building  a  cyanamide  plane  with  a  ca- 
pacity of  110,000  tons  of  ammonium 
nitrate  at  Muscle  Shoals,  Alabama,  and 
a  third  plant  has  been  authorized  for  the 
production  of  another  110,000  tons  in 
Ohio.  The  cyanamide  process  has  the 
advantage  that  it  can  be  installed  in 
many  places  in  the  country,  and  that  it 
requires  little  power.  It  has  probably  a 
great  future  before  it — certainly  imme- 
diately— but  whether  it  is  ultimately  des- 
tined to  be  supplanted  by  the  synthetic 
process  time  alone  can  show. 


November  21,  1918. 


695 


WELDING 
AND  CUTTING 


IMPROVED    LEVIN    OXY-HYDROGEN 
GENERATOR 

THE  demand  for  oxygen  in  con- 
nection with  the  oxyacetylene 
process  having  increased  in 
enormous  prono-tions.  several  firms 
have  contemplated  installing  their  own 
oxygen  plants  in  order  to  decrease  their 
outlay  for  gas  and  at  the  same  time  as- 
sure themselves  of  a  constant  supply, 
thus  avoiding  delays  due  to  effective 
transportation  and  the  cost  of  the  same. 
In  view  of  these  conditions  the  following 
may  be  of  interest.  The  accompanying 
half-tone  and  line  cut  illustrates  the  Lev- 
in type  of  generator  for  the  decomposi- 
tion of  water  by  means  of  electrochemi- 
cal action,  for  the  production  of  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  for  commercial  and  chem- 
ical purposes.  These  generators  are  de- 
signed On  the  unit  principle,  being  small 
and  compact,  simple  in  construction,  and 


EXTERIOR    VIEW    OF   CELL 

built  of  a  few  standardized  parts  which 
insures  rapid  and  accurate  assembly. 
Each  generator  consists  of  three  com- 
partments, the  oxygen  being  generated  in 
the  two  outer  chambers  and  the  hydro- 
gen in  the  inner  or  centre  compartment. 
The  division  walls  are  comprised  of  two 
sheet  metal  frames  supporting  asbestos 
diaphragms.  The  electrodes  are  indepen- 
dent of  the  casing,  being  separated  from 
it,  but  fixed  in  position  by  means  of  the 
specially  designed  blocks  of  asbestos,  for 
efficient  insulation.  A  distinct  feature 
of  the  generator  is  the  use  of  Cobalt  on 
the  electrodes.  Water  is  fed  to  each 
compartment  independently,  the  inlets 
also  providing  a  suitable  blowoff  or  vent 


from  each. section,  when  the  generator  is 
operating    under   abnormal   conditions. 

A  specially  designed  sight-feed  indi- 
cator is  located  in  the  discharge  pipe, 
between  the  generator  and  the  main  off- 
take pipe.  This  method  makes  each 
unit  independent  of  all  others  in  the 
group.  The  individual  indicators  not 
only  serve  to  maintain  uniform  pressure 
in  the  different  compartments  of  each 
unit,  but  enable  the  operator  to  see  at 
a  glance  the  action  of  the  generating 
process  and  the  quantity  of  the  gas  be- 
ing formed.  Another  important  feature 
of  the  generators  is  the  total  absence  of 
packed  joints,  a  very  essential  factor  in 
the  maintenance  in  this  class  of  equip- 


the  formation  of  the  gases,  or  the  elec- 
trochemical action  of  the  decomposing 
process.  No  elaborate  installation  work 
is  required,  as  each  unit  is  ready  for 
operation  immediately  it  is  delivered,  the 
only  necessary  detail  being  the  placing 
of  the  short  rubber  connection  to  the 
main  pipe  lines  and  the  filling  with  elec- 
trolyte. 

The  general  dimensions  of  these  gen- 
erators are  30  inches  in  height,  25  inches 
in  depth,  and  a  width  of  about  6Vi 
inches.  With  the  floor  supports  and  por- 
celain insulators  in  position  and  also  the 
upper  pipe  connections,  the  total  height 
is  not  more  than  4  feet  8  inches,  thus 
insuring  easy  access  and  view  to  every 


ARRANGEMENT  OF   APPARATUS 


ment.  Each  unit  is  completely  assembled 
at  the  plant  of  "Electrolabs,"  and  the 
casing  entirely  sealed  by  means  of  weld- 
ing. This  is  made  practically  by  elim, 
inating  all  material  or  component  parts 
that  would  have  a  tendency  to  deterior- 
ate through  the  action  of  the  electrolyte, 


portion.  The  unit  system  provides  for 
the  installation  of  sufficient  equipment  to 
meet  the  specific  needs  of  the  user,  and 
the  generators  can  be  so  arranged  as  to 
occupy  the  minimum  amount  of  floor 
snace,  the  replacement  of  a  unit  not  re- 
quiring any  more  spaee  than  that  occu- 


596 


CANADIAN    STACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


pied  by  itself.  The  approximate  produc- 
tion of  one  of  these  units,  operating 
at  200  amperes,  for  24  hours,  will  be  38.4 
cu.  ft.  of  oxygen  and  76.8  cu.  ft.  of  hy- 
drogen, n^easured  at  20  degrees  C.  and 
760  m.m.  pressure. 

C.  Royer,  formerly  general  manager 
of  the  L'Air  Liquide  Society  and  acting 
manager  of  the  Welding  and  Supplies  Co., 
1227  Ontario  St.,  Montreal,  is  the  Can- 
adian representative  of  Electrolabs. 


BOILER  AND  OTHER  REPAIRS 

BY  ELECTRIC  WELDING* 


NEW  WELDING  PLANTS 

The  St.  Lawrence  Welding  Co.,  Ltd., 
Montreal,  have  opened  a  new  branch  in 
Halifax,  N.S.,  at  the  end  of  Evans  Lt<l., 
plant  on  the  Dartmouth  side.  They  are 
equipped  to  handle  all  classes  of  weld- 
ing, oxy-acetylene,  thermit  and  electric 
processes.  This  branch  was  opened 
about  the  middle  of  May  and  is  now  do- 
ing a  large  business  in  the  welding  line. 


WELDING  is  one  of  the  oldest 
branches  of  the  working  of 
metals.  In  some  respects  it  is 
a  lost  art,  as  there  are  good  grounds  to 
believe  that  the  ancients  were  able  to 
weld  some  of  the  bronze  alloys.  In  the 
following  remarks  the  author  proposes 
to  confine  himself  to  the  welding  of  iron 
and  steel,  unless  otherwise  stated.  A 
weld  is  the  intimate  union  of  two  pieces 
of  metal,  produced  when  the  pieces  have 
been  raised  to  welding  heat,  by  pros- 
sure  or  hammering,  and  the  welding 
state  of  a  metal  only  exists  within  a 
limited  range  of  temperature,  being 
something  like  100°  for  iron  and  steel, 
but  varies  with  the  metal.  As  a  rule, 
good  iron  will  stand  a  higher  tempera-' 
ture  than  steel,  although  certain  steel, 
such   as    blistered    or    good    shear  will 


r  ■ 

\A 

\ 

BiSiB  1 

i^'^^ikZ^r^^ 

!k^^^ 

^T 

WELDING    TUG   OF   THE    ST.    LAWRENCE    WELDING    CO. 


The  plant  is  equipped  to  take  care  of 
ship  work  and  lead  burning,  and  the 
firm  is  now  fitting  out  a  tug  in  the  har- 
bor that  will  be  equipped  with  electric 
welding  apparatus  and  an  oxy-acetylene 
unit,  also  an  air  compressor  of  large 
capacity  for  operating  the  tools  for  ne- 
cessary repair  work.  The  tug  will  also 
have  a  large  fire  pump  for  fire  fighting 
purposes.  The  branch  will  be  managed 
by  Mr.  A.  Young,  an  old  employee  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  Co.,  who  will  work  under 
the  supervision  of  A.  M.  Barry,  the  man- 
aging-director. This  company  has 
branches  in  several  of  the  large  Canadian 
centres  and  anticipate  the  opening  of 
additional  ones  as  soon  as  the  neces- 
sary organization  can  be  trained. 


Toronto. — We  regret  to  announce  the 
death  from  Spanish  influenza  of  Capt. 
Anthony  Randle.  Capt.  Randle  came 
here  in  May  last  from  England  to  take 
command  of  the  ss.  Asp,  building  at  the 
Poison  Iron  Works.  The  deceased  was 
only  31  years  of  age.  His  body  will  be 
shipped  to  England. 


stand  a  high  temperature.  In  the 
smith's  fire  steel  can,  and  should  be 
forged  with  a  lighter  tool  than  iron,  the 
blows  being  in  rapid  succession.  In  the 
ideal  weld  the  two  surfaces  to  be  united 
are  brought  to  the  plastic  heat  together, 
neither  at  too  high  or  too  low  a  tem- 
perature, when  the  point  of  juncture 
should  be  as  strong  relative  to  its  sec- 
tion as  any  other  portion.  From  the 
foregoing  remarks,  however,  it  will  be 
appreciated  that  much  depends  upon  the 
skill  and  experience  of  the  operator, 
and  it  is  recognised  in  ordinary  en- 
gineering practice  that  an  allowance  has 
to  be  made  for  inevitable  human  frail- 
ties. 

The  first  process  of  electric  arc  weld- 
ing to  be  employed  in  a  commercial 
sense  was  that  of  De  Bemardos,  which 
was  used  in  Messrs.  Lloyd  and  Lloyd's 
Works,  over  twenty  years  ago,  in  the 
welding  of  flanges  and  branches  to  iron 
and   steel   pipes.     In  the   De   Bemardos 

*R«ad  before  the  members  of  the  Institute  of 
Marine  Engineers,  on  March  12th,  by  Mr.  R.  S. 
Kennedy,  Member  of  Council,  I.M.E..  M.I.C.E.. 
Member  N.E.G.  Inst,  of  E.  and  S, 


process  a  carbon  is  employed,  an  arc 
being  drawn  between  the  carbon  and  the 
job,  a  portion  of  which  is  brought  to 
welding  heat,  and  the  added  metal  is 
heated  in  the  flame  of  the  arc.  In  the 
early  Bemardos  process  the  work  was 
made  the  negative  pole  and  the  carbon 
the  'positive,  but  latterly  the  poles  were 
reversed,  thus  doing  away  with  the 
dangers  of  carbonisation  of  the  metal 
caused  by  the  natural  flow  of  carbon 
particles  from  the  positive  of  the  nega- 
tive. The  Bemardos  process  is  still 
largely  employed  in  this  country.  Slav- 
ianoff  substituted  a  metal  electrode  for 
the  carbon  electrode  of  the  Bernados 
process,  although  Bemardos  as  far  back 
as  1885  had  the  idea  of  using  a  hollow 
carbon  filled  with  the  adding  metal.  In 
the  carbon  electrode  of  the  Bemardos 
does  not  seem  to  have  anticipated,  his 
difficulty  being  that,  like  many  other 
great  inventors,  he  was  in  advance  of 
the  means  and  appliances  of  his  time. 
The  names  of  many  investigators  and 
workers  in  our  own  and  other  countries 
during  the  eighties  and  nineties  of  last 
century  could  be  honorably  mentioned, 
each  doing  their  little  bit  to  advance 
what  is  practically  a  new  trade.  Among 
them  Charles  Lewis  Coffin,  of  Detroit, 
U.S.A.;  Mark  Wesley  Dewey,  of  New 
York,  U.S.A.;  Pommee,  of  Altona,  near 
Hamburg;  W.  P.  Thompson,  of  Livei-- 
pool;  Thos.  Odium,  of  Virginia,  U.S.A.; 
Francis  Todd,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
and  Joseph  Fouilloud,  of  Paris. 

We  have  already  referred  in  the  Ber- 
nardos  p»ocess  to  the  arrangement  of 
the  po'es  of  the  electric  arc.  Now  it  is 
generally  agreed  that  the  province  of 
the  engineer  is  to  utilise  the  forces  and 
methods  of  Nature  for  the  benefit  of 
mankind,  and  Nature  in  this  case  has 
provided  that  the  positive  pole  of  the 
electric  arc  shall  be  much  better  than 
the  negative  pole.  We  consequently  ar- 
range in  electric  arc  welding  that  the 
positive  pole  shall  be  on  the  bigger 
mass,  which  in  999  cases  out  of  1,000 
is  the  job,  and  the  negative  pole  on  the 
smaller  mass  of  metal,  which  in  modern 
electric  arc  welding  is  the  metallic  pen- 
cil of  the  adding  material.  By  working 
with  Nature  we  thus  provide  favorable 
conditions  for  the  first  essential  of  a 
good  weld,  namely,  that  the  pieces  to 
be  united  shall  be  brought  to  a  welding 
heat  at  the  same  time.  You  will  note 
that  we  have  only  provided  favorable 
conditions;  the  actual  carrying  out  of 
this  requirement  rests  with  the  skill  of 
the  operator.  This  consideration  of  the 
difference  in  temperature  of  the  two 
poles  of  the  electric  arc  makes  it  at 
once  apparent  why  direct  current  is 
more  suitable  than  alternating  for  arc 
welding.  On  the  other  hand,  alternat- 
ing current  is  quite  suitable,  and  prob- 
ably better  than  direct  current  for  what 
is  known  as  resistance  welding  or  for 
spot  welding. 


November  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


597 


The  author's  Company*  were  the  first 
to  employ  the  metallic  electrode  in  this 
country  on  a  commercial  scale — ^namely, 
early  in  1910,  although  about  a  year 
previously  Mr.  Copeman,  of  the  Furness 
Lines,  had  carried  out  a  few  experi- 
metal  jobs  to  his  own  vessels.  Since 
1910  the  annual  output  of  the  British 
Arc  Welding  Company  has  increased  at 
least  100  times,  and  during  the  present 
war  its  services  have  been  utilised  in 
directions  which  would  not  have  been 
permitted  under  peace  conditions.  In 
making  this  statement,  however,  the 
author  wishes  to  acknowledge  assist- 
ance received  from  kindly  and  construc- 
tive criticism  from  the  Board  of  Trade 
and  Lloyd's  Register  in  pre-war  days.but 
everything  has  now  been  speeded  up. 
In  particular,  the  tests  of  electric-weld- 
ed specimens  carried  out  to  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  Board  of  Trade  in  1909 
and  1910  were  of  great  value. 

These  tests  were  made  not  only  with 
the  object  of  getting  at  the  tensile 
strength  of  the  weld,  but  of  finding  out 
if  the  process  of  welding  affected  the 
neighboring  material.  Numbers  of 
specimens  were  tested,  and  some  of 
these  were  annealed,  but  it  was  found 
that  annealing  made  no  difference  to 
the  results,  and  the  material  immediate- 
ly adjacent  to  the  weld  behaved  in  a 
normal  manner.  These  tests  gave  a  ten- 
sile strength  of  about  17  to  18  tons  per 
square  inch,  but  since  then  improve- 
ments in  the  materials  and  methods 
have  increased  the  tensile  strength  of 
weld  in  boiler  steel  to  about  27  tons  per 
square  inch.  In  practice,  however,  the 
author  would  not  recommend  that  a 
tensile  strength  of  more  than  20  tons 
per  square  inch  be  worked  to,  this  giv- 
ing a  sufficient  margin  for  possible 
small  defects  in  workmanship.  It  might 
here  be  remarked  that  in  no  single  case 
has  the  author  known  an  electric  weld 
to  give  way  suddenly;  failure  has  al- 
ways been  preceded  by  a  small  crack, 
which  has  gradually  developed. 

Electric  arc  welding  is  primarily  a 
form  of  autogenous  welding — that  is  to 
say,  the  metals  to  be  united  are  heated 
to  such  a  temperature  that  they  will 
fuse  together  on  contact  without  the  ap- 
plication of  external  pressure.  It  is, 
however,  found  in  practice  that  the  ap- 
plication of  even  the  moderate  amount 
of  pressure  produced  by  a  hand  hammer 
increases  the  tensile  strength  and  ten- 
acity of  the  weld  some  5  per  cent.  It 
is,  however,  essential  that  this  work 
should  be  put  into  the  material  when  it 
is  at  welding  heat  or,  at  any  rate,  above 
the  black  heat.  It  may  here  be  remark- 
ed that  it  is  often  said  that  the  value 
of  metal  added  in  this  fashion  is  analo- 
gous to  the  ball  of  iron  obtained  in  the 
puddling  furnace.  This,  however,  is  not 
the  case,  and  the  better  results  are 
probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  iron 
wire  used  is  of  the  very  best  material, 
with  preferably  a  small  percentage  of 
manganese.  This  iron  wire  has  been 
very  heavily  worked   in   the   process    of 


FIG.   1  — (TOP)    BEFORE   WELDING.     FIG.   2— (BOTTOM)        AFTER   WELDING. 


•The   British    Arc   Welding   Co.,   Ltd. 


manufacture,  and  subsequently  an- 
nealed, and  as  used  by  the  author's  firm 
shows  a  tensile  strength  of  28  tons 
with  an  elongation  of  50  per  cent.  Some- 
what similar  results  are  obtained  in 
another  field  with  cast  iron,  which  has 
several  times  been  re-melted.  The 
whole  question  of  the  amount  of  work 
put  into  the  material  of  a  weld  is  very 
fascinating,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that 
the  capacity  of  a  weld  for  taking  up 
rapidly  alternating  strains  for  a  long 
period,  and  for  absorbin:?  sudden 
shocks,  very  much  depends  upon  this 
factor. 

Returning  to  our  blacksmith,  whether 
under  the  spreading  chestnut  tree  or  in 
in  the  more  prosaic  conditions  of  the 
modern  smithv.  we  find  that  t>>ey  all 
employ  some  kind  of  flux,  usually  sand 
or  borax.  This  flux  surrounds  the  heat- 
ed iron  or  steel  and  protects  it  against 
the  impurities  of  the  fuel,  removing  at 
the  same  time  the  coating  of  scales. 
Some  impure  wrought  irons  flux  them- 
selves, but  with'  steel  either  mixtures 
are  used.  The  flux,  as  its  name  indi- 
cates, also  increases  the  fluidity  of  the 
heated  metal. 

In  electric  arc  welding  with  a  metal- 
lic electrode  one  great  advantage  is 
that,  with  the  exception  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, we  have  no  imourities  to  guard 
except  such  as  are  introduced  in  the  ma- 
terials. The  source  of  heat  is  pure,  and 
we  have  to  see  that  the  job  is  proierly 
cleaned  and  the  metalHc  electrode  of 
suitable  material.  Still,  to  provide 
against  oxidisation  and  also  to  increase 
the  fluidity  of  the  metal  a  flux  is  neces- 
sary to  good  work  in  arc  welding,^  and 
the  heated  metal  is  protected  from  oxi- 
disation by  an  inert  gas  given  off  bv  the 
flux.  The  most  convenient  method  of 
applying  the  flux  is  to  coat  evenly  the 
metallic  electrode,  thus  providing  a  con- 
stant and  uniform  supply. 

Electric  arc  welding  is  a  process  of 
building  up,  and  consists  of  adding 
metal  to  an  existing  structure.     For  this 


type  of  welding  the  electric  arc  has  one 
great  advantage  in  its  high  tempera- 
ture. This  is  the  highest  known,  and 
thus  by  the  application  of  a  small  num- 
ber of  calories  a  part  of  the  job,  say, 
about  %  in.  diameter,  is  almost  instan- 
taneously raised  to  welding  heat,  and 
the  drop  of  adding  metal  from  the  pen- 
cil, also  at  welding  heat  is  united  to  it, 
and  the  process  of  building  up  is  con- 
tinued till  the  required  section  is 
reached.  The  small  quantity  of  heat 
required  does  not  cause  any  undue  ex- 
pansion of  the  job  in  hand,  and  contrac- 
tion troubles  are  reduced  to  a  minimum. 
It  is  quite  a  common  practice  to  v/eld 
over  a  riveted  seam,  although  in  this 
case  it  is  necessary  that  rivets  in  the 
area  dealt  with  should  be  completely 
welded  over,  and  not  left  half  covered. 
After  welding  a  seam  it  is  necessary 
to  caulk  the  landing  edge  for  some  6 
ins.  at  each  end  of  welded  portion. 
Cracka  in  furnaces,  end  plates,  combus- 
tion chambers,  etc.,  are  dealt  with  by 
cutting  out  the  defective  portion,  leav- 
ing a  V-shaped  opening,  which  is  filled 
in  with  the  welding  material.  Work 
can  be  carried  out  directly  overhead,  or 
in  any  position  that  is  accessible  to  the 
welding  pencil,  and  where  the  operator 
can  see  what  he  is  doing.  As  "the  work 
is  one  requiring  constant  attention  on 
the  part  of  the  operator,  it  is  advisable, 
in  order  to  get  the  best  job,  to  make  it 
as  accessible  as  possible,  and  that  the 
operator  should  be  reasonably  com- 
fortable. 

In  common  with  a'l  hand  welding,  a 
good  job  depends  on  the  conscientious 
work  of  the  man.  The  author's  firm 
have  alwavs  trained  their  own  welders, 
and  keep  them  in  constant  employment. 
A  full  report  is  made  of  each  job,  and 
the  name  of  the  welder  recorded,  and 
the  whole  object  of  the  training  is  to 
inculcate  a  sense  of  responsibility. 

The  materials  at  present  dealt  with 
on  a  commercial  scale  are  wrought  iron 
and   steel  and  cast  steel,  and   occasion- 


598 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


ally  cast  iron.  The  range  of  tempera- 
ture of  the  ^velding  heat  is  the  deter- 
mining factor  in  the  adaptability  of  a 
substance  for  welding.  Much  success- 
ful work  has  been  done  with  cast  iron, 
notably  with  castings  of  considerable 
age,  which  have  not  been  subjected  to 
corrosive  action,  and  with  the  good  mix- 
tures of  more  modem  times.  It  is 
probable  that  there  is  a  welding  tem- 
perature of  cast  iron,  but  the  range  of 
this  temperature  is  very  small,  some- 
thing of  the  nature  of  10'. 

The  voltage  across  the  metallic  arc  is 
about  22  to  25,  and  the  writer  adds  ai^ 
equal  steadying  resistance  which  makes 
the  voltage  at  the  terminals  of  the  dy- 
namo about  45.  A  substantial  resist- 
ance's employed  which  is  put  in  circuit 
by  an  automatic  switch,  when  the 
welder  breaks  his  arc,  thus  keeping  the 
load  on  the  machine  constant  The  am- 
peres actually  employed  are  about  175, 
but  in  practice  a  200-ampere  machine  is 
necessary,  while  the  author's  firm  use 
machines  designed  for  250  amperes.  In 
the  big  passenger  liners  it  is  the  prac- 
-tice  to  weld  from  the  ship's  dynamo, 
-suitable  welding  and  substitutional  re- 
rsistance  being  provided.  By  a  special 
■winding  of  the  dynamo,  known  as  sep- 
srate  excitation,  the  machine  can  be 
steadied  under  varying  loads,  but  even 
in  this  case  the  author  still  prefers  to 
retain  the  substitutional  resistances  in 
addition. 

The  design  of  the  portable  machinery 
for  generating  electricity  presents 
many  interesting  problems.  Plant  is  de- 
signed to  meet  the  varying  conditions, 
and  consists  of  wagons  generating  their 
•wn  electricity,  portable  petrol  driven 
generating  sets,  self-propelled  or  dumb 
barges  with  steam-driven  or  paraffin 
sets,  steam  turbine  plants,  and  last,  but 
not  least,   the     motor     generator  sets 

The  preparation  of  a  job  for  electric 
welding  is  a  matter  of  considerable  im- 
portance, as  the  presence  of  impurities 
is  likely  to  be  detrimental  to  the  weld. 
In  dealing  with  the  external  or  fire  sur- 
faces of  a  boiler  it  is  usually  sufficient 
to  use  an  ordinary  chipping  hammer,  and 
then  thoroughly  wire-brush  the  metal  Lo 
be  dealt  with;  but  some  superintending 
engineers  prefer  to  have  a  light  chipping 
taken  over  the  surface,  which  is,  of 
course,  the  ideal  preparation.  In  marine 
work,  however,  the  time  available  is 
often  so  short  that  as  a  general  rule  the 
former  method  is  adopted.  When,  how- 
ever, it  comes  to  dealing  with  the  water 
surfaces  of  a  boiler  greater  care  is  neces- 
sary, especially  if  zinc  plates  have  been 
freely  used.  The  welder,  if  a  properly- 
trained  man.  would  at  once  recognize 
this  difficulty  and  apply  the  only  remedy, 
which  is  to  chip  down  till  pure  metal  is 
reached. 

Arc  welding  being  a  building  up  pro- 
cess, cracks  are  dealt  with  by  veeing  out 
at  the  line  of  fracture,  the  vee  being 
made  wide  enough  to  ensure  that  the 
welder  can  reach  with  his  pencil  to  the 
bottom  on  either  side  with  a  certainty  of 
striking  his  arc  at  any  required  position. 
As  the  welder  is  a  highly  skilled  man,  it 
is  nsual  for  the  boilermakers  to  prepare 


the  work  to  instructions,  and  the  welder 
himself  puts  in  the  finishing  touches. 
The  welding  in  of  new  backs  to  combus- 
tion chambers  or  tube  plates,  or  work  of 
that  kind  is  dealt  with  in  precisely  simi- 
lar manner,  although  here  certain  allow- 
ances have  to  be  made  for  the  work 
drawing  together  as  the  welder  proceeds. 
It  should  be  mentioned  that  in  dealing 
with  cracks  it  is  absolutely  essential  that 
the  whole  of  the  fractured  portion  be  cut 
away  till  a  solid  chipping  is  obtained, 
and  then  go  a  bit  deeper  to  be  on  the 
safe  side.  If  welding  is  carried  out  over 
a  partially  cut  away  fracture  it  is  cer- 
tain that  sooner  or  later  it  will  work  to 
the  surface.  One  of  the  most  unsatis- 
factory matters  we  have  to  deal  with  is 
the  welding  of  a  crack  in  the  original 
weld  of  a  furnace,  as  it  is  most  difficult 
to  say  where  the  defective  weld  ends, 
and  a  further  defective  portion  some 
short  distance  along  may  work  back  into 
the  part  dealt  with. 

As  in  all  engineering  matters,  it  is 
better  to  know  the  worst  and  deal  with 
it.  The  writer  recalls  an  incident  in  our 
early  days — about  1910 — when  we  were 
called  in  to  weld  a  crack,  apparently 
about  one  inch  long,  in  the  back  of  a 
combustion  chamber  of  a  Swedish  vessel. 
Our  man  started  to  cut  out  the  crack 
when  with  a  loud  report  the  chamber 
back  split  right  across,  showing  a  frac- 
ture a  full  sixteenth  open.  This  caused 
great  alarm  at  first,  and  we  were  charg- 
ed with  using  undue  vigor,  but  on  veeing 
out  the  fracture  for  welding  it  was  found 
that  the  back  was  grooved  right  across 
on  the  water  side,  so  we  were  exonerated. 
It  is  a  merciful  dispensation  of  Providence 
that  such  defects  develop 
mainly  when  the  boiler  is 
cold  or  under  banked  fires, 
and  it  is  generally  recog- 
nized that  a  boiler  is  never 
safer  than  when  warmed 
up  and  steaming  steadily. 
Owing  to  its  higher  tem- 
perature the  electric  arc 
is  more  suitable  for  deal- 
ing with  the  heavier  sec- 
tions than  the  oxy-acety- 
lene  .  or  oxy-coal  gas, 
while,  on  the  other  hand, 
for  thickness  of  3-16  in. 
and  under  one  or  other  of 
the  gas  systems  is  prefer- 
able. 

The  author  has  been 
asked  to  summarise  as 
briefly-  as  possible  the 
conclusions  reached  in  the 
very  able  papers  recently 
read  by  Commander  E.  P. 
Jessop  and  Naval  Con- 
structor H.  G.  Knox,  both 
of  the  U.  S.  navy.  The 
principal  welding  consist- 
ed of  the  repairing  of  the 
cylinders  of  some  eighteen 
German  vessels,  where  large  pieces 
had  been  broken  from  the  upper  por- 
tions. The  method  of  repair  con- 
sisted of  the  welding  in  by  the 
electric  arc  or  oxy-acetylene  gas  of 
a  new  piece  in  cast  steel  or  cast  iron  to 
replace  the  portion  broken  away.  In 
arc  welding  the  old  and  useful  device  of 


tapping  short  steel  studs  into  the  cast 
iron  was  used  to  enable  the  added  steel 
(in  this  case)  to  make  a  surer  weld.  The 
electric  arc  welding  repairs  were  carried 
out  with  the  cylinders  in  place,  while 
with  the  oxy-acetylene  process  it  was 
necessary  to  remove  the  cylinders  so  that 
the  joints  for  welding  could  be  laid  in  a 
horizontal  position,  and  also  that  the 
cylinders  could  be  heated.  Commander 
Jessop  quite  truly  points  out  that  the 
great  difficulty  found  in  the  arc  welding 
of  the  cast  iron  surface  was  to  get  the 
first  layer  of  the  adding  steel  material 
to  adhere,  and  th^t  this  layer  was  al- 
ways added  before  the  patch  was  put  in 
position  for  welding.  In  the  oxy- 
acetylene  jobs,  as  before  remarked,  the 
cylinders  were  secured  in  place,  and,  the 
joints  being  horizontal,  both  sides  of  the 
joint  were  made  fluid,  and  cast  iron 
sticks  melted  into  the  bath  thus  formed. 
Both  methods  appear  to  have  given  ex- 
cellent results,  and  the  repairs  are  cer- 
tainly the  largest  of  their  nature  that 
have  yet  been  carried  out,  and  reflect 
the  greatest  credit  on  all  concerned.  It 
would  not  be  wise,  however,  to  general- 
ise on  the  treatment  of  cast  iron  from 
these  results.  You  will  remember  that 
we  have  before  remarked  that  with  good 
mixtures  of  cast  iron  one  can  with  fair 
certainty  make  a  good  weld.  It  must 
be  remembered  that  these  were  high 
class  vessels,  and  that  in  all  probability 
the  very  best  metal  would  be  used  in 
their  cylinders  and  liners,  and  certainly 
in  superheater  jobs  the  H.P.  cylinders 
and  liners  would  be  of  a  very  special 
mixture,  which  so  far  as  the  author's 
knowledge    is   concerned    has   only   been 


OO 
OO 
OO 
OO 
OO 
OO 
OO 


OOOO 
OOOO 
OOOO 
OOOO 
OOOO 
OOOO 
OOOO 


OOOOO 

OOOOOO 

O OOOOO 

OOOOOO 

OOOOOO 

O  OO  O  O  O 

OOOOOO 


I 


FIG.    3-  NEW    LOWER    HALF   TUBE    PLATE    WELDED    IN. 


made  in  this  country  during  the  last  five 
or  six  years.  He  trusts  that  we  may 
hear  further  on  this  point,  but  his  pre- 
sent information  is  that  these  vessels 
were  superheater  jobs. 

The  author  claims  that  arc  welding, 
where  carried  out  by  skilled  operators 
with  suitable  materials,  is  absolutely  re- 


November  21,  11)18. 


r  A  N.\  n  [  A  X  M  A  r  li  1  x  i:  i;  v 


599 


FIG.    4— MARINE    BOILER    COMBUSTION    CHAMBER    BACK 


liable,  and  can  point  to  some  20,000  jobs, 
some  of  a  very  big  nature,  while  the 
percentage  of  even  partial  failures 
would,  at  any  rate,  be  on  the  right  side 
of  the  decimal  point.  These  partial 
failures  would  be  mainly  accounted  for 
where  the  work  was  carried  out  under 
unfavorable  conditions,  and  often  in  the 
nature  of  a  forlorn  hope.  Great  difficul- 
ties are  met  v.ith  in  hurried  repairs  to 
the  lower  portion?  of  the  hulls  of  vessels 
in  dry  dock,  where  water  is  constantly 
dripping  from  the  leaky  portion,  and  ow- 
ing to  the  cement  inside  it  is  often  im- 
possible to  stop  it  in  the  time  available. 
It  must,  however,  be  remembered  that 
metal  added  by  the  heat  of  the  electric 
arc  or  other  metho 's  has  not  been  sub- 
.lected  to  th?  same  amount  of  work  as  a 
rolled  Ftes'i  plate  or  forjing.  It  is,  there- 
fore, not  so  well  adapted  to  take  up  work 
suddenly  applied,  and  one  would  not  re- 
commend it  for  a  position  of  responsi- 
bility where  such  conditions  arise.  This, 
however,  is  a  condition  generally  recog- 
nised by  engineers  with  all  welds. 

The  question  of  the  resistance  of  welds 
to  rapidly  alternating  stresses  and 
shocks  is  somewhat  obscure.  Some  year 
or  two  ago  the  author's  firm  were  asked 
to  weld  the  broken  piston  rod  of  a  10 
cwt.  steam  hammer  which  had  already 
been  twice  welded  in  the  fire.  This  was 
carried  out,  and  is  now  running  satis- 
factorily. It  is  not  permitted  at  the  pre- 
sent time  to  refer  specially  to  work  car- 
ried out.  but  outside  of  the  boiler  repairs, 
repairs  to  hulls  include  the  welding  of 
bro'ren  stern  frames,  "A"  frames  for 
twin  screws  and  the  welding  in  of  a  new 
piece  of  stem  is  quite  an  everyday  oc- 
currence. 

Boiler  repairs  are  of  infinite  variety, 
and  include  the  welding  up  of  cracks  tjO 
any  extent,  the  welding  in  of  new  plates, 
thickening  up  of  corroded  surfaces,  and 
building  up  of  landing  edges  and  defec- 
tive rivets.  Leaky  stays  and  tubes  have 
been  welded  in  position  with  excellent 
results,  and  in  cases  of  trouble  with 
stays  with  loose  washers  it  is  excellent 


practice  to  build  up  from  the  solid  plate 
to  form  the  washer,  which  can  then  be 
faced  off  with  a  special  tool. 

The  superintendent  engineer  of  Geo. 
Thompson  &  Co.  had  carried  out  the  first 
electric  welding  repair  of  any  size,  being 
the  welding  up  of  a  number  of  cracks  in 
the  Purves  furnaces  of  the  ss  Moravian. 
This  was  closely  followed  ut  with  large 
repairs  to  the  circumferential  seams  of 
the  boilers  of  the  Port  of  London 
authority's  hoppers  Nos.  3  and  4.  One 
of  our  vice-presidents  was  early  in  the 
field,  and  it  was  due  to  his  insistence 
that  resistance  plant  was  designed  to 
weld  from  the  ordinary  electric-lighting 
sets  of  the  larger  vessels.  Generally, 
however,  it  was  found  that  the  process 
supplied  a  long-felt  want,  and  the  au- 
thor's task  consisted  mainly  in  seeing 
that  none  but  fully-trained  welders  were 
allowed  to  undertake  anv  welding  re- 
pairs. The  author's  fathe*-.  Mr.  John 
Kennedy,  and  his  Hamburq-  colleague, 
Mr.  Bartlett.  were  the  prim"  movers  in 
introducing  the  process  of  the  metallic 
electrode  to  this  country,  and  the  former 
was  a  tower  of  strength  when  in  the 
earlv  days  it  was  necessarv  to  overdraw 
at  the  bank,  while  Mr.  HalV-ot  and  Mr 
Thom  were  indefatigable  in  assisting 
and  advising  in  early  experiments. 

As  referred  to  above,  a  number  of 
slides  were  shown  bv  Mr.  Kennedy,  illus- 
trating in  a  general  way  the  tvne  of 
work  carried  out  and  a  few  of  the  re- 
pairs are  shown  in  the  accomoanying 
illustrations. 

One  of  the  slides  was  of  the  first  motor 
wagon  plant  used  for  electric  arc  weld- 
ing. The  chassis  was  originally  built  bv 
•T.  and  E.  Hall,  of  Dartford.  to  W  A. 
Steven's  patents  as  a  petrol  electric 
motor- 'bus.  and  was  the  forerunner  of 
the  present  Tillina--Stevens  netrol  elec- 
tric motor-'buses.  This  machine  ran  ex- 
nerimentally  between  Roehampton  and 
Brighton,  but  was  bought  bv  the  author's 
company  and  the  electrical  equipment 
converted  to  arc  welding  purposes,  still 
retaining   the   electric   road   drive.     The 


same  principle  was  adopted  by  the  War 
Office  for  portable  searchlights.  The 
chassis  is  driven  by  two  motors,  which 
engage  the  driving  wheels  through  a 
worm  drive:  in  the  later  machines  the 
driving  is  from  one  electric  motor,  which 
drives  a  cardan  shaft,  and  ordinary  dif- 
ferential gear  to  the  driving  wheels. 
When  the  machine  arrives  at  the  job  the 
current  is  switched  from  the  road  drive 
to  the  welding  circuit,  so  that  the  same 
engine  and  dynamo  answer  both  pur- 
poses. 

Figs.  1  and  2  show  repairs  carried  out 
in  January,  1912,  to  one  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  liners  in  Liverpool.  Fig.  1  shows 
the  defective  portion  of  the  flanging  of 
the  front  end  plate  cut  out  ready  for 
welding,  and  Fig.  2  the  completed  re- 
pairs. 

Fig.  3  shows  a  repair  carried  out  in 
May,  1912,  to  one  of  the  Atlantic  trans- 
port liners  at  Tilbury.  Two  tube  plates 
were  thus  dealt  with,  and  in  a  number 
of  other  furnaces  smaller  portions  were 
cut  out  and  new  pieces  welded  in.  This 
repair  was  the  most  difficult  that  had 
been  up  to  this  time  attempted,  as  it 
was  necessary  to  weld  the  new  lower 
half  to  the  existing  half  tube  plate  per- 
forated with  holes  for  the  tubes.  It  was, 
however,  satisfactorily  carried  out,  and 
has  never  given  any  trouble.  It  may  be 
of  interest  to  mention  that  nine  tube 
plates  have  just  been  similarly  dealt 
with  at  Cardiff  for  the  same  owners. 

Fig.  4  shows  a  repair  carried  out  in 
November,  1911,  to  the  back  plate  of  the 
combustion  chamber  of  a  marine  boiler. 
The  first  view  shows  the  defective  por- 
tion of  the  back  plate  cut  away,  the 
second,  the  new  portion  of  plate  in  posi- 
tion for  welding,  and  the  third,  the  com- 
pleted iob.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
plate  has  been  cut  through  the  line  of 
stiys,  being  the  method  recommended  bv 
the  surveyors,  which  is  undoubtedly 
preferable. 

♦ 

Work  as  if  you  owned  the  place — and 
perhaps  you  may. — Elbevt  Hubbard. 


600 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


TEMPORARY  REPAIR  OF  A 

BROKEN  STOP  VALVE 

By  T.  H.  F. 


AN    interesting     repair     of  a   bad 
break  came  under  my  observa- 
tion when  sailing  as  3rd  engin- 
eer  of  "S.S. ."      We   were   bound 

from  Cardiff  to  Nagasaki,  Japan,  thougri 
as  we  were  carrying  Welsh  coal  for  the 
Japanese  navy,  and  Japan  then  being 
at  war  with  Russia,  our  ostensible  des- 
tination was  Shanghai  for  orders.  How- 
ever, we  had  come  down  the  Red  Sea 
with  its  usual  discomforts,  across  the 
Indian  Ocean,  and  were  making  up  for 
Colombo  to  coal.  We  sighted  the  har- 
bour about  7  a.m.,  and  about  7.30  the 
first  officer  gave  orders  to  the  bo'sun 
to  get  steam  on  the  windlass,  prepara- 
tory to  anchoring.  Now  the  bo-sun  had 
sailed  in  steamers  so  lon°r  that  he  was, 
in  his  own  mind,  something  of  an  en- 
gineer. Therefore,  instead  of  notifying 
the  engineer  on  watch  that  steam  was 
wanted  on  deck,  he  undertook  to  put 
steam  on  himself.  The  two  valves  con- 
trolling steam  to  the  fore  and  aft  deck 
were  situated  in  the  fidley,  at  the  bridge 
deck,  and  easy  of  access  to  anyone.  The 
gallant  bo'sun,  whose  engineering  know- 
ledge really  was  all  comprised  in  the 
ability  to  turn  a  wheel  to  the  right  or 
left,  which  would  open  or  shut  a  valve, 
naturally  never  thought  of  the  fact  that 
the  steam  had  not  been  on  the  deck  pipes 
since  leaving  Suez,  so  he  stepped  into  the 
fidley,  took  the  wheel  in  his  tarry  hands, 
gave  it  a  mighty  twist,  and  then  things 
happened.  It  was  here  that  the  chain 
of  events  reached  me  personally.  The 
messroom  steward  had  just  entered  my 


PIG. 


I— SHOWING    BBEAK    IN    STOP    VALVE 
WALL. 


room  to  call  me,  and  I  was  sitting  on 
the  edge  of  my  bunk,  rubbing  the  sleep 
from  my  eyes,  when  a  terrific  report, 
followed  by  the  roar  of  escaping  steam 
burst  on  my  ears.  I  jumped  from  the 
bunk  into  my  engine-room  slippers,  and 
in  pyjamas  and  slippers,  made  for  the 
engine-room.     After  the  first  shock  my 


ear  could  still  distinguish  the  beat  of 
the  engines,  and  there  was  no  sign  of 
steam  in  the  engine-room.  Going  on  the 
top  grating  I  opened  the  door  leading 
to  the  boiler  tops,  but  though  the  noise 
was  plainer  here,  there  was  no  steam. 
As  I  turned  back  again,  the  second  came 
up  from  below,  and  made  toward  the 
door,  beckoning  me  to  follow.  He  went 
to  the  auxiliary  stop  valve  on  the  port 
boiler  and  motioned  me  to  the  starboard 
boiler.  These  were  shut  off,  and  quiet- 
ness reigned  once  more.  This  sounds 
simple,  but  any  of  my  readers  who 
have  gone  on  boiler  tops  in  tropical 
weather  clad  in  pyjamas  and  slippers 
will  appreciate  the  pleasure  of  it.  As 
we  came  out  onto  the  top  grating  again, 
I  asked  the  second  what  was  damaged, 
and  elicited  at  first  a  very  complete  and 
highly  ornamental  biography  of  our 
bo'sun,  bo'suns  in  general,  deck  officers 
and  skippers,  winding  up  with  the  an- 
nouncement that  the  donkey  boiler  stop 
valve  had  been  blown  off.  This  was  the 
case. 

Steam  for  the  winches  and  windlass 
was  taken  from  the  main  boilers, 
through  a  reducing  valve,  and  from  the 
donkey  boiler.  The  pipe  from  the  re- 
ducing valve  joined  the  donkey  boiler 
pipe  close  to  the  valves  controlling  the 
deck  steam.  The  donkey  boiler  was  sit- 
uated on  the  main  deck,  and  from  the 
donkey  boiler  stop  valve  to  the  bridge 
deck  where  controlling  valves  were  sit- 
uated, was  about  30  feet  in  length,  with 
a  rise  of  about  3  feet.  Now  it  was  the 
practice  to  leave  steam  when  at  sea, 
open  on  the  main  boilers  to  the  reducincr 
valve,  and  up  to  the  fidley,  so  that  if 
steam  was  needed  on  deck,  it  could  be 
opened  without  anyone  having  to  go  on 
the  boiler  tops.  As  no  one  but  an  en- 
gineer was  supposed  to  touch  the  valves 
on  deck,  there  was  no  danger.  When 
the  bo'sun  threw  open  the  valve  a  slug 
of  water  started  off,  and  the  first  ob- 
stacle it  struck  was  the  donkey  boiler 
stop  valve,  which  surrendered.  The  stop 
valve  was  contained  in  the  same  cast- 
ing as  the  safety  valve,  which  made 
it  more  awkward.  The  first  thing  to  be 
done  was  to  blank  the  pipe  off  between 
the  donkey  boiler  and  the  supply  from 
the  reducing  valve,  so  that  steam  could 
be  put  on  deck  to  handle  the  anchor  in 
Colombo.  This  little  job  being  done,  a 
hurried  visit  to  the  messroom  was  paid, 
where  the  dried  up  remains  of  break- 
fast were  bolted  just  as  the  stand-by 
rang  for  the  pilot.  This  was  the  be- 
ginning of  a  perfect  day,  the  remainder 
being  spent  between  tallying  coal  and 
doing  little  jobs  in  the  engine-room, 
such  as  packing  the  H.P.  gland,  etc., 
with  the  sweat  forming  pools  wherever 
one  stood.  The  delights  of  a  coaling 
port  ending  like  anything  else,  we  were 
under  way  again  about  8  p.m.  with  the 
next  stop  Singapore. 

Next  morning  after  breakfast,  the 
chief,  second  and  myself  went  forth  to 


inspect  the  damage,  and  see  what  could 
be  done.  It  was  essential  to  have  the 
donkey  boiler  at  work  in  port,  so  that 
the  main  boilers  could  be  cleaned.  The 
side  of  the  stop  valve  wall  had  been 
blown  clean  out  as  shewn  by  the  sketch, 
but  the  lower  port  and  safety  valves 
were  intact.  The  cover  was  good,  and 
the  valve  itself  not  damaged.  The  first 
thing  suggesting  itself  was  to  make  a 
patch  out  of  some  plate  we  had,  %-inch 
thick,  but  upon  going  further  into  the 
matter  found  this  would  be  a  job  of 
some  considerable  magnitude,  and  other 
means  were  looked  for.  It  was  finally 
decided  not  to  attempt  a  patch,  but  to 
use  a  temporary  expedient  that  would 
serve  till  we  arrived  at  a  home  port, 
where  we  could  get  a  new  casting.  Look- 
ing through  the  stores  we  found  a  cop- 
per bend  90°,  with  flanges  each  end. 
This  was  the  right  size,  4  inches,  if  I 


i 

^, 

1 

*  "j                       ,-•■' 

I             1 

1 

i           i'        Ji          ! 

1 

' 

1               1  \ 

. 

FIG.     2— SHOWS     STOP     VALVE     BOX     WELL 
CUT     AWAY     TO     RECEIVE     FLANGE. 


remember  rightly.  The  whole  casting 
was  taken  from  the  donkey  boiler  top 
and  lowered  down  the  fidley,  and  taken 
to  the  engine-room  vice  bench.  The 
broken  wall  of  the  stop  valve  was  drill- 
ed all  round  and  cut  off  with  a  chisel, 
leaving  a  flat  face.  The  seat  of  the 
stop  valve  was  drawn  out,  and  holes 
drilled  for  studs  to  fit  the  copper  flange. 
Of  course,  this  took  time,  as  it  had  to 
be  done  by  the  engineers  in  the  course 
of  their  watch  off.  However,  it  was 
finally  completed,  and  the  casting  re- 
placed. The  bend  being  bolted  on  to  the 
casting  its  vertical  flange  came  in  ap- 
proximately the  same  position  as  the 
stop  valve  flange  had  been,  and  the 
pipe  was  connected  up  with  a  blank 
flange  in  between.  The  method  of  work- 
ing was  as  follows;  On  arriving  in  port 
the  steam  for  the  winches  would  be  used 
from  the  main  boilers  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  day  of  arrival.  When 
cargo  working  for  the  day  was  fin- 
ished, steam  was  shut  off  from  the  mam 
boilers,  the  blank  flange  was  removed 
and  the  donkey  boiler  lit  up,  steam 
being  ready  for  the  morning.  When 
getting  ready  for  leaving  the  modus 
operandi  was  reversed.  The  main  boilers 
would  be,  of  course,  lit  up  and  steaming 
and  when  cargo  was  finished  the  don- 
key boiler  was  blown  down,  the  blank 
flange  put  in  again,  and  steam  opened 
up  from  the  main  boilers.  By  this  means 
there  were  no  delays,  and  the  time  of 
putting  in  and  removing  the  blank  was 


November  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


601 


about  10  minutes.  As  we  called  and 
worked  cargo  at  Moji,  Hong  Kong, 
Moulmein-,  Fiume,  Aggiamarina,  Tripoli, 
Tunis,  Tarbis,  Holmis,  before  we  ar- 
rived at  Antwerp,  some  months  later, 
where  our  casting  was  awaiting  us,  we 
got  quite  used  to  the  blank  flange  drill, 
and  somewhat  missed  it  after  the  new 
casting   was   placed. 


GETTING     HIGHER     SPEEDS     AND 
FEEDS 

By  D.  A.   HAMPSON 

Any  executive  will  tell  you  of  the  per- 
sistence of  men — other  than  piece 
workers — in  using  speeds  and  feeds  that 
are  too  low.  There  does  not  seem  to 
be  any  feeling  on  the  part  of  machin- 
ists to  delay  the  work,  yet  they  do  not 
use  their  thoughts  in  an  effort  to  "speed 
it  up,"  even  though  it  would  entail  no 
more  exertion  on  their  part.  In  one 
plant  employing  a  thousand  men  the 
foremen  made  it  a  practice  to  push  off 
a  belt  when  it  was  on  too  slow  a  step 
of  a  pulley — this  after  the  men  had 
been  instructed  carefully  and  failed  to 
heed;  the  man  at  a  machine  who  found 
his  feed  belt  lying  on  the  floor  as  the 
foreman  passed  was  pretty  apt  to  come 
out  of  his  dream  to  a  realization  that 
the  foreman  meant  business.  And  by 
just  what  reasoning  men  use  a  measly 
fine  feed  when  an  additional  cut  is  go- 
ing to  destroy  all  this  lovely  finish  is 
hard  for  an  observer  to  comprehend. 

One  plant  attacked  the  problem  in  a 
different  way.  Friendly  instruction  had 
failed  to  produce  all  that  it  should  and 
it  was  not  the  policy  of  the  management 
to  nag  the  men.  Three  of  the  shapers 
were  of  the  type  where  a  spring  pin  can 
be  dropped  in  a  series  of  holes  to  give 
feeds  from  0  to  five  teeth  on  the  ratchet. 
The  men  persisted  in  dropping  the  pin 
in  the  one-tooth  holes.  These  were  all 
plugged  up — the  men  grinned  and  went 
on  with  their  work,  turning  out  double 
the  amount  of  chips  in  the  same  time; 
later  the  work  was  rearranged  so  that 
the  rougher  class  all  went  to  one  ma- 
chine and  another  hole  in  it  was  plug- 
ged, leaving  a  three-tooth  feed  as  the 
minimum.  Soon  the  men  forgot  ail 
about  finer  feeds  and  turned  out  just 
as  nicely  finished  work. 

Jobs  set  up  for  runs  of  a  day  or  more 
were  belted  up  by  the  foremen  with  ab- 
solute instructions  to  leave  unchanged. 
Many  of  these  jobs  ran  for  months  and 
at  first  the  men  laid  all  the  trouble  and 
inaccuracies  to  the  "speeding  up,"  but 
as  time  passed  this,  too,  was  forgotten 
and  the  men  used  their  common  sense 
in  locating  trouble.  One  job  on  a  bat- 
tery of  millers  had  always  been  set  by 
a  man  of  experience  in  that  line.  Some- 
one else  discovered  that  the  cutters 
could  run  fifty  per  cent,  faster  before 
they  exceeded  the  book  speed  for  that 
steel  and,  though  loudly  protested  by 
the  man  of  "experience,"  the  results 
proved  the  correctness  of  the  change. 

On  the  lathes  a  similar  change  was 
made.      Where    there    was    a    two-speed 


shift  gear,  it  was  locked  or  pinned  in 
the  fast  position.  Set  jobs  were  speeded 
up  by  changing  the  feed  gear  ratio — 
sometimes  this  was  done  at  night  and 
the  workman  never  knew  the  difference. 
It  is  enlightening,  having  tried  the 
thing,  how  much  faster  feeds  and  speeds 
can  be  used  without  trouble  when  there 
are   none   slower  available. 


GRINDING  LEATHER 

By   D.   A.   H. 

In  experimental  work  and  in  the 
course  of  miscellaneous  repair  work,  it 
*)metimes'  becomes  necessary  to  ma- 
chine leather,  maybe  a  friction  wheel, 
or  a  leather  coupling,  or  a  polishing 
wheel  faced  with  leather.  When  the 
leather  is  stiff,  as  discs  of  sole  leather 
between  flanges  nearly  the  same  size, 
it  can  be  turned  readily  and  smoothed 
off  with  sand  paper.  But  it  is  not  the 
purpose  here  to  dwell  on  turning  and 
drilling  in  the  usual  manner. 

In  developing  a  moving  picture  ma- 
chine particularly  adapted  to  the  special 
scenes  that  the  war  has  given  us,  a 
number  of  rollers  were  required  about 
tvi^o  inches  in  diameter,  an  inch  face, 
5-16  in.  hole,  and  with  a  leather  facing 
less  than  an  eighth  in  thickness.  The 
periphery  of  these  rollers  had  to  be  con- 
centric within  .0005  in.,  smooth  and 
firm.  Turning  was  out  of  the  question 
— the  fuzz  and  general  ragged  cut  left 
by  a  tool  demanded  a  dressing  down 
with  sand  paper  and  this  destroyed  the 
accuracy,  if  any.  So,  merely  as  a  guess, 
grinding  was  tried.  The  first  roller  was 
ground  in  the  tool  room  and  was  a  com- 
plete success.  A  bard,  straight  surface 
resulted  as  if  by  magic.  The  same  wheel 
was  used  that  was  used  for  cutter 
grinding.  Later,  tool  post  grinders  in 
the  lathe  were  tried  and  with  an  equally 
pleasing  result.  No  finishing  was 
, needed  for  the  emery  wheels  left  a  sur- 
face as  smooth  as  metal,  which  needed 
no  touching  up  and  raised  no  grain,  con- 
sequently any  cut  might  be  a  finishing 
cut  and  could  be  micrometered  at  once. 


A    CELEBRATION   WITH   NO   BOOZE 

The  Editor  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 

Sir: — In  mv  five  years'  acquaintance 
with  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  it  has 
not  hitherto  been  my  experience  to  read 
any  editorial  which  displayed  the  bad 
taste  and  ignorance  of  yours  under  tlie 
above  heading  on  Nov.   14. 

Bad  taste  because  of  the  reference  to 
England  as  "weakened  by  booze"  and 
"in  the  face  of  national  disaster  unable 
to  rise  in  its  might  and  strangle  the 
slimy  thing."  This  weakened  nation, 
you  will  remember,  raised  one  soldier 
out  of  every  six  of  her  population,  whilst 
Canada,  with  the  help  of  the  Temperance 
Act,  finally  raised  one  in  sixteen.  Eng- 
land has  paid  a  price  for  victory  which 
we  in  Canada  can  never  conceive.  The 
smallest  tribute  we  can  pay  is  to  refrain 
from  such  criticism  as  the  above. 


You  may  be  aware  that  on  at  least 
two  occasions  an  attempt  was  made  to 
force  prohibition  in  England,  but  was 
defeated  by  the  common  people  of  the 
country  refusing  to  work  under  this  re- 
striction of  their  liberties. 

The  two  battles  of  the  Marne  were 
won,  Verdun  was  saved  and  the  barbar- 
ians were  finally  ejected  by  the  Poilus 
of  France,  whose  fighting  qualities  were 
certainly  not  diminished  by  their  daily 
ration  of  a  pint  of  wine  per  man. 

I  can  hardly  endorse  the  claim  that 
only  those  whose  strongest  drink  is  tea 
can  be  "sober  and  decent,"  their  lang- 
uage, as  shown  in  your  article,  is  neither 
the  one  nor  the  other,  and  I  enclose  my 
name  for  the  benefit  of  the  writer  of 
your  article,  with  whom  I  would  be  glad 
to  debate  the  matter  at  any  time  or 
place.  In  conclusion,  I  would  like  to 
refer  you  to  a  letter  which  recently  ap- 
peared in  "Saturday  Night,"  signed  by 
a  prominent  local  manufacturer,  affirm- 
ing that  the  best  class  of  labor  was 
leaving  the  Dominion  where  the  liberty 
of  the  individual  to  choose  his  own  form 
of  drink  was  suppressed  and  that  a  re- 
peal of  this  oppressive  legislation  was 
in  the  best  interests  of  industry. 
Yours  etc., 

VERITAS. 


"The  Heating  of  Houses,  Coal  and 
Electricity  Compared"  is  the  title  of 
Bulletin  No.  6  issued  by  the  Honorary 
Advisory  Council  for  Scientific  and  In- 
dustrial Research,  Ottawa.  This  pub- 
lication summarizes  the  advantages  and 
disadvantages  of  both  the  methods  of 
heating,  and  reduces  their  cost  to  an 
equal  basis  for  a  comparative  purpose 
during  the  past  few  years  and  the  fuel 
problem  has  become  acute  in  Canada, 
and  an  idea  appears  to  have  been  gain- 
ing ground  that  the  immense  water 
powers  of  this  great  country  will  amply 
suffice  to  meet  all  heating  require- 
ments. The  climate  of  the  greater  part 
of  Canada  is  so  severe  in  the  winter  that 
even  the  immense  potentialities  of  its 
water  powers,  if  fully  developed,  would 
be  altogether  inadequate  to  cope  with 
the  demand  for  power  for  electric  heat- 
ing if  this  were  increased  to  any  great 
extent. 

The  advantages  of  electric  heating 
and  the  difficulties  preventing  the  adop- 
tion of  electric  heating  on  a  large  scale 
are  dealt  with,  and  the  cost  of  heating 
a  house  electrically  at  a  lowest  domestic 
lighting  rate  is  also  given.  This  cost 
will  be  considerably  lessened  by  the  use 
of  electricity  supplied  at  power  rates, 
but  in  this  case  even,  it  will  not  be 
possible  to  bring  it  within  the  cost  of 
heating  by  coal. 


Factory  Finished. — The  new  plant  of 
the  Huntley  Co.,  Tillsonburg,  is  nearly 
completed  and  will  be  opened  shortly. 
A  patriotic  dance  will  be  held  in  it  on 
the  22nd,  the  proceeds  of  which  will  go 
to  Red  Cross  purposes. 


602 


Volume  XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


.\Jakcr.i  uf  equipment  und  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


UNIVERSAL    CONVERTIBLE 
GRINDER 

ANEW  universal  convertible  grinder 
has  been  placed  on  the  market  by 
the  Warren  F.  Fraser  Co.  of  Bos 
ton,  Mass.  The  machine  is  desigrned  and 
constructed  to  meet  the  exacting  require- 
ments of  accurate  grindin?  in  connec- 
tion with  all  classes  of  fine  tools,  jigs  and 
fixtures,  as  well  as  general  production 
work  within  its  range.  Special  consid- 
eration has  been  given  in  designing  the 
tool  so  as  to  retain  its  initial  accuracy 
through  a  long  period  of  service.  All 
inner  bearings  of  the  machine  are  effi- 
ciently lubricated  by  a  tube  system  with 
the  oil  pocket  located  at  the  front  of  the 
machine. 

The  head  stock  is  of  the  swivel  base 
type  and  its  bearings  on  the  carriage  is 
of  ample  length  to  assure  of  perfect 
alignment  when  bolted  firmly  against  the 
front  edge  of  the  carriage.  The  head 
stock  spindle  is  hardened  and  ground  and 
runs  in  bronze  boxes  which  are  adjust- 
able for  wear.  The  spindle  may  be  set 
at  any  desired  angle  by  movement  of  the 


swivel  base  and  when  grinding  parallel 
work  on  the  dead  centres  the  head  can 
be  secured  by  means  of  a  locking  pin. 
The  tail  stock  is  fitted  with  a  liberal 
bearing  on  the  table,  and  like  the  head 
stock,  is  clamped  to  the  front  edge  of 
the  carriage.  The  spindle  is  hardened 
and  ground  and  is  operated  by  the  lever 
action.  The  carriage  is  of  substantial 
construction  with  long  bearings  on  the 
bed,  and  fitted  with  a  top  table  that 
swings  on  .a  central  hardened  and 
ground  stud,  and  secured  at  either  end 
by  eccentric  binding  bolts.  Graduated 
screws  are  provided  for  fine  adjustment; 
a  scale  is  also  provided  at  the  end  to 
indicate  the  taper  foot  and  the  degrees 
of  the  angle. 

The  wheel  slide  at  the  rear  is  also 
provided  with  a  swivel  base  that  can  be 
set  at  any  angle,  the  edge  being  gradu- 
ated in  degrees.  The  handwheel  actuat- 
ing the  slide  is  graduated  to  rea:l  to 
thousandths  on  the  diameter  of  the  work. 
The  wheel  spindle  is  hardened  and  ground 
and  runs  in  bronze  bearings  adjustable 
for  wear.     The  wheel  spindle  can  also  be 


placed  at  any  desired  angle  in  a  horizon- 
tal plane,  without  reference  to  the  angle 
at  which  the  wheel  slide  may  be  located. 
The  cross  feed  is  automatic  in  its  ac- 
tion, the  minimum  feed  being  .00025  inch 
per  reversal  of  table.  The  machine  is 
lotted  with  power  traverse  for  the  car- 
riage, which  operates  smoothly  and  pos- 
itively, assuring  an  accurate  stroke  to 
the  table;  the  minimum  stroke  being  % 
inch. 

Two  wheel  speeds  are  provided,  2,700 
and  .3,800  R.P.M.  Provision  is  made  for 
the  traverse  table  speeds  ranging  from 
4  to  13  feet  per  minute.  The  work  speeds 
are  five  in  number,  ranging  from  130  to 
660  R.P.M.  The  grinder  has  a  capacity 
of  8  in.  by  20  in.  on  cylindrical  work,  and 
6  inches  by  20  inches  on  surface  work 
with  a  height  of  8  inches,  usin'j;  an  eiT;ht 
inch  wheel.  The  machine  is  fitted  with 
all  necessary  accessories  and  weights 
complete  about  1,500  lbs. 

A  feature  of  this  tool  is  it  convertibilty 
from  cylindrical  to  surface  work.  By  re- 
placing the  ordinary  wheel  spindle — with 
its  centre  on  the  same  level  as  the  work 


M.\CHINE     .SET     UP     FOR     INTERNAL    GRINDING 


MACHINE    SET    UP    FOR    SURFACE    GRINDING 


■STovember  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


603 


centre — by  a  specially  constructed  ver- 
tical slide.that  carries  tlie  movable  wheel 
slide,  reerular  surface  grinding  can  be 
performed.  The  spindle  on  this  attach- 
ment is  identical  to  that  used  for  cyl- 
indrical work.  The  head  for  internal 
Krinding  is  adapted  for  speeds  of  18,000 
and  25,000  R.P.M.  The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Ma- 
chinery and  Supply  Co.  of  Montreal,  are 
ih^  Canadian  distributors  for  this  ma- 
chine. 


trip  and    quick    return     by  hand    wheel. 

Changes  of  feed  are  by  cone  pulley 
driven  from  countershaft. 

This  machine  can  be  provided  with 
pump  and  piping  and  is  manufactured 
by  the  Garvin  Machine  Co.,  Spring  and 
Varick  street,  New  York  City. 


GARVIN      DUPLEX      MILLING      M.A- 
CHINE 

This  is  a  recent  addition  to  the  Garvin 
Machine  Co.'s  line  of  duplex  milling 
machines. 

The  machine  as  shown  is  provided 
with  simultaneous  wheel  control  to  the 
spindle  heads  so  that  both  heads  may  be 
moved  at  the  one  time.  Provision  is  also 
made   for  independent   head   adjustment. 

The  feed  of  the  table  is  thirty-four 
inches,  while  the  distance  between  spin- 
dle heads  is  twenty-two  inches.     This  in- 


ENGINEERS  MEET  IN  TORONTO 

An  event  of  unusual  interest  in  the 
engineering  field  will  occur  in  Toronto 
Nbv.  22  and  23.  The  main  Institute 
meeting  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers  will  be  held  in  To- 
ronto under  the  auspices  of  the  Toronto 
section.  It  is  expected  that  the  mem- 
bers from  the  eastern  States  will  arrive 
Friday  morning  and  will  be  entertained 
at  a  luncheon  in  the  Engineers'  Club. 

The  afternoon  session  Friday  will  be 
opened  by  an  address  by  the  president 
and  a  paper  will  be  read  by  Mr.  Arthur 
H.  Hull  on  Electric  Power  Development 
in    Ontario.      After    the    discussion     the 


DUPLEX    MILLING   MACHINE 


crease  permits  the  machine  to  handle 
pieces  much  larger  than  their  regular 
No.    1    machine. 

This  system  of  milling  possesses  the 
following  advantages:  The  parallelism 
of  the  work  is  assured.  The  butt  or 
face  cutters  give  a  finer  finish  to  the 
work  and  can  be  fed  at  a  good  stiff 
feed,  without  sacrificing  the  finish.  Two 
sides  of  the  work  are  finished  at  the 
same  time.  There  is  no  scoring  of  the 
work  such  as  is  due  to  the  drag  and 
spring  of  straddle  mills,  as  the  cutters 
are  close  to  the  end  of  the  spindles  and 
there  is  no  overhang.  Work  can  be 
stacked  up  and  the  same  operation  taken 
on  all  at  once. 

The  machine  is  designed  to  meet  the 
re(iuirements  of  economical  and  rapid 
manufacturing  of  standard  articles,  such 
as  hardware  specialties,  brass  goods, 
typewriters,  cash  registers,  etc.,  the 
table  having  ample  surface  for  holding 
fixtures,    power     feed,   with      automatic 


hour  will  probably  be  about  .3.30  and  the 
second  paper  on  Long  Span  Transmis- 
sion Line  Construction  will  be  read  by 
Mr.  S.  Svenningson  of  Montreal.  This 
paper  treats  of  a  very  remarkable  con- 
struction recently  completed  by  the 
Shawinigan  Water  and  Power  Co.  at 
Three  Rivers,  Que.  The  St.  Lawrence 
River  is  crossed  by  the  110,000  volt 
transmission  line  wires  on  a  span  of 
nearly  .5,000  ft.  This  is  the  longest  span 
in  the  world.  Due  to  the  fact  that  the 
St.  Lawrence  is  here  navigable  to  ocean 
steamers,  the  clearance  required  is  very 
high  and  the  towers  are  350  ft.  in 
height.  Since  the  membership  includes 
many  transmission  line  engineers  a  very 
complete  discussion  of  this  paper  is  an- 
ticipated. 

An  informal  dinner  will  be  held  in  the 
Engineers'  Club  at  which  a  short  ad- 
dress will  be  given  by  Sir  Robert  Fal- 
coner. The  Friday  evening  session  wil' 
include  a  paper  by  W.  G.  Gordon  on  the 


Electrical  Equipment  of  the  Canadian 
Northern  Railway  Tunnel  in  Montreal, 
tunnel  and  terminal  electrification  m 
Canada.  The  work  involved  in  securing 
an  entry  into  the  City  of  Montreal  re- 
quired the  driving  of  a  four  mile  tunnel 
through  the  lyountain  north  of  the  city 
and  under  the  business  section  of  the 
city  itself.  The  2,400  volt  d.c.  system 
was  adopted  for  this  electrification. 

The  following  trips  have  been  ar- 
ranged  for  Saturday  morning: 

The  British  Forgings  Co.  This  great 
electric  steel  plant,  which  is  regularly 
operating  ten  six-ton  Heroult  furnaces, 
is  believed  to  be  the  largest  plant  of  its 
kind  in  the  world.  Installed  in  1917  to 
fill  the  demand  for  shell  steel  for  mu- 
nition factories,  a  remarkable  record 
was  established  by  teeming  the  first 
melt  within  six  months  of  the  day  on 
which   the  foundations   were   laid. 

Leaside  Munition  Co.  At  present 
manufacturing  shell  for  the  United 
States  Government.  This  is  the  largest 
and  most  important  shell  factory  in 
Canada. 

Hydro-Electric  Substation  and  Labor- 
This  paper  describes  the  first  extensive 
atories.  The  substation  forms  the  ter- 
minal of  the  110,000  volt  line  which 
enter  the  city  from  Niagara  Falls  eighty 
miles  away.  The  present  75,000  kva. 
transformer  capacity,  together  with  the 
50,000  kva.  capacity  in  the  substation 
of  the  Toronto  Power  Co.  are  the  source 
of  practically  all  Toronto's  light  and 
power.  The  laboratories,  which  are  ad- 
jacent to  the  substation,  are  equipped 
for  the  many  testing  and  standardiza- 
tion operations  connected  with  the  op- 
eration of  a  transmission  and  distribu- 
tion system  extending  over  a  territory 
as   large  as  New  York   State. 

At  12.30  noon  the  visitors  and  recep- 
tion committee  will  meet  for  luncheon 
at  the  rooms  of  the  Toronto  Board  of 
Trade.  This  will  be  the  final  activity 
of  the  Toronto  meeting.  The  New  York 
train  leaves  at  5.00  p.m.,  but  it  is  possi- 
ble for  those  who  desire  to  do  so  to 
leave  on  an  earlier  train  and  to  inspect 
the  work  being  done  at  Queenston  by 
the  H.  E.  P.  C. 


MUNITION  WORKERS 

GIVEN  INTIMATION 

With  peace  at  hand  and  the  prospects 
of  an  early  closing  of  a  great  many  mu- 
nition factories  in  Canada,  the  Impenai 
Munitions  Board  is  advising  all  its  em- 
ployees who  have  chances  now  to  drop 
back  into  permanent  positions,  to  take 
advantage  of  them  without  delay.  Cards 
on  which  are  printed  this  advice  have 
been  posted  up  in  many  of  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
and  before  long  the  employees  of  all 
branches  will  receive  this  advice.  The 
object  is  to  get  rid  of  those  holding  war- 
time positions  on  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  by  degrees. 


«04 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX> 


The   MacLean    Publishing   Company 

LIMITED 

(BSTABLISHBD  I8S8) 

JOHN  BAYNK  MAOUiAN.  Pr«id«nt      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vi««.P«.ldent 

H.   V.  TYRRELL.   General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5*> 

A  makly  Journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manvfaeturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.   KENNEDY.  Man.   Editor. 

Associate  Editor*: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNBR      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.    14SIS8    University    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


NOVEMBER  21 


No.  21 


IT'S  RIGHT  UP  TO  YOU 

'TPHERE'S  a  larged  sized  chance  of  the  word  "recon- 
struction" becoming  a  sort  of  a  hackneyed  phrase.  The 
word  is  all  right  and  it  states  the  case,  but  from  much 
use,  if  nothing  else,  the  danger  comes  of  its  being  ac- 
cepted as  meaning  very  much  in  general  and  nothing  much 
in  particular. 

There  is  the  danger  of  it  becoming  so  general  that  it 
will  fail  to  come  home  to  the  individual.  After  all  the 
work  of  reconstructon  has  a  very  pointed  personal  ap- 
plication. 

The  work  of  reconstruction  is  primarily  the  task  for 
the  men  who  have  stayed  at  home.  The  men  who  went 
overseas  have  done  their  part.  They  have  paid  their  price, 
and  now  it  is  up  to  the  homesters  to  show  that  they  are 
none  the  less  worthy  than  the  men  who  went  overseas. 
It  may  be,  even  in  its  worst  stages,  simply  the  case  of 
putting  up  dollars  where  a  few  months  ago  men  were 
putting  up  lives. 

There  are  firms  in  Canada  that  have  made  money  ouL 
of  the  war.  They  have  made  thousands,  millions.  They 
have  stacked  up  more  money  than  they  ever  thought 
possible  on  the  basis  of  their  old  lines.  They  have  been 
doing  this  while  others,  brave,  strong  men,  were  getting 
.shot  at  on  the  battle  front.  These  firms  have  been 
enabled  to  make  their  millions  because  these  men  were 
courageous  enough  to  go  to  the  front,  and  having  got  to 
the  front,  to  stay  there,  through  all  the  horrors  of  war, 
the  slime,  the  mud,  the  rain,  the  frost,  the  rain  of  shells 
and  the  barrage  of  steel.  All  the  powers  of  hell  couldn't 
drive  them  out.  They  stuck,  and  because  they  stuck  the 
security  of  the  industries  at  home  was  protected,  and 
out  of  this  grew  the  big  earnings  of  the  war  plants. 

Don't  think  that  we  lose  sight  of  the  triumphs  of 
Canadian  skill  in  mastering  the  problem  of  quantity  pro- 
duction of  shells.  Without  the  shells  the  man  at  the 
front  would  have  been  helpless.  But  the  man  at  the 
front  took  the  long  chance  and  the  $1.10  per  day. 

Now  some  of  these  firms  have  surpluses  from  war 
operations.  They  are  not  imaginary  surpluses.  They  are 
real.  They  are  not  dependent  on  methods  of  bookkeep- 
ing. They  exist  in  a  very  definite  form.  They  are  liquid 
assets.  What  is  going  to  be  the  attitude  of  the  directors 
and  the  stockholders?    Two  ways  lie  open  to  them: 


(1)  This  money  is  an  asset  that  will  continue  to  pay 
dividends  during  a  period  of  uncertainty.  We  can  sit 
tight  on  it  and  dribble  it  out  until  things  come  back 
iigain.  We  can  refuse  to  allow  it  to  be  used  for  the 
development  of  lines  that  carry  a  degree  of  financial 
doubt  as  to  their  earning  capacity.  We  can  play  safe 
with  a  fund  that  was  piled  up  while  others  were  staking 
iheir  all  on  the  western  front,  or 

(2)  This  money  came  to  us  from  an  abnormal  source. 
It  was  from  the  making  of  munitions.  It  was  our  part  in 
the  fight.  We  had  the  easy  time  of  it  while  the  man 
in  uniform  took  the  raw  end.  Now  that  man  is  coming 
back  and  we  can  use  this  fund  to  see  to  it  that  conditions 
are  such  that  he  will  be  able  to  secure  decent  employment 
at  a  good  wage.  He  will  not  want  charity.  He  does  not. 
ask  for  a  hand-out.  He  simply  will  expect  that  his  ser- 
vice at  the  front  will  entitle  him  to  the  right  to  live,, 
and  to  participate  in  the  distribution  of  monies  that  were 
piled  up  by  reason  of  his  devotion  to  a  cause. 

That  in  brief,  is  the  situation.  The  first  option  is: 
not  reconstruction.  It  is  plain  destruction,  commercial 
and  national.  The  second  is  reconstruction  in  the  real 
meaning  of  the  word. 

There  is  danger,  as  stated  above,  that  much  use' 
of  the  word  will  take  from  it  the  point  it  should  carry, 
will  dull  the  personal  touch  in  it,  and  make  it  such  a 
dry-bone  aflfair  that  it  will  live  only  within  the  covers 
of  government  blue-books.  '  If  it  gets  there  the  word' 
"Failure"  will  be  written  over  the  country  just  as  plainly 
as  the  word  "Victory"  was  flashed  across  the  Allied  skieo. 
a  few  short  days  ago. 

Reconstruction  is  real.  It  means  me.  It  means  you. 
It  doesn't  mean  simply  an  academic  matter  to  be  spoken 
of  in  long  syllables.  Get  this  into  your  mind  no  matter 
whether  you  are  a  laborer,  an  employer  or  a  stock  holder. 
"This  business  is  my  own  concern.  There  is  a  part  in  it 
for  me,  and  if  I  don't  do  it  no  person  else  will."  Don't 
jolly  yourself  into  thinking  that  you  can  lean  back  and 
simply  be  a  spectator  in  this  last  great  act  of  the  world's, 
greatest  drama. 

Our  idea  of  hard  luck  is  for  the  sleeping  car  porter  to 
lose  his  whisk  before  he  has  made  the  final  round-up  of 
his  victims. 


It's  to  be  hoped  that  the  peace  delegates  do  not  spoil 
the  victory  that  has  already  been  won  by  the  soldiers  on 
the  field. 


There  will  be  more  wire  nails  made  now.  All  of  which 
will  be  quite  a  source  of  relief  to  the  bachelor  who  re^rds 
wire 


nails  as  his  legitimate  prey  in  lieu  of  pant  buttons. 


The  Germans  are  now  proceeding  to  surrender  their 
fleet.  It  should  be  about  as  good  as  new  as  the  British 
didn't  have  much  chance  to  muss  it  up  during  the  four 
vears  of  war. 


The  Kaiser  went  to  Holland  but  is  not  going  to  stay. 
They  say  he's  returning  to  Germany.  If  they  really  want 
to  know  how  to  dispose  of  him  why  not  turn  him  loose 
in  one  of  the  Allied  countries? 


In  writing  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  in  connec- 
tion with  a  business  matter,  Wm.  J.  Kirkham,  of  Renfrew, 
says:  "I  must  mention  that  I  am  pleased  with  the 
quality  and  variety  of  matter  contained  in  your  CAN- 
ADIAN MACHINERY;  it  is  sure  to  become  more  and 
more  popular  with  the  general  classes  of  mechanics  in 
this  country." 


>Iovember  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


605 


PULL  THE  MEN  NEAR 

YOU  UP  WITH  YOU 

Superintendent  of  the   Massey-Harris  Co.,  Toronto, 

Works  Has  Had  Wide 

Experience 

By  A.  H.  T. 


R.     W.    GIFFORD 
Superintendent,  Toronto  Plant 
Massey-Harris   Co. 


TpXPERIENCES  of  R.  W.  Gifford,  Assoc.  Mem.  Am.  Soc. 
-*-'  M.  E.,  go  to  show  that  ability  to  see  through  the 
peeling  to  the  fruit  pays  handsomely.  In  other  words, 
elusive  opportunity  struts  disguised  in  all  togs,  in  even 
the  made-in-America   raiment  of  a   Pharaoh. 

Gifford,  at  the  age  of  35,  is  superintendent  of  the 
Massey-Harris  Company's  Toronto  works.  His  story,  as 
I  recall  it,  follows: 

"From  when  we  were  knee 
high,"  he  said,  "it  was  drilled 
into  my  brother  and  I  that 
"we  should  have  a  college 
■education.  Not  the  easy  mat- 
ter you  might  suppose;  for 
my  father  was  a  minister  and 
ours  a  good  home,  a  Can- 
adian home  up  till  the  year 
before  my  birth,  but  a  home 
in  which  there  was  never  a 
plentitude  of  money.  I  know 
I  had  but  forty-three  dollars, 
and  I  think  my  brother  had 
forty-eight,  when  we  left  for 
Ann  Arbor  to  attend  the 
University  of  Michigan. 

"The  following  four  years 
we  missed   some  of  the  fun, 
all  right.     But  I  believe    we 
learned  to  do  one  thing  that 
college  boys,  as  a  rule,  kncv 
nothing  about      after  gradu- 
ation;  we  learned  to  stand  on  our  own  feet.     Two  sum- 
mers we  went  out  on  railroad  construction  work  and  in 
one  way  or  another  we   paid  our  way  through   the   Uni- 
versity without  another  cent  from  home. 

"I  was  twenty-three  years  old  when  we  graduated  in 
1906.  We  had  both  studied  engineering  and  we  went 
together  into  the  shops  of  the  Olds  Gas  Power  Xllompany, 
of  Lansing,  Michigan.  We  entered  on  a  two-years'  ap- 
prenticeship at  the  inconsiderable  wage  of  seventeen  and 
one-half  cents  an  hour,  but  within  the  two  years  we  had 
worked  in  every  department  of  the  shops,  and  this  work 
had  seemed  but  a  continuation  of  our  studies. 

"In  January,  1908,  the  secretary-treasurer  called  me 
into  his  office  and  asked  if  I'd  help  him  out  for  a  few 
weeks.  His  was  such  a  desk  as  this,"  Gifford  said,  indi- 
cating his  own  flat-topped,  expansive  oak.  "He  sat  at 
one  side  and  I  at  the  other.  And  as  the  books  of  the 
company  wei-e  open  to  me,  mine  was  a  fine  opportunity 
to  study  financing  of  business. 

"Until  November,  1908,  I  was  assistant  to  the  secre- 
tary-treasurer, and  then  made  export  sales  manager.  This 
position  itself  was  at  that  time  created.  I  was  told  to 
rely  on  my  judgment  and  to  work  out  my  own  salvation. 

"I  went  South  in  April,  1909,  with  an  unlimited  drawing 
account  and  a  letter  of  authority  from  the  Olds  Mobile 
Company  as  well  as  credentials  of  our  firm.  My  duties 
were  more  to  make  a  study  of  conditions  in  Mexico,  Cuba 
and  all  South  America  than  to  attempt  actual  selling.  I 
had  but  two  calls  to  make,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  but  I  man- 
agec'.  to  sell  more  than  enough  goods  to  pay  all  expenses. 

Massey-Harris  Everywhere 

"Incidentally,  it  was  on  this  trip  that  I  first  came  into 
contact  with  the  Massey-Harris  Company,  Limited.  I 
ran    into    "Massey-Harris"    everywhere,    and    as    they    at 


that  time  sold  Olds  engines,  a  number  of  the  orders  I 
booked  specified  that  shipments  should  be  made  through 
"Ma«sey-Harris." 

"One  day  after  my  return  to  Lansing,  an  Egyptian 
prince  called  at  our  plant,  >>nd  as  his  request  seemed  to 
be  in  the  nature  of  export  business,  he  was  turned  over 
to  me.  He  was  being  educated  in  the  States  and  it  ap- 
pears that  his  father,  a  very  wealthy  Egyptian,  had  writ- 
ten him  that  a — I  guess  you'd  call  it  a  plague — was  killing 
off  so  many  oxen  there  was  danger  of  the  land  going  un- 
plowed.  He  had  evidently  told  the  son  to  ship  him  an 
.American   self-propelled  plow. 

No  Tractors  Then 

"But  at  that  time,  at  least  to  my  knowledge,  there 
was  no  such  thin".  However,  a.ssured  that  cost  would  be 
no  objection,  I  asked  for  authority  to  build  a  machine  for 
the  prince,  and  I  was  told  to  go  ahead,  but  to  have  it 
built  outside  our  shops. 

"By  the  last  of  April,  1910,  my  tractor  was  ready. 
The  boys  dubbed  it  'Gifford's  Little  Egypt.'  My  brother 
went  with  it  to  Egypt.  Incidentally,  as  our  outside  man, 
he  was  travelling  the  world  over  for  export  business, 
which  had  grown  from  six  engines  sold  the  year  prior 
to  my  appointment  as  export  sales  manager  to  more  than 
tv/enty-five  per  cent,  of  our  total  business. 

"It  so  happened  that  K.  H.  Deyo,  head  of  a  firm  at 
Binghamton,  N.  Y.,  which  jobbed  Olds  engines,  was  in 
Lansing  and  saw  'Little  Egypt'  turning  furrows.  Later 
the  same  day  he  came  into  my  office. 

"  'Gifford,'  he  said,  'I'm  going  into  the  manufacturing 
business  and  vou're  going  with  me.'  As  this  was  our 
first  meeting,  his  was  a  snap  judgment,  of  course.  Nor 
was  I  prepared  to  say  either  yes  or  no  to  his  proposal. 

"That  evening  Olds  employees  were  banqueted,  and 
K.  H.  Deyo  sat  opposite  me  at  the  table.  The  president's 
address  helped  me  to  a  decision;  for  he  dwelt  on  the 
desirability  of  each  employee  recognizing  the  limitations 
of  his  position — the  fact  that  one  could  not  hope  to  be 
more  than  a  cog  within  the  wheels  of  an  organization  such 
as  the  Olds  Gas  Power  Company.  Deyo  and  I  exchanged 
glances  of  mutual  understanding.  I'll  be  down  to  see 
you  this  coming   Saturday,   I   told   him. 

"Within  a  month  I  was  in  Binghamton  superintending 
the  erection  of  the  Deyo-Macey  Engine  Company's  plant. 
I  designed   their  complete   line   of  engines. 

"And  I  remember  how  it  occurred  to  me  that  soon  or 
late  there  would  be  a  break  between  the  Olds  Gas  Power 
Company  and  the  Massey-Harris  Company,  Limited.  I 
planned  accordingly. 

"The  break  came  in  1913.  Private — very  private-,- 
news  of  it  was  still  ringing  in  my  ears  when  I  reached 
Toronto.  At  the  Massey-Harris  plant,  however,  I  was 
told  that  nothing  of  an  intended  split  was  known — so  I 
asked  that  we  be  remembered  -should  anything  develop, 
and  returned  to  Binghamton.  In  March  the  Massey- 
Harris  company  bought  out  Deyo-Macey  body  and  soul. 

"I  stayed  as  superintendent  until  the  first  of  the  year 
1914,  when  I  was  made  secretary  and  general  manager 
of  the  Binghamton  plant. 

"In  December,  1915,  I  was  called  to  Toronto  and  given 
charge  of  the  Massey-Harris  shell  plant.  When  we  com- 
pleted our  shell  contracts  in  October,  1917,  I  was  made 
superintendent  of  these  Toronto  works." 

"And  your  brother?"  was  asked. 

"You  may  have  heard  of  the  Gifford  Engine  Company, 
of  Lansing,  Michigan,"  was  the  answer  to  our  query. 

Gifford  says:  "Take  the  open  door  and  as  you  go  up, 
pull  the  men  near  you  up  with  you.  Then  if  they  are 
loyal  and  you  yourself  are  fundamentally  honest,  you  are 
pretty  sure  to  succeed." 

Some  time  ago  the  Massey-Harris  Company,  Limited, 
subscribed  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  for  twenty  em- 
ployees. We  cannot  say  that  R.  W.  Gifford  had  a  hand 
in  that,  but  knowing  the  value  he  places  on  technical  educa- 
tion, we  think   it  probable. 


606 


Volume   XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 

^ 

Canada's  Part  Can  Hardly  Be  Exaggerated 

Dominion  Has  Been  the  Most  Successful  Shell  Producing  Country 

in  the  Business — Steel  Market  Holds  Firm,  While  the  Scrap  Metal 

Dealers  Are  Practically  Out  of  the  Market 


MUNITIONS  business  is  practically  at  an  end  as 
far  as  the  sale  of  machinery  is  concerned.  There 
may  be  some  business  yet  in  connection  with 
.American  orders,  and  Canadian  firms  are  sharing  in  it. 
In  fact  one  firm  was  shipping  this  week  on  an  order 
it  had  secured  for  a  quarter  of  a  million  in  equipment, 
delivery  to  be  made  at  an  American  shop. 

Canada's  record  in  the  output  of  munitions  is  one 
that  can  hardly  be  appreciated.  This  country  has  been 
the  outstanding  success  in  the  turning  out  of  all  sorts 
of  munitions  and  fuses.  In  the  making  of  airplanes  as 
well  the  record  has  been  well  sustained. 

The  disposal  of  the  machinery  that  has  worked  in 
shell  shops  is  a  big  problem.  This  machinery  divides 
into  three  parts — (1)  the  single-purpose  machines  that 
are  good  for  nothing  but  certain  shell  operations;  these 
will  be  scrapped;  (2)  standard  machinery  that  has  been 
fitted  with  special  attachments  for  the  turning  out  of 
munitions — these  fittings  can  be  stripped  and  the  machine 
brought  back  to  its  original  capacity  and  style;   (3)  the 


general  purpose  machinery  that  has  been  used  will,  if 
it  has  withstood  the  working  of  continuous  operation,  be 
used   in   regular   production   and  shop   practice   again. 

There  has  been  a  slight  reduction  in  the  warehouse 
price  of  plate.  The  price  is  to-day  put  at  8c  per  pound, 
as  against  the  10c  mark  that  has  prevailed  for  some 
months.  Ten  cents  was  a  fictitious  price,  and  even  eight 
cents  is  a  figure  that  cannot  be  maintained  when  steel 
gets  on  a  competitive  basis  once  more. 

Scrap  metal  dealers  are  practically  out  of  the  market 
this  week.  They  do  not  want  to  buy  anything  because 
they  cannot  see  where  they  are  going  to  find  a  ready 
market  for  it,  and  it  would  be  suicide  for  them  to  buy 
for  stock  out  of  the  present  high  market  and  run  chances 
of  disposing   of   their   material   in   a   lower   market. 

There  is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  many  whose  previous 
training  has  fitted  them  only  for  laborers  to  want  machine 
positions  in  the  shops  now,  relying  on  their  war  work 
experience  to  see  them  through.  In  some  cases  they  may 
be  able  to  do  this,  but  it  will  not  be  on  work  where  the 
training  of  a  machinist  is  required. 


HAILROAD  BUYING  SHOULD  BE 

HEAVY  IN  THE  VERY  NEAR  FUTURE 


\4  ONTREAL,  Nov.  21.— While  no 
^^^  immediate  cessation  of  industrial 
activity  is  anticipated,  the  manufacture 
of  munitions  in  Canada  will  soon  be  a 
matter  of  history.  Plants  working  on 
the  British  shells  have  received  instruc- 
tions from  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  to  immediately  stop  all  forging  of 
shells,  and  plants  are  given  until  the 
14th  of  next  month  to  clean  up  on  the 
machine  work,  and  on  this  date  the  pro- 
duction of  British  shells  will  cease. 
Plants  working  on  American  contracts 
are  continuing  as  formerly,  as  no  in- 
structions have  yet  been  issued  to  sus- 
pend operations.  Lyalls,  who  have  a 
larw  contract  for  155  m.m.  shells,  fully 
expect  to  operate  throughout  the  winter, 
as  no  announcement  has  been  received 
to  the  contrary.  This  plant  has  just 
about  completed  the  installation  of 
equipment  and  capacity  production  will 
soon  be  attained.  It  is  thought  that  a 
lariff  number  of  men  will  shortly  be  re- 
quired   for   various  branches   of   govern- 


ment work,  including  general  construc- 
tion and  shipbuilding.  An  encouraging 
note  is  sounded  in  the  remarks  of  Hon. 
A.  K.  Maclean  when  he  states,  "There 
would  not  be,  he  believed,  the  sudden 
transition  and  the  sharp  dislocation  of 
industry,  and  consequent  unemployment 
and  unsettlement  that  many  people 
seemed  to  fear." 

Peace  Affects  Steel  Production 

Production  of  the  early  future  steel 
situation  is  still  more  or  less  a  matter 
of  guess  work,  owing  to  the  apparent 
obscurity  that  surrounds  the  general 
market.  That  an  easier  condition  will 
soon  be  evident  is  conceded  by  many, 
but  to  what  extent  is  very  problematic. 
Considerable  disorganization  marks  the 
present  progress  of  events  and  as  a 
result  the  situation  is  very  unsettled. 
This  disturbing  factor  has  created  a 
feeling  of  nervousness  throughout  the 
trade  and  business  has  been  conducted 
in  a  very  guarded  manner.     A  feature 


of  the  armistice  has  been  the  reaction- 
ary effect  upon  the  munition  activity 
here  and  many  plants  are  preparing  to 
finish  up  on  their  shell  work.  The  steel 
foundries  here  have  stopped  the  making 
of  shell  billets  and  forging  plants  will 
soon  be  closed.  The  railroads  are  an- 
ticipating a  renewal  campaign,  as  they 
have  virtually  been  starved  for  nearly 
four  years.  Rolling  stock  and  supplies 
have  reached  a  low  ebb  and  expansion 
is  only  a  question  of  market  conditions. 
While  it  is  felt  that  something  must  be 
done  in  the  very  near  future,  it  is  not 
likely*  that  decided  action  will  take 
place  until  some  readjustment  has  been 
made  in  the  cost  of  material.  Dealers 
here  look  forward  to  a  better  supply 
market  with  lower  price  quotations.  The 
stoppage  of  munitions  and  steels  for  de- 
structive purposes  will  undoubtedly  re- 
act on  the  general  situation  as  increased 
raw  materials  will  be  available  for  such 
mills  as  have  been  pressed  for  supply. 
The  conversion  of  some  bar  mills  to  the 
rolling  of  narrow  plates  will  result  in 
considerably  more  plate  production  and 
a  return  to  lower  plate  quotations.  The 
situation   here,  however,   has   shown   lit- 


November  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


607 


tle  relief  and  the  reg;ulations  respecting 
plates  prevent  dealers  from  acquiring 
material  for  warehouse  storage,  even 
should  they  desire  to  do  so,  which  few 
are  anxious  to  do  under  the  present  cir- 
cumstances. 

Lower    Levels   in    Metals 

Recent  events  have  been  an  influenc- 
ing factor  in  the  metal  market,  but  de- 
velopments so  far  have  not  affected 
price  (juotations  to  any  extent.  With 
the  American  fixed  price  on  copper  still 
effective  the  local  quotations  will  re- 
main firm,  although  the  demand  is  a 
little  lighter.  The  tin  situation  here  is 
rather  obscure,  owing  to  inability  of 
getting  cables  through  from  London. 
Shipments  of  metal  are  better,  but  with- 
out definite  information  the  market 
here  remains  firm.  A  decline  of  2  cents 
puts  the  current  price  at  88  cents  per 
lb.  Spelter  and  lead  are  both  unchanged 
at  10  V4  cents  per  lb.  Antimony  de- 
mand has  fallen  off  and  price  has  de- 
clined 2  cents  to  13  cents  per  lb. 

Machine    Dealers    Optimistic 

It  is  quite  natural  to  assume  that 
confusion  must  reign  for  a  time  follow- 
ing the  events  of  the  past  week,  but 
the  optimistic  spirit  of  the  machine  tool 
dealer  is  still  a  feature  of  market  con- 
ditions. It  is  true  that  the  demand  for 
shell  machinery  is  now  a  negative  quan- 
tity, but  the  inquiries  for  general  equip- 
ment that  are  still  coming  in  does  not 
imply  a  dormant  state  of  industry. 
Dealers  here  report  that  an  increase  of 
inquiries  has  been  noted  for  tools  for 
marine  work,  as  it  has  been  intimated 
that  some  plants  that  have  been  en- 
gaged on  shells  may  be  turned  over  for 
the  moking  of  ship  accessories.  The 
difficulty  of  getting  tools  from  the 
States  is  still  a  factor  and  maintains 
the  high  cost  of  past  transactions,  but 
with  the  weaker  demand  for  shell  and 
ordnance  requirements  it  appears  only 
a  question  of  a  short  time  until  the  ma- 
chine tool  trade  will  take  on  a  more 
normal  appearance.  In  speaking  on  the 
possibilities   of   the    single    purpose    ma- 


chine after  the  war,  one  dealer  here 
thought  that  there  would  be  a  much 
larger  field  for  such  tools,  but  would 
probably  be  •  restricted  to  industries 
where  relatively  large  quantities  of  uni- 
form product  was  produced.  A  feature 
of  the  week  has  been  the  increasing 
volume  of  second-hand  tools  available 
and  these  can  invariably  be  secured  at 
more  reasonable  figures  than  formerly. 
A  notable  falling  off  has  been  shown 
in  the  general  demand,  particularly  dur- 
ing the  past  week.  For  some  time  mu- 
nition plants  have  been  adopting  the 
policy  of  hand-to-mouth  buying  and 
would  seldom  consider  large  orders.  The 
shipbuilding  interests  are  still  heavy 
buyers. 

Scrap   Adjustment   Likely   Soon 

The  closing  down  of  shell  activity 
has  added  to  the  disorganized  state  of 
the  old  national  situation  and  dealers 
report  a  very  quiet  market.  With  the 
copper  price  still  maintained  this  loss 
of  scrap  will  likely  continue  firm  for 
the  remainder  of  the  year.  Dealers 
state  that  much  scrap  is  available,  but 
without  a  market  for  it  they  are  not 
interested,  as  it  would  be  very  unwise 
to  stock  up  at  prevailing  prices.  They 
intimate,  however,  that  within  the  week 
some  readjustment  to  lower  levels  are 
very  probable.  Present  quotations  may 
be   considered   as   nominal. 


MUNITIONS  BOARD 

CUT  OFF  QUICKLY 

Sent   Cancellation   Orders   Right   on   the 

Heels  of  Armistice 

Signing 


'TpORONTO.— The  machine  tool  trade, 
•■-  in  common  with  other  industries  that 
were  very  much  influenced  by  war  con- 
ditions, has  turned  from  war  trade  to 
a  very  large  extent.  The  reason  is  that 
the  war  trade  is  nearly  a  thing  of  the 
past,  a  few  American  orders  being  about 
all  that  are  available  now.    Other  orders, 


especially  from  the  British  Government, 
are  ebbing  out  in  order  to  disturb  the 
labor  market  as  little  as  possible.  The 
Munitions  Board,  had  they  followed  the 
law  of  need,  would  have  cancelled  the 
contracts  at  once,  because  they  do  not 
want  or  need  any  more  munitions.  How- 
ever it  is  better  policy  to  shut  off  by 
degrees,  even  if  it  does  cost  more  money. 
There  are  several  questions  discussed 
this  week  regarding  the  disposal  of  war 
plants.  One  suggestion  is  that  the  gov- 
ernment should  nick  up  from  the  great 
amount  of  special  machinery,  complete 
plants  for  making  the  different  kinds  of 
munitions,  and  store  it  away  as  part  of 
the  policy  of  preparedness.  It  is  pointed 
out  that  Canadian  shell  shops  know  the 
business  thoroughly,  and  the  best  of 
their  equipment  would  be  a  good  invest- 
ment for  the  government  to  keep  on 
hand  in  some  of  the  arsenals.  That  is 
one  of  the  suggestions  put  forward  by 
a  leading  dealer. 

Plate  and  Sheets  Down 

One  Toronto  warehouse  quoted  $8  on 
plate  this  morning.  That  is  a  direct 
cut  of  2  cents  per  pound,  as  $10  has  been 
the  prevailing  price  for  a  number  of 
weeks  now.  This  move  was  not  due  to 
any  great  improvement  in  the  purchas- 
ing conditions,  but  rather  was  it  the 
outcome  of  a  desire  on  the  part  of  the 
trade  to  get  below  the  $10  price  for 
plate,  which  has  been  more  or  less  of  a 
fictitious  value  for  some  time  past.  Some 
of  the  mills  on  the  other  side,  explained 
one  of  the  steel  dealers  here,  seem  to 
be  in  the  position  now  to  do  the  milling 
if  we  can  go  ahead  and  secure  the 
licenses. 

Whether  steel  prices  will  find  a  lower 
level  or  not  is  a  debatable  question.  The 
case  of  a  concern  that  produces  both 
pig  and  ingots  serves  to  illustrate  the 
case.  In  some  cases  the  yards  are  full 
of  ore,  bought  at  war  prices,  which  are 
high.  Pig  iron  can't  take  much  of  a 
slump  until  that  high-priced  ore  is 
worked  out.  The  same  thing  applies  to 
the  open-hearth  furnaces.  High  price 
pig  and  high  price  scrap  are  not  going 


POINTS  IN  THE  WEEK'S  MARKET  SITUATION 


The  steel  and  coal  plants  in  Nova  Scotia  have  to 
a  large  extent  been  on  a  peace  basis  for  some  time, 
and  no  trouble  is  likely  to  happen  there  on  the  falling 
off  of  war  orders. 


It  seems  likely  that  orders  in  this  country  for 
155-mm.,  12-inch  and  240-mm.  shells  will  be  com- 
pleted. British  orders  have  been  cancelled  and  opera- 
tions will  be  entirely  suspended  in  a  few  weeks  now. 


One  Toronto  machine  tool  dealer  suggests  that  the 
government  should  take  over  enough  out  of  the  best 
in  the  shell  plants  to  be  able  to  turn  to  shell  pro- 
duction any  time  if  the  need  arose. 

Montreal  repmrts  that  the  railroads  are  likely  to 
be  very  heavy  purchasers  of  machine  tools  and  other 


equipment,  as  their  supply   and   repair  departments 
have  been  starved  for  months  past. 

Steel  plate  was  brought  down  to  8c  in  Toronto 
warehouses  this  week,  being  a  drop  of  two  cents. 
It  is  still  selling  here  well  above  the  price  fixed  at 
U.S.  points. 

Several  of  the  larger  dealers  in  scrap  metals 
report  that  they  are  out  of  the  market  this  week. 
They  will  not  buy  for  stock  as  they  anticipate  an  era 
of   lower   prices   before   very    long. 

Some  of  the  machine  tool  dealers  find  themselves 
quite  heavily  stocked  with  supplies  that  are  not  good 
for  anything  but  shell  operations.  They  had  carried 
heavy  stocks  in  order  that  shell  shops  could  be 
speedily  supplied.  The  high  speed  steel  in  them  will 
bring   about   1-16  of  the  real   price. 


eo6 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


to  b«  melted  and  turned  into  cheap  in- 
gots. 

The  sales  end  can  argue  forty  dif- 
ferent ways  to  make  it  apparent  that, 
there  is  not  going  to  be  any  increases 
for  some  time.  Against  that,  though, 
there  is  the  fact  that  the  purchasing 
agents  are  beginning  right  away  to  in- 
quire about  lower  prices,  and  between 
these  two  extremes  the  real  situation 
will  come  to  the  surface  in  due  time. 
There  is  nothing  in  sight  at  the  moment, 
though,  to  indicate  much  depression  in 
price. 

A  drop  is  noticed  also  in  the  price 
of  sheets.  They  are  now  quoted  at  $a 
per  hundred,  against  $10.  In  fact  some 
of  the  warehouses  have  been  giving  quo- 
tation at  $12  during  the  past  few  weeks. 
The  supply  has  not  appreciably  im- 
proved. There  will  not  be  much  better- 
ment in  the  supply  of  sheets  until  the 
plate  programme  gets  cleared  away. 
Many  of  the  sheet  mills  have  for  some 
time  been  rolling  plate  and  they  are  still 
doing  this. 

There  is  a  feeling  in  the  steel  trade 
that  the  War  Trade  Board  should  con- 
tinue in  office  for  some  time  yet,  as  the 
War  Industries  Board  at  Washington  is 
doing.  It  is  felt  that  this  would  have 
a  sobering  effect  on  the  whole  situation, 
and  that  the  government,  in  this  way, 
could  act  as  the  pace  maker  in  the  mat- 
ter of  prices,  and  see  that  no  hardship 
was  worked  on  any  particular  dealer. 

The  Machine  Tool  Business 

Machine  tool  dealers  are  turning  to 
other  lines  than  war  work.  Cancel- 
lations have  been  made  in  several  in- 
stances. In  fact  about  the  first  of 
these  came  from  the  local  branch  of  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board,  and  in  such 
a  way  as  to  throw  the  dealers  into  a 
position  where  they  stand  a  chance  of 
losing  money.  The  notice  sent  from  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  carries  the 
following  clause: 

"If  shipment  is  made  after  receipt 
of  this  advice,  same  will  not  be  ac- 
cepted at  our  stores,  and  it  will  be 
necessary  for  you  to  arrange  dis- 
posal." 

That  means  that  a  dealer,  who  may 
have  purchased  a  machine  at  some  point 
in  the  United  States,  is  put  in  the  posi- 
tion of  having  to  secure  an  immediate 
cancellation  at  the  point  of  shipment  or 
bear  the  loss  if  he  cannot  do  this.  Deal- 
ers do  not  like  this  idea,  and  they  claim 
that  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  is 
the  one  concern  that  should  act,  in  a  time 
like  the  present,  with  a  great  deal  of 
moderation  and  tact.  The  armistice  was 
signed  on  the  11th,  and  on  the  12th  the 
cancellation  notices  were  sent  out. 

Several  of  the  munitions  firms  have 
inquired  of  the  dealers  if  they  will  take 
back  certain  supplies,  such  as  hobs, 
chasers,  etc.  The  dealers  have  no  use 
for  the  stuff.  For  instance  a  hob  that 
has  been  selling  for  around  $16,  will 
now  be  worth  about  $1  for  the  high 
speed  steel  that  is  in  it.  because  there 
is  no  commercial  operation  that  calls 
for  the  use  of  such  a  tool.  The  opinion 
is   put   forward   in   several   places   that 


the  loss  thus  saddled  on  the  dealers,  the 
munitions  contractors  and  all  handling 
or  using  these  special  purpose  supplies, 
should  be  absorbed  by  the  trade  in  gen- 
eral, or  in  some  other  way.  Had  deal- 
ers refused  to  keep  a  big  stock  of  hobs, 
etc.,  the  contractors  would  have  been 
up  against  it  all  the  time.  On  the  other 
hand  the  carrying  of  a  large  stock  of 
hobs  and  chasers  enables  production  to 
be  kept  at  a  high  standard.  So  it  is 
that  the  dealers,  under  present  arrange- 
ments, who  carried  the  large  stocks  and 
were  always  ready  to  supply  the  shops 
at  short  notice,  are  going  to  suffer  from 
their  enterprise. 

A  limited  trade  is  still  being  done  in 
supplies  for  shell  shops,  but  the  buying 
is  being  kept  in  very  close  bonds  at  pres- 
ent. It  appears  that  contracts  in  this 
country  for  the  155-m.m.,  12-inch  and 
9.5  are  likely  to  last  for  some  time  yet. 

Out  Of  The  Market 

"We.  are  out  of  the  market."  That 
was  the  way  in  which  Frankel  Bros, 
sized  up  the  situation  early  in  the  week. 


"By  that  we  mean  that  unless  we  have 
a  destination  immediately  available  we 
are  not  buying." 

If  that  position  is  taken  by  many 
of  the  large  dealers  in  scrap  it  may  have 
a  tendency  to  force  prices  to  a  lower 
level,  especially  in  sales  where  necessity 
figures  to  any  extent.  Buyers  admit 
that  prices,  quoted  elsewhere  in  this  is- 
sue, while  nominally  correct,  are  apt  to^ 
be  misleading  because  they  do  not  re- 
present the  actual  money  that  they  are 
willing  and  prepared  to  pay  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  Casting  copper  is  weaker  in_ 
New  York,  and  sales  have  been  made  at 
24c.  This,  dealers  point  out,  has  a  ten- 
dency to  weaken   other  prices  as  well. 

Other  yards  intimated  that  it  was. 
necessary  for  them  to  move  with  a  great 
deal  of  care.  They  are  looking  for  a 
lower  level  of  jirices  before  very  long, 
in  fact  any  purchasers  who  come  into- 
the  market,  talk  lower  prices  the  first 
thing.  "Under  present  conditions  we 
are  not  going  to  buy  a  single  pound  of 
material  for  stock,"  was  the  way  another 
dealer   sized   up   the   situation. 


SCOTIA  PLANTS  HAVE  BEEN 

ON  PEACE  FOOTING  FOR  MONTHS 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


TSJEW  GLASGOW,  Nov.  21.— The  sud- 
■l-^  den  close  of  hostilities  has  set  every- 
body to  thinking  of  normal  business  and 
the  problems  that  will  attend  upon  the 
readjustment  from  a  state  of  maximum 
war  production  to  peace  conditions.  One 
reassuring  feature  is  that  the  allied  gov- 
ernments have  had  the  problems  of  de- 
mobilization and  reconstruction  under 
consideration  for  a  long  time,  and  the 
rapidity  with  which  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment took  action  and  called  to  Ot- 
tawa for  consultation  the  heads  of  re- 
presentative industries  is  an  encourag- 
ing sign  of  the  readiness  of  the  re- 
sponsible authorities.  Before  the  armi- 
stice was  actually  signed  the  heads  of 
Canadian  steel  companies,  railroads  and 
car  manufacturers  were  summoned,  and 
on  the  day  following  the  cessation  of 
fighting  a  meeting  was  held  in  Ottawa 
to  consider  ways  and  means  to  turn  the 
manufacturing  facilities  of  the  country 
into  ordinary  channels  of  production. 

The  neighbourhood  of  New  Glasgow 
contains  important  railway  connections, 
collieries,  steel-works,  foundries  and  a 
car  plant,  and  it  is  thus  a  microcosm 
of  the  coal  and  steel  industry  and  its  off- 
shoots. The  production  of  munitions  has 
been  a  declining  factor  for  many  months. 
For  example  the  employees  of  the  Nova 
Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co.  now  number 
not  much  more  than  half  of  those  em- 
ployed in  1915  and  1916,  and  for  several 
months  past  it  may  be  said  that  this 
company  has  been  operating  on  a  peace- 
time basis.  Its  plant  at  Trenton  is 
particularly  adapted  for  the  production 
of  ordinary  commercial  steel  products, 
such  as  light  rails,  railway  spikes,  boHs 
and  nuts,  angle  iron,  structural  steel, 
plates.  The  manufacture  of  heavy  forg- 
ings  is  a  speciality  of  this  plant,  and  it 


will  be  seen  that  with  the  demand 
that  is  anticipated  for  railway  materials, 
marine  forgings,  and  building  material, 
there  is  no  reason  to  anticipate  any- 
severe  readjustment  occasioned  by  the. 
cessation  of  munition  orders  which  must 
naturally  now  take  place.  The  railways 
have  been  starved  during  the  past  few- 
years  in  the  matter  of  rails  and  rolling 
stock,  and  it  is  further  anticipated  that 
there  will  be  a  brisk  demand  for  railway 
cars,  and  for  freight  car  and  locomotive- 
axles,  both  of  which  the  Nova  Scotia. 
Conpany  and  its  subsidiary  the  Eastern: 
Car  Company,  are  equipped  to  supply. 
At  The  Dominion  Corporation 

At  the  plant  of  the  Dominion  Iron  & 
Steel  Company  in  Sydney,  the  production 
of  shell  steel  has  for  several  months; 
past  been  practically  discontinued,  and 
the  steel  output  has  been  largely  ab- 
sorbed in  the  making  of  steel  rails  for 
the  Canadian  Government  railways.  A 
continuation  of  this  business  is  a  cer- 
tainty of  the  near  future.  The  new 
plate  mill,  now  under  construction, 
should  not  suffer  for  lack  of  orders  in 
view  of  the  tremendous  shortage  of 
ships  that  exists,  and  must  exist  for  a 
long  time  to  come,  despite  the  most 
strenuous  efforts  of  the  shipyards.  The 
problem  of  feeding  in  Europe  does  not 
appear  likely  to  be  lessened  by  the  ces- 
sation of  fighting.  It  may  indeed  be- 
intensified  by  reason  of  the  dis- 
organization of  the  Central  European 
states,  and  until  the  harvest  of  1919  is 
gathered,  Europe  must  largely  be  fed 
from  this  side  the  Atlantic. 

The  coal  supply  question  promises  to> 
remain  acute  for  some  time  to  come.  The 
production  of  Nova  Scotia  is  now  31  per- 
(Continued  on  page  62) 


November  21,  1918. 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


609 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    S7  26 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 
Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 6  60 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .     7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   6  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   6  26 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 6  26 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 6  60 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand   steel.   No.   10   gauge,  base     4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

Stoybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 'S  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  'S  50 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 6  60 

Small  shapes 5  76 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  Iba. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal     29  39% 

St.  John,  N.B 47%       63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto     23%       27% 

Guelph    23%       27% 

London    23%       27% 

Windsor    23%       27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper  31  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper  30  50  28  50 

Tin  85  00  88  00 

Spelter  10  50  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony 15  00  18  00 

Aluminum    46  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,  ^/i  up  $  8  00  $  8  00 

Plates,  3-16  in 8  50  -  •  8  50 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price   List   No.   37 

RiacV       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

^pr    ion     fp*»f 

%  in $  6  00     %     8  00 

U  in 5  22  7  35 

%  m 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01         33  86 

2%  in 43  29         54  11 

3      in 56  61         70  76 

3%  in 71  76        88  78 

4      in 85  02       105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82         38  30 

2%   in 47  97         58  21 

3  in 52  73         76  12 

3%  in 78  20        96  14 

4  in 92  65       114  00 

4%   in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 
Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4'  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  85%. 
4%'  and  larger,  16%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Monti  eal     Toronto 

Copper,   light    $2100  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible  24  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 24  50  24  50 

Copper,  wire   24  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion       23  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings 15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  turnings 18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .   13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass 13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...   24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 38  00  35  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    . .     9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate    30  00  19  00 

Cast  borings   11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc   6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead    7  00  8  00 

Tea  lead 5  60  5  75 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 56 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 
steel t7H 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel  !• 
Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  89 

Machine   screws,   o.   and   fil.   hd. 

brass add  U 

Nuts,  square  blank add  $1  64 

Nuts,  square,  tapped .add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  80 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 26 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger  $8  60 

Structural  rivets,  as  abore 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 71% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 87% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   37% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32  ii 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze 26 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

_,  Per  Cmt. 

Set  screws J5 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 80 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in M 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in M 

Fin.   and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plu  10 

Studs act 

Taper  pins 4$ 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus If 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and i# 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers act 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plna  80 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,  10 

Thumb  screws tO 

Thumb  nuts 9$ 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  BO 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Bessemer  billets f 47  80 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 80  00 

Wire  rods 87  M 

Government  prices. 
FX).B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  26  $6  80 

Cut  nails 6  70  8  86 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   80* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  80 

Spikes,  Vi  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  8* 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  89 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  48 

Cotton  rope,  M-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    aB4 

Toronto    net 


610 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

BabbiU  metals   18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  weol.  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  190-lb.  drums *  76 

White  lead,  pure,  ewt  16  06 

Red   dry   lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

crt.     15  60 

Glue,  English 0  86 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  88 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper.  B.  A  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  phis  20 

Sal  Soda 0  08V4 

Sulphur,  roUs 0  06 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04H 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G."  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  grranular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Ont. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .  35 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80  40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    15 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills  26 

Electricians'^  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks.  -  .list  plus  40 

Bridge  reamers 60 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 76 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus 40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  min  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse list  plus  50% 

Discounts  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 
at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 
class  B  and  C,  net  list.  Cast  iron  fittings, 
16*  off  list  Malleable  bushings,  25  and 
7%*;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  46%; 
plugs,  20%  off  list.  Net  prices  malleable 
fittings;  class  B  black,  24»4c  lb.;  class  C 
black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 
fb.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 
SHEETS 

Montreal    Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28..  |  8  00  $  8  25 
Sh«!t8,  black.  No.  10..  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

theeta   9  00  9  16 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  lOK   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head, 28  B.W.G 

Heur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%    oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

Vi  in.,  $14.35;  6-16  in.,  $13.86;  %  in., 
$13.60;   7-16  In.,  $12.90;    %    in.,  $18.20; 


$13.00;    %    in.,    $12.90;    1    inch,    $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  V4  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    60 

P.H.  and  Imperial    50 

Nicholson  32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes   60 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Siie.  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

1V4  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2V4  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  60  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3H  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital  49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil,  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil 18% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing,  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic.  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  50 

PLATING  StJPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Poljshing  wheels,  bull-neck. .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American. ...  07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to       05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to      46 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  red . .  0  88 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hesTier, 
b»ss •48 


Brass  tubing,  seamless ; . .  0  46 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Ots.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  Atlas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  ...   1714 

Grand  19%       Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 18 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    12 

Standard    . . .   18%      Keen     10%- 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    16 

Axle    20  Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  •• 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...   10%      Best  grades  ..   16% 

ANODES. 

Nickel 58  to     .65 

Copper   38  to     .45 


Tin 
Zinc 


70  to     .70 

.18  to     .18 


Prices  Per  Lb. 


COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Tqrontu 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  »•     48  •• 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  09     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16    , 

oz.  base 67  00     46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  06     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     'VarMtU 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26       $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft  . .   13  25         13  25 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60         12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic   $   .25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric   14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 23 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate    22  ■•   . 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate   i 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per   oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per   oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 40 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6 .  00 

Sodium    phosphate    18 

Tin  chloride 1 .  75 

Zinc  chloride,   C.P 80 

Zinc  sulphate    15 

Prices   per   lb.   unless   otherwise   stated. 


Ill 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO/NOVEMBER  28.  1918  No.  22 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

HOW   MARINE   CYLINDERS  ARE   MOULDED  AND  CAST   611 

FUNDAMENTALS    OF    BEAM    THEORY    AND    CALCULATION 615 

WELDING   AND   CUTTING    618 

Returned  Soldiers  Make  Good  Welders. . . .  Electiic   Welding   Equipment. 

ENGINEERS   MEET   IN   TORONTO    621 

JAPANESE   GOVERNMENT  AIDS  INDUSTRIES 622 

GRINDING— ITS   UTILITY  IN  THE   MODERN   SHOP   623 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK  AND  DO   624 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   626 

HAS  SHELL  SHOP  TRAINING  BEEN  OF  AN Y  USE   627 

EDITORIAL    630 

MARKET    DEVELOPMENTS    632 

Summary.  ..  .Montreal    Letter.  ..  .Toronto  Letter.  .Pittsburg      Letter.  ..  .Washington 

Letter. 

SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS  60-62 

INDUSTRIAL    NEWS 64 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

•JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal,  The  Financial   Post,   MacLean's   Magazine,  Farmers'  Magazine. 

Canadian   Grocer,   Dry  Goods  Review,   Men's   Wear  Review.    Printer  and   Publisher,   Bookseller  and 

Stationer.     Canadian    Machinery    and     Manufacturing    News,     Power    House,     Sanitary    Engineer, 

Canadian   Foundryman,  Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto ;  Atabelc,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    18S7. 


(ANADiAN  Machinery 


Manufactur 


NG  News 


A.   R.   KENNEDY,   Managing  Editor.  B.   G.   NEWTON,  Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  J.   H.   RODGERS,   W.   F.    SUTHERLAND,  T.   H.   FBNNER. 
Eastern  Representative:  H.  V.  Tresidder:  Ontario  Representative:  S.  S.  Moore: 
Toronto  and  Hamilton  Representative:  J.  N.  Robinson. 
CHIEF   OFFICES: 
CANADA— Montreal,  Southam  Building,  128  Bleury  Street.   Telephone    1004 ;    Toronto,    143-163    University    Ave.,    Tele- 
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GREAT  BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MacLean  Company  of   Great  Britain.   Limited.   88  Fleet  Street,  E.C.,  E.  J.  Dodd. 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address :  Atal)ek,    London,  England. 
UNITED    STATES -New    York,    A.    R.    Lowe,    Room    620.     Ill     Broadway,    N.Y.,     Telephone    Rector    8971:    Boston, 
C.    L.    Morton,    Room    733,    Old    South    Building,    Telephone  Main    1204.     A.   H.   Byrne,   Room    900,    Lytton   Bldg., 
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112 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Anybody   Can  Operate   This    Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


44 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — ^^designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian    Agenls:    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont.; 
^^^    iants    Macliinery    Co.,    260    Princess    St.,    Winnipeg:    A.    R. 
Williams    Machinery    Co.,    Vancouver:    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co.. 
St.  John,   N.B. :    Williams  &  Wilson,   Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

Alien     llfg.     <• 89 

Almond    Jilc.    Co.    22 

Amilgimiled    Machinery    L'orp K 

Andenoo  it  Co.,    Qeo.    88 

Arcwcll    Corporation    of    Canada    ...  12 

AnnstroQC    brus.    Tool    Co.     f-i 

Atkins   A   Co.,    Wm.    18 

Aurora  Tool  C*» 8' 

U 

Bame«    Co.,    W.     V..    t   John    W 

Barnes    Co.,    Wallace    65 

Bearer     EngineeriuK     Co.      91 

Baini     Machine     Co 90 

Banfleld.    W.    U..    *    Sola    67 

BemU    A     Call     8l 

Bertiam    ft    Sons    i'o..    John     

Fn*nt  cover  and  |>age  1 

BertrauM.    Ltd. 67 

Jllake    &    Johnson    Co.     8-.' 

Bliss,    E.    \V 99 

Boker    ft    Co..    H 10 

Brantfonl  -Oscii    ft    Rack    Co G6 

Bridceforl   Mach.   ft  Tool  Worts   ...  9 

Bristol    f'ovDpany 88 

Broun    ft    Shaiiie    Mf(.    Co 97 

Budden.    Hanbury    A t6 

C 

Canada  Foundi-ics  ft   Foiviags,  Ltd..  13 

Canada    Machinery   C'iri>oratioii    

Oiitsitle   bark    cover 

Csnaila   Metal    Co.    76 

Canada  Wirt    ft    Iron   Uoods  Co.    ...  W 

Can.      Barker     Co.     76 

Can.    Blower   ft    Forse  Co.    88 

Can.    Drawn    Uttti    Co 92 

Can.     Faiibanks-Moise     Co.     X 

Can.     IngenoU^and     Co 8 

Can.     Link     Belt    Co..     U 

Can.    Kumely    Co.    76 

Can.    8  K   F   Co..    Ltd I 

Can.    Steel    FfKindries    7 

Carlylc  JohnKon   Machine   Co.,    Tlie.  8 

C^aUract    Keflnlnx    Co ill 

Chapman    l>oul>le    Ball    Ih'aritiK    Co.  20 

ClMSlfled     Advertlslnf     70 

<3eTelaiid    i'lieumatic   Tofil    Co 97 

Cle^elsnd    Wire    8pring   Co.    68 

Co<uoll<late<l    freas    Co K 

I'ortis     ft     Curtis     101 

Ctjrtiii    Pnenmatic    Macbjr.    Co.     —  19 

Cuthman    Chuck    Co M 

D 

baridsoo    Mft.    Co..    TIios 59 

Dairfctaon    Tool    Mfg.    Ca     17 

Daria  BoamooTllle  Co.    M 

DllU    Pile    Work<    69 

Diiais  Bmeltinit  ft   Heflniug  Co ■■& 

IMckow.    y„A.    C «g 

DoBinlon    Heltinc  Co.    C8 

Dowtinion      llridce     C&      7* 

tvao.  yrm-lr\n  ft  flte^l.  T.ti1 Tl.  m 

It'iaiinUin    Iron    ft    WreokiTia   Co.    ...  7.' 


K 

Kliolt   ft    Whilrhall    75 

Elm     Cutting    Oil     Co 92 

Gnushevsky     &    Sou.     H 91 

Erie    FoundiT    \a 

F 

Federal    Engiueeiiiig    Cn..    T.t  1 '7 

Fethorstonhaugh     efi 

Financial   Post  of  Canada   83 

Firth.    Thos 6 

Fleck.  Alex n 

Ford-Smith     Machine     Co 10 

Koss  Machinery'  &  .Stipi)l,v   Co.,  Geo. 

■F Inside    back    cowr 

Frost   Mfg.    Co.,    The    93 

Fry's     (London).     Ltd 20 

G 

Gait    Machine    Screw    Co.     75 

Gaitluer,     Uobt 76 

Garlock-Walker    Machy.    Co.     73 

Garvin    Machine    Co.    aj 

Geometric    Tool     Co ol 

Giddiugs    ft    Lewiii    .Mfg.     Co 9) 

Gilbert   &    Barker   .Mfg.    Co KS 

Gisholt    Machine     dj.     ol 

Gooley   ft   Edluud,    Inc 89 

Graut   Gear   Works,    inc.    9Z 

Grant    Mfg.    ft    Machine    Co 24 

Grnnfleld     Macllilie     Co 92 

Gretnfleld   Tap   ft   Die  Coir '■^ 

Greeuleafs,    Ltd.     ..: 67 

Giitta    Perclia    ft    Kubb-.r    79 

H 

Hamilton  Gear  ft  Machine  Co 9} 

Hamilton    Co.,    William    8? 

Hamilton    Machine    Tool    Co '/i 

llanna    ft    Co.,    M.     A 6 

Hanlinge   Bros 79 

Hftwkhdgc    Broa fid 

Hendey     Machine    Co 112 

Heury    &    Wright    .Mfg.    Co SJ 

Hepburn,    John    T 77 

High  iipeed   Uaimner  Co.,    liic 101 

Hinckley    Mach.    Works    93 

Hojt    .Metal   Co 93 

Hunter   Saw   ft  Machine  Works    —  91 

Hurlburt-Uogem    Machineiy    t.'o.     ...  84 

Hyde   Engineering   Co 7(i 

I 

independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.   ...  27 

niingworth  Steel  Co.,  The  John   ...  7 

J 

Jacobs    Mfg.    Co.     18 

Jar<line    Co.,     A.     B IS 

Johnson    Machine    Co.,    Caiiyle    ....  8 

Joyce-Koebcl    Co.,     Inc 76 

K 

Ker    ft    Goodwin    69 

Keystone  Mfg.   Co.    80 

Kempsmlth    Mfg.    Co.     II 

Knight    Metal   Products  Co    23 


L 

L'Air    Liquide    .Swivty    12 

Lanca.shire  Dynamo  &    Motor.  Co.    of 

Canada    Ma 

Landi.4    .Machine    Co 92 

Latrobc     Kloctric     .Steel     Co 10 

Leather    Products   of   (^anada    91 

London    Bolt    &    Hinge    Co 69 

M 

.MacGovem   &   Co.    7:! 

.MacKinnon    fiteel    Co.     C7 

.Mac'Lean's    Magazine     83 

■Magnet    .Metal    &    Fdry.     Co 90 

.Magnolia    .Metal    Co 11/7 

.Marion   &    .Marion    66 

.Manitoba     Steel      Co 91 

.Mannfactiiiei'S    Kquipinent   Co 24 

Mai-^h     Kngineering     Works,     Ltd,...  59 

.Matthews,    Ja.s.    H.,    &  Co 30 

.Matheson     &    Co.,    1 71 

McDougall    Co.,     Ltxl..    R 

lu-skle    back    cover 

.McLaren,    J.    C,    Belting    Co 93 

.Mechanical     Engineering    Co 1€6 

Mechanics   Tool    Case    .Mfg.    Co 88 

-Metalwood     .Mfg.     Co 31 

.Morton     Mfg.     Co 67 

Muir    &    Co.,    Wm 68 

Murcliey    Machine    &    Tool    Co 24 

«\ 

National   Acme   Co 27 

National    Machinery    t.'o 9J 

Nicholson    File    Mfg.    Co 77 

NUes-Bemeut-Pond.... Inside    front   covcl 

Normac     .Maohiue    Co 1)7 

Northern    Crane    Woiks    89 

Norton,   A.    0 93 

Norton    Co.,    The    30 

Nova   Scotia   Steel   &   Coal    Co 23 

O 

Oakley     Chemical     Co 89 

Ontario    Lubricating    t.'o 9£ 

Oxy  weld    Co 1-1 

P 

Page    .Hteel    Wire    Co 91 

PanglKim     Corporation     91 

Painienter  &   Ilulloch  Co 93 

Peerli'sa   .Machine  Co 79 

PlcasLsville    Foundiy   Co 66 

Plewes,    Ltd 66 

Port    Hope    File    .Mfg.     Co 28 

Positive    Clutch    &    Pulley    Works    .  91 

Pratt    &    Whitney Inside    front   cover 

Pritcliard-Andrews      80 

Pnllan,    K.    66 

R 

Racine    Tool    ft    Machine    Co 26 

Rhodes    -MfB.     Co 14 

Riveixide    i.Machinei-y     Depot     71 

Robertson    Co.,    James    70 

Itoelofsnir    Machine   ft   Tool    Co.    ...  81 


S 

.Sheldons,    Ltd Ill 

.Sliore    Instnunent    Co. 93 

.SUuster    Co.,    F.    B 88 

Silver    .Mfg.    Co 93 

Simouds    Canada    Saw    Co 20 

Skinner    Chuck     Co. 88 

Smalley^eneral    Co.,     Ina     86 

SmoothOn    Mfg.    Co 78 

Standard    Alloys    Co 11 

Standard    Fuel    Engineering    Co.     ...  91 

Staudai-d  Machy.  &  Suiiplies,  -Ltd.   ..  6 

StaiTett    Co.,    L.     S 21 

Steel  Co.    of   Canada    3 

Steele.    James    6S 

Steptoe,    John,     Co 86 

Stirk    &    Sons.    John    fii 

St.    Lawrence   Welding   Co 13 

Stoll   Co.,   D.    H 88 

Streeter,    H.     B 7 

Strong.    Kcnnard   &  -^'ittt    Co..    The.  9i 

Swedislr   Crucible  Steel    Co.    of  Can.  80 

Swetlish    Steel   &   ImiJorting  Co 16 

T 

Tabor    .Mfg.    Co 91 

Taylor,    J.    A.    .M 75 

TeiTy    &    Sons.     Herbert    77 

Toledo    .Machine   &    Tool    Co.    99 

Toronto    Iron    Works     92 

Toomey.    Inc..    Frank    72 

Trahem   Pump   Co 31 

U 

Union    Drawn    Steel    Co.    90 

Unite<l   Brass  &   Lead,   Ltd 75,  92 

IJuite<I    Hammer   Co 90 

nnited  States  Electrical  Tool  Co.   ...  28 

V 

Vanadiiim-Alloys   Steel    Co 16 

Victoria   Foundry  Co.    88 

Victor   Tool    Co 22 

Vulcan    Crucible    Steel    Co 16 

W 

Wentworth    -Mfg.    Co 91 

Welding  ft  Supplies  Co 89 

WelLs   Bros.    Co..   of   Canada   28.  29 

VVe.st    Tire    .Setter    Co 101 

Wheel   Tineing   Tool   Co 89 

Whitehead.    Son    ft    Co..    W.    T.    ...  66 

Wltittng   Foundry  &   Equip.    Co 83 

Whiton.      D.      B 90 

Wilkinson   &    Kompas.s    91 

William.s.    A.    R..    Mach.    Co 68 

Williams  Co..   of  Winnipeg,    A.    R...  n 

Willianis  Co..  of  St.   John.  A.   U.   ..  71 

Williams    Tool    Co 82 

Williams    ft    Co..    J.    H KB 

Williams    &    Wilson    9! 

Wilson    &    Co.,    T.    A K 

Wilt   Twist   Drill    Co 6 

Wi.sconsui    Electric    Co 63 

Wood    Turret   Mach.    Co 86 

Worth    Engineering    Co 66 


GnadianMachinery 


AND 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume   XX.     No.   22 


November  28,  1918 


How  Marine  Cylinders  Are  Moulded  and  Cast 

The  Imperial  Munition  Board  Programme  Includes  Some  of  the 
Largest  Marine  Engines  Ever  Built  in  Canada 


THE  molding  and  founding  of  cylin- 
ders is  a  subject  which  never  grows 
old.  The  art  of  molding  and  the 
science  of  founding  are  no  where  better 
exemplified  than  in  the  production  of  this 
class  of  casting. 

As  our  heading  would  imply,  the  class 
of  cylinders  to  be  dealt  with  in  this  article 
is  that  called  for  in  the  orders  from  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board,  to  be  used  on 
the  engines  of  the  ships  being  built  for 
Canada's  new  merchant  marine. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  the  cylin- 
der constitutes  the  real  power  of  the  en- 
gine and  is  depended  on  to  propel  the  ship 
thousands  of  miles  from  land,  it  will  be 
readily  understood  that  it  must  be  with- 
out blemish. 

It  must  be  composed  of  clean,  sound, 
close-grained  iron  which  will  bore  out 
smooth,  and  be  free  from  defects  of  any 
kind  either  as  regards  material  or  work- 
manship, and  lastly  it  must  undergo  the 
pressure  test  and  be  O.K.'d  by  the  Marine 
Underwriters'  inspector.  From  this  it 
will  be  easily  appreciated  that  every  one 
who  is  in  any  way  connected  with  its 
construction  is  directly  responsible  for  the 
results.  The  quality  of  the  metal  pur- 
chased, the  purity,  of  the  fuel  used  in  the 
melting  of  it,  the 
manner  in  which  it  is 
melted,  and  the  tem- 
perature at  which  it 
is  poured,  coupled 
with  the  skill  of  tne 
workmen  who  per- 
form the  work  of 
molding  and  core- 
making,  and  the  un- 
tiring efforts  of  the 
superintendent  and 
foremen  who  see  that 
workmen  are  provid- 
ed with  proper  equip- 
ment and  material, 
all  contribute  to  the 
success  or  failure  of 
the  casting. 

Through  the  cour- 
tesy of  the  genial 
Mr.  Wingate,  general 
manager  of  the  Gur- 
ney  Foundry  Co.,  and 
Mr.    McCormick,     the 

general       superinten-     .,„    ,    „        ,      ,,„ 
,      ,  L,    J      Hf"-   1- Drag  for  54" 

dent,  we  are  enabled  show  thickness  of  metal 


By  F.  H.  BEiLL,  Associate  Editor 

to  give  a  fairly  detailed  description  of 
how  this  intricate  class  of  work  is  done 
at  their  plant  in  West  Toronto. 

The  method  adopted  is  similar  to  that 
commonly  employed  in  molding  station- 
ary cylinders.  The  pattern  is  parted  in 
the  middle  and  molded  and  poured  lying 
on  its  side.  Complete  iron  flasks  are  used. 
These  flasks  are  one  inch  in  thickness  and 
well  reinforced  with  ribs.  They  are  all 
interchangeable  and  range  in  size  from 
9  feet  square  down  to  any  size  required 
for  smaller  cylinders. 
Trunnions  are  provided  for  convenience 
in  rolling  over.  Permanent  pits  are  pro- 
vided some  12  ft.  square  and  5  ft.  deep  in 
which  to  make  the  mold  and  pour  it. 
These  pits  are  not  used  in  the  ordinary 
sense  of  foundry  pits,  but  are  simply 
used  to  bring  the  mold  down  low  enough 
for  convenience  in  molding  and  pouring, 
as  well  as  providing  backing  for  braces 
to  support  the  mold  against  straining  un- 
der pressure  of  metai  whi'e  being  poured. 
The  space  between  the  flask  and  the  walls 
of  the  pit,  allows  ample  room  for  the 
workmen  to  walk  about  while  working  on 
the  drag,  and  the  walls  also  provide  good 
foundation  for  scaffolding  while  ramming 
and  finishing  the  outside  of  the  cope.  Be- 


low pressure,   slide-valve   cylinder.     Note  clay  balls   on   bottom   of  barrel   to 
after  trying  in  core:  also  chaplets  separating  steam  chest  and  port  cores. 


fore  proceeding  further  it  is  as  well  to 
explain  that  these  molds  are  all  made  in 
dry  sand.  The  facing  u»eu  is  composed 
of  3  parts  old  molding  sand  and  1  part 
new,  mixed  in  the  proportion  of  12  to  1 
with  black  core  compound,  to  which  is 
added  a  keg  of  pine  saw-dust  for  a  batch 
big  enough  for  one  mold.  No  flour  is 
used;  the  black  compound  taking  its  place, 
but  thin  clay  wash  is  used  with  which  to 
temper  it.  In  beginning  to  make  the 
mold  the  smooth  follow  board  is  placed  on 
the  bottom  of  the  pit,  and  the  bottom  half 
of  the  mold  proceeded  with  as  in  all  green 
or  dry  sand  work.  The  pattern  and  fol- 
low board  are  covered  with  a  few  inches 
of  facing  sand  and  well  rodded  and  nailed 
wherever  a  rod  or  a  nail  can  be  utilized 
to  any  apparent  good  purpose,  after 
which  it  is  backed  up  with  heap  sand,  and 
properly  rammed  and  vented.  A  staunch 
iron  plate  an  inch  thick  constitutes  the 
bottom.  This  is  bedded  on  and  pounded 
to  a  perfect  bearing  with  a  sledge  and 
securely  bolted,  after  which  it  is  turned 
over  by  means  of  a  powerful  pneumatic 
crane,  in  less  time  than  it  takes  to  tell  the 
tale.  The  cope  is  rammed  up  in  a  similar 
manner  and  lifted  off  by  this  same  pneu- 
matic crane  urni  rolled  over  on  its  back. 
The  patterns  are 
drawn  with  the  crane 
after  which  the  mold 
i-  finished  and  black- 
washed  placed  in 
the  oven  and  is 
thoroughly  dried. 

These  molds  are  not 
skin-dried  but  are 
dried  from  top 
to  bottom,  making  a 
hard,  open-grained, 
yet  smooth-faced 

body  for  the  iron  to 
lie  against,  equal  in 
every  respect  to  a 
loam  mold.  The  saw- 
dust opens  the  pores 
of  the  sand  similar  to 
a  loam  mixture, 
while  the  compound 
and  the  clay  wash 
hold  it  firm.  After 
being  dried  and  suffi- 
ciently cooled  to  be 
handled,  the  drag  is 
returned  to  the  pit, 
where    it     is     rubbed 


«12 


'I^IB 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


i 


^^^^^  ^^.^iSR.F'.^oi^^Sl  .Ifo  i^7.%^^i^.rS.^^l^nr^il 


perfectly  smooth  by  me-^ns  of  waste, 
soaked  in  coal  oil,  and  finally  finished 
with  dry  plumbago.  It  is  now  ready  to 
receive  the  cores  which  form  the  interior 
of  the  cylinder  as  well  as  the  various  ribs 
and  branches  on  the  outside. 

Fig.  1  shows  drag:  for  low  pressure 
slide  valve  cylinder  with  bottom  half  of 
steam-chest  and  port  cores,  also  bottom 


half  of  core  which  forms  the  flange  for 
stuffing  box,  as  well  as  the  ribs  for 
strengthening  lower  head  of  cylinder  and 
the  brackets  which  support  the  cylinder 
on  the  upright  columns.  Fig.  2  shows 
main  core  being  lowered  into  place  in  the 
drag.  Fig.  3  shows  top  half  of  core  be- 
ing lowered  into  place,  showing  how  end 
of  cylinder  will  appear.     Figs.  4  and  5 


Volume  XX 

show  different  views  of  high  pressure 
cylinder,  showing  it  to  have  rouna  piston 
valve. 

The  making  of  the  cores  is  of  equal 
importance  with  the  making  of  the  mold. 
The  sand  used  is  pure  sharp  sand,  brought 
from  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  is  mixed 
with  linseed  oil  in  the  proportion  of  1  to. 
16. 

The  making  of  the  main  core  shown  in 
Fig.  2  is  of  interest.  It  is  made  in  halves, 
being  swept  up  on  flat  plates  and  dried, 
after  which  it  is  carefully  jointed  and 
pasted,  appearing  as  in  Fig.  2.  The  arbor 
shown  in  Fig.  7  is  placed  on  the  plate: 
and  filled  tightly  with  coke,  after  which 
the  core  sand  is  rammed  around  it  until 
it  is  of  a  sufficient  size  to  be  swept  to  the 
exact  shape  and  dimentions.  The  bolt 
holes  marked  A. A. A.,  Fig.  7,  are  used  to 
bolt  the  two  halves  together,  and  when 
bolted  in  three  places  it  makes  a  core  as 
rigid  as  though  it  had  been  swept  on  a 
barrel  arbor.  The  other  cores  are  made 
in  core  boxes  from  the  same  mixture  and 
are  suitably  rodded  and  vented.  This, 
is  not  difficult,  as  the  oil  cores  are  strong 
in  themselves  and  when  burned,  very  little 
gas  is  generated. 

The  setting  and  securing  of  the  cores, 
is  undoubtedly  the  most  particular  part 
of  the  entire  job.  They  must,  not  only 
be  properly  placed  but  must  be  secured 
against  being  shifted  or  floated  by  the 
force  of  the  incoming  metal.  The  system 
adopted  by  Mr.  James  Douglas,  who  has 
chare-e  of  this  department,  assisted  by  his 
r.  j.G  aide.  Mr.  A.  E.  S;.'ott,  leaves  no  room 
however  for  fear.  To  demonstrate  more 
clearly  we  will  go  backto  the  ramming  of 


no.   »-TOP   HALF  OF   HEAD  COEE   BEING   LOWERED   INTO   POSI  TION    TEMPORARILY.     STUD    CHAPLETS    IN    BARREL    IN    PLACE 
OF  CLAY  BALLS.  ALSO  SPACE  BACK  OF  CHEST  COEE  TO  FACILITATE  TYING  CORES   INTO   PLACE  AS   WELL   AS   ALLOWING   FOR. 

ESCAPE  OF   GAS    FROM   CORES. 


November  28,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


613 


FIG.  5— CORE  BKING 

the  drag.  It  might  be  explained  that  the 
drag  has  bars  similar  to  the  cope  to  as- 
sist in  resisting  strain.  While  the  half 
pattern  and  the  drag  were  on  the  follow- 
board  preparatory  to  starting  the  mold, 
irons  are  placed  tight  against 
the  patterns  wherever  a  chaplet 
will  be  required  and  securely  bolted  to 
one  of  the  bars.  When  the  pattern  is 
withdrawn  later  on,  these  irons  will  be 
seen  even  with  the  face  of  the  mold.  When 
setting  the  cores,  balls  of  clay  are  placed 
on  these  irons,  and  the  core  is  tried  in, 
temporarily;  by  so  doing  the  clay  balls 
are  pressed  into  exact  thickness  required, 
and  a  stud  chaplet  of  the  size  indicated 
by  the  clay  is  placed  upon  the  iron  in 
place  of  the  clay.  Stud  chaplets  are  also 
tightly  fitted  between  cores  and  side  of 
mold  and  also  between  the  cores  them- 
selves. 

In  addition  the  port  cores  and  the 
steam  chest  core  supporting  them  are  se- 
curely tied  through  the  back  of  the  steam 
chest  core-print  and  onto  the  outside  of 
the  flask.  The  top  half  of  end  core, 
shown  in  Fig.  3  is  not  put  into  that  posi- 
tion until  after  the  main  core  is  placed, 
when  it  and  the  top  halves  of  the  steam' 
chest  and  port  cores  are  put  in  their 
proper    position    and    clay  balls    placed 


LOWERED  IN  PLACE  IN  DRAG  OF  HIGH  PRESSURE  PISTON  VALVE  CYLI.NUEU 


wherever  a  chaplet  will  be.  The  cope 
which  also  has  irons  fastened  to  the  bars 
to  hold  the  chaplets  is  now  tried  on  and 
lifted  off  and  the  proper  sized  chaplets 
put  in  place  to  hold  the  cores  down,  and 
also  to  keep  them  the  right  distance  apart. 


The  manner  of  securing  them  from  the 
side  is  different  in  the  cope  from  what  it 
was  in  the  drag,  it  not  being  possible 
to  place  studs.  Long  chaplets 
are  held  loosely  and  drawn  to- 
wards the  outside  until  the  cope  is  closed 


"'^^  h1-?vv°t.^^?^?"^"  pressure  "  PISTON  VALVE  CYLINDER."     NAILS 
HEAVY   BOSSES   ARE   TO    PREVENT   SHRINK    HOLES    FROM    UNEVEN 


DRIVEN  INTO 
COOLING. 


614 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


FIG.  S— CORE  ROOM  AND  OVENS.  SHOWING 
DELIVERING  CORE  SAND  FROM 


OVERHEAD  CONVEYORS  AND  CHUTES  FOR 
SAND  MIXER  AT  THE  LEFT. 


down  for  the  last  time,  when  they  are 
shoved  home  agrainst  the  core  and  securely 
wedged  as  shown.  As  will  be  readily 
understood,  when  the  mold  is  clamped  to- 
gether, the  cores  are  automatically  clamp- 
ed into  place  and  no  strapping  down  of 
chaplets  is  required  as  is  common  prac- 
tice, but  as  an  extra  precaution  wedges 
are  driven  from  the  outside  between  the 
cope  and  the  top  of  the  cores  and  in 
addition  to  this,  staunch  L  shaped  irons 
with  toe  on  A,  Fig.  7,  are  securely  bolt- 
ed to  the  flask,  and  resting  upon  the  top 
of  the  bolt  lugs  of  the  main  core  arbor 
hold  it  firm.  When  the  clamping  and 
wedging  is  completed,  vent  rods  are 
connected  with  vent  holes  in  the  differ- 
ent cores  on  the  parting  and  project  out 
through  holes  seen  on  outside  of  flask. 
After  this  the  open  spaces  seen  at  Figs. 
1,  2  and  3  are  filled  with  molding  sand, 
securely  rammed  in. 

The  manner  of  gating  is  also  an  inter- 
esting feature.  Pop  gates  are  used  ex- 
clusively. These  gates  are  made  in  cores 
and  are  about  five-eighths  by  three  inches 
and  of  sufficient  length  to  saw  off  what- 
ever length  is  required.  They  are  placed 
on  top  of  the  steam  chest  flange  and  also 
on  corner  flanges  on  the  opposite  side. 
Good  judgment  must  be  used  in  placing 
them  so  that  the  iron  will  not  strike  any 
vital  spot.  To  accomplish  this  they  are 
arranged  so  that  the  iron  drops  into  the 
bottom  flanges.  (Out  of  150  cylinders 
made  for  I.M.B.  engines  and  ranging  in 
weight  from  8  tons  down  to  3  tons  not 
one  has  shown  any  sign  of  cutting  from 
the  iron  falling  this  distance) .  The  gates 
are  connected  on  top  by  basin  running  the 
entire  leng:th  of  the  mold  and  two  5-ton 
ladles  are  used  in  potirin^!  Abundant 
metal  is  flowed  through  the  risers  to  in- 
sure against  any  possible  kick  from  cores, 
doing  harm  and  also  t6"carry  off  any  dirt 
wl-.i-;h  might  have,  through  any  means, 
been  in  the  mold. 


The  mixing  and  melting  of  the  iron  is 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  the 
foundry  superintendent,  Mr.  James 
Gilson,  and  is  the  same  as  is  used  for  the 
Gurney  Fdy.,  Co.'s  hot  water  boiler  cast- 
ings and  is  all  pig  iron  bought  only  by 
analysis.  The  mixture  found  to  be  most 
suited  to  the  work  analyzes  approximately 
silicon  2.40,  sulphur  .03,  phosphorus  .60, 
manganese  .70.  The  resultant  castings 
will  be  silicon  2.05  and  sulphur  .07. 

Solvay  coke  is  Used  as  a  rule  but  72-hour 
coke  is  sometimes  used.  The  secret  being 
to  use  enough  to  have  the  metal  properly 
melted. 

When  we  consider  that  what  is  termed 
a  steam  cylinder,  consists  of,  not  only  the 
cylinder  itself,  but  includes  the  steam 
chest  and  valve  seat  with  two  sets  of  live 
steam  ports,  exhaust  steam  port  with  pipe 
opening  and  flange  leading  to  next 
cylinder  as  well  as  the  pipe  opening  and 
flange  for  live  steam  intake.  Also  bottom 
head  of  cylinder  with  all  of  its  ribs  and 
branches,  small  opening  with  flange  to 
receive  stuffing  box,  and  to  this  add  the 
bracket  to  which  the  columns  are  fastened, 
and  the  branches  to  which  the  lagging  is 


attached,  we  may  well  say  that  to  accomp- 
lish all  of  this  without  defect  requires 
equipment  and  material  of  the  highest 
order  and  mechanics  who  take  second 
place  to  none.  The  name  of  "Gurney" 
is  too  well  known  in  Canadian  foundry 
circles  to  require  further  comment. 

It  was  our  privilege  to  see  these  cylin- 
ders machined  and  tested  as  well  as  in- 
spected by  Lloyd's  Inspector  at  the 
Engineering  Works  of  the  John  Inglis 
Co.,  where  some  of  the  engines  are  being 
built  and  we  know  whereof  we  speak. 
They  were  first-class  castings. 


KLECTRIC  FURNACES 

The  Electric  Furnace  Co.,  Alliance, 
Ohio,  have  recently  issued  four  bulletins 
descriptive  of  their  various  makes  of 
electric  furnaces.  These  furnaces  work 
on  the  resistance  principle,  carbon  re- 
sisters  held  in  refractoi-y  troughs  being 
used.  The  flexibility  of  this  arrange- 
ment is  such  that  the  furnaces  may  be 
adapted  to  almost  any  use,  and  in  sizes 
up  to  those  big  enough  to  take  naval 
gun  liners  and  jackets  in  vertical  direc- 
tion or  ships'  rudders  in  the  horizontal. 

The  precision  required  in  the  produc- 
tion of  all  war  materials,  especially  air- 
plane, shell  and  gun  work,  has  given  the 
electric  furnace  a  field  of  extreme  use- 
fulness, and  one  which  promises  to  be 
capable  of  considerable  development  in 
peace-time  industries.  In  this  field  the 
furnaces  described  are  particularly  use- 
i:  1.  t  f  aecur  c  ol  i  eat  control  being 
especially  desirable.  Hardening,  quench- 
ing, and  heat  treatment  are  all  done 
automatically.  The  melting  of  non- 
ferrous  alloys  is  treated  of  in  two  of  the 
pub  ications,  and  furnaces  of  large  and 
.'=mill  capacity  are  described,  and  data 
given  as  to  their  operation  and  efficiency. 


The  Independent  Pneumatic  Tool 
Company,  of  Chicago,  have  recently 
issued  their  circular,  No.  28,  which  de- 
scribes pneumatic  and  electric  tools. 
Portable  grinders,  both  of  the  electric 
and  air  operated  types,  are  illustrated; 
drills  are  shown  and  floor  and  bench 
hammers  for  foundry  work  are  illus- 
trated and  described  at  some  length. 
The  floor  pneumatic  hammer  is  shown 
in  many  of  its  newer  developments.  The 
circular  is  of  interest  at  the  present 
time  in  view  of  the  activities  being 
carried   on   in  the  shipbuilding   industry. 


FIG.   7— One  half  of  core  arbor   for  main   core,   showing  curved   iron  enclosure  for  coke.     The  lugs 

marked    A    with    bolt  holes    for    fasteninR    the   two   ha1ve.s   together,    project   through    the    core   and 

are  securely  fastened  to  the  flask,   making   the  core  perfectly  secure. 


November  28,  1918 


615 


Fundamentals  of  Beam  Theory  and  Calculation 

Action  of  a  Beam  Under  Load — Bending  Moment  Explained — 
Simple  Rules  For  Determining  the  Strength  and  Stiffness  of 

Beams — Shear  in  a  Beam 

By  D.  A.   HAMPSON,  Assoc.    Mem.  A.S.M.E. 


ON  the  subject  of  Strength  of  Ma- 
erials,  a  "beam"  is  any  part  having 
)ne  or  more  supports  and  acted 
upon  by  some  force  outside  of  the  sup- 
ports. If  the  force  acted  directly  over 
the  supports  that  portion  of  the  beam 
would  be  subjected  to  tension  or  com- 
pression only  and  would  be  so  considered 
mathematically — but  when  an  overhang- 
ing part  of  the  beam  is  loaded,  the  stress- 
es set  up  must  be  calculated  in  a  different 
manner.  The  "beam"  may  take  various 
forms — it  may  be  a  steel  beam  for  a 
crane  runway,  it  may  be  the  head  block 
that  takes  the  thrust  in  a  straightening 
press,  a  bar  of  steel  used  overhead  as  a 
temporary  fastening  for  a  chain  block, 
Or  the  everyday  wooden  beam  of  carpen- 
tery. 

Fig.  1  is  a  typical  beam,  but  one  with- 
out any  load.  There  is  the  load  due  to 
the  weight  of  the  material  in  the  beam 
itself,  but  for  short  spans  this  is  ne- 
glected; in  many  other  calculations  the 
weight  of  the  material  is  not  considered 
or,  if  it  is,  the  designer  adds  an  amount 
to  the  calculated  sizes  to  cover  this;  in 
long  and  important  spans  this  weight 
must  be  considered  and  to  facilitate  the 
work,  those  handbooks  issued  by  steel 
companies  rolling  standard  structural 
shapes  give  the  properties  of  those 
shapes  in  terms  that  include  the  weight 
of  the  material  without  further  calcu- 
lation. 

Unless  acted  upon  by  some  external 
forces,  the  material  of  which  the  beam 
is  composed  is  practically  at  rest,  it 
having  to  resist  no  change  of  form  ex- 
cept that  due  to  its  own  weight.  But 
when  forces — which  may  be  weights  or 
other  loads,  pressures,  or  falling  bodies 
-—act  upon  the  beam,  it  is  stressed  some- 
times to  the  point  where  it  breaks  or 
is  permanently  deformed.  Some  shaped 
beams  resist  stresses  better  than  others 
and  the  way  a  particular  beam  is  turned 
makes  a  great  difference  in  the  resist- 
ing power,  as  for  instance,  an  I  beam  is 
stronger  resisting  upright  on  the  flat  of 
one  flange  than  it  is  if  turned  90  degrees 
so  it  rests  on  the  edge  of  both  flanges. 
From  the  way  a  beam  is  turned  and 
from  its  shape,  the  "section  modulus"  is 
calculated — this  is  the  resistino:  value  of 
the  cross  section  and  it,  multiplied  by 
the  strength  per  square  inch  of  the  ma- 
terial, is  the  value  used  as  one  member 
of  the  beam  equation — the  "resistance 
member,"  it  might  be  termed. 

Nearly  all  beams  will  bend  before  they 
will  break.  The  "bending  moment"  due 
to  any  load  is  the  amount  of  that  load 
multiplied  by  its  distance  from  a  sup- 
port— a  weight  of  1000  lbs.  placed  10  ft. 
from  the  support,  creates  a  bending  mo- 


ment of  1000x10=10,000  ft.-lbs.  In  or- 
der that  the  beam  be  strong  enough  to 
stand  up  without  breaking,  the  re- 
sistance member  noted  in  the  preced- 
ing paragraph  must  equal  this  bending 
moment  and  the  calculation  becomes 
that  of  solving  an  equation,  one  side  of 
which  is  the  resistance  of  the  material 
in  the  beam  section  and  the  other  side 
is  the  moment  of  the  load  on  the  beam. 
The  unknown  factor  may  be  on  either 
side  of  the  equation.  Also,  both  mem- 
bers of  the  equation  must  be  in  terms 
of  the  same  denomination,  that  is,  in 
either  inch-pounds  or  foot-pounds  (or 
inch-tons  or  foot-tons). 

The  moment  of  any  force  is  its  turn- 
ing value  about  a  point;  in  the  case  of  a 
beam  the  point  is  the  edge  of  the  sup- 
port. At  C  in  fig.  2  is  shown  a  canti- 
lever beam  which  is  hinged  at  the  point 
of  support  to  make  the  theory  of  bend- 


ing moment  more  clear.  With  this 
hinged  beam  when  the  load  is  too  great 
for  the  resistance  of  the  joint  to  keep  it 
up,  the  beam  turns  about  the  pivot  and 
assumes  the  position  of  the  dotted  lines 
— the  force  exerted  at  the  joint  to  make 
it  give  is  found  by  multiplying  the 
weight  by  its  distance  from  the  joint, 
and  this  value  is  the  bending  moment. 
If  this  bending  moment  were  put  in  a 
beam  equation  the  other  member  would 
be  the  frictional  resistance  of  the  joint- 
instead  of  the  resistance  of  so  many 
square  inches  of  metal  of  known 
strength  which  would  be  the  value  used 
in  the  case  of  an  actual  beam  supported 
(not  jointed). 

But  the  same  load  does  not  always 
produce  the  same  bending  moment,  as 
witness  the  cases  of  fig.  2,  A  and  B,  and 
figs.  3  and  4.  All  of  these  beams  have  a 
weight  of  100  lbs.  at  a   given  distance 


s 


m 


w 


H 


CO 


'''<).   10 


S'6 


4 


SE 


^^ 


Q,„ 


-  ZO' 


IPU 


^ 


sT 


i^n^ 


& 


4 


/•'»  * 


BE.\M  CALCULATIONS— FIGS.  I  TO   10 


616 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volums  XX 


from  the  support.  The  maximum  bend- 
ing moment  is  denoted  by  M  in  all  cal- 
culations. In  fig.  2,  A  and  B,  the  maxi- 
mum bending  moment  is  the  product  of 
the  weight  times  the  distance,  but  as  the 
load  is  only  half  as  far  from  its  support 
at  B  as  at  A,  the  value  of  M  will  be  only 
half  as  great  in  the  former  case  and 
the  same  size  of  beam  would  be  there- 
fore twice  as  strong  against  bendin<r. 
The  beams  A  and  B  are  cantilevers  and, 
like  all  such  have  but  a  single  s'lnport, 
80  that  they  must  be  fastened,  or  "fixed" 
at  that  support  to  prevent  tipping. 

Fig.  3  shows  a  beam  fixed  at  both 
ends  and  having  a  weight  of  100  lbs.  in 
the  center.  Though  the  load  and  length 
are  the  same  as  at  A  in  fig.  2,  the  bend- 
ing moment  is  only  one-eighth  as  great. 
A  little  consideration  will  show  that  this 
is  as  it  shou'd  be:  if  the  beam  and  the 
load  were  divided  by  the  vertical  line  we 
■would  have  two  cantilevers  4  ft.  long 
with  a  50  lb.  weight  at  the  ends  and  M 
for  each  would  eoual  4  x  50  =  200  ft.- 
Ibs.,  but  as  actually  the  beam  is  not  di- 
vided at  this  point,  but  is  continuous, 
the  value  of  M  is  even  less,  as  proven 
by  a  solution  of  the  formula,  which 
shows  M  to  be  100  ft.-lbs. 

The  beams  heretofore  considered  have 
had  their  ends  fixed;  in  practice,  this 
may  take  a  variety  of  forms,  such  as 
bolting  or  riveting  to  framework,  set  in 
masonry,  or  weighting.  Other  things 
being  equal,  the  beam  with  fixed  ends 
is  stiffer  and  stronger  than  one  not  so 
fastened.  A  beam  merely  resting  on 
supports  is  shown  at  fig.  4.  The  ac- 
companying formula  shows  that  it  has 
a  bending  moment  twice  as  g:reat  as  the 
same  beam  with  fixed  ends — consequent- 
ly it  would  bend  under  a  load  but  half 
as  great.  Fig.  5  shows  why  this  is  so 
and  what  happens  to  an  over-loaded 
beam  that  does  not  have  the  ends  fast- 
ened. 

Only  a  proportion  of  beams  have  loads 
such  as  just  shown.  Many  have  a  num- 
ber of  loads,  as  the  beam  in  fig.  3,  others 
have  a  uniformly  distributed  load 
throughout  their  length,  as  the  beam 
in  fig.  4,  while  still  others  may  have  a 
combination  of  uniform  loads  and  con- 
centrated ones.  All  works  on  the  me- 
chanics of  materials  give  the  formula 
for  M  (the  maximum  bending  moment) 
for  various  conditions  of  loading,  figures 
2,  3,  and  4  being  three  of  the  most  fre- 
quent conditions.  Usually  in  designing 
a  beam  the  length  of  the  span  is  known, 
as  is  also  the  kind  of  support  and  the 
loads;  the  proper  formula  for  finding  M 
is  then  selected;  the  general  shape  of 
the  beam  is  known  and  so  is  the  strength 
of  the  material  to  be  used  from  which 
is  obtained  the  resisting  moment,  leav- 
ing the  actual  dimensions  of  the  beam 
to  be  determined  from  the  section  mo- 
■dulus.  As  the  resisting  moment  must 
equal  the  bending  moment,  these  two 
are  equated  and  the  formula  solved  for 
the  unknown  term,  which  is  the  section 
modulus.  Thus  for  the  beam  of  fig.  3, 
of  steel,  rectangular  with  the  long  axis 
vertical,  the  processes  would  be — 


then 


Substituting 


60000- 


or 


I       100  X  8 
c  8 

I  1 


c       600 

As  the  section  modulus  for  a  rectang- 
ular beam  is 

bd2 

6 

the  proportions  of  breadth  and  depth 
may  be  determined  by  trial  from  the 
value  just  found.  For  simplicity  in  the 
above,  a  factor  of  safety  was  left  out 
and  the  breaking  strength  of  the  ma- 
terial used;  in  practice,  the  value  60,000 
lbs.  per  sq.  in.  would  have  been  divided 
by  the  factor  of  safety  before  using  in 
the  formula  or  else  the  factor  would 
have  been  ineluded  in  the  formula,  mak- 
ing it 

SI 
M  = 


f  c 

Reactions  are  of  great  importance  in 
beam  calculations.  Turning  again  to 
fig.  1,  each  of  the  piers  supporting  the 
beam  bears  a  part  of  the  weight  of  the 
beam  and  of  any  loads  that  may  later 
be  put  upon  the  beam.  If  a  single  load 
be  placed  in  the  middle  or  several  loads 
are  placed  symmetrically,  or  there  is  a 
uniform  load  throughout  the  entire 
length,  each  pier  will  bear  one-half  of 
the  total  load — in  technical  language, 
"the  reactions   will  be   equal." 

It  is  not  always  clear  to  the  beginner 
why  this  load  on  supports  is  called  by 
the  name  of  reactions.  Referring  to  fig. 
6,  we  have  a  beam  that  is  suspended 
from  spring  balances  instead  of  resting 
on  supports.  Assume  for  convenience 
that  the  beam  itself  has  no  weight.  Then 
unless  there  is  some  load  put  on  the 
beam,  the  pointer  of  the  balance  at  each 
end  will  stand  at  0.  But  when  a  uniform 
load  is  added  throughout  the  length  of 
the  beam,  each  pointer  drops  an  equal 
amount  on  its  dial  and  indicates  one-half 
of  the  entire  load.  This  registered 
amount  is  the  reaction — the  springs 
within  the  balances  are  under  tension 
due  to  the  load  and  are  resisting  that 
load  by  pulling  back  (upward)  as  hard 
as  they  can,  but  they  have  been  forced 
to  stretch  to  the  amount  shown  on  the 
dial;  but  should  the  load  be  removed, 
the  springs  would  immediately  return 
the  pointers  upward  to  the  original  posi- 
tion. 

Though  loads  may  act  in  any  direc- 
tion it  is  customary  in  plotting  them  to 
arrange  the  drawing  so  they  are  acting 
downward.  Then  the  reactions  are  up- 
ward. But  in  any  case  the  reactions 
are   opposite   in   direction   to   the   loads 


which,    in    the    average    drawing,    makes 
them   to   act   upward. 

It  is  very  plain  that  a  load  on  a  beam 
exerts  a  force  that  has  more  or  less 
tendency  to  bend  the  beam,  but  it  is  nrft 
so  easy  to  conceive  the  reactions  as  a 
force.  The  experimental  case  of  fig.  6 
does  show  this;  fig.  7  shows  it  in  an- 
other way.  Here,  instead  of  solid  sup- 
ports under  the  beam,  we  have  a  com- 
pression spring  under  each  end.  Normal- 
ly the  springs  are  extended,  but  as 
weights  are  added  the  springs  are  com- 
pressed more  or  less,  according  to  the 
amount  and  position  of  the  weights.  The 
reactions  of  the  springs  would  be  up- 
ward if  the  weights  were  removed  just 
as  would  be  the  reactions  of  solid  sup- 
ports, thoueh  it  would  not  be  possible 
to  see  the  latter  "react"  as  it  would  be 
with  the  springs.  When  loaded,  every 
beam  creates  a  reacting  force  in  the 
supports  which  would  equal  the  amount 
registered  on  a  dial  of  a  soring  of  the 
form  in  figs.  6  and  7  could  be 
substituted  for  the  solid   support. 

The  weight  to  the  right  in  fig.  7  is 
larger  than  the  one  to  the  left  and  this 
compresses  the  rierht  hand  spring  more 
than  the  other,  hence  the  ri<rht  hand 
reaction  is  greater  than  the  other.  Just 
what  proportion  is  borne  by  each  reac- 
tion could  be  told  in  every  case  bv  a 
direct  reading  on  the  dial  of  a  spring 
balance,  but  this  is  not  a  practical  con- 
struction, so  a  calculation  is  necessary 
for  every-day  work.  The  dash  line  in 
fig.  7  shows  the  position  of  the  beam 
"unloaded"  and  shows  graohicallv  that 
the  greater  reaction  is  at  the  end  bear- 
in"  the  larger  load. 

Fi<T.  8  is  a  typical  case  of  a  beam 
with  three  loads,  where  it  is  required 
to  know  the  rea-tions  at  the  supports, 
i.e.,  how  much  of  the  total  load  each 
support  bears.  The  method  of  doing 
this  is  very  much  like  that  of  findmg 
the  bending  moment  of  a  beam  as  de- 
scribed in  a  preceding  paragraph. 
Either  support  may  be  selected  as  a 
center  about  which  moments  are  taken. 
Take,  for  instance,  the  left  support. 
Then  the  moment  of  the  first  load  out 
on  the  beam  is  1000x1=1000  ft.-lbs.,  of 
the  second  load  3000x10=30,000  ft.-lbs., 
of  the  third  load  8,000x19=152,000  ft.- 
lbs.  Adding  these  we  get  a  total  mo- 
ment about  the  left  supoort  of  183,000 
ft.-lbs.  How  this  would  act  is  made 
plainer  by  studying  fiT.  9,  which  shows 
the  left  sunport  as  a  pivot  and  which 
has  the  right  sunport  entirely  omitted; 
these  loads  would  cause  the  beam  to 
swing  about  the  pivot  as  shown  by  the 
dash  line.  . 

The  question  is,  "How  much  would  it 
take  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  beam 
(the  point  of  action  of  the  right  reac- 
tion) to  keep  the  beam  up  in  a  hori- 
zontal position?"  This  load  of  183,000 
ft.-lbs.  is  resisted  by  a  support  20  ft. 
from  the  pivot,  therefore  it  bears 
183000 

=:9150   lbs. 

20 
of    the    total      load — and      this      is    the 
amount  of  the  right  reaction. 


November  28,  1918 

The  sum  of  both  reactions  must  al- 
vvays  equal  the  sum  of  the  loads.  So 
the  left  reaction  may  be  found  most 
easily  by  subtracting  9,150  lbs.  from 
the  total  of  12,000  lbs.,  which  gives 
^,BoO  lbs.  as  the  left  reaction.  This 
could  also  have  been  obtained  by  taking 
the  right  support  as  the  pivot,  or  center 
of  moments,  and  computing  as  before 
from  that  end.  The  result  is  the  same 
m   either   case. 

If  the  beam  of  fig.  8  had  been  sup- 
ported on  springs  as  the  beam  of  fig 
7,  It  would  have  tipped  at  the  right  end 
just  as  the  latter,  showing  that  the 
■greater  load  produces  the  greater  reac- 
tion  when    so   placed. 

It  is  necessary  to  know  the  reactions 
m  order  to  determine    if    the    beam   is 
strong    enough    against    shearing.      Fig. 
10   shows   a   beam    with    a    heavy  load 
placed   close    to   each    support.      Fig.    10 
placed  close  to  each  support.  The  mater- 
ial of  beam  has  not  been  strong  enough 
and    the    loads    and    supports    have    be- 
come   a    veritable    shears    and    cut    the 
beam  at  two  points.     Such  failures  occur 
m    machinery    frequently;    in    structural 
work    they  occur  as  collapsing  or  crushing 
at  the  support,  the  conditions  being  such 
that   this   takes   place   instead   of  actual 
cutting  off  as  with  machine  parts. 
^  In    more    extended    beam    calculations, 
"shear"    plays    a    prominent    part     and 
tells  instantly  a  number  of  points  which 
l)ear    on      the     calculations.      Shear     is 
greatest  at  the  point  of  support;   how- 
ever,  though    a   beam      would      actually 
shear   off  only  at   this   point,   the   num- 
«rical    value    of   the    shear    is    the    same 
all    the    way    from    the    support   to     the 
nearest    load.      If    there    were    a    single 
load   in   the   center,   the   shear   would   be 
the  same  all  the  way  out  to  that  load 
— this    is    important      for    mathematical 
purposes;    and   it   is   interesting   to   note 
that  at  the  exact  center  of  the  beam  the 
shear  is  O  while  at  this  same  point  the 
Trending  moment  is  greatest. 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


617 


LUBRICANT  ECONOMY 

By  D.   Street 
One    of    the    minor    troubles    in    the 
mechanical  business  at  the  present  mo- 
ment, which   is  certain  to  become  more 
-acute  as  time  advances,  is  that  of  lubri- 
cation.    Oils,  fats  and  greases,  of  what- 
ever origin,  do  not  increase  and   multi- 
piy.    They  grow  scarcer  and  dearer.  The 
troubles  in  this  respect  in  enemy  coun- 
tries   are    their   own,   and   it    is   certan, 
cha.  rolling  stock  of  all   kinds  must  be 
in    a    deplorable    condition    there    owing 
to   the  blockade,   and   this   matter  alone 
IS   forcing  the  pace  with  re-ard  to  Ru- 
mania  and    Russia.      Lubricants   are   as 
essentia!    to    the    conduct    of    war    and 
transport   as   food.       With    a    shrinking 
tonnage  available,  importation   must  in- 
evitably be   restricted  further  still,  and 
there  is  no  natural  supply  of  oil  avail- 
able  in   mnny   countries.      Tallow,   lard 
mineral   oils,  as  well   as   those   of  vege- 
table origin,  are  all   in   like   case.      The 


shortage  of  edible  fats  has  led  to  ration- 
ing these  equably  to  the  population,  anci 
practically  the  whole  available  supply 
of  vegetable  oils  can  be  considered  as 
withdrawn  for  food  purposes  in  Great 
Britain. 

Out  of  this  shortage  and  scarcity  arise 
several  matters  worth  mention;  the  first 
ot  these  exerts  a  natural  check  upon 
con,sumption;  prices  are  rising  steeply. 
The  .second  matter  is  that  relief  in  this 
particular  cannot  be  expected;  indeed, 
the  conditions  of  scarcity  will  prevail 
after  hostilities  cease.  Conservation  of 
existing  stocks  therefore  must  he  rigidlv 
practised. 

So  far  as  possible  all  wastage  should 
be  avoided.  In  the  normal  shop  quite 
half  the  expenditure  upon  lubricants  is 
thrown  away;  every  unit  in  the  shop 
force  should,  as  a  point  of  honor,  con- 
trive to  use  as  little  oil  as  possible.  For 
instance,  the  use  of  the  oil  can  to  drill 

\     ,,f'u'"'.°"   '"""y   machining  operation 
should   be  barred;   it's  up   to  the   store- 
Keeper    to   ration    the    supply   with    the 
strictest    et^onomy.       The      management 
should    display    in    a    conspicuous    place 
warnings   upon    the    matter,    taking   the 
percentage  increase  in  cost  and  the  nee<i 
for  rigid  economy,  of  the  national  stocks. 
Most  moving  mechanism   can   be  effi- 
cientlv    lubricated    with    about   half   the 
considered  normal  amount.     Where  drip 
lubncation    is    in    use    a    little    careful 
investigation  will   show  how  to  cut  ex- 
penditure  of   lubrication.      In   deed  and 
-act,  without    being    parsimonious,    and 
without  grudging    the    needful    supply, 
the  drops  ner  unit  of  time  can  in  many 
instances   be  halved   without  danger  of 
ri.se  m  temperature. 

It  was  an  experienced  operating  en- 
gineer who  maintained  from  experi- 
ment that  doing  his  own  oiling  round 
he  cut  oil  bills  33  1-3  per  cent.  Bearings 
ot  common  type,  unprovided  with  drip 
trays,  needing  adjustment,  and  with  sur- 
faces in  .  poor  condition,  require  much 
more  oil  than  those  under  the  reverse 
conditions.  To  compensate  and  spin  out 
the  supply,  and  .so  save  tonnage,  every 
piece  of  greasy  waste  should  be  treated 
to  recover  the  oil;  a  small  centrifugal 
extractor  and  '  filter  pays  large  divi- 
dends in  a  big  works. 

Care  should  be  exercised  over  the  oil 
can  to  see  that  this  is  in  good  shape 
and  not  leaky.  One  way  in  which  the 
mechanical  trades,  and  every  man  in 
association  therewith,  can  help  victory 
IS  to  be  sparing  with  the  oil  can.  Owin" 
to  the  fact  that  ball  bearings  need  but 
one  filling  of  grease,  and  this  simply 
to  exclude  the  grit,  over  a  long  period 
of  time,  the  present  high  price  of  lubri- 
cants and  the  national  need  should  instal 
these  wherever  possible. 

A  ball  bearing  will  (dust  excluded) 
run  without  lubricant  at  all,  and  pres- 
ent circumstanc,->s  should  make  them 
more  prominent  than  before.  All  grease 
and  greasy  material  should  be  collected 
for  treatment  by  refiners,  and  a  large 
extension  to  ball  bearing  production 
Should,  to  some  extent,  offset  a  pecu- 
liarly acute  shortage. 


UTILIZING   SAW-MILL   WASTES 

Sr.w-mill   waste  amounts  to  about  40 
per  cent,  of  the  original  tree.     The  fin- 
ished lumber,  on  the  average,  represents 
only  from  .SO  to  35  per  cent,  of  the  tree. 
New  developments  in  the  utilization    of 
wood   waste  are   being   made   continual- 
ly,   but    it   IS    false   economy   to     handle 
waste    unless    the    by-product    industries 
can  be  carried  on  at  a  profit.    Effective 
utilization  calls  for  a  variety  of  chemi- 
cal    and     mechanical     processes    which 
must  be  adapted   to  the    form,    species 
and    quantity    of    wood    waste    available 
at  any  point.     Slabs,  edgings  and  trim- 
mings represent  15  to  17  per  cent,  of  the 
tree.     Among  the  more  common  use  are 
fuel,   laths,     box     shooks,     small    slack 
cooperage,   small    wooden   articles,   kraft 
and  sulphite  pulp,  excelsior,  wood  flour, 
wood  wool  and  producer  gas.     Sawdust 
accounts   for   another   11   per  cent.,   and 
is  used   to   some   extent   for  fuel,    pro- 
ducer gas,  briquettes,   polishing  metals, 
insulating,   packing,   bedding  in   stables, 
floor   sweeping   compounds,   composition 
flooring     blocks,     linoleum,     improving 
clay  soils,  smoking  meat  and  fish,  blast- 
ing powders,  wood  flour,  plastics,  porous 
bricks,    mixing    with    mortar    and    con- 
crete,   distillation,    ethyl    alcohol,    oxalic 
acid    and    carborundum.      Bark    amounts 
to  about  10  per  cent,  of  the  tree.     It  is 
usually  used  for  fuel,  although  hemlock 
and  oak  barks  are  important  in  the  tan- 
ning industry,     A  recent  development  is 
the  use  of  spent  hemlock  bark  for  mix- 
ing to  the  extent  of  about  30  per  cent, 
with    rag   stock    in   the   manufacture    of 
roofing   felts.     Experiments   on   its   use 
in  wall   board,  indurated   pails,  conduits 
and  wall  paper  give  promise  of  success. 
In  the  manufacture  of  special  wood  pro- 
ducts a  good  deal  of  wood  is  lost,  during 
seasoning,      by     decay,     due     to     poor 
methods   of  storage,  and   also  by  warp- 
ing   and    splitting.      There    is    a     large 
waste   in   converting   wood    into   the   de- 
sired     shape     for     the     finished      arti- 
cle.    Proper     co-ordination  with 
plants    making     small      wooden    articles 
brings   about   a   great  economy   of    ma- 
terial.    Shavings  find  use  as  a  fuel  and 
to   some  extent     for     packing,  bedding, 
drying    wet     land     and     manufacturing 
fibre    board.      Beechwood    shavings     are 
required    in   large   quantity     by   vinegar 
factories,  but  this  is  another  case  where 
specially   cut   wood    is    usually   used    in- 
stead   of   relying     on     by-product  wood 
from   various  plants. 


Steel  founding  is  no  child's  play,  the 
daily  crop  of  problems  raised  and  diffi- 
culties to  be  overcome  being  consid- 
erably more  than  encountered  in  most 
manufacturing  enterprises.  Steelmaking 
to-day  cannot  be  undertaken  by  men 
without  technical  training.  Notwith- 
standing the  many  alluring  prospects 
presented  by  those  who  are  anxious  to 
sell  and  install  foolproof  steelmaking 
processes,  there  are  none  which  may  be 
so  classified  and  which  do  not  require 
closest  attention  of  a  practical  metal- 
lurgist in  order  to  produce  high  grade 
castings. 


618 


Volume  XX 


WELDING 
AND  CUTTING 


Returned  Soldiers  Make  Very  Good  Welders 

Training  School  For  Welders  Has  Achieved  100  Per  Cent,  Success 
in  Fitting  the  Soldier  to  Take  up  Peace-time  Work  Once  More 

By    W.    F.    SUTHERLAND,    Associate    Editor 


MECHANICAL  industries  of  all 
kinds  usually  oifei*  an  attrac- 
tive field  for  the  returned  sol- 
dier who  is  perhaps  incapable  of  taking 
up  his  former  employment.  Many  ma- 
chine shop  operations  are  closed  to  the 
injured  man  through  their  requiring  con- 
siderable manual  labor.  These,  too,  in 
many  cases,  offer  no  opportunities  for 
advancement  and  little  chance  of  ac- 
quiring much  technical  skill.  Autogenous 
welding  is  free  from  these  disadvantaares 
and  offers  the  means  of  combining  highly 
interesting  work  with  excellent  pay.  In 
co-operation  with  the  Deoartment  for 
the  Soldiers'  Civil  Re-Establishment, 
L'air  Liquide  Societies     have  conducted 


for  some  time  past  a  school  for  the  re- 
education of  the  returned  soldier  in  all 
branches  of  oxy-acetylene  welding.  The 
school  has  been  an  unqualified  success. 
All  men  who  have  received  instruction 
have  made  good,  and  are  at  present 
in  positions  demanding  skill  of  a  high 
order. 

Although  comparatively  a  recent  de- 
velopment, the  oxy-acetylene  process  of 
welding  and  cutting  is  a  most  important 
factor  in  modern  industry,  and  its  aid 
in  promoting  the  enormous  increase  in 
the  production  of  war  materials  and  sup- 
plies incidental  to  the  prosecution  of  the 
war  can  be  scarcely  overestimated. 

Fifteen    years    ago    the    oxy-acetylene 


welding  process  was  little  more  than  a 
laboratory  curiosity,  but  to-day  it  offers 
an  exceedingly  valuable  opportunity  for 
such  returned  men  as  wish  to  avail  them- 
selves of  its  advantages. 

Duration  of  Course 

After  having  undergone  such  medical 
treatment  as  might  be  necessary  in  the 
military  hospitals,  the  soldier  is  given 
the  option  of  choosing  such  instruction 
as  he  might  desire  to  fit  him  for  his 
life's  work,  guided,  of  course,  by  counsel 
and  an  appreciation  of  the  disabilities 
which  he  may  have.  All  courses  are  for 
a  period  of  about  six  months  or  less,  and 
are  to  a  certain  extent  dependent  upon 


WELDING  C/ST-IRON  AUTOMOBILE  ENGINE  CYLINDER  -BUILDING    UP    BROKEN    FLANGE 


November  28   1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  II  I  N  E  R  Y 


619 


and  interested  attitude  of  those 
responsible.  The  school  for  instruc- 
tion is  carried  on  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  Mr.  MacDougal.  Alto- 
gether 20  to  30  men  have  received  in- 
struction as  many  as  nine  receiving  in- 
struction at  one  time. 


PRACTICING    CUTTING   ON    STEEL    PLATE 


the  skill  and  earnestness  shown  in  ac- 
quirin,^'   knowledge. 

On  choosing  the  branch  of  re-educa- 
tional work  desired,  the  soldier  is  still 
under  the  direct  jurisdiction  of  the  de- 
partment, being  paid  by  them  and  his 
dependents  cared  for  in  like  manner  as 
was  explained  in  a  former  issue. 

vSraovkce4,aCjwofFCnoolatho  ET   ET 

Instruction  Given 

The  oxy-acetylene  blow-pipe  forms  the 
first  subject  for  instruction,  its  construc- 
tion being  gone  into  thoroughly,  and  an 
idea  of  the  combustion  of  the  gases  used 
being  given. 

Correct  welding  practice  is  largely  a 
matter  of  proper  flame  adjustment,  the 
metal  being  either  carbonized,  correctly 
welded  or  oxidized  as  the  flame  is  car- 
gonizing,  neutral  or  oxidizing  in  charac- 
ter. For  this  reason  the  characteristics 
of  the  different  flames  attainable  receive 
careful  attention,  for  to  attain  satis- 
factory results  the  pupil  should  be  taught 
to  distinguish  the  effect  of  correct  and 
incorrect  adjustments  of  the  flame  by 
its  appearance  and  by  the  appearance 
of  the   molten   metal. 

The  welding  of  steel  is  first  taken  up, 
the  pupi'  being  given  instruction  in  the 
use  of  the  cutting  torch  at  the  same 
time.  Pieces  of  thin  sheet  steel  are  cut 
by  the  torch  and  then  welded  together. 
But  joints  are  first  wek'ed,  the  more 
difficult  lap  being  attempted  as  skill  is 
attained.  It  might  be  thought  that  the 
welding  of  pieces  of  moderate  thickness 
would  be  easier  to  start  with,  but  it 
has  been  found  that  the  welding  of  thin 
ner  work  gives  more  scope  for  instn.K'- 
tion  and  presents  greater  opportunities 
for  the  acquiring  of  skill. 

Cast    Iron   Welding 

After  having  done  sufficient  of  the 
steel  welding  the  pupil  is  put  on  cast 
iron  work,  as  before  scrap  pieces  being 
first  employed  for  the  acquiring  of  skill. 
As  soon  as  advisable  the  repair  of  cast 


iron  objects,  deliberately  broken,  is  at- 
tempted, automobile  cylinders  and  other 
objects  being  cracked  and  then  repaired. 
The  building  up  of  broken  parts  is  done 
replacing  parts  broken  off  castings. 

Almost  every  class  of  work  is  done, 
scrap  material  of  every  kind  being  used. 
This  gives  the  pupil  a  wide  field  in 
which  to  gain  experience.  One  ex- 
ample of  work  is  to  bs 
seen  in  a  flywheel  with 
cracked  arms  and  rim, 
the  welds  have  been 
made,  not  by  one  man 
alone,  but  by  a  number, 
so  well  that  little  re- 
finishing  is  required. 

From  the  welding  of 
cast  iron  the  pupil  goes 
on  to  the  more  difficult 
work  of  welding  brass 
and  aluminum,  actual 
work  being  done  on 
commercial  articles. 

The  class  of  work 
being  done  by  those 
who  have  received 
their  instruction  is 
well  illustrated  in  the 
plant  of  L'Air  Liquide 
Societe  itself,  the  most 
complicated  and  diffi- 
cult work  being  done 
by  those  who  have  re- 
ceived their  instruc- 
tion in  the  school. 

Throughout  the 

course  the  importance 
of  pre-heating  and  al- 
lowance for  expansion 
and  contraction  are  not 
lost  sight  of. 

Welding  may  be  said 
to  be  an  acquired  art, 
and  much  depends  up- 
on the  excellence  of 
the  instruction  receiv- 
ed and  the  sympathetic  CHIPPING 


ELECTRIC  WELDING  APPARATUS 

Electric  welding  apparatus  of  ex- 
treme simplicity  and  of  great  adapta- 
bility has  recently  been  developed  by  the 
Arcwell  Corporation  of  Canada,  710 
C.P.R.  Bldg.,  Toronto.  This  apparatus, 
by  its  use  of  alternating  current,  does 
away  with  the  motor-generator  sets  and 
other  apparatus  hitherto  employed  for 
this  purpose,  and  by  the  accurate  con- 
trol and  characteristics  of  the  flame  ef- 
fects a  remarkably  successful  joint. 

The  design  of  the  apparatus  re- 
sembles that  of  a  transformer  and 
is  fitted  with  a  number  of  taps, 
also  electro<le  -  cable  with  holder. 
Machines  are  built  for  any  of  the  var- 
ious commercial  voltages  and  frequencies 
hcing  stepped  down  through  the  medium 
of  the  transformer  to  the  welding  volt- 
age of  20  volts.  In  operation  the  welder 
takes  SVi  to  4  K.W.  energy,  which  is 
equivalent  to  about  5  h.p. 

Taps  are  provided  on  the  secondary 
or  low  voltage  side  for  various  amperes, 
and  the  flame  produced  is  extremely  hot 
and  is  all  concentrated  in  the  small  arc. 
The  character  of  the  flame  and  the  weld 
produced  eliminate  all  trouble  due  to 
crystallization  by  heat  of  the  metal  being 
woiKed  upon. 


PLATE  AFTER  CUTTING   FOR    WELDING 


620 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


.Volume  XX 


The  Mephisto  arc  welder  has  been  used 
with  excellent  results  on  ship  and  boiler 
plate  and  steel  castings  of  every  de- 
scription with  no  deterioration  of  the 
metal  worked  upon,  and  it  has  been  de- 
monstrated that  the  equipment  has  a 
wide  range  of  ability  to  achieve  results 
equal  in  character  and  quality  of  weld 
to  that  obtained  by  other  systems,  either 
electric  or  oxy-weld,  at  a  very  much  low- 
er cost,  and  in  much  less  time. 

The  manufacturers  draw  attention  to 
the  fact  that  the  arc  is  very  stable  and 
in  consequence  it  does  not  by  any  means 
take  an  expert  to  handle  it,  any  work- 
man of  average  intelligence  becoming 
accustomed  to  its  use  in  a  very  short 
time.  This  fact,  coupled  with  the  much 
cheaper  cost  of  electrical  energy  as  com- 
pared to  the  other  welding  mediums, 
lowers  production  costs  from  six  and 
eight  dollars  a  day  down  to  about  one 
dollar  per  day. 


AN  AUTOMATIC  ENCLOSED 

GASOLINE  ENGINE 

By  FRANK  C.  PERKINS 


ELECTRIC     WtLUlNG    APPARATUS    OF    NEW 
DESIGN 

An  extremely  favorable  characteristic 
of  the  weld  produced,  is  the  ease  by  which 
it  can  be  machined  and  finished,  no  dif- 
ference between  the  weld  and  the  body  of 
the  metal  being  apparent,  and  an  or- 
dinary file  readily  takes  hold. 

On  account  of  the  portability  of  the 
apparatus  its  usefulness  is  wide  and  it 
has  already  filled  an  important  place  in 
the  shipyards,  foundries,  and  machine 
shops  of  the  United  States. 

While  the  standard  equipment  has  a 
rating  of  150-amperes,  larger  capacity 
machines  are  furnished,  but  where  heavy 
work  is  to  be  done,  the  use  of  two  or 
more  150-amperc  units  in  multiple,  is 
recommended,  this  arrangement  having 
the  additional  advantage  of  flexibility. 

The  equipment  is  of  very  rugged  con- 
struction, housed  in  a  substantial  wood- 
on  box,  strongly  braced,  and  is  self-cooled 
throughout.  Any  type  of  metallic  elec- 
trode, plain  or  coated,  or  carbon  electrode 
can  be  used. 


The  automatic  four  cylinder  enclosed 
gasoline  engine  noted  in  the  accom- 
panying illustration  was  developed  at 
Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  U.S.A.  This 
four  cycle  marine  motor  is  said  to  have 
maximum  economy  of  fuel  and  upkeep. 
It  has  a  bed  consisting  of  a  substantial 
one-piece  iron  casting,  the  lower  half 
being  octagonal  in  shape,  cast  integral 
with  base  and  with  large  oil  reservoir 
located  in  center.  There  are  flanges 
on  either  side  for  bolting  to  the  frame 
work,  and  a  square  groove  through 
center  of  base  for  crank  shaft  bearings. 
The  sub-base  is  fully  enclosed  and 
securely  bolted  to  the  bed,  on  top  of 
which  are  mounted  the  cylinders,  mag- 
neto and  governor  assembly.  In  the  side 
of  the  sub-base  are  hand  holes  for 
ready  access  to  make  adjustments  on 
connecting  rod  and  crank  shaft  bear- 
ings, while  the  cam  shaft  is  also  locat- 
ed in  sub-base. 

The  square  groove  in  the  bed  re- 
ceives the  crank  shaft  bearings  and 
upper  half  of  the  gearing  is  reinforced 
by  a  steel  plate  onto  which  the  cap  ad- 
justing screw  rests.  The  bearing  ad- 
justment is  made  by  turning  an  extra 
large  octagonal  head  screw  with  keeper. 
This  method  permits  adjustment  with- 
out loosening  the  cap,  which  is  thorough- 
ly and  permanently  fastened  in  position. 
The    keeper    prevents    this    screw    from 

orking  in   either  direction,  and   makes 

cfuick  and  efficient  adjustment. 

The  balance  wheel  is  made  with  a  split, 
mb,  bolted  to  crank  shaft  with  four 
large  bolts;  also  fastened  with  a  large 
square  key,  insuring  a  perfect  fit  with 
''o  side  motion  or  wobbling.  Because  of 
this  split  hub  the  balance  wheel  is  easily 
taken  off  when  necessary  to  do  so.  The 
crank  shafts  are  hammered  from  solid 
blanks  of  higU-carbon  steel  and  one 
cam  shaft  only  is  used,  of  40  carbon 
machinery    steel    and    on    the    shaft   are 


cams  for  operating  inlet  and  exhausc 
valves.  Tne  solid  bearings  for  this 
shaft  are  of  cast  iron  with  bronze 
bushing. 

The  cylinders  are  of  L  type,  one- 
piece  castings,  having  separate  heads. 
The  top  face  of  cylinder  is  without  cored 
holes,  except  one  for  circulating  water, 
and  this  is  outside,  so  that  there  is  no 
possibility  of  water  entering  the  cylin- 
der. The  cylinder  heads  are  cast  of  the 
same  iron  as  cylinders,  with  ample  water 
space  around  valve  hole  covers.  In 
coring  the  cylinder  heads  there  is  no 
opening  whatever  between  the  head  and 
cylinder,  except  at  the  extension  for 
water  provided  to  meet  extension  in 
cylinder.  The  water  circulation  is  of 
special  interest.  Extra  large  water 
space  has  been  allowed  in  the  cylinders, 
cylinder  heads  and  around  valve  seats, 
the  water  being  supplied  by  a  plunger 
type  of  pump  attached  to  the  aft  end 
of  each  engine  and  operated  by  an  ec- 
centric on  the  cam  shaft. 

The  valves  are  of  nickel  steel,  the 
end  of  the  stem  being  threaded  and  pro- 
vided with  special  clasping  locknut  for 
adjustment.  The  valves  are  so  situated 
that  they  may  be  reground  and  seated 
without  removing  cylinder  head.  The 
valve  head  caps  are  of  cast  iron  with 
air-cooled  vanes  to  assist  cooling  spark 
plugs.  The  valve  lifters  are  of  the 
mushroom-head  type,  slightly  off  center 
of  cams,  and  made  of  open-hearth  steel, 
fitted  into  separate  cast  bushings  and 
held  securely  to  the  sub-base.  This  type 
of  lifter  allows  a  great  area  of  open- 
ing for  a  long  time,  which  is  most 
desirable. 

The  lubrication  is  provided  by  a  large 
geared  force  pump,  connected  to  the 
spacious  reservoir  in  bed  of  motor.  The 
question  of  oiling  an  engine  thoroughly 
has  been  taken  care  of.  The  oil  pump  is 
located    inside    forward    end    of    engine. 


i^iiifOiiPfc. 


BACK  VIEW. 


J^ovember  28,  1918 


621 


Electrical  Engineers  Meet  in  Toronto 

Interesting  Canadian   Developments  in   Electrical   Engineering 

Described  at  Meeting  Held  Under  the  Auspices  of  the  Toronto 

Section  of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers 


THE  development  of  Canada's 
waterpowers,  the  features  of  de- 
sign being  developed  for  trans- 
jnitting  electric  energy,  and  the  electri- 
fication of  her  railways,  formed  the  in- 
teresting subjects  of  papers  read  before 
the  344th  meeting  of  the  American  In- 
stitute of  Electrical  Engineers,  held  in 
Toronto,  Friday  and  Saturday,  Nov.  22- 
2S.  This  meeting  has  a  special  interest 
for  the  engineering  profession  of  To- 
Tonto,  in  that  it  is  the  first  meeting  of 
the  main  society  ever  held  here  under 
the  auspices  of  the  local   section. 

Members  were  present  from  various 
points,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Niagara 
Falls,  Erie,  Pittsfield,  Pt.  Huron, 
Schenectady,  and  other  points  including 
-Austin,  Texas. 

The  afternoon  session,  Friday,  was 
opened  by  the  chairman,  Arthur  H.  Hull, 
■who,  in  his  address,  welcomed  the  Ameri- 
can delegates.  F.  L.  Hutchison,  the 
secretary  of  the  A.I.E.E.,  in  the  absence 
of  the  president  through  war  activities, 
responded.  The  Toronto  section  was  one 
of  the  first  local  sections  organized. 
The  plan  of  establishing  local  sections 
was  first  brought  forward  in  1902,  and 
"this  section  was  organized  in  1903.  It 
is  one  of  the  few  that  has  kept  up  its 
activities  during  the  war  to  anything 
approaching  pre-war  standards. 

In  a  paper  read  by  Arthur  H.  Hull  on 
^'Electric  power  generation  in  Ontario  on 
systems  of  hydro-electric  power  commis- 
■sion,"  the  progress  to  date  of  the  muni- 
cipally-owned  system   was  outlined. 

Ontario  has  developed  into  the  great- 
est manufacturing  province  in  Canada, 
and  as  there  are  no  coal  deposits  its 
abundant  waterpower  resources  are  be- 
ing more  and  more  utilized  to  furnish 
the  power  required  for  its  varied  indus- 
trial developments.  About  702,000  horse- 
power are  developed  in  Ontario  at  pre- 
•sent,  leaving  a  total  of  4,227,000  horse- 
power still  available.  Of  the  above  total 
for  power  developed,  about  69,000  horse- 
power is  used  in  pulp  and  paper  manu- 
facture, about  59.000  horsepower  is  used 
as  hydraulic  power  directly  applied,  and 
teh  balance,  574,000  horsepower,  is  con- 
verted into  electric  energy  for  light  and 
power.  The  commission  now  own  and 
operate  ten  systems  in  the  various  parts 
of  the  province  from  Port  Arthur  to  the 
Rideau  and  St.  Lawrence,  and  as  far 
north  as  Nipissing  Village.  The  various 
systems  were  described  in  detail  and  data 
given  on  the  new  Queenston  development 
now  under  way,  as  well  as  on  the  exten- 
sions now  being  carried  on  at  the  On- 
tario Power  Company  plant.  In  connec- 
tion with  this  latter,  the  speaker  stated 
that  the  two  new  generators  of  15,000 
kva.  rating  each,  were  made  in  Canada, 
"with  the  exception  of  the  steel  lamina- 
tions and   insulation.     This   speaks   well 


for  Canadian  industry  under  war  con- 
ditions. 

The  second  paper  read  on  Friday  af- 
ternoon by  Mr.  W.  G.  Gordon  on  the 
"Electrical  equipment  of  the  Canadian 
Northern  Tunnel  in  Montreal."  This 
work  is  one -of  the  most  important  that 
has  been  undertaken  in  Canada  of  recent 
years,  and  the  features  of  electrical  de- 
sign dealt  with  in  the  course  of  the  paper 
were  of  unusual  interest.  Following  a 
description  of  the  tunnel  proper  and  the 
terminal  conditions  which  had  to  be 
dealt  with,  the  author  entered  into  a 
detailed  description  of  the  electrified 
portion  of  the  track  ten  miles  in  length. 
It  is  later  proposed  to  extend  this  elec- 
trification of  the  railway  to  Ottawa,  and 
the  substation  feeding  the  system  was 
located  with  this  fact  in  mind.  Power 
is  obtained  from  the  Montreal  Light, 
Heat  and  Power  Co.  at  11,000  volts  and 
60  cycles,  and  by  means  of  motor  gen- 
erator sets,  is  distributed  to  the  railway 
feeders  at  2,400  volts  direct  current.  This 
voltage  is  the  highest  that  has  been  used 
in  Canada  up  to  the  present  time  for  this 
work,  and  was  chosen  in  view  of  the 
contemplated  extension   of  the   system. 

Three  types  of  traffic  had  to  be  con- 
sidered in  planning  the  equipment:  pas- 
senger and  freight  trains  and  suburban 
traffic.  The  suburban  traffic  will  be 
handled  by  multiple  unit  trains,  each 
coach  weighing  80  tons,  and  being  pat- 
terned after  the  standard  vestibule  pas- 
senger coach.  The  passenger  and  freight 
traffic  is  handled  by  six  locomotives; 
these  locomotives  are  of  the  two  four- 
wheel  truck  type,  the  two  trucks  being 
coupled  together  to  the  draft  gear,  leav- 
ing the  body  of  the  locomotive  free  from 
all  stresses. 

Pantograph  collectors  are  used  with 
overhead  catenary  suspension  of  the 
trolley  wires. 

Sir  Robert  Falconer 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  discussion  on 
the  above  paper  the  members  and  dele- 
gates adjourned  for  dinner.  Sir  Robert 
Falconer  spoke  on  the  impressions  he 
had  gained  on  the  occasion  of  his  last 
visit  to  the  western  front  a  short  time 
ago. 

The  bravery  and  fighting  qualities  of 
the  Canadian  Army  Corps  were  never 
more  in  evidence  than  at  the  battle  of 
Amiens,  and  later  at  Arras.  Vimy  Ridge 
was  a  glorious  episode,  and  one  in  which 
the  Canadians  won  lasting  fame,  but  the 
two  latter  battles  in  the  speaker's  opinion 
were  even  more  to  their  credit.  Sir 
Robert  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  pre- 
sent during  the  opening  stages  of  the 
battle  of  Arras,  and  the  sight  of  the 
Canadian  reserve  divisions  pouring  up 
to  take  their  part  in  the  struggle  was 
one  never  to  be  forgotten;  the  columns 


of  men,  artillery  and  transport,  moving 
on  with  clock-like  regularity,  and  prov- 
ing irresistible  in  battle  to  the  foe. 

The  German  troops  opposite  Arras  got 
the  surprise  of  their  lives  when  they 
found  the  Canadians  were  the  ones  who 
were  putting  them  to  rout  and  bagging 
them  as  prisoners.  It  seems  that  these 
selfsame  prisoners  had  been  moved  to 
the  quiet  Arras  sector  to  rest  up  a  bit 
after  the  terrific  mauling  they  had  re- 
ceived at  Amiens  a  few  days  before  at 
the  hands  of  the  Canadians. 

One  of  J*  e  most  important  lessons  the 
war  could  teach  the  people  of  the  allied 
countries  was  the  value  of  research  and 
science  in  either  war  or  peace.  Organ- 
ization was  always  one  of  Germany's 
strong  points,  and  it  was  well  known 
that  the  United  States  was  her  equal, 
but  Great  Britain  was  thought  to  be 
woefully  backward  in  this  particular. 
However,  her  organizing  powers  were 
not  dead  but  merely  quiescent. 

Science,  while  adding  horrors  to  the 
war  as  conducted  by  Germany,  yet  had 
achieved  one  of  the  miracles  of  the  age 
in  the  success  which  had  attended  the 
efforts  of  the  medical  staff  of  the  armies 
in  the  field.  Preventive  medicine  and 
surgery  had  made  greater  strides  in  the 
last  few  years  than  ten  years  of  peace 
would  have  brought  about. 

Engineering  at  the  front  was.  in  the 
last  analysis,  one  of  the  material  factors 
in  the  bringing  of  victory  to  the  allied 
standard. 

Long  Span  Transmission  Lines 

The  evening  session,  held  in  the  Chem- 
istry and  Mining  Building,  University  of 
Toronto,  was  devoted  to  a  paper  read  by 
Mr.  S.  Svenningson  on  the  longest  span 
river  crossing  yet  erected.  The  paper 
dealt  with  some  remarkable  contruction 
work  recently  completed  by  the  Shawini- 
gan  Water  and  Power  Co.  near  Three 
Rivers,  Que.  The  St.  Lawrence  River  is 
crossed  by  transmission  line  wires  on  a 
span  of  4,800  feet.  Due  to  the  necessity 
of  maintaining  navigation  clearance,  the 
towers   are   350  feet  high. 

Four  reinforced  concrete  cassions,  11 
feet  diameter  for  each  tower,  have  been 
sunk  to  a  depth  of  45  feet  and  placed 
on  the  corners  of  a  60  ft.  square.  These 
piers  are  connected  by  heavily  reinforced 
concrete  beams  4  ft.  wide  by  8  ft.  deep. 
There  are  two  towers  350  ft.  high,  and 
60  ft.  square  at  the  base,  the  upstream 
and  downstream  faces  tapering  to  a 
width  of  14  ft.  at  the  top.  The  cross 
arm  at  the  top  is  14  ft.  wide  by  100  ft. 
long,  and  carries  the  three  sheaves  over 
which  the  main  steel  messenger  cables 
pass  to  the  anchor  towers. 

Three  lines  of  cable  50  ft.  apart  span 
the  river  between  the  two  towers.  The 
cables  are  1%  in.  in  diameter,  and  are 


622 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX' 


made  of  g;alvanized  plough  steel.  They 
are  composed  of  six  strands  of  19  wires 
each  and  a  stranded  core  of  30  wires.  To 
each  end  of  the  center  span  cables  is 
yoked  two  anchor  span  cables;  these  are 
carried  over  the  tower  on  the  8  ft.  dia- 
meter sheaves  and  then  down  to  a  point 
about  20  ft.  from  the  anchors.  .\t  this 
point  equalizing  beams  are  cut  in  the 
lines,  and  the  load  is  transmitted  from 
this  point  to  the  anchor  piers  by  means 
of  short  straps  of  1%  in.  cable. 

It  was  originally  intended  to  use  the 


main  cables  as  conductors  and  to  insu- 
late them  from  the  tower  by  specially- 
designed  insulators.  Unfortunately 
these  insulators  were  not  completed  in 
time  for  erection  and  the  main  cables  are 
now  used  as  me-'^^n'^er'  "•'-r-in"  a  Nfo. 
1/0  stranded  copper  conductor  on  sus- 
pension insulators. 

Visit  Local  Plants 

Saturday  morning   the  delegates  and 
local  members  visited  the  British  Forg- 


ings,  Leaside  Munitions,  and  the 
Strachan  Ave.  terminal  station  of  the 
Ontario  Hydro  Electric  Power  Commis- 
sion and  their  laboratories  on  the  same 
site.  Canada's  share  in  the  supplying  of 
munitions  to  the  Allies  and  to  the  United 
States  is  due  in  no  small  measure  to  the 
enormous  output  of  the  British  Forgings- 
and  Leaside  Munitions  plants,  and  the 
opportunity  of  visiting  the  world's  larg- 
est electric  steel  plant  was  one  which  the 
majority  of  the  delegates  availed  them- 
selves. 


Japanese  Government  Aids  Engineering  Industries 

Is  Keenly  Alive  to  Possibility  of  Making  Japan's  Chemical  and 

Steel  Industries  Self-supporting  —  Representatives  Getting  in 

Touch  With  Latest  Developments  in  America  and  Europe 


THE  world-wide  shortage  of  raw 
materials  and  the  dislocation  of 
trade  consequent  upon  the  war  has 
been  felt  fully  as  much  in  Japan  as  else- 
where. The  iron  and  steel  industry  and 
those  manufactures  depending  upon 
chemical  science  for  their  existence  have 
suffered  most  of  all  in  Japan.  To  meet 
these  conditions  and  to  make  the  country 
self-supporting  to  a  greater  extent,  the 
government  is  taking  active  steps  to  es- 
tablish permanent  industries  in  Japan, 
and  in  doing  this  is  investigating  recent 
progress  in  other  countries. 

Two  government  representatives  have 
been  in  the  United  States  for  some  time 
looking  into  the  various  phases  of  manu- 
facturing as  there  carried  on,  and  last 
week  availed  themselves  of  the  oppor- 
tunity of  inspecting  some  of  Canada's 
progress  in  the  steel  industry.  Mr.  Shin 
Nakahara,  Mr.  S.  Sakai  and  Mr.  Genjiro 
Jinguji,  consulting  engineer  of  New 
York,  were  in  Toronto  at  the  meeting  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  En- 
gineers, held  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Toronto  section,  and  while  here  Were  very 
much  interested  in  the  operation  of  the 
British  Forgings  electric  steel  plant. 

Mr.  S.  Sakai,  chemical  engineer  for  the 
Imperial  Industrial  Laboratory,  Osaka, 
Japan,  and  Mr.  Shin  Nakahara,  of  the 
Imperial  Steel  works,  Yawata-Shi,  Japan, 
are  both  graduates  of  Japanese  universi- 
ties, while  Mr.  Genjiro  Jenguji,  who  is 
representing  them,  and  whose  offices  are 
at  15-21  Park  Row,  New  York,  is  a  grad- 
uate in  engineering  of  the  University  of 
'  Illinois. 

In  conversation  with  a  representative 
of  CANADIAN  MACHINERY,  Mr.  Shin 
Nakahara  stated  that  the  electric  fur- 
nace in  the  steel  industry  was  extremely 
interesting  from  the  Japanese  point  of 
view,  and  offered  opportunities  for  the 
production  of  high-grade  and  alloy  steels 
of  which  they  were  going  to  avail  them- 
selves. The  Imperial  Steel  Works  have 
at  present  a  5-ton  furnace  and  expect  to 
increase  their  capacity  in  the  near  fu- 
ture. Questions  of  electrode  and  current 
consumption,  life  of  furnace  linings,  con- 
trol, and  quality  of  steel  produced  were 
ail  of  the  greatest  interest  to  him.  and 


much  interest  was  evident  in  the  ar- 
rangement and  operation  of  our  National 
Electric  steel  plant.  The  scope  of  the 
work  contemplated  may  be  appreciated 
in  his  statement  that  he  was  desirous  of 
getting  in  touch  with  makers  of  equip- 
ment for  blast  furnace,  open  hearth  and 
bessemer  plants  and  electric  furiiace 
plants,  including  all  electric  equipment. 
Rolling  mill  installations  were  also  con- 
templated, and  it  was  expected  that 
plates,  sections,  and  bar  steel  would  be 
rolled. 

The  iron  and  steel  industry  offered  ex- 
cellent opportunities  for  exnansion,  and 
the  vast  potentialities  of  China  as  a 
source  of  raw  material  and  as  a  market 
for  finished  wares  would  in  time  prove 
of  immense  value  in  establishing  a  per- 
manent market. 

Chemical  Industries 

Japanese  textiles,  needless  to  say,  are 
noted  the  world  over,  and  German  dyes 
have  for  many  years  played  an  import- 
ant part  in  their  production.  This  trade 
has  been  probably  lost  to  Germany  for 
ever,  if  contemplated  developments  in 
Japan  mature.  Coal  tar  dyes,  while  im- 
portant in  themselves,  are  only  a  fraction 
of  the  immense  number  of  substances 
produced  through  the  medium  of  chem- 
istry of  the  carbon  compounds,  and  the 
development  of  the  iron  and  steel  indus- 
try necessitating  vast  Quantities  of  coke, 
goes  hand  in  hand  with  chemical  enter- 
prises. 

Energetic  means  are  bfing  taken  to 
make  Japan's  chemical  industries  self 
supporting,  and  the  building  up  of  her 
industrial  life  demands  the  entering  into 
nearly  every  branch  of  it,  so  closely  are 
they  interconnected. 

A  few  of  the  items  which  it  is  proposed 
to  manufacture  necessitate  the  purchase 
of  equipment  for  the  making  of  acids, 
dyes,  caustic  mnnufacture.  and  for 
electro-chemical  industries.  These  latter 
include  electric  furnace  equipment  for 
iron  and  steel,  carbide,  cyanamide,  and 
ferro-allov  manufacture,  torrether  with 
electrolytic  equipment  for  theh  refining 
of  metals,  plating,  etc. 


Laboratory  supplies  are  also  badly- 
needed,  optical  goods,  glassware,  fur- 
naces, and  practically  everything  which- 
is  found  in  the  usual  industrial  labora- 
tory are  badly  needed. 

Opportunities  for  the  building  up  of 
an  export  trade  in  the  lines  indicated 
are  very  promising  according  to  the 
statements  made  by  the  representatives, 
and  in  many  lines  the  possibility  of 
building  up  a  permanent  business  in 
some  of  the  lines  is  apparent.  The  manu- 
factures required  may  be  roughly  group- 
ed into  two  main  divisions,  chemical  in- 
dustries and  the  iron  and  steel  industry. 

The  Japanese  steel  industry  requires 
blast  furnace  plants,  open  hearth  and 
bessemer  plants,  electric  furnaces  and 
equipment,  and  bar  shape  and  plate  mills. 

Chemical  laboratory  supplies  may  be- 
summarized  as  follows:  Optical  goods. 
pyrometers,  microscopes,  polarimeters, 
ultra  microscopes,  stereoscopes,  etc.; 
chemical  glassware  and  general  labora- 
tory apparatus;  muffle  furnaces,  com- 
bustion trains  for  carbon  determination, 
chemical  balances  and  other  general 
analytical  and  research  apparatus. 

In  the  field  of  industrial  chemistry  the 
possibilities  for  export  trade  are  wide. 
The  dye  industrv.  acid  and  alkali  works, 
'arbide.  cyanamide,  and  ferro-alloy  are 
industries  offering  an  opportunity  as  ex- 
tensive as  it  is  varied. 


A  NEW  PLANER  FOR  SHIPBUILDING 
PLANTS 

A  new  industry  just  established  in 
Montreal  is  the  manufacture  of  the  sim- 
plex electric  planer  by  the  Simplex  Floor 
Finishing  Appliance  Company.  It  is 
claimed  that  one  of  these  planers  does 
the  work  ordinarily  done  by  twenty  men 
in  hand  planing.  It  is  used  extensively 
in  shipbuilding.  Eight  of  them  varying 
in  length  from  150  feet  to  300  feet  have 
been  supplied  to  the  Canadian  Vickers 
Company.  It  is  stated  that  these  planers 
can  be  reset  in  a  few  minutes  from  plan- 
ing rough  timber  to  polishing  deck  sur- 
faces or  ways  in  shipyards. 


^November  28,  1918 


623 


Grinding;  Its  Utility  in  the  Modern  Shop 

Grinding  Has  Become  an  Operation  of  Great  Utility  and  Success- 
fully Replaces  the  Lathe  in  Many  Lines  of  Manufacture 


DESPITE   the   recent  great   exten- 
sion  of   grinding   as   a    machine 
shop    operation    erroneous    ideas 
as  to  the  sphere  of  action  of  the  grinding 
machine   and   as    to    the    principles    and 
practice   of   the   grinding   processes    are 
still  prevalent.  It  is  still  widely  believed 
that  grinding   is   only   necessary   or  ad- 
vantageous when  hardened  work  has  to 
be   dealt   with,   that    it   is   essentially    a 
.slow   process,  that    its    scope    does    not 
€xtend    much    beyon-d    the    giving    of    a 
final  polish   to  an  already  rough  tooled 
surface,  and  that  any  way  it  is  not  of 
-much  use  for  general  work,  as  distinct 
repetition    manufacture.       These    ideas, 
among    others,   were     effectively     dealt 
with  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Ashbridge  in  an  ex- 
cellent   paper    on    "Workshop    Precision 
•Grinding,"  read  before    the    Manchester 
Association   of  Engineers   recently.     At 
"bottom  they    are    founded    on    a     belief 
that   grinding   is    in    essence   a    rubbing 
or  polishing   process.      That,   of  course, 
is  incorrect.     Whether  the  materials  to 
te  ground  are  in  hardened  or  soft  state, 
or   whether  forged   or  cast,  grinding   is 
just   as    surely    a    cutting    operation    as 
using  a   lathe   or   planer  tool.     Just  as 
the  tool  has  one  cutting  edge,  and  will 
remove      a   chip      proportional     to     its 
strength,  so  the  grinding  wheel  has  mul- 
tiple cutting  edges    and    the    chips    re- 
moved by  each  cutting  edge  bear  a  strik- 
ing resemblance,   when  examined  under 
microscope,    to    those    produced    by    the 
lathe   tool.      It   is   not   claimed    for   the 
grinding  wheel  that  it  can  compete  with 
the   lathe   or   other   machine   tools   as   a 
metal  removing  machine,  as  measured  by 
l)ulk  of  metal  removed,  but  in  any  metal- 
removing    operations    that    include    fin- 
ishing,  a   point     is   reached      when    the 
grinding  machine  in  some  form  or  other 
will  remove  metal  faster  than   the  cut- 
ting tool  of  the  machine.     No  universal 
rule  can  be  given  for  readily  determin- 
ing  the    point   at    which    the    advantage 
passes  from  tooling  to  grinding;  it  must 
lie  judged  from  each  piece  of  work  sep- 
arately.      Some    typical    examples    are, 
■however,   on   record.      In   the   course   of 
tests  carried  out  by  Mr.  Dempster  Smith 
at  the  Manchester  School  of  Technology, 
it  was  found  for  example  that  the  best 
attainable    time   for   a   finishing   cut   of 
0.003  inches,  with  a  lathe  on   an  8-inch 
shaft,  was  IVi   minutes  per  foot,    while 
a    grinding   machine    would    remove   the 
same  cut  in  1%  minutes  per  foot.  These 
times   are   for   grinding   and    tooling   to 
approximate  size.     For  the  whole  work 
of  removing  the  same  cut,  and  also  siz- 
ing to  within  .00.5  inch  limits  the  grind- 
ing   machine    would    require    only    four 
minutes;   what  the   lathe  would  require 
over  and  above  TV*   minutes  for  sizing, 
filing,  and  polishing  is  not  stated.     Ex- 
perience goes  to  show  that  the  last  thin 
skin  of  metal  up  to  .015-in.,  .02-in.  thick 


By  D.  STREET 

can  be  removed  quicker  -in  the  grinding 
machine  than  any  other  method  of  ma- 
chining,  while    if   the   amount   of   metal 
left  on  for  machining  is  not  very  great, 
the  grinder  can  do  the  whole  job,  rough-    ■ 
ing    and    finishing,    very    much    quicker 
than    the    lathe.       From    an    8-in.    shaft 
a    cut    of    1-32-in.    can    be    removed    by 
grinding  at  the  rate  of  four  or  five  min- 
utes per  foot  length.     Against  the  com- 
mon   belief    that   the    grinding    machine 
is  one  used  for  mixed  work  the  grinding 
machine  shows  to  advantage  on  repeti- 
tion   work,    owing    to    its    arrangement 
for    accurate    feed    and    automatic    trip 
when  the  article  being  ground  has  been 
reduced  to  its  predetermined  size;  liiese 
same    features    also    make    the    machine 
advantageous  on  single  articles,  as  after 
taking  a  few  trial  cuts,  the  work  is  mea- 
sured for  the  amount  oversize,  and  the 
micrometer    feed    set '  to      take    off    the 
remainder,  which  can' be  done  with  great 
exactness.     One  important  point  rightly 
emphasized    is    that   while    the    operator 
may  by  skill  counteract  the  faults  of  a 
defective    lathe,    the    grinding    operator 
has    no    such    recourse;    hence    grinding 
machines    must    be    correctly    designed 
well      made    and    properly      maintained. 
Moreover,    the    lathe    operator    can    get 
moderately    good    results    within    wide 
range  of  speeds,  feeds,  and  tool  shapes, 
but  in  grinding  the  conditions  of  effic- 
iency are   much   more  narrowly  circum- 
scribed,  and    the    operator    must    follow- 
closely  the  directions,  or  the  result  will 
be  not  merely  diminished  efficiency  but 
failure.     The  qualities  essential  to  good 
grinding  machines  are  truth  and  rigidity. 
The  necessity  for  a  high  degree  of  truth 
will  be  seen  from  a  moment's  consider- 
ation of  the  fact  that,  while   most  ma- 
chining   operations    are    of    a    primary 
character,   the   ultimate   finishing  being 
done  by   other  means,   such   as   the   file 
or   a   scraper,  a   grinding  machine   or  a 
finishing    machine,    in    which    the    work 
produced    needs    no    further    correction. 
For    this    reason,    it    follows    that    the 
sliding  surfaces   of  the   grinding  mach- 
ine should  be  as  nearly  as  possible  true 
planes,  otherwise  accuracy  of  product  is 
impossible,  and   the  object  in   view  iso- 
lated.   The    limits    of    error    allowed    in 
building  grinding  machines  are  "none," 
but  certainly  the  highest  degree  of  ac- 
curacy is  essential.     Rigidity  is  no  less 
important,  and  especially  rieidity  in  the 
grinding    wheel    head,    which     must    be 
heavy  enough  to  carry  the  largest  and 
the  broadest  wheel  with  which  the  ma- 
chine  may   possibly  be  fittad,  and   also 
to  overcome  any  possible   want  of  bal- 
ance in  the  wheel  itself,  while  the  spindles 
and  its  bearings  should  be  of  similarly 
ample  proportions.    It  is  for  this  reason 
that  the   grinding  machine  cannot  very 
well    be    improvised.       Many    attempts 
have  been  made  to  convert  the  lathe  into 


a  grinding  machine  by  means  of  attach- 
ments, but  such  attempts  can  only  meet 
with  very  moderate  results,  owing  to  the 
lack     of   the   necessary     rigidity.      Yet 
another  essential  quality  in  a  grinding 
machine  is  ample  driving  power,  in  or- 
der that  the  whole  may  not  slow  down 
during  momentary  heavy  cutting.     Not 
only  is  the  wheel  wasted  by  being  allow- 
ed to  slow  down,  but  what  is  more  im- 
portant, the    wheel    face    is    destroyed, 
and   more   frequent  truing  up   is  neces- 
sary.       Many   a   potential    user   of   the 
grinding   machine  has   been   put  off  by 
the  thought  of  the  number  of  fairly  ex- 
pensive     grinding    wheels      of     various 
widths   and   grades   that  must  be   kept 
on  hand  for  the  different  kinds  of  work. 
For   plain   external   grinding   it   is   very 
unusual  in  general  machine  work  to  re- 
quire  more   than   two   wheels   to   a   ma- 
chine, on^  to  grind  all  classes  of  steel 
work  with,  and  the  other  to  deal  with  all 
cast  metals.    Closer  grading  can  be  done 
where  the  work  is  all  of  one  class,  but 
for    general    mixed    work    a    couple    of 
wheels    can    be    arranged    to    efficiently 
cover   the   range.      This   has   only   been 
made  possible  by  quite  recent  improve- 
ments  in   wheel   manufacture.      Perhaps 
the  most  striking  item  is  concerned  with 
wheel  width  and  table  travel.     The  two 
must  be   considered   in   conjunction.      It 
is    of    very    little    use    to    have    a    wide 
wheel  in  combination  with  a  slow  table 
traverse.       The    only    result    of    such    a 
precedure  would  be  a  limitation  of  the 
production    of   the    machine,   and    exces- 
sive  wear   on   the   portion  of  the  wheel 
used,   causing   the   machine   to   generate 
a    round    face,    and      making      frequent 
truings  necessary  in  order  to  cut  away 
the  unused  portion   of  the  wheel.     The 
question    is    often    raised    whether    the 
wheel    keeps    flat   when    grinding    work 
with  shoulders.     If  the  traverse  of  the 
work    per   revolution    is    less   than    half 
the  width  of  the  wheel,  then  the  cutting 
face  of  the  latter  will   gradually  wear 
convex,  but  if  the  traversemper  revolu- 
tion of  the  work  is  over  half  the  width 
of  the   wheel,   then  the  wheel  will   pre- 
serve  a   flat  face.      The   ideal   traverse 
per  revolution  of  the  work  is  about  two- 
thirds    the   width    of  the    wheel,   but   it 
should  notj^except  for  finishing,  be  less 
than    halfnhe    width.       It    is    for    this 
reason   that  the   grinding  machines   are 
now  being  built  with  table  speeds  of  16 
feet    per    minute    over,    in    cowibination 
with  wide  grinding  wheels.      The  main 
factor  governing  production  on  external 
cylindrical  machines  is  the  combination 
of  wide   wheel's   with  fast  table   speeds, 
as,    other   things   being   equal,   the    ma- 
chine which  possesses  these  advantages 
is  the  most  efficient  tool.     Work  speed 
is  the  least  important  of  all  the  factors 
mentioned   «■' 


624 


Volume  XX 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  AdministJ-a- 
tion  and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


HOME-MADE  TOOLS  FOR  THE 

ELECTRICAL  REPAIR  MAN 


BT  MAURICE  CLEMENT 


IT  is  surprising  to  note  the  large  num- 
ber of  homemade  tools  one  can  see  in 
an  electrical  repair  shop;  the  ff';t 
that  none  of  these  tools  can  be  bought 
ready-made,  but  must  all  be  specially 
constructed,  gives  them  an  interest  that 
is  lacking  in  all  standard  tools;  every- 
thing from  a  coil  taping  needle  to  an 
armature  banding  tension  block,  can  be 
seen  among  an  armature  winder's  tools. 
For  the  benefit  of  those  who  are  in- 
terested, I  shall  go  into  detail  concern- 
ing these  tools.  The  first,  and  most 
simple,  is  the  "coil  taping  needle."  This 
is  made  of  a  length  of  No.  14  banding 
wire,  as  shown  in  Fig.  I.  As  only  one 
foot  of  the  wire  is  used  in  making  the 
taping  needle,  it  can  be  had  at  a  very 
low  cost;  the  taping  needle  is  used  for 
taping  coils  in  closed  slot  stators,  and 
when  the  user  becomes  accustomed  to  it, 
much  speed  can  be  attained,  thereby 
saving  considerable  time. 

The  coil  raiser,  also  in  Fig.  1,  is 
simply  a  piece  of  steel,  16  inches  long, 
1  inch  wide,  and  3-16  inch  thick,  with 
a  4-inch  one-sided  taper  to  it  on  one  end. 
This  too!  is  used  mainly  in  stripping 
open  slot  armatures  and  stators,  but  can 
also  be  used  to  good  advantage  in  re- 
moving grounded  coils  sufficiently  to 
allow  for  insulating  a  weak  spot  in  the 
coil,  the  main  object  being,  in  this  case, 
to  lift  out  a  ti?ht  fitting  coil  without 
damaging  the  insulation. 


H — 



-^i- 

A^-c/^ 

ffemoyf^ 

tf   ^/^ 

Spr//i^ 

'  ""  ». 

1 

1 

/'/an 
FIG.    S— WIRE    SCRAPER 

Fig.  2  ahowB  the  armature  sling, 
which  is  made  of  a  piece  of  1-16  inch 
sheet  iron,  2  feet  long  and  10  inches 
wide;   at  each  end   is   a   steel   triangle. 


made  of  a  %-inch  steel  bar,  for  hooking 
on  to  a  crane.  Without  this  sling,  a 
rope  or  wire  cable  strap  would  be  used, 
with  the  danger  of  springing  the  shaft; 
in  a  recent  test  this  sling  has  held    a 


fibre  wedges  between  top  of  coil  and 
lamination  -overhang  in  closed  slot  ma- 
chines; to  use  the  wedge-drift  most  ef- 
ficiently, the  fibre  wedge  must  first  be 
inserted  about  a  quarter-inch  into  the 
slot,  then  with  the  drift  pulled  back  in 
the  sleeve,  fit  the  sleeve  over  the  wedge 
and  drive  to  the  proper  place;  the  sleeve 
holding  the  wedge  in  its  position  prop- 
erly and  preventing  breakage. 

The  wire  scraper,  Fig.  3,  is  one  of  the 


-IS- 


^■_njj±_ 


Caii     ffaiser. 


■^  ^"^ 


fgpinif  /Veecfif 


FIG.    1— COIL  TAPING  NEEDLE 


/s  SAefr  Jr^n 


S/inf 


FIG.    2~ARMATURE   SLING 


weight   of     one     ton,   without   apparent 
strain. 

The  wedge-drift  is  a  piece  of  tool 
steel  8  inches  long,  %  inch  wide,  and 
3-32  inch  thick;  over  which  is  fitted  a 
loose  fitting  steel  sleeve,  1-16  inch  thick 
The   wedge-drift     is   used     for   driving 


best  little  time-savers  of  the  whole  lise. 
In  ordinary  circumstances  a  knife  is 
used  to  scrape  wires  prior  to  connecting, 
but  with  the  rough  treatment  a  knife 
receives  in  scraping  wires,  its  life  is 
very  short,  necessitating  frequent  re- 
newal of  knives  and  incidentally,  added 


-* 

: /6    

>- 

/ 

0)    01  ~~-^ 

c| 

?L-p^^^    i^/,„(f    A/u/s                    jJ^ 

3 

0    ® 

€.      "       . 

> 

Me/al  SrraifA/    £:a«?K 

Vt^^ 

r\ 

V 

\   fringe 

X  Afffa/     S/rip 

? 

1 

/ 

FIG.    4— CELL   SHAPER 


November  28,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


625 


expense.  The  wire  scraper  is  made  of 
spring  steel  and  is  primarily  1  foot  long 
and  %  inch  wide;  before  bending  to  the 
desired  shape,  grind  a  knife  edge  on 
each  end  and  cut  out  a  piece  2  inches 
by   Vi  inch  from  the  centre. 


Ser'f/fo^,  /I'm/'f  £i(fe. 


S" 


FIG.    6— CELL    CXJTTER. 


?• 


==K. 


FIG.    e^DRIVING   DOWN    TOOL 


After  bending  to  proper  shape,  knife 
edges  can  be  retouched  with  a  file.  The 
open  space,  which  is  now  at  back  end 
of  scraper,  gives  a  greater  spring  effect 
and  allows  knife  edges  to  be  brought 
together  with  a  minimum  of  pressure. 
In  Fig.  4  we  have  the  cell  shaper,  which, 
\ihen  we  take  into  consideration  the 
valuable  work  it  does,  is  well  nigh  in- 
dispensable to  any  well  regulated  repair 
shop;  the  base  of  the  cell  shaper  is  of 
hard  wood,  in  this  sase  being  maple;  it 
is  composed  of  two  pieces,  one  being  16 
in.  X  4%  X   %  in.,  the  other  is  16  in.,  x 


Length  of  slot  -|-  projection  =  one 
dimension. 

Height  of  slot  x  2  -f  width  at  bottom 
r=  other  dimension. 

In  cutting  the  fish-paper  for  these 
cells,  it  must  be  remembered  that  there 
is  a  proper  and  improper  way  of  doing 
it;  the  grain  of  the  paper  must  be  taken 
into  consideration.  The  right  way  to 
cut  it  is  to  lay  out  the  first  dimension 
with  the  grain  and  the  second  across 
the  grain.  In  adjusting  the  cell  shaper, 
the  distance  from  the  forward  edge  of 
metal  strip  to  the  metal  straight  edge 
should  be  equal  to  the  height  of  slot. 

To  shape,  cells,  insert  fish-paper 
under  metal  strip  until  it  is  squarely 
against  straight  edge  and  turn 
hinged  base  on  hinges;  this 
will  make  a  neat  fold  in  the 
paper;  turn  paper  around  and 
make  another  fold  on  opposite 
side,  all  is  now  ready  to  use. 

In  Fig.  5,  the  cell  cutter  is 
another  very  simple,  but 
very  effective  tool.  It  is  com- 
posed of  a  piece  of  forged  steel, 
14  inches  long,  %  inch  wide  and  3-16 
inch  thick,  with  a  set  of  bevelled  knife 
edges  at  one  end  and  a  file  handle  at 
the  other;  the  handle  is  raised  so  as  to 
allow  free  movement  of  the  cutting  end. 
It  is  used  in  cutting  projecting  insula- 
tion from  slots  of  open  slot  windings 
after  coils  have  been  assembled. 

In  Fig.  6  we  have  the  driving  down 
tool,  which  is  nothing  more  than  a  thin 
bladed  chisel,  with  the  end  squared  off. 
It  is  used  for  driving  down  leads  into 
commutator  slots.  It  is  advisable  to 
have    four   or   five    chisels   with   various 


inr 


FIG.  7— ARMATURE  BANDING  TENSION  BLOCK 


2  in.  X  %  in.  These  pieces  are  hinged 
together  on  the  long  edge. 

Where  the  two  pieces  of  wood  meet, 
a  half-inch  metal  strip  is  placed.  This 
strip  is  shaped  at  the  ends  so  as  not  to 
interfere  with  the  action  of  the  hinges, 
and  held  down  by  screws;  between  the 
hinges  the  strip  is  raised  sufficiently  to 
allow  the  inserting  of  a  reasonable 
thickness  of  fish-paper. 

Behind  the  metal  strip  is  an  adjust- 
able metal  straight  edge  with  wing  nuts 
to  hold  it  in  place;  to  make  a  cell  for  a 
closed  slot  stator  or  armature,  length 
of  slot  must  first  be  determined,  allow- 
ing for  a  short  projection.  Next,  height 
of  slot,  measuring  from  bottom  of  slot 
to  bottom  of  lamnation  overhang;  width 
of  slot  at  the  bottom  must  also  be  de- 
termined. This  gives  us  the  following: — 


blade  thicknesses,  to  provide  for  differ- 
ent sizes  of  wire.  The  armature  band- 
ing tension  block,  shown  in  Fig.  7,  is  a 
device  which  does  away  entirely  with 
the  necessity  of  a  banding  lathe;  in  the 
small  shop,  where  the  armature  winder 
does  his  own  banding,  the  tension  block 
is  an  innovation  worthy  of  notice;  the 
armature  does  not  have  to  be  removed 
from  the  stand  to  be  banded. 

About  one  foot  of  stout  line  with  a 
hook  lashed  to  one  bed  is  made  fast  to 
the  fastening  ring  on  the  tension  block 
and  hooked  to  an  eye  bolt,  which  is  set 
in  the  floor  for  that  purpose.  The  spool 
of  banding  wire  is  placed  on  a  small 
stand  beside  the  eyebolt;  the  wire  passed 
between  the  two  blocks  at  the  rear  end, 
through  hole  in  first  wire  guide  over 
tension  curve,  and  through  second  wire 


guide  hole,  thence  to  the  armature. 
The  tension  can  be  regulated  by  the 
wing  nut  at  the  forward  upper  end  of 
the  block;  by  screwing  down  the  wing 
nut,  both  sides  of  the  block  are  brought 
nearer  together,  thereby  narrowing  the 
tension  curve  over  which  the  wire  must 
pass,  this  increases  the  resistance  on  the 
wire  and  incidentally  the  tightness  of 
t'  c  l.-ani;  a  pipe  wrench  is  used  on  the 
snaic  to  revolve  the  armature.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  the  forward  end  plate  is 
screwed  down  to  the  lower  half  only,  so 
as  not  to  interfere  with  the  tension 
wing  nut  and  bolt. 


CUTTING  THREADS 

By  J.  J.  DIXON 

When  cutting  thread  in  a  lathe  or 
when  getting  internal  diameters,  etc.,  it 
is  frequently  the  practice  in  making 
internal  threads  for  the  draughtsman  to 
give  just  the  number  of  threads  to  be 
cut,  not  giving  the  diameter  of  the  top 
of  the  thread  in  internal  work.  The 
workman,  for  example,  is  given  a. 
spindle  to  turn  3  in.  diameter  and  a 
thread  to  be  cut  oh  it  12  threads  to  the> 
inch.  Then  he  is  s'ven  a  nut  to  make, 
3  in.  diameter,  12  threads  to  the  inch,  id 
fit  to  the  spindle.  I  have  often  seen 
lathe  hands  waste  a  lot  of  time  getting 
the  diameter  of  the  bottom  of  the  thread 
on  the  spindle  to  enable  them  to  bore 
out  the  nut  the  right  size  for  hreading. 
This  can  nearly  always  be  avoided  by 
referring  to  the  standard  tapping  sizes 
given  for  ordinary  vee  threads  or 
sellers  threads,  as  it  does  not  make  any 
difference  whatever  the  diameter  the 
thread  is  for  if  the  number  of  threads 
per  inch  is  given  the  depth  of  thread 
will  be  the  same  on  any  diameter.  For 
example,  %  tapping  is  11  threads  per 
inch — drill  to  be  used  correct  for  root  of 
thread  is  .507,  subtract  .507  from  .625 
gives  .118,  which  will  be  the  correct 
amount  to  leave  in  bore  for  threading 
any  diameter  having  to  be  cut  11 
threads  per  inch. 


Practically  all  crucible  steel  castings 
and  also  converter  steel  castings  con- 
taining over  0.4  per  cent,  carbon  are  an- 
nealed. Converter  steel  castings  having 
less  than  0.4  per  cent,  carbon  may  or 
may  not  be  annealed  according  to  the 
service  which  they  are  desigmed  for. 
Coke-fired  annealing  stoves  are  custom- 
arily used  in  Australia.  The  castings 
are  packed  in  the  furnace  and  the  side 
walls  bricked  up  or  i  removable  ton 
made  in  sections  placsd  on  t'e  furn-ice. 
In  only  two  of  the  foundries  have  pyro- 
meters been  installed  to  assist  in  gov- 
erning the  stove  temperatures.  So  long 
as  annealing  evens  continue  to  be  oper- 
ated by  guesswork,  it  is  little  wonder 
that  castings  fail  to  meet  the  stand- 
ard specifications'  and  the  cause  of  fail- 
ure has  been  a  mystery. 

Putting  off  an  easy  thing  makes  it 
hard,  and  putting  off  a  hard  thing  makes 
it  impossible. 


626 


Volume  XX 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


STERLING  CYLINDRICAL  GRINDER 

TO  fill  the  demand  for  cylindrical 
grrinding  machines  of  high  ac- 
curacy and  capable  of  rapid  pro- 
duction the  McDonough  Manufacturing 
Co.,  Eau  Claire,  Wis.,  have  developed  a 
line  of  grinders,  built  in  various  sizes. 

The  frame  is  designed  with  a  three 
point  support  which  enables  accurate 
work  to  be  performed  on  all  classes  of 
production.  All  adjustments  and  speed 
changes  can  be  made  by  the  operator 
from  his  position  in  front  of  the  machine 
regardless  of  the  length  of  work  being 
ground. 

The  grinder  is  self-contained,  the 
counter  shaft  being  carried  on  brackets 
bolted  to  the  main  frame.  This  arrange- 
ment cuts  down  the  floor  space  required 
and  always  preserves  the  alignment  of 
the  counter  shaft  with  the  rest  of  the 
machine.  This  construction  also  permits 
the  use  of  a  shorter  belt  and  eliminates 


END    VIEW    OK    Cyi.lNDKICAL    GRINDER, 
SHOWING    WORK    DftUM    SUPPORT. 


the  vibration  sometimes  caused  by  a  long 
belt. 

The  grinder  is  adapted  to  all  kinds  of 
cylindrical  grinding.  It  will  swing  work 
18  inches  jn  diaitleter,  and  the  wide 
(Tfihg  allowed  Also 'itro^^ides  ample  space 


for  steady  rests  which  will  support  work 
from  ont  inch  to  16  inches  diameter  and 
up  to  56,  66  or  78  inches  in  length,  de- 
pending upon  the  size  of  the  machine. 
In  addition  to  cylindrical  work,  sterling 


shaft  to  a  radially  swinging  pulley, 
which  is  carried  on  a  quadrant.  A  con- 
veniently located  lever  swings  the  pulley 
to  tighten  or  loosen  the  belt.  The  work 
drive    drum    is   carried    on    pedestal    set 


STERLING    CYLINDRICAL    GRINDER. 


grinders  are  equipped  for  cam  or  crank- 
shaft grinding. 

The  platen  is  fitted  in  extra  large  V 
and  flat  slides,  which  give  a  wide  bear- 
ing surface.  Automatic  oilers  insure  con- 
stant lubrication  of  the  slides.  No  gibs 
are  used,  the  table  and  wheel  frame  rest- 
ing on  the  slides  by  their  own  weight 
alone.  The  platen  is  accurately  scraped 
by  hand  to  insure  perfect  alignment. 

The  table  is  fitted  to  swivel  on  the 
platen  for  taper  work.  The  end  of  the 
table  is  graduated  to  a  one  and  one  half 
inch  angle,  with  the  center  line.  The 
machine  will  therefore  grind  a  taper 
of  an  included  angle  of  3  inches  per  foot. 

The  headstock  and  tailstock  have  extra 
large  bearings  on  the  platen  which  en- 
sure rigidity. 

The  main  wheel  bearing  is  massive, 
accurately  ground  and  runs  in  closely 
fitted  S  K  F  ball  bearings.  End  play 
.  is  prevented  and  thrust  taken  care  of 
by  the  use  of  these  bearings.  A  heavy 
wheel  slide  is  carried  on  long,  extra  wide 
ways,  the  weight  of  the  slide  holding  it 
firmly  in  place,  and  permitting  an  ease 
ih  movement  that  does  away  with  stick- 
ing' or  sudden  jumping  into  the  work. 

The  work  drive  is  by  a  drum  counter 


behind  the  machine  and  is  driven  from 
the  main  counter-shaft  through  cone 
pulleys  which  permits  varied  speeds  of 
work.  The  stand  construction  for  the 
work  drum  is  an  improved  method 
which  ^liminates  heavy  overhead  appa- 
ratus. The  stand  is  of  box  frame  con- 
struction. 

The  cross  feed  can  be  actuated  by 
hand  or  power  as  desired.  The  power 
feed  is  in  the  form  of  a  rachet  operated 
by  the  reverse  lever  with  a  variable 
stroke.  An  automatic  ston  is  fitted 
adjacent  to  the  ratchet  wheel,  thus  per- 
mitting the  stopping  of  the  cross  feed 
at  any  given  point. 

The  water  is  supplied  from  a  16  gal- 
lon tank  by  a  standard  1-in.  centri- 
fugal pump  located  at  the  end  of  the 
machine  and  driven  by  the  counter-shaft. 


ELECTRICAL   INDUSTRIAL   TRUCKS 

The  lack  of  labor  and  the  increased 
wages  of  to-day  would  seem  to  warrant 
the  installation  of  labor-saving  appli- 
ances wherever  possible  in  every  manu- 
facturing plant,  warehouse,  railroad, 
and   marine   terminal,   or    wherever   ma- 


N'ovembef  28,  1918 


>r»';=»  r^S^ 


('  .\  N  A  I)  1  A  N    M  A  ('  II  1  N  K  1{  V 


62" 


ELKCTRIC    TKUCKS    AS    V...O    KOK    '     "^ "- ^C^.^N^.^  KOR  ^CJ,^WT^^^^^^^^^^  OXVCEX   CVUNO.RS  .  ,-.S   USEO 


terial  is  to  be  moved  in  (juantities.  One 
of  the  main  advantages  of  the  truck 
system  is  that  its  route  is  not  limited 
to  a  fixed  portion  of  a  plant  or  terminal 
as  is  the  case  with  overhead  chains  or 
other  types  of  carriers.  The  trucks  illu- 
strated herewith  are  manufactured  by 
the  Crescent  Truck  Company,  Elizabeth, 
N.J.  These  trucks  steer  on  all  four 
wheels,  giving  the  shortest  possible 
turning  radius,  enabling  the  truck  to 
operat3  in  narrow  intersecting  aisles 
am'  r-  -iways.  Timken  worm  and  worm 
whes'  transmission  is  used.  S  K  F  self- 
aligninT  ha'l  bearings  and  Timken  rol- 
ler bearings  are  u.sed  in  the  wheels.  The 
hinge'!  platform,  when  raised,  gives  im- 
mediate access  to  the  entire  driving  unit 
and  battery. 

The  transmission  is  completely  en- 
closed in  an  oil  type  housing  and  runs 
in  a  bath  of  oil;  no  parts  are  exposed 
to  pick  up  dirt  and  loose  materials  from 
the  runaway.  Battery  capacity  is  un- 
usually large,  the  truck  being  able  to 
run  vithout  re-charging  at  a  speed 
from  5  to  .7  miles  an  hour,  with  a  full 
working  load  for  a  ten-hour  day. 


,  The  frame  is  made  up  of  four-inch 
channel  steel,  thoroughly  braced  with 
large  gusset  plates,  and  the  cross  mem- 
bers all  riveted  together  with  one-half 
inch  rivets.  The  truck  wheels  are  driven 
through  a  worm  differential,  giving 
positive  traction.  As  the  whole  driving 
mechanism  is  enclosed  in  a  housing  and 
continually  runs  in  oil,  it  is  thoroughly 
protected  from  dust  and  dirt. 

The  wheels  are  of  cast  steel,  mountea 
on  tapered  roller  bearings  and  well  pro- 
vided for  lubrication.  The  tires  are  of 
solid  rubber,  25  inches  in  diameter,  with 
■S  and  one-half  inch  face. 

The  brake  is  of  the  internal  expand- 
ing type  lined  with  asbestos  fabric, 
which  is  set  at  all  times  and  has  to  be 
released  by  the  operator's  foot.  A  cut- 
out switch  is  so  arranged  as  to  auto- 
matically break  the  connection  when  the 
driver  steps  off  the  platform. 

The  truck  is  steered  by  a  lever  operat- 
ing vertically,  and  is  directly  connected 
to  all  four  wheels;  this  steering  on 
all  four  wheels  gives  a  turning  radius 
of    six    feet,    and    allows    the    truck     to 


enter  the  side  door  of  a  standard  box 
car  and  run  towards  either  end.  All 
knuckles  and  Joints  are  provided  with 
lubricating  devices. 

The  controller  is  of  the  drum  type,, 
three  speeds  forward  and  t,hree  reverse, 
with  a  positive  stop  between.  The  type 
of  battery  is  optional  with  the  purchaser, 
being  either  of  the  Exide  lead  type,  or 
of  the  Edison  iron  and  nickel  type.  It 
is  of  sufficient  capacity  to  operate  thy 
truck  for  a  full  day's  work,  or  ten  hours 
without  recharging. 


A  typical  charge  used  for  crucible  stetl 
is  as  follows:  Pig  iron,  20  pounds;  scrap 
cast  and  runners,  40  pounds;  scrap  mild 
steel,  100  pounds.  The  composition  of 
the  st6el  produced  by  the  crucible  me- 
thod depends  largely  upon  the  average 
composition  of  the  charge.  The  metal, 
however,  absorbs  carbon  from  the  cru- 
cible and  the  carbon  content  of  the  steel 
always  increases  from  0.2  to  0.6  per 
cent,  during  the  melting. 


628 


Volume  XX 


Dominion  Foundries  and  Steel  Review  War  Work 

Enormous  Amount  of  Material  Has  Been  Successfully  Handled 
at  the  Plant  in  Hamilton— Appreciation  of  the  Work  Done  by  Sir. 
Joseph  Flavelle  in  Munitions  Board  at  Ottawa 


THE    Dominion   Foundries   &   Steel, 
Ltd.,  Hamilton,  has  issued  the  fol- 
lowing   sUtement    in    regard     to 
tiieir  war  operations: 

This  company  has  developed  a  capa- 
city of  10,000  tons  steel  per  month  dur- 
ing the  war,  and  in  making  this  large 
increase  in  our  capacities  for  shell  work 
we  continually  had  in  mind  the  conver- 
sion of  this  product  into  commercial  uses 
after  war.  A  study  of  the  imports  of 
rolled  steel  into  Canada  shows  in  round 
figures  about  one  million  tons  per  year 
imported  during  the  years  of  1912,  1913, 
and  1914  This  tonnage  of  steel  import- 
ed is  practically  the  same  as  increase  ii. 
open  hearth  capacity  of  all  the  steei 
makers  in  Canada  during  the  war,  ana 
the  necessary  finishing  mills  for  finish- 
ing a  very  large  proportion  of  this  open 
hearth  capacity  into  the  shapes  required 
can  be  built  for  a  roughly  estimated  ex- 
penditure of  $30,000,000,  which  amount 
is  half  the  value  of  steel  imported  during 
each  year  for  the  three  years  mentioned. 

Supervision  Needed 

The  steel  business  of  this  country  is 
in  need  of  supervision  and  direction  just 
such  as  was  had  in  the  shell  work,  and 
if  the  Canadian  government  will  consti- 
tute a  similar  body  of  men,  giving  then- 
powers  to  act,  it  will  result  in  a  develop- 
ment of  considerable  more  industrial  ana 
financial  value  to  Canada  than  the  sheil 
work.  It  will,  of  course,  be  done  on  a 
different  basis  of  value  and  margins,  but 
it  can  be  made  none  the  less  effective. 

We  urge  the  Canadian  government  to 
foster  and  direct  her  steel  industry.  Just 
as  sure  as  this  is  done  Canada  will  grow- 
in  an  industrial  way. 

In  December,  1914,  we  were  invited  by 
the    Shell    Committee     to     consider     the 
machining   of   British    18   pdr.   shrapnel 
shell,   and,   as   a   consequence,   an   order 
for  50,000  of  these  was  taken.    Various 
means  and  methods  of  manufacture  were 
studied,  equipment  purchased,  and  work 
commenced  early  in  the  year.    The  first 
shipment  was  made  in  April,   1915,  and 
the  manufacture  of  shrapnel  shell  was 
continued     without     interruption     until 
September,  1917.     In  1916  we  erected  a 
•   shop  for  the  machining  of  4.5  in.  high- 
explosive  shell,  but  later  we  discontinued 
machining    and    directed    our   efforts    to 
.■>teel  making  and  forgine:.     Our  original 
order  called  for  only  60,000  4.5  blanks  at 
the  rate  of  10,000  per  month.    The  first 
shipment  against  this   order   was   made 
during  the  month  of  April,  1915,  and  the 
order  was  completed  in  June,  1915,  or  in 
'te««  than   half  the  time  specified.       By 
that    time    additional    orders    had    been 
placed  not  only  for  the  4.5  in.  blanks,  but 
for  60  pdr.  blanks  as  well.    We  continued 
manufacturing   this   size   until   the   need 


was  less  urgent,  when  it  was  pointed 
out  to  the  Shell  Committee  that  the  small 
sized  blanks  could  best  be  made  from 
rolled  steel,  and  we  discontinued  the  cast- 
ing of  small-sized  blanks  and  changed 
over  to  heavier  sizes. 

In  January,  1916,  we  undertook  to  pro- 
duce 9.2  shell  forgings  as  well  as  9.2  in. 
cast  blanks,  and  were  successful  in  turn- 
ing out  the  first  9.2  shell  forgings  made 
in  Canada.  We  continued  on  this  work 
intermittently  until  the  end  of  the  war, 
and  we  claim  the  production  record  of 
39,673  forgings  per  month.  Our  best  24- 
hour  run  was  1,848  from  a  single  press. 

A  Forging  Record 

In  the  Fall  of  1916  we  were  requested 
to  undertake  the  manufacture  of  6  in. 
shell  forgings,  and  built  a  shop  and  in- 
stalled furnaces,  presses,  pumps,  accu- 
mulators, etc.;  in  record  time,  and  turn- 
ed out  our  first  6  in.  shell  forging  the 
day  before  Christmas,  1916.  This  shop 
operated  on  6  in.  shell  forgings  until  the 
war  closed,  and  we  have  attained  a  pro- 
duction of  5,280  from  two  presses  in  one 
24-hour  run,  our  average  being  abou'c 
4.600  per  day.  We  worked  with  the  idea 
that  furnace  capacity  was  the  most  vital 
necessity,  and  with  this  in  mind  we  in- 
stalled sufficient  furnaces  to  keep  a  con- 
stant stream  of  hot  metal  movine:  to  and 
from  the  presses.  We  found  in  this  way 
that  four  presses  in  operation,  with  six 
pumps  and  two  accumulators,  we  could 
forge  800  tons  of  steel  per  day,  which  is 
also  a  record. 

This  company  manufactured  216,775 
tons  of  steel  for  shell  blanks  and  forc- 
ings, and  w^e  forged  an  additional  30,000 
tons  of  steel  furnished  by  other  makers. 

Our  production  process  was  unique  in 
that  it  developed  the  idea  of  the  most 
direct  conversion  of  shell  scrap  to  she'l 
forgings  without  pig  iron.  When  pi'a 
iron  was  not  available  we  carbonized 
with  charcoal  in  our  acid  open  hearths. 
After-War  Trade 

AH. of  our  buildings  have  been  erected 
not  only  for  the  manufacture  of  muni- 
tions, but  with  a  view  to  utilizing  them 
for  our  after-the-war  activities.  Each 
building  as  it  was  erected  was  carefully 
considered  with  this  in  view,  and  design- 
ed in  such  a  manner  that  it  can  be  chang- 
ed over  with  minimum  expense  for  peace 
production. 

Open  Hearth  Furnaces 

At  the  beginning  of  1915  we  had  two 
20-ton  acid  open  hearth  furnaces  capable 
of  melting  140  tons  per  day.  This  ori- 
ginal furnace  equipment  was  added  to 
from  time  to  time,  until  we  now-  have 
nine  20-ton  acid  open  hearth  furnaces. 
two  35-ton  basic  open  hearth  furnaces. 
and  two  6-ton  electric  furnaces,  with 
melting  capacity  of  750  tons  daily. 


Electric  Cranes 

In  1915  we  had  7  electric  travelling 
cranes  from  7%  ton  25  tons  capacity. 
We  now  have  31  electric  travelling: 
cranes  from  3  to  40  tons  capacity. 

Rolling  Mill 

In  1916  a  22  in.  rolling  mill  was  pur- 
chased and  installation  was  completed 
early  in  1917.  This,  with  the  necessary 
furnace  capacity  is  capable  of  rolling  up 
to  5,000  tons  per  month  of  billets  and 
structural  shapes. 

Forging  Press 

At  the  same  time  the  rolling  mill  was 
purchased  a  1,000-ton  steam  hydraulic 
press  was  bought  and  installed  in  1917. 
Later  a  250-ton  steam  press  and  a  1,500- 
pound  steam  hammer  were  added  to  this 
department,  and  it  is  now  capable  of 
turning  out  500  tons  per  month  of  forged 
billets  and  large  forgings  for  marnie 
engines,  ships,  locomotives,  etc.  Two 
large  rough-turning  lathes  -were  recently 
added  to  this  equipment. 

The  Plate  Mill 

Early  in  the  summer  of  1917  a  26  in. 
plate  mill  was  purchased  w-ith  the  idea 
of  rolling  and  shearing  agricultural 
shapes  such  as  plow  shares,  harrow  discs, 
etc.  This  was  insUlled  and  commenced 
operations  in  October,  1917,  and  is  cap- 
able of  producing  1,000  to  1,200  tons  per 
month  of  harrow  discs,  plate  steel  an(> 
agricultural  shapes.  We  intend  to  en- 
large our  steel  plate  making  capacity  and 
cover  a  much  broader  field  to  the  extent 
of  manufacturing  6,000  to  8,000  tons  per 

month. 

Financial 

This  industry  made  a  net  saving  to 
Canada  of  approximately  $24,000,000, 
this  figure  being  the  difference  between 
our   tot-dl   sales   and   imports. 

Our  pay  rolls  were  approximately 
$6,000,000  per  year,  and  the  resultant 
pay  rolls  incident  to  material  purchased 
anil  the  finishing  of  our  product  must 
represent  a  very  large  item. 

This  \var  has  taught  Canada  the  value 
of  industry,  and  we  again  urge  the  gov- 
ernment to  direct  the  efforts  of  all  Can- 
adian steel  makers  in  converting  their 
war  output  into  commercial  shapes,  and 
in  this  manner  avoid  a  clash  and  ruinous 
competition.  We  can  decrease  costs  in 
one  manner  only,  and  that  is  by  special- 
izing, which  would  follow  the  proper  di- 
rection of  the  efforts  of  all  steel  makers 
in  Canada. 


What  is  to  be  the  longest  bridge  in 
the  world  is  to  be  built  across  the  bay 
between  San  Francisco  and  Oakland,  Cal. 
It  will  be  five  and  one-half  miles  long 
and  cost  $22,000,000. 


November  28,  1918 


62» 


Has  Shell  Shop  Training  Been  of  Any  Use 

The  Farmer  Will  be  Better  Able  to  Fix  His  Binder— The  Book- 
keeper Will  be  a  Handier  Man  Around  the  House,  But  There  Are 

Limits  to  All  This 

By  ANDREW  GLEN,   ManaKer   John  T.  Hepburn.  Ltd. 


(^ANAI)IAN  MACIIJNKRY  a.-kLil  several 
olliciiils  and  inecliaiiioi  of  refu'esentative 
iilinitH  concerning  the  fnture  of  the  .shell-Shop 
worker.  The  idea  was  to  find  out  from  these 
iiien  if  the  training  that  had  lieen  received  in 
sliell  work  would  lie  of  any  real  henefit  to  the 
i)er.«on  at  the  conclu.sion  of  the  war  when  other 
line-   would   he   manufactured.     The  following 


opinion  hy  Andrew  (ilen,  manager  of  the 
John  T.  Ilephurn  Co.,  i.*  well  worthy  of  con- 
.siderafion.  It  goe.s  thoroughly  into  the  case 
in  an  imi)artial  and  inihia.sed  way,  and  gives 
the  result  of  several  years  of  actual  observation 
by  a  man  well  qualified  to  draw  conclusions 
and  ex]>rc.<s  opinions. 


"pEACE  hath  her  victories  no  less  renowned  than  war." 
To    guide    Canada's    army    of    war    workers    safely 
through    the    dangerous    period    ahead    demands    skillful 
generalship  on  the  part  of  the  government;  faithful,  un- 
selfish  service  from  our  captains  of  industry;   steadiness 
and   discipline   from   the   rank   and   file   and   the   complete 
co-operation    of    all, 
if  victory  in  the  field 
is   not  to  be  robbed 
of  its  counterpart  at 
home.      Already    in- 
numerable    commit- 
tees and  councils  are 
working  on  the  plans 
of  campaign  for  re- 
construction.    There 
will  be  manoeuvring 
of   forces,   entrench- 
ing,    deploying, 
pioneering,  training, 
scouting     propagan- 
da,  but  when   all   is 
.'^aid  and  done,  many 
individuals  will  have 
to  settle  the  problem 
for  themselves.  Take 
for  instance,  the  men 
who    have    been    on 
shell    operations   for 
the  last  two  or  three 
years.     The  question 
is      often      asked, 
"What  is  to  be  their  future?"    "Has  their  work  on  muni- 
tions   fitted    them   for   something   else    along   that   line?" 
"Will  there  be  room  or  welcome  for  them  in  the  trades 
to  which  they  would  naturally  turn?"     Well,  in  the  first 
place,  who  and  what  are  these  munitioneers?     A  hetero- 
geneous  collection   certainly,  a   gold-rush   crowd   with   all 
kind.s  and  classes  represented.     Doctors  and  dagoes,  book- 
keepers and  butchers,  furnace  men  and  farmers,  teamsters 
and  teachers.     Those  who  had  good  berths  will  get  back 
to  their  ships  before  they  sail  away.     Many  of  the  others 
may  feel  they  would  like  to  stay  among  machinery.     Per- 
haps they  like  the  whin-  of  it  or  the  feel  of  it,  but  anyway, 
with  all  its  noise  and  greasiness  it  may  appeal  to  them 
more  than  their  previous  low-paid  pick  and  shovel  work. 

What  have  they  learned?  The  "management"  likes 
to  make  its  men  specialists  and  unless  these  men  have 
been  moving  rather  freely  around  the  different  plants 
the  chances  are  that  they  have  been  confined  to  one  or 
two  operations  and  have  handled  only  a,  few  machines. 
Most    of    these    machines    also    have    been    designed    for 


A.VDREW    GLEN 


simplicity  of  operation  and  can  be  mastered  in  a  short 
time.  No  mechanical  ingenuity  is  necessary  to  turn  out 
the  shells  and  if  the  machine  "goes  on  the  bum"  as  they 
say,  there  is  an  S.O.S.  call  for  the  repair  man.  A  trifling 
matter  perhaps,  but  few  turn  in  to  investigate  for  them- 
selves, and  they  are  never  expected  to  do  any  fitting  or 
setting  up.  On  the  other  hand,  they  have  made  a  slight 
acquaintance  with  things  mechanical;  they  have  been  in 
among  belts  and  pulleys  and  metal-cutting  machinery  and 
are  no  longer  scared  of  it;  they  have  handled  a  few  tools 
and  have  a  rude  working  knowledge  of  the  machinist's 
kit;  they  have  used  gauges  and  learned  the  knack  of 
being  accurate.  How  much  they  have  learned  really 
depends  upon  the  individual.  One  man  took  to  the  work 
like  a  duck  to  water  and  could  handle  any  operation  with 
ease.  Another  never  got  over  his  awkwardness  and 
was    responsible   for   many   breakages   and    much    scrap. 

So  that  in  the  final  disposition  of  these  men  it  is  safe 
to  assert  that  many  will  never  be  qualified  to  enter  a 
machine  shop  and  take  their  places  beside  those  doing 
varied  machine  work  or  bench  work.  A  few,  however, 
will  be  acceptable  as  specialists  and  in  the  event  of  regular 
machinists  becoming  scarce  in  a  year  or  so,  may  be  ad- 
mitted to  full  qualification.  There  is  not  much  likelihood 
at  present,  however,  that  specialists  will  be  required. 
Machinists  will  expect  to  be  provided  for  first,  and  rightly 
so.  They  have  the  training  and  it  would  be  inefficient, 
to  say  the  least,  to  have  them  idle  while  teaching  others. 

Wherever  those  munition  workers  go,  even  if  they 
return  to  their  former  occupations,  the  experience  gained 
during  their  war  work  will  undoubtedly  not  be  lost.  The 
farmer  will  be  better  able  to  fix  his.  binder  or  his  gasoline 
engine,  the  bookkeeper  will  b^  a  handier  man  around  the 
house   and    the   teamster   may   aspire   to   driving  a  truck. 


OUR  idea  of  explicit  confidence  is  the  youngster  writing 
letters  to  Santa  Claus  or  the  wife  who  believes  every- 
thing  hei-   husband   tells   her. 


DON'T  fool  yourself.  Your  job's  pretty  much  like  your 
pocket.  You'll  get  out  of  it  just  about  as  much  as  you 
put  in.  If  you  don't  put  much  into  it  you're  pretty  sure 
to  pull  about  that  much   out. 


SOME  folks  are  inclined  to  throw  up  their  fists  and  say., 
"Good  land,  what  will  we  do  when  all  the  soldiers  get 
back  home?"  Well,  we  were  getting  three  meals  a  day 
before  they  ever  went  away.  Some  people  are  grouching 
so  much  about  the  soldiers  coming  back  that  one  might 
suspect  they  were  wishing  the  war  might  continue  in- 
definitely. 


6:50  C  A  X  A  1)  I  A  N    ^i  A  C  1 1  1  N  l'-  U  \ 

The    MacLean    Publishing   Company 


Volume  XX 


LIMITED 

(BSTABUSHBD  lgt8) 

JOHN  BAYNB  MAOl-KAN.  Pr««ident      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vwe-President 

H.   V.  TYRRELL.   General  Hanacer 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  News^ 

K  wMkly  jonrnal  dcTOtcd  to  the  machinery  and  manafaeturinK  interesU. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manaser.  A.  R.   KENNEDY.  Man.   Editor. 

Aaaoeiat*  EMiton: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 

Office    of    Publication.    US163    Univeraitr    Avenue.    Toronto.    Ontario. 


Vol.    XX 


NOVEMBER  2S 


No.  22 


The  Land's  the  Big  Chance 

"TPHE  world  is  hungry.     It's  so  hungry  that  it's  not  going 

to  have  enough  and  to  spare  for  some  years  to  come. 

What  does  that  mean  to  Canada?  Everything.  Al- 
though this  country  is  an  industrial  one  to  some  extent, 
we  can't  get  away  from  the  fact  that  the  land  is  our 
big  chance. 

Canada  has  never  had  enough  farmers.  Farming  is 
our  one  and  only  way  of  producing  new  wealth.  If  a 
man  puts  a  bushel  of  potatoes  in  the  ground  and  digs 
out  a  dozen  bushels,  he  has  put  into  the  world's  market 
new   wealth  to  the  extent  of  eleven  bushels  of  potatoes. 

Western  Canada  is  essentially  agricultural.  The  troubh 
wirh  that  country  has  been  that  it  was,  in  its  good  years, 
jammed  to  the  neck  with  loafers.  There  were  too  many 
people  making  money  without  putting  the  equivalent  back 
into  the  market  in  return.  They  were,  in  fact,  camping 
on  the  necks  of  the  people  who  were  performing  some 
useful  work. 

The  people  of  Canada  have  their  chance  right  now 
to  do  a  service  to  the  world,  and  in  so  doing  solve  their 
own  national  problem  by  turning  the  trend  of  population 
to  the  land. 

In  the  mad  rush  for  export  trade,  for  manufacturing 
outlets,  let  us  keep  a  sane  censorship  over  our  activities 
and  see  to  it  that  we  specialize  first  in  the  great  indus- 
tries that  will  build  for  us  a  real  foundation. 

Canadian  manufacturers  are  just  as  much  interested 
as  any  class  in  seeing  that  Canada  shall  build  up  and 
maintain  a  strong  and  prosperous  agricultural  community. 
If  this  is  not  done,  then  all  else  will  simply  be  built  on  a 
false  understanding  and  a  deceptive  basis  that  will  have 
no  more  stability  than  a  house  of  cards. 


Facing  the  Loss 


munitions   supplies   and   tools   that   are   worth   only   their 
scrap  weight,  put  the  case  correctly  when  he  said:— 

"We  are  going  to  lose  some  money  on  this  stock, 
and  the  onlv  thing  to  do  is  to  face  the  thing  right  now, 
accept  the  share  of  reconstruction  that  falls  to  us,  and 
get  rid  of  the  last  traces  of  war  in  our  business.  Let 
us  take  the  war  years  and  the  loss  we  face  now.  Add 
the  gains,  subtract  the  losses,  and  we're  still  ahead  of 
the  game." 

The  trouble  is  that  a  good  many  Canadians  were 
never  near  enough  the  battle  line  to  get  a  whiff  of  fnioke. 
Their  property  was  never  damaged,  nor  their  chattels 
confiscated.  They  apparently  do  not  realize  how  extreme 
was  the  situation  for  the  Allies  right  up  to  the  18th  of 
.July  of  the  present  year.  They  don't  want  to  take  time 
to  think  seriously  of  the  fact  that  this  country  huna;  in 
the  balance  between  being  handed  as  plunder  to  Germany 
and  being  allowed  to  pursue  its  course  and  take  its  place 
among  the  free   nations  of  the  world. 

The  stay-at-home  section  of  Canada  has  its  chance 
now  to  show  that  it  is  worthy  of  the  sacrifice  that  has 
been  made  for  it  in  Flanders  and  in  France. 

It  can  shoulder  its  share  of  any  loss  that  is  going  to 
re«-ult  from  the  cessation  of  war  work,  and  see  to  it  that 
that  part  is  well  cleaned  up  before  the  armies  retuni 
from   overseas. 

See  to  it  that  we  get  back  to  normal  as  quickly  as 
possible,  and  do  it  gladly,  and  not  with  a  whine  or  a 
whimper. 


\  HAMILTON  gentleman  called  at  this  office  a  couple  of 
days  ago.  Discussing  the  money  that  some  people  had 
made  out  of  the  war,  he  thumped  the  pine  table  with  his 
horny  fist  and  said,  "They  have  passed  from  pinching 
poverty  to  plutocratic  prosperity."  Shakespeare's  double 
superlative,  "the  most  unkindest  thrust  of  all,"  hasn't 
much   of  an   edge   on   that. 


PUNCH.  OK  THE   1.0.ND0K   CHABIYAKI.— Auol.T  II.  1919. 


riRMS  that  have  made  money  during  the  war  time  now 
have  a  chance  to  show  if  they  are  made  of  the  same 

irood  stuff  as  the  men  who  went  overseas. 

One   Toronto    machine    tool    dealer   who,   at    the   close 

of  the    war    finds    himself    stuck  with   a   large   stock   of 


VON   POT  AND  VON    KETTLE. 

Ci:i.>.>:i  Cir.tiuL.  "WHY  THE  DEVII-  DONT  VOU  STOP  lUESE  AMERICANS  COIIINO 
ACROSS-      THATB    VOUU    JOB." 

Cu>uii  ADiuut.  "AND  WHY  THE  DEVIL  DOS-T  VOU  STOP  EU  W1IE.S  THEY.  ASB 
ACROSS?      TUAT'fl    YOURS." 


Novenvber  28,  1918 


CA  N  A  I)  I  A  N    MACn  1  X  K  i{  Y 


6^1 


CONSTANT  STUDY  IS 

PRICE  OF  ALL  PROGRESS 

H.  T.  Manes  is  New  Foreman  of  the  Massey-Harris. 
Toronto,   Tool    Room 


By   A.  J.   TALLMAN 
T    LEFT   H.   T.    Manes   and    hurried    to   overtake   one   of 
his  men.     We  boarded   the  same  car. 
"What  do   you   think   of   Manes?"   I   asked. 
"Manes?"    the     man     repeated;     then,    comprehension 
dawning:    "Tracey    you    mean?      Why,   we'd   do   anything: 
in  the  world  for  Tracey." 

"Is  that  his 
first  name?"  I 
questioned. 

"I  don't  know," 
the  man  said.  "It 
is  the  name  we 
call  him." 

And  then  he 
talked  about  work 
in  the  Massey- 
Harris  Company's 
Toronto  plant 
and  about  H.  T. 
Manes,  who  is 
foreman  of  the 
tool  room;  and  I 
recalled  how- 
Manes  had  told 
me  that  he  was 
quite  alone  in  the 
world  from  the 
age  of  nine. 

Indeed,  it  is 
possible  that  my 
travelling  inform- 
ant found  me  in- 
attentive, for  I 
was  picturing  the 
man  Manes  as  a 
lad  deprived  of  home  influence,  counsel  and  encouragement. 
I  was  feeling  the  hardships  and  lonesomeness  that  he 
must  have  known,  and  I  was  thinking  that  it  was  in  a 
sense  wonderful  that  he  with  his  fifty  years  should  not 
look   a   day   older   than   forty. 

Tracey  Manes  was  a  young  man  of.  twenty  before  he 
went  into  the  tool  room  of  the  Massey  plant.  The  last 
year  of  his  apprenticeship  he  was  four  years  older  and 
making  a   dollar  a   day. 

About  a  year  later  he  went  with  John  Perkins  &  Son, 
who  at  this  time  had  a  plant  on  Front  Street  East, 
Toronto.  He  was  here  only  four  months  when  the  fates 
that  concoct  disease  germs  knocked  the  chip  off  his 
shoulder. 

"It  was  Christmas  before  I  was  able  to  be  around 
again."  he  told  me.  "I  went  back  to  Massey's,  where 
John  Orr  was  foreman  of  the  tool  room.  The  tool  room 
comprised  two  latheo,  one  shaper  and  one  milling  machine. 

"Then,  in  1906,  I  went  with  the  Canadian  Fairbanks- 
Morse  Company.  Here  it  first  came  home  to  me  that  a 
man  can  either  lag  at  his  machine  or  really  produce  and 
th.".t  upon  the  choice  he  makes  depends  his  future.  The 
output  of  the  lathe  I  operated  doubled.  Did  I  work 
harder  or  longer?  Neither.  I  simply  kept  my  mind  on 
the  job  and  worked  as  fast  as  I  could. 

"Lagging  is  the  result  of  indifference  or  inattention. 
It  grows  into  a  habit.  It  is  one  of  the  habits  I  try  to 
keep  our  apprentices  from  contracting.  Don't  think  that 
I  crowd  them  with  work.  They're  free  to  stand  around 
for  minutes  at  a  stretch,  to  look  about  them  and  see  how 


H.   T.   Manes  and  his  son  of  the   10th   Bat- 
tery. 3rd  Brigade  Artillery.  C.E.F..  France. 


other  work  is  done,  for  that  may  do  them  some  good. 
But  when  they're  on  work  that  they  know  perfectly,  I 
want  it  done  as  fast  as  they  can  do  it— and  for  their  good. 

"But  to  come  back:  I  was  just  ten  months  in  the 
Fairbanks-Morse  shop  when  strike  talk  started.  The 
manager  knew  what  I  thought  about  it.  He  came  to  me 
the  day  before  the  strike  was  called. 

"'What  do  you  purpose  doing,  Manes?'  he  asked. 

"Leaving,"  I  told  him. 

Manes  worked  for  the  Canada  Fpundry  Company  four 
months;  for  the  Elliot  Paper  Box  Company  three  years. 
He  was  with  this  latter  firm  when  its  plant  at  333  Rich- 
mond Street  was  burned.  He  built  the  first,  and  probably 
the   largest    paper-corrugating   machine   used   in   Canada. 

In  1911  he  returned  to  the  Massey  plant  which  had 
become  the  Massey-Harris,  starting  on  lathe  work.  A 
year  later  he  was  made  assistant  foreman,  and  in  1915, 
foreman   of   the  tool   room. 

No;  he  didn't  do  it  by  experience  alone.  He  read 
technical  papers  and  technical  books.  He  educated  him- 
self. The  library  and  desk  in  his  home  aren't  there  for 
show. 

"Tracey"  his  men  call  him,  but  in  the  Harbord  Street 
Tech.  he  is  Mr.  Manes.  And  the  young  men  and  boys 
who  attend  on  the  nights  that  he  is  instructor  have  for 
teacher  a  man  who  thoroughly  knows  his  subject,  and  a 
man  who  has  taken  the  buffets  of  life  with  a  smile. 


Speakin'  of  Meals 

XITHEN  folks  go  in  to  get  a  meal  at  some  big,  smooth 
hotel,  you'd  think  that  half  the  eatin'  there  was  done 
by  lookin'  swell.  You  prance  upon  a  carpet  floor  and 
when  you  take  a  seat,  'bout  sixteen  waiters  swoop  around 
to  hand   you  out  a   treat. 

Why  one  galoot  he  gets  a  pail  and  pours  you  out  a 
drink,  another  whisks  a  battin'  card,  'twould  make  you 
gasp  and  blink — another  gets  a  napkin  out  and  ties  it 
round  your  neck,  you'd  think  you'd  get  your  puddin'  and 
yer  soup  served  by  the  peck. 

They  put  six  knives  a-side  your  plate,  likewise  six 
forks  and  spoons,  they  start  the  band  a-tootin'  at  forty 
kinds   of   toons. 

Old  ham  and  egg,  she's  80  cents,  consomme  50  more, 
you  clutch  your  seat  to  make  her  sure  you're  settin'  on 
the   floor. 

By  heck,  there's  silver  dishes,  there's  folks  a-bobbin' 
round,  there's  elegance  jammed  to  the  roof  a-startin' 
from  the  ground.  You're  most  a-scared  to  dig  right  in 
and  stoke  it  as  of  yore,  for  fear  you'll  send  the  trappin's 
a-flyin'  on  the  floor. 

Ah,  give  to  me  the  old-time  meal,  with  just  one  set 
of  tools,  and  cart  away  them  boiled  front  doods  and  all 
the  other  fools.  And  let  me  saucer  out  my  tea  and  eat 
pie  with  my  knife,  and  do  them  other  grand  old  tricks, 
they   are  the  salt  of  life. 

And  let  me  have  a  kitchen  fork  to  pick  my  hollow 
teeth,  don't  tempt  me  with  the  trinkets  for  fear  I  come 
to  grief — them  good  old  meals  in  good  old  ways  is  pleasin' 
night  and  noon,  more  so  than  sixteen  waiters  a-prancin' 
round   the  room. — ARK. 


IS  the  government  or  the  Food  Controller  afraid  to  tell 
the  farmers  that  they  must  not  chase  the  price  of  eggs 
up  to  a  dollar  a  dozen  ?  The  squeeze  is  felt  in  the  cities 
while   the   farmers   run   wild. 


632 


Volume  XX 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 

V     Jet  /^Bki'fct    ?^r 

Still  Producing  on  American  Shell  Contracts 

Although  Shipments  Are  Not  Being  Made  From  Plants  to  Coast 

Points,  Machine  Tool  Dealers  Find  That  They  Have  Some  War 

Stock  on  Hand  Yet  Which  is  Only  Good  For  Scrap 


PLANTS  in  Canada  handling  American  munitions 
orders  are  still  operating  as  though  there  was  still 
a  war  on.  It  is  one  of  the  anachronisms  of  the 
situation  that  shells  are  still  being  machined  at  the  same 
terrific  speed  that  marked  the  days  of  the  war's  greatest 
mechanical  production.  This  state  of  affairs  cannot  go 
on  for  any  great  length  of  time.  In  fact  cancellations 
are  anticipated  in  some  cases  very  shortly.  Contracts 
on  which  production  was  not  commenced  went  first,  and 
it  is  reasonable  to  expect  that  the  others  will  soon  follow. 
In  United  States  cancellations  and  adjustments  pending 
at  present  are  estimated  at  some  billion  and  a  half 
dollars.  Shipment  is  not  being  made  to  U.S.  shipping 
po'nts,  but  shells  are  now  stored  here  in  many  cases. 
Seme  of  the  plants  have  ceased  their  Sunday  work. 

Those  in  close  touch  with  the  situation  warn  the  public 
against  paying  too  much  attention  to  the  first  rush  of 
peace  orders  that  reach  the  mills  as  they  cannot  be  ac- 
cepted as  a  safe  criterion  of  the  trade  that  will  follow. 
There  are  industries  that  have  been  starved  for  steel,  and 
the  accumulated  orders  of  these  concerns  will  make  quite 
a  showing  for  a  time.  In  regard  to  prices  it  is  unlikely 
that  United  States  authorities  will  continue  their  effort 
for  any  length  of  time  to  stand  behind  the  steel  market. 
There  is  a  decided  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  big  govern- 
ment purchasing   commissions,   the   Railroad   Administra- 


tion and  the  Fleet  Corporation,  to  buy  in  the  lowest  mar- 
ket, and  if  this  is  carried  to  any  great  extent  it  will  mean 
that  the  steel  industry  will  have  to  pass  very  quickly  to 
a  peace  time  competitive  basis,  and  do  so  on  its  own 
merits. 

Machine  tool  dealers  and  those  who  have  handled  war 
supplies  find  in  some  cases  now  that  they  are  rather 
heavily  stocked  with  machinery  and  stock  that  is  worth 
little  more  than  its  weight  in  scrap.  There  have  been 
several  requests  from  shell  shops  to  have  dealers  relieve 
them  of  this  material,  but  it  is  unlikely  that  this  will 
be  done.  There  are  some  lines  of  supplies  that  are  worth 
only  one-sixteenth  now  of  their  value  in  the  days  of  war 
production.  There  are  no  commercial  lines  to  which  they 
are  adaptable. 

Scrap  dealers  are  passing  through  a  period  of  stag- 
nation of  trade.  There  are  no  sales  either  way,  in  or  out 
of  the  yards.  Several  Toronto  dealers  during  the  last 
week  have  sought  Chicago  or  New  York  as  an  outlet 
for  stocks  held  here,  but  they  find  conditions  practically 
the   same  there. 

Pig  tin  sales  are  made  in  New  York  at  71c,  which  is 
a  drop  of  over  30  cents  per  pound  in  the  last  few  weeks. 
While  other  prices  have  not  actually  moved  to  lower 
levels  the  prospects  are  that  they  will  very  shortly. 


MONTREAL  MARKETS  REFLECT 

CONFIDENCE  IN  THE  FUTURE 


Specal    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


VjONTREAL,  Nov.  27.— The  announce- 
^^*-  ment  that  operations  on  the  British 
shells  would  be  discontinued  in  the  very 
near  future  is  now  becoming  evident  and 
many  plants  are  cleaning  up  on  their  last 
orders.  In  some  instances  plants  here 
have  been  instructed  to  stop  operations 
before  the  completion  of  their  order.  The 
general  arrangement,  however,  is  that  the 
process  of  finishing  will  go  on  so  that  in 
most  cases  the  work  on  British  contracts 
will  end  before  the  close  of  the  year.  It  is 
expected  that  operations  on  the  American 
shell  contracts  will  continue  for  some  time 
but  this  appears  to  be  very  uncertain, 
although  no  plant  here  has  been  advised  to 
the  contrary.  General  conditions  reflect 
the  unsettled  state  of  business  both  here 
and  in  the  States,  and  in  all  directions  the 
policy  adopted  appears  to  be  one  of  watch- 
ful waiting.  The  shipbuilding  interests 
and  the  marine  shops  have  already  ab- 


sorbed a  number  of  the  men  that  were 
working  in  shell  plants,  and  it  is  expected 
that  the  New  Year  will  see  new  enter- 
prises established  along  the  lines  of 
domestic  activity.  The  markets  are  all 
more  or  less  unsettled  and  no  definite 
move  has  been  made  for  a  readjustment, 
but  in  view  of  the  magnitude  of  the  oper- 
ations it  is  likely  that  this  will  take  some 
little  time. 

Priorities   off   but   Trading   Quiet 

The  steel  situation  here  has  assumed  a 
condition  that  is  rather  difficult  to  define 
and  few  dealers  will  offer  a  prediction 
as  to  the  early  future,  but  think  that  an 
easier  market  .should  be  the  outcome.  The 
week's  developments  have  virtually  re- 
sulted in  an  open  market,  as  all  priorities 
are  now  discontinued.  This,  however,  has 
not  resulted  in  a  stampeding  for  steel, 
although    more    business    is    reported    in 


domestic  lines.  The  situation  to-day  in- 
volves problems  that  were  non-existent 
a  few  weeks  ago,  when  the  end  of  the  war 
was  not  in  sight.  A  month  ago,  with  an 
open  market,  many  consumers  would  have 
jumped  at  the  opportunity  of  getting  steel 
supplies,  whereas,  at  the  present  time, 
everyone  is  extremely  cautious  in  the  buy- 
ing of  material.  It  is  the  opinion  of  some 
dealers  that  the  American  Government 
will  continue  to  maintain  a  controlling 
price  on  the  sale  of  steel,  particularly 
plates,  as  a  sudden  withdrawal  of  the 
fixed  price  might  result  in  a  runaway 
market.  Starving  conditions  have  been  a 
feature  of  the  automobile  business  for  a 
long  while  and  if  the  price  on  shtets  was 
suddenly  left  to  the  discretion  or  prudence 
of  the  producers,  it  would  likely  be  found 
that  automcbilf  demand  would  result  in 
a  much  higher  price,  than  that  now  effec- 
tive. It  is  believed  here  that  the  War 
Trade  Board  will  be  retained  for  ?  fur- 
ther period  to  assist  in  the  re-establish- 
ment of  normal  conditions.  Production  of 
steel  in  this  district,  for  British  munition 
work,  is  now  a  thing  of  the  past  and  in  a 
short  time  the  same  will  likely  apply  to 


November  28,  1918 


(.'  A  N  A  1)  I  A  X   .M  A  C  H  1  N  E  R  Y 


633 


American  business.  Normal  quotations 
are  the  order  of  the  day  but  lower  levels 
are  looked  for  this  coming  week. 

Little  Activity  in  Metals 

The  waiting  attitude  is  the  dominating 
feature  of  the  present  situation,  and  while 
to  some  extent  the  market  is  an  open  one, 
conditions  are  such  that  little  actual  dif- 
ference is  apparent  in  the  general  opera- 
tion. The  fact  that  copper  prices  in  the 
States  are  fixed  to  the  first  of  the  year 
acts  as  a  steadying  factor,  which  is  na- 
turally reflected  in  the  trading  here.  It 
has  been  reported  that  the  British  Govern- 
ment has  recently  placed  orders  for  about 
20,000  tons  for  reconstruction  purposes, 
and  this  has  been  of  considerable  influ- 
ence in  adding  stability  to  an  otherwise 
unsettled  situation.  The  tin  situation  is 
one  that  apparently  requires  judicious 
handling  to  avoid  a  panicky  aftermath. 
As  stated  by  one  of  the  dealers  here, 
this  metal  coming  from  the  far  East  is 
often  three  months  in  transit,  so  that  the 
policy  of  the  War  Industries  Board  will 
likely  be  to  have  a  gradual  readjusting 
of  this  market  to  avoid  conditions  that 
might  create  serious  chaos.  It  is  thought, 
therefore,  that  the  decline  to  lower  price 
levels  will  not  be  such  as  to  disorganize 
the  market.  The  spelter  situation  is  prac- 
tically unchanged,  demand  is  lighter  and 
dealers  are  apparently  awaiting  develop- 
ments. The  same  might  be  said  of  lead, 
production  is  not  excessive  and  consumers 
are  looking  for  lower  prices.  Antimony 
is  a  typical  war  metal  and  as  such  has 
felt  the  cessation  of  war  work  quite  heav- 
ily; the  poor  demand  has  been  followed 
by  a  decline  of  3  cents,  the  price  quoted 
being  12  cents  per  lb.  Operation  in 
aluminum  are  still  under  certain  regula- 
tions and  in  consequence  the  market  is 
very  firm. 

Complex-  Tool    Situation 

Activity  in  the  machine  tool  industry 
has  been  more  or  less  disturbed  since  the 
cessation  of  hostilities,  and  as  a  result  of 
the  cancellation  of  many  munition  con- 
tracts and  the  curtailment  of  others,  the 
trade  has  become  somewhat  disorganized. 
Many  builders  of  machine  tools  who  have 
been  making  machines  for  shell  plants, 
have  received  instructions  to  suspend 
operations.  In  some  cases  efforts  will  be 
made  to  have  the  purchaser  accept  de- 
livery, but  the  general  supposition  is  that 
the  Government  War  Boards  will  decide 
on  some  arrangement  whereby  satisfac- 
tory adjustment  may  be  made  for  all 
parties.  The  tendency  appears  to  be  to 
suspend  all  unfinished  war  work  affected 
by  recent  developments,  and  unless  tools 
are  urgently  requested  for  delivery,  they 
will  remain  unfinished  pending  a  settle- 
ment. Few  of  the  dealers  here  have  been 
hit  with  the  cancellation  of  tools,  as  the 
buying  of  late  has  been  almost  exclusively, 
for  American  business,  and  work  on  this 
class  of  shell  will  likely  continue  for  some 
time.  The  sudden  falling  off  of  munition 
work  has  been  reflected  in  the  general 
supply  business,  and  activity  in  this  de- 
mand has  shown  a  marked  decrease.  How- 
ever, £  fair  volune  of  regular  sales  are 
reported  and  dealers  are  generally  optim- 
istic. Many  shell  plants  are  in  the  mar- 
ket for  the  disposal  of  their  equipment. 

No  Market  in  Scrap 

Operation  here  in  regard  to  the  trading 
in  scrap  are  confined  to  immediate  re- 
quirements where  the  placing  of  the  ma- 
terial is  as.sured  before  the  purchase  of 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


U.  S.  government  is  not  yet 
cancelling  orders  on  which  work  has 
been  started,  but  where  deliveries 
have  not  been  yet  made,  cancella- 
tions are  in  order.  It  is  estimated- 
that  cancellations  and  adjustments  to 
date  amount  to  a  billion  and  a  half 
dollars. 

Practically  speaking,  the  entire 
priority  and  preference  system  in 
the  United  States  is  wiped  out. 

To-day  the  insistent  demand  for 
steel  comes  from  jobbers  and  build- 
ers of  automobiles.  Experts  who 
look  well  into  the  situation  warn  the 
public  against  believing  that  the 
first  "flash  in  the  pan"  rush  of 
peace  orders  is  a  criterion  of  the 
volume  of  trade  to  come  regularly 
to  the  mills. 

United  States  government  is 
not  inclined  to  spend  very  much 
money  in  high-priced  material  in 
order  to  sustain  the  steel  market. 
The  railroad  administration  and  the 
fleet  corporation  both  show  a  de- 
cided tendency  to  buy  at  bottom 
figures. 

Several  dealers  in  machine  tools 
and  munitions  shops  supplies  find 
that  they  are  quite  heavily  stocked 
with  war  material  that  will  be  worth 
only  its  scrap  value.  Munitions 
plants  in  several  cases  have  ap- 
proached dealers  asking  them  to 
take  back  war  supplies,  but  this  will 
not  be  done. 

Imp^ial  Munitions  Board  is  start- 
ing to  dismantle  its  plants,  the  avia- 
tion division  being  the  first  to  go. 
A  large  quantity  of  machine  tools 
will  be  brought  on  the  market. 

Scrap  dealers  are  out  of  the  mar- 
ket this  week  as  they  were  last. 
Dealers  who  tried  the  Chicago  and 
New  York  markets  for  an  outlet 
were  informed  that  they  were  wast- 
ing their  time  in  the  effort. 


the  same.  "We  are  virtually  flooded  .with 
offers  of  old  material  but  invariably  the 
price  asked  is  abnormally  high  and  sales 
are  not  made,"  remarked  one  dealer.  "We 
have  just  received  an  offer  for  the  pur- 
chase of  a  quantity  of  copper  scrap  but 
the  price  mentioned  was  out  of  the  ques- 
tion. It  is  very  improbable  that  we  would 
even  accept  material  at  prices  quoted  un- 
less we  were  assured  of  an  immediate  mar- 
ket for  the  same."  This  seems  to  be  the 
prevailing  condition  of  the  market,  and 
heavy  trading  is  at  a  standstill.  Speaking 
of  copper,  Frankel  Bros,  stated  that  18 
cents  was  just  as  good  as  21  cents,  as 
present  quotations  could  only  be  given  as 
a  nominal  guide,  the  actual  assurance  for 
the  prompt  transfer  of  the  metal  being  the 


essential  requirement.  Copper  is  quoted 
one  cent  less  this  week,  the  range  being 
cents  was  just  as  good  as  21  cents,  as 
heavy.  Stove  plate  is  the  only  other  scrap 
affected,  the  price  asked  being  $28  per 
ton,  a  decline  of  $2  per  ton.  While  most 
scraps  are  nominally  firm  dealers  antici- 
pate a  decline  to  lower  levels. 


SOME  POWER  NEEDED 
TO  STABILIZE  PRICES 

Trade  Thinks  That  Time  is  Not  Oppor- 
tune   For   Removal   of 
Restrictions 

TORONTO.— The  removal  of  all  re- 
strictions on  trade,  and  the  making  of  it 
unnecessary  to  secure  licenses  or  permits 
is  expected  daily.  There  is  a  strong  feel- 
ing in  Canadian  trade  that  the  War 
Trade  Board  should  not  cease  office  so 
soon.  There  is  evidently  a  need  right 
now  for  some  such  organization  to  re- 
main in  control  and  stabilize  prices  for 
some  time  to  come. 

Munitions  contracts  on  American  order 
are  still  running  as  though  the  war  were 
still  at  its  height,  the  only  difference 
being  that  shipment  is  not  now  being 
made  to  coastal  points,  but  the  product 
of  the  shops  in  some  cases  is  being 
stored  at  the  point  where  the  shell  is 
finished,  a  railway  embargo  making  this 
necessary. 

The  Machine  Tool  Trade 

"There's  a  man  down  stairs  who  wants 
to  buy  a  lathe."  "Bring  him  up,"  came 
the  quick  answer,  and  the  customer  had 
the  right  of  way.  A  man  who  is  out  to 
buy  lathes  or  any  other  machine  tools 
this  week  in  Toronto  is  a  welcome  visitor. 
It  is  too  early,  the  trade  points  out,  to 
expect  that  the  demand  for  equipment 
for  other  than  war  shops  shall  have  com- 
menced to  come  in.  In  many  cases  the 
dealers  are  having  a  pretty  busy  session 
just  now  trying  to  get  their  cancellations 
straightened  out  and  the  necessary  ad- 
justments made.  For  some  time  past 
some  of  the  larger  dealers  in  United 
States  would  not  sell  at  all  with  a  can- 
cellation clause  in  their  contracts.  This 
may  have  resulted  in  the  loss  of  a  few 
sales,  but  it  works  out  well  now,  in  that 
these  firms  have  no  cancellation  or  ad- 
iustment  problems. 

There  are  several  concerns  that  will 
have  to  take  some  time  to  have  all  their 
adjustments,  following  cancellation, 
made,  as  they  have  had  work  farmed  out 
in  a  good  many  shops  all  over  the  coun- 
try, and  it  is  now  in  all  the  varying 
stages  of  completion. 

Supply  houses  are  still  selling  to  the 
machining  plants,  although  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  state  that  the  sales  are  all 
made  pretty  close  to  the  wind,  as  these 
shops  are  mapping  it  out  that  they  shall 
not  be  stuck  with  any  of  the  supplies 
that  are  purely  war  equipment.  It  ioems 
somewhat  of  an  anachronism  to  see 
shops  with  American  orders  turning  out 
shells  the  same  as  when  the  war  was  on. 
S  ime  of  the  shops  have  shut  off  Sunday 
work,  but  otherwise  the  three  shifts  are 
fomiiic:  and  going  just  the  same  as  they 


634 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


have  been  for  several  years.  These  shoiis 
seem  to  think  that  they  will  be  told  when 
to  quit  work,  and  in  the  meantime  all 
they  have  to  do  is  to  keep  on  producing. 
Shells  on  American  order  are  being 
stored  at  the  Exhibition  grounds  in  Tor- 
onto instead  of  being  sent  from  here  to 
the  shipping  point  for  American  goods. 
This  is  due  largely  to  the  fact  that  there 
is  an  embargo  on  against  such  shipments 
taking  up  car  space  at  present. 

The   Scrap   MeUl  Trade 

The  word  scrap  metal  trade  is  simply 
nominal.  It  may  be  called  that  because 
there  is  nothing  else  to  call  it.  But  there 
is  no  trade  in  connection  with  the  whole 
works.  There  is  little  doing.  "Every 
figure  that  you  quote  to-day,"  stated 
Frankel  Bros,  this  morning,  "is  normal. 
You  might  be  able  to  put  a  deal  across 
at  some  of  the  figures,  and  then  again 
there  is  the  big  chance  that  you  could 
not,"  One  of  the  dealers  called  up 
Chicago  the  first  thing  this  week  to  find 
ou'  if  there  were  an  opening  there  for  a 
fairly  large  amount  of  material  he  had 
in  sight  The  answer  was  "Get  off  the 
line.  You  might  as  well  talk  to  the  wall. 
You're  only  wasting  our  time  and  your 
own." 

Pig  tin  is  coming  down  and  will  soon 
be  cHssed  as  lowly  metal.  It  has  had 
a  rather  wild  and  meteoric  career  during 
war  times,  but  its  palmy  days  are  past. 
Quantities  are  sold  in  New  York  now  at 
71,  which  is  really  a  drop  of  about  34 
cents  in  the  last  two  weeks.  The  chances 
seem  to  be  that  it  will  keep  on  in  this 
direction  until  it  has  reached  a  level  at 
around  50c,  and  it  may  stay  there  for 
some  time.  Even  that  figure  is  well  above 
the  pre-war  price.  For  a  ten-year  period 
the  price  of  tin  has  been  about  37%  cents, 
not  counting  war  time  inflation. 

The  Matter  of  Prices 

A  good  many  firms  are  offering  to  sell 
to  the  warehouse  men  instead  of  buy  from 
them.  Several  places  using  sheets  had 
contracts  with  the  Imperial  Munitions 
and  they  have  this  material  now  and 
want  to  place  it.  There  is  an  element  of 
uncertainty  in  the  situation  this  week 
that  is  quite  noticeable.  With  the  re- 
moval of  restrictions  of  trade  it  is  hard 
to  forecast  which  way  orices  will  jump. 
It  seems  very  certain  that  all  such  things 
as  licenses,  priorities  and  ratings  will  go 
by  the  boards  very  shortly,  and  the  trade 
generally  is  not  certain  that  it  is  well 
that  this  should  be  the  case.  One  dealer 
took  the  case  of  sheet  tin.  The  govern- 
ment price  was  $7.50  per  box,  and  when 
the  restrictions  were  taken  off  the  price 
at  once  went  to  |10  per  box.  "That  price 
jump,"  stated  one  warehouse  man,  "is 
not  based  on  common  sense.  It  is  simply 
a  frantic  effort  to  keep  up  the  morale  of 
the  trade  and  get  what  business  they  have 
on  their  books  out  at  a  good  price." 

He  also  took  the  case  of  steel  bars, 
which  form  one  of  the  greatest  lines  in 
the  trade.  "The  present  Pittsburg  price 
is  $2.90,  and  the  present  Canadian  price 
is  $4.15.  That  means,  with  freight  and 
duty  a  difference  of  55c  per  hundred 
against  the  Canadian  maker.    There  is  a 


danger  that  Canadians  will  cancel  their 
orders  here  and  place  them  in  the  lower 
market.  There  will  have  to  be  more  of  an 
equalization  than  that_or  we  will  have 
hard  work  keeping  orders  for  the  mills 
here. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  asked 
the  sales  manager  of  one  of  the 
largest,  Canadian  plants  how  he 
would  explain  that  situation.  "We 
won't  explain  it,"  was  the  answer,  "we 
will  meet  the  American  mill  on  the  basis 


of  dollar  for  dollar.     We  expect  to  do  it 
and  I  am  certain  that  we  can  do  it." 

Officials  of  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation  that  are  planning  the  big 
mill  at  Ojibway  are  sending  out  letters 
just  now  to  dealers  and  users  of  steel  pro- 
ducts making  inquiries  as  to  the  amount 
of  material  that  is  being  used  in  various 
lines.  The  idea  apparently  is  that  they 
should  be  acquainted  with  the  require- 
ments of  this  country  before  starting 
operations. 


IMPERIAL  MUNITIONS  BOARD 

PUTS  LOTS  OF  TOOLS  ON  THE  MARKET 


THE  Imperial  Munitions  Board  has 
made  the  announcement  that  they 
are  going  to  liquidate  their  entire 
business  properties  as  soon  as  possible. 
In  fact,  some  days  ago  at  Ottawa,  Sir 
Joseph  Flavelle  stated  to  this  paper  that 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  existed 
now  simply  for  the  sake  of  going  out  of 
business. 

The  first  break  will  likely  be  made  in 
the  aviation  department,  which  has  a 
number  of  well-equipped  establishments, 
where  a  large'  amount  of  machine  tools 
and  supplies  have  been  put  in.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  the  lists  are  being  pre- 
pared now,  setting  forth  the  machinery 
that  is  contained  in  these  shops.  These 
lists  will  be  forwarded  to  the  various 
places  where  purchases  will  most  likely 
be  made  in  the  near  future.  When  the 
dismemberment  of  the  big  establish- 
ments also  starts,  the  chances  are  that 
there  will  be  some  crowding  of  the  ma- 
chine tool  market.  A  number  of  the 
machines  in  the  possession  of  the  avia- 
tion department  have  never  been  taken 
out  of  their  crates,  and  others,  althougn 
they  have  been  placed  in  the  shops,  have 
never  been  used. 

Offered  to  Sellers 

A  representative  of  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY talked  with  one  of  the 
officers  of  the  board  at  the  Imperial  Oil 
building  on  Church  St.,  where  the  head- 
quarters of  the  aviation  department  are 
situated.  Work  was  in  progress  in  the 
offices  there  in  connection  with  the 
drawing  up  of  the  lists. 

"We  are  getting  ready  now  to  offer 
the  equipment  in  all  the  shops  that  are 
under  the  direction  of  this  department," 
stated  the  official.  "At  present  we  have 
the  following  shops  that  will  be  dis- 
mantled and  sold:  Deseronto,  Camp 
Borden,  two  at  North  Toronto  (Leaside 
and  Armour  Heights),  Beamsville,  three 
in  the  city  (the  engine  repair  park  on 
King  street,  the  airplane  repair  park  on 
Atlantic  avenue,  and  the  motor  trans- 
port on  Dupont  street." 

"How  about  the  dealers  who  sold  the 
equipment?  Were  there  any  cancella- 
tion  provisions   with  them?" 

"In  some  cases,"  replied  the  official. 
"As  a  matter  of  fact  we  followed  the 
following  programme  in  every  case:  The 
manufacturer  of  every  machine  had  a 
chance  to  take  the  machinery  back,  but 
in  no  case  was  this  done.  They  claimed 
they  did  not  want  them,  and  so  we  are 


goinsf  ahead  to  dispose  of  them  by  oust- 
ing them." 

General  Purpose  Material 

There  is  considerable  general  purpose 
machinery  in  the  lot,  and  the  chances 
are  that  the  throwing  of  it  on  the  mar- 
ket at  this  time  will  have  a  tendency  lo 
flood  the  situation  for  a  time.  Speaking 
of  this  aspect  of  the  case  Mr.  F.  W. 
Evans,  the  Toronto  manager  of  the  Can- 
adian Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  stated  to 
CANADIAN  MACHINERY  that  there 
was  no  way  out  of  the  situation.  "We 
have  to  look  at  the  thing  as  it  actually 
is  and  face  it.  We  have  been  at  war  for 
four  years.  All  the  firms  have  done  a 
big  business.  They  have  not  lost  money 
On  the  other  hand  they  have  made  ii. 
Now,  in  a  period  such  as  we  are  passing 
through  we  can  expect  to  encounter  sit- 
uations where  we  are  not  going  to  maks 
money.  On  the  other  hand  we  can  ex- 
pect to  meet  situations  where  we  will 
lose  money.  But  then,  take  the  whole 
four  years,  put  your  gains  down  one 
side  and  your  losses  below  them  and 
subtract,  you  will  find  that  you  have  a 
good  margin  left,  and  that  is  the  only 
way  to  deal  with  the  present  situation.' 

Might   Store    Machinery 

From  another  source  the  suggestion 
came  that  as  the  Canadian  government 
had  a  commission  overseas  looking  for 
trade,  it  might  be  a  good  idea  to  store 
some  of  the  equipment,  and  hold  it  in 
preparedness  in  case  something  should 
turn  up  that  would  need  equipment  in  ;i 
hurry.  However,  it  does  not  seem  likely 
that  such  a  scheme  will  be  entertained, 
as  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  is  ap- 
parently out  to  get  rid  of  their  entire 
stock,  and  trade  in  as  short  time  as  pos- 
sible. From  what  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY could  learn,  the  machine  tool 
dealers  were  not  counting  on  buying  in 
any  of  the  equipment  from  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board. 

Where   the    Loss   Comes 

"Here  is  is  something  you  should 
have,"  remarked  the  manager  of  one  of 
the  big  Toronto  concerns  to  CANADI.^N 
MACHINERY  to-day.  "A  number  of 
the  munition  plants  around  the  country 
that  have  had  their  contracts  cancelled 
are  writing  to  us  asking  if  they  can  be 
relieved  of  the  supplies  that  they  have 
left  over,  and  their  accounts  credited 
with   the  amounts.     In   one  case  a  firm 


November  28,  1918 


C  A  N  A  1)  IAN    MACHINERY 


635 


wrote  in  here  giving  a  list  of  the  ma- 
terial they  had.  They  stated  that  on 
receipt  of  word  from  us  they  would  ship 
this  materia!  and  have  it  replaced  by 
standard  supplies.  They  got  the  word 
from  us,  but  not  in  the  way  they  expect- 
ed. We  are  stuck  ourselves  with  a  fairly 
heavy  stock  of  supplies  that  will  not  be 
any  use  beyond  the  value  of  the  material 
that  is  in  them.  The  munitions  plants," 
stated  this  dealer,  "should  be  prepared 
to  shoulder  their  share  of  the  losses.  We 
certainly  do  not  intend  to  take  back  any 
of  these  goods  where  a  bona  fide  sale 
has  been  made.  We  took  the  big  chance 
in  carrying  a  big  stock  of  this  stuff  all 
the  time  so  that  the  munitions  plants 
would  have  a  good  supply  to  draw  from 
all  the  time  and  delays  avoided  in   pro- 


duction. Now  that  the  demand  is  off  for 
these  special  kinds  of  supplies,  it's  up 
to  them  to  shoulder  and  absorb  their 
small  loss,  and  we  will  have  to  do  the 
same  in  a  much  larger  way.  Such  things 
as  hobs,  chasers,  etc.,  will  not  be  used 
in  any  operation  that  we  know  of  at 
present,  and  we  are  certainly  not  going 
to  absorb  the  loss  that  should  fall  on 
the  shell  shops."  A  hob  that  was  worth 
about  $16  a  few  days  ago  was  much 
sought  after  in  the  shell  world.  To-day 
the  dealer  turns  it  over,  gives  it  an 
imaginary  weighing  balance  in  his  fist 
and  reckons  that  the  high  speed  in  it 
will  bring  in  a  pinch  about  one  dollar. 
It's  the  old  case  of  the  Bryan  16  to  1 
ratio,  with  the  man  who  put  up  the  $16 
on  the  losing  end. 


PITTSBURGH  HEARS  PRIORITIES 

WILL  BE  SWEPT  AWAY  NOW 


Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Nov.  28.— The 
policy  of  the  government  as  to  re- 
construction is  probably  as  well  defined 
as  such  a  thing  can  be  only  a  fortnight 
after  the  sudden  cessation  of  hostilities, 
but  it  does  not  follow  that  the  course  of 
affairs  will  follow  the  desires  of  those 
who  have  undertaken  to  regulate  mat- 
ters. Necessarily,  the  powers  of  the 
government  are  much  more  limited  than 
they  were  in  the  war  period. 

As  to  cancellations  of  war  orders,  the 
government  continues  to  follow  the 
policy  outlined  in  last  report,  of  refrain- 
ing from  cancelling  orders  on  which 
work  is  being  done,  if  that  would  result 
in  idleness  of  plants  or  workmen.  How 
long  this  policy  can  be  continued  is 
naturally  a  question,  for  the  object  is  to 
allow  activities  to  change  from  the  mak- 
ing of  war  to  the  making  of  peace  ma- 
terial, and  it  cannot  be  determined  how 
soon  a  sufficient  volume  of  peace  work 
for  the  iron  and  steel  industry  will  de- 
velop. The  government  can  keep  up  the 
war  work  for  a  time,  but  of  course  not 
for  any  great  length  of  time. 

Cancellations  of  orders  on  which  work 
had  not  been  started  has  proceeded  very 
rapidly.  The  cancellations  and  re- 
adjustments to  date,  including  all  classes 
of  material,  probably  amount  in  value 
to   $1,500,000,000   or   more. 

Priorities   and   Preferences 

Practically  speaking,  the  entire  prior- 
ity and  preference  system  is  wiped  out. 
The  formal  order  is  that  the  preference 
list  is  discontinued  and  the  priorities, 
both  individual  and  automatic,  are  an- 
nulled, except  orders  for  the  Navy  De- 
partment, the  Fleet  Corporation,  and 
railroads  and  telephone  and  tele- 
graph lines.  With  the  pressure 
removed  by  other  priorities  be- 
ing discontinued,  no  producer  will  have 
any  difficulty  in  making  deliveries  at 
times  desired  by  the  activities  still  ac- 
corded priority,  hence  those  priorities 
Lire  merely  a  safeguard,  and  deliveries 
would  probably  be  made  just  the  same  if 
there  were  no  priorities  at  all.       If  de- 


mand should  remain  such  as  to  keep  the 
mills  continuously  busy,  the  decision  as 
to  which  material  shall  be  shipped  first 
is  left  to  the  mills,  thus  restoring  the  old 
order  of  things.  In  normal  times  the 
mills  do  not  fill  their  orders  in  rotation, 
but  in  accordance  with  their  knowledae 
of  the  needs  of  their  customers,  the  ob- 
ject being  to  maintain  the  operations  of 
all  customers  as  equitably  as  possible. 

Character  of  Present  Demand 

There  has  developed  what  appears  to 
be  quite  an  insistent  demand  for  steel, 
but  this  demand  may  be  misleading  if  it 
is  not  scrutinized  carefully.  Naturally 
the  first  flash  of  demand,  after  the 
mills  have  been  crowded  to  capacity,  and 
more,  for  a  trifle  over  three  years,  many 
consumers  have  been  starved  as  to  steel, 
and  prices  were  at  a  war-time  rather 
than  a  peace-time  level,  cannot  be  ex- 
pected to  -reflect  in  either  volume  or 
character,  the  demand  that  is  to  be  ex- 
perienced in  settled  times  over  a  period 
of  years.  That  there  will  he  for  quite 
a     while  say     from     two     to     five 

years,  a  demand  for  approximately 
all  the  steel  the  industry  can  produce,  is 
the  common  opinion,  but  this  demand 
cannot  necessarily  be  expected  to  develop 
at  once,  because  the  matter  of  price 
plays  such  an  important  part.  There  are 
all  c'asses  of  buyers  as  to  the  period  in 
which  they  expect  to  liquidate  their  pur- 
chases. As  illustrative,  two  extremes 
may  be  cited,  the  jobber  who  has  cus- 
tomers demanding  material  at  once,  and 
who  can,  perhaps,  buy  from  a  mill  and 
have  the  material  sold  and  paid  for  with- 
in thirty  days,  and  the  investor  in  a 
highway  bridge,  certain  to  bring  in 
revenue  for  20  years,  and  which,  there- 
fore, can  be  undertaken  with  the  idea  of 
its  returning  the  capital  invested  in  in- 
stallments over  a  period  of  twenty  years. 
The  one  buver  of  steel  need  scarcely 
look  ahead  thirty  davs,  while  the  other 
is  d's-^o^ed  to  look  ahead  twentv  years. 
A  well  rounded-out  demand  for  steel  re- 
quires that  there  be  buyers  of  all  de- 
scriptions. 


To-day  the  particularly  insistent  de- 
mand for  steel  comes  from  jobbers  and 
from  automobile  builders.  Other  classes 
of  buyers  are  not  conspicuous  in  the  mar- 
ket. The  jobbers  are  importuning  the 
mills  and  mulling  over  stock  lists,  being 
glad  in  some  cases  to  take  even  a  single 
ton  of  material  that  may  chance  to  be 
in  a  mill  stock.  The  jobbers  show  no  dis- 
position to  build  up  their  stocks  except 
in  items  that  are  very  deficient,  and 
their  general  policy  is  to  have  their  in- 
ventories as  light  as  possible  on  January 
1  for  several  reasons,  one  being  the  man- 
ner in  which  profits  and  taxes  for  1918 
must  be  computed.  As  to  the  automobile 
builders,  there  is  believed  to  be  a  heavy 
demand  for  cars,  and  the  makers  have 
notified  the  public  that  they  must  not 
expect  reductions  in  prices  of  cars  before 
the  end  of  the  spring  selling  season.  For 
the  cars  to  be  built  in  the  next  few- 
months  the  automobile  builders  need  not 
be  particular  as  to  prices  paid  for  steel, 
for  they  know  they  can  make  a  profit 
in  turning  into  cars  the  steel  they  can 
buy  on  the  present  market. 

The  present  flash  of  demand,  there- 
fore, does  not  bear  the  earmarks  of  per- 
manence. The  real  issue  is  as  to  when 
the  investment  buyer  will  come  into  the 
market,  when  there  are  buyers  of  steel 
who  expect  to  secure  the  return  of  their 
capital  in  periods  of  five,  ten  and  more 
years.  Such  buyers  will  wait  if  they 
think  the  investment  will  cost  them  10 
per  cent,  less  six  or  nine  months  later. 
They  want  to  see  a  rising  m-irket  rather 
than  one  which  is  likely  to  decline  if  it 
moves  at  all. 

Price  Prospects 

Steel  makers  presumably  know  their 
own  business,  and  for  several  weeks  past 
their  talk  has  been  that  the  government 
ought  to  set  minimum  prices  for  steel, 
for  the  transitionary  period,  to  replace 
the  maximum  prices  that  have  hitherto 
obtained.  There  is  every  evidence  that 
the  steel  trade  expected  a  slump  in 
prices  if  there  were  not  artificial  con- 
trol. It  has  become  established,  how- 
ever, that  the  government  will  not  and 
cannot  set  minimum  prices.  At  first  it 
was  thought  the  Sherman  law,  against 
conspiracies  in  restraint  of  trade,  might 
stand  in  the  way,  but  the  second  thought 
has  been  that  even  if  it  were  not  for  that 
law-,  the  United  States  goveminent  can- 
not set  minimum  prices  when  it  has  no 
means  of  punishing  anyone  who  w-ould 
cut  prices  and  thus  violate  the  order. 
The  government  has  been  rather  strenu- 
ously engaged  of  Kte  in  an  effort  to 
prove  to  Germinv  that  it  was  not  "bluff- 
ing," and  it  would  hardly  be  in  keeping 
with  its  traditions  for  it  to  undertake 
now  to  issue  orders  whi^'h  it  could  not 
enforce.  This  new  thought  leaves  it  that 
the  War  Industries  Bo^rd  may  continue 
to  fix  maximum  price"  for  a  time,  as  it 
has  done  hitherto.  The  present  limits 
were  set  to  run  for  deliveries  through 
December  31,  and  prices  mi^-ht  therefore 
be  fixed  in  the  next  few  weeks  to  run  for 
the  first  quarter  or  fir'st  half  of  the  new 
year.  The  common  exnectation  in  the 
past  few  days  has  been  that  this  will  be 
do»ip 


636 


Volume  XX. 


THE  WEEK  IN  INDUSTRIAL  HAMILTON 


HAMILTON.— In  the  death  of  George 
Brannum  Dowswell,  which  occurred  al 
his  residence  on  the  night  of  November 
20,  Hamilton  industrial  circles  have  sus- 
tained a  distinct  loss,  as  he  was  one  of 
the  city's  pioneer  manufacturers  and 
always  had  its  industrial  development  at 
heart. 

Bom  in  Pickering,  Ontario,  68  years 
ago,  he  spent  his  early  years  at  that 
point,  and  later  came  to  Hamilton,  where 
as  a  young  man  he  showed  a  strong  bent 
for  things  mechanical,  and  also  gave 
much  promise  of  going  far  in  his  chosen 
field,  as  he  had  a  fund  of  executive 
ability  and  was  a  splendid  organizer. 

.'Vbout  this  time  there  was  a  great  de- 
mand for  what  were  then  known  as 
"modem  laundry  utilities,"  such  as 
wringers,  mangles,  tubs,  etc.  Young 
Dowswell  had  the  foresight  to  see  what 
a  splendid  field  there  was  to  be  develop- 
ed in  the  making  of  these  articles,  and 
he  became  identified  with  Mr.  J.  Cum- 
mer, now  of  Toronto. 

The  Dowswell  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany was  formed,  and  from  the  start, 
under  the  careful  management  of  Mr. 
Dowswell,  its  success  was  assured.  For 
a  good  many  years  Mr.  Dowswell  was 
president  of  the  company.  Later  a  re- 
orjcanization  was  effected,  whereby  Mr. 
Cummer  withdrew,  and  the  new  firm 
was  known  as  Dowswell,  Lees  &  Com- 
pany. The  same  policies  w-ere  adhered 
to,  with  the  result  that  through  Mr. 
Dowswell's  efforts  the  company  became 
one  of  the  best  known  in  Canada  in  its 
own  line. 

Of  late  Mr.  Dowswell's  health  had  be- 
come indifferent  and  he  was  obliged  lo 
take  a  less  active  part  in  his  business  af- 
fairs, which  he  entrusted  to  his  junior 
partner. 

By  religion  Mr.  Dowswell  was  a  Meth- 
odist, and  a  staunch  member  of  Wesley 
Methodist  church.  It  has  been  said  of 
him  that  he  was  "a  truly  consistent 
Christian,  who  carried  his  religion  into 
his  daily  life,  without  parading  it." 

Mr.  Dowswell  was  well  known  frater- 
nally, having  been  a  member  of  Acacia 
Lodge,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  and  also  took 
an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  An- 
cient Order  of  Foresters. 

Of  a  family  of  twelve  brothers  and  one 
sister,  only  one  brother,  Fred,  of  Hamil- 
ton, and  his  sister,  of  Dresden,  Ontario, 
survive,  besides  his  wife  and  one  daugh- 
ter, Mrs.  Hebert  S.  Lees. 

The  funeral  took  place  from  his  family 
residence  on   Saturday  afternoon. 


WANT  PRICES  TO  BE 

HAULED  DOWN  NOW 

Hamilton     Firms    Think    That     Ottewa 

Should   Act  on  Their   Behalf 

Right  Away 

Hamilton.  —  While      those     Hamilton 

manufacturers  who  have  been    working 


Spwial    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

almost  exclusively  on  munitions  sinct 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  are  not  in  any- 
wise pessimestic  over  the  future,  it  can 
hardly  be  said  of  them  that  they  are 
exuberantly  optimistic.  The  apparent 
failu.e  of  the  government  to  appoint  war 
boards  to  stabilize  the  prices  of  various 
materials  is  assigned  as  the  chief  reason 
for  this  feeling  of  uncertainty  thai 
exists. 

The  chief  grievance  of  those  Hamilton 
manufacturers  who  were  questioned  con- 
cerned the  utter  failure  of  the  govern- 
ment to  do  anything  to  control  the  price 
of  pig  iron,  a  material  that  enters  into 
every  form  of  manufacturing.  It  was 
pointed  out  that  in  the  United  States  pig 
iron  has  been  selling  for  $33  per  ton, 
while  throughout  eastern  Canada  the 
price  has  varied  from  $46  to  $50  per  ton. 

In  the  face  of  such  a  disparity  as  this, 
Hamilton  manufacturers  want  to  know 
how  they  are  expected  to  compete  in  the 
foreign  markets  with  their  American 
rivals.  On  products  in  which  there  is 
little  material  and  more  work,  the  dis- 
parity in  the  price  of  pig  iron  is  not  so 
keenly  felt,  but  on  products  where  the 
material  is  in  the  preponderance  over 
labor,  the  disparity  makes  things  very 
difficult;  indeed,  one  manufacturer  said 
it  was  fatal  to  the  efforts  of  Canadian 
manufacturers  who  had  an  eye  on  for- 
eign trade.  "We  just  haven't  got  a 
chance  at  all,  he  said.  William  E.  Bland- 
ford,  secretary-treasurer  of  Brown, 
Boggs  Company,  said  that  the  difference 
in  the  price  of  scrap  iron  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States  was  also  acute.  The 
Canadian  price  was  $40,  a  figure  which 
he  held  to  be  outrageous. 

The  grievance  of  local  manufacturers 
was  all   summed   up   in   Mr.   Blandford's. 


In  the  last  issue  of  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  an  item  apeared  in 
the  Hamilton  correspondence  stat- 
ing that  the  Canadian  Cartridge  Co. 
will  make  steel  barrels,  and  also 
stating  that  "This  company  will  be 
the  only  one  in  Canada  to  make 
steel  barrels." 

This  latter  statement  is,  of 
course,  not  correct,  as  the  Smart- 
Turner  Machine  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Ham- 
ilton, have  been  manufacturing 
steel  barrels  for  the  past  four 
years,  and  have  developed  a  sub- 
stantial industry  in  this  particular 
product. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  re- 
grets that  the  statement  should 
have  appeared  in  the  way  it  did, 
and  assures  the  Smart-Turner  Co. 
that  it  was  entirely  an  error  on  our 
part. 


apt  words:  "If  the  government  expects 
us  to  come  through  the  period  of  recon- 
struction withoujt  difficulty  it  must  do 
its  part  by  stabilizing  prices,  otherwisa 
conditions  are  not  going  to  be  so  good 
as  is  expected.  Reconstruction  is  not  a 
mere  formula  that  is  going  to  work  out 
everything  itself.  There  must  be  war 
boards  to  keep  things  steady  for  months 
to  come.  How  can  we  be  expected  to 
compete  in  the  foreign  markets  against 
.American  manufacturers  with  the  pre- 
sent disparities  existing?"  he  asked. 

Should  Buy  Machinery 

Mr.  Blandford,  as  did  also  several 
other  manufacturers,  said  he  wtis  strong- 
ly of  the  opinion  that  the  government 
should  purchase  the  munition  equipmeiu 
and  store  it  against  the  time  when  it 
might  be  needed  again.  The  United 
States  government  was  doing  this,  and  in 
doing  so  was  acting  wisely,  he  thought. 

Mr.  Blandford  said  there  was  no  doubt 
that  many  single-purpose  lathes  which 
had  been  used  for  munitions  would  have 
to  be  scrapped. 


HAMILTON  GOING 

AFTER  EXPORT  TRADE 


And  For  That   Reason   Lyons   Fair  Will 
Be  Centre  of  Interest 

Hamilton.— Keen  to  develop  all  the 
foreign  trade  they  can  possibly  handle, 
more  than  a  few  of  Hamilton's  manufac- 
turers have  already  taken  steps  to  be 
represented  at  the  annual  fair  to  be  hs)d 
in  Lyons,  France,  on  March  1,  1919. 

The  greater  volume  of  the  output  of 
Hamilton's  industries  in  pre-war  days 
was  of  a  domestic  nature,  and  little  or 
no  attention  was  paid  to  export.  But  if 
the  reconstruction  period  is  to  be  passed 
through  without  difficulty,  it  is  argued 
that  manufacturers  will  have  to  pay  the 
utmost  attention  to  export  and  foreign 
markets. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  local 
branch  of  the  Canadian  Manu''acture"s' 
Association,  the  importance  of  being 
represented  at  the  Lyons  fair,  either  by 
exhibit,  catalogue,  or  photographs,  was 
impressed  on  the  minds  of  local  indus- 
trial heads,  and  the  result  was  that 
several  signified  their  keenness  to  heel 
the  speaker's  advice. 

If  there  is  one  country  in  Europe  that 
will  have  to  be  built  up,  that  country  is 
France,  it  was  pointed  out.  and  local 
manufacturers  were  not  slow  in  appre- 
ciating the  fact  that  the  best  way  they 
could  get  samples  of  their  goods  placed 
before  the  buyers  on  the  French  market 
was  being  represented  by  Lyons  fair. 

The  Frost  Wire  Fence  Company,  Steel 
Company  of  Canada,  National  Steel  Car 
Continued  on  page  67 


J 


November  28,  1918 


CAN  A  I)  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


The  "WILLIAMS"  24"  Heavy-Duty  Lathe 

will  give  you  a  substantial  increase  in  production  on  Second  Rough 
Turning  and  Finish  Turning  operations. 

Its  Rugged  proportions,  Ease  of  handling,  Steel  gears  running  in  oil 
and  Unbreakable  Apron  are  features  into  which  you  should  look. 


Write  us  Now 

The 
A.R.WILLIAMS 

Machinery 

Company,  Limited 

TORONTO 


Steel  Castings 

Quick  Deliveries 

We  Specialize  in 

High-Grade 

Electric  Furnace 

Steel  Castings 

Let  us  quote  for  your 
requirements 

The  Thos.   Davidson  Mfg.  Co. 

Limited 

Steel  Foundry  Division  : 

Turcot,  Que. 

Head  Office  : 

187  Delisle  St.,  Montreal 


When  Rearranging  Your  Factory 
For  After  War  Work 

Plan  to j  Keep  Down  Your  Overhead 
By  Labor-Saving  Tools 

A    Drum    for   Hoisting;   Materials   or   Haulinc    Cars   is 
a     Labor-SavinfT     Tool. 


The  above  drum  can  be  supplied  for  Belt  Drive,  as 

shown,  or  for  Electric  Drive,  direct  connected  to  a 

motor. 

It  will  reduce  your  labor  costs  if  used  for —  . 

Placing  cars  for  loading   or  unloading. 

Moving  coal  or  ashes  to  or  from  the  power  plant. 

Running  cars   in   or  out  of  ovens. 

Hauling  cars  of  materials  about  the  factory  or 
yard. 

Conveying  articles  from  one  machine  to  another 
in   course   of   manufacture. 

Operating    an    industrial    shop    railway,    or    an 
overhead  trolley  system. 
Let  us   help   you  arrange   your   shop  lay-out  so  as 
to    keep   down   overhead. 

Marsh  Engineering  Works,  Limited 

Established  1846 

Belleville,  Ontario 


60 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  .N    M  A  C  H  1  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  76 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,   Pittsburgh    87  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace 33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton ii"Ai 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEL 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base. .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal  5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Montreal   5  25 

Reinforcing  bars,  base  5  25 

Steel  hoops 7  60 

Norway  iron H  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring  steel 7  00 

Brand  steel,   No.   10   gauge,  base  4  80 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

SUybolt  iron ; H  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh  "2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 'S  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *8  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  'S  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 6  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 
Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  Ibe. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal    29  39V2 

St.  John,  N.B 47%       63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto    23%       27% 

Guelph    23%       27% 

London 23%       27% 

Windsor    23%       27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper   $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   31  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper   30  50  28  50 

Tin    85  00  88  00 

Spelter   10  50  11  00 

Lead    10  50  10  00 

Antimony    12  00  18  00 

Aluminum    46  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montr"*'       Tn-n»»»'> 

Plates,  %   up   $  8  00     $  8  00 

Plates,  3-16  in 8  50        8  50 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  37 

Bl"cV        Onlvanised 

Standard  Bnttweld 

O-r      100     iff 

%  in $  6  00     $    8  00 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1       In 12  41  15  56 

1^  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  !n 20  08  25  16 


2      in    27  01        33  86 

2%  in 43  29         54  11 

3      in    56  61        70  76 

3%  in 71  76        88  78 

4      in 85  02       105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82        38  30 

2%  in 47  97        58  21 

3  in     52  73         76  12 

3%  in 78  20        96  14 

4  in    92  65       114  00 

4%  in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in     2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 
Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%. 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD  MATERIAL 
Dealers'  Buying  Prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Copper,  light $20  00  $20  00 

Copper,  crucible   23  50  24  50 

Copper,  heavy 23  50  24  50 

Copper,    wire    23  50  24  00 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      22  00  22  00 

New  brass  cuttings  ....  15  00  15  50 

Red  brass  turnings   18  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings . .  13  00  13  00 

Light  brass   9  00  9  50 

Medium  brass  13  00  12  00 

Heavy  melting  steel  ...  24  00  22  00 

Shell  turnings 12  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate 27  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 40  00  24  00 

Rails 26  00  28  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  35  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00  20  00 

Pipe,  wrought 22  00  17  00 

Car  wheels 38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles 88  00  35  00 

Mach.  shop  turnings    . .  9  00  8  50 

Stove  plate    28  00  19  00 

Cast  borings  11  00  12  00 

Scrap  zinc  6  50  6  50 

Heavy  lead   7  00  8  00 

Toa  lead 5  50  5  76 

Aluminum 21  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  leas 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  np net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 66 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  leas 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine  screws,   fl.   and  rd.  hd., 

steel ttH 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel  !• 
Machine   screws,    fl.    and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  B© 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fil.    hd 

brass sdd  26 

Nuts,  square  blank  add  $1  60 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  75 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burrs  onljs  list  plus 60 

Iron  i-ivets  and  burrs 25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger  $8  50 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  48 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 72% 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright 67% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   37% 

Wood  screws,  0.  ^  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze   27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  ....  25 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws   net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuls  up  to  1  in. . . .  86 
Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1  %  in W 

Fin.   and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over   1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus  10 

Studs net 

Taper  pins 49 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 1* 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  1* 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus  80 

Collar  screws   list  plus  30,  18 

Thumb  screws M 

Thumb  nuts 66 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  |4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  08 
BILLETS 

Per  sroM  tea 

Besseiner  billets $47  88 

Open-hearth  billets 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  08 

Forging  billets 60  08 

Wire  rods IT  60 

Government  prices. 

F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  25      $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  78        •  W 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   60* 

Spikes,  H  in.  and  larger $7  •• 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in «  08 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila #41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided #84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian •  48 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 6  81 

Pure  Manila  rope •  •• 

British  Manila  rope •  88 

New  Zealand  hemp t  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila   8  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    and 

Toronto    net 


November  ^S.  1918 


C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  N    >r  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


t^ic' 


BROUGHT  UP  TO  DATE 


This  old  Bolt  Cutter  has  been  turned  into  an  up-to-date  Threading  Machine 
by  the  application  of  a  Geometric  Die  Head. 

The  Connecticut  Telephone  Company  removed  from  this  Bolt  Cutter  the 
solid  die  head  with  which  it  was  equipped,  and  put  in  its  place  a  Geometric 
Self-opening  Die  Head  of  the  type  regularly  furnished  on  the  Geometric 
Threading  Machine. 

Thread  is  7-16  diameter,  14  U.S.S.,  about  1  long,  on  switchboard  ter- 
minals of  a  high  class  copper  casting. 

The  best  part  of  it  is,  that  besides  getting  clean,  sharp  threads,  they  have 
increased  the  work  about  six  times  over  what  was  being  accomplished  with 
a  solid  die  head. 

Has   any   threading   operation   been   given  the   right  chance 
unless  a  Geometric  figures  in  it? 

The  Geometric  Tool  Company,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

CANADIAN  AGENTS: 

Williams  &  Wilson,  Ltd. .Montreal.      The  A. R.  Williams  Machinery  Co. .Ltd. .Toronto,  Winnipeg,  St.  John,  N.B. 


62 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  stricUy  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed ,b  J  70 

B*bbitt  metals    ^*n*^A 

Soldering  coppers,  lb »  °* 

Uad  wool,  per  lb 0  l» 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  ^o 

White  lead,  pure,  ewt.   lo  "o 

Red   dry   lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt.      ^^  °" 

Glue,  English • 0  86 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roU 0  96 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  33 

Benrine,  per  gal.,  bulk ■     0  3^ 

Pure  turpentine,  smgle  bbls.,  gal.  i  u^ 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls  . .  19- 
Linseed  oil.  boiled,  single  bbls.  1  9» 
Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl.   .....     3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A l^t  plus  20 

Eme,^  cloth '''*  ^0  osu 

Sal  Soda 0  "^^ 

Sulphur,  rolls  ... . 005 

Sulphur,  commercial „  nc 

Rosin  "D."  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G."  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular. ...     0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon ^0" 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs ^  ^^ 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...  35 

S  S  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  53  to  80  40 

Standard  drills  to  1V4  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1%  m 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus  > 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 4U 

Bit  stock ?0 

Ratchet  drills    \° 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   Z" 

Electricians'  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves *0 

Taper  pin  r«iiner» :.•••;•  ^Jn 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  list  plus  40 

Bridge  reamers   oO 

Centre  reamers i" 

Chucking  reamers net 


Hand  reamers 


10 


High  speed  drills,  list  plus 75 

High  speed  cutters,  list  pl«8;^ .     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  V.'".Pl"Kn? 

At  warehouse Iwt  plus  50% 

Discounts  oflf  new  list.    WarehouBe  price 

at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A.  20%  on  list; 

class  B  and  C,  net  list.    Cast  iron  fittings, 

16*  off  list.    Malleable  bushings,  25  and 

mifc;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 

plugs,  20%  off  list.    Net  prices  malleable 

fittings;  class  B  black,  24 %c  lb.;  class  C 

black.  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 

Jb.;  class  C,  24V4c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 

SHEETS 

Montresl     Toronto 

Sheets,  black,  No.  28. .  $  8  00  $  8  25 
ShMta,  black.  No.  10. .  10  00  10  00 
Canada  plates,  dull,  52 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.  9  50  10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     ::•  •  • 

Premier.  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier.  10%    oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

M  to.,  $14.35;  6-16  in.,  113.85;  %  in., 
$13.50;   7-16  in.,   $12.90;    %    in.,   $13.20; 


C  A  X  -V  0  I  A  N    MACHINERY 

$13.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
K.xtra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
Vi  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  V*  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cen; 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    °0 

P.H.   alid   Imperial    50 

Nicholson   32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta   Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes    50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Si,e  Senmless         Lapwelded 

1      in $36  00         $ 

1%  in 40  00  ..... 

1%  in     43  00  36  00 

1  %  in    43  00  36  00 

2  in'   50  00  36  00 

2%  in     53  00  38  00 

2M,  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in    64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3V4  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 1" 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26V4 

Black  oil,  per  gal 15 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital 49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oi'.  per  era! $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic 37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil 18% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   ..30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  75 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic.  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape.  50  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 2  76 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft. . .     3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck. .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American 07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to      05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to      45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 
ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod . .   0  88 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  heavier, 
bas« 0  *8 


Volume  XX 

Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  4« 

Copper  tubing,  seamless   0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  Adas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .   17% 

Grand  19%       Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 1« 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    12 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    15 

Axle    20  Anchor 11 


Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.   09 
Mixed  colored  10 

This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 
quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     . . .   10%      Best  grades  . .   15% 


ANODES. 


Nickel 
Copper 
Tin  .. 
Zinc    .. 


.58  to  .65 

.38  to  .45 

.70  to  .70 

.18  to  .18 


Prices  Per  Lb. 


COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  00 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     45  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  00     44  0« 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

MontrMl     Toronto 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26       $13  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft  . .   13  25         13  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60         12  6» 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic $   .25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric 14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 23 

Ammonium  carbonate . 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 85 

Nic'  "1  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Niclei  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 3-5 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide  (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride   (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 40 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sod'um  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6 . 00 

Sodium    phosphate    18 

Tin  chloride 1-75 

Zinc   chloride,   C.P 80 

Zinc   sulphate    15 

Prices    per    Ih.   unless   otherwise    stated. 


November  28,  1918 


C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  X    SI  A  C  H  1  N  E  R  Y 


63C^ 


£=«•    * 


Regrinds 
Button  -  Dies 
in  3  Minutes 


A  GOOD  example  of  one  form  of  saving 
made  possible  through  the  use  of  the 
DUNORE  grinder  is  found  in  the  above 
illustration.  Here  is  the  attachment  known 
as  Equipment  C  that  regrinds  button-dies  at 
the  rate  of  twenty  an  hour.  The  special 
spring  chuck  holds  an  emery  pencil  that  trav- 
els at  the  rate  of  50,000  R.  P.  M.  which  has 
been  found  to  be  the  correct  cutting  speed  for 
work  of  this  nature.  Reclaiming  these  old 
and  seemingly  worthless  dies,  which  former- 
ly had  to  be  discarded,  means  an  enormous 
saving  in  the  course  of  a  few  months. 

TheDUMORE  grinder  is  portable  and  so  con- 
structed that  the  attachments  are  inter- 
changeable. In  other  words, .  Equipment  C 
may  be  detached  and  Equipments  A  or  B  put 
on.  This  gives  the  tool  a  very  wide  range 
of  operation  and  makes  it  indispensable 
to  the  shop  interested  in  securing  the  very 
best  results.  The  DUMORE  grinder  is  in  per- 
fect running  balance  and  gives  even  small 
emery  wheels  the  correct  cutting  speed. 
Chatter,  taper  or  bell-mouthed  grinding  is 
thereby  eliminated. 

If  your  dealer  does  not  carry  the  OumorE 
in  stock,  write  us  for  specifications  and  prices. 

WISCONSIN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 
2905  16th  Street  —  Racine,  Wis. 


ROl/IP.MF.NT  \ 

Fwg»nft^l  X-x>\  room  uw. 
I^cliiti^    Mi«h    S[wr<*    In- 
t«m»J  Si>ir,'1K  A  witb  rmrh 
tASUvctiri..    M.OOOR.P.M-  I 
m   Cnmei    fully    rqulppfd.   ■ 


soinnnNTC 

For  button  dir«. 
WUI  cricul  la  an 
hwjr.  lnt«f  hanu- 
■ble  artib  A  andB. 


DUnORF^QUHDERS 


Hi 


Volume  XX 


INDUSTRIAL   NEWS 

NEW  SHOPS,  TENDERS  AND  CONTRACTS 
PERSONAL  AND  TRADE  NOTES 


TRADE  GOSSIP 

Canada    Iron    Foundries   Extend. — The 

contract  for  the  erection  of  a  $75,000 
one-storey  brick  building;  for  the  Canada 
Iron  Foundries,  St.  Maurice  street,  Three 
Rivers,  P.Q.,  has  been  awarded  to  Nobert, 
Dugre,  and  Arsenault. 

Projected  Oil  Refining  Plants. — Alter- 
native plans  are  being  considered  by  im- 
porters of  oil  from  the  Orient,  of  estab- 
lishing plants  for  the  refining  of  oil. 
One  plan  is  to  refine  only,  while  the 
other  would  include  rendering. 

Electric  Sawmill  at  Nelson,  B.C. — A 
sawmill,  with  a  capacity  of  30,000  feet 
per  day,  entirely  driven  by  electricity,  is 
nearly  completed.  It  was  expected  to  be 
ready  for  operation  this  week.  Granite 
Siding  wiM  be  the  point  of  shipment. 

New  Post  Office  for  London. — Semi- 
official news  from  Ottawa  states  that  a 
start  is  likely  to  be  made  shortly  in  the 
erection  of  the  central  post  office.  A  site 
was  procured  just  before  the  war  broke 
out,  and  it  is  now  expected  that  the 
building  will  be  proceeded  with  speedily, 
and -the  present  congestion  relieved. 

Box  Factory  for  Prince  Rupert. — The 

announcement  comes  from  Mr.  F.  L. 
Buckley,  manacjer  of  the  Buckley  Bay 
and  Khyex  Mills,  that  he  has  just  com- 
pleted arrangements  to  lease  the  G.T.P. 
ship  shed  at  the  dry  dock.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  start  a  box  factory,  cooperag.;, 
and  general  woodworking  plant  as  soon 
as  arrangements  can  be  completed. 

To  Handle  Extra  Traffic— With  the 
completion  of  the  $20,000,000  plant  of 
the  Canadian  Steel  Corporation  that  is 
being  built  at  Ojibway,  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  are  looking  for  property 
for  the  extension  of  their  tracks  and 
freight  sheds.  New  docks  are  in  course 
of  construction  at  Ojibway,  and  in  the 
spring  several  hundred  workmen's  homes 
will  be  built. 

The  Trussed  Concrete  Steel  Co.  of 
Canada  Limited,  with  head  office  and 
works  at  Walkerville,  Ont.,  represented 
in  Quebec  by  G.  B.  Reynolds,  of  Mont- 
real, has  received  the  contract  for  ail 
steel  sash  work  on  the  government  build- 
ings at  Ottawa.  This  metal  sash 
throughout  will  be  copper  coated  by  the 
Schoop  process,  the  contract  for  this 
work  bein?  done  by  the  Metals  Coating 
Co.  of  Canada. 

Large  Building  Operations. — It  is  ru- 
mored that  Toronto  is  to  be  the  scent 
of  intense  activity  in  the  building  line. 
The  amount  of  money  involved  is  said 


to  be  $30,000,000.  The  Ontario  Wreck- 
ing Co.  has  taken  out  a  permit  to  de- 
molish nine  dwellings,  a  church,  and 
stable  in  the  vicinity  of  Buchanan  and 
Hayter  streets,  and  on  this  site  it  is  re- 
ported a  department  store  will  be  erected 
to  cost  $10,000,000. 

Wants  10,000  Men. — It  is  estimated 
that  10,000  men  can  be  absorbed  in  the 
lumber  camps  east  of  Fort  William.  The 
Lumbermen's  Association  have  told  the 
Dominion  government  that  the  men  must 
be  all  forthcoming  within  two  weeks  if 
they  are  to  be  of  use  for  this  purpose. 
They  have  sent  a  circular  to  their  mem- 
bers asking  them  to  get  into  touch  with 
the  nearest  munition  plants.  Current 
wages  for  lumbering  are  to  be  paid,  ar- 
rangements having  been  made  with  the 
Minister  of  Labor  to  this  effect. 

To  Interest  British  Capital.— Efforts 
are  being  made  here  to  induce  British 
capitalists  to  purchase  the  war  munitions 
plants  in  Canada  and  create  new  peace 
industries.  The  contracts  now  being 
filled  will  be  gradually  reduced  so  as  not 
to  cause  congestion  in  the  labor  market. 
Sir  Joseph  Flavelle  will  have  full  charcje 
of  the  demobilization  of  the  munitions 
industry  in  Canada  under  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board.  The  total  British  war 
orders  placed  in  Canada  amount  to  $1,- 
30O  000  000.— "Montreal    Gazette." 

Supplies  Burned. — Early  in  the  month 
damage  to  the  extent  of  about  $100,000 
was  caused  by  a  fire  originating  from 
defective  wiring,   to   one   of  the     large 


storage  buildings  situated  on  the  King's 
wharf  at  Quebec.  A  large  quantity  of 
supplies  for  the  lower  St.  iL'awrence 
lighthouses,  and  medicine  for  la  grippe 
sufferers  of  the  district,  stored  in  the 
basement,  was  saved,  but  large  supplies 
on  the  top  floor  were  totally  destroyed. 
The  value  of  the  stores  was  approxi- 
mately $75,000,  the  remainder  being  on 
the  building.  The  store  house  was  of 
stone,  built  in  1820. 

Paper     Mills     Can     Take     Men,— The 

Canadian  Pulp  and  Paper  Association 
has  received  a  request  from  Hon.  D.  G. 
Robertson,  Minister  of  Labor,  for  in- 
formation as  to  the  number  of  additional 
men  the  industrv  can  employ  this  win- 
ter. Normally  the  industry  employs 
about  25,000  mill  and  office  employees, 
and  at  certain  times  in  the  year,  about 
as  many  woodsmen.  It  has  contributed 
2,500  men  to  military  service,  most  of 
whom  have  been  assured  of  their  posi- 
tions on  their  return.  As  this  will  take 
some  time,  they  can  employ  several 
thousand  men  immediately. 

Operating  as  Usual. — Darlin'i:  Bros., 
Montreal,  expect  to  complete  their  con- 
tract on  the  4.7  anti-aircraft  shell  for  the 
American  government.  No  instructions 
have  been  received  to  the  contrary  and 
employees  have  been  notified  that  the 
plant  will  operate  as  usual  until  further 
notice.  If  their  present  order  is  to  be 
completed  the  plant  will  operate 
throughout  the  winter.  The  night  shift 
will  be  continued  unless  advice  is  receiv- 


CANADA'S  FUTURE  RESTS 

LARGELY  IN  HER  OWN  HANDS 

We  Hold  the  Cards,  But  They  Must  Be  Properly  Played 
— The  Testing  Time  is  at  Hand  Now 

By  C.  GRAHAM   DRINK'VATER,  V^c- 
Pres.  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Ltd. 

You  ask  what  is  in  .«tore  for  us  as  a  nation,  and  my  luimble 
an.swer  must  be:  "Just  exactly  what  we  have  the  abih'ty  to  make 
it.  We  hold  the  cards  hut  they  must  be  properly  played.  The 
test  is  at  hand.  We  rose  to  the  occa-ion  on  the  outbreak  of  war. 
Our  army  overseas  has  made  a  gloriou.s  record,  and  our  army 
of  workers  at  liome  has  set  a  new  standard  in  the  production  of 
war  materials.  Canada's  pre.stis;e  ne"er  stood  hialier,  and  if_  we 
apply  the  same  l)readth  of  vision  to  the  period  of  reconstruction, 
our  ."uccess  will  l)c  assured." 


November  28,  1918 

ed  to  the  contrary.  Their  domestic  ac- 
tivities are  quite  extensive  at  the  present 
time,  and  should  shell  work  cease,  it  is 
probable  that  quite  a  number  of  men 
could  be  absorbed  in  the  general  work. 

St.  Thomas  Goes  After  Industries. — 
St.  Thomas  is  sending  its  commissioner, 
Mr.  McMahon,  to  New  Jersey,  where 
several  likely  opportunities  to  secure 
new  industries  for  the  town  exist.  He 
was  authorized  to  offer  special  induce- 
ments to  certain  industries  there  to 
locate  in  St.  Thomas.  There  will  be 
several  factories  available  when  the  ex- 
isting munition  works  close  down,  which 
will  be  very  shortly.  One  of  the  indus- 
tries that  will  probably  be  offered  in- 
ducements is  a  large  silo  and  granary 
manufacturing;  concern.  The  Board  of 
Trade  and  Industrial  Committee  will 
probably  hold  a  membership  campaign 
this  winter. 

This  Plant  to  Work  All  Winter.— "All 
men  and  women  employed  in  Winnipeg 
shell  factories  as  metal  trades  workers 
will  be  needed  during-  the  coming  win- 
ter." This  statement  was  made  by  L.  B. 
Barrit,  general  manager  of  the  Vulcan 
Iron  Works.  The  Vulcan  Iron  Works, 
Manitoba  Bridge  and  Iron  Works,  and 
Dominion  Bridge  and  Iron  Works,  who 
have  a  contract  for  $500,000  placed  with 
them  by  the  .American  government,  em- 
ploy 500  men  extra  to  fill  the  contract. 
T.  R.  Deacon,  manager  of  the  Manitoba 
Bridge  and  Iron  Works,  thinks  that  there 
will  be  no  change  in  the  number  of 
people  employed  bv  the  metal  trades, 
due  to  the  end  of  the  war. 

Discarding  List  Welcomed. — Canadian 
manufacturers,  who  have  been  incon- 
venienced by  the  Preference  Act  in  the 
U.  S.  A.,  expressed  great  pleasure  when 
it  was  discontinued.  The  Canadian 
Manufacturers'  Association,  commenting 
on  the  announcement  from  Washington, 
said  that  it  meant  the  cutting  of  a  vast 
amount  of  red  tape  which  was  necessary 
in  war  time,  but  not  in  peace.  The  offi- 
cials of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers' 
.Association  do  not  look  for  any  hard 
times  in  Canada  during  the  reconstruc- 
tion period.  As  they  say,  a  country  that 
could  do  what  Canada  has  in  the  war  is 
capable  of  taking  care  of  the  present 
situation  and  bringing  things  back  to 
normal  very  soon. 

Notice  of  Removal. — The  Canadian 
Bond  Hanger  and  Coupling  Co.,  formerly 
of  Alexandria,  Ont.,  have  sent  out  the 
following  notice  to  the  trade:  "Under 
date  of  July  6th  we  advised  you  of  our 
pending  removal  to  our  new  plant  at 
Toronto.  Continued  orders  from  the 
trade  made  'his  move  impracticable  at 
that  time  without  causing  you  consider- 
able inconvenience  with  respect  to  de- 
liveries. We  are  now  transferring  our 
stock  ?nd  equipment  from  Alexandria, 
and  our  office  will  be  established  at  the 
new  location  on  November  20th,  after 
which  date  will  you  kindly  address  all 
lommunicat'ons  for  us  to  Villiers  and 
Munitions  Streets,  Toronto,  and  greatly 
oblige.  Toronto  telephone:  Adelaide 
166." 

Selling  Peace  Lines. — Accordina:  to  re- 
port.s  coming  from  heads  of  departments 


.CANADIAN   MACHINERY 

of  firms  dealing  in  machinery  and  trans- 
mission, there  have  already  been  a  num 
ber  of  inquiries  for  the  fitting  out  of 
plants  that  will  turn  out  work  separate 
and  apart  from  the  war  industries.  "I 
have  sold  motors,"  stated  one  dealer,  "to 
a  firm  that  has  a  contract  for  the  build- 
ing of  fifty  houses  in  one  of  the  best 
industrial  centres  of  Ontario.  There  are 
inquiries  coming  in  from  similar  firms 
elsewhere.  The  flax  industry  seems  to 
be  in  for  a  period  of  development,  and 
although  we  do  not  handle  the  special 
machinery  for  this  work  we  are  interest- 
ed in  the  transmission  end  of  the  busi- 
ness, and  it  is  for  this  that  the  inquiries 
are  coming."  ' 

Letting  Stafts  Out. — From  a  survey  of 
the  situation  in  Toronto,  it  would  seem 
that  about  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  muni- 
tions workers  had  been  let  out  so  far. 
The  figures  may  go  as  far  as  25  per 
cent.,  but  not  over.  In  other  places 
where  production  is  still  going  on,  Sun- 
day work  has  been  dispensed  with.  There 
is  a  disposition  on  the  part  of  many  of. 


-es- 


'Barnes-Made' 

Springs 

are  unusual  in 
service    and    wear. 

They    are    the    re- 
sult of  sixty  years' 
experience,    unsur- 
passed equipment  and  highly  skille'^. 
workmanship. 

A  trial  will  convince  you  that 
"Barnes-Made"  SprinirA  >■*«  the 
best   buy. 

e«tAblish«d  I85Z 

THE  WALLACE  BARNES  COMPANY 

218  South  St..   Bristol.   Ct.,   U.S.  A. 
ManTrs  of  "Barnes -made"   Product* 

Sprin4s.Screw Machine  FVoducts. Cold  Rolled  StcdftfidWire 


The 

"Dupont" 

PA  TENT 

Power 
Hammer 

The  strength,  dur- 
ability, economy  of 
power  and  simpli- 
city of  adjustment 
of  the  Dupont  Power 
Hammer  make  it  a 
decidedly  superior 
tool. 

Made  carefully  from 
carefully  selected, 
high-class  materials. 

Poiitivclr 

SeT«n  .ixn. 

With  rama   from  26  to 

300  lbs. 

Writ,    for   full    detail*. 

THE    PLESSISVILLE  FOUNDRY 


PI 


essisviile 


itie 


Qua. 


■ 
n 

■ 
n 
■ 
a 


Ontario  and  Western   Amenta : 

The  General  Supply   Co.  of  Canada,   Ltd. 

Ottawa  Toronto  Winnipec 


OVENS  ■ 

Japatinins  and  Varalahinc  OTena  □ 

heated    b;    0«a.     Klt«tricity.  ■ 

Steam  or  Coal.  ,             Q 

JCenichen     Siphonage     VentUaton.     B«ket«  |g 

Orena,     tnicka.     oasters.     ete  rt 

Write    for   Booklet.  _ 

Brantford  Oven  A  Raok  Co.,  Ltd. 

Brantford.  Canada. 


MaanHDHaBnHnHaHnHninHnananWnH 


W.  T.  WHITEHEAD,  SON  &  CO. 

Machine  Tools   and   Supplies 


-and- 


General   Commission    Merchants 

If  you  require  Machinery  or  tools  for  quick  delivery,  we 
strongly  recommend  your  writing  or  wiring  us.  Our  wide 
connection  and  experience  are  at  your  disposal.  Inquiries 
will  have  prompt  attention. 

If  you  have  tools  for  sale,  send  us  your  lists. 

Phone  Main  2562  232  St.  James  Street,  MONTREAL 

N.B. — Firms  not  represented  in  this  territory  would  do  well  to  writ«  us. 


66 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


PATENT 
ATTORNEYS 


RESEARCH    BUREAU 

REPORTS  BY  EXPERTS  ON  SCIENTIFIC.  "ECH- 

NICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENT. 

SPECIAL  RESEARCHES  ARRANGED. 

PATENTS,    TRADE    MARKS.    ETC. 


HANBURY  A.  BUDOEN 
tU  OmJMMOMO  BUOO..  MONTHKAL 


Cable  adores^ 
"BREVET" 


ATENT 


F«th«stMiha«(h  &  Co., 

Tbs  old  cstaUitbed  Ann.  Pat- 
ents cTeiTwhere.  Head  officft 
Hoir*l  Bank  Bldg..  Toronto. 
Ottawa  office,  i  EUia  St 
Officw  tfarouKhout  Canada. 
Booklet  Free. 


[PROMPTLY  SECUi 


to  mil  countries.     Ask  for  our  Investor's  Adviser, 
which   wUl  be  sent  free. 

MARION  &  MARION   364  University  St. 

Merchant*  Bank   Building,  comer 

St.  Catharine  St^  MON'TKEAU   Phone  Up.  6474 

and  WaaUn^ton.  D.C..  U.S.A. 


l^iEiaijaxDllls^^ 


NOLINI 


lEiimAS 


vnpux  &vM<TC  CO. 


JOHN  STIRK  &  SONS.  Limited 

HAUFAX.  ENG. 

MACHINE    TOOLS 

Aganto— The  A.  R.  WiUuunt  Mcy.  Co.,Ltd' 
TM..t..  WuBiMC.  VaDOOTiTv,  Si.  Jokn.  N.B. 


GAUGES 

DIES,  TOOLS  AND  REPAIRS 
OXY-ACETYLENE    WELDING 

WORTH    ENGINEERING    CO. 

163  Spadina  Ave.,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Phone  Adel.  3734 

B.  H.  AYLSWOHTH         A.  C.  HACKWORTH 


Ihe  plants  to  try  and  hold  the  better 
mechanics  whether  they  have  immediate 
use  for  them  or  not.  In  a  (lood  many 
instances  it  is  found  that  the  foreigner 
is  being  let  out  ahead  of  the  English- 
speaking  worker.  It  is  anticipated  that 
the  process  of  discharging  the  employees 
of  the  munitions  plants  will  proceed 
more  rapidly  in  the  next  week  or  so.  It 
is  estimated  that  Toronto  has  had  about 
26,000  munitions  workers,  and  that  at 
present  between  6,000  and  7,000  have 
been  let  out. 

Montreal  Cancellation. — The  St.  Law- 
rence Machinery  Co.  received  instruc- 
tions from  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
to  cease  operations  on  the  6-inch  British 
shell  last  Saturday  night.  They  had  ex- 
pected to  complete  their  contract,  in- 
volving about  2,000  more  shells,  but 
these  will  now  be  a  factor  for  future 
adjustment.  This  firm  has  been  operat- 
ing two  plants,  one  of  which  has  been 
leased  for  the  specific  purpose  of  muni- 
tions making.  The  original  plant  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  Iron  Foundry,  which  h-is 
been  utilized  for  shell  production  fof 
nearly  four  years,  will  revert  back  to 
grey  iron  foundry  work,  many  of  the 
old  moulde;:s  and  foundry  men  having 
been  engaged  in  the  shell  activity.  Work 
in  connection  with  the  foundry  will  be 
started  as  soon  as  settlement  is  made 
regarding  shells  now  on  the  premises. 
.\11  of  the  foundry  equipment  is  still 
available  and  operations  can  be  resumed 
as  soon  as  the  flooring  and  machinery 
is  removed. 

Disbanding  Flyers. — Within  about  the 
end  of  January  next,  the  bulk  of  the 
members  of  the  12,000  mechanics  and 
cadets  who  form  the  per.sonnel  of  the 
Royal  Air  Force  will  have  been  dis- 
banded and  back  in  civil  life,  accordin^,; 
to  an  authoritative  announcement  at  the 
local  headquarters  of  the  R.  A.  F.  De- 
mobilization commenced  actively,  and 
when  in  full  swing  400  men  will  be  re- 
turned to  civil  life  every  day  until  the 
force  is  disbanded,  except  for  the  small 
office  staff,  which  will  be  retained  to 
deal  with  the  pilots  returned  from  over- 
seas who  must  be  discharged  in  Toronto. 
The  R.  A.  F.  of  Canada  has  grown  to  a 
multi-millionaire  corporation,  and  the 
property  which  the  corps  owns  in  Can- 
ada at  the  present  time  is  stated  to  be 
between  $30,000,000  and  $40,000,000, 
much  of  which,  as  capital  stock,  has 
been  written  off  in  the  training  of  pilots. 
The  cost  of  training  each  pilot  is  thus 
shown  on  the  books  of  the  force  as  some- 
where in  the  neighborhood  of  $12,000, 
and  the  property  will  be  worth  only  its 
s'tlvage  value  unless  some  means  can 
be  found  to  dispose  of  it. 


KINDLEY    MENTION     THIS    PAPER 
WHEN     WRITING    TO    ADVERTLSER 


PERSONAL 

Corp.  Gordon  D.  Richardson,  assistant 
sales  manager  of  the  T.  A.  Willson  Co., 
Reading,  Pa.,  was  wounded  in  the  hip  bv 
machine  gun  fire  during  the  last  few  hard 
smashes  at  the  Hindenburg  line.  He  is 
improving  at  U.S.  Army  Base  Hospital. 
Portsmouth,  England.  Corp.  Richardson 
is  well  known  to  the  Canadian  indus- 
trial trade. 


Mr.  Ed.  Fitzgerald,  for  some  time  past 
connected  with  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  at  Ottawa,  has  received  an  im- 
portant appointment  with  the  Hudson 
Bay  Co.  He  was,  previous  to  joining 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board,  assistant 
general  purchasing  agent  to  the  C.  P.  R., 
under  Mr.  E.  N.  Binder.  It  is  understood 
that  he  will  leave  for  the  West  towards 
the  end  of  the  year. 

The  steel  trade  will  learn  with  sin- 
cere regret  of  the  death  of  Lawrence 
Johnston,  assistant  purchasing  agent  for 
the  Steel  Company  of  Canada,  Hamilton. 
He  had  been  with  the  Steel  Company  for 
the  last  ten  years,  and  was  well  known, 
not  only  in  Hamilton,  but  in  the  whole 
district  covered  by  the  industry.  He  was 
taken  with  influenza,  after  which  pneu- 
monia developed.  He  had  been  sick  only 
a  week.  He  leaves  a  wife  and  two 
children. 


MARINE 


Vancouver,  B.C. — The  Northern  Con- 
struction Co.  are  constructing  an  addi- 
tion to  their  yard,  to  cost  $44,000.  This 
company  is  building  5  vessels  of  1,500 
tons  d.w.  for  the  French  Government. 

New  Westminster. — Good  progress  is 
being  made  on  the  five  1,5000-ton  wooden 
vessels  for  the  French  Government,  build- 
ing at  the  New  Westminster  Construction 
and  Engineering  Co.  Four  of  them  are  in 
France,  and  three  of  these  planking  and 
ceiling  are  in  progress. 

Toronto. — The  Canadian  Car  &  Foun- 
dry Co.  filled  the  order  for  the  12  mine 
sweepers  for  the  French  Government  in 
such  a  satisfactory  manner  that  they 
have  secured  a  further  order  for  a  num- 
ber of  steel  steamers  for  the  same  Gov- 
ernment. 

Vancouver,  B.C. — A  meeting  of  resi- 
dents of  the  Yukon  passed  a  resolution, 
calling  on  the  Canadian  Government  to 
confer  with  the  U.S.  Government  on  the 
question  of  placing  a  lighthouse  on 
Vanderbilt  Reef,  in  Lynn  Canal,  where 
the  "Princess  Sophia''  was  recently  lost. 

Montreal.  —  The  vice-ptesident  and 
managing  director,  Mr.  J.  W.  Norcross, 
and  two  other  directors  of  the  Canada 
Steamship  Lines,  have  left  Canada  for 
England.  It  is  stated  that  the  London 
Advisory  Board  has  invited  them  to  confer 
on  the  question  of  continuing  the  ocean 
trade  of  the  company,  which  came  into 
existence  since  the  beginning  of  the  war. 
The  company  has  at  present  twenty 
vessels  in  the  Atlantic  trade. 

Washington.  —  Chairman  Hurley,  of 
the  Shipping  Board,  who  sailed  for 
Europe  to  prepare  for  the  returning  of 
American  troops  to  this  country  and  for 
moving  needed  food  supplies  to  the  war- 
famished  nations  overseas,  also  plans  to 
seek  an  international  agreement  between 
the  governments,  shipping  interests  and 
labor  organizations  of  the  principal  mari- 
time powers  for  standardization  of  sea- 
men's wages  and  working  conditions.  It 
was  said  that  Mr.  Hurley  expects  to  pro- 
pose that  the  American  laws  and  the 
agreements  between  the  Government  and 


November  28,  1918 

the  seamen's  unions  on  these  Subjects  be 
accepted  as  the  standards,  and  it  is 
understood  that  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  and  the  British  Seamen's  Union 
are  prepared  to  support  the  proposal. 

Port  Arthur. — Launchins  of  ocean- 
going tug  "Victorie"  took  place  at  the 
plant  of  Port  Arthur  Shipbuilding  Com- 
pany, Limited,  Port  Arthur,  Ontario, 
November  8th,  Mrs.  J.  T.  Emmerson,  of 
Port  Arthur,  acting  as  sponsor.  The 
"Victorie"  is  an  all  steel  ocean-going  tug 
built  to  Lloyd's  classification,  designed  to 
develop  800  horsepower.  General  dimen- 
sions are  as  follows:  Length  B.P.,  119  ft.; 
breadth,  molded,  26  ft;  depth,  molded, 
26  ft.  6  in.  Propelling  machinery  consists 
of  a  t;riple  expansion  surface  condensing 
engine  having  three  cylinders,  sizes  1.5  in.; 
29  in.  47  in.  x  36  in.  stroke.  Steam  is 
supplied  by  two  Scotch  boilers,  diameter 
11  ft.,  length  11  ft.,  each  with  a  working 
pressure  of  100  pounds.  This  tug  is  to  be 
delivered  before  the  close  of  navigation 
this  year. 


C  .V  N  A  D  I  A  N    MACHINERY 


L\   INDUSTRIAL  HAMILTON 

(Continued  from  page  636) 

Company,  Canadian  Cartridge  Company, 
Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works  Company, 
Sawyer-Massey  Company,  International 
Harvester  Company,  Sanford  Clothing- 
Manufacturing  Company,  and  others, 
will  all  avail  themselves  of  the  peculiar 
and  timely  opportunities  which  the 
Lyons  fair  holds  out  for  the  Canadian 
manufacturer  who  is  anxious  to  develop 
foreign  trade. 


WE  SHALL  TELL  YOU 

WHEN  TO  CEASE  IT 

And  so  Turning  Out    of    the    American 

Munitions    Contracts 

Keeps  Up 

Hamilton. — Just  how  much  longer 
local  companies  will  be  engaged  on  muni- 
tion work  is  a  question,  but  the  fact  re- 
mains that  those  which  are  working  on 
American  government  orders  have  shown 
no  cessation,  while  several  of  them  have 
leceived  intimations  from  Washington, 
it  is  said,  that  ensures  their  continuing' 
on  shell  work  for  many  weeks  yet. 

One  such  company  is  the  Tallman 
Brass  &  Metal  Company,  which  has 
worked  almost  exclusively  on  munition 
work  since  the  outbreak  of  war,  and 
which  only  a  short  time  ago  received 
large  shell  orders  from  the  American 
government. 

Addison  H.  Tallman,  manager  of  the 
company,  said  that  not  long  asro  muni- 
tion equipment  costing  $150,000  had  been 
installed,  yet  he  would  not  like  to  hazard 
how  much  longer  the  company  would 
continue  on  such  work. 

Would  Notify  Them 

Another  manufacturer,  working  on 
.\merican  munitions,  grew  apprehensive 
when  the  armistice  was  signed,  and 
wired  Washington  to  find  out  what  lay 
ahead  of  him.  The  reply  he  received 
from  Washington    was    to    continue     on 


BERTRAMS    LIMITED 

Engineert 

Scienne*.     EDINBURGH 

PAPER    MILL    MACHINERY 

MACHINE  TOOLS  for  IRON  WORKERS 
CataIovu««  offered  to  Purchaeert. 


CASTINGS 

Mmdium   Weight  Grey  Iron.  Brana,  Etc. 
JOBBING 

GREENLEAFS,LIMITED 

Belleville,  Ontario 


Prompt  Deliveries 

on  Gauges,  Tools,  Dies, 
Jigs  and  Fixtures 

Special  Machinery 

CUT  GEARS 

Contracting    and    Repairing 
Machinists 

Quotations  cheerfully  submitted. 
Normac  Machine  Co. 

55  Vine  Street,  St.  Catharines,  Ont. 


ETAL 

STAMPINGS 


r: 

■        ers 
f        for 


M 


are  manofactur- 
of  stamped  parts 
other   manufac- 
turers. 

We  do  any  kind  of 
sheet  metal  stamp- 
ing that  you  require. 
Our  improved  press- 
es and  plating  plant 
enable  us  to  produce 
the  finest  quality  of 
work  in  a  surpris- 
ingly short  time. 
We  can  finish  steel 
stamping  in  Nickel, 
Brass  or  Copper. 

Send  us  a  sample 
order. 


'"I 


W.  H.BANFIELD&SONS 

372  Pape  A vbnue, Toronto,  Can. 


Lanco  Balata  Belting 

Works  Well  in  Cold  Places 

This  belt  can  in  fact  be  used  under  any 
atmospheric  conditions  except  those  of 
heat. 

This  is  a  high  priced  belt  and  you  expe<t 
it  to  give  long  service.    It  does. 

For  work  in  wet  or  cold  places  you  can 
buy  cheaper  belts  that  will  do  the  worlt  as 
well  for  a  time,  but  would  you  not  rather 
have  a  belt  that  would  last  longer  even  if 
you   had   to   pay   more   for   it? 

Remember  that  changing  belts  is  an  ex- 
pense and  if  you  have  to  shut  down  your 
plant  to  make  the  change— and  you  some- 
times do— the  cost  of  the  shutdown  may  be 
many  times  the  cost  of  a  Lanco  Balata  Belt. 

We  solicit  the  business  of  firms  engaged 
in   Mining,  Stone   Quarrying,  etc. 

Federal  Engineering  Co., Limited 

172  John  Street  -  Toronto 


i 


Engineers,  Manu. 

facturers  and 

Erectors  of  Steel 

Structures 

We  Specialize  in 

Bridges,  Buildings, 
Tojvers,  Tanks,  Pen- 
stocks, Roof  Trusses, 
Columns,  Smoke 
Flues  and  Stacks, 
Coal  Bins,  Ore  Bins, 
Buckets,  Refuse 
Burners,  Stills,  Air 
Receivers,  etc. 

WRITE  FOR 
PRICES. 


njiT 

"MAWCUTSHAPUS 

'"SfttiAlBRAWCUT  R  RSnAPtW^ 

'^riNISHCO  MACNINC  KLYS'^ 

f  STATICNART&  PORTikBU  KIT  WAY  CUniRSl 

ISPCCIAL  UMHOTIVE  CYUWPK  PUMtWi 


s  CrritC  •-  WURKS;  MUSKCGUN  HCICMTi  u  s  a 


68 


C  A  N "A  n  T  A  X    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


HAWK 
CHROME 
VANADIUM 


Will 
Give  You 
Exceptional 

Sliell  Forging 

Production 

WITHOUT  AN  EQUAL  FOR 
BOTH  FIRST  AND 
SECOND  OPERATION 
PUNCHES. 

Comes    to    you    heat-treated 

and  ready  for  use. 

It    does     not    stick     to    the 

work. 

There  are  many  cases  where 

each    punch    has   turned    out 

over  2,000  shells. 

It    means    more    shells,    per 

machine  per  day. 

STEEL  OF  EVERY 
DESCRIPTION. 

Hawkridge  Brothers 
Company 

303  ConsrreM  St.,  BOSTON,  MASS. 

U.  S.  A. 


KINDS 


.lAiiWK  Sl'ECU^  UMITED 


PLEWES  Limited 

WINNIPEG 
For  All 

Machinists'  Supplies 


Highest  Degree  of  Accuracy 

Obtainable  in  10'  Universal  Index  Centers 

Our  11  years  of  special- 
izing on  accurate  Index 
Centers  has  made  us 
accuracy  experts.  Can 
absolutely  guarantee 
the    accuracy. 

Prompt   Delivery 

DICKOW 


For  Accuracy  Get  Dickow'* 
SoJd  by  deaUrt.      Write  u»  tm-day 

Fred.  C.Dickow,  37  So.  DespUiacs  M..  Ckiiiio.  III. 


WM.  MUIR  &  CO.,  LIIMITED 

Manchester,   Ensrland. 

Machine  Tool  Makers. 
Specialties:      Patent      Puncher      Slotting 
Machines,        Milling        Machines.        Boring 
Machines.  '  , 

Agents :    Messrs.    Peacock    Bros..    68 

Beaver    Hall    Hall.    Montreal. 

Send    for    catalogue. 


1 

Oil  Tempered 
Steel  Springs 

— for  every  purpose 
and  the  best  for  each 
use. 

Special  styles  of  all 
kind-  to  order. 

THE  CLEVELAND 

WIRE  SPRING 

COMPANY 

Cleveland,  Ohio 
U.S.A. 

shell  work  without  any"  let-up.  "Wo 
shall  tell  you  when  to  cease,"  the  mes- 
sage ran. 

That  these  orders  must  soon  be  can- 
celled, however,  was  generally  admitted 

Mr.  Tallman  said  that  the  fixture  de- 
partment of  his  company  had  sufficient 
work  on  hand  to  keep  it  busy  for  fouv 
months.  Much  of  this  work  would  be 
for  foreign  markets.  With  the  automo- 
bile industries  coming  into  their  own 
again,  however,  Mr.  Tallman  said  that 
his  company  should  have  plenty  of  work 
to  do  in  making  brass  attachments  for 
autos.  The  activities  of  the  shipbuilding 
industry  would  also  give  the  company 
much  to  do,  as  it  is  in  a  position  to  make- 
all  sorts  of  brass  fixtures  for  vessels. 
such  as  binnacles,  signal  lamps,  cabin 
railings,  clock-cases,  etc.  Mr.  Tallman 
said  that  he  had  received  word  to  slov. 
up  on  shrapnel  bullets  for  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board.  Only  six  men  would 
be  affected,  and  would  be  easily  absorbed 
by  other  departments  once  the  work  was 
stopped. 

Cutting  Off  Forging 

Manufacture  of  all  six-inch  shells  for 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  ceased  in 
Hamilton  last  Thursday,  and  shell  forg- 
inas  ended  on  Saturday  night.  The  larg- 
est maker  of  these  was  the  Dominion 
Steel  Foundry  &  Steel  Ltd.  One  thousand 
men  were  laid  off  temporarily,  but  will 
soon  be  back  at  their  places  again  when 
the  present  equipment  is  removed  and 
tools  for  new  work  are  installed. 

Paul  .J.  Myler,  of  the  Canadian  West- 
inghouse  Company,  stated  that  no  word 
bad  been  received  to  cease  making  shells 
for  the  American  government.  Large 
orders  are  on  hand,  and  the  company  ex- 
pects that  this  work  will  continue  for 
several   weeks. 


KINDLY  MENTION  THIS  PAPER 
WHEN   WRITING  ADVERTISERS 


STEEL  CO.  SENDING 

MAN  TO  AUSTRALIA 

George   Spence   Going  On   Kn   Exten.sive 

Trip  to  Look  for  New 

Markets 

Hamilton. — Believing  that  there  are 
virgin  markets  to  be  developed  for  their 
smaller  bright  goods  in  Australia,  New 
Zealand,  and  other  places  in  the  .Anti- 
podes, the  Steel  Company  of  Canada  has 
appointed  George  Spence,  of  this  city,  t? 
make  an  extensive  tour  of  those  coun- 
tries to  develop  markets  for  screws, 
bolts,  and  other  bright  goods. 

Mr.  Spence,  who  will  depart  for  Aus- 
tralia at  a  no  distant  date,  is  a  native  of 
Hamilton,  and  has  been  associated  with 
the  Steel  Company  of  Canada  for  many 
years.  He  received  his  training  in  il;c 
sales  department  of  the  company,  and 
showed  such  promise  that  it  was  not  loni; 
before  he  was  sent  to  New  York  to  take 
charge  of  the  company's  export  office  at 
that  point. 

Mr.  Spence  will  be  succeeded  by  Mr. 
.Tames,  who  has  been  attached  to  the 
Montreal  offices  of  the  com'pany  for 
several  years. 


November  28,  1918 

POWER  SHORTAGE 

FELT  IN  LONDON 

LONDON,  Nov.  27.— Shortage  of  power 
is  affecting-  the  manufacturers  of  London. 
It  was  thought  that  when  the  armistice 
terms  -.vere  signed  the  demand  for  power 
would  not  be  so  heavy  by  the  munitions 
factories.  This  has  not  helped  out  th.> 
situation  so  far  as  London  is  concerned 
as  the  manufacturers  have  cut  out  the 
night  shift  only.  During  the  peak  lead, 
which  is  between  4.30  and  6  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  the  power  is  so  short  that 
domestic  users  are  handicapped  by  the  low- 
voltage. 

E.  V.  Buchanan,  General  Manager  of  the 
Public  Utilities  Commission,  hns  issue  l 
letters  to  all  large  power  users  asking 
them  to  cut  their  power  by  50  per  cent,  at 
4..30  and  shutting  it  off  completely  at  5 
o'clock,  in  order  to  save  the  situation.  He 
points  out  that  the  domestic  consumer  has 
been  sacrificing  for  the  sake  of  the  manu- 
facturers and  he  thinks  that  now  that  the 
need  of  munitions  is  not  great  the  mano- 
factuiers  can  shut  down  on  their  power 
without  much  inconvenience. 

Abuut    twenty    users    of    power    have 
responded  to  the  request  and  it  is  thought 
that  this  will  enable  the  city  to  weather 
the  power  shortage  successfully. 
Ready   for  Export 

McClary  Manufacturing  Company  is 
already  preparing  in  anticipation  of  a 
large  export  trade  with  European  coun- 
tries that  Canada  will  get  as  soon  as  the 
peace  terms  are  definitely  settled.  The 
company  has  shipments  waiting  for  the 
removal  of  the  embargo  to  be  forwarded 
to  Africa,  Russia,  Australia,  and  New 
Zealand.  J.  J.  Foot,  vice-president  of  the 
company,  says  that  he  looks  for  a  good 
trade  with  these  countries. 

The  company  is  also  planning  an  ex- 
hibit at  the  Fair  at  Lyons,  in  France,  next 
year,  with  a  view  to  establishing  trade 
relations  with  that  country.  McClary 
Manufacturing  Company  manufactures 
a  complete  line  of  stoves,  ranges,  furnaces, 
and  all  kinds  of  enamel  and  granite  ware. 


C.\  N  .\  1)1  .\  N    .M  AC  III  NERY 


^:ii 


SHELL  WORKER  IS 

ONE  OPERATION  MAN 

Editor,  Canadian  Machinery:  In  reply 
to  your  request  for  my  opinion  of  the 
effect  shell  machinists  will  have  on  the 
qualified  machinists'  trade,  I  state  the 
following  facts: 

My  candid  opinion  is  that  shell 
machinists  will  be  a  great  detriment  to 
skilled  mechanics  in  this  way.  Unskilled 
help  on  production  work  with  the  aid 
of  gauges,  etc..  will  take  the  place  of 
mechanics,  and  will  do  just  about  as  ac- 
curate work.  The  manufacturer  will 
take  advantage  of  this  fact  and  keep 
down  and  reduce  rate  of  pay. 

Regarding  the  matter  of  work  in  tool- 
rooms, machine  and  job  shops,  where  a 
varied  line  of  work  has  to  be  undertaken 
and  completed  from  start  to  finish,  the 
"shell  buster"  will  be  a  failure,  as  he  is 
a  one  job  man,  and  a  one  job  man  he 
will  remain. 

Sincerely  yours, 

W.  Pirie. 


We  Know 

you  are  anxious  to  buy 

Canadian  Made 

goods. 

The  Imperial 


Chuck 

is  manufactured   by 

Ker  &  Goodwin 

Brantford,  Canada 


Our   large  itock   of 

Michini  Bolit. 
Rivets   aad  Wishers 

assures  quickly  fill- 
ed    orders    and 
prompt    shipment. 
One    quality    only — 

Tba   Best. 
Send    »   trial    arder. 

LONDON  BOLT    A 

HiNQ£  WORKS 

London  Ontario 


•»i,i>»u»jir»i»ujJiJiJUJK 


Special  Machiaery 

MADE  TO  ORDER 


Mill  Macliinery.  Engine  Worl( 
Grey  Iron  and  Brass  Gasllngs 

TRY  US  FOR  QENERAL  REPAIRS 

ALEXANDER  FLECK,  LIMITED 

(Vulcan  Iron  Works)  OHAWA.  ONT. 


Delta 

Files 


Are  guaranteed  to 
give  more  profit- 
able results  than 
any    other    files 
you   can   match 
against  them. 

Nor  do  we  hesi- 
tate  to   make 
this    seemingly 
o  ver-confident 
g  u  a  r  a  ntee. 

We    make    it 
because    w  e 
know    DEL- 
TA    FILES 
are    the 
only  files 


And,  as 
you    may 
also  know, 
but  one  tool 
steel  obtain- 
able    to-day 
will    long 
withstand  the 
grinding  wear 
to    v.'hich    files 
are  subjected. 
That  steel   is 
Crucible  Steel. 
Order  from  your 
dealer. 


Made  of 
Crucible 
Steel 


DELTA 


Delta  File  Works 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.S.A. 
CANADIAN  AGENTS: 

H.  S.  Howland.  Sons  &   Co..  Toronto 

Starke,  Soybold,  Montraal 

Wm.  Stair>,  Son  &  Morrow,  Halifax 

Merrick'Anderson  Co.,  Winnipec 

ALL  LEADING  JOBBERS 


70 


C  A  N  A  1)  1  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


LASsiFiED  Advertising 


Rates  (parable  In  advance) :  Two  cents  per  word  first  insertion ;  one  cent  per  word  sub- 
sequent insertions.     Count  five  words  when  box  number  is  required.     Eacli  fisrnre  counts 
as  one  wont    Minimam  order  11.00.    Display  rates  on  application. 


SECTION 


POSITIONS  WANTED 


CALESMAN  WITH  PRACTICAL  MECHANICAL 
^  and  a«llins  experience,  at  present  employed.  de> 
•ires  advantageous  change  with  reliable  finn. 
Married,  a«e  38.     Box   519,   Canadian   Machinery. 

c22m 

pXPORT -EXPERIENCED  SALESMAN  WELL 
^  introduced  with  Belgian,  French  and  Italian 
railroads  and  other  important  industrial  firms  is 
open  for  European  representation.  Will  sail 
-soon.     Address   Box  529,  Canadian   Machinery. 

(c23m; 

KAT-TRE«TER— SIXTEEN  YEARS  HARD- 
ening,  tempering,  carbonizing,  heat-treating, 
with  sound  practical  and  technical  experience 
metallurgy  and  pyrometry.  Up-to-date  methods 
and  know  how  to  handle  men.  Sound  credentials. 
Box  526,  Canadian  Machinery.  (c22m) 

FOUNDRY  FOREMAN  OPEN  FOR  ENGAGE- 
ment,  has  had  years  of  experience  on  best 
class  of  work.  Economical  production  of  cast- 
ings, successful  handling  of  men,  mixing  of 
metals.  Can  furnish  best  of  references.  Joseph 
Crowe,    376    Brock    St.,    Peterborough,    Ont. 

(ctfm) 


HELP  WANTED 


FOR   SALE 


H 


CUPERINTENDENT   WANTED   AT  ONCE   FOR 

*^  small  machine  shop  in  Toronto.  Good  chance 
for  right  man.  Box  No.  514.  Canadian  Machin- 
ery. c22ra 


/JUADUATE  MECHANICAL  ENGINEER 
wanted.  Only  enerfiretic  and  ambitious  men 
need  apply.  Specialty  gasoline  motors  and  farm- 
ing machinery.  Knowledge  of  French  necessary. 
Highest  salary  paid  to  right  party.  Send  reitr- 
cnces  and  state  salary  desired.  Apply  Box  4»2, 
Cbnadian  Machinery.  <ctm; 


W^ 


W^ 


7ANTED— POSITION  AS  MACHINE  SHOP 
superintendent.  At  present  engaged  in 
similar  capacity  in  large  plant.  Desire  change. 
18  years'  machine  shop  experience.  Thoroughly 
practical.  Accustomed  to  heavy  work.  Locomo- 
tive and  marine  credentials.  Age  86.  Address 
Box    522,    Canadian    Machinery.  (c21m> 

RETURNED  SOLDIER  DESIRES  POSITION 
as  mechanical  draughtsman.  Can  do  tracing 
and  wants  to  learn  more  about  machine  drawing. 
Would  be  willing  to  start  with  a  moderate  salary 
if  prospects  are  good.  Am  at  or<^cnt  employed  in 
large  drafting  room  and  would  like  similar  poel- 
tton  in  Toronto  or  Montreal.  Other  office  work 
would  be  considered.  Box  620,  Canadian  Ma- 
chinery. c22m 

ASSISTANT  GENERAL  SUPERINTENDENT 
of  large  engineering  plant  seeks  similar  posi- 
tion or  that  of  general  superintendent.  22  years' 
machine  shop  practice,  both  locomotive  and  mar- 
ine. Thorough  mechanic.  Good  executive.  Age 
38.  Disengaged  November  twentieth.  Address 
Box    521,    Canadian    Machinery.  (c20m) 


SPECIAL  MACHINERY 

H.   C.  THOMAS,  GENERAL  MACHINE  SHOP, 
tools,    jigs    and    machine    repairs.      801    King 
St.    W.,    Toronto.     Telephone    Adelaide   3886.       tf 

VTANUFACTURERS— WE  CAN  UNDERTAKE 
■'^  work  to  any  ipeeifleation — munition  produe- 
lion  equipment  or  otherwise.  Write  W.  H 
Snirbling  Machinery  Co.,  T  St.  Mary  St.,  Toronto 


MISCELLANEOUS 


?ANTBD— ASSISTANT  SUPERINTENDENT 
of  Montreal  factory.  Must  be  experienced 
nechanical  engineer  with  knowledge  of  drafting. 
Give  full  particulars  as  to  experience.  State  age 
and  salary  required.  Box  627,  Canadian  Ma- 
chinery. (c23m) 


tl/ANTED— THOROUGHLY  PRACTICAL  AND 
experienced  Mechanical  Engineer  with  execu- 
tive ability  for  position  as  Chief  Engineer  in  a 
large  steel  working  plant,  chiefly  engaged  in  the 
production  of  shell  and  heavy  Marine  Forgings ; 
knowledge  of  Hydraulic  Presses  and  Pumps  de- 
sirable— a  good  position  and  salary  for  right  man. 
Apply  Canada  Forge  Company,  Limited,  Welland, 
Ont. 


MACHINERY  WANTED 


CPIKE  MACHINE— WE  WANT  TO  BUY  A 
machine  for  making  railway  and  ships'  spikes. 
Either  new  or  second-hand.  Address,  giving  full 
particulars,  Starr  Manufacturing  Company,  Lim- 
ited,  Dartmouth,  Nova   Scotia,   Canada.  (c23m) 


/^NE  SECOND-HAND  GAS  ENGINE  ABOUT 
^'^  100  h.p.  Must  be  in  good  condition.  Write 
P.O.  Box  217,  Moncton,  N.B,  (c24m) 


w 


/ANTED— ONE  UNIVERSAL  MILLING  MA- 
chine,  size  No.  2  or  3.  One  tool  room  grinder. 
No.  2.  Send  full  particulars  to  Box  528,  Cana- 
dian   Machinery.  (c24ni) 


\X/ANTED-^GOOD  SECOND-HAND  MACHINE 
'  for  straightening  bars  of  steel  from  one-half 
to  two  and  one-half  inches.  Give  full  particulars 
as  to  make  of  machine,  length  of  service,  price, 
etc.      Box    523,    Canadian    Machinery.  (c22m) 


W^ 


Munition    Manufacturers 

If  you  have  not  decided  what  use  to  make 
of  your  plant,  I  have  a  good  proposition 
that  might  Interest  you.  Send  address.  I 
will    call.      Box    520,    Canadian    Machinery. 

(c24m) 


/ANTED  —  SECOND-HAND  AUTOMATIC 
screw  machine,  plain  or  turret  type.  Single 
spind'e.  Capacity  1%  or  1^4  stock.  Address 
particul.irs  and  price  to  Box  530,  Canadian 
Machinery.  (c24m) 

1  —BELT  DRIVEN  AlR  COMPRESSOR  ABOUT 
■'•    8x8  cylinder. 

1 — ^T.othe  to   take   in    12   ft.   between   centers. 
2 — 10-ton,   hnnd   ooerated  travelling   cranes.   38    ft. 
snsn.       The    National     Shipbuilding    Co.,     Ltd., 
Goderich,  Ont.  cl9m 


PATTERNS 


TJADIAL   DRILL,    BICKFORD,    4',    SPEED    BOX 

(]t*lY^  jjl        good        Artny1i4in.n  fn>.       ..«!_  n~ ! 

Company.  Lindsay. 


(c22m) 


TORONTO  PATTERN  WORKS,  SB  JARVIS 
-^  Street.  Toronto.  Pnttems  in  wood  and  metal 
for    all    kinds    of   machinery.  (efm) 


pOR  SALE— ONE  CENTRIFUGAL  PUMP,  4- 
inch  suction ;  one  Pickering  steam  governor, 
inch  and  half;  5  wood  pulleys,  24  by  6-inch: 
1  do.,  16  by  6-inch:  1  do.,  12  by  10-inch;  500  feet 
wire  cable,  three-eighths.  Apply  A.  G.  Anderson. 
Port   Dover,    Ont.  (c24m) 

pOR     SALE— THREE    NEWTON     COLD    SAWS 

in   good   condition.      $1,500   each   for  quick   sale. 

Canada  Metal  Co..  aS  Fraser  Ave..  Toronto.     c25m 

pROG    AND    SWITCH    PLANERS :— SIZES    36" 
X  12"  X  14'  and  86"  x  12"  x  12'  in  good  second- 
hand    condition.       Box     624,     c/o     Canadian     Ma- 
chinery. (c22m) 

pOR      SALE   —   FOUR-INCH     CENTRIFUGAL 

pump;  also  horizontal  boiler  8'  long,  42"  dia., 
50  X  2Vj"  tubes.  In  good  shape.  Box  S16,  Cana- 
dian  Machinery.  c21m 

pOR   SALE— 300   BOXES  IC   AND   IX  20"  x   28" 

Prime   Tinplates.      These   plates    can    be   bought 

below   present   market    prices.      The    Schultz    Mfg. 

Co.,    Limited,    Hamilton.   Canada.  (c22m) 

p^OR    SALE— TWO    No.    210   AND    ONE   No.    190 
Brown    &    Boggs    Punch    Presses   in   good   condi- 
tion.     Price   $400  each   f.o.b.  cars.      Write  or   call. 
Canada  Metal  Co.,  35  Fraser  Ave.,  Toronto.     c25m 

pOR    SALE— 1—7'    X    100'    ROTARY    KILN- Vi" 

shell    in    good   condition.      Immediate   shipment. 

Price     reasonable.        Location,      Ontario,     Canada. 

Address    Box    525,    Canadian    Machinery.        (c22mt 

pOR  SALE— TWO  NILES  RAIL  AND  FROG 
mller,  4-spindle  drilling  machines.  Two  New- 
ton cold  saws.  No.  501  and  two  No.  502.  Also 
frog  and  switch  planers.  J.  L.  NeiUon  &  Co.. 
Winnipeg,   Man.  (c23m) 

pOR  SALE— 1—36"  x  36*  x  12'  Bertram  Planer, 
single  head  in  first-class  condition.  1 — 64"  x  6' 
Horizontal  Boring  Miller,  single  back  geared,  in 
good  condition.  Globe  Engineering  Co.*  Ltd., 
Hamilton,    Ont.  ctfm 

T   ATHE    FOR   SALE— $500.    SWINGS   36"    OVER 
saddle:    bed,    16'    long;    double   ended;    practi- 
cally two   lathes  on  same  bed.     Turnbull   Elevator 
Mfg.    Co.,    Toronto.  {ctm> 

A/IACHINE  SHOP  IN  TOROI^TO  FOR  SALE. 
in  existence  for  the  last  fifteen  years. 
Equipment  in  good  condition,  plenty  of  work  on 
hand,  making  good  profits.  Will  bear  strictest 
and  best  investigation.  Only  principals  will  be 
considered.     Box  517,  Canadian  Machinery.       G22m 

pOR   SALE— RACINE   POWER  SAW   IN    GOOD 

condition.      12"    frame.      $75.00   each    for   quick 

sale.      Canada    Metal    Co.,    Ltd..    35    Fraser    Ave., 

Toronto.  (c25m) 

o— 800  AMPERE  "SHAWMUT"  KNIFE  BLADE 
"fuses  for  250-voIt  D.C.  current.  2—6"  Walworth 
gate  valves.  O.S.  &  Y..  bolted  bonnet,  flange  ends. 
1—65  H.P.,  60-cycle,  S-phase,  550-voH.  1.200  r.p.m. 
induction    motor.      Box    620,    New    Glasgow,    N.S. 

(c24m) 

T^WO  LOWDOWN  TRUCKS  FOR  SALE.  A.  B. 
*^  Ormsby  Company.  Limited.  48  Abell  Street. 
Toronto.  (c27m) 


161 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufaeturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  DECEMBER  5,  1918  No.  23 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

MECHANICAL   DRAWING;   GEARING   ASSEMBLIES  DETAILS    0^7 

GENERAL    f 40 

THE    TRAINING    OF    ENGINEERING    APPRENTICES    643 

CAST   IRON   FLYWHEEL    643 

TESTING   MACHINES   FOR   INDUSTRIAL   LABORATORIES 644 

WELDING  AND  CUTTING 648 

The    Development   of   Electric   Welding. 

WHAT  OUR  READERS  THINK  AND   DO 651 

Thread    Rolling   in   a   Screw   Machine.  ..  .Turning  Throw  of  Small  Crank  Shaft. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT    '. 653 

Daniels   Automatic   Machine.  ..  .New   Boring   Machine 

TECHNICAL  JOURNAL  BEST  AID  TO  EDUCATION    ". . . . .  655 

EDITORIAL     656 

MARKET  DEVELOPMENTS   658 

SELECTED   MARKET  QUOTATIONS    663 

INDUSTRIAL    NEWS    676 


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lez 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Anybody   Can  Operate   This   Miller 

andlTum  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


44 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Aeents:  A.  K.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont.; 
A.  K.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  26»  Princess  St.,  Winnipeg ;  A.  R. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B.;  Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

.\cme    Machine     Tool     Co 6 

Aikcniirad     Hardware    Co 81 

Allfii    Mfg.    Co 138 

AlmuiKl    Mfg.    Co 21 

Amalgamatwl  Macbincry  Corp.    '.'.'.'.'.'.    u 

American    Pulley    Ca    142 

Anden^oii,    Geo.    A .138 

.\rcwell  Corporation  of  Canada  ".'.'.".'  IW 

Amwljoug   Bros.    Tool   Co.    138 

.\rmslioMgJWIiitworlli    Co 128 

Atliins   &   Co..    Wm.    12 

Atlas     Press     Co. /,'.';  K 

B 

Baird    Machine    Co.     140 

BanHrfd,    \V.    H.,    &    Bona M 

Bame-3,    Wallace,    Co 87 

Bajter  &  Co.,   Ltd.,  J.   R M3 

Becker    .Milling    Machine    Co 130 

Belleville    Iniluatrial   Furnace   Co.    ..    26 

Bernard    Industrial    Co..    A 24 

Bertram  &   Sous  Co.,  John   I 

Bertrams.    i,ld 85 

BetU  Machine  Co.    '.'.'.'.     9 

Billon    .Machine   Tool   Co 96 

Blount    Co.,    J.    O , 103 

Bowser  &    Co.,    Inc.,   «.    F MO 

Brantford  Oven  &   Hack  Co 88 

Brewster.    Wm j28 

Bnlstol    Company     130 

Brcom      Bogip     Co.      U 

Browns     Copper    &     Brass    Holling 

-MiIU     23 

Brf,nn   Engineering  Corp.    !.!!!.! 92 

Bronu   A    Sharpe   Mfg.    Co 146 

Biidden.    Hatrhui-y    A 86 

Bulterfleld    4    Co..    Inc Uie 

0 
Canada   Foundries  Ic   FotKinas,   Lid.    IT 
Canada    Machinery    Coriwralion    .... 

..  ,  ,    ,      Outside   back    cover 

Canada    Metal    Co.    141 

Can.     Baricer    Co '    gg 

.  Can.    B.    K.    Morton    Co.    .,.,...'  123 

Can.     Blower   Ic    Forge    Co 38 

iCan.    I>eflmrjnd-Stephan  Co.    20 

Can.     Fairt>aMks->lorse    Co 10 

Can.    Ingerwll  Band    Co.    8 

Can.    I.acf,  Phflips   Co.,    Ltd Ill 

Can.    Link-Belt    Co..    Ltd.    ..  ]« 

Can.   H   K    F  Co.,   Ltd 43 

Can.   flteel    Foundries   T 

Can.  WeMIng  Works  141 

Carlylc,    Johnson    Machine    Co.    ....     8 

Carter   WrMlng   Co.    a 

Chapman   DwH)!e  Ball  Bearing  Co... 
..*«._.  ,.  Front    corer 

•i^eneroMii    (o..    J«mes   , JM 

'  aoean   Flexlbic-  fllarft   Ca    „ Si 

Cincinnati   Elfclr.cal  Tool  Co.   131 

Cincinnati  Milling  Maoh.  Co  19! 


Classified     Advertising     88 

Lleveland    Pneumatic    Tool    Co luO 

Uommcicial    Camera    Co UA 

Cousolidrtted     Pr(s«    Co,     12i 

Coventry    CThain    Co 160 

Curtis     &     thirtis     W3 

Curtis    Pneumatic    Mach.    Co.    121 

Cushman    Chuck    Co 138 

D 

Davidson    Mfg.    Co.,    Thos.    75 

Davidson   Tool   Mfg.    Corp 101 

Davis-iiouraonvUle   Co 140 

Deloro   Smelting  &   Keiuiug  Co 29 

Diamond  Saw   &  Stamping  Wk3 131 

Dominion  Forge    &    Stamping    Co., 

Ltd 38 

Dominion  Foundries  &  Steel    89,  93 

Dominion    Iron    &  .Wrecking   Co 90 

Dominion    Machinery    Co 96 

Dgminiou    Pattern    Works    131 

E 

Elliott     &     Whitehall     92 

Elm    Cuttiug  On    Co 128_ 

Enushevsky    &   Son,    B 140 

Eric  Foundry  1^ 

F 

Federal    Engineering    Co.     W 

Kerrachute    Machine    Co.     141 

Fetheratonhaugh  &.  Co 80 

l%lancial    Post    of    Canada M 

Firth    &    Sons,    Thos 12 

Find   Chain   Block   &   .Mfg.    Co 151 

Foixl-Smlth   .Machine   Co.    10 

F;«s  Madh.   &  Supply  Co.,   Geo.   F.' 

Inside  back  cover 

FiWter    Macliue     C'o 37 

Fox    Much,    Cn , 137 

Froit     Mfg.     Co.     139 

Fry's    (London),    Ltd 132 

G 

Oarlock-Walker    Maohy.    Co 91 

Ga.vm    Machine    Co lu^ 

Geometric   Tool    Co 79 

Gi<ldintP»  &  Lewis  .Ufg.  Co ltd 

Gilbert  &   Barker  Mig.    Co 31 

Gisbolt  IMachine    Co 44, -ia 

Globe    Engineering    Co 93 

Uooley   &   Edlund,    Inc 136 

Gran<l  Itapids  Grinding  .Mach.  Co...  1^ 

Grant  Gear  Works   Ml 

Grant  .Mfg.    &   Machine   Co.    123 

Oraton  *   Knight  Mfg.    Co 30 

Greenfield    Machine    Co.    134 

Qreenlield  Tap  &   Die   Corp.    ...'.'.'.'.    41 

Oreenleats     Ltd.      j 35 

Outta  Percha  &  Rubber,   Ltd."!'.'.'.;!    ge 
H 

Bill  ft  Bona,  Ltd,,  John  H loz 

Hamilton   Gear  &    Machine  Co 24 

HamUton  Mach.  Tool  Works  18 


Hammond   Steel  Co 'j& 

Hauua    &   Co..    M.    A 12 

Hardinge     Bros.     32 

Hawkridge    Bros. 86 

Hcald     Machine    Co 1:3 

Hendey     iMachine     Co.      162 

Henry    &    VVriglht   Mfg.    Co 138 

Hepburn,     Jolm     T 17 

Hibbert    &    Piiilips    92 

Hinckley    -Mach.    Woika    140 

Homer    &    Wilson    92 

Hojt     .Metal     Co 142 

Hull    Iron   &    Steel    Foundries    95 

Hunter  Saw  &  Machine  Co 132 

Hurlbut-Rogers    Machinery    Co.     139 

Hjxle    Engineering    Works    141 

Hydraulic    Machinery    Co 145 

I 

Illinois     Tool     Works 157 

Independent    Pneumatic   Tool    Co!..!    42 
International    .Mallealble    Iron    Works   34 

J 

.Jacobs    Mfg.     Co 21 

.Taitiine   &   Co.,    A.    B 13 

Johnson  Machine  Co.,  Carlyle  8 

Joliette    Steel    Co 140 

Jones    &    Glassco    122 

.Toyoe-Koebel     Co ,,  la 

K 

.Kennedy    &    Sons,    Wm 113 

Knight   iMetal    Products    Co 22 

L 

Landis    -Machine     Co 20 

Landis  Tool  Co 99 

Latiobe    Electric   Steel   Co 14 

Leather    l*roducts    of    Canada !    92 

IjeBlond  iMach.   Tool  Co 13 

Lindsay,  Jtjhn   87 

Lynd-Farquhar    Co U9 

M 

-MacGovem   &   Co ,- 91 

MacKinnon    Steel    Co 83 

.MacLean's     .Magazine     85 

.Manitoba    Steel    Foundries,    Ltd.     ...  139 

.Manufacturers    Equipment    Co 22 

Marsh    Engineering    Works,    Ltd 75 

Marten    Mach 94 

.Mathcson    &   Co.,    I !!"!    89 

LMatthews   &   Co.,  Jas.    H 42 

MoDougall    Co.,    LKI.,    B 

Inside  back  cover 

.McLaren,   J.    C,    Belting   Co 140 

Mechanical    Engineering    Co 28 

.Metalwood   -Vlfg.    Co 7 

•Millers    Falls    Co 149 

.Modem    Tool    Co 127 

.Monis  Crane  &   Hoist  Co.,    Herbert  122 

Morse    Twist    Drill    Co 147 

Morton    M/g.    Co 86 

.Mulliner-Enlund   Tool   Co 32 

Murchey    Machine    &   Tool    Co.    22 


N 

National     .\cme    Co 108 

New    Britain    .Machine    Co 35 

Nicholson   File   112 

Niles-Bement-Pond — Inside   front   cover 

N'ormac    Machine    Co 87 

Northern    Crane    Works    121 

Norton,    A.    0 140 

Norton  Co 42 

Nova  Scotia  Steel   &  Coal    Co 18 

O 

Oakley    Chemical    Co 11» 

OlKrdorter  Braia  Co.,  M,  L 87 

Ontario   lyubricating    Co 140 

P 

Page   Steel    &    Wire   Co 118 

Pangbom     Coriioration     198 

Pai-menter   &    Bulloch   Co 139 

Peerless    Machine    Co.    124 

Perrin,     Wm.     R 98 

Philadelphia    Gear    Works     ,.    24 

Pittsburgh    Crushed    Steel    Co.    lia 

Plewes.     Ltd 85 

I'ort   Hope    File    Mfg.    Co 38 

Positive  Clutch  &  Pulley  Works 140 

Pratt  &  Whitney Inside  front  cover 

Prest-0-Lite    Co.    of   Canada,    Ltd...  110 
Pullan,   E 85 

R 
Racine   Tool    &    Machine    Co,    ......  126 

Reed-Prentice    Co 4fl 

Renfrew  ^Machinery   Co.    10& 

Rice    Lewis    &    Son 116 

Rickert-Shafer    Co 136 

Ridout   &    Maybee    86 

RivpTT^ide    .Machinery    Depot     89 

Rockford    Drilling    Machine    Co. 113 

Roelofson   Machine  &   Tool   Co 97 

8 

."iliipman   &   Co.,  H.   C 85 

Shuster    Co..    F.    B 138 

Sidney    Tool    Co 118 

Silver    Mfg.     Co 147 

.Simonds    Canada    Saw   Co.    1.32 

Skinner    Cliuck    Co 133 

.Sleeivr    &    Hartley.    Jnc 126 

Sm.illpy    General    Co..    Inc 28 

.Standarfl    Fuel    Bnlrineerinc    Co 151 

Stnndard   -Mnchy.  &   Supplies,  Ltd...     6 

Stan.l,inl     Optical     Co 115 

Wtnn'aM    Pp(.s.sef1    ateel    Co 83 

Standard    Tube   &    Pence   Co.    VS 

fttanett   Co..   L.    S 133 

Steel    Co.    of    Canada    t 

.tteinle   Turret    Machine   Co ."1 

Stcptne.  .Mm.   r-n 1« 

."^t.    Lnwreneo    Welding   Co l.t 

Str>ll    Co      D.    H l.W 

Strorir.    Kennanl    &    Nutt    Co 139 

SwedfRh    Cn^ciWe    Steel    Co.     I7?r 

Swedi'ih   Steel   fr   Imnortinc   Co..   Lid      7 
(Continued    on    page    160) 


(JnadianMachinery 


AN  D 


Nanufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.    No.  23. 


December  5,  1918 


Principles  and  Practice  of  Mechanical  Drawing 

In  Article  Seven  the  Author  Takes  Up  Conventions  Relating  to 
Gear    Drawing,    Assembly    Drawings,    Detail    Drawings    and 

Abbreviations 


THE  drawing  of  gears  is  relatively 
simple  as  compared  with  the  pro- 
cess of  designing  them.  It  is 
beyond  the  scope  of  this  discussion  to 
consider  gear  design.  Hence,  only  the 
methods  of  showing  a  gear  which  has 
been  designed  will  be  treated.  Many 
men,  who  are  capable  of  correctly  ao- 
signing  gears,  are  not  familiar  with  the 
accepted  practices  in  their  representa- 
tion. That  is,  they  do  not  know  which 
views  should  be  shown  and  do  not  under- 
stand the  correct  methods  of  dimension- 
ing. The  practices,  which  are  illustrated 
and  described  here,  are  typical  of  those 
now  being  followed  generally  by  the 
most  progressive  concerns. 

Spur  gears  can  be  shown  by  very 
simple  drawings  (Fig.  1)  where  tne 
teeth  are  to  be  cut  on  a  milling  machine 
or  gear  shaper.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
show  the  teeth  in  detail  where  they  are 
to  be  machined  by  one  of  the  methods 
just  mentioned.  The  contour  and  spacing 
of  the  teeth  are  determined  by  the 
setting  of  the  machine  tool.    The  "pitch" 


Copyright,    1918,    by    Terrell    Croft. 


By  TERRELL  CROFT 


required  should,  of  course,  be  shown  on 
the  drawing,  so  that  the  machinist  may 
adjust  the  tool  accordingly.  On  the 
drawing  (Fig.  1)  it  is  necessary  to  show 
only  the  depth  of  the  teeth.  This  may- 
be done  in  the  sectional  view,  as  sug- 
gested in  the  picture,  by  sectioning  up 
to  the  base  of  the  teeth.  In  other  words, 
the  gear  "drawing"  for  the  smaller ' 
gears  shows  only  the  blank  from  which 
the  finished  gear  is  ultimately  cut.  The 
completed  drawing  should  set  forth  the 
necessary  dimensions,  so  tnat  it  will 
not  be  necessary  for  the  machinist  to 
do  any  figuring  when  cutting  the  gear. 
By  following  this  practice  time  and 
money  will  be  saved.  On  the  drawing 
should  be  specified  the  number  of  teeth, 
pitch,  and  the  pitch  diameter. 

Bevel  gear  drawings  usually  appear 
about  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  which  indi- 
cates the.  dimensions  and  details  com- 
monly required.  Two  views — a  section 
and  a  half-elevation — usually  specify 
the  part  completely.  Note  that  for  a 
bevel  gear  it  is  necessary  that  the  angles 
of  the  cuts  be  specified.  As  with  spur 
gears,  the  number  of  teeth,  the  pitch 
and  the  pitch  diameter  should  be  indi- 
cated on  the  drawing. 


Drawings  of  large  spur  or  bevel  gears, 
for  which  the  teeth  are  molded  rough, 
should  show  the  outline  of  the  teeth  for 
the  information  of  the  pattern-maker.  It 
is  not,  however,  necessary  or  desirable 
that  all  of  the  teeth  all  the  way  around 
the  circumference  of  the  gear  be  drawn 
in  detail.  It  is  ample  to  plot  in  the 
exact  form  of  only  one  or  two  teeth. 
The  exact  curves  of  these  teeth  outlines 
should,  for  the  Information  of  the  pat- 
tern-maker, be  shown  in  such  a  way  that 
he  can  reproduce  them  accurately.  If 
this  is  not  done,  the  pattern-maker  may 
employ  some  approximate  method  in 
plotting  the  teeth  outlines,  which  will 
not  provide  the  form  which  is  really 
necessary. 

A  worm  gear  (Fig.  3)  has  curved- 
face  teeth  cut  in  its  periphery,  Into 
which  a  worm  engages  or  meshes.  As 
with  the  gears  of  the  other  forms,  two 
views — a  section  and  a  half-elevation — 
are,  ordinarily,  all  that  is  required  to 
furnish  the  essential  information.  The 
pitch  diameter  is  given  at  the  throat  of 
the  gear  teeth.  That  is,  it  is  the 
smallest  possible  pitch  diameter  for  the 
gear  in   question. 

A  worm    (Fig.  4)    is   merely  a    screw 


FIG.    1— TYPICAL    DETAIL    OF    DRAWING   OF 
A    SPUR    GEAR 


FIG.  2— METHOD  OF  SHOWING  THE  DETAILS 
OF  A  BEVEL  GEAR. 


FIG.    8— DETAILS    OF    A    WORM    GEAR    REN- 
DERED IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  MODERN 
PRACTICE. 


638 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


having  threads  which  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  Acme  design.  This  screw 
has  a  cylindrical  hole  bored  through  it 
longitudinally  in  which  the  shaft  which 
drives,  or  which  is  driven  by  the  worm, 
may  engage.  The  threads  are  consider- 
ably deeper  than  ordinary  Acme  threads, 
but  Ae  slope  of  the  sides  is  the  same — 
namely,  14%  deg.  There  may  be  one 
or  more  threads  on  the  worm  just  as 
there  may  be  a  single,  double,  or  triple- 
threaded  screw.  Therefore,  it  should  be 
specified  whether  the  thread  required  on 
the  worm  in  question  is  to  be  single, 
double,  or  triple.  Furthermore,  it  should 
be  shown  whether  it  is  to  be  a  right- 


•OttfUt    HH.    Dtltrmt. 


-■^^ 


-s  — 


t 


WOttM. 
t-  At.  3.  -^.A.fi. 


FIG.  4— WORM  FOE  MESHING  IN  WORM  GKAR. 


hand  or  a  left-hand  thread.  If  not 
otherwise  indicated  on  the  drawing,  it 
is  ordinarily  assumed  that  the  thread  is 
to  be  single  and  right-hand,  "RH."  The 
lead  (Fig.  4)  as  well  as  the  pitch  and 
pitch  diameter  should  be  noted  on  the 
sheet. 

Assembly  and  detail  drawings  are 
necessary  when  any  object  comprising  a 
number  of  parts  is  to  be  reproduced 
graphically  for  constructional  purposes. 
Where  drawings  are  made  for  construc- 
tion it  is,  as  has  been  emphasized  here- 
inbefore, essential  that  the  contours, 
dimensions,  finishes,  materials,  and  the 
like  be  specified  in  detail  so  that  the 
mechanics,  who  are  to  construct  the  de- 
vice, can  proceed  with  minimum  effort 
It  is  obvious  that  it  would  be  impossible 
to  show  on  one  assembly  drawing,  of 
even  a  relatively  simple  device,  all  of 
the  information  that  is  necessary  for  its 
concrete  reproduction.  Consider,  for 
example,  the  oil  cup  of  Fig.  5,  which  is, 
comparatively  speaking,  an  uncompli- 
cated thing.  Upon  consideration  it  will 
be  apparent  that  it  would  be  out  of  the 
question  to  indicate  the  sizes,  materials, 
screw  threads,  finishes,  and  the  like  of 
each  of  the  component  parts  on  the  as- 
sembly drawing  of  Fig.  5.  It  is,  there- 
fore, usually  necessary  to  show  the  com- 
pleted object  in  an  "assembly  drawing." 
Then  in  addition  a  number  of  minor 
drawings  showing  each  of  the  compon- 
ents separately  and  specifying  them  in 
detail  are  required.  Therefore,  it  fol- 
lows that: — 

An  assembly  drawing  is  one  which 
shows  the  completed  object  with  all  of 
its  parts  in  place  in  their  correct  rela- 
tion. It  shows  how  the  various  "details" 
fit    together.      An     assembly     drawing, 


clearly  made  and  indexed,    is    of    great 
assistance  in  economical  production. 

A  detail  drawing  is  one  which  speci- 
fies in  detail  the  construction  of  one  of 
the  component  parts  of  a  machine  or 
mechanism,  so  that  the  necessary  in- 
formation and  dimensions  may  be  given 
on  it,  from  which  the  shop  man  can 
work. 

Sometimes  the  assembly  drawing  is 
made  before  the  details  and  sometimes 
after.  Which  procedure  is  followed  will 
depend  wholly  upon  the  characteristics 
of  the  device  which  is  being  designed. 
Frequently,  particularly  with  large  com- 
plicated machines,  it  is  necessary  to  first 
make  an  assembly  drawing 
which  will  show  the  com- 
pleted contrivance  as  the  de- 
signer conceives  it.  Then, 
■f  from  this  plot,  each  of  the 
component  parts  is  detailed 
into  an  individual  drawing  of 
its  own.  The  designer  may 
find  when  he  is  making  the 
detail  drawings  that  it  is  de- 
sirable to  modify  the  con- 
struction which  he  originated 
.  in  the  assembly.  If  such  is 
the  case  the  assembly  sheet 
can  be  rectified  accordingly. 
After  all  the  details  have  been  drawn, 
they  are  checked  against  the  assembly, 
and  if  the  detail  drawings  and  the  as- 
sembly drawing  reconcile  with  one  an- 
other, the  tracings  are  then  made.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  sometimes  more 
convenient,  particularly  where  the  de- 
vice is  a  simple  one,  to  sketch  in,  or 
draw  to  scale,  the  component  parts  and 
(;hen  combine  them  into  the  assembly 
iheet.     Sometimes  the  preliminary  lay- 


inclusive.  Fig.  5  is  the  assembly  in 
which  the  different  elements  are  brought 
together  into  a  completed  unit.  While 
this  grease  cup  is,  as  previously  sug- 
gested, relatively  speaking,  a  very  sim- 
ple affair,  the  method  of  showing  it  in 
assembly  and  in  detail  is  in  general  the 
same  as  one  which  would  be  followed  in 
showing  any  contrivance,  no  matter  how 
large  or  complicated.  One  important 
principle,  which  is  well  followed  and 
illustrated  in  Fig.  5,  is  that  the  assembly 
should  be  so  rendered  that  it  will  show 
as  completely  as  possible  the  actual  con- 
struction and  arrangement  of  the  device 
under  consideration.  In  Fig.  5  this  end 
has  been  attained  by  showing  the  cup 
partially  in  section  so  that  the  piston, 
adjusting  screw,  spring,  and  screw  valve 
are  all  exposed.  The  result  is  much 
more  effective  than  if  the  sectional 
method  of  presentation  were  nob 
adopted.  On  the  detail  sheets  (Figs.  6, 
7  and  8)  every  item  of  information  is 
recorded  which  will  be  of  assistance  to 
the  various  mechanics — pattern-makers, 
molders,  machinists,  foundrymen,  and 
others — in  the  plant  in  the  completion 
of  their  work. 

Whether  one  detail  or  several  should 
be  shown  on  the  same  detail  sheet  is  a 
question  the  answer  for  which  must  also 
be  determined  by  the  conditions  affect- 
ing the  case.  Some  shops  make  it  a 
practice  to  show  only  one  part  on  a 
detail  sheet.  This  policy  has  the  ad- 
vantage that  a  single  detail  on  a  sheet 
is  less  confusing  to  an  inexperienced 
workman  than  where  he  must  refer  to 
a  drawmg  which  contains  the  specifica- 
tions for  a  large  number  of  different 
parts.     On  the  other  hand,  the  practica 


efofftf 


jHimt  Ad/uiti't  A/nf.   ffr    I 


A     ffimMfh-ScMfA-Si 


si.  yglJf. 


Spr/nf 


Pis  tan 


Cop 


i/liiii  ffic/y 


Harl^Pesiripritil  \M't.Vlt\Pf.  ■*>■ 


Br 


Br. 


£r_ 


r>fjt.  / 


ffr. 


^7 


^11 


/ISSEAfBL'i   ffF 
flUTOM/)TIC  6/f£/IS£  CUP. 


Scale  Fv//  Sit^XO'l  ^t  ^//li. 


Draw/7 


Tracfi^ 


/tf/O/3.    0at* 


CAei:r<ec( 


CAfc'<fti 


/Ipprz/en. 


FIG.  5— ASSEMBLY  DRAWING  OF  A  GREASE  CUP.   ILLUSTRATING  THE  PRINCIPLE  AND 

DETAIL  VIEWS. 


out  is  merely  a  sketch  or  series  of 
sketches  from  which  the  detail  drawings 
are  developed  and  the  assembly  ulti- 
mately made. 

The  assembly  and  detail  drawings  for 
a  grease  cup  are  shown  in  Figs.  5  to  8, 


of  detailing  a  number  of  parts  on  a 
single  sheet  has  the  element  of  economy 
in  its  favor.  Both  methods  are  being 
used  successfully.  Where  a  number  of 
details  are  shown  on  the  same  sheet  it 
is  usually  desirable  to  locate  them  in  the 


December  5,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


639 


s/ai  /• 


Mni/r/ 


Ai.it- it  Tap. 
IVr  t/sr  /♦>  -(9  fir/// 


te 


I ar*)s   Me  it. 


^DJdST/MS    SCHtW 
/■Srasj  -F.Aff. 


,  /toJt/sTina   a/i/t: 
P)      /■  Srass    r./I.O. 


M/O/Z. 


OET/IJLS   rofl 
/lUTOM/iTIC  S/feASE  CUP. 
Sealf  Full  Siie\Di'f.  A/t-^/flJ. 


Ortmf». 


CAfcMet^. 


Oaft 


ChfeHeet- 


^pprey*e(. 


several  parts  are  detailed  on  the  same 
sheet,  as  in  Figs.  6  and  7,  then  it  is 
absolutely  essential  that  the  different 
parts  be  assigned  numbers,  such  as  1, 
2,  3,  etc.,  etc.  These  numbers,  together 
with  the  detail  sheet  number,  will  pre- 
vent confusion.  Always  commence  the 
series  on  each  sheet  with  the  figure 
"1."  This  insures  that  a  part  may  be 
located  regardless  of  name  if  its  part 
number  and  the  number  of  the  sheet  are 
known.  The  part  number  is  always 
placed  within  a  circle  near  the  object 
to  which  it  refers  so  it  will  catch  the 
eye  readily. 


FIG.  6— ADJUSTING  SCREW,  ADJUSTING  NUT  AND  MACHINE  SCREW, 


positions  relatively  to  one  another  which 
they  will  occupy  in  the  assembled  device. 

Methods  of  indexing  the  parts  on  an 
assembly  drawing  are  many.  However, 
that  which  is  illustrated  in  Figs.  5  to 
8  is  adequate  and  satisfactory  for  the 
average  condition.  The  indexing  system 
consists  of  the  index  table  above  the 
drawing  title  on  the  assembly  sheet 
(Fig.  5)  and  the  circles  in  which  are 
indicated  the  parts  and  detail  drawing 
numbers.  The  index  table  on  the  as- 
sembly sheet  gives  the  name,  the  pan 
number,  the  material,  the  pattern  num- 
ber, and  the  number  of  each  required 
for  all  of  the  details.  To  tie  in  with 
this  index,  each  component  must  be  as- 
signed a  number.  Thus  the  number  for 
each  part  is  shown  within  a  circle  from 
which  a  leader  extends  to  the  part.  Also 
within  the  circle  is  the  sheet  number, 
which  gives  the  detail  drawing  of  the 
part  in  question.  The  upper  and  smaller 
number  in  each  circle  is  the  part  num- 
ober,  and  the  lower  number  is  the  detail 
drawing  number.  Where  only  one  detail 
is  shown  on  a  sheet,  as  for  example,  in 
Fig.   8,   where    the    number    MIOIO    is 


I 


Abbreviations  should,  insofar  as  is 
feasible,  be  standardized.  For  some 
purposes  abbreviations  are  necessary 
and  desirable.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
a  mistaken  policy  to  use  too  many  dif- 
ferent ones  on  drawings.  The  reason 
is  that  where  many  are  used  the  me- 
chanics must  have  exceedingTy  elastic 
memories  to  retain  them,  and  as  a  con- 
shown,  the  detail  drawing  number  is  sequence,  confusion  and  errors  may  re- 
'sometimes  considered  as  providing  suf-    suit.    As  an  example  of  a  necessary  ab* 


OlOlh^ 


r^/////////,/,M 


aeoY 
I- trail  -f:/^.t>.-/bll.Mt.  /V/^. 


HI9I0 


DCTfllLS     FfH 
/HITDMATIC   ffRE/lse  CUP. 
Sca/f  fi^ll Silt  Off./ti.MioTo' 


Drau/n~ 
Trmertf. 


t>afi. 


I'TG.  8— DETAILS  OF  THE  GREASE  CUP  BODY 


CfifcAec/. 


Apyrn/eS~ 


ficient    identification    without   the    addi- 
tion   of    the    part  number.     But  where 


spfiiiva 

/s.e/>f.Wr-A/tlO BtS(lnl)   w       j» 


S  Tvrn  s. 


^  'prill 


AUTM^riC  Gf£/IS£  Cl/P. 

Sea  If  rv/i  Siti\i>»'f  Vf  /fip/F 


/J  USS.  Th/f. 
^ /-Brass '/:/i.o.  /ijicfii. 


Trteeet 


CAfe/ce/i 


Da/f 


CAecMefi 


i 


FIG.  7— PISTON  CAP.  SPRING  AND  SCREW  VALVE. 


breviation  may  be  cited  "F.A.O.",  mean- 
ing "Finish  All  Over."  This  symbol  is 
used  so  frequently  that  it  would  be  a 
waste  of  time  to  spell  it  out  always.  All 
mechanics  understand  its  meaning. 
Again,  it  is  usually  desirable  to  abbre- 
viate tlie  names  of  the  different  con- 
structional materials  so  that  the  sym- 
bols representing  them  will  occupy  mini- 
mum space  in  the  part  index  on  the 
assembly  sheet.  Unfortunately,  it  ap- 
pears that  every  drafting  organization, 
plant,  or  factory  has  its  own  set  of  ab- 
breviations. No  generally  accepted  list 
of  standard  abbreviations  is,  insofar  as 
we  are  aware,  available.  The  result  is 
general  confusion.  The  drawings  of  one 
concern  can  not  be  interpreted  quickly 
and  accurately  by  the  members  of  the 
organization  of  another  concern,  which 
may  desire  to  do  business  with  the  first. 
The  list  of  abbreviations  shown  in 
Fig.  9  has  been  carefully  selected  after 
4  studying  the  practices  of  a  number  of 
Vj  progressive  concerns.  This  list  is  about 
^  as   long   as    one    as   should   be   adopted 


640 


CA  NA  1>J  A  .\    M  A(.  il  1  N  1!  IJ  V 


Volume  XX 


ylBBRE^Z/JT/OA/S. 

■t   Fef. 

Al. 

Feef 

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Ffej^. 

Ae/er^/fe/fre»i 

M1trm»li»fOrrrti,t    AC- 

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t/cf. 

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I/. 

£i>.wpit 

fK. 

le**e 

la(.  A'aaffvs 

ffaef  trA. 

y.F. 

FIG.  9— TABLE  SHOWING  LIST  OF  APPROVED   ABBREVIATIONS. 


for  general  use.  There  are  many  other 
abbreviations  which  are  in  use,  but  they 
are,  in  general,  of  special  character. 
They  relate  usually  to  some  particular 
industry  or  have  been  adopted  by  some 
.  local  drafting  office  to  satisfy  its  own 
requirements.  Where  a  saving  of  con- 
siderable time  is  the  result  abbrevia- 
tions of  special  application  may  be  added 
to  the  list  of  Fig.  9  for  one's  own  use. 
However,  before  this  is  done  considera- 
tion should  always  be  given  to  the 
question  of  whether  or  not  the  new  ab- 
breviation will  conflict  with  one  of  the 
old  ones,  and  whether  or  not  it  will  tend 
to'  confuse,  rather  than  to  assist,  some 
outsider.  It  is  always  good  practice  to 
spell  out,  in  full,  on  sheets  which  will 
go  outside  of  the  concern,  any  group  of 
words  the  abbreviation  for  which  might 
tend  to  confuse. 

FULL-SIZED    SHIP    EXPERIMENTS 

By  M.  M. 
Numerous  cases  are  on  record  where 
good  results  have  been  obtained  by  al- 
terations made  to  full-sized  ships  after 
they  have  been  completed.  Trial  trips 
have  been  run  both  before  and  after  the 
alterations,  and  in  this  way  a  trust- 
worthy estimate  has  been  made  of  the 
difference    in   performance. 

At  the  spring  meetings  of  the  Naval 
architects  in  1917,  Sir  E.  Tennyson 
d'Ejmcourt,  for  instance,  recalled  the 
case  of  two  ships  built  about  17  years 
ago.  After  they  had  been  in  service  for 
some  time  he  suggested  that  the  boss- 
ing, which  was  nearly  horizontal,  was 
not  at  a  suitable  angle.  On  one  of  the 
ships  coming  back  to  the  works  it  was, 
therefore,  decided  to  alter  the  angle  to 
something  approaching  45  deg.,  and  in 
addition,  the  casting  was  fined  at  the 
aft  end  as  well  as  the  lines  of  the  boss- 
ing itself.  At  higher  speeds  much  bet- 
ter results  were  obtained  than  with  the 
old  horizontal  bossing,  but  the  improve- 
ment did  not  maintain  itself  at  lower 
speeds.  This  showed  that  the  improve- 
ment was  due  to  the  angle  of  the  lines. 
After  the  ship  had  been  on  service  for 
•ome  time  it  was  found  that  so  much 
coal   had   been    saved,  that   her   sister- 


ship  was  sent  to  have  a  similar  altera- 
tion made  to  her  bossing. 

Sir  Archibald   Denny,  at  the    North- 
East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders, .  in     November,    1915,    in- 
stanced a  rather  curious  case  of  alter- 
ations made  to  a  full-sized  ship,  where 
it  was  found  that  the  bad  performance 
of  the  vessel  was  not  due  to  the  sus- 
pected cause,  but  to  something  entirely 
different.     When   the   vessel   was   built, 
her  bilge  keels,  which  were  very  long, 
were  not  put   on   normal   to   the  bilge, 
as  they  would  have  gone  out  of  water 
at  the  ends,  the   angle   of  the  diagonal 
plane  of  the  keel  being  reduced.    When 
the   vessel   was   tried   on   the   measured 
mile,  her  efficiency  was  found  to  be  very 
low.     Someone  suggested  that  the  bilge 
keels  were  the  cause  of  the  trouble,  and 
a  length  of  20  feet  was  cut  off  from  each 
end  of  both  of  them.     This  causing  no 
appreciable  difference,    the    bilge    keels 
were   taken  off  altogether,  and  the  re- 
duction in  the  resistance  was  found  as 
nearly  as  possible  to  be   quite  normal. 
Later  it  was  seen  that  there  was  a  lack 
of  surface  in  the  propellers,  and  when 
new   propellers   were    put   on,   the   effi- 
ciency came  up  to  expectations.       This, 
however,  did  not  explain   the   fact  that 
in  an  almost  identical  ship  with  similar 
propellers,  proper  results  have  been  ob- 
tained,   and    Sir    Archibald    Denny    has 
stated  that  to  this  day  he  is  not  able  to 
explain  with  certainty  why  th«  results 
were  so  different.     Another  case  quoted 
by  him  was  that  of  a  Channel  steamer. 
In    order   to   get   the   maximum    result, 
mastic  was  placed  behind  each  butt  and 
washed  off  into  the  general  surface,  and 
this  was  done  for  some     years.       But 
when  the  mastic  cracked  off  it  was  not 
replaced,  because  there  was  no  apparent 
differences  in  the  speed  on  service  with 
or  without  it. 

Admiral  Taylor,  in  his  "Speed  and 
Power  of  Ships,"  refers  to  the  steamer 
Niagara,  as  a  yacht  about  250  ft.  long, 
in  which  the  shaft  brackets  were  nearly 
horizontal.  She  was  given  two  six- 
hours'  trials  under  similar  conditions. 
In  the  first,  the  screws  were  inward- 
turning,  and  in  the  second  were  inter- 


changed to  be  outward-turning.  The 
horse-power  developed  on  each  trial  was 
very  nearly  the  same,  but  with  the  in- 
ward-turning screws,  the  average  speed 
was  12.8  knots,  whereas  it  was  14.12 
knots  with  outward-turning  screws. 

Captain     Dyson,     the     propeller     de- 
signer to  the  American  navy,  has     in- 
stanced  a   case   of  two   oil-fuel   barges 
built  for  the  Navy  Department.     These 
vessels  were  designed  for  a  speed  of  six 
knots,  and  everything  indicated  that  the 
speed  could  be  easily  obtained  with  the 
power.      After    trying    several    different 
propellers,   however,   the   highest   speed 
realized   was    only   5^4    knots.      It   was 
thought  that  the  action  of  the  water  in- 
dicated that  a  portion  of  the  feed  was 
being   drawn   from   astern,   and   as   the 
cheapest   remedy,   the   line   of   shafting 
was  changed  so  as  to  lower  the  propel- 
ler about  3  ft.,  although  the  lower  blade 
projected  below  the  line  of  keel.     In  this 
new    position,   iwith    propellers    of    the 
same  pitch  and  surface,     but  of  5   in. 
greater  diameter,  a  speed  of  614  knots 
was  obtained  with  the  same   power  as 
before.     The  greater  portion  of  this  in- 
crease in  efficiency  of  the  propeller  was 
due  to  increase  in  diameter,  and  the  re- 
mainder to  the  change  in  position,  but 
the   increase  in  diameter  was  rendered 
possible  by  the  lowering  of  the  shaft. 

Many  other  examples  could  be  given, 
but  those  mentioned  are  sufficient  to 
show  the  benefits  that  may  be  derived 
by  making  alterations  in  consequence 
of  careful  observations  of  a  ship's  be- 
haviour in  service.  The  cost  of  carrying 
out  the  alterations  must  vary,  and  in 
some  cases  will  no  doubt  amount  to  a 
fair  figure.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
large  saving  brought  about  by  the  re- 
duced fuel  consumption,  which  operates 
during  the  whole  lifetime  of  a  ship,  will 
more  than  balance  even  a  considerable 
outlay  on  such  alterations.  When  it  is 
generally  realized,  it  can  be  confidently 
stated  that  enromous  economies  will  be 
effected  in  ship  propulsion. 


WHY  IRON  CHIMNEYS  CORRODE 

The  cause  of  corrosion  of  galvanized- 
iron  extensions  to  chimneys  is  laid  gen- 
erally to  condensation,  which  forms  in- 
side the  stack,  and  which,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  carbon,  which  has  been  de- 
posited in  use,  creates  a  galvanic  action, 
which  soon  destroys  the  zinc  coating, 
and  finally  eats  through  the  iron  or  steel 
base.  The  prevent  the  condensation,  an 
air  space  around  the  stack  is  recommend- 
ed. The  stack  is  made  double  from  the 
base  to  a  point  close  to  the  top,  with 
small  iron  braces  between  the  inner  and 
outer  castings.  These  may  be  riveted 
close  to  the  ends  of  the  sheets  in  course 
of  construction.  The  air  space  may  be 
one  or  two  inches,  according  to  the  size 
of  the  smokestack  and  local  conditions. 
— M.  E. 


A  Handley-t'age  airplane  took  up  forty 
passengers  the  other  day,  according  to 
'London  conyright  dispatch  to  the 
"World."  This  giant  bombing  machine, 
which  is  the  biggest  in  the  world,  weighs 
six  tons,  and  a  total  weight  when  fully 
loaded  of  15  tons. 


1 
i 


uecemoer  o,   1»18 


K41 


The  Training  of  Engineering  Apprentices 

Necessity  of  Training— Standard  of  Elementary  Education  Re- 
quired—The Apprentice  From  the  Employer's  Point  of  View— A 
Suggested  Course  of  Training— An  Apprentice  Club  in  Scotch 

Engineering  Works 


THE  happy  turn  of  the  world's 
wheel  that  brought  in  sight  the 
end  of  war,  has  concurrently 
turned  men's  minds  to  the  vista  of 
peace,  with  its  obligations  and  rewards. 
With  reference  to  this  an  important  an- 
nouncement was  made  recently  by  a 
minister  of  the  Government,  concerning 
the  efforts  the  Canadian  Government  is 
about  to  make,  or  is  making,  to  provide 
a  merchant  fleet.  Thirty-one  steamers, 
-varying  from  4,000  to  10,000  tons,  are 
to  be  built  in  Canada,  and  presumably 
all  the  boilers,  engines,  etc.,  will  also 
■be  built  in  Canada.  This  is  an  auspici- 
ous event,  coming,  as  it  does,  at  a  period 
•when  the  emergency  work  of  the  new 
Canadian  industry  was  about  all  over, 
and  the  immediate  future  a  matter  of 
doubt.  There  is  every  prospect  that  we 
shall  have  a  permanent  shipbuilding  and 
marine  engineering  industry,  and  now 
is  the  time  to  look  to  securing  the  sup- 
ply of  men  to  keep  it  going.  The  pro- 
fessions intimately  connected  with  shlp- 
tuilding  are  of  the  naval  architect  and 
the  marine  engineer.  The  trades  con- 
nected with  it  are  legion,  some  of  them 
highly  skilled,  some  less  so.  The 
naval  architect  is  purely  a  highly  techni- 
ical  personage,  connected  only  with  the 
more  complicated  features  of  ship  de- 
sign, stability,  etc.  With  him  we  are  not 
concerned  in  this  article.  Neither  neea 
we  here  consider  the  plumber,  steam- 
fitter,  electrician,  plater,  riveter,  joiner, 
-carpenter,  etc.  These  are  all  trades  that 
■are  in  much  request  in  ship  construc- 
tion, but  they  are  trades,  and  can  never 
be  professions.  The  marine  engineer, 
unlike  these,  has  it  entirely  within  his 
own  power  to  remain  a  tradesman  or  be- 
come a  professional  man.  I  say,  en- 
tirely within  himself,  but  that  is  not 
etrictly  correct.  It  could  be  more  truly 
put  if  I  say,  according  to  the  opportuni- 
ties afforded  him  in  his  apprenticeship 
days,  coupled  with  his  own  ambition. 
■Canada  has  not  in  the  past  resorted  very 
-much  to  the  apprenticeship  system  to 
produce  tradesmen,  and  it  may  be  said 
that  she  has  not  produced  tradesmen  to 
any  great  extent.  If  marine  engine 
building  is  to  grow  to  a  real  industry, 
then  marine  engine  builders  must  be 
trained  to  enable  them  to  build  engines 
in  competition  with  nations  who  have  a 
supply  of  expert  tradesmen  always  on 
hand.  This  training  must  be  got  sys- 
tematically, over  a  sufficient  number  of 
years,  and  under  conditions  that  will 
enable  the  neophyte  to  rejpster  a  steady 
progress.  During  this  time  his  techni- 
cal education  can  be  looked  after  and 
arranged  according  to  capacity  shown, 
80  that  at  the  end  of  his  apprenticeship 


By   T.    H.    FENNER,   Associate   Editor 

it  is  quite  plain  as  to  whether  a  trades- 
man or  an  engineer  has  been  developed. 
The  question  of  the  best  way  of  achiev- 
ing these  results  has  been  the  theme  of 
much  discussion,  especially  in  Great 
Britain,  where  the  apprenticeship  sys- 
tem is  very  fully  developed.  There  has 
been  much  difference  of  opinion  ex- 
pressed among  the  men  at  the  head  of 
the  marine  engineering  profession,  and 
it  must  be  remembered  that  these  men 
are  the  products  of  the  apprenticeship 
system,  sometimes  coupled  with  a  uni- 
versity course,  but  just  as  often  with 
technical  education  obtained  in  evening 
classes.  In  this  country  the  big  rail- 
way shops  have  developed  a  system  of 
training  apprentices  on  railway  work, 
and  giving  them  some  technical  edu- 
cation at  the  same  time,  which  is  a  step 
in  the  right  direction,  but  naturally, 
these  boys  are  developed  chiefly  for 
railway  practice,  to  become  locomotive 
experts,  qualified  to  be  superintendents 
of  motive  power,  etc. 

Standard  of  Education  Necessary 

In  the  first  place,  before  a  boy  is  ad- 
mitted to  an  apprenticeship  pt  all,  some 
recognized  standard  of  education  should 
be  required.  A  boy  who  has  attained 
the  age  of  16,  which  he  should  have  be- 
fore entering  the  engineering  profes- 
sion, without  having  a  thorough  ground- 
ing in  arithmetic,  including  algebra,  up 
to  quadratic  equations,  and  a  good 
grounding  in  geometry,  coupled  vvith  the 
ability  to  speak  and  write  good  English, 
is  handicapped  in  the  beginning.  He  is 
not  handicapped  in  so  far  as  becoming 
a  tradesman  goes,  but  he  has  a  lot  of 
leeway  to  make  up  if  he  is  going  to  be- 
come an  engineer.  The  reader  may 
think  that  a  good  deal  of  stress  Is  laid 
on  the  terms  tradesman  and  engineer, 
but  this  is  really  necessary,  as  there  is 
a  tendency  in  Canada  to  include  in  the 
term  of  engineer  everyone  from  the  man 
in  charge  of  a  fried  potato  cart  to  the 
designer  of  the  Quebec  bridge.  A  ma- 
rine engineer,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the 
term,  is  a  man  who  can  design,  build, 
and  operate  a  marine  power  plant,  and 
in  virtue  of  these  attainments  he  is  a 
mechanical  engineer.  A  man  who,  as  is 
often  the  case  here,  graduates  to  a  posi- 
tion in  charge  of  engines  through  the 
stoke  hold,  greasing,  etc.,  is  not  an  en- 
gineer. He  may  be  competent  to  exer- 
cise supervision  over  a  set  of  engines 
in  the  same  sense  that  a  locomotive 
driver  does,  but  of  the  principles  and 
underlying  science  that  those  engines 
are  constructed  from,  he  is  unaware. 
This  is  not  his  fault,  as  he  has  never 
had    the    opportunity    to      acquire    such 


knowledge,  and  too  often,  not  the  ele- 
mentary education  necessary  to  grasp 
the  opportunity  had  it  presented  itself. 
The  same  man,  if  taken  from  his  engine 
room  and  put  in  an  erecting  or  fitting 
shop,  would  be  of  no  use  except  as  a 
laborer,  as  he  has  never  learnt  the  trade. 
Yet  he  rejoices  in  the  name  of  a  marine 
engineer. 

The    Apprentice    From    the    Employer's 
Standpoint 

In  discussing  the  question  of  appren- 
tices, it  is  often  considered  merely  from 
the  view  of  the  future  prospects  of  the 
boy,  the  firm  he  is  apprenticed  to  being 
considered  only  as  a  means  to  an  end. 
Too  often  the  boy  himself  gets  the  view' 
which  is  bad  for  him  and  for  the  firm! 
While  most  employers  are  only  too  glad 
to  help  apprentices  along  and  offer  them 
opportunities  for  acquiring  the  techni- 
cal side  of  their  work,  they  cannot  be 
expected  to  form  a  secondary  education 
body,  which  pays  for  the  privilege  of 
teaching.  In  direct  opposition  to  thi.s 
idea,  many  engineering  firms  in  the 
United  Kingdom  only  took  apprentice 
engineers  on  payment  of  a  heavy  premi- 
um, and  in  return  undertook  to  educate 
them  in  their  profession.  Their  other 
apprentices  were  apprenticed  to  fitting, 
turning,  pattern  making,  as  the  case 
might  be,  but  were  distinctly  trades- 
men. This  is  the  supply  that  the  coun- 
try had  to  draw  from  for  its  working 
forces.  Some  of  these  boys,  by  indus- 
trious application  in  their  own  time  to 
technical  classes,  became  qualified  for 
better  positions,  and  some  of  them  rise 
to  high  positions.  However,  it  was 
strictly  their  own  effort.  It  must  be 
always  borne  in  mind  that  an  apprentice 
is  a  source  of  expense  to  his  employer 
for  the  first  two  years,  no  matter  how 
good  he  may  be,  or  how  anxious  to 
learn.  When  he  has  been  three  years, 
the  employer  begins  to  get  some  return 
from  him.  After  his  five  years  are 
completed,  he  usually  leaves  to  get  ex- 
perience of  some  other  shop,  or  more 
money,  so  that  any  expense  put  into  his 
training  by  the  employer  does  not  come 
back  to  them  direct.  However,  they  get 
the  benefit  of  a  continuous  supply  of 
labor,  which  is  necessary  for  carrying 
on  business.  There  is  another  benefit 
in  that  every  apprentice  who  leaves  a 
shop  and  becomes  a  successful  engineer, 
is  a  perpetual  advertisement  to  that 
shop,  and  bearing,  as  he  usually  does, 
an  affectionate  remembrance  of  the 
place  where  he  learnt  his  business,  will 
reciprocate  by  placing  business  their 
way  whenever  possible.     It  may  be  ac- 


642 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


VoJume  XX 


cepted  that,  in  the  larger  sense,  it  is 
well  worth  while  for  the  employer  to 
make  an  effort  to  encourage  his  appren- 
tices to  acquire  knowledge,  and  to  pick 
out  the  best  according  to  ability  shown, 
to  become  eligible  for  staff  positions.  A 
standardized  system  for  all  shops 
would  go  a  long  way  to  help  in  this  ef- 
fort. 

Suggested   Course   of   Training 
As  a  general  rule,  marine  engineering 
apprentices  have  always  in  view,  spend- 
ing some   period   of  their  lives  at   sea, 
and  qualifying  for  the  certificates  of  the 


ship  lines,  works  managers,  consulting 
engineers,  are  all  positions  open  to  the 
marine  engineer  who  is  ambitious.  It 
is,  therefore,  necessary  that  the  appren- 
ticeship period  should  cover  enough  time 
in  the  shop  itself  to  allow  a  thorough 
grasp  of  the  elements  of  the  trade  to  be 
obtained,  as  well  as  to  have  the  neces- 
sary shop  service  to  qualify  for  the 
Board  of  Trade  examinations.  The  Can- 
adian Government  examinations  are 
modelled  on  those  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
and  the  Board  of  Trade  certificate  is 
valid  all  over  the  Empire.     It  is  on  tne 


following  this  plan  does  not  become  an 
expert  tradesman,  but  after  all,_  why 
should  he  ?  As  long  as  he  acquires  the 
knowledge  of  how  a  thing  should  be 
done,  and  the  best  way  of  doing  it,  that 
is  what  he  will  require  to  round  out  the 
technical  knowledge  required  from  his 
university  course.  Most  of  the  boys  fol- 
lowing this  course  of  training  are  des- 
tined for  staff  appointments,  and  that 
is  what  their  training  fits  them  for.  To 
come  back  to  our  average  boy,  what  is 
the  best  course  to  pursue  to  benefit  him- 
self, his  employer,  and  produce  the  best 


FIG.   1— READING  ROOM   AND   LIBRARY 


FIG.    2— A    CORNER    OK   THE    STUDY 


Board  of  Trade.  Probably  75  per  cent. 
of  them  do  actually  go  to  sea  for  a 
varying  period,  according  to  how  the  life 
strikes  them,  or  to  their  ability  to  pass 
the  examinations.  A  considerable  num- 
ber choose  this  as  their  life's  work,  and 
remain  at  sea,  rising  in  their  profession 
till  they  are  chief  engineer  of  a  large 
ship.  There  is  no  finer  class  of  man 
afloat  or  ashore  than  the  marine  en- 
gineer, and  he  is  generally  a  well-in- 
formed man  technically,  besides  possess- 
ing marked  mechanical  ability  and  a  pro- 
found knowledge  of  boilers,  engines, 
pumps,  under  hard  working  conditions, 
coupled   with     a     perfect  knowledge   of 


question  of  technical  instruction  during 
the  period  of  apprenticeship  that  the  dif- 
ferences of  opinion  are  felt.  The  oppon- 
ents of  the  evening  technical  class 
method  hold  that  a  boy  of  16  to  21,  who 
has  worked  hard  all  day,  is  in  no  fit 
condition  to  receive  instruction  in  diffi- 
cult technical  subjects  at  night.  They 
hold  that  technical  instruction  should  be 
imparted  during  the  day.  The  uphold- 
ers of  the  evening  class  claim  that  to 
give  technical  education  during  the  or- 
dinary working  hours,  means  disorgan- 
izing the  work  of  the  shop,  and  prevents 
the  boys  getting  the  class  of  work  they 
would  wish.     This  is  because   the    best 


men  for  the  engineering  trade  and  pro- 
fession ?  If  the  boy  comes  to  his  ap- 
prenticeship with  the  educational  ac- 
quirements referred  to  earlier  in  this  ar- 
ticle, the  necessity  for  some  of  the 
classes  attended  in  the  first  two  years 
is  eliminated.  In  fact,  classes  to  teach 
elementary  mathematics  should  not  be 
required  in  an  evening  school,  as  every 
boy  should  be  kept  at  school  till  he  has 
received  that  instruction.  Therefore,  let 
the  first  year  in  the  shop  be  devoted  to, 
say  three  months  in  the  tool  stores,  get- 
ting familiar  with  the  various  tools  in 
use  before  going  out  in  the  shops  to  use 
them,  and  the  remainder  of  the  time  in 


FIG.   S-RECBEATION    ROOM 


FIG.    4 -GYMNASIUM 


their  construction.  Other  men,  after  a 
few  years  at  sea,  enter  the  service  of 
Lloyd's  or  the  Board  of  Trade,  as  sur- 
veyors, a  position  they  are  well  quali- 
fied   for. 

Superintendent    engineers    of    steam- 


jobs  cannot  be  left  standing  while  the 
boys  attend  classes.  For  those  boys 
whoss  parents  have  the  means,  the  idea! 
way  would  be  to  attend  the  university 
courses  while  in  session,  and  devote  the 
remaining  time  to  the  shop.     The    boy 


the  fitting  shop.  The  evening  class 
should  be  confined  to  acquiring  the  ele- 
mentary course  in  machine  construction 
and  drawing.  In  a  shop  employing 
enough  apprentices  there  will  be  some 
one  man  in  charge  of  them,  and  looking 


December  5,   1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


6ii 


after  their  welfare.  If  not,  the  boy's 
immediate  foreman  may  be  depended  on 
to  observe  his  progress.  By  this  time 
he  will  have  become  sufficiently  ac- 
quainted with  the  use  of  his  tools  to  be 
entrusted  with  small  jobs,  and  what  he 
has  learned  at  his  drawing  class  will 
give  him  an  intelligent  interest  in  what 
he  is  dbing.  The  second  year  should  be 
still  in  the  fitting  shop,  and  the  evening 
class  work  extended  to  take  in  trigo- 
nometry in  addition  to  the  second  year 
machine  construction  and  drawing.  At 
the  end  of  the  second  year  his  capabili- 
ties as  reported  by  the  foreman,  and  the 
results  achieved  in  his  evening  class, 
should  be  such  as  to  entitle  him  to  a 
period  on  the  marking  off  table,  where 
his  knowledge  of  reading  drawings  can 
be  put  to  practical  account.  This  mark- 
ing off  table  work  is  excellent  training. 
After  three  to  six  months  of  this  work 
he  should  be  moved  to  the  erecting  shop, 
where  he  will  combine  his  knowledge  of 
fitting,  with  his  ability  to  understand  a 
drawing,  in  the  fitting  up  of  the  com- 
pleted article.  His  evening  classes  dur- 
ihg  this  year  should  include  the  study  or 
physics  relating  to  the  heat  engine.  At 
the  end  of  the  third  year  an  examination 
should  be  held  by  the  firm,  covering  all 
the  shop  experience  and  technical  edu- 
cation received  up  to  date.  If  the  can- 
didate shows  sufficiently  well  in  this,  he 
should  be  admitted  to  the  drawing  of- 
fice, and  during  the  next  two  years 
should  be  given  the  opportunity  to  at- 
tend advanced  technical  courses  in  the 
day  time,  either  held  on  the  firm's 
premises,  or  at  the  local  university  or 
technical  college.  During  this  time  he 
will  have  occasion  to  visit  ships  under 
construction,  and  under  repair,  and  his 
knowledge  will  enable  him  to  grasp  the 
essence  of  what  he  sees.  At  the  end  of 
his  apprenticeship,  if  he  elects  to  stay 
awhile  with  the  firm,  they  will  have  a 
useful  man.  If,  as  is  most  likely,  he 
moves  to  another  firm,  or  takes  a  few 
years'  seagoing  experience,  he  has  the 
necessary  equipment  to  become  a  suc- 
cess. For  the  boy  who  does  not  qualify 
there  still  remains  a  chance.  He  should 
pursue  his  technical  studies  in  the  even- 
ing, and  his  shop  work  will  be  according 
to  what  he  shows  himself  good  for.  At 
the  end  of  his  fourth  year  he  may  be 
given  another  opportunity  to  enter  the 
drawing  office.  That  would  still  give 
him  a  year,  and  a  very  useful  year.  If 
he  does  not  succeed  then,  he  has  still  the 
technical  schools  to  go  to.  At  the  end 
of  his  apprenticeship  he  will  be,  in  most 
cases,  an  excellent  tradesman,  with  a 
fair  technical  education.  He  may  go  to 
sea  and  become  a  first  class  man.  He 
may  elect  to  remain  at  his  trade  ashore 
and  work  up  to  a  general  foreman  or 
superintendent.  The  fact  of  him  not 
passing  the  examination  does  not  con- 
demn him,  but  merely  ensures  that  the 
boys  of  real  ability  will  get  their  chance. 
At  the  least,  he  becomes  a  tradesman 
capable  of  earning  a  comfortable  living, 
and  by  his  skill  and  ability  in  this  direc- 
tion, helping  on  the  industry  of  the  coun- 
try. 


In  connection  with  this  subject  the 
accompanying  illustrations  show  what  is 
being  done  in  Great  Britain  to  encour- 
age the  boys  to  be  interested  in  their 
work.  The  recreation  rooms  shown 
here  are  in  the  works  of  Scott's  Ship- 
building and  Engineering  Co.,  Greenoch. 
The  fee  for  membership  in  the  club  is 
one  shilling  or  25  cents  per  annum.  It 
is  open  every  evening  except  Sundays, 
and  the  proceeds  of  the  subscriptions  are 
presented  annually  to  the  local  in- 
firmary in  the  name  of  the  club.  One 
of  the  staff  is  present  every  evening  to 
assist  any  boys  who  wish  to  study  their 
homework  connected  with  their  techni- 
cal classes,'  and  there  is  also  a  physical 
instructor  in  the  gymnasium.  There  is 
a  corner  containing  lathes,  etc.,  and  any 
boy  who  wants  to  pursue  a  hobby  is  al- 
lowed the  use  of  these  tools  and  scrap 
pieces  from  yard  and  foundry  are 
furnished  them  to  practise  on. 


A   17-FT.  CAST  IRON   FLY  WHEEL 
By   F.   C.   P. 

The  accompanying  illustration  shows 
a  17-ft.  cast  iron  fly  wheel  for  an  elec- 
tric motor  driven  rolling  mill  as  con- 
structed at  the  West  Homestead  Mesta 
Works  near  Pittsburgh,  Pa.     This  speci- 


17-FT.     CAST    IRON    FLYWHEEL 

ally  designed  fly  wheel,  running  two  miles 
per  minute  is  made  of  cast  iron  sections 
bolted  together  as  indicated  in  the  photo- 
graph. As  it  runs  at  a  rim  speed  of 
10,000  feet  per  minute,  the  wheel  is 
made  of  air  furnace  cast  iron,  which  has 
a  much  higher  tensile  strength  than 
ordinary  cupola  iron  to  withstand  the 
forces  of  this  high  speed. 


THE  RELATION    OF    AVIATION    TO 
SHIPPING 

Without  merchant  shipping  it  would 
be  impossible  to  carry  overseas  com- 
merce. Our  overseas  commerce  will  be 
vastly  improved  by  the  addition  of  avia- 
tion. Within  a  very  short  space  of  time 
after  the  war  we  shall  find  all  the  prin- 
cipal   mail   liners  fitted  with   seaplanes. 


Considerable  time  will  be  saved  in  the 
transit  of  mails. 

A  liner  leaving  New  York  with  urgent 
and  important  letters  will  be  able  to  dis- 
charge them  by  seaplane,  300  to  400 
miles  west  of  the  Irish  coast;  within  a 
few  hours  they  can- be  delivered  in  Lon- 
don, thus  effecting  a  saving  in  time  of 
24  hours.  The  same  procedure  can  be 
carried  out  by  a  vessel  bound  to  New 
York— weather,  of  course,  being  an  im- 
portant factor— for  in  fine  and  settled 
weather  a  well-equipped  plane  would 
travel  at  an  enormous  speed  over  a  con- 
siderable distance.  It  is  quite  within  the 
bounds  of  possibility  that  letters  posted 
in  London  can  be  delivered  in  New  York 
within  four  days. 

At  the  outset  of  this  service,  which 
will,  no  doubt,  be  subsidized  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  both  countries,  a  special 
charge,  say,  of  2s.  6d.  to  5s.  per  letter 
could  be  made  on  all  trans-Atlantic 
communications  marked  "Urgent.  Per 
Aerial    Post." 

The  splendid  liners  of  the  Royal  Mail 
Steam  Packet  Company  will  in  all  prob- 
ability cari-y  seaplanes  for  the  rapid  dis- 
patch, of  the  South  American  mails. 
Letters  posted  in  Santiago  de  Chile,  via 
Buenos  Aires,  could  be  put  on  board 
Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet,  and  dis- 
charged by  plane  300  miles -south-west 
of  Gibraltar  or  Lisbon,  then  transferred 
to  the  Transcontinental  Aerial  Mail.  In 
the  same  way,  London  letters  marked 
urgent  could  be  discharged  300  miles 
north-east  of  Buenos  Aires. 

P.  and  O.  liners  would  find  the  sea- 
plane of  great  value  in  accelerating  the 
delivery  of  mails  to  and  from  the  East. 
The  flat  island  of  Perim,  known  to 
mariners  as  the  "cinder  heap,"  would 
make  an  admirable  landing  for  planes — 
letters  to  Europe  could  then  be  trans- 
ferred to  another  plane  and  delivered 
at  Port  Said.  From  there  they  could 
be  reshipped  to  the  Mediterranean  aerial 
mail. 

There  are  four-engined  flying  ma- 
chines capable  of  developing  close  upon 
800  horsepower,  flying  at  a  speed  of 
over  160  miles  an  hour,  and  soaring  to 
a  height  of  27,000  feet. 

Wireless  telegraphy  will  take  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  dispatch  of  these 
rapid  mail  services.  The  time  of  the 
seaplane  leaving  a  vessel  and  its  pro- 
gress in  flight  can  be  transmitted  to  the 
position  of  its  destination. 

The  amazing,  manner  in  which  the 
modern  aeroplane  has  increased  man's 
mobility  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  a  pilot 
breakfasted  in  Newcastle,  lunched  on 
the  south  coast,  had  tea  in  France,  and 
dined  in  London. 

At  the  termination  of  hostilities, 
thousands  of  seaplanes  will  be  liberated 
for  commercial  purposes — they,  and 
many  mo'-e,  will  be  required  for  mail 
services  throughout  the  Empire. 
♦ — ' — 

Nearly  5,000  workmen  earning  $57  to 
.$60  a  week  on  government  construction 
in  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  have  gone  on  strike 
and  refuse  to  return  unless  the  order  is- 
sued by  Secretary  of  War  Baker,  cutting 
off  all  overtime  and  pny-and-a-half  for 
Sunday  work  is  revoked. 


Volume  XX 


Testing  Machines  in  Industrial  Laboratories 

The  Wise  Purchasing  of  Engineering  Materials  is  Dependent 
Upon  Specifications  Properly  Controlled  by  Analysis  and  Test 

By  H.  S.  PRIMROSE,  Messrs.  Crittal  Mfg.  Co., 
and  J.  S.  GLEN  PRIMROSE,  Messrs.  Ransomes  &  Napier,  Ltd. 


AT  no  previous  time  have  engineer- 
ing firms  been  called  upon  to  do 
so  much  physical  testing  as  now 
to  ascertain  the  suitability  of  their  pro- 
ducts, and  the  privilege  has  not  been 
given  to  many  of  finding  themselves 
efficiently  equipped  and  staffed  to  under- 
take the  work  in  their  own  laboratory  or 
testing  department.  It  has  been  the 
.great  privilege  of  the  writers  to  be  as- 
sociated for  some  time  past  with  firms 
■of  which  the  managing  directors  have 
been  sufficiently  broadminded  to  assist 
their  neighbors  in  the  making  of  tests, 
and  they  venture  to  claim  that  not  only 
la  this  action  much  appreciated  by  those 
concerned,  but  that  the  efficiency  of  the 
area  has  been  considerably  increased  in 
consequence  of  the  advice  secured.  The 
authors  take  this  opportunity  of  thank- 
ing Mr.  F.  H.  Crittall,  of  Messrs.  Crittali 
Mfg.  Co,  and  Sir  Wilfred  Stokes,  of 
Messrs.  Ransome  and  Rapier,  the  man- 
aging dir^tors  of  their  respective  firms, 
for  permitting  them  to  place  before  the 
Institute  the  firsthand  descriptions  of  the 
several  testing  machines  employed  in 
'their  laboratories,  and  also  of  some  of 
the  interesting  data  obtained  by  their 
use.  The  prime  considerations  Which 
caused  the  selection  of  most  of  the  ma- 
chines described  were  their  moderate  cost 
and  short  time  of  delivery,  and  other,  but 
no  less  important  points,  were  their  sim- 
plicity and  convenience  for  commercial 
testing,  combined  with  the  accuracy  of 
their  determination  of  the  various 
physical  properties  of  metals.  The 
article  is  published  through  the  courtesy 
of  "London  Engineering." 

Tensile  Testing  Machines 

Whilst  for  a  long  time  we  have  been 
almost  exclusively  confined  to  the  use  of 
iever  machines  in  this  country,  the  use 
of  lever  testing  machines  has  been  al- 
most entirely  abandoned  on  the  Conti- 
nent, and  also  to  a  large  extent  in 
America.  The  hydraulic  method  of  ap- 
plying the  load  is  nearly  universal,  but 
in  most  cases  an  independent  system  of 
measuring  the  stress  is  necessary,  and 
few  rely  wholly  upon  the  simple  pres 
sure-gauge  method  for  accuracy  and  con- 
tinued reliability.  One  class  of  machine 
is  so  designed  that  the  application  of  the 
load  and  its  simultaneous  measurement 
is  accomplished  by  the  same  pressure 
system,  and  this,  of  course,  constitutes 
a  very  simple,  convenient  and  compact 
machine,  which  has  no  knife  edges  or 
springs  to  go  wrong,  and  is  further  en- 
tirely free  from  inertia  effects  which  are 
so  fruitful  a  source  of  error.  This  prin- 
ciple is  adapted  to  the  vertical  form  of 
testing  machine  by  Messrs.  Amsler 
Brothers,  of  Switzerland,  and  their  com- 
bination of  press  and  pendulum  gauge  is 
recognized  by  the  Association  of  Test- 


ing Materials  as  universal;  it  is  con- 
structed in  a  variety  of  sizes  and  stand- 
ard forms.  Their  1916  model  of  30-ton 
universal  testing  machine  is  shown  in 
Fig.  1,  and  this  has  the  various  arrange- 
ments whereby  round,  flat  and  headed 
test  bars  may  be  tested  in  tension;  it 
enables  bending,  transverse  and  com- 
pression tests  to  be  performed,  and  by 
means  of  easily  adjusted  bolsters  it  per- 
mits hardness,  shearing,  or  punching 
tests  to  be  made  with  the  minimum  of 
trouble. 

The  entire    machine    comprises    three 
parts,  the  first  of  which  is  the  press  with 


a  steel  ram  operated  by  compressed  oil. 
The  fit  in  the  cylinder  is  sliding,  so  that 
friction  is  negligible  owing  to  the  small 
constant  stream  of  oil  escaping  while 
the  machine  is  at  work.  The  pressure  of 
oil  is  conveyed  from  the  ram  through  a 
cross-head  with  a  hardened  steel  socket, 
to  two  steel  bars  freely  supporting  the 
cradle  or  moving  head.  The  crown  is 
secured  to  the  base  by  four  stout  steel 
bars  which  support  the  superstructure, 
and  these  endure  the  maximum  load  of 
the  machine  without  appreciable  de- 
formation. The  base  itself  is  a  hollow- 
iron  casting  with  a  steel  table  to  anchor 


FIG.  1— 80-TON  AMSLEE  UNIVERSAL  TESTING  MACHINE 


December  5,   1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


64& 


the  wedge  grips  or  other  shackles,  and 
no  great  strength  is  required  in  this 
stand  as  it  supports  no  part  of  the  load- 
ing, nor  does  it  require  to  take  any  over- 
hang since  the  centre  of  gravity  is  not 
moved  during  the  conduct  of  the  tests. 
Tensile  and  shearing  tests  are  made  by 
securing  the  test  bars  between  the  base 
and  the  cradle,  and  compression,  punch- 
ing, bending  and  transverse  tests  are 
made  between  the  cradle  and  the  crown 
without  any  elaborate  fittings.  To  raise 
the  moving  head  to  any  required  position 
the  pressure  oil  is  admitted  by  the  valve 
at  the  right  of  the  press,  and  to  lower 
it  again  by  gravity  it  is  sufficient  to  open 
the  release  valve  on  the  pressure  gauge, 
and  let  the  oil  return  to  the  reservoir  in 
the  pump. 

Oil  Pump 
The    high-pressure    oil    pump     is    the 
second  part  of  the  apparatus,  and  it  may 
be  driven  by  either  belt  or  motor.       The 
oil  supply  is  delivered  by  three  pistons 
at  a  steady  pressure  up  to  3  atmospheres, 
and  the  suction  valves  are  controlled  by 
a  handle  which  lets  the  motor  run  light 
when  in  the  "off"  position,  but  forces  oil 
through  the  pipes  when  in  the  "on"  posi- 
tion.    If  all  other  valves  in  the  pressure 
gauge  and  press  are  closed,  then  the  oil 
is  simply    short-circuited    by    a    spring<- 
controlled  valve,  back  into  the  reservoir. 
The  third  part  of  the  assembled  ma- 
chine is  a  simple  and  accurate  form  of 
direct-acting  pressure  gauge    or    pendu- 
lum manometer,     which     measures     the 
force  exerted  on  the  test  piece  by  the  oil 
pressure.     This  it  does  by  displacing  a 
freely  hung  pendulum  from  the  vertical 
position  so  that  the  pointer  of  the  gauge 
constantly  indicates  the  force  exerted  by 
the  automatic  balance    effected    by    the 
pendulum.    Details  of  the  pressure  gauge 
and  regulators  are  shown  in  Figs.  2  to  4. 
Pressure  oil  enters  by  pipe  A,  and  may  be 
short-circuited  by  a  spring  at  the  back 
of  the  regulator  R  into  the  pipe  B,  and 
large  return  pipe  C  communicating  with 
the  oil  reservoir.     On  opening  the  valve 
V,,  oil  flows  by  the  uptake  pipe  D  to  the 
cylinder  of  the  press,  and  thus  elevates 
the  ram.    The  release  valve  V..  on  the  left 
of  the  manometer  puts  the  pressure  pipe 
E  into  communication    with    the    return 
pipe  C.     When    load    is    placed    on     the 
specimen  the  oil  pressure  is  conveyed  by 
pipe  F  to  the  small    cylinder    S,    which 
causes  the  piston  P  to  move  without  fric- 
tion  due   to   its   rotation   and   the   slight 
escape   of  oil.     The   force   which   expels 
the  piston   P  is  transmitted  to  the    two 
vertical  rods  G  bolted  together  by  a  dis- 
tance-niece at  the  bottom,  and  attached 
to  a  short    block    lever    H    at    the     top 
through   ba'l    bearinsrs.     The    movement 
of  H  causes  the  shaft  J.  mounted  in  the 
manometer  fnme  with  ball  bearin<rs,  to 
rotate  and  deflect  the  pendulum  from  its 
normal  nosition  till  it  assumes  a  position 
of  equilibrium.       The  pendulum  rod  can 
be     suspended     from     several      different 
points,  giving  a  variation  in  the  sensitive- 
ness of  the  machine. 

Record 

Sensitive  records  of  the  variations  in 
the  loading  of  the  test  bar  are  secured 
in  a  unique  manner.     Attached   to    the 


=^L 


Vi  K  V. 

FlQS.  2  TO  4.     AUTOMATIO  PeNDOHTM  PaESSDHE-GAnOE  USED  WITH  Amsleb  Testihq  Machini. 


front  end  of  the  rod  J  is  a  short  steel 
arm  parallel  to  the  pendulum,  and  mov- 
ing against  a  screwed  rod  'L,  which  not 
only  actuates  the  pointer  moving  over 
the  scales  of  the  dial  K,  but  also  carries 
a  sliding  pencil  holder.  The  tracing 
pencil  moves  over  the  diagram  paper 
clipped  on  to  the  brass  drum  which  ro- 
tates smoothly  when  actuated  by  the 
chord  from  the  extensometer  attached  to 
the  test  bar.  With  short  bars  it  is  often 
sufficient  to  take  the  travel  of  the  cradle 
relative  to  t'he  base  for  commercial  pur- 
poses, and  this  also  saves  the  removal  of 
the  extensometer  prior  to  rupture  of  the 
bar.  When  the  bar  breaks  the  pendulum 
falls  back  freely  for  but  a  short  distance, 
as  the  oil  escaping  from  the  cylinder  S 
has  to  do  so  by  a  small  by-pass  so  that 
the  motion  is  comparatively  slow  and 
without  jerk.  Although  the  pressure 
gauge  is  so  sensitive  there  are  no  weak 
parts  in  it  to  go  wrong,  as  it  is  through- 
out of  the  most  robust  construction,  and 
yet  it  is  not  unwieldy.  It  simply  re- 
quires to  be  bolted  to  the  floor  sufficient- 
ly level  to  let  the  pendulum  swing  in  a 
perfectly  vertical  plane.  The  rotation  of 
the  screwed  rod  L,  whilst  holding  the 
pencil  carrier,  enables  the  pointer  to  be 


readily  adjusted  to  zero  at  any  time. 
Measurements  on  the  autograph  diagram 
are  facilitated  since  the  complete  rota- 
tion of  the  pointer  over  the  scale  gives 
a  travel  of  10  cm.,  corresponding  to  the 
maximum  load  for  each  sensitiveness. 

Other  Tests 

To  make  transverse  or  bending  tests, 
two  roller  supports  are  fixed  at  a  con- 
venient distance  apart  in  the  cradle  by 
means  of  the  side  screws  which  engage 
the  cross  bars  sliding  in  a  slot  which 
runs  the  full  length  of  the  cradle  on  each 
side.  The  middle  support  to  apply  the 
bending,  is  suspended  by  a  pin  let  into 
the  side  of  the  crown,  and  this  only  re- 
quires to  be  withdrawn  to  let  it  fit  into 
a  slot  encircling  the  head  of  the  support. 
This  may  be  provided  with  a  roller  like 
the  side  bolsters,  or  it  may  be  simply  a 
rounded  die  to  effect  the  bending  test 
when  the  supports  are  moved  into  close 
proximity.  The  centrally-held  die  may 
be  provided  with  a  spring  clip  holding  a 
10  mm.  ball  to  perform  Brinell  hardness 
tests  when  the  cradle  is  raised  with  the 
specimen  to  effect  the  compression. 

Compression  tests  are  very  simply 
made  on  test  pieces  placed  between,  two 


646 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


cylinders,  the  test-piece  can  be  readily 
inserted  and  sheared  without  any  con- 
siderable amount  of  bending  such  as  us- 
Tially  accompanies  this  test. 
hardened  steel  discs,  one  of  which  is  held 
in  the  middle  of  the  cradle  by  a  square 
foot-step,  and  the  other  is  supported 
:from  the  centre  of  the  crown  by  a  cir- 
cular bolster  provided  with  a  spherical 
seating  to  ensure  the  crushing  faces  be- 
ing parallel.  Crushing  tests  are  now 
more  commonly  specified  than  formerly, 
and  interesting  results  are  often  obtained 
,  -with  metal  which  have  been  variously 
leat-treated  and  worked,  as  shown  in 
Table  I.  The  first  section  shows  the 
toughening  effect  of  oil  quenching  upon 
a  medium  carbon  steel  for  power  press 
screws,  the  second  deals  with  the  forginjj 
of  ordinary  cast-iron  between  dies  in  the 
press,  and  the  third  part  shows  how  much 
«ven  the  strongest  brass  may  be  im- 
proved by  mechanical  treatment  at  the 
Tight  temperature. 

For  making  shearing  tests,  special 
yokes  are  fixed  by  the  cross  bolts 
through  the  baseplate  and  the  cradle. 
These  two  portions  are  provided  with 
hardened  steel  cylinders  with  a  hole 
through  each  for  carrying  the  test  bar. 
Accurate  alignment  is  secured  by  screw- 
ing up  collars  at  the  end,  thus  preventing 
any  play  between  the  shearing  faces.  By 
selecting  a  test  bar  diameter  nearly  equal 
to  the  central   opening  in  the  hardened 


TABLE  I— Effect  of  Mechanical  and  Heat  Treat- 
ment on  Compression  Strenerths  of  Medium 
Carbon  Steel  Cast  Iron  and  Brass. 


«.45  Per  Cent  Carbon  Steel 


Compress'n  Brinell 
Elastic  Hardness 
Limit.      Number. 


tons  per      kg.  per 


>formal     Ojong.        

(Trans 

Single   oil   quenched    (Long.... 

(Trans... 

Single    water   quenched    (Long. 

(Trans. 

Double   oil    quenched    ( Long. . . 

(Trans... 


sq.  m. 
47.5 
42.5 
93.8 
92.0 
91.0 
89.5 
85.3 
82.5 


sq.  mm. 
185 
180 
365 
340 
340 
340 
820 
320 


I 


ass 


1st  Set- 
Water 
cooled 

2nd  Set- 
Air 
cooled 


hi 

■i-g 


POW     OS 


55 

C  a 
►JO 


Si 
^^ 

s  » 

X  J 
n  c 


tons  per  tons  per  tons  per 
sq.  in.  sq.  in.  sq.  in.    % 
12.5    80.2    59.8    26.8 


28.8 


23.1 


kg.  per 

sq.  mm. 

165 


150 


« 


Tensile  Testa. 


Ir- 


J3 

as 


11^ 


i 
'2 

a 
s 


■85 

a  (, 
E  c 


^.e 


*s  S      "*  *^ 

wgas'S         X'^ 


ton*  per  t.  per  t.  per  kg.  per 

sq.  in.  sq.  in.  sq.  in.  %  %  sq.  mm 

1st    set.        62.7       22.6       40.2  23.1  22.8       170 

2nd    set.       61.0       21.2       39.4  21.5  25.0       165 

Srd    set.       59.8       20.6       89.8  28.1  23.9       165 

■4th    set.        58.0       20.0       38.2  28.4  28.7       160 


Values  given  are  the  average  of  four  tests. 


Punching  tests  also  give  useful  infor- 
mation as  to  the  behaviour  of  metal  un- 
der other  stresses,  and  it  has  even  been 
•claimed  that  this  test  gives  a  better 
average  value    from    which    the    tensile 


result  may  be  calculated  than  the  direct 
tensile  test  itself,  since  the  latter  deals 
with  a  much  smaller  section  than  thai 
cut  by  the  punch.  The  punching  test  as 
performed  in  the  compression  part  of  the 
testing  machine  only  requires  a  simple 
bolster  to  carry  the  punch  and  die  in 
correct  alignment,  and  to  withdraw  the 
punch  without  displacement  of  this  after 
the  flat  test  piece  has  been  pierced. 
Several  corresponding  values  of  the  ulti- 
mate tensile,  punching  and  shear  stress 
of  several  grades  of  steel  are  given  in 
Table  II  and  show  that  simple  relation- 
ships can  be  established  between  these 
values. 


TABLE  II— 

Relationship  of  Tens 

le  Strength  with 

Punching 

and      Shear      Stresses     for     Various 

Steels. 

Average  Tensile  Actual  Punching 

Strength 

Stress. 

Shearing  Stress. 

tons  per  sq. 

in.        tons  per  sq.  in. 

tons  per  sq.  in. 

21.3 

18.3 

10.1 

25.0 

19.2 

11.8 

28.1 

21.6 

12.9 

32.0 

28.7 

14.8 

34.5 

25.5 

15.2 

39.0 

28.0 

16.8 

43.0 

30.7 

18.0 

47.5 

34.1 

19.6 

"T" 

0.65  T  +  3.18 

0.35  T  +  3.0 

When  autographic  diagrams  are  taken 
of  the  punching  and  shearing  tests,  valu- 


FIGS.  6  AND  6 


AMSLER  STANDARDIZING 
BOX 


able  information  is  got  as  to  the  practical 
value  of  the  metal,  its  ductility  and  be- 
haviour in  practice.  The  yield-point  in 
shear  stress  is  easily  observed  and  serves 
to  place  the  metal  in  the  class  to  which 
it  belongs. 

Standardizing 
Even  although  it  is  usual  for  each  test- 
ing machine  to  be  securely  calibrated  by 


the  makers  and  guaranteed  to  be  conecl, 
it  is  usually  advisable  to  check  them  oc- 
casionally to  ascertain  if  there  is  any 
variation  during  service.  To  do  this,  it 
is  sometimes  considered  necessary  to  lift- 
standard  weights  on  the  testing  machine 
itself.  Otherwise  a  standard  bar  of 
known  modulus  of  elasticity  may  be  sub- 
mitted to  tension  within  its  limit  of  pro- 
portionality, but  this  necessitates  pre- 
cision instruments  to  measure  the  de- 
formation. The  crushing  of  a  number  of 
small  copper  cylinders  of  known  reduc- 
tion of  length  for  a  given  load  may  be 
adopted,  but  no  very  great  accuracy  may 
be  expected  from  this  method.  To  over- 
come these  difficulties  Messrs.  Amsler 
have  invented  an  ingenious  standardizing 
box  which  is  light  and  easily  handled.  U 
can  be  used  without  expert  knowledge 
to  check  testing  machines  either  in  ten- 
sile or  compressive  stress,  both  quickly 
and  with  as  great  exactness  as  by  the 
dead-load  method. 

As  shown  in  section  in  Figs.  5  and  6, 
the  box  consists  of  a  hollow  cylinder  of 
special  steel  filled  -with  mercury  whicl> 
extends  into  a  horizontal  capillary  glass 
tube  projecting  from  tlie  box.  The  tube 
is  provided  with  a  zero  mark  to  which  the 
mercury  is  adjusted  by  a  micrometer 
screw,  the  stem  of  which  projects  into 
the  enclosed  space  filled  with  mercury, 
and  when  the  screw  is  advanced  or  with- 
drawn it  pushes  mercury  into  the  capil- 
ary  or  withdraws  it  into  the  box.  When 
the  hollow  cylinder  is  stressed  axially  the 
volume  decreases  under  the  compression 
ncreases  under  tension  so  that  a 
volume  of  mercury  equal  to  this  volume 
change  is  expelled  from  or  pulled  into  the 
box.  Thus  the  micrometer  handle  must 
be  turned  to  restore  the  mer- 
cury to  the  zero  point  in  the 
capillary  tube,  the  bulb  at 
the  end  of  which  holds  any 
excess  and  prevents  its  es- 
cape. The  scale  on  the  mi- 
crometer enables  the  ob- 
server to  read  hundredths  of 
a  turn  of  the  handle,  and 
this  gives  a  measure  of  the 
change  of  volume  of  the  steel 
cylinder,  which  being  thin-walled  to 
give  large  displacements  of  mercury 
(easily  observed),  must  not  be  stress- 
ed above  its  elastic  limit.  The 
readings  of  the  micrometer  which  are 
proportional  to  the  loadin?  of  the  box, 
are  independent  of  the  size  of  the  capil- 
lary tube,  so  that  if  one  is  broken  it  can 
be  replaced  bv  another  without  re- 
standardizing  the  instrument  by  dead 
loads  as  is  done  in  the  first  instance.  The 
micrometer  can  be  turned  at  pleasure  to 
any  position  so  as  to  admit  of  its  being 
easily  read  when  in  place  in  the  testing 
machine.  In  making  compression  checks, 
it  is  necessary  to  ensure  that  the  box  is 
placed  between  two  perfectly  flat  sur- 
faces parallel  to  one  another  in  the 
extension  boxes  for  tensile  standardizing 
crown  and  cradle  of  the  m'lchine.  The 
have  screw  heads  with  extension  pieces 
to  be  gripped  either  in  the  wedges  or  in 
the  spherical  seatings  of  the  other 
shackles.  These  boxes  are  made  in  two 
forms,  one  for  measuring  compression 
only,  and  the  other  for  either  extension 


December  5,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


647 


or  compression,  the  former  ranging  up 
to  120  tons,  the  latter  up  to  30  tons.  To 
convert  the  double-purpose  boxes  from 
tensile  to  compression  use,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  screw  off  the  heads  of  the 
end  extensions.  As  the  constants  of  the 
micrometer  readings  for  compression 
differ  slightly  from  the  same  stress  read- 
ings in  tension,  the  two  sets  of  constants 
are  stamped  on  the  boxes. 

Torsion  Testing  Machines 

The  importance  of  this  useful  method 
of  determining  the  shear  strength  of 
metals  has  been  recognized  only  com- 
paratively recently,  and  although  many 
forms  of  lever  machines  have  arrange- 
jnents  for  carrying  out  this  test  and  for 
measuring  the  torque,  it  is  still  not  a 
common  test  to  be  made  commercially. 
5ome  of  these  machines  have  been  fully 
•described  by  Hailstone  in  vol.  xxviii  of 
the  Staffordshire  Iron  and  Steel  Insti 
tute  proceedings,  but  there  is  a  simpler 
way  of  measuring  the  torque  than  by 
means  of  the  customary  lever.  The 
balancing  of  the  twisting  couple  produced 
lends  itself  readily  to  the  use  of  the  pen- 
dulum pressure  gauge,  and  Messrs. 
Amsler  make  several  types  of  machine 
in  which  this  principle  is  used.  The 
smaller  hand  size  for  torsion  testing 
alone  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  7,  which  shows 
the  machine  to  consist  of  a  rigid  frame 
■with  two  heads,  the  fixed  one  for  apply- 
ing the  torque,  and  the  other  moving  on 
ball  bearings  and  carrying  the  pendulum. 
The  bar  to  be  tested  is  screwed  in  jaws 
in  the  two  heads,  which  take  flat  bars  or 
rounded  ones  if  provided  with  rect- 
angular heads.  The  torsion  couple  is 
produced  by  a  pulley  driven  by  belt  or 
worked  by  hand,  and  the  rotation  is 
transmitted  to  the  test  bar  by  worm  and 
"wheel.  The  pendulum,  suspended  from 
the  moving  head  by  an  axis  which  rotates 
in  ball  bearings,  serves  to  balance,  by  its 
inclination  from  the  vertical  position,  the 


torque  developed  in  the  test  bar.  The 
weight  of  the  pendulum  bob  is  easily 
changed  by  removing  parts  of  it  which 
are  bolted  on,  so  that  the  sensitiveness 
of  the  machine  can  be  increased  by 
diminishing  the  maximum  torque  from 
the  full  150  kg.-m.  (say  1,100  Ib.-ft.)  to 
100  kg.-m.  and  to  50  kg.-m.  The  angular 
displacement  of  the  pendulum  in  con- 
junction with  the  angle  of  twist  of  the 
test  bar  gives  a  means  of  autographically 
drawing  a  diagram  of  the  test.  The 
movement  of  the  pendulum-carrying 
head  along  the  frame  of  the  machine 
prevents  the  test  bar  from  being  sub- 
jected to  the  slightest  tension  as  it 
shortens  under  the  twisting  it  receives. 

Messrs.  Amsler  make  combined  tension 
and  torsion  machines  which  may  be  made 
to  exert  a  tension  of  30  tons  or  50  tons 
simultaneously  with  or  separately  from 
a  torque  of  Vi  ton-ft.  or  1  ton-ft.  The 
tractive  force  is  applied  hydraulically  by 
oil  under  pressure,  but  the  twisting 
movement  is  applied  by  hand  through 
gearing.  The  base  of  the  machine  is  nol 
fixed  as  in  the  universal  machine,  but 
may  be  moved  up  or  down  to  the  required 
position  along  the  four  supporting  rods, 
by  means  of  a  hand  screw.  The  cradle 
or  moving  head  carries  the  fixed  end  for 
the  torsion  test,  the  lower  grip  in  the 
base  being  made  to  revolve  centrally. 
To  balance  the  torque  use  is  made 
of  the  oil  pressure  set  up  in  two 
cylinders  situated  horizontally  in  the 
crown  of  the  machine.  The  pistons 
working  in  these  cylinders  act  as  pumps, 
and  the  resulting  pressure  is  conveyea 
by  a  pipe  to  the  registering  pressure 
gauge.  The  tension  and  the  torsion  pres- 
sure gauges  are  set  on  the  one  stand, 
side  by  side,  so  that  they  can  record  their 
respective  diagrams  on  the  same  sheet  or 
paper  clipped  on  the  drum.  Instead  of 
the  ordinary  pendulum  gauge,  the  mano- 
meter used  in  this  instance  is  usually  the 
laminated  spring    type.      This    form    of 


spring  manometer  is  capable  of  accurate- 
ly indicating  and  registering  rapid 
changes  in  the  stress  applied.  The  oil 
pressure  from  the  cylinders  passes  by  the 
several  tubes  to  their  respective  gauges, 
and  by  pressing  upon  a  piston  moving 
without  friction  in  a  small  cylinder, 
causes  two  leaves  of  the  laminated 
springs  to  be  pressed  closer  together.  A 
fine-toothed  rack  engages  a  small  pinion 
in  the  centre  of  the  indicator  dial,  and 
causes  the  pointer  to  move  round  the 
scale.  By  attaching  different  weights  to 
the  underside  cross-head  of  the  gauge 
various  sensitivenesses  can  be  registered 
in  order  to  have  an  open  scale  for  each 
reading.  The  balancing  of  the  different 
stresses  exerted  on  the  test  bar  is  thus 
automatically  effected,  and  it  leaves  the 
operator  free  to  perform  the  complex 
test,  since  after  he  has  started  the  ten- 
sion force  by  admitting  the  pressure  oil 
to  the  top  cylinder,  he  can  give  his  at- 
tention to  the  application  of  the  twisting 
couple  by  hand,  the  diagrams  being  auto- 
graphically produced. 

(To  be  continued) 


DESPISED  EVEN   BY   HUNS 

German   Prisoners    Struck   Rather   Than 
Work  With  Cowards. 

A  remarkable  incident  occurred  (says 
the  Central  News)  at  a  camp  in  the 
south  of  England,  where  a  large  num- 
ber of  German  prisoners  are  engaged  in 
making  roads.  In  order  to  facilitate  the 
progress  of  the  work  a  number  of  con- 
scientious objectors  were  detailed  to  as- 
sist the  prisoners.  Upon  their  arrival 
the  German  prisoners  struck  work,  and 
a  n.c.o.  delegated  to  speak  to  the  officer 
in  command,  said:  "We  have  struck  work. 
These  men  are  conscientious  objectors 
and  won't  fight  for  their  country,  and 
we  won't  work  with  them.  Let  them  go 
and  fight,  the  cowards."  The  officer  tried 
to  reason  with  the  "delegate,"  but  the 
latter  said  it  was  no  use,  they  could 
punish  him  and  the  others  if  they  liked. 
Indeed,  they  would  accept  any  punish- 
ment, but  they  would  not  work  with  con- 
scientious objectors.  Eventually  the 
C.O.'s   were   withdrawn,   and   the   strike 

ended. 

♦ 

A  well-known  Scottish  architect  was 
once  travelling  in  Palestine,  when  news 
reached  him  of  an  addition  to  his  family 
circle.  The  happy  father  immediately 
provided  himself  with  water  from  the 
Jordan  to  carry  home  for  the  christen- 
ing of  the  infant,  and  returned  to  Scot- 
land. On  the  Sunday  appointed  for  the 
ceremony,  he  duly  presented  himself  at 
the  church  and  sought  out  the  beadle,  in 
order  to  hand  over  the  precious  water  to 
his  care.  He  pulled  the  bottle  from  his 
pocket,  but  the  beadle  held  up  a  warn- 
ing hand,  and  came  nearer  to  whisper: 
"No  the  noo,  sir,"  he  said,  "no  the  noo. 
Maybe  after  the  kirk's  oot!" 


FIG.   7— AMSLER   TORSION    TESTING   MACHINE 


You  can't  succeed  if  you  don't  take 
pleasure  in  your  work  for  its  own  sake. 
And   if  you  are  fitted  for  it,  you  will. 


<48 


Volume  XX 


WELDING 
AND  CUTTING 


The  Development  of  Electric  Welding 

The  Author,  in  a  Paper  Read  Before  the  A.I.E.E.,  Outlines  the 
Present  Status  of  Electric  Welding — The  Use  of  Alternating 
Current — Methods  of  Electric  Welding  and  Future  Developments 

By  H.  A.  HORNER 


THE  two  main  processes  of  electric 
welding,  namely,  arc  welding  and 
spot  welding,  were  found  by  this 
committee  applied  in  the  first  case  to  re- 
pairs and  in  the  second  case  to  certain 
factory  quantity  production  jobs.  The 
work  done  was  in  the  case  of  spot  weld- 
ing only  on  light  material,  and  In 
neither  case  very  extensive.  The  pro- 
cesses to  be  successful  in  th-»ir  applica- 
tion to  the  construction  of  merchant 
vessels  would  have  to  show  reliability  in 
the  joining  of  steel  plates  from  a  half- 
inch  to  one  inch  in  thickness.  To  this 
and  kindred  problems  the  committee  im- 
mediately turned  its  attention. 

The  work  had  all  been  done  in  the  field 
where  it  had  been  applied  by  practical 
men.  It  was  first  necessary  to  formu- 
late the  proper  nomenclature  and  sym- 
bols. This  was  thoroughly  investigated 
and  a  very  comprehensive  set  of  symbols 
has  been  approved  by  the  committee  and 
is  in  daily  use  by  those  now  actively  en- 
gaged in  this  new  application.  The  ap- 
proved nomenclature  introduces  the  sub- 
ject to  the  designing  and  calculating  en- 
gineer and  gives  him  the  instrument  by 
means  of  which  he  is  able  to  place  his 
thoughts  rapidly  and  conveniently  on 
drawings. 

The  manufacturers  of  apparatus  joined 
the  practical  man  in  the  study  of  the 
problems  of  electric  welding.  Apparatus 
and  so-called  processes  introduced  vari- 
ous types  of  machines  suitable  for  the 
conversion  of  electrical  supply  to  the 
proper  values  of  current  and  voltage 
needed  at  the  arc  or  at  the  spot.  The 
manufacturer  in  his  eagerness  to  meet 
the  problem  naturally  encountered  many 
difficulties.  These  difficulties  increased 
until  a  point  was  reached  as  referred  to 
above  where  he  demanded  some  stand- 
ards upon  which  his  apparatus  could 
clearly  be  rated.  Therefore,  the  manu- 
facturer was  only  too  pleased  to  co- 
operate with  the  Welding  Committee 
•nd  is  to-day  conscientiously  aiding  in 
straightening  out  the  difficulties  in 
which  he  was  involved  prior  to  last  year. 


Arc  welding  in  this  country  has  large- 
ly been  done  In  the  railroad  repair  shops. 
It  was  discovered  that  the  process  was 
much  cheaper  and  could  be  performed 
more  rapidly  than  by  any  of  the  gas 
welding  methods.  It  also  could  be  ap- 
plied without  preheatmg  and  in  many 
cases  without  the  expense  of  disassemb- 
ling complicated  pieces  of  machinery. 
Spot  welding  besides  being  used  in  many 
different  industries  was  sought  for  by 
the  railroad  man  and  there  has  been 
built  a  gondola  car  which  has  seen  some 
seven  or  eight  years  of  service.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  here  the  difference 
in  practice  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States.  The  former  knowing 
little  or  nothing  about  spot  welding  had 
the  practice  and  application  of  arc  weld- 
ing very  well  under  way;  the  latter  ex- 
actly the  reverse. 

Apparently  the  attempts  to  train 
operators  were  rather  crude  and  it  was 
early  observed  that  the  reliability  of  the 
electric  weld  depended  substantially 
upon  the  skill  of  the  welder.  The  manu- 
facturers of  apparatus  and  the  super- 
intendents in  railways  shops  had  strug- 
gled with  the  problem  of  training  opera- 
tors, but  intensive  study  had  not  been 
given  the  subject  so  that  there  existed 
in  this  respect  a  great  deal  of  groping 
in  the  dark. 

Present  Statue  of   Electric  Welding 

Investigations  were  immediately  un-' 
dertaken  to  answer  the  question  whether 
spot  welding  could  be  successfully  ac- 
complished using  one-inch  thick  steel 
plates.  An  experimental  apparatus  of 
large  size  was  erected  and  put  into  oper- 
ation, the  results  showing  that  no  diffi- 
culty was  encountered  with  half-inch  and 
three-quarter-inch  plates.  The  same  re- 
mark applies  to  one-inch  steel  plates. 
In  fact,  this  experimental  machine  was 
successful  in  welding  three  thicknessc3 
welds  of  half-inch  ship  structural  steel 
exceeds  the  requirements  of  merchant 
ship  construction.  This  operation  has 
its    historical    significance    in    that    this 


was  the  first  time  that  any  spot  welding- 
of  this  magnitude  had  been  performed. 
The  successful  outcome  of  these  experi- 
ments has  led  to  the  design  and  con- 
struction of  large  spot  v.elders  to  be 
used  in  the  fabrication  of  ship  sections. 
The  practical  application  of  a  large  five- 
foot  spot  welder  will  be  made  at  a  de- 
monstration of  a  forty-foot  section  of  a 
standard  9600-ton  ship  to  be  built  at 
the  plant  of  the  Federal  Shipbuilding 
Company,  Kearney,  New  Jersey.  This 
is  the  largest  portable  spot  welder  ever 
built.  It  will  prove  two  points  in  ship 
construction  by  the  electric  method, 
namely,  the  clamping  of  the  ship's  struc- 
tural parts  for  assembly  thereby  reduc- 
ing the  time  in  working  the  material  as 
well  as  for  the  erection  of  the  ship  mn- 
terial;  and,  secondly,  by  the  speed  of 
spot  welding  it  will  prove  the  decrease 
in  time  for  joining  the  material  together. 
The  consensus  of  opinion  is  that  the  large 
stationary  spot  welder  of  five  or  six- 
foot  gap  will  undoubtedly  play  an  im- 
portant part  in  increasing  the  speed  of 
fabricating  sections  of  standard  steel 
vessels.  Further  investigations  are  be- 
ing made  and  desiens  are  being  worked 
out  for  special  spot  welders  for  use  in 
the  construction  of  bulkheads.  The  de- 
signs proposed  are  chiefly  for  shop  pro- 
cesses, but  it  can  be  asserted  that  such 
apparatus  will  be  of  undoubted  value  in 
the  saving  of  time  and  man  power. 

Arc  welding  had  been  tried  in  a  great 
variety  of  work,  but  there  was  no  con- 
clusive evidence  that  it  could  be  de- 
veloped to  the  stage  of  joining  ship 
nlates  with  the  certaintv  of  full  strength. 
The  first  stage  of  his  investigational 
work  is  now  almost  completed.  Sample 
welds  of  half  inch  ship  structural  steel 
were  taken  by  a  special  sub-committee 
to  fourteen  or  fifteen  different  places 
where  electric  welding  was  done,  noted 
the  conditions  of  current,  volta~e.  elec- 
trode, operator,  etc.,  and  then  prepared 
the  welded  samples  for  tests.  The 
samples  were  forwarded  to  the  Bureau 
of  Standards  in  Washington  so  that  the 


December  5,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


649 


tests  should  be  conducted  by  parties 
absolutely  disinterested  and  without 
knowledge  of  how  the  samples  were  ob- 
tained. The  results  of  these  tests  showed 
a  remarkable  similarity  especially  when 
it  is  realized  that  they  were  made  by 
several  firms  with  different  electrode 
materials  and  under  varying  conditions 
of  the  electrical  current.  Practically  all 
of  the  welds  pulled  at  over  50,000  pounds 
per  square  inch  and  several  over  60,000 
pounds,  the  average  being  about  58,000. 
On  the  bending  test  one  of  the  samples 
was  bent  to  an  angle  of  78  degrees  be- 
fore a  crack  started  and  final  failure 
reached  80  degrees.  In  another  case  the 
sample  was  bent  to  65  degrees  before 
the  crack  started  and  final  failure  did  not 
occur  until  86  degrees.  The  point  of  im- 
portance here  is  that  all  the  welds 
showed  a  reliability  and  satisfactoriness 
which  makes  conclusive  the  opinion  that 
electric  arc  welding  is  applicable  for 
the  joining  of  steel  where  the  structure 
is  submitted  to  live  loads,  bending 
strains,  static  pressure,  or  the  like. 

To  give  a  further  indication  of  the 
large  size  practical  tests  which  are  being 
carried  on  at  the  present  time  it  may  be 
stated  that  three  12-foot  cube  electrical- 
ly welded  tanks  are  now  being  construct- 
ed. These  tanks  are  built  in  such  a  way 
that  from  twelve  to  fifteen  different  de- 
signs of  joints  are  used  in  their  con- 
struction. After  these  tanks  are  built 
they  will  be  subjected  to  a  static  strain 
and  the  deflection  of  the  seams  will  be 
directly  measured.  Afterwards  they  will 
be  tested  by  external  shock  and  crushed 
to  destruction.  Portions  of  the  joints 
will  be  cut,  sent  to  the  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards, and  again  tested  for  the  sake  of 
accumulating  precise  data.  In  this  con- 
nection there  is  being  built  at  the  Nor- 
folk Navy  Yird  a  b^tt'e-towing  target. 
The  keel  of  the  target  110  feet  long  will 
be  entirely  electrically  welded  and  the 
results  of  this  practical  demonstration 
will  be  carefully  recorded  after  it  has 
been  put  in  regular  service. 

Alternating    Current    Found 
Advantageous 

It  is  to  be  expected  that  the  manufac- 
turers of  apparatus  being  keenly  ob- 
servant of  the  increased  interest  in  elec- 
tric welding  as  well  as  in  the  future, 
which  is  probably  now  unquestioned, 
would  be  active  in  their  desire  not  only 
to  improve  their  present  facilities  and 
their  design  of  apparatus,  but  also  to 
proceed  themselves  to  follow  the  trend 
of  the  investigations  made  by  the  Weld- 
ing Committee.  The  consequence  of  this 
has  been  a  large  increase  in  output  of 
apparatus  that  is  needed.  One  interest- 
ing point  is  that  certain  manufacturers 
who  were  decidedly  of  the  opinion  that 
direct  current  was  the  only  proper  cur- 
rent to  use  for  arc  welding  have  within 
a  very  recent  period  changed  their  point 
of  view  and  are  willing  to  admit  that 
alternating  current  may  have  certain 
advantages  in  the  development  of  this 
art. 

The  electric  arc  requires  a  reduced 
voltage    and   this    is    difficult    to    attain 


with  direct  current  without  relatively 
expensive  machines  or  a  useless  expen- 
diture of  energy.  •  The  practice  in  this 
country  in  manufacturing  establish- 
ments of  any  size  has  been  toward  an 
increase  in  the  supply  voltage  so  that 
very  few  large  manufacturing  plants 
use  less  than  220  volts  direct  current. 
With  this  voltage  the  only  economical 
method  of  transformation  is  in  the  use 
of  a  motor-generator  set.  The  efficiency 
in  this  case  is  in  the  neighborhood  of 
50  to  60  per  cent.  It  is  possible  to  use 
a  supply  voltage  of  110  volts  with  a  var- 
iable resistance  which  cuts  down  the 
voltage  to  the  arc  volts.  This  gives  a 
very  poor  efficiency.  In  the  case  of  al- 
ternating current  the  supply  voltage  can 
be  reduced  by  a  transformer  which  will 
supply  as  in  the  case  of  direct  current  a 
sufficient  voltage  for  striking  the  arc  and 
a  satisfactory  reduction  when  the  arc 
has  been  struck.  On  the  other  hand, 
if  a  low  voltage  alternating  current  is 
provided  a  simple  reactance  may  be  in- 
troduced which  has  some  of  the  same 
wasteful  characteristics  of  the  resist- 
ance used  with  the  direct  current.  The 
average  apparatus  will  permit  of  electric 
arc  welding  consuming  about  six  to  eight 
kilowatts  per  welder,  but  if  low  voltage 
is  provided  there  are  certain  outfits 
which  will  reduce  the  consumption  as  low 
as  three  and  one-half  kilowatts  per 
welder,   or   even   less. 

Without  entering  into  an  elaborate 
analysis  of  the  relative  cost  of  electric 
welding,  it  may  be  broadly  stated  that 
there  is  hardly  any  question  that  the 
electric  process  is  cheaper  than  any 
other.  The  same  may  be  said  as  regards 
speed  and  also  reduction  of  man  power. 
In  a  recent  discussion  of  this  subject 
President  Adams  stated  that  at  one  of 
the  Eastern  shipyards  the  total  number 
of  parts  on  the  welding  program  of  the 
standard  riveted  ships  now  building  at 
that  yard  amounted  to  225,000.  The 
labor  cost  for  riveting  these  pieces  is 
about  $245,000  and  for  welding  about 
$99,000,  making  a  saving  of  $146,000. 
But  this  is  only  a  drou  in  the  bucket 
when  compared  to  what  might  be  pro- 
fitably done  in  this  line.  He  stated  fur- 
ther that  in  certain  particular  instances 
the  saving  is  as  great  as  90  per  cent. 

One  of  the  interesting  questions  dis- 
cussed with  some  fervor  by  the  members 
of  the  Welding  Committee  is  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  bare  and  covered  elec- 
trode. Regarding  this  discussion  no  de- 
finite facts  can  be  stated.  In  England 
the  practice  has  been  to  use  the  covered 
electrode  which  protects  the  welding  arc 
from  contact  with  the  air  thus  guarding 
against  too  great  a  formation  of  oxide. 
The  practice  in  the  United  States  up  to 
the  present  time  has  been  largely  bare 
wire.  Recently,  American  investigators 
have  discovered  the  important  fact  that 
there  are  advantages  in  the  covered  elec- 
trode and  many  experiments  are  now 
being  made,  some  with  results.  It  is  im- 
portant to  observe  that  in  the  above 
mentioned  tests  of  welds,  the  best  one  of 
these  samples  was  made  with  a  coated 
(not  an  abestos  covered)  electrode  using 


alternating  current.  The  point  in  this 
case  seems  to  rest  upon  the  question  of 
the  dutility  of  the  weld  and  it  would 
seem  that  the  bare  electrode  does  not 
make  as  ductile  a  weld  or  at  least  one 
as  easily  bent  as  the  coated  or  covered 
electrode.  The  question  of  the  ductility 
of  the  weld  is  one  of  much  importance  in 
the  application  to  ship  construction  and 
will  doubtless  be  of  importance  to  other 
allied  industries.  It  is,  therefore,  a  ques- 
tion of  serious  importance  and  consti- 
tutes an  important  part  of  the  work  of 
the  Sub-committee  on  Research. 

No  matter  what  the  type  of  electrode 
is  nor  its  composition,  no  matter  what 
kind  of  shank  material  is  to  be  welded, 
no  matter  what  kind  of  apparatus  is 
employed,  the  reliability  of  the  weld 
rests  mainly  upon  the  man  who  welds  it. 
This  man  if  he  has  been  properly  trained 
and  is  skilled  in  the  art  knows  instantly 
whether  he  is  making  a  weld  or  not.  He 
becomes  after  much  practice  able  to 
judge  fairly  vy-ell  upon  looking  on  a  fin- 
ished weld  whether  it  is  a  good  weld  or 
not.  The  work  of  training  electric  weld- 
ing operators  early  became  a  part  of 
the  functions  of  the  Education  and 
Training  Section  of  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation.  The  men  connected 
with  this  work  are  members  of  the  Weld- 
ing Committee.  Schools  for  the  training 
of  operators  as  well  as  for  the  conver- 
sion of  operators  into  instructors,  are 
established  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 
The  objects  held  in  view  by  the  training 
department  are  first  to  give  the  man  in- 
tensive practice  work  so  that  he  becomes 
a  good  craftsman.  The  methods  are 
simple  to  start  with,  as  the  exercise  of 
the  right  arm  muscles  must  become 
flexible  enough  to  permit  the  operator 
to  give  the  required  movement  to  the 
electrode.  By  a  graduated  series  of  exer- 
cises this  is  accomplished  in  about  eight 
weeks.  The  man  is  allowed  to  do  pro- 
duction jobs  in  the  shop  which  gives  him 
confidence  through  responsibility.  It  be- 
comes desirable  at  this  time  to  give  the 
man  some  outside  work  on  ships  and 
where  this  is  practicable  it  is  done.  The 
man  is  then  turned  over  to  an  instruc- 
tor who  gives  him  an  intensive  course 
in  pedagogics  lasting  from  five  to  six 
weeks.  At  first  sight  it  would  not  seem 
necessary  to  -instruct  a  man,  but  it  is 
not  generally  understood  that  teaching 
after  all  is  itself  a  trade.  The  experience 
with  the  men  in  this  respect  is  most  in- 
teresting. In  nearly  every  case  the  man 
has  resented  this  course  at  the  start,  but 
at  the  end  has  turned  completely  around 
and  in  many  cases  has  desired  an  even 
more  extensive  training.  What  is  really 
accomplished  is  to  give  the  man  the 
necessary  confidence  to  impart  the  know- 
ledge that  he  has  gained  to  another 
green  man.  The  men  und«r  training 
are  taken  from  the  various  industries, 
especially  the  shipbuilding  industry,  and 
after  they  have  finished  their  instructor 
course  are  returned  to  their  employer  to 
carry  on  the  instruction,  in  their  own 
plant.  The  men  who  go  through  this 
training  as  provided  by  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  are  certificated  when 


650 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


they  have  shown  themselves  to  be  en- 
tirely proficient.  It  is  not  possible  nor 
expedient  for  the  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration to  require  the  certification  of 
all  electric  welders.  It  is  the  consensus 
of  opinion  that  all  industries  doin^  seri- 
ous work  with  the  electric  arc  should 
use  men  who  are  ceritfied  as  to  their 
ability  in  the  art  of  electric  welding. 
The  main  reason  for  this  opinion  is  that 
the  operator  must  be  a  conscientious 
workman  or  the  weld  will  not  be  of 
perfect  quality. 

This  brings  forward  another  problem 
upon  which  a  great  deal  of  experimental 
vork  has  been  and  probably  will  con- 
tinue to  be  done,  namely,  a  practical  and 
scientific  method  of  testing  a  welded 
joint  thit  has  been  made.  There  have  been 
a  number  of  suggestions  made  for  the 
solution  of  this  problem.  They  are 
briefly,  as  follows: 

(a)  Mechanical.  By  hammering  the 
weld  or  by  chipping  at  frequent  inter- 
vals. 

(b)  Electric.  By  means  of  resistance 
or  voltage  drop. 

(c)  Magnetic.  By  means  of  the  per- 
meometer  or  the  change  of  conditions 
of  the  magnetic  circuit. 

(d)  X-ray.  By  means  of  an  exposure 
on  an  X-ray  plate. 

At  the  present  time  none  of  these  sug- 
grested  methods  have  been  productive 
of  conclusive  results  and  recourse  must 
be  had  to  the  purely  mechanical  methods 
of  striking  heavy  blows  on,  or  adjacent 
to,  the  weld  or  by  using  a  chipping  ham- 
mer and  making  intermittent  examina- 
tions. It  would  seem  by  far  the  best 
procedure  to  make  the  inspector  profi- 
cient in  the  art  so  that  he  may  closely 
observe  the  welders  while  at  work.  This 
may  be  accomplished  by  a  two  or  three 
weeks'  attflance  of  insiectors  at  any 
one  of  the  electric  welding  training 
centers. 

Methods  of   Electric   Welding 

There  are  many  methods  and  pro- 
cesses of  electric  welding  but  the  two 
main  ones  that  interest  the  committee 
at  the  present  time  and  alone  have  been 
mentioned  so  far  are  the  spot  welding 
and  arc  welding.  It  may  be  a  surprise 
to  some  of  the  old  time  welders  to  con- 
sider electri'-  welding  as  a  new  industry. 
In  substantiation  of  this  statement  it 
may  be  well  to  describe  briefly  what  is 
meant  by  electric  welding  as  it  is  prac- 
tised to-day. 

Spot  welding  is  not  much  different  in 
the  methods  of  procedure  or  in  design 
of  apparatus  than  when  it  was  first  in- 
troduced. Copper  electrodes,  water- 
cooled  in  the  heaviest  machines,  are 
placed  on  opposite  sides  of  the  material 
to  be  welded  together.  The  joint  is  a 
lap  joint.  Machines  are  now  so  designed 
that  two  spot  welds  may  be  made  at  one 
time.  The  routine  of  the  operation  is 
as  follows: 

The  electrodes  are  brought  into  contact 
with  the  materials  to  be  joined,  current 
is  supplied  sufficient  to  give  the  required 
heat,  pressure  is  then  applied,  the  cur- 
rent is  removed,  and  the  pressure  is  re- 
moved, the  weld  is  then  complete. 

The  operator  has  a  perfect  indication  of 


making  a  good  spot  weld  by  the  use  of  a 
button  placed  under  the  electrode,  ob- 
serving which  he  knows  exactly  the  pro- 
per timing  of  the  operation.  There  is, 
therefore,  no  question  as  to  a  good,  bad, 
or  indifferent,  spot  weld.  Automatic 
spot  welders  have  been  designed  an<f 
built,  but  it  is  the  general  opinion  that 
they  add  complication  to  a  process  which 
in  itself  is  very  simple. 

The  process  of  arc  welding  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

One  side  of  the  electric  circuit  is  con- 
nected to  the  material  to  be  welded;  the 
shank  material  is  usually  prepared  by 
bevelling  the  edge  of  the  pieces  to  br 
welded  together.  The  other  side  of  the 
electric  circuit  is  connected  to  the  elec- 
trode. By  touching  the  electrode  to  the 
shank  material  the  arc  is  drawn.  The 
skilled  operator  now  moves  the  elec- 
trode from  side  to  side  of  the  groove 
giving  a  semi-circular  motion  while  at 
the  same  time  moving  the  electrode 
along  the  groove. 

It  is  important  that  the  arc  "bite" 
into  the  shank  metal  creating  a  perfect 
fusion  along  the  edges  and  the  move- 
ment of  the  electrode  is  necessary  for 
the  removal  of  any  mechanical  impuri- 
ties that  may  be  deposited.  In  the  coated 
electrode  it  is  further  necessary  that 
the  slag  which  forms  for  the  protection 
of  the  pure  metal  be  worked  up  to  the 
surface  and  it  is  extremely  important 
in  the  event  of  a  second  or  third  layer 
that  the  slag  or  impurities  be  carefulh 
scraped  away  before  the  virgin  metal  is 
again  laid  on. 

The  operator  in  arc  welding  is  pro- 
tected with  either  a  hand  screen  cover- 
ing his  face  with  special  glass  through 
which  to  observe  his  work.  The  electric 
arc  emits  dangerous  invisible  rays  in 
both  the  upper  and  lower  spectrum 
scale  and  it  is  quite  evident  that  both 
the  infrared  and  ultra-violent  are  dan- 
gerous in  their  effect,  the  former  is 
pathological,  the  latter  actinic.  The 
operator  further  uses  gloves  for  his 
hands  and  for  the  very  difficult  work  of 
overhead  welding  it  is  necessary  for 
him  to  use  a  helmet  which  partly  covers 
his   breast. 

The  tendency  of  developments  in  spot 
welding  has  already  been  slightly 
touched  upon.  In  their  nature  as  ap- 
plicable to  shipbuilding  the  advancement 
will  naturally  have  to  proceed  toward 
means  for  accomplishing  spot  welding 
in  very  cramped  locations.  This  makes 
an  exceedingly  difficult  problem  as  the 
power  requirements  are  such  as  to  pre- 
clude any  very  small  device.  In  riveting 
one-haif  of  the  apparatus  is  on  one  side 
of  the  work  and  the  other  half  on  the 
opposite  side  and  it  is  difficult  to  con- 
ceive of  any  method  of  spot  welding 
that  will  admit  of  such  an  arrangement. 
In  shipbuildino:  it  is  quite  probable  that 
designs  may  be  made  that  will  permit 
of  a  large  or  at  least  increased  amount 
of  spot  welding  in  the  actual  construc- 
tion of  the  vessel.  Certainly,  present 
designs  of  riveted  ships  will  not  allow 
of  this  to  any  great  extent.  As  already 
stated,   spot   welding    can   now   take   its 


place  in  the  fabricating  shops  and  it  !• 
to  be  expected  that  within  a  few  months 
spot  welding  will  begin  to  supplant 
riveting  in  this  field.  The  only  drawback 
to  this  will  be  the  sufficient  production 
of  spot  welding  apparatus. 

The  tendency  of  development  in  arc 
welding  is  toward  the  automatic  machine 
to  obviate  the  responsibility  that  has  to 
be  placed  upon  the  skilled  operator. 
Intensive  work  has  been  done  within  the 
last  few  months  in  the  line  of  automatic 
arc  welding  machines  and  at  the  pm- 
sent  time  sample  tests  of  welds  made 
by  such  apparatus  have  been  sent  to  the 
Bureau  of  Standards.  These  machine* 
will  occupy  a  very  important  position  in 
repetition  work.  Thev  will  not  immedi- 
ately supersede  the  skilled  operator  in 
repair  work,  or  in  special  jobs  but  it 
may  be  expected  that  the  development  of 
such  machines  will  bring  apparatus 
which  can  be  man-handled  and  will 
eventually  take  the  place  of  most  of  the 
hand  work  as  it  is  now  known. 
■  Of  the  scientific  advancement  in  the 
art  of  electric  welding  there  is  so  much 
to  be  treated  that  only  a  general  out- 
line can  be  considered  at  this  time.  The 
research  work  has  only  just  begun. 
Practice  has  preceded  the  scientific  in- 
vestigation. The  field,  therefore,  is  full 
of  most  interesting  problems.  Those 
who  have  been  following  the  develoo- 
ment  of  the  past  six  months  are  deeply 
interested  to  know  the  fundamental  rea- 
sons. The  investigational  questions  may 
be  grouped  into  three  main  divisions: 

1.  Metallurgical;  2.  Physical;  3.  Elec- 
trical. 

The  metallurgist  has  yet  to  tell  us 
what  the  conditions  of  the  metals  are 
after  the  electrode  material  has  fused 
with  the  parent  metal,  and  to  determine 
what  the  proper  conditions  must  be  to 
produce  a  good  weld.  This  problem  has 
in  it  a  great  many  variables.  The  phy- 
sicist must  explain  the  atomic  or  elec- 
tronic conditions  which  permit  of  the 
combinations  at  the  high  temperatures 
involved  and  must  explain  the  phenome- 
non of  overhead  welding.  The  electrical 
investigator  must  determine  all  the  vari- 
ous phenomena  connected  with  the  pre- 
ferences between  and  the'  advantages  of 
the  use'  of  different  forms  of  electrical 
energy  and  the  varying  characteristics 
.  of  the  electric  circuit  in  producing  dif- 
ferent type  of  welds. 

Conclusions 
From  the  preceding  remarks  it  must 
be  conceded  that  the  Welding  Commit- 
tee of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation 
has  already  crystalized  the  problems 
connected  with  this  art.  The  working 
functions  of  this  committee  have  been 
laid  down  upon  the  broadest  possible 
lines.  Liberal  opportunity  has  been 
given  every  one  to  state  in  detail  his 
opinion  and  to  express  the  reasons  for 
his  preference  on  every  point  connected 
with  this  subject.  The  committee  goes 
even  further  than  this.  It  furnishes  those 
interested  with  every  new  idea  that  is 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  subject  after 
sifting  from  the  suggestions  any  ques- 
tion of  doubt  or  misstatement  of  fact. 


December  5,  1918 


651 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regardin-g  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


THREAD  ROLLING  IN  A  SCREW 
MACHINE 

By   M.   H.  POTTER 

THE  rolling  of  threads  by  hardened 
rolls,  or  dies  having  threads  which 
roll  grooves .  into  the  blank  and 
raise  enough  material  above  the  surface 
of  the  blank  to  form  a  thread,  has  been 
in  use  some  time,  especially  when  a 
thread  is  required  next  to  a  shoulder 
where  it  would  be  impossible  to  cut  with 


produce  a  rough,  imperfect  thread.  In 
other  words,  all  thread  rolls,  whether 
for  forming  a  sharp  V  or  a  U.  S.  stand- 
ard thread,  are  made  with  a  sharp  V  at 
the  bottom.  As  the  outside  diameter 
of  the  thread  formed  is  governed  by  the 
diameter   of   the   blank,   there   would   be 


.  /: 


Piece 


\L 


Form 
Xoou 


FIG.    1 


a  die.  The  tool  used  when  threads  are 
rolled  in  an  automatic  screw  machine 
is  in  the  form  of  a  disk,  having  a  thread 
periphery  and  mounted  so  as  to  revolve 
freely  when  forced  against  the  blank  co 
be  threaded,  the  thread  on  the  roll  or 
tool  being  the  opposite  hand  to  the  one 
which  is  to  be  produced  on  the  work. 
For  rolling  a  right-hand  thread,  the 
work  should  revolve  in  the  same  direc- 
tion as  when  a  thread  is  cut  in  a  lathe. 
The  roll-holder  should  be  provided  with 
vertical  adjustment,  so  that  it  can  be  set 
to  the  correct  height. 

Due  to  the  difficulty  in  securing  ma- 
terial for  the  rolls  that  will  withstand 
the  severe  use  of  rolling  threads  in 
harder  metals,  thread  rolling  is  only 
practical  when  applied  to  brass  or  other 
soft  metals.  It  is  possible,  however,  to 
apply  this  method  of  producing  threads 
in  steel  when  chrome-nickel  steel  rolls 
are  used. 

The  diameter  of  the  blank  should  be 
approximately  equal  to  the  pitch  diame- 
ter. In  the  ease  of  a  U.  S.  standard 
thread,  the  diameter  of  the  blank  should 
be  slightly  less  than  the  pitch  diameter 
of  the  thread.  The  threads  on  the  roll 
should  be  made  sharp  at  the  top,  other- 
wise more  pressure  will  be  required  to 
force  the  roll  into  the  work,  which  will 


FIG.    2 

no  advantage  in  having  the  bottom  of 
the  thread  on  the  roll  sharp,  with  the 
exception  that  it  would  be  easier  to 
machine   the   thread   in   the   roll. 

In  making  a  thread  roll,  the  outside 
diameter  is  turned  to  the  size  required, 
and  the  end  beveled  at  45  degrees  to 
prevent  the  end  thread  from  breaking 
out.  The  roll  should  be  lapped  after 
hardening  in  order  to  obtain  a  smooth 
finish  on  the  threads.  This  is  accomp- 
lished   in   the   usual    manner   of   lapping 


by  means  of  a  piece  of  hard  wood 
charged  with  fine  abrasive  and  oil,  while 
the  rol  is  rotated  on  an  arbor. 

As  the  part  of  the  work  on  which  the 
thread  is  to  be  rolled  can  be  turned  by 
a  form  tool,  it  is  preferable  to  use  a 
form  tool  of  such  a  shape  that  it  will 
cut  a  groove  at  the  end  of  the  thread 
to  be  rolled,  i.e.,  the  end  next  to  the 
shoulder.  This  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  1. 
It  is  also  desirable  to  reduce  the 
diameter  where  the  work  is  to  be  cut  off 
from  the  bar  stock;  this  is  also  shown 
in  Fig.  1. 

Naturally,  the  method  of  holding  and 
applying  the  roll  is  governed  by  the  re- 
lation that  the  thread  rolling  operation 
bears  to  other  machining  operation  on 
the  piece.  The  design  of  holder  for  the 
thread  roll  is  also  governed  by  the  type 
of  screw  machine  for  which  the  holder 
is  intended. 

The  holder  shown  in  Fig.  2  is  attached 
to  the  cross-slide  and  operates  tan- 
gentially  on  the  top  side  of  the  work. 
The  one  referred  to  was  used  on  a 
Brown  &  Sharpe  machine.  There  are 
no  chips  to  interfere  with  the  operation 
and  the  roll  can  be  held  more  rigidly 
than  by  passing  it  under  the  work.  This 
is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  tendency  is 
to  raise  the  cross-slide  instead  of  to 
push  it  downward.  As  will  be  seen  by 
referring  to  Fig.  2,  the  roll  rotates  on  a 
pin  and  is  inserted  in  a  slot  milled  in 
the  end  of  the  holder.  The  roll  should 
be  a  good  running  fit,  both  on  the  pin 
and  in  the  slot,  as  any  lost  motion 
would   result  in   a   marred   thread.     The 


@) 


^ 


[V^ 


FIGS.  3.  4  AND  5— ROLLING  THREADS  ON  THE  AUTOMATIC 


652 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Voltinw  XX. 


set  screw  show-n  at  the  rear  of  the 
holder  is  used  for  setting  the  roll  to  the 
proper  depth.  In  this  instance,  the  cut- 
tingr-off  tool  was  located  back  of  the 
thread  doll  so  that  the  work  will  be 
severed  from  the  bar  before  the  roll 
returns.  The  roll  should  be  moved  in  to 
about  .010  inch  from  the  work  on  the 
quick  rise  of  the  cam,  and  then  be  fed 
in  until  the  roll  is  directly  over  the 
top  of  the  work.  The  feed  should  be 
about  .002  to  .004  inch  per  revolution 
of  the  work.  The  roll  then  moves  past 
the  work  rapidly  ,  bringing  the  cutting- 
off  tool  into  position. 

The  thread  roll  holder  shown  in  Fig. 

3  is  attached  to  the  cross  slide,  and  the 
roll  is  so  located  that  it  passes  beneath 
the  work  when  forming  a  thread.  The 
set  screw  A  bears  against  the  cross-slide 
and  is  used  for  adjusting  the  roll  to 
the  proper  depth  as  well  as  for  support- 
ing the  holder.  This  type  of  holder 
may  be  used  when  no  other  tool  is 
operating  on  the  work  at  the  same  time 
and  there  are  no  chips  to  interfere  with 
the  thread  rolling  operation.  The  cut- 
ting-off  tool  located  back  of  the  roll 
severs  the  work  after  the  thread  is 
finished,  so  that  the  roll  does  not  come 
into  contact  with  the  thread  on  its  re- 
turn movement. 

When  the  thread  roll  cannot  be  car- 
ried on  the  cross-slide  of  the  machine, 
a  swing  tool  of  the  design  shown  in  Fig. 

4  may  be  used.      If  it  were  necessary 


to  feed  in  the  cut-off  or  form  tool  more 
than  once  on  the  same  piece,  a  swing 
holder  should  be  used.  This  holder  ope- 
rates upon  the  same  principle  as  an 
ordinary  swing  tool  for  turning.  The 
swing  arm  which  carries  the  roll  and 
which  is  moved  inward,  for  bringing  the 
roll  into  contact  with  the  work,  by  means 
of  a  raising  plate  attached  to  the  cross- 
slide  which  engages  the  set  screw  located 
at  the  end  of  the  swinging  arm.  The 
shank  of  the  holder  is  inserted  in  a 
hole  in  the  turret.  If  the  length  of  the 
work  exceeds  about  2%  times  its  dia- 
meter, the  swing-roll  holder  should  be 
equipped  with  a  support.  A  hole  drilled 
through  the  shank  of  the  holder  and 
a  set  screw  is  provided  for  holding  the 
supporting  member.  The  method  of  ap- 
plying this  support  is  governed  by  the 
shape  of  the  work. 

A  type  of  thread-roll  holder  common- 
ly used  on  multiple-spindle  automatics 
is  shown  in  Fig.  5.  The  thread  roll  is 
fed  in  radically  to  the  work  and  slightly 
off  center,  so  as  to  permit  the  tool  to 
swing  away  a  certain  amount  to  follow 
the  curvature  of  the  stock.  This  makes 
it  unnecessary  to  set  the  tool  absolutely 
correct  in  regard  to  position  for  depth 
of  thread.  The  spring  of  the  tool  should 
not  be  excessive,  but  just  enough  to  re- 
lieve the  strain  which  would  be  imposed 
on  the  tool  if  it  were  in  a  central  posi- 
tion. 


FORM  FOR  MAKING  MACHINE 

COST  ESTIMATES 


WHILE  it  mav  be  that  there  is 
nothing  particularly  new  about 
the  estimate  form  shown  in 
Fig.  1.  its  use  does  not  appear  to  be 
general  in  some  shops.  The  large  con- 
cerns usually  have  estimate  forms  which 
save  time  and  work,  but  the  little  fel- 
lows do  not  srenerallv  seem  to  appreciate 
the  value  of  "tools"  of  this  character. 
In  a  small  shop  where  there  are  not 
many  estimates  to  be  made  the  form 
shown  can  be  drawn  in  ink  on  tracing 
cloth  and  a  brown-nrint  neg'ative  made 
from  the  tracing.  Then,  to  obtain  white, 
blank  forms,  upon  which  estimates  can 
he  compiled,  blue-line  white  prints  may 
be  made  from  this  negative.  Where  the 
number  of  estimates  made  is  large,  the 
form  should,  of  course,  in  order  to  in- 
sure maximum  economy,  be  printed. 


As  to  size,  it  is  convenient  to  have 
the  form  reproduced  on  8%  by  11  inch 
sheets — the  standard  size  letter  sheet-  - 
so  that  the  estimates  may  be  filed  with 
other  correspondence  and  in  the  job 
envelopes  without  folding.  For  certain 
classes  of  work,  however,  an  8V2  by  11 
inch  sheet  may  not  be  large  enough,  in 
which  case  the  size  of  the  sheet  can  be 
about  12  by  16  inches. 

The  feature  of  the  form  which  renders 
its  use  desirable  is  that  the  principal 
component  costs — some  of  which  may, 
if  they  are  not  carefully  listed,  be  over- 
looked— are  all  set  down  in  black  ana 
white  on  the  form  so  that  the  possibility 
of  omitting  some  cost  item  in  making 
the  estimate  is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 
It  may  be  desirable  for  certain  lines 
of    work    to    include    cost    items,    other 


than    those    shown    in    Fig.    1,    on    the 
form. 

As  will  be  noted,  the  first  columns 
give  an  estimating  description  of  each 
piece,  the  number  of  pieces  required; 
the  kind  of  metal  in  the  column  headed 
"of,"  the  weight  of  the  piece,  the  price 
per  piece  and  the  total  cost  of  the 
number  of  pieces  of  each  kind.  The 
columns  headed  "price"  and  "cost"  are 
not  filled  out  until  the  pattern  cost, 
machinist  cost  and  the  blacksmith  cost 
detailed  in  the  three  main  columns  to 
the  right  have  been  compiled.  This 
form  has  been  used  for  a  number  of 
years,  substantially  as  indicated  in  Fig. 
1,  and  has  been  found  wholly  adequate. 
— G.  L.  Waters. 


TURNING  THROW  OF  SMALL  CRANK 
SHAFTS  IN   CASES  OF  EMER- 
GENCY. 

By  J.  J.  DIXON. 

In  the  ordinary  way  of  turning  the 
throw  of  crank  shafts  it  is  necessary  to- 
have  two  quadrants  to  get  the  required 
distance  of  centres  from  body  of  shafts. 
To  make  these  takes  up  considerable  time 
and  often  costs  more  than  the  operation 
of  turning  the  crank  and  are  not  re- 
quired again  for  a  considerable  time. 
This  expense  and  time  can  be  saved  by 
adopting   the   following   wethods: — Take 


Ji 


-WooclffOCk 


Z5/U 


<& 


II 


METHOD  OF  TURNING  CRANK 

two  ordinary  lathe  dogs,  which  will  take 
in  the  size  of  the  body  of  shaft,  lay  the 
shaft  on  marking-off  table,  put  the  dogs, 
on  each  end,  line  them  up  with  surface 
gauge,  strike  the  centre  line  with  body 
of  shaft,  then  with  compass  strike  .  the 
required  distance  of  throw,  drill  centres 
in  dogs  where  lines  intersect.  This  must 
be  done  while  dogs  are  in  position,  care 
being  taken  that  dogs  are  well  tightened 
down  on  shaft — a  careful  lathe  hand  will 
have  no  difficulty  in  turning  a  crank 
throw  by  this  method,  the  writer  having 
done  this  with  cranks  up  to  a  4-inch 
throw. 


Portable  electric  machinery  has  been 
invented  to  screen  coal  and  load  it  in 
wagons. 


Sheet  No. 


MACHINE   ESTIMATE 


For 


Drawing  No. 

Dare 

OIAWC 

n*. 

Of 

WctgM 

Prtct 

Co>l 

PATffiKh 

MACHINIST 

BLACKSMITH 

Hewrs 

At 

Cost 

SwppUcs 

PUn« 

Turn 

DtIM 

Mill 

Fit 

Tdtal 

Pric* 

C««t 

Soppllc. 

N»Hr» 

Al 

Co.! 

"• 

J 

i 

1 

FORM  FOR  COST  ESTIMATES 


uecemDer  o,   laiH 


003 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


DANIELS    AUTOMATIC    MACHINE 

WITH  the  object  of  providing  an 
easily  operated  automatic  ma- 
chine for  malting  a  variety  of 
machine  parts,  only  semi-skilled  labor 
being  employed,  the  machine  shown  in 
the  accompanying  illustration  was  re- 
cently developed.  It  is  the  invention 
of  Lee  G.  Daniels  and  David  Sundstrand, 
both  of  Rockford,  111.,  and  is  being 
manufactured  by  the  McDonough  Mff,. 
Co.,  Eau  Claire,  Wis.  In  principle,  the 
machine  resembles  the  modem  manu- 
facturing automatic  of  the  type  having 
several  working  stations  and  one  load- 
ing station.  As  the  illustration  shows, 
the  machine  is  of  the  vertical  type,  the 
object  of  this  design  being  to  facilitate 
loading  and  unloading. 

The  machine  handles  work  from  2  to 
6  inches  in  diameter  and  performs  the 
following  operations:  Cup  turning,  drill- 
ing, boring,  reaming,  facing,  tapping 
with  collapsible  taps  and  drilling  mul- 
tiple offset  holes  by  means  of  an  at- 
tached multiple-spindle  auxiliary  head  to 
any  of  the  spindles. 

The  machine  has  five  tool  carrying 
spindles  and  a  blank  station.  The  turret, 
upon  which  the  spindles  are  mounted, 
does  not  revolve  but  through  its  auto- 
matically controlled  vertical  movement, 
feeds  the  tools  to  the  work.  Its  axis 
is  concentric  with  that  of  the  table. 

After  the  spindles  perform  their  dif- 
ferent   operations,    a    finished    piece    is 
removed  when  it  is  at  the  blank  station 
and  another  substitued.    The 
time    of    machining    a    given 
piece  is  the  time  of  the  long- 
est  operation    plus   the   time 
of  one  index. 

The  table  has  six  chucking 
positions  and  revolves  step 
by  step,  bringing  each  chuck- 
ing position  successively  in 
alignment  with  each  spindle. 

On  one  machine  now  in 
operation,  machined  pieces 
are  turned  out,  it  is  said,  at 
the  rate  of  one  every  two 
minutes.  Three  machines 
which  were  previously  re- 
quired for  machining  the 
parts,  have  been  eliminated 
and  three  operators  released 
for  other  work. 

The  spindles  have  a  rapid 
approach  toward,  and  a 
rapid      reverse      from      the 


work.  The  spindle  carrier  is  operated  bj( 
means  of  a  quadruple  screw  operating 
through  a  bronze  nut  in  the  center 
column.  The  screw  is  revolved  by  means 
of  a  worm  gear  and  the  worm  by  means 
of  three  friction  clutches,  one  for  a  rapid 
approach,  one  for  the  feed  and  one  for 
a  rapid  reverse.  In  obtaining  these 
movements  through  friction  clutches,  the 
machine  is  protected  because  if  a  tool 
should  break  and  jam  in  the  work,  the 
feed  pressure  would  go  up  and  cause  the 
feed  friction  to  slip,  thus  automatically 
protecting  the  machine.  If  in  the  move- 
ments of  the  rapid  approach  or  reverse 
or  indexing  of  the  table,  any  of  these 
should  jam  into  anything,  their  friction 
clutches  would  slip. 

The  table  is  36  inches  in  diameter, 
and  can  accommodate  six  10  inch  chucks 
or  work  holders.  The  travel  of  the 
spindle  carrier  is  13  inches,  and  it  takes 
4  inches  of  this  movement  to  withdraw 
the  locating  pin  and  to  control  the   in- 


dexing of  the  table.  The  table  can  be 
set  to  index  one,  two  or  three  spaces, 
depending  upon  the  operations  required. 
The  speeds  are  varied  by  means  of 
change  gears.  There  is  one  set  that 
controls  the  speed  of  all  the  spindles 
and  each  spindle  also  has  an  individual 
set  of  change  gears,  so  that  each  can 
be  given  the  most  efficient  speed  for  any 
particular  operation. 


AUTOMATIC   MACHINE 


NEW  DESIGN  OF  BORING  MACHINE 

By  J.   H.   RODGERS. 

Difficulties  contingent  to  the  bor- 
ing of  the  heavier  shells  has  been 
one  of  the  greatest  problems  of 
munitions     manufacture.  Owing     to 

the  length  of  the  bore  the  cutting  tool  re- 
quired to  be  at  a  correspondingly  greater 
distance  from  its  fixed  support  in  the 
turret  or  carriage.  This  not  only  meant 
that  the  cutter  bar  must  be  made  as 
heavy  as  conditions  would  permit,  but 
the  slides  and  other  movable  parts  of  the 
carriage  should  be  as  close  a  fit  as  pos- 
sible consistent  with  effective  operation. 
Various  tools  have  been  designed  for  this 
work  and  many  have  attained  a  high  de- 
gree of  efficiency,  virtually  revolutioniz- 
ing the  operation  of  shell  boring.  Over- 
coming the  leverage  created  by  the  ex- 
cessive overhang  of  the  tool  has  been 
the  general  object  of  the  various  designs, 
but  few  have  entirely  eliminated  this 
weakness.  Heavy  and  large  diameter 
turrets,  increased  bearings  given  to  car- 
riage ways,  tail  pieces  extending  back 
to  the  lathe  shears,  and  other  methods, 
have  been  adopted,  but  although  they  as- 
sisted to  maintain  the  accuracy  of  the 
work  the  fault  still  remained  in  a  modi- 
fled  form. 

The  machine  here  illustrated  has  been 
designed  and  constructed  by  L.  A.  Desy, 
consulting  engineer  of  Montreal,  and  in- 
corporates some  interesting  features  of 
construction.  In  proportion  to  its  ca- 
pacity, the  machine  is  relatively  light  in 
weight,  but  the  construction  is  such  as  to 
maintain  the  initial  accuracy  and  rigidity 
under  long  and  continued  service.  The 
general  appearance  of  the  machine  dif- 
fers little  from  that  of  other  boring 
tools,  with  the  exception  of  the  arm  and 
the  support  for  the  cutting  tool  bar  and 
forming  point;  but  these  portions  of  the 
machine  vary  considerably  from  the  usual 
design,  inasmuch  as  the  troublesome 
leverage  has  been  amply  taken  care  of, 
the  tool  being  provided  with  both  hori- 


654 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


sontal  and  vertical  support,  forming  what  forming  point  H,  which  is  in  a  direct  line 

might    be    termed    a    three-point   radial  with  the  cutting  tool, 

bearing.     Of  course,  the   spring  of  the  A   feature   of   the   adjustment   is   the 

boring  bar  still  remains,  but  with  the  method   of   determining    the    setting   of 


FIG.  1 

bar  made  of  ample  size  the  trouble  from 
this  source  is  very  slight. 

As  shown  in  the  assembly  view,  the 
carriage  is  provided  with  a  heavy  arm  A 
that  extends  forward  and  beneath  the 
front  head  stock  bearing,  this  being  of 
the  bridged  type.  A  groove  of  ample 
width  and  depth  is  made  in  the  lower 
outer  end  of  this  arm  that  fits  closely 
on  the  tongue  slide  B.  The  carriage  is 
provided  with  a  pivot  D  upon  which  the 
main  casting  C  is  fulcrumed.  The  lower 
section  of  this  casting  forms  an  arm  E 
that  extends  forward  and  under  the 
headstock,  the  extreme  end  being  ma- 
chined to  slide  freely  on  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  carriage  arm  A.  The  saddle 
arm  has  no  side  movement,  but  the  up- 
per  one   is   made   flat  to   allow   of  side 


crank  arm  is  fitted  with  a  spring  pin  K 
that  enters  one  of  these  holes  and  locks- 
the  two  parts  together.  The  outer  end. 
of  the  small  crank  arm  carries  the  handle 
and  stop  pin  I.  The  pitch  of  the  ad- 
justing screw  is  1-16  inch  and  the  disc: 
contains  25  holes,  so  that  the  adjustment, 
between  two  adjacent  holes  would  be; 
1-400  inch,  or  a  difference  on  the  dia- 
meter of  about  5-1000  inch.  The  sizing 
and  profiling  cam  L  is  secured  to  a  sup- 
port M  on  the  front  head  stock  and  is 
capable  of  close  and  accurate  alignment. 

The  spindle  chuck  is  so  constructed 
that  a  positive  grip  is  provided  at  each 
end  of  the  shell.  The  air  operated  cyl- 
inder B  is  fitted  to  the  rear  of  the  spindle 
in  the  usual  manner  and  is  provided  witk 
a  small  feed  pulley  C,  the  air  connec- 
tion D  being  of  special  design  with  the 
air  inlet  in  the  middle.  The  push  casting 
F  is  secured  to  the  piston  by  means  of 
bolt  G,  this  bolt  serving  in  a  double  ca- 
pacity, the  front  end  supporting  the 
ejector  H  operated  by  the  spring  I.  The- 
rear  collet  J  is  operated  direct  by  this 
push  casting,  and  by  means  of  the  body 
bushing  K,  the  front  collet  L  is  operat- 
ed, the  screws  M  preventing  the  jaws- 
from  side  movement.  Six  springs  N, 
bearing  against  the  piston  and  the  ring 
O,  return  the  piston  to  its  released  posi- 
tion, 

This  action  is  assisted  by  a  series  of 
small  springs  P,  placed  between  the  push 
casting  F  and  the  body  bush  K.  These 
machines    are    being    manufactured    by 


FIG.  £ 


The  J.  W.  Harris  Manufacturing  Co.,  of 
Montreal. 


FIG.  S 


motion  for  setting  the  tool  and  shaping 
the  desired  profile.  The  horizontal  arm 
F  extending  out  to  the  front  of  the  ma- 
chine,  carries    at   its   extreme   end    the 


the  tool  for  the  removal  of  metal.  The 
adjusting  screw  is  provided  with  an  in- 
tegral collar  J  containing  a  series  of 
25  equidistant  spaced  holes.     The  small 


Owen  Sound. — The  Corbet  Foundry  & 
Machine  Co.,  Limited,  Owen  Sound,  are 
building  six  automatic  towing  machines, 
of  their  No.  5,  or  longest  type,  to  be  in- 
stalled in  six  ocean-going  tugs  now  being 
built  at  Buffalo.  Mine  sweeping  attach- 
ments, consisting  of  gears,  shafting,  and 
drums  are  included  in  the  specifications. 
Each  towing  machine  will  be  equipped 
with  1,800  feet  of  2-inch  hawser.  The 
tugs  are  being  built  for  the  U.S.  naval 
service  and  are  to  b«  employed  in  mine 
sweeping  and  other  lines  of  ocean  duty. 
The  Corbet  plant  is  employed  on  much 
other  work  for  ships  now  building  in 
yards  from  Halifax  to  Vancouver. 


December  5.   1918 


666 


Technical  Journal  Best  Aid  to  Education 

stationary  Engineering  Becoming  Highly  Technical  and  Special- 
ized Avocation  With  Increasing  Prestige — The  Technical  Press  is 
Recognized   as  the   Best  Means   For  Procuring  Advancement 
Through  Increased  Knowledge 

By  S.  BALMFIRTH,  Engineer  Sick  Children's  Hospital 


IN  these  days  of  war,  of  coal  shortage,  and  rumors  of 
further  shortage,  the  engineer   is   being  called   upon 
for  increased  efficiency  as  never  before. 
Coal,   which   two   years   ago   was   plentiful   and   fairly 
cheap,  is  now  scarce,  poor  in  quality  (frequently)  and  high 
m   price. 

These  conditions  have  resulted  in  a  demand  from  manu- 
facturers and  governments  for  a  more  efficient  and  eco- 
nomical system  of  power  generation.  That  is  to  say 
both  manufacturers  and  governments  are  putting  the 
question  right  up  to  the  engineer  as  being  the  man  most 
likely   to   produce   the  results   required. 

However  the  work  of  a  steam  engineer  is  not  learned 
in  a  day,  but  is  a  long,  tedious  and  very  often  painful 
process.  The  engineer,  unlike  most  of  the  manual  trades- 
men, is  never  out  of  his  apprenticeship.  He  is  like  a  man 
rowing  a  boat  upstream;  if  he  stops  rowing  he  drifts 
back.  So  it  becomes  every  engineer  worthy  of  the  name 
to  keep  everlastingly  at  it.  In  fact  in  these  days  of 
progress  and  invention  in  every  line  of  business,  it  is 
absolutely  necessary  that  one  devote  a  fair  amount  of 
time  to  learning  the  finer  points  of  one's  chosen  line. 
Nowadays  the  up-to-date  chjef  engineer  is  being  classed, 
at  least  as  a  semi-professional  man,  which  is  only  right 
for  certainly  steam  engineering  has  got  past  the  old 
rule-of-thumb  days. 

Time  was  when  the  fireman  of  to-day  was  the  engineer 
of  to-morrow.  That  is,  the  beginner  in  the  steam  en- 
gineering profession  began  as  a  fireman,  and  from  the 
experience  he  got  as  such,  and  from  his  observation  of 
what  the  engineer  did  and  from  what  the  engineer  was 
willing  to  show  him,  he  progressed  slowly  and  laboriously 
until  he  had  sufficient  knowledge  (or  thought  he  had)  to 
apply  for  a  position  as  engineer.  If  he  succeeded  in 
getting  a  position  as  engineer,  his  troubles  began.  Then 
he  found  quite  frequently  that  engineering  was  "not  just 
what  it's  cracked  up  to  be!"  However,  if  he  succeeded 
in  keeping  the  wheels  turning  without  having  to  call  in 
outside  help,  in  most  cases  he  would  be  able  to  hold  down 
the  job  long  enough  for  him  to  learn  more  about  his 
business. 

Of  recent  years,  however,  in  keeping  with  the  general 
progress  of  education  the  engineer  is  fast  coming  into 
his  own. 

No  longer  is  he  known  as  "the  man  in  greasy  overalls 
carrying  a  monkey  wrench,"  although  both  these  articles 
are  very  necessary  adjuncts,  but  he  is  being  recognized 
as  a  very,  necessary  and  important  man  in  any  business, 
by  the  most  prominent  manufacturers. 

It  is  not  necessary  for  any  engineer  to  depend  entirely 
upon  his  own  experience  for  his  information.  Nowadays 
there  are  books  published  for  self  education  (some  of 
which  are  suitable  and  some  are  not),  correspondence 
schools,  free  libraries,  night  schools,  engineers'  associa-^ 
tions  and  many  other  w^ys  open  to  the  seeker  after' 
knowledge. 

The  writer  has  used  most  of  them,  with  varying  suc- 
cess. Experience  is,  no  doubt,  the  best  teacher,  but  her 
course  is  very  expensive.  So  it  is  very  much  less  costly 
to  use  the  other  fellow's  experience. 

Any  one  can  profit  by  his  own  mistakes,  but  it  takes 
a  wise  man  to  profit  by  the  mistakes  of  others.  Of  the 
sources  of  information  mentioned  above  each  has  its 
good  points,  and  e^ch   its  disadvantages. 

One  of  the  disadvantages  of  the  technical  book,  is 
generally  speaking,  it  is  not  written  for  self  education. 


It  may  be  intended  for  that  purpose,  but  very  frequently 
falls  far  short  of  fulfilling  its  purpose.  Many  of  them  are 
couched  in  language  entirely  beyond  the  average  engin- 
eer's education,  and  require  a  teacher  to  explain.  Further, 
the  best  book  written  at  once  grows  old  and  out  of  date 
the  moment  it  is  published. 

Correspondence  schools  fill  a  great  want  in  this  regard, 
in  that  their  text  books  are  generally  written  for  self 
instruction.  Most  of  them  are  written  in  simple  lan- 
guage, and  carry  the  student  along  step  by  step  from  the 
first  rudiments  of  the  subject  in  hand  to  its  final  con- 
clusion. Further  the  correspondence  school  saves  the 
time  required  in  travelling  to  and  from  home  and  school, 
and  also  makes  use  of  any  odd  minutes  that  the  student 
may  have  to  spare.  The  writer  put  in  a  good  many 
hours'  study  on  the  street  cars. 

Technical  schools,  that  is  evening  classes,  are  an 
excellent  means  of  providing  higher  technical  e'ducation 
for  the  man  who  can  attend.  But  right  there  is  also 
the  disadvantage.  No  course  of  lectures  will  benefit 
a  man  unless  he  can  attend  all,  or  at  least  the  largest 
proportion  of  them,  and  the  average  plant  engineer 
cannot  be  certain  of  being  able  to  attend  all  lectures. 
Things  have  a  habit  of  going  wrong  on  class  night,  and 
one  of  the  most  important  lectures  is  missed,  and  then 
the  whole  course  is  thrown  up  in  disgust.  Then  again 
many  engineers  cannot  attend  by  reason  of  the  time  of 
their  watch,  so  that  they  have  to  forego  the  benefits  of 
the  night  class. 

Still  for  those  who  can  attend  the  night  technical 
school  is  an  ideal  means  of  acquiring  an  education;  com- 
bining as  it  does  the  use  of  spare  time  with  both  practical 
and  theoretical  courses  of  study. 

The  engineers'  association  is  a  very  good  means  of 
self  improvement;  in  fact  one  of  the  best.  If  the  as- 
sociation is  at  all  alive,  discussion  of  various  subjects 
of  interest  to  all  engineers  is  the  main  part  of  the 
evening's  business.  Every  one  has  a  chance  to  express 
his  opinion,  and  many  and  various  are  the  opinions  ex- 
pressed at  times.  Still,  by  discussion  one  learns,  and  by 
friction  a  polish  is  given.  So  that  even  if  one  makes 
mistakes  in  giving  expression  to  one's  opinion,  it  is 
not  often  that  one  makes  the  same  mistake  twice.  Then 
again  a  mistake  made  in  discussion  of  any  subject  is  much 
more  easily  rectified  than  a  mistake  made  on  the  job; 
it  is  not  likely  to  be  so  costly  either.  The  older  engineers 
are  always  ready  to  help  the  younger  ones,  by  giving 
them  the  benefit  of  their  experience. 

But! if  you  wish  to  learn  about  any  subject, 

write  about  it.  One  could  safely  say  that  what  one 
wTites  about,  one  remembers  best.  Not  only  that,  but 
what  one  writes  about  one  generally  takes  care  to  be 
accurate. 

So,  the  technical  magazine  has  a  field  all  its  own. 
In  it  one  can  express  one's  opinion  on  any  subject 
covered  by  the  magazine.  Not  only  that,  but  the  criticism 
evoked  is  often  constructive,  in  fact  generally  so.  Further 
one  can  ask  any  question  and  be  sure  of  geting  an  answer. 
There  is  generally  someone  who  knows  the  answer  to  the 
question  and  is  willing  to  pass  the  information  along. 

The  technical  magazine  has  one  great  point  in  its  favor, 
that  is,  it  is  never  out  of  date.  One  can  always  be  sure 
of  finding  the  latest  improvements  and  the  newest  in- 
ventions in  its  pages.  Then  again  the  advertisements 
are  a  fruitful  source  of  information  of  what  is  new  and 
Continued   on  page  657 


656 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

LnilTED 

(BSTABLJSHBD  IStS) 

lOHN  BAYNB  MAOLKAN.  Proidcnt      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Viee-Pr«sid«nt 

H.  V.  TYRRELL.   G«nenl  Manager 

-   PUBLISHERS   OF 

(JnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  Nlv^^ 

^  w««kly  journal  devoted  to  the  maehinerr  and  manafacturine  intereit*. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manager.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Man.  Editor. 

Aaaoeiat*  Editora: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.    US16S    Univeraitr    Avenue,    Toronto,    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


DKCEMBER  5 


No.  23 


A  Big,  Serious  Question  Ahead 

T^HE  parliamentary  secretary  of  the  Department  of  Civil 
Re-establishment  has  resigned.     This  is  not  the  time 
for  men  in  that  kind  of  work  to  be  quitting  the  job. 

If  conditions  were  such  that  he  could  not  work  to 
advantage,  then  put  conditions  right. 

The  war  wound  up  with  such  a  rush  that  the  govern- 
ment was  not  prepared  for  it.  That,  at  least,  is  the  most 
plausible  excuse  that  can  be  put  up.  But  just  now  people 
are  not  strong   on   accepting  excuses. 

The  responsibility  of  the  government  toward  the  in- 
dustrial life  of  the  country  does  not  end  with  the  signing 
of  an  armistice.  The  government,  through  conscription 
and  its  War  Trade  Board,  and  the  operation  of  the  Im- 
perial Munitions  Board,  created  the  war  machine.  Having 
created  it  by  turning  the  industrial  life  of  the  country 
up  on  edge,  the  duty  now  is  to  restore  it  to  something 
like   normal   conditions. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  manufacturers  in  Canada 
were  denied  access  to  the  steel  markets,  to  the  pig  iron 
markets.  Canadian  industry  has  been  at  the  beck  and 
call — and  willingly  so — of  the  Canadian  war  machine. 

And  now  what?     The  government  cannot  say,  "The 

war  is  won,  and  we're  through."     No  department  dare 

drift  until  the  resignations  of  able  members  are  necessary. 

"One  Thousand  Hands  Laid  OflF  At  Shell  Plant."  That's 

bad  business,  and   it's  dangerous  business  as  well. 

These  one  thousand  have  made  good  money.  They 
have  needed  good  money  to  pay  15  cents  a  quart  for  milk 
and  seven  cents  each  for  eggs. 

Turning  thousands  of  men   into  an  unprepared  labor 
market,  with  the  price  of  food  still  at  the  peak,  is  simply  ' 
harrowing  and  plowing  and  sowing  the  seed  that  .springs 
up  into  Bolshevik  ideals  and  mob  excesses. 

If  ever  there  was  a  tiwe  in  the  history  of  Canada 
-when  the  country  had  a  right  to  look  to  Ottawa  for  sane 
deliberation  and  fearless  action,  that  hour  has  struck. 

The  body  that  had  to  do  with  war  contractors,  viz., 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board,  will  cease  to  exist  in  a 
few  day*.  T»  whom,  then,  are  the  manufacturers  to 
turn   if  they  -want  a  hand   at  getting  back  to  old  lines 


thnt  have  been  sacrificed  or  neglected  in  the  rush  for 
maximum   munition   production  ? 

Canada  does  not  stand  in  the  place  of  a  nation  that 
has  to  deal  in  a  niggardly  way  with  the  situation.  It  is 
better  to  blunder  by  too  great  efforts  and  consequent 
expenditures  than  to  court  trouble  by  meeting  the  situa- 
tion with  the  vision  of  a  pinhead  and  the  courage  of  a 
slacker. 

The  suspicion  grows  that  Ottawa  is  not  in  shape  to 
cope  Vrith  the  situation.  It  may  have  been  commendable 
in  the  days  of  Micawber  to  "wait  for  something  to  turn 
up,"  but  that  sort  of  stuff  won't  do  to-day. 

There  must  be  the  same  energy  in  looking  after  the 
returned  man  that  was  displayed  in  signing  him  on, 
cheering  his  departure  and  noting  the  progress  he  was 
making  in  Prance. 

Ottawa  has  a  chance  right  now  to  make  a  big  success, 
or  a  failure  that  can  be  nothing  short  of  an  awful  mess. 


Dealing  With  the  Foreigner 

'T'HE  Department  of  the  Interior  of  United  States  is  now 
issuing  a  little  paper  called  "Americanization  Bulle- 
tin,"  with    the   idea    of   working   with    the   foreigners    of 
that  country  toward  the  end  of  better  citizenship. 

There  is  a  great  big  field  here  for  the  United  States  or 
Canada  for  that  matter.  The  trouble  in  the  past  has  been 
that  the  foreigner  has  come  to  this  continent  as  a  foreigner 
and  he  has  lived  as  one.  He  has  not  become  a  citizen  of 
United   States  or  a  citizen  of  Canada. 

To  be  true  we  do  pay  some  attention  to  the  foreigners 
in  this  country.  We  send  inspectors  now  and  then  to  raid 
their  houses  to  see  if  they  have  more  than  the  regular 
schedule  of  liquor.  We  send  other  officials  to  look  around 
their  back  yards  and  see  that  they  are  up  to  snuff  from 
a  sanitary  standpoint.  And  to  be  true  we  have  them 
rounded  up  in  court  once  in  a  while,  and  through  an  in- 
terpreter we  tell  them  that  they  must  part  with  five  and 
costs  for  living  in  this  country  the  same  as  they  have 
been  used  to  living  in  the  land  of  their  birth  and  former 
residence. 

But  apart  from  that  what  do  we  do  for  the  foreigner 
thpt  will  make  him  a  better  man  for  this  country?  The 
answer  to  all  this  is  "Mighty  little." 

People  in  this  section  of  the  country  may  not  see 
the  problem  in  the  same  light  as  those  who  live  in  cor- 
ners of  the  country  where  the  foreigners  have  a  chance 
to  hive.  In  these  places  they  dominate  the  situation  in 
many  ways. 

If  all  we  can  do  with  the  foreigner  that  comes  to 
this  ^country  is  to  get  him  to  do  work  that  the  natives 
won't  do,  then  we  can't  expect  to  amount  to  much  as  a 
nation.  It  is  an  admission  that  we  have  no  national 
ideals,  or  no  scope  past  the  pitching  of  the  foreigner  into 
the  industrial  sausage  mill  and  making  him  spit  out  dol- 
lar.?. 

The  foreigner  as  he  comes  to  us  is  a  problem.  In 
fact  he's  so  big  a  problem  that  we  can't  afford  to  ignore 
him.  From  the  low  plane  of  self-preservation  we  will 
have  to  take  notice  of  his  presence. 

The  Department  of  the  Interior  of  United  States  is 
working  toward  the  right  end.  It's  to  be  hoped  that  their 
efforts  are  not  allowed  to  come  down  to  the  poor  status 
of  academic  discussion.  The  Department  is  up  against 
a  big  problem.  If  it  solves  it  the  country  at  large  gains. 
If  it  does  not  the  country  is  the  loser  to  the  same  extent. 


At  a  banquet  in  Toronto  the  other  night  the  chairman 
announced  that  they  would  sing  "God  Save  the  King." 
Whereupon  one  husky  spoke  up  and  said,  "Sing  hearty, 
boys,  there's  not  many  of  them  left." 


December  5,  1918 


C  A  N  A  I)  r  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


657 


STUDY  AND  TRADE  PAPERS 
LEAD  TO  SUCCESS 

Walter    A.    Janssen,    Operating    Manager    Canadian 
Steel   Foundries,    Ltd.,   Montreal 


And  the  man  who  has  been  on  a  fixed  salary  during 
rhc  war,  or  who  has  had  even  fairly  liberal  increases, 
finds  himself  still  banging  away  with  a  comparative  pop- 
pun  at  the  High  Cost  of  Living,  when  he  needs  a  14-inch 
shell  to  make  a  dent  in  the  thing. 


Vl/.^LTER  A.  JANSSEN,  operating  manager,  Canadian 
'  Steel  Foundries,  Limited,  Montreal,  was  bom  in 
Davenport,  Iowa,  and  received  his  early  education  at 
Freeport,  III.  In  1907  he  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Wisconsin  in  chemical  engineering.  His  work  as 
draftsman  and  later  chemist 
prepared  him  for  his  posi- 
tion of  superintendent  of  the 
apen  hearth  department  and 
then  the  Steel  Foundry  of 
the  Bettendorf  Company, 
from  which  position  he  ac- 
;epted  that  of  operating 
manager  with  his  present 
firm.  Mr.  Janssen  is  single 
and  resides  at  Freeman's 
Hotel,  Montreal. 

"The  value  of  study  by 
young  mechanics,"  stated 
Mr.  Janssen,  "can  scarcely 
be  over-estimated,  and  their 
training  is  a  most  impor- 
tant factor  in  the  success 
of  the  country's  industries. 
Trade  papers  are  the  great 
clearing  house  and  connect- 
ing link  which  bridges  the 
gap  existing  in  manufactur- 
ing circle?  between  the  of- 
fice Pnd  the  working  force, 
and  their  educational  value 
is  conducive  to  greater  co-operation  and  advancement." 
At  the  last  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Foundry- 
men's  Association,  held  in  Milwaukee,  Mr.  Janssen  was 
elected    vice-president. 


W.  A.  JANSSEN 


A  77 '/2  Per  Cent.  Increase 

IT'S  not  tellins:  a  man  anything  new  to  state  that  living 
is  higher  than  it  used  to  be.     He  knows  that,  and  he 
has    had   it  rubbed    in    so    hard    that   it's    almost   coming 
through  on  the  other  side. 

The  U.S.  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  has  issued  a  book 
which  goes  into  the  subject  pretty  thoroughly.  Con- 
ditions, as  borne  out  by  official  figures  in  Canada,  are 
much   the   same. 

Of  course  there's  not  a  heap  of  satisfaction  in  reading 
that  your  1914  dollar  has  been  steam  rollered  until  it's 
only  worth  about  50  or  60  cents.  But  all  the  same  it 
helps  to  answer  that  grand  old  query:  "Where  in  Sam 
Hill   does   the  money  go?" 

Here  are  a  few  comparisons  between  the  first  year 
of  the  war  and  now.  The  figures  given  represent  the 
increased   percentage   of  cost   to   the  buyer: —  jl« 

Sirloin  steak    68       ^ 

Round   steak    82 

Rib  roast   69 

Pork   chops    77 

Bacon    91 

Ham    73 

Lard    106 

Hens    77 

Butter     33 

Milk    46 

Flour   103 

Corn  meal 123 

Potatoes   71 

Sugar   65 

That  is  an  aggregate  increase  of  1,085  per  cent  for 
14  articles,  or  an  average  of  77%   per  cent.  , 


The  Future  of  Aeronautics 

IJANDLEY  PAGE,  the  maker  of  the  famous  bombing 
plane,  has  a  great  vision  of  the  future  of  the  plane 
in  commercial  business.  In  the  Empire  Review,  he  has 
this  to  say: — 

"These  service  machines  will,  with  some  necessary  in- 
ternal rearrangements,  make  useful  commercial  vehicles 
for  the  conveyance  of  goods  and  passengers,  the  latter 
traveling,  six  or  seven  together,  in  a  roomy,  totally  en- 
closed cabin.  Such  machines  will  be  able  to  distribute 
the  world's  mails  in  hours  where  it  now  takes  days.  They 
will  travel  from  country  to  country,  and  continent  to 
continent,  seeking  their  objectives  in  direct  lines,  ignoring 
the  enfeebled  barriers  of  hills  and  water,  eliminating 
distances,  and  bringing  to  our  shores  the  very  outposts 
of  our  Empire.  In  machines  of  this  size  no  part  of  the 
Old  World  is  inaccessible,  and  before  long  the  anticipated 
conquest  of  the  Atlantic  will  bring  the  territories  of  the 
Americas  within  their  reach.  Trade  will  be  facilitated 
and  accelerated.  Journeys  to  Africa,  the  East,  and  Aus- 
tralia, which  are  now  matter  for  long  consideration,  will 
be  undertaken  by  the  busy  man  and  performed  at  the 
expense  of  a  day's  time.  Principal  and  agent  will  meet 
where  they  now  correspond,  and  augmented  knowledge 
of  market  requirements  will  result  in  the  production  of 
goods  more  readily  acceptable.  Planters  will  bring 
or  place  their  samples  in  London  and  Liverpool 
within  two  or  three  days  of  plucking  in  India,  and  manu- 
facturers will  be  able  to  grant  the  short  time  necessary 
to  inspect  their  raw  materials  at  the  source." 

This  would  mean,  approximately,  that  a  person  could 
leave  New  York  on  Monday  morning  and  be  in  London, 
Eng.,  on  Wednesday  morning.  At  the  proposed  six  cents 
a  mile,  the  cost  of  the  trip  would  be  over  $200,  quite  an 
increase  over  present  prices,  but  not  a  serious  item  to 
the   man   who  wanted   to  cross  quickly. 


TECHNICAL   JOURNAL    BEST   AID   TO    EDUCATION 

Continued  from  page  655 
v.hat  is  standard  and  reliable,  so  that,  generally  speaking, 
'the  technical  magazine  may  be    made    one    of    the    best 
means  of  keeping  up  to  date. 

But  to  the  engineer  it  may  also  be  a  source  of  revenue, 
besides  being  a  general  depot  of  information.  If  you 
have  any  experience  that  strikes  you  as  being  out  of  the 
ordinary,  write  to  your  magazine  about  it.  If  it's  good 
enough  to  print,  its  good  enough  to  pay  for.  It  does  not' 
really  matter  if  you  never  wrote  for  publication  before, 
if  the  language  you  use  is  ungrammatical,  or  if  youi- 
spelling  is  of  an  order  not  mentioned  in  "Webster's  Un- 
abridged"; send  it  in  The  magazine  has  men  whose 
special  job  it  is  to  clothe  your  idea  in  suitable  and  propei 
language  and  fit  it  for  presentation.  If  you  can  make 
a  sketch  to  help  illustrate  your  idea,  all  the  better.  It 
need  not  be  a  scale  drawing  or  an  artistic  piece  of  work; 
if  it  expresses  your  idea,  the  artists  on  the  staff  of  the 
magazine  will  make  a  good  drawing  of  it. 

Possibly  a  single  instance  may  illustrate  the  idea.  The 
writer  had  occasion  to  give  a  paper  at  one  association 
meeting,  which  dealt  with  the  writer's  everyday  work. 
The  writer's  opinion,  when  he  began  to  prepare  the  paper, 
was  that  he  knew  sufficient  about  the  subject  to  make 
preparation  unnecessary.  However,  as  the  paper  pro- 
gressed the  writer  found  that  his  knowledge  of  the  sub- 
ject was  not  quite  so  full  as  he  thought,  so  he  had  to  con- 
sult various  works  of  reference,  but  by  the  time  the  paper 
was  ready  to  present  the  writer  knew  what  he  talked 
about,  and  in  the  discussion  which  followed  the  paper  the 
WTiter  was  able  to  answer  every  question  and  argument. 
Before  the  preparation  of  the  paper  the  writer  thought 
he  knew,  afterwards  he  did  know.  Writing  about  a  sub- 
ject impresses  almost   indelibly  on  the  memory. 


658 


Volume  XX 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


Not  Anxious  to  Get  Under  the  Price  Drop 

,     Inflated  Values  Must  Come  Down  in  Certain  Lines,  But  No 
Section  of  the  Trade  Shows  a  Willingness  to  Bear  the  Burden- 
Scrap  Market  is  Still  Out  of  Business 


MUNITIONS  business  in  the  Dominion  is  nearing 
the  end.  Nearly  everything  has  been  cancelled 
with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  American  con- 
tracts, and  there  seems  a  bit  of  a  chance  that  these  may 
stand.  One  is  the  240-m.m.  contract,  a  new  shell  with 
a  tapered  body,  guns  for  which  are  now  being  built  at 
American  plants.  This  contract  has  not  been  cancelled. 
The  making  of  fuses  and  adapters  is  still  proceeding. 
In  many  cases  shells  are  simply  being  stored  near  the 
point  of  production,  and  their  ultimate  disposal  seems 
open   to  question. 

There  seems  to  be  a  disposition  on  the  part  of  the 
trade  in  machine  tools  to  dodge  the  day  when  price  ad- 
justment must  come.  Machine  tools  at  the  moment  are 
about  75  per  cent,  in  advance  of  normal  times.  It  is 
hard  to  imagine  that  pre-war  prices  will  prevail  for  some 
time  at  least,  but  even  so,  there  is  too  much  margin  at 
present  between  present  and  old  prices  to  encourage  buy- 
ing. "Let  George  do  it"  seems  to  size  up  the  situation 
very  concisely.  There  is  also  a  disposition  on  the  part 
of  manufacturers  with  standard  lines  to  hold  back  yet, 
waiting  for  raw  material  and  labor  to  come  to  a  lower 
level,  knowing  that  the  chances  are  that  goods  made  now 
will  have  to  be   sold   into  a   lower  market  by  the   time 


they  have  gone  through  the  various  channels  of  distri- 
bution.      ^ 

For  al}-.r'V"<^''cal  purposes  the  scrap  metal  market  does 
not  exist  at  the  present  time.  Toronto  dealers  admit  that 
price:  qitotf-l  nre  simply  nominal,  and  only  represent  the 
comparative  value  when  placed  against  the  metal  in  ingots. 
They  will  not  pay  the  prices  quoted.  That  seems  quite 
certain,  neither  will  they  name  other  prices  because  there 
arc  no  deals  going  through  on  which  to  base  the  new 
figures.  Montreal  goes  one  better  and  places  the  figures 
much  lower  this  week.  The  situation  is  not  likely  to 
improve  for  some  time  to  come. 

Prices  of  steel  plate  and  sheets  came  down  again 
during  the  week.  There  are  large  shipments  of  boiler 
tubes  coming  now,  and  the  new  lists  will  show  a  down- 
ward revision  of  from  five  to  ten  per  cent. 

There  is  ^nothing  to  indicate  that  there  is  going  to  be 
any  sharp  decline  in  the  price  of  steel.  In  fact  everything 
is  against  it.  The  American  situation  at  present,  on 
account  of  fully  80  per  cent,  of  our  steel  being  imported, 
finds  a  quick  response  in  the  Canadian  situation.  At  U.S. 
points  was  prices  for  labor  are  still  in  vogue,  and  indi- 
cations do  not  point  to  any  considerable  dropping  in  prices 
of  finished  goods. 


MONTREAL  HAS  CUT  INTO  PRICES 

ON  THE  SCRAP  METAL  TRADE 


Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  December  5.— Canada  is 
about  to  start  up  a  new  epoch  in 
her  history,  particularly  in  connec- 
tion with  her  industrial  activities.  There 
is  little  doubt  that  munitions  making  will 
soon  be  a  thing  of  the  past,  as  recent 
instructions  make  it  certain  that  shell 
production  will  completely  cease  by 
Christmas.  It  was  announced  some  time 
ago  that  work  on  the  British  contracts 
would  terminate  on  the  14th  of  the 
month,  and  last  week  word  was  received 
from  Washington  that  the  time  limit  on 
American  operations  would  run  until 
December  24,  the  date  set  for  the  final 
•work  in  connection  with  this  branch  of 
war  work.  Factories  in  this  district  are 
now  cleaning  up  on  the  machining  of  the 
shells,  all  primary  operations  having 
been  stopped  from  two  to  three  weeks 


Interest  is  centered  at  present  in  the 
early  attitude  of  the  government  in  con- 
nection with  reconstruction  problems. 
Many  are  anticipating  a  gradual  return 
to  normal  activity  through  the  present 
policy  of  the  author||^  at  Ottawa, 
which,  through  the  co-operation  of  the 
members  of  the  War  Trade  Board,  are 
hoping  to  secure  considerable  business 
for  the  rehabilitation  of  European  coun- 
tries. The  removal  of  trade  restriction!:^ 
has  cleared  the  way  for  a  return  to 
normal  activities,  but  the  prevailing  hij<h 
cost  of  material  continues  to  be  a  factor 
for  cautious  action  on  the  part  of  dealers 
and  consumers. 

steel  Still  Shows  Uncertainty 

The  steel  situation  in  some  respects 
might  be  said  to  have  been- relieved,  but 
the  general  tone  is  still  one  of  marked 


stability.  Steel  plates  are  about  as  hard 
to  obtain  as  in  the  past,  but  the  promises 
for  the  next  quarter  are  more  encourag- 
ing. It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  require- 
ments will  be  lighter  owing  to  the  i'Ac'i, 
that  the  existing  pro.^ramme  may  be  re- 
duced. On  the  other  hand  many  of  the 
plants  that  have  been  workinsj  on  shells 
are  anticipating  the  going  into  marine 
activities,  which  will  help  to  balance  the 
stopping  of  munitions  work.  Apparent- 
ly the  railroads  are  awaitinir  a  return  to 
more  normal  conditions  before  starting 
on  a  buying  campaign.  In  this  respect 
it  has  been  stated  that  the  railways  have 
been  practically  starved  for  the  past 
three  years,  and  replacements  will  be 
carried  out  as  soon  as  conditions  warrant 
it.  It  is  not  anticipated  that  any  sudden 
decline  will  follow  the  cessation  of  war 
activities,  as  considerable  business  that 
has  been  put  aside  through  the  urgency 
of  war  requirements,  is  now  coming  for- 
ward, but  the  volume  is  restricted  ow- 
ing to  the  relatively  hiarh  prices  now  pre- 
vailing. Despite  this,  however,  it  is  not 
impossible  that   additional  business  will 


December  5,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


66^9! 


be  placed  even  at  prevailing  prices.  Local 
dealers  report  an  unsettled  situation, 
but  a  fair  demand  for  domestic  material. 
Some  prices  have  declined,  while  ad- 
vances ars  noted  in  others.  The  base 
price  on  iron  bars,  Montreal,  has  been  re- 
duced to  .f4.55  per  hundred.  Steel  bars 
here  are  now  $5.05  per  hundred,  a  de- 
cline on  the  previous  quotation  of  $4 
per  ton.  Reinforcing  bars  are  quoted  at 
$4.50,  a  drop  of  $15  per  ton.  The  re- 
verse is  shown  in  spring  steel  and  band 
steel,  the  quotations  being  8  cents  and 
5  cents  respectively,  the  advance  in  the 
former  case  being  1  cent  per  pound,  and 
in  the  latter  V4  cent  per  pound.  This  dis- 
count on  cold  rolled  steel  shafting  has 
been  changed,  the  present  figure  being 
60  per  cent.  Black  sheets,  No.  10  gauge, 
has  been  reduced  from  $10  to  $9  per 
hundred. 

Complex  Metal  Situation 
In  common  with  other  industrial  sit- 
uations, that  of  metals  is  reflecting  the 
gradual  cessation  of  war  activities.  The 
demand  for  munitions  and  ordnance  pur- 
poses has  fallen  off  to  almost  zero,  but 
inquiries  for  domestic  supplies  have 
.shown  a  slight  increase,  but  the  prevail- 
ing prices  are  not  such  as  to  induce  con- 
sumers to  buy  more  than  they  actually 
need  for  immediate  requirements.  Con- 
siderable interest  is  shown  in  the  pos- 
sible attitude  to  be  taken  by  the  Ameri- 
can government  in  regard  to  copper  at 
the  beginning  of  the  year.  This  is  a 
factor  that  prevents  active  buying  at 
the  present'  time.  Once  the  situation  is 
cleared,  whether  at  prevailing  prices  or 
an  adjusted  one,  the  way  will  be  open 
for  a  renewal  of  ordinary  demand,  which 
has  been  materially  interfered  with  ow- 
ing to  the  restrictions  imposed  on  the 
sale  and  distribution  of  the  metal.  The 
weaker  scrap  market  in  copper  has  af- 
fected the  price  of  castings,  the  present 
quotation  of  29%  cents  being  a  drop  of 
1  cent  per  pound.  The  tin  situation  has 
become  a  little  complex  here  over  the 
prospect  of  an  easier  market.  If  reports 
are  true,  the  Canadian  supply  on  hand 
is  more  than  sufficient  for  immediate 
needs,  and,  as  a  consequence,  some  deal- 
ers that  have  fairly  large  stocks,  are  a 
little  anxious,  not  wishing  to  dispose  01 
the  metal  at  lower  prices  than  what  they 
had  paid  for  it.  The  fact  that  the  price 
control  has  been  removed  in  England, 
has  placed  the  market  at  the  discretion 
of  the  producers,  with  the  result  that  tin 
has  dropped  about  $100  per  ton.  The 
export  regulations,  however,  are  still  in 
force,  and  efforts  are  being  made  here 
by  some  of  the  metal  interests  to  with- 
hold the  issuing  of  permits  too  freely 
until  the  situation  on  this  side  has  be- 
come better  adjusted.  This  week's  quo- 
tations on  tin  are  2  cents  lower  than 
last  week,  the  average  price  being  about 
83  cents  per  pound.  The  other  metals 
are  relatively  quiet  with  the  business 
gradually  changing  over  from  war  to  or- 
dinary activities.  On  the  whole,  how- 
ever, the  entire  situation  is  more  or  less 
unsettled,  and  will  likely  remain  so  until 
the  turn  of  the  year. 

Little  Doing  in  Machine  Tools 

Trading  in  machine    tools    has     been 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


Scrap  prices  quoted  in  this  paper 
are  merely  nominal  values.  There 
are  no  deals  going  through  and 
therefore  nothing  definite  to  judge 
by  in  the  way  of  setting  the  price. 

Nearly  all  the  business  that  ware- 
houses have  been  carrying  in  hopes 
of  getting  the  steel  mills  to  accept 
it  is  good.'  These  orders  are  again 
being  pressed  on  the  mills  for  de- 
livery. 

A  large  user  of  steel  expressed  the 
opinion  this  week  in  writing  that  he 
preferred  to  buy  material  made  in 
this  country  "even  at  a  slightly 
higher  price." 

Prices  of  sheets  are  lower  this 
week  and  it  is  intimated  that  ship- 
ments of  boiler  tubes  now  in  transit 
will  be  put  out  at  a  reduction  from 
present  figures  of  five  to  ten  per 
cent. 

Munitions  contracts  in  Canada 
will  be  out  by  the  end  of  the  month. 
Only  a  couple  of  American  contracts 
stand  much  chance  of  surviving. 

Pittsburgh  despatches,  in  analyzing 
the  present  situation,  are  certain  in 
their  statements  that  there  cannot 
be  any  decline  to  pre-war  prices  of 
steel. 

Makers  of  pig  iron  are  looking 
with  confidence  to  the  future.  They 
state  that  there  will  be  a  greater 
demand  for  the  output  of  the  blast 
furnaces  than  there  will  be  for  steel. 

Opinion  at  big  American  points 
seems  to  be  that  there  will  be  no 
drastic  cutting  of  wages.  In  fact  the 
only  chance  for  such  a  thing  is  in 
a  swamped  labor  market.  There  is 
a  tendency  there,  as  here,  for  many 
foreigners  to  leave  as  soon  as  trans- 
portation is  available,  and  this  is 
counted  on  to  take  out  much  of  the 
surplus  labor. 


very  quiet  during  the  past  week.  This 
has  resulted  from  the  decided  action  of 
the  American  felhiernment  in  closing  up 
all  business  relative  to  shell  production 
in  this  country.  It  had  been  thought 
that  the  initial  contracts  placed  here 
would  have  been  completed,  but  with  the 
instructions  to  stop  production  by  the 
24th,  all  possibility  of  further  activity  is 
therefore  removed.  Machines  that  have 
been  on  order  but  not  shipped  have  in- 
variably been  cancelled,  particularly 
where  these  have  been  of  a  special 
character  and  adapted  to  shell  work  ex- 
clusively. Dealers  are  still  taking  on 
standard  equipment,  but  general  inquiry 
for  tools  is  exceptionally  quiet,  although 


business  is  far  from  stagnant.  Offers, 
have  been  made  to  some  plants  for  their 
equipment,  but  on  what  might  be  con- 
sidered a  scrap  basis.  The  majority  of 
plants  are  showing  little  anxiety  re- 
grading  their  equipment  and  are  appar- 
ently in  no  haste  to  dispose  of  it.  Tha 
supply  situation  is  very  quiet  and  the- 
demand  is  nil  for  shell  requirement.  A 
much  freer  market  is  expected  in  regard 
to  small  tools  and  accessories. 

Scrap  Duller  Than  Ever 

The  announcement  during  the  past 
week  that  all  business  in  connection  with 
American  shell  contracts  would  virtually 
cease  before  Christmas  has  added  to  the 
stagnant  position  of  various  lines  oC 
scrap.  The  present  market  is  even  more 
dull  than  that  of  the  previous  week,  and. 
dealers  report  nothing  doing.  There  is. 
now  offering  for  sale  many  of  the  special 
machines  that  have  been  used  for  shell 
production,  but  dealers  are  a  little  re- 
luctant in  buying  in  this  equipment. 
Scrap  prices  are  all  that  can  be  obtained 
in  event  of  disposal.  On  the  other  hand, 
some  manufacturers  are  showing  nc- 
anxiety  and  will  not  talk  business  even 
from  a  second-hand  standpoint.  During 
the  past  week  one  local  dealer  purchased 
for  scrap,  the  entire  shell  equipment  of 
one  of  the  smaller  munitions  plants  here. 
The  general  quotations  this  week  reflect 
the  changes  affecting  old  materials. 
Price  changes  in  non-ferrous  metals 
range  from  2  to  5  cents  per  pound  lower, 
and  a  decline  of  from  $3  to  $8  is  noted 
on  steel  and  iron  scraps.  Wrought  iron 
car  axles,  listed  for  some  time  back  at 
$40,  is  now  quoted  at  $32  per  ton.  Boiler 
plates  show  a  decline  of  $6  per  ton,  the 
price  asked  being  $21  per  ton.  Stove 
plate  has  fallen  off,  the  current  price  be- 
ing $22  per  ton,  a  decline  on  the  week 
of  $6  per  ton.  All  copper  scrap  is  down 
0  cents  per  pound,  with  the  market  quite 
dull.  Nearly  all  lines  of  scrap  have  been 
affected  this  week;  changes  will  be  noted 
in  the  selected 'market  quotations. 


PRICE  ELEMENT  IS 

NOT  QUITE  CERTAIN 

Business  Seems  to  Hang  On  That  Point: 

—Scrap   Market  Still  Very 

Quiet. 

TORONTO^If  one  were  allowed  to- 
reach  over  and  make  use  of  a  slang 
phrase  to  describe  the  market  situation 
this  week,  it  would  be  stated  that  the 
principal  occupation  seems  to  be  the 
old  game  of  "passing  the  buck."  That 
is,  every  person  admits  that  prices  must 
sooner  or  later  work  to  a  lower  level, 
and  the  whole  circle  of  trade,  from  pro- 
ducer to  consumer,  seems  to  be  engaged 
just  now  in  keeping  their  toes  well  off' 
the  boards  when  the  tumble  comes. 

Munitions  firms  are  rapidly  drawing 
their  business  to  a  close.  The  end  of 
the  present  month  will  see  the  end  of  the 
industry  in  this  country  with  the  pos- 
sible exception  of  a  couple  of  American 
contracts.  There  also  seems  to  be  a 
chance  that  there  may  still  be  a  call  for 
fuses   and   adapters. 


660 


C  A  N  A  LM  A  N    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


The  prices  that  are  quoted  on  all  line'' 
of  scrap  at  present  are  simply  nominal. 
That  is,  they  represent  the  comparative 
values  of  the  various  lines  when  put  up 
against  the  price  for  insrots.  Because 
ceitain  prices  are  quoted  in  another  part 
of  this  paper  is  no  guarantee  that  sel- 
lers can  go  to  the  yards  and  secure  those 
fieures  for  their  scrap.  In  fact  the 
chances  are  decidedly  that  they  can  not. 
For  instance,  quotations  now  srive  light 
copper  at  $20  per  hundred,  crucible  cop- 
per at  $24.50,  heavy  at  $24.50  and  copper 
wire  at  $24.  This  paper  would  change 
these  figures  if  it  were  possible  to  re- 
place them  with  anything  that  came 
any  nearer  to  being  the  actual  basis  of 
dealing,  but  it  is  impossible  to  do  this. 
Some  of  the  dealers  intimate  that  were 
copper  scrap  offered  around  18  or  19 
•  cents  they  might  come  into  the  market 
to  buy,  but  at  present  prices  they  will 
not.  The  steel  mills  are  not  buying 
scrap  either,  and  this  tends  to  stop  the 
steady  flow  of  material  through  the 
yards.  Dealers  claim  that  mills  are 
waiting  for  prices  to  actually  some  to  a 
lower  level.  Many  of  the  yards  here  are 
too  well  stocked  with  material  that  was 
taken  in  at  fairly  high  prices.  A  dealer 
who  has  an  immediate  destination  for 
material  will  come  in  the  market  to  buy. 
Otherwise  he  will  stay  out,  and  the  most 
of  them  for  the  present  are  staying  out. 
In  Machine  Tools 

The  sales  of  machine  tools  are  not 
frequent  at  present.  The  situation  is 
apparently  waiting  for  prices  to  come  to 
some  sane  basis.  There  has  been  a  ten- 
dency in  some  quarters  to  chase  up 
prices  during  the  war  rush.  Of  course, 
it  is  not  going  to  hurt  to  drop  this  ultra- 
inflation,  but  when  it  comes  to  a  point 
past  that,  there  will  be  some  difficulty. 
Prospective  purchasers  will  probably  be 
waiting  for  the  market  to  return  to 
something  approaching  the  old-time 
orices  of  pre-war  days.  It  is  not  likely 
that  these  figures  will  be  realized,  but 
there  will  be  a  movement  in  that  direc- 
tion and  a  very  decided  one.  Machine 
tools  right  now  are  averaging  about  75 
per  cent,  higher  than  they  were  before 
the  outbreak  of  the  war.  To  the  credit 
of  some  of  the  manufacturers  of  high 
grade  equipment  it  can  be  said  that  they 
have  not  indulged  in  undue  war  profits. 
In  other  instances,  though,  the  prices 
are  yet  too  high. 

There  are  indications  of  a  break  in 
the  prices  of  some  lines.  It  would  not 
be  safe  to  accept  it  as  a  sign-post  of 
more  to  follow  immediately,  but  the 
fact  is  significant  and  worth  recording. 
A  maker  of  radial  drills  is  out  with  a 
list  price  of  $4,700  on  a  machine  that  has 
been  selling  right  along  at  $5,200.  There 
has  been  no  drop  in  the  cost  of  manu- 
facture. As  a  matter  of  fact  the  ma- 
chines are  the  same  as  have  been  selling 
at  the  increased  prices,  and  they  cost 
the  same  amount  of  money  to  produce. 

There  is  still  a  fair  amount  of  bus- 
iness being  done  in  the  matter  of  sup- 
plies, and  prices  are  not  much  changed. 
Steel  Prices  Easier 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  nearly  all 


MONTREAL  SHELL  SHOPS  NOT 

READY  FOR  ANY  NEW  LINES  YET 


MONTREAL,  Dec.  4.— According  to  in- 
structions recently  issued  by  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board,  in  compliance  with  a 
special  circular  from  Washington,  the 
plants  here  working  on  American  shell 
contracts,  will  have  until  Dec.  24  to  clean 
up  on  the  work  now  in  hand. 

The  Dominion  Bridge  Co.  are  now  clos- 
in'^  out  on  the  final  work  on  the  old  Bri- 
tish shell  contracts,  and  following  the 
advice  just  received  from  Ottawa,  will 
have  about  a  month  to  continue  on  the 
U.S.  orders.  During  the  past  few  weeks 
about  1,000  men  were  released  from  tie 
munitions  end  of  the  company's  activi- 
ties, and  before  Xmas  it  is  anticipated 
that  the  total  number  affected  will  be 
about  1,600.  It  is  more  than  likely  that 
some  of  these  will  be  retained  in  the 
reneral  operations  of  the  company,  as 
the  Dominion  Bridge  Co.  is  extensively 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  marine 
engines  and  boilers,  steam  turbines, 
blowers,  and  other  heavy  mechanical 
devices. 

At    Lymburners'    Plant 

Lymburners  Limited  are  just  complet- 
ing their  American  75  mmm.  shell  con- 
tract, so  that  recent  instructions  affect- 
ing the  general  production  of  U.S.  muni- 
tions will  not  be  seriously  felt  by  this 
company,  as  officials  state  that  the  entire 
contract  will  be  finished  in  a  very  short 
time.  During  the  past  year  this  plant 
has  been  working  exclusively  on  this  type 
of  shell  and  the  average  production  for 
the  past  several  months  has  been  about 
200,000  shells  per  month.  About  800 
men  and  women  will  be  affected.  Nofiin"- 
definite  has  been  decided  on  as  to  their 
future  activities,  but  it  is  anticipated 
that  the  plant  will  be  idle  until  the  re- 
adjustment period  is  well  advanced. 
Sp-i-eral  plans  have  been  mooted  for  the 
utilization  of  the  plant,  but  no  de-isioii 
has  been  arrived  at.  Virtually  99  per 
cent,  of  the  machine  equipment  adopted 
for  shell  production  is  of  the  special 
sino-le  purpose  type  adapted  for  shell 
work   exclusively. 


.lust  Getting   Started 

Production  of  the  155  mm.  .American 
shells  at  the  plant  of  P.  Lyall  &  Son  will 
gradually  taper  off  from  now  on.  Forg- 
ing has  been  stopped  and  the  blanks  now 
available  will  be  machined  rapidly  as  pos- 
sible, as  all  operation  will  be  discontinued 
before  Xmas.  This  plant  has  never  at- 
tained its  maximum  output  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  entire  enquipment  had  not 
yet  been  installed.  No  announcement  has 
been  made  as  to  what  the  plant  will  be 
used  for,  but  it  is  more  than  likely  that 
some  marine  activities  will  be  carried  on 
owing  to  the  fact  that  this  fii-m  has  large 
shipbuilding  interests  now  on  the  coast. 
It  is  possible  that  shipbuilding  may  be 
carried  on  here  as  the  plant  is  idealy 
carried  on  the  north  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  adjoining  the  River.  It  is 
possible  that  some  at  least  of  the  men 
now  employed  will  be  found  eniploymenl 
in  future  activities  of  this  firm,  but  tem- 
porary idleness  of  a  great  number  is  in- 
evitable. 

About   Small   Arm   Contract? 

In  common  with  all  other  plants  work- 
ing on  the  American  shells  the  firm  of 
Caron  Bros,  will  within  a  month  discon- 
tinue the  making  of  the  155  mm.  shell 
upon  which  they  have  been  engaged  for 
nearly  a  year.  A  new  plant  had  been 
constructed  in  the  north  end  of  the  city 
and  operations  had  almost  reached  the 
maximum.  Under  full  operations  about 
1,000  men  would  have  been  employed,  but 
this  number  had  not  been  reached  when 
the  stop  order  had  been  issued.  Mr. 
Caron  stated  that  some  complications 
would  likely  arise  regarding  the  settle- 
ment on  the  part  of  the  American  Gov- 
ernment for  the  work  that  would  remain 
unfinished,  as  the  work  now  in  hand 
would  entail  considerable  loss  to  the  vari 
ous  manufacturers.  Regarding  their 
small  arms  contract  for  American  army 
pistols,  he  stated  that  no  advice  had  been 
received,  but  would  not  be  surprised  if 
the  same  ruling  applied  as  to  that  for 
American  shells. 


the  business  that  has  been  in  the  books 
of  the  warehouse  people,  is  still  good. 
There  was  some  doubt  Jn  this  regard,  for 
in  many  cases  it  simply  meant  a  policy 
of  waiting  until  the  state  of  the  war  was 
such  that  the  non-essential  lines  could 
get  a  chance  to  come  ij^'on  the  market. 
There  has  been  apparently  some  misun- 
derstanding that  the  priorities  and  pre- 
ferences were  all  swept  away  as  soon  as 
the  armistice  was  signed.  This  is  ap- 
parently not  correct,  as  the  advice  at 
the  first  of  the  week  was  that  the  ex- 
port licenses  were  still  necessary.  This 
state  of  affairs  will  not  stand  very  long, 
though,  and  it  is  only  a  question  of  days 
until  the  only  open  market  is  restored. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  there  is 
more  old  business  being  re-pre- 
sented    to     the     mills     than     new     or- 


ders coming  in.  Firms  making  safes, 
for  instance,  have  not  been  able  to  get 
into  the  plate  market  for  some  time, 
unless  the  orders  were  for  a  vault  being 
put  into  some  building  that  had  some 
bearing  on  the  war.  Now,  however,  the 
prospects  are  that  they  can  attend  to  the 
orders  for  this  class  of  work.  Makers 
of  tanks,  etc.,  are  in  much  the  same  posi- 
tion. In  fact  some  of  the  mills  of  United 
States  that  were  working  on  war  ma- 
terial exclusively  have  already  intimated 
to  their  connections  in  this  country  that 
aie  "ready  for  commercial  lines  again." 
A  preference  for  Canadian  material 
is  being  exhibited  to  a  more  marked  de- 
gree by  some  of  the  purchasers.  A 
warehouse  sent  out  a  list  of  material 
that  was  available — angles  and  shapes — 
to  the  trade  here,  and  one  letter  from  a 


December 


1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H I  N  E  R  Y 


661 


large  firm  stated  that  they  preferred  to 
secure  the  material  in  this  country, 
"even  at  a  higher  price." 

Prices  Are  Dropped 

Prices  on  sheets  are  put  down  this 
morning.  For  black  No.  10,  $8.50  is 
now  quoted  against  $10  that  has  been 
asked  for  some  time  past.  No.  28  black 
sheets  are  25c  per  hundred  off,  selling  at 
$8.     Plates,  3-16,  are  marked  at  .$8.40. 

Large  shipments  of  boiler  tubes  are 
on  the  way  to  several  of  the  Canadian 
warehouses.  While  the  lists  are  not 
handed  out  yet  it  was  stated  to-day  that 
a  reduction  on  present  figures  of  five 
or  ten  per  cent,  was  looked  for.  Deal- 
ers here  can  buy  to  much  better  ad- 
vantage now  as  the  makers  are  getting 
a  larger  supply  of  skelp  to  meet  their 
demands.     In    fact   several    of   the    mills 


that  have  been  out  of  business  for  the 
period  of  the  war  have  started  to  roll 
tubes  again. 

The  Non-'Ferrous  Metals. 

Antimony  at  $16  against  a  previous 
$18  is  the  only  drop  that  the  local  mar- 
kets would  admit  this  week.  Tin  is 
quoted  locally  around  85c  per  pound,  al- 
though sales  on  the  New  York  market 
come  well  under  that  mark. 

Dealers  in  metals  state  that  their  trade 
is  still  quite  satisfactory  despite  the 
closing  down  of  the  munitions  plants. 
There  are  other  lines  that  are  in  the 
market  for  material  that  they  have  not 
been  able  to  secure  in  war  days. 

■'We  were  in  business  before  the  war 
started,  and  we  are  in  business  now," 
was  the  way  one  of  the  dealers  sized 
up  the  situation  to-day.  There  is  no 
drvipijing  off  of  trade. 


MAKERS  OF  PIG  IRON  DO 

NOT  SEE  WHERE  SLUMP  COxMES 


ALTHOUGH  there  has  been  con- 
siderable done  in  the  way  of  can- 
cellation of  contracts  for  pig  iron 
in  the  United  States,  there  is  still  a  very 
large  volume  of  business  on  hand.  In 
many  cases  cancellations  are  being  re- 
fused, the  idea  being  that  it  is  up  to  the 
government  to  continue  to  control  the 
situation  that  it  brought  into  existence. 
Reports  from  some  of  the  larger  points 
in  the  United  States  give  the  following 
conditions: 

Pittsburgh — The  removal  of  all  gov- 
ernment restrictions  on  the  shipment  of 
iron  is  making  it  possible  for  the  so- 
called  less  essential  industries  to  obtain 
again  their  normal  supplies  of  iron.  A 
meeting  of  the  pig  iron  producers  of  the 
entire  country  may  be  held  soon  to  for- 
mulate policies  for  the  readjustment 
period.  Sellers  of  pig  iron  continue  very 
optimistic  as  to  the  future  and  show  no 
disposition   to  make   price   changes. 

Chicago — Producers'  representatives 
are  unanimous  in  saying  that  they  wili 
accept  no  cancellation  unless  the  govern- 
ment directs  that  its  allocations  be  an- 
nulled, and  to  date  there  have  been  very 
few  instances  of  this  having  been  done. 
If  allocations  are  cancelled  it  would  only 
be  fair  to  cancel  all  iron  ordered  for  war 
work. 

Philadelphia — Some  very  large  ton- 
nages are  now  going  forward,  and  it  ap- 
pears that  they  have  been  on  the  books 
for  some  time,  so  it  seems  certain  that 
there  has  been  more  1919  buying  going 
on  in  war  times  than  was  credited  at  the 
time. 

Buffalo — No  cancellations  of  any  kind 
are  reported,  and  one  producer  reports 
brisk  inquiries  for  small  lots,  and  has 
taken  on  several  small  orders  aggregat- 
ing between  one  and  two  thousand  tons, 
foundry  grades  for  first  quarter  delivery, 
at  present  prices.  It  is  considered  by 
many  of  the  furnace  men  that  the  only 
chances  for  a  change  will  be  because  o." 
the  coke  and  labor  situation.  With  the 
opening  of  the  new  year  it  is  expecte,! 


that  there  will  be  plenty  of  business  for 
every  one. 

Birmingham — Cancellations  are  still 
coming  in  for  a  considerable  total.  In- 
quiries for  1919  are  still  on  the  increase. 
Makers  of  agricultural  machinery  are 
among  those  w-ho  have  recently  placed 
orders.  Stove  works,  owing  to  the  limit- 
ed supply  allowed  them,  have  a  consider- 
able amount  of  cast  shell  iron  on  the 
books  that  has  become  available,  and 
have  shown  little  disposition  toward  new 
buying. 

St.  Louis — There  is  no  question  that 
domestic  needs  are  such  as  to  keep  the 
plants  busy  as  they  are  withdrawn  from 
government  work,  and  there  is  therefore 
no  uneasiness  felt  as  to  the  continuance 
of   activities   in   this   district. 

Cincinnati — Requests  for  the  caniella- 
tion  of  foundry  iron  contracts  with  very 
few  exceptions  have  been  refused.  Foun- 
dries in  this  vicinity  have  received  a 
large  number  of  hold-up  orders  on  ma- 
chine tool  and  other  castings,  and  so  feel 
justified  in  asking  the  furnaces  not  to 
crowd  them  with  metal  that  cannot  be 
used  profitably.  The  change  from  war 
to  peace  work  will  take  place  without 
working  any   serious  hardship. 


GOVERNMENT  NOT 

LIKELY  TO  ACT  NOW 


Will   Not   Take   yver    Any   of   the   Pro- 
perty of  Imperial  Munitions 
Board 

Ottawa. — Asked  whether  it  was  the  in- 
tention of  the  Dominion  government  to 
arrange  for  taking  over  any  of  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
when  the  latter  began  liquidation  of  its 
business,  as  suggestions  had  been  made 
that  this  should  be  done  in  connection 
with  demobilization.  Sir  Thomas  White, 
Acting  Premier,  said  that  there  was  no 
reason  for  doing  that  as  none  of  the 
buildings  could  be  regarded  as  suitable 
for  the  purpose. 


No  doubt  part  of  the  business  of  the 
liquidation  of  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  will  be  the  disposal  of  some  of  the 
large  properties  created  by  it  for  pur- 
poses of  the  war.  In  most  cases  it  is 
believed  that  there  will  be  difficulty  in 
making  such  arrangements,  as  few  of 
the  great  establishments,  such  as  that 
at  Trenton,  will  be  easily  convertible  into 
peace  establishments,  as  explosive  fac- 
tories are  never  in  an  industrial  centre, 
or  in  any  centre,  on  account  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  business. 


URGES  LABOR  TO  BE 

GUARDED  IN  ACTIONS 

Tom  Moore,  president  of  the  Trades 
and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  has  is- 
sued a  letter  to  the  trades  unions,  in 
which  he  announces  the  fact  that  the 
right-to-strike  legislation  of  the  Do- 
minion government  has  been  repealed, 
and  also  intimates  that  a  representative 
of  labor  has  gone  to  the  Old  Country 
with  Premier  Borden  to  have  some  part 
in  the  peace  conference.  Regarding  the 
conditions  in  the  country,  under  these 
conditions,  he  says: 

"It  is  to  be  hoped  that,  with  the  re- 
moval of  these  restrictions  that  the  un- 
rest caused  amongst  the  members  of  our 
affiliated  organizations  will  subside.  The 
best  judgment  and  efforts  of  all  men  will 
be  required  during  the  future  months  to 
avoid  chaos  during  the  readjustment 
period  of  this  country. 

"With  the  cessation  of  war  and  the 
discontinuance  of  munitions  manufactur- 
ing, the  possibility  of  serious  unemploy- 
ment faces  us.  As  a  temporary  measure, 
requests  have  been  made  to  the  Minister 
of  Labor  that  all  government  work  be 
placed  on  an  eight  hour  day,  with  the 
forty-four  hour  week,  and  an  appeal 
issued  to  other  employers  to  do  the  same 
in  order  that  employment  can  be  distri- 
buted between  the  greatest  number  of 
workers.  Other  measures  such  as  the 
opening  up  of  public  works  and  the  use 
of  day  labor  thereon,  eliminating  the 
contractor,  and  making  possible  the  use 
of  all  grades  of  unemployed  labor,  has 
also  been  suggested  to  the  government." 


HARD  USAGE  OF 

MUNITIONS  PLANTS 


Gait  Manufacturer  Thinks  Much  of  the 

Equipment   Will   Have   Lived 

Its  Day 

GALT,  Nov.  27 — Interviews  with  large 
manufacturers  of  munitions  indicate  that 
wherever  possible  an  effort  will  be  made 
to  utilize  in  peace  work  the  machinery 
which  for  some  time  has  been  producing 
munitions. 

R.  W.  Roelofson,  of  the  Roelofson  Ma- 
chine &  Tool  Co.,  stated  that  the  ma- 
chinery they  have  been  using  for  the 
production  of  munitions  will  not  be 
scrapped.  Their  plans  are  not  yet  fully 
developed,  but  they  confidently  expect 
to  find  some  means  of  putting  this  ma- 
chinery to  good  use  in  other  lines. 

A.  R.  Goldie,  of  the  Goldie  &  McCul- 
loch   Co.,   stated    that   he   did    not   know 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


yet  what  would  be  done  with  their  muni- 
tion machinery,  and  said  the  question  was 
one  that  was  hard  to  decide  and  one 
on  which  he  himself  would  like  a  little 
advice. 

"Long  runs   and   unskilled   help   have 
used  up  munition  machinery  more  than 


would  otherwise  have  been  the  case," 
said  W.  D.  Sheldon,  of  Sheldons  Ltd.  He 
stated  that  the  newer  machines  would  be 
used,  if  possible,  in  other  lines,  but  those 
which  have  been  in  operation  for  any 
length  of  time  would  most  likely  be 
found  to  have  out-lived  their  usefulness. 


CANT  FIGURE  OUT  HOW  THERE 

WILL  BE  A  SLUMP  IN  WAGES 


Siwcnl   to   CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Dec.  5.— Events 
as  to  "reconstruction"  are  moving 
rather  rapidly.  Reconstruction  work 
itself  is  not  formidable  in  character,  for 
it  is  found  to  consist  chiefly  in  ceasing 
to  do  the  things  that  were  being  done 
as  war  measures,  while  industry  is 
showing  a  strong  disposition  to  recon- 
struct itself. 

There  is  now  good  reason  to  suspect 
that  recent  talk  of  reconstruction  was 
indulged  in  largely  for  its  sentimental 
effect.  For  instance,  at  the  outset  it  was 
on  all  hands  considered  imperative  that 
the  War  Industries  Board  should  con- 
tinue to  fix  iron  and  steel  prices,  and 
there  was  much  talk  of  the  desirability 
of  its  fixing  minimum  prices  instead  of 
naming  its  prices  as  maximum,  as  for- 
merly. The  idea  was  that  the  iron  and 
steel  market  was  clearly  booked  for  a 
great  slump,  and  needed  support  for  a 
while.  The  talk  of  fixing  minimum 
prices  was  soon  dropped,  as  it  was  seen 
clearly  that  nothing  of  the  sort  could 
possibly  be  done.  Now  there  has  been 
such  further  progress  that  it  seems  un- 
likely that  the  War  Industries  Board 
will  set  any  prices  at  all.  The  present 
limits  expire  December  31,  for  they  were 
as  usual  set  to  control  deliveries  to  the 
end  of  the  quarter.  The  board  has  inti- 
mated that  it  will  fix  prices  only  upon 
definite  request  of  an  industry  involved, 
also  that  it  will  do  so  only  in  a  case  of 
emergency. 

Control  Relaxing 

It  looks  now  as  if  industry  would  be 
fairly  well  able  to  reconstruct  itself, 
and  that  may  be  the  reason  why  every 
day  there  is  fresh  news  of  the  Govern- 
ment relaxing  its  control.  It  is  not  safe, 
however,  to  assume  that  it  is  positively 
settled  such  is  the  case.  The  relaxation 
of  control  may  be  due  in  part  to  the 
War  Industries  Board  recognizing  that 
the  continuance  of  control  would  be  dif- 
ficult. Thus  at  the  end  of  November  the 
board  ceased  the  making  of  allocations, 
announcing  that  thereafter  the  various 
"purchasing  agencies"  would  make  their 
purchases  direct,  the  War  and  Navy  de- 
partments, for  instance,  as  well  as  the 
Fleet  Corporation,  the  Railroad  Admin- 
istration and  the  purchasing  commis- 
sions of  the  Allied  Governments. 
Whether  the  initiative  in  this  move  came 
from  the  board  or  the  buyers  involved 
is  not  known.  What  is  clear  is  that  the 
authority  of  the  board  in  the  matter 
of  prices  is  greatly  reduced.  Hitherto 
when  it  set  maximum  prices  it  made  no 
particular  effort  to  shade  the  prices,  but 
placed    the   orders   for   the    various   re- 


quirements at  the  maximum  limit.  In 
future  the  condition  would  be  that  of  tlie 
board  fixing  maximum  limits  and  of  tlic 
various  agencies  being  free  to  seek  to 
buy  at  lower  prices  than  the  limits.  That 
they  would  seek  to  shade  the  limits  is 
obvious. 

Producers   More   Confident 

Producers  are  showing  more  confidence 
in  the  price  future.  They  do  not  expect 
the  market  to  decline  as  much  as  they 
did  a  few  weeks  ago.  Some  blast  fur- 
nace interests,  though  not  all,  venture 
to  predict  that  if  the  pig  iron  market  is 
left  to  itself  it  will  advance.  They  claim 
that  pig  iron  is  stronger  than  steel,  be- 
cause in  the  past  three  years  there  has 
been  more  new  construction  of  steel  mak- 
ing capacity  than  of  pig  iron  making 
capacity.  It  is  true  the  steel  works  were 
fairly  well  supplied  with  pig  iron  during 
the  war,  but  the  foundries  were  not  tak- 
ing their  usual  proportion,  and  it  would 
perhaps  be  difficult  to  find  enough  pig 
iron  to  operate  all  the  steel  works  and 
foundries  at  capacity.  Then  it  is  claim- 
ed that  Great  Britain  and  France  want 
large  tonnages  of  pig  iron,  750,000  tons 
being  mentioned  in  the  case  of  Great 
Britain. 

The  Matter  of  Wages 

A  question  that  has  been  much  d.s- 
cussed,  in  connection  with  the  future 
of  iron  and  steel  prices,  is  that  of 
wages.  It  is  understood  that  the  Gov- 
ernment does  not  desire  to  see  any  wige 
reductions  and  so  the  argument  has  been 
made  that  if  the  Government  wants  wage 
reductions  to  be  avoided  it  should  en- 
deavor to  sustain  the  market.  Some  cri- 
ticism has  been  directed  against  the 
Government's  policy  of  going  slow  in  the 
matter  of  cancelling  contracts  for  war 
steel,  and  what  is  back  of  the  criticism 
is  undoubtedly  a  desire  to  see  conditions 
brought  about  in  which  wage  reductions 
might  be  effected.  In  the  last  analysis, 
however,  it  is  improbable  that  heavy 
wage  reductions  could  be  made.  The  steel 
mills  are  even  now  short  of  labor  and 
the  world's  real  work  for  the  peace  pe- 
riod has  not  begun.  Furthermore,  the 
iron  and  steel  industry  has  in  the  past 
depended  largely  upon  immigrant  labor, 
and  immigration  has  been  shut  off  for 
more  than  four  years,  while  prospects 
now  are  that  instead  of  immigration 
there  will  be  emigration  of  some  of  the 
foreign  bom.  A  great  many  men  have 
signified  their  intention  of  going  abroad 
as  soon  as  they  can  secure  passage.  If 
half  as  many  go  as  now  think  they  want 
to  go  there  will  be  a  serious  shortage 
of  the  class  of  labor  upon  which  the  coke 


works,  blast  furnace  and  steel  mills  de- 
pend. To  attract  American  bom  labor 
in  sufficient  volume  to  make  up  the  de- 
ficit might  require  further  wage  ad- 
vances and  the  introduction  of  the  eight- 
hour  day.  Steel  mill  labor  works  chiefly 
eight,  ten  and  twelve  hours,  unskilled 
labor  being  almost  entirely  ten  and 
twelve  hour.  Since  the  wage  advance 
of  last  August  the  standard  rate  for 
common  labor  has  been  about  42  cents 
an  hour.  With  the  introduction  October 
1  of  "the  eight-hour  basic  day"  the  ten- 
hour  men  get  paid  for  11  hours  and  the 
12-hour  men  are  paid  for  14  hours,  re- 
ceiving time  and  a  half  after  the  eight 
hours.  At  42  cents  the  14  hours  is 
$5.88  per  day,  and  an  actual  eight-hour 
day  might  be  impossible  at  a  42-cent 
rate,  which  would  make  only  $4.20.  It 
must  be  accepted  as  positive,  at  any 
rate,  that  there  is  not  going  to  be  any 
great  reduction  in  the  wage  cost  of  rriin- 
iiig  ore  and  making  coke,  pig  iron  and 
steel,  except  as  some  reduction  occurs 
through  men  rendering  better  service 
than  of  late.  Steel  prices  cannot  possibly 
decline  to   the    pre-war   level. 

The  new  demand  for  pig  iron  and  steel 
is  not  heavy  by  any  means.  It  is  insis- 
tent, but  is  only  for  relatively  small  lots 
and  for  early  deliveries.  The  market  cer- 
tainly has  not  struck  its  gait  yet  for 
there  is  none  of  the  heavy  buying  for 
construction  work,  for  "investment"  pur- 
poses that  is  always  essential  to  give 
the  market  full  support  and  employ  the 
industry  at  capacity.  Even  that  part  of 
the  Government  demand  that  is  to  be 
counted  upon  for  the  future  is  not  much 
in  evidence.  The  Railroad  Administra- 
tion shows  no  disposition  to  place  or- 
ders for  rails,  cars  or  locomotives  at 
this  time.  The  Fleet  Corporation  has 
suspended  some  plate  contracts,  on  tlie 
ground  that  the  plans  are  being  chang- 
ed so  that  fewer  small  vessels  and  more 
large  vessels  will  be  built,  and  new  speci- 
fications will  be  filed  later  against  the 
revised  program. 

Predictions  are  pf  course  very  haz- 
ardous, but  the  balance  of  probability 
seems  to  be  that  something  like  the  fol- 
lowing will  occur: 

Present  maximum  limits  for  pig  iron 
and  steel  products,  set  to  cover  deliv- 
eries through  December  31  to  continue 
to  be  observed,  v/ithout  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  taking  any  action  as  to  the 
later  period;  producers  to  endeavor  to 
have  buyers  take  out  as  much  tonnage 
as  possible  of  their  present  commit- 
ments, then  to  reduce  prices  to  a  level 
that  will  tempt  buying  as  investors  get 
ready  to  take  hold,  probably  some  time 
in  the  early  spring,  new  buying  being 
confined  meanwhile  to  the  filling  of 
pressing  requirements,  against  which 
buyers  cannot  afford  to  wait.  The  chief 
doubt  is  whether  there  will  be  a  slump 
in  the  market,  with  a  quick  recovery, 
or  a  gradual  settling  to  a  regular  trad- 
ing basis  on  which  the  market  will  sus- 
tain itself.  It  goes  without  saying  that 
eventually  there  will  be  heavy  demand; 
if  there  is  not,  90  or  95  per  cent,  of  the 
trade  is  now  laboring  under  a  great 
error. 


December  5,  1918 


66J 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh $32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.   37  60 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEF 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Iron  bars,  base,  Toronto   5  25 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 6  50 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  55 

Steel   bars,   base,   Montreal    5  05 

Reinforcing  bars,  base  4  50 

Steel  hoops    7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 5  50 

Spring   steel    8  00 

Brand   steel.   No.    10   gauge,   base  5  05 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  M,  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 'S  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh  ....  *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *S  60 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 5  60 

Small  shapes 6  76 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  46 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT    RATES 
Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  lbs. 
C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal     29  391^ 

St.  John,  N.B 471,^       63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto    23%       271/2 

Guelph     23%       27% 

London     23%       27% 

Windsor    23%       27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper  $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper  31  00  29  50 

Castings,  copper  29  50  28  50 

Tin 83  00  88  00 

Spelter  10  50  11  00 

Lead  10  50  10  00 

Antimony 12  00  16  00 

Aluminum    46  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

PLATES 

Montreal     Toronto 

Plates,   %   up    $  8  00     $  8  00 

Plates,  3-16  in 8  50         8  40 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price   List  No.   37 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per   100   feet 

%  in -....$  6  00     $     8  00 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      in 12  41  15  56 

lU  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01         33  86 

2%  in 43  29         54  11 

3      in 56  61         70  76 

3%  in 71  76        88  78 

4      in 85  02       105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in •  31  82         38  30 

2%   in 47  97         58  21 

3  in : 52  73         76  12 

3%  in 78  20        96  14 

4  in 92  65       114  00 

4%  in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 
Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings.  4'  and  under,  35%. 
4%"  and  larger,  16%. 

OLO  MATERIAL 
Dealers'   Buying   Prices. 

MoTi^refll      Trtrnnto 

Copper,   light    $15  00  $20  00 

Copner,  crucible   18  50  24  50 

Conner,   heavy    18  50  24  50 

Copper,    wire    18  50  24  00 

No.  1   machine  composi- 
tion      19  00  22  00 

New   brass   cuttings 10  00  15  50 

Red    brass    turnings 13  00  18  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings .  .  9  00  13  00 

Lio-ht    brass    7  00  9  50 

Medium    brass    9  00  12  00 

Heaw  melting  steel   ...  20  00  22  00 

Sh»ll   turnings    9  00  12  00 

Boiler  plate   21  00  20  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron 32  00  24  00 

Rails    26  00  23  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  30  00  33  00 

Malleable  scrap    2.'i  00  20  00 

Pine  wrought   18  00  17  00 

Car  whoels    38  00  30  00 

Steel  axles  34  00  3!i  00 

Mach.   shoD  turnings    .  .  9  00  8  50 

."^tove  nl3te    22  00  19  00 

Cast   boring    11  00  12  00 

Scran  zinc    6  .TO  6  RO 

Heavy  lead    6  00  8  00 

Tea  Ipqd    n  fiO  ^  7!i 

Aluminum    16  00  20  00 

BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 25 

Stove  bolts 66 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,  fl.   and   rd.  hd., 
steel ,     8TH 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fll.  hd.,  st«el  1# 
Machine    screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add  M 

Machine    screws,   o.    and    fll.    hd 

brass <idd  26 

Nuts,  square  blanlc add  |1  60 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  Z  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus  30 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 25 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger  $8  60 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 8  40 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 71% 

Wood  screws,  0.  &  R.,  bright «7% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   37% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  ....  26 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws 20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws   n«t 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts  up  to  1  in 28 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in •• 

Fin.  and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pins    10 

Studs n«t 

Taper  pins <• 

Coupling  bolts,  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus !• 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and  !• 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers n»t 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus     20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,     10 

Thumb  screws 20 

Thumb  nuts W 

Patch  bolts add  40,    10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  $4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  ever  1%  in.. add     T  00 

BILLETS 

Per  (TMi  tea 

Bessemer  billets |4T  M 

Open-hearth  billets 47  80 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 8T  #0 

Government  prices. 

F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 

NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails  $5  26      $6  30 

Cut  nails 6  70         8  88 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   80* 

Spikes,  %  in.  and  larger |7  88 

Spikes,  V*  and  6-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  M 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  88 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  48 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Mentraal    aad 

Toronto    net 


664 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  65 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  76 

White  lead,  pure,  ewt.   16  06 

Red   dry   lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt 16  50 

Glue,  English 0  S5 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  33 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  9S 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  plus  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  08% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  06 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G."  per  lb. 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  62  —  35 
S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80     40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1 H  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    16 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   26 

Electricians' bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks . . .  list  plus     40 

Bridge  reamers 50 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 76 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   ....     40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse    list  plus  60% 

Discounts  off  new  list.    Warehouse  price 
at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  F.fTINGS 
Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 
class  B  and  C,  net  list.  Cast  iron  fittings, 
16%  off  list.  Malleable  bushings,  25  and 
7%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 
plugs,  20%  off  list.  Net  prices  malleable 
fittings;  class  B  black,  24 %c  lb.;  class  C 
black,  15%c  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 
/b.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 
SHEETS 

MontremI     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28..   $  8  00       $  8  00 
Sheets,  black.  No.  10. .     10  00  8  50 

Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets    9  00  9  16 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.       9  50         10  00 
Apollo  brand,   10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head, 28  B.W.G 

Flenr-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%   oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00         20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

%  in..  114.36;  6-16  in.,  $18.86;  %  in., 
$13.60;    7-16   in.,   $12.90;    %    in.,   $13.20; 


$13.00;    %    in.,    $12.90;    1    inch,    $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
H  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

-    FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 60 

Vulcan   60 

P.H.  and  Imperial    60 

Nicholson  32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    60 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston  40 

Whitman  &  Barnes   . . . .' 60 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless         Lapwelded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2H  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3%  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26H 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital   49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil.  per  ffal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic 37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil  39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil 13% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   .  .30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing,  No.  1 1  95 

Leather  in  sides 1  76 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  50  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  50 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt 3  25 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck. .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American. .. .  07 

Ihimice,  ground 3%  to      05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to       09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to       09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to       60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to       45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  red. .  0  S8 
Brass  sheets,  24  gang*  and  hearier, 

•  a 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 9  4f 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  AUas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .   17% 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 1$ 

X  L  C  R  ...  18% 

Colored. 

Lion    16         Popular    ....  IE 

Standard    ...   13%      Keen     10% 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25  Anvil    IS 

Axle    20         Anchor « 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  M 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

SUndard     . . .   10%      Best  grades  . .   1»% 


ANODES. 


Nickel 
Copper 
Tin  .. 
Zinc    . . 


.58  to  .65 

.38  to  .45 

.70  to  .70 

.18  to  .18 


Prices  Per  Lb. 


COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     43  M 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  0«     44  M 

Copper     sheet,     tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  09 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 45  00     44  00 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     Toranto 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25       $13  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  25         18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60  ,      12  60 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  $   .25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric 14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 23 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate .20 

Iron  perchloride ; 40 

Lead  acetate 85 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 26 

Nickel  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .80 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 40 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6.00 

Sodium    phosphate    18 

Tin  chloride 1  •  75 

Zinc  chloride,  C.P 80 

Zinc  sulphate    15 

Prices    per   lb.   unless   otherwise   stated. 


103 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  DECEMBER  12,  1918  No.  24 


EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

AUTOMOTIVE   REPAIR  WORK  IN   THE  MACHINE  SHOP 665 

NOTES  ON  THE  COMPUTING  OF  GAUGE  TOLERANCES    670 

TURNING   MARINE- THRUST   SHAFTS 673 

RECLAIMING  OF   COTTON  WASTE 674 

WELDING   AND    CUTTING 675 

WHAT  OUR   READERS  THINK   AND   DO    677 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN   SHOP  EQUIPMENT    680 

EDITORIAL    682 

MARKET    DEVELOPMENTS    

Summary ....  Montreal    Letter Toronto    Letter Pittsburgh    Letter New    York 

Letter. 

SELECTED   MARKET  QUOTATIONS    689 

INDUSTRIAL  NEWS   60 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of   Hardware  and  Metal.   The  Financial   Post,    MacLean's   Magazine,   Farmers'   Magazine. 
Canadian    Grocer,    Dry   Goods   Review,    Men's    Wear   Review,    Printer  and    Publisher,    Bookseller   and 
Stationer,     Canadian     Machinery     and     Manufacturing     News,     Power     House,     Sanitary     Engineer,'^' 
Canadian   Foundryman,   Marine   Engineering  of   Candda. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto ;  Atabck,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


Canadian  Machinery 


Manufactur 


NG  News 


A.   R.   KENNEDY,   Managing  Editor.  B.   G.   NEWTON,  Manager. 

Associate  Editors :  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.   F.  SUTHERLAND,  T.  H.  FENNER. 
Eastern  Representative:  H.  V.  Tresidder;  Ontario  Representative:  S.  S.  Moore: 
Toronto  and  Hamilton  Representative ;  J.  N.  Robinson. 
CHIEF   OFFICES: 
CANADA — Montreal.  Southam  Building.  128  Bleury  Street,  Telephone    1004:    Toronta.    143-163    University    Ave.,    Tele- 
phone   Main    7324 ;    Winnipeg,    1207    Union    Trust    Building,  Telephone  Main  3449. 
GREAT  BRITAIN— LONDON.  The  MaeLean  Company  of   Great  Britain.   Limited.   88  Fleet  Street,  E.C.,  E.  J.  Dodd, 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.       Cable    address:  Atabek,    London,    England. 
UNITED    STATES— New    York.    A.    R.    Lowe,    Room    620,     111     Broadway.     N.Y.,     Telephone    Rector    8971;    Boston, 
C.    L.    Morton,    Room    733,    Old    South    Building,    Telephone   Main    1204.      A.    H.    Byrne,   Room    900.    Lytton    Bldg., 
14   E.  Jackson   Street,  Chicago,   'Phone  Harrison   1147. 
SUBSCRIPTION    PRICE— Canada,    Great   Britain,    South    Africa   and  the  West  Indies,   S3.M  a  year;  United  State* 
$3.50   a   year:   other   countries,    $4.00  a   year;   Single  Copies,   15   cents.     Invariably   in  advance. 


104 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume    XX. 


Anybody   Can  Operate   This    Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  Pile  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 

"HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type — designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Acents :  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. : 
»  <.  vViiiiams  Mar  .nerv  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipeg;  A.  K. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williama  Machinec?  Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B. ;   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


.»IUii  Mfg.   Co.    76 

.Umond    Mfg.    Co 20 

Analgamated   Machinery  i'uri 25 

.\aderaon    &   Co.,    Geo TV 

.Ircwell  Corporation  of  Canatlii    16 

-Vrmstrong    Bros.    Tool    Co ao 

-Itkins    &    Co..    Wm 14 

.Inrorm   Tool  Co M 

H 

Barnes  Co.,   W.   F.,  ft  John   8) 

Bainl    Machine    Co 76 

BanfleM,   W.   H.,  &  8or»   W 

Baiues,    WalUce.    Co.     M 

Beaudry  *  Co.    78 

Bearer  Ensiaeeiing  Co.    73 

Bertram  *  eons  Co.,  John   1 

Bertrams,    Ltd 65 

Blake  &  Johnson   Co.    91 

Bliss,    E.    W 96 

Boker  *  Co.,   H 10 

BrantfutTi    Oven    &    Hark    Co « 

Briilscfoid    Macb.    Tool    Woriu    9 

Bristol    Company    SI 

Bodden.    Hanbnry    A 67 

C 

Canada  Foundries  &  Forging.^,  Lt.l. ..  13 

Canada  Machinery  Corporation    

Outside  back  corer 

Canada   Metal    Ca    34 

Canada  Wire  A  Iron  Goods  Co.  73 

Can.    Barker    Co 81 

Can.    Blover  A    foifie  Co.    73 

Can.    Drawn   8teel    Co 79 

Can,    Fairtnnks-Morse  Co.    ^,  82 

Can.    IngersoU-Rand    Co 8 

nan.   Link  Belt  Co.    IS 

•  "an.  8  K  F  Co.,  Ltd Front  ron-r 

Can.     8t«-l     Foundries     7 

Carlyle  Jninvifnt  .Machine  Co..  The  ..  8 

Chapman    liixiblr   Ball    Bearing   Co..  14 

(naaaUed    .\dverti«iug    68 

t^mnolly,  John  81 

ConsolldaUd   Frew  Co.    95 

c;nrtis   t  Curtis    97 

CnOiraan  Chut*  Co 80 

D 

Daridson    Mfg.    Co.,   Tlie    id 

Dafidvjn    Tool    Mfg.    Co.    27 

r>aTi»'Kn«im<jnTiIIe     Co 76 

XtrUirr,  Hmelling   A    U<-llniiix   Co.    ...  17 

lym.    F-wndriM   ft    HU-^].    Lid.    ..69.  81 

Dmntninn   Iroc  ft   Wn-cking  Co 70 

E 

»aii..tt   ft   WbiUhall    72 


Elm  Cutting  <iil  Co.  .. 
lOniisheTsky  &  Son,  It. 
Erie  Foundr>*  


F'rderal  Engineering  *(.'o. ,  1,1:1 67 

Krthrrstouhaugh    67 

Financial   Post   of  Canada    64 

Kirth.   Thos 6 

Kord-SmiOi    Machine    Co 10 

F»j«8  Machinery  &  ftnpply  Co..  Gro. 

F Insidr    liark    rorr r 

Frost    Mfg.    Co..   The    79 

Fits    (Loudon),    Ltd 18 


G 

alt  Machine   Sci¥\i'   C 
arlock-Walker    Machy 

arvin    'Machine    Co.     23 

eometric    Tool    Co 61 

ikling  &   Lewis    76 

ilbert    &    Barker    Mfg.    Co.     99 

Uholt    Machine    Co 3i 

ooley   &    Billund,    Inc.    76 

rant  Gear  Worki,    Inc 77 

rant  iMfg.    &    .Madiine    Co 22 

reenflcld    Tap   &    Die  Corp 29 

ireenleafs.    Ltd C5 

lutta  Peitiha  &   nublxr.    Ltd 75 


Co. 


I, 

Laiica-slurr   Dynamo   &   -Motor  Co.   of 

Canada   87 

Landis  Machine  Co.    78 

Latrobe  Electric  Steel  Co.    10 

Lynd-Farquhar    Co '^ 

Iveatber    Products    of    Canada     77 

M 

(MacQovem    &    Co.,    Inc 71 

.MacKinnon    Steel    Co 67 

.MaoLean'8    Magazine    83 

Magnet   Metal    &    Fdry.    Co.    :  76 

.Magnolia    Metal    Co 80 

Manitoba    Stcti    Co.    79 

.^lanufacturers    Equipment    <'o 22 

.Marion  &  Marion  67 

'Marsh    Engineering   Works,    l,t(l.    ...  59 

.Mathejon   &   Co.,    1 68 

Matthews,   Jas.   H.,   &  Co 30 

.MoDougall    Co.,    Ltd.,    R 

Inside  bai'k  cover 

-Mcl^arcn,    J.    C,    Bolting    Co 81 

Mechanical    Engineering    ('o 102 

Mechanics    Tool    Case    Mfg.    Co 81 

.Metalwood    Mfg.    <3o 30 

.Morton     Mfg.     Co.     66 

Murohey   Machine   &   Tool   Co 21 


H 


HamUtoD  Gear  &  .Machine  Co. 
Hamilton  Co.,  William  76 


Hamilton   Machine  Tool    Co*. 

Hanna   &  Co.,   M.    A 

Hawkridge    Bros 

Hrmley    Machine    Co.     

Henry  &  Wright  Mfg.  I^u 

Hfphuin.    John    T 

High  .Spet-fl   Hammer  Co.,   Inc.    . 

Hinckley    Mach.     Works    

Hojt    .Metal    Co.     

Hunter  Saw   &   ^tacltinr   Works 
Hnrlburt-llogers   Machinery  Co,    . 

Hyde   EnRlneering  Co 

H.vdraiilir   Machinery  Co 

I 

Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co. 
Illingworth  .Steel   Co..   The  JrJrn 


Jacobs  Mfg.   Co 

Jal>rlinc    Co.,    A.    B 

J'.*biiHoQ   Machine  Co.,-  Carlyle 
Jr>yre-Korf)el   Co.,    Inc.    


23 
6 
•  66 
101 
91 
26 
9T 
79 
8] 
78 
93 
73 
75 


20 
13 
8 

ra 


.National    Acme   Co 18 

.Nicholson    Pile    .Mfg.    Co.     28 

Vilw-Bemrnt-I'ond Insi<le    front    rover 

.Normac  .Machine  Co 66 

Northern  Crane  Works   77 

Norton.    A.    0 79 

Norton    Co..    Tte    31 

.Nova  .Scotia  Steel   &   Co.il  Cn 12 


K 


Kempsroith   Mfg.   Co 

Knight  Metal   Products   Co.    .. 


Oekley  Ch(jnlca;  Co  .... 
t>ntario  lAibricating  Co, 
Oiyweld   Co.,   The    


Pfrge   Steel    Wire    Co 

I'angbom    Corporation    

I'armenter  &  Bulloch   Co.    . 
I'ccrless  'Machine   Co.    ...    . 

Plewea,    Ltd 

Port  Hope  PUe  -Mfg.  Co. 
Positive  Clutch  ft  Pulley 
I'ratt    &   Whitney.... Inside 

Publisherii'    Page    

Pullan,    B 

K 
Racine  Tool  ft  Machine  Co. 

Rhodes    Mfg.    Co.     

Uivcntkle  Madiinery  Depot   ... 

Rockwell   Co..    W.   « 

Iloelofson     Marliine    Tool     Co. 


Works 
front 


..  77 

..  77 

..  78 

..  87 

..  67 

..  28 

..  n 

cover 
2 

'.!    67 


8 

Shipman    ,&    Co.,    HaroM    '-' 67 

■Shore    Instrument  Co 79 

Shuater   Co.,    P.    B 81 

.Silver    Mfg.    Co 79 

Simonds   Canada  Saw   Co 18 

Skinner   Chuck    Co.    7fi 

Bmalley-General    Co.,     Inc 8) 

Standard    -Wloys   Co.    U 

Standard   Fuel   Engineering  Co 99 

Standard  -Machy.   &  Supplies,  Ltd,    .  G 

Starrett  Co.,    L.    S 18 

Steel  Co.   of  Canada    3 

Stoptoe,    John,    Co.    24 

St.    Lawrence    Welding    Co.     13 

Stoll   Co.,    D.    H 76 

Streeter,    H.    E 7 

Strong.    Kennard   &  :<utt  Co-.   The-.  79 

Swedish  Crucible   Steel   Co.    of   Can.  S") 
Swedish  Steel  &  Importing  Co,    ...        4 

T 

Tabor    -Mfg.    Co 78 

Taylor,    J.    A.    M Vi 

Tliwing  Instrument  Co 81 

Toledo    Machine    &    Tool    Co.     93 

Toronto   Ii-on    Works    81 

Toomey,     Inc. ,    Frank     71 

Traheni   Pump  Co.    Sfi 

U 

Cnitcd  BiaM  &  Lead.  Ltd 72,  73 

United   Hammer  Co 8:! 

I.'nited  States   Electrical  Tool   Co.    ..  28 

V 

Vanadium-Alloya   Steel    Co 

Victoria   Foundry   Co.    — 78 

Victor  Tool   Co.    21 

Vulcan    Crucible   Bteel    Co 4 

W 

VVentnorth   -Mfg.    Co.    77 

West   Tire  .Setter  Co 97 

Wells   Bros.    Co.    of   Canada    29 

Wheel    Tnieing   Tool    Co ■. ..  77 

WhitcomlvHlaisdell    ilach.    Tool    Co.  23 

Whiting  Foundry  &   Equip.   Co 81 

Wilkinson   &   Kompass   78 

William.*,    A.    R.,   Mach.    Co,    ....    59,  63 

Williams    Co.,    of    Wumipeg,    A.     R.  70 

Williams  Tool    Co 21 

Williams    ft    Ca,    J.    H 93 

Wilson   Co.,   J.    C 91 

Wilson    &    Co..    T.    A 78 

Wilt   Twist   Drill    Co.    5 

Ww-onsin    Electric    Co 63 

Wooil   Turret   Mach.    Co 7X 


GnadianMachinery 


AND 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.     No.  24. 


December  12,  1918 


Automotive   Repair  Work  in  the  Machine  Shop 

Here  Are  a  Number  of  Things  That  the  Man  in  the  Repair  Shop 

Should   Know — The   Working  Parts   Are   Very   Crowded   and 

Special  Methods  Are  Frequently  Needed  to  Gain  the  Results 

By  DONALD  A.  HAMPSON 


MACHINE  shops  in  the  repair  field 
have  naturally  benfited  from  the 
widespread  use  of  gasoline  en- 
gines, particularly  from  the  automobile. 
And  this  is  not  going  to  lessen  in  the 
future  with  the  return  to  peaceful  oc- 
cupations and  with  the  prospect  of  labor 
shortage  for  some  years  to  come.  What 
follows  in  this  article  applies  to  the 
automobile,  but  the  tractor,  the  truck, 
and  the  stationary  engine  would  pre- 
sent the  same  problem  under  like  condi- 
tions— the  methods  applying  to  the  one 
suggest  other  (possibly  better)  methods 
that  may  be  used  to  suit  particular  types 
of  construction. 

Naturally  most  of  the  repair  business 
goes  to  the  garages.  There  are  some 
garages  that  possess  a  full  complement 
of  tools  and  appliances,  that  have  good 
machinists  capable  of  getting  the  most 
out  of  such  equipment,  but  the  aver- 
age garage  is  and  should  be  a  service 
station,  making  running  repairs  only.  It 
is  the  writer's  conviction  that  there 
should  be  a  distinct  line  drawn  between 
strictly  service-and-adjustments  and  the 
work  of  the  machinist  and  that  this  line 
should  be  maintained  even  in  the  fully 
equipped  garage.  The  machinist  should 
possess  a  full  machine  shop  training,  in- 
cluding   metal    working,    hand    and    ma- 


up  such  a  machine  as  the  automobile — 
the  electrical  equipment,  motor  and  car- 
buretor adjustments,  road  work  and  re- 
pairs constituting  a  field  that  will  take 
the  most  ambitious  man  years  to  master 
in  its  entirety. 

It  is  because  garage  owners  have  not 
recognized  the  great  distinction  between 
these  fields  of  mechanical  endeavor  that 
garages  as  repair  shops  have  come  into 
the  disrepute  that  amounts  to  little  else 
than  a  black  eye.  When  machinists  work 
specified  hours,  do  not  have  to  be  called 
away  for  a  nice  fitting  job  to  take  off 
a  tourist's  muddy  front  wheel,  and  the 
entire  force  gets  educated  to  the  idea 
that  cigarettes  have  no  place  in  the  day's 
work — ^then  and  not  until  then  will  the 
stigma  be  removed  from  the  garage 
business. 

Many  garages  do  not  pretend  to  have 
machine  shop  facilities  and  are  the 
gainers  by  such  practice;  to  the  customer 
who  looks  askance  when  he  learns  they 
haven't  a  lathe  in  the  garage,  it  is  reas- 
suring to  say,  "We  send  our  machine 
work  to  Wilson  &  Wood's— they  do  the 
best  work  in  town  and  we  have  special 
arrangements  with  them  to  get  our  jobs 
out  promptly,  far  more  so  than  if  we 
had  only  one  man  around  who  could  do 
such  work."    This  arouses  the  customer's 


f'C 


U64 


SLOTTED   COMMUTATOR 


FIG.    1   -TYPrCAI.    ARMATURE 

chine,  blacksmithing  and  tool  experience. 
The  garage  "machinist"  does  many  of 
the  things  included  in  the  above,  but  be- 
cause he  is  not  grounded  in  the  theory 
and  practice  of  the  art  of  metals  he  can- 
not be  expected  to  do  or  to  know  the 
how  and  why  of  all   that  goes  to   make 


SLOTTING    TOOL 

interest  and  if  he  does  not  know  W.  &  W. 
he  enquires  and  he  finds  they  have  a 
large  .shop,  more  machinery  than  a  dozen 
"fully  equipped"  garages,  and  their  men 
are  noted  for  skill  and  honesty.  A  plan 
that  has  worked  well  for  all  is  for  a 
machine  shop  to  go  to  a  ixurnber  of  gar- 


ages and  solicit  their  machine  work  and 
repairs,  the  garages  agreeing  not  to  put 
in  any  tools  and  the  machine  shop  agree- 
ing not  to  give  "service"  or  to  do  over- 
hauling; when  such  arrangements  are 
made  and  the  machine  shop  is  worthy 
the  name,  the  results  are  mutually  bene- 
ficial and  the  community  soon  places 
confidence  in  the  automotive  repair  men. 
There  is  found  in  the  modern  automo- 
bile such  a  variety  of  metals  in  differ- 
ent states  and  the  constructions  are  so 
ingenious    (often   so  crowded),  that  the 


FIG.    2     INCTREASING    PEDAL    LEVERAGE 

skill  of  the  machinist  is  taxed  to  the  limit 
while  his  interest  is  kept  always  to  the 
point  of  freshness.  Add  to  this  the  prod- 
ding finger  of  the  job  wanted  in  a  hurry 
and  you  describe  a  field  of  labor  to  at- 
tract the  most  blase.  Machine  shops 
doing  repair  work  have  a  life-long  ex- 
perience on  parts  that  must  stand  up  for 
years  and  that  must  pass  the  inspection 
of  experienced  men — to  them  the  turn- 
ing out  of  dependable  work  for  automo- 
biles is  but  a  habit  extended  in  another 
directiDn,  to  which  must  be  added  the 
sobering  thought  that  human  life  hangs 
on  the  integrity  of  their  work. 

A  number  of  interesting  repair  jobs 
will  be  described  and  illustrated.  There 
may  be  other  and  better  ways  to  do  each 
-^if  so,  they  should  be  brought  to  light 
for  the  benefit  of  repair  men  and  the 
broadening  effect  of  interchange  of  ideas 
— but  each  job  has  been  satisfactorily 
<lone  as  related. 

Turning   Commutators 

A  typical  armature  (Delco)  is  shown 
by  the  drawing  Fig.  1.     If  watched  and 


666 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume    XX. 


sandpapered  occasionally  it  will  not  be 
necessary  to  turn  the  commutators  for  a 
long  time,  but  neglect  will  cause  much 
electrical  trouble  and  necessitate  turning 
off  a  considerable  amount  of  the  copper 
bars.    The  smaller  commutator  gets  most 


KIG.    8     HAND     FINISHING    BALL    RACES 

wear.  As  the  brushes  are  not  the  fuK 
width  of  the  bars,  a  shallow  neck  may 
be  turned  as  shown — it  makes  a  better 
looking  job  and  assists  in  cleaning  out 
the  mica.  Cutting  the  mica  insulation 
down  a  thirty-second  lower  than  the 
copper  surface  is  a  great  help  toward 
long  life  and  freedom  from  troubles  elec- 
trical. 

The  quickest  way  to  remove  this  mica 
is  to  cut  it  out  with   a   hack   saw   fitted 


FIG.     4     BRAKE     ROD    REPAIR 

with  a  handle  as  ah'own.  If  the  mica  is 
cut  before  the  commutator  is  turned,  ^ 
slip  of  the  .saw  does  not  scratch  a  finished 
surface — if  the  commutator  has  been  so 
slotted  before,  the  saw  merely  deepens 
the  old  cut;  if  it  has  not,  the  best  way 
to  start  the  saw  cuts' is  to  notch  the  mica 
all  anound  with  a  three-cornered  file 
before  slotting.  The  turned  clearance  is 
of  great  assistance  in  slotting.  Either 
a  blade  wide  enough  should  be  used  or 
the  first  cut  followed  by  a  second  partial 


1  !<;.  :.     I.MPKOVEII  WAV  TO  INSERT  COTTER 

tut  to  cut  out  the  full  width  of  mica  and 
brighten  the  copper  sides  (any  mica  re- 
maining dirties  the  brushes).  Street 
railway  companies  have  special  machines 


rigged  up  to  slot  their  motor  commuta- 
tors. 

As  is  well  known  a  fine  pointed  tool 
is  used  for  turning — and  a  fine  feed  ac- 
companies. Sandpaper  (only)  is  used  to 
polish  if  the  tool  cut  is  not  smooth 
enough.  If  a  dull  tool  is  used,  nothing 
but  a  torn  cut  can  be  made — a  commu- 
tator may  be  ruined  by  a  tool  so  wide  or 
so  dull  that  it  gouges  the  bars.  With 
the  right  kind  of  a  tool,  a  smooth  cut  is 
obtained  on  the  narrowest  of  bars  and 
vith  the  mica  backing  already  removed. 
The  large  commutator  seldom  needs  more 
than  a  light  sandpapering;  its  bars  are 
wide — 19  against  38  in  the  small  com 
mutator  on  this  Delco — and  the  brushes 
less  wearing.  The  machinist  of  experi- 
ence sees  to  it  that  the  centers  are  true 
before  he  turns  and  that  there  are  no 
imbedded  copper  chips  after  he  is 
through   to  cause  a   short  circuit. 

Making   an    Easier    Working    Clutch 

The  sale  of  a  car  hinged  upon  the 
(luestion  of  whether  the  clutch  could  be 
made  easier  working  or  not.  The  cus- 
tomer was  a  man  of  importance  in  the 
community,  also  he  had  a  "bum  knee." 
After  the  garage  people  had  freed  up  the 
adjustment  to  the  slip  point  and  had  re- 
moved joint  friction  all  without  helping 
the  trouble,  the  machine  shop  was  con 
suited.  Viewed  from  their  angle  it  was 
found  that  of  the  five  inches  pedal  move- 
ment but  one  and  one-half  inches  were 
actually  needed  to  release  the  clutch. 
Then  the  draftsman  took  some  measure- 
ments and  roui^hly  laid  out  the  chan<;e 
of  Fig.  2. 

The  old  pedal  was  cut  off  so  as  to  be 
entirely  under  the  floor  board.  A  new 
pedal  took  its  place  as  the  foot  "connec- 
tion" and  thouo'h  it  traveled  through  a 
different  arc,  it  mattered  not  to  the 
customer  because  he  wasn't  familiar  wit'i 
the  original  one.  A  stud  set  in  a  piece 
of  steel  angle  supplied  the  pivot  for  the 
new  pedal,  the  angle  fastened  by  usini' 
longer  bolts  through  the  sub-frame  With 
this  arrangement  nearly  all  of  the  five 
inches  movement  was  utilized  in  releas- 
ing the  clutch.  Taking  advantage  of  thi 
fact  that  most  drivers  shove  the  pedal 
clear  to  the  floor,  this  increased  lever- 
age made  the  clutch  so  easy  as  to  be  per- 
fertlv  acceptable. 

Finishing  Rail   Races 

Once  in  a  while  circumstances  force 
the  making  of  a  ball  cup  or  cone  in  the 
machine  shop.  Because  of  the  uncer- 
tainty in  hardening  and  the  meagre 
grinding  facilities,  such  work  is  avoided 
when  possible.  Usually  the  concave  sur- 
faces have  to  be  left  as  turned — there- 
fore they  should  be  very  smooth  and 
nicely  rounded.  After  turning  with  a 
tool,  a  hand  tool  is  excellent  to  finish 
the  contour  more  perfectly  and  to  smooth 
down.  If  coated  with  blue  and  a  ball 
held  against  the  revolving  piece,  the  high 
spots  are  located  —  then  the  hand  tool 
resting  on  a  piece  in  the  tool  post  is 
I'sed  to  s'-rape  the  surface  down  for  an- 
other trial.  This  method  gives  better  re- 
sults than  any  other  possible  with  ordin- 


ary  e(iuipmenl.     The   hand   tool   may   be 
made  from  an  old   file  which  before  re 
hardening   is   shaped   relatively   close   to 
the  curve  of  the  ball. 

Brake   Ro<l   Repairs 

Brake  rods  frequently  snap  in  two, 
the  break  occurring  about  in  the  middle 
of  their  length  where  the  "slap"  is  great- 
est and  being  very  nearly  square  across. 
The  usual  repair  is  by  a  weld.  Some 
people  are  opposed  to  a  weld  in  so  vital 
a  part;  also  at  times  there  is  no  one  at 
hand  who  can  make  a  good  weld — a  weld- 
less  repair  is  made  as  follows: 

Cut  a  thread  on  each  of  the  broken 
ends.  Usually  this  will  be  5/1"  or  %  x 
24.  Get  a  piece  of  steel  W  or  larger,  drill 
and  tap  clear  through  with  the  corres- 
ponding tap.  This  piece  should  be  not 
less  than  1"  long  and  may  be  hexagon  or 
round.  Screw  both  ends  of  the  rod 
into  the  nut  until  they  butt  and  the  rod 
is  the  same  length  as  in  the  original  and 
all  ready  for  service.  Such  a  repair  is 
(juickly  made — it  necessitates  no  re-ad- 
justing of  the  brakes.  As  the  length  of 
such  rods  is  several  feet  they  get  much 


d^^ 


FIG.    6 
WHERE   TO    CUT   OUT. 


IN    POSITION. 


vibration,  a  cause  that  may  be  remedied 
by  fastening  a  light  coil  spring  between 
the  floor  boards  and  the  middle  of  the  rod 
with  the  result  that  the  rod  is  constantly 
snubbed,  but  its  normal  function  is  not 
interfered  with    in   the   least. 

Needle  Valve  Work 

Carburetor  needle  valves  need  occa- 
sional attention.  If  grinding  is  neces- 
sary, pumice  stone  should  be  used  iu 
powder  form.  Ford  owners  who  have 
tried  it  report  greatly  decreased  gaso- 
line consumption  from  a  change  in  shape 
of  the  pointed  valve  end.  If  the  point  is 
filed  to  give  a  lesser  included  angle,  this 
economy  is  noted.  A  precision  lathe  or 
a  small  lathe  and  chuck  in  first  class  con- 
dition are  necessary  for  needle  valve 
work. 

A   Kink   for   Castellated   Nuts 

A  castellated  nut  seldom  lines  up  wit'.i 
the  pin  hole  when  the  nut  is  tightened 
"just  right."  Common  practice  is  to  set 
up  a  little  tighter,  making  the  bearing' 
too  snug  and  perhaps  straining  the  bolt 
or  else  to  slack  back  to  the  next  hole, 
when  the  bearing  is  too  loose.  On  the 
best  work  the  nut  is  taken  off  and  the 
face  carefully  filed  an  amount  (deter- 
mined by  trial)  that  will  let  it  turn  up 
about  another  twelfth  of  a  revolution, 
which  will  bring  slots  in  line  with  pin  < 
hole  when  the  bearing  fits  as  it  should^ 
be. 

Inserting  Cotters  in  Unseen  Holes 

We  have  cotter  pin  extractors  and  a^ 
few  inserters  on  the  market,  but  thcj 
latter  are  not  of  assistance  in  crowded, 
(luarters  and  for  unseen  holes.  Forj 
general  work  and  particularly  for  these! 
holes  that  must  be  felt  and  not  .seen,  thea 


December   12,   1918 

kink  shown  by  Fit?.  5  is  invaluable.  In- 
stead of  inserting  the  cotter  fiat  against 
the  shoulder,  it  should  be  turned  at  right 
angles.  This  brin>?s  one  leg  against  the 
work  and  the  other  springing  outward 
where  it  is  convenient  to  the  finger  for 
closing.  A  maximum  of  finger  room  is 
thus  afTorded,  a  sharp  contrast  to  the 
conventional  method  where  fingers  should 
possess  tweezer  properties  in  addition  to 
the  sense  of  touch. 

Quick  Way  of  Making  Thrust  Washers 

Special  washers,  or  collars,  are  often 
wanted  to  back  up  gears  after  adjust- 
ments. Some  shops  make  them  from  a 
round  piece  of  steel,  chucking  the  piece, 
drilling,  and  cutting  off  to  the   required 


r.\  X  A  I)  I  A  \    \f  A  C  JUNE  RY 


667 


linings  liut  are  cast  in  the  side  plate 
which  is  provided  with  liberal  anchors 
to  keep  the  babbitt  in  place.  Broken  and 
worn  gears  do  have  to  be  replaced.  What 
to  do  to  avoid  re-aligning  and  pouring 
after  the  entire  shaft  and  bearings  have 
been  removed  has  puzzled  many  a  work- 
man. 

Instead  of  taking  out  all  the  babbitt 
at  each  bearing,  it  can  be  carefully  chip- 
ped and  sawed  down  to  the  center  line 
of  the  shaft,  when  the  latter  may  bo 
lifted  out.  The  gear  is  then  changed 
and  ready  to  go  back.  If  the  pockets  for 
babbitt  are  carefully  cleaned  and  the 
anchor  holes  drilled  out  and  the  "part- 
ing line"  filed  down  smooth  with  all 
swells   and   burrs   taken   ofl'   the   bearing 


mm 


FIG.   fi-  BAnmTTING   BLIND    BEARINGS 


thickness.  A  simpler  way  is  to  make  up 
the  space  with  one  or  more  washers  of 
standard  thickness  cut  from  flat  cold 
drawn  steel.  Thus  if  a  space  of  7/32" 
was  to  be  filled,  it  would  be  done  by  one 
washer  each  of  Vs",  1/16"  and  1/.32'' 
thickness  or  other  combination  accord- 
ing to  the  steel  at  hand.  A  dollar's 
wprj,h  of  steel  of  thicknesses  under  an 
eighth  would  make  dozens  of  washers 
for  rear  end  work — an  unskilled  man  can 
make  good  washers  that  way  as  well  as 
an  experienced  lathe  hand  can  make  the 
single  piece  kind. 

New  Kings  for  Worn  Cylinders 

The  writer  prefers  the  straight  lapped 
rings  for  worn  cylinders  instead  of  those 
diagonally  cut.  With  the  latter  there  is 
of  necessity  a  leaking  space  provided  if 
the  rings  are  not  fitted  tight  together  at 
the  ends,  and  if  this  is  done  there  is 
danger  of  rings  being  so  tight  as  to 
score.  With  the  straight  lap,  the  rings 
could  take  up  a  sixteenth  of  an  inc  i 
iliff'erence  in  circumference  (if  it  were 
there)  at  different  parts  of  the  bore  and 
still  there  would  be  no  crack  exposed 
for  compression  to  leak  past.  And  it  is 
as  easy  to  cut  the  rings  that  way  as  on 
the  angle  as  shown  by  Fig.  6. 

.\    Blind    C«nstruction    and    its    Repair 

A  certain  well  known  make  of  popu 
lar  priced  cars  has  a  removable  side  plate 
for  the  cran  case  and  this  "plate"  carries 
the  cam  shaft  in  four  babbitt  bearings, 
the  two  at  the  front  end  enclosing  the 
timing  gear  as  shown  in  Fig.  7.  There 
is  no  means  whatever  for  taking  up  wear 
in  the  bearings,  though  that  may  not  be 
necessary  in  the  normal  life  of  the  car 
and  need  not  he  considered.  But  when 
the  timing  gear  needs  to  be  replaced 
'you  are  hurt,"  in  shop  vernacular,  for 
the   babbitt   bearings   are   not   renewable 


surface,  the  shaft  may  be  laid  back  in 
its  original  position.  Then  the  pockets 
are  blocked  up  in  the  usual  way  and  the 
upper  half  of  the  bearings  poured.     The 


FIG. 


WORK    ON    A    BLIND    BABBITTED 
CONSTRUCTION. 


anchor    holes    effectually    keep    the    new 
metal  in  place. 

It  is  possible  to  make  a  first  class  job 
in  this  way,  a  running  fit  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  the  shaft  cannot  be  taken 
out  for  reaming  or  scraping  of  the  bear- 
ings. A  coating  of  red  lead  or  of  gra 
phite  mixed  with  oil  will  leave  the  bab- 
bitt running  fit  but  not  too  loose.  For 
the  oil  holes  in  each  bearing,  pieces  of 
wood  or  of  3/16'  rod  are  put  in  the 
mould  before  pouring  and  supported  at 
the  right  angle  by  putty;  these  are  with- 
('rawn  after  the  babbitt  solidifies,  leaving 
a  clean  hole  right  up  to  the  shaft.  Such 
a  process  makes  a  short  job  of  what  ap. 
pears  to  be  hopeless  case  in  the  begin- 
ning. 

Increasing   the   Size  of  Cast   Iron  Parts; 

If  cast  iron  is  heated  to  a  red  and  kept 
at  that  temperature  for  some  time  its 
size  is  permanently  increased.  The  in- 
crease is  only  a  matter  of  a  fraction  of 
an  inch — usually  but  a  few  thousandths 
— but  this  is  often  enough  to  permit  a 
light  cut  over  a   part   and   still   leave   it 


larger  than  it  was  originally,  thus  s«v. 
ing  a  worn  part  like  a  piston  and  getting* 
that  much  more  wear  from  It.  An  hour's 
heating  will  produce  a  measurable  in- 
crease in  the  size  of  a  worn  piston  cast- 
ing. 

Reaming   Undersize  in  Cast  Iron 

There  are  several  well  known  methods 
for  making  a  reamer  cut  larger  than  it- 
self— but  rarely  do  we  hear  of  any  way 
to  make  it  cut  smaller,  except  the  one 
to  wait  until  the  reamer  wears.  But 
when  a  hole  is  wanted  one  or  two  thou- 
sandths small  and  the  material  to  be  cut 
is  cast  iron,  this  can  be  done  by  the  use 
of  oil  during  the  operation.  Cast  iron  is 
always  reamed  dry,  but  this  trick  will 
make  even  a  sharp  new  reamer  cut  a 
shade  small  and  with  a  reamer  slightly 
dull,  the  oil  will  produce  a  hole  notice- 
ably smaller.  In  fitting  wrist  pins,  this 
is  a  time  and  labor  saver. 

A   Tool   for   Enlarging   Holes 

The  need  for  some  sort  of  a  tool  other 
than  a  file  for  enlarging  holes  is  feln  al- 
most daily  in  the  repair  shop.  Some- 
times it  is  a  job  in  the  vise,  sometime^; 
it  is  a  job  on  a  car  on  the  floor — usually 
the  work  is  not  particular,  often  it  is 
desired  to  enlarge  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
or  thereabouts.  If  there  is  a  railroad 
shop  in  the  vicinity  get  the  boilermaker 
to  save  an  old  boiler  reamer  for  you. 
These  are  long  taper  reamers,  a  typical 
size  being  about  %"  and  IM"  at  the 
ends  and  15'  long.  They  are  sharpened 
until  the  flutes  are  nearly  gone  and  in 
the  course  of  use  may  acquire  some 
broken  teeth,  but  they  are  tough  ami 
very  useful  when  a  hole  needs  to  be  en- 
large<l,  as,  for  instance,  a  hole  in  the 
side  frame  of  an  automobile.  Enlarging 
such  a  hole  with  any  sort  of  a  breast 
drill  is  mean,  catchy  work,  but  the  taper 
reamer  will  do  it  quickly  and  easily.  And 
the  taper  is  so  slight  as  to  be  negligible 

Before    Buying   a   Gas   Saver 

Machinists  on  automobile  work  are  fre- 
quently asked  their  opinion  of  the  saving 
effects  of  one  of  the  gas  mixers  adver- 
tised to  break  up  the  mixture  of  air 
and  gas  before  it  gets  to  the  cylinder. 
For  less  than  a  dollar  one  may  try  this 
out  before  buying. 

If  a  %"  pipe  tap  is  put  in  the  "Y"' 
of  the  intake  and  a  pet  cock  inserted,  the 
effect  of  more  air  can  be  noted — and  this 
comes  pretty  near  to  giving  the  result 
obtained  by  the  patented  articles  though 
it  is  not  automatic  or  convenient  to  re- 
gulate when  driving.  However,  if  it  does 
no  good  the  cock  may  be  left  closed  and 
everything  is  as  before— if  it  does  show 
a  betterment,  the  hole  is  all  ready  for 
the  mixer  which  usually  attaches  at  thar 
place. 

Saving  Time  With  New  Ring  Gea^s 

Before  riveting  on  a  new  master  gear 
to  the  spider,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  put  the 
latter  in  the  lathe  and  check  the  seat 
where  the  ring  goes.  Often  an  unsus- 
pected high  or  low  spot  or  a  bend  will 
show  up  which  if  unnoticed  would  cause 
the  gear  to  run  out  and  be  the  real  source 


G«8 


CA  NADI  A  N    M  ACIITNERY 


of  much  trouble  ami  noise,  hunted  for  in 
vain. 

Two  Items  of  Equipment 

The  shop  that  has  city  gas  service 
cannot  afford  to  get  along  without  a 
bunsen  burner  fitted  to  at  least  one  jet. 
These  burners  produce  a  hot  blue  flame 
that  does  not  leave  any  soot;  they  can 
be  bought  of  the  gas  company,  who  will 
make  any  change  required  to  give  the 
right  kind  of  a  flame  for  particular  con- 
ditions. The  gas  flame  makes  the  finest 
kind  of  a  medium  for  drawing  the  temper 
on  hardened  parts,  for  tempering  small 
tools,  for  annealing  wire,  bendinK 
springs,  and  a  hundred  other  jobs  re- 
quiring a  clean,  hot  flame  instantly  avail- 
able. 

City  gas  is  useful  in  another  way.    We 
are  told  that  gasoline  conservation   de- 
mands other  methods  of  cleaning  auto- 
mobile   parts   than    washing   in    gasoline 
and  that  soda  is  the  right  thing  to  use. 
But  soda  requires  heat  and  a  convenient, 
clean  heat  supply  is  not  always  at  hand. 
It  will  pay  to  rig  up  a  soda  cleaning  out- 
fit— the  cost  is  really  very  slight.     An 
ordinary  gas  stove  burner  is  inexpensive 
and  so  is  a  good  sized  iron  kettle  for  the 
soda  and  the  work.  For  safety  and  neat- 
ness  these   should   be    surrounded   by   a 
metal  cylinder  which  may  be  a  section 
of   an    old   hot   water   tank — with    it,   a 
couple  of  cross  pieces  can  be  put  in  which 
will  take  the  weight  off  the  burner.  With 
this  self-contained  outfit,  all  the  grease 
may  be  boiled  off  small  parts  and  gears 
at   little    expense    and    the    fire    can    be 
started    any    time   with    no   trouble. 

SHAFTING  QUICK 

TO  CATCH  CLOTHING 


METAL   HARDNESS   TESTERS 

By  F.  C.  P. 

THE  accompanying  illustration.  Fig. 
1,  shows  a  metal  hardness  testing 
machine  of  the  hydraulic  type,  de- 
veloped at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  while  Fig.  2 
shows  another  type  of  hardness  tester  of 
Waldo  type  using  plummet  weighing  one 
pound  and  falling  one  foot  to  the  surface 
of  the  material  whose  hardness  is  to  be 
measured. 

In  the  drawing  Fig.  3  may  be  noted 
the  details  of  construction  of  a  micros- 
cope designed  to  read  Ball  Test  Impres- 
sions, as  utilized  in  connection  with  the 
hydraulic  testinb  machine  on  the  Brineli 
principles  for  determining  hardness  of 
metal,  as  developed  by  Eimer  &  Amend. 
It  may  be  of  interest  to  consider  the 
construction  and  operation  of  these  hard- 
ness testers,  as  utilized  in  various  m- 
dustria!   laboratories. 

For  the  inspection  of  the  hardness  of 
metals  under  conditions  of  service,  vari- 
ous instruments  have  been  proposed  by 
physicists  and  engineers,  whose  funda- 
mental principle  is  the  actual  deforma- 
tion of  the  material  tested,  by  a  uniform 
blow.  It  is  claimed  by  some  that  instru- 
ments which  measure  the  skin  elasticity 
of  materials  rather  than  an  absolute  de- 
formation of  their  surfaces,  have  found 
less  favor  with  engineers  and  are  usu- 
ally limited  to  inspection  of  material  of 
identical  chemical  constitution  and  uni- 


Great    Care    is    Always    Necessary    to 
Guard    Against   Any    Acci- 
dents. 

By  J.  H.  R. 

The  statement  that  an  oiler  employed 
at  the  Hochelaga  power  plant  of  Mont- 
real Tramways  Co.  was  recently  killed 
by  being  swung  around  a  driving  shaft 
and  dashed  to  the  concrete  floor,  only 
emphasizes  the  fact  that  the  greatest 
precaution  must  be  continually  exercised 
when  men  working  in  close  proximity 
to  rapidly  moving  shafts  or  machinery. 
The  presence  of  oil  on  a  revolving  shaft 
is  always  an  attractive  force  for  loose 
parts  of  clothing,  and  little  warning  can 
be  given  when  a  shaft  takes  hold  of  some 
portion  of  the  wearing  apparel. 

We  would  recall  a  instance  where  the 
driving  shaft  of  a  geared  draw  press  was 
located  at  the  rear  of  the  machine,  at  a 
height  of  about  five  feet  from  the  floor. 
When  setting  or  repairing  draw  dies  it 
was  frequently  necessary  to  stoop  be- 
neath this  shaft  to  reach  the  work,  and 
the  writer  himself  has  had  cause  to  re- 
member this  shaft,  as  it  has  been  the 
means  of  pulling  a  few  odd  hairs  out  of 
a  well  cropped  head.  Chances  should 
never  be  taken  where  risk  is  imminent. 
Play  safe. 


KIG.    1-HVDRAUUC    HARDNESS    TESTER 


form  working.  Instruments  which  actu- 
ally deform  the  surface  are  usually  lim- 
ited to  laboratory  installations  and  are 
heavy  though  leaving  little  to  be  de- 
sired on  account  of  their  accuracy,  cer- 
tainty of  duplicating  results  and  facility 
of  use. 

The   instrument   the   writer   describes, 


Volume    XX. 

noted  in  Fig.  2,  consists  essentially  of  a 
plummet  weighing  one-tenth  of  one 
pound  avd.,  and  falling  one  foot  to  the 
surface  of  the  material  whose  hardness 
is  to  be  measured.  This  plummet  has  a 
conical,  replaceable,  chill-tempered,  60 
degree,  steel  point. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  plummet  has 
tied  to  its  upper  extremity  a  very  thin 
silk  thread  which  bends  over  a  funnel- 
shaped  end  piece,  into  which  slotted 
holes  are  cut  w-ith  burnished  edges  so 
that  the  silk  thread  passes  through 
them  with  practically  no  friction  loss. 
The  funnel  turns  with  a  slight  friction  in 
the  end  of  the  jointed  supporting  brass 
tube.  The  silk  thread  is  attached  to  a 
small  burnished  ring  at  its  lower  end, 
which  ring  in  turn  is  caught  in  a  little 
trigger,  which  can  be  released  by  a 
thumb  screw  without  jarring  the  in- 
strument. 

The  silk  thread  then  passes  from  the 
release  catch  through  the  holes  so  that 
the  plummet  point  is  exactly  over  the 
aperture  in  the  base  of  the  instrument. 
The  base  of  the  instrument  is  supported 
on  three  points,  two  of  which  are  eon- 
trolled  by  a  levelling  screw  and  small 
cross  levels  indicate  the  verticality  of  the 
supporting  rod. 

When  in  use,  the  instrument  is  set  on 
the  surface  of  the  material  whose  hard- 
ness is  to  be  tested,  so  that  the  aperture 
in  its  base  is  concentric  with  the  exact 
spot  to  be  tested.  The  plummet  is  then 
hung  as  shown,  and  lowered  by  holding 
the  silk  thread  by  its  ring  between  the 
fingers  so  that  the  exact  position  of  the 
clamp  may  be  found  for  insuring  the 
vertical  fall  of  the  plummet.  This  beina: 
determined,  with  the  instrument  levelled, 
the  thread  ring  is  placed  in  its  releasing 
trigger  and  with  the  plummet  in  posi- 
tion the  funnel  support  is  gently  turned 
until  the  distance  from  the  conical  point 
to  the  surface  of  the  material  to  be 
tested  is  exactly  one  foot.  The  instru- 
ment is  now   ready  for  use. 

A  convenient  way  of  stopping  any 
slight  swinging  motion  of  the  conical 
point  is  to  touch  it  gently  with  a  small 
camel's  hair  brush  or  a  piece  of  cotton 
wool.  The  instant  the  plummet  is  still 
the  trigger  is  released  by  the  thumb- 
screw, and  the  plummet  falls,  making  a 
uniform  circular  indentation  in  the  ma- 
terial tested.  The  obiect  in  releasing  the 
plummet  from  the  bottom  of  the  ap- 
paratus, is  to  avoid  any  disturbance  in 
its  upper  support.  The  entire  operation 
consumes  but  a  few  seconds  after  a  slight 
experience  with  the  instrument. 

The  small  portable  microscope  noted  in 
Fig.  2  then  replaces  the  plummet  appara- 
tus. This  microscope  is  designed  so  that 
it  has  suflScient  illumination  and  ma«;- 
nifying  power  to  measure  easily  with  an 
^ye-piece  micrometer  the  diameter  of 
the  impression  made  by  the  falling  plum 
met  point.  The  average  diameter  of  the 
circular  depression  is  then  measurer! 
Scale  for  measuring  indentations  is  em- 
bodied  in   the   microscope. 

Many  consider  the  Brineli  method  of 
testing  the  hardness  of  metals  as  the 
best   method.     A   hardened   steel   ball    is 


l)i'ifiiil)C'r   12,    1!)I8 

pressed  into  tlie  smooth  surface  of  the 
metal  so  as  to  make  an  indentation  which 
is  then  measured  with  the  aid  of  a  mic- 
roscope. The  Brinell  Ball  Test  may  be 
applied  to  unfinished  material  as  well 
as  to  manufactured  goods,  such  as  rails, 
armor  plates,  guns,  projectiles,  automo- 


110.    2     PLUMMET    HARDNESS    TESTER 

bile  springs  and  structural  materials. 

It  will  ascertain  the  effects  of  annealing 
and  hardening  of  steel  and  serves  as  a 
basis  for  calculating  the  tensile  strength 
directly  from  the  results  of  the  hardness 
test.  Another  factor  in  the  Brinell 
method  is  the  ability  to  measure  the 
power  of  resistance  of  various  metals  to 
continuous  pressure.  For  practical  pur- 
poses the  tensile  strength  can  be  as- 
sumed to  be  one-third  of  the  hardness 
number  in  metric  units;  or  the  hardness 
numerals  can  be  multiplied  by  the  co- 
efficient of  0.346  as  a  uniform  constant 
and  the  result  obtained  will  be  the  ulti- 
mate tensile  strength  of  the  materia]  in 
kilograms  per  square  millimeter.  To 
convert  kgms.  per  sq.  mm.  to  pounds  per 
square  inch,  multiply  bv  the  factor 
1422.3. 

The  hardness  tester  shown  in  Fig.  1 
has  four  supporting  columns,  but  the 
Rimer  &  Amend  machine  is  of  the  heavy 
goose-neck  style.  By  the  use  of  the  con- 
trolling weights  wrong  readings  are  en- 
tirely excluded.  If  the  manometer  should 
p-et  out  of  order  this  device  will  show 
the  error.  The  main  parts  of  the  testin'j 
machine  are:  The  Hydraulic  Press,  the 
Hand  Pump  and  the  Pressure  Gauge 
with  the  attachment  for  the  controlling 
weights. 

In  order  to  fill  the  machine  with  oil, 
care  is  taken  to  remove  all  air.  To  do 
this  the  gauge  is  left  off  and  the  pump 
used  till  the  clear  liquid  shows  where  the 
gauge  is  to  be  screwed  on.  The  latter  s 
filled   with  oil  before  shipment  is  made. 


C  ..\  N  .V  I)  J  A  i\    M  A  C  J  N  N  !•:  K  Y 

If  the  pump,  piping,  press  or  gauge  con 
tain  air,  the  gauge  hand  will  travel  up 
and  down,  and  the  pump  lever  has  a  ten- 
dency to  rise.  The  gauge  hand  will  re- 
main in  any  position  if  the  machine  is 
free  of  air.  The  machine  utilizes  10  mm. 
steel  balls  and  a  microscope,  and  hard- 
ness number  schedule. 

As  noted  in  drawing  Fig.  3,  the  mic- 
roscope used  is  especially  constructed  to 
real  Ball  Test  Impressions.  The  reflec- 
tor G  furnishes  a  strong  illumination  for 
the  test  pieces,  and  with  the  aid  of  the 
small  steel  rule  R  fitted  in  the  bottom 
of  the  cylinder  the  exact  diameter  can 
be  very  easily  read  to  1-10  of  a  milli- 
meter. The  instrument  can  also  be  used 
where  accurate  measurement  of  small 
distances  is  required,  and  by  removing 
the  glass  reflector  and  steel  scale  the 
magnifier  may  be  used  as  an  ordinary 
focusing  glass. 

The  test  piece  must  be  perfectly  plane 
and  even  on  the  spot  where  the  impres- 
sion is  to  be  made.  It  is  then  placed  on 
the  press  table  and  brought  in  contact 
with  the  ball.  Then  it  is  only  necessary 
to  close  the  valve  and  with  about  ten 
strokes  of  the  hand  pump  a  pressure  of 
3,000  kilograms  (6,614  pds.)  is  produced. 
Iron  and  steel  are  subjected  to  this  pres- 
sure for  %  minute,  softer  material  for 
about  %  minute.  After  this  time  the 
valve  is  opened,  the  oil  re-enters  the 
reservoir  and  releases  the  test  piece.  The 
diameter  of  the  impression  is  then  mea- 
sured with  the  aid  of  a  microscope  by 
which  an  accuracy  of  1-10  mm.  can  be 
obtained,     and     now    the    corresponding^- 


MICROSCOPE    FOR    READING    INDENTATION 
IN     DETERMINING     HARDNESS 

table  furnished.  The  small  quantity  of 
hardness  number  is  looked  for  in  the 
oil  which  may  leak  through  the  press  cy- 
linder collects  in  a  cup  and  is  periodically 
returned  to  the  cylinder. 

SHIPPING       DEVELOPMENTS        AT 
BELFAST 

Definite  and  most  interesting  infor- 
m-ition  as  to  the  shipbuilding  develop- 
ments, now  under  way  at  Belfast,  was 
communicated  by  the  chairman  of  the 
Belfast  Harbor  Board  at  one  of  its  re- 
cent meetings.  During  the  past  year 
about  150  acres  of  the  harbor  estate  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  Lagan  have  been 
let  to  the  local  shipbuilding  firms,  rep- 
resenting almost  a  doubling  of  the  area 
presently  devoted  to  shipbuilding  and 
marine  engineering.  About  124  acres 
have  been  let  to  Messrs.  Harland  and 
Wolff,  Ltd.,  and  24  acres  to  Messrs. 
Workman.  Clark  &  Co.,  Ltd.  On  an 
area  of  85  acres  of  recently  reclaimed 
land  on  the  east  side  of  the  Musgrave 
Channel,  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolff's 
contractors  are  now  laying  out  a  ne>\ 
.shipyard,    erecting    workshops,    and    tlv 


669 

necessary     overhead     equipment.       Th.^ 
water  frontage  is  over  900  ft.,  and  there 
IS  accommodation  for  six  building  berths 
on  which  it  will  be  possible  to  construct 
vessels  up  to  and  over  1,000  ft.    On  an- 
other area  of  40  acres,  situate  between 
Musgrave  Channel    and    Queen's    Road, 
the    same     firm     intend     laying     down 
premises      for      engineering     purposes. 
Messrs.   Workman,   Clark  &    Co.,    have 
acquired  24  acres  for  extensions  to  their 
North  Shipbuilding  Yard  supplementary 
to  their  extension  carried  out  about  five 
years  ago,  in  which  the  firm  then  laid 
down  two  building  berths,  and  to  utilize 
the   rear  portion   of  the   new  ground   in 
various  ways  necessary  to  the  carrying- 
on  of  a  shipbuilding  business.     The  firm 
has    a    present    twelve    building    berths, 
five  of  which  are  in  the  south  yard  on 
the  Co.  Down  side,  which  is  undergoing 
reorganization.     Side  by  side   with   thi.-* 
private  enterprise,  the  Harbor  Commis^ 
sioners  are  embarking  on  a  most  exten- 
sive scheme  of  harbor  works,  including 
wharves  and   jetty  quays,  deepening  of 
channels,  etc.,  the  carrying  out  of  which 
will  be  spread  over  a  considerable  num- 
ber  of    years.       Parliamentary    power.';, 
involving  an  expenditure  of  2V2   million 
pounds   on   these   works,   which   also   in- 
clude the  construction  of  a  new  graving 
dock,  975  ft.  long,  and  an  entrance  width 
of  111  ft.,  have  been  obtained  during  the 
present   session. 


THE  LARGEST  MOTOR  BOAT 

The  largest  and  most  powerful   motor 
ship   yet   produced    anywhere     was,     in 
September,  put  through  her  speed  trials 
on   the   Clyde.     This    is   the   twin-screw 
Deisel-engined  "Glenapp,"  of  10,000  tons 
deadweight  carrying  capacity,  and  6,600 
total    engine    power,    developed    in    two 
sets    of    eight-cylinder,    four-cycle    Bur- 
meister  and    Wain    (Diesel)    Oil   Engirt 
Co.,   Glasgow.     The    vessel    herself   wa.s 
built  by  Messrs.  Barclay,  Curie  and  Co., 
Whiteinch,   who   previously   were     asso- 
ciated   with    the    Burmeister    and    Wain 
works,  and  were  pioneers  in  Great  Bri- 
tain in  the  matter  of  motor  ships.       All 
the   engine     room     auxiliaries     of     the 
Glenapp,    also    all    deck    machinery,    in- 
cluding the  steering  gear,  are  electrical- 
ly driven,  the  power  being  generated  by 
two  auxiliary  Diesel  sets  in   the  engine 
room.       A  small  oil-fuel  boiler  supplie.s 
steam  for  heating  and  cooking  systems, 
and  for  fire-extinguishing  purposes.   The 
oil-fuel  is  carried  in  the  vessel's  double 
bottom,  the  space  generally  occupied  by 
side  and  cross  coal   bunkers  being  thus 
available   for   cargo.      It   may   be   added 
that  Messrs.  Barclay,  Curie  &  Co.,  Ltd  . 
during   September,  and   within  a   period 
of  ten   days,  delivered   to   their   owner- 
two  merchant  steamers  of  a  total  dead- 
weight carrying  eap-tcitv  of  20.000  tons. 

Halifax. — A  contract  has  been  given 
the  Halifax  Shipyards,  Ltd..  for  th<» 
building  of  two  10,500  tons  d.w.  steel 
steamers.  The  price  paid  is  $197.50  pe*- 
long  ton  d.w.    The  vessels  are  to  be  built 

to    British    B.O.T.    Canadian    Steamship 
Inspection,  and  Lloyd's  requirements. 


070 


Volume    XX. 


Notes  on  the  Computing  of  Gauge  Tolerances 

This   Article   is '  Based    on    Practical    Accomplishments   and    is 

Applicable  to  Every-Day  Practice — Rules  Are  Given  For  the 

Computing  of  Allowable  Tolerance  For  Various  Gauges 

By  M.  H.  POTTER 


IN  considering  the  design  of  gauges 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  they 
are  the  direct  opposite  of  the  cut- 
ting tool.  The  tool  removes  stock  and 
leaves  a  surface.  The  gauges  perform  no 
work  themselves  but  check  work  already 
<!one. 

The  tool  does  only  one  thing;  the 
gauges  must  oversee  everything  and 
overlook  nothing. 

As  one  weak  link  may  break  a  long 
chain,  so  in  manufacturing  a  complicated, 
interchangeable  part,  any  operation  not 
completely  controlled  by  its  gauges  may 
utetrly  disrupt  production  or  cause  in- 
terminable delay  in  getting  started. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  more 
frequent  troubles  experienced  witii 
gauges: 

1.  Each  individual  gauge  must  teil  a 
true  story.  If  it  is  to  be  used  by  in- 
experienced girl  inspectors  it  must  also 
be  as  near  foolproof  as  possible.  Many 
gauges  give  a  false  reading  by  attempt- 
ing to  cover  too  many  points,  particular- 
ly on  the  "no  'go"  end. 


iiole  within  these  limits  will  accept  the 
"go"  and  refuse  the  "po  go"  end,  and  so 
also  may  an  oblong  hole,  a  diamond- 
shaped,  or  even,  in  an  extreme  case,  a 
round  hole,   which   is  absurd. 

Much  better  gauges  for  this  purpose 
are  a  double-ended  width  gauge  and  a 
single-ended  square  plug,  such  as  gauges 
width  gauge  has  on  one  end  the  maxi 
mum  size,  and,  if  it  enters,  the  hole  i.s 
then  at  least  large  enough.  The  thin 
width  gauge  has  one  one  end  the  maxi- 
mum distance  between  opposite  sides  of 
the  square.  If  this  will  not  enter,  then 
the  hole  is  not  too  large  in  any  one  di- 
mension, and  consequently  is  acceptable. 
The  "go"  end  of  the  width  gauge  is  used 
when  the  square  plug  will  not  enter,  and 
indicates  which  dimensions  are  below 
size,  or  whether  the  plug  is  hanging  up 
on  corners,  etc. 

The  "no  go"  part  of  a  gauge  should 
check  only  one  dimension.  When  it  at- 
tempts to  check  more  than  one  it  is  evi- 
dent that  should  any  one  of  the  several 
dimensions   be   correct,   the   part   would 


assigned  and  yet  be  troublesome  at  a 
later  point  when  assembling.  If  each 
gauge  tells  a  true  story  and  the  toler- 
ances are  properly  computed,  then  a 
careful  investigation  will  usually  show- 
that  at  least  one  operation  is  not  com- 
pletely controlled  by  its  gauges. 

A  case  of  this  kind  is  a  part  similar 
to  Fig.  2,  having  several  dimensions, 
each  of  which  is  given  definite  limits. 
When  these  dimensions  are  gauged 
separately  it  is  possible  for  every  one  of 
them  to  be  within  the  prescribed  limits, 
and  yet  for  the  part  to  give  trouble  at 
assembling.  In  this  particular  case  a 
combination  gauge  similar  to  the  part 
with  which  this  must  assemble  will  as- 
sure that  a  part  meet  this  combination 
gauge  and  having  each  of  its  dimensions 
within  the  given  tolerances  will  be  satis- 
factory. 

Examples  of  incomplete  gauging  are 
innumerable.  Bar  stock  cut  to  proper 
length  for  machining  will  not  clean  up 
unless  the  ends  are  square,  yet  how  much 
labor  and  material  has  been  lost  because 


/V//V. 


FIO.    1— GAUGING    A    SQUARE    HOLE 


FIG.  3— DEPTH  GAUGE 


A  simple  example  is  a  gauge  for  a 
square  hold,  see  Fig.  1.  A  common  style 
of  gauge  for  this  hole  would  be  similai 
to  gauge  A,  a  double-ended  plug,  one  end 
having  the  minimum  and  the  other  the 
maximum  size  of  the    hole.       A    square 


refuse  the  gauge  the  same  as  though  all 
dimensions  were  within  the  established 
limits. 

2.  The  gauges  at  each  operation  should 
tell  the  whole  story.  Under  certain  con- 
ditions  parts   may  meet  all  the   gauges 


the    cutting    off    was    done    to    a    length 
;;auge  and  not  to  a  square  gauge. 

In  drilling  holes  throug  material  of 
any  considerable  thickness,  both  ends  of 
the  holes  must  be  checked,  for  though 
the   holes   may   start  properly   they   are 


December   12,   1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


671 


liable  to  be  out  of  location  when  they 
i>et  throuph  to  the  other  side.  If  both 
ends  are  Kauge.l  the  operator  will  learn 
to  control  the  out  or  Ret  another  job. 

Errors  of  this  nature  are  perhaps  the 
most  persistent  and  vexatious  experienc- 
ed in  manufacturinp;  interchangeable 
parts.  They  are  errors  of  omission 
rather  than  of  commission,  and  therefore 
extremely  difficult  to  locate  and  over- 
come. 

3.  All  of  the  points  gauged  at  any  one 
operation  must  be  within  the  control  of 
that  operation.     Can   you   imagine  any- 

'thinfj:  more  discouraging  to  a  workman 
than  to  adjust  his  machine  painstakingly, 
complete  a  tray  of  work,  and  then  find 
that  a  large  percentage  of  the  pieces 
must  be  scrapped  ?  To  have  one  piece 
perfect  and  the  next  way  beyond  the 
gauge  limits,  both  off  the  same  machine 
and  at  the  same  cutting? 

In  Fig.  3  is  shown  an  example  of  this 
erroi-.  Here  is  a  flat  piece  with  a  recess 
cut  into  the  top.  In  making  this  cut  the 
part  would  usually  rest  on  its  bottom 
•i'"f-ce  vt  the  simplest  and  perhaps 
the  most  likely  gauge  would  measure 
from  th"  ton  surfa'^e  Any  variation  in 
the  thickness  of  the  piece  would  endanger 
its  Tveetintr  this  deoth  pauge,  although 
ihe  tViicl-ness  is  entirely  bevond  the  con 
trol  of  the  last  operator.  If  the  machine 
'«  ad'U'stpd  to  c"t  proe'-lv  on  a  part  that 
is  ne^r  the  minimum  thickness  and  the 
next  part  is  un  to  the  maximum,  the  cu; 
"  '11  be  much  deerier  and  possibly  beyond 
(ho  lini't  o^  the   gauge. 

One  peculiar  danger  in  this  condition 
lies  ip  the  f""':  that  with  (i-reat  care  a 
n^o''e-ate  production  may  be  maintained 
^'ithout  serious  loss.  In  the  example 
=hown  in  Fig.  3  the  workm«n  who  es-- 
t'iblishes  the  thickness  and  the  one  who 
makes  the  recess  cut  may,  bv  close  co- 
onerntion.  arrange  their  work  so  that  the 
result  will  come  within  the  limits  of  the 
gauge.  When,  however,  nroduction  in- 
creases, and  especiallv  when  a  night 
shift  is  started,  this  close  co-operation  ii 
lost.  The  width  now  varies  the  full  limit 
of  the  gaup-e.  "nd  the  ooer'-itors  cutting 
the  rece«s  bevin  to  lo'e  time  and  pa- 
tience, while  production  becomes  serious- 
ly impaired. 

The  worker  is  unjustly  penalized  and 
production  is  on  an  uncertain  footing 
when  one  operation  is  dependent  for  its 
success  on  the  accuracy  of  another  oper- 
ation not  performed  at  the  same  time  or 
under  the  same  control. 

4.  The  operator  should  be  allowed  the 
full  limits  of  his  gauges.  In  munitions 
work  the  limits  on  the  finished  parts  are 
specified  and  are  not  within  the  contro' 
of  the  manufacturer.  The  operations  anfl 
equipment  must  be  laid  out  to  meet  these 
established  conditions.  Unless  the  manu- 
facturer appreciates  that  every  cut  will 
vary  independently  of  every  othei-  cut. 
and  allows  for  this  variation,  he  may  be 
compelled  to  resort  to  the  subterfuge  of 
preferred  tolerances.  In  other  words, 
give  an  operator  a  gauge  with  .005  indi 
tolerance  and  tell  him  to  work  to  the 
high  side.  This  is  an  absurdity,  nullify- 
ing at  onr  •  the  object  and  purpose  of 
limit  gaur-"".  Provided  the  limits  set  by 
the  Government  are  within  reason,  it  is 


nearly  always  possible  through  careful 
study  to  give  every  operation  definite 
workable  tolerances. 

In  a  way  the  computing  of  tolerances 
is  a  special  branch  of  munitions,  which, 
for  a  lack  of  a  better  name,  might  be 
termed  "the  study  of  variables  within 
limits."  It  is  controlled  by  a  few  simple 
rules  that  are  almost  self-evident, 
though  apparently  often  disregarded. 
Some  of  these  rules  may  be  given  as  fol- 
lows: 

Rules  for  Tolerances 

Rule  1.  Any  dimension  comprising  two 
or  more  dimensions,  each  of  which  may 
vary  within  certain  definite  limits,  will 


closed  circle  unless  the  tolerance  on  some 
one  dimension  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  the 
tolerances  on  all  the  other  dimensions. 

Another  application  is  that  when  a 
dimension  is  obtained  by  several  inde- 
pendent cuts,  the  limits  given  to  these 
cuts  must  be  such  that  the  sum  of  their 
tolerances  is  equal  to  or  less  than  the 
allowable  tolerance  on  the  resultant  di- 
mension. 

Rule  3.  The  amount  of  stock  left  by 
a  roughing  cut  for  removal  by  a  finish- 
ing cut  is  never  a  definite  amount,  but  is 
variable  with  a  possible  range  equal  to 
the  sum  of  the  tolerance  of  the  rough 
and  the  finish  cuts. 


/7  1a' 

-< 

>. 

illiil 

Sty 

< : , V 

X  t  x' 

■4 ^ 

be  subject  to  a  possible  variation  equal 
to  the  sum  of  the  variations  of  all  the 
component  dimensions. 


Maximum  amount  left  for  finish  cut 
=  X  +  x"  =  (A  -f  a')  —  (B  —  b') 
Minimum  amount  left  for  finish  cut 


/ft  a' 

B  ±6' 

etc 

.1 

Xtx- 

.  k. 

1 

Maximum   overall    length  = 

X  -L  x'  =  A  +  a'  +  B  -l-b'  -f  C  -h  c- 
Minirnum  overall  length= 

X  —  x'  =  A  —  a'  +  B  —  b'  -H-  C  —  c' 
Possible  variation  or  tolerance= 

2x'  =  2a"  4-  2b'  +  2c' 
Mean  overall  length  =  X  =  A-|-B-)-C 
V6  maximum  -f-  mimimum 
Rule  2.  When  an  overall  dimension 
and  all  but  one  of  the  component  dimen- 
sions are  assigned  definite  limits,  the 
possible  variation  of  the  remaining  com- 
ponent is  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  toler- 
ances of  the  other  components  plus  the 
tolerance  of  the  overall  dimension. 


=  X  — x'=(A  — a')  —  (B  +  b') 
Removing  parenthesis,  first 

=  X-i-x'=:A-|-a'  —  B  +  b" 
Removing  parenthesis,  second 

=  X  —  x'  =  A  —  a'— B  —  b' 
Difference  between  maximum  and   mini- 
mum =  2x'  =  2a'  -f-  2b' 
Mean  depth  of  finish  cut,  V4   (maximum 
-f-  minimum)  =  X  =  A  —  B 
It  is  so  usual  to  say,  leave  on  .015  inch 
for   a    finish   cut,    that    many   engineers 
overlook  the  fact  that    the    amount    re- 
moved by  this  finish  cut  will  more  likely 
vary  from  .005  to  .025  inch.     This  is  an 
especially  serious  error  when  some  other 


/!  t  a- 

X  t  x' 

etc' 

D  t  a^' 

1 

Maximum  length  of  remaining  component 

=  X-(-x'  =  (D  +  d')  —  (A  — a') 

— (C  — c') 

Minimum  length  of  remaining  component 

=  X  — x'  =  (D  — d')— (A  +  a') 

-(C  +  c') 

Removing  parenthesis,  first  = 

X-}-x'  =  D  +  d'  —  A  +  a'— C  —  c' 
Removing  parenthesis,  second  = 

X  —  x'  =  D  —  d'  —  A  —  a'  —  C  —  c' 

Possible  variation   or  tolerance 

=  2x'  =  2d'  +  2a'  -f-  2c' 

Mean  length=%  (maximum4-niinimuin> 

=,X  =  D—  A  —  C 

A   practical   application    of  these    two 

rules  is  that  tolerances  should  never  be 

given   to   all   the   dimensions   forming   a 


point  is  related  to  the  rough  surface,  and 
then,  when  the  finish  cut  is  made,  is 
assumed  to  bear  the  same  relation  to  the 
finished  surface. 

Possible  modifications  of  these  rules 
are  legion,  yet  practically  all  gauging 
problems  can  be  solved  by  the  application 
of  these  three.  These  in  turn  are  all 
based  on  one  great  principle,  namely, 
"Whenever  a  dimension  is  determined  by 
two  or  more  elements  it  is  subject  to  a 
variation  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  varia- 
tions of  all  the  elements  concerned." 

The  importance  of  gauging  has  long 
been  recognized  in  this  country.  With 
the  war  has  come  the  need  of  not  only 
making  duplicate   parts,  but  of  making 


672 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


them  in  accordance  with  prescribed  limits 
and  specifications.  The  experiences  of 
the  last  few  years  have  brought  home  tu 
most  manufacturers  of  machine  shop 
products  a  realization  of  the  difficulties 
attendant  upon  analyzing  these  require- 
ments; establishing  the  locating  points 
and  sequence  of  operations,  and  design- 
ing gauges  to  control  in  the  actual  work, 
the  methods  determined  in  the  drafting 
and  engineering  departments. 

Only  by  completely  controlling  each 
operation  through  the  correct  use  of  pro- 
per gauges  can  manufacturing  difficul- 
ties be  localized  and  the  full  talent  of  the 
organization  employed  to  overcome  them 
and  facilitate  production  to  the  fullest 
extent. 

KNOCKING  IN  GAS  ENGINES 
By  M.  M. 

A  knock  in  a  gas  engine  is  frequently 
a  warning  of  approaching  breakdown. 
For  this' reason,  it  is  generally  inadvis- 
able to  allow  an  engine  to  continue  run- 
ning a  moment  longer  than  it  absolutely 
necessary  when  a  knock  is  heard.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  how  many 
disastrous  breakdowns,  entailing  per- 
sonal injuries  and  stoppages  of  work, 
might  have  been  prevented,  had  the 
engineer-in-charge  not  faile<l  to  heed  the 
warning  given  by  a  knock  in  some  part 
of  the  engine. 

In  probably  the  majority  of  cases, 
knocking  is  the  result  of  lost  motion  in 
some  part  or  other  of  the  engine.  For 
instance,  the  connecting  rod  brasses  may 
have  become  worn,  or  the  fly-wheel 
keys  may  have  worked  loose,  and  so  on 
As  a  general  rule,  the  first  thing  the 
average  engineer  does  when  he  dis- 
covers any  knocking,  is  to  close  up  the 
big  or  the  small  ends  of  the  connecting 
rods,  or  both  ends  if  necessary,  and  in 
many  cases  this  will  cure  the  trouble. 

It  will  occasionally  happen  with  large 
engines,  however,  that,  after  fitting  new 
connecting-rod  brasses,  a  new  and  heavy 
knock  will  develop  in  the  engine  cylinder. 
This  may  usually  be  accounted  for  in 
the  following  way:  The  continual  motion 
of  the  piston  to  and  fro  in  the  cylinder 
has  worn  away  some  of  the  metal  of 
the  liner,  leaving  a  ridge  at  the  part 
where  the  first  piston  ring  moves  up 
to  each  stroke.  Since  the  new  brasses 
are  thicker  than  the  old  ones,  the  effect 
is  to  cause  the  piston  to  move  a  little 
further  up  into  the  cylinder  each  stroke, 
with  the  result  that  the  first  ring 
strikes  against  the  ridge  each  stroke, 
causing  a  heavy  knock.  Of  course,  if  the 
engineer  in  charge  has  taken  the  pre- 
caution to  fit  liners  behind  the  brasses, 
as  wear  has  taken  place,  so  as  to  main- 
tain the  correct  centres,  the  trouble  in 
question  is  not  liable  to  arise. 

To  prevent  this  new  knock,  it  will  be 
necessarv  to  remove  the  ridsre  referred 
to  by  chipping  and  filing.  If  it  be  im- 
practicable to  do  this  early,  the  first 
rin?-  mav  be  removed  from  the  piston 
until  such  time  as  the  true  remedy  can 
be   applied. 

Sometimes  the  piston  rin^s  themselve.* 
will  cHuse  Vnockine  o"*  rattlinir  through 
their  being  loose,  and  it  is  not  always  an 
eaisy  matter  to  trace  the  knocking  caus- 


ed in  this  way.  When,  therefore,  a 
knock  cannot  be  at  once  located,  it  is 
advisable  to  test  if  the  piston  rings  are 
a  good  fit  in  their  grooves. 

Looseness  of  the  fly-wheel  keys  is  a 
somewhat  common  cause  of  knocking  in 
gas  engines.  The  conditions  of  working 
in  a  gas  engine  are  of  course  severe, 
much  more  so  than  is  the  case  with  a 
steam  engine,  and  with  the  increased 
pressures  and  speeds  now  in  vogue,  it  is 
no  easy  matter  to  get  the  keys  to  re- 
main tight  for  long  periods  of  running. 
The  slightest  amount  of  slackness  is  ob- 
viously serious,  as  in  addition  to  giving 
rise  to  more  or  less  severe  knocking,  it 
involves  risk  of  damage  to  the  keys,  and 
fracture  of  the  wheel  boss,  and  possibly 
the  crank  shaft.  Loose  keys  are  always 
liable  to  be  met  with  if  the  wheel  boss 
has  been  bored  slightly  too  large  or  at 
all  out  of  true. 

It  is  not  sufficient  that  the  fly-wheei 
keys  be  quite  tight,  but  they  must  be  a 
perfect  fit.  In  numerous  instances,  the 
keys  have  been  found  as  tight  as  pos- 
sible, but  the  fly-wheel  was,  neverthe- 
less, slightly  loose,  and  a  heavy  knock 
occurred  in  consequence.  An  interest- 
ing example  presented  itself,  when  a 
large  gas  engine  was  reported  to  be 
knocking,  and  the  owners,  who  were  un- 
able to  locate  the  knock,  arranged  for  a 
firm  specializing  in  engineering  repairs, 
to  look  into  the  matter.  The  firm's  men 
commenced  their  investigations  by  first 
removing  the  connecting-rod  and  piston, 
with  the  object  of  closing  the  brasses, 
but  this  was  found  to  have  been  done 
already  by  the  owners.  The  piston-rings 
were  next  examined  for  slackness  or 
breakage,  but  these  were  found  to  be 
in  good  condition  and  to  fit  perfectly. 
The  fly-wheel  key  was  then  examined, 
but  proved  to  be  quite  tight.  As  the 
c'luse  of  the  knock  could  not  be  located, 
those  concerned  decided  to  give  the  en- 
gine a  thorough  overhaul,  yet  after  the 
work  of  overhauling  had  been  completed, 
the  engine,  on  being  started  up  again, 
knocked  as  badly  as  ever.  The  cause 
of  the  trouble  was,  however,  discovered 
shortly  afterwards  by  chance.  The  en- 
gine had  been  stopped  again,  and  the 
man  in  charge  of  the  job  happened  to 
place  his  foot  on  one  of  the  arms  of  the 
fly-wheel  by  way  of  a  rest,  and  in  order 
to  think  the  matter  over.  Whilst  in  this 
attitude  the  man  felt  a  distinct  knock 
on  the  sole  of  his  boot.  This  gave  the 
clue  to  the  solution  of  the  trouble;  ob- 
viously there  must  be  some  slackness 
or  lost  motion  in  the  fly-wheel.  Al- 
though the  key  had  previously  been 
found  quite  tight,  a  close  examination 
of  the  key  and  its  keyway  were  now 
made,  and  the  examination  served  to 
show,  not  only  was  the  key  badly  pro- 
portioned and  badly  shaped,  but  the  key- 
way  had  been  badly  cut,  being  narrower 
in  the  middle  than  at  the  ends.  In 
short,  only  a  frtiort  length  of  the  key 
was  really  effective  in  securing  the 
wheel  to  the  shaft,  and  this  was  the 
cause  of  the  whole  trouble. 

It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that 
the  continual  motion  of  the  niston  to 
and  fro  in  the  cylinder  gradually  wears 
away  gome  of  the  metal  of  the  cylinder 


liner,  leaving  a  ridge  at  the  end  of  the 
travel  of  the  first  piston  ring.  In  ex- 
treme cases  the  wear  is  so  pronounced, 
that  the  piston  becomes  quite  slack  in 
the  liner,  and  this  will  sometimes  prove 
to  be  the  cause  of  the  knock.  Thus, 
when  the  explosive  mixture  is  fired,  the 
force  of  the  explosion  causes  the  piston 
to  shake  against  the  internal  surface  of 
the  liner,  and  a  knock  is  thus  liable  to 
be  heard  each  explosion  stroke.  A 
knock  of  this  character  can  scarcely  be 
regarded  as  a  serious  one,  since  no  un- 
due stresses  are  likely  to  set  up  on  any 
of  the  parts.  What  is  perhaps  of  more 
importance  than  the  knock  is  the  loss 
which  will  probably  occur  by  leakage  of 
the  explosive  mixture  past  the  piston. 
The  remedy  for  the  trouble  is,  of  course, 
to  re-bore  the  cylinder  liner  and  fit  a 
new  piston,  or  else  to  fit  both  a  new 
liner  and  a  new  piston. 

One  cause  of  knocking  in  gas  engines, 
but  one  which  is  usually  easy  to  dis- 
cover, is  undue  clearance  between  the 
spindles  of  the  different  valves,  and  the 
levers  which  oprate  the  valves.  When 
the  valves  are  properly  adjusted  for 
lift,  they  are  first  opened  very  gradu- 
ally by  the  cams  which  work  the  levers, 
and  then  more  rapidly.  When,  however, 
there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  clear- 
ance between  the  valve  spindles  and  the 
levers,  the  latter,  instead  of  coming  into 
contact  at  a  moment  when  they  are  mov- 
ing very  slowly,  only  do  so  when  the 
rate  of  motion  has  become  comparative- 
ly great.  The  result  is  that  the  levers, 
instead  of  coming  into  gradual  contact 
with  the  spindles,  bang  against  them, 
thus  tendinp-  to  cause  a  knock.  If  now 
the  valves  lift  easilv.  the  force  of  the 
blow  is  relieved,  and  the  knock  will  be 
of  little  imnortince.  but  if.  on  the  other 
hand,  much  force  is  renuired  to  lift  the 
valves,  the  knock  is  liable  to  become 
Fomewhat  severe.  In  the  case  of  the 
!'as  and  air  valves,  comparativelv  little 
force  is  required  to  ooen  t>ie  valves,  be- 
cause each  valve  ooens  dt  the  commence- 
ment of  the  suction  stroke,  when  the 
niston  is  reallv  reducing  the  oressnrp 
aeainst  which  the  valves  have  to  lift, 
and    so    assisting   in    oneniner   them. 

Now  the  case  is  auite  different  wifi 
the  exhiust  valve.  This  valve  has  to 
onen  at  the  end  of  the  explosion  stroke, 
when  tv>e  pressure  in  the  cvlinder  is  con- 
siderable. Since,  in  addition  to  thi~ 
p'-e«sure.  the  pressure  of  the  sprin" 
"hich  keens  the  vlve  down  on  its  seat 
durinp-  the  admission,  compression  an'! 
explosion  strokes  h»vp  mIpo  to  be  ovp'- 
come.  not  to  sne-ik  of  tbp  weiirht  of  the 
valvp  itse'f.  it  is  not  difficti't  to  undc- 
stand  that  the  foi-ce  rpquirpd  to  onen 
the  valve  is  consiHer^ible.  Hence,  when 
there  is  m"ch  rlpo ranee  between  tlie  ex- 
haust valve  snindle  anfl  lever,  the  knocV 
resulting  va^v  nrove  to  be  somewhat 
serious.  The  fo^cp  of  tVie  hlmv  is.  o'' 
course,  transm'ttpd  to  t>ip  tppth  o^  t^p 
sVp'»'  »vV)pels.  wViioV,  (]rive  thp  c'^m  s}iaft 
and  if  these  teeth  »rp  muc*i  wo'-n.  as 
thev  freoiientl"  a'P  in  en"ines  whi"h 
have  seen  piucli  sprvir-e.  risk  of  hrenV- 
ao'e  of  the  tpeth  is  inciirrpd  Kno^Hn" 
of  a  somewhat  similar  nature  to  the 
above  will  sometimes  occur  as  the  result 


December  12,   li)18 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


673 


of  undue  wear  of  the  rollers,  against 
which  the  cams  work,  the  latter  bang- 
ing against  the  rollers  once  each  cycle. 
Indeed,  in  old  engines,  where  all  the 
cams  have  become  badly  worn,  the  work- 
ing of  theh  engine  has,  in  consequence, 
sounded  like  the  lattling  of  a  basket  of 
pots. 

Another  somewhat  common  cause  of 
knocking  in  gas  engines,  is  early  firing; 
of  the  explosive  mixture.  Thus,  if  the 
charge  is  fired  much  before  the  piston 
reaches  the  end  of  the  compression  stroke, 
the  general  effect  is  to  tend  to  check 
suddenly  the  motion  of  the  piston,  so 
that  if  there  is  the  slightest  lost  motion 
in  the  moving  parts,  a  more  or  less 
severe  knock  is  liable  to  occur  each 
cycle. 

Too  early  firing  may  of  course  be 
caused  through  improper  adjustment  of 
the  ignition  arrangements,  but  it  will 
sometimes  occur  when  the  adjustment  is 
quite  in  order.  The  trouble  will  then 
generally  be  due  to  the  deposit  of  car- 
bon on  the  valves,  the  cylinder  end,  and 
on    theh    piston. 

When  the  trouble  referred  to  is  ex- 
perienced, it  is  therefore  well  to  look  for 
evidences  of  carbon  deposit,  and  should 
any  be  discovered,  it  should  be  removed 
at  theh  earliest  opportunity.  Satisfactory 
removal  can,  as  a  rule,  only  be  effected 
after  the  piston  has  been  withdrawn.  It 
is  far  from  wise  merelv  to  loosen  the 
deposit  and  trust  to  this  being  blown 
out  through  the  exhaust  valve.  Unless 
the  deposit  is  positively  removed  by 
hand  affo"  tY.i  piston  has  been  with- 
drawn, there  is  every  probability  that 
the  engine  will  soon  suffer  severely  from 
scored  piston   rin'  s  and   cylinder  walls. 


turniNj;  marine  thrust  shafi 

One  of  the  most  important  parts  of  a 
marine  engine  is  the  thrust  shaft,  which 
transmits  the  whole  thrust  of  the  pro- 
peller to  the  hull,  through  the  medium 
of  the  thrust  block.  It  has  also  to 
transmit  the  power  from  the  engine  to 
the  propeller,  therefore  being  also  sub- 
ject to  torsion.  The  collars  on  the  thrusl 
shaft   have   to   be   turned   and   faced   ac- 


curately to  ensure  an  even  bearing  on 
all  the  surface  of  the  thrust  shoes.  The 
illustration  shows  a  13%  inch  diameter, 
ihrust  shaft  for  a  large  steamer,  on  the 
i:ithe.  The  engines  for  which  this  shaft 
was  built  are  triple  expansion,  25  inch 
by  42  inch  by  67  inch  by  42  inch  stroke. 
The  flanges  of  the  thrust  shaft  are  25 
inches  diameter,  collars  22  inches  dia- 
meter, and  the  total  weight  7,000  Ib.s. 
The  tail  end  shaft  and  all  che  inter- 
mediate shaft  lengths  wen  turned  up 
on  this  lathe,  which  is  the  i?  inch  triple 
geared  engine  lathe  of  the  (  anada  Ma- 
chinery Corporation.  This  lathe  has 
been  designed  expressly  for  machining 
heavy  pieces  such  as  described  above, 
and  is  made  especially  strong  to  carry 
the  great  weights  involved.  The  bed  is 
made  very  deep  and  braced  with  cross 
libs  of  box  design.  The  headstock  is 
made  propontionally  strong  with  the 
base,  and  is  provided  with  a  four  step 
cone,  and  back  geared  drive,  in  addition 
to  a  triple  geared  drive  direct  to  face 
plate.  The  cone  has  extra  wide  faces  to 
enable  a  wide  belt  to  be  used,  this  giving 
greater  power  than  usually  obtainable 
in  this  class  of  lathe.  The  changes  of 
feed  are  obtainable  through  the  feed 
box  on  the  bed  below  the  headstock,  and 
by  changing  the  gears  on  the  head  and 
quadrant  plate,  any  desired  feed  is  ob- 
tained. The  lathe  in  the  illustration  is 
fitted  for  motor  drive. 


Washington. — -Ships  carrying  200,000 
tons  of  food  for  the  populations  of 
France,  Belgium  and  Austria  are  now 
en  route  to  Europe,  proceeding  under 
sealed  orders  to  Gibraltar  and  Bristol 
Channel  ports.  They  were  sent  on  Mr. 
Hoover's  orders. 

New  York. — The  impending  deal,  by 
which  100  ships  owned  by  the  Mercantile 
Marine  Company  would  pass  to  a  British 
syndicate,  has  been  suspended  by  request 
of  the  authorities  at  Washington.  Direc- 
tors of  the  company  will  meet  again 
this  week,  when  it  is  expected  definite  in- 
formation from  Washington  will  be 
forthcoming. 


SALARIED  MEN 

The  tendency  of  modern  business  i.-« 
to  favor  payment  by  results,  for  there 
are  few  branches  of  work  in  which 
such  payment,  where  it  can  be  applied, 
does  not  yield  increased  output  and 
earnings.  Even  before  the  war  some 
industries  could  not  prosper  without  it, 
and  after  the  war,  few  will  be  able  to 
survive  that  do  not  adopt  it.  Methods 
of  payment  by  results  are  naturally 
easiest  to  devise  for  men  engaged  on 
direct  production,  whose  individual  work 
can  be  directly  measured.  They  are  less 
easy  to  arrange,  though  not  impossible 
or  unusual,  for  the  much  smaller  clas.s 
of  men  who  have  the  entire  control  of 
some  separate  manufacture.  But  be- 
tween these  two  extremes  there  are 
large  numbers  of  men  whose  work, 
though  it  is  indispensable  to  production, 
cannot  be  identified  or  measured  separ- 
ately. They  included  some  of  the  most 
valuable  workers,  whose  skill  may  often 
require  an  education  as  well  as  ability 
much  beyond  that  of  those  who  are 
paid  by  results.  For  the  efficiency  of 
an  industry  to  be  maintained,  or  ad- 
vanced, the  right  men  must  be  at- 
tracted into  this  class'  of  work,  and,  ir. 
order  that  they  may '  be,  their  reward 
must  be  made  attractive.  There  is  too 
much  reason  to  believe  that  salaried 
men  as  a  class  are  paid  less  than  they 
would  get  if  the  actual  value  of  their 
work  could  be  measured,  particularly 
those  in  posts  that  receive  the  medium 
or  lower  salaries.  The  draughtsman,  the 
works  engineer,  the  works  chemist  are 
usually  keen  on  their  work  and  do  theiv 
best;  but  this  is  not  sufficient  if  the 
best  men  are  not  attracted,  nor  can 
underpaid  men  of  ability,  however  good 
their  intentions,  do  as  well  when  en- 
gaged on  work  that  is  not  paying  them 
fairly,  as  they  could  with  the  encourage- 
ment and  stimulus  of  proper  remunera- 
tion. The  standards  of  salaries  paid 
for  this  class  of  work  will  determine 
the  class  of  lads  who  will  look  to  it 
for  their  careers;  and  the  engineering 
trades  might  well  consider  whether 
these  standards  are  as  attractive  as 
would  be  reasonably  prudent. — M.  E. 


I -._  , 


TURNING  THRUST   SHAFT    FOR    M.-^RINE   ENGINE 


674 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


THE  RECLAIMING  OF  COTTON  WASTE 


NEW     cotton     waste     costs     from 
eleven  to  fourteen  cents  a  pound. 
It  can   be  recleaned  by   a  simple 
process  for  less  than  a  cent  a  pound. 


other  substances  which  are  injurious 
to  the  most  delicate  fabrics  or  the  human 
skin.  Oakite  cleans  on  an  entirely  new 
principle.     It  emulsifies  oil  and  greases 


OIL  TANK 


CLEANING    TANn 


RINijINC    TAI^K 


LARGE  TANK   WASHING  OUTFIT 


For  many  years  it  was  quite  a  com- 
mon practice  to  use,  for  fuel  waste  and 
wiping,  cloths  which  had  been  used 
about  power  plants  and  machine  shops 
for  wiping  purposes.  A  cheap  and 
simple  method  has  been  worked  out 
whereby. waste  and  rags  can  be  recleaned 
at  an  average  cost  of  three-quarters  of 
a  cent  a  pound.  The  process  in  use  in 
a  large  number  of  plants  for  several 
years  is  very  simple  and  on 
account  of  the  low  cost  is 
finding  increasing  favor 
among  not  only  manufactur- 
ers, but  power  plants,  print 
ing  establishments,  railroads, 
and  all  branches  of  industry 
where  waste  and  cloths  are 
used. 

One  of  the  main  advant- 
ages of  this  process  is  that 
the  waste  or  cloths  are  in 
better  condition  after  wash- 
ing than  when  new,  as  the 
washing  does  not  injure  the 
fiber,  but  makes  the  waste 
or  cloth  softer  and  conse- 
quently more  absorbent. 
Waste  or  rags  cleaned  by 
this  method  can  be  recleand 
from  one  hundred  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty  times,  or 
until  the  material  is  worn 
out. 

Oakite,  the  product  which 
does  this  work  so  effectively, 
is  a  dry  white  powder — a 
combination  of  mineral  salts 
which  dissolves  readily  in 
water.  It  contains  no  acid, 
sal   soda,  potash,  or  lye,  or 


— breaks  them  into  finely  divided  parti- 
cles, thus  destroying  their  adhesive 
nature.  This  is  a  purely  physical  action. 
The  action  of  old  time  alkali  cleaners  is 
chemical.  They  saponify  oils  and 
greases,  combine  with  them  and  are  thus 
rapidly  used  up.  Only  a  small  amount 
of  oakite  is  necessary  to  emulsify  a 
large  amount  of  oil  or  grease. 

The  process  is  as  practical  for  a  man 


who  washes  a  few  pounds  of  cloths  or 
waste  a  month,  as  for  the  plant  which 
washes  a  ton  a  day.  For  a  small  plant 
the  only  equipment  necessary  is  a  barrel 
or  tank  with  a  steam  pipe  or  coil.  About 
twenty-five  gallons  of  warm  water  is 
run  into  the  tank  and  two  pounds  of 
oakite  is  dissolved  in  the  water.  About 
forty  pounds  of  material  to  be  cleaned 
is  placed  in  the  tank  and  the  water 
boiled  for  fifteen  minutes.  This  liberates 
the  oil,  which  rises  to  the  surface  of  the 
water  and  may  be  reclaimed  by  filling 
the  tank  with  water  until  the  oil  runs 
out  of  the  overflow.  When  no  more  oil 
escapes  from  the  waste,  the  washed  ma- 
terial is  rinsed  in  a  separate  tank,  and 
after  drying  is  fit  for  use  again.  The 
character  of  the  oil  is  not  affected  by 
oakite  and  it  can  be  reclaimed  and  used 
again. 

For  concerns  washing  two  or  three 
hundred  pounds  of  waste  or  cloth  at 
one  time,  or  twelve  pounds  a  day  with 
one  man  operating,  the  equipment  con- 
sists of  a  large  tank  built  with  three 
compartments — one  for  washing,  one  for 
rinsing,  and  one  for  the  overflow  of  oil 
and  water.  Have  the  washing  compart- 
ment in  the  middle.  This  should  be 
equipped  with  water  and  live  steam  con- 
nections. A  centrifugal  dryer  is  con- 
venient and  effective.  An  oil  filter  may 
be  used  with  good  results  for  reclaim- 
ing oil.  A  diagram  herewith  shows  the 
details  of  a  serviceable  equipment  for 
washing  waste  or  cloths  and  filtering 
the   oil. 

A  laundry  wheel  or  similar  equipment 
can  be  used. 

A  booklet  containin<^  diagrams  of 
tanks  and  outlines  of  formulas  and 
methods  suited  to  all  conditions  for 
cleaning  waste  and  wiping  cloths  will  be 
furnished  on  request  by  the  Oakley 
Chemical    Company,    22     Thames    street. 


WASHING  WIPING  CLOTHS  WITH  OAKITE-LAUNDRY  WHEEL  METHOD~36"  x  39"  STAND- 
ARD   LAUNDRY    WHEEL   ON    LEFT:   22"    CENTRIFUGAL    WRINGER    ON    RIGHT. 


December  12,   1918 


675 


■IM 


WELDING 
AND  CUTTING 


The  Electric  Arc  Used  in  Steamship  Overhauling 

Westinghouse  Arc   Welder  Does  Good   Work   in   This  Line- 
Repairing  a  Furnace  While  Under  Steam— Variety  of  Work 

Carried  On 


THE  all-round  usefulness  and  adap- 
tebilitv  of  the  electric  arc  method 
of  welding  is  well  exemplified  by 
the  work  carrieu  out  at  the  repair  shops' 
of  the  Canada  Steamship  Lines,  at  the 
foot  of  Yono;e  Street,  Toronto.  The  ma- 
chine, which  is  a  Westinghouse  arc 
welder,  using:  direct  cunent  of  150  am 
peres  at  75  volts,  was  installed  in  1915, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  machines  to  be 
iTinorted  into  Canada.  The  machine 
shop  was  started  at  the  same  time  and 
has  grown  into  a  well  fitted  up  repair 
shop,  where  practically  all  the  repairs 
necessary  for  the  company's  steamers 
can  be  carried  out  with  ease.  The  shop 
and  welding  outfit  are  under  the  super- 
vision of  Mr.  Noonan,  th2  superintendent 
engineer  of  the  company,  and  some  very 
interesting  repairs  have  been  performed 
under  his  direction.  The  welding  metal 
used  is  a  soft  Swedish  iron  wire  known 
as  Premier  welding  wire,  and  during  the 
years  of  the  war,  this,  like  most  other 
steel  material,  has  been  hard  to  get,  but 
since  the  armistice  has  been  signed  Mr. 
Noonan  has  been  notified  by  the  Stee' 
Company  of  Canada,  who  supply  this 
wire,  thflt  they  can  now  fill  his  orders. 
Last  winter  no  fewer  than  twenty  steam- 
ers were  laid  up  at  Toronto,  and  the  re- 
pairs made  at  the  company's  shop,  so 
that  there  is  no  lack  of  work  for  the 
machine  shop  or  the  welding  apparatus; 
in  fact,  a  welder  and  helper  are  kept 
steadily  at  work  all  the  year  round,  and 
in  the  summer  season, when  the  boats  are 
all  working  under  conditions  of  rush,  the 
welding  outfit  makes  possible  quick  re- 
pairs, and  eliminates  delays.  As  an 
instance  of  this,  an  esnecially  interesting 
case  might  be  mentioned.  One  of  the 
steamers  came  into  port  with  a  furnace 
leaking,  and  it  was  feared  that  she  would 
be  subject  to  considerable  delay.  In  the 
ordinary  course  of  events  she  would  have 
been  delayed  quite  a  bit.  The  cause  of 
the  leak  was  a  crack  in  the  furnace  tube, 
and  the  usual  way  of  repairing  this 
would  be  to  drop  the  pressure  off  the 
boiler  and  repair  the  crack  by  either 
plug  stitching  or  a  patch,  according  to 
the  condition  of  the  furnace.  However, 
it  was  decided  to  repair  the  furnace  by 


the  electric  welder,  and  furthermore,  to 
do  it  without  waiting  to  lower  the  steam 
pressure.  This  was  a  bold  policy,  but 
such  was  the  confidence  felt  in  the  pro- 
cess that  no  hesitation  was  expressed  by 
anyone  connected  with  the  job.  The  ves- 
sel was  brought  round  to  wharf  where 
the  machine  is  installed,  and  the  cable 
led  aboard.  The  boiler  was  carrying 
125  pounds  of  steam  per  square  inch,  and 
the  job  was  done  with  this  pressure  on. 


h-'ving  new  combustion  chamber  back 
sheets  fitted  and  necessarily  new  coni- 
bj.ition  chamber  stay  bolts.  The  repairs 
being  completed,  the  boiler  was  put  un- 
der hydraulic  test,  and  at  125  lbs.  pres- 
sure per  square  inch,  a  leak  developed 
in  the  back  head  near  the  ring  seam,  it 
was  decided  to  call  in  the  services  of  the 
welding  machine  once  more,  and  the  re- 
pair was  made  in  practically  the  same 
manner   as   the    repair   on   the    furnace. 


WELDING  REPAIK  TO  .MARINE  BOILER 


The  first  difficulty  was  to  stop  the  water 
leaking  through  the  crack,  and  by  deft 
manipulation  of  the  electrode,  a  thin  skin 
was  worked  over  till  the  leak  was  stop- 
ped and  then  the  weld  was  built  up  in 
the  usual  manner.  That  job  held  tight 
all  the  rest  of  the  season,  and  was  found 
to  be  perfectly  good  when  the  vessel  was 
laid  up  at  the  end  of  the  summer. 

Another  case  was  that     of     a     boiler 
which  had  undergone  extensive  repairs, 


The  first  thing  to  do  was  to  stop  the 
water  leaking  through  the  crack,  and 
once  this  was  accomplished,  the  weld  was 
built  up  to  the  required  strength.  This 
job  was  also  perfectly  successful,  no  fur- 
ther trouble  being  experienced.  For  this 
kind  of  work  there  is  no  doubt  the  arc 
welding  is  superior  to  the  oxyacetylene 
flame  in  the  opinion  of  the  men  who  have 
these  jobs  to  do,  and  there  is  no  doubt 
that  the  feature   the    electric    arc    pos- 


676 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume    XX. 


.-^ess*s  of  applying  the  heat  right  at  tlie 
job  itself,  and  localizing  it,  has  a  great 
advantage  over  the  much  larger  surface 
affected  by  the  oxy-acetylene  flame.  The 
usual  method  of  repairing  a  crack  or 
leak  is  to  V  the  bad  spot  out  so  that  it 
can   be  rebuilt  with  new  metal.     If  the 


down  and  along  the  seam.  This  seaiv 
also  is  liable  to  leaks  due  to  the  unequal 
expansion  of  the  boiler  shell  when  rais- 
ing steam,  and  even  when  working.  It 
is  not  unusual  in  a  boiler  which  has  not 
been  properly  circulated,  to  find  this  part 
of  the  shell  and  head  comparatively  cool 


than  is  necessary  to  burn  the  acetylene, 
thus  the  flame  at  no  time  can  become 
oxidizing  in  character,  and  all  burning 
of  the  weld  is  completely  eliminated. 


SWITCHBOARD 


part  is  very  bad  or  covers  a  large  area, 
the  piece  can  be  cut  out  completely  and 
a  new  piece  fitted  in.  New  nuts  have 
been  formed  on  the  end  of  combustion 
chamber  stays  by  the  building-up  pro- 
cess, and  stay  tubes  stiffened  at  the  end 
where  corrosion  has  taken  place.  Paddle 
wheel  arms  are  welded  in  place,  badly 
scored  piston  rods  have  been  filled  in  and 
then  turned  up  as  good  as  new,  and  many 
other  varieties  of  repairs  are  performed 
daily. 

The  subjects  of  our  illustrations  are 
repairs  on  circumferential  seams  of 
boilers  in  one  of  the  company's  steamers. 
The  first  illustration  shows  the  welder 
closing  up  a  leaky  seam  at  the  forward 
end  of  the  boiler,  close  to  the  floor  plates 
a  job  which  is  one  of  the  most  awkward 
to  be  done  by  hand  caulking.  The  other 
illustration  shows  a  comp'eted  repair  on 
the  circumferential  seam  at  the  after  end 
of  the  boiler,  at  a  part  where  the  marine 
boiler  is  peculiarly  liable  to  corrosion. 
This  is  on  account  of  wet  ashes  lying 
against  the  shell  during  the  periods  of 
c'caning  fires,  and  at  other  times,  and 
also  to  the  effect  of  leaking  gaskets  on 
the   manhole  door,     the   water     running 


long  after  the  pressure  has  been  raised 
to  the  working  point. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of 
Mr.  Noonan  for  the  opportunity  to  obtain 
these  illustrations,  and  the  information 
furnished  by  him.  » 


A    NEW    rRINCIPLE     IN     WELDING 
AND  CUTTING   APPARATUS 

The  Bastian  Blessinj;  Co.  have  recently 
issued  a  new  pamphlet  descriptive  of 
some  of  the  interesting  features  and  de- 
sigrn  of  their  cutting  and  welding  appar- 
atus. Owing  to  a  new  principle  intro- 
duced in  the  construction  of  their  torches 
they  have  eliminated  all  flashing  back 
and  have  succeeded  in  making  their 
torches  opeiate  on  very  low  combined 
pressures.  This  results  in  increased  pro- 
duction, as  it  is  well  known  that  the  flash- 
back is  one  of  the  greatest  time-wasters 
in  the  oxy-acetylene  process. 

In  the  operation  of  the  Rego  torch 
equal  volumes  of  both  gases  are  used, 
this  condition  being  necessary  to  produce 
a  neutral  flame.  With  the  acetylene 
under  a  slightly  higher  pressure  that  no 
more  oxygen  can  come  through  the  flame 


NEW  ANTHRACITE  PRICE 

Inquiry  at  the  office  of  the  Fuel  Con- 
troller as  to  new  prices  on  anthracite, 
coal  elicited  the  following  information : 
The  price  charged  for  anthracite  coal  in 
Canada  is  based  upon  the  prices  in  the 
United  States,  and  these  are  fixed  by  the 
U.S.  Fuel  Administration.  In  an  official 
despatch  from  Washington  an  increase  of 
$1.05  per  ton  is  authorized  on  domestic 
sizes,  the  revision  being  made  to  meet 
increased  labor  costs.  Emphasis  is,  how- 
ever, placed  in  the  fact  that  the  new  price 
schedule  is  effective  only  on  coal  mined 
on  or  after  November  1.  Dealers  in  the 
United  States  have  been  advised  by  the 
Fuel  Administration  that  the  increased 
price  applies  only  on  coal  shipped  and 
delivered  after  November  1  upon  the 
production  of  which  there  has  been  paid 
the  increase  in  the  scale  of  wages  to  the 
miners.  Dealers  in  Canada  should  gov- 
ern themselves  accordingly.  It  is  sug- 
gested that  consumers  who  are  in  doubt 
as  to  proper  billing  for  coal  should  refer 
the  matter  to  the  local  fuel  commissioner 


ACID  FOR  FERTILIZERS 

U.   S.    War    Chemical     Plants    Will     be 
Used  in  Producing  Crop  Coaxers 

Before  the  Toronto  section  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Chemical  Industry,  Prof.  J. 
Watson  Bain  delivered  a  lecture  on  "The 
Canadian  War  Mission  at  Washington 
and  Canadian  Industry."  Prof.  Bain 
gave  up  his  work  at  the  Toronto  Univer- 
sity to  become  technical  adviser  to  the 
mission. 

He  dealt  with  what  should  be  done 
with  the  huge  plants  built  for  preparing 
chemicals  used  in  explosives,  and  stated 
that  a  great  part  of  it  would  oe  used  ni 
the  preparation  of  acid  phosphates  to  be 
used  as  fertilizers,  which  were  needed 
in  great  quantities  in  Canada.  He  dealt 
with  the  fixation  of  atmospheric  nitro- 
gen and  stated  that  cyanamide  was  al- 
ready being  produced  in  Canada,  bui 
with  the  plentiful  supply  of  cheap  power 
it  would  be  possible,  by  several  methods, 
to  successfully  extract  nitrogen  from  the 
air.  Another  application  of  the  power 
could  be  made  in  the  manufacture  of 
ferro-alloys  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
steels. 

He  described  the  enormous  scale  on 
which  the  Americans  had  been  manu- 
facturing poisonous  gases,  and  stated 
that,  had  the  war  continued,  the  Huns 
would  have  had  their  own  medicine  back 
in   unprecedented  quantities. 


A  new  and  very  valuable  copper  ore 
has  been  discovered  in  the  district  of 
Varmland,  Sweden.  It  is  said  to  be  an 
oxidized  copper  mineral  consisting  of 
about  90  per  cent,  pure  copper  and  a 
Small  quantity  of  gold.  The  mining  will 
probably  soon  be  commenced. 


December  12,   1918 


677 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  -Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


A   FORM  MILLING  JOB  ON  TWO 
PARTS 

By  H.  M. 

FORM  milling,  such  as  is  very  often 
resorted  to  on  parts  of  irregular 
form,  is  seldom  done  to  better  ad- 
vantage than  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  2  of 
this  article.  The  work  te  be  operated 
upon  upon  is  shown  in  Fig.  1,  which  is 
flat  on  both  sides,  has  curved  end  and  is 
shaped  similar  on  both  edges.  This 
part  has  a  round  hole  in  it  and  a  rec- 
tangular slot. 

In  milling  the  edges  on  this  part  ad- 
vantage is  token  of  the  round  hole  and 
the  rectangular  slot  for  locating.  By 
referring  to  Fig.  2  it  will  be  seen  that 
a  pin  A  fits  in  the  hole  of  the  two  parts 


and  that  the  tails  on  the  two  parts  stand 
out  in  opposite  directions  as  is  obvious 
from  the  illustration.  In  the  rectangular 
slot  of  both  pieces  the  pin  B  is  placed. 
These  locate  the  work  the  correct 
height  from  the  table  of  the  machine 
and  radially  about  the  round  hole  as  a 
center.  The  two  parts  are  next  clamped 
against  the  steel  plate  C  by  the  clamp 
D,  a  nut  and  washer  E  on  the  stud  D 
being  used  for  this  purpose.  Under  the 
tail  of  this  clamp  a  pin  F  is  used,  while 
the  spring  G  pushes  the  clamp  away 
from  the  work  when  it  is  released  to 
remove  the  same.  In  order  to  remove 
the  work  this  clamp  is  pushed  down  and 
it  is  held  down  while  another  part  is 
being   put   in   place.     After  the   work   is 


put  in  place  the  two  spring  pins  H  push 
the  clamp  up  until  the  slot  at  X  comes 
against  the  screw,  following  which  the 
work  is  clamped  as  described.  The  cast 
iron  base,  with  the  tongues  to  fit  the 
groove  in  the  milling  machine  table,  com- 
pletes this  fixture. 

The  most  interesting  part  of  this  fix-' 
ture  apart  from  the  clamping  arrange- 
ment is  that  the  milling  machine  cutter 
forms  one-half  of  the  work,  including 
the  radius  Z  up  to  J  on  the  right  hand 
edge  of  one  part  and  the  left  hand  edge 
of  the  other,  and  by  reversing  the  posi- 
tion of  the  two  parts  the  opposite  edges 
are  formed,  thus  one  cut  on  two  parts 
finishes  one  complete  at  each  setting. 
Two  fixtures  were  used    for  machining 


y^//  /. 


FIG.  2— PLAN  AND  ELEVATrON  OF  JIG. 


FIG.  :i  END  ELEVATION 


678 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


these  parts,  one  being  loaded  while  the 
cutt^  was  milling  the  parts  in  the  other 
fixture. 

MARKING    BRASS   NUTS 

By  D.  A.  H. 

There  were  about  ten  thousand  round 
brass  nuts  to  be  marked  with  the  com- 
pany name.  See  the  figure.  A  hole 
was  drilled  in  a  piece  of  steel  and  a  boy 
set  to  work  to  mark  them  with  a  hand 
stamp  and  hammer.  It  was  an  unim- 
portant sort  of  a  job  and  we  were  glad 
to  give  the  boy  something  that  would 
keep  him  going  for  a  couple  of  days. 
But    one   of   the    men    willed   otherwise. 


MARKING   BRASS  NUTS 

He  asked  permission  to  spend  two  hours 
in  rigging  up  the  job  to  "do  it  five 
times  as  fas  on  the  No.  18  Bliss"— and 
permission  was  granted. 

In  the  figure  the  base  is  a  piece  of 
cast  iron  picked  up  and  the  pivoted 
piece  is  a  length  of  cold  drawn  steel. 
This  latter  turns  about  the  pin  held  in 
by  cotters  above  and  below  and  rests 
against  a  stop  pin  when  the  hole  (with 
the  nut  dropped  in  it)  is  under  the  cen- 
ter of  the  press.  By  means  of  a  bush- 
ing, the  hand  stamp  was  held  in  the 
ram  of  the  machine;  this  dispensed  with 
the  use  of  a  hammer  entirely  and  left 
the  boy  with  nothing  to  handle  but  the 
nuts. 

Along  with  ease  of  loading,  a  safety 
feature  was  obtained  that  is  worthy  of 
notice.  The  piece  of  steel  is  swung 
around  toward  the  operator  for  loading 
and  unloading;  after  it  is  filled  it  is 
swung  back  against  the  stop  pin  by  the 
simple  operation  of  moving  the  short 
end  of  the  piece.  This  keeps  the  hands 
at  all  times  several  inches  away  from 
the  danger  zone  and  the  extra  movement 
takes  no  more  time  than  would  be  re- 
quired in  placing  and  replacing  the  nuts 
in  the  more  awkward  and  farther-away 
hole  if  it  had  been  made  stationary  in 
line   with  the  blow. 


OLD-FASHIONED      PAINT     REMOV- 
ERS 

The  following  recipes  for  alkaline 
paint  removers  are  of  the  old-fashioned 
type;  the  modem  quick  process  paint 
and  varnish  removers,  while  doing  this 
work  very  well,   and   indispensable   for 


refinishing  wood  in  the  nr^tural,  are 
entirely  too  high  a  price  for  use  in  re- 
rioving  paint  on  surfaces  to  be  painted 
over.     The  recipes  are  as  follows: 

Dissolve  40  lb.  caustic  soda,  98  per 
cent.,  in  5  gallons  of  water.  TaKe  8  lb. 
fine  whiting  and  4  lb.  corn  starch,  and 
mix  with  1  gal.  of  the  caustic  solution 
to  form  a  paste;  apply  with  an  old 
brush,  and  leave  the  paint  on  for  about 
twenty  to  thirty  minutes.  When  the 
paint  has  softened,  wash  off  with  water, 
using  a  scraper  where  required.  Will 
also  remove  varnish. 

Another  very  good  formula  is:  Mix 
7  lb.  of  caustic  soda,  98  per  cent.,  with 
15  lb.  warm  water;  mix  1  lb.  corn  starch 
and  11  lb.  china  clay  with  1V4  gallons  of 
water,  adding  to  it  the  caustic  soda 
solution,  forming  a  paste  that  must  be 
beaten  until  free  of  lumps.  Apply  free- 
ly to  the  surface  with  an  old  brush  and 
permit  it  to  remain  until  the  paint  or 
varnish  has  lifted,  then  scrape  and  wash 
off  with  warm  water.  Wall  paper  can 
also  be  removed  in  this  manner,  when 
the  remover  is  further  diluted  with 
water.  For  pleaning  painted  surfaces, 
use  a  weak  solution  of  the  remover. 

Operators,  whose  hands  are  easily  af- 
fected by  strone  lye  or  soda  solutions, 
should  wear  rubber  gloves  while  work- 
ing with  the  remover.  In  order  to  neu- 
tralize the  alkaline  nature  of  the  re- 
mover a  small  portion  of  vinegar  can 
be  added  to  the  water  used  for  cleanina: 
off,  say  1  gill  to  each  gallon  of  water. — 
M.  M. 


LEATHER    FLEXIBLE    COUPLINGS 

By  D.  A.  MIDDLETON 

The  use  of  leather  couplings  has  in- 
creased surprisinarly  in  the  last  few 
years.  The  self  alie-nin<r  feature,  their 
moderate  cost,  the  ease  of  installation — 
all  have  contributed  to  their  popularity. 


FLEXIBLE  COUPLING 

Up  at  the  gas  works  they  had  a  couple 
of  turbine-driven  blowers  that  had  al- 
ways given  trouble  with  the  bearings. 
They  wouldn't  have  anyone  but  us  do 
their  repair  work  and  we  diagnosed  the 
trouble  as  misalignment  between  the 
two  units  of  a  set;  we  wanted  to  put  in 
leather  couplings,  but  the  management 
was  staid  and  refused,  and  after  we  re- 
fused to  do  any  more  work  on  the  ma- 
chines as  they  were,  they  let  them  run, 
leaking  and  heating  and  pounding. 

One  Sunday  morning  Smith,  the 
superintendent,  called  up  at  six  o'clock, 
said  something  had  to  be  done,  they 
couldn't  get  the  gauge  up  to  sixteen  the 
night  before  and  it  ought  to  have  stood 
twenty.  All  this  I  had  anticipated  and 
had  had  a  coupling  made  up  and  wait- 
ing.    The  drawing   shows  this  and   the 


simplicity  of  a  leather  coupling  for  driv- 
ing shafts.  Well,  Smith  consented  to 
having  the  rigid  coupling  taken  out  if 
we  would  run  new  bearings  and  get  the 
unit  in  shape  for  night.  So,  according- 
ly, this  was  done  that  Sunday  (as  it  had 
been  done  before  with  little  results)  and 
the  leather  coupling  put  in.  In  the  two 
years  since  there  has  been  no  heating 
with  those  bearings  and  the  gauge 
stands  up  to  twenty  all  the  time.  Final 
proof  is  found  in  the  order  Smith  just 
gave  us  to  so  equip  the  other  machine. 


THE  EFFICIENCY  MERCHANT 

By  A.  L.  Haas 

The  purveying  of  efficiency  in  the 
shape  of  so  much  confidential  talk,  and 
the  installation  of  some  card  index 
system  at  inclusive  rates  for  such  ser- 
vice, is  a  matter  quite  easy  to  ridicule. 
Indeed,  efficiency  cannot  be  so  retailed. 

Like  success,  efficiency  cannot  be 
handed  down  ready  made,  similarly  to 
reach-me-downs  or  packeted  sundries, 
and  all  the  advice  in  the  world  is  fruit- 
less failing  the  right  spirit  to  effort. 
Like  political  catch  cries,  or  newspaper 
shibboleths,  certain  ready-made  phrases 
easily  coined  have  an  hypnotic  influence 
and  are  currently  popular. 

Efficiency  in  any  trade  or  business 
cannot  be  captured  by  the  aid  of  a 
casual  stranger,  unused  in  the  particular 
line. 

Even  scientific  management  is  the  re- 
sult of  much  dilisfent  application  of  ex- 
perience, knowledge  and  commonsense 
to  particular  problems  of  industry.  Al- 
thousrh  an  organizing  genius  (few  exist) 
can  show  results  after  patient  dis- 
entanglement of  current  problems,  it  is 
impossible  to  transfer  system  unchanged 
from  one  location  to  another. 

Efficiency  research  means  the  appli 
cation  of  a  dispassionate  and  unpre- 
judiced intelligence  to  simple  problems 
in  sequence,  using  patience,  tact,  and 
discrimination  (this  last  is  of  import- 
ance) for  the  purpose.  The  present  aim 
of  efficiency  propaganda  is  to  raise  the 
commonplace  and  average  to  somewhere 
near  the  exceptional,  by  pre-vision  and 
stimulation.  Catch  cries  are  useless 
without  definite  planning  and  good  staff 
work.  Some  of  the  literature  of  the 
movement  leads  the  reader  to  suppose 
that  scientific  management  has  discover- 
ed afresh  the  cardinal  virtues,  actually 
its  process  is  as  old  as  Eve,  it  asks  why? 
ard  when  the  answer  is  insufficient  or 
unconvincing  it  investigates  and  provides 
a  new  solution. 

The  alletred  specialist  who  hawks  round 
empirical  specifics  is  most  often  unable 
to  land  results  unless  conditions  are 
identical;  in  actuality  they  never  are 
similar.  Absurdities  abound  in  the  spell- 
binding of  the  orator  who,  utilizing  in- 
dustrial phrases,  weds  the  methods  of 
the  revival  preacher  and  the  electoral 
platform  to  achieve  an  evanescent  effect. 

Efficiency  cannot  be  achieved  save  by 
the  ancient  method  of  diligent  applica- 
tion, hard  work,  and  definite  and  specific 
hard  thinking.  The  only  merit  in  the 
outsider  is  his  unbiased  viewpoint;  it  is 


December  12,   1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


679 


some  asset  towards  fresh  conception; 
ignorance  in  this  wise  may  be  useful, 
since  tradition  does  not  bind  his  feet  nor 
enchain  his  understanding-,  otherwise  the 
peculiar  virtue  of  the  specialist  efficiency 
merchant  seems  a  type  of  mental  alert- 
ness, some  smooth  phrases,  and  a  be- 
wildered proprietor;  this  occurs  often 
enough  to  warrant  notice.  Efficiency  is 
relative;  its  practitioners  were  not  un- 
known before  the  advent  of  the  stunt 
performer. 

Predisposition  is  the  greatest  single 
item  affecting  the  human  change,  per- 
suaded is  half  way  to  alteration,  and  the 
hope  of  present  propaganda  and  publi- 
city is  that  curiosity  re-iroused  will 
serve  to  invoke  the  general  spirit  which 
strives,  not  so  much  toward  repentance 
as  to  fresh  conception. 

It  is  the  mind  reluctant  to  accept  ex- 
isting conclusions  as  ultimate,  and  will- 
ine  to  experiment  undaunted  by  partial 
failure,  who  is  likely  to  reach  tangible 
results.     The    efficiency     merchant    has 


performed  one  useful  purpose,  he  has 
aroused  curiosity,  stimulated  desire,  but 
has  not  provideil  and  cannot  provide  a 
panacea;  the  solution  in  each  case  has  to 
be  wrought  out  by  toil,  the  application 
of  tough  mentality,  and  can  be  reached 
by  the  determined  without  vicarious  aid. 
Men  past  the  first  flush  of  youth 
shrink  often  from  the  unusual  because 
it  is  strange.  Efficiency  is  to  be  won, 
not  bought,  and  its  price  is  an  unremit- 
ting vigilance  and  flexibility  of  mind; 
moreover,  there  are  not  enough  efficiency 
merchants  to  go  round;  one  should  be 
permanently,  stationed  in  each  works, 
and  it  is  best  that  he  be  the  responsible 
man — whether  director,  proprietor,  or 
nnnager.  Without  bluff  or  brag  there 
are  many  such,  and  it  is  noticeable  that 
the  external  investigator  avoids  some 
industries  altogether;  he  would  be  out 
of  breath  long  before  he  began  to  catch 
up  with  those  vitally  interested,  who  arc 
responsible. 


RETURNED  SOLDIERS  SHOULD  BE 

PROTECTED  FROM  FRAUD  GAMES 


Editor  CANADIAN  MACHINERY:— 
The  name  "Returned  Soldier"  is  in  dan- 
ger of  becoming  very  much  wronged. 
We  have  all  the  sympathy  possible  for 
the  returned  men,  and  are  willinT  to  do 
all  we  can  to  help  them  regain  a  footing 
in  civil  life. 

But  there  are  cases  where  men  have 
played  on  this  fact,  perhaps  to  their  own 
advantage,  but  to  the  disadvantage  of  the 
returned  soldiers  as  a  whole.  And,  fur- 
thermore, there  are  cases  where  men 
have  actually  claimed  to  be  returned  men, 
and  have  played  on  people's  sympathies 
and  purses,  when  they  have  never  been 
out  of  Canada,  and  have  never  even  tried 
to  enlist. 

Such  a  case  as  this  came  to  light  a 
few  days  ago  when  a  man  who  was  can- 
vassing subscriptions  for  one  of  the  To- 
ronto daily  papers  claimed  to  be  a  re- 
turned soldier,  and  in  proof  showed  a 
hand  with  the  fingers  badly  mutilated. 
However,  no  returned  button  was  in 
si<?ht,  And  when  questioned  on  this 
point  he  said  that  this  returned  soldier 
business  was  being  done  to  death  and 
the  best  thing  a  man  could  do  with  his 
button  was  to  leave  it  in  the  pincushion 
on  his  dresser. 

On  making  inquiry  at  the  newspaper 
office  where  he  was  employed,  it  was 
found  out  that  the  man  had  never  had  a 
uniform  on,  and  had  had  his  hand  muti- 
lated in  some  factory. 

We  are  all  ready  and  willing  to  help 
the  returned  man  when  he  needs  oui- 
assistance,  or  even  to  help  this  man  with 
his  maimed  hand.  But  when  a  man,  be 
he  returned  soldier  or  civilian,  claims  he 
is  making  "about  five  dollars  a  day,"  it 
does  not  seem  fair  that  either  one  should 
play  on  his  infirmities  to  elicit  the  sym- 
pathy of  the  public. 

We  want  to  help  the  soldier.  But  we 
think   it  only  fair  that  he   should   help 


himself.  He  shouldn't  whine  about  being 
a  returned  man.  He  should  be  glad  of 
it.  Glad  he  was  not  buried  on  the  battle- 
field. Glad  to  be  alive  to  return  to  Can- 
ada, to  live  in  the  peace  he  has  helped 
create. 

All  honor  to  the  returned  man.  He 
has  done  his  bit.  He  has  heard  and 
heeded  the  call  of  King  and  country.  He 
has  helped  to  make  the  world  safe  for  de- 
mocracy. But  don't  let  it  be  possible  for 
a  few  returned  men,  and  a  few  despicable 
cowards  who  claim  to  be  returned  men,  to 
spoil  that  glorious  name  "A  Veteran  of 
the   Great  War."— READER. 


FRICTION  FABRICS 

By  H.  A.  L. 

The  material  wherewith  to  line  clutch 
and  brake  surfaces  has  always  been  a 
problem.  In  railway  work  the  cast  iron 
shoes  used  wear  out  rapidly,  and  it  is 
considered  more  economic  to  have  the 
metallic  wastage  upon  the  easily-renew- 
ed and  cheaply-produced  brake  shoe  than 
on  the  expensive  tire.  At  the  same  time 
the  metallic  wastage  irrecoverable  .<s 
scrap  must  be  very  large.  In  the  motor 
car  the  cone  clutch  largely  used  has  most 
often  a  leather  lining,  while  the  brakes 
are  steel  bands  over  drums,  which  serve 
to  give  the  braking  effect  when  con- 
trolled from  the  dashboard. 

Recent  solutions  of  the  problem  have 
led  to  the  marketing  of  textile  fabrics  of 
special  type  for  which  large  claims  are 
made.  One  of  these  materials  seems  to 
have  disappeared,  but  the  other  is  rather 
prominent. 

Both  claimed  an  asbestos  foundation, 
and  are  supplied  in  a  form  resembling 
belting  or  braid  of  very  coarse  texture. 
As  in  the  case  of  engine  packing,  the  ex- 


perienced engineer  is  always  somewhat 
curious  and  sceptical,  and  while  no  doubt 
IS  cast  upon  the  efficacy  of  the  materials 
the  result  of  a  close  examination  is  in- 
teresting. At  first  sight  the  resemblance 
to  what  is  known  as  wire  woven,  high- 
pressure  packing  is  considerable,  the 
chief  feature  of  the  construction  seems 
to  be  the  combination  of  a  single  brass 
wire  of  fine  gauge  as  the  core  of  a  rather 
coirse  textile  thread.  High  pressure 
packing  is  similar  in  construction,  the 
asbestos  fibre  being  rolled  or  carded  on 
to  a  wire  core.  This  reinforced  or  com- 
posite thread  is  then  woven  into  the 
familiar  forms. 

In  the  case  of  the  material  discussed, 
the  claim  as  to  the  inclusion  of  asbestos 
seems  hardly  warranted,  for  the  thread 
seems  to  consist  of  a  large  proportion  of 
fibre  other  than  asbestos.  It  was  claim- 
ed at  one  time  that  old  sail  canvas  made 
the  best  canvas  engine  packing,  univer- 
sally known  as  Tuck's,  the  stretch  hav- 
ing been  taken  out  of  the  fabric  by  prior 
use.  At  the  same  time  such  material  is 
initially  cheaper,  and  the  econoniic 
factor  would  probably  be  a  greater  in- 
centive than  the  reason  alleged.  How- 
ever this  may  be,  in  the  friction  lining 
similar  material  seems  indicated,  the 
fibre  looks  more  like  old  rope,  either 
hemp  or  manila.  It  has  occurred  to  the 
writer  that  the  inclusion  of  asbestos  is  to 
minimize  overheating  in  the  absorption 
of  power  by  friction.  The  rope  used  in 
che  Prony  brake  does  occasionally  smoke, 
but  not  usually,  unless  its  proportions 
are  inefficient  and  it  is  grease  saturated, 
when  its  liability  to  overheat  is  similar 
to  that  of  oily  waste.  The  presentation 
of  a  wire  mesh  surface  by  wear  in  con- 
junction with  a  textile  material  of  fac- 
tional qualities  finds  a  precedent  in  the 
non-slip  stair  tread,  where  lead  and  steel 
or  cast  iron  form  a  composite  surface, 
the  harder  material,  whether  as  straight 
lines  or  woven  wire  diminishing  wear 
while  allowin?  the  softer  metal  to  exer- 
cise its  non-?lipning  qualities.  Lead  in 
this  particular  is  the  safest  material 
known,  even  when  greasy,  or  otherwise 
rendered  in  a  condition  where  other 
metals  would  provoke  accident.  The  ten- 
dency to  slip  on  greasy  M.  S.  chequer 
plates  is  very  pronounced.  Asbestos  be- 
ing immune  from  any  tendency  to  fire, 
and  since  it  can  be  procured  wire-woven 
it  is  a  little  surprising  that  the  ordmary 
commercial  material  used  everywhere  for 
engine  packing  should  be  unknown  as 
a  brake  lining.  Perhaps  it  is  the  mitial 
cost  of  such  high  grade  packing,  but  the 
results  of  any  tests  would  prove  mterest- 
ing.  The  material  marketed  under  a 
trade  name  is  certainly  cheaper  to  pro- 
duce so  far  as  a  detailed  examination 
would  show,  but  if  engine  packing  of 
the  type  indicated  serves  the  same  pur- 
pose "this  should  exert  a  salutary  check 
upon  any  undue  price.  It  certainly  seems 
open  to  the  engine  packing  maker  to 
heavily  adulterate  his  product  with  alien 
fibre  of  cheaper  character  and  make  this 
up  in  suitable  dimensions.  To  add  to  its 
resistivity  some  drying  oil  or  resinous 
substance  may  also  help  its  friction 
qualities. 


680 


Volume   XX. 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  uf  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


UNIVERSAL    TOOL   GKLNDER 

In  developing  their  Sterling  Universal 
tool  grinder  the  McDonough  Manufac- 
turing Co.,  Eau  Claire,  Wis.,  have  pro- 
duced a  machine  which  is  substantially 
built  and  will  grind  any  shape  cutter  in 
a  satisfactory  manner.  They  are  par- 
ticularly adapted  to  the  grinding  of 
cylindrical  internal  angular  and  face 
work  such  as  counter-bores,  face  mills, 
internal  gauges,  end  mills,  gear  cutters, 
reamers,  jig  bushes,  flat  surfaces  and 
formed  cutters. 

All  slides  are  machined  and  hand 
scraped  to  surfaces,  plates  and  straight 
edges,  giving  true  and  flat  surfaces  with 
co-operating  parts  machined  and  hand 
scraped   to  fit  perfectly. 

Guards  for  the  wheels  protect  the 
operator  in  the  event  of  a  wheel  burst- 
ing. These  guards  need  not  be  removed 
in  any  operation  possible,  as  they  do  not 
interfere  with  the  grinding  capacity  of 
the  wheels.  .  The  value  of  such  guards 
cannot  be  overestimated. 

The  base  and  column  are  cast  in  one 
piece,  thus  giving  greater  rigidity  to 
the  machine  and  eliminating  any  chance 
of  vibration  of  the  knee  or  table. 


U.VIVEKSAL    GKINDKR    SET     UP    FOR 
.SHARPENING    CUTTERS. 


The  base  is  of  cabinet  construction, 
heavily  ribbed,  and  has  ample  space  for 
storing  attachments  if  desired. 

The  sleeve  or  outer  column  which  fits 
over  the  main  column,  is  of  one  piece 
construction  with  large  V  knee  slides. 
The  sleeve  locks  rigidly  to  the  column 
at  any  desired  point  by  means  of  hand 
screws  and    friction   collars.      The   hand 


screws  are  set  directly  on  the  gib  anci 
instantly  lock  the  sleeve  to  the  column 
with  a  half  turn. 

The  wheel  spindle  is  of  exceptionally 
large  construction,  hardened  and  ground 
and  accurately  fitted  in  S  K  F  self- 
aligning  double  roll  ball  bearings  equip- 
ped with  dust  covers.  All  adjustments 
necessary  where  brass  or  bronze  bear- 
ings are  used,  are  eliminated  by  the 
use  of  these  bearings.  The  fact  that  ball 
bearings  tare  used  makes  it  possible 
to  use  a  larger  diameter  spindle,  adding 
to  the  stability  of  the  grinder  and  its 
ability    to    take    heavy    feeds. 

The  head  stock  is  full  universal  and 
is  graduated  in  degrees  for  vertical  or 
horizontal  swivel,  and  revolves  on  a  re- 
movable base  clamped  to  the  table  T 
slot.  The  head-stock  is  fitted  with  a 
taper  arbor  with  provision  for  driving 
work  on  live  or  dead  centers.  The  tail- 
stock  is  spring  controlled  with  current 
actuating   lever   lock. 

The  internal  grinding  attachment  is 
removably  mounted  on  a  flange  formed 
with  the  spindle  bracket  and  consists  of 
a  tool  steel  spindle  fitted  to  run  in  two 
S  K  F  ball  bearings.  The  attachment 
is  clamped  on  the  machine  and  is  driven 
by  belt  from  an  arbor  pulley  mounted 
on  the  wheel  spindle. 

The  transverse  movement  of  the  table 
is  actuated  by  means  of  a  hand  wheel 
located  directly  in  front  of  the  knee. 
The  motion  is  transferred  to  the  platen 
table  by  means  of  a  screw,  which  func- 
tions in  a  bronze  nut  fastened  to  the 
bottom  of  the  saddle.  A  micrometer 
gauge  on  the  screw  spindle  makes  ad- 
justment of  the  table  accurate  to  the 
thousandth  of  an  inch. 

Th«  longitudinal  movement  is  actuated 
by  a  hand  wheel  located  to  the  right  of 
the  saddle  through  a  rack  and  pinion 
which  is  in  turn  moved  through  a  set 
of  spiral  gears.  An  attachable  long 
crank  is  supplied  for  giving  a  more 
delicate  hand  movement  for  certain 
reamer  work  and  similar  operations. 

The  automatic  power  feed  attachment 
makes  easier  and  more  rapid  work  pos- 
sible. The  power  feed  device  is  attachea 
in  place  of  the  hand  table  feed,  and  com- 
prises a  reversing  mechanism  enclosed 
in  an  iron  case,  and  a  bevel  gear  trans- 
mission to  a  vertical  which  in  turn  car 
Ties  a  grooved  cone  pulley  for  driving 
the  feed  mechanism.  A  special  feature 
of  this  feed  is  its  adaptability  for  work 


in  any  position  as  the  pulley  can  be  lined 
up  with  the  driving  drum  regardless  of 
the  table   position. 

• 

The  Coppus  Engineering  and  Equip- 
ment C«.  have  issued  a  new  catalogue 
describing  the  Coppus  Turbo-blower  for 


UNIVERSAL     TOOL     GRINDER. 

undergrate  draft  and  other  industrial 
purposes.  Up  till  comparatively  recent 
times  the  chimney  was  the  only  prac- 
tical way  to  get  draft.  The  limitations 
and  cost  of  a  chimney  brought  about 
the  use  of  mechanically  operated  ap- 
paratus. The  use  of  the  Coppus  turbo- 
blower as  a  means  of  producing  forced 
draft  is  fully  dealt  with,  and  the  ad- 
vantages of  this  system  are  explained. 
The  blower  consists  of  a  propeller  fan 
driven  by  a  steam  turbine,  both  mounted 
on  the  same  shaft  and  located  on  the 
boiler  front.  The  mechanical  features  of 
the  blower  are  dealt  with  in  detail;  the 
lubricating  system,  ball  bearings,  con- 
struction of  the  steam  strainer  and  the 
arrangement  of  the  exhaust  are  all 
shown  to  good  advantage.  In  a  blower 
turbine  driven,  the  construction  of  the 
turbine    wheel    demands    careful    design 


December   12,  1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


681 


for  economy  and  this  construction  is 
clearly  developed.  An  interesting  portion 
of  the  descriptive  matter  deals  with 
typical  applications  to  the  various  types 
of  boilers. 


THE    ALBANY    HIGH-SPEED    DRILL 

We  illustrate  herewith  a  high-speed 
tool-room  drill,  which  contains  several 
unique  features.  The  makers  of  thi.s 
drill,  the  Albany  Hardware  Specialty 
Manufacturing  Co.,  Albany,  Wis.,  claim 
for  some  of  the  advantages,  rapidity  in 
starting  and  stopping  the  spindle,  chang- 
ing drills  and  chucks,  and  changing 
speed,  and  also  accuracy  of  drilling  to 
depth.  The  drill  has  ten  changes  of 
speed,  varying  from  286  r.p.m.   to  2,140 


ALBANY     HIGH     SPEED     DRILL 

r.p.m.  The  capacity  of  the  drill  is  from 
0  to  %  inch  holes,  and  to  the  centre  of 
a  12-inch  circle.  The  height  overall  is 
72  inches.  The  spindle  is  driven  by  a 
friction  wheel,  which  is  driven  by  a  cast 
iron  hemisphere,  engaging  with  a  fric- 
tion wheel  on  drive  shaft.  The  hemis- 
phere is  carried  on  a  pivot,  and  a  lever 
is   fastened   to   it  so   as  to  enable   it   to 


be  moved  in  relation  to  the  two  friction 
wheels,  thus  varying  the  speed  of  the 
spindle.  An  index  is  provided  on  the 
lever  quadrant.  If  the  lever  is  pulled 
down  to  the  lowest  notch,  the  friction 
wheel  on  driving  shaft  will  be  running 
on  the  largest  diameter  of  the  cast  iron 
hemisphere,  while  the  friction  wheel  on 
spindle  will  be  driven  by  the  smallest 
part  of  the  hemisphere's  periphery.  This 
combination  will  give  the  lowest  speed, 
286  r.p.m.  The  drive  shaft  is  carried  on 
radial  ball  bearings  of  the  silent  type, 
as  is  also  the  friction  wheel.  A  positive 
depth  stop  is.provided  for  duplicate  drill- 
ing, so  arranged  that  it  does  not  lessen 
the  spindle  travel  when  not  in  use.  The 
spindle  has  a  vertical  travel  of  4V2 
inches  and  is  finished  with  a  micrometer 
depth  gau.ge,  graduated  in  English 
measure  on  one  side,  and  metric  measure 
on  the  other.  It  can  be  turned  over  lo 
either  side  as  required.  A  very  com- 
plete description  of  the  details  is  con- 
tained in  a  catalogue  issued  by  the 
makers,  which  will  be  of  interest  to 
users  of  this  type  of  tool. 


WOMEN  NAVAL  ARCHITECTS 

The  entrance  of  women  into  many 
scientific  activities  has  shown  itself 
from  time  to  time  in  an  earnest  desire 
to  be  given  a  status  in  the  particular 
activity  in  which  they  have  qualified 
themselves  to  become  useful  members. 
It  is  certainly  a  sign  of  the  times  when 
the  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects  is  seeking  to  obtain  the  views 
of  the  various  classes  of  members  of  the 
Institution  on  the  subject  of  the  admis- 
sion of  women  to  such  class  or  classes  of 
membership  as  they  may,  apart  from  the 
question  of  sex,  be  qualified  for  under 
the  present  rules  of  the  institution.  At 
the  present  time,  women  are  not 
eligible  under  the  existing  rules  covering 
the  admission  of  candidates,  and  it  is 
therefore  necessary  to  alter  such  rules, 
which  requires  the  assent  of  a  two- 
thirds  majority,  and  if  this  is  obtained, 
the  consent  of  the  privy  council  to  the 
corresponding  alteration  in  the  Royal 
Charter  of  Incorparation  would  have  to 
be  also  obtained.  It  is  understood  that 
at  the  present  moment  there  are  only 
three  ladies  seeking  admission  into  the 
institution,  each  of  whom  has  received 
a  technical  training,  and  has  been  en- 
gaged in  making  calculations  or  carry- 
ing out  experimental  work  connected 
with  shipbuilding.  One  of  these  ladies 
is  the  joint  author  with  a  member  of  the 
institution,  of  a  paper  contributed  to  the 
present  year's  transactions,  viz.,  "The 
eifect  of  the  longitudinal  motion  of  a  ship 
on  its  statical  transverse  stability,"  by 
Mr.  G.  S.  Baker,  O.B.E.,  and  Miss  E.  M. 
Keary,  and  was  read  recently.  If  women 
are  admitted  they  will  only  be  admitted 
on  the  same  qualifications  which  apply 
to  the  opposite  sex. 


resin,  sandarac,  and  g:umlBC  should  be 
mixed  together  in  a  pounded  condition 
and  then  carefully  heated  until  melted. 
When  they  are  well  melted  the  turpen- 
tine should  be  added  very  gradually, 
stirring  all  the  while.  The  mixture 
should  then  be  digested  until  dissolution 
takes  place.  Then  add  rectified  alcohol 
up  to  the  amount  stated  above.  It  should 
afterwards  be  filtered  through  a  fine 
tloth  or  thick  filter  paper,  and  preserved 
in  well  stoppered  bottles  so  that  no 
evaporation  can  take  place. 


SUGGESTION  FROM  WEST 

A  proposal  that  Alberta  and  Saskatch- 
ewan deposits  of  low-grade  coal,  which 
will  not  stand  shipment  by  reason  of  its 
friability,  be  utilized  for  the  generation 
of  electricity  for  light  and  power,  has  been 
made  to  the  Advisory  Council  for  Indus- 
trial and  Scientific  Research  by  Hon.  C. 
A.  Dunning,  provincial  treasurer  of 
Saskatchewan.  The  suggestion  is  that 
power  houses  be  erected  at  the  mine  fields 
and  the  current  be  distributed  to  farmers 
and  other  consumers.  The  proposition  has 
been  referred  to  the  council's  lignite  com- 
mittee for   investigation. 


NICKEL    PLATING    BY    RAPID    PRO- 
CESS 

Rapid  plating  is  the  rule  in  America. 
The  common  practice  is  to  work  at  10  to 
20  amperes  per  square  foot,  using  con- 
centrated solutions,  but  this  has  been 
improved  upon.  It  was  found  that  high- 
grade  commercial  cobalt  plating  could  be 
achieved  in  three  minutes  when  working 
at  150  amps,  per  square  foot,  and  a  solu- 
tion of  312  grammes  of  anhydrous  cobalt 
sulphate  per  litre.  The  same  practice 
was  then  applied  to  nickel  plating,  but 
it  was  found  that  the  generation  of  acid 
cut  down  efficiency  and  produced 
hydrogen  at  the  cathode.  This  difficulty 
has  been  overcome  by  adding  a  small 
quantity  of  chloride  and  heating  the 
solution.  This  done,  a  25-gallon  nickel 
cast  can  be  worked  at  125  to  150  amperes 
per  square  foot,  producing  heavy,  dur- 
able  deposit    in   five   minutes. 


RUST-PREVENTING   VARNISH 

Resin  six  parts,  sandarac  nine  parts, 
gumlac  three  parts,  turpentine  six  parts, 
and    rectified    alcohol    nine    parts.      The 


DRIVING  ^ELT  OF   IRON    WIRE 

The  shortage  of  leather  and  textile 
fibres  suitable  for  making  up  into  driv- 
ing belts,  has  produced  a  new  industry 
in  Austria,  which  may  be  worth  while 
noting.  These  belts  are  now  made  of 
iron  wire  in  some  instances  in  combin- 
ation with  paper  twine.  The  standard 
type  consists  of  double  iron  wire,  spiral- 
ly twisted  together,  and  in  part  slightly 
copper-plated  by  a  chemical  process. 
They  range  up  to  about  10  cm.  broad. 
Another  sample  is  of  wire  gauze  strips 
interlaced  with  one-ply  and  two-ply 
paper  yam,  partly  with  single  and  part- 
ly with  double  threads.  It  is  bound  at 
the  edges  with  paper  yarn,  then  strong 
ly  impregnated  with  tar  asphalt,  and 
flattened  out  between  rollers.  A  third 
sample  is  bound  with  iron  wire  spirally 
twisted. 


682 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

LIMITED 

(KSTABLISHBD  IMS) 

JOHN  BAYNE  HAOLEAN.  Prraident      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vic*-Pre»ld«it 

H.   V.  TYRRHTLL.   General  Manager 

PUBLISHSRS  OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^Manufacturing  New5*> 

A  wcekiy  ioumal  deroted  to  the  machinery  and  mannfaetarinK  interesta. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Maoaser.  A.  R.  KENNEDY,  Man.  Editor. 

Aaaoeiate  Editor*: 
W.  F.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication,    14S16S    Univenitr    Avenue,    Toronto,     Ontario. 


Vol.  XX.  DECEMBER  12,  1918.  No.  24 


Leadership  Needed  Now 

THERE  are  a  number  of  organized  bodies  in  Canada 
that  have  been  making  munitions.  They  have  good 
organizations,  good  executives  and  good  premises, 
and  a  certain  amount  of  good  machinery  adaptable  for 
any  line  of  work. 

The  business  of  making  necessary  changes  in  the  plant, 
of  discarding  the  single  purpose  machinery  and  putting  in 
other  special  machines,  is  not  worrying  them.  They  would 
do  it  in  a  minute  if  they  were  certain  which  way  to  turn. 
Many  of  these  firms  had  no  special  lines  before  the  war. 
Others  had. 

"What  sball  we  make?"  That  is  the  question  that  is 
being  asked,  perhaps  not  openly,  but  certainly  in  the  quiet 
of  business  councils,  and  it  is  the  largest  matters  that  is 
up  for  consideration  just  now. 

It  is  a  case  in  which  individual  initiative  should  be 
backed  up  by  some  central  encouragement  and  control  to 
prevent  over-production  along  certain  lines  that  may 
already  be  fairly  well  established  here,  and  along  others 
for  which  the  market  may  yet  be  uncertain  and  proble- 
matical. 


Well,  What's  the  Use  ? 

WHEN    it    comes    to    stating    the    case    correctly    the 
medal  for  this  week  goes  to  the  scrap  metal  dealer, 
who  stated  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY:— 

"What's  the  use  of  putting  a  price  on  stuff  that 
you  don't  want  to  buy,  and  what's  the  sense  in 
naming  a  figure  when  no  person  wants  to  buy 
what  you've  got  to  sell?" 

It's  much  more  interesting  to  have  a  man  stick  his 
thumbs  in  the  place  where  sleeves  should  grow  in  a  vest 
and  size  up  the  situation  that  way,  than  to  have  him  look 
sideways  from  his  desk  and  moan  "Nothin'  doing." 


Canada  is  the  second  largest  pulp  and  paper  producing 
country  in  the  world,  and  is  rapidly  overtaking  the  United 
States,  which  holds  first  place. 


The  Industrial  Slacker 

A  NEW  post-war  phrase  is  being  developed  in  this 
■^  country.  It's  not  particularly  choice,  and  it's  not  one 
that  a  person  would  go  out  of  his  path  to  claim. 

The  phra.=e  is  "industrial  slacker." 

When  the  voluntary  plan  of  enlistment  was  in  force 
in  Canada,  the  word  "slacker"  came  to  the  surface.  It 
meant  a  person  who  was  standing  back  and  allowing  others 
to  fight  for  him — one  who  was  getting  from  under  his 
responsibility. 

That  slacker  person  had  a  rather  serious  time  of  it. 
He  couldn't  stand  back  and  say  "This  war  is  no  business 
of  mine.  I'll  stand  back  and  wash  my  hands  of  the  whole 
affair." 

And  bear  in  mind  there  was  much  at  stake.  Public 
opinion  wasn't  forcing  the  military  slacker  to  a  southern 
summer  resort.     It  wasn't  asking  him  to  go  to  a  circus. 

Rather  was  public  opinion  putting  on  the  screws  that 
ultimately  would  put  that  man  in  the  stern  path  of  duty. 
He  risked  everything — life,  health,  position,  home.  That's 
the  path  that  public  opinion  mapped  out  for  the  military 
slacker. 

Now,  then,  where  does  the  industrial  slacker  come  in? 

The  industrial  slacker  is  the  man  or  the  company  that 
is  closing  up  its  factory  now  and  tossing  its  hundreds 
and  thousands  upon  an  unprepared  labor  market  because 
it  fears  that  some  of  its  war  profits  will  be  lost  by  operat- 
ing in  doubtful  circumstances  in  regard  to  present  costs 
and  future  market. 

The  industrial  slacker  is  the  nation  or  the  govern- 
ment that  tells  its  returned  men  that  their  jobs  have 
gone  by  the  boards,  while  they  were  getting  shot  at  to 
save   the   carpet-slipper   moneymakers   at  home. 

The  industrial  slacker  is  being  urged  to  do  his  part  as 
the  military  slacker  was  urged  to  do  his.  He  is  being- 
asked  only  to  risk  dollars,  while  the  military  slacker  was 
urged  and  hounded  to  risk  all — dollars,  life,  limb — every- 
thing. The  risk  of  the  man  who  put  on  the  uniform 
was  a  thousand  times  greater  than  the  risk  of  the  man 
who  is  asked  now — to  the  Government  that  is  asked  now 
— to  risk  its  dollars  in  order  that  this  country  shall  get 
a  footing  on  its  after-war  trade. 

The  Canadian  Government  should  stand  behind  Can- 
adian industry  for  the  time.  The  Government  helned  to- 
turn  peace  lines  into  a  war  machine,  and  it  should  par- 
ticipate in  the  process  of  bringing  them  back  again  to  a 
peace  basis. 

The  Canadian  Government  does  not  need  to  be  stingy 
in  the  matter.  Neither  do  many  Canadian  firms.  In  both 
cases  they  have  money  to  back  them  up  in  any  move  they 
make. 

Reconstruction  doesn't  consist  of  firine  a  thousand 
hands  in  a  day;  it  doesn't  consist  in  squabbles  at  Ottawa 
regarding  which  faction  there  won  the  war;  nor  does  it 
consist  in  telling  returned  men  that,  having  taken  off  the 
uniform,  we  have  no  further  work  for  them  to  do. 

Canada  calls  for  men  to  be  as  brave  with  their  dollars 
now  as  they  expected  others  to  be  with  their  lives. 

The  concern  that  takes  its  war  profits  and  clings  ten- 
aciouslv  to  them,  fearing  to  launch  out  for  fear  of  losing 
some  of  them,  and  all  the  time  knows  that  it  is  playing 
the  fool  part  in  reconstruction  is  going  to  have  a  mighty 
hard  job  showing  why  the  term  "industrial  slacker" 
should  not  be  nailed  on  its  front  door. 


Some  of  the  women  who  have  been  working  around 
machine  shons  for  the  last  three  or  four  years  will  now 
be  running  the  egg-beater  by  a  contrivance  hitched  to 
the  electric  toaster,  and  washing  dishes  with  the  same 
foot  power  that  runs  the  sewing  machine. 


Our  idea  of  a  calamity  would  be  for  a  civic  candidate 
to  make  a  speech  and  be  banned  from  using  the  phrase 
"in  the  best  interest  of  the  city." 


The  statement  is  made  that  certain  drug  stores  in  the 
flu  epidemic  shoved  prices  sky  high.  There's  a  heap  of" 
folks  in  this  country  reaching  out  after  blood  money. 


December  12,   1918 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


683 


HAS  MADE  A  SUCCESS 

IN  HIS  LINE  OF  BUSINESS 

Frederick    E.    Rejall    Went    Into    the    Selling    Bus- 
iness and  Has  Made  a  Good  Connection 


F.     E.     REJALL 


PREDERICK  E.  REJALL,  Canadian  Manager,  H.  Bolcer 
■*■  &  Co.,  Inc.,  Montreal,  Que.,  Agents,  Novo  Steel  Works, 
Sheffield,  England,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1880. 
After  leaving  High  School  he  entered  in  the  export  and 
banking  business  with  one  of  the  oldest  and  largest  houses 
:  .     ;  in  New  York  City.       After 

a  stay  of  fourteen  years 
with  this  concern  he  was 
called  by  and  made  his  en- 
try into  the  steel  business 
with  the  tirm  of  H.  Boker 
&  Co.,  Inc.,  New  York. 

He  spent  one  year  in 
the  New  York  and  Chicago 
territories,  when  under  the 
personal  schooling  of  J.  R. 
Boker,  then  manager  of  the 
Steel  Department  and  now 
president  of  the  company, 
he  received  a  thorough 
training,  both  as  to  sales- 
manship and  the  practical 
handling  of  their  various 
lines. 

His  quick  adaptability  to 
the  practical  handling  of  tool  steel,  being  his  hobby 
since  boyhood  days,  soon  became  apparent  to  his  em- 
ployers, to  the  extent  of  their  sending  him  to  the 
quaint  himself  with  the  manufacture  and  heat  treatment 
Novo  Steel  Works  in  Sheffield,  England,  to  further  ac- 
of  the  output  of  this  mill. 

Here,  under  the  direct  supervision  of  B.  W.  Winder, 
chairman  and  managing  director  of  the  Novo  Steel  Works, 
an  inventor  of  the  first  high  speed  steel,  "Novo,"  as- 
sisted by  Mr.  J.  K.  Jonas,  senior  director,  he  gained  much 
valuable  information,  both  as  to  the  adaptability  and 
handling  of  the  steels  produced  by  this  mill.  After  a 
short  trip  through  Holland,  Germany  and  France,  he  re- 
turned to  New  York. 

His  firm,  realizing  the  great  future  of  the  development 
of  the  tool  steel  business  in  Canada,  decided  to  enter  into 
the  Canadian  market.  In  January,  1909,  Mr.  Rejall  was 
chosen  to  represent  his  firm  in  Canada  with  the  title  of 
manager,  and  offices  and  warehouse  were  opened  at  332 
St.  James  St.,  Montreal,  their  present  headquarters.  Al- 
though his  first  six  months  in  this  field  were  exceedingly 
trying  and  at  times  almost  discouraging,  his  untiring  ef- 
forts, energy,  and  stick-at-it-ness,  quickly  brought  the 
success  that  was  bound  to  result,  so  the  end  of  the  first 
year  showed  a  good  balance  on  the  profit  side  for  his 
company. 

His  knowledge  of  his  business,  his  congeniality, 
straightforwardness,  and  efforts  to  satisfy,  have  gained 
for  him  the  esteem  and  highest  confidence  of  the  trade 
throughout  Canada. 


Prior  to  1800  all  paper  was  made  of  rags.  Since  that 
time  wood-pulp  has  formed  the  basis  for  all  the  ordinary 
grades  of  paper,  including  that  used  for  printing  news- 
papers. 


Canada's  first  large  paper  mill  was  built  in  1865,  and 
produced  1%  tons  of  paper  in  24  hours.     To-day  a  modern 
paper   mill   produces   from   250   to   300   tons   in   the   same 
length  of  time. 


Speaking  of  Napoleon 

IT'S  over  a  hundred  years  ago  since  they  fought  at  Water- 
loo, and  took  Napoleon  by  the  snout  and  told  Mm  what 
to  do. 

You  see  he  had  been  all  puffed  ijp,  his  head  was  out 
of  joint— in  fact  it  got  so  big  at  Tast  'fwas  near  the 
busting  point.  The  folks  in  them  dayXwouldn't  stand  no 
sass  from  Bonaparte,  so  they  kicked  the  jumpin*  day- 
lights out  of  his  old  apple  cart. 

They  chased  him  round  the  clover  crop  and  un^ffneath 
the  barn,  and  planted  him  out  in  thejpa  where  he  co'uldn't 
do  no  harm. 

It's  just  a  way  the  world  has  got  with  nations  or 
with  people,  it's  a  mighty  dangerous  thing  to  do,  this 
shoutin'  from  a  steeple.  As  long  as  folks  will  stay  at 
home  and  mind  their  own  affairs,  and  keep  from  vexin' 
others  with  their  high-falutin  airs,  they'll  find  this  world 
a  happy  place  chuck  full  of  milk  and  honey,  and  peace 
that  Midas  couldn't  get  with  all  his  mint  of  money. 

And  they  can  travel  far  and  near,  or  stay  right  on  the 
stubble,  and  go  or  vamoose  to  their  taste  without  a  speck 
of  trouble. 

But  it's  quite  another  thing,  by  gum,  and  there's  miles 
of  stuff  to  back  it,  that  there's  danger  stickin'  everywhere 
when  you're  searchin'  for  a  racket.  You  can't  go  stampin' 
on  pet  corns,  or  jumpin'  off  the  track,  for  when  the  deal 
comes  round  again  they'll  cut  you  from  the  pack. 

It  aint  no  use  to  buck  this  rule  or  put  on  injured  airs 
—the  safest  thing  for  you  to  do  is  mind  yer  own  affairs. 

—ARK. 

Why  Is  The  Kaiser  At  Large? 

/^N  outraged  world  should  guard  carefully  against  any 
pussy-footing  that  seeks  to  create  a  "go  easy"  atti- 
tude  in  dealing  with  the   German   nation,  especially  that 
part  of  it  responsible  for  the  war. 

Now  that  the  war  is  apparently  over  there  is  a  de- 
cidedly pronounced  sentiment  toward  tossing  buckets  of 
mercy  on  a  people  utterly  undeserving  of  any  considera- 
tion. 

The  German  people  are  not  repentant.  Had  they  the 
power  they  would  unloose  their  submarines  again  to- 
morrow. 

The  Huns  who  brought  Hell  to  this  earth,  who  drowned 
babes  and  butchered  old  men,  have  got  to  come  before 
the  jury  of  the  Allied  nations. 

A  Kaiser  at  large  means  trouble.  It  means  plotting 
and  intrigue.  It  means  that  one  of  the  grossest  mis- 
carriages of  justice  the  world  has  ever  witnessed  has 
been  perpetrated.  It  means  that  the  assassin  has  side- 
stepped  the  noose. 

The  Allied  court  should  have  some  very  direct  sessions 
with  William  Hohenzollern.  As  things  stand  at  present 
the  murderer  is  still  at  large. 


"Get  out  and  sell"  is  taking  the  place  now  of  "Go  out 
and  tell  them  that  we  can't  promise  delivery  for  a  month 

yet." 


Eggs  used  to  sell  at  3  dozen  for  a  quarter.    But  then 
a  quarter  used  to  look  as  big  as  three  dozen  eggs  in  them 

days. 


Some  of  the  letters  that  are  coming  to  Canadian  homes 
now  are  "made  in  Germany."  However,  there's  no  kick 
about  it,  seeing  that  the  victorious  Canadians  are  there 
making  them. 


The  surrender  of  the  German  fleet  may  have  been  a 
great  event,  but  it  dropped  the  estimation  of  the  Germans 
down  to  zero  in  the  popular  mind.  After  all  no  person 
loves  a  quitter. 


X 


684 


Volume   XX. 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


Some  Prices  Show  Inclination  to  Modify 

All  But  One  Contract  For  Munitions  Has  Been  Cancelled  and 

Settlements  For  Cancellations  Are  Now  Discussed — Pittsburgh 

Looks  For  Short  Dip  in  Steel  Prices  Before  Recovery 


CANCELLATION  has  been  written  upon  nearly  every 
munition  contract  in  Canada.  The  12-inch  American 
shell  went  by  the  boards  this  week  before  the  actual 
business  of  production  had  been  commenced.  Large 
machine  tools  were  in  turn  cancelled  by  the  firm  holding 
the  contract  from  the  American  Government.  In  several 
of  these  cancellations — in  fact  in  most  of  them — it  will 
be  necessary  to  do  some  considerable  readjusting.  Only 
one  shell  contract  stands  in  Canada  now,  and  that  is  the 
240-mm.  shell,  an  American  model,  the  contract  being 
placed  in  Brantford.  If  Washington  decides  to  let  this 
contract  stand  this  shop  will  be  employed  for  some  months 
to  come  as  the  order  was  for  a  large  number  of  these 
tapered   projectiles. 

Prices  of  steel  show  an  inclination  to  come  down  a 
little  more  in  a  few  lines.  The  element  of  competition 
is  coming  more  and  more  into  every  business  deal  that 
offers.  Firms  that  have  been  looking  askance  at  the 
smaller  orders  are  now  out  after  them,  big  or  little.  It 
all  means  a  tendency  to  put  the  pruning  hook  into  the 
price  list,  and  this  has  been  done,  sheets  and  bars  showing 
a  few  more  cents  off  this  week. 


There  is  something  peculiar  in  the  way  certain  lines 
of  industry  have  recovered  their  producing  powers.  For 
instance,  the  Canadian  trade  had  been  told  that  it  was 
impossible  to  secure  skelp  to  make  tubes,  and  that  there 
would  be  no  help  for  it  until  after  the  war  was  over. 
Canadian  warehouses  find  that  immediately  on  the  ces- 
sation of  hostilities  great  quantities  of  tubes  are  being 
rushed  along  to  them  at  war-time  prices.  The  belief  is 
that  the  mills  were  holding  a  strategic  reserve  all  the 
time.  The  placing  of  these  tubes  in  Canadian  warehouses 
at  high  prices  means  that  there  will  be  a  scampering  now 
to  dispose  of  them  before  a  further  decline  in  prices, 
and  selling  profits  will  be  forgotten,  the  idea  being  to 
get  from   under  with   the  high   priced   material. 

Scrap  metal  business  is  poor.  It  was  poor  last  week 
and  it  looks  as  though  it  would  be  poor  for  some  time 
to  come.  Dealers  are  not  offering  on  any  available 
material,  and  users  are  not  in  the  market  for  any  con- 
siderable tonnage.  The  feeling  seems  to  grow  that  there 
will  have  to  be  a  readjustment  of  the  iron  and  steel  situa- 
tion before  there  is  much  of  an  improvement  in  the  scrap 
metal  trade. 


CANCELLED  BUSINESS  WILL 

NEED  TO  BE  READJUSTED  NOW 


Special    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  Quebec,  Dec.  11,  1918.— 
The  approaching  holiday  season, 
coupled  with  the  recognized  unsettled 
condition  of  general  trade,  has  been  a 
factor  in  continuing  the  nervousness 
shown  during  the  past  few  weeks.  Plants 
in  this  district  that  have  been  working 
on  shell  contracts,  are  gradually  bring- 
ing their  operations  to  a  close,  and  with- 
in the  next  two  weeks  all  work  will  be 
finished.  Future  work  in  these  plants  U 
more  dr  less  obscured  at  present,  and 
few  will  give  a  decided  answer  as  to  their 
early  activities.  Steel  mills  in  this  dib- 
trict  are  still  quite  busy,  but  booked 
orders  are  lighter.  It  is  very  apiiarent 
that  little  activity  will  develop  ir.  any 
line  before  the  turn  of  the  year.  The 
machine  tool  business  is  exceptionally 
quiet,  notably  in  the  placement  for  new 
equipment.  Virtually,  nothing  is  doing 
in  old   materials. 

Little  Baying  for  Futures 
Uncertainty  and  hesitation  are  two  of 
the  chief  characteristics  in  the  present 


unsettled  situation.  The  general  demand 
for  material  is  very  quiet,  but  less  diffi- 
culty is  experienced  in  obtaining  ship- 
ments of  supplies.  The  market  is  virtu- 
ally free  of  control  features  but  with  the 
high  prices  still  effective  possible  buyers 
are  reluctant  to  enter  the  field.  Apart 
from  the  few  cancellations  that  are  re- 
ported, the  mills  are  quite  active,  and  the 
shock  that  might  have  been  expected  by 
theh  sudden  stopping  of  hostilities  has, 
as  yet,  not  been  seriously  felt  in  this 
direction.  Of  course  the  volume  of  busi- 
ness that  is  now  being  placed  is  con- 
siderably less  than  that  of  a  few  months 
back,  but  sufficient  business  is  now  on 
the  books  to  maintain  operations  for 
many  weeks  hence.  It  is  probable  that 
the  market  will  be  free  from  all  restric- 
tions at  the  beginning  of  the  year  but 
it  is  unlikely  that  any  sudden  break  will 
result  in  prices.  The  ship  and  car  pro- 
gramme is  still  heavy,  and  the  present 
demand  for  plates  offers  little  relief  for 
domestic  purposes.     This,  however,  will 


gradually  right  itself,  and  before  the 
winter  is  over  more  normal  conditions 
will  prevail.  It  is  believed  that  heavy 
buying  will  eventually  figure  in  the  steel 
situation,  but  consumers  are  apparently 
not  anxious  to  cover  future  requirements 
at  present  high  prices.  What  business  is 
passing  is  for  immediate  needs  only. 
Prices  are  firm  and  unchanged  at  last 
week's  quotations. 

Lead  Prices  Decline 

Little  of  interest  is  passing  in  the 
metal  markets,  but  the  volume  of  busi- 
ness is  sufficient  to  maintain  the 
optimism  generally  shown  throughout 
the  trade.  Copper  is  firm  on  quieter  de- 
mand with  castings  one  cent  easier  than 
last  week,  the  present  price  being  28  Vj 
cents  per  pound.  Tin  is  steady  on  a  fair 
demand.  The  lower  market  in  London 
has  not  seriously  affected  the  local  situ- 
ation but  the  prospects  are  for  lower 
quotations  early  in  the  new  year.  The 
lower  price  in  the  States  has  reacted  on 
lead  here  and  a  decline  of  one  cent  is 
noted,  the  current  quotation  being  9% 
cents  per  pound.  Antimony  and  aluminum 
are  both  unchanged  at  12  cents  and  46 
cents  respectively. 

Machine  tool    dealers    are    having     a 


December  12,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


685 


holiday  at  the  present  time  owinj;  to  the 
almost  negative  demand  for  equipment. 
The  cessation  of  munitions  making  has 
eliminated  the  need  for  shell  machinery, 
and  activity  for  ordinary  requirements 
is  not  expected  until  the  readjustment 
period  is  well  advanced.  One  of  the 
problems  confronting  the  trade  at  pre- 
sent is  the  settlement  in  connection  with 
the  cancellation  of  such  tools  as  are  in 
process  of  manufacture.  Where  con- 
siderable work  has  already  been  done  on 
special  machines  the  difficulty  is  more 
pronounced.  This,  however,  does  not 
apply  to  standard  equipment  and  it  is 
reported  that  work  of  this  class  of  tool 
is  proceeding  as  usual.  While  second- 
hand equipment  is  a  little  more  plentiful 
there  is  not  the  volume  that  might  be 
expected  from  the  closing  down  of  so 
many  munition  plants.  This  is  largely 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  bulk  of  existing 
shell  machinery  is  of  a  special  character 
and  adaptable  exclusively  to  the  purpose 
for  which  it  was  built.  Many  plants  are 
holding  on  to  their  standard  equipment, 
not  knowing  what  may  develop  in  the 
netr  future.  Supply  demand  is  very 
light,  but  in  general  the  prices  are  well 
maintained. 

Scrap  Movement  Quiet 
Despite  the  marked  decline  in  many 
lines  of  scrap  and  old  materials  last  week 
the  situation  has  remained  very  quiet,  and 
trading  is  confined  to  supplying  small 
quantities  of  material  for  immediate  re- 
quirements. Dealers  here  are  not 
anxious  to  accept  old  material  for  stock 
at  prevailing  prices,  and  purchases  are 
invariably  made  at  figures  lower  than 
those  quoted,  these  being  more  nominal 
than  actual.  No  further  change  has  been 
made  in  quotations  here  and  the  market 
is  expected  to  be  dull  for  some  time. 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


THEY  ARE  GOING 

AFTER  TRADE  NOW 


.'Vnd  Prices  Show  Inclination  to  Fall  Off 
In  Some  Lines  Of  Steel 

TORONTO. — A  softening  of  prices  in 
several  lines  of  steel  products,  a 
little  more  competitive  selling,  inquiries 
for  lines  that  had  been  out  of  existence 
for  some  months — these  things  feature 
the  Toronto  market  situation  this  week. 
Although  none  of  them  are  outstanding- 
ly marked,  still  they  indicate  the  direc- 
tion of  trade. 

The  Machine  Tool  Trade 

Machine  tool  dealers  in  Toronto  claim 
that  they  have  not  much  single  purpose 
machinery  in  their  warehouses,  and  that 
a  number  of  plants  that  they  have  taken 
over  on  the  expiration  of  contracts  con- 
tained a  large  percentage  of  general  pur- 
pose tools.  Cancellations  of  12-inch 
American  contracts  this  week  brought 
in  its  trail  cancellations  amounting  to 
some  thousands — a  good  many  in  fact. 
That  just  about  ends  the  munitions  busi- 
ness in  Canada.  In  fact  about  the  only 
contract  still  living  is  that  for  the  240 
mm.  Motor  Trucks  at  Brantford  have 
that,  and  if  this  shop  goes  along  with 
the  work  it  will  be  a  bit  of  souvenir  in 


The  scrap  metal  trade  continues 
in  a  state  of  stagnation  in  Canada. 
No  sales  of  any  size  are  being  made. 
Yards  are  well  stocked,  in  some  cases 
with  goods  bought  at  prices  that 
cannot   be   realized   in   selling. 

Prices  of  steel  sheets  and  steel 
bars  are  down  slightly  again  from 
last  week's  quotations. 

There  is  a  good  deal  more  compe- 
tition now  for  any  business  that  is 
offering   to   the    warehousing   firms. 

The  contracts  of  the  12-inch  naval 
shells  have  been  cancelled  by  the 
U.S.  Government.  This  leaves  onlv 
the  240  mm.  contracts  for  the  U.S. 
Government,  and  this  order  is  in  the 
shop  of  Motor  Trucks,  Ltd.,  Brant- 
ford. 

Dealers  in  wood  working  machin- 
ery report  more  inquiries  from  a 
wide  radius  than  has  been  the  case 
for  some  months. 

Trade  expects  that  the  whole  sys- 
tem of  government  permits  for  steel 
will  be  done  away  with  in  the  very 
near  future.  Permits  are  still  ob- 
tained simply  as  a  matter  of  fact. 

Pittsburgh  experts  figure  that 
steel  prices  are  due  for  a  dip  short- 
ly after  fixed  prices  run  out  at  the 
end  of  the  year.  After  that  a  buy- 
ing rally  at  the  reduced  values  will 
start  a  real  boom  at  the  steel  mills. 


the  industry  that  before  long  will  be  only 
a  memory  of  quantity  production  and 
high   wages. 

One  dealer  stated  this  morning  that 
his  firm  was  receiving  inquiries  for 
equipment  from  several  centres,  and 
that  business  was  beginning  to  take  on  a 
peace-time  appearance.  Some  of  the  in- 
quiries promised  to  run  into  consider- 
able money.  Of  course,  it  will  take  a 
long  time  for  this  business  to  grow  into 
the  volumes  that  have  been  handled  by 
the  machine  tool  dealers  in  the  last  few 
months. 

The  supply  business  is  smaller  in 
volume  this  week.  A  number  of  deci- 
sions will  have  to  be  made  regarding 
what  lines  are  to  be  followed  by  Cana- 
dian manufacturers  before  there  is  much 
of  a  revival  in  this  business. 
The  Steel  Situation 

The  mills  are  not  accepting  cancella- 
tions from  the  Canadian  trade,  neither 
are  they  considering  any  price  adjust- 
ments. As  a  consequence  there  is  a 
considerable  tonnage  coming  forward  to 


the  warehouses  at  old  prices.  The  result 
is  that  there  is  going  to  be  an  effort  on 
the  part  of  the  warehouses,  on  the  ar- 
rival of  these  goods,  to  dispose  of  them 
as  quickly  as  possible.  The  same  rules 
hold  in  steel  as  in  any  other  form  of 
merchandising,  and  it  means  in  reality 
that  pricecutting  will  be  mdulged  in. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  there  have  been  a 
number  of  deals  put  through  in  the  last 
few  days  which  show  a  tendency  on  the 
part  of  the  dealers  to  get  rid  of  their 
stock  at  the  best  price  obtainable.  Of 
course,  this  must  not  be  taken  to  mean 
that  the  skids  are  under  any  considerable 
number  of  lines,  but  rather  that  the  old 
business  of  competitive  selling  is  again 
being  felt. 

"Simply  as  a  matter  of  form."  That 
seems  to  indicate  the  feeling  towards  the 
securing  of  permits  from  the  war  trade 
for  orders  that  are  being  put  througii 
now.  There  is  little  delay  in  getting 
orders  through,  and  the  feeling  here  is 
that  the  whole  business  of  government 
regulation  and  allotment  is  right  now 
living  on  borrowed  life,  and  is  apt  to  go 
by  the  boards  almost  any  time. 

A  Peculiar  Situation 

Tubes  are  coming  forward  to  Canadian 
dealers  in  large  lots.      In  fact  they  can 
get  all  the  tubes  they  want  now,  and  al- 
most any  kind,  or  size.     Some  of  those 
interested  in  the  trade  are  rather  skep- 
tical about  the  remarkable  recovery  that 
is  being  made  in  the  ability  of  the  mills 
to  furnish  the  supplies  of  tubes  to  Cana- 
dian dealers.       The  tube   situation   was 
bad  for  a  good  many  months.     In  fact  it 
was  impossible  to  secure  a  two-inch  tube 
and  they  were   badly  needed  for  repair 
work.        Canadian     dealers    were     told, 
when  they  approached  the  mills  on  the 
other  side,  that  it  was  impossible  to  give 
them    the    stocks   they   required.      Their 
mills    were   entirely   on    war  work,   and 
furthermore  it  was  impossible  to  secure 
skelp  to  send  to  the  rollers  as  the  metal 
was  passing  through  the  open  hearths  to 
other  purposes.    Now,  almost  the  day  or 
week   that   the   armistice   is   signed,   the 
Canadian  dealers  are  informed  that  their 
orders,     accumulations     of     weeks     or 
months,  are  on  the  road.     Certain  it  is 
that  the  tube  rollers  could  not  have  re- 
covered   so    rapidly,    and    it    looks    as 
though  they  had  been  keeping  a  strate- 
gic reserve  against  a  bad  day,  and  that 
the    Canadian    dealers    were   now    being 
avalanched  from  this.     These  tubes  are 
coming  in  at  a  fairly  high  price,  and,  of 
course,  there  will  be  more  or  less  of  a 
scramble  to  place  them  before  the  era  of 
high  values  has  become  a  memory.    They 
will  likely  be  sold  at  a  price  very  cIo.se 
to  cost  in  many  cases. 

Some  Price  Changes 

As  each  week,  some  months  ago,  saw 
prices  another  rung  or  so  up  the  ladder, 
so  each  week  now  sees  the  prices  crawl- 
ing down  again  to  levels  approaching; 
reason  and  stability.  Sheets  (28B)  are 
this  week  quoted  at  $7.50  hundred.  Last 
week  they  were  at  $8,  and  not  lon^ 
before  that  they  were  trading  at  .$9,  an(i 
even  a  little  better  in  some  cases.  The 
chances  seem  to  be  that  they  will  hang 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


up  around  the  $7  or  |7.50  mark.  Steel 
bars  are  quoted  down  a  little,  $5  against 
fS.oO,  and  iron  bars,  $4.90  against  $5.25. 
Small  shapes,  and  this  heading  includes 
a  large  variety  of  material,  is  placed  25c 
per  hundred  down  at  $5.50  against  the 
$5.75  that  has  held  for  some  months. 

Dealers  state  that  the  demand  for 
steel  goods  is  brisk.  Business  that  has 
been  neglected  for  a  long  time  is  coming 
to  life.  Apparently  ,  the  demands  come 
from  industries  affected  principally,  by. 
the  trade  of  the  mines,  agriculture  and 
ship  building. 

Scrap  Trade  the  Same 

It  may  be  that  the  Canadian  scrap 
metal  trade  is  waiting  for  the  U.S. 
market  to  make  a  start.  The  U.S.  mar^ 
ket  in  turn  is  Availing  for  the  end  of  the 
present  quarter  to  run  out,  as  prices  are 
fixed  bv  the  Government  up  to  that  time, 
and  present  dem'.nd  does  not  warrant 
the  paying  of  the  limits  unless  thWe  is 


a  case  of  real  need  and  quick  disposal  in 
connection  with  the  deal. 

At  any  rate  conditions  in  the  scrap 
trade  in  Canada  are  almost  stagnant. 
Last  week  Montreal  dealers  came  out 
and  cut  the  prices  they  would  offer  by 
big  margins.  Lines  that  had  been  hold- 
ing around  $24  per  hundred  were  brought 
down  to  around  the  $15  mark,  but  appar- 
ently that  made  little  difference.  Buyers 
are  not  found  at  either  price.  As  one' of 
the  dealers  in  Toronto  stated  this  morn- 
ing, "What's  the  use  of  naming  a  price 
at  which  you  will  buy  when  you  don't 
want  to  buy  anything,  and  what's  the 
use  naming  a  figure  at  which  you  will 
sell  when  there's  no  one  in  sight  who 
wants  to  buy?"  Well  that  just  about 
represents  the  case  here  at  present,  and 
there  is  nothing  in  sight  at  the  moment 
to  indicate  that  a  period  of  greater  activ- 
ity is  in  sight.  Yards  are  well  stocked, 
.'00  well  in  fact,  and  for  the  present  noth- 
ing is  moving. 


SCRAP  DEALERS  WAITING  FOR 

IRON  AND  STEEL  MARKET  TO  SETTLE 


THE  scrap  metal  market  last  week 
was  described  as  stagnant,  and  this 
week  a  phrase  that  would  fit  the  situ- 
ation would  be  more  stagnant.  This  con- 
dition is  the  same  on  either  side  of  the 
international  line.  Canadian  dealers  who 
used  to  find  an  outlet  for  much  of  their 
yard  tonnage  in  the  American  markets 
are  finding  no  such  outlet  now.  Buyers 
at  U.  S.  points  are  not  any  more  anxious 
for  material  than  they  are  here.  Prices 
have  much  to  do  with  the  difficulty. 
These  have  been  for  some  time  at  the 
maximum  allowed  by  the  Government. 
There  is  a  strong  tendency  now  to  get 
away  from  these,  and  in  this  condition 
much  trading  is  .lot  looked  for.  Reports 
from  American  points  give  the  follow- 
ing: 

Chicago — Prices  are  unsettled  here,  as 
there  is  almost  no  trading  on  which  to 
form  an  opinion.  Many  of  the  smaller 
dealers  are  out  now  offering  much  of 
their  material  to  the  consumers  at  con- 
cessions, but  they  are  not  meeting  with 
response  even  on  these  grounds. 

Pittsburgh — Present  Government  prices 
are  effective  only  until  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  no  person  is  buying  in  the 
meantime.  Cancellations  are  made 
wherever  there  is  any  chance,  and  users 
are  becoming  more  strict  than  ever  in 
their  inspections,  and  if  the  metal  is  not 
right  up  to  scratch  the  rejection  of  the 
shioment   is  certain  to  follow. 

Buffalo — The  trade  here  seems  to  in- 
cline to  the  belief  that  all  Government 
control  will  disappear  at  the  close  of  the 


year,  and  it  seems  to  be  the  opinion  of 
nearly  all  that  an  all-round  reduction  of 
$5  per  ton  will  be  certain.  Both  mills 
and  scrap  men  are  waiting  for  develop- 
ments. 

Clevelnnr! — Dealers  are  positive  in 
their  statements  that  they  will  not  con- 
tract for  any  material  before  the  fir.st 
of  the  year.  When  the  free  market 
comes  a  break  in  the  prices  is  looked 
for.  Cancellations  show  a  strong  in- 
clination to  become  more  numerous,  and 
although  the  tonnage  affected  yet  is  not 
very  large,  a  continuation  of  the  ten- 
dency might  become  rather  embarrass- 
ing. 

St.  Louis — Sharp  cuts  were  made  in 
the  price  of  many  lines  here  this  week. 
But  even  the  whittled  prices  hardly  rep- 
resent the  real  value  of  material  at  pre- 
sent. Neither  has  the  cut  had  the  effect 
of  stimulating  trade.  A  few  weeks  ago 
dealers  claimed  that  they  were  shy  of 
all  grades  of  scrap,  but  as  soon  as  the 
war  ceased  they  all  turned  out  to  have 
very  large  offerings  to  place  on  the  mar- 
ket. They  had  loaded  up  at  fairly  high 
prices  and  now  they  are  scampering  to 
unload  before  the  sag  in  the  market  bo- 
comes  any  more  pronounced. 

Birmingham — Dealers  here  have  their 
own  way  of  figuring  out  the  situation. 
They  hold  that  not  until  there  has  been 
a  settlement  of  the  steel  and  iron  situ- 
ation will  there  be  any  betterment  in  the 
scrap  business.  In  any  trading  that  does 
take  nlace  consumers  simply  make  their 
own  bids  regardless  of  price  Hits. 


STEEL  PRICES  WILL  TAKE  DIP 

BEFORE  BRISK  BUYING  STARTS 


SpmUI    to   CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Dec.  12.  —  The 
opinion  expressed  in  last  report  that 
there  will  be  no  further  price  fixing  is 
now  confirmed  and  only  the  final  formal 
ar.nauncement  is  needed  to  wind  up  the 


obituary  of  Government  price  control. 
The  War  Industries  Board  and  the  iron 
and  steel  industry  independently  reached 
the  same  conclusion,  that  price  fixing 
should  be  discontinued.     There  appeared 


to  be  some  weight  to  the  idea  of  some 
measure  of  control  of  prices  during  the 
transitional  y  period,  so  as  to  avoid  a 
slump  in  prices,  but  the  War  Industries 
Board  found  itself  powerless  to  enforce 
minimum  prices,  to  prevent  sellers  from 
shading,  while  the  producers  felt  that  in 
the  long  run  they  would  be  better  off  if 
the  market  were  allowed  from  the  very 
outset  to  take  its  own  course.  One 
cogent  reason  for  the  producers'  atti- 
tude was  that  if  the  War  Industries 
Board  shc.ild  set  prices  for  the  first 
quarter  of  the  new  year  it  would  pro- 
bablv  insist  anon  reductions  as  it  would 
not  be  readjusting  the  market  if  it  did 
not  m"i--<>  at  least  a  start,  whereas  the 
producers  might  be  able  to  hold  the  old 
prices  for  a  time. 

Immediate    Decline    Improbable 

While    the    situation    created,  by    the 
sudden     disappearance     of     Government 
control — although,  of  course,  the  present 
agreement   runs    through    December    31, 
which  is  not  far  off — appears  to  be  an 
entirely  new  one  it  is  not  new  after  all. 
It    is    in    substance    the    same    situation 
Ihat    has   always    developed    after   there 
has  been  a  rise  in  the  market  and  the 
corresponding  decline  is.  in  prospect.  The 
market  moves  through  cycles,  which  are 
vevy    much    the    same    in    character,   al- 
though differing 'in  length  and  in  the  in- 
tensity of  the  movement.     Starting  with 
a  period  of  low  prices,  demmd  develops, 
prices   bearin   to   ascend   and    buyers   be- 
come   confident.      They    buy    more    and  ' 
more   freely   and   thus   encourage   prices 
to   rise  further.     When   prices   stop   ad- 
vancing the  buyers  find  themselves  well 
covered    and    cease    buying.      Then    the 
producers  hold  prices  as  long  as  possible, 
shiopino-  on  old  orders  and  booking  such 
little   additional    business   for   early   de- 
livery as  develops.     No  large  sales  can 
be  effected  on  a  declining  market,  hence 
the  incentive  to  the  producer  is  to  hold 
prices,  for  there  is  more  profit  for  him 
in   the  contracts   he  has  on   books   than 
there  would  be  in  the  little  business  he 
could  nick  up  by  cutting  prices.     When 
order  books  are  pretty  well  cleaned  out 
the  sellers  begin  cutting  prices  and  the 
decline  occurs.    Beginning  with  the  boom 
of  1899  this  cycle  has  been  run  th'-ough 
five    times,    the    peaks    of   demand    and 
prices  falling   in   1899,   1902,  1907,   1909 
and    1912.      Afterwards    in    each    case, 
there   was   a   period  of  sustained   prices 
with  little  buying,  but  heavy  shipments. 
After   1899   and   1902  the  old  pools  and 
associations  helped  to  sustain   the  mar- 
ket, and  in  1908  the  "Garv  dinner"  move- 
ment was  a  great  help,  but  the  under- 
lying   incentive    to    the    individual    pro- 
ducer, not  to  cut  prices,  was  always  pre- 
sent.   The  artificial  assistance  given,  as 
by  the  Gary  dinners,  merely  helped. 

In  its  general  form,  the  situation  to- 
day is  precisely  similar  to  those  experi- 
enced in  the  past.  The  furnaces  and  mills 
have  a  large  volume  of  contract  business 
on  books,  and  there  is  a  fair,  though  de- 
cidedly moderate,  running  demand  in  the 
aggregate  for  early  deliveries,  from  buy- 
ers to  whom  price  is  no  particular  object 
because  they  expect  to  turn  the  material 
over  at  once.     If  the   market   is  going 


December  12.   1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


687 


to  decline  eventually,  they  do  not  wait, 
because  then  they  can  buy  more  material 
and  turn  it  over  also.  In  this  class  are 
the  jobbers  and  automobile  builders,  for 
instance. 

As  to  the  contract  business  on  books, 
some  of  the  contracts  are  absolutely  firm 
contracts  when,  for  instance,  they  are 
for  specific  buildinns  or  bridges,  or  spe- 
cific lots  of  railroad  cars.  About  this 
business  there  is  practically  no  ques 
tion;  it  must  be  carried  out.  Other  con- 
tract business  is  not  so  firm,  and  the 
buyers  under  the  contracts  may  be  alto- 
gether unwilling  to  promise  that  they 
will  take  out  the  entire  contract  tonnage, 
which  might  involve  a  period  of  many 
months,  but  they  are  in  many  cases  call- 
ins;  for  irrmediate  deliveries.  They  may 
be  urgently  desiring  such  and  such  ton- 
nage deliveries  for  January,  and  perhaps 
also  for  February,  and  that  affords 
business  for  producers  even  though  there 
is  no  assurance  as  to  whether  these  same 
buyers  will  want  material  in  March  at 
the  contract  price. 

Little  Construction  Work 

There  is  little  construction  work  in 
prospect  for  the  near  future.  There  is 
practically  nothing  by  way  of  entirely 
new  projects,  and  as  to  old  projects,  set 
aside  by  the  war,  the  buyers  in  many 
cases  are  at  the  mercy  of  the  labor  mar- 
ket and  the  market  for  other  commodi- 
ties, needed  in  conjunction  with  the  steel. 
There  is  specific  information  as  to 
several  such  projects,  where  large  ton- 
nages of  steel  have  been  under  contract 
for  months,  and  the  buyers  now  tell  the 
mills  they  will  want  the  steel  as  soon  as 
they  can  secure  labor  to  utilize  it.  Just 
when  tliat  will  be  they  do  not  know,  but 
they  are  anxious  to  go  ahead. 

As  to  new  projects,  little  can  be  ex- 
pected for  a  time.     Regular  investment 


buyers,  who  would  build  factories, 
bridges,  hotel  and  office  buildings,  can- 
not take  hold  now  for  they  require  as- 
surance as  to  costs.  They  cannot  make 
their  investments  at  high  costs  if  costs 
are  shortly  to  be  lower.  It  is  not  merely 
a  question  of  the  cost  of  steel,  for  the 
cost  of  utilizing  the  steel,  by  buyin<.^ 
other  construction  materials  and  em- 
ploying labor,  is  a  large  item  in  most 
cases,  and  if  steel  came  down  to  an  en- 
tirely satisfactory  level  at  once  these  in- 
vestors would  still  have  to  wait  for  their 
other  costs  to  come  down,  or  for  assur- 
ance that  costs  were  not  going  to  come 
down.  Accordingly,  the  iron  and  steel 
producers  do  not  see  that  it  would  help 
matters  in  any  way,  while  it  would  hurt 
the  situation  in  several  respects,  for 
there  to  be  an  immediate  and  material 
decline  in  prices. 

Market  Prospects 

It  is  barely  possible,  of  course,  that 
there  will  be  declines  immediately  after 
January  1,  but  it  is  much  more  probable 
that  existing  prices  will  be  held  for  a 
time,  perhaps  a  few  weeks,  perhaps 
several  months.  Meanwhile  the  buyers 
who  can  afford  to  take  the  risk  of  buying 
at  present  prices,  because  they  can  turn 
over  the  material  promptly,  will  be  over 
their  rush  and  much  of  the  contract  busi- 
ness will  be  worked  off.  Production  will 
doubtless  decline,  perhaps  very  mater- 
ially. Finally,  when  prospects  appear 
ripe  that  heavy  buying  for  for- 
ward delivery  can  be  induced,  pro- 
ducers will  be  ready  to  meot  buyers' 
i'eas,  by  dropping  the  market,  and  there 
is  likely  to  be  a  dip  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  will  be  followed  promptly  by  a 
recovery,  and  then  the  period  of  pros- 
perity, probably  of  several  years'  dura- 
tion, will  be  upon  the  trade. 


CANCELLATIONS  ARE  NOT  BEING 

ACCEPTED  BY  PIG  IRON  MAKERS 


THE  question  of  cancellation  of  con- 
tracts is  occupying  considerable  at- 
tention among  the  producers  o'  n'":  i.on 
in  the  United  States.  The  situation  is 
a  rather  peculiar  one.  Many  orders 
were  placed  on  the  books  of  the  com- 
panies, the  price  to  be  the  Government 
standard  at  the  time  of  delivery.  Now 
that  the  furnaces  can  supply  this  ma- 
terial, in  many  cases  the  demand  for  it 
has  been  withdrawn,  or  in  other  cases 
the  users  want  to  hold  back  and  see  if 
the  market  will  work  toward  a  lower 
level  before  they  place  their  orders. 
Cancellations  are  not  being  accepted,  and 
in  some  places  iron  is  piling  up  on  shops 
faster  than  they  can  hope  to  use  it.  Their 
only  recourse  will  be  to  come  on  the  Gov- 
ernment for  loss.  Following  are  some 
of  the  reports  from  leading  production 
centres  in  the  States: 

Chicago — In  no  case  reported  here  has 
there  been  a  cancellation  on  gray  iron. 
Cancellations  for  any  kind  of  iron  arc 
not  being  accepted.  Some  requests  for 
cancellation  ask  for  a  bill  of  expense  for 
work  done  on  the  order  up  to  the  time  of 


cancellation,  in  order  that  the  matter 
may  be  taken  up  with  the  Government. 
Sellers  refuse  to  do  this,  advising  that 
melters  sell  their  iron  on  the  market  and 
charge  back  the  loss  to  the  Government. 
The  idea  is  that  the  market  will  be  dis- 
turbed less  in  this  way. 

New  York — There  have  been  quite  a 
number  of  requests  made  in  this  district 
for  cancellation,  but  the  furnaces  are 
standing  pat  and  refuse  to  move  in  this 
direction.  Furnaces  remind  the  trade 
that  in  the  summer  of  1917,  when  pig 
was  selling  at  $50  and  $55  per  ton,  they 
kept  on  filling  old  contracts  at  as  much 
at  $20  below  that  mark,  and  now  that 
the  tables  have  been  reversed,  they  hold 
that  it  is  up  to  the  melters  to  keep  faith 
with  the  sellers.  Makers  of  pig  are 
emphatic  in  their  stand  that  contractors 
for  iron  must  take  their  deliveries. 

Buffalo — Small  tonnages  for  early 
shipment  form  a  good  deal  of  the  new 
business  that  is  coming  to  the  furnaces 
here.  Furnaces  which  are  not  soliciting 
business  are  those  which  ar^  going  ahead 
on  the  allocations  made  by  the  Govern- 


ment prior  to  the  cessation  of  the  war. 
Coke  shipments  have  been  more  satis- 
factory than  for  some  time  past. 

St.  Louis — Makers  of  pig  iron  in  this 
district  are  satisfied  with  the  prospects 
for  business  in  the  future.  Those  who 
expected  that  tJiere  would  be  a  cancel- 
lation on  a  large  scale  are  out  in  their 
guess,  for  many  of  the  firms  that  were 
getting  iron  on  allocation  are  just  as 
Keen  to  get  it  now  as  though  the  war 
were  going  to  last  for  a  year.  Peace 
plants  are  coming  to  life  much  sooner 
than  was  thought  possible.  Construction 
work  is  about  the  only  line  that  has  not 
begun  to  take  on  definite  form. 

Cincinnati— Although  it  was  hoped 
that  the  end  had  been  seen  of  cancella- 
tion requests  they  continue  to  come  in. 
Against  this  there  is  reported  new  busi- 
ness from  firms  making  agricultural 
implements,  although  the  volume  of  this 
trade  is  not  as  great  as  that  which  is 
being  dropped.  Foundries  casting  for 
machine  tools  are  in  a  poor  way,  as  they 
have  no  outlet  for  the  pig  iron  that  is 
piling  up  on  them.  At  present  they  are 
storing  for  future  use. 

Philadelphia — Cancellation  by  the  Bri- 
tish Government  of  an  allocation  of 
100,000  tons  of  basic  is  causing  some 
worry  among  the  dealers  here,  and  a 
meeting  may  be  held  to  consider  the 
whole  matter.  There  is  another  matter 
of  trouble.  Sellers  booked  orders  months 
ago  that  they  plan  to  fill  now,  and  they 
are  wondering  if  they  can  hold  users  up 
to  prices  should  the  Government  regu- 
lations be  done  away  with  before  delivery 
is  made. 

Pittsburgh — Many  furnace  men  hola 
the  belief  that  the  dropping  of  Govern- 
ment control  will  mean  higher  prices. 
They  point  to  the  fact  that  production 
costs  are  steadily  rising,  and  that  there 
are  stacks  that  at  present  prices  are  not 
doing  better  than  breaking  even. 

NEW  ADDITION  TO 

THE  GALT  FOUNDRY 

Gait. — As  another  evidence  of  the  con- 
tinuous growth  of  Gait's  industries,  par- 
ticularly on  the  east  side  of  the  city,  the 
Gait  Foundry  Company,  situated  on 
Beverly  street  near  the  C.P.R.  subway, 
who  specialize  in  the  manufacture  of 
sprinkler  stokers,  have  found  it  neces- 
sary, owing' to  the  large  extension  of 
their  business,  to  erect  a  new  machine 
shop,  operations  having  already  com- 
menced on  the  building,  the  dimensions 
of  which  are  65  by  60  feet  and  20  feet  in 
height.  The  manager,  Mr.  W.  M.  Mc- 
Robert,  stated  that  the  company  would 
eventually  build  a  new  factory,  as  there 
was  every  prospect  of  the  business  grow- 
ing to  large  dimensions  in  the  near  fu- 
ture. With  the  present  addition  to  the 
plant,  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  on  a 
number  of  extra  employees. 

Other  industrial  establishments  in  this 
locality  who  have  built  additions  to  their 
plants  within  the  past  twelve  months,  are 
the  Gait  Brass  Company,  macadamized 
road;  the  Roelofson  Machine  Tool  Com- 
pany, and  the  Gait  Machine  Screw  Com- 
pany, the  two  latter  also  situated  on 
Beverly  street. 


688 


Volume   XX. 


THE  WEEK  IN  INDUSTRIAL  HAMILTON 


Hamilton,  Dec.  12.— The  Smart-Turner 
Machine  Company,  who  have  been  manu- 
facturing steel  barrels  for  the  last  four 
years,  state  that  the  barrel  industry  is 
rather  a  strange  one  to  handle,  inas- 
much as  it  varied  from  the  regular 
business,  by  the  fact  of  the  ordeis  com- 
ing into  the  plants  in  the  early  months 
of  the  spring  and  summer,  and  that  busi- 
ness was  almost  at  a  standstill  during 
the  winter  months. 

The  backbone  of  the  barrel  business  is 
in  the  welders,  who  are  large  salaried 
men,  and  who  demand  a  year's  work.  In 
Older  to  keep  the  welders,  so  as  to  have 
them  in  the  time  of  need,  it  is  necessary 
to  find  some  occupation  for  them,  where 
they  can  earn  their  wages  during  the 
almost  idle  period  of  the  industry.  Last 
winter  the  welders  in  the  Smart-Turner 
plant  were  engaged  for  a  portion  of  the 
time  in  laying  new  floors  in  the  factory, 
and  machine  shop,  and  repairing  mach- 
inery, and  odd  jobs  in  welding,  and  the 
few  odd  orders  for  barrels  that  might 
be  received. 

In  1915  the  Smart-Turner  Company 
received  an  order  from  the  Imperial 
Munition  Board  for  24,000  barrels,  which 
were  to  be  made  of  14  gauge  sheet  iron, 
and  to  be  filled  with  oleum  for  shipment 
overseas.  Durina:  the  year  this  order 
was  filled,  under  the  direction  of  Jack 
Howard,  then  superintendent  of  the  fac- 
tory. The  order  enabled  the  firm  to 
instal  an  up-to-date  barrel  shop,  but  in 
1916  they  had  the  shop  and  no  barrel 
business.  In  1917-18  they  began  to  work 
up  a  business,  and  during  those  years 
received  their  share  of  the  barrels  which 
were  purchased  in  Canada. 

The  number  of  barrels  that  are  con- 
sumed annually  is  very  small,  stated 
.VIr.  Smart.  In  the  Dominion  of  Canada 
the  consumption  is  almost  limited  to 
three  companies,  the  British  American 
Oil  Co.,  the  Canadian  Oil  Co.,  and  the 
Imperial  Oil  Co.  One  of  these  firms 
in  1918  made  very  small  purchase,  while 
ihe  others  were  limited  in  the  numbers 
that  they  stocked.  This  may  be  due 
to  the  fact  that  several  oil  companies  are 
themselves  interested  in  barrel  manu- 
facturing. 

The  Standard  Oil  Company  in  the 
United  States  manufacture  more  barrels 
than  their  own  consumption,  and  suppb 
barrels  to  the  firms  with  whom  they  are 
associated,  thus  the  Canadian  manufac- 
turer cannot  compete  with  the  Standard 
people.  The  wooden  barrel  has  by  no 
means  become  a  thing  of  the  past,  is  the 
statement  made,  as  a  matter  of  fact  they 
are  still  beiny;  used  extensively  by  the 
oil  companies  and  others. 

The  barrel  trade  has  had  queer  turns 
in  it,  according  to  those  who  have  been 
closely  associated  with  the  industry.  Il 
i«  stated  that  requests  have  been   made 


Sprcial    to    CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

from  firms  in  South  Africa  and  Italy, 
that  barrels  be  made  by  the  Smart-Tur- 
ner firm,  and  be  forwarded  to  a  refining 
company  to  be  filled  with  oil,  gasoline, 
acid,  or  some  other  commodity.  In 
event  of  the  firm  taking  this  in  hand  it 
would  change  them  from  the  barrel 
manufacturing  business  into  that  of  a 
broker  or  oil  company.  Under  pre-war 
conditions  it  was  possible  to  carry  out 
these  instructions,  but  due  to  the  in- 
creased freight  rates,  the  advanced  price 
of  the  contents  required  for  the  barrels, 
the  matter  of  export  became  almost  im- 
possible. 

Export   Not   Feasible 

The  question  of  .exporting  bai-rels  is 
one  that  has  been  deeply  considered,  and 
investigated.  The  firm  have  found  thai, 
due  to  the  difficulty  in  shipping  that  it 
is  not  a  feasible  idea.  Shipping  space  is 
sold  by  cubic  space  and  weight,  which- 
ever is  the  larger.  In  order  to  hold 
down  the  shipping  charges,  and  to  supply 
weight  in  order  that  the  vessel  will  be- 
come seaworthy,  the  barrels  have  to  be 
filled,  thus  the  contents  of  the  barrel 
becomes  many  times  more  valuable  than 
the  barrel  itself.  Great  difficulty  was; 
experienced  by  the  Imperial  Munition 
Board  in  shipping  barrels  overseas. 
They  required  that  the  barrels  be  filled 
with  oleum,  a  very  strong  sulphuric  acid 
which,  when  mixed  with  water,  eats  into 
metal  at  a  very  rapid  rate. 

At  the  port  of  St.  John,  some  time 
ago,  a  large  number  of  barrels  made  by 
an  American  firm,  from  a  light  gauge  of 
metal,  filled  with  oleum,  were  loaded  into 
a  ship  for  export  to  England.  In  some 
manner,  it  is  not  known  how,  a  quantity 
of  oleum  and  water  were  mixed,  with 
the  result  of  it  eating  through  the  metal 
and  the  contents  of  several  barrels 
spreading  over  the  others,  placed  close 
to  each  other,  resulted  in  large  holes 
being  eaten  in  the  barrels,  and  the  oleum 
again  came  in  contact  with  water  in  the 
bottom  of  the  ship,  and  its  action  eat 
holes  in  the  bottom  of  the  boat  to  such 
an  extent  that  the  ship  began  to  sink  at 
its  moorings  in  the  harbor,  and  was 
only  saved  from  submerging  by  bein;; 
brought  back  to  a  dock  and  being  tied 
there. 

This  resulted  in  the  Imperial  Munition 
Board  instructing  that  their  barrels  be 
made  of  a  heavier  gauge.  However,  they 
have' not  shipped  any  further  consign- 
ments of  oleum,  but  filled  the  barrels 
with  other  fluids  required  overseas. 

It  is  upon  these  grounds  and  many 
others  that  have  been  brought  to  the  at- 
tention of  Mr.  Smart  that  he  has  ar- 
rived at  the  decision  that  the  steel  bar- 
rel as  an  export  product  is  not  a  profit- 
able one,  and  on  the  facts  that  the  num- 
ber of  barrels  used  in  Canada  is  limited, 
that  he  makes  the  statement  that  there 


is  not  enough  barrel  business  in  Canada 
to  keep  all  the  barrel  shops  in  constant 
operation. 

The  Labor  Situation 

The  labor  situation  has  been  greatly 
relieved  in  this  city,  during  the  past 
several  weeks.  An  example  is  demon- 
strated in  the  fact  that  a  local  concern 
advertised  for  a  man  to  fill  a  vacancy  on 
their  .staff  and  received  106  applications 
for  the  position.  The  same  firm  adver- 
tised for  the  same  class  of  man  about  a 
month  ago,  and  received  only  one  ap 
plicant. 

The  large  numbers  of  troops  who  are 
being  demobilized  is  said  by  local  con- 
cerns to  be  the  cause  of  the  labor  flood. 
Many  men  are  now  looking  the  daily 
want  ads.  over  for  a  position.  Some 
applicants  are  not  out  of  employment, 
but  are  on  munition  work  and  are  seek- 
ing to  secure  permanent  positions  be- 
fore the  respective  firms  they  are  work- 
ing for  close  down  on  munition  work. 
The  shortage  of  expert  mechanics  is  still 
in  effect,  however. 

Orders  Cancelled 

The  Canadian  Cartridge  Company  at 
Hamilton,  who  announced  that  they 
were  to  enter  into  the  field,  manufactur- 
ing all  small  steel  vessels,  exclusive  of 
the  boiler  trade,  and  who  had  an  order 
from  the  Imperial  Government  for  3,000 
barrels,  have  announced  that  the  order 
has  been  cancelled,  and  that  at  the  pre- 
sent time  they  have  no  orders  on  their 
books  for  any  kind  of  metal  receptacles. 
Mr.  Cook,  superintendent  of  the  factory, 
stated  that  he  did  not  know  when  the 
company  would  commence  operations 
along  the  line  of  their  new  proposed  pro 
duct.  Over  $100,000  has  been  invested 
in  machinery  to  proceed  with  the  manu- 
facturing of  steel  barrels. 


MAKING   I'UMPS 

A  very  large  number  of  pumps  are 
being  made  by  the  Smart-Turner  Com- 
pany for  the  Embarkation  Service  of  the 
United  States  Government.  The  sizes 
that  are  being  erected  are  10  x  6  x  12 
Vertical  Simplex,  brass  fitted,  and  4V2 
x  4  x  6  Vertical  Simplex.  These  are  to  be 
used  on  n^ine  planters  and  river  steamers 
in  the  service  of  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment. The  order  is  large  enoui:h  to 
keep  the  Smart-Turner  factory  enga-^fed 
in  their  exclusive  manufacture  until  the 
end  of  February,  1919. 


"Bang!"   went  the   rifles   at   the   man- 
oeuvres.    The    pretty    girl    fcreamed     a 
surprised  little  scream  and  stepped  back 
ward  '  into  the  arms  of  a  young  man. 

"Oil!"  she  said,  blushing.  "I  was 
frigl'*^ened  by  the  rifles.  I  beg  your 
pardon  " 

"Not  at  all."  said  the  young  man. 
"Let's  'xo  over  and  watch  the  artillery." 


December    12,   1918 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh ?32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago.  37  50 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    87  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace   33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal  Toronto 

Hamilton 

Victoria 50  00 

IRON  AND  STEEI 

'  Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  Cents 

Steel   bars,  base,  Toronto    4  90 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  00 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  55 

Steel   bars,   base,   Montreal    5  05 

Reinforcing  bars,  base   4  50 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  00 

Tire  steel 6  50 

Spring;   steel    8  00 

Brand   steel.  No.    10   gauge,   base     5  05 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  M,  in 12  00 

Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

Steel  bars,  Pittsburgh   ♦2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh *3  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  *8  BO 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 6  50 

Small  shapes 5  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

*Govemment  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  Ibe. 

C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal     29  391/4 

St.  .John,  N.B 471/4  63 

Halifax 49  64% 

Toronto    23%  271/2 

Guelph    23%  27% 

London     23%  27% 

Windsor    23%  27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copner    $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   31  00  29  50 

Castings,   copper    28  50  28  50 

Tin  83  00  88  00 

Spelter    10  50  11  00 

Lead    9  50  10  00 

Antimony 12  00  16  00 

.Aluminum    46  00  ,50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Montreal  Toronto 

Plates,   14    un    $  8  00  $  8  00 

Plates,  3-16  in 8  50  8  40 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.  37 

Black       Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per   100  feet 

%  in $     6  00     $     8  00 

1.4  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 5  22  7  35 

%  in 6  63  8  20 

%  in 8  40  10  52 

1      fn 12  41  15  56 

1%  in 16  79  21  05 

1%  in 20  08  25  16 


2      in 27  01  33  86 

2%  in 43  29  54  11 

3       in 56  61  70  76 

3%  in 71  76  88  78 

4      in 85  02  105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82  38  30 

2%  in 47  97  58  21 

3  in 52  73  76  12 

3%  in 78  20  96  14 

4  in 92  65  114  00 

1  12  1  37 

1  30  1  59 

1  69  2  06 

2  19  2  68 

2  30  2  81 

2  65  3  24 

3  17  3  88 

2  94  3  60 

3  79  4  64 


4%   in. 

5  in. 

6  in. 

7  in. 
8L    in. 

8  in. 

9  in. 
lOL  in. 
10       in. 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 
Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4"  and  under,  running  thread,  25%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  35%, 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD   MATERIAL 
Dealers' 


10  00 

13  00 

9  00 

00 

00 


Buying   Prices. 

Montreal 

Copper,   light    $15  00 

Copper,  crucible   18  50 

Copper,   heavy    18  50 

Copper,   wire    18  50 

No.   1   machine  composi- 
tion      19  00 

New  brass  cuttings .  .  . 
Red  brass  turnings .  . . 
Yellow  brass  turnings. 

Light    brass" 7 

Medium    brass    9 

Heavy  melting  steel   ...  20  00 

Shell   turnings    9  00 

Boiler  plate   21  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron  ....  32  00 

Rails 26  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  30  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00 

Pine  wrought    18  00 

Car  wheels    38  00 

Steel  axles 34  00 

Mach.   shop   turnings    •  .  9  00 

Stove  plate 22  00 

Cast    boring    11 

Scrap  zinc    6 

Heavv  lead    

Tea  lead   5  50 

Aluminum    16  00 


00 
50 
00 


Toronto 

$20  00 
24  50 
24  50 
24  00 

22  00 
15  50 

18  00 
13  00 

9  50 
12  00 

22  00 
12  00 
20  00 
24  00 

23  00 
33  00 
20  00 
17  00 
30  00 
35  00 

8  50 

19  00 
12  00 

6  50 

8  00 

5  75 

20  00 


BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 28 

Stove  bolts 55 

Plate  washers List  plus  20  ■ 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  less 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine    screws,    fl.    and   rd.   hd., 

stpel 27% 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fil.  hd.,  steel 
Machine    screws,   fl.   and   rd.   hd., 

brass add 

Machine    screws,   0.    and   fil.    hd . 

brass add 

Nuts,  square  blank add 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plus 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs   

Boiler  rivets,  base  %"  and  larger 

Structural  rivets,  as  above 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass   

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze  .... 


1« 
M 

» 

$1  60 
1  76 

1  76 

2  00 
80 
60 
25 

$8  60 
8  40 
72% 
67% 
37% 
32% 
..     27% 
..     25 
MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  Cent. 

Set  screws 26 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws ....     20 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fln.  nuts  up  to  1  in 26 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in SO 

Fin.   and  Semi-fin.  nuts  over  1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in plus     10 

Studs n*t 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head   bolts,  without  fillet, 

list  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and 10 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws   list  plus     20 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,     10 

Thumb  screws SO 

Thumb  nuts 96 

Patch  bolts add  40,     10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  f4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add     7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  rroaa  t«B 

Bessemer  billets $47  50 

Open-hearth  billets  •■ 47  60 

O.H.  sheet  bars 61  00 

Forging  billets 60  00 

Wire  rods 17  M 

Government  prices. 
F.O.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   $5  25      $5  30 

Cut  nails 6  70         6  66 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   00% 

Snikes,  %  in.  and  larger $7  60 

Spikes,  V*  and  5-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  82 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  80 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  tS 

Transmission  rope,  Manila 0  46 

Cotton  rope,  %-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montraml    aud 

Toronto    net 


690 


CANADIAN   MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metals   18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  75 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt  16  05 

Red   dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt 16  60 

Glue,  English 0  86 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  96 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk 0  83 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  82 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  pins  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03H 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  06 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04% 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G."  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  . . .  35 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes,  No.  53  to  80  40 

Standard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1  %  in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    16 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills   26 

Electricians^bits 80 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus  40 

Bridge  reamers 60 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 76 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus   ....  40 
COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill   list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse    list  plus  60% 

Discounts  off  new  list    Warehouse  price 
at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 
class  B  and  C,  net  list.  Cast  iron  fittings, 
16*  off  list.  Malleable  bushings,  25  and 
7%%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 
plugs,  20%  off  list.  Net  prices  malleable 
fittings;  class  B  black,  24%e  lb.;  class  C 
black,  15%e  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34c 
lb.;  class  C,  24%c  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 
SHEETS 

Uontresl     Toronto 

Sheete,  black.  No.  28. .   $  8  00       $  8  00 
Sheete,  black.  No.  10..     10  00  8  50 

Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets   9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.       9  50         10  00 
Apollo  brand,   10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head,  28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%   oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00        20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

U  fn.,  $14.85;  6-16  in.,  $13.86;  %  in.. 
113.60;   7-16  in..  |12.90;    V,   in.,   |13.20; 


113.00;  %  in.,  $12.90;  1  inch,  $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;  Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  %  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    60 

P.H.   and   Imperial    50 

Nicholson  32% 

Black  Diamond 32% 

J.  Barton   Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &  Barnes   50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size.  Seamless         Lap  welded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

1%  in 40  00  

IH  in 43  00  36  00 

l%in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2H  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in. 58  00 

3H  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine ,     21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26Mi 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital  49% 

Cylinder  oil,  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil.  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  cutting  oil,  antiseptic 37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil  39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  18% 

BELTING— NO.   1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40% 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  96 

Leather  in  sides 1  76 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  60  ft. 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 2  75 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck. .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American ....  07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to       05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to      09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 85  to       60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to       45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grits,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  rod. .  0  88 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hearier, 
base 0  48 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  46 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  48 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..  21  AUas    - 18>4. 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .  1714. 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...   19%      X  press 16 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

.   15  Popular    12 

.  18%      Keen     10%= 

.   13% 

Wool  Packing. 

.  25         Anvil    16 

.   20         Anchor 11 


Lion    . . . . 
Standard 
No.  1    .. 


Arrow    . . . 

Axle    

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.  09 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  diacount  for- 
quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     ...   10%      Best  grades  . .   16% 


ANODES. 


Nickel 
Copper 
Tin  .. 
Zinc    . . 


.58  to  .66 

.38  to  .45 

.70  to  .70 

.18  to  .18 


Prices  Per  Lb. 


COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Tg^rontA 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  iO     48  0» 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  00     44  •» 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  00 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  0# 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 4600     440* 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Hontraal     TsrMito 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  26       $18  n 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  26         18  » 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60         12  6ft 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic  $   .25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric 14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 23 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 35 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1 .  80 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per  oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per  oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite 15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 

Sodium  hydrate 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6 . 

Sodium    phosphate    

Tin  chloride 1 . 

Zinc  chloride,   C.P 

Zinc  sulphate    

Prices    per   lb.    unless   otherwise   st 


Ill 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


AND  MANUFACTURING  NEWS 

A  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 


% 


Vol.  XX.  TORONTO.  DECEMBER  19,  1918  No.  25 

'     '/  (■ 

EDITORIAL   CONTENTS 

RE-EDUCATED    CRIPPLES    IN    THE    MACHINE  TRADE   691 

SHOVELS    MADE    OUT    OF    OLD    LOCOMOTIVE   TIRES    693 

TESTING    MACHINES    IN    INDUSTRIAL   LABORATORIES    696 

6-CYLINDER   AEROMARINE   MOTOR    • .. 700 

THE  STEEL  SHIPS  AND  OXY-ACETYLENE  WELDING 701 

WHAT  OUR   READERS  THINK  AND  DO    704 

Ways  to  Shorten  Arithmetical  Calculations. 

DEVELOPMENTS  IN  SHOP  EQUIPMENT   766 

INDUSTRIAL    ALCOHOL    • -•  708 

EDITORIAL    710 

MARKET    DEVELOPMENTS    712 

Summary Montreal    Letter Toronto    Letter Pittsburgh  Letter New  York 

Letter. 

SELECTED    MARKET    QUOTATIONS     59  "''^'^ 

INDUSTRIAL   NEWS    62 


THE  MACLEAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN,  Pres.      H.  T.  HUNTER,  Vice-pres.       H.  V.  TYRRELL,  Gen.  Man. 

Publishers  of  Hardware  and  Metal.  The   Financial   Post.   MacLean's   Magaiine,   Farmers'   Magazine. 

Canadian   Grocer.   Dry   Goods  Review,   Men's   Wear  Review.    Printer  and   Publisher,    Bookseller  and 

Stationer,    Canadian    Machinery    and     Manufacturing    News,    Power    House,    Sanitary    Engineer, 

Canadian   Foundryman,  Marine  Engineering  of  Canada. 

Cable  Address.  Macpubco,  Toronto ;  Atabelc,  London,  Eng. 

ESTABLISHED    1887. 


(ANADIAN  MACHlNERlf 

«•  Manufactur  ng  News 


A.   R.    KENNEDY,   Managing   Editor.  B.   G.   NEWTON.   Manager. 

Associate  Editors:  J.  H.  RODGERS,  W.  F.  SUTHERLAND,  T.  H.  FENNER. 
Eastern  Representative:  H.  V.  Treaidder;  Ontario  Representative:  S.  S.  Moore; 
Toronto  and  Hamilton  Representative;  J.  N.  Robinson. 
CHIEF   OFFICES: 
CANADA— Montreal,  Southam  Building,  128  Bleury  Street,  Telephone    1004;.  Toronto,    143-153    University    Ave.,    Tele- 
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GREAT  BRITAIN— LONDON,  The  MacLean  Company  of  Great  Britain,   Limited.  88  Fleet  Street,  E.C..   E.  J.   Dodd. 

Director.      Telephone    Central    12960.      Cable    address :  Atabek,   London,   England. 
UNITED    STATES— New    York,    A.    R.    Lowe,    Room    620,     111    Broadway.    N.Y.,    Telephone    Rector    8971:    Boaton. 
C.   L.    Morton,    Room   738,   Old   South    Building,   Telephone  Main    1204.     A.   H.   Byrne,  Room   900.   Lytton  Bldg., 
14  E.  Jackson   Street,  Chicago,  'Phone  Harrison   1147. 
SUBSCRIPTION    PRICE— Canada,    Great   BriUin.    South    Africa  and  the  West  Indies.   $3.00  a  year;  United  State* 
$8.50   a   year;   other   countries,    $4.00  a    year;   Single  Copies,   15   cents.     Invariably   in  advance. 


lis 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Anybody   Can  Operate   This    Miller 

and  Turn  Out  a  ^'le  of  Work 
so  Simple  to  Operate  is  the 


44 


HENDEY" 


Skilled  mechanics  are  scarce  these  days — but 
anyone  can  run  a  machine  of  its  simplicity  and 
turn  out  work  accurately  and  fast  without 
trouble. 

All  Feeds  positive  driven  through  gearings  giv- 
ing 18  changes. 

This  is  the  universal  type^designed  to  handle 
all  milling  operations  performed  on  machines  of 
this  character,  either  with  regular  equipment  or 
by  aid  of  attachments,  which  can  be  supplied 
for  increasing  efficiency  and  scope  of  machine. 

Write  for  full  description 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian    AffenU:    A.    R.    Williams    Machinery    Co..    Toronto.    Ont.; 
■  Vi    in- 1    Machinery    Co.,    260    Princess    St.,    Winnipeg:    A.    R. 

Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.. 
St.  John,  N.B.:   Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS 


A 

AikitUliil    lliinhrare  <'n to 

AUon    Mfc.    Co.     90 

.Wmotwl    Hit.    Co.     84 

.VodftNon,    Oeo.    A 88 

.\rrwiU    Torp.    of   <*aiiada    MB 

\rauttT<fng    HrcM.    INxO    <"o 91 

ATau<F*xtg    Whilwortll    i»f    Canada...  7 

AtUna  &  Co.,    Wm H 

B 

KainI    Uscbine  Co.  K 

Hanfietd,  W.   U.,   &  Sons 76 

Barnes,  WaBace,  i'o.    68 

Bcannry  St  Co.,  Inc '91 

Bertram   it  Sons  Co..   John 1 

Bertranu,    Ltd.    67 

Betts   Machhie  Co.    9 

Blount  Co..  J,  0 75 

BrantfortI   (>?«n  &   Hack   Co 69 

Bridicrfoni   Macfa.   &  Tool   Wk» 9 

Bristol    i'r>mpany    88 

Brown,    Boggs   Co 11 

Brown  Knginecrlng  Corp.    75 

UnMea.    HarAury    A 69 

Biitti^'ld  &  Co..  Inc 15 

0 

Canatla   Fotuidrics  &    FoiviiiK»,    Ltil.  13 

Canaila   Machiner>'  CoiiM>ratif>ii    

Outside    back    CQVfr 

Canada  Metal  Co.    7 

Can.    Barker  Co 92 

Can.    II.    K.   Morton   Co.    18 

Can.    Blower  t  Torte  Co.    U 

Can.   DeODond-atephan  Co 'JO 

Can.    FairtMnka-MoTK  Co. 32 

Can.    Inieraoll-Band   Co.    8 

Can.   S   K    F  Co..   Ltd 4 

Can.    .Stwl    Koundriti*   7 

t'arlylc,    Joliruton    Mach.    Co 8 

Cbspmau   Dmiblp   Ball    Bearing   Co..  16 

Claisilled    .Vdrertislng    70 

(.terelaiid   riitumatic  Tool   Co 79 

Cotentry    t'hain    Co,    91 

Conxilfalated    I'rtw    Co.     M 

Carlw  *  Cuitin  (f 

CiwlimNii   f'hnch   IViL    88 

1> 

DavldMrn,   Tbu«.    61 

narldaon   Tool    Mfg.    Corp.    26 

Dark^onmouTille  Co.    K 

Ueloro  Mnplthw  *    Heflning   Co..  ..  21 

UiiaoDd  8aw  Ic  Stamping  Work*....  89 

OoniiriaB  Frtne  ft  Stamping  Co....  24 

r>0BiDi«n   Foondriea  Ic  Stt-i-T. 77 

Ihimlnloa   Iron   4b  WrK'kins  Co 72 


Elliott    &    Whitehall    7< 

Kim    Cutting    Oil    Co.     9D 

ICniuihevskv   &   Hon.    B 92 

Erie    Foimdrj'    99 

F 

Federal    Kngineering    Co 69 

Kermchute    Slachiue   Co.    92 

Fetiieratimhaugh   &   Co,    69 

Financial   J*ost   of  Canada    66 

Firth   A    .Sons,    Thn* 12 

Ford-Smith    Machine   Co.    10 

Foati   Maeh.   &   Supply  Co.,  Geo.    F.. 

Inside  hack   cover 

Froat  .Mfg.   Co.    89 

Fry's    (London).    Ltd 22 

O 

fJarlock.'Walker   Machy.    Co.    73 

Oarvin    Machine  Co.    20 

fleom«tric   Tool    Co 63 

Giddingi   &    Lewi.i   Mfg.   Co 91 

(Jilhert  &  Barker  Mfg.  Co 107 

Oisholt    .Machine   Co 31 

(jiolje    Engineering   <'o.    76 

iJooley   &    Edlnnd    98 

llrant   Gear    Works    » 

Grant   Mfg.    &   Machine   Co. M 

Orecnflehl   Machine  Co.   90 

Greenlcafs,     Ltd 67 

Ontta   Percha   *   Rnhber.   Ltd 87 

H 

K amtltMi    dear   &   .Machine   Co 28 

Hamiltrm    Mach.    Tool    Works    Ua 

Hanna   &   Co.,    M.    A 13 

Hawkridge   Bros 68 

lleald    Machine   Co.    26 

Hendey    Machine    Co:    112 

Hepburn.    John   T.    MB 

Hibbert   &    Phillips    74 

Hinckley  Mach.   Works   91 

Homer   &    Wilson    76 

Hoyt   Metal   <'o M 

Hull    Iron   &   Steel    Foundries 17 

Hunter  flaw   &  Machine   Co 91 

Hurlbut-R<ie:ers    Machinery*  ■  Co 89 

Hyde   Knginei^ring   Works 74 


Independent  Pneumatic  Tool   Co 24 


Jacolis  XKg.   Co 84 

Jinllne  ft  Co.,  A.   B 13 

Jatanson  ilachine  Co.,   Carlyle 8 

Jones  ft  <31aAsoo K 

Joyce-Koebel    Co.    101 


K 
Knight    Metal    J'roducts    Co.. 


Luudis    Machine  Co.    89 

Latrobe   Electric   Steel  Co.    14 

Lynd-Faitiuhar  Co.     IM 


M 


Ltd. 


Maciioveni    &    Co.    . . 
MacKinnon  iSteel  Co. 

MacLeau's  .Magazine   93 

.Manitoba    St.vl    Foundi-ies,    Ltd 89 

Mar^h    Engineering   Works,    Ltd 61 

Marten    Mnc-h 76 

Matheaou    &   Co.,    I '. 71 

Matthe««  &  Co..  Jas.  H 30 

MoDougall   Co.,   Ltd.,   R.    

Inside  back   cover 

MdLami.  J.  <•..   Belting  Co.    91 


106 

30 
17 
97 
69 

79 
87 


Mechanical   ICngineering  Co. 

MetalKoiKl    Mfg.    Co. 

Morse    Chain   Co.     

Morse   Twist   l>rill  &  Afachine   Co... 

Morton    .Mfg.    Co 

Mulllner-Eldnnd  Tool  Co 

.Muivbey  -Machine  &  Tool  Co 

N 

National    Acme   Co 22 

Nicholson  Tile   29 

.NilesdJement^Pond Inside   front   cover 

N'ormas    Machine    Co.     09 

Northern   Crane   Works    91 

Nort^Mi.    A.    0 88 

Norton  Co.    30 

Nova  Scotia   Steel  ft  Coal  Co 6 


Oakey    Chemical   Co 

Ontario    rjuhricating   Co. 


89 


Page   Steel   &  Wii'O  Co 

Panghoni    Corp By 

Parmcnter  &  Bulloch  Co 90 

I'ecrleiw  Machine   Co.    107 

Perrin,   Wm.    K 99 

PleWM,  Ltd 69 

Port  Hope  File  Mfg.  Co 29 

Positive    Clutch    &    Pulley   Works...    91 
Pratt   &    Whitney Inside   front   cover 


n 

Racine   Tool    &    Machine    Co 86 

lleed-Pifntico   Co.    27 

Kice   Uwis   «   .Son    8E 

Rilixit    &    .Maybce    69 


Hiverside  Alaohinery    llepot 71 

Rockfonl   Drilling   Machine  Oo 16 

Koekwell  Co.,    W.    S SB 

RiHlofson  Machine  &  Tool  Oo 19 

3  . 

.Shipman   &    Co.    Hanes  Co 69 

Sinister  Co.,  F.  B 91) 

Sidney   Tool    Co 88 

Silver    .Mfg.    Co 91 

SimtTnds   <;auada    Saw  Ca    22 

Skinner  Chuck    Co 88 

Smalley-Gieneral  Co. .   Inc.    86 

Standard    Fuel    Engineering   Co 1(^7 

St.indard   Machy.  &  Supplies,  Ltd...  6 

Standard   Optical    Co 87 

Starrett    Co.,    L.    « JS 

Steel  Co.   of  Canada 3 

Stcptoc.    .lohn,   Co.    16 

St.    Lawrence  Welding  Co.    13 

Stoll   Co..  O.   H 88 

Strong.    Kcnnard   &  Nutt  Co 92 

Sntdish    .Steel   &    Importing  Co 6 

T 

TalK.i    Mfg.    Co 99 

Taylor    Inntnimcnt   Co.    MB 

Tn.vlor.   J.    A.    M 13 

Tliwing  Instniment  Co 9t 

Toronto  Testing   Laboratory,  litd 91 

Toronto    Iron    Works    86 

Toronto  Tool   Co W 

Tralicni   Pump  Co 103 

U 

Ihlitid   Brass  &  Lead.  Ltd 74.  8S 

Cnited  States  Klec.  Tool  Co IS 

V 
Vanadium-Alloys  tSteel  Co... Front  cover 

Victoria    Foundry   Co.    78 

Vnlcnn    Cmcibic    Steel    Co 6 

W 

Walton   Co.,  Tlie   it' 

Welland   .Machine  &   Dies 84 

Wells    Hro.s.    <'o.    of   Canmla    "iH 

Weiitworth    Mfg.    Co 92 

Wliitcomb-Blaisik-lI    .Mach.    Tool    Co.  93 

Whitman  &   Banirs  Mfg.  Co 92 

Wheel   Tl-ueing  Tixil  Co M 

Whiting   Foundiy   &   Equip.    Co 80 

Whitney  Mfg.    Co.    30 

Wilkinson  &  Kompass  92 

Williams,    A.    II.,  Machinery   Co SI 

Williams.    A.    U.,    Machinery  Co.    of 

Winnipeg    71 

William.*  &  Co.,  J.   H 80 

Willson   &   Co.,   T.    A K 

Wilson   &  Co..  J.   C Ml 

Wilt  Twist   Drill  Co.    5 

Windsor  Tool  &  iMachine  Co 78 

Wooil    Turret  Machine   Co 70 


GnadianMachinery 

AN  D 


Manufacturing  News 


Tolume  XX.  No.  25. 


December  19,  1918 


Re-Educated  Soldiers  in  the  Machine  Trade 

Vocational  Re-education,  Together  With  Artificial  Limbs,  Make 

the  Injured  Soldier  Entirely  Self-supporting  and  Enables  Him  in 

Many  Cases  to  Earn  More  Than  in  Pre-war  Days 

By  KATHARINE   FREEMAN 


THE  old  idea  of  supporting  the 
cripple  through  charity  has  been 
uprooted  and  the  public  made  to 
understand  the  idea  of  re-construction 
and  re-education.  When  we  hear  of  a 
man  whose  earning  capacity  has  been 
increased  since  his  injury,  we  feel  that 
the  work  of  reconstruction  is  an  as- 
sured success.  One  such  story  is  of  a 
mechanic,  who  was  wounded  while  serv- 
ing in  the  Princess  Pat  regiment.  He 
was  sent  back  to  Canada,  spent  three 
months  in  a  convalescent  hospital,  and 
is  now  earning  twice 
as  much  as  he  earn- 
ed before.  He  is 
•.now  foreman  of  a 
machine  shop. 

According  to  the 
Vocational  Rehabili- 
tation Act  recently 
■enacted  by  C  o  n  - 
gress,  those  disabled 
in  the  military  and 
Tiaval  forces  of  the 
United  States  have 
Tseen  placed  under 
the  joint  authority 
of  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
•eral  of  the  Army 
and  the  Federal 
"Board  for  Vocation- 
al Education.  The 
Surgeon  General 
has  jurisdiction 

^rom  the  time  the 
person  is  injured 
until  he  is  restored 
•to  good  nhysicai 
condition,  when  he 
receives  his  honor- 
able discharge  from 
the  service.  The 
Federal  Board  then 
offers  him  vocation- 
cational  re-education 
which  will  enable  him  to  return  to  useful 
active  employment,  and  the  U.  S.  Em- 
ployment Service  will  find  him  a  job. 

The    method    is    first    to    supply    the 

■cripple   with    a      mechanical     device     in 

place  of  the  missing  arm  and  leg,  then 


to  thoroughly  train  him  to  use  these 
substitutes  in  the  performance  of  his 
work.  The  number  of  positions  open  to 
the  cripple  is  far  greater  than  a  person 
who  has  not  given  thought  to  the 
problem  would  expect.  Any  man,  who 
is  able  to  get  about  on  artificial  legs, 
can  do  all  but  the  heaviest  work  in 
machine  shops.  A  man  with  one  arm 
can  do  lathe  work,  drill  press  work, 
milling  machine  work  and  planing. 
Many  of  the  processes  performed  in  a 
machine  shop  are  heavy,  but  there  are 


TEACHING   THE   RETURNED    SOLDIER    THE    L'^K    ul     O  \Y- ACETYLENE    APPARATUS 


and       training, 


also  many  which  are  light.  It  has  been 
found  that  there  are  fifteen  which  can 
be   performed  by  a  disabled  man. 

Men  having  minor  injuries  of  the 
body,  but  capable  of  standing,  and  hav- 
ing both  hands,  can  still  perform  the 
following  processes:    drilling,    grinding. 


milling,  light  planing,  shaping,  boring, 
screwing,  sawing,  operating  of  power 
press  and  capstan  lathes.  In  the  skilled 
trades,  coppersmithing  offers  an  oppor- 
tunity to  a  man  crippled  in  certain  re- 
spects. Free  movement  of  the  body, 
however,  is  necessary  as  well  as  the  use 
of  both  arms.  Cripples  are  qualified  ^o 
perform  the  operations  of  fitting,  turn- 
ing, brass  finishing  and  moulding.  For 
pattemmaking  a  man  must  have  good 
eyesight,  although  the  loss  of  one  eye 
would  not  make  the  work  at  all  impossi- 
ble for  him.  Oxy- 
acetylene  cutting 
and  welding  is  a  vo- 
cation which  fur- 
nishse  one  of  the 
ibestj  opportunities 
',  f  o  r  t  h  e  re-educa- 
tion of  disabled  sol- 
diers. They  can  be 
trained  in  oxy- 
acetylene  cutting 
and  welding  so  that 
at  the  end  of  three 
months  they  are 
self  -  su  p  o  r  t  i  n  g. 
Moreover,  the  de- 
mand for  welders 
greatly  exceeds  the 
supply.  In  addition 
to  all  this,  the  in- 
dustry has  ahead  of 
it  such  a  future  as 
iew  can  look  for- 
ward to. 

The  super-minds 
of  the  country  may 
be  developed  among 
the  war  cripples,  if 
experiments  now  in 
progress  bear  re- 
sults. Students  of 
the  amazing  psych- 
ological changes  brought  about  by  the 
loss  of  an  arm  or  a  leg  are  looking  for 
surprising  things  from  these  researches. 
The  surface  of  the  possibilities  has  only 
been  scratched,  as  yet,  but  the  observa- 
tions so  far  are  more  than  encouraging. 
The   idea  that  a  wonderful  brain   de- 


692 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


RECEIVING    TRAINING    IN    THE    USE    OF     OXY-ACETYLENE     WELDING     APPARATUS. 


velopment  may  be  possible  for  cripples 
is  based  upon  the  known  fact  that  the 
loss  of  one  sense  quickens  another.  A 
blind  man  usually  develops  a  startling 
sense  of  touch.  The  amputation  of  an 
arm  or  a  leg  also  produces,  in  many 
cases,  an  increased  brain  activity.  A 
recent  case  in  point  is  that  of  a  cripple 
whose  inventiveness  brought  him  a  com- 
fortable fortune. 

It  appears  that  many  nervous  per- 
sons who  have  undergone  an  amputa- 
tion operation  become  patient,  careful 
and  painstaking,  which  results  in  an  im- 
proved output  of  work.  Men  who  v/ere 
once  rovers  declare  that  they  no  longer 
feel  the  roaming  spirit.  These  and  many 
other  altered  characteristics  point  to 
the  fact  that  a  radical  mental  change 
takes  place  in  the  individual  after  he 
has  lost  a  portion  of  his  physical  self. 

While  public  interest  is  easily  focussed 
on  the  war  cripple,  it  is  not  so  easily 
directed  sympathetically  to  the  case  or 
the  workmen  who  are  injured  in  the 
shops.  These  cases  have  been  so  com- 
mon that  they  have  attracted  little  at- 
tention. Yet  thev  greatly  outnumber 
the  cases  of  soldiers  permanently  hurt 
in  battle. 

The  advisability  of  including  them  in 
the  government  procrram  of  caring  for 
the  injured  among  the  military  forces, 
has  been  brought  to  the  attention  of 
Congress.  It  is  quite  possible  that 
something  will  be  done  along  these  lines. 
These  industrial  cripples  are  quite  as 
able  to  work,  if  properly  re-educated,  as 
the  soldier.  The  matter  is  one  which  is 
already  receivinrr  considerable  attention 
among  progressive  business  men. 

The  urgent  need  for  de'<'elopin«r  the 
iron  and  steel  industry  of  the  province 
was  emphasized  by  C.  F.  Law,  chairman 
of  the  mining  bureau  of  the  Vancouvpi 


Board  of  Trade,  in  spanking  to  the  pro- 
vincial convention  of  the  British  Colum- 
bia Boards  of  Trade  at  Vancouver. 


ELECTRIC  STEEL  FURNACES 

Before  the  war  was  many  months 
old.  armament  makers  found  them- 
selves accumulating  huge  quantities 
of  borings,  turnings,  screwings,  etc. 
of  high-grade  steel,  produced  chief- 
ly in  the  process  of  boring  and 
planing  shells  and  guns.  In  ordinary 
times  these  turnings,  etc.,  were  of  com- 
paratively little  value,  although  they 
contained  chrome,  nickel,  and  other  cost- 
ly elements.  The  real  difficulty  was  to 
remelt  them  without  losing  these  valu- 
able contents.  When  the  munitions 
works  began  to  make  enormous  quanti- 
ties of  these  turnings  it  was  realized 
that  the  best  way  of  utilizing  them  and 
of  economizing  steel  was  afforded  by  the 
electric  process  of  melting,  or  remeltin:; 
or  refining.  Admittedly  there  was  no 
really  perfect  electric  furnace  of  large 
dimensions  on  the  market;  but  it  was 
recognized  that  by  the  electric  process 
it  was  possible  to  remelt  without  losing 
a  large  percentage  of  the  alloyine 
metals.  All  the  nickel  and  almost  all 
the  chrome  could  be  saved,  and  the  turn- 
ings tlius  converted  into  first-rate  steel. 
Sheffield,  which  had  stuck  tenaciously  to 
its  crucible,  was  specially  interested  in 
this  scrap  problem,  and  several  local 
engineers  and  metallurgists  turned  their 
attention  to  the  improvement  of  the 
electric  process.  The  result  that  two 
types  of  purely  Sheffield-invented  elec- 
tric furnaces  have  been  put  on  the  mar- 
ket and  are  being  widely  a<lopted,  while 
other  types  are  being  employed  on  a 
great  scale  and  are  being  constantly  im- 
proved. 

In  briefly  describing    these    Sheffield 


furnaces — the  Greaves-Etchells  and  the 
Stobie  types — there  is  no  intention  to 
ignore  the  virtues  of  others.  However, 
it  may  be  said  that  until  their  introduc- 
tion there  was  no  type  of  electric  furnace 
of  any  considerable  size  that  could  melt 
more  than  a  limited  percentage  of  turn- 
ings per  heat.  Large  quantities  of  new 
raw  materials,  such  as  pig  iron,  bar  iron, 
etc.,  had  to  be  used  along  with  the  turn- 
ings and  similar  scrap.  Now,  it  is  pos- 
sible to  have  "boils"  of  as  much  as  12 
or  15  tons  entirely  of  scrap,  such  as 
turnings,  against  a  limit  of  about  2'/i 
tons  before  the  war.  This  great  develop- 
ment in  electric  melting;  will  no  doubt 
stand  out  as  one  of  the  most  important 
metallurgical  events  of  the  war,  and  as 
u  mark  in  steel  trade  history  second  only 
to  the  discovery  of  the  Bessemer  process. 
These  large  electric  furnaces  can  turn 
out  steel  which  makes  sound  ingots,  and 
at  less  cost  than  the  crucible  process, 
though  it  may  be  a  long  time  before  the 
crucible  is  discarded  for  the  making  of 
tool  and  other  special  steels.  The  elec- 
tric furnace,  indeed,  may  simply  prove 
a  valuable  addition  to  the  crucible  and 
the  converter,  just  as  the  electric  light 
has  to  gas,  without  displacing  it. 

The  joint  inventors  of  the  Greaves- 
Etchell  electric  furnace  are  both  Shef- 
field men,  the  former  an  electrical 
engineer  and  the  latter  a  metallurgist. 
The  furnaces  are  made  in  sizes  of  Vz, 
1%,  3,  6,  9,  and  12  tons  capacity.  The 
pnipilor  "sizes  can  run  a  charge  every 
2%  hours,  or  nine  charges  a  day,  giving 
an  output  equal  to  36  crucibles  of  56  lb., 
and  they  can  be  operated  by  one  skilled 
man,  one  unskilled  man,  and  a  boy  for 
the  ammeter,  against  15  men  for  the 
crucibles.  Again,  the  cost  of  renewals 
is  much  less  with  the  electric  than  with 
the  crucibles,  and  the  space  occupied  is 
also  smaller.  This  type  of  furnace  is 
finding  favor  in  America  as  well  as  at 
home. 

Mr.  Stobie.  another  Sheffield  man,  has 
aimed  at  eliminating  the  chief  defects 
in  the  larger  types  of  furnace.  Previous- 
ly electric  "furnaces  of  any  considerable 
size  were  apt  to  suffer  from  localization 
of  heat  to  the  region  of  the  arcs,  rapid 
destruction  of  the  roof,  cutting  away 
of  the  electrode  holes,  rapid  tapering  of 
the  electrodes,  and  quick  loss  of  heat 
after  tapping.  These  defects  were  main- 
ly due  to  the  difficulty  of  stopping  up  the 
gaps  around  the  electrodes  where  these 
passed  through  the  roof.  The  Stobie 
furnace  can  be  completely  sealed  up,  and 
as  there  is  no  chimney  effect  no  cold 
air  is  drawn.  A  reducing  or  carbon  de- 
positing atmosphere  is  constantly  pre- 
sent. All  surface  combustion  is  arrest- 
ed. The  whole  of  the  original  sectional 
area  of  the  electrodes  is  available  for 
carrvinir  current.  The  electrodes  are  of 
small  diameter.  There  is  no  heat  loss 
and  no  waste  of  current  from  escaping 
flame.  The  electrode  holders  and  gear 
keep  cool  without  water-coolers.  The 
workers  are  not  subjected  to  excessive 
heat.  After  tappin<?.  the  heat  is  retain- 
ed as  in  the  open-hearth  furnace.— 
"Engineering  Supplement,  London 
Times." 


December  19,  1918 


693 


Shovels  Made  Out  of  Old  Locomotive  Tires 

Scarcity  of  Plate — Demand  For  Shovels  and  Availability  of  Scrap 
Materials  Result  in  New  Use  For  Locomotive  Tires  With  Higher 
Quality  of  Finished  Product  ^ ; .    ' 

By  W.  S.  ^TANDIFORD 


THE  great  world  war  has  created 
:in  unu:-ua!ly  heavy  dem'in'l  fo:' 
shovels  as  they  are  used  in  the 
trenches  abroad  as  well  as  in  the  train- 
ing camps.  As  a  result,  mills  and  fac- 
tories are  rushed  with  orders  for  these 
useful  implements  which  they  are  en- 
deavoring to  fill.  Shovels  are  made  out 
of  steel  plate,  produced  by  the  aid  of  rolls, 
which  wear  out  rapidly  and  require  re- 
placement. In  these  days  of  railroad  em- 
bargoes and  roll  foundries  being  so 
swamped  with  orders,  it  is  impossible 
to  get  new  rolls  made  in  less  than  three 
months.  The  problems  faced  by  the  mimi- 
facturer  of  shovels  to  keep  his  output 
up  to  its  maximum  is  a  very  serious  one. 
The  demand  for  steel  bars  to  make  the 
plates  out  of,  is  also  very  heavy,  and 
being  out  of  proportion  to  the  amounts 
rolled,  also  causes  delays  in  shovel  ship- 
ments. 

The  use  of  waste  materials  and  their 
conversion  into  various  useful  articles 
having  different  shapes,  is  receiving  the 
attention  of  various  mill  and  factory 
managers  as  it  is  realized  that  a  con- 
siderable savin?  of  money  cm  be  ef- 
fected by  purchasing  old  worn  metal,  and 
re-rolling  it  to  the  desired  sections. 
Worn  steel  locomotive  tires  that  have 
outlived  their  usefulness  in  that  particu- 
lar field,  when  rolled  into  shovel  plate, 
make  most  excellent  shovels,  as  the 
quality  of  the  steel  is  of  a  very  high 
grade  and  better  suited  to  the  rough 
usage  that  the  average  shovel  receives, 
than  one  made  out  of  new  steel  contain- 
ing a  lower  carbon  content.  The  use  of 
old  locomotive  tires  is  admirably  suited 
to  shovel  manufacture,  and  will  enable 
quick  deliveries  to  be  made  by  the  mills, 
which  otherwise  would  have  to  wait  un- 
til their  raw  materials  could  be  received. 
Having  stated  the  advantages  to  be  de- 
rived by  the  use  of  this  metal,  I  will 
now  take  up  the  constructional  details 
of  the  rolls  used  to  reduce  the  tire  into 
plate. 

As  th"  tires  are  of  a  circular  section, 
they  will  have  to  be  cut  into  halves  be- 
fore they  can  be  used  in  the  rolls,  which 
can  be  done  by  sawing  them  either  hot 
or  cold.  The  method  used  by  one  roll- 
ing mill  is  as  follows:  A  heavy  cast-iron 
plate  having  two  projecting  lugs  on  its 
surface  opposite  each  other  is  secured 
to  a  suitable  foundation,  and  placed  in  a 
horizontal  position  with  the  lugs  facing 
upwards.  Fastened  to  the  plate  at  a 
suitable  distance  is  a  hydraulic  jack,  so 
arranged  that  its  plunge/r  will  exert 
pressure  against  the  tire.  The  opera- 
ting lever  being  conected  to  a  small 
steam  engine,  the  tire  is  placed  in  the 
frame  and  nicked  at  the  sides  with  a 
cold  chisel,  the  engine  then  being  started. 


In  a  very  short  time,  the  tire  separates 
into  two  halves,  breaking  at  the  nicked 
parts. 

A  number. of  them  are  then  put  into 
the  heating  furnace  and  heated  evenly 
through;  it  being  most  important  that 
there  should  be  no  cold  spots  on  the 
steel,  as  it  interferes  with  the  proper 
working  of  the  metal  in  the  rolls.  The 
roughing  rolls  depicted  in  Fig.  1  are 
three-high.  This  enab'es  them  to  reduce 
the  metal  very  quickly  while  it  is  at  a 
white-heat. 

There  are  different  methods  used  to 
reduce  the  flange  on  the  tire  adopted  by 
various  mills,  the  designs  of  the  rolls 
usually  being  such  as  is  suitable  to  the 
engine  power  and  other  requirements  of 
the  plant.  In  the  set  shown  in  Fig.  1, 
the  flange  is  rolled  back  into  the  main 
body  of  the  tire;  the  sides  of  the  pass 
having  such  a  steep  angle  as  to  allow  the 
bar  to  spread  sideways  in  it.  The 
heated  metal  is  pushed  by  the  rougher 
into  the  deepest  groove  in  the  rolls;  it 
is  then  turned  over  before  insertion  into 
No.  2  puss.  This  allows  any  impurities  in 
the  steel,  which  generally  comes  out  on 
the  surface,  in  the  form  of  scale,  to  drop 


— these  depending  upon  the  amount  of 
carbon  and  also  the  quality  of  the  steel. 
Locomotive  tires  used  to  be  made  out 
of  crucible  steel,  but  they  are  rolled  out 
of  open-heaith  steel  nowadays,  as  it 
has  been  found  out  by  experience  that 
the  open-hearth  process  makes  good  re-- 
liable  tires.  After  rolling,  the  bars  be- 
ing about  8-inches  wide  by  %  of  an 
inch  thick,  are  cut  into  suitable  lengths, 
being  about  two  feet  long,  and  put  into 
a  heating  furnace  and  re-heated.  They 
are  then  ready  for  the  sheet  roughing 
rolls  illustrated  in  Fig.  2.  Each  one  is 
36  iflches  long  and  26  inches  in  diameter 
and  made  out  of  chilled  cast  iron.  These 
rolls  are  turned  with  level  surfaces.  The 
two-foot  long  bar  is  given  two  passes, 
it  being  inserted  crosswise,  the  rolls 
being  lowered  by  means  of  the  screws 
on  top  of  the  housings  before  the  hot 
bar  is  run  through  the  rolls.  The  cross 
rolling  that  the  metal  receives,  makes 
it  wider;  the  length  being  nearly  the 
same.  It  is  then  turned  at  a  right  angle 
to  its  previous  position  and  given  one 
pass  lengthwise  through  the  rolls,  the 
latter  being  lowered  before  the  metal  is 
run  through  them. 


FIG.  I—RouithinK  rolls  used  for  bieakinn  down  the  old  locomotive  tires  into  bars,  so  that  they  can 
be  used  in  the  sheet  roughinK  rolls.  The  violent  change  in  section  removes  the  crystallization  of  the 
worn  tire  and  makes  it  into  a  fibrous  nature-  which  is  the  condition  that  makes  for  strength  in 
iron  and  stoel. 


off.  The  scale  is  loosened  from  the  bar 
by  small  streams  of  water  flowing  on 
the  steel  while  it  is  in  the  rolls.  The  ac- 
tion of  the  latter  on  the  metal  in  the 
first  pass  also  straightens  the  steel  out 
in  bar  form,  which  makes  the  handling 
of  it  in  the  other  passes  easier.  As  the 
metal  goes  through  each  groove,  it  is 
made  thinner,  wider  and  also  lengthened 


The  bar  is  now  about  %  of  an  inch 
thick  and  is  ready  for  the  finishing  rolls 
depicted  in  Fig.  3.  These  rolls  are  22 
inches  in  diameter  by  26  inches  long.  As 
will  be  noted  in  the  illustrations,  one 
roll  is  turned  straight,  while  the  other 
has  a  concave  surface.  The  amount  of 
roll  curvature  shown  on  the  drawing  is 
purposely  exaggerated,  in  order  to  make 


694 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


the  picture  clearer,  the  actual  amount 
of  surface  curvature  at  its  deepest  part 
in  the  centre  being  about  six  one-thou- 
sandths of  one  inch. 

It  has  been  found  out  by  experience 
that  the  thinner  the  plate  rolled,  the 
more  concave  the  roll  surface  should  be. 
This  is  in  turn  modified  by  such  factors 
as  the  proportions  of  the  diameters  of 
the  rolls  to  their  body  length;  the  gauge 
of  plates  rolled  and  also  whether  they  are 
operated    with    or    without    streams    of 


' '- 

,  k. 


FIG.  2 — Illustrates  the  sheet  roughing  rolls,  the 
use  of  these  rolls  enables  the  finishing  rolls  to 
remain  longer  in  the  housings  before  requiring 
dre5sing.  thus  saving  money  and  reducing  the 
costs  of  manufacture. 

water  flowing  upon  them.  The  speed  of 
rotation  also  has  its  influence  on  their 
smooth  working.  The  reason  why  they 
require  to  be  turned  with  a  concave  sur- 
face, is,  that  they  expand  by  the  heat, 
the  centre  of  the  rolls  being  actually 
larger  in  diameter  than  the  parts  at 
either  ends  of  the  roll  body.  By  having 
sufficient  curvature,  they  expand  so  that 
their  surfaces  are  straight  and  level.  If 
a  set  of  sheet  rolls  were  turned  level  and 
used  to  make  thin  sheets,  the  latter 
would  buckle  badly  and  become  useless. 
It  will  be  noticed  in  Fig.  3,  that  only  one 
roll  has  a  concave  surface — ^the  other 
being  turned  straight. 

In  practice,  both  rolls  could  be  turned 
with  curved  surfaces;  in  this  case,  it 
would  be  necessary  to  divide  the  total 
depth  at  the  deepest  part  of  the  rolls 
(which  is  the  middle  of  them)  between 
the  two  rolls.  They  would  then  possess 
straighter  peripheries,  the  curves  not  be- 
so  deep.  By  the  use  of  rolls  turned 
either  way  plates  free  from  buckling  are 
obtained. 

From  an  economical  standpoint  it 
is  found  quicker  and  cheaper  to 
turn  one  roll  straight,  and  the  other 
concave,  as  it  would  take  nearly 
double  the  time  to  turn  both  rolls  with 
a  curved  surface  than  it  would  require 
to  finish  one,  it  taking  very  careful  and 
accurate  turning  on  the  roll  turner's  part 
to  make  them  operate  smoothly  in  the 
mill.  Having  described  the  reasons  for 
curving  the  surfaces  of  the  finishing  rol's 
we  will  now  take  up  the  rolling  of  the 
Bteel  to  the  desired  gauge.  The  metal 
is  transferred  from  the  No.  2  set  of  rolls 
to  the  No.  3  ones.  It  is  given  three 
passes  lengthwise,  the  screws  being 
worked  after  each  reduction  until  a 
thickness  of  1-16  of  an  inch  is  reached. 
After  each  heat  is  over,  water  is  turned 
on  the  No.  2  set  of  sheet  rolls,  the  fin- 
ishing set  being  worked  with  a  contin- 
uous flow  of  water  in  small  streams  while 


they  are  in  operation.  In  shovel  plate 
manufacture,  it  is  desirable  to  keep  the 
rolls  working  in  the  housings  as  long 
as  possible.  As  a  general  rule,  the  sur- 
face of  the  rolls  wear  hollow  in  the 
middle  long  before  their  centre  surfaces 
get  too  rough  to  make  good  plates.  This 
necessitates  frequent  dressing,  which 
takes  time  and  costs  money.  In  order  to 
make  them  last  as  long  as  possible,  one 
company  devised  a  rigging  which  at- 
taches to  the  front  of  the  housings, 
whereby,  wooden  blocks  fed  with  emery 
powder  are  pressed  against  the  bodies  of 
the  rolls,  a  short  distance  from  each 
end,  next  to  the  journals.  This  preven- 
ted them  from  getting  too  deep  in  the 
centre.  The  rolls  were  ground  every 
Saturday  afternoon,  after  the  day's  work 
was  done,  the  method  proving  very  ef- 
fective, the  No.  2  set  being  in  the 
housings  five  weeks  before  requiring 
dressing.  The  No.  3  or  finishing  set 
were  also  scoured  with  emery  when  they 
required  it.  The  emery  scouring  method 
enables  both  sets  of  rolls  to  be  kept  long- 
er in  the  housings  than  would  be  the  case 
if  it  were  not  used.  Rolls  for  making  tin 
plates,  which  ^Te  very  thin  in  gauge,  are 
also  turned  concave.  These  rolls  need 
more  surface  curvature  as  they  expand 
considerably  by  the  heat. 

Tin  plate  rolls  are  usually  from  24 
to  26  inches  in  diameter,  the  length 
varying.  A  roll  24  inches  in  diameter  by 
32  inches  length  of  body,  should  be  turned 
1-16  of  an  inch  deetier  in  the  middle 
(measured  by  a  caliper)  than  at  the 
ends  next  to  the  journal  or  necks.  In 
other  words,  the  depth  of  curvature  at 
the  lowest  part  of  the  roll,  should  be 
1-32  of  an  inch  on  each  side  of  the 
roll.  If  the  latter  are  more  than  26 
inches  in  diameter,  more  concavity 
should  be  allowed.  The  temperature  at 
which  iron  and  steel  is  finished  is  of 
great  importance  to  the  appearance  of 
the  product.  Too  high  a  finishing  tem- 
perature will  cause  a  thin  layer  of  scale, 
which  a  strain  of  bending  will  make  them 
break  away  from  the  metal  and  leave 
rough  spots,  the  appearance  of  the  sheet 
being  spoiled.  Too  low  a  finishing  tem- 
perature, on  the  other  hand,  will  yield 
a  spotty-reddish  surface  which  is  prone 
to  oxidize  or  rust.  Sheets  are  finished 
in  different  styles,  some  being  left  black 
in  color  just  as  they  come  from  the 
rolls.  Others  are  covered  with  copper, 
aluminum,  or  tin — a  mixture  of  tin  and 
lead  is  also  used  to  coat  sheets  for 
roofing  purposes,  which  are  called  "terne- 
plates,"  they  being  used  extensively. 
And  last,  but  not  least,  large  quantities 
of  sheets  are  made  coated  with  zinc 
which  are  sold  under  the  name  of  gal- 
vanized sheets. 

Steel  sheets  have  replaced  iron  ones 
to  a  large  extent.  But  the  great  increase 
in  the  use  of  steel  is  not  without  its 
drawbacks.  Our  galvanized  iron  and  tin 
plates  are  no  longer  made  of  iron,  but 
of  steel,  which  metal  is  by  no  means  as 
durable;  nor  does  the  coating  of  zinc 
or  tin  adhere  so  strongly  as  it  did  upon 
the  softer  and  more  porous  iron  plates 
which  were  used  before  the   steel   pro- 


cesses were  developed.  As  a  general 
rule,  steel  whether  in  the  form  of  pipes, 
sheets  or  bars,  etc.,  corrodes  much  quick- 
er than  iron  when  exposed  to  the  weath- 
er. This  is  due,  no  doubt,  to  steel  being 
much  purer  in  quality  than  wrought  iron, 
the  impurities  in  the  latter  hindering  cor- 
rosion. The  method  used  by  the  roll 
turner  to  turn  the  proper  curvature  on 
the  one  roll  will  be  interesting  to  the 
readers  of  this  magazine,  it  showing  the 
manner  in  which  the  work  is  done.  The 
first  thing  done  is  to  turn  one  roll  level 
so  that  when  a  straightedge  has  chalk 
rubbed  on  the  edge,  the  superfluous 
amount  being  blown  off  by  the  breath, 
and  the  straightedge  placed  carefully  on 
the  roll  and  rubbed  lengthwise,  the  chalk 
will  mark  a  line  on  the  roll,  touching  at 
all  places  if  the  turning  has  been  care- 
fully done.  The  roll  is  then  taken  out 
of  the  lathe  and  the  one  to  be  turned 
with  a  curved  surface  put  in  the  machine. 
The  finished  roll  is  placed  in  the  car- 
riage and  put  on  top  of  the  one  in  the 
lathe.  The  top  roll  carriage  contain- 
ing it  is  now  moved  2%  inches  to  one 
side,  (measured  from  the  centre  on  the 
end  of  the  roll  in  the  lathe)  and  fastened 
in  that  position,  the  middle  of  the  roll 
on  top  being  put  as  close  as  possible  to, 
but  without  touching  the  roll  in  the  lathe. 

The  turning  of  it  is  now  begun  from 
the  middle;  cuts  about  1%  inches  wide 
being  taken  until  the  roll  has  a  uniform 
concave  surface,  so  that  when  the  top 
roll  still  in  its  diagonal  position  is  al- 
lowed to  rest  upon  the  bottom  one,  no 
light  can  be  seen  between  them.  It 
is  then  finished  and  ready  for  the  mill. 
When  newly  turned  rolls  for  making  thin 
sheets  such  as  tin  plates  are  put  in 
the  mill,  or  are  started  on  a  Monday 
morning,  it  is  necess^rv  to  biin-r  them 
to  their  maximum  temperature  before 
wide  sheets  can  be  rolled.  This  is  done 
by  rolling  narrow  ones,  until  the  rolls 
have  expanded  sufficiently  to  become 
level  and  make  perfect  plates. 

Turning  of  sheet  rolls  is  a  tedious 
process,  and  attempts   have  been   made 


C 


ZD 


FIG.  3  —Depicts  the  finishing  sheet  rolls,  one  roll 
being  turned  concave,  while  the  other  is  straight. 
Persons  not  familiar  with  the  principles  of  roll 
design  and  their  working,  wonder  how  they  can 
make  a  sheet  of  uniform  thickness.  The  rolls 
being  made  out  of  chilled  cast  iron,  keep  a 
smooth  surface  much  longer  than  the  ordinary 
cast  iron  ones.  The  use  of  chilled  iron  rolls  for 
finishing  sheets  also  saves  money  for  the  manu- 
facturer and  reduces  the  prices  that  the  con- 
sumer pays. 


to  do  this  work  by  means  of  specially 
constructed  grinding  machines.  This  is 
a  great  success,  both  from  an  economical 
standpoint  as  well  as  a  quality  one,  the 


695 
December  19.  1918  CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

worK   bein.   done   in   one-half   the   time      Jf-J- ;;-r;oLiWe!\nJ^\%s^^  -"'"  ""^''""^^Vf  ^'"^^^^^^^ 

that  it  takes  a  roll  turner  to  do  it;  while      f '^f  \/'*  "^  ^^       can  be  put  to  good     metal  contains  about  10  per  cent,  tin  and 
the  rolls  have  a  smoother  finish  and  are      that  the  use  of  emery  can  d    p  _^  ^^^  ^^^  ^_^^  cross-head  shoes  engine 

more  accurate  in  every  respect.     Some-      ^''^^"t^^^-      manufactured     in     various      truck   and   trailer   bearings,   hub   liner* 
times  a  jam  in  the  rolls  will  cause  what  E^f  ^   \^  ^^^  ^„„,.„  ^,  fiour  emery      and  so  forth,  and  its  use  has  eliminated 

is  technically  termed  "a  burnt  spot.    Its       ^i^**^^?;  ;     „      ^^^^   for   concrete    steps      a  large  amount  of  tm-base  babbitt, 
shape  varies.  depemhnK  upon   the  form       ■«  /^  "^P„   ^^  ^y,i,g  a  granalar  form   is  gell  metal  is  used  for  locomotive  bells 

of  the  material  rolled.     In  sheet  rolls  it      ana  lanm  g  ,  ^^^^^^^^  ^^^_  ^^^^  ^^^^  2^  ^^     ^  ^     type 

takes  the  form  of  a  long  streak  of  com-      used  chieiiy  g  ^^  casting  were  made,  involving  the  use 

pressed   chilled   iron,   extending  parallel  -.^  unnecessary  and  wasteful      ^f  slightly  above  three  and  a  half  tons  of 

to  the  axis  of  the  roll,  its  depth  bemg      ^^   ^.^  ^^^^^^  throughout     the     whole      ^-^^ 

about  one-eighth  of  an  inch.  tVickness   of  the  concrete.     Such     Eur-  ^j,g   use   of   tin-base  babbitt  has  been 

Chilled  cast  iron  is  the  hardest  metal      ^^^^^   ^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^pp^^   ^^j^^  at  least  ^     restricted  and  every  effort  is  be- 

that  the  roll  turner  has  to  turn.  The  ^^^  .^^^^  ^^  granolithic  concrete,  through  f  ^^^^  to  replace  it  with  lead-base  bab- 
tool  used  to  do  the  work   is  very  little      ^^.^^  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^  coarser-grain-      ^^j^^ 

harder  than  the  chilled  iron,  therefore  in      ^^  ^^^^^  .^  -^j^^^      gt^pg^  for  the  sake  ^^^  amount  of  solder  conUining  50% 

order  to  cut  the  metal  at  all,  the  roll  has      ^^    appearance,    are    usually      trowelled  ^^^  5q,^^    j^ad   was  a  big  item,  but 

to  revolve  at  a  very  slow  speed,  its  g^^oth;  other  surfaces  may  be  lei t  from  ^.j^g  ^ulk  of  this  has  been  changed  to  40% 
periphery  moving  at  a  speed  of  one-half  ^^^  straightedge,  although,  should  the  ^.^  ^^j  g^^^^  j^ad,  making  a  considerable 
a  revolution  a  minute.    When  a     burnt      ^^^^^.^^  arise,  granular  emery  may  be  5^^  tj^ 

spot"  is  encountered,  it  being  harder  than  jj^i^^ed  over  the  soft  concrete  surtace  Another  practical  paper  was  presented 

the  tool  steel  used  to  turn  the  roll,  the  ^^^  gHehtly  pressed  in  flush  with  trowel  j,  ^  l  Lissberger  on  the  subject  of 
edge  of  the  tool  breaks  out  and  slides  ^^  handfloat.  One  pound  of  emery  four  ^*^  economy  in  solders.  The  method  ad- 
over  the  spot  and  refuses  to  cut.  All  ^j^^^  ^^,;th  two  parts  granite,  half  pail  ^  ^^^  ,  j^j^  ^^.^  i„  making  solders  is  to 
the  roll-turner  can  do  when  he  discovers  ^^  granite-sand,  and  one  of  cement,  mix-  ^.^^^  j^^jj.  ^hg  lead,  then  add  a  flux  and 
a  burnt  spot  is  to  re-sharpen  the  tool,  ^j  thoroughly  in  the  dry  state  before  ^^^.^  ^^^  dross,  after  which  the  tin  is 
put  it  in  the  lathe  and  when  the  burnt  ,,vetting,  will,  in  an  ordinary  case,  be  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^5^  addition  the  bath  of 
spot  nears,   to   take   a   very   heavy   cut      successful.— M.  E.  molten  metal  is  stirred  continuously  for 

so   as   to   get   under    it   and   lift   it   out.  ^  from  five  to  six  hours  to  thoroughly  in- 

When  it  is  one-eighth  of  an   inch  deep,  corporate  the  metals,  because  if  this  is 

it  has  to  be  broken  down  a  small  amount  ANTI-FRICTION   AND   OTHER  ^^^^  ^^^^    trouble  from  segregation  will 

at   a   time   until    it   is    finally   removed.  ALLOYS  ensue  owing  to  the  fact  that  tin  and  lead 

Doing   this   work    is    very   tedious,   and  ivfotaU      do  not  form  alloys,  but  exist  together  as  a 

after  it  is  done,  the  roll  is  made  from  At  the  meeting  of  the  Allied  Metals      J^  "^t  wrm        y^,^^       ^^    .^    therefore 

%  to  V*  of  an  inch  smaller  in  diameter.      Congress  held  at  Milwaukee  October  7-12       "^ecnan  thoroughly  break   up   the 

the  metal  being  wasted.  a  very  practical  paper  was  presented  by      ^«^^^«^jy     ^^tal  to  enable  those  of  the 

From    the   foregoing,   it   will   be    seen      Mr.    H.    M.    Warnrg,    AltooM     Pa  ,    on      ^roP^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  .^^  .^^.^^^  ^^^tact 
that  it  is  necessary  to  turn  a  burnt  spot      the  subject  of  the  anti-friction  ana  oincr  produce   a   more  homogeneous 

entirely  out  of  the  roll  in  order  to  get      alloys   that  have   been   adopted    by   tne  ^         otherwise  possible    This 

a  smooth  surface,  thus  wasting  time  and      Pennsylvania  Railroad  and  ou   ■ned^some     --ture  than      ^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^ 
money  when  a  sheet  roll  is  turned  in  the      of  the  methods  evolved  hy  this  company     ^eg^^^^tio  .^^^      ^^^^ 

ordinary  way.     On  the  other  hand,  when      to  hold  their  tin  ':o"«"'"Pt><"^  „^  .^. '"""f     ""^'^^  Sches  hiS  is  cast.     An  analy- 
a  roll  grinder  is  used,  the  emery  wheels      mum.     The  approximate  composition  of      an<l  six  inches  ^^f  ^U  ^^„^  47 

being  very  much  harder  than  the  metal      the  non-ferrous  alloys  in  general  use  by      sis  taken  1^°""^^^%°°^^^  ,ent.  lead,  and 
in    the    roll,    the    burnt    spot    is    easily      this  railroad  follows:  i      pe  ^  ^^^         ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  tin  and  47  per 

ground  with  the  rest  of  the  roll's  sur-  ^.^^  Ant,-     ^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  the  metals  have  been 

face;  only  enough  metal  requiring  to  be  ,.    „„  ,q  70  itt 00    9  50  ....0.8O      thorouehly  mixed.    This  illustrates  why 

removed  to  true  and  smooth  up  the  roll.      1^"^™'/°""  ":?5  'Im  iIm  i:!.  i!..  0.25      ^^°3  more  tin   than  lead  is  lost    in 
The  burnt  spot  being  made  smooth  like      car  journal brime  75.00    s.oo  16.00  3.00  ....  i.uu  .  ;^_  solders  by  dressing.      The    alloy 

the  rest  of  the  roll,  it  does  not  interfere      ^^^^I'^^J'^^'^^"^    7000    5.00  25.00 from  which  the  above  example  is  taken 

with  the   making   of  good  plates.     Roll      Lining  metal ,„•„„  ^joi    ••■"??■.■.■.■.      is  composed  of  50  per  cent,  tin  and  50 

grinding  machines  are  money  savers  and      5^'J  „e'J^i ""  83.33  16.67  .....  '■■'■'■  ■'■ per  cent   lead.     For   solders  used  as   a 

they  are  being  used   in  increasing  num-      BabbiTtin-bis^'.'.'    s.Vo  88.90 T.40  ....       j-jjj^g  metal  and  not  as  a  cement,  tin  can 

bers.       The   writer   knows   of   one    mill      B»bbit  for  motor   j  j,  5,,„  jg.jo  ....  lo.so  ....      be  conserved  by  using  an  alloy  of  20  per 

where  the  rolls  are  necked  m  the  usual         oeanng    .     •     11     *  cent  tin  and  80  per  cent.  lead,     tor  aa- 

manner,  the  necks  being  left  1-32  of  an  phosphor  bronze  is  used  principally  for  j^^^/ ^  purposes  and  especially  for  food 
inch  larger  than  the  desired  size,  they  rod  bushings,  main  rod  brasses  and  cross-  ^^^tainers,  a,  solder  containing  40  per 
being    then    ground    to    size    in    the   roll      head  shoes.  ^^^t    tin  and  60   per  cent,   lead   can  be 

grinder.       This  makes  the  rolls  operate  Ex.  B.  Bronze  is  used  to  a  small  ex-      recommended.    For  making  solders,  over- 

much better  in  the  mill  housings  than  tent  for  backs  of  car  and  coach  bearings,  j^^^ting  must  be  avoided  with  the  utmost 
when  they  are  finished  by  means  of  a  roll  but  the  majority  of  these  are  now  made  ^^^^  otherwise  much  tin  will  be  lost  on 
lathe.  In  conclusion,  old  locomotive  tires  of  car  journal  bronze  which  contains  on  ^^^^^^^^  of  the  excessive  dross  that  will  be 
can  be^  made   into  other  useful   sections      the  average  about  5  per  cent,  of  tin.  formed,  and  as  this  dross  is  always  richer 

besides'   shovel    and    nail    plates    or    for  Car  journal  bronze  is  used  for  making      .^  ^.^  '^^^^    .^^  j^^j^   it  will  be  evident 

saws;   the  metal  having  such  a  uniform      car  and  coach  bearing  backs,  by  melting      ^^^^  ^^^  ^jj^y  it^^jf  jg  impoverished  in 
texture    and    excellence    as    to    be    made      down  the  old  backs  after  removing  the      ^.^^   ^^^   ^^^^  ^^  this  metal   is  wasted 
by  the  aid  of  rolls  into  quite  a  variety      linings  and  making  the  necessary  addi-      unnecessarily. 
of  shapes.  tion  of  new  metal  to  bring  the  composi-  ^^  excellent  solder  consists   of   in  45 

* tion  within  the  limits  given  above.     No  ^^^^    ^^^  jead  54  per  cent,  vrith    a 

RENDERING     CONCRETE-WEARING      new  tin  is  added  in  making  this  alloy.  ^^^^j,  amount  of  antimony,  say  about  0.Z& 

SURFACES    NON-SLIPPING  Formerly  the  lead-base  linings  of  car      ^^^  ^^^^.^  .^bich  improves  its  appearance. 

Floor    surfaces    are    usually    rendered  bearings  was  -"/l^^tv"^  .^dulonT^ofnew  * 

non-slipping  by  means  of  grooving,  and  to     >;«l""-«'"«"*%  ,\^t    fate,v  as  this  A  storage  battery  electric  locomotive, 

many   other  forms   of  indentation,   usu-  meta      as    '^''"^^f  •.^"*t  has  Len  used  invented    in    Switzerland,  for   switching, 

ally  made  by  means  of  metal  stamps  or  "-^tal  contains  some  tm    it  has  been  us  o^erful  electromagnets  instead  01 

brass   rollers,  having   studs  or  channels  in  making  d^„''f;'°"„f'^^i;^S^^^^^^  couplings  for  drawing  cars, 

on  their  revolving  surfaces.    There  are,  serving  the  tin  content.    The  lining  metai 


696 


Volume  XX 


Testing  Machines  in  Industrial  Laboratories — II 

The  Wise  Purchasing  of  Engineering  Materials  is  Dependent 
Upon  Specifications  Properly  Controlled  by  Analysis  and  Test 

By  H.  S.  PRIMROSE,  Messrs.  Crittal    Mfg.    Co. 
and  J.  S.  GLEN   PRIMROSE,    Messrs.  Ransomes  &  Napier,  Ltd. 


THE  various  forms  of  impact  and 
pressure  machines  for  determining 
the  values  of  hardness  of  metals  are 
now  well  known,  and  serve  the  useful 
purpose  of  being  able  to  connect  by  a 
simple  factor  the  hardness  value  with  a 
close  approximation  to  the  tensile 
strengrth  of  the  material.  Table  III  gives 
a  useful  list  of  equations  connecting  the 
tensile  strength  in  tons  per  square  inch 
of  various  steels,  both  alloy  and  plain 
cnrbon.  with  their  hardness  on  the 
Brinell  and  the  Shore  scleroscope  scales, 
as  also  the  relation  which  exists  between 
these  two  scales  for  the  steels  concerned. 


ceedingly  simple,  and  the  zero  adjust- 
ment C'ln  be  quickly  and  accurately  per- 
formed. The  smooth  metal  surface  of 
the  specimen  to  be  tested  is  raised  by  the 
support  in  the  cradle  until  it  engages  the 
10  mm.  steel  ball,  then  the  body  of  the 
instrument  is  slipped  down  on  the  chuck 
till  the  ring  rests  on  the  test-piece.  By 
pulling  out  the  disengaging  handle  to  the 
left,  the  pointer  swings  loose,  and  can  be 
brought  near  to  the  zero  mark  before 
again  engaging  the  screw.  If  the  point- 
er still  misses  the  zero  mark,  the  milled 
head  of  the  screw  can  be  rotated  slightly 
to  make  the  coincidence  exact.    The  de- 


TABLE  III — Equations  connecting  the  Tensile  Strength  in  Tons  per  Square  Inch  with  the  Hardness 

of  various  Steels  on  the  Brinell  and   Scleroscope   Scales,  also  the  two  Scales   witli  one  another. 

T.S.  from                            T.S.  from  Brinell  No. 

Steel.                                                         Brinell  No.                        Scleroscope,  from 

-'        '"■■■                                 "B."                               -Value.  "S."  Scleroscope. 

Carbon 0.32.5B— 12.5                      1.96S— 12.B  5.6S  +  0.14 

Nickel    0.318B— U.3                     1.66S—  2.7  5.0S4-0.48 

Chroma-Vanadium    O.SIgB— 12.9                      l.g^S—  9,4  5.5S  +  0.27 

Low  Chrome  Nickel    0.SO4B—  9.8                     1.66S—  0.45  5.4S  +  0.33 

High   Chrome   Nickel    0.ai8B— 14.7                     1.96S—  1.34  4.&S  +  0.58 

Average    (►.ai2B— ll.«                      1.80S—  «.7  6.6S-I-0.28 


One  method  of  performing  the  Brinell 
test  is  by  the  insertion  of  a  special  car- 
rier in  the  crown  of  the  Amsler  testing 
machine  and  bringing  up  the  pressure  to 
the  required  amount  on  the  test-piece, 
measuring  its  value  on  the  dial  scale 
(Fig.  8).  The  diameter  of  the  impres- 
sion may  be  read  with  sufficient  accu- 
racy by  means  of  a  transparent  taper 
scale,  and  the  corresponding  hardness 
value  in  kilogrammes  per  square  milli- 
metre may  be  derived  from  a  graph  made 
on  logarithmically-squared  paper  to  save 
the  use  of  long  tables  of  figures. 

Instead  of  the  diameter,  the  size  of 
which  is  sometimes  doubtful  in  the  case 
of  soft  metals,  it  is  often  preferable  to 
measure  the  depth  of  the  Brinell  ball 
imprint  to  get  the  area  of  the  cavity  in 
terms  of  the  product  3.1416  D  t,  where 
D  is  the  ball  diameter  and  t  the  im- 
pression depth,  both  in  millimetres. 
Messrs.  Amsler  Brothers  have  a  very 
neat  form  of  depth  indicator  which  may 
be  inserted  in  their  compression  machine 
in  the  same  way  as  the  ordinary  bolster 
carrying  the  plain  ball.  In  this  case  the 
ball  is  held  in  a  somewhat  longer  chuck, 
which  passes  through  te  body  of  the 
depth-measuring  instrument  made  of 
bronze  and  provided  with  a  collar  carryiny 
a  very  fine  screw  thread  on  the  outside, 
and  engaging  the  ball  chuck  by  friction. 
The  outer  body  of  the  instrument  bearing 
the  scale  graduated  n  twentieths  of  a  mil- 
limetre supports  a  ball-and-socket  ring 
loosely  held  by  three  screws,  and  any 
motion  of  the  ball  chuck  felati've  to  the 
frame  pushes  open  a  retaining  spring, 
lowers  the  finelv-threaded  screw  collar, 
and  rotates  a  pointer  over  the  graduated 
scale.     The  method  of  operation  is  ex- 


FIG.    8 

sired  load  is  next  applied,  and  the  bail, 
entering  the  metal  under  pressure,  car- 
ries the  pointer  over  the  scale  to  a  point 
indicating  the  depth  of  penetration. 
Elastic  deformation  must  be  allowed  foi 
by  releasing  the  load  to  all  but  about 
20  lb.,  and  then  reading  the  correct 
depth.  The  construction  of  this  com- 
pact instrument  is  shown  in  the  diagram, 
Fig.  8. 

A  more  recent  form  of  the  same  type 
of  depth  indicator  made  by  the  firm  of 
Amsler  Brothers  is  shown  in  Fig.  9, 
which  illustrates  the  application  of  the 
same  principle  in  the  determination  of 
hardness  by  means  of  the  90  deg.  angle 
Ludwik  cone.  The  knurled  ring  sur- 
rounding the  cone  rests  with  it  at  the 
same  level  on  the  smooth  surface  of  the 


test  specimen.  When  the  cone,  under 
pressure,  enters  the  metal,  the  knurled 
ring  remains  on  the  surface  and  pushes 
back  the  outer  frame  of  the  instrument 
and  thus  rotates  the  pointer  over  the 
scale,  each  division  of  which  represents 
a  depth  of  penetration  of  one-hundredth 
of  a  millimetre. 

Guillery  Hardness  Testing  Machine 

A  very  useful  form  of  portable  hard- 
ness-testing   machine,   the    results    from 
which  can  be    arrived    at    without    any 
measurement  or  calculation,  is  that  de- 
signed by  R.     Guillery     and     made     by 
Messrs.  Malicet  and     Blin,     of     Auber- 
villiers,  France.     The  simplicity  of  con- 
struction is  readily  seen  from  the  illus- 
trations  of  the   machine   given   in   Figs. 
10  and  11.     The  iron  frame  A  contains 
in  its  lower  part  a  powerful  spring  R 
which  is  made  up  of  a  number  of  discs 
forming  a  Belleville  spring.     This  is  ac- 
curately standardized  to  give  a  pressure 
of  3  000  kg.  to  a  plate  Q  carried  on  the 
central  rod  B  passing  through  the  spring, 
and  this  rod  rests  on  the  knife  edge  C. 
The  forward  movement  of  the  hand  lever 
G  causes  the  cam  to  raise  the  bent  lever 
D  about  its  fulcrum  and  apply  the  load. 
The  milled  head  I  serves  to  rotate  the 
screw  V  bv  friction,  but  this  slips  round 
immediately  the  hardened   steel  ball  H, 
clipped  securely  to  the  screw,  comes  into 
intimate     contact     with     the     test-piece 
placed  on  the  supporting  plate  Q.     The 
semi-circular  scale  M  is  attached  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  frame,  and  the  pointer 
L   is    carried   by   slight   friction    on    the 
plate  J,  which  rotates  with  the  screw  V. 
In  working  the  machine,  the  hand  lever 
is  first  put  back  into  the  rear  position, 
and  the  test-piece  is  lightly  gripped  be- 
tween the  ball  and  the  supporting  plate 
by  advancing  the  screw  by  means  of  the 
milled    head    until    slipping   takes    place 
and  the  screw  ceases  to  move.    Then  the 
pointer  is  brought  over  the  zero  mark 
of  the  scale,  the  hand  lever  is  brought 
forward  to  the  front  position,  where  it 
remains  without  being  held  for  the  re- 
quired time,  and  it  is  then  put  back  into 
its  first  position.     In  this  way  the  ball 
comes  out  of  the  impression  it  has  made 
and  the  screw  is  again  free  to  advance 
and  engage  the  surface  of  the  metal  in 
the  indentation.     The  driving  head  I  is 
therefore   rotated   until   the   screw    goes 
no  further    and    slipping    occurs.      This 
operation   carries   the    pointer   over   the 
graduated  scale  to  the  same  angle  that 
the  screw  has  turned,  and  for  soft  metals 
this  operation  of  applying  the  pressure 
and  advancincr  the  screw  is  repeated  till 
the  screw  will  advance  no  further.    This 
then  measures  the  depth  of  the  imprint, 
but  the  graduations  on  the  scale  are  so 
arranged  that  it  is  not  the  actual  depth 


December  19,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


69T 


which  it  indicated,  but  the  corresponding 
Brinell  hardness  number.  The  sole  pre- 
caution needed  is  to  ensure  that  intimate 
metallic  contact  exists  between  the  ball 
and  the  test-piece,  since  any  scale  will 
spoil  the  correctness  of  the  reading, 
which  is  ordinarily  quite  sufficiently  ac- 
curate for  commercial  purposes.  The 
hardness  value  can  always  be  checked  by 
measuring  the  diameter  of  the  imprint 
in  the  usual  way.  A  large  size  of  this 
type  of  hardness  tester  has  recently  been 
brought  out  by  Guillery,  but  as  it  works 
in  the  horizontal  direction  it  readily  en- 
ables the  largest  shells  to  be  tested  for 
hardness  in  any  side  position  across  a 
diameter.  A  sectional  view  of  this  ma- 
chine is  given  in  Fig.  12. 

Impact-Testing    Machines 

The  importance  of  the  impact  test  is 
gradually  coming  to  be  more  widely  re- 
cognized, and  a  valuable  impulse  to  its 
adoption  has  been  given  by  the  latest  re- 
sults of  the  Committee  of  the  Inter- 
national Association  for  Testing  Ma- 
terials, which  were  published  recently 
by  Charpy.  He  tested  several  different 
types  of  machine,  which,  although  work- 
ing on  such  different  principles  as  the 
drop-weight,  the  swinging  pendulum, 
and  the  rotating  flywheel,  yet  were 
found  to  give  strictly  comparable  results, 
and  these  were  found  to  be  quite  inde- 
pendent of  the  weight  and  speed  of  the 
tup  used,  and  also  of  the  weight  of  anvil 
used,  provided,  of  course,  that  the  steel 
used  is  thoroughly  normalized,  and  that 
the  method  of  holding  the  test  specimen 
was  not  objectionable,  but  merely  rest- 
ing in  its  place. 

The  swinging  pendulum  type  approved 
by  the  International  Association  is  well 
known,  but  the  Amsler  vertical  drop- 
weight  machine  mentioned  by  Charpy  is 
less  well  known,  and  has  recently  been 
superseded  by  a  new  form  of  swinging 
hammer.  This  is  shown  in  side  view  in 
Fig.  13,  and  consists  of  a  heavy  cast- 
iron  base  to  which  are  bolted  two  up- 
right channels  supporting  the  pendulum 
and  the  elevating  winch  which  can  raise 
the  pendulum  either  to  left  or  right,  de- 


pending upon  how  the  detachable  hook 
is  attached:  On  falling  from  the  left 
side  the  weight  breaks  the  test-piece 
transversely  and  when  falling  from  the 
right,  tensile  impact  tests  are  made.     A 


of  this  cord  exerts  a  sufficient  pull  to 
prevent  the  pendulum  from  falling  back 
from  any  position  until  it  is  released.  To 
measure  the  energy  absorbed  by  a  blow 
of  the  pendulum  the  difference  is  noted 


^^5''''l^"^<''^^  ^'^'" 


FIG.  9— MACHINE  FOR  DETERMINING  HARDNESS  BY  90  DEG.  LUDWICK  CONE. 


friction  clutch  holds  the  swinging  arm  in 
any  desired  position  as  the  windlass 
raises  the  bob  weight,  and  the  operating 
handle  cannot  be  moved  by  the  weight 
itself,  but  only  by  the  operator.  On  pull- 
ing the  release  cord,  the  hook  is  detached 
and  the  trip  falls  freely,  and  after  break- 
ing the  bar  it  swings  up  on  the  other 
side  of  the  machine.  Instead  of  swing- 
ing back,  however,  it  is  held  in  its  posi- 
tion of  maximum  height  by  a  third  cord 
passing  round  a  drum  and  acting  as  a 
brake.     The  circular  weight  at  the  end 


between  the  readings  of  two  scales  pro- 
vided on  the  vertical  supports.  The  ele- 
vation of  the  weight  moves  a  pointer 
over  the  first  scale  to  show  the  energy 
stored  before  the  blow,  and  the  swing  of 
the  pendulum  carries  another  pointer 
over  a  second  scale  to  indicate  the  resi- 
dual amount  of  energy  after  the  blow. 
The  change  over  from  transverse  impact 
to  tensile  impact  test  is  readily  accom- 
plished by  unhooking  the  elevating  cord 
from  one  side  of  the  tup  and  fixing  it  to 
the    other    side,    then    the    windlass      is 


F:<3S.    10  TO    12— GUILLERY   HARDNESS   TESTING  MACHINES 


«96 


C  A  N  A  D I A  N    M  A  C  H  I  X  E  R  \ 


Volume  XX 


FIG.    18— AMSLER   SWINGING-HAMMER 

wound  up  by  turning  the  handle  in  the 
opposite  direction  from  before. 

Guillery  Impact-Testing  Machines 

The  most  convenient  type  of  impact 
tester  for  works  practice  which  entails 
the  minimum  of  effort  and  calculation,  is 
the  rotary  dynamometer  tup  or  rotating 
flywheel  made  by  Malicet  and  Blin  to  the 
design  of  M.  Guillery.  The  latest  form 
of  this  machine  consists  of  a  flywheel  of 
such  shape  and  size  that  when  rotating 
at  302  r.p.m.  the  velocity  of  the  striking 
knife  is  the  same  as  that  of  a  body  fall- 
ing freely  from  a  height  of  4  m.  (say 
29  ft.  per  second).  The  moment  of  iner- 
tia of  the  wheel  is  such  that  when  hun- 
ning  at  this  speed,  the  energy  stored  in 
it  is  60  m.-kg.  for  the  one  size,  and  275 
m.-kg.  for  the  heavier  type  of  wheel  ap- 
orovimPtely  440  ft.-lb.  and  2,000  ft.-lb. 
respectively.  The  lighter  machine  may 
be  compared  to  a  falling  tup  or  "mon- 
key" of  15  kg.  wei?ht  falling  from  var- 
ious heights  up  to  4  m.,  and  these  are 
registered  by  one  of  the  speedometer 
scales.  It  is  usual  to  work  up  to  the 
highest  reading  and  capacity  of  the  ma- 
chine, and  for  this  reason  the  scale  for 
measuring  the  energy  absorbed  in  the 
blow  has  its  zero  at  the  top  of  the  tube. 
The  flywheel  of  the  machine  is  made  to 
rotate  by  a  handle  connected  with  an 
adjacent  lever  which,  according  to  it.s 
position  either  puts  the  handle  into  gear 
for  speeding  up,  or  disengages  to  allow 
the  wheel  to  run  free.  A  third  position 
applies  a  brake  to  stop  the  rotation  of 
the  wheel  when  the  tests  are  completed. 


The  connection  between  handle  and 
wheel  can  be  made  readily  when  the 
wheel  is  in  motion.  An  ingenious  device 
throws  the  handle  out  of  gear  if  it  is  at- 
tempted to  turn  the  wheel  in  the  wrong 
direction.  The  equivalent  height  of  drop 
and  the  energy  absorbed  by  the  impact 
are  read  on  the  tachometer  tube,  the 
scale  of  which  gives  the  highest  reading 
when  the  wheel  is  at  rest  and  adjusted 
to  coincide  with  the  60  m.-kg.  mark  by 
means  of  a  milled  screw.  This  moves  up 
or  down  a  float  inside  the  centrifugal 
punp  shown  in  Figs.  14  and  15,  and  the 
vanes  of  this  (rotated  by  bevel  wheel 
from  the  axis  of  the  flywheel)  serve  to 
raise  a  colored  liquid  in  the  speedometer 
tube. 

A  view  of  the  machine  taken  with  the 
cast-iron  top  cover  removed  from  the 
lower  casing  and  pedestal,  shows  in  Fig. 
16  the  simple  mechanism  whereby  the 
breaking  knife  is  attached  to  the  fly- 
wheel, so  that  when  in  the  closed,  or  "in" 
position,  the  knife  is  completely  encased 
within  the  rim  of  the  flywheel.  When 
the  red  stud  is  pressed,  the  spring  forces 
the  knife  into  the  open  or  "out"  position 
required  for  breaking  the  test  bar.  The 
knife  is  made  to  assume  these  positions 
by  means  of  the  rotation  of  the  flywheel 
itself,  according  as  the  closing  or  open- 
ing button  is  pressed  on  the  outside  of 
the  lower  casing.  In  working  the  ma- 
chine, it  is  only  necessary  to  restore  the 
energy  lost  in  each  test  to  make  the  ma- 
chine ready  for  the  next  test.  The 
danger  of  the  open  knife  is  obviated  by 
a  simple  device  which  prevents  the  door 
(enclosing  the  test  bar  when  in  position) 
from  being  opened  so  long  as  the  knife 
is  out  and  the  flywheel  still  rotating. 
The  small  and  safe  design  of  this  ma- 
chine, in  which  all  the  moving  parts  are 
enclosed,  the  lack  of  overhang  and 
stability  even  without  bolting  down,  so 
long  as  it  rests  on  a  level  floor,  and  the 
direct  reading  of  the  energy  absorbed, 
makes  this  machine  one  of  the  most 
simple  and  advantageous  to  use. 

Table  IV  gives  the  results  of  several 
ramples  of  mild  steel  which  had  proved 
brittle  in  working  and  which  gave  low 
impact  values.  A  replace  material,  al- 
though similar  in  other  physical  proper- 
ties behaved  well  in  service,  and,  on  test- 
ing in  the  impact  machine,  showed  much 
better  results.  The  effect  of  heat  treat- 
ment on  some  medium  carbon  steel  as 
regards  impact  values  is  also  shown  in 
an  interesting  fashion. 


Repeated  Impact- Testing  Machines 

One  of  the  simplest  forms  of  repeated 
impact-testing  machines  recently  intro- 
duced, to  avoid  the  chattering  sometimes 
met  with,  is  the  Eden-Foster  machine, 
which  is  made  in  this  country.  A  cam 
operates  a  lifting  chain  to  engage  a  small 
vertical  drop  hammer,  which  is  only  re- 
leased when  the  lifting  mechanism  is 
lowered  to  be  clear  of  the  fall.  Two  dif- 
ferent weights  of  tup  are  used,  and  the 
whole  apparatus  is  small  and  compact, 
although  capable  of  taking  the  standard 
notched  bar  for  this  test.  The  bar  is 
rotated  in  a  simple  friction  clutch  method 
whilst  securely  held  in  two  plummer 
blocks. 

A  different  principle  is  used  In  the 
quadruple  hammer  machine  for  repeated 
shock  testing,  as  made  by  Messrs. 
Amsler  Brothers.  The  bar  to  be  tested 
is  supported  at  the  two  ends,  and  a  pair 


FIGS. 


14   AND    15— PUMP   FOR   GUILLERY" 
MACHINE 


of  hammers  deal  it  blows  alternately 
from  right  and  left  until  it  breaks.  The 
fracture  is  thus  produced  by  fatigue.  At 
the  moment  of  fracture  of  the  bar,  the 
mechanism  actuating  the  hammers  is 
thrown  out  of  gear  and  the  blows  cease- 
A  counter  indicates  the  number  of  blows 
received  by  the  bar  before  fracture.  The 
machine  as  shown  in  Fig.  17  consists  of 
four  pairs  of  hammers  working  simul- 
taneously upon  four  bars.  The  hammers 
receive  their  motion  from  a  single  shaft 


TABI/E  IV — Physical  Tests  of  various  Steels  showing  Tensile  and  Hardness  Tests  correlated  with 
the  Resistance  to  Shock  represented  both  in  Metre-Kilogrammes  per  Centimetre  and  in  Foot- 
pounds per  Square  Inch^ ^ 


Impact 

Values. 


I 


.. 


•^.v 


o 


Mild  C  0  15 

14.4 
12.6 

23.6 
23.8 

41.6 
19.6 

67.8 
S0.6 

100 
105 

80 
5,0 

373' 

Trans 

233 

Mild  C  0.18 

Long 

16.0 

29.0 

33.2 

51.8 

116 

12.6 

580 

Trans 

14.4 

28.0 

26.3 

35.0 

110 

15.0 

700 

Lon 

18.2 

2«.3 

61.0 

58.0 

110 

27.0 

1.26<r 

MildC    0.2 

Normal   

12.4 

21.8 

10.0 

9.0 

105 

8.2 

380 

n 

Forged    

22.8 

88.6 

16.8 

20.6 

160 

9.5 

445 

•  » 

Toughened    

25.2 

34.4 

27.9 

40.9 

145 

15.5 

725 

Med.  C  0.34 

Normal   

20.2 

33.5 

28.0 

48.0 

122 

10.0 

4«7 

Oil   quenched    .... 

40.0 

52.2 

1.5.0 

ai.ty 

230 

19.0 

890 

" 

Double  oil  ou'ched 

28.5 

43.7 

26.0 

62.0 

180 

27.0 

1.269 

December  19,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


699 


driven  by  a  small  electric  motor.      The  BRITISH       ADMIRALTY       APPRECI- 

pairs  of  hammers  are  quite  independent  ATES   MERCHANT   SERVICE 

of  each  other,  and  when  one  pair  stops  On  the   occasion   of  the  first  meeting 

owing  to  the  fracture    of    the    bar,    the  of    the    Board    of   Admiralty    after     the 


FIG.    16— GUILLERY    IMPACT-TESTING    MACHINE 


other  pairs  continue  their  movement,  so 
that  the  different  bars  are  tested  quite 
independently.  The  bars  are  cylindrical 
mdependently.  The  bars  are  cylindrical  in 
shape,  and  12  ijim.  in  diameter,  from  18 
cm.  to  19  cm.  long,  as  their  supports  are 
17  mm.  apart.  These  supports  can  turn  on 
a  vertical  axis,  which  permits  the  bars  to 
be  bent  freely  by  each  blow,  so  that  they 
do  not  behave  like  tightly-gripped  bars. 
The  blow  of  the  hammers  is  delivered 
at  two  diametrically  opposite  points.  The 
weight  of  each  hammer  is  5  kg.,  and  they 
fall  freely  through  a  vertical  height  of 
5  cm.,  so  that  each  blow  expends  Vi 
m.-kg.  of  energy  on  the  bar.  The 
counters  lecord  the  number  of  rotations 
of  the  shaft,  and  thus  the  pairs  of  blows 
struck.  The  usual  speed  of  rotation  is 
about  90  r.p.m. 


signing  of  the  German  armistice  their 
Lordships  desire,  on  behalf  of  the  Royal 
Navy,  to  express  their  admiration  and 
thanks  to  the  owners,  masters,  officers, 
and  crew-s  of  the  British  Mercantile 
Marine,  and  to  those  engaged  in  the 
fishing  industry,  for  the  incomparable 
services  which  they  have  rendered  dur- 
ing the  war,  making  possible  and  com- 
plete the  victory  which  is  now  being 
celebrated. . 

The  work  of  the  Mercantile  Marine 
has  been  inseparably  connected  with  that 
of  the  Royal  Navy,  and  without  the  loyal 
co-operation  of  the  former  the  enemy's 
submarine  campaign  must  inevitably 
have  achieved  its  object.  The  Mercantile 
Marine  from  the  beginning  met  this  un- 
precedented  form   of  warfare  with    in- 


domitable courage,  magnificent  endur- 
ance, and  a  total  disregard  of  danger 
and  death,  factors  which  the  enemy  had 
failed  to  take  into  account  and  which 
went  far  towards  defeating  his  object. 

In  no  small  measure  also  has  the  suc- 
cess achieved  against  the  submarine 
been  due  to  the  interest  taken  by  owners 
in  the  defensive  equipment  of  their 
ships,  and  to  the  ability,  loyalty,  and 
technical  skill  displayed  by  masters  and 
officers  in  carrying  out  Admiralty  regu- 
lations, which,  though  tending  to  the 
safety  of  the  vessels  from  submarine 
risks,  enormously  increased  the  strain 
and  anxiety  of  navigation.  The  loyal 
observance  of  these  precautions  has  been 
the  morec  ommendable  since  the  need 
for  absolute  secrecy,  on  which  safety 
largely  depended,  has  prevented  the 
reasons  for  their  adoption  being  in  al! 
cases  disclosed. 

Further,  the  convoy  system,  which  has 
played  such  an  important  part  in  frus- 
trating the  designs  of  the  enemy  and 
securing  the  safe  passage  of  the  UniteJt 
States  Army,  could  never  have  attained 
its  success  but  for  the  ability  and  en- 
durance displayed  by  the  masters,  offi- 
cers, and  crews  of  the  merchant  ships 
forming  these  convoys.  This  system  has 
called  for  the  learning  and  practising 
of  a  new  science — that  of  station-keep- 
ing, the  accuracy  of  which  has  depended 
in  no  small  measure  on  the  adaptability 
and  skill  of  the  engineers  and  their  de- 
partments. 

Their  Lordships  also  desire  to  ac- 
knowledge the  ready  response  of  owners 
to  the  heavy  calls  made  on  the  Mer- 
chant Service  for  officers  and  men  to 
meet  the  increasing  requirements  of  the 
Navy.  On  board  our  ships  of  every 
type,  from  the  largest  dreadnought 
down  to  the  smallest  patrol  boat,  are  to 
be  found  officers  and  men  of  the  Mer- 
chant Navy,  who  have  combined  with 
those  of  the  Royal  Navy  in  fighting  the 
enemy  and  defeating  his  nefarious 
methods  of  warfare  at  sea. 

The  Merchant  Service  and  the  Royal 
Navy  have  never  been  so  closely  brought 
together  as  during  this  war.  In  the  in- 
terests of  our  glorious  Empire  this  con- 
clusion must  prove  a  lasting  one.  i 


f 


FIG.    n     AMSLER    QUADRUPLii-HAMMER    MACHINE    FOR    REPEATED   SHOCK    TESTING 


The  Greenfield  Tap  and  Die  Corpora- 
tion, Greenfield,  Mass.,  have  issued  cata- 
logue 40  on  small  tools.  As  its  name  in- 
dicates, the  tools  featured  are  taps,  dies, 
screw  plates,  reamers,  and  other  tools 
of  li':e  nature.  The  screw  plate  section 
describes  all  the  various  plates  made  by 
the  firm  for  every  purpose,  including 
automobile  and  metric  sizes.  Hand  taps 
are  described  in  detail,  the  gun  tap  be- 
ing particularly  worthy  of  mention.  Nut 
taps,  tapper  taps,  pulley  taps,  and  other 
kinds  are  described  at  some  length.  The 
reamer  section  contains  information  con- 
cerning the  various  lines  of  reamers 
manufactured  by  the  corporation,  and 
the  data  section  contains  much  material 
of  value  bearing  on  threads  and  thread 
cutting.  Much  of  this  is  new  and  has  to 
do  with  the  gauging  of  threads. 


700 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


AEROMARINE    6-CYLINDER    VERTI- 
CAL MOTOR 
By  F.C.P. 
The  accompanying;  illustration  shows  a 
novel     aeromarine     6-cylinder     vertical 
motor   of   which   the   reciprocating    and 
revolving  parts  are  made  of  steel  and  the 
upper  and  lower  parts  of  crank  case  are 
made   of  composition  aluminum   casting. 


a  non-corrosive  metal.  The  cooling  is 
furnished  by  a  centrifugal  pump  which 
delivers  25  gallons  per  minute  1400 
R.P.M.  The  pistons  are  made  cast  iron, 
accurately  machined  and  ground  to  ex- 
act dimensions,  which  are  carefully  bal- 
anced. 

The   intake   manifold   for   carburetors 
are  aluminum  castings  so  designed  that 


material  and  then  sintering.  In  the  new 
process  very  finely  divided  tungsten 
acid  is  freed  from  its  oxygen  by  heating 
in  an  atmosphere  of  hydrogen;  the 
powdered  metal  so  produced  is  mixed 
with  a  definite  quantity  of  therium  oxide 
and  a  small  amount  of  a  colloidal  binder; 
the  paste  is  squirted  under  pressure 
through  fine  dies;  and  the  filaments, 
*fter  gentle  drying,  are  finally  passed 
through  a  forming  or  structure  chang- 
ing apparatus.  This  apparatus  is  a 
glass  cylinder,  closed  and  air-tiijht  at 
top  and  bottom,  containing  a  spiral  of 
several  turns  of  tungsten  wire  heated 
by  electric  current.  In  a  stream  of  re- 
ducing gas  eight  filaments  at  a  time  arc 
passed  at  the  rate  of  about  8  ft.  an 
hour,  and  the  sudden  and  continued 
heating  to  2,600°  or  2,700°  C,  has  the 
effect,  as  shown  by  the  microscope,  of 
joining  the  large  number  of  crystals  of 
each  filament  into  one  long  crystal.  In 
tests  of  1,200  hours  the  filaments  have 
shown  no  change,  retaining  great 
strength  and  freedom  from  cracks  on 
bending,  with  no  blackening  of  the  lamp 
bulbs.— M.  M. 


AMERICAK    SIX-CYLINDER     AEROPLANE    MOTOR 


The  oil  reservoir  in  the  lower  half  cast- 
ing provides  sufficient  oil  capacity  for 
five  hours  continuous  running  at  full 
power  and  increased  capacity  is  pro- 
vided to  meet  greater  endurance  re- 
quirement*. 

As  to  tbe  oiling  system  it  may  be 
stated  that  the  oil  is  forced  under  pres- 
sure to  all  bearings  by  means  of  high 
pressure  duplex  geared  pumps.  One 
side  of  this  pump  delivers  oil  under  pres- 
sure to  all  the  bearings  while  the  other 
side  draws  the  oil  from  the  splash  case 
and  delivers  it  to  the  main  sump.  The 
oil  reservoir  is  entirely  separate  from 
the  crank  case  chamber.  Under  no  cir- 
cumstances will  oil  flood  the  cylinder 
and  the  oiling  system  is  not  affected  in 
any  way  by  any  angle  of  flight  or  posi- 
tion of  motor.  An  oil  pressure  gauge  is 
placed  on  instrument  board  of  machine 
which  gives  at  all  times  the  pressure  in 
oil  system  and  a  sight  glass  at  lower 
half  of  case  indicates  the  amount  of  oil 
contained.  It  is  held  that  the  old  style 
system  of  dropping  lower  half  of  crank 
case  to  clean  strainers  and  inspect  pumps 
is  avoided  and  the  oil  pump  is  external 
on  magneto  end  of  motor  and  is  very 
accessible.  There  is  provided  an  ex- 
ternal oil  strainer  which  is  removable 
in  a  few  minutes'  time  without  the  loss 
of  any  oil.  All  oil  from  reservoir  to  the 
motor  passes  through  this  strainer. 
Pressure  gauge  feed  is  also  attached  and 
can  be  piped  to  part  of  machine  desired. 
•  The  water  jackets  are  of  copper  l/lS' 
thick  electrically  deposited.    This  makes 


each  carburetor  feeds  three  cylinders 
thereby  insuring  easy  flow  of  vapor  at 
all  speeds.  The  power  developed  is  85-90 
h.p.  and  the  weight  of  the  motor  is  four 
hundred  and  twenty  pounds.  The  data 
of  a  horsepower  test  on  one  of  these  6- 
cylinder  motors  as  given  in  the  followins; 
for  an  engine  with  4  5/16"  bore  x  5%" 
stroke  may  be  of  interst: 

Revs.      Pull  in 
Fan-blade  per  min.       lbs.  h.p. 

D  1830  52.  95.16 

C  1700  56.5  96.0 

B  1510  58.5  88.33 

A  1350  62.  83.7 

0  1140  62.  70.68 

00  1040  60.  62.4 

000  960  57.  54.7 

The  average  gasoline  consumption  for 
the  aeromarine  motor  is  53.96  lbs.  per 
hour  and  8.55  gals,  per  hour  are  used 
which  makes  0.63  lbs.  or  .104  gals,  per 
h.p.  hour.  The  average  oil  consumption 
of  this  engine  is  1.75  gals,  oil  used  per 
hour  or  .02  gals,  oil  per  h.p.  hour,  which 
figures  out  12.3  lbs.  per  hour  and  .144 
lbs.  per  h.p.  hour. 

♦ 

TUNGSTEN  FILAMENTS 
A  new  lamp  filament  patented  ih 
Germany  recently  consists  of  a  single 
long  crystal  of  tungsten  instead  of  the 
usual  irresrular  string  of  crystals  and 
has  in  consequence  greatly  increased 
strength  and  durability.  The  ordinary 
filament  is  produced  either  by  hammer- 
ing fine  tungsten  powder  into  lumps, 
and  drawing  or  rolling,  or  by  squirting 
a  mixture  of  the  powder  with  a  binding 


W.  F.  Keckeisen,  formerly  advertising 
manager  of  the  International  Filter  Co., 
and  previously  associated  with  the  Fed- 
eral Sign  Co.,  has  joined  the  staff  of 
Rnssell  T.  Gray,  advertising  engineer, 
Chicago. 


END    VIEW   OF    ENGINE 

Opening  Branch: — The  Independent 
Pneumatic  Tool  Company  announces  the 
opening  of  a  Branch  Office  and  Service 
Station  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  on  Decem- 
ber 15th.  A  complete  line  of  Thor  Pneu- 
matic and  Electric  Tools  and  Repair 
Parts  will  be  carried  in  stock  at  1103 
Citizens  Building,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Hayden  F.  White,  who  has 
represented  the  company  in  Detroit, 
Chicago  and  Milwaukee  districts- >  for 
some  years  past. 


December  19,  1918 


701 


WELDING 
AND  CUTTING 


The  Steel  Ship  and  Oxy-Acetylene  Welding 

The  Author,  in  "International  Marine  Engineering,"  Makes  Some 

Valuable  Observations  on  the  Behavior  of  Metals  Under  the 

Welding  Flame,  and  the  Precautions  to  be  Observed 

By  J.  F.  SPRINGER 


T-IE  present  necessity  to  construct 
quickly  a  vast  total  of  tonnage  has 
doubtless  been  the  chief  thing  that 
has  brought  the  newer  methods  of  weld- 
ing so  prominently  to  the  attention  of 
shipbuilders  and  the  Government.  The 
oxy-acetylene  process  has  been  winning 
its  way  steadily  for  the  past  decade, 
particularly  in  connection  with  steei 
plates.  I  direct  attention  to  steel  cylin- 
ders used  in  the  transportation  of  gases 
under  pressure  and  to  steel  barrels  em- 
ployed as  containers  liable  to  rough 
handling.  The  welding  work  here  is 
analogous  to  that  required  in  a  ship's 
side. 

However,  not  all  operators  of  the 
torch  understand  what  happens  to  the 
steel  and  what  are  the  possibilities  of 
restoring  any  damage  to  the  quality  in- 
cident upon  the  application  of  gas  and 
electric  welding.  A  good  many  are  prob- 
ably ignorant  that  there  is  any  damage 
to  quality  that  needs  rectification.  Let 
us  then  consider  this  matter. 

Behaviour  of  Steel  When  Heated 

All  normal,  unhardened  steel  consists 
of  crystals  or  grains  built  up  of  alter- 
nate laminations  of  cementite  (Fe.3C) 
and  iron,  with  or  without  separating 
films  either  of  iron  or  of  cementite.  In 
steels  containing  less  than  0.85  or  0.90 
per  cent  of  carbon — such  as  are  practi- 
cally all  steels  used  for  ship  plates — 
there  is  a  honeycomb  of  pure  iron.  The 
spaces  or  cells  in  the  honeycomb  are 
occupied  by  crystals,  or  grains  of  inter- 
leaved layers  of  iron  and  cementite. 
Steels  containing  a  his/her  carbon  per- 
centage— tool  steels — have  a  honeycomb 
of  cementite;  the  crystals  are  the  same 
as  before.  For  steel  at  the  dividing  per- 
centage, there  is  no  honeycomb;  the 
crystals  are  the  same,  but  they  are  now 
in  actual  contact.  The  interleaved  layers 
of  pure  iron  and  cementite  constitute  a 
material  (it  is  not  a  chemical  combina- 
tion, being  non-homogeneous),  which  has 
been  named  pearlite  by  Professor  Henry 
M.  Howe,  of  Columbia  University.  For 
ship  construction,  steel  having  the  first 


type  of  structure — a  honeycomb  of  pure 

iron  filled     with     pearlite     crystals — is 

used. 

Behaviour   of   Crystals   During    Heating 

The  importance  of  this  information  in 
connection  with  oxy-acetylene  welding 
centers  on  the  behaviour  of  the  crystals 
of  pearlite  during  a  rise  of  temperature. 
As  the  temperature  rises  from  the  nor- 
mal, everyday  point,  nothing  of  import- 
ance occurs  until  the  steel  has  passed 
above  a  black  heat.  About  medium 
cherry  red  (1,274  degrees  Fahr.),  the 
grains  begin  to  grow.  As  the  tempera- 
ture goes  on  up,  the  grain  size  continues 
to  increase.  Probably  there  is  no  sub- 
stantial cessation  of  growth  until  the 
steel  is  at  or  near  the  melting  point.  If 
the  heating  is  halted  at  any  point  of 
temperature,  the  growth  will  also  halt. 
When  the  steel  is  cooled,  whether  sud- 
denly or  slowly,  the  enlarged  grain  size 
will  still  persist.  Now  all  of  this  is  not 
merely  sofnething  interesting,  but  im- 
portant practically,  for  the  reason  that 
cold  steel  with  big  grains  is  steel  in  an 
inferior  condition.  Its  tensile  strength 
is  less  than  normal.  Further,  we  are  to 
accept  it  as  a  fact  that  the  bigger  the 
grains  the  weaker  the  steel.  As  cooling 
off  does  not  restore  the  normal,  small 
size  and  high  strength,  it  will  be  readily 
understood  why  oxy-acetylene  welding 
and  similar  processes  (inclusive  of 
blacksmith  welding)  necessarily  injure 
the  steel.  These  processes  must  use 
high  temperatures.  It  is  not  in  the  gas 
processes,  merely,  that  the  working 
fame  is  at  a  very  high  temperature; 
the  work  itself  becomes  highly  heated, 
the  temperature  ranging  from  at  or  near 
the  melting  point  to  lower  temperatures 
as  one  recedes  from  the  beveled  edaes 
and  away  from  the  groove.  In  the 
groove,  every  particle  of  the  new  metai 
has  been  actually  melted.  Of  course, 
there  has  been  great  enlargement  of  the 
grain  size.  The  metal  must  be  regarded 
as  greatly  inferior  in  strength  to  the 
same  metal  when  in  normal  condition. 
This  applies  to  the  new  metal  in  the 
groove,  to  the  sides  of  the  groove  and 


to  the  metal  back  from  the  groove. 
Every  spot  where  the  temperature  has 
risen  above  medium  cherry  red  must  be 
viewed  as  damaged  in  strength. 

Protection  Against  Oxidation 

This  is  not  a  question  of  the  burnt 
metal.  Burnt  steel  is  afflicted  with  a 
different  disease.  When  steel  is  actually 
burnt,  the  carbon  has  been  consumed.  It 
is  the  procedure  of  burning  steel  that  is 
employed  in  cutting  with  a  high-pres- 
sure oxygen  jet.  By  this  process  an 
oxy-acetylene  or  other  heating  jet  is 
used  to  heat  up  the  metal  and  the  oxygen 
jet  follows  it  very  closely.  The  oxygen 
attacks  the  carbon  and  bums  it.  The 
welding  operation  with  the  oxy-acety- 
lene flame  may,  however,  be  very  well 
protected  against  oxidation.  Consider- 
ing the  fact  that  oxidation  might  result 
from  the  oxygen  passing  through  the 
torch,  a  proper  adjustment  of  the  flame 
to  a  neutral  condition  should  cover  the 
matter  pretty  fairly.  Nevertheless,  it 
is  quite  customary  with  many  welders 
to  use  some  very  pure  iron  for  the  new 
metal.  As  this  iron  contains  little  or  no 
carbon,  it  is  but  little  subject  to  burning. 
In  so  far  as  oxidation  from  the  atmos- 
phere is  concerned,  the  torch  may  gener- 
ally be  managed  so  as  to  utilize  the  large 
flame,  which  envelops  the  little  working 
flame,  as  a  -protection.  It  is,  from  its 
very  nature,  a  reducing  flame  and  con- 
sequently adapted  to  this  purpose. 

Account  of  a  Curative  Procedure 

In  seeking  to  use  the  oxy-acetylene 
procedure  in  welding  ships'  plates,  it  is 
probable  that  a  damaee  from  oxidation 
could  be  provided  against  with  a  good 
deal  of  success  by  methods  such  as  those 
just  indicated.  With  this  damage  elim- 
inated, however,  we  would  still  have  the 
deterioration  attendant  upon  the  en- 
largement of  the  grain  size.  If  the 
welding  of  ships'  seams  is  to  be  a  suc- 
cess, this  deterioration  must  either  be 
cured  or  offset.  Piling  up  the  new  metal 
is  a  method  of  offsetting.  I  now  pro- 
ceed to  give  some  account  of  a  curative 
procedure. 


702 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


If  ste«I  that  has  had  its  grains  en- 
Urged  by  overheating  be  cooled  off  to 
»ny  point  distinctly  below  medium  cherry 
red  (1.274  degrees  Fahr.)  and  then  re- 
heated, its  grains  will  begin  to  break 
np  and  assume  a  smaller  size  at  a  point 
of  temperature  at  or  a  trifle  above 
medium  cherry  red.  This  is  understood 
to  be  a  pretty  well  ascertained  scientific 
fact.  If  the  steel  contains  about  0.85  or 
0.90  per  cent,  of  carbon  and,  consequent- 
ly, no  honeycomb  either  of  pure  iron  or 
of  cementite.  then  this  method  is  under- 
stood to  yield  very  perfect  results.  In- 
deed, down  to  0.50  or  0.40  per  cent, 
carbon  steel,  the  method  is  to  be  regard- 
.  ed  as  quite  good  indeed.  The  stopping 
point  on  reheating,  however,  rises  some- 
what above  medium  cherry  red.  Below 
0.40  per  cent,  carbon  steel  the  method  is 
less  perfect,  because  a  compromise  has 
to  be  made  between  carrying  the  heat  up 
a  bit  and  having  a  resizing  of  the  grains 
that  is  less  than  complete.  There  is, 
then,  a  known  procedure  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  quality  of  the  steel.  This 
method,  as  indicated,  requires  that  the 
work  be  reheated  after  the  welding  is 
completed. 

A  "second  curative  procedure  may  be 
mentioned,  though  it  is  perhaps  not  so 
successful  in  the  generality  of  cases.  It 
has  long  been  known  that  working  steel 
-„,)„-.  tv.p  hlacVsmith's  hammer  has  a 
beneficial  effect.  It  did  not  require  the 
new  developments  in  connection  with  the 
microscopic  study  of  steel  to  reveal  this 
brotd  fact.  What  has  been  uncovered 
of  late  years  is  a  more  precise  knowledge 
of  the  proper  "stopping  points."  Prob- 
ably, steel  th^t  is  going  to  be  thoroughly 
worked  may  be  subjected  to  working  at 
pretty  high  temperatures,  provided  the 
"stopping  point"  is  well  chosen  and  the 
working  is  continuous  from  start  to 
finish.  The  grain  size  will  then  be  some- 
what lareer  than  that  which  corresponds 
to  the  stopping  temperature.  In  short, 
the  hammer  or  other  device  will  break 
up  the  grains;  but  the  prevailing  tem- 
perature is  also  getting  in  its  work. 

Professor  Bradley  Stoughton  Quoted 

Oxv-acetylene  welder.s  have  sought  to 
get  the  benefit  of  working  by  using 
the  hammer  on  the  weld.  Probably  it 
does  some  p-ood.  provided  the  hammering 
is  not  continued  until  too  cool  a  point  is 
reached.  I^t  me  quote  from  Professor 
Bradlev  Stouf?hton. 

"Mechanical  work  will  multiplv  the 
strength  of  steel  from  two  to  five  times. 
In  order  to  accomplish  as  much  as  this 
latter,  however,  it  is  necessary  (1)  to 
reduce  the  material  to  very  small  sizes 
in  order  that  the  beneficial  effect  of  the 
kneading  action  may  extend  throughout 
the  mass,  and  (2)  to  finish  the  work 
cold,  in  order  that  the  metal  may  have 
no  onnortunity  to  re-crystallize.  The 
ductilitv  also  will  be  increased  at  first 
by  working,  but  again  decreases  if  the 
metal  is  worked  cold.  The  increase  in 
strength  and  ductility  is  due  (1)  to  de- 
creasing the  size  of  the  crystals  and 
closing  the  grain  of  the  steel;  .  .  . 
(3)  to  increasing  the  cohesion  and  ad- 
hesion of  the  crystals.  All  these  effects 
increase  the  specific  gravity  and  hard- 
ness of  the  metal,  and  are  more  effective 


in  these  respects,  as  well  as  in  increas- 
ing strength,  if  hot  work  is  followed  by 
cold  work." 

Restoration  of  Lost  Strength 

It  is  doubtful  whether  in  the  oxy- 
acetylene  process  full  compliance  can 
ever  be  given  to  the  above  requirement 
for  a  thorough  kneading  throughout  the 
mass.  Consider  a  longitudinal  seam 
between  two  plates  in  a  ship's  side. 
Since  the  plates  have  been  rolled  in  the 
process  of  manufacture  their  normal 
strength  presumably  includes  a  decided 
advance  on  the  strength  of  unworked 
steel.  In  fact,  the  high  strength  of  the 
rolled  plate  was  undoubtedly  figured  on 
in  designing  the  ship.  The  process  of 
autogenous  welding  materially  decreases 
this  strength  because  it  undoes  about 
everything  that  the  rolling  had  previous- 
ly accomplished.  We  seek  to  restore  the 
lost  strength  by  the  use  of  the  hammer. 
It  would  seem  to  be  difficult,  if  not  im- 
"-^ssib'e.  to  reproduce  with  the  hammer 
the  condition  which  the  rolling  mill 
originally  produced.  Still,  many  diffi- 
cult problems  have  been  solved — 'this 
may  be  the  next.  Some  mechani- 
cal device  may  be  devised  to  work 
the  metal  in,  and  along  the  seam  to 
an  extent  equivalent  to  that  ac- 
complished with  the  rolling  mill — some 
device  which  will  secure  penetration  of 
its  effects  and  will  cover  all  regions  in- 
volved in  the  high  heat.  Such  an  ad- 
vance in  the  development  of  the  oxy- 
acetylene  process  would  not  be  anything 
very  radical,  since  machine  welding  and 
cutting  have  both  been  done  for  quite 
a  number  of  years.  Wherever  a  machine 
can  be  used  either  for  welding  or  cut- 
ting, better  work  can  probably  be  done 
as  mechanical  methods  automatically 
secure  evenness  and  regularity.  Long 
straight  seams,  such  as  those  on  a  ship's 
side,  are  particularly  well  suited  to  ma- 
chine welding  methods.  It  would  seem, 
then,  that  a  machine  forger  or  kneader 
might  very  well  handle  this  same  class 
of  work.  Several  years  ago  the  present 
writer  gave  an  account  of  European  ma- 
chines for  the  welding  up  of  plate  steel 
to  form  tubes.  This  process  is  very 
similar  to  the  welding  of  ship  plates. 
But  I  do  not  known  of  any  machine 
which  is  especially  adapted  to  work  the 
steel  after  the  welding  operation. 

One  trouble  with  the  hammer  is  the 
lack  of  penetration.  "A  blow  creates  in 
a  metal  practically  nothing  but  com- 
pressive strains,  which  act  chiefly  in  the 
vertical  direction,  and,  by  transmission, 
in  the  two  horizontal  directions.  Because 
the  pressure  is  relieved  almost  as  soon  as 
felt,  the  elasticity  of  the  metal  causes 
it  to  recover  somewhat  from  the  effect. 
This  makes  the  effect  of  hammering 
superficial.  Also  the  amount  of  yield 
to  it  is  not  great  in  proportion  to  it 
is  not  great  in  proportion  to  i'i;s 
force,  and  therefore  it  takes  more  pres- 
sure to  accomolish  a  result  than  would 
be  the  cise  if  the  application  were 
slower.  This  makes  hammerine'  a  slow 
process  of  reduction,  but  results  in  a 
'oetter  and  mo^-e  uniform  working  of  the 
crystals  on  the  surface  at  least,  which 
is  one  of  tVie  chief  re"son«  for  the  su- 
periority of  hammered  over  rolled  ma- 


terial. Another  reason,  perhaps  even 
more  potent,  is  the  exact  control  of  the 
operation  which  can  be  exercised  by  the 
expert  forger,  especially  his  control  over 
the  temporature  at  which  the  work  is 
finished,  and  over  the  varying  forces  of 
pressure  applied  at  different  stages  and 
temperatures.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
effect  of  forging  extends  only  skin-deep 
from  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces."* 

Cold  Drawing  to  Improve  Strength 

Perhaps  a  mechanical  device  could  be 
produced  which  would  exert  an  action 
superior  to  that  of  the  hammer  and  more 
like  that  of  the  rolls  in  a  rolling  mill.  It 
is  quite  probable,  too,  that  the  require- 
ment mentioned  in  the  preceding  excerpt, 
which  calls  for  cold  working,  can  be  more 
adequately  and  safely  met  by  mechanical 
means.  This  is  especially  true  if  semi- 
skilled labor  is  employed.  With  a  ma- 
chine the  regulation  may  be  exact  and 
uniform,  insuring  continuous  movement 
of  the  steel  particles,  although  small  for 
any  one  moment.  For  example,  coiJ 
drawing  would  be  a  very  effective  means 
of  improving  the  strength  of  the  ma- 
terial. Tremendous  pressure,  however, 
would  have  to  be  exerted  in  this  process. 

It  will  be  easily  gathered  from  the 
foregoing  that  the  simple  hammering  in- 
dulged in  by  a  lot  of  oxy-acetylene 
welders  can  be  counted  on  but  slightly. 
In  the  hands  of  a  skilled  welder  who 
understands  the  thing  at  which  he  is 
aiming  and  the  way  to  get  it  best  with 
such  a  tool,  the  hammer  is  doubtless  a 
good  thing  and  the  work  will  probab'y 
be  better  for  it.  This  is  saying  less,  how- 
ever, than  that  a  full  restoration  can  be 
thus  accomplished  or  even  approximated. 
In  the  hands  of  an  ordinary  oxy- 
acetylene  welder,  the  hammer's  useful- 
ness would  appear  to  be  greatly  limited. 

After  all  is  said  and  done,  the  re- 
heating method  appears  to  be  the  better 
thing.  It  is  all-penetrating,  seeking  out 
the  regions  adjacent  to  the  weld  and  also 
regions  inside  the  mass.  It  is  not,  or  at 
least  need  not  be,  superficial  in  its  action 
thus  surpassing  the  hammer.  Further- 
more, heat  is  easily  applied.  In  the  first 
place,  we  have  as  a  convenient  source  of 
heat  the  enveloping  flame  which  sur- 
rounds the  little  white  working  flame. 
The  temperature  of  this  flame  is  not 
excessive — like  that  of  the  white  flame 
— ^besides,  it  is  safe,  because  of  its  char- 
acter as  a  reducing  agent.  It  has  a  great 
fippetite  for  oxygen,  so  that  it  may  be 
depended  upon  not  only  to  bring  oxy- 
gen to  the  heated  metal,  but  even  to 
protect  it  from  outside  oxygen.  Oxy- 
acetvlene  welders  have  been  using  this 
enveloping  flame  as  a  means  of  treating 
the  weld,  but  that  they  have  generally 
done  so  intelligently  I  am  not  prepared 
to  vouch.  The  re-heating  process,  as 
has  already  been  explained,  gets  its  re- 
storative results  by  heating  up  from  a 
temperature  point  below  medium  cherry 
red  (1,274  degrees  Fahr.>.  This  is  to 
be  regarded  as  essential.  It  is  not  enough 
simply  to  wave  the  big  enveloping  flame 
over  the  newly  welded  work.  Attention 
must  be  directed  to  starting  the  heat 
from  a  sufficiently  low  point — i  cooling 
off  mu=t  be  accomplished  first  of  a'l.  It 
does  not  matter  how  cold  the  work  is 


December  19,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


708 


allowed  to  get.  It  may  be  a  black  heat 
or  it  may  be  stone  cold.  The  point  is 
to  get  it  below  1,274  degrees.  Natur- 
ally, in  this  re-heating  procedure  it  is 
cheaper  to  heat  up  from  a  black  heat 
than  from  a  stone  cold  condition. 

Action  of  the   Enveloping  Flame 

But  this   re-heating  does  not  have  to 
be  done  with  the  big  enveloping  flame. 
This  flame  is  a  good  one,  especially  since 
It  has  a  reducing  quality;  but  it  is  quite 
expensive,    particularly    in    the    present 
•case.     Sometimes  there  are  uses  for  the 
enveloping  flame  which  are  advantageous 
and  economical.  This  flame  may  at  times 
be  so  managed  as  to  provide  a  means  of 
pre-heating  without  interfering  with  the 
simultaneous   employment   of   the   white 
working  flame.     When  this  can  be  done, 
the  enveloping  flame  heats  the  work  up 
through  the  early  stages,  thus  relieving 
the  white  flame  to  this  extent.     To  put 
this   idea   into  use   on   steel   plates   in   a 
■ship's  side,\the  torch  might  be  controlled 
in  a  frame  or  bracket  in  such  a  way  as 
to  compel  half  of  the  enveloping  flame 
to  lie  along  the  seam  ahead  of  the  white 
flame.      The    Edison    Storage     Battery 
Company  has  so  used  the  oxy-acetylene 
torch  in  welding  the  vertical  seam  in  l.ie 
sheet   steel    containers   which    constitute 
part  of  a  storage  battery  cell.    The  torch 
is  held  at  a  fixed  angle  by  a  holding  de- 
vice.   The  work  is  held  in  a  clamp  which 
carries  it  beneath  the  flame.     The  clamp 
is  of  such  form  as  to  divide  the  envelop- 
ing flame  into  two  streamers,  one  lying 
along  the  seam  ahead  and  one  lying  along 
the  seam  to  the  rear.     Naturally,  with 
the   work   fixed    as   in   a   ship's    hull,    it 
would  be   necessary  to   move  the  torch. 
The  workman  may  do  this  or  it  may  be 
done  with  a  device  adapted  for  shifting 
along   the   seam.     This    arrangement   is 
calculated  to  quicken  the  welding  oper- 
ation, thus  saving  the  time  of  the  work- 
man and  reducing  the  expense  for  oxy- 
gen and  acetylene.    It  is  to  be  distinctly 
noted,  however,  that  it  does  not  provide 
for  the  restoration  of  the  grain  size  of 
the  steel. 

To  deal  with  the  grain  size,  there  must 
be  an  interruption.  After  the  welding 
operation,  the  weld  and  adjacent  work 
must  cool,  at  least  to,  say,  black  heat 
before  the  re-heating  begins.  Conse- 
quently, the  enveloping  flame  could  not 
always  be  used  simultaneously  with  the 
working  flame,  the  latter  doing  the 
welding  and  the  former  doing  the  restor- 
ative work.  There  are.  however,  less 
expensive  flames  to  use  for  i-e-heating — 
citv  ?-as  or  natural  gas.  That  they  shall 
act  with  great  power  is  not  so  necessary 
as  that  they  will  not  project  products 
of  combustion  of  a  harmful  character  on 
to  the  metal.  This  point  covered,  almost 
anv  form  of  fuel  will  do  that  is  reason- 
ahlv  manageable  and  capable  of  produc- 
ing enough  heat  to  bring  tbe  seam  and 
adjacent  regions  up  to  temperatures 
ranofing  from  full  cherry  red  to,  say, 
orange. 

Objection  to  Refined  Iron 
It  has  been  customarv  among  oxv- 
acetvlene  welders  workintr  on  steel  to 
use  some  pure  form  of  iron  for  the  new- 
metal  to  be  nut  into  the  srroove — Nor- 
wegian and  Swedish  iron  and  one  or  two 


American  brands  of  refined  iron.  The 
idea  seems  to  have  been  to  prevent  burn- 
ing by  supplying  little  or  no  carbon.  The 
new  metal  is  ordinarily  in  the  form  of 
a  rod.  Naturally,  in  moving  this  rod 
about  it  is  liable  to  be  exposed  to  the 
air.  If  it  contained  much  carbon,  the 
ordinary  workman  would  probably  be 
burning  the  hot  end  continually.  Besides, 
the  use  of  refined  iron  is  at  best  only  a 
partial  remedy  against  carbonization, 
since  the  adjacent  work  may  still  be  af- 
fected. Furthermore,  it  does  not  deal  at 
all  with  the  condition  resulting  from  big 
grains. 

A  second  objection  to  the  use  of  re- 
fined iron  for  the  restoration  of  the 
quality  of  the  steel  when  re-heating  con- 
cerns the  matter  of  the  normal  strength 
of  the  material  prior  to  any  deteriora- 
tion from  any  source.  It  is  well  known 
that  iron  is  by  no  means  as  strong  as 
steel.  Only  a  comparatively  few  people 
know,  however,  that  the  tensile  strength 
of  steel  is  strictly  proportional  to  its 
carbon  content.  This  rule  covers  at  least 
all  steels  below  tool  steels.  Each  small 
addition  to  the  carbon  percentage  means 
a  considerable  addition  to  the  strength. 
H.  H.  Campbell  gives,  in  effect,  the 
following  rule:  Beginning  with  steel  of 
a  zero  carbon  content — 40,000  pounds 
per  square  inch  of  cross-section  is  as- 
sumed as  the  ultimate  tensile  strength 
of  basic  or  open-hearth  metal —  for  each 
0.01  per  cent,  added  to  the  carbon  con- 
tent, 1,000  pounds  is  to  be  added  to  the 
initial  valuation  of  the  strength  at 
40,000   pounds. 

It  may  be  gathered  from  the  fore- 
going that  pure  iron  is  hardly  in  the 
same  class  with  steel.  A  weld  made  of 
pure  iron  will  probably  consist  of  ma- 
terial weaker  than  the  adjacent  steel 
plates,  if  the  latter  are  of  first  quality, 
even  if  no  deterioration  of  the  iron  oc- 
curred  in   the  welding  process. 

Another  Objection  and  Summary 
I  have  also  further  objections  to  make 
to  this  custom.  From  information  about 
iron  and  steel  which  has  been  developed 
during  recent  years,  it  is  understood  that 
the  re-heating  process  is  quite  success- 
ful with  steels  containing  between  0.50 
and  0.90  per  cent,  of  carbon,  but  less 
so  with  steels  containing  smaller  per- 
centages. 

To  sum  up,  the  oxy-acetylene  process 
can  probably  be  employed  with  success 
m  marine  work,  not  only  in  connection 
with  ordinary  miscellaneous  jobs,  but 
with  work  of  welding  the  joints  in  tha 
hulls  of  steel  ships.  But — and  note  this 
"but" — if  only  the  ordinary  procedures 
are  employed,  the  tensile  strength  of  the 
material  at  and  near  the  weld  is  to  be 
reckoned  as  decidedly  less  than  that  of 
the  nlates.  Restorative  measures  are 
possible,  but  they  must  be  applied  intel- 
ligently and  adequately. 

Halifax. — The  use  of  the  Public  Mar- 
ket Building  for  a  mold  loft  has  been 
requested  by  the  Halifax  Shipyards,  Ltd. 
The  intention  was  to  lay  the  first  keel 
early  next  month,  and  they  had  been 
unable  to  find  a  suitable  building,  except 
the  market.  The  letter  has  been  referred 
to  the  City  Engineer. 


WELDING    IN    RAILWAY    SERVICE 
Economies  Realized 

The  Sayre  shops  of  the  Lehigh  Valley 
Railroad  claim  the  distinction  of  hav- 
ing turned  out,  about  five  years  ago,  the 
first  completed  welded  firebox  placed  in 
service  on  an  American  railroad,  and  the 
plant  is  still  turning  to  good  account  the 
economies  possible  through  the  use  of 
oxy-acetylene  and  electric  welding. 

So  far  have  improved  methods  of  do- 
ing boiler  work  progressed  at  this  plant 
that  locomotive  fireboxes  are  regularly 
renewed  without  removing  the  boiler 
from  the  frame,  it  being  the  practice  to 
cut  out  the  original  firebox  and  put  in 
m  three  sections,  welding  up  all  seams 
and  joints.  Among  other  expedients 
employed  is  that  of  dispensing  with  the 
studies  at  the  comers  of  the  mud  rings, 
the  practice  being  instead  to  countersink 
holes  through  the  firebox  sheets  and  into 
the  mud  rings  sufficiently  to  get  clean 
metal,  and  then  spot  weld  the  sheet  to 
the  mud  ring  by  filling  up  the  holes 
with  the  welding  torch. 

It  has  also  become  the  regular  prac- 
tice to  reclaim  car  and  tender  axles 
having  worn  collars  by  the  oxy-actylene 
lorch.  The  collar  is  built  up  the  re- 
quired amount,  and  then  machined  to 
the  standard  contour.  In  case  the  ma- 
terial deposited  is  found  to  be  too  hard, 
resort  is  had  to  the  process  of  annealing 
the  ends  of  the  axles  to  enable  the  lathe 
tool  to  take  hold.  The  expense  involved 
in  this  process  is  given  as  $2.34,  as  com- 
pared with  $20,  the  approximate  cost  of 
new  axles  for  50-ton  cars.  In  cases 
where  the  rocker  or  tumbling  shafts  of 
locomotive  valve  gear  mechanisms  have 
become  worn  these  parts  are  built  up  to 
size  and  restored  to  service  at  a  fraction 
of  the  expense  involved  in  renewing 
them.  Loose  fits  on  the  crankpins  and 
driving  axles  of  locomotives  are  similar- 
ly treated.  Locomotive  driving  box  shoes 
are  attached  in  the  same  manner  as  are 
the  firebox  sheets  at  the  corners  of  mud 
rings — that  is,  by  spot  welding. 

Cracked  sylinders,  which  to  replace 
new  would  cost  anywhere  from  $800  to 
$1,200,  are  restored  to  service  by  auto- 
genous welding  at  a  cost  that  is  insigni- 
ficant in  comparison.  Broken  engine 
frames  are  re.gularly  welded  in  place, 
and  miscellaneous  lugs  and  brackets,  in- 
cluding those  on  air  pumps,  are  also  re- 
stored by  this  means.  A  further  economy 
to  be  observed  at  the  Sayre  shops  and 
one  in  which  the  oxy-acetylene  torch 
plays  its  part  is  the  cutting  out  of 
blanks  from  old  boiler  shells  from  which 
locomotive  driving  brake  heads  are  press- 
ed in  the  bulldozer.  The  expense  of 
making  these  heads  amounts  to  about 
35c  each,  as  compared  with  more  than 
$2,  the  present  cost  of  these  parts  if 
made  from  malleable  iron  or  steel  cast- 
ings. So  fully  is  the  value  of  autogenous 
welding  appreciated  by  the  mechanical 
staff  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  that 
part  of  the  standard  equipment  at  each 
of  its  modernized  engine  terminals  con- 
sists of  an  electric  welding  equipment 
The  types  of  machines  which  represenf 
with  its  automatic  control  panels. 


7M 


Volume  XX: 


WHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  Industrial  Developments;  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 

Ways  to  Shorten  Arithmetical  Calculations 

Many  Short  Cuts  Are  Possible  in  Mathematical  Calculations — 
Result  in  a  Considerable  Saving  of  Time— Checking  of  Multipli- 
cation Ensures  Accuracy 

By  DONALD  A.  HAMPSON,  Assoc.  Mem.  A.S.M.E. 


IN  most  shops  and  offices  there  is 
some  one  man  who  is  known  to  be 
■'quick  at  figures."  It  will  be  found  as 
a  rule,  that  that  man  practises  varioua 
short  methods  of  arithmetic  and  does 
many  of  his  calculations  mentally,  also 
that  he  k«eps  up  his  speed  by  constant 
applications  of  these,  even  though  no 
time  is  saved  in  some  instances.  To  bo 
able  to  calculate  while  on  the  feet  is  a 
valuable  attainment;  of  course,  extend- 
ed calculations  are  impossible,  but  often 
these  may  be  reduced  so  that  they  are 
possible,  if  a  person  memorizes  a  few 
rules  and  keeps  in  practice  by  beinjr 
always  on  the  lookout  for  chances; 
mental  arithmetic  used  to  be  taught  in 
the  schools  (and  perhaps  is  yet)  and 
many  of  the  executives  of  to-day  owe 
their  start  to  the  fact  that  they  acquired 
a  reputation  above  their  fellows  from 
that  training.  Some  of  the  short 
methods  are  great  time  savers  on  every- 
day work,  though  not  all  can  be  per- 
formed mentally.  About  the  only  way 
in  which  these  appear  to  shop  men  is 
when  a  contributor  offers  a  single  ap- 
plication in  one  of  the  trade  papers;  the 
reader  passes  this  by  with  a  mental  note 
for  the  future,  but  when  he  wants  it 
most,  he  cannot  find  it.  The  following 
are  offered  in  the  hope  that  collectively 
they  will  be  retained  and  studied,  mem- 
orized and  put  into  practice.  Some 
readers  are  familiar  with  them  all, 
others  will  say,  "I  learned  that  in  school, 
but  forgot  it  years  ago,"  and  to  other.s 
they  will  be  entirely  new. 

Cancellation 

Handling  small  numbers  is  so  much 
easier  than  large  ones  and  the  chances 
for  errors  are  so  much  less  that  every 
calculation  should  have  its  units  re- 
duced to  smaller  ones,  if  possible,  at 
the  very  beginning.  The  everyday  for- 
mulas and  equations  of  applied  me- 
chanics    form    conspicuous,  examples — 


horsepower  and  weight  and  speed  cal- 
culations are  typical.  Assume  that  the 
diameter  of  the  driving  pulley  to  put 
on  the  main  shaft  is  wanted,  and  the 
other  pulley  sizes  and  the  speeds  are 
all  set  down  as  follows  in  the  wel- 
known  formula: 


■"^  /so  X  /t> 


jz 


„      7-^^^  X  in  X  l^  , , 


If  done  by  multiplying  out,  the  result 
is  as  shown  first  and  involves  putting 
down  all  the  figures;  if  done  by  cancel- 
lation, as  shown  second,  the  result  is 
obtained  almost  by  inspection  and  in 
far  less  time. 

Fractions  are  one  of  the  commonest 
mediums  of  calculations,  and  one  of  the 
simplest,  but  many  men  (and  youths 
just  out  of  school)  are  scared  at  their 
mention.  They  appear  less  formidable 
if  kept  reduced  to  their  lowest  terms. 
Whole  numbers  multiplied  by  fractions 
are  frequent  causes  for  mistakes  when 
the  whole  number  is  first  multiplied  by 
the  numerator,  and  then  the  division 
performed;  while  if  the  number  is  di- 
vided first  by  the  denominator  of  the 
fraction  and  then  the  quotient  multiplied 
by  the  numerator,  the  terms  handled  are 
smaller,  with  consequent  less  chance  for 
mistakes.  Thus  7-8  of  24392  is  more 
easily  done. 

^\i4m-   /      ^^'^'^^ 


S/J^3 


Division  of  Fractions  By  2 

Division  of  fractions  and  mixed  num- 
bers by  2  is  a  daily  task,  no  matter  how 
complete  blue  prints  and  instructions 
may  be.    When  a  fraction  such  as  18-32 


appears — a  fraction  with  an  even  num- 
erator— one  mentally  reduces  it  to  the 
simpler  form  of  9-16  on  inspection.  But 
if  the  fraction  to  be  divided  by  2  is,  say, 
19-32,  we  often  find  a  person  going  at 
it  as 


'Ml. 

3X. 


and  then  going  through  a  process  of 
reducing  that  to  the  result,  19-64,  in- 
stead of  following  the  rule  for  such 
cases  of  leaving  the  numerator  un- 
changed and  doubling  the  denominator. 
Then  half  of  19-32  becomes 


If  a  number  like  10  13-32  is  divided 
by  2,  the  whole  number  is  divided  men- 
tally and  the  fraction  likewise,  follow- 
ing the  rule  just  laid  down,  the  result 
being  5  13-64. 

Mixed  Numbers  Divided  By  2 

But  if  the  whole  number  of  a  mixed 
number  happens  to  be  odd,  the  division 
is  not  so  easily  accomplished  unless  tlie 
following  rule  is  applied.  .  For  the  in- 
teger, divide  the  next  lower  even  num- 
ber by  2;  for  the  fraction,  the  denomin- 
ator is  twice  the  original  denominator 
and  the  numerator  is  the  sum  of  the 
original  numerator  and  denominator. 
Several    examples    will    illustrate    this, 

^Kse-^j/       (e) 
t/lumMa^in       ^    //-\-/6  -^y 


December  19,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


705 


which  is  one  of  the  handiest  short  cuts. 

Simplifying    Fractions 

Fractions  often  are  more  accurate  and 
faster  than  would  be  the  solution  if  they 
were  changed  into  decimals.  A  practi- 
cal application  is  afforded  by  the  follow- 
ing, which  was  the  result  of  substituting' 
figures   in   a  well-known   formula 

where  a  first  change  is  made  by  writing 
7-2  in  place  of  the  mixed  number.  Then 
by  the  rule  that  when  a  fractional  num- 
erator or  denominator  is  present,  the  de- 
nominator may  be  changed  to  the  other 
side  of  the  line  of  division  if  accompan- 
ied by  the  sign  of  multiplication,  we 
write 

which  equals 

/-  »  ras^  X  7x  sx  ,a 

fxyxYTTnrjimrs' 

and  proceed  to  cancel  for  a  quick  and 
easy  solution.  By  the  same  rule  other 
fractions  are  rendered  "harmless,"  as 


-iS-,j!£j^    en 


/ 


/ 


Dividing  By  Xf^k 

We  often  encounter  the  number  12% 
in  dividing  25  or  50,  and  almost  as  often 
have  to  continue  the  problem  with  12% 
as  the  divisor.  An  easier  way  than  set- 
ting down  the  numbers  and  performing 
the  division  is  to  multiply  the  number 
by  8  and  point  off  two  decimal  places 
to  the  left.  Thus  24550-^12%  =  1964, 
but  that  cannot  be  done  mentally,  where- 
as 24550x8=196400,  and  pointing  off 
becomes  1964.  This  can  be  done  men- 
tally or  by  writing  the  result  without 
setting  down  the  factors.  If  desired,  the 
pointing  off  may  be  done  first — then 
245.50x8  =  1964. 

Squaring  Numbers  Ending  in    '/z 

A  number  ending  in  %  as  6%  may 
be  squared  mentally.  Instead  of  per- 
forming the  multiplication  on  paper  it 
is  done  in  the  head  simply — 7x6  plus  % 
is  421/t.  The  rule  is,  multiply  the  num- 
ber by  one  more  than  itself  and  add  one- 
quarter.  To  illustrate  with  a  larger 
number,  square  19% — (one  more  than  19 
is  20)  then  20x19+%  is  3801/4,  or  380.25 
if  we  choose  to  use  decimals. 

Squaring  Numbers  Ending  In  5 
Squaring  a  whole  number  ending  in  5 


is  done  by  a  somewhat  similar  process: 
First,  drop  the  5;  then  multiply  the  re- 
maining number  by  one  more  than  it- 
self; to  this  product  affix  25  and  the  re- 
sult is  the  desired  square.  Example: 
square  325.  Dropping  5  leaves  32  and 
one  more  than  32  is  33;  then  33  X  32  ---. 
1056:  25  nffixed  (not  added)  to  1056  = 
105625.  It  is  a  relatively  short  task  to 
square  this  number  by  the  usual  Ion-; 
multiplication,  but  if  the  method  given 
above  is  fixed  in  the  mind  ready  for 
instant  use,  some  time  is  saved  by  its 
use  and  when  the  number  has  four 
figures  or  more  (as  4525)  less  compu- 
tation is  necessary.  Numbers  of  two 
figiires  may  be  squared  mentally — 65' 
would  be  x  7  with  25  affixed,  becoming 
4225  almost  at  a  glance. 

Checking   and   Proving   Multiplication 

In  checking  over  a  multiplication  they 
have  made,  many  persons  will  commit 
the  same  error  (mentally)  that  they  did 
when  settins:  down  the  figures,  a  thing- 
that  has  been  done  so  often  that  an  en- 
tirely different  proof  is  far  better.  The 
proof  that  follows  is  one  of  the  best  and 
quickest.  Add  the  individual  figures  of 
the  multiplicand  and  if  the  sum  is 
greater  than  9  add  these  figures  to  get  a 
sum  of  only  one  figure;  do  the  same 
thing  with  the  multiplier;  multiply  these 
sums  and  the  product  will  equal  the  sum 
obtained  by  adding  the  figures  of  the 
product  of  the  original  multiplication 
until  a  sum  of  one  figure  is  reached. 
TViis  is  easier  than  it  sounds,  as  witness 
below — 


/ffe7?    .  ■  .  , 


Contracted  Multiplication 

Very  often  a  multiplication  involves 
more  decimals  than  are  needed  for  ac- 
cu"acv.  Innumerable  calculations  would 
he'amply  correct  if  the  result  were  stated 
to  one  or  two  or  three  decimal  place-. 
A  method  known  as  short  or  contracted 
multiplication  cuts  out  a  good  deal  of 
work  and  eives  a  resuU  to  fs  many  de- 
cimal places  as  wished.  The  example 
following  shows  how  the  work  is  set 
down  and  nerformed.  Required  to  mul- 
tiply 12.472  by  1.234. 


Though  in  this  ca.se  both  numbers 
have  the  same  number  of  decimal  places, 
it  is  simpler  in  any  case  to  place  the  de- 
cimal points  under  one  another  (if  one  of 
the  numbers  had  had  more  than  three 
decimal  places,  those  over  three  would 
have  been  disregarded).  Proceeding 
with  the  multiplication  it  will  be  noted 
that  instead  of  following  the  usual  order 
and  multiplying  with  the  4  first,  the 
start  is  made  at  the  other  end  with  the 


1  and  the  result,  12472,  set  down,  keep- 
ing decimal  points  in  a  vertical  line. 
After  thio  rhi'Itinlication  the  IhsIi  fi'rure 
in  the  multiplicand  (2)  is  ^  ctoiMed  off 
and  disregarded  henceforth.  Then  12.47 
is  multiplied  by  2.  the  product  set  down 
in  line,  and  another  fl'ifure  (7)  crossefl 
off.  Thisig  continued  aitd  the  sum  is  the 
final  pro*|tt,  15.386,^  to  _  three  decimal 
places.  l%|Kive  a  clearer  idea  of  the 
order  in  jflSSh  the  multiptyiing  is  done 
and  what  figures  arfr- Crossed  off,  another 
row  of  figures  had  been  placed  at  the 
right  showing  how  each  individual  pro- 
duct was  obtained.  If  the  multiplication 
had  been  performed  in  the  usual  long 
way,  the  result  would  have  been 
15.390448,  which  is  .004  greater  than 
the  abbreviated  method  and  sufficiently 
close  for  many  purposes. 

A  way  of  squaring  numbers  of  two'  or 
more  figures  will  be  given.  For  an  ex- 
ample we  will  take  the  number' 78  antl 
square  it.  The  rule  is:  Subtract  the 
number  from  the  next  higher  tens  num- 
ber, subtract  the  difference  thus  obtained 
from  the  original  number,  and  multiply 
this  ne-w  difference  by  the  tens  num- 
ber, anri  to  the  product  add  the  square 
of  the  difference  first  found.  This  seems 
very  involved,  but  it  isn't,  as  may  be 
seen  below  and  the  process  can  usually 
be  worked  out  mentally.  In  the  cass  of 
78,  80  is  the  next  higher  tens  number: 
if  the  number  were,  say,  124,  the  tens 
number  would  be  130  and  the  procedure 
would  be  the  same. 


■37X  Jiy  +  H-lX  f*X'S     "'" 


79 


//  X  aff  -  J^ai> 


^X3  ■  ¥ 


.^^Mi^'l**^ 


/TfutMl^d^raAcn 


Time  Savers  for  Weight 

Along  with  the  strictly  mathematical 
short  cuts  above  there  are  a  couple  of 
others  that  will  help  the  man  who  has 
to  do  with  weigihts  and  volumes  of 
metals. 

In  case  the  weight  or  volume  of  a 
round  bar  is  wanted,  use  %  of  the 
square  of  the  diameter  instead  of  .7854. 
This  enables  many  estimates  to  be  made 
mentally  and  is  near  enough  when  the 
weight  is  not  over  two  figures  and  the 
material  steel  ir  iron. 

It  is  not  hard  to  remember  that  %" 
steel  weights  2-3  of  a  lb.  to  the  foot, 
%'  weighs  1  lb.,  %"  weighs  1%  lbs., 
1"  weighs  2  2-3  lbs.,  1%"  weighs  6  lbs., 
2"  weighs  11  lbs. 

A  rule  to  find  the  weight  per  foot  of 
length  of  any  round  steel  bar  irfi  square 
the  number  of  quarter  inches  in  hhe  dia- 
meter and  divide  this  by  6,  the  result  is 
the  number  of  pounds. 

For  rough  estimating  the  weight  of 
cast  iron,  wrought  iron  and  steel  may  be 
taken  as  %  lb.  to  the  cubic  inch,  or  four 
cu.  in.  to  the  lb.  Bronze  and  copper  are 
heavier — approximately  three  cu.  in.  to 
the  lb.  or  1-3  of  a  lb.  to  the  cu.  in. 


TM 


Volume  XX 


a*^il8fc«* 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Pr:^,i 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Departm,ent  for 

review  in  this  section. 


LITTLE  DAVID  PNEUMATIC 
CAULKING   MACHINE 

With  the  demand  for  ships  and  more 
ships  to  make  good  the  losses  caused  by 
U-boats,  and  with  the  shortage  of 
skilled  labor,  due  to  the  war,  a  tremen- 
dous need  arose  for  mechanical  tools  to 


CAULKING    MACHINE 

increase  and  speed  up  the  building  of 
ships,  which  was  a  pretty  slow  process 
in  the  days  when  all  the  work  was  all 
done  by  hand. 

To-day,  a  large  percentage  of  the 
work  is  done  by  machines — the  power 
used  being  compressed  air.  The  follow- 
ing will  give  some  idea  of  the  various 
uses:  riveting,  chipping,  drilling  wood 
and  steel  plates,  caulking  steel,  caulking 
oakum,  grinding,  sawing,  driving  drift 
bolts,  and  trenails  on  wooden  boats, 
blowing  cement,  blacksmith  forges,  bolt 
heading  machines,  planing  and  dubbing 
machines,  painting  and  operating  small 
hoists. 

The  tacking  of  oakum  by  mechanical 
means  on  the  hulls  and  decks  of 
■wooden  ships  and  on  wooden  decks 
of  steel  ships,  was  never  a  suc- 
cess until  an  inventor  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  designed  the  Little  David  Pneu- 
matic Caulking  Machine,  which  meets 
the  peculiar  requirements  necessary, 
such  as  coiling  or  tacking  cotton  or 
oakum  (either  machine  or  hand  spun), 
to  any  required  depth  for  final  horsing. 

The  machine  is  easily  handled,  weigh- 


ing only  13%  lbs.  The  length  over  all 
is  22  inches,  and  the  air  consumption 
at  90  lbs.  is  20  cu.  ft.  of  free  air  per 
minute.  In  appearance  the  Little  David 
pneumatic  caulker  is  similar  to  a  pneu- 
matic riveter,  but  its  action  is  totally 
different,  being  on  the  same  principle 
as  the  sand  rammer  or  sewing  machine. 
Guide  wheels  are  used  to  keep  the  ma- 
chine in  line  with  the  seam.  The  stroke 
being  always  the  same,  the  depth  to 
which  oakum  is  forced  in  the  seam  is 
regulated  by  the  operator's  pressure  on 
the  tool. 

The  caulking  machine  operates  at  the 
rate  of  1,500  tacks  per  minute,  either 
coiling  the  oakum  or  running  it  straight. 

A  metal  finger  at  one  side  over  which 
the  oakum  passes  before  it  is  forced  in- 
to the  seam  by  the  iron,  regulates  the 
coiling  or  tacking.  For  a  long  tack  the 
iron  is  allowed  to  pass  further;  for  a 
short  tack  the  normal  stroke  or  posi- 
tion is  used. 

In  standard  tack  work,  such  as  5  in. 
or  6  in.  planking,  the  method  employed 
in  certain  U.  S.  yards  is  to  run  in  the 
first  three  strands  almost  straight  to 
allow  cotton  or  oakum  to  penetrate 
farther.  The  first  horsing  is  then 
given.  The  seam  is  now  filled  up  with 
two  more  strands,  having  these  well 
pinched  or  coiled,  and  again  horsed. 
Care  must  be  taken  to  see  that  there 
are  no  lean  places  or  lumps  in  the  ma- 
terial, otherwise  skipping  or  uneven 
caulking  will  result. 

All  seams  on  5  in.  or  6 
in.  planks  should  be 
reamed  to  a  depth  of  2V4 
in.  and  about  3-16  in.  to  M 
in.   open   at   the   top. 

For  the  deck  with  3  in. 
planking,  ream  about  2% 
in.  deep,  and  from  Vs  in. 
to  3-16  in.  open  at  the 
top. 

Caulking  decks,  until  re- 
cently,  has   always  been   a 
slow  and  tiresome  job,  but 
the    Little   David    Caulking 
Hammer     seems     to     have 
changed   this,   as    the    fol- 
lowing test  at  the  Vancouver  yard    of 
the  G.  N.  Standifer  Corp.  proves:     3,100 
ft.   of  single   thread   oakum  was  driven 
home,  and  time  test  showed  35  ft.  of  one 
seam  was  completed  in  3%  minutes.  At 
the  Fraser,  Brace  and  Company's  yard, 


Montreal,  where  they  were  using  a  num- 
ber of  these  caulking  machines,  the  fol- 
lowing results  were  obtained  in  the 
course  of  their  ordinary  work,  and  with- 
out any  special  test:  41  deck  seams,  21 
ft.  long,  were  completely  finished — that 
is,  both  tacked  and  horsed — in  2% 
hours. 

In  this  case  two  men  and  two  ma- 
chines were  employed,  one  machine  fit- 
ted with  a  1-16  in.  iron  for  tacking,  and 
the  other  with  a  1-8  in.  grooved  iron  for 
horsing. 

In  tacking,  the  first  operation  an 
iron  1-16  in.  thick  is  used.  For  the 
horsing  of  the  decks  an  iron  1-6  inch 
thick  is  used,  or  in  some  cases  we  havsj 
noted  a  3-16  in.  iron  with  a  groove, 
which  seemed  a  decided  improvement.  A 
few  seconds  is  all  that  is  necessary  to 
change  from  one  iron  to  the  other. 

As  stated  previoissly,  this  No.  23  Lit- 
tle David  caulking  machine  will  tack 
oakum  in  any  part  of  the  hull  or  deck, 
but  will  only  do  horsing  on  the  deck. 
The  inventor  is  now  endeavoring  to  de- 
sign a  suitable  horsing  machine. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  this  Little 
David  caulking  machine  will  take  the 
place  of  ten  mechanics.  A  man  by  hand 
will  take  an  average  of  three  days  to 
caulk  in  a  bale  of  oakum;  with  a  ma- 
chine the  bale  will  be  caulked  in  an 
average  time  of  2%   hours. 

This  new  tool   seems  to  have  filled  a 


CAULKING  DECK  PLANKING 

big  vacancy,  and  from  all  appearances 
is  here  to  stay.  Wooden  ships 'may  not 
be  built  very  much  longer,  but  the  build- 
ing of  steel  boats  with  wooden  decks, 
which  require  caulking,  will  be  one  of 
Canada's  large  industries  in  the  future. 


J 


December  19,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


TOT 


IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  LABORATORY     . 

IN  THE  MODERN  FOUNDRY 


THE  importance  of  scientific  guid- 
ance in  industrial  pursuits  has  been 
very  forcibly  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  almost  every  manufacturer  in  the 
past  few  years.  Many  industries  have 
been  compelled  to  pay  the  very  strictest 
attention  to  the  composition  and  physi- 
cal properties  of  the  materials  entering 
into  munitions  of  war. 

The  foundry  has  not  escaped  this  gen- 
aral  inquiry  into  ways  and  means  of  bet- 
tering plant  processes,  and  while  the  semi- 
steel  shell  so  far  as  America  is  concerned 
was  only  coming  into  its  own  the  advice 
of  French  authorities  may  well  be  ap- 
plied to  foundry  work  in  general. 

General  Camon  and  Lieut.  Rouger  in 
their  investigation  into  the  semi-steel 
as  a  material  for  shells  made  some  very 
pertinent  observations  regarding  the  in- 
dustrial laboratory.  They  found  in  an 
exhaustive  inspection  of  foundries  made 
in  the  latter  part  of  1915  and  the  first 
part  of  1916  that  a  great  variance  was 
observed  in  the  results  obtained  by  the 
French  founders.  While  some  of  them 
had  a  number  of  rejections  of  only  10  or 
15  per  cent,  other  foundries  exceeded 
50c/,  rejections  on  the  155  mm.  shell. 
These  show  that  for  the  latter  there  were 
systematic  errors  in  the  latter  places 
which  should  be  investigated  and  elimin- 
ated. 

For  this  reason  it  was  advisable  to 
sum  up  in  a  concise  note  the  general 
principles  which  ara  at  the  basis  of  the 
development  of  sewii-steel  and  to  draw  at 
tention  to  the  most  important  of  these 
points.  Since  then  the  establishments 
had  encountered  new  difficulties  because 
the  iron  and  cokes  were  no  longer  of  as 
goo<i  a  quality  as  those  which  had  been 
used  at  first.  Means  had  to  be  found 
to  remedy  this  condition  and  different 
plants  were  communicated  with  as  to  the 
result  of  their  studies  in  this  connection. 
Some  well  known  foundries  had  thought 
they  could  handle  semi-steel  as  they  had 
handled  ordinary  cast  iron,  by  pure  ex- 
periment. They  had  the  troubles  which 
they  deserved,  having  been  compelled 
either  to  abandon  manufacture  of  semi- 
steel  shells  or  to  adopt,  like  their  col- 
leagues, methods  based  upon  chemical 
analysis. 

Obviously  one  could  not  fail  to  recog- 
nize the  value  of  experience  acquired  in 
the  course  of  long  practice,  but  this  ex- 
perience must  be  associate<l  with  logical 
investigation. 

Lacking  laboratory  analysis  some 
manufacturers  assumed  that  for  each 
kind  of  piece  to  be  cast  the  fusion  bed 
or  cupola  mix,  would  be  composed  of  de- 
finite proportions  of  iron  marked  as  to 
its  source  and  the  appearance  of  the 
manufacture.  Consequences  resulting 
from  this  procedure  were  made  appar- 
ent in — 

First,    the    foundryman    was    at    the 

mercy  of  certain  producers;  the  lack  of 

iron  of  a  certain  origin  became  the  cause 

of  embarrassment  in  the  manufacture. 

Second,  the  constituents  of  an  iron  of 


definite  origin  are  always  essentially 
variable,  for  they  depend  not  only  upon 
the  ore  but  upon  methods  of  manufac- 
ture. Even  assuming  an  ore  always  of 
the  same  grade  any  mistake  or  accident 
in  the  operation  of  the  blast  furnace  has 
its  effect  upon  the  chemical  composition. 
These  variations  cannot  be  recorded  with 
sufficient  accuracy  without  the  aid  of 
the   chemical-  laboratory. 

Third,  when  a  series  of  pieces  is  de- 
fective in  quality  of  material  it  is  more 
difficult  without  a  laboratory  to  investi- 
gate and  to  remedy  the  cause. 

Fourth,  when  the  composition  of  the 
iron  which   should  be  obtained  is  defin- 


itely known  fusion  beds  may  be  ar- 
ranged, with  the  help  of  the  laboratory, 
with  materials  at  hand  by  varying  their 
proportions. 

By  its  very  presence  in  the  foundry 
the  laboratory  exerts  a  good  effect  upon 
the  quality  of  the  metal  received;  thus  a 
Berlin  foundry  found  after  it  had  estab- 
lished a  laboratory  that  a  notable  im- 
provement resulted  in  the  metal  received, 
particularly  as  regards  the  sulphur  con- 
tent, the  purveyors  to  avoid  exposing 
themselves  to  a  refusal  on  the  part  of 
the  laboratory  selected  their  product 
themselves  and  kept  back  sulphurous 
metal  for  the  foundries  which  could  not 
make   analyses  on  reception. 

To-day  foundries  working  with  semi- 
steel  which  do  not  have  a  laboratory  and 
are  satisfied  with  analyses  made  outside 
are  exceptional  in  France. 


FUTURE  AND  SOURCES  OF 

INDUSTRIAL  ALCOHOL 


1 

T 


Possible   Sources   of   Supply 

'he  appointment  of  a  Government 
Committee  to  investigate  the 
available  sources  of  supply  of  al- 
cohol, with  particular  reference  to  its 
manufacture  from  materials  other  than 
those  which  can  be  used  for  food  pur- 
noses,  the  method  and  cost  of  such  manu- 
facture, and  the  manner  in  which  alco- 
hol should  be  used  for  power  purposes, 
has  served  to  focus  attention  upon  a 
problem  of  the  most  vital  importance  for 
England's   post-war  period. 

For  the  purposes  of  war  it  was  found 
possible  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  ex- 
plosives industry  for  both  alcohol  and 
acetone  by  a  drastic  reduction  in  the 
quantities  of  potable  spirit  bonded,  by 
augmenting  the  capacities  of  the  distil- 
leries producing  spirit,  by  importation 
of  over-proof  spirit  from  various  parts 
of  the  Empire,  and  by  increasing  dis- 
tillation from  molasses.  The  alcohol 
thus  obtained  has  been  deprived  practi- 
cally entirely  from  materials  otherwise 
available  as  food,  and,  indeed,  in  the  case 
of  molasses  has  been  secured  at  the 
serious  expense  of  the  supplies  ordinar- 
ily employed  for  stock-feeding.  In  the 
year  1916-17  the  consumption  of  indus- 
trial spirit  had  reached  a  figure  of  up- 
wards of  four  million  gallons.  With  the 
close  of  hostilities  a  large  part  of  this 
demand  for  alcohol  in  industrial  pro- 
cesses will  not  be  maintained.  Never- 
theless, it  is  confidently  anticipated  that 
the  output  of  alcohol  will  not  suffer  any 
diminution,  but,  on  the  contrary,  will  be 
increased  to  many  times  its  present 
magnitude. 

Fuel  Uses 
The  outlet  for  the  alcohol  of  the  future 
may  be  deduced  from  the  terms  of  re- 
ference of  the  Government  Committee, 
and  also  from  the  composition  of  the 
Committee  appointed.  The  presence 
upon  the  Committee  of  Inquiry  of  a 
number  of  technical  experts  interested 
in  petroleum  supplies  and  their  applica- 
tion demonstrates  that  the  problem  of 
alcohol  is  intimately  connected  with  the 
development  of  motive  power,  in  which 


a  high-grade  volatile  fuel  is  consumed. 
The  enormous  increase  in  the  applica- 
tions of  the  internal  combustion  engine 
for  transport  on  land,  on  sea,  and  in  the 
air  has  placed  a  strain  upon  the  producers 
of  petrol  supplies  which  shows  no  ten- 
dency to  diminish.  The  oil  supplies  of 
the  world,  drawn  upon  to  an  ever- 
incre<ising  extent,  are  rapidly  becoming 
inadequate  to  meet  the  demands  which 
arise.  Thus,  it  will  be  necessary  to  turn 
more  and  more  to  other  sources  of  fuel 
supply.  Among  these,  not  the  least  of 
future  possibilities  is  presented  by  in- 
dustrial alcohol,  suitably  denatured,  in 
admixture  with  benzine,  the  production 
of  which  in  large  quantities  from  by- 
product ovens  and  town's  gas  is  practi- 
cally assured. 

Grain  and  Potatoes 

In  this  country,  at  present,  alcohol  is 
mainly  obtained  by  fermentation  pro- 
cesses from  grain,  together  with  some 
small  quantities  by  distillation  of  mo- 
lasses. In  Germany  production  from 
potatoes  by  a  combined  hydrolytic  and 
fermentation  process  has  been  largely 
used  to  supplement  the  grain  fermenta- 
tion process.  The  first  stage,  in  the 
operation  consists  of  the  conversion,  by 
treatment  with  acids,  of  the  starch  con- 
tent of  the  potato  into  glucose,  a  soluble 
sugar,  which  is  then  fermented  to  yield 
the  alcohol  desired.  The  raw  materials 
for  the  preparation  of  starch,  such  as 
rice,  maize,  and  sago,  are  also  suitable 
for  use  in  the  production  of  alcohol  by 
this  process.  In  the  main,  however,  the 
starch  content  of  such  materials  is  used 
as  such,  or  is  converted  into  glucose  only, 
to  be  used  in  the  many  sweetening  pro- 
cesses for  which  this  product  is  suitable. 
In  all  of  these  alternatives,  however, 
potential  food  supplies  are  consumed, 
and  during  periods  of  stringency,  such  as 
now  hold,  economy  of  such  supplies  i» 
a  problem  of  the  utmost  urgency. 

Of  the  possible  sources  of  alcohol  sup- 
ply other  than  those  which  have  just 
been  enumerated,  attention  has  been  di- 
rected to  the  utilization  of  wood  waste. 


708 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  11  1  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


an  I  to  the  synthetic  production  of  alco- 
hol fiom  cilcium  carbide,  a  product 
which  can  be  produced  abundantly  and 
cheaply  in  the  electric  furnace,  provided 
that  cheap  electric  power  is  available. 

Utilization  of  Wood  Waste 

The  princip:il  constituent  of  wood  is 
the  complex  carbohydrate  commonly 
known  as  cellulose,  and  this  is  available 
in  abundant  quantities  in  the  wood  waste 
obtained  in  the  operations  of  the  timber 
trade.  The  problem  of  recovering  alco- 
hol from  such  material  consists  in  the 
conversion  by  disintegrration  of  the  cellu- 
lose constituent  of  the  wood  into  fer- 
mentable sugars,  from  which  alcohol  can 
then  readily  be  obtained.  The  possibility 
of  effecting  such  a  conversion  has  been 
known  for  more  than  a  century,  and 
many  attempts  at  commercial  realiza- 
tion of  the  project  have  been  made.  It 
is  only  recently,  however,  that  success 
has  become  p'-acticahle,  largely  owing  to 
detailed  study  of  the  problem  by  the 
lumber  intcests  in  North  America,  stim- 
ulated by  the  assistance  of  Government 
investigation,  such,  for  example,  as  that 
conducted  by  f^e  U.  S.  Forest  Products 
Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wisconsin, 
U.S.A. 

To  convert  the  cellulose  of  wood  waste 
into  sugars  suitable  for  alcohol  fermen- 
tation, treatment  with  dilute  acids  is 
emoloyed.  Dilute  sulphuric  and  hydro- 
chloric arid  and,  more  recently,  sulphur- 
ous acid  have  all  been  tried.  In  the 
modem  developments  of  the  process  the 
wood  waste  is  saturated  with  water  con- 
taining 1  per  cent,  of  acid,  and  the  mix- 
ture is  digested  at  suitably  elevated 
temperatures,  correspondinqr  apnroxi- 
mately  to  a  pressure  of  75  lb.  to  100  lb. 
of  steam,  for  a  definite  interval  of  time. 
The  moisture  content  is  kept  as  low  as 
possible  for  the  sake  of  econoinv  in  the 
o.-Hapniiont.  neut'^lization  and  concentra- 
tion processes  as  well  as  for  greater  ease 
o*'  handlinpr  t^e  material  and  re'rulation 
of  the  oneTRtirio'  conditions.  It  has  been 
found  that  a  50  :  50  wood-acid  liquor  is 
a  convenient  material  for  such  purposes. 

After  the  process  of  digestion  the 
separation  of  the  sugars  from  the  woodv 
residue  is  effected  in  standard  beet- 
sugar  diffusion  batteries  provided  with 
acid-proof  lininirs.  Neutralization  of 
the  acid  liquors  follows,  generally  by 
means  of  lime  or  a  hieh-grade  lime- 
stone. The  sugars  are  then  fermented 
in  p(-ordance  with  standard  practice,  a 
four-day  fermentation  period  being  em- 
ployed, and  the  alcohol  is  subsenuently 
distilled  and  rectified  in  the  usual  way. 

Comparative  Yields 

As  to  yields,  obtained  and  possible,  it 
may  be  observed  that  25  to  28  per  cent, 
of  the  dry  wood  m^y  be  rendered  soluble, 
and  of  that  percentage  as  much  as  80 
per  cent,  is  fermentable  sugar.  This 
corresponHs  to  10-11  per  cent,  alcohol, 
or  35  gallons  of  95  ner  cent,  spirit  per 
dry  ton  of  wood.  Thus  far,  in  actual 
practice,  the  yields  have  scarcely  ex- 
c*""'"''  ?0  "illons  per  ton,  as  contrasted 
with  a  yield  of  80  gallons  per  ton  from 
com.  It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  the 
amount  of  material  handled  in  parts  of 


the  plant  producing  alcohol  from  wood 
will  be  four  times  as  great  as  in  a  grain 
distillery ,  with  equal  output.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  is  a  large  margin  in 
the  cost  of  raw  material  in  favor  of 
alcohol  from  wool  waste,  and  the  fuel 
charges  are  always  a  much  smaller  item 
than  in  a  grain  distillery,  since  most 
sawmills  produce  waste  in  excess  of  their 
own  power  requirements,  and  the  woody 
residues  from  the  digestion  process  have 
a  fuel  value  after  partial  dehydration. 
With  modern  plant  the  economic  aspect 
of  the  problem  becomes  steadily  more 
favorable,  and  the  wood  waste  alcohol 
industry  may  leap  forward  to  comnyer- 
cial  success  as  the  shortage  of  other 
available  fuels  for  internal  combustion 
engines  becomes  more  acute.  Such  de- 
velopments, which  have  so  far  been  con- 
fined mainly  to  the  United  States,  mav 
'.-°  exP»"*^od  to  occur  also  in  Canada  and 
other  timber-producing  areas. 

A  development  of  the  alcohol  industry 
from  wood  as  raw  material,  which  has 
been  greatly  stimulated  in  Sweden  and 
in  Germany  during  recent  years  owing 
to  the  rigorous  curtailment  of  imports 
of  petroleum  spirits,  is  associated  with 
the  paper-making  industry.  Wood  pulp 
is  produced  from  pine-wood  material  in 
considerable  quantity  by  digestion  of  the 
wood  with  solutions  of  sulphite  of  soda. 
The  sulphite  lyes  contain  fermentable 
suarars,  and  are  therefore  potential 
sources  of  a'cohol.  Apparently  the  dif- 
ficulties associated  with  the  dilution  and 
composition  of  the  liquors  have  been 
successfully  overcome,  since  11  factories 
are  now  in  course  of  erection  in  Sweden, 
a  development  which  suggests  that 
Scandinavia  will  soon  be  independent  of 
petrol  supplies. 

Synthetic  Processes 

To  a  country  such  as  Britain,  with  no 
considerable  timber  areas,  the  synthetic 
orocesses  of  alcohol  manufacture  must 
be  of  prime  consideration.  As  develop- 
ed hitherto  calcium  carbide  is  the  start- 
ing point  of  the  synthesis,  a  fact  which 
sug -e^ts  the  necessity  of  cheap  power 
nroduction.  as  outlined  in  recent  De- 
partmental reports.  By  treatment  of 
the  carbide  with  water,  acetylene  gas  is 
obtained,  and  this  on  reaction  with  water 
in  presence  of  a  catalytic  material  i.s 
converted  into  acetaldehyde.  From  this 
latter,  by  a  further  p'-ocess  of  catalytic 
reducti'  n,  alcohol  results.  The  conve'- 
sion  of  acetvlene  to  alcohol  thus  involves 
fwo  senarate  catalytic  processes.  The 
first,  the  process  of  hydration  with  wa- 
ter, is  carried  out  in  presence  of  suitable 
ncids,  generally  with  mercuric  oxide  or 
mer'-ury  s-i'ts  P'-esent  to  n^'omote  the 
rapidity  of  the  process.  Sulphuric  acid 
and  acetic  acids  with  th'>  corresnondinv 
salts  of  mercury  have  been  employed, 
and.  as  they  are  unchanged  in  the  re- 
action they  can  be  utilized  for  lone 
neriods  of  time.  The  aldehyde  produced 
is  subsequently  passed  in  the  form  of 
yanor.  toirethe'-  with  hydroq-en.  over  a 
catalytic  material  consisting  mainly  of 
reduced  nickel.  At  140°  C.  80  per  cent, 
of  the  aldehyde  may  he  converted  into 
a'cohol  by  one  passage  over  the  nickel, 


and  the  residual  hydrogen  and  acetal- 
dehyde may  be  returned  to  the  catalyst, 
after  being  freed  by  fractionation  from 
the  alcohol  formed.  In  this  way  high 
efficiencies  may  be  obtained. 

It  has  been  recently  stated  that,  oper- 
ating in  this  manner,  successful  produc- 
tion has  now  for  some  time  been  carried 
out  by  the  Hoechst  Farbwerken  in  Ger- 
many and  by  a  Swiss  company,  the 
Longa  Electricity  Works,  at  Visp,  Swit- 
zerland. It  is  hoped  that  this  latter  com- 
pany will  shortly  be  in  a  position  to 
cover  the  total  alcohol  consumption  of 
their  country  with  the  synthetic  product. 
The  economy  of  the  process  is  condition- 
ed mainly  by  t'e  initial  cost  of  carbide, 
which  must  necessa'ilv  be  extremely  low 
to  furnish  alcohol  at  a  price  which  would 
compete  successfully  with  petrol  at  nor- 
mal rates.  L^rge-scale  production  in 
favorable  conditions  as  to  power  costs 
wi"  crtainly  be  necessary. 

The  production  of  alcohol  via  acetal- 
dehyde does  not  exhaust  the  possibilities 
of  s'lthetic  nrocesses.  Large-scale  pro- 
duction of  ethylene  hydro-carbons  would 
lead  to  the  development  of  a  synthesis 
by  di'ect  hydration,  from  which  alcohol 
would  result  in  a  one-stage  operation. 
The  whole  problem  is  as  yet  in  its  in- 
fancy, and  a  considerable  amount  of  co- 
ordinated research  will  be  necessary  to 
establish  the  alcohol  industry  on  a  sound 
basis.  The  need  for  al'^o^'o'  as  fnel  be- 
comes increasingly  u''"'ent.  especially  in 
areas  such  as  the  United  Kingdom,  ir 
which  natural  resources  of  motor  fuel 
;"-e  but  small.  The  restrictions  under 
which  the  manufacture  of  industrial  al- 
cohol has  labo'-ed  in  the  past  will  dis- 
appear inevitably  as  the  need  for  alcoliol 
"rows.  The  "•ro"th  of  the  industry  will 
follow  the  pi-esent  stirrulation  of  inves- 
tigation     and      research.— 


CASTING    IN    ALUMINUM 
By    M.    M. 

The  use  of  aluminum  for  castings 
which  are  not  subject  to  great  direct 
pressure  is  likely  to  increase,  because 
of  its  lightness  and  its  freedom  from 
oxidization  at  atmospheric  tempera- 
tures. It  is  of  great  value  in  aeroplane 
and  submarine  work  especially,  but  it 
is  not  much  used  in  a  pure  state.  Where 
lightness  and  not  strength  is  the  chief 
consideration,  alloys  that  have  a  very 
high  percentage  of  aluminum  are  used, 
probably  only  about  1  to  7  per  cent,  of 
copper  being  added;  but  if  toughness 
is  essential  and  great  tensile  -trength, 
aluminum  bronze  composed  of  90  per 
cent,  of  copper  and  10  per  cent,  of 
aluminum  is  good.  This  mixture  is 
satisfactory  for  sea  valves  and  small 
propellers,  as  it  withstands  the  cor- 
rodine  influence  of  the  sea  water.  What 
is  called  aluminum  brass  is  really  just 
an  addition  to  a  small  percentage  of 
aluminum  to  a  copper  and  zinc  mixture. 
It  makes  a  tough  allov  suitable  for  forg- 
ing, but  the  percenta<re  of  aluminum 
is  so  small,  probably  3  or  4  per  cent., 
that  it  makes  no  appreciable  difference 
to  the  weight  of  the  casting.    One  great 


December  19,  1918 

advantage  of  this  mixture  is  tliat  if  a 
slight  alteration  is  wanted  in  a  casting 
the  metal  will  draw  out.  For  small  bed 
plates,  gear  cases,  and  brackets,  a  very 
suitable  alloy  is  85  parts  of  aluminum 
to  11  parts  of  zinc  and  4  parts  of  cop- 
per. It  is  true  of  all  casting,  but  per- 
haps more  especially  of  aluminum,  that 
a  great  deal  is  found  by  trial,  conse- 
quently mixtures  are  varied  slightly  to 
suit  special   classes   of  work. 

Aluminum  is  a  difficult  metal  to  melt. 
It  oxidizes  readily,  and  the  furnace  tem- 
peratures should  consequently  be  low. 
A  gas  or  oil  furnace  is  much  better 
than  the  ordinary  crucible  fire.  When 
it  attains  a  dull  red  heat  it  should  be 
poured.  A  flux  is  not  necessary  if  care 
is  exercised,  but  some  common  salt  or 
zinc  chloride  may  be  used,  the  metal 
afterwards  being  stirred  and  skimmed. 
In  mixing  aluminum  alloys  for  small 
work  the  copper  should  be  melted  first, 
and  when  it  is  fluid  the  aluminum  may 
be  added  and  stirred  up  with  an  .iron 
rod.  It  is  better,  however,  to  add  it  as 
half  aluminum,  half  copper,  because  the 
melting  temperature  of  copper  being 
so  much  higher— over  800  deg.— than 
aluminum,  there  is  a  danger  of  over- 
heating. In  making  this  mixing  alloy 
the  copper  should  be  melted  first  and 
the  aluminum  added  in  small  quantities. 
The  alloy  is  heated  first,  and  then  the 
aluminum  is  added.  Of  course,  if  a 
zinc  mixture  is  used,  the  zinc  as  usual 
is  added  last. 

Much  of  t>e  success  in  aluminum 
casting  depends  upon  pouring  the  metal 
at  the  correct  temperature.  This  can 
be  determined  by  skimming  the  metal 
as  it  is  melting.  When  it  is  right  for 
pouring  there  will  be  no  oxidization, 
and  the  surface  v;ill  be  clear.  The-e  is 
much  disputing  as  to  the  effect  of  re- 
melting  aluminum  al'oy,  and  the  resilts 
of  experiments  seem  to  show  that  a  mix- 
ture which  is  rich  in  aluminum  is  gener- 
p'ly  improved  by  re-melting,  but  when 
the  percentage  of  aluminum  is  small,  its 
strength   is   reduced. 

Care  has  to  be  taken  when  making 
molds  for  aluminum  work  that  the  ram- 
ming is  not  as  hard  as  for  ordinary 
gun-metal  or  bra.ss  castings.  The  shrink- 
age of  aluminum  is  considerable,  and  if 
the  sand  is  hard  rammed,  it  will  in- 
terfere with  the  free  contraction  of  the 
metal,  and  distorted  or  cracked  castings 
will  be  the  result,  otherwise  there  is 
not  much  difference  then  from  ordinary 
brass  founding.  A  good  facing  sand 
mixture  is  composed  of  one  pirt  of 
Mansfield  sand  to  three  parts  of  floor 
sand.  For  thin  metal  however,  more 
floor  sand  should  be  used.  It  should 
be  put  through  a  fine  riddle.  French 
chalk  or  plumbago  may  be  brushed  over 
the  mold,  but  occasionally  a  facing 
powder  is  disnensed  with. 

The  core'?  for  such  molds  should  be 
well  vented,  as  the  metal  is  too  light 
to  force  the  gases  out.  An  open  sand 
is  best,  and  sea  sand  is  sometimes  used 
with  a  strong  binder. 

Because  of  the  shrinVnee  in  such 
work,  larger  feeder '  heads  are  indis- 
pensable,   especially    if     the      metal    is 


C  .\  X  A  I)  I  .A  N    M  A  C  II I  N  E  U  Y 

thick.  As  soon  as  the  metal  sets  the 
casting  should  be  stripped,  and  to  facili- 
tate this,  somemolders  prefer  wooden 
flasks,  which  are  light,  and  thus  easily 
handled.  Apart  from  this  advantage, 
however,  although  wooden  flasks  are 
very  handy,  as  they  can  be  quickly 
made,  cast  iron  boxes  are  preferred  by 
most  molders. 


ESTIMATING        PHOSPHORUS         IN 
BRONZES 

By  M.  A. 
Bronze    drillings,    to    the    amount    of 
from  0..5  grm.   to  2  grm.,  are   dissolved 
m  a  mixture  of  20  c.c.  strong  nitric  acid 
and    10    c.c.    strong    hydrochloric     acid, 
or,     if     preferred,    60     c.c.     nitric     acid 
(specific  gravity,  1.135),  and  10  c.c.  hy- 
drochloric acid.     The  mixture  is  digested 
for    some    time    without    boiling,    until 
most  of  the  red  fumes  have  been  evolved. 
If  the  concentrated  acids  are  used,  the 
mixture  is  then  diluted  to  about  70  c.c. 
The  liquid  is  next  cooled  and  40  c.c.  of 
ammonia    (specific   gravity,  0.96)    added 
slowly,   with  constant  shaking,  followed 
by  35  c.c.  of  niromolybdate  solution,  and 
the  whole  shaken  well  for  a  few  minutes. 
The  mixture  is  allowed  to  stand  for  one 
or   two   hours   until   the   precipitate   has 
settled   out,  when   it   is   filtered,  prefer- 
ably  on   pulp,   washed   with   water  until 
free  from  acid,  the  filter  and  precipitate 
transferred   back   into   the   flask,  excess 
of  N-20  caustic  soda  run     in     from     a 
burette,   the   whole   well   mixed   and   the 
excess  of  caustic  soda  titrated  with  N- 
20  sulphuric  acid,  using  phenolphlathein 
as  an  indicator. 

1.  c.c.  N-20  caustic  soda  rr-  0.00337'/r 
P.  on  2  grm. 

The  method  is  based  on  the  well- 
known  volumetric  method  of  estimating 
phosphorus  in  steel.  It  is  best  carried 
out  in  a  600  c.c.  conical  flask  and  a  rub- 
ber stopper  u=;ed  in  the  final  shaking. 

Points 

1.  The  digestion  with  field  must  be 
long,  to  oxidize  all  the  phosphorus,  or 
results  will  be  low. 

2.  Boiling  or  heating  must  not  be  too 
prolonged,  or  tin  will  be  precipitated 
and  will  be  difficult  to  redissolve. 

A  comparison  of  the  method  has  been 
made  with  a  gavimetric  method,  in 
which  the  tin  oxide  containing  the  phos- 
phorus is  mixed  with  Hepar  mixture  and 
fused.  The  resulting  melt  is  dissolved 
in  hot  water,  the  solution  acidified  with 
a  little  hydrochloric  acid,  whereby  the 
tin  is  precipitated. 

The  tin  sulphide  is  allowe'  to  settle, 
and  is  then  filtered  off,  the  filtrate  be- 
ing  boiled   to   remove   sulphuretted   hy- 


709 

drogen;  nitric  acid  is  added  and  taken 
down  to  low  bulk,  and  the  phosphorus 
precipitated  and  estimated  as  magne- 
sium pyrophosphate  in  the  usual  way. 
The  results  obtained  by  the  two 
methods  on  a  number  of  commercial 
bronzes  are  given  in  the  accompanying 
table  along  with  the  approximate  com- 
position of  the  bronzes. 


THE  FUTURE  OF  IRON 

In   the  course  of  his   presidential   ad- 
dress to  the  Staffordshire  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute,  Mr.  G.  Carrington  prophesied 
that  the  demand  for  iron  in  the  future 
will  greatly  exceed  that  of  the  past.     Its 
greater   suitability   for    sheets,   whether 
hlack,  painted,  or  galvanized,  is  generally 
conceded,  its  life  being  fully  five  times 
that  of  steel,  and  even  in  present  condi- 
tions it  is  again  ousting  steel  for  rail- 
way and  colliery  work,  ships'  decks  and 
hatches,  and  where  there  is  exposure  to 
severe  weather  or  to  acidic  liquids.    Then 
there   are    plates,   girders   and   bars   for 
bridge  building   and   constructional   and 
agricultural    purposes,   and    particularly 
for  ships;  and  he  expressed  the  convic- 
tion that,  given  the  material  at  a  reason- 
able price   (not  the  same  price  as  steel, 
because  it  will  always  command  a  better 
price  for  these  purposes  than  steel),  we 
shall   in   our  time  see  the  all-iron   ship. 
But    it   is   necessary   to   devise    methods 
by   which   the   necessary   output   can   be 
obtained,  and  in  his  opinion  there  is  no 
way  except  by  large  gas-fired  mechani- 
cal puddling  and  scrap  furnaces  of  any- 
thing up  to  say  five  tons,  with  corres- 
ponding mill  and  other  necessary  plant. 
There  will  then  be  no  difficulty  in   pro- 
ducing  ships'  plates  and  girders  in  the 
large  sizes  now  required,  without  which 
an   iron   ship  could   not  be  economically 
built.     The   rudder  and   stern   may   give 
trouble,  and  steel  will  perhaps  be  speci- 
fied on  account  of  the  thickness,  weight, 
and  shape  required,  and  also  the  relative 
unimportance  of  rusting,  but  for  plates, 
girders,  bars,   etc.,  for  bridge   building 
and  constructional  work  there  would  be 
no    difficulty.       A     Puddling     Research 
Committee  has  been  formed  by  the  svhole 
of  the  iron    trade    associations     of     the 
country,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  some- 
thing may  be  done  to  relieve  the  puddler 
of  some  of  his  heavy  work.     At  present 
it  is  proposed  to  confine  the  investiga- 
tions to  10  cwt.  furnaces,  but  while  that 
proposal  represents  a  great  advance.   Mr. 
Carrington  thinks  it  is  much  too  timid. 
Producers  must  learn    to  talk    in     tons 
where     they     now     think     in     hundred- 
weights, and  iron    can    be    produced    as 
economically  as  steel  only  on  the  same 
scale. 


PhosDhorus 

Copper 

Tin 

Lead 

Zinc 

Iron 

Gravimetric 

Volumetric 

88.32 

2.56 

8.08 

0.11 

0.24 

0.45 

0.42 

88.30 

2.59 

8.06 

0.11 

0.24 

0.39 

0.41 

88.59 

10.63 

0.06 

0.80 

0.81 

88.57 

10.65 

6. '62 

0.14 

1.43 

1.40 

88.92 

10.00 

0.18 

0.76 

0.74 

77.31 

10.30 

16.45 

0.10 

1.45 

1.44 

88.95 

2.07 

8.24 

0.16 

0.44 

0.42 

93.73 

6.07 

0.17 

0  18 

89.60 

2.41 

7;76 

0.39 

0.37 

88.59 

10.14 

1.24 

1.22 

88.58 

10.37 

6!66 

o.ks 

0.011 

0.010 

78.06 

8.76 

12.48 

0.24 

0.43 

0.44 

710 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


The    MacLean    Publishing    Company 

UMITED 

(ESTABLISHBD  1888) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACLEAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vice- Pre* Went 

H.   V.  TYRRELL.   General  Hanairer 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

GnadianMachinery 

^y."*  Manufacturing  Nfws^ 

*  WMkir  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  InteresU. 
B.  G.  NEWTON.  Manaser.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.  Man.   Editor. 

Aaaociate  Editors: 
W.  r.  SUTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.     143153     University    Avenue.     Toronto.     OnUrio. 


Vol.  XX. 


DECEMBER  19,  1918 


No.  25 


Unemployment  is  Dangerous 

'T'HE  labor  situation  is  not  improving  in  this  district. 
The  only  thing  that  is  being  done  is  the  unloading  of 
some  hundreds  of  munitions  hands  every  day  or  so.  By 
the  end  of  the  month  the  shell  plants  of  the  Dominion  will 
be  done  for,  and  the  thousands  that  have  worked  there 
will  be  looking  for  something  else  to  do. 

If  they  do  not  find  it  they  will  be  out  of  work.  It 
may  not  take  much  reasoning  to  see  that,  but  it  is  a  fact 
so  plain  that  it  may  be  overlooked.  Unemployment  with 
prices  at  the  present  peak  is  a  dangerous  proposition  for 
Canada. 

Masses  of  men  have  felt  their  strength  in  recent  years 
as  they  have  never  done  before.  There  is  more  social 
unrest  abroad  now  than  there  has  ever  been  in  the  history 
of  the  country.  These  facts  are  patent  to  any  person  who 
is  out  enough  to  get  in  touch  with  the  situation,  and  is 
honest  enough  to  face  the  facts  as  they  exist. 

A  season  of  unemployment  with  food  and  clothing  and 
fuel  at  top-notch  prices  is  too  dangerous  a  thing  to  tinker 
with  in  this  country  just  now  of  all  times. 

If  Ottawa  is  going  to  move  definitely  the  move  should 
be  made  soon,  if  it  is  going  to  take  the  form  of  co-operation 
•with  the  Canadian  manufacturer,  for  it  is  to  this  source 
of  employment  that  the  people  will  have  to  look  for  some 
months  to  come  to  avoid  an  army  of  unemployed. 

This  country  has  the  money  and  it  would  be  a  good 
and  a  sane  investment  to  spend  some  of  it  in  keeping  the 
industrial  and  labor  situation  well  ironed  out  until  the 
cost  of  living  shows  some  signs  of  coming  down  within 
shooting  distance  again. 


Germany  is  "Out  of  Bounds" 

PACIFISTS  may  try  as  much  as  they  wish  to  seek  easy 
*  terms  for  Germany  in  the  making  of  peace,  but  every 
day  that  passes  adds  new  evidence  to  the  hell  that  has 
been  turned  loose  in  the  name  of  German  junkerism. 

The  man  who  would  go  out  and  preach  hatred  for  the 
German  simply  because  we  had  been  at  war  with  the 
German  would  be  a  fool  and  a  traitor,  but  the  man  who 
can  read  the  accounts  of  honest  men  as  they  describe  what 
they  have  seen,  and  not  have  his  whole  being  boil  with 
indignation,  is  devoid  of  the  semblance  of  manhood. 

The  anti-German  feeling  is  growing  without  any  urg- 
ing. The  chances  are  that  we  have  not  felt  the  full  force 
of  the  movement.  Remember  we  have  some  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  soldiers  who  have  yet  to  come  home.  These 
have  Been  atrocity  in   its  worst  form.    They  have  come 


into  contact  with  those  that  have  felt  to  the  limit  the 
heel  of  the  Hun.  They  have  had  an  experience  that 
a  thousand  years  could  not  efface.  And  as  these  men 
come  home,  they  will  tell  their  experience.  They  will 
touch  circles  that  have  not  been  moved,  and  they  will 
start  influences  and  feelings  that  have  been  lying  dor- 
mant.    It  will   all   grow   into   a   tremendous   anti-German 

feeling. 

Germany  stands  not  simply  as  a  defeated  country,  but 
as  an  outlaw  in  the  courts  of  civilization  and  an  exile 
from  the  halls  of  decency.  The  murderer  cannot  wash 
his  hands  of  the  blood  of  infants  and  mothers,  nor  can 
the  assassin  come  back  into  the  company  of  decent  men. 

It's  wasted  effort  carrying  on  a  campaign  against 
Germany  and  German  goods.  Germany's  butchers  in  the 
last  four  years  have  blasted  Germany's  chances  of  get- 
ting a  hearing  in  the  commercial  world. 


Be  Decent  to  the  Salesmen 

THERE  are  some  firms,  officials  of  which  make  it  a 
point  to  turn  down  salesmen  as  a  matter  of  policy. 
They  know  what  they  want  and  they  apparently  are 
satisfied  that  they  know  the  place  where  they  can  secure 
it  to  the  very  best  advantage. 

When  a  salesman  comes  he  can  send  in  his  card,  and 
receive  the  information  that  the  manager  is  too  busy 
to  see  him,  although  at  the  time  he  may  be  trying  to 
determine  the  difference  between  tweedle  dee  and  tweedle 
dum,  and  wondering  what  he  can  find  in  the  way  of 
excitement  to  pass   the  rest  of  the  day. 

The  manager  who  is  too  busy  to  see  a  good  salesman 
is  missing  a  lot,  and  he  is  not  awake  to  his  own  best  in- 
terests or  to  his  firm's  best  interests. 

Here's  the  way  one  business  man  put  the  case  to  CAN- 
ADIAN MACHINERY  this  week.  The  gentleman  In 
question  has  been  a  success  in  a  large  way.  He  has  made 
money  and  he  has  made  friends,  and  through  it  all  he  has 
retained  a  very  great  deal  of  genuinely  good  human  nature. 
He  stated: 

"Right  now  we  are  trying  to  get  our  selling  force 
back  into  shape  for  the  stiff  work  that  is  ahead  of  them 
for  after-war  trade.  They  have  had  a  chance  in  the  last 
few  years  to  become  soft  and  easy.  They're  not  the 
bang-up  good  salesmen  they  were  before  the  war.  I  am 
out  looking  for  pointers  in  salesmanship,  and  whenever 
!•  find  anything  that  can  be  passed  along  to  our  men  I 
consider  that  something  worth  while  has  been  accom- 
plished. For  that  purpose  I  am  spending  a  little  more 
time  than  formerly  in  receiving  and  paying  very  close  at- 
tention to  any  salesman  from  a  reputable  firm  that  comes 
into  our  office.  I  listen  particularly  to  any  timely  or  ap- 
pealing reasons  he  has  at  this  time  for  pushing  the  sale 
of  his  lines.  I  watch  to  see  if  he  has  departed  from  the 
old  path,  and  in  a  number  of  cases  I  have  come  across 
very  good  points  that  have  a  lot  of  common  sense  back 
of  them.  These  I  simply  store  away  mentally,  adapt  them 
to  our  line  of  business  and  pass  them  to  our  salesmen  as 
suugestions.  I  am  finding  it  a  very  good  way  of  gath- 
ering up  a  lot  of  new  ammunition  without  very  much 
effort." 

Be  civil  to  the  man  who  is  out  representing  his  house 
on  the  road.  He  may  be  your  competitor,  and  yet  start 
some  prospect  thinking  along  a  line  that  will  start  a 
sale  in  which  you  may  benefit. 

Don't  get  into  the  habit  of  telling  the  travelling  man 
that  you  are  too  busy  to  see  them.  They  know  you  are 
not.  They  might  like  it  better  if  you  would  be  frank  and 
send  out  a  shingle  bearing  the  inscription,  "I  don't  want 
to  see  you,  so  beat  it." 

We're  inclined  to  think  that  the  manager,  who  in  these 
days  of  reconstruction,  when  lines  are  being  re-shaped  and 
policies  put  into  the  melting  pot,  has  time  to  listen  to  the 
sales  talk  of  the  men  on  the  road  and  see  if  he  can  find 
anything  in  their  arguments  that  would  strengthen  the 
position  of  his  own  salesmen,  has  a  breadth  of  vision  that 
will  bring  his  company  well  up  to  the  top  of  the  hea.t 
at  the  end  of  the  year. 


December  19,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


THE  POSITION  OF  THE  SMALL  SHOP 

NOW  THAT  WAR  WORK  HAS  ENDED 


Editor  CANADIAN   MACHINERY:— 

Sir,— 

Montreal,  Dec.  18. — There  was  one 
paragraph  in  the  article  headed  as 
i*iovp.  which  appeared  in  your  issue 
dated  Dec.  5th,  1918,  which  particularly 
appealed  to  the  writer,  inasmuch  as  It 
appears  to  hit  the  nail  on  the  head  just 
about  as  souare  as  it  is  possible  to  im- 
agine. The  paragraph  referred  to  - 
beine:: 

"Canada  does  not  stand  in  the 
-place  of  a  nation  that  has  to  deal 
in  a  nicTP'ardly  way  with  the  situa- 
tion. It  is  better  to  blunder  by  two 
great  efforts  and  consequent  ex- 
penditures, than  to  court  trouble  by 
meeting  the  situation  with  the 
vision  of  a  pinhead  and  the  courage 
of  a  slacker." 

Since  the  termination  of  European 
hostilities  and  cancellation  of  practically 
all  munition  contracts,  there  has  been 
cast  upon  the  high  seas  of  commercial 
industry,  hundretls  of  small  engineer- 
ing establishments,  many  of  whom  have 
been  sawing  wood,  as  it  were,  since  the 
outbreak  of  the  war,  whilst  others  have 
not  been  so  long  employed  upon  the 
manufacture  of  the  various  parts  re- 
quired in  the  make-up  of  a  shell  or  other 
parts   required   so  urgently. 

There  is  another  class,  however,  by 
no  means  scarce,  and  one  that  is  "meet- 
ing the  situation  with  the  vision  of  a 
pinhead,"  quite  ready  and  more  than 
willing  to  crawl  into  a  hole,  pull  the 
hole  in  after  him,  and  spend  the  rest 
of  his  life  figuring  out  exactly  how 
much  he  got  away  with,  without  having 
to  make  another  gamble  as  it  were, 
which,  in  any  case  was  no  gamble  at  all 
inasmuch  as  it  was  a  certainty,  and  the 
most  despised  race  track  tout  still 
claims  that  it  is  very  unsportsmanlike 
to  bet  on  a   certainty. 

Tt  is  hard  to  imagine  any  other  cir- 
cumstance that  could  possibly  have 
brought  to  the  surface  so  much  talent 
and  engineering  genius,  the  same  as 
the  demands  of  the  recent  war  has  done, 
and  in  such  a  comparatively  short  time. 
Along  the  same  lines  of  thought,  it  is 
just  as  difficult  to  imagine  any  other 
circumstance  that  could  possibly  have 
placed  so  manv  men  in  the  position  of 
acquiring  sufficient  money  to  even  con- 
sider the  possibility  of  pooling  their 
money  with  that  of  others,  and  starting 
out  as  full  fledged  industrial  ortraniza- 
tions,  and  quite  prepared  to  handle  any 
and  all  of  the  multitudinous  jobs  that 
the  larger  and  longer  established  shops 
were  only  too  glad  to  have  someone 
handle  for  them  at,  in  many  cases, 
princely  figures. 

Now  the  larger  shops  have  been  com- 
pelled to  mark  time,  and  in  many  cases 
lay  off  a  large  percentage  of  their  help 
until  such  times  as  they  are  able  to 
once    more    reorganize    and    enter    upon 


a  line  of  manufacture  that  they  were 
formerly  engaged  upon,  or  some  other 
peaceable  line,  these  small  fry  referred  to 
above  are  verging  upon  a  state  of  hy- 
steria for  fear  they  cannot  get  hold  of 
a  line  of  manufacture  that  would  bring 
returns  commensurate  with  those  of  the 
munitions,  or  else  for  fear  they  have  to 
hold  their  industrial  establishments  just 
so  long  that  the  profits  will  be  eaten 
ttp-by  the  mere  fact  that  rent  has  to 
be  paid,  together  with  the  insurance,  etc. 
Is  it  not  deplorable  to  think  that  many 
of  these  men  were  brave  enough  to 
speculate,  and  pocket  the  certain  profits 
so  lone  as  the  other  fellow  was  getting 
killed,  but,  immediately  the  other  fellow 
became  immuned  from  danger,  so  to 
speak,  this  "pin  head"  is  painfully  anxi- 
ous to  once  more  join  the  ranks  of  the 
"privates,"  and  thus  become  relieved  of 
any  further  responsibilities  from  an  in- 
dustrial  standpoint. 

Not  many  days  ago  the  writer  had  oc- 
casion to  visit  a  certain  shop  wherein 
had  been  employed  some  forty  or  fifty 
men.  The  present  number  did  not 
amount  to  more  than  four  or  five.  There 
were  some  twenty-five  or  thirty  lathes, 
every  one  having  a  covering  of  some 
kind,  and  bearing  silent  testimony  to 
the  fact  that  their  owner,  or  owners, 
had,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  im- 
mediately upon  the  guns  breathing  their 
last  "over  there,"  covered  each  lathe. 
with  a  look  of  remorse  and  a  sigh  of 
regret  that  the  war  was   over. 

Out  of  pure  mechanical  curiosity,  one 
or  two  of  the  coverings  were  reverently 
raised   (unseen)  and  in  not  one  case  had 
any  oil  or  grease  of  any  kind  been  ap- 
plied   to    any    part    of    these    machines. 
Whether   this   was   due    to   oversight   or 
economv    (?)    can    only   be    conjectured. 
Would    i't     not    have     been     infinitely 
more    optimistic    and    cheery    generally, 
had    these    same    machines   been    in   the 
hands  of  the  skilled  mechanic,  preparing 
them    for   whatever    service   they   would 
ultimately  have   to   render,   rather   than 
appearing  as   so  many  tombstones,   and 
acting   as   a   100   per   cent,   efficient   de- 
pressor on  the  few  men  that  were  left? 
Instead  of  four  or  five  men,  there  was 
more    than    enough    work   for   ten    or    a 
dozen  bringing  the  machines  into  some- 
thing like  a  respectable  condition.    None 
of  them  had  been   used   on   actual   shell 
work,  but  all   of  them  had  been  run  by 
a   double   shift,  which  is   invariably  dis- 
astrous for  the  machines  in  a  very  short 
time.     In  view  of  this  fact  alone,  would 
it  not  have  been  displaying  a  more  op- 
timistic   spirit   to   have   retained    a    few- 
more  of  the  men  in  order  to  make  these 
very  necessary  repairs,  and  thus  become 
prepared   for  "any  work   that  may  crop 
up    in   the   near   future?      Furthermore, 
these    same    machines    would    not    only 
have  then  been  in  a  more  suitable  con- 
dition  for   good   work,   but   they   would 
have  increased  very  materially  in  value. 


7i: 

One  has  heard  a  lot  of  talk  about  the 
Government's  short  sightedness  by  not 
doing  this,  that  or  the  other,  also  sug- 
gestions that  something  ought  to  be 
done  in  order  to  relieve  the  stress  of 
numerous  small  shops.  First  of  all,  let  us 
see  who  was  really  responsible  for  these 
small  shops  (not  all  by  any  means) 
coming  into  existence,  and  what  was 
their  motive.  Was  the  motive  one  of 
patriotism,  or  was  it  because  they  had 
a  keen  suspicion  that  a  considerable 
amount  of  pocket  money  could  be  made, 
and  no  risk?  Did  the  Government  ever 
know  of  their  existence,  and  will  it  ever 
know  they  did  exist? 

Had  these  shops  relied  upon  the  Gov- 
ernment for  contracts,  it  is  a  million  to 
one  that  they  would  have  been  com 
pelled  to  have  pulled  down  their  shingle 
inside  forty-eight  hours.  The  best  the 
small  shop  could  be  expected  to  do  was 
to  either  take  a  sub-contract  from  the 
larger  shops,  or  else  work  upon  special 
shell  machinery,  jigs,  fixtures,  cutters 
and  the  like. 

Now  all  these  demands  have  ceased, 
what  then?  Surely  these  small  shop 
men  were  not  so  small  minded  as  to 
think  that  the  war  was  going  to  last  for 
ever,  though  the  way  some  have  acted 
since  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  It 
would  certainly  suggest  that  they  had 
received  a  bitter  disappointment  by  the 
war  ending  so  soon.  One  hears  from 
every  angle  the  question  of  what  to 
manufacture,  instead  of  what  not  to 
manufacture. 

Upon  reflection  it  must  be  clearly  seen 
and  freely  adijiitted  that  there  are  really 
very  few  things  that,  once  manufac- 
tured, cannot  be  sold.  Of  course  one 
does  not  wish  to  manufacture  an  inferior 
article,  or,  in  fact,  any  article  that 
would  not  be  worth  while,  be  it  a  ma- 
chine tool,  a  household  article  or  a  toy. 
There  are  hundreds  of  articles  that  could 
be  improved  upon  without  infringing 
upon  any  patent  rights,  and  as  many 
more  that  could  be  manufactured  with 
very  little  outlay  on  either  equipment  or 

^  Yet  the  heads  of  many  of  these  shops, 
and  in  many  cases  the  owners  them- 
selves, are  bemoaning  the  fact  that  there 
is  nothing  to  do.  which  is  just  so  much 
tommy  rot.  Surely  these  men  do  not  ex- 
pect a  war  h?s  to  be  kept  in  progress  in 
order  that  one  may  get  a  living^  Now 
is  the  time  more  than  any  other  that  one 
should  keep  a  stiff  upper  lip,  as  it  were, 
and  get  particularly  bu^y  on  some  staple 
line  of  manufacture,  and  there  are  thous- 
ands, Then  when  the  soldiers  begin  to 
pour  into  Canada  they  could  be  offered 
a  remunerative  position  in  many  places, 
and  thus  relieve  the  Government  some- 
what of  the  bi>r  problem  it  will  sure  y 
have  to  face.  The  toy  industry  has  only 
been  handled  in  a  half-hearted  way  m 
Canada,  the  usual  argument  bemg  that 
we  cannot  sell  so  cheaply  as  the 
foreigner,  which  is  a  question. 

Automobile     supplies     offer     another 
large   field,   likewise   household   utensi.s 
Continued  on  page  716 


712 


Volume  XX 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


Pittsburgh  Cuts  the  Price  of  Steel  Products 

Announcement  Comes  as  a  Surprise,  as  Such  Action  Was  Not 

Anticipated  Just  Yet— Move  Made  as  Concession  to  Head  Off  a 

Demand  For  Deeper  Cuts  at  a  Later.  Date? 


THE  announcement  is  made  from  Pittsburgh  this 
week  that  prices  at  the  mills  there  are  being  reduced 
before  the  period  expires  in  which  the  Government 
controls  prices.  This  action  really  has  the  effect  of 
annulling  Government  control.  The  federal  control  waa 
for  the  purpose  of  keeping  prices  from  going  past  certain 
well-defined  maximums,  and  the  action  of  the  mills  in 
voluntarily  going  under  these  figures  can  be  interpreted 
as  marking  the  end  of  price  control  in  the  United  States. 

Indications  also  point  to  a  similar  course  to  some  ex- 
lent  in  Canada.  This  week  steel  plate  is  selling  from 
the  warehouse  at  7c  per  pound,  a  reduction  of  1  cent 
since  last  week.  It  has  reached  as  high  as  12  cents  per 
pound,  and  it  is  on  record  that  it  even  touched  15  cents 
during  the  war  period,  but  that  was  before  prices  were 
controlled  from  Washington  and  Ottawa. 

No  announcement  has  yet  been  made  as  to  what  dis- 
position will  be  made  of  the  castings  that  are  piled  up 
around  many  of  the  machine  shops  that  have  been  working 
on  munitions  orders.  There  are  great  piles  of  these. 
One  Toronto  shop  that  has  9.2  orders,  has  at  least  50,000 


of  these  blanks  in  its  yards,  and  the  chances  are  thai 
Lhey  will  be  scrapped.  Each  of  these  castings  weigh.s 
approximately  370  pounds  in  its  rough  state,  so  it  will 
be  seen  that  in  this  one  place  there  will  be  9,250  tons  of 
material  to  be  disposed  of.  This  ought  to  be  a  great 
oource  of  supply  for  the  melters  for  some  time.  First 
operations  on  the  machining  of  American  shells  have  been 
stopped  this  week,  and  the  business  will  be  wound  up 
about  the  25th  of  the  month.  Some  of  the  fuse  contracts 
are  still  good,  and  they  may  be  allowed  to  stand  for  some 
time. 

Speedy  action  on  the  part  of  the  Government  in 
making  readjustments  in  connection  with  contract  cancel- 
lations would  assist  in  removing  traces  of  war  from  the 
trade  as  speedily  as  possible. 

The  scrap  metal  market  is  still  in  a  poor  condition. 
No  sales  are  being  made  unless  there  is  considerable 
urgency  in  the  deal.  Prices  for  material  are  very  un- 
certain, and  any  quotation  that  is  made  is  hardly  indi- 
cative of  the  real  strength  of  the  market. 


MONTREAL  IS  WAITING  TO  SEE 

WHAT  THE  OPEN  MARKET  WILL  DO 


Special   to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  December  19,  1918. 
With  the  holiday  season  ap- 
proaching, the  quiet  tone  of  all 
the  markets  is  more  than  ever  emphasiz- 
ed. It  is  anticipated  that  many  changes 
will  be  effected  shortly  after  the  turn 
of  the  year  and  it  is  this  possibility  that 
influences  the  trade.  Few  are  anxious 
to  buy  under  the  existing  unsettled  con- 
ditions, the  consequence  being  that  re- 
construction is  deferred  in  many  cases. 
Plans  are  now  being  made  to  place  most 
of  the  markets  on  an  open  basis,  and 
it  is  this  that  puts  the  consumer  in  a 
reluctant  mood.  It  is  practically  cer- 
tain that  some  lines  of  steels  and  irons 
will  go  to  a  lower  level,  but  with  the 
high  cost  of  production  still  a  factor 
this  appears  to  be  uncertain.  Copper 
producers  intimate  that  a  free  market 
may  mean  higher  prices. 

Easier  Market  Coming 

Just  what  the  developments  are  to  be 
in  the  steel  situation  after  the  turn  of 
the  year  is  at  present  undecided,  but  it 


is  certain  that  existing  conditions  are 
not  such  as  to  throw  a  clear  light  on 
early  future  operations.  That  reduced 
prices  are  a  natural  outcome  is  gener- 
ally conceded,  but  the  extent  of  such 
decline  is  covered  by  the  term  moderate, 
which  may  apply  in  many  ways.  Dealers 
here  are  practically  resting  on  their  oars 
as  they  must  abide  in  a  large  measure 
by  the  action  of  American  producers. 
In  all  likelihood  the  market  after  the 
1st  of  January  will  be  an  open  one,  but 
a  guiding  hand  may  be  adopted  to  con- 
trol what  might  otherwise  result  in  a 
collapsing  market.  The  situation  here 
has  few  features,  and  buying  is  light. 
The  possibility  of  lower  prices  is  an 
influencing  factor  of  present  activity, 
and  consumers  are  only  covering  their 
immediate  requirements.  In  very  few 
cases  are  dealers  permitting  cancella- 
tions of  material  and  every  effort  is  be- 
ing made  to  keep  stocks  as  low  as  pos- 
sible. This  is  a  good  sign,  and  the  ef- 
fect will  be  to  stimulate  business  when 
some  adjustment,  regarding  a  ruling  for 


the  coming  quarter,  has  been  made. 

While  deductions  are  contemplated,  the 
situation  here  i.s  relatively  unchanged  as 
dealers  do  not  anticipate  any  pronounced 
development  until  after  the  holiday  sea- 
son. 

Metals  Quiet  and  Firm 

The  general  metal  market  has  been 
more  or  less  influenced  by  the  marking 
of  time  in  the  preliminary  stage  of  re- 
adjustment, and  with  the  various  situ- 
ations still  under  Government  regula- 
tions, nothing  of  importance  has  develop- 
ed. Copper  is  quiet,  with  buying  con- 
fined to  present  needs,  the  knowledge 
that  control  may  be  removed  or  a  new- 
price  set,  prevents  consumers  from  tak- 
ing an  interest  in  supplies  for  future 
requirements.  Tin  is  in  an  undefined 
position  with  prices  holding.  Lower 
prices  on  lead  had  little  effect  on  the 
market,  and  buying  is  not  active.  Other 
metals  are  unchanged  at  last  week's 
quotation. 

Supplies  Moving  Steadily 

The  developments  so  far  since  the 
termination  of  hostilities  and  the  gen- 
eral cancellation  of  war  contracts,  have 
not  been  such  as  would  indicate  a  return 
to  machine  tool  activity  on  a  large  scale. 


December  19,  1918 

This  does  not  mean  that  there  is  no 
market,  as  there  is  still  considerable  en- 
quiry for  various  lines  of  standard  tools, 
out  that  buyinjT  for  future  enterprise  is 
;umost  nil.  This,  however,  must  be  ex- 
pected at  the  present  time,  owing  to  the 
coming  holiday  season  and  the  uncer- 
t-unty  prevailing  on  all  sides.  Busines". 
nere  is  not  pronounced,  nor  is  it  very 
dull,  but  the  recent  pressure  is  no  longer 

The  supply  demand  is  fairly  steadv, 
the  bulk  at  present  going  to  shipbuilding 
plants  or  firms  manufacturing  ship  or 
engine  equipment. 

Scrap  Very  Quiet 

It  is  not  thought  that  the  scrap  mar- 
..et  will  show  any  activity  until  the  turn 
of  the  year  or  until  such  time  as  the 
■^teel  situation  becomes  more  settled 
The  locnl  market  is  in  a  stagnant  state 
and  dealers  here  report  little  or  no  busi- 
ness other  than  a  light  movement  for  im- 
mediate requirements.  The  quotations 
are  nominal  but  unchanged,  with  the 
prospect  for  lower  prices  after  the  New 
Venr's  adjustment. 


C.\X.\  DlA  N    MACHINEKY 


713 


STEEL  PLATE  NOW 

AT  THE  7c.  MARK 

I.arge  Amount  of  Shell  Castings  Will  He 
Ready   For  the   Scrap   Pile   Now. 

T-  ORONTO.   -  l^chine    tool    dealers 
tor  the  most  part  are  trying  to  re- 
move the  traces  of  war  from  their  busi- 
ness as  rapidly  as  possible.     This  is  im- 
possible   in    some    cases    because    read- 
justments have  not  yet  been   made,  anci 
there   are   a   number  of  these   following 
Uie  cancellations  that  were  made  follow- 
ing the  signing  of  the  armistice. 
^    Employment  offices  of  several   of  the 
.arger  concerns   in  the   city  report  that 
there  are  a  number  of  men  looking  for 
",°^k   now,   and   that   the   hands   leaving 
shell   shops   are   not   being   absorbed   as 
lapidly  in  other  lines  as  they  are  being 
turned  off  from  the  shell  plants, 
A   Big  Scrap   Pile 
The  closing  down  of  munitions  plant.-, 
m  ikes  It  quite  certain  that  there  is  going 
to  be  a  lot  of  steel  left  in  this  country 
that  was  intended  to  be  turned  into  such 
shape  that  it  could   be  shot  toward  the 
river  Rhine.     At  one  of  the  big  Toronto 
Plants   where    work    has   been    going   on 
on  the  9.2  shell,  CANADIAN  MACHIN- 
ERY   was    informed    this    morning    that 
there    would    be    about    50,000    forgings 
that  would  never  get  into  the  first  opera- 
Lion.      Each    of   these   will    weigh    about 
;^70  pounds.     This  means  that  there  are 
some   nine   thousand    and    more   tons   of 
steel  there  that  will  have  little  value  ex- 
cept for  scrap.    It  will  make  nice  mater- 
ial fo"  some  of  the  melters  to  secure 

Whether  all  the  shells  that  have  been 
machined  since  the  cessation  of  the  war 
will  be  secured  or  scrapped  is  another 
question.  One  firm  is  now  piling  large 
projectiles  at  the  Exhibition  grounds, 
Toronto,  instead  of  sending  them  to 
shipping  ooints  as  formerly.  So  far 
there  has  been  a  stack  built  up  of  some 
15,000  shells  there  and  it  is  being  addeil 


POINTS  IN  WEEK'S 
MARKETING  NOTES 


At  one  shell  shop  in  Toronto  which 
IS  still  operating  on  American  orders 
it  is  estimated  that  there  will  be 
50,000  castings  that  will  never  be 
taken  into  the  machine  shop.  Each 
one  of  these  will  weigh  about  .370 
pounds,  so  it  will  be  seen  that  there 
will  be  well  over  nine  thousand  tons 
of  steel  sera?  left  at  this  one  shop. 
The  disposal  of  this  material  has  not 
yet  been  decided  upon. 

The  manufacture  of  American 
shells  in  Canada  will  end  about  the 
25th  of  December.  First  operations 
in  machining  will  be  cut  off  this 
week.  One  firm  has  about  15,000  of 
these  machined  shells  stored  at  the 
Toronto  Exhibition  grounds,  de- 
livery having  been  suspended  at 
shipping  point  for  some  weeks  past. 

Employment  offices  report  that 
there  is  an  increasing  number  of  ap- 
plications made  for  work,  both  from 
skilled  and  unskilled  sources. 

Sales  of  scrap  copper  were  made 
at  15%  cents  per  pound  this  week, 
which  is  well  under  the  level  at 
which  the  metal  has  sold  for  some 
time,  and  also  well  removed  from 
the  U.S.  set  price  of  26 '/2  cents  per 
pound  for  copper  ingots. 

iMachine  tool  dealers  urge  that 
the  Government  should  act  quickly 
in  the  matter  of  making  adjust- 
ments following  cancellations  on  war 
work.  The  desire  is  to  have  all 
traces  of  war  removed  from  trade  as 
soon  as  possible. 

Pittsburg  announces  several  re- 
ductions in  the  prices  of  iron  and 
steel  to  become  effective  at  once. 
The  explanation  is  that  these  are 
concessions  made  with  the  idea  of 
protecting  the  steel  m.irket  against 
any  decided  run  on  price  schedules. 
Plate  is  quoted  at  3  cents  per  pound. 

Jobbers  in  Canadian  points  put 
the  price  of  steel  plate  at  $7  per 
hundred.  This  is  a  drop  from  vary- 
ing prices,  which  have  reached  about 
as  high  as  $12  per  hundred  during 
the  year.  Indications  are  that  it 
may  drop  still  farther  here. 


to  daily,  this  process  continuing  up  until 
December  25. 

Scrap  Metal  Trade 

"We  are  sitting  on  the  fence."  That, 
in  the  words  of  a  Toronto  scrap  meta' 
dealer  this  morning,  about  sizes  up  the 
situation  not  only  here  but  all  over  the 
continent.  In  fact  there  seem  to  be  some 
places  wthere  there  is  not  enough  activ- 
ity in  sight  to  cause  the  dealers  to  climb 
up  on  the  fence.  Small  sales  are  going 
through  at  prices  considerably  below  the 


prices  that  have  been  and  still  are 
quoted.  These  sales  have  not  yet  be- 
come sufficiently  numerous  or  significant 
to  form  the  basis  for  a  new  set  of  prices. 
When  a  sale  is  made  now  there  is  more 
or  less  urgency  in  the  deal.  Either  a 
dealer  has  an  old  contract  that  he  ia 
anxious  to  fill,  or  the  seller  has  been 
stuck  with  a  lot  of  material  that  he  is 
very  anxious  to  liquidate.  Apart  from 
these  conditions  there  is  no  selling. 

At  one  of  the  big  shell  shops  this 
morning  a  bargain  was  made  for  two 
cars  of  copper  turnings  at  15 Vic  per 
pound.  This  is  well  below  the  level  of 
trading  values  that  have  been  recog- 
nized for  some  months  past,  and  also 
well  below  the  U.S.  fixed  price  of  26%c 
for  new  metal.  Even  at  that  figure 
there  is  not  a  great  chance  for  business, 
as  the  buyers  are  not  certain  where  the 
market  is  going  to  find  its  new  level 
when  the  price  has  been  allowed  to 
work  out  its  own  course  free  from  con- 
trol  or  regulation. 

Plate  Comes  Down 
At    U.S.    points    this    week   announce- 
ment is  made  that  there  has  been  a  re- 
vision downward  of  the  selling  prices  of 
many   lines  of   iron   and   steel,  and   this 
same    tendency    is    working    out    in    the 
quotations  that  have  been  made  to  the 
Canadian    trade.      Plate    is    one    of    the 
articles  that  forms  a   pretty   fair   baro- 
meter of  trade  in  Canadian  warehousing 
interests.     When  plate  shows  a  tendency 
to  come  down  it  can  be  taken  for  granted 
that  there  will  be  a  similar  movement  in 
other  lines.     This  week  price*  on  plate 
have    backed     down     another    cent     per 
pound,  to-day's  quotation  being  7  cents. 
For   a   short   time   this   year   plate   sold 
from    the   warehouse   at   as   high   as    12 
rents.     After  the   War  Trade   Board  at 
Ottawa   came    into   existence   that   body 
refused   to  recognize  anything  over  ten 
cents,  and  so  it  stayed  at  ten  cents  for 
a  good  many   months.     Immediately  on 
the  cessation  of  w-ar  the  price  began  to 
slide,  and  has  touched  $9,  8  and  $8.50  on 
the   way   to   the   $7   per   hundred    mark. 
If   this    figure    represents   anything    ap- 
proaching a  final  figure  it  will  be  seen 
that  it  is  still  far  above  the  mark  quoted 
at     the     American     mills,     which     is     a 
straight  three   cents   for   plate   in   most 
cases. 

Making  Readjustments 
Many  of  the  machine  tool  dealers  feel 
that  the  governments  can  help  matters 
considerably  just  now  if  they  will  make 
their    adjustments    quickly,    and    allow 
the  dealers  and  all  firms  that  have  been 
engaged  wholly  or  partially  on  war  work 
to    get    back    at   once    to    regular   lines. 
There  are  many  firms  turning  from  the 
munitions    business    that    do    not    know 
for  a  certainty  what  lines  they  will  de- 
velop, and   for  this  reason  they  cannot 
place    orders   for   equipment.     The   cost 
of  securing  the   special  equipment  they 
may  need  is  not  going  to  deter  them  as 
much  as  making  sure  of  the  lines  they 
are  going  to  follow.    Dealers  are  looking 
for    a    betterment    in    the    machine    tool 
demand  when  these  firms  have  concluded 
their  investigations  and  are  prepared  to 
turn  definitely  to  something  for  domestic 
or  foreign  trade. 


714 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volvune  XX 


PITTSBURGH  REPORTS  THAT  IRON 

AND  STEEL  PRICES  COME  DOWN 


Special  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


p  ITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  Dec.  19— The  iron 
■•  and  steel  industry  is  reducing  prices, 
$3  a  ton  on  pig  iron,  $4  on  unfinished 
steel,  except  rods,  and  $4  to  $6  per  net 
ton  on  most  finished  steel  products,  wire 
being  an   exception. 

While  our  previous  reports  have  re- 
flected an  expectation  that  producers 
-  would  make  a  strong  effort  to  maintain 
existing  prices,  the  present  reductions  do 
not  run  counter  to  that  principle.  The 
reductions  are,  in  essence,  an  effort  to 
maintain  prices,  slight  concessions  being 
made  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  the 
situation  and  reducing  the  tendency  to 
cut  prices  deeply.  The  trade  was  dis- 
posed to  maintain  Government  prices 
because  it  did  not  see  that  it  could  find 
a  good  stopping  place  in  the  decline  that 
would  have  to  come  sooner  or  later. 
Means  have  been  found,  however,  for 
establishing  a  slightly  reduced  level,  and 
the  question  now  is  how  long  the  re- 
duced level  will  hold.  The  theory  is  that 
it  will  hold  longer  than  the  full  Govern- 
ment prices  would  have  held. 

The  new  level  is  produced  by  the  in- 
genious device  of  the  general  commit- 
tee of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  In- 
stitute preparing  a  schedule  of  reduc- 
tions, to  be  submitted  to  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  as  a  basis  for  Government 
prices  for  the  first  quarter,  and  upon 
the  Board's  refusal  to  consider  the  mat- 
ter, announcing  the  schedule  in  the 
newspapers  as  representing  the  views  of 
the  trade.  There  is  no  doubt  that  when 
the  schedule  of  reductions  was  prepared 
it  was  known  that  there  was  scarcely 
any  possibility  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  naminar  any  prices  to  obtain  after 
the  present  quarter. 

Old  and  New  Prices 

The  reductions  are  as  follows:  Pig 
iron,  $3  per  gross  ton;  Bessemer,  $35.20 
to  $32.20;  basic,  $33  to  $30;  No.  2  foun- 
dry (1.75  to  2.25  per  cent,  silicon),  $34 
to  $31;  malleable,  $34.50  to  $31.50; 
forge,  $33  to  $30;  unfinished  steel,  $4 
per  gross  ton;  billets,  $47.50  to  $43.50; 
sheet  bars  and  small  billets,  $51  to  $17; 
and  slabs,  $50  to  $46;  rods  being  un- 
chang:ed  at  $57;  plates,  3.25e  to  3c.,  or 
$5  a  net  ton;  shapes,  3c  to  2.80c;  bars, 
2.90c  to  2.70c;  blue  annealed  sheets  .10 
gauge,  4.25c  to  3.95c;  black  sheets  .28 
gauge,  5c  to  4.70c;  galvanized  sheets, 
28  gauge,  6.25c  to  6.05c;  tin  plates,  $7.75 
to  $7.35;  standard  steel  pipe,  three 
points  or  $6  a  net  ton,  from  51  per  cent. 
to  54  per  cent,  basing  discount. 

No  change  is  made  in  wire  products 
as  the  wire  mills  had  complained  that 
their  costs  were  particularly  high.  Vari- 
ous steel  products  are  to  be  reduced  in 
proportion  to  the  basic  material  to  which 
they  are  cognate.  How  far  this  will 
be  carried  out  remains  to  be  seen.  Thus 
if  hoops  and  bands  were  reduced  from 
3.50c  to  3.30c  there  would  be  a  reduction 
of  $4  a  ton,  the  game  as  is  made  in 
bars,  but  hoops  being  a  more  finished 


product  might  perhaps  be  entitled  to  a 
larger  reduction. 

At  this  writing  nearly  all  the  steel 
makers  have  announced  reduced  prices 
in  conformity  with  the  schedule,  but 
applying  only  on  new  sales  for  de- 
livery after  this  month.  The  blast  fur- 
naces have  shown  an  indisposition  to 
reduce  their  asking  prices  at  once,  but, 
of  course,  will  do  so  eventually.  There 
is  so  little  enquiry  before  them,  except 
for  practically  spot  shipments,  that  there 
is  no  particular  occasion  to  reduce  prices 
suddenly.  So  far  as  actual  transactions 
are  concerned  the  market  is  perhaps  pro- 
perly quotable  at  the  old  level,  but  un- 
doubtedly a  good  buyer  prepared  to  take 
a  round  tonnage  could  purchase  at  the 
reduced  figures. 

Bearing  on  Contracts. 

The  pig  iron  and  steel  producers  are 
all  insisting  that  the  reductions  do  not 
apply  on  contracts,  that  they  will  expect 
customers  to  take  out  material  at  full 
contract  prices.  As  to  this  the  customers 
will  doubtless  have  something  to  say  and 
the  producers  will  probably  have  after- 
thoughts. In  previous  market  declines 
some  contracts  have  stood,  others  have 
been  revised.  Pig  iron  contracts  usually 
stand,  as  do  contracts  for  unfinished 
steel.  Finished  steel  for  definite  jobs 
of  construction,  such  as  shapes  for  build- 
ings and  bridges,  plates  for  steel  cars, 
line  pipe  for  pipe  lines,  are  ordinarily 
in  the  form  of  irrevocable  contracts. 
Contracts  with  manufacturing  consum- 
ers and  jobbers  have  frequently  been 
subject  to  revision.  When  occupying 
this  attitude  as  to  holding  customers  to 
contracts,  producers  do  not  like  to  be 
reminded  of  the  fact  that  if  their  de- 
clared program  had  been  carried  out,  of 
the  reductions  being  recommended  to 
the  War  Industries  Board  and  the 
Board  naming  them  as  Government 
prices  for  the  first  quarter,  the  Govern- 
ment resrulation  would  have  required  the 
revision  of  many  contracts.  According  to 
the  Governmen*^  regulation  promulgate  i 
December  28.  1917,  and  repeated  at  in- 
tervals   afterwards,    all    contracts    after 

SCRAP  MARKET  STILL 
IN  A  VERY 

THE  scrap  metal  market  is  in  a  list- 
less condition. 
Pittsburgh. — There  is  practically  no 
demand  for  scrap  from  consumers,  the 
market  being  wholly  confined  to  the 
dealers,  and  in  their  case  the  only  de- 
mand seems  to  be  for  small  lots  to  finish 
up  contracts  which  expire  at  the  end  of 
the  year.  Some  of  the  shell  blanks  left 
on  the  hands  of  shell  makers  by  cancel- 
lations of  orders  are  beginning  to  reach 
the  market  as  scrap.  It  is  reported  that 
the  sheet  steel  market  is  plentifully 
supplied,  and  low  phosphorous  steel  has 


that  date  had  to  be  so  written  and  inter- 
preted that  the  invoice  price  should  not 
be  above  the  Government  price  at  time 
of  shipment.  As  the  War  Industries 
Board  is  not  making  the  prices  the  pro- 
ducers are  relieved  of  the  regulation, 
but  according  to  the  appearance  of 
things  the  producers  desired  the  Board 
to  name  the  reduced  prices  and  it  was 
the  Board  that  refused  to  do  so. 

Buying  Is  Light 

Price  reductions  never  stimulate  buy- 
ing, at  least  at  the  outset,  and  the  iron 
and  steel  market  has  been  particularly 
quiet  in  the  past  week.  There  is  fairly 
heavy  pressure  for  deliveries  of  finished 
steel  on  some  contracts,  but  only  by 
consumers  who  can  dispose  of  their 
finished  products  at  once  and  encounter 
practically  no  risk  by  having  material 
on  their  hands  in  a  declining  markei. 
During  the  war  steel  was  very  scarce 
and  upon  its  conclusion  there  is  naturally 
considerable  call  for  steel  in  certain 
quarters,  hut  there  is  no  well  rounded 
out  consumption  of  steel  sufficient  to 
engage  the  full  capacity.  Mills  are, 
moreover,  feeling  cancellations  of  Gov- 
ernment orders  to  a  greater  extent  than 
in  the  first  three  or  four  weeks  after  the 
signing  of  the  armistice. 

The  future  of  the  iron  and  steel  mar- 
ket depends  upon  the  development  of 
regular  investment  buying,  through  new 
buildings,  bridges,  factories,  etc.,  being 
projected.  The  investors  have  more 
to  wait  for  than  a  reduction  in  iron 
and  steel  prices,  for  in  carrying  out 
their  projects  they  must  buy  other  ma- 
terials also,  and  they  must  wait  for 
them  to  come  down.  It  is  clearly  under- 
stood that  one  motive  actuating  the  iron 
and  steel  producers  to  reduce  prices 
promptly  was  that  of  setting  a  good  Ex- 
ample to  sellers  of  other  commodities, 
to  induce  them  to  reduce  prices  also. 
Then  the  labor  situation  must  be  im- 
proved before  much  work  can  be  under- 
taken. Premiums  for  labor  must  dis- 
appear and  men  must  be  willing  to  put 
in  a  full  day's  work  for  a  day's  pay. 
These  readjustments  will  require  some 
time  still,  but  there  are  many  observers 
who  think  that  within  three  months' 
time  conditions  will  be  such  as  to  en- 
courage investors  to  go  ahead  with  new- 
projects. 

STAYS 

LISTLESS  CONDITION 

been  offered  for  as  little  as  $32  a  ton 
Prices  are  merely  nominal  in  the  scrap 
market,  as  there  is  practically  no  buying 

Philadelphia. — The  amount  of  business 
(lone  in  the  scrap  market  is  very  little, 
prices  of  old  material  falling  away  gen- 
erally during  the  last  week.  $25  a  ton 
is  now  quoted  for  heavy  melting  steel 
delivered,  and  the  various  other  grades 
are  on  a  lower  basis.  The  real  level  of 
prices  cannot  be  determined,  as  there  is 
a  dearth  of  real  transactions. 

Cleveland. — The  scrap  iron  interests 
here   are   looking   forward   hopefully   to 


December  19,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


715 


the  new  year  for  active  trading  to  re- 
sume. It  is  thought  probable  that  scrap 
iron  will  not  drop  as  low  in  price  as 
has  been  anticipated.  The  limited  amount 
of  buying  that  is  being  done  just  now 
is  entirely  confined  to  the  dealers.  There 
have  been  a  number  of  shells  turned  on 
ihe  market,  which  have  been  pierced 
b.it  not  machined,  but  even  though  they 
aro  better  than  the  average  melting 
stfcv'l,  there  is  no  demand  from  con- 
sum<?rs.  Melting  steel  is  being  oflFered 
at  $k'8  with  but  few  takers. 

St.  Louis. — A  further  drop  in  prices  is 
anticipated  here  before  the  bottom  is 
reached,  as  all  the  offers  on  the  market 
are  to  sell,  with  no  buyers  in  sight. 
Consumers  generally  are  staying  out 
of  the  market,  and  are  in  many  cases 
.cancelling  orders  for  supplies.  Govern- 
ment cancellations  and  foreign  govern- 
ment business  being  cancelled  is  havinj. 
its  effect  by  leaving  consumers  with  more 
scrap  on  their  hands  than  they  have  use 
for.  The  railroads  are  in  the  market 
to  sell  scrap,  and  in  the  case  of  some  of 


the  roads,  they  are  holding  their  stock 
of  scrap  back  merely  in  order  to  avoid 
demoralizin'c  prices  still  further.  How- 
ever, manufacturers  of  specialties  whu 
have  been  deprived  of  the  ability  to  pur- 
chase raw  material  for  so  long,  are  now 
starting  to  produce,  and  this  may  have  a 
steadying  effect  before  long. 

Chicago.  —  The  scrap  iron  and  steel 
market  here  is  in  a  state  of  considerable 
weakness.  The  tendency  is  to  wait  till 
the  question  of  price  regulation  has  been 
definitely  settled  before  making  any  ad- 
vances on  the  part  of  the  consumer.  A 
large  amount  of  tonnage  is  being  can- 
celled, in  most  cases  contracts  made  for 
delivery  during  preceding  months  and 
not  yet  shipped.  A  good  deal  of  over- 
buying was  resorted  to  early  in  the  pre- 
sent quarter  by  steel  manufacturers, 
they  thinking  that  by  making  larger 
contracts  they  would  get  better  deliver- 
ies. A  decided  effect  in  this  country  is 
being  made  by  the  export  from  Canada 
of  turnings  and  other  scrap  from  the 
munition  plants  of  that  country. 


BUYERS  OF  PIG  IRON  WAITING 

FOR  REMOVAL  OF  PRICE  CONTROL 


BUYERS  of  pig  iron  in  the  United 
States  generally  are  looking  for  the 
result  of  the  meetings  of  the  American 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute  with  the  War 
Trade  Board  at  Washington,  before 
going  into  the  market.  The  impression 
in  the  trade  is  that  after  January  1st 
next  all  Government  control  will  cease, 
and  leave  a  free  market  thereafter. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  strength  to  the 
market  owing  to  a  large  amount  of  next 
year's  tonnage  having  been  already  con- 
tracted for.  The  conditions  covering  the 
United  States  are  shown  in  the  reports 
from  the  following  leading  points: 

Pittsburgh. — There  are  plenty  of  en- 
quiries for  immediate  deliveries,  but  for 
deliveries  during  the  first  quarter  and 
half  year  are  notably  scarce.  An  en- 
quiry for  12,000  tons  was  received  re- 
cently, delivery  to  be  made  over  the 
first  half  of  next  year,  and  a  price  of 
$40  was  quoted,  the  deal  being  still  in 
suspense.  Consumers  who  are  attempt- 
ing to  have  unfilled  portions  of  con- 
tracts annulled,  which  had  been  allotted 
to  them  for  war  purposes,  are  not  meet- 
ing with  success.  They  are  being  grant- 
ed a  suspension  of  shipments,  but  their 
obligation  to  take  all  the  steel  allotted 
to  them  still  holds. 

Chicago. — The  market  is  practically 
moribund  here,  there  being  no  buying 
at  present.  Melters  are  even  refusing 
offers  of  consignment  of  iron  for  immed- 
iate use.  Inquiries  for  export  are  in- 
creasing, and  some  orders  have  been 
booked  for  shipment  to  Japan  and  Italy. 
The  matter  of  price  fixing  for  the  first 
and  second  quarters  of  next  year  once 
disposed  of  the  market  will  become  ac- 
tive, as  melters  who  have  not  their  re- 
quired tonnage  on  hand  will  be  seeking 
it. 

Philadelphia. — Sales  in  the  eastern  dis- 
trict have  been  dropping  off  during  the 
last  week,  only  a  few  small  lots  having 


been  sold  for  immediate  and  first  quar- 
ter delivery.  Although  contract  cancel- 
lations are  in  demand  furnaces  are  stick- 
ing to  their  position,  and  are  refusing  to 
make  any  cancellations  where  the  con- 
tracts are  binding.  Owing  to  a  large 
number  of  complaints  being  made  by 
consumers  about  the  present  differential 
on  manganese  content,  in  some  cases 
furnaces  are  waiving  the  differential. 
This  is  only  in  cases  where  the  man- 
ganese content  is  low. 

Buffalo. — Opinion  here  is  that  prices 
are  likely  to  remain  at  their  present 
level  for  some  time  to  come.  It  is 
thought  that  some  of  the  furnaces  re- 
mote from  the  Great  Lakes  will  have  to 
shut  down,  as  they  are  said  to  be  making 
not  more  than  a  dollar  a  ton  on  their 
product.  No  cancellations  'are  being 
allowed  by  furnaces  here,  but  in  some 
cases  adjustments  have  been  made,  such 
as  changing  delivery  dates,  or  substi- 
tutions made.  The  Canadian  price  of 
pig  iron  is  from  $6  to  $8  above  the 
Buffalo  price.  It  is  the  general  opinion 
that  after  the  first  of  the  year  there 
will  be  an  open  market. 

Birmingham. — There  are  quite  a  few 
oflfers  being  made  by  foreign  buyers, 
Japan  and  Italy  in  particular,  for  large 
tonnages.  Some  small  cancellations 
have  been  received  in  this  territory,  but 
these  have  been  covered  by  domestic 
consumers  buying  small  lots.  The  slow 
output  at  coal  and  ore  mines,  and  the 
same  conditions  at  limestone  and  dolo- 
mite quarries  is  keeping  back  produc- 
tion here,  no  improvement  being  shown 
in  this  direction. 

St.  Louis. — The  situation  here  is  ad- 
justing itself  in  a  manner  which  is  sur- 
prising the  most  optimistic.  Cancella- 
tion s  are  being  strictly  forbidden  by 
southern  furnace  interests,  who  recom- 
mend their  purchasers  to  dispose  of 
their   surplus    by   resale,   which    method 


they  believe  will  tend  to  keep  prices 
firmer  than  if  the  melters  disposed  of  the 
stock  themselves.  There  is  a  large  de- 
mand through  this  territory  for  pig 
iron  from  stovemakers,  etc.,  who  have 
been  unable  to  get  pig  iron  for  quite  a 
long  time,  and  the  demand  for  finished 
articles  is  enormous.  It  is  believed  this 
will  keep  foundries  busy  till  well  into 
1919. 

Cleveland.  —  Large  sales  have  been 
made  through  the  week,  in  the  form  of 
allocations  placed  through  the  commit- 
tee on  pig  iron  ore  and  lake  transporta- 
tion through  this  city.  The  quantities 
called  for  were  from  25,000  to  30,000 
tons  of  foundry  iron  for  delivery  at 
points  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  imme- 
diate shipment  was  requested.  This  was 
all  for  Japanese  interests.  Inquiries  for 
malleable  and  foundry  iron  are  fairly 
numerous,  one  of  them  being  for  5,000 
tons  for  the  first  half  of  the  year.  There 
is  a  large  requirement  for  the  first  half 
of  the  year  for  the  automobile  trade,  but 
they  are  expected  to  go  very  cautiously. 
Contracts  entered  into  formally  are 
being   refused  cancellation. 


THE  TRAINING  OP  FOREMEN 

By  D.  STREET 

One  of  three  methods  is  usually 
adopted  by  firms  when  choosing  a  fore- 
man— the  position  is  advertised,  a  nom- 
inee of  the  retiring  foreman  is  promoted, 
or  advancement  is  by  seniority.  To  pro- 
mote anyone  to  a  responsible  position 
because  of  long  service  is  not' wise,  as, 
although  a  man  may  be  an  excellent 
craftsman,  and  of  good  character,  unless 
he  has  certain  natural  attributes,  he  will 
not  make  an  efficient  foreman;  nor  is 
it  wise  to  accept  the  advice  of  a  retiring 
foreman,  because  he  may  be  actuated 
primarily  by  friendship,  and  with  the 
best  intention  his  opinion  will  probabl> 
be  biassed.  Advertisement  appears  to 
be  the  fairest  and  wisest  way,  although 
even  then  there  is  no  guarantee  that 
the  best  man  will  be  chosen.  It  is  sur- 
prising that  We  have  no  recognized  way 
of  training  ambitious  craftsmen  who 
aspire  to  foremanships.  There  are  essen- 
tial virtues  of  a  good  virtue  that  cannot  be 
imparted,  such  as  tact  and  firmness,  but 
they  can  be  greatly  strengthened,  and 
many  of  the  qualities  that  make  a  suc- 
cessful foreman  can  be  taught.  It  is  as 
important  to  have  highly  qualified  men 
as  foreman  in  our  workshops  as  it  is 
to  have  competent  non-commissioned  of- 
ficers in  an  army.  They  have,  to  a 
great  extent,  a  direct  influence  on  in- 
creasing the  productivity  of  both  men 
and  machines,  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
if  they  are  unsuitable,  they  are  a  source 
of  continual  irritation  among  the  work- 
men, which  generally  ends  in  strikes. 
A  great  many  strikes  could  be  traced 
to  the  pin-pricking  policy  of  a  foreman 
engendering  discontent.  There  are  very 
few  men  who,  after  holding  a  subordin- 
ate position  for  many  years,  and  never 
having  studied  what  makes  the  capable 
leader,  can  withstand  the  temptation  of 


716 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


unduly  asserting  themselves  when  placed 
in  a  position  of  authority.  The  problem 
is  to  a  considerable  degree  psychologi- 
cal, and  a  proof  that  no  great  change 
can  safely  be  effected  in  a  man's  posi- 
tion of  the  incompetent  foreman  is  that 
he  exerts  an  influence  on  the  apprentices 
which  affects  their  whole  career.  Any- 
one who  has  had  experience  of  workshop 
life  knows  that  the  character  and  con- 
duct of  the  boys  are  moulded  by  those 
around  them.  It  is  during  the  impres- 
sionable years  of  the  teens  that  char- 
acter is  formed,  and  a  good  foreman,  ty 
surrounding  himself  with  good  crafts- 
men, may  do  a  very  real  service  to  the 
state. 

The  appointment  of  a  new  foreman  is 
always  experimental,  but  very  often,  for 
a  considerable  time  after  the  change, 
the  output  of  the  department  is  re- 
duced, and  there  is  a  great  deal  of  dis- 
location that  could  be  avoided.  The  pro- 
moted man  is  only  an  apprentice  in 
leadership,  and  has  to  become  proficient 
through  making  blunders  and  gaining 
experience. 

The  ideal   foreman  has  business  abili- 
ties and  an   irreproachable  charaeteT,  a 
first-class     technical     education,     and     a 
high   degree    of  skill    as    a   craftsman. 
There  are,  however,  few   ideal  foremen 
and    very    many    employers    ignore     the 
point  of  character,   and  either   snow    a 
preference  for  a  skilled  man  with  small 
business  ability,  or  a  good  business  man 
and   organizer,   who    is    an    indifferent 
craftsman.    There  is  no  reason  why  the 
average  foreman    should    not  approach 
the  ideal,  and  it  is  regrettable  that  our 
technical  institutes  do  not  have  courses 
of  training  suitable  for  ambitious  young 
mechanics   who   aspire   to   become   fore- 
men.   It  is  usually  the  best  class  of  lads 
and    young    men    who    attend   technical 
classes,  and  although  the  diploma  which 
they  may  receive  is  a  guarantee  of  years 
of  application  and  a  knowledge  of  prin- 
ciples which  is  invaluable,  the  man  may 
be  still  unsuitable  for  a  foremanship.  It 
would  appear  to  be  desirable  either  to 
have    a    course     for     a    supplementary 
diploma    on    "Foremanship,"    or    to     in- 
clude   lectures    on    organizing    and     the 
best  way  of  dealing  with  men  in  the  or- 
dinary   diploma    course.      Whatever    de- 
partment of  life  is  considered,  it  is  not 
always  the  most  brilliant  scholars  who 
are  the  best  leaders,  or  who  make    an 
enduring  mark,  but  those  men  who  have 
the  inherent  or  acquired  qualities  which 
enable    them    to    restrain    wisely,    and. 
when   commanding,  to   win   respect.     It 
is  a  very  great  advantage  for  the  fore- 
man to  be  able  to  express  himself,  and 
to  explain  in  a  lucid  way  what  he  wants, 
and  the  best  way  of  doing  it.     To  con- 
vey  one's   ideas  to  others   is   largely   a 
matter  of  education,  as  clearness  of  ex- 
pression is  not  altogether  a  gift.    It  may 
be  contended  that  the  difficulty  of  pro- 
curing  good    lecturers   would   be    great, 
but  there  are  men  in  every  large  tech- 
nical school  eminently  qualified  to  give 
instruction  in  organization.    It  would  be 
a  wise  procedure  for  large  firms  to  run 
courses   of  lectures    for    their  foremen 
during  the  winter  months,  and  such  lec- 


tures could  be  delivered  by  outside 
scholars  and  by  managers  who  have  had 
a    wide   experience. 


The  labor  situation  in  Northern  On- 
tario is  already  showing  symptoms  of 
improvement,  according  to  the  "Ad- 
vance." Several  hundred  men  have  come 
into  the  Porcupine  during  the  last  few 
weeks,  and  more  are  coming  every  day. 


WHAT  ARE  CHANCES 
FOR  BRAZIL'S  TRADE? 

Nearly  all  the  electrical  machinery 
now  supplied  to  Brazil  comes  from  the 
United  States,  although,  before  the  war, 
a  good  deal  was  imported  from  Ger- 
many. The  reason  for  Great  Britain's 
poor  showing  can  only  be  that  our  manu- 
facturers have  not  sufficiently  pushed 
the  sale  through  suitable  agents.  The 
British  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Sao 
Paulo  will  be  glad  to  place  British  ex- 
porters of  electrical  machinery,  or  any 
other  goods,  in  touch  with  the  right  class 
of  agents. 

Files 

The  Americans  have  captured  the  file 
trade.  Some  years  ago  the  files  were 
supplied  from  Great  Britain,  but  the 
Germans  took  the  trade  away  in  spite 
of  the  poor  quality  of  their  goods.  The 
Americans  followed  the  lead  of  the  Ger- 
mans, but  produced  a  better  quality  file, 
with  better  packing,  and  captured  the 
trade.  Customs  duties  on  files  are  paid 
according  to  weight;  consequently  the 
oemand  is  for  what  is  now  known  as 
"light  weight"  files.  The  Americans  pack 
their  files  in  neat  cardboard  boxes  of 
half-dozen,  dozen  or  more,  depending  on 
the  sizes,  whereas  British  makers  con- 
tinue to  wrap  their  files  in  paper  parcels 
in  the  old-fashioned  manner,  which  par- 
cels get  torn  in  transit,  the  ends  of  the 
files  stick  out,  rust  and  generally  ara 
less  easy  to  handle. 


AN  INTERESTING  JUDGMENT 

A  case  of  interest  to  all  those  who 
have  occasion  to  entrust  repairs  to  an  en- 
gineering firm,  without  making  a  definite 
contract,  was  decided  at  Montreal  last 
week,  by  Mr.  Justice  McLennan,  sitting 
in  the  Admiralty  Court.  This  was  an 
appeal  taken  by  the  owners  of  the  "Sus- 
quehanna" from  a  judgment  in  favor  of 
the  Canadian  Vickers,  for  the  cost  of  re- 
pairs made  to  this  vessel.  The  amount 
claimed  was  $52,983..S4,  and  the  appeal 
judge  reduced  this  amount  by  $17,000. 
The  repairing  firm's  statement  showed 
that  material  plus  57r  handling  charges 
came  to  $6,665.43,  and  the  labor  to  $14,- 
905.73,  and  the  total  claim  amounted  to 
$53,541.21. 

After  pointing  out  items  charged  to 
"overhead  expense"  and  one  of  47.3% 
net  profit,  the  judge  stated  that  the  bur- 
den was  on  the  plaintiff  to  establish 
that  its  account  represented  the  fair 
market  value  of  the  repairs.  If  the  cost 
were  definitely  ascertained  a  net  profit 
of  12%«/f  would  have  been  fair  and  rea- 
sonable. If  the  average  of  the  overhead 
charges    to    others    as    just   stated    was 


added  to  the  charges  for  labor,  and  a  net 
profit  of  12%%  added  to  cost  of  mater- 
ial, labor  and  overhead  so  ascertained, 
the  total  would  be  under  $35,000,  whicii 
was  the  amount  estimated  approximately 
by  the  plaintiff's  works  manager,  anii 
manager  before  the  work  was  under- 
taken. The  judgment  was  in  favor  of  the 
appellants    for    $35,080. 

It  is  unusual  to  find  a  company  of  the 
standing  of  the  Canadian  Vickers  mak- 
ing charges  which  are  practically  exor- 
bitant, but  the  judgment  given  in  thi.-i 
case  should  serve  as  a  useful  example 
to  other  firms  who  are  sometimes 
tempted  to  extract  undue  profits  from 
clients  who  have  no  fixed  contract  made 
for  the  work  to  be  done. 


AIR-COMPRESSOR  TROUBLES 

Some  timie  ago  a  small  belt-driven 
vertical  air-compressor  was  installed  in 
a  certain  boiler-room  where  there  wa.s 
considerable  dust,  due  to  handling  coal 
and  ashes.  It  was  necessary  to  extenil 
the  1%-in.  inlet  pipe  outside  of  the 
building.  As  the  unloader  was  of  a  sen- 
sitive construction,  and  as  the  least  bit 
of  dirt  would  make  the  pistons  stick, 
causing  poor  regulation,  considerable 
power  was  wasted  because  of  the  safety 
valve  on  the  receiver  releasing  continu- 
ally. 

It  was  desired  to  connect  the  pipe  as 
direct  to  the  compressor  and  with  as 
few  fittines  as  possible,  which  located 
the  end  of  the  suction  pipe  between  the 
eaves  of  three  roofs.  To  keep  it  free 
from  water  and  other  obstructions,  a 
hood  was  made  from  6-in.  galvanized 
sheet  metal  pipe  with  a  2-in.  galvanized 
wipe  nipple.  These  parts  were  all  taken 
from  used  material  found  about  the 
factory.  This  arrangement  has  worked 
satisfactorily  for  about  a  year,  and  it 
has  never  been  necessary  to  clean  out 
to  unload,  nor  has  there  been  any  trouble 
from  poor  regulation. — M.  E. 


THE  POSITION  OF  THE  SMALL 
SHOP 

Continued  from  page  711 
and  builders'  supplies,  the  manufacture 
of  the  latter  having  been  at  a  standstill 
practically  since  the  commencement  of 
the  war.  Then  again,  what  condition  is 
eighty  per  cent,  of  the  machine  tools?  in 
Canada  in  to-day?  Little  better  than 
scrap;  that  is,  those  tools  that  have  been 
employed  upon  munitions  and  the  like. 
In  order  to  bring  them  to  within  fifty 
per  cent,  of  what  they  formerly  wen? 
means  a  lot  of  work,  and  it  will  cost 
money,  but  have  they  not  earned 
money?  Good  money,  too.  If  these  "pin- 
heads"  think  for  one  moment  that  be- 
cause the  war  has  ended,  that  they  must 
now  jump  their  traces,  and  do  ultimately 
get  out  of  business,  then  business  has 
certainly  profited  greatly  by  the  ter- 
mination of  the  war,  inasmuch  as  it  has 
got  rid  of  these  "pinheads,"  who,  havin.^ 
the  courage  of  a  slacker,  has  lived  up  to 
the  old,  old  adage,  "He  who  fights  and  ■ 
runs  awav,  lives  to  fight  another  day." 

TYKK. 


December  19,  1918 


C  A  .\  A  1)  J  A  N     M  A  ('II  I  X  K  R  Y 


50 


SELECTED  MARKET  QUOTATIONS 

Being  a  record  of  prices  current  on  raw  and  finished  material  entering 
into  the  manufacture  of  mechanical  and  general  engineering  products. 


PIG  IRON 

Grey  forge,  Pittsburgh |32  75 

Lake  Superior,  charcoal,  Chicago,  il  oO 

Standard  low  phos.,  Philadelphia.  ..... 

Bessemer,    Pittsburgh    37  25 

Basic,  Valley  furnace  .  .  ■  ■ 33  40 

Government  prices. 

Montreal     Toronto 


50  00 


Hamilton 

Victoria _ij  •  ; ' 

IRON  AND  STEEI 

Per  lb.  to  Large  Buyers.  *^*'*^ 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto    4  90 

Steel  bars,  base,  Toronto 5  00 

Steel  bars,  2  in.  to  4  in  base 6  00 

Steel  bars,  4  in.  and  larger  base . .  7  00 

Iron  bars,  base,  Montreal   4  55 

Steel   bars,   base,   Montreal    5  05 

Reinforcing  bars,  base 4  50 

Steel  hoops 7  50 

Norway  iron 11  22 

Tire  steel o  60 

Sprint;   steel    8  00 

Brand    steel.   No.    10   gauge,   base  5  05 

Chequered  floor  plate,  3-16  in 12  20 

Chequered  floor  plate,  %  in 12  00 

-Staybolt  iron 11  00 

Bessemer  rails,  heavy,  at  mill 

^teel  bars,  Pittsburgh   *2  90 

Tank  plates,  Pittsburgh 'S  25 

Structural  shapes,  Pittsburgh *3  00 

Steel  hoops,  Pittsburgh  '8  80 

F.O.B.,  Toronto  Warehouse 

«teel  bars 6  60 

Small  shapes 6  75 

F.O.B.  Chicago  Warehouse 

Steel  bars 4  10 

Structural  shapes 4  20 

Plates 4  45 

♦Government  prices. 

FREIGHT   RATES 

Pittsburgh  to  Following  Points 

Per  100  Iba. 

C.L.  L.C.L. 

Montreal 29  SOVa 

St.  John.  N.B 471/4  63 

Halifax    49  64% 

Toronto     23%  27% 

Guelph    23%  27% 

London    23%  27% 

Windsor    23%  27% 

Winnipeg    81  106% 

METALS 

Lake  copper    $  31  00  $  29  50 

Electro  copper   31  00  29  50 

Castings,   copper    28  50  28  50 

Tin 83  00  88  00 

Spelter  10  50  11  00 

Lead    9  50  10  00 

Antimony 12  00  16  00 

Aluminum    46  00  50  00 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 
PLATES 

Mnntr^al  Toronto 

Plates,   \i    up    $  8  00  $  8  00 

Plates,  .3-16  in 8  .50  8  40 

WROUGHT  PIPE 

Price  List  No.   37 

Black        Galvanized 

Standard  Buttweld 

Per   100  feet 

S     6  00     $     8  00 

5  22  7  35 

5  22  7  35 

6  63  8  20 

8  40  10  52 


2      in 27  01         33  86 

2%  in 43  29         54  11 

3      in 56  61         70  76 

3%  in 71  76         88  78 

4      in 85  02       105  19 

Standard  Lapweld 

2  in 31  82         38  30 

2%  in 47  97         58  21 

3  in 52  73         76  12 

3%   in : 78  20         96  14 

4  in 92  65       114  00 

4%  in 1  12  1  37 

5  in 1  30  1  59 

6  in 1  69  2  06 

7  in 2  19  2  68 

8L    in 2  30  2  81 

8  in 2  65  3  24 

9  in 3  17  3  88 

lOL    in 2  94  3  60 

10       in 3  79  4  64 

Terms  2%  30  days,  approved  credit. 
Freight  equalized  on  Chatham,  Guelph, 
Hamilton,    London,    Montreal,    Toronto, 
Welland. 
Prices — Ontario,  Quebec  and  Maritime 
Provinces. 
WROUGHT  NIPPLES 
4"  and  under,  45%. 
4%"  and  larger,  40% 
4'  and  under,  running  thread,  26%. 
Standard  couplings,  4"  and  under,  85*. 
4%"  and  larger,  15%. 

OLD   MATERIAL 


»/4  in. 
V*  in. 
%  in. 
%  in. 
%  in. 


Dealers'  Buying   Prices. 

Montre* 

Copper,   light    $15  00 

Copper,  crucible   18  50 

Copper,  heavy    18  50 

Copper,   wire    18  50 

No.  1  machine  composi- 
tion      19  00 

New   brass   cuttings....  10  00 

Red   brass    turnings....  13  00 

Yellow  brass  turnings..  9 

Light    brass    7 


Medium    brass    9 


00 
00 
00 


Heavy  melting  steel 


20  00 


1      in 12  41         15  56 

114  in 16  79         21  05 

IVi  in 20  08         25  16 


Toronto 

$20  00 
24  50 
24  50 
24  00 

22  00 
15  50 

18  00 
13  00 

9  50 
12  00 

22  00 
12  00 
20  00 
24  00 

23  00 
33  00 
20  00 
17  00 
30  00 
35  00 

8  50 

19  00 
12  00 

6  50 
8  00 
5  75 

20  00 
BOLTS,  NUTS  AND  SCREWS 

Per  Cent. 

Carriage  bolts,  %'  and  less 10 

Carriage  bolts,  7-16  and  up net 

Coach  and  lag  screws 26 

Stove  bolts 66 

Plate  washers List  plus  20 

Elevator  bolts 6 

Machine  bolts,  7-16  and  over net 

Machine  bolts,  %  and  leas 10 

Blank  bolts net 

Bolt  ends net 

Machine   screws,   fl.   and   rd.  hd., 

steel ri% 


Shell   turnings    9  00 

Boiler  plate  21  00 

Axles,  wrought  iron  ....  32  00 

Rails    26  00 

No.  1  machine  cast  iron  30  00 

Malleable  scrap    25  00 

Pipe  wrought    18  00 

Car  wheels    38  00 

Steel  axles 34  00 

Mach.  shop  turnings    . .  9  00 

Stove  plate    22  00 


Cast    boring    11 

Scrap  zinc    6 


00 
50 


Heavy  lead    6  00 

Tea  lead   5  50 

.\luminum    16  00 


Machine  screws,  o.  and  fll.  hd.,  steel  19 
Machine    screws,   fl,    and   rd.    hd., 

brass add  M 

Machine    screws,    o.    and    fll.    hd 

brass add  25 

Nuts,  square  blank  add  |1  60 

Nuts,  square,  tapped add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  blank add  1  76 

Nuts,  hex.,  tapped add  2  00 

Copper  rivets  and  burrs,  list  plui  SO 

Burrs  only,  list  plus 60 

Iron  rivets  and  burrs 26 

Boiler  rivets,  base  %'  and  larger  $8  60 

Structural  rivets,  as  abore 8  49 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bright 7tH 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bright 67% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  brass  37H 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  brass 32% 

Wood  screws,  flat,  bronze  27% 

Wood  screws,  O.  &  R.,  bronze 26 

MILLED  PRODUCTS 

Per  C«nt. 

Set  screws 28 

Sq.  &  Hex.  Head  Cap  Screws SO 

Rd.  &  Fil.  Head  Cap  Screws net 

Flat  But.  Hd.  Cap  Screws plus  net 

Fin.  &  Semi-fln.  nuts  up  to  1  in 28 

Fin.  &  Semi-fin.  nuts,  over  1  in., 

up  to  1%  in 80 

Fin.   and   Semi-fin.  nuts  over   1% 

in.,  up  to  2  in pliu  10 

Studs B«t 

Taper  pins 40 

Coupling  bolts,  plus 10 

Planer  head  bolts,  without  flllet, 

list  plus to 

Planer  head  bolts,  with  fillet,  list 

plus  10  and 10 

Planer  head  bolt  nuts,  same  as  fin- 
ished nuts. 

Planer  bolt  washers   net 

Hollow  set  screws  list  plas  SO 

Collar  screws   list  plus  80,  10 

Thumb  screws SO 

Thumb  nuts 08 

Patch  bolts add  40,  10 

Cold  pressed  nuts  to  1%  in add  |4  60 

Cold  pressed  nuts  over  1%  in.. add  7  00 
BILLETS 

Per  ffreaa  t»« 

Bessemer  billets |4T  80 

Open-hearth  billets 47  80 

O.H.  sheet  bars 81  00 

Forging  billets 00  00 

Wire  rods 8T  00 

Government  prices. 
P.b.B.  Pittsburgh. 
NAILS  AND  SPIKES 

Wire  nails   |5  26       $6  80 

Cut  nails 6  70        8  08 

Miscellaneous  wire  nails   00% 

Spikes,  H  in.  and  larger |7  80 

Spikes,  M  and  6-16  in 8  00 

ROPE  AND  PACKINGS 

Drilling  cables,  Manila 0  41 

Plumbers'  oakum,  per  lb 8% 

Packing,  square  braided 0  84 

Packing,  No.  1  Italian 0  40 

Packing,  No.  2  Italian 0  8S 

Pure  Manila  rope 0  SO 

British  Manila  rope 0  88 

New  Zealand  hemp 0  88 

Transmission  rope,  Manila  0  48 

Cotton  rope,  M-in.  and  up 72% 

POLISHED  DRILL  ROD 
Discount    off    list,    Montreal    aad 

Toronto    net 


60 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


MISCELLANEOUS 

Solder,  strictly  0  55 

Solder,  guaranteed 0  60 

Babbitt  metols    18  to  70 

Soldering  coppers,  lb 0  64 

Lead  wool,  per  lb 0  16 

Putty,  100-lb.  drums 4  "6 

White  lead,  pure,  cwt  16  06 

Red   dry  lead,   100-lb.   kegs,   per 

cwt. 15  50 

Glue,  English 0  S6 

Tarred  slater's  paper,  roll 0  95 

Gasoline,  per  gal.,  bulk  0  83 

Benzine,  per  gal.,  bulk   0  32 

Pure  turpentine,  single  bbls.,  gal.  1  03 
Linseed  oil,  raw,  single  bbls.  . .  1  95 
Linseed  oil,  boiled,  single  bbls.  .     1  98 

Plaster  of  Paris,  per  bbl 3  50 

Sandpaper,  B.  &  A list  phu  20 

Emery  cloth list  plus  20 

Sal  Soda 0  03% 

Sulphur,  rolls 0  05 

Sulphur,  commercial 0  04Vi 

Rosin  "D,"  per  lb 0  06 

Rosin  "G."  per  lb 0  08 

Borax  crystal  and  granular 0  14 

Wood  alcohol,  per  gallon 2  00 

Whiting,  plain,  per  100  lbs 2  25 

CARBON  DRILLS  AND  REAMERS 

Per  Cent. 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes  up  to  52  ...  35 

S.S.  drills,  wire  sizes.  No.  53  to  80  40 

SUndard  drills  to  1%  in 40 

Standard  drills,  over  1  %   in 40 

3-fluted  drills,  plus 10 

Jobbers'  and  letter  sizes 40 

Bit  stock 40 

Ratchet  drills    16 

S.S.  drills  for  wood 40 

Wood  boring  brace  drills  25 

Electricians'^  bits 30 

Sockets 40 

Sleeves 40 

Taper  pin  reamers net 

Drills  and  countersinks. .  .list  plus  40 

Bridge  reamers 60 

Centre  reamers 10 

Chucking  reamers net 

Hand  reamers 10 

High  speed  drills,  list  plus 76 

High  speed  cutters,  list  plus 40 

COLD  ROLLED  SHAFTING 

At  mill  list  plus  40% 

At  warehouse    list  plus  60% 

Diacounts  off  new  list    Warehouse  price 
at  Montreal  and  Toronto 

IRON  PIPE  FITTINGS 

Malleable  fittings,  class  A,  20%  on  list; 
class  B  and  C,  net  list.  Cast  iron  fittings, 
16*  off  list.  Malleable  bushings,  25  and 
7 '4%;  cast  bushings,  25%;  unions,  45%; 
plugs,  20%  off  list.  Net  prices  malleable 
fittings;  class  B  black,  24%c  lb.;  class  C 
black,  1594e  lb.;  galvanized,  class  B,  34e 
/b.;  class  C,  24%e  lb.  F.O.B.  Toronto. 
SHEETS 

Montreal     Toronto 

Sheets,  black.  No.  28. .   $  8  00       $  8  00 
Sheets,  black.  No.  10..     10  00  8  50 

Canada  plates,  dull,  62 

sheets    9  00  9  15 

Can.  plates,  all  bright.       9  50         10  00 
Apollo  brand,  10%   oz. 

galvanized 

Queen's  Head, 28  B.W.G 

Fleur-de-Lis,  28  B.W.G 

Gorbal's  Best,  No.  28 

Colbome  Crown,  No.  28     

Premier,  No.  28  U.S 10  70 

Premier,  10%    oz 11  00 

Zinc  sheets 20  00         20  00 

PROOF  COIL  CHAIN 
B 

M.  in..  $14.36;  6-16  in.,  fl3.86;  %  in., 
$13.50;    7-16  in.,  $12.90;    %    in.,   $18.20; 


$13.00;    %    in.,    $12.90;    1    inch,    $12.65; 
Extra  for  B.B.  Chain,  $1.20;   Extra  for 
B.B.B.  Chain,  $1.80. 

ELECTRIC  WELD  COIL  CHAIN  B.B. 
%  in.,  $13.00;  3-16  in.,  $12.50;  Vt  in., 
$11.75;  5-16  in.,  $11.40;  %  in.,  $11.00; 
7-16  in.,  $10.60;  %  in.,  $10.40;  %  in., 
$10.00;  %  in.,  $9.90. 

Prices  per  100  lbs. 

FILES  AND  RASPS. 

Per  cent. 

Globe 50 

Vulcan    50 

P.H.   and   Imperial    50 

Nicholson  32% 

Black  Diamond  32% 

J.  Barton  Smith,  Eagle    50 

McClelland,    Globe    50 

Delta  Files    20 

Disston   40 

Whitman  &   Barnes    50 

BOILER  TUBES. 

Size,  Seamless         Lap  welded 

1  in $36  00  $ 

lU  in 40  00  

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

1%  in 43  00  36  00 

2  in 50  00  36  00 

2%  in 53  00  38  00 

2H  in 55  00  42  00 

3  in 64  00  50  00 

3%  in 58  00 

3%  in 77  00  60  00 

4  in 90  00  75  00 

Prices  per  100  ft.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

OILS  AND  COMPOUNDS. 

Castor  oil,  per  lb 

Royalite,  per  gal.,  bulk 18 

Palacine 21 

Machine  oil,  per  gal 26% 

Black  oil,  per  gal 16 

Cylinder  oil.  Capital 49% 

Cylinder  oil.  Acme 39% 

Standard  cutting  compound,  per  lb.  0  06 

Lard  oil.  per  gal $2  60 

Union  thread  cutting  oil  antiseptic  88 

Acme  Cutting  oil,  antiseptic  37% 

Imperial  quenching  oil 39% 

Petroleum  fuel  oil  18% 

BELTING— NO.  1   OAK  TANNED. 

Extra  heavy,  single  and  double   . .  30-5% 

Standard    40* 

Cut  leather  lacing.  No.  1 1  96 

Leather  in  sides 1  76 

TAPES. 

Chesterman  Metallic,  50  ft $2  00 

Lufkin  Metallic,  603,  60  ft 2  00 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  75 

Admiral  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  45 

Major  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 3  60 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  50  ft 2  76 

Rival  Steel  Tape,  100  ft 4  46 

Reliable  Jun.  Steel  Tape,  60  ft 3  60 

PLATING  SUPPLIES. 

Polishing  wheels,  felt  3  26 

Polishing  wheels,  bull-neck. .  2  00 

Emery  in  kegs,  American ....  07 

Pumice,  ground 3%  to       05 

Emery  glue 28  to       30 

Tripoli  composition 06  to       09 

Crocus   composition 08  to       10 

Emery  composition 08  to      09 

Rouge,  silver 86  to      60 

Rouge,  powder 30  to       45 

Prices  Per  Lb. 

ARTIFICIAL  CORUNDUM 

Grits,  6  to  70  inclusive 08% 

Grite,  80  and  finer 06 

BRASS. 
Brass  rods,  base  %  in.  to  1  in.  red . .   0  88 
Brass  sheets,  24  gauge  and  hearier, 
test #48 


Brass  tubing,  seamless 0  46 

Copper  tubing,  seamless 0  4^ 

WASTE. 
White.  Cts.  per  lb. 

XXX  Extra..   21  AUas    18% 

Peerless   21  X  Empire  . . .   17%, 

Grand  19%      Ideal   17% 

Superior    ...    19%      X  press 1$ 

X  L  C  R  ...   18% 

Colored. 

Lion    15  Popular    12 

Standard    . . .   18%      Keen     10%. 

No.   1    13% 

Wool  Packing. 

Arrow    25         Anvil    15 

Axle    20         Anchor 11 

Washed  Wipers. 
Select  White.   11         Dark  colored.   09 
Mixed  colored  10 
This  list  subject  to  trade  discount  for 

quantity. 

RUBBER  BELTING. 

Standard     . . .   10%      Best  grades  . .   16% 


ANODES. 


Nickel 
Copper 
Tin  .. 
Zinc    . . 


.58  to  .65 

.38  to  .45 

.70  to  .70 

.18  to  .18 


Prices  Per  Lb. 


COPPER  PRODUCTS. 

Montreal     Toronto 

Bars,  %  to  2  in 42  60     48  0» 

Copper  wire,  list  plus  10  . . 
Plain  sheets,  14  oz.,  14x60 

in 46  0«     44  00 

Copper      sheet,      tinned, 

14x60,  14  oz 48  00     48  OO 

Copper  sheet,  planished,  16 

oz.  base 67  00     46  00 

Braziers,'    in    sheets,    6x4 

base 46  M     44  0» 

LEAD  SHEETS. 

Montreal     Tsronto 

Sheets,  3  lbs.  sq.  ft $13  25       $18  26 

Sheets,  3%  lbs.  sq.  ft.  . .   13  26         18  26 
Sheets,  4  to  6  lbs.  sq.  ft.  12  60         12  6» 
Cut  sheets,  %c  per  lb.  extra. 
Cut  sheets  to  size,  Ic  per  lb.  extra. 

PLATING  CHEMICALS. 

Acid,  boracic   $   .25 

Acid,  hydrochloric 06 

Acid,  nitric 14 

Acid,  sulphuric 06 

Ammonia,  aqua 23 

Ammonium  carbonate 

Ammonium,  chloride 55 

Ammonium  hydrosulphuret 30 

Ammonium  sulphate 15 

Arsenic,  white    27 

Copper,  carbonate,  annhy 50 

Copper,  sulphate 22 

Cobalt,  sulphate 20 

Iron  perchloride 40 

Lead  acetate 36 

Nickel  ammonium  sulphate 25 

Nickel  carbonate 32 

Nickel  sulphate 35 

Potassium  carbonate 1.80 

Potassium  sulphide   (substitute)     2  25 

Silver  chloride    (per   oz.)    1.45 

Silver  nitrate    (per   oz.)    1.20 

Sodium  bisulphite    15 

Sodium  carbonate  crystals 05 

Sodium  cyanide,  127-130% 40 

Sodium  hydrate 22 

Sodium  hyposulphite,  per  100  lbs.     6 .  00 

Sodium    phosphate    18 

Tin  chloride 1.75 

Zinc  chloride,   C.P 80 

Zinc  sulphate    15 

Prices    per   lb.   unless   otherwise   stated. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


I 
I 
I 

I 
I 
1 
i 

1 
I 
I 


30-inch  Verti- 
c  a  1  Drilling 
Machine, 
P  h  o  toeraphs 
and  full  par- 
ticulars glad- 
1  y  mailed 
upon    request. 


THE    PLANT  BEHIND 


M/\CH  I N  C 


This  large  plant  represents  the  fruit  of  half 
a  century  of  building  quality  and  service 
into  our  product  and  proves  the  value  of  a 
consistent,  universal  square  deal. 

No  plant  could  make  such  a  wonderful  ad- 
vance unless  its  product  and  its  reputation 
were  good. 

LOCOMOTIVE  AND  CAR  SHOP 
EQUIPMENT 

STRUCTURAL  AND  BRIDGE  SHOP 
MACHINERY 

REPAIR  SHOP  MACHINERY 

GENERAL  MACHINE  SHOP 
EQUIPMENT 


The  John  Bertram 
^  Sons  Co.,  Limited 

DUNDAS,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 

'  MONTREAL.    723    Drummond    Bldg. 

VAN'COUVER,  609   Bank  of  Ottawa  Bldr. 
WINNIPEG.    1205    McArthur    Bldg. 
TORONTO.    1002  C.P.R.   Bldg. 


CANADIAN  M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y  Volume  XX. 


OPEN  HEARTH 
BLACK  STEEL  SHEETS 

One  Pass  Cold  Rolled  and 
Box  Annealed 


(i^uaUtu'^^^HRilC^SVIVSjS^^^K  S'^rittrV 


OV    1^^   \%\ 

I 


^^^  -  ^^»  .  •^^  ^^^ 


Steel  sheets  bearing  this  trade-mark  are  equal,  if  not 
superior,  to  any  produced  on  this  continent. 

They  are  the  product  of  a  Canadian  mill — produced  by 
Canadian  workmen. 

Submit  specifications  covering  your  requirements— and 
quotation  will  be  promptly  furnished. 

THE 

STEEL  COMPANY 

OF 

CANADA 

Hamilton  limited  Montreal 


//  any  advertisement  interesti  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


:«iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


Wood  Split 
Pulleys 


Friction 
Clutch 


EQUIP  your  plant  with  clutches. 
They  give  flexibility  in  power 
transmission  and  are  the  most  pro- 
gressive  appliances   to   be   intro- 
duced in  any  Mill  or  Factory. 
"Bernard"  clutches  are  safe,  simple 
and  absolutely  reliable. 
Let  us  quote  on  your  requirements. 


Why  Waste  Power  That 
Costs  Money 

YOU  can  help  it  by  using  "Bernard" 
Wood  Split  Pulleys.     They  put  less 
weight  on  bearings,  prevent  belt  slip- 
page, and  transmit  full  power  from 
shaft  to  machine. 

Give  them  a  trial.    It  is  worth  consid- 
eration. 


Double  Friction  Pulley 


The  A.  Bernard  Industrial  Co. 

Manufacturers  of  High-Grade  Power  Transmission  Appliances 
Offices  and  Works:  FORTIERVILLE,  Que.,  Canada 


llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


from  Port  Colborne 

Foundry  and  ^^ 
Malleable 

from  the  plant  of 
The  Canadian  Furnace  Co.,  Ltd. 

COAL,  COKE,  IRON  ORE 

MA.Hanna^Co. 

Sales  Agents  Toronto 


Cleveland  Buffalo  Detroit  Pittshurg 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Positive  Grip 


Qjiucks 


Hold  work  against   all   the   power   any 
lathe  can  develop 

For  the  Knight  Chuck  is  solidly  constructed.  Its  properly 
proportioned  jaws  are  the  most  powerful,  and  the  scrolls  are 
very  strong. 

Ease  of  control  and  adaptability  are  two  more  features  that 
are  appreciated  by  manufacturers  who  know. 

Export  Inquiries  Solicited. 


■//////////////////////, 


Knight  Metal  Products,  Limited 

119  Adelaide  Street  West,  Toronto,  Ont. 


'/M//M^//MM////: 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Steel  Grip 


Gloves  and 
Mittens 


Give  so  much  extra  wear 
that  they're  the  most  eco- 
nomical gloves  and  mit- 
tens you  can  buy. 

For  sandblasters,  ship- 
builders, pig  iron  hand- 
lers, chain  handlers,  scrap 
handlers,  smelters,  miners, 
grinders,  chippers,  etc. 

Steel-Grip  Industrial 
Gloves  and  Mittens  give 
this  extra  wear  because  of 
their  patented  Steel-Grip 
reinforcement  of  palm, 
fingers  and  thumb,  and 
steel-sewed  seams. 

And  this  patented  Steel- 
Grip  reinforcing  does  not 
interfere  with  flexibility 
or  comfort. 

It  does  insure  a  longer  life 
for  gloves  and  mittens. 

It  does  insure  comolete  pro- 
tection for  the  hands  of 
workmen. 

The  steel  sewing  makes  the 
gloves  positively  rip-proof. 

These  are  the  strong  points 
of  Steel-Grip  Gloves  and 
Mittens.  See  how  well  they 
work  out  in  actual  use  to  the 
advantage  of  yourself  and 
your  men. 


A  few  users  in   Canada  and 
Great  Britain: 

American  Cyanamid  Co. 
Taylor-Forbes,    Ltd.    (Shell    Dept.) 
Crowe's   Iron  Works 
Crown   Cork  &   Seal   Co. 
The  Steel   Equipment  Co. 
Metal  Drawing  Co.,  Ltd. 
Nicholson  File  Co. 
The  William  Kennedy  &  Sons,  Ltd. 

The  Williams   Mfg.  Co.,   Ltd. 
(Munitions  Dept.) 

England — 

Agent:  R.  E.  Boulton, 
Leigh,  Westbury,  Wilts. 


SOLE   MANUFACTURERS: 


No.    M»— lu.i.;.,^LJi     (.^ui.i.-:     .■il..u-n. 
Cmn    b«    worn    on    either   hand.      Price, 
St#.80   per   dozen    pairs    (24    mittens). 


HICKORY  STEEL-GRIP  GLOVE  CO, 

INC. 
Box  T-6,    CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Work  Gloves 


Are  Tools 


No.    «44,    $15.00    per    doz.   pain 
(Or  all  lefts  or  rights) 


A  few  users  in  the 
United  States: 
American  Car  &  Foundry  Co. 
American  Steel  Foundries 
Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Co. 
Bethlehem   Steel  Co. 
E.  W.  Bliss  Co. 
Crane   Company 
General   Electric   Co. 
International  Harvester  Cq. 
National  Cash  Register  Co. 
Staten  Island  Shipbuilding  Co. 
Vulcan  Louisville  Smelting  Co. 
Western  Electric  Co. 
Willys-Overland  Co. 
U.S.  Navy  Yards 


For  the  same  reason  that 
you  furnish  your  men  with 
time-saving  tools,  give 
them  the  best  in  hand  pro- 
tection. 

Provide  your  workers 
with  Steel-Grip  Industrial 
Gloves  and  Mittens,  be- 
cause the  patented  Steel- 
Grip  reinforcing  and  steel- 
sewed  seams  of  these 
Work  Gloves  and  Mittens 
are  in  themselves  a  guar- 
antee of  hand  protection 
more  lasting  and  more 
complete  than  that  of  any 
other  glove  or  mitten. 

Men  equipped  with 
Steel-Grips  dig  in  with 
a  will.  Their  total  cost 
is  paid  for  by  the  elim- 
ination of  hesitation  on 
the  part  of  workers. 

And  the  money  they  make 
by  keeping  men  constantly 
on  the  job  is  profit. 

On  the  basis  of  wear  alone 
Steel-Grip  Industrial  Gloves 
and  Mittens  are  the  most 
economical  you  can  buy. 

May  we  fill  a  trial  order? 
Write  to-day. 


No.  640 

$12.00  per 

doz.  pairs 

(or  all  lefts 

or  rights) 


No.  660 
$10.80  per 
doz.  pairs 

(or  all  lefts 
or  rights) 


SOLE   MANUFACTURERS: 

HICKORY   STEEL-GRIP  GLOVE  CO. 

INC. 
Box  T-6,    CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS 


No.    681.    $12.00    per    doz.    pain 
<Or  all   lefts  or  righU) 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


THE  JOHNSON  FRICTION  CLUTCH 


WATCH 


Courtesy   National    Acme   Co.,    Cleveland,    Ohio. 


is  subject  to  exceptional  hard  usage,  but  it 
gives  unfailing  service. 

YOUR  MACHINE 

should  be  equipped  with  clutches  that  will 
give  just  such  satisfaction. 

What  are  your  requirements?    Let  us  know. 
We  maintain  an  engineering  force  to  work 
out  all  clutch  installations.     They    will    co-    ^^^ 
operate  with  you.  _        iBf 


Write  for  our  Yellow  Data  Sheets  and  Booklet, 

"Clutches  as  Applied  in  Machine  Building" 

AGENTS :  CANADA— Williams  &  Wilson,  320  St.  James  St..  Montreal :  The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse 
Co..  Ltd..  Montreal  and  Branches.  ENGLAND— The  Efandem  Co..  Ltd.,  22  Newman  St.,  Oxford  St., 
London.  W.  I.  Sole  AKents  for  British  Isles.  AUSTRALIA— Edwin  Wood  Pty..  Hdwe.  Chambers.  231 
Elizabeth  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria:  JAPAN — Anlrews  &  George  Co..  10  Takegawacho,  Kiobashiku, 
Tokyo.  SOUTH  AFRICA— D.  Drury  &  Co.,  Main  Str?et,  Johannesburg.  FRANCE— Anciens  Etab.  Glacnzer 
A    Perreaud.   18   Fauborg  du  Temple.   Paris. 


Double    Clutch    in    Nest 
of    Gears 


THE  CARLYLE  JOHNSON   MACHINE  CO.   Manchester  c6nn. 


One  of 


A  Fuel  Saver ! 

Bellevue  Furnaces  heat  up  rapidly  and  hold  heat 
long  after  burners  are  shut  off.  This  results  in 
great  fuel  economy.  In  view  of  high  cost  of  fuel 
your  shop  urgently  needs 

BELLEVUE 

Heat  Treating  Furnaces 

For  heating,  case-hardening  and  annealing.  Perfected  com- 
bustion precludes  the  formation  of  oxidizing  elements.  The 
flame,  not  visible  in  the  muffle,  does  not  come  in  contact 
with  the  material. 

Scalding  is  practically  eliminated  where  Bellevue  Furnaces 
are  in  use. 

Write   for   catalog   of  full   line.     Enquiries   promptly 
attended  to. 


Representatives  in  Canadai 

H.  W.  Petrie,  Limited,  Toronto,  Canada 

Bellevue    Industrial  Furnace   Co. 

703  Bellevue  Ave.  -  Detroit,  Mich. 

JULIUS  C.  HINZ,  Pro. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Meeting  Service 
Conditions 

In  the  Cleveland.  Ohio,  shops  of  the  Erie  R.  R. 
in  which  these  photographs  were  taken,  service 
conditions  demand  the  utmost  despatch  in  retrii- 
ing  car  axle  journals.  To  handle  necessarily 
heavy  production  with  economy  and  efficiency, 
demands  an  axle  lathe  that  will,  day  in  and  day 
out,  stand  up  under  the  conditions  imposed. 

For    11    Years    the 

Bridgeford  Heavy  Axle  Lathe 

installed  in  these  shops  has  faithfully  kept  up  its  maximum  production  with  only  the  re- 
placement of  a  set  screw  in  the  gear  box.  Averaging  between  25  and  30  axles  a  day 
speaks  for  itself. 

And  Here  Is  the  Proof  : 

Min.  Sec. 

1.  Setting    up    :27 

2.  Turning    collars    2:10 

3.  Rou^h    turning fi:14 

4.  Finishing    cut 4:20 

5.  Rolling     4:18 

6.  Polishing    2:0S 

7.  Taking    down    :29 

Total    20:03 

While  necessarily  the  human  element  enters  into  production,  the  fact  still  remains  that  the  design  and 
construction  of  the  lathe  is  responsible  for  the  operator  obtaining  the  production.  This  is  because  it 
is  designed  and  constructed  by  lathe  specialists  who  have  an  intimate  knowledge  of  railway  require- 
ments and  axle  turning  problems.     Why  not  put  your  axle  turning  problems  up  to  men  who  knowT 

Bridgeford  Machine  Tool  Works 

161  Winton  Road  Rochester,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 

HEAVY   ENGINE  LATHES  HEAVY  AXLE  LATHES 


10 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX' 


siwcm 


|WhcF^M?U!Lll2cr^^ 


FORD-SMITH  MILLERS 


PLAIN    AND    UNIVERSAL 


No.  2 
Plain 
24- X  19"  X  7i/o" 


>      No.  2 

Universal 
25"  X  17"  X  8" 


No.  3 

Plain 

34"  X  20"  X  10" 


No.  3 
Universal 
30"  X  19"  X  10" 


Manufacturing  Efficiency  and  Economy 

With  Peace  in  sight  the  Manufacturer's  attention  turns  to  new  condi- 
tions. In  the  keen  competition  about  to  begin  both  for  home  and  export 
business  only  the  efficiently  equipped  and  economically  run  shops  will 
succeed.  The  use  of  Ford-Smith  Millers  for  accurate,  general  vi^ork, 
and  quantity  manufacturing  will  help  you  to  the  desired  results. 
Get  in  touch  with  us.     Our  service  is  at  your  disposal. 

The  Ford-Smith  Machine  Co.,  Ltd. 

HAMILTON,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


11 


Liffht   Type   Floor   Grinder 


4 

- 
'    1 

§t 

Motor-Driven    Grinder 


Plow    Grinder 


Heavy   Type  Floor  (irinder 


Water    Tool    Grinder 


Heavy    Type    Polisher  SS 


Grinding  and 
Polishing  Equipment 

We  illustrate  here  a  few  of  our 
Grinding  and  Polishing  ma- 
chines. Possibly  no  other  ma- 
chine process  offers  such  possi- 
bilities as  the  grinder.  We  build 
a  wide  line  for  general  and  spe- 
cial work.  Shops  taking  up  new 
lines  of  work,  or  speeding  up 
present  production,  cutting  down 
costs  of  manufacture,  will  do  well 
to  consider  grinding  processes. 
We  have  a  wide  experience  which 
is  at  your  service. 

Write    us.      We    can    help    solve 
your  problems. 

The  Ford -Smith  Machine  Co. 

LIMITED 
HAMILTON,   CANADA 


^—  BatFiiiK    and    Polishing    Machine 


^llllllllilllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllillllllllllllllF 


Disc    Grinder 


30"   Double   End   Grinder 


SwinK    Grinder 


12  CANADIANMACHINERY  Volume  XX 


Transforming  from  abnormal  to  normal  conditions 

A  Machine  Tool  Industry 
Back  on  a  Peace  Basis 

The  demand  for  our  regular  lines  of  MILLING  MA- 
CHINES, GRINDERS  and  other  MACHINE  TOOLS, 
together  with  the  great  demand  during  the  war  for 
SPECIAL  MACHINERY  FOR  SHELL  GRINDING 
of  which  we  were  the  sole  MANUFACTURERS  in  Can- 
ada, has  enabled  us  to  get  together  an  organization  of  care- 
fully trained  and  skilled  mechanics,  who  are  assisted  by  a 
modern  machine  shop,  amply  equipped  for  large  and  small 
work. 

The  present  demands  of  our  Export  Trade  enable  our  or- 
ganization to  remain  intact.  However,  our  plant  and  equip- 
ment for  building 

Special  Machinery 
Ships'  Auxiliary  Machinery 

and  for 

Machine  Shop  Work 

are  such  that  we  are  tendering  on  CONTRACTS  offering 
on  above  and  similar  lines.  Our  plant  has  built  SPECIAL 
MACHINERY  of  such  varied  types  that  we  can  guarantee 
prompt,  precise,  and  satisfactory  work. 
Let  us  have  the  privilege  of  tendering  on  your  work.  On 
pages  lo,  II  and  151  of  this  issue  are  illustrations  of  some  of 
our  regular  line  of  MACHINE  TOOLS. 

The   Ford-Smith   Machine    Co.,    Ltd. 

Manufacturers  of  Milling  Machines,  Grinders,   Disc   Grinders,  Polishers  and  Special  Machinery 

HAMILTON,  CANADA 


//  whal  you  need  i»  not  advtrlwed,    eormaH    imr   Buyers'   Directory   and   write   advertisers    listed    under  proper   heading. 


41 1  f  •^ 


The  Highest 
Achievement  of 
British  ToolSteel 
Metallurgy. 


nOHTBlB/kX, 


-rojtoNTO 


lip  M  I  T  I 


THE   ST.   LAWRENCE   WELDING 

COMPANY,  LIMITED 

MONTREAL.  P.Q. 

A.  M.  BARRY,  Mgr. 

Office  and  Workt: 
138-140  Inspector  Street  Maritime  Branch  : 

Telephone:  Office  HALIFAX,  N.S. 

Main  5779 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS  on  all  kinds  of  weld- 
ing. Breakdown  repairs  handled  at  once,  just  'ohone 
us  and  we  will  be  on  the  job  by  next  train. 

OXY-ACETYLENE  WELDING  of  heavy  cast  iron 
frames,  cylinders,  gears,  water  wheels,  etc. 

STEEL,  any  kind  of  welding  on  parts  of  large  or 
small  machines,  tanks,  digesters,  boilers,  shafts, 
brackets,  etc. 

Can  be  welded  in  place  when  necessary. 

ELECTRIC  WELDING  on  boilers,  digesters,  leaking 
tanks,  etc. 

MARINE  REPAIRS  undertaken  by  our  Marine 
Welding  Tug  which  is  equipped  with  Electric  and 
Oxy-Acetylene  Welding  Apparatus  with  Compressed 
Air  Plant  complete. 

OXY-ACETYLENE  CUTTING  of  any  kind  of  steel 
construction. 

PORTABLE  WELDING  APPARATUS  of  all  kinds 
with  trained  operators  always  available  to  repair 
your  breakdown   at  once. 

THERMIT  WELDING  on  all  classes  of  work  is  a 
special  feature  of  present  activities. 

Manufacturers  of  Steel  Tanks,  Air  Receivers, 
Welded  Tanks,  etc.  ;  Electric  \  Welders,  Oxy- 
Acetylene  Welders,  Boiler  Repairs,  Lead  Burning 
and  Thermit  Welding. 


If  You  Need  a 

POWER    HAMMER 


of  uncommon  strength 
throughout  —  a  hammer 
constructed  to  deliver 
work  of  surpassing  qual- 
ity in  great  quantity,  and 
to  Iceep  everlastingly  at 
it— 

You  Need 
Jardine's 

Note  a  few  partieulan : 

Hammer  slide  is  a  steel  eastine ; 
so  is  tiie  ram,  and  eon&eetiziE 
bolts  for  the  ram  are  machined 
from  solid  steel  bar. 

Hammer  and  anvil  dies  of  prop- 
erly tempered,  hishest  srrade 
tool  steel  are  held  in  machine 
seats  by  tapered  keys  in  the  ram 
and  anvil  block,  so  tiiera's  no 
need  to  put  taper  on  the  dies. 

Jardine's  Canadian  Giant  Paw- 
er  Hammer  has  never  failed. 

Write  for  Catmlof 

A.  B.  JARDINE  &  CO. 

Limited 
HvspWer,  Oot.,  C«iM«U 


14 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


^LT 


FOR  EVERY  PURPO;SE 

Whether  your  problem  is  one  of  power 
transmission,  elevating  or  conveying, 
we  have  a  type  of  Link-Belt  especially 
designed  for  the  purpose. 


And  when  we  say  "especially  designed," 
we  mean  it.  For  our  engineers  have 
spent  years  in  the  study  of  the  peculiar 


conditions  and  requirements  which 
various  industries  place  upon  Link-Belt. 
Each  type  has  been  designed  not  with  the 
thought  of  how  cheaply  it  can  be  made, 
but  how  perfecdy  it  can  serve  its  pur- 
pose. We  show  a  few  types  of  Link- 
Belt  above.  Our  catalog  shows  many 
others.    Send  for  a  copy. 


CANADIAN  LINK-BELT  COMPANY,  LTD. 

265  West  Wellington  St.,  Toronto 

MADE  AND  CARRIED  IN  STOCK  INJCANADA 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


16 

1 


Elevates, 
Conveys  and 
Automatically 
Dumps  Coal,  Ashes,  etc.^ 

'T^HE  Peck  Carrier  represents  positively 
-■■    the  last  word  in  coal  and  ash  handling 


Upper 
Diiving 
Conier 


equipment.    The  coal  is  not  scraped  but  carried 
in  overlapping,  pivoted  buckets,  from  the  cars  to 
the  bunkers  over  the  boilers. 

The  elevating,  conveying  and  automatic  dump- 
ing of  the  coal  is  all  accomplished  by  one  piece  of 
equipment.    There  are  no  transfers  needed.    The  buckets 
are  supported  on  rollers.    Friction  is  largely  eliminated  and  power 
'equired  is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Operates  silently  and  without  vibration. 

The  Peck  Carrier  is  also  used  for  the  handling  of  cement,  crushed  stone,  gravel,  etc. 
Catalog  mailed  on  request. 

CANADIAN   LINK-BELT  CO.,   LIMITED 

265  W.  WELLINGTON  ST.  TORONTO 

PECK   CARRIER   SYSTEM 

//  uny  advertiBcment  interests  ycu,  tear  it  out  noiv  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered- 


16 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume   XX. 


Independent 


Drill  Speeds 


TRADE  MARK 


Simplicity 


The  increase  of  both  material  and  labor 
has  demanded  the  construction  of  machines 
with  the  minimum  of  parts  essential  to 
intensive  production  required  to-day.  This 
New  Type  Multiple  Spindle  Drilling  Ma- 
chine embodies  features  which  highly 
recommend  it  to  all  classes  of  drilling 
operations. 


Strength 


Production  work  to-day  places  severe 
strains  on  Drilling  Machines.  Each  part  in 
this  FOX  MULTIPLE  has  been  given  the 
greatest  strength  which  design  and  ma- 
terial can  impart,  the  result  being  a  machine 
which  will  stand  up  on  the  most  severe 
work. 

Independent  Drill  Speeds 

Many  classes  of  work  have  large  and 
small  size  holes  which  should  be  drilled 
simultaneously,  each  drill  can  be  driven 
at  approximately  the  correct  peripheral 
speed.  Fox  Independent  Drill  Speeds  are 
obtained  by  using  gears  having  the  same 
strength  as  those  used  when  one  speed  only 
is  provided  for  each  spindle.  Each  spindle 
can  be  placed  in  a  neutral  position  when  not 
needed  in  drilling. 

Spindle  Construction 

The  Fox  three-piece  universal  joints 
have  all  friction  surfaces  hardened,  and 
eliminate  all  screws,  pins  and  rivets. 

We  have  adopted  a  design  of  spindle  in 
which  each  part  is  constructed  to  give  the 
maximum  durability  and  strength. 

W,e  have  the  machines  specially  adapted  to    meet  your 
needs.    Write  to-day  giving  full  particulars  of  your  work. 

The  Fox   Machine  Company 

1047  W.  Ganson  Street         -         -        Jackson,  Michigan 

Formerly  of  Grand  Rapids 


Decembef  26,  1918 


C  AN  A  n  I  A  .V     M  A  C  H  r  N  E  R  V 


17 


Williams  gcWiLS0N,b^ 


Vahle  Ad[dpess 


ontreal,P.CL; 


\     Esi^bfished 
1891 


The  New  Office  Building,  Supply  Store  and  Warerooms 

Private   Telephone  Branch  Exchange  connecting  all  Departmemtt. 

46,000  square  feet  of  Floor  Space  devoted  exclusively  to  carrying  complete  stock  of  Iron  and  Wood- 
working Machinery;  Conveying  and  Elevating  and  Transmission  Machinery;  General  Supplies,  etc., 
for  Steam  and  Electric  Railroads,  Marine  Shops,  Contractors,  Bridge  Builders,  Stone  Quarries, 
Machine  Shops,  Factories,  Mines.  Blacksmiths,  Saw  Mills,  Paper  Mills,  Flour  Mills,  Cotton  Mills, 
Elevators,  Coaling  Plants,  Electric  Light  Plants,  Water  Works  Plants,  etc.,  etc. 


18 


V  A  N  A  1)  1  A  N     M  A  C  II  1  NER  Y 


Volume  XX 


Williams  &Wilson,L 


TD 


ontreal,P.Qa 


Established 
1891 


?*^ 


F<fflb«r  tftis  Pomfler 

if  you  are  looking  for  high-grade,  Rapid 
Production  Machine  Tools  of  every  kind. 

The  Williams  &  Wilson  Line 

is  essentially  up-to-date  and  includes  only 
the  product  of  the  best  known  and  most 
progressive  manufacturers  of  Machinery  and 
Equipment. 


Our  strength  is  fully  exemplified  in  the  following  list  of  Manufacturers  whose 
Rapid  Production  Machinery  and  Equipment  we  distribute: 


CANADA   MACHINERY  CORPORATION 

Iron  and  Woodworking:  Machinery  of  every 

description. 
WARNER  &  SWASEY  COMPANY 

Turret  and   Screw  Machinery. 
AMERICAN  PULLEY  COMPANY 

All-Steel   Split  Pulleys. 
BULLARD   MACHINE  TOOL   COMPANY 

Vertical  Turret  Lathes 

Vertical  Boring  Mills 
CARBORUNDUM  COMPANY 

•'Carborundum"  Grinding  Wheels  and  Products. 
KEARNEY  &  TRECKER  COMPANY 

"Milwaukee"  Milling  Machines 
LANDIS  MACHINE  COMPANY 

"Landis"  Bolt  and   Pine   Machines 
FOOTE-BURT  COMPANY 

Heavy  Duty  Drilling  Machines. 
BROWN  &  SHARPE  MFG.  COMPANY 

Milling   Cutters,   Tools,   etc. 
CINCINNATI-BICKFORD  TOOL   COMPANY 

Radial   Drilling   Machines  --     - 

LANDIS  TOOL  COMPANY 

Universal  and  Plain  Grinders 
PECK.  STOW  &  WILCOX  COMPANY 

Sheet  Metal  Machinery 
HENDEY  MACHINE  COMPANY 

Tool  Room  Lathes 


OIL  AND  WASTE  SAVING  MACHINE  COMPANY 

Oil  and  Waste  Saving  Machines. 
W.  F.  &  JOHN   BARNES   COMPANY 

Drilling  Machinery 
DIAMOND    MACHINE    COMPANY 

Grinding  Machinerv 
BLANCHARD   MACHINE   COMPANY 

"High   Power"  Vertical  Grinders 
LUCAS    MACHINE    TOOL    COMPANY 

Precison  Horizontal   Boring  Machines. 
OAKLEY   MACHINE  TOOL   COMPANY 

Cutter  and  Tool  Grinders 
WORTHINGTON    PUMP  &   MACHINERY 
CORPORATION 

Pumping  Machinerv  of  all  kinds 
CLEVELAND  PLANER  WORKS 

Open-Side   Planers 
DAVIS   BORING  TOOL   COMPANY 

Expansion    Boriner    Tools 
GRANT  MACHINE  &   MFG.   COMPANY 

Rotary   Riveting   Machines 
LAPOINTE   MACHINE  TOOL   COMPANY 

Broaching  Machines 
HARDINGE   BROTHERS,   INC. 

Precision    Lathes 
CINCINNATI    PULLEY    MACHINERY    CO. 

"Avey"  High   Speed   Drills 
NEWTON    MACHINE  TOOL   WORKS 

Cold   Sawing   Machinery 


Equip)|with  Rapid  Production  Machinery  and  Tools 

through   WILLIAMS   &   WILSON,   LIMITED,   Montreal,    P.  Q. 


December  26,  1918 


CAK  A  J)  1  A  N     M  A  C  II  I  N  K  ]{  Y 


19 


CabJeAdc 


AMS  ScWiLSl 

^  'ontreal,  R  CLI 


TD 


Establish  ecLM 


IT  UP! 


In  Williams  &  Wilson's  Catalog  "A'- 

This  Catalog  can  be 
made  of  much  use  to 
the  buyer  of  suppHes 
for  every  kind  of  man- 
ufacturing plant. 

You  have  a  copy;  con- 
sult it  and  note  the  ex- 
tensive lines  we  carry 
in  stock. 

NO  ORDER  TOO  LARGE 
FOR  OUR  CAPACITY 

NONE  TOO  SMALL  FOR 
OUR  ATTENTION 


IF  YOU  WANT 


A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 


coil  of  Rope 

keg  of  Nails 

piece  of  Hose 

box  of  Babbitt 

package  of  Bolts 

bunch  of  Fittings 

bundle  of  Pipe 

ream  of  Sand  Paper 
An  Axe 
A  Blower 

Brace  or  Breast  Drill 

Car 

Compressor  (Air) 

Derrick 

An  Elevator 

A  Hammer 

Jack 

Pump 

Saw 

Wheelbarrow 


A  lot  of  Drills 

An  Anvil 

An  Auger 

A  Boiler 

A  Bucket 

A  Chuck 

A  Crane 

A  Drill  Press 

An  Engine 

A  Heater 

A  Lathe 

A  Rock  Crusher 

A  Vise 

A  bale  of  Waste 

A  roll  of  Belt 

A  shot  of  Chain 

A  set  of  Screw  Plates 

A  can  of  Grease 

A  side  of  Lace  Leather 

A  dozen  Files 


Have  you  considered 
the  great  saving  effected  in  price, 
time  and  worry  by  CONCENTRATING 
YOUR  PURCHASES? 


WILLIAMS  &  WILSON,  Limited,     Montreal,  P.Q. 


20 


r.\  N  A  I)  1  A  N     M  A  (MI  1  N  K  U  V 


Volume-  XX 


Williams  &Wilson, 

■Montreal,  p.  Q 


TD 


'Wt/lxv/Jls  " 


^   ^  J  891 


•      V. 


\- 


FOR  SHIPYARD  SERVICE 


We  solicit  your  enquiry  when 
in  the  market  for 

MODERN 

SHIPYARD 

TOOLS 


Bending  and  Straightening  Rolls, 
Angle  Bar  Planers,  Single  and 
Double  Vertical  Punches  and 
Shears,  Jogging  Machines,  Scarf- 
ing Machines,  Coping  Machines, 
Etc.,  Etc. 


Machine  Tools  for  Working  Plates,  Bars  &  Structural  Shapes 


December  2fi,  1918 


P  A  N  A  I)  1  A  N      M  A  (•  II  I  N  !■:  K  V 


21 


VMS  gcWlLSONLlj^ 


Montreal,  R  CL^ 


T<^©I1  Mc^om  Machimery 


For  those  interested  in 
advanced  methods  of 
Modern  Tool  Room 
Equipment 

we  have  machines  of  the  highest  grade 
and  efficiency  for  every  description. 

Let    us    give    you    full    particulars    and 
quotations.     Write  to  us  to-day. 


Everj     Miicliiiu'     the     Essence    of 
Quality. 


Our    Lines    ARE    the    Best. 


We    Stand    Behind    Every    Machine 
We   Sell. 


•22 


r.\  XA  I)  I  A  N     MA  OUT  NKR  Y 


Volume  XX 


»A/e  Addreas 
WillvtriJls  " 


5  &WiLsa 

ontreal,P.CU' 


TD 


Zjtiablished 
1891 


WL%yn 


WeJREMG  MACMlfEMT 


The  Williams  &  Wilson  Line  Assures  Satisfaction 

Prompt  attention  to  your  enquiries  will  soon  CONVINCE  you. 

Complete  Equipments  for  Sash  and 

Door  Factories,  Planing  and 

Saw  Mills,  Etc.,  Etc. 

Planers  and  Matchers 
Single  and  Double 

Surfacers 

Moulding  Machines 

Stickers,  Sanders 

Tenoners 

Door  Clamps 

Chain  Saw  Mortisers 

Buzz  Planers 

Rip  and  Cross-Cut  Saws, 

Band  Saws,  Shapers, 
Boring  Machines,  etc.,  etc. 


Williams  &  Wilson,  Ltd.—//"  it  is  made,  we  will  have  it. 


December  26,  1918 


CA  N  A  I)  1  A  X     M  A  C  II  I  N  K  li  Y 


22a 


Williams  gcWiLSON.t^ 

R^ontreaLP.CLP 


Cable  A  ddrcss 


Ir®a  Werlknui  Masglianai 


For 
Railroads, 
Shipbuilders 
Car  Builders 
and 

General 
Machine 
Shops,  etc. 


Send  us  a  list  of  your  require- 
ments and  we  will  gladly  give 
you  prices  and  deliveries  on: 

Lathes,  Planers,  Shapers, 
Milling  Machines,  Grinders, 
Radial  Drills,  Drill  Presses, 
Boring  Mills,  Grinders,  Turret 
Lathes,  Keyseaters,  Screw 
Machines,  Bolt  Cutters,  Slot- 
ters.  Pipe  Machines,  Punching 
and  Shearing  Machines,  etc., 
etc. 


Williams  «&  Wilson,  Ltd.— Where  the  Bestlin  Service  Meets  the  Best  in   Machinery 


22b 


CA  N  A  I)  1  A  N     M  A  C  il  1  N  K  H  Y 


Volume  XX. 


There  is  a 


ADLER  &  HAWORTH 


BE  LTI  NG 

for  use  under  every  condition 


SADLER     &      HAWORTH 
Belting  is  high  quality  belt- 
ing. 

Quality  belting  ensures  you  the 
least  slippage,  least  breakage, 
takes  up  all  the  power  and  delivers 
all  the  power. 


When  Sadler  &  Haworth  Belting 
feeds  the  power  to  your  plant  you 
are  keeping  transmission  cost  at 
a  minimum. 

Tell  us  your  requirements.  We'll 
be  glad  to  furnish  information 
and  price  of  the  belt  that  will  best 
meet  vour  needs. 


A  Sadler  &  Haworth  Belt  in  the  Matthcws-Blackwell  Plant  at  Montreal. 

IIJuBtration  shown  a  S.&H.  Belt  connecting  a  50-ton  Ice  Machine  to  200  H.P.  Canadian 
General  Electric  Motor.  This  unit  has  been  in  continuous  operation  since  the  middle  of 
Mpy.     Belt  is   17  inches  wide,  double  "Climax"   waterproof.      Belt  speed  .■j,6.i2   ft.   per   minute. 

SADLER  &  HAWORTH 

Tanners  and  Manufacturers  of  Oak  Leather  Belting 
S\\  William  St.,  Montreal,  P.Q. 

Toronlo.    Ontario — i»    WellinKton    St.    E.:    WinnipeK,  Manitoba — Oalt   Buildinz  :  Vancouver,  B.C. — 560  Beatty 
Street:      81.   John,   N.B.— 149    Prince   William   St. 


December  26,  1918  C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  T  N  K  R  Y  23 


The  Tool  Steel 
House  of  Canada 


We  can  supply  promptly  from  stock 


HIGH  SPEED  STEEL 

Carbon  Tool  Steel         Lime  Drawn  Rods 

All  Tempers  -i* /r        •        w'' 

Nickel  Steel  ^""^'^  ^''"^ 

Chrome-Nickel  fining  Steels 

Chrome -Vanadium  Auto  Steels 

Crucible  Sheets  Lenox  Hack  Saws 

Drill  Rods  Forgings 

Steel   for    Mines,    Railway   and    General    Blacksmith's  Tools 


Kayser,  Ellison  and  Co.,  Limited 

126  Craig  St.  West,  Montreal,  Canada 

WORKS:    SHEFFIELD,    ENG.  RALPH   B.   NORTON 

Established  1825  ,  Agent 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  ansuered. 


34 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


\ 


INTERNAL  AND  SURFACE 

GRINDING 

If  you  do  surface  or  internal  grinding  one  of  these  three  will  handle  your  work 
to  best  advantage. 

The  CYLINDER  GRINDER  will  take  care  of  all  work  that  cannot  be  rotated 
to  advantage,  such  as  two,  four  or  six  cylinders  en  bloc,  and  awkward  large  sizes 
castings  of  any  material. 

The  INTERNAL  GRINDER  produces  absolutely  accurate  holes,  either  straight 
or  taper,  in  hardened  steel,  iron  or  bronze.  It  is  ideal  on  bushings,  gears,  collars, 
ball  bearing  races  and  a  thousand  other  parts,  where  an  accuracy  and  production 
are  essential. 

The  SURFACE  GRINDER  delivers  at  a  commercial  rate  a  mirror  finish  on 
keys,  rings,  cutters,  dies,  discs,  collars ;  in  fact  any  shaped  part  whose  size  is 
within  the  capacity  of  the  chuck. 

Send  for  a  Complete  Folder  Catalog. 

The  Heald  Machine  Company 

WORCESTER,   MASS.,   U.S.A. 


//  wkal  you  need  is  not  advertised,    consult    our   Buyers'   Directory   and   write   adverti»erti    listed    U7ider   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  \  0  H  F  N  E  R  Y 


25 


MAGNETIC  CHUCKS 


HEALD  Magnetic  Chucks 
hold  securely,  demag- 
netize quickly,  exert  uni- 
form pull  over  the  entire  sur- 
face ;  they  are  moisture-proof, 
and  can  be  used  with  or  with- 
out water;  the  coils  do  not 
overheat;  the  top  plate  is  thick, 
to  allow  for  frequent  truing; 
the  unit  coil  system  means  an 
extremely  small  consumption 
of  current.  Each  chuck  is 
equipped  with  an  armored  tube 
which  protects  the  wires,  a  de- 
tached and  protected  demag- 
netizing switch  which  can  be 
located  at  the  operator's  con- 
venience, and  a  water-tight 
volt  box  which  allows  for  a 
change  of  voltage  with  the 
least  possible  trouble. 


Rotary  style  Magnetic  Chuck,  adaptable  to 
Rotary  Surface  or  Universal  Grinding 
Machines,    and   in    many   cases   on   Lathes. 


Our  chucks  are  in  general  use  in  tool  rooms  and  for  manufacturing.  They  help 
a  machine  reach  its  highest  efficiency  by  reducing  setting-up  time  to  a  minimum. 
In  many  cases  a  change  to  the  Heald  method  of  chucking  has  doubled  and  even 
trebled  production. 


Rectangular  style  Magnetic  Chuck,  invaluable 
for  Milling  Machines,  Planers  and  Shapers. 
The  ideal  holding  fixture  for  tool  room  grinders. 

Inquire  of  your  local  machine  dealer,  or  write  to 
the  home  office  for  literature. 

The  Heald  Machine  Company 

WORCESTER,   MASS.,    U.S.A. 


//  any  advertisement   interests  you,  tear  it  out   now  and  place   with   letters  to   be  answered. 


26 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


6  ways  you'll  profit 

by  introducing 

nENNISTEEl 

^^^m  MADE  IN  CANADA  ^^^ 

Lockers,  Cabinets 
and  Shelving 

The  day  you  begin  to  use  DENNISTEEL 
f mrn.Tta*   Equipment    you    take    positive    action    in 
the  direction  of 

1.  Fire  Prevention 

2.  Increased  Efficiency 

3.  Time  Saving 

4.  Space  Saving 

5.  Stock  Saving 

6.  Money  Saving 


DENNISTEEL     Material     Cabinet. 

parts   and   tools   from   damage.      Saves 

huntins:  for  articles  needed.     Keeps  your  expensive 

stock  safe  from  pilferer*. 


DENNISTEEL  Shelving  Standardized).  Taketi  proper  care 
of  xtock.  preventinf?  careless  handling.  25%  more  storage 
space  than  wood  shelves.  Makes  stock-taking  simple.  Ad- 
justable to  retiutrements.  Will  carry  heaviest  loads.  Reason- 
able  in  cost  and  FIREPROOF.  Ask  for  special  shelving 
folder. 


DENNISTEEL  Wftrdrobe  Lockers  represent  the  hiKhest  type  available.  They  coat  a 
tn«e  more  than  others,  but  ultimate  cost  1«  less.  Used  by  leading  Canadian  firms  and 
corporations,  because  they  stand  up  in  service.  Write  for  three-color  folder  on  lockers. 


DENNISTEEL  equipment  is  used  by  all 
railroads  and  leading  factories  and  in- 
dustrial    plants     throughout     Canada. 
DENNISTEEL  is  standard— not  the  cheap- 
est but  the  best — and  this  applies  to  design, 
material,  construction,  finish  and  durability. 

DENNISTEEL  is  fireproof,  non-warping, 
cannot  split,  crack  or  rot,  takes  up  little 
space,  lasts  a  lifetime,  keeps  things  tidy, 
is  reasonable   in  cost,  never  needs   repairs. 

We  make  everything  in  modern  shop  equip- 
ment, including  lockers,  in  all  styles,  stan- 
dardized shelving,  cabinets  of  every  kind, 
tool  stands,  partitions,  chairs  and  stools, 
draftsmen's  desks,  and  a  complete  range 
of  steel  hospital  equipment.  Write  for 
illustrated   folders. 

The  Dennis  Wire  and  Iron 
Works  Co.  Limited 

Lo  r>j  D  ON 

Halifax        Montreal        Ottawa        Toronto 
Winnipeg        Calgary        Vancouver 


//  what  you  vrrd  ie  not  advertised,  commit  our  Buyers'  Direct->ry  and  write  advert  is'is  Hated  under  proper  heading. 


December  2(5,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


27 


ILLINOIS  TOOL  WORKS 


C     H     1    C    A.    G    O 


Detroit  Store,  997  Woodward  Avenue,  Represented  by  Lewis  G.  Henes,  Monadnock  Building,  San  Francisco, 

and  Title  Insurance  Building,  Los  Angeles. 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  N    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


?<JOHN  BUUj 

PNEUMATIC   TOOLS 


Pneumatic  Riveters, 
Drills,  Chipping 


anc 


Caulking  Hammers, 

Grinders, 

Deck  Planers, 

Etc.,  Etc. 

Sole  Agents  for  Canada: 

THE  DOMINION 
MACHINERY  CO. 

1 10  Church  St.,  Toronto 
Machines  and  Spare  Parts  in  Stock- 


ESTABLISHED    I904- 


PNEUMATIC 


EASTB01IKNE.^/va^/) 


//  vha'  you  need  u  not  advertUed,     consult    our   Buyers'   Directory   and   write   advertisers    listed    under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 


A  Horizontal  Boring  Machine 

For  Heavy  Duty  or  Fine  Jig  Work 

This  wide  range  machine  has  the  strength  and  rigidity  to  drive  2-inch  high-speed 
drills  to  capacity  and  boring  tools  up  to  8  inches  and  over,  but  is  so  carefully 
balanced  and  nicely  adjusted  as  to  adapt  it  equally  well  to  the  finest  jig  work. 

Lateral  and  vertical  adjustment  of  the  head  to  permit  the  spindle  to  operate  any- 
where over  a  surface  18  by  36  inches;  spindle  of  special  forged  steel,  ground  to 
size,  has  long  nose  with  %  x  %  slot  in  the  end  and  is  provided  with  ball  thrust 
bearings.  Steel  gears  provide  nine  different  speeds  without  stopping  the  machine 
and  the  automatic  trip  guards  against  the  spindle  being  advanced  beyond  its 
intended  range  of  movement. 

Six  styles  of  drive :  2,  3  and  4-step  cone  with  back  gears,  and  5,  4  and  3-inch  belt 
respectively;  gear  box  with  tight  and  loose  pulley;  variable  speed  motor,  directly 
connected,  and  constant  speed  motor  with  gear  box  (as  illustrated).  Complete 
description  in  Circular  R-1. 

Say  you  want  all  particulars. 

Foreign  Representatives: 

R.  S.  Stokvis  &  Zonen,  Ltd.,  Rotterdam,  Holland;  R.  S.  Stokvis  &  Fils,  103  Rue  Lafayette, 
Paris,  France;  McPherson's  Pty.,  Ltd.,  554  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Australia;  Buck  &  Hick- 
man, 2-4  Whitechapel  Road,  London,  E.,  England;  Burton  Griffiths  &  Co.,  Ludgate  Square,  Lud- 
gate  Hill,  London,  E.G.,  England;  Selson  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd.,  24-26  Stone  Street,  New  York 
City,  N.Y.;    Casamitjana   Hermanos,   Cortes   660,  Barcelona.   Spain. 


/(■  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


30 


C  A  X  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  H  1  N  K  K  Y 


Volume  XX. 


Libby  Heavy  Turret  Lathes 


The  "LIBBY"  Heavy  Duty  Turret  Lathe  has  proven  by  actual 
practice,  in  shops  everywhere,  for  the  last  twelve  (12)  years  that  it  has 
no  peer  in  HEAVY  BAR  and  CHUCKING  WORK  where  strength, 
power,  rigidity  and  accuracy  are  required 

The  "LIBBY"  Lathe  handles  bars  up  to  7>4  in.  in  diameter  and 
chucked  parts  up  to  26  in.  in  diameter. 

The  "LIBBY"  Lathe  is  built  in  a  shop  that  makes  nothing  except 
"LIBBY"  Lathes  and  the  attachments  and  tools  that  go  with  "LIBBY" 
Lathes. 

The  INTERNATIONAL  MACHINE  TOOL  CO  maintains  an 
engineering  force  of  specialists  on  heavy  turret  lathe  work.  It  costs 
you  nothing  to  find  whether  this  force  can  help  you  with  your  heavy  bar 
and  chucking  work  problems.     Consult  with  us. 

Send  for  catalog  of  this  proven  up-to-the-minute,  modern  produc- 
tion machine.     Do  it  now.     Write  us. 

International  Machine  Tool  Company 

Indianapolis,    Indiana,    U.S.A. 


H  vha>  you  i<."«d  tt,  not  adverlinfd.     conKult    our   Buyert'   Directory   and   write   advertisers    listed    under   proper    heading. 


December  26,  1918 


(A  X  A  1)  I  AX     MAC  II  I  XKR  Y 


31 


BRASS  AND  BRONZE 

MEMORIAL  TABLETS 


Engraved  in 
High  Relief 
or  Sunk  Let- 
ters, F  i  1  led 
with  Red  and 
Black 
Enamel. 


MAJOR  CHARLES  JOHN  SHORT 

COMMAKDINO   "B"    BATTERY 

REGIMENT   OF  CANADIAN  ARTILLERY 

WHO  LOST  HIS  LIFE  IN  THE   DISCHARGE  OF  HIS  DUTY  AT  THE 

OREAT  FIRE   AT    STSAUVEUR  QUEBEC    18"   MAY   IIEB 

AGED   i 2  YEARS 

THtS  TABLET  IS  EHECTEO  BY  H!S  BROTHER  OFFICER*  OF  THE  KECIMEn         . 

IN  AFFECTIONATE  REMEMBRANCE  OF  A  BRAVE  AND  QALLATT  COMRADE  ^ 


gsh^^^  c    CANADA    >  ^^mm 


Designs 

made  on 

approval. 

Call  and  see 

sketches    of 

plates 

made  if 

convenient. 


REDUCEB  FROM  LARGE  TABLET. 


Every  Industrial  Plant  Will  Have 
its  Memorial  Tablet 

Every  industrial  plant  in  Canada  has  sent  its  quota  of  men  to  the 
battlefields  of  Europe.  Many  of  these  men  have  made  the  supreme 
sacrifice.  Among  the  fallen  heroes  are  men  from  your  plant.  You 
will  want  a  tablet  erected  to  their  memory. 

Memorial  Tablets  are  our  specialty,  and  we  can  fill  your  requirements 
efficiently.     Our  prices  are  moderate.    . 


J§it;^^^^^^^^^AS^k^k 


iFi^fnrfy-^rT^T 


t_ 


STEEL  STAMPS 

.  For  marking  machinery  and  metal 
parts  of  all  kinds.  Our  facilities  place 
us  in  a  position  to  give  you  the  best 
of  service. 

Get  in  touch  with  us.  Enquiries  of  all 
kinds  gladly  and  promptly  answered. 


PRITCHARD -ANDREWS   COMPANY 

ENGRAVERS    AND    BRASS    WORKERS 
Established  38   Years 

264  SPARKS  STREET  OTTAWA,  ONT. 


If  avy  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  vow  and  place  with   letters   to   be  answered 


ss 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


TKe 

Ne-w-  333ri-tair\.,Coxiix. 


AutMBobUe  Steering  Cue  Adjusting  Cap 


Seven  Operations  | 

at  One  Setting  | 

— 110  Times  Per  Hour  | 

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIilllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^  = 

THIS  is  a  typical,  rather  than  unusual,  example  S 

of  the  sort  of  work  on  which  "New  Britain"  = 

automatics  are  rendering  yeoman  service  in  = 

the  defense  against  the  forces  of  advancing  costs.  = 

Seven  distinct  operations — turning,  boring,  coun-  = 

terboring,  reaming,  facing,  necking  and  threading  = 

— are  involved  in  machining  this,  automobile  part.  = 

The  series  is  completed  and  a  finished  piece  deliv-  ss 

ered  every  thirty-three  seconds!  = 

The  expression  "All  Operations  Simultaneous  and  = 

Automatic"  is  indicative  of  the  extent  to  which  = 

idle  time  and  needless  manual  attention  have  been  = 

eliminated  in  the  design  of  the   "New  Britain."  = 

Operator's  sole  duty  is  the  insertion  and  removal  = 

of  work.  = 

A  further  advantage  of  these  machines — especially  S 

important  at  this  time  of  labor  scarcity — is  their  = 

capacity    for    successful    operation    by    unskilled  = 

workers.  = 

To  those  accustomed  to  handling  such  work  in  a  = 

turret  lathe  or  hand  screw  machine,  the  radical  = 

saving  to  be   effected   by  the  adoption   of  "New  = 

Britain-Automatic"  methods  will  be  evident.  = 

We  stand  ready  to  investigate  the  possibilities  in  S 

your  case.  = 

Obligation?     None  whatever.  = 


//  what  you  need  ia  not  advertised,    emiHull   our   Buyers'   Directory   and   write   advertisers    listed    under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


S3 


SEXTUPLE 
AUTOMATIC 
BAR  MACHINE 


WHY  NOT 

make 

SIX  PIECES 

instead  of 

ONE 


i 


1 

\ 

i____ 

1 
1 
1 
1 

% 


660  Per  Hr. 


INEFFICIENCY  often  exists  where  least  sus- 
pected, the  very  simplicity  of  some  problems 
robbing    them    of    the    serious    consideration 
which  their  real  importance  justifies. 

Take,  for  instance,  the  steel  roll  illustrated  below. 
What  shop  but  has  one  or  more  plain  cutting-off 
or  cutting-off -and-drilling  jobs  of  a  similar  sort? 

A  very  simple  and  proper  task  for  assignment  to 
most  any  single-spindle  automatic,  do  you  say? 

Yes — until  the  recent  arrival  of  the  "New  Britain" 
Sextuple  Automatic  Bar  Machine,  designed  to 
feed,  drill,  face,  chamfer,  and  cut  off  in  six  spindle 
positions  simultaneously  and  resulting  in 

— six  fold  increased  productions. 

Adapted  for  blanking  studs,  nuts,  sleeves,  pipe 
couplings,  piston  pins  from  tubing,  etc.  Capacity — 
1-inch  round,  %-inch  hex.,  .707  sq.,  3V2-inch  feed. 

For  full  description,  illustrations  of  work 

handled,  productions  obtained,  etc.,  write 

for  Bulletin  No.  955 

The  New  BritEaTi.  Maddxie  Conxpetry 


//'  %ny  advertieement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  vow  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


34 


(   A  N  A  D I A  N    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


r 


A  Universal  (Horizontal) 
Boring  Machine 


it 


Where  Accuracy  Counts  We  Win 


•     yy 


Rapid  Milling  Feed 

Both  Vertical  and  Horizontal 


STANDARD    SPECIFICATIONS 

Size  of  Machines —                                                   No.  31/2  No.  3 A 

Diameter  of  Main  Boring  Bar 31/2  3" 

Taper  hole  in  Main  Boring  Bar,  Morse No.  6  No.  5 

Travel  of  Main  Boring  Bar,  Automatic 30"  28" 

Travel  of  Main  Boring  Bar,  by  resetting 54"  56 ' 

Size  of  Table 30"  x  48"  24"  x  48" 

Power  Cross  Feed  to  Table 36"  36" 

Power  Longitudinal  Feed  to  Carriage 56"  38" 

Power  Vertical  Feed  to  Head 30"  26" 

SPECIAL    EQUIPMENT 

Special  Tables,  Rotary  Tables,  Star  Feed  Facing  Head,  Face  Milling 
Cutters,  21/2".  3",  8",  10"  and  12" 

Send  for  our  New  Catalog. 

Universal  Boring  Machine  Company 

Hudson,  Massachusetts,  U.S.A. 


//  what  ]iou  need  it  not  advertised,  coneult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advert isirn  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CUT        M^ 
GEARS  ^^ 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

HAMILTON 

MACHINE  CUT  GEARS 


36 


We  are  ready  to  figure 
on    your   requirements. 


IF  you  would 
survive,  meet 
after-the-war  com- 
petition with  qua- 
lity products. 

Hamilton  Cut  Gears 
have  always  been 
quality  gears,  and 
incorporated  with 
your  product  will 
meet  your  highest 
standard. 


v^ -t    r 


HAMILTON  GEAR  &  MACHINE  CO. 


VAN   HORNE   STREET 


TORONTO 


//  anil  advertisement  ■:ntereata  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  vHth  lettert  to  be  anewered. 


S6 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


Prepare 

for 

Permanent 
Peace 


The  views  on  these  two 
pages  are  views  of  the  most 
up-to-date  Jobbing  Machine 
Shop  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  barring  none.  There 
must  be  an  underlying  cause. 


MILLING  MACHINES 


WINDSOR   MACHINE  AND  TOOL 

WORKS 


WINDSOR 


ONTARIO 


ESTABLISHED   IN    1910 


//  what  you  need  it  not  advrrti»ed,   consult    out    Buyem'   Directory   and   write   advertisers    listed   binder   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


PEACE  has  its  needs  as  well  as  WAR 


Tool  Up  to  Supply  Them 

Fine  Gauge  and 


Tool  Work 


Form  your  own  conclusions  from  a  practical  standpoint  as  to  whether  or  not 
we  can  successfully  execute  your  orders  for  jigs,  tools,  dies,  fixtures,  gauges 
and  special  machinery. 

Consult  us  about  your  production  problems.  High  standards  will  be  required 
of  Canadian    workmanship.     We  are   confident  that   we  can   a.ssist  you. 


CATTERY  OF  LATHES 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


38 


C A  N  A  D I A  N    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


"B-T'^  Reverse  Tapping  Attachment 

Saves  Jap,   Time  and  Trouble 


That  is  what  the  "B-T"  Reverse  Tapping  Attachment  does. 
It  eliminates  the  necessity  of  reversing  the  machine  spindle. 
Simply  raising  the  spindle  reverses  the  tap — the  machine, 
meanwhile,  goes  ahead  at  full  forward  speed. 

A  reverse  speed  twice  that  of  the  tapping  speed  is  given  by 
an  internal  gear  drive.    It  is  friction  driven — automatically 
adjusted  by  the  amount  of  pressure  the  oper- 
ator puts  on  the  drill  spindle.    It  saves  taps, 
trouble,  time  and  money. 

Can  also  be  had  with  positive  drive.  '  Both 
plain  and  friction  chucks  are  fitted  with  jaws 
to  grip  round  and  square  end  of  tap. 

Get  the  details — In  our  Bulletin. 
Write  to-day. 

BICKNELL   THOMAS   CO 

GREENFIELD,     MASS.,     U.S.A. 


C 


Another  Broken  Tap! 


Same  old  story:  tap  run- 
ning at  high  speed — meets 
hard  spot  in  metal — strain 
too  much  for  tap — snap — 
get  a  new  tap.  Happens 
.    every  day  unless  you  use 

Bicknell-Thomas 
Friction  Chucks 

Tlie  instant  the  tap  binds 
wiUi  a  "B-T"  the  friction 
grip  holding  the  tap  slips, 
relieving  overstrain,  and 
|)revents  tap  twist  or 
breakage. 

Compact;    used    on    mul- 
tiple-spindle    drills     and  . 
many      other     machines. 
Five  sizes   %" — 1";   either 
straight   or   Morse   Tfip.er  ,^ 
Shanks.  "  .J   = 


How  would  you  like  to  try  one? 


B-T 


THREAD  LEAD 
INDICATOR 


Exit — Spoiled  Parts 


Did  you  ever  have  to  scrap  a  threaded  part  because  of  incorrect 
measurement  in  lead.  Were  you  ever  forced,  during  a  rush  job, 
to  thread  a  part  over  again,   because  it  didn't  fit  as   it  should? 

B-T  THREAD   INDICATORS 

enable  you  to  get  the  right  thread  lead  Instantly  and  maintain 
a  constant  check  upon  it.  They  will  detect  errors  of  one  thou- 
sandth of  an  inch  -can  be  used  for  testing  odd  and  even  pitches, 
as  well  as   internal  and  external  threads. 

SEND   FOR  OUR   BOOKLET. 


//  what  you  need  Jg  not  advertised,  consult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advert  is^rs  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


To  the  New  and  \   /^       .  •        t 
Greater  Canada  /  Greetings ! 

Friends  Across  the  Border: 

The  whole  world  has  watched,  and  marveled  at,  the  growth  of 
the  new  Industrial  Giant  of  the  North. 

War-born,  that  Giant  now  becomes  a  vast  constructive  force  to 
serve  and  help  rebuild  a  ravaged  world. 

And  around  that  industrial  force  will  gather  new  millions  of  free 
people,  to  share  a  sturdy,  fearless  citizenship  that  has  won  the 
admiration  of  every  liberty-loving  nation. 

We  have  been  able  to  help  you  solve  your  war-problems;  now  let 
us  lend  a  hand  in  perfecting  and  enlarging  your  new-found 
Industrialism. 

FLINT  SHOT— Queen  of  Sand-Blasting  Abrasives— and  FLINT 
SILICA,  the  highest  refinement  of  steel  molding  and  core  sand, 
are  at  your  service. 

UNITED  STATES  SILICA  CO. 

1948  Peoples  Gas  Bldg.,  Chicago,  U.S.A. 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


4C 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


Helper 
Wanted — 

Do  you  want,  or  need,  a 
first-class  HELPER  in 
your  forge  shop?  Do 
you  want  a  Helper  that 
is  always  on  the  job, 
never  late,  never  com- 
plains about  hours  or 
work,  costs  you  prac- 
tically nothing  when  not 
actually  engaged  in  pro- 
ductive work,  never 
"strikes"  except  at  your 
command,  does  not  at- 
tend picnics,  ball  games, 
grandmother's  funerals, 
etc.? 


THE    BRADLEY 

COMPACT  HAMMER 

will  fill  the  bill  and  not  talk  back  to  you.  This  Hammer  is  under  much  better  control 
than  the  ordinary  "helper"  and  the  pressure  of  the  foot  on  the  treadle  guarantees  a 
gentle  pat  or  a  smashing  blow  at  the  operator's  will.  For  tool  dressing,  drawing,  weld- 
ing, tapering  and  the  like  this  Hammer  will  soon  save  its  original  cost.  The  Bradley 
Compact  costs  less  than  most  of  our  other  styles,  but  there  is  nothing  cheap  about  it  but 
the  price.  The  cost  pf  the  largest  Bradley  Compact  Hammer  is  less  than  the  wages  of 
one  human  helper  for  one  year — yet  it  will  do  many  times  more  and  better  work, 
and  outwear  any  man.  Your  forging  problems  are  of  interest  to  us.  The  benefit  of  our 
more  than  45  years'  experience  in  this  line  is  yours  for  the  asking.  No  obligation  on  your 
part. 

C.  C.  BRADLEY  &  SON,  INC. 


SYRACUSE 


N.Y.,   U.S.A. 


FOREIGN  AGENTS-:    Brazil,  France.  BeUlum,  Switzerland.  Spain,  Portugal  and    Italy— Fenwick  Freres  &  Co,.  Paris. 

Enitland     Buck  &  Hickman,  Ltd.,  London. 

ESTABLISHED   IN   1832 


//  what  you  need  ie  not  tidvertised,    consult    our   Buyers'   Directory   and   write   advertisers    listed   under   proper    heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


41 


CONVENIENCE— ECONOMY— PRODUCTION 

make  this  machine  the  most  useful  tool  in  the  plant 


nEf/EWABLE  Bronze  Bushings 


Feed  Change  Levek  — 


7/£ Bar  Lugs 

/.OJVG  Zeu'er 

For  Nand  Dr/jll/a/g 

and  counters/nk/ng 

Steel  Sleeve,  Bronze  Bushings 


Steel  Feed  Gears  Fn 
Heavy  Frame 
Heavy   Wall  Bracket ' 

AojusrABLE  Counter  Weight 


Quick /?eturn  /=or  Power  Feed 
Ball  Thrust  Bearing 
Large  Srindle  Accurately  Ground 


'oARSE  Pitch  Pack 
4-  AfoRse  Taper 


This  is  a  real  machine  tool.  Careful  design  and  high-grade  materials  contribute  to  its 
great  success  and  economy.    The  illustration  shows  how  well  built  it  is. 

Much  wider  range  is  possible  on  this  drill  than  the  ordinary  radial.  The  head  is  exception- 
ally rigid.  Yet  it  moves  with  extreme  ease  from  end  to  end  of  the  arm.  For  the  crowded 
shop  this  drill  is  ideal,  for  it  takes  up  little  space,  and  when  not  in  use  can  be  pushed  out  of 
the  way. 

Made  in  four  standard  sizes: 


Drills  to 

Wall  to 

Net  Weight 

Size 

Center  of 

End  of  Arm 

Lbs. 

7  ft. 

14-ft.  circle 

10  ft.  4  in. 

3380 

9  ft 

18-ft.  circle 

12  ft.  4  in. 

3483 

n  ft 

22-ft.  circle 

14  ft.  4  in. 

3615 

13  ft. 

26-ft.  circle 

16  ft.  4  in. 

3750 

Other  special  lengths  of  arm  can  be  furnished  to  suit  requirements. 
Write  us  for  complete  information  and  prices. 

LYND-FARQUHAR  COMPANY,  419-425  Atlantic  Ave.,  Boston,  Mass. 


//  any  advertiaement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


42 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


December  26.  1918  C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y  48 


LATHES 


9"_11"_13"  SWING 


A  CCURA  TE—  RIGID— ECONOMICAL 

BUILT   WITH    A    FULL    LINE    OF 

ATTACHMENTS 

THE   SENECA   FALLS   MFG.  CO. 

SENECA  FALLS,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 


//  (iry  advertisement  interests  you,  fear  it  out  now  and  place  with   letters   to  be  answered. 


44 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


//  tohat  you  need  in  not  advertited,   eontult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


45 


-l^T-T? 


P  &  B 


RIVETS 


MEET 
YOUR 
EVERY 
NEED 


Copper  and  coppered 
belt"  rivets  and  burrs, 
tubular  rivets,  bifurcat- 
ed or  slotted  rivets — 
rivets  in  every  design 
and  every  size,  from 
y%  inch  to  the  smallest 
made. 

You  will  find  all 
P.  &  B,  rivets  of  reliable 
quality  and  our  service 
the  kind  you  like.  Write. 


AB;:*w:*S«ftK*¥*:*¥- 


Parmenter  &  Bulloch  Company 


Gananoque,    Ontario 


LIMITED 


//  any  advnlisrme)it  inttreats  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


46 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


of  Heating  and  Ventilation 

Machine  Shops,  Foundries,  Bridge  Works,  Woodworking  Plants,  Spinning  Mills, 
Paper  Mills,  Auditoriums,  etc.,  etc.,  are  heated  efficiently  and  economically  with  the 
Reith  Fan  System. 

A    FEW   ADVANTAGES: 


(1)  Entire  system  under  one  man's  control. 

(2)  Building   may   be  heated   up  quickly   in  the 
morning. 

(S)    No  leaky  valves  or  frozen  pipes  around  the 
building. 


(4)  Heater  coils  will  stand  pressure  of  100  lbs. 
and   over. 

(5)  System    may    be    used    for    cooling    in    hot 
weather. 

Take   advantage   of    our   experience   and   let  our 
engineers  solve  your   heating   problem   for  you. 


SHELDONS   LIMITED 

GALT,    ONTARIO,    CANADA 

Sales  Offices  :  , 

Sheldons  Limited,  505  Kent  Bldg.,  Toronto;  Ross  &  Greig,  412  St.  James  St.,  Montreal;  Walkers 
Limited,  259  Stanley  St.,  Winnipeg;  Robt.  Hamilton  &  Co.,  Bank  of  Ottawa  Bldg.,  Vancouver; 
Gorman,  Clancey  &  Grindley,  Ltd.,  Calgary  and  Edmonton. 


//  what  you  need  i»  not  advertised,    conHult    our  Buyers'  Directory  and  itrite  advertisers   listed   under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Sto 

Test 

Indidators 


tt 


Dependable  Tools 

Starrett  Tools  are  known  and  recognized  the  world 
over  as  the  most  dependable  tools  for  any  accurate 
measuring  operation. 


Mechanics  rely  upon  them 
for  important,  accurate  test 
work. 


Dealers  carry  them  because 
they  mean  better  satisfied 
customers. 


Write  for  our  Catalog   No.  213.     It  shows  our  complete  line  of  tools  in 
the  many  styles  and  sizes  as  well  as  hack  saws.    Write  for  a  copy  to-day. 

THE  L.  S.  STARRETT  COMPANY 

The  World' s  Greatest  Toolmakers 
Mfrs.   of  Hack  Saws  Unexcelled 

ATHOL,  MASS. 

NEW  VORK'  LONDON 


CHICAGO    ^ 


42-863 


//  any  (iflvrrtifiemettt  hiteregts  you,  tear  it  nut   »nw  and  piace   with   letters  to   be  answered. 


48 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


(PATENTED) 


STRAIGHTENER  AND  CUTTER 

for  Squares,  Hexagons  and  Flats 

This  machine  is  arranged  to  be  driven  by  one  belt  directly  from  the 
motor,  doing  away  with  the  necessity  for  a  countershaft. 

It  handles  a  number  of  sizes  of  stock  in  one  set  of  rolls  because 
every  roll  is  adjustable  independently  by  reason  of  the  universal 
joints  which  connect  the  roll  and  roll  gear  shafts.  The  material 
is  taken  from  the  coil,  straightened  and  cut  to  accurate  lengths. 

It  will  handle  brass,  steel,  aluminum,  or  any  kind  of  metal,  and  is 
made  in  several  sizes  and  lengths. 

Further  Information  and  Catalogue  CM  on  Request. 

THE  F.  B.  SHUSTER  CO.,  NEW  HAVEN,  CONN. 

FORMERLY  JOHN  ADT  &   SON  ESTABLISHED   1866 

Also  Makers  of  Tube  Straighteners  and  Riveting  Machines 


If  what  you  need  U  not  advertised,  eonmlt   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIANMACHINERY 


49 


If  ivy  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


50 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


These  refining  grhiders  reduce  ordinal  y 
ground  pulp  to  an  even  finer  texture  for 
the   better  grades  of  wood  pulp  paper. 


Making 
One  Belt 
Do  the 
Work  of 
Three 


■i-' 


iN   a   big  Ontario   paper  mill 
this    refining    grinder    drive 
had    been    a    glutton   for   belts. 

Ten  months  from  8-ply  belts 
was  considered  exceptional  ser- 
vice. 

The  superintendent  was  fin- 
ally induced  to  try  Goodyear 
"Extra  Power."  We  prescribed 
7-ply  to  replace  the  former  8-ply 
belt,  giving  a  lower  initial  cost. 
■ .  Now,  after  two  and  a  half  years, 
the  superintendent  writes  of  continu- 
ous, twenty-four  hour  a  day  service 
for  all  that  time. 

Just  three  times  the  service  pre- 
viously known.  Less  than  one-third 
the  cost. 

Further  mving — "Extra  Power" 


gave  continuous  service.  Only  one 
stop  to  apply  one  belt  in  two  and  a 
half  years. 

This  problem  of  belting  costs  is  too 
vital  to  be  decided  off-hand.  Belt 
life  and  belt  performance  must  be 
balanced  against  belt  price. 

Thousands  of  executives  who  buy 
belts  on  facts,  who  keep  belt  costs, 
are  turning  to  "Extra  Power."  It 
is  the  dominant  factor  in  the  belt 
field  to-day. 

It  will  be  worth  your  while  to  talk 
with  a  man  trained  in  belt  problems 
bv  Goodyear.  It  places  you  under 
no  obligation.  Just  'phone,  wire,  or 
write  any  branch. 

The  Goodyear  Tire  &  Rubber 
Co.  of  Canada,  Limited 

Branches     Halifax,    St.  John,  Montreal,    Ottawa. 

Toronto,    Hamilton,    London,   Winnipeg,   Regina, 

Calgary,    Edmonton,  Vancouver,  Victoria. 


//  what  you  nted  u,  not  advertised,  contult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Bl 


Cold  Drawn,  Turned  and 
Polished  Steel  Shafting 


Rounds 
Squares 


Hexagons 
and  Flats 


finished  Machine  Keys  Ready  to  Drive. 
Free  Cutting  Screw  Stock  and  Piston  Rods. 

Secure     our    Prices     and 
Deliveries  Before  Ordering. 

The  Canadian  Drawn  Steel 


F/ai^/e.sB 
product's 


Co.,  Limited 

Hamilton 
Canada 


Qu/ckesc 

1 1 1  III 


H.  J.  WADDIE,  Pr.Mident  and  Manager  R.  K.  HOPE,'.Kicc-^re><<<enf  S.  D.  BIGCAR,   Treasurer  C.  R.  BROWN,  Secrefarj' 


S2 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FOR  CEMENT  PLANTS 

OKLAHOMA  PORTLAND  CEMENT  CO. 
Ada,  Oklahoma. 
Gentlemen:  May  20,  1918. 

I  am  pleased  to  advise  you  we  have  used  MAGNOLIA  BABBITT  in 
our  plant  some  twelve  years,  in  all  crusher  bearings,  motor  bearings, 
line  shaft  bearings  and  engine  bearings. 

We  have  had  the  utmost  satisfaction  in  the  use  of  your  Babbitt 
throughout  our  plant. 

Yours  truly, 

J.  M.  WINTERSMITH, 

General  Manager. 


PRACTICAL  ENGINEER  POCKET  BOOK: 

Over  600  pages.  A  valuable  reference  work  imported 
from  England  and  sold  as  an  advertising  medium  at  the 
low  price  of  40c  post  paid. 

Address  Montreal  Office. 


SOLD  BY  LEADING  DEALERS  EVERYWHERE  OR  BY 

MAGNOLIA  METAL  CO. 

OFFICE  AND   FACTORY: 

225  St.  Ambroise   Street,    MONTREAL 


1855-1918 

Established  in  Toronto 
63  Years 


INGOT  AND 
SHEET  METALS 


ALL  GRADES 


M.  &  L.  Samuel, 
Benjamin  &  Co. 

King  St.  &  Spadina  Ave. 
Toronto 


Cor 


British     Made 
Chucks 


Universal 


3  -  Jaw    Geared 
Scroll     Chucks 


Sizes    in    Progress : 

4   in.,   a  in..   6   in..   7^   in.,   9   in., 

IQi/^  in.  and   12  in. 

Other  Sizes  to  follow. 


Independent 
4  -  Javy 
Chucks 


Reversible    Jaws 
and  Solid  Bodies. 

Screws  have  Double  Thrust  Bearings  <10  in.  size  and  upwards). 
Standard  (iV^  in.,  5  in..  6  in.,  8  in.,  9  in.,  10  in.,  12  in.. 
Sizes:  {^^    in.,    15    in.,    16    in..    18    in.,    20    in.,    22    in.    and 

(24   in.  diam. 

PRICE   LISTS    ON    APPLICATION. 
MANUFACTURED   BY 

F.  PRATT  &  CO.,  Ltd. 


Eagle  Iron  Works, 

Telegrramft — "Pratt,  Halifax.' 


Halifax,  England 

Telephone:   161 


//  what  you  need  it  not  advertised,    couaull    our  Buyers'   Directory  and   write   advertisers   listed   under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


63 


FIRST  COST  alone  is  never  the  criterion  by  which  to  gauge  QUALITY.    There  is  no 
"Quality"  that  does  not  contain  most  of  these  elements— LACO  LAMPS  contain  them 
all.  You  may  hesitate  at  the  larger  investinent,  but  don't  let  the  bogey  of  "First  Cost" 
run  away  with  your  better  judgment.     If  you  want  QUALITY  in  your  purchase,  you  must 
pay  for  it.     Analyze  the  LACO  standard: — 


First  Cost  — slightly  higher  than  the  best  "ordinary" 
lamp. 

Operating  Cost  Lower  —30  to  50  ^  less  current 
consumption  per  1 ,000  hours  for  same  quantity  of 
light.  One  official  test,  for  instance,  showed  4  Laco 
Lamps  burning  936  watts,  gave  the  same  light  as  4 
competitive  lamps  burning  1443  watts. 

Maintenance  Cost  Lower — 25  to  40  .  longer  life. 
(Replacement  cost  of  4  brands  in  same  1000-hour  test 
averaged  $12.68 — LACO  none.)  Guaranteed  life 
of  ordinary  1000  watt  lamp  is  1000  hours,  but  actually 


averages  much  less.  LACO  Lamps  are  guaranteed 
for  1500  hours'  life,  and  users  frequently  get  two  to 
three  times  this  service;  we  can  quote  LACO  Lamps 
that  lived  over  10,000  hours. 

Adaptability — LACO  Tungsten  Lamps  are  made  in 
sizes  up  to  60  watt:  LACO  Nitro  are  made  in  sizes 
60,  100.  200,  250,  300,  350,  400,  500.  750  and  1000 
watt  — a  LACO  size  for  every  need.  > 

Efficiency — LACO  Lamps  are  guaranteed  to  give  the 
candle-power  U.S.  standard  specifications  provide. 
They 'furnish  a  clear,  brilliant,  colour-true, daylight  ray. 


lACP   tAMPS 


ii!ii,iiii!iiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiii[ 


*»^  1*AB  I  ■»  1918  iW 


tWR  I  2  1918  iif' 

Bftmsn  ^■otirHwU  PxetiHK-.  Raumtay  o>„LTn. 

VAlfCOl'>'Eie,B.<". 

mr.  ath,  1918. 


Csoadtan  LAce-phiL^ya  Ca^my, 
BtwiOard  Bank  BttlldlDc, 

Car.  Kielwrda  *  Haatl^a  fit*  ., 

VUCOTW,  X.C. 


Dot   tit-.' 


AtunXion  of  Mr.   »ill*r{i. 


V«  tall*  plaaaur*  In  vrltfn^  you  of  tba 
aloallant  aanloa  uliao  b;  lAOs-?nlllfa  laapa  and  «• 
ara  partloularl/  l^raaaad  wiXh  tna  aatlafaJitlaa  our 
euatoBar*  abtaln,    \h»  Fareanls^a  ef  Jafaetlva  taaya 

I*  V  alaa  ualni  jrour  aarlaa  lajiy  far 
atraat  ItthtlBf  *at  tlo4  tbat  tkaji  sIt*  naallant 
aatlafaatlaB. 


<j^^^>^^:^^=- 


MUi  aniiBBi. 


t 


Effect  on  Production — 

Government  statistics  have  proved 
that  the  LACO  quality  of  lighting 
will  increase  workers'  earnings;  one 
example  alone  showed  I  \AZ, 

Satisfaction — Is  found  in  hund- 
reds of  letters  from  big  operators  in 
every  line  of  business  all  over  the 
country,  telling  their  experience  with 
LACO  LAMPS.  Read  examples 
quoted. 

Without  cost  to  you — 

our  nearest  office  will  have 
official  laboratory  tests  made 
of  your  lamps  to  prove  our 
claims.  Our  lighting  engineers 
will  plan  and  submit  an  in- 
stallation to  meet  your  exact 
requirements  in  the  best  and 
most  economical  way. 

Write    us    to-day    for 
descriptive  literature 


iMO-PhllltlM   Oo.. 

C.P.R.Bldg., 
foronto. 


Toronto.   Hot.    10th. 191». 


a«BtlaB*n: 

Onr  >tOT«  ta«a  ^••n   »^nl«p«d  thmiithoat 
with  70iir  LsAO  Rltro^n   flllad   linm  slno*   e»pt«nb*r, 
1914  »lth  v»ry  B»tlef»ctor7  r*»nlt«.      »«rtn([  tlirt" tl«« 
w»  htc*%  iMpt  ■  T»Df  QloM  rwoord  of  th*  llf»  of  th» 
TU-loo*  #!■••   In  OS*  «al  tho  follovlDg  1«  •  Hat  ef  tho 
•Tftrajto  >oaro  bBmln#r.   tak^a  from  ivcorda  fpX  Blno* 
1914. 

(WO  latt  ft«*ran  8T68  hoaro.  4C0  »»tt  BT«rs««  ««» 

860     "  "         1600     "  «60       "  "         MM 

100     "  "         1*00     ■ 

n  luvo  Aloo  liwtkll*!  ■•Toral   of  your 
Hlltro  I«apo   1&  evr  Toronto   wiA  Dairlns  Hall   OrAor 
Building  »lon«  »lth  /obt  40  and  *0  l«tt  TBo«»t«n  LMpa 
with  aqnally  g09A  raonlta. 

trDatlftg  thia   ltifor«»tlon  will  ba  «f 
■•rrtea  to  jon,  w  ara 


!^ 


Catiadian  Laco- 


Montre<».l 


Toronto 


rany.  Limited 


Wi 


Vancouv«r- 


//  any  advertisement  intereste  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


54 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MADE  IN 


CANADA 


m 


During  this  period  of  readjust- 
ment, plan  to  keep  the  home 
wheels  turning,  including 
GRINDING  wheels.  We  manu- 
facture them  for  every  purpose. 

EXCELITE  for  tools  and  gener- 
al work. 

CARBOLOX  for  chilled  iron, 
brass,  bronze,  etc. 

Let  U8  help  you  with  your 
problems  in  this  line. 

Dominion  Abrasive  Wheel  Co. 

LIMITED 
MIMICO,   ONT.,   CANADA 


M 


December  26,  1918  0  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  FT  I  N  E  R  Y  55 


— '  '    '        '  --^ 

del-Re  LNAP  Machinery  ^^ 

-■-'     TORONTO  1     ImONTREAL  V_^ 


Representing  Machine  Tools 

of  Quality 


'T'HE   lines  shown  in  this  collective  ad- 
vertisement are  exclusively  represented 
in  Canada  by  the  Rudel-Belnap  Machinery 
Co.,  Montreal  and  Toronto. 

All  are  products  of  highest  quality  and  are 
universally  recognized  as  leaders.  We  shall 
appreciate  a  careful  study  of  the  following 
pages. 

We  invite  your  enquiries. 


Rudel-Belnap    Machinery    Company 

Limited 

TORONTO  MONTREAL 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


56 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  TT  T  N  K  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


udelRelnap  Machinery 

JL/    TORONTO!     1  MONTREAL 


E  d) 


Smalley  General  Thread 
Milling  Machine 


The  machine  that  gives  production  and  satis- 
faction, built  in  five  sizes  and  for  all  classes  of 
threading  work.  Equally  well  adapted  for  muni- 
tion or  general  manufacturing  purposes. 

Write  for  catalogue  or  information  on  thread 
millers,  air  cylinders,  or  chucks. 

SMALLEY  GENERAL  CO.,  INC. 

BAY  CITY,  MICH.,  U.S.A. 


//  what  you  need  «  not  advertised,     consult   our  Buyer,'  Directory  and  write   advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


Detember  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


57 


U>^';ji^.k:'^j;^;,i:^^j>^^«^'«^'■^^■'^;■jMjJj-^^A.^■j'^J^j;'Uj^ 


??sa 


udel-Kelnap  r  achinery4^ 

^.^^^m.-'-^    TORONTO  1     ^MONTREAL  ^^-^ 


MONTREAL 


SIHHGDI 


to  match  the  producing 
power  of  your  Heavy 
Duty  Drill  Presses 


^  \' 


HIGH  SPEED 
TWIST  DRILLS 

No  longer  is  it  necessary  to  "go  easy" 
witii  your  High  Speed,  Heavy  Duty  Drill 
Presses  for  fear  of  burning  up  your 
drills. 

No  pace  is  too  great  for  Celfor  Drills. 
The  chief  reason  is  in  the  forging  pro- 
cess by  which  the  "Celfor"  is  made.  The 
original  grain  or  fibre  is  kept  intact; 
there  is  no  deep  milling.  Instead,  the 
grain  runs  with  the  twist.  So  strong  is 
the  flute  and  so  great  the  cutting  powers 
that  an  over-size  shank  is  required  to 
utilize  them. 

There  are  other  reasons  why  the  call 
for  the  "Celfor"  is  growing  constantly 
louder  as  the  need  for  production  in- 
creases.    Let  us  show  you. 

Clark  Equipment  Co. 

Main  Office  and  Works 

BUCHANAN,   MICH. 

ATJENTS  —  Canada  —  Rudel-Belnap  Machinery  Co., 
Montreal  and  Toronto.  Great  Britain — The  Coats 
Machine  Tool  Co,,  Thanet  House,  London.  Japan — 
Andrews  &   George,   Tokyo. 


CELFOR 


If  any  advertigement  interests  yoti,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


CINCINNATI 

Spindle  Automatic  Screw  Machine- 


MANY   DISTINCT  | 

FEATURES  | 

16  Spindle  Speeds  | 

20  Time  Changes  ■ 
Low  Threading  Speed 

Four  Cross  Slides  I 

Five  Longitudinal  | 

Slides  I 

And  There  Are  Forty  . 

More,  but  space  does  | 

not  permit  us  to  men-  j 
tion  them  all  here. 


J 


This  is  the  machine  you  have  been  wishing  for— 
the  machine  you  need  to  cut  down  production 
costs. 

In  designing  it  we  considered  every  requirement 
you  could  wish  for  in  a  machine  for  individual 
needs.  This  accounts  for  so  many  distinct  features 
of  superior  worth  found  in  the  Cincinnati  Five- 
Spindle  Full  Automatic— Capacity  %  in.  by  3  in. 
Our  Latest  Catalog  is  waiting  to  give  you  full  par- 
ticulars. Just  say  the  word  and  you'll  get  it  by 
return  mail. 


Cincinnati  Automatic  Machine  Company 

Cincinnati,   Ohio 

Canadian  Agents:     Rudel-Belnap  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto  and  Montreal 


//  what  you  need  t*  not  advertUed,    conxuU   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write   advertisers   listed   under  proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


69 


Rudel-Relnap  Machinery  ^^ 

A  ^  A-^  Toronto!   Jlmontreal  V.-/ 


MONTREAL 


The 

Right 

Speed 

for 

Roughing 


The 

Right 

Speed 

for 

Finishing 


The  Cincinnati 
Tu-(Two)  Speed  Planer 


You  are  losing  money 
if  you  are  attempting  to 
get  along  with  one 
speed.  The  single  speed 
planer  is  handicapped. 

The  Cincinnati  Tu-  (Two) 
Speed  Planer  gives  you  two 
cutting  speeds  to  the  table 
and  a  constant  return.  The 
changing  from  one  to  the 
other  is  accomplished  in- 
stantly while  the  machine  is 
running. 

Write  [for  speciRcations  and 
{full  particulars^S^J^ 


Cincinnati 
Boring  Mills 

"Real  Hustlers'' 


No  matter  how  heavy  or 
Ught  the  job  may  be  they 
hustle  it  through  in  a  man- 
ner that  amazes  the  man 
used  to  old-fashioned  bor- 
ing mills. 

Convenient  and  adapt- 
able ;  can  be  quickly 
changed  from  one  job  to 
another;  handles  a  wide- 
range  of  work. 

Everything  necessary  to  big  re- 
turns in  boring  and  turning  is 
embodied  in  the  "Cincinnati" 
design. 

Get  our  bulletin  and  check  it  up 
point  for  point.  We  build  sev- 
eral sizes,  to  meet  all  require- 
ments. 

The   Cincinnati 
Planer  Co. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Representatives  : 

Rudel-Belnap  Machinery  Co. 
Toronto  and  Montreal 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


60 


C  A  N  A  D IAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


UDEmELNAP 


ACHINERY 


L  I  M  I  TED] 

— XZF — 


,.^it<m^$^m^:sMis^&0Al^AmAM#A4^^ 


THE  MODERN  WAY 
QUICKEST  WAY 

Think  of  the  time  you  save  with  these  Modern  appliances.  And 
time  was  never  as  valuable  to  you  as  it  is  at  this  period.  Labor 
is  scarce  and  the  demands  made  upon  shops  of  Canada  increases 
in  proportion  as  the  war  continues.  Modern  tools  will  help  you 
oat 

Illustration  shows  a  Modern  installation.  See  the  self-opening 
and  adjustable  die  heads  in  operation,  threading  shell  ogives. 
In  the  shop  where  the  picture  was  taken  large  production  and 
accurate  work  is  the  every-day  practice. 

Modem    Die    Heads    and    Collapsible    Taps    are    used    on    all 

5tyles    of    Hand     and     Automatic     Screw    Machines,     Turret  ' 

I-.athes.    Chucking    Machines,    Drill    Presses,    in    fact   on    any 

machine   that   is   used   for   thread-cutting. 

Complete   information    regardinfr  the  use  of  MODERN   Self- 

OpeninK   Die   Heads   upon   request. 

MODERN   TOOL   COMPANY 

Main  Office  and  Works  : 
State  and  Peach  Sts.,  Erie,  Pa.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Agents  : 
Rudel-Belnap,  Toronto  and  Montreal 

F.  WESLEY  PARKER 

RcMident  Engineer  and 

Export  Agent 

2  Rector  Street.  New  York 


IS 


the 


:.:?;i 


,;^ 


MODERN  Self-Opening 
Die  Head  and  Collapsible 
Taps  save  thou- 
sands of  dollars 
in  a  year's  time, 
but,  of  greater 
importance, 
they  are  man 
savers. 


W^m&wmMmmmmjimwMmmjiiMimmmmm 


If  what  yuu  need  in  not  advertised,    conaidl    our   Buyers'   Directory   and   write    udvertisers    listed    under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


31 


K^;;^;^ 


UDEL-KeLNAP  rlACHINERY 

^  J-/  Toronto!   JImontreal  "^-^     1 


Modern  ^ 
Self-Contained 
Plain  Grinding 
Machine 

Every   means   for   con- 
venient, rapid  and  posi- 
tive   operation    is    employed 
with  a  view  to  minimizing  the 
labor. 

MODERN  Grinding  Machines 
are  made  in  a  wide  range  of 
sizes  and  include  Plain,  Uni- 
versal and  Internal  Types. 


Speed! 


"Speed  up  production" 
to  meet  the  demands. 
MODERN  Grinding 
Machines  give  a  maxi- 
mum p  r  o  d  u  ction  of 
highly  finished  parts 
with  a  minimum  amount 
of  labor. 


Modern  Die  Chaser 


MAKE  YOUR  DIE 
TROUBLES  A   THING 
OF  THE  PAST 


4' 


Nine-tenths  of  all  die  troubles  is  due  to  imperfect  grinding,  and  a  sure, 
efficient  and  quick  way  to  eliminate  this  trouble  is  to  install  a  MODERN 
Chaser  Grinder.    Made  for  belt  drive  or  a  complete  motor  driven  unit. 

Special  attachments  for  grinding  Spring  Dies,  Pipe  Dies,  Reamers,  Taps, 
Hobs,  Spiral  and  End  Mills,  Milling  Cutters,  etc.,  can  be  furnished  with 
the  regular  equipment. 

Bulletin  CO  will  tell  you  all  about  it. 

Progressive   manufacturers   everywhere  have  realized   the   advantage 
of  equipping   with   MODERN   Machines  and  Tools. 
SERVICE  IS  OUR  WATCHWORD 

MODERN  TOOL  COMPANY 

Main   Office  and  Works: 

State  and  Peach  Streets,  Erie,  Penna. 

Canadian  Agents:     Rudel-Belnap  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto  and  Montreal 
New  York  Office  :    50  Church  Street  Chicago  Office  :    32  N.  Clinton  Street 

F.  WESLEY  PARKER 

Resident  Engineer  and  Export  Agent 
2  Rector  Street,  New  York 


mmMmm^mmmmmmmmmmm^Ami)^i^m 


If  any  advertisement  interests  uon,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


es 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


•rssssss 


R" 


UDEL-gELNAP 

A-^     TORONTO 


ACHINERY 

MONTREAI^^^^^^ 


Lathes 

Planers 

Shapers 

and 

Radial 
Drills 


Accuracy  Plus 

"  AMERICAN  "  Ma- 
chine Tools  mean  big 
returns  on  the  invest- 
ment. Their  high- 
grade  cons  truction 
guarantees  accuracy, 
and  they  are  built  to 
g  o  "one  better"  in 
speed,  which  will  be 
much  a  p  p  r  e  c  iated 
wherever  there's  a 
big  stack  of  orders  to 
fill. 

Try  one,  two,  three  or 
four,  and  the  result 
will  be  that  you'll 
want  more  and  more. 


W 


littAitaiakMb^ 


fi^^ 


Write  for  the  full 
facts  of  "AMERI- 
CAN" Machine  Tools. 

The  American 

Tool  Works  Co. 

CINCINNATI 
OHIO,   U.S.A. 


//  what  yen  ii««4  it  net  aiwtrtUtd,   oeiuitii  aitr  Biiyfr*'  I>{r*e(ory  OHd  writ*  advtrtUtri   titled  under  prop*r  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


OA  N  A  1)1  A  N     M  AC  II  I  N  K  li  Y 


Fudel-Relnap  Machinery 
W  JL/  Toronto!   amontreal 


— dZSk , 

L  I   M  I  T  K  D\ 
^_^, . 


'"^^-^-"■^'^^■'^^-^""'' "' 


nnivi'r.Hiil    i  IjL    TiiijiL    Lathe    with 
Chuckintc  Equipment. 


Flat  Turret  Lathes 

Screw  Machines 

Turret  Lathes 


CINCINNATI  ACME 


2'/4"    X    11"    Screw    Machine. 


18"   Turret   Lathe. 


2'/i"    X    26"    Flat    Turret    Lathe    with 
Bar  E(iuipmcnt. 


IN  iiil(Ji)tiiit;  CiiicinmUi  Acme  eqiiip- 
inont  you  liavi>  the  u-siinuice  nf  a 
coriiplote  line  of  the  iiighi'.^l  qual- 
ity TTiueliinery  hacked  hy  the  responsi- 
hility  of  one  maker. 

Boosts  Production 
Lowers  the  Cost 

Cincinnati  .\cme  madiines  arc  (loin)i  it 
for  some  of  the  largest  mamifiictiiriiij; 
(■(iiiccrnsof  thecoimt-ry.  Meside.-^  hoostiiiji 
piodiiclion  you'll  find  they  .-usliiin  their 
Mccuracy  at  all  tinie.>5,  and  will  haiullc  a 
great  variety  of  work.  They  arc  hiiilt 
for  years  of  rough  u.sagc,  and  save  a 
great  deal  of  the  operator's  time  hy  their 
many  features  which  cannot  he  found 
on  .-similar  (ypea. 

Onr  engineering  department  will  gladly 
facilitate  the  i^olving  of  your  prohlem 
and  make  no  charge  for  the  .«ervice. 

The  Acme 
Machine  Tool  Company 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Agent*: 

Rudel-Belnap  Machinery  Co.,  Montreal,  Toronto 


64 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


SPRACO  Pneumatic  Painting  Equipment 


Paintinc  Car  Tmclu  and  Underbodie* 


Spraco  Air  Gun  Painting 

Assures  Speed,   Thoroughness 
and  Economy 


Applying    Mill    White    to    Building    Interior,    Using    the 

Form    "P-3"    Equipment,    Extension    Pole    and 

Motar-driTcn  Air  Comprcuor. 


Why  not  do  your 
painting  the  modern 
way?  One  "handy" 
man  can  do  the  work  Ox 

3  to  12  skilled  painters,  depending  on  the  nature  of  the  work. 
Uniformly  finished  coatings  free  from  streaks  and  brush  marks 
are  produced. 

The  paint  gun  is  so  designed  that  by  means  of  interchange- 
able caps  and  nose  pieces  practically  all  classes  of  liquid  coat- 
ings can  be  applied  with  the  standard  equipment,  to  rough 
or  smooth,  metal,  wood,  brick  or  any  other  surfaces. 

Write  for  literature  and  prices,  stating  class  of  work,  name 
and  nature  of  coating,  material,  air  pressure  available,  etc. 

Where  a  supply  of  compressed  air,  suitable  for  operating 
the  equipment,  is  not  available,  we  are  prepared  to  furnish 
complete  gasoline  engine  or  motor-driven  air  compressor  units. 

Spray  Engineering  Company 


Engineers  for 

Spray  Cooling  Systems 

Irrigation  Systems 

Aerating  Reservoirs 

Air  Conditioning 

Gas  Washing 


General   Office 

93  Federal  Street 

BOSTON,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 

Cable  Address  :    Spraco  Boston 
Western  Urjion  Code 


Manufacturers  of 

Air  Washers 

Spray  Nozzles 

Painting    Equipment 

Flow  Meters 

Park  Sprinklers 


Representatives  for  Quebec  and  Ontario: 

Rudei-Belnap  Machinery  Co.,       -        95  McGill  St.,  Montreal,  Quebec 
Rudel-Belnap  Machinery  Co.,    -    26  Adelaide  St.  W.,  Toronto,  Ontario 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


66 


Crescent  Machine  Co. 


Limited 


20  Longueuil  Lane,  Montreal,  P.Q. 


^^^^1^^^ ' 

H^^^^^^^^^^l 

^^^^^H 

1^  ^^^^^^^^H 

n 

^^^^^^^^My^N 

L   ■ 

^^^^^K>:]t!f  -  !v1^^^^^^^^H 

H      H 

^^^^^^E-i^''  -I^^^^^^^H 

C.  M.  GARDINER,  President  and^GeneralJManager 

Builders  of  Special  Machinery 

Tools,  Jigs,  Gauges,  Punches  and  Dies  of  every  description 

Form  and  Standard  Cutters 

All  Glasses  of  Special  Machine  Work 


Enquiries  by  Letter  or  Wire 
Promptly  Answered 


Expert  Supervision 
Highest  Quality  Results 


66 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


More  Necessary  Now 
Than  Ever — 


The  war  taught  us  all  many  things  about  gages 
and  gaging  systems.  Gaging  made  possible  the 
greatest  production  of  machine  shop  products 
ever  attained  in  the  Dominion. 

And  now  that  peace  is  here  the  advantages  of 
gaging  will  be  more  necessary  than  ever. 

Johansson  Combination  Gage  Blocks  give  you  a 
standard  that  permits  you  to  maintain  your 
gages  in  the  face  of  inevitable  wear.  They  are 
in  use  by  practically  all  big  toolrooms. 

Johansson  Adjustable  Limit  Snap  Gages  are  put 
into  the  hands  of  operators  and  inspectors  after 


Johansson 
Gaging 
System 

The  Swedish  Gage  Company 

10  Cathcart  Street,  Montreal 


being  carefully  set  and  sealed  to  the  "go"  and 
"not  go"  sizes  of  the  work  to  be  gaged.  They 
prevent  the  attempt  to  work  to  "absolute  dimen- 
sion," and  can  be  reset  as  often  as  is  necessary 
to  keep  them  to  size — when  sizes  change,  when 
limits  change  or  when  wear  takes  place. 

Twenty-one  sizes  give  all  dimensions  up  to  12 
inches. 

lie  nil  re  to  yet  our  new  cataloy  and  discounts. 


1 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


.87 


(iflRlOCK-WflLK[R  NMCHINERV  CQ 


32  FRONT  ST.  WEST. 


TORONTO 


LIMITCP 


TELEPHONE  MAIN  5M« 


Labor -Saving  and  Time -Saving 

Machinery 


T  N  ALL  manufacturing 
plants,  under  present 
conditions,  up  -  to  -  the- 
minute  labor-saving  and 
time  -  saving  machinery 
is  an  absolute  necessity 
from  a  profitable  busi- 
ness standpoint. 


tN  no  other  way  can 
-■■  the  manufacturer  so 
readily  reduce  the  cost 
of  his  product  without 
detracting  from  its  qual- 
ity. 


WE  WILL  on  request, 
without  obligation 
on  your  part,  send  cuts 
and  descriptions  of  the 
latest  improved  ma- 
chines for  any  opera- 
tion. They  give  infor- 
mation that  will  be  valu- 
able for  your  files. 


A  Partial  List  of  Our  Leading  Machines 


(SeelFol lowing  Paget) 


Automatic    and    Screw    Cut- 
ting   Machines 

Lathes — Tool    Room 
Engine 
Turret 
Heavy   Duty 

Shapers — Single 

Back    Geared 

Drills-Sensitive 

Sliding  Head 

Radial 

Multiple  Spindle 

Millers — Plain 

Universal 

Circular 

Vertical 

Automatic 

Manufacturing 


Grinders — Surface 
Internal 
Cylindrical 
Cutter  and  Reamer 
Tool 
Chucks — Universal 

Independent 
Magnetic 
Planers — Standard 

Heavy    Pattern 
Multi-speed 

Electric    Motors 
Air  Compressors 
Furnaces 
Blowers 

Alligator      Shears— High     or 
Low   Knife 

Punches  and  Shears — 

Cored   and   Solid  Frame 
Steel    Plate    Combination 


Angle  Bar  and  Sheet  Shears 
Rotary    Bevel    Shears 
Rotary    Splitting    Shears 

Punch    Presses — Straight 

Inclinable 
Keyseaters 
Boring    Mills 
Broachers    and    Reamers 
Slotters 
Buffing  and   Polishing 

Machines 
Electric    Drills   and    Grinders 
Pneumatic   Drills    and 

Grinders 

Hammers  —  Power 

Pneumatic 

Steam 

Drop 

Riveting 

Chipping 


Bending   Brakes 

Friction  Saws 

Bending    and    Straightening 

Rolls 
Flanging    Clamps 
Rotary   and    Plate    Planers 
Riveting    Machinery 
Hydraulic  Machinery 
Pneumatic    Machinery 
Flue    Shop   Equipment 
Spring    Shop   Equipment 
Railroad   Shop   Tools 
Bulldozers 
Testing   Machinery 
Band  and   Wheel    Presses 
Special  Machinery 
Pattern  Shop 

and    all    kinds    of 
Woodworking    Machinery 


Garlock-Walker  Machinery  Company,  Limited 

■ 

32  Front  St.  West,  Toronto,  Canada 
TORONTO  MONTREAL  WINNIPEG 


METAL  and  WOODWORKING  MACHINERY  of  all  Kinds 


//  avy  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


68 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Ryerson  Light  and  Heavy  Duty 

Machine  Tools 


A   ligrht    type   drill,    having    hand 
wheel,     hand      lever     and     auto- 
matic feed. 


Shaperfi  of  any  standard  size  can  be  promptly  shipped 
from  stock. 


No.   3    Ryerson-Conradiion    HiRh    Power   Single   Pulley 
Drive    Uni vernal    Milling:    Machine. 


This    type    of    Lathe    furnished    in    various    sizes    from 
34"    to    96"    swinR. 


Ryerson  Planers  are  designed  to  meet  all  conditions 
influencing;  modern  shop  work  and  have  every  facility 
for  high  speed  production  and  accuracy  of  aligrnment. 


liyerson   4'    Plafai    Radial    Drilling   Machine    with   gear 
box    drive. 


GflRLOCK-WflLKER  MflCHINERY  CO. 


,      TORONTO       MONTREAL       WINNIPEG 
REPRESENTATIVES    OF 

Joseph  T  Ryerson  &  Son 

CHICAOO.  ILLINOIS.  U.  S.  A. 

RYERSON    SPECIAL    MACHINERY 
AND    MACHINE    TOOLS. 


The  Sign  of  Service 


WRITE    FOR    COMPLETE    CATALOG 


If  what  you  need  t»  not  advertised,   consult  our  Buyert'  Directory  and  write  advertisere  Hated  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Spring  Shop  Equipment 

Complete  Equipment  for  Railroad  Spring  Shops 


^^. 


This   machine   is   so  constructed    that  after  the  spring: 

leaves    are    taper    rolled,    a    swedsing    attachment 

forces    the    metal    back    to    the    proper    width. 


By    use    of    this    machine    sprin£s    may    be    banded 
without    change    of   position. 


t 

Jh^ 

The    most    improved    type    of    Sprinar    Former    now   on 
the   market. 


Ryerson    Combined    Shearing    and    Hot    Punchinjr    Ma- 
chine  is   designed   for  cold   shearing:   spring  stf>ck  and 
for   hot   punchins:  slots  for   inside   hangers   as   well  as 
notching   for   outside   hangers. 


GflRL0CK-W/3LKER(Y)flCHINERyCO.  i 


>      TORONTO       MONTREAL       WINNIPEG       * 
REPRESENTATIVES    OF 

Joseph  IRyerson  &  Son 

CHICAGO,  ILUNOIS,  U.  S.  A. 

RYERSON    SPECIAL    MACHINERY 
,4  AND    MACHINE    TOOLS.  m 


The  Sign  of  Service 

WRITE    FOR    COMPLETE    CATALOG 


If  any  advertisement  intereala  you,  tear  it  out  note  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


70 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Voloine  XX 


Flue   Shop   Equipment 

Full   Range    of  Flue    Shop    Equipment    and    Reclaiming   Machines 


Si*S, 


Ryerson  Hot  Saw  and  Tube 
Expander. 


A    Universal    Machine    for    cutting    and    cleaning 
from    IVi"   to    BVz"   flues. 


The   Hartz  Flae  Welder.     A  machine  particalarly 
adapted   for  railroad  shops. 


With    this    machine    safe    ends    are    accurately    cut    to 
length,   scarfed   and    finished    complete    in    any    length 
from   214"   to    12". 


GflRLOCK-WflLKER  (YlflCHINERV  CO. 


TORONTO      MONTREAL       WINNIPEG 
REPRESENTATIVES    OF 

Joseph  T.Ryerson  &  Son 

CHICAGO.  ILUNOIS,  U.  S.  A. 

RYERSON    SPECIAL    MACHINERY 
AND    MACHINE    TOOLS.  , 


Thr    RTcnran-Baird    Fine    Hattler   will   clean   3M   tW  tabM   at  one   time. 


The  Sign  of  Service 


WRITE    FOR    COMPLETE    CATALOG 


If  what  you  need  it  not  advertiied,    conauU   0U7    Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY. 


n 


Metal  Working  Machinery 

For  Structural  and  Bridge^iWorks,  Tank  and  Boiler  Works,  Shipyards, 
Car  and  Locomotive  Works  and  Railway  Repair^Shops 


We    build    Plate    Planers    of    any    required    size,    arranged    for   belt   or 
motor   drive   and   equipped   with   pneumatic,    hydraulic   or   screw  Jacks. 


^o.  4  Ryerson  High  Speed  Friction  Saw  for 
rutting:  Structurals,  round  and  square  bars. 


This  machine  is  designed  for  straight  shear- 
ng   of  sheets   and   plates   and   can    be  effi- 
ciently  used   for  cutting   round   and  square 
or   flat   bars. 


Ryerson    Boiler    Shop    Radial    Drill    is    de- 
signed   principally    for    the    use    of    boiler 
makers,   bridge  and  shipbuilders. 


The    most    efficient    machine    now    on    the 

market    for    beveling    irregular    and    curved 

sheets,    boiler    heads,    flanges,    dome   sheets, 

plates,  angles,  etc. 


pr 

^53Pd 

P 

'!;  'f^-        ^ 

y 

«     •! 

We    can     furnish     Cored     Frame    or    Solid 

Frame,  Single  or  Double  End   Punches  and 

Shears  of  various  capacities  and   depths  of 

throats. 


Ryerson    Steel    Frame    High    Power    Quin- 
tuple    Punching     and     Shearing     Machine, 
built    in    different    sizes    and    with    various 
combinations. 


GflRLOCK-WflLKERMflCHINERyCO. 


TORONTO       MONTREAL       WINNIPEG 
REPRESENTATIVES    OF 


Plate  Bending  Rolls  of  any  capacity  and  distance  between  housings  and 
arranged   for   belt  or  motor    drive   can   be   furnished   upon   request. 


Joseph  T Ryerson  &  Son 

CHICAQO,  ILLINOIS.  U.  S.  A. 

RYERSON    SPECIAL    MACHINERY 
AND    MACHINE    TOOLS. 


The  Sign  of  Service 


WRITE    FOR    COMPLETE    CATALOG 


If  any  advertisement  interestt  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


72 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


i  ■llllllHIHlllllllilf 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY. 


78 


LODGE  &  SHIPLEY  LATHES 


All  Lodge  &  Shipley  Lathes  have:  Chilled  Ways,  Steel  Gears  (made 
from  special  forgings  and  heat  treated);  Double  Nose  Spindle; 
Micrometer  Ball  Stop  on  Cross  Feed ;  Thread  Chasing  Dial ;  Quick 
Change  Gears,  etc. 

Can  be  furnished  with:  Taper  Attachment;  Relieving  Attachment; 
Draw-in  Chucks  and  Collets;  Turret  on  Carriage;  Turret  on  Bed; 
Four-way  Tool  Block;  Gang  Block  with  Adjustable  Tool  Holder,  or 
Gang  Swivel  Tool  Holder. 

Made  in  the  following  styles: 

Triple  Geared  Head. 

Selective  Geared  Head. 

Three-Step  Cone,  double  back  geared. 

Portable  Lathe. 

Manufacturing  Lathe — Has  multiple,  longitudinal  and  cross  feed 
stops,  connected  compound  and  plain  rests,  pan,  pump  and  tub- 
ing.    Unequalled  for  rapid  production. 

Tool  Room  Lathe — With  complete  equipment  for  the  most  exacting 
requirements. 

For  full  particulars  and  stock  list,  apply  to 

Garlock-Walker  Machinery  Company,  Limited 

32  Front  Street  West,  Toronto,  Canada 
TORONTO  MONTREAL  WINNIPEG 

"Everything  in  Woodworking  and  Metal  Working  Machinery" 


If  any  advertisement  inte'^eats  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


74 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Vertical  Boring  and  Turning  Mills 


Handle  a  wide  variety 
of  work,  not  expedient 
on  other  machines,  par- 
ticularly the  unusual — 
the  irregular. 

Ask  us  for  particulars 
on  any  size;  single  or 
double  heads,  motor  or 
belt  drive. 


Save  on  Your  Small  Work 

It  certainly  is  false  economy  to  use  your  large  Planers  and  Millers  for  small 
work.  A  small  machine  can  be  handled  so  much  more  quickly  than  the  larger  that  the 
saving  in  time  and  labour  is  obvious. 

The  John  Steptoe 
Co.,  Cincinnati, 

specialize  in  build- 
ing Shapers  and 
Millers. 

Get  our  bulletins  describing 
Shapers,  16-in.,  20-ih.,  24-in. 
single  or  back  geared. 
Millers,  hand  or  power  feed, 
lever  or  screw  elevation, 
plain  or  back  geared. 

Garlock- Walker  Machinery  Company 

Limited 

32  Front  St.  West,  TORONTO,  Canada 

TORONTO  ^     MONTREAL  WINNIPEG 

"Everything  in   Woodworking  and  Metalworking  Machinery" 


If  any  advertisement  intere$tt  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


December  26,  1<)18  C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  X  E  R  Y  TB 


SPECIAL  HIGH  GRADE 

FORGING  BILLETS 

Marine     Steel     (Lloyd's  specification) 

Chrome  Steel 

Chrome  Vanadium 

Nickel  Steel 

Chrome  Nickel 


SPECIAL  ALLOY  STEEL 

FOR 

PUNCHES 

And   Other   Special   Steels   for  Various   Purposes. 


PROMPT  SHIPMENT. 

WRITE  FOR  PRICES. 


The  ANDREWS  STEEL  CO. 

NEWPORT,  KY.,  U.S.A. 


Cable  Address:      'ASCO  "  NEWPORT 


79 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


CONSERVATION 


WASTE 

Oxy-Acetylene  Welding  is 
proving  a  great  economic 
factor  in  the  Factories, 
Mills,  Railroads,  Mines  and 
Machine  Shops  of  Canada. 
The  Nation's  scrap  pile  is 
one  of  the  worst  enemies  of 
Conservation.  Hundreds  of 
thousands  of  dollars'  worth 
of  damaged,  worn,  or 
broken  tools,  castings,  pipe  and  machine  parts  lie  rusting 
on  the  scrap  piles  of  this  country.  Much  of  this  enormous 
waste  is  now  being  eliminated  by  Oxy-Acetylene  Welding 
Losses  due  to  breakdowns — resulting  in  "tie-ups"  of  oper- 
ating equipment — are  also  being  greatly  reduced. 


is  ideal  for  all  classes  of  metal  repair 
work.  It  handles  repairs  quickly  and 
efficiently — often  right  on  the  spot — 
makes  broken  or  worn  parts  strong  as 
when  new — saves  time  which  would  be 
wasted  waiting  for  replacements — abol- 
ishes the  "Scrap  Pile." 

The  welding  outfit  is  portable — avail- 


able for  outside  work  as  well  as  for  shop 
use. 

No  matter  what  other  welding  method 
you  now  use,  a  Pr^st-0-Lite  outfit  put  to 
work  in  your  shops  will  quickly  pay  you 
profits. 

Write  now  for  special  literature  and 
data  that  will  point  out  ways  to  reduce 
waste  and  increase  efficiency. 


Address  Department  C-107 

Prest-0-Lite  Company  of  Canada,  Limited 

Prest-O-Lite  Bldg.,  corner  Elm  St.  and  Centre  Ave. 

TORONTO 

PLANTS  AT- 

Toronto,  Ont.  Shawinigan  Falls,  P.Q. 

Merritton,  Ont.  St.  Boniface,  Man. 


December  26.  1918  CANADIAN     MACHINERY  '  77 


Established  1840 


FIRTH'S 
TOOL  STEELS 

Insure 

Maximum  Production 
At  Minimum  Cost 


ij 


FIRTH'S  SPEEDICUT  HIGH  SPEED  STEEL 

FIRTH'S  EXTRA  CARBON  TOOL  STEEL 

FIRTH'S  BEST  CARBON  TOOL  STEEL 

Standard  Brands  of  World-Wide  Reputation. 


THOS.  FIRTH  &  SONS,  LIMITED 


Norfolk  Works  and  Tinsley  Works 

SHEFFIELD     ::     ENGLAND 

Works  also  at:  McKeegport,  Pa.  and    Washington,  D.C. 

449  St.  Paul  St.  West,  MONTREAL 


CANADIAN  WAREHOUSES  ^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^.^^  S^     TORONTO 


J.  A.  SHERWOOD, 

Canadian   Manager 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


78 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Smelters'  and 


Welders'  Goggles 


for 

Smelters  and  Welders 

Acetylene  Torch 
Workers 

Riveters 

Grinders 

Forgers 

Power  Chlslers 

Furnace  Workers 

Metal  Provers 

Stone  Cutters 

Lathe  Workers 

14%  of  All  Accidents  are  EYE  Accidents 


'nf 


Almost  all  Eye  Accidents 
are  preventable  by  the 
use  of 

Safety  Goggles 


Write  for  special  classified  Industrial  Eye  Protector  Catalogue 

Consolidated  Optical  Company,  Limited 

Largest  Optical  Manufacturers  in  the  British  Empire 

400  Richmond  St.  West,  Toronto  346  Donald  St.,  Winnipeg 

29  Notre  Dame  St.  West,  Montreal  334  Cordova  St.  West,  Vancouver 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


n 


U" 

A  Little  Talk  on  Compressed  Air 

T  T  SE  compressed  air  in  the  machine  shop  for 
direct  lift  hoists  and  air  chucks,  in  the  as- 
sembly shop  for  pneumatic  chipper  and  drill,  in 
the  foundry  for  sand-rammer  and  "Imperial" 
motor-type  hoist.  Think  of  the  future  trade 
ahead  of  Canada  and  prepare. 

Be  Prepared  for  the  Big  Trade  to  Come 

We  stand  ready  to  help  you  in  your  after-the-war  prob- 
lems. C-I-R-Co  Air  Compressors,  Pneumatic  Tools  of 
all  kinds,  air  hoists,  direct  and  motor  types,  are  all  back- 
ed by  our  twenty-five  years'  experience  in  the  Canadian 
trade. 


C-I-R-CO  stands  for  service 


Canadian  In^ersoll-Rand  Company 


CANADIAN  INGERSOLL-RAND  CO.,  LTD. 

With  Offices  at 
SYDNEY,  SHERBROOKE,        MONTREAL,        TORONTO,     •    COBALT,  TIMMINS,  WINNIPEG,  NELSON,  VANCOUVER 


80 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Vohime  XX. 


PINK   LINE 

Logging  Tools  and  Handles 

Made-in-Canada  products — headquarters  for  British  Empire  for 
all  Lumbering  Tools. 

In  every  lumber  camp  in  Canada  you'll  find  PINK'S  famous 
lumbering  tools.  They  are  the  favorites  there  and  have  won  the 
esteem  of  all  woodsmen  through  their  superior  merit.  They  are 
world-renowned  and  are  extensively  used  in  Australia,  New 
Zealand  and  other  countries  where  the  lumbering  industry  thrives. 

EXPORTERS    TO    EUROPE 

We  ship  to  Britain  and  her  Allies  the  same  good  quality  of  lumbering  tools 
that  have  made  Pink's  tools  a  by-word  in  the  matter  of  good  tools  in  all  Cana- 
dian lumber  oamj)*.     Knquiries  cordially  solicited. 

ALSO  MAKERS  OF  CAR  MOVERS 

Sold  throughout  Canada  by  all  wholesale  and  retail  hardware  merchants. 

Long  Distance  Phone  No.  87. 

The  Thomas   Pink   Co.,  Limited 

Pembroke,  Ontario,  Canada 


//  what  you  need  is  not  advertUed,     consult   oui    Buyers'   Directory   and   write   advertisers    listed    under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918  C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y  8t 


Save  on  Your  Oxygen  Bill 

50  to  150%  by  installing 

Improved  Levin  Oxy-Hydrogen  Generators 

And  get  100  cu.  ft.  99.85%  PURE  OXYGEN 
and  200   cu.  ft.  Hydrogen  per  27  K.W.H. 

SEND  US  YOUR  INQUIRIES 

Unit  of  a  plant 

Canadian  Agents: 

Welding  &  Supplies  Co. 

C.  ROYER,  Mgr.  Office,  2602Second  Ave.,  Maisonneuve 

Formerly  Gen.  Man.  L'Air  Liquide  Society.|  Works,  1227  Ontario  East,  Montreal 

We  are  Handling  and  Stocking  the  Following: 

REGO  WELDING  TORCHES.  Designed  upon  a  new  principle,  permitting  to  obtain 
100%  efficiency,  and  eliminating  flashback.  This  torch  will  not  flash  back  under  con- 
ditions which  easily  flash  any  other  torch.  Better  efliciency  means  economy  of  oxygen, 
no  flashback  means  speed  of  work. 

REGO  CUTTING  TORCHES.  Improved  designed  cutting  torch,  cutting  in  confined 
areas,  nicking,  drilling  holes  through  heavy  metal  where  the  oxide  fly  against  the  tip 
will  not  make  it  flash.  One  piece  copper  tip.  Can  be  used  for  hydrogen  cutting  simply 
by  a  change  of  tips. 

REGO  REGULATORS  for  OXYGEN,  ACETYLENE,  HYDROGEN.  Have  been  lead- 
ers since  the  inception  of  the  process.  More  Rego  regulators  are  in  use  than  any  other 
sold  in  this  continent.    Absolutely  reliable  and  satisfactory. 

WELDING  GOGGLES  with  "Essentialite"  Lenses  (protecting  the  eyes  against  harm- 
ful rays).    Several  styles  in  stock. 

HIGH  SILICON  CAST  IRON  RODS,  3/16",  14",  3/^;  1/,"  dia.    Guaranteed  Quality. 
COPPER-COATED  SWEDOX  WELDING  RODS.     The  highest  grade   of  welding 
rods,  not  dead  soft  or  hot  short,  practically  free  from  injurious  elements  like  sulphur 
and  phosphorus;  suitable  for  boiler  welding,  etc.,  etc. 

VANADIUM  and  NICKEL  STEEL  RODS  for  crank  shafts,  axles,  gears,  etc. 
TOBIN  BRONZE,  drawn,  first-class  quality  for  malleable  iron,  bronze,  etc. 
SOFT  BRAZING  WIRE.    First-class  quality;  Vs"  and  14"  dia.  in  coils. 

ALUMINIUM  RODS.  FLUXES  for  every  purpose,  cast  iron,  steel,  brass,  bronze, 
copper,  aluminium. 

SPARK  LIGHTERS.  HOSES,  plain  or  armored.  GLOVES.  ASBESTOS  PAPER 
specially  made  for  welding  purposes.      EVERYTHING  required  for  Welding. 


//  any  adverthemi'nt  iiifciests  you,  tfar  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


82 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


^ymSfeelBi 


Speed  Up! 

You  Can't|Set  Too 

Fast  a  Pace  for 

Stellite 


There's  not  enough  power  in  the 
strongest  lathe  made  to  make  it 
burn  up  and  crumble.  Can  you 
say  as  much  of  a  tool  steel? 
Compare  the  two  in  actual  use 
and  see. 

STELLITE  is  so  tough  that  it  will 
cut  metal  25%  to  300%  faster 
than  best  high-speed  steel.  It 
holds  its  temper  to  any  heat  be- 
low 2000°  F.    Prove  it. 

Deloro  Smelting  &  Refininlg 
Company,  Limited 

DELORO  ONTARIO 


Branch    Warehouses  : 

Torontoan^M^itrear 


i 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


|fc=jrr^&4it^=dN^-4ui — a.uaiu=miL^^HJ 


HI 


u 

Increases  Speed  and 

Production  Up 

to  300^0 

Tools   made   of   STELLITE   stand   up 

to  speeds  and  feeds  far  in  excess  of 

that  of  the  very  best  High  Speed  tool 

steels. 

STELLITE  is  not  a  steel.    It  is  a  hard 

and  tough  alloy.     Not  a  particle  of 

iron  in  it.     Has  no  temper  and  cuts 

as  well  when  hot  as  cold. 

Try  it  and  observe  the  costs  go  down 

and  the  production  go  up. 

Deloro  Smelting  &  Refining 
Company,  Limited 

Deloro,  Ontario 

Branch  ^Warehouses  : 
TORONTO 

and 
MONTREAL 


Mt  Steel  ButlisMis^r 


i 


\ 


ib=ni^i^<xsz    nil    III    \\yy^ 


\ 


\ 


84 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


PORTERCABLE 


This  LATHE  is  not  a  war  machine.  In  fact,  it  was  brought  out  before  the  war  started, 
and  is  capable  of  the  highest  efficiency  in  all  manufacturing  activities  incident  to 

PIPING  TIMES  OF  PEACE 

In  TOOL  ROOM  or  FACTORY  it  has  the  accuracy  of  build  to  meet  most  refined 
requirements  and  the  WEIGHT,  STRENGTH  and  "PEP"  to  delight  the  Production 
Engineer. 

Occupies  211/2"  X  421/2"  of  floor  space,  and  is  built  in  two  lengths  of  Bed,  having  capacity 
between  centers  of  14"  and  20"  respectively.  Swings  9".  The  cut  shows  simply  a  plain 
Lathe.  It  may  be  equipped,  however,  with  any  of  the  following  attachments,  accord- 
ing to  requirements: 


Back  Facing  Attachment 
Threading  Attachment 
Taper  Attachment 
Compound  Rest 
Turret  Tool  Post 


Lever  Chuck  Closer 
Wheel  Operated  Chuck  Closer 
Lever  Operated  Tail  Spindle 
Automatic  Quick  Return  of  Carriage 
Gang  Tool  Holders 


Catalogue  tells  the  whole  story.    You  will  please  us  by  asking  for  one. 

The  Porter-Cable  Machine  Co. 


SYRACUSE 


NEW  YORK,  U.S.A. 


//  lehat  you  need  u  not  advertUed,    consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  Hated  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


86 


These 
Machines 
Give  the 
Exceptionally 
Good  Service 
You  Expect 
of  Them 


Showing:  our  No.   1  Hoist  with  gasoline  engrine. 

Write  for  circular  of  other  sizes,  styles,  prices,  etc.  WE  ALSO  MANUFAC- 
TURE Concrete  Mixers,  Pumps,  Wheelbarrovfs,  Contractors'  Machinery, 
Special   Forgings,  Drop   Forgings,  etc.,  etc. 

WRITE  FOR  PRICES   AND  DELIVERIES 


Our  Steam    Engrinefl   built   to  stand  np. 
Do  not  fall  down  on  the  Job. 


ST.   CLAIR  BROTHERS,    galt,  Ontario,  Canada 


Can  Absolutely   Guarantee 

The   highest   degree   of    Accuracy    obtainable 
in  lO"  Universal  Index  Centers 

In  our  many  years  of  experience 
and  specializing  on  Index  Centers. 
We  have  developed  many  special 
machines,  fixtures,  testing  tools, 
for  making  Index  Centers  accurate. 

PROMPT  DELIVERY 


Patents  Pending. 

FOR    ACCURACY    GET    DICKOW'S 


Sold  by  dealers. 


Write  us  to-day. 


FRED.  C.  DICKOW 


37  So.  Desplaines  Street 
CrilCAGO,    ILL. 


//  any  advertisement  inteieats  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  ■place  with  letters  to  bs  answered. 


86 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


WAR  is  destructive.    Peace  is  constructive.   War  has  taught 
us  many  things,  chief  of  which  is  the  great  value  of  Time, 
Time  is  the  essence  of  your  life  and  mine.   Whatever  saves  Time,  saves  Life. 


Superior 


The  Nationally  Known  FIRST  QUALITY 

HIGH  SPEED  STEEL 

Is  the  Avowed  Enemy  of  Waste  and  Inefficiency,  and  is  Allied  with  Life 

Save  Time,  Save  Life.    Are  your 
Tools  made  of  T^^iftrf'? 

Vanadium-Alloys 
Steel  Co. 

General  Sales  Offices,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Works,  Latrobe,  Pa. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


87 


88 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Stewart  Furnaces 


(GAS  OR  OIL) 


For  Bending,  Forming,  Shaping,  etc. 


DROP  HAMMER  FORGE 


Where  a  quick,  intense 
heat  is  required  a  direct 
flame  is  necessary. 
Opening  both  ends  if 
pieces  are  to  be  heated 
toward  centre  only. 

The  width  or  depth  may 
be  changed  from  stan- 
dard sizes  at  a  slight  in- 
crease in  cost.  The  forge 
shown  here  is  made  in 
eight  sizes.  A  stock  size 
in  any  type  is  preferable, 
as  repairs  are  always 
available  and  much 
cheaper. 

Tell  us  what  work  you  have  and  the  guarantees  to  be  handled  and  a  recommen- 
dation will  be  made  on  the  one  to  do  it. 

STEWART  FURNACES 

have  always  been  sold  on  a  money-back,  thirty-day  trial  offer.  Catalog  No.  6i 
shows  over  loo  types  and  sizes  and  contains  reliable  data  on  heat-treating 
methods. 

CHICAGO  FLEXIBLE  SHAFT  CO. 

CHICAGO,  U.S.A 


//  what  you  need  i$  not  advertised,    eoriBvlt   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write   advertisers   listed   under  proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


89 


STEWART  FURNACES 

(GAS  OR  OIL) 

For  the  Heat  Treatment  of  Metal 


No.  28  Oven 


The  makers  of  the 
lathes,  planers,  cutters 
and  special  tools  used  in 
your  present  work  and 
advertised  in  this  paper 
use  Stewart  furnaces 
somewhere  in  the  pro- 
cess of  manufacture. 

Ask  them  their 
experience 


Ovens  (indirect  heat)  in  all  sizes  from  the 
small  one  to  the  left  with  heating  space  8  in. 
X  12  in.  X  4  in.  high  for  carbon  or  high-speed 
steel,  to  the  one  shown  below  with  an  open- 
ing 20  in.  high,  36  in.  wide  and  72  in.  deep. 
For  treating  motor  cylinders,  shell  cases, 
case  hardening,  annealing,  etc. 


No.  36  Oven 


CHICAGO  FLEXIBLE  SHAFT  CO. 

CHICAGO,  U.S.A. 


consult    our    Buyers*   Directory   and   write   advrrtisers    listed    under   proper   heading. 


90 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


RIVETED 

STEEL  TANKS 

THE  illustrations  on  this  page  are  from  photographs  of  the  Fuel 
Oil  installation  built  for  the  Steel  Company  of  Canada,  at  Hamil- 
ton, Ont. 

We  build  riveted  steel  tanks  for  every  purpose,  such  as : — 

OIL  STORAGE,  GASOLINE  TANKS,  AIR  RECIEVERS,  PNEUMATIC 
WATER  SUPPLY  TANKS,  SMOKE  STACKS,  BOILER  BREECHING, 
BINS  AND  HOPPERS. 

Let  us  quote  on  your  requirements.     Heavy  and  Light  Steel  Plate  Con- 
struction erected  anywhere. 

TORONTO     IRON     WORKS 


HEAD  OFFICE: 
ROYAL  BANK  BLDG. 


LIMITED 

TORONTO 


WORKS: 

CHERRY  STREET 


//  what  you  need  U  not  advertiaed,   contult   ovr  Buyers'  Directory  and  write   advertisers   listed  tender  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY. 


91 


WINNIPEG 


Manufacturers^  Agent 

567  Banning  Street 


MANITOBA 


MACHINERY 

AND  SUPPLIES 

MACHINE  Shops  of  Canada  get  quick  and  economical 
service  by  ordering  from  us.    We  handle  the  products 
of  leading  manufacturers. 

Agents  for 


Garlock-Walker  Machinery  Co.,  Tor- 
onto —  Wood-working  and  Metal- 
working;   Machinery. 

Canadian  Sirocco  Co.,  Ltd.,  Windsor, 
Ont. — Ventilating  Apparatus,  Steam 
Traps. 

E.  Leonard  &  Sons,  London,  Ont. — 
Boilers   and   Engines. 

Main    Belting    Co.    of    Canada,    Ltd., 


Montreal — Anaconda  and  Leviathan 
Belting. 

Ric-Wil  Co.,  Cleveland— Heat  Insulat- 
ing   Products. 

Falls  Machine  Co.,  Sheboygan  Falls, 
Wis. — Automatic   Engine   Stops. 

The  Wm.  B.  Pierce  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.Y. 
— Dean  Boiler  Tube  Cleaner  and  Hay's 
Gas    Analysis   Instruments. 


Extra  Big  Stock  of 

Leviathan    and  Anaconda    Belting 

Western  Representative  for 

RICH  HIGH  SPEED  DRILLS 

REAMERS  and  CHUCKS 
Stocked  for  Prompt  Deliveries 


If  iny  advertiaement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


92 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


WILL  IT  PAY  YOU  TO  INSTALL 
BALL  BEARINGS  IN  YOUR  FAC- 
TORY? Everyone  admits  that|Ball 
Bearings  WILL  save  Power,  BUT, 
will  they  last  long  enough]  to  pay 
for  the  extra  initial  cost  ? 

Here  is  the  Answer: 


COAL. 


Apart  from  their  abilitv^to 
save  75',;  of  friction  loss 
CHAPMAN  Double  Ball  Bear- 
ings make  a  material  cut  in 
coal  expense.  Records  in  one 
plant  show  a  50',;  cut  in  the 
coal  bill.  With  coal  scarce 
and  high  in  price  CHAPMAN 
DOUBLE  BAIL  BEARINGS 
should  be  adopted  in  place 
of  plain  bearings  with'nit 
delay. 

A  saving  of  fuel,  a  saving  «n 
power,  a  saving  of  lubricant 
and  attention  all  features 
of  CHAPMAN  DOUBLE  BALL 
BEARINGS  should  com- 
mand your  attention  in  these 
days  of  super-efficiency  and 
economy.  Thoroughly  dust 
proof  and  oil  proof. 


Chapman  Double  Ball  Bearings  when  taken  down,  after  ten  years  of  continuous  heavy 
service,  showed  NO  SIGNS  OF  WEAR.  The  average  savings  of  Power  in  any  factory  will  pay 
for  your  installation  in  two  years.  Therefore,  you  will  save  one-half  the  cost  of  your  Ball 
Bearings  every  year  after  the  second  year  from  date  of  installation.  Apart  from  this  you  will 
also  save  the  cost  of  lubrication  necessary  in  Babbitt  Bearings;  a  proportion  of  the  cost  of 
your  belts,  owing  to  longer  life  through  lack  of  oil-drip.  You  will  also  obtain  greater  pro- 
duction, owing  to  continuous  service  through  lack  of  hot-box  trouble. 

These  Bearings  will  fit  any  adjustable  Hanger  on  the  market  to-day. 

Chapman  Double  Ball  Bearing  Co.  of  Canada,  Limited 

339-351  Sorauren  Avenue,  Toronto,  Ontario 
TRANSMISSION   BALL   BEARING  CO.,  Inc.,   32  West  St.,  Buffalo,  N.Y. 


December  26.  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


98 


THE  WEST 
TIRE  SETTER 


1^ 


ANY   TIME    YOU  SAY,    we'll 

take  up  the  matter  with  you  and  demon- 
strate the  efficiency  of  our  machines  to 
your  perfect  satisfaction 

THE    ROCHESTER   HELVE 


The  West  Tire  Setter, 
Tires,  Wheels  and  Band  Hubs 

COLD 

Saves  time,  labor  and  expense, 
increases  the  capacity  of  the 
shop,    and    EARNS    MONEY 


Rochester  Helve 
Hammers  are  ad- 
justable for  length 
of  stroke  while  run- 
ning, have  non- 
crystallizable  I-beam 
frames  and  separate, 
heavy  weight  anvils. 
Long  stroke  provides 
for  handling  larger 
work  than  other 
hammers  of  the 
same  head  sizes  and 
the  springy  forging 
blows  delivered  by 
the  solid  hickory 
helves  combine  ad- 
vantages of  forging 
and  drop  hammers — 
do  special  die  work 
which  cannot  be  dup- 
licated by  hand. 


HAMMER 

i  _    6  Sizes  -2  Styles  of  Frames 


EVERY  MACHINE  SHOP,  WAGON  SHOP,    REPAIR   SHOP   WOirLD  BE  WELL  EQUIPPED  WITH  AN  R.H.H. 

THE  WEST  TIRE  SETTER  CO.,  ROCHESTER,  N.Y. 

SEND  FOR  THE  WEST  TIRE  SETTER  CO.  BOOKS  ON  THESE  MACHINES. 


When  you  walk  through  the  plant 
and  see  a  gang  of  men  hauling  and 
straining  to  move  a  heavy  load,  call 
to  mind  that  this  is  the  twentieth 
century,  and  get  right  in  touch  with 

The  Herbert  Morris  Crane  &  Hoist 
Company,  Ltd.,  Niagara  Falls,  Canada 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  awtwered. 


»4 


C  A  N  A  n  T  A  \    M  A  C  H  T  N  K  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


In  anticipation  of  an  early  resumption  of  a  large  demand  we  are  rapidly  add- 
ing, and  expect  by  the  end  of  January  next,  to  again  have  a  large  complete  stock, 
as  under  pre-war  conditions,  of 


HIGH  SPEED  STEEL 

INTRA  (Carbon-Tungsten  Alloy)  STEEL 

Combining  toughness  with  hardness. 

Is  unshrinkable  as  steel  can  be  made. 

Non-fussy  to  handle.    Extra  soft  annealed. 

Heat  treatment  same  as  any  first-class  straight  carbon  steel. 

Suitable  for  taps,  reamers,  threading  tools,  blanking  dies,  punches, 

shear  blades,  gun  snaps,  etc. 

If  you  want  a  steel  that  will  give  you  from  one  and  a  half  to  three 

times  the  results  of  the  best  grades  of  straight  carbon  tool  steel, 

try  INTRA. 


GIBRALTAR  STEEL 

Highest  quality,  straight  carbon,  crucible-made  tool  stefel 


'Hhz 


ICO  STEEL 

For  chisels,  blacksmiths'  tools,  etc. 


TOOL  STEEL  FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE 

Hot  and  cold  rolled  carbon  and  high-speed  tool  steel. 
For  circular  saws,  springs,  etc. 


Cold  rolled  mild  steel  for  shafting. 


•  Twist  Drills,  Taps,  Hack  Saw  Blades,  Milling  Cutters,  Files,  etc. 
Music  Wire'  for  Springs,  Steel  Balls. 

Circular  Saws — for  wood  and  for  hot  or  cold  metal  cutting. 
Machine  Knives — for  cutting  wood,  paper,  tobacco,  agricultural. 

H.  BOKER  &  CO.,  INC.,  332  St.  James  St.,  Montreal,  P.Q. 

.  .«,  Sole  Agents  for  Novo  Steel  Works,  Sheffield,  England 


If  what  you  need  it  not  advertised,    contiilc   our   Buy  erg'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Duiilop 

"Gibraltar 


RedSpecial 


99 


Power — Speed — Service 

IjN  one  of  the  largest  main  drives 
^^  in  Canada,  "Gibraltar  RedSpecial" 
reigns  supreme. 

It  was  selected  on  its  record  of  past  per- 
formances because  the  duties  were  exception- 
ally exacting. 

Only  such  a  high-power  belt  as  "Gibraltar 
RedSpecial "  could  meet  the  demands  in  a  case 
like  this. 

Used  on  thousands  of  other  drives,  too. 
The    Dunlop    Guaurantee 

If  you  have  a  difficult  drive  anywhere  in  your 
factory  drop  a  line  to  our  Head  Office,  or  to  our 
nearest  branch,  and  w^e  will  send  a  man  experienced 
in  belt  engineering  to  consider  your  requirements. 
If  it  is  an  instance  where  "Gibraltar"  Belting  may 
DC  suitably  employed  we  will  recommend  its  use ; 
and    we    will   stand  behind    our   recommendation 
with   the    fullest    guarantee    ever  issued  by  a  firm 
producing  rubber  products. 


"  The  Original  Red  Rubber  Bell." 

Dunlop  Tire  &  Rubber 
Goods  Co.,  Limited 

Head  Office  and  Factories:  TORONTO 

Branches  in  Leading  Cities. 

Makers  of  Tires  tor  a!l  Purposes,  Mechanical  Rubber  Products 
of  all  kinds,  and  General  Rubber  Specialties. 

D.3U 


I  HONOR  ROLL  OF  BELTING 


imillllln,;nllllllim 


'ntitiu'i 


96 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


,.11. 


ELECTRIC 
FU 


GREAVES-ETCHELL 


STEM 


Demand  for  Electric  steel  much  greater  than  output 

GREAVES-ETCHELLS  ELEQRIC  FURNACE 

is  a  necessity  in  every  Modern  Foundry 

Increasing  call  for  electric  steel  castiii<j;s  in 

aiitnmf)bile.  motor  truck,  airplane,   tractor. 
.marine  and  reconstruction  woris. 

f'roduces  finest  steel  of  Crucible  qualitx    m 

larije  quantities. 

.Supplied  to  U.  S.  .Naw,  British  (j(i\  ernnieiu. 
ijand  over  fift\  leadiufi;  sCl-cI  works  ami 
ifoundrie^. 


fk 


Electric  Turnace  Construction  Co. 

Finance  Building  Philwdeiphiu  Pa.U.SA, 


Prompt  Deliveries 

CORUNDUM  WHEELS 


We  are  now  in  position  to  make  prompt 
shipments  of  "DOMINION"  Grinding 
Wheels.  We  supply  wheels  suitable  for 
all  classes  of  grinding. 


J.  R.  BAXTER  &  CO.,  LIMITED 

102  St.  Antoine  St.  MONTREAL 


//  lehat  you  need  it  not  advertited,    consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  virite  advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918  CANADIANMACHINERY  Vt 

A  Projecting  Set  Screw  Is  a  Menace ! 

It  PxitsjYour  Life  in  Danger 

j^  '         You  may  be  working  around  the  shaft,  absorbed  in 

^^^V  the  work  you  are  doing,  when,  without  warning,  a  pro- 

^  4?P^^t.  jecting  screw  will  get  mixed  up  with  your  clothing  and 

^^^  y  ^'^'- ^^ — '-  — you're  in  danger  of  losing  your  life.    The  projecting 

'  ''^'^^tl^itf  "**"  screw  looks  innocent  enough,  but  it's  a  dangerous  thing 

i^Sf^f'"'  fo  get  near  when  it's  in  a  revolving  shaft.    This  is  no 

"^^bIJ    ^  theoretical  case.    In  Illinois,  in  one  year,  lOO  men  were 

^^T*^^  killed  or  crippled  for  life  due  to  set  screw  accidents.  In 

^^fc  ^^^^'  ^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^"^  effect  in  many  states  forbidding  the 

^  use  of  projecting  set  screws  on  revolving  shafts. 

To  positively  prevent  all  accidents  of  the  kind  illustrated  and  to  secure  per- 
fect set  screw  results,  you  should  use 

ALLEN  SAFETY  SET  SCREWS 

Made  from  special  steel  bars.  Strong  and  well  constructed.  Will  not  mush- 
room in  the  hole.  The  hexagon  hollow  stays  hexagon.  It  won't  stretch  and 
get  out  of  shape.  It  stands  all  kinds  of  pressure.  You  can  put  your  whole 
strength  into  turning  the  screw  and  not  harm  it  in  the  least,  though  you  might 
break  the  wrench.  Allen  Screws  are  always  easy  to  take  out.  Nothing  about 
them  to  wear. 

Scientifically  made.  Every  screw  of  a  certain  size,  exactly  the  same.  Made  by  a 
patented  process,  strengthening  the  metal  over  30%,  which  together  with  their  thick- 
ness at  the  point,  makes  them  the  strongest  ever.  They  are  quality  screws,  screws  you 
should  use  if  you  want  to  prevent  set  screw  accidents,  troubles,  delays  and  expenses. 

Get  Samples — Put  Them  to  the  Test, 

We'll  gladly  send  you  samples  which  you  can  put  to  any  strength  test 
you  want.  The  test  will  convince  you  that  while  you  may  have  seen 
screws  that  looked  like  Allen  screws,  you  have  never  seen  any  with 
their  strength  and  pressure-resisting  qualities.  Write  for  catalog  and 
price  list. 

The  Allen  Mfg.  Co.,  135  Sheldon  St.,  Hartford,  Conn. 


ff  avy  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


98 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


f—   »v-.,  . 


.<1; 


\^ 


cpS- 


m 


^ 


*4:^s 


"Good  tools  are  at  the  bottom  of  our  success. 
They  have  been  the  means  of  greater  production, 

and  of  raising  the  quality  of  our  products  above  that  of  our 
competitors.  The  purchase  of  modern  machine  tools  for  our 
mechanics  is  the  best  kind  of  investment — the  wisest  sort  of 
economy." 

The  DUMORE  with  its  speeds  ranging  from  10,000  to  50,000 
R.  P.  M.  and  its  dynamically  balanced  armature,  insures  jobs 
free  from  chatter,  taper  or  bell-mouth.  It  is  portable  and  may 
be  set  up  in  a  moment,  ready  for  work,  in  any  part  of  the  shop. 

You  cannot  overlook  the  importance  of  correct  grinding 
methods  if  you  would  have  a  high  standard  of  efficiency.  The 
DUHORE  assures  that  standard.     Ask  your  dealer. 

WISCONSIN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

2906  15th  Street  -  RACINE,  WISCONSIN 

bimORFsGRlMDERS 


//  what  you  need  it  not  advertised,         consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under   proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    .M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


99 


Jliere's  wljaf  0ood  fools 


didR>r  us! 


DUnORF^QOMDERS 


//   any   advertisement   interests   you,    tear   it   ow    tiow   and    ntace   wilk    letters  tu  be  answered. 


100 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


s  E  c  -r  I  o  M 


TheT 


IS 


Forging  Ahead 


Twenty-five  big  industries  of  con- 
tinental reputation  have  proved 
this  during  the  last  five  years. 

Every  year  in  Welland  is  a  record 
year — until  the  next  one  arrives. 
This  is  certainly  true  of  the  value 
of  our  manufactured  products, 
which  last  year  reached  the 
astounding  total  of  $28,642,390, 
an  increase  of  very  nearly  fifty 
per  cent,  over  the  previous  year, 
which,  in  turn,  had  shown  almost 
as  large  a  proportion  of  increase 
over  the  year  1915. 

Do  not  these  figrures  lend  a  new  weight 
of  proof  to  the  common  prophecy  that 
the  city  of  Welland  is  destined  to  be  one 
of  the  first  manufacturing  cities  of  On- 
tario, and  the  zone  of  the  Welland  Ship 
Canal  the  Workshop  of  the  Dominion? 
Power  Rates — Welland  is  the  industrial 
hub  of  the  Niagara  peninsula  wKere'an 
unlimited  amount  of  electric  power  is 
available  and  sold  at  competitive  prices, 
owing  to  the  numerous  power  companies 
represented  there. 

Every  factory  in  Welland  is  driven  by 
electric  power  supplied  by  the  Ontario 
Power  Company,  of  Niagara  Falls,  which 
is  about  twelve  miles  east  of  Welland, 
or  from  the  Dominion  Power  Company 
of  DeCew  Falls,  which  is  about  twelve 
miles  north  of  Welland.  The  fact  that 
we  have  competitive  companies  operat- 
ing in  this  district  gives  us  competitive 
prices  on  power. 


Cheapest  Power 
in  Canada 


Unrivalled  Rail 
Facilities 


Lake  Shipping 
Advantages 


Lake  Shipping:  Welland  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Welland  Canal,  the 
great  marine  highway,  between 
tide  water  and  the  Canadian 
North-West,  with  daily  freight 
service  both  ways. 
Railroad  Rates:  Rates  from  Wel- 
land to  the  North-West  and  Paci- 
fic Coast,  all  rail,  are  the  same  as 
from  all  other  manufacturing 
points  in  Eastern  Canada  lying 
between  the  Detroit  River  and 
Montreal.  These  rates  are  fixed 
by  the  Board  of  Railway  Commis- 
sioners for  Canada. 
On  account  of  the  close  proximity 
to  the  border,  Welland  is  in  the 
Buffalo  switching  group,  and 
takes  the  Buffalo  rates  from  the 
east  and  south,  and  enjoys  quick 
delivery  on  all  raw  material  im- 
ported from  the  United  States. 
The  fact  that  all  of  these  roads 
centre  here  creates  competition, 
and  is  the  biggest  lever  the  manu- 
facturers have  for  securing  effi- 
cient service  from  the  railroads. 
The  seven  railroads  are  as  fol- 
lows :  Grand  Trunk,  Michigan 
Central,  Toronto,  Hamilton  and 
Buffalo;  Canadian  Northern,  Pere 
Marquette,  Canadian  Pacific, 
Wabash. 


LOUIS    BLAKE    DUFF 

Industrial  Commissioner 
WELLAND  CANADA 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


101 


SECTION 


4i 


B  E  ATT Y 


99 


Deck   Machinery  for  Ships 

Anchor  Windlasses,  Ash  Hoists,  Cargo  Winches,  Etc. 


7"  X  12"  double  cylinder, 
double  purchase  Cargo 
winch  with  two  whipping 
and  two  warping  ends,  as 
made  by  us  in  quantities  for 
British  ships  built  in  Can- 
ada by  the  Imperial  Muni- 
tions Board  and  other  in- 
terests. 

Machine  embodies  all  latest 
improvements  and  is  built 
throughout  to  jigs  and  tem- 
plets. 


854  X  8  double  cylinder, 
single  purchase,  throttle  re- 
verse, cargo  winch,  being 
produced  by  us  in  large 
number  for  ships  under  con- 
struction by  United  States 
interests,  and  also  adopted 
by  numerous  shipyards  in 
Canada  as  standard  for  the 
vessels  they  are  building 
here  for  French  interests. 

Send   us  your   inquiries   for 
this  class  of  equipment. 

OUR  EXPERIENCE  AND  SHOP  CAPACITY  ENABLE  US  TO  SERVE  YOU  ADVANTAGEOUSLY. 
We  also  manufacture   Steam   and  Electric  Hoists,   Dredges,  Derricks,   Clamshells 


M.  BEATTY  &  SONS,  Limited 

WELLAND,    CANADA 


Agents 


E.  PLANT,  1790  St.  James,  Montreal 

HAMILTON  &  CO.,     -     Vancouyer 

KEUY- POWELL,  LTD.,     -     Winnipeg 

LEONARD  &  SONS,  -  St.  John,  N.B. 


102 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


SECTION 


Volta  Electric  Steel  Furnaces 


6-TON  3-PHASE  TILTING  FURNACE 

Sales  of  Electric  Steel  Furnaces  during  the  period  of  the  European  War,  for  special  steels  and 
steel  castings,  have  been  phenomenal,  the  main  reason  being  the  superiority  of  electric  steel 
over  other  steels  and  the  adaptability  of  the  electric  furnace  to  use  all  kinds  of  scrap  and  prac- 
tically no  pig  iron. 

Steel  specifications  in  the  future  will  call  for  chemical  and  physical  requirements  in  steel, 
which  can  be  obtained  in  electric  furnace  practice  with  little  additional  cost  over  ordinary 
steel. 

The  furnace  here  shown  is  the  result  of  close  observation  on  our  part  of  the  many  different 
types  in  operation  since  the  first  electric  steel  furnace  was  installed,  and  the  criticism  of  differ- 
ent users  of  electric  steel  furnaces.  It  js  in  many  respects  equal  and  in  a  number  of  ways 
superior  to  any  other  type  at  present  in  use. 

This  furnace  is  simple,  built  of  the  strongest  materials  to  ensure  solidity,  and  will  produce  a 
maximum  tonnage  at  a  minimum  power  cost. 

Prospective  customers  would  do  well  to  get  complete  information  on  this  furnace,  and  our 
technical  service,  which  we  offer  free,  will  be  of  material  assistance  in  working  out  the 
various  details  which  occur  in  connection  with  electric  furnace  installations. 

Volta  Manufacturing  Company 


Welland 


Ontario 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


103 


I  O  N 


High  Grade 

Steel 
Castings 

of  every 
Description 

for 


Bridge,  Dock   and 
Harbor    Construction 


Machinery  Steel 
Castings 


Etc. 


Wearing  parts  for 
Gyratory  Crush  ers, 
Dredger  Pins  and 
Bushes,  etc.,  etc. 

AH  Alloy  Steel  Cast- 
ings, Mining  Bar  and 
Rock  Drill  Steel,  Forg- 
ing Ingots. 

W  r  i  t  e  for  prices  and 
particulars. 

The   Electric   Steel  and.   Metals   Company,   Limited 

WELLAND  I  ONTARIO 


Manganese  Steel 

Crusher  Jaws,  Check  Plates, 
Toggles,  Granite  Rolls,  Ball  Mill 
Wearing  Parts,  Tube  Mill  Wearing 
Parts. 


104 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


SEC 


ENDURANCE    TOOLS 

NEVER  WEAR  OUT 


Knife  Handle  Model  No.  11—7  sizes 


^rrrf^ 


?.R    I 


Engineers'   Wrenches — all   sizes 


Forged  Steel  Screw  Drivers — 6  sizes 
Foreign  enquiries  from,  Allied  Markets  invited. 

Canadian  Billings  &  Spencer  Plant 

WELLAND,    CANADA 


u 


L 


1*1^ 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


105 


RPPPiilPWiP 


^?I?^?5SS^^^^5t?^^^^^^^ 


ft 


'^>    .Jf-^. 


i\Lpy  i^  o  j4 


fe  fill 


Smart's  Export  Specialties 

Hammers  Closet  Seats 

Axes  School  Seats 

Pumps  Butts  and  Hinges 

Lawn  Mowers 

Write  for  our  complete  catalogue. 


PRODUCED  AT 


JAMES  SMART   PLANT 


BROCKVILLE,   ONT. 


WINNIPEG,   MAN. 


106 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Patrated 


SHEUMAN 

Floating  Reamer  Holder 

For   all   kinds  of  Turret   Machinery 

Why  it  Really  Floats 

The  shank  of  the  socket,  being  of  less  diameter  than  the 
bore  of  the  socket  bushing,  allows  freedom  of  movement. 
The  shoulder  of  this  socket  takes  its  bearing  on  a  thrust 
ball  bearing  which  permits  the  reamer  to  adjust  itself  to 
a  parallel  alignment  with  the  spindle. 

Let  us  send  you  one  on  approval,  to  prove  it  does  float. 
Tell  us  size  hole  in  turret  and  size  reamer  you  use.  Write 
for  circular. 


VICTOR  TOOL  COMPANY,  INC 

WAY.NESBORO,    PA.,    U.S.A. 


"Hydrolite"    Lubricants 


(Registered) 


Oils       Greases    Compounds 


Lubricating  and 
Emulsive 


Cup  and 
Transmission 


Cutting,  Drawing  and 
Moulding 


Tanners    and 
Belt  Dressing 

Liquid    Soap 


Made    in    Canada 

"Economy  in  lubrication  is  obtained  only  by  using 
the  best  lubricants."       Write  us  for  free  samples. 

The  Ontario  Lubricating  Company,  Limited 

HAMILTON,  CANADA 


//  what  you  need  »»  not  advertUed,  eontult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertiscm  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


107 


sx.^-J' 


fSO'WM'S 


108 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


MADE   IN    CANADA 


If  I*** 


Malleable 


Cast  Iron 


PIPE  FITTINGS 

Both|Screwed  orTlanged, 
Black  or  Galvanized— All  Sizes 


iiiiiii 


HIM  !'I!!|TiriTIIII 


MALLEABLE  AND 
GREY  IRON 

CASTINGS 


For  General  Machine  Shop 
Work,  for  Manufacturers 
of  Automobiles  and  Speci- 
alty Manufacturers. 


Quality 
Products 


We  have  the  facilities  for  filling  your  orders 

with  exceptional  promptness.     Annual 

capacity  6,000  tons. 


International  Malleable  Iron  Co.,  Limited 

Guelph,  Ontario 


I 

4 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


109 


y 


v. 


Wilt  Twist  Drills 
Were  in  it  From  the  Start 

THEY  helped  in  the  accurate  and  speedy 
production  of  munitions  of  every  kind. 
In  the  manufacture  of  shells,  aeroplanes, 
motor  trucks,  tanks,  machine  guns,  rifles 
and  marine  equipment:  WILT  TWIST 
DRILLS  measured  up  to  the  highest  stand- 
ard of  efficiency. 

The  Message  of  To-Day 

Is  Again 
Courage  and  Conviction 

Let  this  be  the  watchword  of  the  reconstruction  period.  In- 
dustry will  continue  to  demand  tools  of  quality,  and  as  before 
WILT  HIGH  SPEED  AND  CARBON  TWIST  DRILLS  will 
be  required  for  WORLD-WIDE  SERVICE. 
Drills  of  quality  that  met  the  stress  and  strain  of  war  will  be 
in  greater  demand  during  times  of  peace. 

"Where  There's  a  Wilt— There's 
the  Way." 

^WILT  TWIST   DRILL  CO. 
OF  CANADA,  LIMITED 


Walkerville 


Ontario 


Canada 


London  Office  :  Wilt  Twist  Drill  Agency,  Moorgate  Hall, 
Finsbury  Pavement,  London,^E.C.  2,  England 


r/ 


pWf«.,,, 


...■■■Illlllllllllllllf.^ 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


'^^M 
^^s 


•Si*; 


Every  Wilt  Drill  is  Thoroughly  and 

Scientifically  Inspected 

Before  it  is  Delivered  to  You 

Every  WILT  HIGH-SPEED  AND  CAR- 
BON TWIST  DRILL  is  made  from  the 
very  best  materials  by  highly  skilled 
workmen — THEN  they  are  thoroughly 
and  scientifically  inspected  after  each 
operation. 

This  is  the  best  GUARANTEE  you  can 
have  that  the  drill  delivered  to  you  is  as 
near  perfect  as  it  is  possible  to  make  a 
drill.  In  handling  WILT  DRILLS  you 
are  therefore  fully  protected  and  can 
guarantee  to  your  customer  that  in  sell- 
ing him  a  WILT  DRILL  you  are  giving 
him 

THE  BEST  THAT  MONEY  CAN  BUY 

WILT  HIGH-SPEED  AND  CARBON 
TWIST  DRILLS  are  being  used  in  the 
majority  of  the  largest  plants  in  Canada 
—and  to  a  large  extent  EXCLUSIVELY. 

IT  WILL  PAY  YOU  TO  BUY  AND 
SELL  THEM. 

"WHERE  THERE'S  A  WILT 
—THERE'S  A  WAY." 

WILT    TWIST   DRILL    CO. 

OF  CANADA,  LIMITED 


WalkerviUe 


Onta 


London  Office|i     Wilt  Twist  Drill  Agency,  Moorgate  Hall, 
Finsbury  Pavement,  London,  E.  C.  2,  England 


ffli  H  in 


';•  :*■ 


■imas' 


.■--■■: -is 


/''Wi\K\ 


.itlitiailllilllllllllil"^. 

la. ■■■■■■■•. ■tllll>«'*;ill>>.-, 

........        'vi«>  •-•.  ■mill  mill' 

' I  !■ ■ *  -  -  -  «■ a p«a ■■■■> 


-"■:::•"-■--- 


HIGH  SPEED  ANO  - 
CARBON  TWIST  DRILLS 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


ALTERNATING  CURRENT 
ARC  WELDER 


Highest 

Efficiency 

with 

Lowest 

Operating 

Cost 


The 

Latest 

Practical 

Development 

in  Arc 

Welding 


"MEPHISTO"  WELDER 

Portable.  No  moving  parts.  No  wearing  parts.  No  up-keep 
cost.  Does  not  require  expert  to  operate.  No  pre-heating  except 
on  cast  iron.     Welds  easily  machined. 

Wide  range  of  amperage,  40  to  200  permits  welding  of 
materials  from  16  gauge  up. 

The    Arcwell    Corporation   of   Canada,    Ltd. 

710  C.P.R.  Building,  Phone  Adelaide  1341,  Toronto 
U.S.  Office:  42  Broadway,  New  York  City 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


112 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


WACO 


TRADE     MARK 


WACOT 


TRADE    MARK 


High  Speed  Steel 


"Double  Waco"  Quality— for 
Quick  Production  Work 

"Turtle  Brand"—  High-class 
Tool  Steels,  Files,  Drills,  etc. 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

WM.  ATKINS  &  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

SHEFFIELD,  ENGLAND 


RELIANCE  STEEL  WORKS 


Established  1870 


Sole  Representatives 
for  Canada 


GEO.  A.  MARSHALL  &  CO. 

1118  Queen  Street  West,  Toronto,  Ontario 


Phone  Park. 
250 


Installed    in    Six 
U.S.    Navy 
Yards  and 
Arsenals 


Uncle    Sam   Operating    Hundreds 

Best  by  Ten  Years'  Test.       Nearly  17,000  in  Use,       Simplest  Construction. 
Fewest   Parts.        Drop    Forged. 


Takes  the  place  of  an  extra  man.  Allows 
work  to  be  done  anywhere,  with  or  without 
vise.  Frequently  pay  for  themselves  on  one 
job. 

THREE  STYLES 

No.  2 

Capacity ;  5-16-inch   hole  throuKh   ^-inch  iroa 

Weight:  14  pounds.  Length  over  all,  23  inches. 

No.    I 
Capacity    %    through    ^    iron. 


Only  Portable  Channel  Iron  Punch  on  Market.  Capacity  ^ 
through  V4  Iron.  Punches  to  center  of  4  inch  Channel  Iron, 
with  1  '/j  inch  flanges.  All  parts  Interchangeable  with 
No.  2   Punch. 


Labor  Saving 
Money  Making  Tools 

A«k  your  Jobber  or  write  us  for  Prices  and  Recommends. 

W.  A.  Whitney  Mfg.  Co.,  Rockford,  III.,  U.S.A. 


Increased  Production  Means  Increased  Profits 


Large     Millers 
for  large  work 
— STEPTOE 
MILLERS 
for  small  work 


will   n>«iH   In   lBcr.u.d    production :    Icm   manrr 
biTcMed   In   maehinerr,  .nd   increased  proHU. 


Large    Planers 
for  large  work 
—STEPTOE 
SH APERS 
for  small  work. 

THE  JOHN  STEPTOE  COMPANY 

CUMMINSVILLE.         CINCINNATI,  OHIO.  U.S.A. 

Canadian   ReprMentativea :    Garloclt-Walker   Machinerj   Co..   Toronto.    Ont. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


11$ 


NORTHERN  CR\NC5 

NORTHERN  CRANE  WORKS  l.m.tcd 


o 


WALKERVILLE, ONTARIO 


Type  E   Traveling   Crane 


Single  Girder  Electric 

Hoist      Crane,      Type 

D-158.      1    Ton    to    10 

Tons. 

Made      also      double 

girder  design. 


¥ 


Made  also 
for  Hand 
Hoist  o  r 
Air    Hoist. 


Type    D    Electric     Hoists 
— ^  to  10  Tons. 


Buy 

Northern  Cranes 

Made  in  Canada! 

It  is  not  necessary  to  go  outside  of 
Canada  for  good  cranes  and  hoists. 
Our  modern  crane  plant  at  Walkerville 
can  take  care  of  your  crane  needs. 
Whether  you  require  electric  or  hand 
cranes,  we  have  modem  designs.  We 
also  make  electric  hoists,  air  hoists  and 
foundry  equipment. 


Northern    Type   E   Crane   Trolley,    Rigid,    Enclosed 

Construction.     Patented  in  Canada. 

All   Rears  enclosed   and   non-overhung 


Electric   Traveling   Gantry   Crane   with   Magnet 


NORTHERN   CRANE   WORKS,   LIMITED 

WALKERVILLE,  (ONTARIO,  CANADA 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


114 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


We  make  special  grades  of  files  for 
e\  ery  kind  of  industry,  including : 

LOCOMOTIVE  SHOPS 
LUMBER  CAMPS 
AEROPLANE  FACTORIES 
FURNITURE  MANUFACTURERS 
AUTOMOBILE  FACTORIES 
ENGINEERING  SHOPS 
MUNITION  PLANTS 
FOUNDRIES 
BOILER  WORKS 
CARPENTERS 
PLUMBERS 

AGRICULTURE  MACHINERY 
MANUFACTURERS 

MINERS 
SHIPBUILDERS 

In  the  "Famous  Five"  line  you  can 
depend  upon  getting  the  exact 
grade  of  file  for  every  customer. 

When  ordering  a  special  line  from 
your  jobber  all  you  need  to  do  is  to 
specif>^  "Famous  Five"  and  state 
the  size,  cut  and  quantity. 


ARMOR 
PLATE 


*» 


//  what  you  nred  i$  not  advertited,    confult   our   Ruyers'  Directory  and  write  advertieers   Hated   under  proper   heading. 


CANADIAN 

PUNCHES,  SLITTING  SHEARS,  and  BAR 
CUTTERS  are  dependable.  They  are  built 
of  "Armor  Plate"  steel — tensile  strength 
75000  lbs.  per  square  inch — 7%  times  as 
strong  as  cast  iron. 

That  means  a  lighter  and  stronRer  machine — a 
machine  built  to  take  a  lot  of  punishment.  Write  for 
Catalog    P/S-IR 

Canadian  rBlower 
&  Forge  Co.,  Ltd. 

Kitchener 
Ont. 


Cloth 

of  every  description 


We    make     Machinery 
Guards  of  all  kinds. 

Metal  Lockers  for  Clothes. 

Steel  Shelving  for  all 
purposes. 

Drop  a  line  for  full  details 

Canada  Wire  &  Iron 
Goods  Company 

Hamilton,  Ontario 
Eastern  P  cpresentative  : 
H.  E.  O.  Bull.  184  Mance 
St.,  Vontreal,  Que. 


Lj& 


^♦2*i-# 


^mmu* 


^m- 


I 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


115 


DO  IT  FOR  CANADA 

Reconstruction  has  no  terrors 
for  Canada.  Confidence  in  the 
.present  and  faith  in  the  future 
are  all  that  are  necessary  to 
carry  us  through  this  period. 

But — we  must  buy  Canadian 
products  ourselves  whenever 
possible,  and  encourage  others 
to  do  so. 

This  company  pledges  itself  to 
do  that. 

There  is  a  Canadian  File  for 
every  Canadian  job,  and  if  we 
all  strive  to  produce  there  will 
be  plenty  of  Canadian  jobs 
now  and  for  all  time. 

DO  IT  FOR  CANADA 


File  Manufacturing  Company 

'  Port  Hope,  Ontario 


//  what  you  need  is  not  advertised,  consult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advert 


u<  CANADIAN     MACHINERY  Volume  X!i 

■^\\\'W<//// 


DIAMOND 

POINTED  TOOLS 


"■  ^■-^y^'-^^-7*P^'.^-^-'-" 


Brown  and  Sharpe 


Landis  Norton 

Bath    Grinder — sets   of  three,   one   forward   and 
two   side 


OUR  Made-in-Canada  Diamond  Pointed  Tools  are  de- 
signed to  meet  the  requirements  of  every  industrial 
purpose.  They  are  the  best  that  money  can  buy.  Extreme 
care  is  used  in  selecting  best  quality  diamonds  for  each  par- 
ticular tool,  and  the  utmost  skill  is  exercised  in  setting. 

Special  Diamond  Pointed  Tools  of  every  variety  furnished 
promptly. 

Have  you  any  Diamond  Pointed  Tool  problems  to  solve?  Put 
them  up  to  our  service  department.    Expert  advice  free. 

QUICK  SERVICE— We  carry  a  full  stock  of 
Diamond  Pointed  Tools  at  Windsor  and  St. 
Catharines.  Order  from  nearest  point.  Goods 
submitted  on  memorandum  to  responsible  firms. 

J  J[  General  Office  :   Ford  Building,  Detroit 

Canadian   Offices  : 

7  James  Street,  St.  Catharines,  Ont.  88  West  Pitt,  Windsor,  Ont. 


Clprtfrnl    fiffirf  .•     Forrl    Riiil<4inor.    Detroit  ^•^^ 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINKRY 


117 


TREMENDOUS 
STRENGTH 

PLUS  uniform  wear  in  every  square  inch 

LEVIATHAN 
ANACONDA 


the  BELTS  that  are 

'Built 
to  Fit 


yy 


any  load — and  in  each 
application  specifically 
adapted  to  exact  needs. 


MAIN  BELTING  COMPANY 

OF  CANADA,  LIMITED 

10  ST.  PETER  ST. 
MONTREAL 


TORONTO 

32  Front  St.  West 


WINNIPEG 
567  Banning  St. 


ANACONDA   MAIN   DRIVE]  BELT 

I  lOa-ft.,  36'  X  8-ply  :    installed  June,   1917,  for  Alberta  Rolling 
Mill  Co.,  Ltd.,  Medicine  Hat,  Alberta. 
Pbotographed  November,   1918. 


//  amy  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


118 


C  A  N  A  D I A  N    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


VERSUS 


COAL  FURNACE 


Do  These  Advantages  Appeal 

To  Your  Sense  of  Economy  and  Efficiency  ? 

It  s      economy  —  re-         QIL  FURNACE 

quires  one  -  half  the 
space;  costs  less  than 
half;  no  chimneys  or 

flues  required;  instantaneous  and  perfect  control 
of  temperature;  higher  temperature  obtained; 
no  coal  ash  handlers  required;  no  coal  or  ash 
piles;  less  waste  of  fuel,  because  it  is  shut  off 
instantly ;  requires  much  less  time  to  get  the 
required  heat.  Can  you  afford  to  lose  the 
Advantages  of  this  oil  Furnace? 

Write  To-day  for  Full  Particulars. 

Mechanical  Engineering  Company, 

55  Cote  Limited  Montreal 

Street  Que.,  Canada 

PHONE  MAIN  3585  Cable  Address:  "Mecol" 


STANDARD 
FURNACES 


OIL 

or 

GAS 


Prompt  delivery  on  all 
tool  room  types 


For 
Annealing 
Carbonizing 
Hardening 
High  Speed  Steel 
Lead  and  Salt 
Oil  Tempering 
Forging 
Riveting 
Shell  Types 


FORGING  FURNACE 

TORONTO  OFFICE: 

Standard  Fuel  Engineering  Co. 

W.  H.  KIRK,  M>n«g«r 

»0»  Excalrior  Ufa  Buildini 

Phona  Main  385 


The  Lancashire  Dynamo 

&  Motor  Company,  of 

Canada,  Limited 

49-63  Niagara  Street,  TORONTO' 

ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY  for  all  Purposes. 

FLLinTT    BRnS'    INSTRUMENTS 
CLLIUI  I     DIIUO  .  I  RECORDING  G4U0ES 


PIPE  VENTILATED  A  C    MOTOR 

FOR  VERY  DIRTY  PLACES 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


119 


i 


Immediate    Deliveries! 

Occasions  frequently  arise  now  which  make  it  necessary  for  you 
to  get  order  for  tools  delivered  to  you  with  exceptional  speed.  If 
it's  Chucks  or  Micrometers  you  require,  specify — 


We  recosrnize  com- 
parison with  Johansson 
Swedish  Gauges  only 


We  are  in  a  position  to  fill  your 
wants  for  Micrometers,  t)rill 
Chucks  (all  sizes)  and  Lathe 
Chucks  of  the  smaller  sizes,  5", 
6",  IW  and  9". 

ALMOND  CHUCKS  are  power- 
ful, accurate  and  durable  and 
cost  less  to  operate. 
ALMOND  MICROMETERS  — 
Recognize  Comparison  with 
Johansson  Swedish  Gauges  Only. 

Made  in  English  measurements, 
1",  2"  and  3",  by  thousandths 
and  ten  thousandths;  metric 
measurements  25  mm.,  50-mm. 
and  75-mm.  by  1/100-mm. 


Pleased  to  send  you  full  information  about  these  quality  Tools. 


T.  R.  Almond  Manufacturing  Co.  I^nu?  Ashburnham,  Mass. 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


120 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume   XX. 


PLUMBING,  BUILDERS  and  HARDWARE 


GREY 


THE 


F'DT 


IRON 


CASTINGS 

These  are  our  SPECIAL  LINES.  But  at  this  time  we  are  prepared  to  handle  contract 
work  up  to  15  tons  per  day.  i^'or  gated  pattern,  match  plate,  stripping  plate,  machine 
and  repetition  work  of  any  kind  we  are  prepared  to  quote  you  most  attractive  prices 
and  prompt  deliveiy. 

Would  You  Like  to  Know 

the  analysis  and  physical  test  of  metal  in  your  castings?  How  they  could  be  made 
cheaper?  What  properties  of  metal  would  facilitate  your  finishing  operations  or 
improve  their  quality? 

ASK  US 

THE    KATIE    FOUNDRY 

GALT  -  ONTARIO 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


121 


New  Glasgow,  Nova  Scotia,  Canada 


THREE  AND  ONE-HALF  AND  FIVE-TON  •'FLUID  COMPRESSED"  STEEL  INGOTS. 


.eliabl  anT^t    ;  s       tSl?;  it  f  h  T'T  '^    '''''  --P-ion"  as  a  valuable  aid  in  producing 

France,  whereby  they  theloTe  riZ  rthi/ro^f  "^  '''  ""r''^'"  '"^""  '"-"^  ^-  ^^^"^^*'  ''  St'Etienne' 

with  their  policv  of  takin^  adv;nta^e  o    e     '  f  !  '"  "^t  ^''  P™^^^"     ^^''  '^'^  considered  in  accordance 

progress,  and  pLticuk  h^hatTh  f.,  X  rTnl?"         ^^^^^f^-'  development,  thus  advancing  with  modem 
P  ariv  their  high  reputation  as  manufacturers  of  the  best  marine,  railway  and  machine 

forgings  obtainable  should  be  maintained 

maximum  reliabihty  and  homogeneity  of  structure  enter  and  are  demanded. 


^  you.  tear  ,(  out   now  and  place  with   letters  to   be  answered 


122 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


NAMCO   DIES 


SELF-OPENING 

Opening  of  chasers  is  automatic  and  posi- 
tive. 

When  the  foi-ward  travel  of  the  turret 
holding  the  die  is  stopped,  the  continued 
rotation  of  the  w^ork  drav^s  forward  the 
body  carrying  the  chasers. 

This  releases  the  chasers  without  any  strain 
or  twist  on  the  threads. 

It  is  only  one  of  the  good  features  of 
NAMCO  DIES. 

For  a  complete  description  send  for 
the  new  catalogue  TD-18 


AUTOMATIC  RE-SETTING 


Non-Revolving    Type 

Series    127-227 


THE  NATIONAL  ACME  COMPANY 


NEW   ENGLAND   PLANT 
WINDSOR.   VERMONT 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO 

BRANCH    OFFICES~New    York,    Boston,    Chicago,    Detro  it,    Atlanta.    San    Francisco— with    Foreign    Representatives 


CANADIAN  PLANT 
MONTREAL,  QUEBEC 


Makers  of  Gridlejr  Single  and  Maltiple  Spindle  Automatics  at  Windsor,  Vermont,  and  Acme  Automatics,  Threading   Dies,  Collapsing  Taps  and 

Screw   Machine   Products,   at   Cleveland,    Ohio. 


^^^^^^pm:^^-^^!^^:*'-^'''^-'^-'^''^'^'^"  ••'JT^-\-''^f»'^  •'^^>  sv-  '■•>^' 


i>^^  f,*. 


Three  of  the  machines  that  by  their  cost- 
reducing  features  have  established  themselves 
"solid"  with  the  home  users  and  by  these  same 
merits  are  reaching  out  in  foreign  countries. 
A  silent,  but  powerful  message  of  the  Rhodes 
afficiency. 


Their  capacity  is  greatly  promoted  by  the 
adjustments  which  may  easily  and  quickly  be 
attached.  For  shaping,  slotting,  die  making, 
tool  making,  etc.,  these  machines  stand  para- 
mount. An  inquiry  on  your  stationery  will 
receive  prompt  attention. 


The  Rhodes  Mfg.  Company 

Owned  and  Operated  by  the  Jacobs  Mfg.  Co. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 


//  vjhat  you  need  i^  not  advtrtited,  consult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26.  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


123 


■■     "  ■'    ■-■■                  ■■'■ ■— '        ....                                                          .  , 

1 1 

URANIUM 

HIGH  SPEED   STEEL 

Time    Spent    Grinding   Tools 
Is  Wasted    Production    Time 

The  great  strength  and   toughness   of   Uranium   Steel — the   stamina  that  enables 
its   cutting  point  to   stand   up   under  repeated   shocks    and    strains    without  frequent 
grindings  accelerates  production. 

For  time   spent  grinding   tools   is  wasted  production   time. 

Uranium  High-Speed  Tools  make  few  trips  to  the  grindstone. 

Try  it  out  for  yourself. 

STANDARD     ALLOYS     COMPANY 

FORBES  AND    MEYRAN  AVES. 

PITTSBURGH                                                                     PENNA. 

'  1 

1 

I 


Strongly  Armed 

for  the  emergencies,  when 
a  quickly-made  but  last- 
ing repair  is  needed. 

SMOOTH -ON 
Iron  Cements 

are  the  first  choice  of 
thousands  o  f  engineers, 
for  leaks  of  steam,  water, 
gas  or  oil. 

For  Sale  by  Supply 
Houses 


SMOOTH  -  ON   M  ANUFACTU  RING    CO. 

570-S74  COMMUNIPAWAVE..  Jer'sEY  CITY,  N.J.U.&A. 


HIGH 

SPEED 

THE  NEW  STANDARD 
Increases   Production    50   to    100% 


Why  Not? 


T  T  JHEN    big    plants    of    national    reputation,    who    are    using 

yy   three,  six.  eight,  twelve  and  up  to  thirty  or  more  Peerless 

Machines  say  that  they  increase  production  from  50  to  100 

per  cent.,  saving  in  time,   labor,  blades  and  expensive  material: 

AND  WHEN  we  are  willing  to  have  you  try  out  the 
Peerless  for  30  days'  at  our  own  risk  and  expense,  we  paying 
frei(?ht  both  ways  if  it  fails  to  make  good : 

THEN  WHY  NOT  try  it  out  for  yourselves,  when  the  gain 
is  more  yours  than  ours  if  it  makes  good,  and  if  it  fails  the 
loss  is  ours  alone? 

PEERLESS  MACHINE  CO. 

1607  RACINE  STREET  RACINE,  WISCONSIN 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


124 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FOR    HARDNESS    TESTING 

of  Shells  and  Other  Munition  Materials 

THE  STANDARD  SCLEROSCOPE 

is  now  universally  used.  It  is  direct  reading  as  a  thermometer  and  makes  5,000  tests  a  day.  It 
does  not  leave  marks  on  the  finished  work  and  can  be  operated  by  unskilled  labor.  Send  for 
80-page  booklet  free. 

THE  PYROSCOPE  FOR  HEAT  TREATMENT 

Is   the  common-sense   heat  measuring   instrument  that  makes   straight  for   results 

without  fuss.     Costs  least  of  all;  burns  simple  kerosene;  never  varies.     It  is  the  one 

available  trusty  in  the  grimy 
hands  of  furnace  men,  hard- 
eners, carburizors,  and  is  also 
being  universally  adopted  by 
colleges  owing  to  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  principle 
utilized.  Our  best  customers 
are  those  who  have  tried  all 
other  means  of  heat  measur- 
ing. 

Send  for  Our  Free  CircOlar  P. 

SHORE    INSTRUMENT    & 
MFG.  CO.,  INC. 

555-557    West    22nd    Street,    New    York 

Ag^ents  in  all  Foreign  Countries 

Sales  Agents  : 

The   A.   R.    Williams   Machinery   Co.*    Limited, 

Toronto,     Canada 


"STERLING" 

HACK  SAW  BLADES 


A  brand  once  adopted,  difficult  to  replace. 
REASONS — High  quality  of  material  used,  mechanical  constr-uction,  and  special  heat 

treatment. 
RESULTS — Economy,  which  means  satisfied  customers. 

Write  for  information  and  prices. 

DIAMOND  SAW  &  STAMPING  WORKS 

BUFFALO,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 


//  what  you  need  w  not  advertim'd,    consult    our    Buyers'    Directory   and    ivrite   advertisers    listed    under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


125 


PRESS  ADVERTISING 
SOLD  VICTORY  BONDS 

OEFORE  the  war,  bond  buyers  were  "marked  men."  In  number  they 
*^  were  40,000  in  March,  1917  —  this  is  shown  by  the  number  of  pur- 
chasers of  the  Government  War  Loan  of  that  date.  But  in  the  autumn  of 
the  same  year,  their  number  increased  twenty  times  —  to  820,000!  This 
was  the  number  purchasing  the  Victory  Loan,  1917.  Last  month — Novem- 
ber, 1918 — over  1,000,000  persons  purchased  the  Victory  Loan,  1918! 

These  wonderful  results  were  accomplished  by  Press  Advertising. 

Bpfnre  the  war  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  of  our  peojile  houolit  liond^.  Xnw  quite  twelve  and  one- 
half  per  cent,  of  our  people  are  bond  buyer?! 


Before  the  stupendous  amount  of  $fi7B,000,000 
worth  of  bonds  could  be  sold  to  our  Canadian 
people  in  three  weeks  a  most  thorough  and 
exhaustive  campaign  of  education  was  neces- 
sary, and  this  campaign  was  carried  through 
by  advertising  in  the  public  press.  The  power 
of  tlie  printed  word  never  had  a  more  con- 
vincing demonstration. 

By  means  of  the  i)rin(ed  word,  through  the 
medium  of  advertisements  in  the  press  of  our 
country,  the  Canadian  people  were  made  to 
know  what  bonds  are,  the  nature  of  their 
security,  their  attractiveness  as  an  investment, 
and  why  the  Government  had  to  sell  bonds. 

Kvery  point  and  feature  of  Victory  Bonds  was 
illustrated  and  described  before  and  during 
the   campaign — in    advertisements.      No   argu- 


ment was  overlooked.  No  selling  point  was 
neglected. 

The  re>ult  is  that  Canadians  to-day  are  a  nation 
of  bondlwilders. 

They  know  what  a  convenient,  safe  and  profil- 
able  form  of  investment  bonds  are.  Instead 
of  one  man  in  two  hundred  owning  bonds, 
now  one  Canadian  in  eight — men.  women  and 
children — owns  a  Government  Security. 

This  complete  transformation  in  the  national 
mind  and  habits  was  brought  about  by  adver- 
tising in  the  pre^s  of  the  nation.  Press  adver- 
tising has  justified  it.«elf  as  the  sure.«t  aiul 
speediest  method  by  which  a  man's  reason  can 
be    influenced    and    directed. 

The  Minister  of  Finance  'acknowledges  this. 
His  own  words  are: 


"Th-e  toonderful  success  of  the  Loan  was  due  in  large  measure  to 
their  (the  press  of  Canada)  splendid  and  untiring  efforts  during 
the  whole  of  the  Campaign." 

Mr.  E.  R.  Wood,  Chairman  of  the  Dominion  E.xecutive  Committee  having  oversight  of  ihe  cam- 
paign to  rai.se  Victory  Loan,  1918,  said,  "  .  .  The  press  puhlicity  campaign  ....  ^7/ 
rank  as  one  of  the  most  remarkable  and  efficient  puhlic.itu  campaigns  ever  undertaken  in  anij 
country,"  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Gundy,  Vice-Chairmau  of  the  same  committee,  .said:  "/  have  been  sell- 
ing bonds  for  a  long  time,  but  I  never  found  it  so  ca-v/  to  sell  them  as  at  this  time.  The  reason 
IS  the  splendid  work  the  press  has  done.    I  fake  off  mi;  hat  to  the  press  of  Cnnad(r." 

The  success  of  Victory  Loan,  1918,  and  the  knowledge  which  Canadian  now  posse.<s  of  bonds  are 
u  straight  challenge  to  the  man  who  doubts  the  power  of  the  printed  word,  in  the  form  of  adver- 
tisements, to  sell  good.-— and  this  applies  not  to  bonds  alone,  lait  to  the  goods  ijou  are  interested 
in  selling. 


128 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


During  the  past  four  years  while 
working  on  munitions 

we  have  continued  our  regular  lines,  improved 
our  plant  and  installed  new  equipment,  so  that 
now  that  hostilities  have  ceased  we  have  the 
necessary  plant  and  organization  to  enable  us 
to  give  BETTER  SERVICE  than  ever  before. 

MACKINNON  STEEL  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

Structural  Steel  and  Steel  Plate  Work 
Sherbrooke  Quebec 


THE  GENERAL  SUPPLY  COMPANY 
of  CANADA,  LIMITED     _ 

OTTAWA         TORONTO  MONTREAL'-j ;  SWINNIPEG 

]S«  Sfark  St.  3«  TwonU  Si.  408  MtGHI  BIdg.  85  W>t<r  S(. 

VANCOUVER  UMm.'. 

9M  Vancouver  Block 
5o/c  Canadian  Agent »  for 

THE  JOYCE-KOEBEL   COMPANY,    INC. 

Formerly  Geo.'^A.  Joyce  Co.,  Ltd. 
NEW  YORK  LONDON 


Ell 


WOODWORKING 
MACHINERY 

Western  Canada  Shops 
Cut   Freight    Charges 

Heavy  freight  charges  are  elimin- 
ated   and    you    get    quick    service 
when  you  order  Woodworking  Ma- 
chinery from  us. 

Largest    sellers    of    Woodworking 
Machinery  in  Western  Canada,  and 
representatives     of    the    foremost 
Canadian  and  United  States  manu- 
facturers of  machinery  in  all  lines. 

J.  L.  NEILSON  &  CO. 

602  Main  St,                             Winnipeg 

December  26,   Ii)l8 


(J  A  N  A  D  J  A  N    M  A  C  H  1  N  K  1{  Y 


127 


6-A  Potter  &  Johnston  Automatic  Chucking  and  Turning  Machine 


6-A  Potter  &  Johnston 
Automatic  Chucking 
and  Turning  Machine 

Geared  head,  having 
three  automatic  changes 
of  spindle  speeds. 
Geared  fe'ed. 
Auxiliary   reaming   and 
threading  feed. 
Cross  slide. 

Automatic  back  facer 
bar  through  spindle. 
16-inch  convertible  two 
and   three-jaw  scroll 
chuck. 

Spindle  5%  inches  dia- 
meter, hole  SVz  inches 
diameter. 


Increased  output  means  reduced  cost, 
both  are  readily  obtained  on 

Potter  &  Johnston 

Manufacturing  Automatics 

DO  IT  AUTOMATICALLY 

All  operations  are  entirely  automatic.  One 
attendant  can  readily  run  a  battery  of  two  to 
six  machines.  • 

In  addition  to-  automatically  machining  all 
varieties  of  castings  from  iron,  bronze  or  steel, 
also  forgings,  the  machines  are  also  recom- 
mended and  are  widely  used  for  finishing  pieces 
from  bar  starch  which  have  previously  been  cut 
off  to  length.  This  is  a  highly  economical  method 
of  producing  gear  blanks,  bushings,  studs,  etc. 

Catalog  gives  full  particulars.     Drop  a  card  for  it. 


Canadian  Offices  :  POTTER  &  JOHNSTON  MACHINE  CO.,  Pawtucket,  R.I. 

ROELOFSON  MACHINE  &  TOOL  CO.,  LTD. 

Head  Office  :    1501  Royal  Bank  Building,  Toronto,  Canada 
Works  and  Warehouse  :    Gait,  Ont.,  Canada 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


liH' 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


KempsmitH 


The  Kempsmith  Miller  enjoys  a  reputation  for  perform- 
ance second  to  that  of  no  other  miller  on  the  market.  It 
is  made  in  a  long-established,  well-organized  and  thor- 
oughly modern  plant  devoted  exclusively  to  the  manu- 
facture of  Kempsmith  Millers  and  Attachments. 

■■t    •  It  is  sold  with  an  iron-clad  guarantee, 

THE    KEMPSMITH    MANUFACTURING    CO. 

MILWAUKEE,   WIS.,   U.S.A. 


//  what  you  need  in  not  advertiicd,  consult  our  liuyern'  Dinctuiy  und   write  advert  letters  to  be  answered. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  11  1  N  E  R  Y 


129 


i=» 


*:<^P 


b>r^ 


The 
Quick  Change  Lathe 
with  37  Different  Threads 
and  Feeds 


Accuracy 


This  Mulliner  Quick  Change 
Precision  Lathe  has  been' 
built  with  extreme  care. 
Easy  of  operation,  exact 
control  and  its  wide  range 
capacity  assures  more  work 
in  a  given  time  than  is  pos- 
sible on  any  other  tool  of  its 
kind. 

Special  features  have  been  incorporated  into  Mulliner  Quick  Change  Lathes 
Which  permit  an  absolute  guarantee  of  accuracy  to  within  .001"  in  boring 
and  turning,  and  quick  change  mechanism  provides  37  different  threads 
and  speeds. 

The   specially  designed   tumbler   gears   insure   absolute   minimum   of  wear, 
mere  being  no  clashing,  when  the  gears  engage.     This  allows  for  greater 
speed,     ihe  absolute  lack  of  all  superfluous  mechanism  is  another  feature 
that  promotes  speed.     Sizes   12"  to  14"  with  4",  5"  or  6"  bed. 

Mulliner-Enlund  Tools  are  built  for  speed,  for 
accuracy,  for  economy  in  operation.  Pleased 
to  tell  you   more  about  them. 


Speed 


¥ 


MULLINER-ENLUND  TOOL  CO.,  Inc.,  SYRACUSE,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 

H.  W.  Petrie,  Limited,  Toronto,  Ont. 


Canadiajx  Representatives  : 

The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.,  Limited,  Montreal,  Que. 


if  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


IM 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


MmMi^V^Mh^ 


K-l XV IVI 1 1— -TO ISI    ,        OrslT. 


Brass  and  Phosphor  Bronze  Cast 


ARCTIC  METAL 


Riveting? 


How  is  it  done?  Are 
you  getting  the  neces- 
sary speed?  Is  the 
quality  of  the  highest 
character?  How  much 
is  it  costing  you? 

The  Grant  Rivet  IWa- 
chine  has  established 
the  records  of  one 
clean,  perfectly  finish- 
ed rivet  per  second. 
Is  that  speedy  enough, 
or  is  it  too  speedy? 
This  is  the  fastest 
any  similar  machine 
will  work  and  if  too 
speedy  it  could  be 
worked  in  conjunction 
with  some  other  work. 
Our  catalogue  i  s 
worth  writing  for. 
There  is  one  for  you. 

THE 

GRANT 

Mfg.  &  Machine 
Company 

Holland  Ave. 
BRIDGEPORT,     CONN. 


"ERIE"  STEAM  FORGING 

HAMMERS 

are  not  ordinary 
hammering  mach- 
ines. They  are 
Hammers  of 
exceptional 
merit.  Inves- 
tigate and  sat- 
isfy yourself. 

A  bulletin  for 
the  ask- 
ing. 


ERIE     FOUNDRY 

ERIE,  PENNSYLVANIA, 


COMPANY 

U.  S.  A. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  X     M  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


131 


1 

1 

^piP;  ^^ 

1 

t 


TRAHERN 


Rotary  Geared   Pumps 
to  Suit  all  Requirements 

Does  the  cutting  tool  on  your  metal  working  machine 
require  a  stream  of  IVa  or  75  gallons  per  minute? 
Whatever  may  be  the  need  the  many  styles  and 
sizes  of  Trahern  Rotary  Geared  Pumps  will  fill  it. 

TRAHERN  ROTARY  GEARED  PUMPS 

will  measure  up  to  the  most  exacting  standards  of 
pump  efficiency.  The  accurate  machining  and  per- 
fect adjustment  of  TRAHERN  pumps  render  the 
possibility  of  clogging  or  loss  of  prime  a  negligible 
factor.  They  will  work  with  or  without  pressure — 
thus  performing  the  functions  of  both  the  rotary  and 
centrifugal  types. 

Write  for  our  free  booklet — it  will  tell  you  all 
about  them. 

TRAHERN  PUMP  COMPANY 

Rockford,   Illinois 

Represented  in  Canada  by  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Company 


i 


\ 


#i  ',;•>«- 

-v-<J4 

F  ■ 

f 

1 

■    -I" 

ISS 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


CATARACT 

QUICK-CHANGE 

PRECISION 
LATHE 

Ideally  designed  for  both  ordin- 
ary and  specially  fine  work.  This 
Cataract  lathe  has  accomplished 
so  much  in  so  many  plants  we'd 
particularly  like  YOU  to  know 
all  the  particulars  of  its  unusual 
record. 

Length  of  Bed   52" 

Total  Length  of  Lathe 65" 

Distance  Between  Centres.  .  .28' 

Swing 9"  and  15" 

Swing  over  Carriage 

5Vi"  and  IVA' 
Diameter  of  Lead  Screw 

1"  X  6  pitch 
Diameter  of  Front  Cover. 2  1-32" 
1  Diameter  of  Rear  Bearing   !'/»" 

Length  of  Spindle 15" 

Hole  through  Spindle 1  '4" 

Draw-in  Chuck  Cap .  1"  maximum 

Hardinge   Bros.,    Inc. 

1770  Berteau  Avenue 
Chicago,  III.,  U.S.A. 


HENRY  &  WRIGHT 

Drilling  Machines 


A  tremendous 
increase  in  the 
understandine 
of  drilling  for 
manufacturing 
alwaysfollows 
the  use  of  all 


Clau  K 
Number  5 


The  Henry  &  Wright  Mfg.  Co. 

Hartford,  Conn. 

CaB«di>«  Piiftenki-MatM  Co..  Moatml,  ToroDlo,  WInnlpcc; 
▲.  B.  WnUuu  MmUimit  Co..  Toronto,  St.  John.  N.B. : 
H.  W.  PtUU.  Ltd.,  Toraoto:  WOliuiu  &  WlUon.  MootrMl : 
Ba4a|.Bdii*p  MuUsttT  Co..  MontroU;  Ctnmda  Hiehlnen'  Corp., 
Oalt,  Oirt :  0«>.  F.  Fom  Maefainerr  k  8n(ipl7  Co.,  Montroal : 
0«i«nl    Supply    Co..    Mootreal. 


//  what  you  nttd  it  not  advertited,  eonault  our  Buyert'  Directory  and  write  advert   iaers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


133 


rilE  PRINCIPLE  IS  RIGHT 

THE  HAMMER  WITH  THE  HUMAN  STROKE 


^^G  THE  WO/?^^, 


THE  HIGH. 
SPEED    WAY; 
DOING  THE 
WORK  OF 
FOUR  HAND 
RIVETERS 


"7^. 

■'>? 


^'''''^''^^D  HAMMER  CO^''^'' 


^OCHE 


STER,  N.V., 


\J.S>- 


The   High   Speed   Hammers 

HEAD  RIVETS  COLD 

Tight  or  Loose,  Flush  or  Countersunk 

or  Finishes  Heads  Any  Shape  Desired 

at  the   rate  of: 

A  Rivet  a  Second  up  to  3/16" 
A  Rivet  in  2  Seconds,  %"  to   %" 
A  Rivet  in  3  Seconds,  7/16"  to   %" 

BUILT  IN  8  SIZES 

Send  for  High  Speed  Hammer   Book 


HIGH  SPEED  DRILL  PRESS 


MODEL  E-50  HIGH  SPEED 

MOTOR-DRIVEN 
BALL-BEARING 

Sensitive  Bench  Drill  Press 

SPECIFICATIONS: 

HeiEht    Over    All     24" 

Base    7iv3tl8" 

Diameter   of   Spindle '!/16'_ 

S:>i»€lle     Feed iVt" 

WeiKht   62  Ib«. 

Capacity   From  Smallest  to  3   16"  Drills 

Send  for  High  Speed   Hammer  Book 


Exclusive  Arrangements  Considered  Only   With  Organizations  Prepared  To  Carry,    At  All  Times,  Representative    Stocka 


If  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered 


/ 


134 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


15  Distinctive  Hall  Features 


Single 
throuffh. 


Pulley         Drive, 


Capacity   2-^"   to 


2  Dodfce  Friction  Clutch,  on 

machine. 

3  Clutch     Lever    at    operat- 
or's  left   hand. 

4  Ricrid      Bearing:      Brackets 
on    drive    shaft. 

5  Gear      Box      Drive     away 
from    operator. 

6  Individual  Adjustment  for 
each   bearing. 

7  Large     Spindle     Bearings 
are   ring   oiling. 


8  Compact  Control  Levers 
on    operator's   side. 

9  Large  Die  Cabinet  and 
Tool  Tray. 

10  Substantial  oil  trough 
around    top    of    ways. 

11  Specially  constructed 
reservoir    and    filter. 

12  Low-down    Sliding   Head. 

13  Rotary  Geared  Pump  re- 
versible for  left-hand 
thread. 

14  Specially  designed  Carri- 
age to  drain  ofT  oil  and 
cuttings. 

15  All  Gears  amply  protected. 


THE    HALL    GEAR    BOX    DRIVEN-Duplex    Improved    Pipe    Threading   Machine 

Heavy  duty  Construction,  Economical  Up-keep,  Rapid  Production,  Perfect  Threads, 
Workmanship  and  Finish  Unsurpassed.     All  sizes — %^  to  18". 

Pipe  Threading  Machines,  Nipple  Machines,  Roller  Pipe  Cutters, 

Special  Machinery 

Catalog  and  Prices  on  Application 

JOHN  H.  HALL  &  SONS,  LTD.,  Brantford,  Can. 


WRITE 

^■^^ 

— -- 

Our  No.  0 

FOR 
PRICES 

rM 

i  ^ 

Concrete 

AND 
DELIVERY         fv 

■F''"^^''-' 
W^    '    \ 

f  M)^ 

Mixer 

ON  OTHER        \  \ 
SIZES  AND         \ 
STYLES  OF          \ 

it/M^S^ 

'Islll 

Nothing  to  equal 
it    on    the    small 
job.     Stands  up 
to  its  work,  and 

MIXERS.              \ 

LET  US              J 

SEND   YOU     /X 

OUR           fe^ 

mi 

does  not  give  the 
trouble     other 
m  a  c  h  i  n  es  do. 
Simple,  and  has 
least    working 

'^'mS^.m 

f^^^S^ 

^p.  -^ 

P-- 

CIRCULARS,     \t 
ETC. 

^  — ^^ 

^^ 

parts    of    any 
mixer. 

Manufactur< 

ed    by 

ST.  CLAIR 

BROTHERS, 

Gait,  Ont., 

Canada 

//  wkat  you  need  it  not  advertised,  coniull  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write     dvert  ncrs  listi.'l  itudfr  prop'^r  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


135 


PEF-lUCA 


L 


THE  ESPEN-LUCAS  MACHINE  WORKS, 


FRONT  &  GIRARD  AVENUE 
PHILADELPHIA,  PENNA.,  U.S.A. 


136 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  aX 


<s> 


Ask  us  for  catalog,  Series 
B6,  which  will   give  full   infor- 
mation concerning  our  complete  line 
of  Automatic  Machines.  Cable  address, 
"Cook,"  Hartford,  U.S.A. 

Codes:   Liebers;  Western  Union. 
Works   founded    in    year    1858 


ASA  S.COOK 

HAI^TPORD,CONN. 


The 


B 
A 
R 
N 
E 
S 


D 

R 

I 

L 
L 
S 


Complete  line.     8-inch  to  50-incb  twing 

Gang  Drills. — Horizontal  Drills. 

SEND  FOR  CATALOQ. 

W.  F.  &  JOHN  BARNES  CO. 

104  Rul>7  Street        •         ROCKFORD,  ILL. 
Cauaian  AsenU— A.  R.  WILUAMS  MACHINERY  CO. 
Toronto,  Winnipeg,  Vancouver,  and  St.  John,  N.B. 
WILLIAMS  &  WILSON.  Montreal 


USE  B.  &  C. 
WRENCHES 

At  the  top  is  a  combination 
nut  and  pipe  wrench,  with  head, 
bar  and  shank,  a  one-piece 
forging  of  great  strength.  The 
lowtr  illustration  shows  our  ad- 
justable "S"  wrench,  whose  slid- 
ing jaw  is  a  steel  drop  forging. 
All  parts  of  each  wrench  are 
interchangeable. 

Write  For  Catalogue 

BEMIS  &  CALL 
HARDWARE  &  TOOL  GO. 

SPRINGFIELD.  MASS.      -      -      U.S.A. 


^ 


//  what  you  need  ia  not  advertised,  consult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advert  iaers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


137 
i: 


UNIVERSAL  MILLING  MACHINE 


Square  over-arm 

Constant  speed  single  pulley  drive. 

Sixteen  changes  of  speed. 

Sixteen  -changes  of  feed. 

All  sliding  gears,  no  tumbler  gears. 

All    gears    and     shafts     hardened 
and  ground. 


Feed  box  in  knee. 

All    operating    levers    within    easy 
reach  of  operator. 

Bronze  bearings  throughout. 

One  piece  elevating  screw  for  knee. 

No  universal  joint  for  feed  drive. 

Column    and    knee    automatically 
lubricated 


=  Service         Courtesy  = 

=  Monthly  Stock  List  of  Cutters  sent  on  request.  = 

I  THE  CLEVELAND  MILLING  MACHINE  COMPANY  | 

=  CLEVELAND,  OHIO,  U.S.A.  M 

=  New  York  Office,  1760-2  Woolworth  Building  = 

=  Detroit     Office,     705     Dime     Bank     Building  = 


=       Milling  Cutters 


Milling  Machines 


Relieving  Machines       = 


^lllllllillliilllllllllllllillillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllililllilllllillllilllllliH 

//  any  advertiaeTnent  intereata  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  lettert  to  be  answered. 


138 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


CATARACT 


ACME 
:i  MYSTIC 
SPECIAL 


Make   certain   that 

the  lubricant  used 

for  each  operation  in 

your    shop    is   the    best 

obtainable  for  the  purpose.    Otherwise  your  men  and 

/our  tools  and  your  machines  work  at  a  disadvantage. 

Write  us  to-day  that  we  may  demonstrate  how 
Cataract  Lubricants  can  increase  production  and 
reduce  cost  in  your  plant. 

Cataract  Refining  Company,  Limited 


Cutting  Compounds 
Drawing  Compounds 
Cutting  Oils 
Quenching  Oils 

Toronto,  Ont. 


IMPERIAL 
CARBIDE 


I     For 
,  Welding 

Cutting 
\    and 

Lighting 


(IPAUARW 


Manufactured  by 

Union  Carbide  Co.  of  Canada,  Ltd. 


Head  Office : 

Dominion  Bank  BIdg. 

TORONTO,  ONT. 


Works: 

WELLAND 
ONT. 


Large  stocks  maintained  at  convenient  distributing 
centres  throughout  Canada 


Includes: 


H.P.   Steam   Packing 
Ammonia   Packing 
Fine  Hydraulic  Packing 
Square  Flat  Packing 
Asbestos  Wick   Packing 
Valve  Stem  Twist  Packing 
Daums  Plastic   Metallic 
Lace  Leather 
Belt  Dressing 
Friction   Board 
Gauge   Glasses   and   Wash- 
ers 
Hose 
Grnphite 
Hytcmpite  Cement 


H.P.  Flange  Packing 
Gas  Engine  Packing 
Rubber  Sheet   Packing 
Asbestos   Boiler   Gaskets 
Adjustable  Rubber  Gaskets 
Gasket   Tubing 
Belting,   Leather,   Rubber, 

Canvas 
Belt  Fasteners,  all  makes 
Asbestos  Millboard 
Pump  Valves  (Rubber) 
Pump  Leathers 
Flue  Cleaners 
Sarco  Steam  Traps 
Hack  Saws 


Perolin  Boiler  Metal  Treatment 

This    is    not   a   boiler    compound.        It    treats    the    metal 
regardless   of  water   conditions. 

Guaranteed  to  remove  scale,  prevent  pitting  and  corro- 
sion.    Write  for  trial  offer. 

Full  Stocks  Prompt  Shipment 

The  Engineers'  Supply  Co. 

137  McDermot  Ave.  East  Winnipeg 


//  ir/(«/  you   need  ia  vol  advertised,    co.-sult    cin    Hitycyfi'   Dhcdory   and    write   advertiBertt    listed    voider   proper    hcadiiJff. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


139 


w 


INNIPEG  IRON 
FOUNDRY 


Castings  of  All 
Descriptions 

Our  plant  is  well  equipped  to 
meet  all  your  requirements 
for  Iron  Castings. 

Let  us  make  your  patterns 
and  Machinery  repairs  too. 
Quick  service.  Get  in  touch 
with  us. 

Winnipeg   Foundry 
Company,  Ltd. 

Winnipeg  Man. 


The  "TOLEDO" 

Toggle  Drawing  Presses 

Producers   that  are  .solving  many   present-day 
problems.     The  practical   eflfectiveiiess  of  the 

.simple  toggle  move- 
ment —  the  ■  perfect 
timing,  ease  of  con- 
trol and  smooth  per- 
formance are  the  rea- 
sons for  their  won- 
derful succe-ss. 

Built  single  and 
double  crank  in  80 
sizes,  weighing  from 
7,500  to  750,000  lbs., 
and  adapted  to  work 
from  tin  cups  to  the 
mo.-it  difficult  special 
form?  and  shapes. 

The  Toledo  Machine  &  Tool  Co. 

TOLEDO,   OHIO 

Representatives—Allied    Macilinery    Co.    of   America,    19    Hue   de 

Rocroy,    Paris,    France ;    Via    XX    Settembre    12,    Turin,    Italy : 

16    Seidengasse,   Zurich,   Switzerland. 


Tolland  Mfg.  Company 


1167  Carrieres  Street 
Montreal,  Que.,  Can. 


LIMITED 


Brass  and  Iron  Founders 
and  Machinists 

specially  Equipped  for  Repetition  Orders  of  any 

kind  or  size 

All  enquiries  will  be  promptly  answered— Write  to-day 


CASTINGS 


ROUGH    or    MACHINED 


CASTINGS 


IN 


GREY    IRON,   COPPER,   GUN    METAL,   ANTI-ACID    METAL,  BRONZE,  RED  BRASS,  YELLOW  BRASS, 
BRAZING   METAL,  SPECIAL  BEARING  METAL,  ALUMINUM   AND   MARINE  CASTINGS. 


Manufacturers  of  the  Celebrated  TOMCO  BEARINGS 


//  a)>y  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


140 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Pressed  Steel  and  Brass  Grease  Cups  in  any  finish  required 


Complete  line  of  Oilers;  Oil  Cups,  Both  Screw  Top  and  Hinge  Lid; 
Dowel  Pins  and  Closet  Screws,  Spring  Shackle  Bolts 

Write  for  Catalogues  and  Prices 


LEATHER   WASHER 


The  Canadian  Winkley  Co.,  Ltd. 

WINDSOR,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 


Heavy  Duty  Triplex  Pumps 

BELT  DRIVEN  OR  DIRECT  CONNECTED 


DIRECT  CONNECTED  OR  BELT  DRIVEN. 
ANY  PRESSURE  UP  TO  5,000  POUNDS, 
SIZES  AND  CAPACITIES  UP  TO  V/2  IN.  x 
14  IN.— 125  GALLONS  PER  MINUTE. 


ALSO  FULL  LINE  OF 

HYDRAULIC   PRESSES,   ACCUMULATORS,   VALVES  AND   FITTINGS 
FOR  MUNITION   PLANTS  AND  ALL  OTHER   PRESSING   USES. 

CATALOG  "B"  TELLS    THE  STORY 

II    OUR  SKILLED  ENGINEERS  ARE  AT 

YOUR    SERVICE    TO    HELP    WORK 

II    OUT   YOUR   PRESSING    PROBLEMS 

The  Hydraulic  Machinery  Co.,  Limited 

MONTREAL  CANADA 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


141 


Single  Machine  With  the 
Capacity  of  Two 


The  Hurlbut-Rogers  Cutting-Oflf 
and  Centering  Machine  will 
double  your  production  and  cut 
your  costs  in  half. 

Instead  of  only  one,  it  is 
equipped    with    two    cut- 
ting-off  tools — one  cutting 
up  and  the  other  down.  In 
this   way   they   hold    t- 
work  against  each  other  and  fin- 
ish a  job  in  just  half  the  time,  or 
do  twice  the  work. 

The  details  of  this  cost  cutter 
will  interest  you.    Write. 

Hurlbut,    Rogers   Machinery    Company 

South  Sulbury,  Mass.,  U.S.A.  [ 


HURLBUT- 
ROGERS 

Cutting-off 

and 

Centering 
Machine 


FOREIGN    AGENTS— England,    Chas.    Churchill    &    Co.,    Ltd.,    London,    Manchester 
Glasgow,    Newcastle-on-Tyne.       H.    W.    Petrie,    Toronto,    Canada. 


HEAVY  MACHINEB  SAW  BLADE 


ENOX 


IS  C.  I7C  &^Bl6  C  THICK' 
lb    TEETH  ^^TO    INCH 


HT0  2    WIDE    ACCOHOINC    TO    ^B  TYPE   i   SPEED    Of   MACHINE 


ENOX 

Hacksaw  Blades 


AGENTS  IN  CANADIAN  TOWNS  WANTED 


ARE  THE  BEST 


Liberal    Terms  .  offered    to    firms    willing    to    carry 
stocks    and    act    as    so!e    agents    for    the    district. 
Sole  Makers  : 

FRY'S  (LONDON)  LIMITED 

AN  ENTIRELY  BRITISH  COMPANY 

46  Upper  Thames   Street,  London,    E.C.    4, 
England.        Works :  Greenwich,  S.E.  10 


ENOX 


LIGHT  •machine    BLADE 

21  C  THICK    S%&%    WIDE 
It.   TEtTH^^ItO.  INCH 


SAW    8LAOES 

32     TEETM      TO    INCH 


SIMONDS 

HACK  SAW  BLADES 

UNEGLUALED  IN  QUALITY    ANY  SIZE  OR  LENGTH 

Simonds    Canada   Saw  Co.    LimitecL 

ST.  JOHN  MONTREAL  VANCOUVER 


rrr 


142  CANADIAN     MACHINERY  Volume  XX 


OBTAIN  THE  BEST  RESULTS 

From  Cutters  and  Tools  Kept  Sharp  on 

GARVIN   No.  3  UNIVERSAL 

CUTTER  AND  SURFACE  GRINDERS 

Simple  Light  Running  Accurate 

The  spindle  is  hardened  and  ground  and  supported  out 
close  to  the  wheel  by  an  extended  bearing,  and  carefully 
protected   from   emery. 

The  knee  and  the  yoke  carried  on  the  knee  both  have  a 
large  range  of  adjustment.  On  the  knee  yoke  or  carriage 
<s  mounted  the  swiveling  table,  which  has  a  quick,  sensitive 
movement  by  rack  and  pinion  operated  from  end  or  side. 

On  this  table  is  mounted  the  index  head,  and  all  the 
attachments   are   held  in  this   head. 

An  outfit  of  emery  wheels,  mandrels,  bushings,  wrenches, 
etc.,  is  supplied  with  the  machine. 

Machine  is  designed  to  keep  its  original  factory  accuracy. 

CAPACITY:    CUTTERS,    14"  x  6";    SURFACES,    91/2    x  6" 

For  Further  Information  f  „f  ;^R^,?^«ur^iR'LcT 
o»o..TM  M    ,  TT         ,  r  ..  IMMEDIATE  DELIVERIES 

GARVIN  No.  3,  Universal  Cutter 

and  Surface  Grinder  Send   for    Complete    Catalog 

Use    Code — Banish 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

THE    GARVIN     MACHINE    COMPANY 

Spring  and  Varick  Streets  {Visitors  Welcome)  50  Years  New  York  City 


ELLIOTT  &  WHITEHALL 
MACHINE    &    TOOL    CO. 

GALT,  ONT. 


SPECIAL  MACHINERY 
JIGS  AND  FIXTURES  PUMPS 

GAUGES  GASOLINE  ENGINES 

GEAR  CUTTING 


ALL  EQUIPMENT    REQUIRED   FOR    RAPID    AND   ECONOMICAL   PRODUCTION  OF 
INTERCHANGEABLE  PARTS.      PROMPT  ATTENTION  TO  ALL  WORK. 


//  uhal  you  ui  rd  in  not  advi  rtimd,    roimvll    our   Buyern'   Dirictory   and   write   advirtiaura    liutid    under   proper   heading. 


Deremher  26,  11)18  f;  A  \  A  1  >  I  A  N     M  A  C  1 1  I  N  M  11  V  143 


CANADIAN 


Fairbanks 
Morse 

MACHINERY  and   SUPPLIES 


Departments : 

Fairbanks  Scales 

Fairbanks  Valves  and  Steam  Goods 

Automotive  Equipment 

Fairbanks-Morse  Oil  Engines 

Fairbanks-Morse  Electrical  Machinery 

Fairbanks-Morse  Pumps 

Metal  and  Wood-Working  Machinery 

Transmission  Appliances 

Railway  and  Contractors'  Supplies 

Machine  Shop  Supplies 


The  Canadian  Fairbanks  -  Morse  Company,  Limited 

Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods 

Halifax  St.  John  Quebec  Montreal  Ottawa  Hamilton  Windsor 

Winnipeg  Saskatoon  Calgary  Vancouver  Victoria 


144  (■■  A  N  A  I)  1  A  N     M  A  ('  1 1  1  N  !■:  K  Y  Volume  XX 


THIS  sixty-four  page  advertise- 
ment has  been  prepared 
especially  for  buyers  of  manufac- 
turing plant  equipment. 

To  you,  as  such,  it  is  an  indica- 
tion of  our  faith  in  the  future 
and  our  desire  to  help  you  secure 
exactly  that  material  so  necessary 
to  efficient  and  economical 
production. 

Your    problems    of    power,    transmission, 

machinery,  supply  and  transport we  will  help 

solve  them  if  you  will  put  them  up  to  our  staff  of 
specialists. 

We  ask  your  particular  attention  to  the  pages 
of  this  advertisement.  Our  1,000  page  general 
catalogue  will  be  sent  on  request. 


The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

" Canada' s  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 
Sales  Offices  in  Every  Large  Canadian  City 


December  26,  1918 
VO:i 


r.\  X  A  1)  i  .\  X     M  A  ("  II  I  X  !•;  It  Y 

r 


145 


^DIANJfy? 

i 


EVERYTH  !  N  G      M  ECH  AN  JCX^lJ 


Load — Unload — Convey — or  Stack- 
at  Vo  Your  Present  Cost 


I'liiir   things  explain    why    tiie   Brown   Portable 
Ilandlinu;    Machines   can    .~a\e    vou    frnni    "lO    to 


T.j  per  cent.  o\er  youi   present  cost  of  handling 
youi'  hoxeil,  iiackcd  or  rolled  materials — becanse 

these    machines    are 
"hnilt  to  fit  the  joh," 
to  fit  every  jiecnliar- 
ity  of  your  handlinii,' 
conditions.       because 
their    carryinu;     mo- 
lifin     is    ,  continuous 
and  because  tliey  are 
portable  and  section- 
al.    You  roll  these  machines  to  wherever  the  jol) 
i<.     If  conveyin.u,  and  you  have  a  lon<i  streteh. 
you  add  so  many   sections. 
If    a    shorter    stretch,    you 
ake  out  so  manj"  sections. 
Every    machine   carries    its 
)ower  with   it — either  elec- 
ric,    uasoline    or   kero.«ene. 

I'ortable  Continuous  ^hl- 
tion  Elevators  —  used  to 
slack  or  elevate,  or  to  load 
trucks,  or  used  as  a  port- 
able floor-to-floor  I'.levator: 


Portable  Coniinuous  Motidn  Sectional  Conveyors 
to  eliminate  all  truckers  and  truckin.i>;  between 
loading;'  and  delivery  points;  Portable  Continuous 
Motion  i^oadei;s-Unloaders  to  load  or  unload 
cars,  lK)ats,  accoi'ding  to  design.  Each  machine 
nuiy  be  used  a.'^  an  nide|)endent  unit  or  as  one 
of  a  series  when  any  two 
or  three  handling  opera- 
tions ma\  be  performed  as 
()  n  e  contlnuou.i  motion 
handling  movement.  Mo- 
tion reversible.  Made  to 
handle  l)arrels.  boxes,  kegs, 
di'unis,  rolls,  bags,  coils, 
etc. — any  package.  Used 
in  wareliouses,  mills,  in- 
dustrial plants,  by  steam- 
ship and  railroad  compan- 
ies, by  muiiicipalititi-,  by  "•  ' 
the  l'nited~^^ites,-  the  Hriti.-^h.  French,  and  the 
Kussiaii  C;<i\ernment.=  —  in  use  in  ■>">  different 
connlries  because  the.\'  save  money  and  time. 

Rend  complete  details  for  suggestions  on  most 
economical  handling  methods,  asking  for  I?ulle- 
tin   Xo.  141. 


Brown  Portable  Conveying  Machinery  Co. 

10  SOUTH  LASALLE  ST., 
Chicago,  U.S.A. 

Originators  of  Portable  and  Sectional  Continuous  Motion  Machines  for 
the  low  cost  handling  of  packed  material,  and  only  manufac- 
turing engineers  devoted  entirely  to  this  line. 


Canadian  Representatives: 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks -Morse 
Co.,  Limited 

St  John,       Montreal,        Ottawa,       Toronto, 

Hamilton,  Quebec,  Calgary, 

Saskatoon,    Vancouver,  Windsor, 

Winnipeg,         Victoria. 


146 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  11  1  N  K  K  Y 


Volume  XX. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  TI  T  N  E  n  Y 


147 


A    CHEMICAL    COMBINATION   THAT   IS    PERFECT   AND    PERMANENT 
UNDER  EVERY  KNOWN   PUMPING   CONDITION. 

Giving    flexible    seating    against    slippage — rigid    support    against    highest 
pressure.       Reversible    surfaces    constantly    true. 

MADE  IN  ONLY  FOUR   GRADES: 

"RED  CONDENSER"    "SPECIAL  SOFT"    "SUPERHOT"    "STANDARD" 

Distributed  from  stock  solely  by 

THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS -MORSE  CO.,  LIMITED 


14B 


C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  N    MACHINE  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


TRADE   MAPK    REGISTERED 


Sold  on  a  Service  Basis 

DURABLA  COMPRESSED  ASBESTOS 
FIBRE  SHEET  PACKING  is  guaran- 
teed to  meet  every  flange  condition  in  your  plant, 
making  a  permanently  tight  joint  wherever  a 
gasket  is  required. 

One  Standard  Material  for  all  Gasket  Work 

Sole  Canadian  Distributors 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Company,  Limited 

Sales  Offices  in  Every  Large  Canadian  City 

Manufactured  by 

Durabla  Manufacturing  Co.,  New  York 


December  26,  1918 


mw 


C\  NA  1)1  A  N     M  AC  II  I  N  K  U  Y 


140 


D 


i.r. 


^^^^^^"^^^^^ Canadian  Representatives 

of 


N^<l^^N'©A^I 


Foster  Engineering  Co.,  Newark,  N.J. 

Manufacturers 


The  Foster  Float  Valve 

Auxiliary  Operated 

Angle    Body  Straight    Body 

Quick.      Sensitive.      Does    not    leak. 

Wherever  water  or  other  liquid  is  used 
and  the  tank  is  of  large  capacity,  or  is 
located  at  a  high  point,  it  becomes  an 
economical  necessity  to  hold  this  level 
with  a  minimum  of  waste.  The  Foster 
Float  Valve  is  the  most  satisfactory  de- 
vice on  the   market  for  this  work. 


Pressure  Regulators  — 
(Reducing  Valves)  for 
reducing  pressures  of 
steam,  water,  gas  and 
air — General     Service. 

Relief  Valvfs-  For  High 
and  Low  Pressure 
Boilers. 

Pump  Governors  -  For 
General  Service  Pumps. 

Float  Valves—  (Water) 
for  Open  and  Enclosed 
Tanks. 

Float  Valves  -  (Steam) 
for  Open  and  Enclosed 
Tanks. 

Float  Valves  —  Bal'd 
Chron.  for  Sump 
Tanks,  Bilsre  Pumps, 
etc. 

Aut.  Non-Return  Valves 
-  for  Boiler  Protec- 
tion. 

Emergency  Stop  Valves 
— for  Boiler  and  Line 
Protection. 

Back  Pressure  Valves — 
for    Heating    Systems. 

Free  Exhaust  or  Relief 
for  Condensing  En- 
gines. 


The 

Foster 

Class"G" 

Pressure 

Regulator 


A    superior,    high    grade    pressure    regulator 
that  positively   regulates. 
Does     not    leak.       Does     not    stick.      Never 
fails. 

Designed  for  severe  and  exacting  service 
requiring  close  regulations,  particularly 
for  intermittent  work.  Suitable  for  work- 
ing pressures  up  to  2.50  pounds.  Main 
adjusting  spring  and  single  diaphragm 
obtain  practically  unlimited  range  of 
pressure  on  the  terminal  side  from  zero  to 
within  a  small  percentage  of  the  initial 
pressure.  Also  particularly  adapted  for 
air  service  where  valve  is  required  to 
shut  off  and  hold  tight.  It  will  operate 
equally  well  on  horizontal  or  vertical  type, 
either  upright,  inverted  or  inclined  at  any 
angle. 


The  Foster  Pressure  Regulator 

Over  75,000  in  Use 

FEATURES 

A  compensating  spring  movement,  exert- 
ing an  unvarying  pressure  on  the  dia- 
phragm. 

Renewable   seat   rings. 
Drop    forge    stem,    levers,    toggle    levers 
(case   hardened)    insuring   durability. 
Great     simplicity     of    construction     and 
operation. 

Small  movement  of  diaphragm,  insuring 
long   life. 

Ample    steam   capacity. 
No  friction  of  parts. 
No  small   parts  to  clog. 
No  dash  pot. 
Noiseless   in   operation. 
Absolutely    automatic    after    adjustment 
as   to   pressure. 

Every  regulator  carefully  tested  before 
leaving  factory. 

These  regulators  may  also  be  applied 
on  service  other  than  steam.  The  manu- 
facturers   will  advise   if  desired. 


Foster  Class  Q  Pressure  Regulator       The  Foster  Class  "G"  Pump  Governor 


For  steam  heating  or  other  service 
where  the  delivery  pressure  does 
not  exceed  fifteen  pounds. 
It  is  not  intended  to  take  the  place 
of  our  class  "W,"  but  to  meet  the 
demand  for  a  somewhat  lower- 
priced  valve,  in  service  where  it 
will  do  the  work  as  well  as  a  more 
expensively  constructed  one.  It  in- 
cludes some  of  the  best  features  of 
the  class  '"W" — among  others  the 
toggle  device  to  compensate  for  the 
variable  spring  power. 

Write  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS-MORSE  COMPANY 
for  descriptive  circulars  and  full  particulars  of  any  line 
in   which   you   are   interested. 


FOR  STEAM  PUMPS  OR 
AI R  ^COMPRESSORS 

It  will,  beyond  question,  give  better 
results  in  active  service  than  any 
other  governor  for  the  purpose 
known. 

We  recommend  it  for  hard  service 
where  the  most  service  and  acting 
duty  and  close  regulation  is  re- 
quired. Auxiliary  operated — gives 
full  area  through  the  valve  with 
one  pound  (1  lb.)  or  less  reduc- 
tion may  be  applied  at  any  point 
at  any  angle  on  the  pipe  line — 
a  desirable  feature  where  head- 
loom   is   limited. 


150 


OAN.\niA\    MACITTNKRY 


Volume  XX 


rUJ  cJi 
*^v  .E V  E  RYXM  I  N CC3^>-.M  E  G  Hv^i; 


tron^ 


S^  Carlisle 
(9  Hammond 

Industrial 
furnaces' 


For  Oil,   Natural   Gas 
or  ManufactjLired   Gas 


'T^HOROUGHLY 

-*■  practical,  from 
standard-shaped  tile  to 
burner  control,  designed 
to  combine  absolute  ac- 
curacy with  high  capa- 
city, quick  to  heat — even 
in  temperature — easy  to 
control,  operated  on  oil, 
natural  gas  or  manufac- 
tured gas,  every  Strong, 
Carlisle  &  Hammond  fur- 
nace is  not  only  designed 
for  its  particular  purpose, 
but  is  equipped  with  every 
improvement  recommen- 
ded by  actual  working  ex- 
perience. 

THE  STRONG,  CARLISLE  & 

~    -"THE  CANADIAN 


QUEBEC 
ST.  JOHN 


OTTAWA 

TORONTO 


No.  8  for  annealing  and  case-lianlening.  Counterbalanced, 
chain  ojjerated  door,  raised  side  tile  floor.  Easy  control  of  tem- 
perature, low  operating  exjjense,  simplicity  in  design,  perfect 
uniformity  of  heat  in  all  spots,  and  a  raaxinuun  output,  all 
conihine  to  make  this  a  very  popular  furnace. 

Send  for  complete  catalogue  showing  the  entire  line — 75 
furnaces  in  all,  together  with  every  accessory  needed  in 
a  heat-treating  plant. 

HAMMOND  COMPANY         -         CLEVEUND,  OHIO 

Canadian  Representative  : 

FAIRBANKS-MORSE  CO.,  LIMITED 

MONTREAL,    QUE. 

BRANCHES  ; 
HAMILTON  WINNIPEG  CALGARY  VICTORIA 

WINDSOR  SASKATOON  VANCOUVER 


December  26,  1918 


0  A  N  A  I)  1  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 

D 


151 


EVER?r.TM  I  N.G    -M  EG H  AN  I GA 


Ford-Smith  Millers 

'    Plain  and  Universal 


No.  2 

Plain 

24   X  19   X  71/2" 

No.  3 

Plain 

34    X  20    X  10 

No.  2 

Universal 

25    X  17    X  8 

No.  3 

Universal 

30   X  19   X  10 


We  also  build 
a  c  o  m  p  1  ete 
line  of  Miller 
Attachments. 


Our  Catalogue  is  sent  on  request. 

The  Ford-Smith  Machine  Co.,  Limited 

HAMILTON,    ONTARIO,    CANADA 

For  Sale  by   The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morae  Co.,  Limited 


Volume  XX 


■iL,i;  i 


/■ 


In  these  days  of  gigantic  demand  Nortons 
everywhere  keep  production  up 

Here's  a  grinding  job  up  in  Vermont  at  the  Jones  &  Lamson  plant. 
It's  a  Drum  Drive  Shaft  for  a  J  &  L  Turret  Machine.  The  material 
is  machine  steel  and  its  rough  size  is  1  9/32-in.  x  1  17/32-in.  x 
■  1  25/32  in.  x  1  13/32  in.  The  finished  size  is  IVj.  in.  x  1 1/2  in.  x  1% 
in.  X  1%  in. 

A  limit  is  set  of  .0005  in. — and  maintained  at  the  rate  of  28  com- 
plete shafts  per  day. 

Isn't  an  installation — in  a  plant  so  thoroughly  well  known  in 
the  quality  field  as  Jones  &  Lamson — an  endorsement  for  Nortons 
that  you  can't  afford  to  overlook  when  you  are  ready  for  grinding 
machines? 

Norton  Grinding   Company,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Chicago  Store:     11  North  Jefferson  Street 

Canadian  Agents: 
The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Company,  Limited 

St.  John  Quebec  Montreal  Ottawa  Toronto  Hamilton 

Windsor        Winnipeg        Saskatoon         Calgary        Vancouver         Victoria 


uecember  iie,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Surfacing  Shelby 
Tube  at  the  Dexter 
Folder  Co/s  Plant 

.     essen  ,a     that   accuracy  be   maintained   in     he   ^rindiL  of 

m'st^bf  finilTdTi'^  .?'  ■■'''    '"-."r"^   held/but^t'h"e'TuVace 
musi  oe  nnished  to  a  "miri-or  polish. 

urwa^dT'oTs^vln'""^  Machines  have  been  in  service  on  this  work 

NORTON  GRINDING  COMPANY,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Chicago  Store  :     18  North  Jefferson  Street 

Canadian  Agents: 
THE    CANADIAN    FAIRBANKS- MORSE    COMPANY     LIMITED 

St.  John.  Quebec,  Montreal,  Ottawa,  Toronto,  Hamilton,  Windsor.  Winnipeg.  Saskatoon,  Calgary!  Vancouver,  Victoria 


154 


'■i^  V-EL  >•  E  «->'  T^W^i^^G    .  fVI  E  C  M  AN  I  C  A  l- 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N 


M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


If^if 

^ 

1 

llif^ 

c 

1 

1^,^ 

hf«i»!j. 

B 

■iiZiS. 

b^ 

J 

I 

teffjj'" 


ALUNDUM 


A    FACTOR 
AGRICULTURAL 


IN    THE 
INDUSTRY 


The  Alundum  wheel 
positively  is  one  of  the  big 
factors  of  economy  in  the 
production,  of  agricultural 
machinery  and  imple- 
ments made  of  steel  or 
steel  parts. 

A   manufacturer  of  agri- 
cultural implements  recently 
wrote  us:  "Alundum  wheels 
and  Alundum  polishing  grain 
are    absolutely    essential    in 
the  manufacture  of  agricultural  im- 
plements, such  as  plows,  harvesting 
machinery,     disc     harrows,     corn 
planters,  seeding  machinery,  etc." 

Another    manufacturer   said : 
"Alundum  and  Alundum  grinding  wheels 
are  highly  essential,  and  without  these 
our  plant  would  be  badly  crippled.  *  *  *     It  would 
be  an  impossibility  to  manufacture  plows  without 
grinding  and  polishing  abrasives." 

Another  testimonial  reads :  "We  consider  that  an 
uninterrupted  output  of  Alundum  for  the  implement 
industry  is  a  matter  of  vital  importance  to  us  all." 

NORTON  COMPANY,  -  WORCESTER,  MASS. 

Electric    Furnace    Plants :   Niagara    Kails,    N.Y. :    Chippawa,   Ont..   Can. 

Canadian  Agents :  The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co..  Ltd..  Montreal,  Toronto, 

Ottawa,    St.    John,    N.B.  ;    Winnipeg.    Calgary.    Saskatoon,    Vancouver, 

Victoria ;    F.    H.    Andrews    &    Son,    Quebec.    Que. 


i 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


15.'J 


■/O..  ENAEFtYrrH  I  NG  -M  ECH^N  le^S^L^ 


Clover  Grinding  Compound 

Many  manufacturers  found  Clover  Grinding  Compound 
a  blessing  during  war  production. 

It  saved  many  hours'  time,  and  did  a  better  job  wher- 
ever it  was  used.     Among  other  work,  it  was  used  for 


Lapping  Crank  Shafts 

Surfacing 

Grinding  Valves 


Grinding  Pistons  into  Cylinders 
Grinding  Cylinder  Heads  in  place 
Running  Gears  together,  etc. 


Made  in  seven  grades. 
JA  -  A  -  B  -  C  -  D  -  E  and  No.  50.      Put  up  in  1  lb.  and  25  lb.  cans. 

Clover  Manufacturing  Company 

NORWALK,  CONN. 

CanaiHan  Distributors 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Company,  Limited 

Offices  in  Every  Large  Canadian  City 


ll^I^IE 


F?>^-r 


Only  a  drawing-in  bolt  and 
cutter  driver  required  to  hold 
and  drive  face  milling  cutters 

on  Brown  &  Sharpe  Milling 
Machines  because  of  the  taper- 
nose  construction 
of  the  spindle. 
Method  of  attach- 
ing cutter  is  a 
time  -  saving  feat- 
ure on  all  types, 
and  especially  ad- 
vantageous on  the 
vert  ical  spindle 
m  a  c  h  ines.  Dia- 
gram shows 
m  e  t  h  o  d  of 
holding  and 
driving  cut- 
ter by  means 
of  cutter 
driver  and  drawing-in  bolt. 

When  in  place  the  cutter  driver 
.serves  as  a  clutch  and  assures  a 
positive  drive. 

Let  us  tell  you  in  detail 
of  this  and  the  many 
other  features  of 

Brown  &  Sharpe  Milling  Machines. 
Send  for  Literature. 

Brown  &  Sharpe 
Mfg.  Co. 

Providence,   R.I.,   U.S.A. 

Canadian  Representative*: 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Ltd 

Toronto     Montreal     Winnipeg      Calgary 
Vancouver  St.  John  Saskatoon 


Place  cutter  on  table, 
lower  spindle  until  nose 
enters  cutter,  fasten 
with  drawing-in  bolt — 

Simple,  isnt  it? 

And  it  is  just  as  simple  as  it 
sounds  to  put  a  face  milling  cutter 
of   any    size    on 

Brown  &  Sharpe 

Vertical  Spindle 

Milling  Machines 

because  of  the  taper-nose  construc- 
tion  of  the   spindle. 


SEND  FOR 
NEW    BOOK 
ON    BROWN 

&   SHARPE 
MILLING 

MACHINES 


December  26,  1918 


('  A  N  A  1)  I  A  N      M  A  ('  II  I  X  V.  It  ^ 


SISIMvSF 


SI 


N/EF?>r-rM   I  IVI  G       fvt  ECMZ-XM  I  C/M- 


IsniHiis  a  Beauty? 


158 


('  A  N  A  I)  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 

CANApiANJY? 


Volume  XX. 


SGHA^ISJ  lejai^ 


FAIRBANKS 
DIAL  SCALES 


No  Loose  Weights 
No  Calculations 

The    Dial    indicates    the 

gross  or  net  weight 

directly. 


This   is  but  one   of  our 

many  types.    We  can 

furnish  a  scale  for 

any  purpose. 


WRITE 

FOR 

FULL 

PARTICULARS 


The  Canadian 
Fairbanks- 
Morse  Co., 
Limited 

"Canada' M  Departmen- 
tal Houie  for 
Mechanical  Goods." 


DEE'ARTMENTS 

Scale,  Va'.ve,  Auto  Accessory,  Kngine,  Pump, 
Electrical,  Transmission,  Railway  and  Contrac- 
tors, Machine  Shop  Supply,  Marvel  Mill,  Pulp 
and   Paper. 


SALES  OFFICES 

Halifax,  St.  John,  Quebec,  Montreal,  Ottawa, 
Toronto,  Hamilton,  Windsor,  Winnipeg,  Saska- 
toon,  Calgary,   Vancouver,   Victoria. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


169 


"Canada's 
Departmental    House 


FOR 


Mechanical  Goods" 


What  It  Means  to  You— 

It  means  that  each  of  our  departments  is  pre- 
pared with  a  line  selected  for  recognized  excel- 
lence— Prepared  to  meet  your  requirements  and 
to  help  you  solve  your  problems.  Our  offices  and 
warehouses,  located  in  Canada's  principal  cities, 
insure  the  best  possible  deliveries. 


Scales 

Valves  and  Steam 

Goods 
Machine  Shop  Supplies 
Automobile  and   Motor 

Boat  Supplies 


Engines 

Marvel  Flour  Mills 
Electrical  Machinery 
Pumps 

Wood  Working 
Machinery 


Metal  Working 
Machinery 

Transmission 

Railway  and 

Contractors'  Supplies 


Let  Our  Nearest  House  Give  You 
Full  Particulars  and  Quotations 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.^  Limited 

"Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 

Halifax,  St.   John,  Quebec,  Montreal,  Windsor,  Winnipeg,  Saskatoon, 

Ottawa,  Toronto,  Hamiltoiy  Calgary,  Vancouver,  Victoria 


!60 


CANADIAN     M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


Sleeve  Bar  with  Holder. 


^Williams'  "Agrippa" 

Boring  Tool  Holders 

for  Multiple  Bars 

RAISE  NO  BAR  AGAINST  THE  SELECTION  OF  BARS 
THE  CHOICE  IS  YOURS 

THE  same  holder  can  be  used  for  all  sizes  of  Boring-Bars  which  come 
within  the  range  of  either  of  the  V  grooves  at  top  and  bottom  of 
the  reversible  Cap  with  the  "twin-screw"  fastening;  no  bushings  or 
shims  are  necessary. 

For  instance,  the  smallest  Holder,  No.  080,  accommodates  Bars  from 
3/16  to  1/2"  diameter,  while  the  largest,  No.  83,  holds  Bars  from  V2  to 
li/g"  diameter.     Three  intermediate  sizes  of  Holders  are  also  in  stock. 

We  furnish  two  types  of  Standard  Bars  as  illustrated — they  are 
interchangeable  in  the  Holder. 

In  the  Sleere-Bar,  the  Cap  admits  a  straight  or  angular  Cutter;  either 
can  be  quickly  inserted  at  the  business  end  of  the  Bar  without  remov- 
ing the  Cap  or  disturbing  the  setting  of  either  the  Bar  or  the  Holder. 

The  Phiiii-Iifrr  provides  for  the  use  of  both  styles  of  Cutters  in  the  sim- 
plest manner  possible  and  is  furnished  with  Headless  Screws. 

Williams'  "Agrippa"  Tool  Holders,  "rhe  Holders  that  Hold"  for 


BORING 

PLANING 

THREADING 

TURNING 

CUTTING-OFF 
SIDE  WORK 

KNURLING 

Booklet  describing  Superior  Machinists'  Tools  on  request 

J.  H.  Williams  &  Co. 


WeiUrn  Office 
and  Warehoute : 
45  So.  Clinton  St. 
Chicago.  III. 


"The  Drop-Forging  People" 


General  Offices  : 

45  Richards  St. 

Brooklyn, 

N.Y. 


For  Sale  6j-   The  Canadian  Fairbankt-Morae  Co,^  Limited 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     M  A  C  IT  1  N  E  R  Y 


161 


ENA&FtYJl^hi  I  N.a4^lH!^felH^ 


SKINNER  CHUCKS 


For 


Lathes,  Drill  Presses, 
Milling  Machines, 
Planers 


A    Complete    line    of 

Chucks    for    all 

chucking 

operations 


THE 

SKINNER    CHUCK 
COMPANY 

Main  Office  and  Factory 

New  Britain,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

For  Sale^by  The  Canadian  Fairbanks~Morse  Co.,  Limited 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  CHIN  E  R  Y 

lADIANj 


Volume  XX 


(i 


•-99 


Make  Every 
Move   Count 


An  Instant  Fit 


icholson 

EXPANDING 
MANDRELS 

j  With  Nicholson  Expanding  Mandrels  there  is  no  hunt- 

ing through  a  pile  of  solid  mandrels  for  a  mandrel 
to   suit   the   size   of  work. 

One  set  of  nine  Nicholson  Expanding  Mandrels  are  all 
that's  needed  to  fit  any  size  square  or  round  hole  be- 
tween one  to  seven  inches. 

They  center  immediately— and  can  be  collapsed  and 
knocked    out   in    a   few    seconds. 

Increased    production    simply    has    to    follow,    with    greater 


Your    machines   will   be   producing   every    minute. 

accuracy. 

"Nicholson"   cannot  distort.     The  jaws   are   always   concentric. 

Write  us  to-day  for  full  details,  or  we  will  loan  you  on?  for  thirty  days.     After  that  it  is   up  to  you. 

Nicholson 

PATENT 

Compression 
SHAFT    COUPLING 

Severe  working  and  dynamometer  testjt  have 
proven  that  the  Nicholson  Coupling  posgesBea 
the  most  iwwerful  grip  of  any  coupling  on  the 
market. 

It  is  the  enty  c(»mpre«aion  coupling  known 
that  win  withfftand  a  strain  on  a  5-inch  shaft, 
that  is  sufftcient  to  twist  ufT  the  shaft  itself. 
as  the  "Nicholson"  has  been  known  to  do  and 
in  many  cases  on  shafta  less  than  5  inches. 
The  reason  why  the  "Nicholson"  will  twist  off 
a  shaft  where  its  competitors  will  slip,  is  be- 
cause it  possesses  a  po werf u  1  four-sided  grip 
(similar  to  that  of  a  lathe  chuck),  obtained 
by  drawing  together  the  tapering  bore  cast- 
ings over  four  double  tapering  steel  jaws, 
ttecured  by  an  ample  number  of  through  bolts  ; 
a  grip  that  is  unquestionably  the  most  power- 
ful that  is  obtainable. 

The  grip  of  the  "Nicholson"  differs  from  the  other  makes  of  couplings,  most  of  which  are  constructed  with  a  case  split  bushing— 
which  compresses  eccentric  /flStifon.  and  does  not  conform  to  the  sjiaft.  In  this  style  coupling  there  is  a  lot  of  power  expended  in  over- 
coming the  friction   between   *he  outside  of  the   bushing   and  the   bore  of  the  flange  castings. 

The  .Nicholson  coupUnff  draws  tijrht  much  easier  than  any  other;  as  the  friction  is  largely  eliminate<}f  and  the  four  steel  jaws  make  a 
perfect  ftt  and  grip. 

OVKR    50,000    NICHOLSON    PATENT    SHAFT    COUPLINGS    NOW  RUNNING. 
Drop  us  a  line  for  fall  particulars. 

W.  H.  Nicholson  &  Company.,  114  Oregon  St.,  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

For  Sate  by   The    Canadian    F  airhank  s -Morse   Co.,    Limited 


i 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

lADIANi 


163 


Machine  Shop 

Supplies 


Yale  Triplex  Blocks 
Norton  Grinding  Wheels 
Wells  Taps,  Dies  and  Gauges 
Cleveland  Drills  and  Reamers 
Brown  and  Sharpe  Tools  and  Cutters 

Every  Shop  Requisite 

Bench  Tools — Lathe  Tools 

Blacksmiths'  Tools — Carpenters'  Tools 

Power  Transmission — Goods  Conveyors 

Anything  you  want — at  a  reasonable  price 

Our  stocks  are  the  largest  in  Canada, 


The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods 

Halifax  St.  John  Quebec  Montreal  Ottawa  Toronto  Hamilton  Windsor 

Winnipeg  Saskatoon  Calgary  Vancouver  Victoria 


IM 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

lADIANj 


Volume  XX 


"No  Trouble  Since  We  Got  This  Threader ^^ 


Said  the  operator  of  this  2"  Landis  Triple  Head  Threading  Machine,  and  he  further  opined  that  it  could  not  be 
beaten  for  ease  of  operation  and  high  production.  This  statement,  made  after  eight  years  of  service  in  a  rail- 
road shop,  speaks  for  itself. 

On  an  average,  three  thousand  IW  bolts  are  threaded  every  ten  hours  on  this  machine,  but  it  is  particularly 
advantageous  for  cutting  long  lengths  of  threads.  The  quality  of  threads  is  up  to  the  Landis  Standard,  which 
means  well-formed  and  accurate. 

It  was  with  a  machine  similar  to  this  one  that  a  test  was   made   in  a  big  railroad   shop   as  to  the   economy   of 
Landis   Dies   as  compared   with   other   types.     It   was   found  that  when  the  Landis  Die  was  used  it  cost  $4.95  to 
thread   100.000  bolts,  and  with  the  other  types  of  dies  the  cost  was  $48.39.     Needless  to  say  the  Landis  Die,  by 
cutting  costs  to  almost  one-tenth  was  adopted  throughout  the  plant. 
How  much  does  it  cost  to  cut  your  threads  ?     Submit  your  specifications  and  we  will  show  you  the  Landis  way. 


Canadian  Agents - 


Catalogues  on  request — 

No.  24 — Bolt   Threading    Machines. 
->  No.  2.3 — Pipe   Threading   Machines. 

Ontario:   Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,    Ltd.,    Toronto;    Quebec:    Williams    &    Wilson, 

Montreal. 


Ltd. 


Landis  Machine  Company 

Waynesboro,  Pa. 

For  Sale  by   The  Canadian   Fatrbanks-Morge  Co.,  Limited 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  1 1  I  N  10  R  Y 


165 


w^mmmm^j^mM^mm^ 


2 


LIP 
DRILLS 


-3 


LIP 
DRILLS 


-4 


LIP 
DRILLS 


Can  be  correctly  sharpened  on  WORCESTER  DRILL 
GRINDERS  without  any  adjustment  to  the  Lip  Rest. 

MADE   FOR   ALL   SIZES   FROM   No.  60  TO  4". 

THE  WASHBURN  SHOPS 

OF  THE 

WORCESTER  POLYTECHNIC  INSTITUTE 

Worcester,   Mass.,   U.S.A. 

For  Sale  by   The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


llllllllllll 


Hall 


Pipe  Threading 
Machinery 

Illustration  shows  the  new  No.  8  Hall 
Gear  Box  Driven  Pipe  Lathe.  Regular 
capacity  2%"  to  8"  inclusive. 

The  la&t  word  in  Pipe  Machine  Construc- 
tion. 

Let  us  give  you  full  particulars  of  this 
machine  which  is  only  one  of  a  large 
number  having  capacity  %"  to  18"  pipe. 
Write  us  for  catalog  and  prices  on: 

PIPE  THREADING  MACHINES 
NIPPLE  THREADING  MACHINES 
ROLLER  PIPE  CUTTERS,  or 
CUTTING-OFF  MACHINES. 

Any  capacity  %"  to  18". 

MADE   IN   CANADA 


No.  8 


John  H.  Hall  & 
Sons,   Limited 

Brantford,    Canada 

For  Sale  by  The  Canadian  Fairbankg-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


les 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

lA  A  J^i?gSAW  ADI  ANj 


Volume  XX 


Fairbanks-Morse 
Transmission 

Shafting,  Hangers,  S.K.F.  Bearings, 
Pulleys,  Belt,  Couplings, 
Friction  Clutches,  Shifters, 
Dynamos,  Engines. 

Power  to  Machine, 

Everything  Mechanical  from 

the  Coal  Pile  to  the  Freight  Car. 

Power  Transmission — Material  Conveyors. 

We    carry    the    largest    stock    in    Canada. 


The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

Canada's   Departmental  House   for   Mechanical   Goods 

Halifax  St.  John  Quebec  Montreal  Ottawa  Toronto  Hamilton  Wind«or 

Winnipeg  Saskatoon  Calgary  Vancouver  Victoria 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACII  INERT 

ADIANlT\/7 


167 


EVERYTHIN^i^i^'CHAN  \C:M& 


Pratt  &  Cady 
Valves 

and 
Asbestos  Packed 

Cocks 


FEED  Water  Heaters,  Hot 
Water  Generators  and  Pow- 
er Pumps  as  manufactured  by 
I.  B.  Davis  and  Son,  have  secured 
an  enviable  reputation  in  the 
trade  as  product  of  high  quality 
and  long  service.  These  lines, 
having  been  purchased  by  Pratt 
and  Cady  Company,  Incorpor- 
ated, will  be  continued  and  are 
offered  to  the  trade  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  regular  lines  of 
Valves  and  Cocks. 

Worm    and    Gear    Attachment, 
Flanged  Ends. 


WITH  hardly  an  exception 
the  more  prominent  engin- 
eers in  Canada  insist  on  the  use 
of  Valves  and  Cocks  that  bear 
the  above  trade-mark,  because 
by  long  experience  they  know 
that  products  so  marked  are  bet- 
ter in  design  and  workmanship ; 
they  know  there  is  no  service  of 
engine  room  or  high  pressure 
pipe  line  too  severe  for  P.  &  C. 
products  to  meet  successfully. 

Write  for  our  big,  well  illustrated 
catalog. 

PRATT  &  CADY  COMPANY,  Inc. 

HARTFORD,  CONN. 
Canadian  Representatives: 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

HALIFAX  ST.  JOHN  QUeBEC  MONTREAL  OTTAWA  TORONTO  HAMILTON  WINDSOR 

WINNIPEG  SASKATOON  CALGARY  VANCOUVER  VICTORIA 


Pratt  &  Cady 

Feed  Water  Heaters 

Hot  Water  Generators 

Power  Pumps 


168 


CA  N  A  1>  1  A  N     M  A  ('  II  I  X  K  U  Y 

ADIANj 


Volume   XX. 


WALGOTT  SHAPERS 


Built  to  Endure- 


Walcott  Shapers  are  built  to  endure  the  hardships  imposed  upon  shop  equipment 
during  the  war-time  pressure  of  heavy  production.  Prominent  features  in  this  con- 
nection are  the  general  heavy  construction  where  strains  are  most  likely  to  occur, 
extra  large  bearings  throughout  to  compensate  for  wear,  and  perfect  lubrication. 

The  bull  gear  pinion  is  made  of  high  carbon  steel,  and  runs  loose  on  the  ground  shaft 
of  high  carbon  steel.  Bronze  bushings  are  provided  in  this  pinion,  and  the  same  is 
oiled  by  a  large  oil  chamber  through  the  centre  of  the  shaft. 

All  gears  are  of  coarse  pitch  and  wide  face  and  helical  design,  thus  insuring  a  quiet, 

smooth    running   ma- 
May  we  have     ^"^  chine  with  absence  of 

your  request?     ^  _  any  chatter.  This  per- 

mits a  greater  num- 
ber of  cutting  strokes, 
t  h  e  r  e  by  increasing 
the  output  of  the 
machine. 

The  above  are  but  a 
few  of  the  good  fea- 
tures that  are  respon- 
sible for  the  great  en- 
durance qualities  of 
the  Walcott  Shaper. 
We  have  not  touched 
on  the  features  of  sim- 
plicity, ease  of  opera- 
tion, high  speed  fea- 
tures, etc.,  but  we 
would  like  to  send  you 
bulletins  giving  all  the 
details  of  our  shapers. 

JACKSON   SHAPER   COMPANY 

JACKSON,    MICHIGAN 

Canadian  Sales  Agents 

THE  CANADIAN   FAIRBANKS -MORSE  CO.,   LIMITED 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  1  A  N     M  A  C  TT  T  N  E  R  Y 

CANADIAN 

IN 


169 


u.j^  ^iEA/mR^^i:^:\n^r^(Bi^^im^B^HmJ^ii^ 


ELECTRIC  HOISTS 


This  is  a  new  design  of  hoist  made 
in  two  sizes  with  capacities  of  l,ooo 
lbs.  and  2,000  lbs.  on  a  single  line. 
These  machines  are  designed  with 
high  speeds  for  fast  work  on  light 
loads.  Loads  of  5  tons  on  the 
smaller  and  10  tons  on  the  larger 
can  be  handled  with  proper  arrange- 
ment of  hoisting  lines. 

This  machine  is  self-contained,  main 
reduction  is  through  steel  worm  and 
bronze  worm  wheel  running  en- 
cased in  grease.  Load  is  picked  up 
by  large  cone  frictions,  lowered  by 
hand  break,  and  held  automatically 
by  forged  steel  dog.  Constant  speed 
standard  motors  used.  Machine 
arranged  for  vertical  or  horizontal 
position  as  required. 


Single  I-Beam  and  Double  I-Beam  Cranes 


Capacities  1  to  10  tons,  spans  15  to  40  ft.     Truck  wheels  have  chilled  treads,  roller  bearings.     Trolley  wheels  have 
turned  treads,  roller  bearings.     Clearance  required  4"  from  center  of  rail  to  outside,  minimum  head  clearance. 
JIB  CRANES.     Electric  Jib  Cranes  2  to  5  tons  capacity.     We  have  designed  and  manufactured  two  of  the  largest 
electric  jib  cranes  in  use,  5  tons  capacity,  60  ft.  boom,  60  ft.  mast.     High  speeds,  60  ft.  hoist,  250  ft.  trolley  travel, 
%  turn  in  15  seconds. 

DERRICKS.     Large  steel  derricks,  both  stiff  leg  and  guy  type.     Capacnies  from  10  to  50  tons.     Derrick  irons  lor 
wooden  derricks,  10  to  25  tons  capacity. 

Pollard  Manufacturing  Co.,  Limited 

Niagara  Falls,  Ontario 

Canadian  Sale*  Agents 
The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


170 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


F?^^V?:TrilTi^|^ISI^e3^*M  EOlrHA-IVi  I  OA! — 


THE  JOHNSON  FRICTION  CLUTCH 


Here 


Here 


You  should  have  our  Booklet, "Clutches 
As  Applied  in  Machine  Building"  and 
Yellow  Data  Sheets.    Write  right  now. 

AGENTS: 
Canada:   The  Canadian   Fairbanka-Morae  Co.,   Ltd.,  Mont- 
real,  and  branches. 

WilJiams    ft    Wilson.    329    St.    James    St.,    Montreal, 
and  branches. 

Encland:  The  Efandem  Co.,  22  Newman  St.,  Oxford  St., 

London,  W.  1,  Sole  Agents  for  British  Isles. 
Autralia:    Edwin    Wood    Pty.,    Hardware   Chambers,   231 

Elizabeth  St.,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 
Japan:    Andrews    &    GeorKe   Co.,    16    Takegawa-cho,    Kio- 

bashiku,  Tokyo. 
South  Africa:  D.  Drury  &  Co.,  Main  St.,  Johannesburg. 
France:   Anciens  Etab.  Glaenzer  &   Perreaud,   18   Fauborg 

du  Temple,  Paris. 


One  large  user  is  the  Williams  Tool  Co., 
Erie,  Pa.,  who  have  adopted  the  Johnson 
Friction  Clutch  for  their  heavy  cutting- 
off  machines  illustrated  the  capacity  of 
which  ranges  from  31/2  to  5  inches  of 
heavy  bar  steel. 

The  clutches  are  located  in  the  head- 
stock,  as  indicated  by  the  arrows,  being 
operated  by  the  simple  lever  action 
characteristic  of  all  Johnson  Friction 
Clutches.  The  clutch  is  incorporated  be- 
tween two  spur  gears  and  controls  start- 
ing, stopping,  and  change  of  feed. 


Single    Clutch    Pulley    Mounted — Clutch    engaged. 

The  value  of  the  Johnson  Friction  Clutch 
is  finding  increased  recognition  wherever 
the  consideration  of  Quality  is  allowed 
to  rule.  What  are  your  requirements? 
Remember,  we  will  specify  a  Johnson 
Friction  Clutch  for  your  requirements  at 
no  expense  or  obligation  to  you. 


Courtesy,    The    Williams    Tool    Co., 
Erie.    Pa. 


THE  CAHLYLE  JOHNSON    MACHINE  CO.    Manchester  ccr7?r. 


December  26,  1918 


CJ 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

P  f^CANADIAN|SV? 


KJ 


171 


mMWmEmMmnw€<^^m 


Cowan  Woodworking  Machinery 

FOR 

Pattern  and  Carpenter  Shops;  Planing  Mills;  Sash,  Door  and  Furniture  Factories; 
Shipbuilding  Plants;  Carriage  and  Wagon  Shops,  etc.,  etc. 


SURFACE  PLANER  141 

A  Substantial  Medium  Weight  Machine. 
Capacity  20",  24  or  26"  wide  x  8"  thick 

A  Favorite  Pattern,  Carpenter  and  General  Wood  Shop  Machine. 

— We  Make — 
PLANERS  MORTISERS  BAND  SAWS  SANDERS 

MOULDERS  BORERS  SCROLL  SAWS  GRINDERS 

SHAPERS  LATHES  CROSS  CUT  SAWS  CLAMPS 

TENONERS  RESAWS  RIP  SAWS  VENEER  PRESSES 

Cowan  &  Company  of  Gait  Limited 

Gait,  Ontario 

For  Sale  by   The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


172 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  li  I  N  E  R  Y 

CANADIAN^TV? 

mm 


Volume  XX 


Farns'wortK 
Condensation   Pumps 

The  coal  shortage,  in  so  far  as  it  has  called  our  attention  to 
wasted  heat,  has  been  a  blessing  in  disguise. 

Thousands  of  tons  of  coal  may  be  saved  by  Farnsworth  Con- 
densation Pumps.  They  offer  a  double  saving.  First,  by  using  a 
closed  system  keeping  the  condensate  under  pressure  they  return 
the  maximum  number  of  heat  units  to  the  boiler.  Secondly,  they 
can  be  operated  on  a  small  fraction  of  the  steam  required  to 
operate  a  reciprocating  pump. 

Farnsworth  Condensation  Pumps  are  replacing  other  types  of 
pumps  and  steam  traps  in  a  great  many  places.  Let  us  tell  you 
what  they  are  doing  in  large  Canadian  Plants. 


MADE  IN  CANADA  BY 

THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS-MORSE  CO.,  Limited 

"Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 

HALIFAX  ST.  JOHN  QUEBEC  MONTREAL  OTTAWA  TORONTO  HAMILTON 

WINDSOR  WINNIPEG  SASKATOON  CALGARY  VANCOUVER  VICTORIA 


December  26,  1918 


('  A  X  A  I)  I  A  N     M  A  ('  11  I  \  K  1!  Y 

A  Afl^GA.NADIAN^Y| 


173 


hi 


D 


^ 


EVER.YtT,MIN.( 


HI 

vVIX^g-  Q  HyVN  I  GAL: 


A  Better  Belting 

— because  it  is  better  built 


/^UR  own  practical  experience  with 
^^  Goodyear  Extra  Power  is  one  of  the 
best  reasons  we  have  for  recommending  its 
use  to  you. 

We  have  used  this  modern  type  of  belting  in  our 
own  plant — ^used  it  largely,  on  all  kinds  of  drives. 

We  have  found  it  a  better  belt — a  belt  that  yields 
splendid  service  —  long  and  trouble-free  service  — 
under  the  most  difficult  conditions. 

That's  because  it  is  scientifically  constructed  to 
ensure  those  features  you  expect  from  a  belt — lasting 
service,  economy,  flexibility,  freedom  from  trouble. 

Its  construction  guarantees  .tiri|)i)i!i<!,  surface  and  you  liave  a 
.Sireat  strength  and  balance,  with-  belt  that  hugs  tlie  ])ulleys  for  (he 
out  power-squandering  weight.  last  ounce  of  power. 

"Extra  Power"  is  flexible — it  i.s  Xo  obligation  is  involved  in  get- 

long-lasting,  ting  the  trained  and  expert  advice 

Add  to  it.s  natural  flexibility  its     of  our  bolting  men. 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse 
Company,  Limited 


St.  John  Quebec  Montreal  Ottawa  Toronto 

Windsor  Calgary  Vancouver  Victoria 

Winnipeg  Saskatoon 


Hamilton 


174 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  X     M  A  C  II  I  N  E  R  Y 


CANADIAN^VT 


Volume  XX 


m^)im/^  Rymfm:m^mEMPi¥^mimi^£mi> 


THE  PERFECT   18-INCH  LATHE 

"THE   TOOL   WITH  THE  APPETITE" 


ALL    THAT  IT  LOOKS    TO  BE 

A  machine  tool  capable  of  doing  the  toughest  machining  jobs,  and  of  doing  them  economically;  a  machine  tool 
capable  of  delivering  the  most  accurate  work  at  a  high  rate  of  speed;  a  machine  tool  of  extreme  regidity,  of  great 
power — such  is 

This  Double  Back-Geared,  Quick  Change  Gear  ''Perfect"  18-inch  Lathe 

You  will  admire  its  ability  to  send  production  climbing  hand   in  glove  with   perfect  accuracy. 
You  will  appreciate  the  exclusive  features  that  so  noticeably  make  for  operating  convenience. 
You  will  be  pleased  you  put  it  in  your  shop — and  so  will  the  man  that  runs  it. 
Aask  up  to-day  for  Catalog  fully  describing  this  "Perfect"  Lathe. 

SCREW  CUTTING  ENGINE  LATHE  WITH  GAP 


Accurate. 
Convenient 
Design. 

Small  consump* 
tion  of  Power 
and   Low   Price. 

A  Lathe  in  a 
class  by  itself. 


Just  the  Tool  for 
Machine   Shops, 
Experimental 

Shops, 
Technical 

Schools, 
Garages,  Etc. 

Built   in  2  sizes, 

12    and   14 

swing, 

6    and  8    Bed 


Perfect  Machine  Co. 


Gait,  Ont.,  Canada 


For  Sale  by  The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  I)  1  A  N     MACHINERY 


175 


EVERYXMING 


These  Grinders  have  stood  the  test,  they're  rigid.     The  wick  oiling  device  can't  go  wrong. 
They're  built  right,  with  the  proper  material,  by  expert  workmen. 


Guards  or  Exhaust  Hoods  furnished  on  request. 


The  Heads  alone  can  be  used  for  Bench  Grind- 
ers. The  ordinary  tight  and  loose  pulley  C.S. 
furnished  unless  otherwise  ordered. 


No.  0   PERFECT  HIGH   SPEED   HACK   SAW 

Capacity  0"  to  5".     Blades   10"  to   14".     Permanent   or  Swivel 

Vise.      A    real    machine    tool    with    the    latest    improvements. 

Worth   investigating. 

Perfect  Machine  Co. 

GALT,   ONT.,   CANADA 


No.  14  PERFECT  14-  DRILL 
triven  by  a  Xy^"  flat  belt. 
Round  or  oblong  table.  Ped- 
estal   or    bench    type. 


No.    19    PERKECT  20"    DRILL 
Geared  2  to   1.    2"   flat  belt.     Plenty  ot 
power.     Get   the    price   and   then    c6m- 
pare  them  with  other  Drilling  Machines. 


For  Sale  by   The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


1-6 


C  A  N  A  n  1  A  X     M  A  C  II  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


..f:^'^^^  ..=,  S 


EVlt^^^f^iBmTG'i.-M'E C H AN  ! GA; 


A  METALWOOD 


Reft.  U.S.  Patent 
Office 


Hydraulic  and  Hydro-Pneumatic 
QUICK  OPENING  PRESSES 
for  Straightening,  Forcing  and 
Broaching  operations 


Metalwood  Manufacturing 

Company 
Detroit    -    -    U.S.A. 

Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

Montreal  and  Toronto 

Exclusive  Sales  Representatives  for  Canada 


Ufceniber  ZG,  1<J18 


OA  N  A  I)  1  A  N      M  A  (Ml  I  N  K  H  Y 

CANADIAN 

m 


m 


f/'CLiii 


^ 


4j* n&N/^ERiV^M  I  N;<Ii*^M  EeH^^N^e^S: 


METALWOOD   A 


Reft.  U.  S.  Patent 
Office 


Hydraulic  Accumulator 
Systems  Complete: 

Pumps,    Valves,    Forged    Steel    High 
Pressure    Fittings,    Etc. 


Metalwood  Manufacturing 
Company 

DETROIT,  -  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse   Co.,  Limited 

Montreal  and  Toronto 

Exclusive  Sales  Representatives  for  Cxnada 


C.\  N  A  1)  I  A  X     M  A  (MI  I  N  K  \i  Y 


Volume  XX 


Self-Contained 

Countershaft 

Grinder 


The  most  important  advantage  of  these 
Krinders  is  the  very  smooth  runnine  of  the 
wheels.  The  belt  strain  being  down 
aKainst  the  body  of  the  machine  gives  the 
wheels  a  smooth  running  motion,  which  is 
impossible  to  get 
with  this  class  of 
machine  belted  up. 
Arbors  are  of 
iO*/r  carbon  steel, 
thread  two  pitch 
coarser  than 
standard.  Let  us 
put  all  the  advan- 
tages before  you. 
Write  for  full  par- 
ticulars. 


Tapping  Chucks  — 

Our    Tapping    Chucks    are    made    in 
four   sizes.      All    steel    and   bronze 
and   very  durable. 


Tapping  Machines— 

In  two  sizes  vertical,  one  size 
horizontal.  Foot  actuated.  Both 
hands  free  to  handle  work  makes 
thi.s    machine    very    rapid. 


These    machines    are    carried    in    stock    by  some  of  the  leading   dealers   in   Canada, 
England.    France.    South    Africa,    New   Zealand   and   Japan. 

Send    for   our   Catalogue.      It   has    information    worth    having. 

Saint  Louis  Machine  Tool  Co.,  St.  Louis,  U.S.A. 

For  Sale  by   The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co,  Limited 


American  Power  Plant 
Specialties 

Uniformly  accurate  satisfactory  service  is  assured  the  user  of  these 
wtll-known  Power  Plant  Instruments  which  have  been  on  the 
market    for   sixty-five   years.      Tell   us    your   needs. 

AMERICAN  STEAM   GAUGE  &  VALVE 
MANUFACTURING  COMPANY 

BOSTON,  MASS.,  U.S.A. 

SOLE    CANADIAN    AGENTS 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

St.    John,    Quebec,    Montreal,    Ottawa,    Toronto,    Hamilton,    Winnipeg:. 
Saskatoon,    Caleary,    Vancouver,    Victoria 


American    Ideal  Steam   Trap 


American  Rocording  Gauge 


Whistle 


nocember  26,  1918 


0  A  N.\  1)  [  A  X     M  A  C  II  I  N  KM  T 

['^k^ift-  ,'^?.,"^t-^'»'^'?^T'CA-N.'ADI  AN  TYt?^' ? 


179 


olHl© 


yp^-V^nSI-ii-lilSI' 


M'-ECSM/VNl-l 


Equally  Effective  in  Peace 
As  They  Were  In  War 

"OPEED  up  war  production!"  was  the  slogan 
(^lO  of  every  manufacturer  making  war  ma- 
terial. Great  output  was  a  necessity.  Hundreds 
of  American  manufacturers,  representing  99 
distinct  lines  of  business,  used 


^^j(cEFER  Auxiliary  Heads 


With    them    production     is    vastly    increased    without 

increasinpT   the   number  of   men.   machines   or   floor  space. 

One   man   with   one   machine   can    drill   from   2    to    12 

holes   at  a   single  operation.     One   Hoefer   Auxiliary    Head   does   the 
work   of  twelve  men   working:  at  ordinary  one-hole  machines. 

HOEFER  MFG.  CO. 


Hoefer  Auxiliary  Heads  are  equally  effective  and  just 

as  much  needed  to-day  to  hold  down  factory  cost.-i  and  increase 
factory  output  as  they   were  durinjf  the  war. 

Leading    American    manufacturers    have    found    them 

profitable.  They  can  perform  an  equal  service  for  you.  Write  u* 
to-day  and  let  ub  explain  in  detail  the  advantaees  of  the  Hoefer 
Heads. 

Freeport,  Illinois 


Canadian  Sales  Agents:     THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS-MORSE  COMPANY,  LTD. 


>^»-'.T»aKS«i«  ifga^jat  ..-r^-jaw-  »»g. .  y.;-ji.>.K*>;iay.<!i:.,.  .«<iSHmiK  ,AEI>B!»aK£;S£X>'  ■^  ,^~wvs-zi<Mess'i!milim 


0.\  XA  I)  I  A  ^      >I  A  r  II  TNKRY 


Volume  XX 


FAIRBANKS-MORSE 

Manufacturing  Plant  Equipment 


Woodworking  Machinery 

Our  stock  of  woodworking  machinery  is 
made  up  of  lines  of  recognized  excellence 
and  we  are  prepared  to  furnish  either  the 
common  or  the  very  special  machines. 

We  can  supply  machinery  for  the  most 
up-to-date  pattern  shop,  carpenter  shop  or 
machine  shop. 

Our  warehouses  in  Toronto  and  Mon- 
treal contain  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of 
equipment  ready  for  immediate  shipment. 

Let  us  quote  you  on 
anything  mechanical 

The   Canadian    Fairbanks-Morse    Co.,    Limited 

"Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 

Halifax,  St.  John,  Montreal,  Quebec,  Ottawa,  Toronto,  Hamilton,  Windsor,  Winnipeg, 

Saskatoon,  Calgary,  Vancouver,  Victoria. 


Exhausters 

Sand    Paper 

Benches 

Vises 

Hammers 

Mallets 

Rules 

Gauges 

Saw  Sharpening 

Machines 
Saw  Anvils 
Saw  Tools 
Glue  Pots 
Brazing  Tools 
Hangers 
Pulleys 
Shafting 
Belt 
Motors 
Ball  Bearings 


Trucks 

Lathes 

Planers 

Band   Saws 

Saw  Tables 

Mitre   Machines 

Shapers 

Moulders 

Mortisers 

Tenoners 

Grinders 

Universal 

Woodworker 
Sawmills 
Clamps 
Chisels 

Saws  (Circular) 
Saws   (Band) 
Saws  (Hand) 
Mortise  Bits 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D I  A  5     MACHINERY 


181 


k^E FtN^^H  I  N.G-^M  EG Ht^N  I 


METLSKIN  does  prevent  scale 


Send  for  this  illustrated 
booklet.  It  explains  the 
dose,  the  method  of  action, 
and  other  important  details 


Some  of  Canada's  and  the 
United  States'  biggest  and  most 
representative  plants  have 
learned  the  truth  of  the  above 
statement  from  first-hand  ex- 
perience. 

So  many  "  compounds  "  and 
"  cure-alls  "  have  been  foisted 
upon  unwary  power-plant  own- 
ers that  the  feeling,  common  to 
many  of  them,  is  one  of  doubt, 
of  skepticism.  And  small  won- 
der! 

METLSKIN  is  not  a  "com- 
pound," nor  does  it  work  on  the 
same  principle.  It  is  a  boiler 
metal  treatment,  a  boiler  pre- 
servative that  gradually  re- 
moves scale  by  a  safe  process. 


When  the  scale  has  been  en- 
tirely removed  METLSKIN 
forms  a  minute,  grayish-white 
skin  or  covering  over  the  bare 
metal. 

So  long:  as  the  daily  dose  is  contin- 
ued the  scale-forming  particles  in  the 
feed-water  cannot  adhere  to  the  metal. 
Nor  will  METLSKIN  work  injury  to 
any  part  of  the  boiler  or  system.  That 
is  one  of  the  strongest  features  of 
the  GUARANTEE  BOND. 

METLSKIN  cannot  contaminate  the 
steam.  It  may  be  used  safely  in  any 
plant  where  live  steam  comes  in  con- 
tact with  the  manufactured  product. 

If  you  are  a  skeptic,  a  doubter,  ask 
for  the  booklet,  GUARANTEE  BOND, 
prices,  etc.  You  will  be  interested, 
we  know. 


CANADIAN   FAIRBANKS-MORSE   COMPANY,   LIMITED 


ST.  JOHN 
WINDSOR 


QUEBEC  MONTREAL 

WINNIPEG         SASKATOON 


OTTAWA 
CALGARY 


HAMILTON 
VANCOUVER 


TORONTO 
VICTORIA 


THE  reduction  of  current  and  maintenance 
cost  by  Laco  Nitro  Lamps  is  due  to  two  prime 
reasons:  Their  high  candle  power  requires 
fewer  lamps,  and  their  long  life  reduces  replace- 
ments. Official  tests  have  proved  that  Laco  Lamps 
burn  30%  to  50%  less  current  and  last  25  to  50^; 
longer  than  any  other  make. 

Call  our  lighting  experts  into  consultation  to-day. 
They  will  help  you  devise  the  best  system  to  meet 
your  needs. 

Our  pamphlets  and  data  are  instructive  and  prove 
the  value  of  good  lighting. 

Canadian  Laco-Philips  Company,  Limited 


Montreal 


Toronto 


Wi 


nnipeg 


Vancouver 


NITRO 


182 


CAN  A  D 1  A  N     M  A  CHIN  E  R  Y 

lADIANj 


Volume  XX. 


Fairb 


Morse 


for  every  purpose 


High  or  Low  Pressure — Small  or  Large  Capacity  Hot 
or  Cold — Water  or  any  other  Liquid. 

We  have  sold  thousands  of  pumps  for  nearly  every 
purpose,  from  the  small  cutting  fluid  circulating  pvimp 
to  the  large  million  gallon  heavy  duty  pump  for 
Municipal  Water  Service. 

Put  your  pumping  problem  up  to  our  special  represen- 
tatives. We  can  supply  a  pump  that  will  exactly  fill 
your  requirements. 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

"Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 
DEPARTMENTS 


Scale,  Valve,   Auto   Accessory,  En- 
gine, Pump,  Electrical,  Machinery, 
Transmission,  Railway  and  Con- 
tractors, Machine  Shop  Supply, 
Marvel  Mill,  Pulp  and  Paper 


SALES  OFFICES 

Halifax,  St.  John,  jQuebec,  Montreal, 
Ottawa,     Toronto,     Hamilton, 
Windsor,    Winnipeg,    Saska- 
toon, Calgary,  Vancouver, 
Victoria. 


December  Sfi,  lSl8 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

toL  ^CANADIAN 


ISb- 


mmmmmmmmmm.'<^H 


Crescent  Wood 

Working  Machinery 

I       i  Quality  and  Price 
^ ,         Both  Right 

CRESCENT  machines  are  built  to 
satisfy  the  demand  of  those  particular 
users  who  want  the  best  wood  working 
equipment  at  a  price  that  is  fair  to  the 
manufacturer  and  just  to  the  buyer. 

Send  to-day  for  complete  catalog  de- 
scribing band  saws,  jointers,  saw  tables, 
shapers,  variety  wood  workers,  planers, 
planer  and  matcher,  swing  saws,  cut-off 
table,  disk  grinder,  borers,  hollow  chisel 
mortiser.  Universal  wood  workers. 

The 

Crescent  Machine  Co. 


361  Somer  Street 


Leetonia,  Ohio 


FOR  SALEiBY 

THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS-MORSE 
COMPANY,  LIMITED 

Halifax    St.  John      Quebec     Montreal      Ottawa     Toronto 

Hamilton       Windsor       Winnipeg       Saskatoon 

Calgary        Vancouver        Victoria 


k 


1  i 


1&4 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


pUILT  to  meet  a  big 
^   demand  for  a  large 


The  SLEEVE 
like  the  spindle, 
is  made  of  heat 
treated,  hammer- 
ed, high  carbon 
steel,  and  is  of 
unusual  length 
and  strength.  It 
is  rigidly  8UI>- 
ported  in  two  gen- 
erous -  sized  ad- 
justable bronze 
bearings  placed 
far  apart. 


END  SUPPORT 
TRAVERSE 
END  SUPPORT 
BINDER 

OIL   POCKET 

SADDLE  BINDERS 
TABLE  HAND  FEED 

ORECISION  MICROMETER  DIAL 
TABLE  FEED  HAND  TRIP 
SADDLE  HAND  FEED 


FEED  CHANGE  LEVERS - 
POWER  RAPID  TRAVERSE  LEVER  FOR  ALL  MOVEMENTS' 


FEED  SELECTOR     FOR    HEAD.   SPINDLE. 
TABLE  OR  SADDLE 

5PEEDPLATE   SHOWING 
REVOLUTIONS  OF  SPINDLE 

BELT  SHIFTER  HANDLE 
PEED  CHANGE  LEVER 


PEED  MULTIPLYING  LEVER 
START  STOP  a  REVERSE  LEVER 
FEED   AND  RAPID  TRAVERSE  REVERSE  LEVER 


Giddings  &  Lewis  Manufacturing  Company,  Fond  Du  Lac,  Wis. 

Foreign  Agents:  Kenwick,  Freres  &  Co.,  France.  Italy.  Belgium,  Switier- 
Acmla  fer  Canulm:  The  Canadian  Kairbanki-Morse  Company,  Limited,  St.  land.  Spain,  Portugal.  Burton.  Griffiths  &  Company,  England.  Rylander 
John.  Quebec.  Montreal  Ottawa.  Toronto.  Hamilton,  Windsor.  Winnipeg,  &  Asplund,  Sweden;  Wymanlen  &  Hausmann,  Holland;  R.  L.  Scrutton  & 
iUakctoon.  Calsary,  Vancouver.  Victoria.  Co..  Ltd..  Australia. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


185 


•  .N. 


This  Tool 

was    tested  in  a  well-known 
plant  in  New  York 

It  is  a  Davidson  ized  milling 
cutter,  4"  diameter  by  Y2"  face. 
Run  at  a  speed  of  250  R.P.M., 
and  with  a  feed  of  7"  per 
minute,  takinj?  a  cut  i/^"  wide 
by  V>"  deep,  it  worked  without 
any  difficulty  for  ONE  HOUR 
AND  THIRTY-TWO  MIN- 
UTES. 

As  HKainst  this,  a  hij?h-speed 
steel  millinK  cutter  of  one  of 
the  best-known  makes,  and 
also  a  cutter  made  from  one 
of  the  best-known  hiKh-speed 
steels,  ran  under  the  same 
conditions  for  TWENTY- 
EIGHT  MINUTES.  At  the 
completion  of  the  test  the 
Davidson  ized  cutter  was  in 
better  condition  than  either  of 
the  other  two  tools. 
The  material  tested  was  Ah% 
Carbon  Open  Hearth  Steel, 
containing  .10%  Manganese. 
•Name   on    request. 


Jr 


You  Cant  Get  Away 

From  Facts  Like  These 

We  claim  that  it  is  possible  in  a  majority  of  instances  to  obtain  similar  results. 

Davidsonized  High  Speed  Steel 

offers  you  great  opportunities  for  increased  production,    long    service   and    tool-making   economy. 
We  guarantee  any  tool  of  Davidsonized  High  Spead   Steel  to  give  you  at  leas;,  10%   better   service 
than   any  other  tool   you   have   been  using   on  corresponding   work.     You   will  be   the   sole   judge. 
More  and   more   of  the   leading   machine   shops   are  turning  to  this  steel  of  remarkable  service,  be- 
cause— 


(1)  It  increases  production  lO'/r  or  more.  Such 
an  increase,  figuring  factory  overhead  and 
labor,  multiplies  several  times  over  the 
value  of  the  tool. 

(2)  The  guarantee  above  gives  absolute  pro- 
tection. 

(3)  Davidson  Special  Service  cuts  tool-making 
time   and   tool-room   costs. 


SPECIAL  SERVICE 

We  will  supply  Davidsonized  Tools,  semi-finished  and 
easier  to  machine  than  any  carbon  tool  steel,  within- 
approximately  1/64  of  finish  on  face,  1  64  in  bore  and 
1  '32  in  diameter,  leaving  only  the  final  hardening  and 
sharpenint?  to  be  done  in  your  tool  room.  A  too] 
that  takes  20  hours  to  make  from  the  solid  bar  can 
easily  be  finished  from  a  Davidsonized  blank  in  about 
two  hours.  And  we  will  gruarantee  our  took  agrainsi 
breakage  in   hardening^. 


This   service,   though   it  applies   also  to  standard  tools,   is  especially  desirable  in  the  case  of  tools  made  to  unusual 

shapes  and   other  specifications. 

Use   this  special   service.      It   costs   you   less   than   to   bring 

furnish    them.      It   eliminates   the    loss   by   breakage   in   h' 

tools  than  you  have  been  using,  tools  capable  of  such  per 

boost  your  production  and  give  you  longer  service.     SeAd 


your    tools    from    the    ba  r    to    the    stage    at    which    we 

rdening.    And,  most  important  of  all.  it  gives  you  better 

•ormances    as    the    ontf    described    above,    tools    that    will 

us  a  trial  order;  our  guarantee  prevents  all   risk.     Cor- 


Head 
Halifa 


respondence   invited. 

THE  DAVIDSON  TOOL  MFG.  CORPORATION 

Offices:    118-122  Maiden  Lane,  New  York  Works:    56-62  North  6th  St.,  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS-MORSE  CO.,  LIMITED 

c,       St.  John,       Quebec,       Montreal,       Ottawa,       Toronto,       Hamilton,       Windsor,       Winnipeg,       Saskatoon,       Vancouver,       Victoria 


186 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


CANADIANj 


E(^N^^a*fe^k^ 


Vokune  XX. 


PRODUCT 
WORTH  HARK- 
ING IS  WORTH 
MARKING 
RIGHT. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

mmwf 


187 


EVEBYrrHIIS.G      MECHA'N  IGAL: 


BG 


sg 


inncgSncg  Clbiin(glk 


Heat-proof     -     Oil-proof 


Waterproof 


*'D.  &  W."  Magnetic  Chucks  are  designed  to  secure  the  maximum  effective  holding 
surface,  with  exceptionally  strong  and  uniform  pull  throughout,  whereby  a  wider 
range  of  work  can  be  machined  -than  was  formerly  practicable. 

The  magnet  coils  in  "D.  &  W."  Chucks  are  wound  and  insulated  by  a  special  pro- 
cess which  protects  them  from  heat  and  moisture. 

All  chucks  are  equipped  with  special  enclosed  type  demagnetizing  switches,  for 
automatically  releasing  the  work. 


We  also  manufacture  a  complete  line  of  specialties,  including  taper,  swivelling 
chucks,  and  A.C.  and  D.C.  Demagnetizers.    Prices  quoted  upon  application. 

"D.  &  W."  standard  flat  and  rotary  chucks  are  designed  for  use  on  either  105-125 
volt  or  210-250  volt  D.C.  circuits,  but  not  on  both  ranges.  In  ordering  chucks 
specify  voltage  of  lighting  circuit.     Alternating  current  cannot  be  used. 

D  &  W  Fuse  Company 

Providence.  R.I. 

U.S.A..  ' 


188 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

I^STANADIAN^yVy 


Volume  XX 


ENAEiRSfem^G^ 


Sledge-Tested  VISES 


All  Good  Points 
In  One  Vise 

No  matter  what  other  make  of 
vise  you  favor  you'll  find  its 
best  features  in  Columbian  Sledge- 
Tested  Vises  —  and  in  addition, 
many  good  points  of  its  own. 

Some  men  select  a  vise  for  deep 
jaws.  Others  want  a  vise  with  re- 
movable steel  jaw  facings.  Still 
others  attach  most  importance  to 
simple,  quick-acting  adjustment  of 
jaws  or  swivel  base. 

Columbian  Sledge-Tested  Vises  will 
give  you  all  of  these  and  in  addition 
an  unbreakable  vise.  Columbian  is 
the  only  hollow-jawed  malleable  iron 
vise  made.  You  can  hammer  it  with 
a  16-pound  sledge  and  not  break  it. 
It  is  twice  as  strong  as  a  cast  iron  vise 
and  you  can  obtain  a  Columbian  Vise 
in  any  style  or  size  you  want  at  the 
same  price  you'd  pay  for  an  old-style 
vise. 

The  makers  of  Columbian 
Sledge-Tested  Vises  are  the  larg- 
est makers  of  vises  in  the  world. 
A  thousand  jobbers  and  mill  sup- 
ply houses  sell  Columbian  Vises. 

Write  for  catalog  and  name  of  dealer  in 
your  town 

The  Columbian  Hardware 
Company 

World's  Largest  Makers  of  Vises  and  Anvils 

CLEVELAND,  U.S.A. 


BURKE  BENCH  MILLING 
MACHINE  No.  3 


Power,  speed  and 
accuracy  are  com- 
bined in  this 
compact  and  con- 
venient small  ma- 
chine. Carefully 
desiRned.  well 
balanced  and  well 
built  —  equipped 
with  slotting  at- 
tachment, index 
centers.  milling 
attachment,  etc. 

This  Burke  No.  3 
is  a  pace  setter 
wherever  it  is 
installed. 

We  make  Mil- 
ling^.  Drilling: 
and  Tapping 
Vf  a  c  h  i  n  es  , 
C  u  1 1  i  n  g'O  ff 
Saws,  etc. 


Cataloffue? 


BURKE  MACHINE  TOOL  CO. 

CONNEAUT,  OHIO 

For  Sale  hy  The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limitetl 


Canadian 

Fairbanks-Morse 

Trade  Mark 

A  Strong  Right  Hand  with  a  Scale  Test  Weight. 

Symbolizing    a    well-knit   human    organization 

upholding  a  well-balanced  mechanical 

business 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  PI  T  N  E  R  Y 


189 


K«"^ 


li^   EVE  RYXM  IN  0^111  EC  HANI  GP^ 


Just  What  You  Need 

For  Grinding 

Your  Hardened  Tools 


Mechanics  everywhere  specify  the  DUMORE 
when  buying  grinding  equipment  because  of 
the  tool's  reputation  for  service  and  satisfac- 
tion. It  easily  handles  all  kinds  of  work — 
longitudinal,  cylindrical  or  internal. 

Because  each  armature  is  dynamically  balanced, 
the  high  speeds  of  the  DUMORE,  ranging  from 
10,000  to  50,000  R.P.M.,  are  found  not  only 
practical,  but  indispensable  to  correct  cutting 
speeds  for  small  emery  wheels.  Jobs  are  con- 
sequently free  from  danger  from  chatter,  taper 
or  bell   mouth. 

Let  us  demonstrate  what  a  big  saving  you  can 
realize  with  a  DUMORE  grinder  in  your  shops. 

Wisconsin   Electric   Co. 

2907-16th  St.,  Racine,  Wis.,  U.S.A. 


UnORE^  GRINDERS 


190 


CANADTAN    MACHINERY 

gANApiANilV? 


Volume  XX 


tLh 


SfV«^^EH  I  N.^PSi3i^E  G  H  A N^l€ 


Oneida  Steel  Split  Pulleys 

To  Reduce  Running  Expense 

and  to  Save  Coal 
Look  to  your  Transmission 


The  Oneida  Steel  Split  Pulley  is 
not  only  right  for  ordinary  line 
shaft  work  but  it  is  also  success- 
fully built  without  a  change  of 
design,  in  sizes  capable  of  trans- 
mitting 750  H.P. — and  more  if 
necessary. 

They  are  furnished  as  large  as 
144-inch  diameter  by  40-inch 
face. 

We  carry  a  large  stock  of 
transmission  material 

For  anything  mechanical  address 
our  nearest  house 


Uniform  belt  contact 

because-No  Groove— 

OVAL  CROWN 


Face  of  Pullev 


No  belt  contact  at 

this  point  of 

greatest  tension. 

Angle  crown 
;ives  ineffectual 
contact  here. 


atest  Ten: 
\    giv 


The    economical    pulley    has    a    face    which    insures 
efficient  belt  contact. 

The  Oneida  Steel  Split  Pulley  has  a  one-piece,  per- 
fect oval  crown,  with  no  groove  running  through 
the  centre.  The  belt  hugs  the  crown  uniformly— 
thus  the  greatest  amount  of  belt  adhesion  is  ob- 
tained with  the  least  belt  tension.  Lowering  the 
belt  tension  means  lessening  bearing  friction. 


DODGE  SALES  &  ENGINEERING  CO. 

MISHAWAKA,  IND. 

CANADIAN   SALES  AGENTS: 

THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS-MORSE  CO.,  LIMITED 

Halifax,  St.  John,    Montreal,    Quebec,   Ottawa,   Toronto,    Hamilton,    Windsor,   Winnipeg,  Saskatooon, 

Calgary,    Vancouver,    Victoria 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D IAN     M  A  CHIN  K U \ 


101 


sis^ib^ssf: 


&\/^E  Fl^V^rr^M  I^INi  G  V,  rvi^ECM  A  rsj-i  OA  l- 


McDougall  Shapcrs 


Built  to  conform  to  the  demands  of  a  modern  shop. 
Simplicity  in  the  design  and  convenience  of  ad- 
justments gives  the  operator  every  facility  for 
ease  of  operation  and  accuracy  in  work. 

Our  circulars,  containing  complete  specifications 
and  descriptions,  are  ready.    Write  us  for  one. 

The    R.    McDougall    Company,    Limited 


Manufacturers 
Gait,  Ontario 
Canada 


The  Canadian 
Fairbanks-Morse 
Company,  Limited 

Sales  Agents 


148 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

[fiJ^^^CAWADIANi 

m 


Volume  XX. 


Distinctive  Features  that  Build  Speed 
Into  Whitcomb-Blaisdell  Planers 


The  Patented  Self -Locking  |  Shipper  Dogs 

Provide  Quick  and  Easy,  Yet  Safe  Adjustment  of  Table  Travel. 


Finger  pressure  upon  the  small  lever  re- 
leases the  shipper  dog  for  shifting.  When 
slid  into  the  desired  position,  the  releasing 
of  the  lever  locks  it  instantly  and  auto- 
matically. 

No  wrenches  are  required  for  adjusting 
these  shipper  dogs.  No  time  is  wasted ; 
only  a  moment  is  required  for  positioning 
the  table  travel  just  as  required  by  the 
work. 

The  danger  of  the  operator  being  caught 


between  the  table  and  the  housing  of 
planer,  while  changing  the  stroke,  is  en- 
tirely eliminated. 

This  is  typical  of  the  many  provisions  for 
rapid  adjustments  on  the  Whitcomb- 
Blaisdell  Planer. 

It  is  not  alone  the  extremely  high  cutting  speeds, 
permitted  by  the  Patented  Second-belt  Drive,  which 
makes  the  Whitcomb-Blaisdell  Planer  so  productive. 
Hardly  less  important  a  factor  is  the  completeness 
of  its  provisions  for  speed  in  adjusting  and  operat- 
ing. 


Write   for   our   latest   Catalog,   which   tells   in    detail 
all  the  reasons  for  Whitcomb-Blaisdell  Planer  Speed. 


M\   Prom  14"  to  30"^ 

|2,^  SWING  "^  ^' 


WHITCOMB-BLAISDELL 

MACHINE  TOOL  CO. 

WORCESTER,  MASS..  U.S.A. 


PLAW] 

p/Frorrrty^ 


For  Sale  by  The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  0  ir  T  N  IC  R  Y 

KU      CANADIANi 


19?! 


THE  [WALCOTT]  lathe 


Promises  or  Actual  Performances  ? 

A  new  product  may  survive  for  a  time  on  promises  for  the  future,  but  an  old  one  can  only 
justify  itself  on  records  already  achieved. 

For  the  past  38  years  Walcott  Lathes  have  proved  their  ability  in  actual  service.  In  the  present 
emergency  they  have  risen  to  the  occasion,  and  for  a  production  Lathe,  they  have  a  remarkable 
speed  and  accuracy. 

Walcott  Lathes  have  a  compound  rest  which  has 
no  overhand,  and  is  as  stiff  as  any  plain  rest.  A 
quick-change  gear  box,  unusually  wide  bearing 
surfaces  on  the  bed,  exceptionally  wide  bridge  to 
carriage,  and  many  other  features  we  have  added 
during  the  38  years  Walcott  Lathes  have  been  on 
the  market. 

Made  in  14",  16",  18",  20",  26"  and  29"  sizes. 

Write  for  full  details. 

Walcott  Taper  Attachment 

Made  by  the   Walcott  Lathe  Company 

CANADIAN  'sales  AGENTS: 

THE   CANADIAN   FAIRBANKS -MORSE   CO.,    LIMITED 


194 


(^^^ 


C A  N  A  U I  A  N    M  A  CHIN  E  K  Y 

CANADIAN^TW? 


Volume  XX. 


sctsi 


WIS 


|rHsN;©»^61^Ee'HA<INiq42A!y3>«!ii 


Fairbanks-Morse 
Trucks 

FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE 


Hand  Trucks 

Two  and  Four  Wheel 

Automatic 
Storage  Battery  Trucks 

All  Types  and  Sizes 


Jacklift  Elevating  Trucks 


"^^ 


The     Canadian     Fairbanks-Morse     Co.,    Ltd. 


Halifax,  St.  John, 

Hamilton, 

Calgary, 


Quebec,  Montreal,  Ottawa, 

Windsor,  Winnipeg,  Saskatoon 

Vancouver,  Victoria 


Toronto, 


December  26,  1018 


0  A  N  /V  I )  1  A  N    MAC  II 1  N  !■;  R  Y 

CANADIAN 


iw 


tr^;^#^E^Rr T H  I  N, G      t^  E:Q:HA^ N  !  C/^M 


a 


Automatic"  Lifting  Platform  Trucks 


THE  type  "L"  "Automatic" 
Electric  Truck  is  operated  in 
connection  with  low  tables  or 
platforms  which  may  be  construct- 
ed to  conform  to  the  special  needs 
of  the  product  or  material  to  be 
moved. 


This  type  of  truck  has  proven 
particularly  efficient  in  saving  time 
and  labor  where  various  processes 
of  manufacture  and  distribution  are 
accomplished  in  different  parts  of 
a  plant.  Many  of  these  trucks 
are  in  use  in  various  Canadian  in- 
dustries. 


Write  for  complete  catalog  and 
learn  of  the  economies  effected  by 
the  use  of  "Automatic"  Trucks, 
Tractors  and  Engines  in  transpor- 
tation problems  that  are  similar 
to  yours. 


Pioneer  and  Largest  Mfrs.  of  Industrial  Electric  Trucks,  Tractors  and  Engines 


The  Automatic  Transportation  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 

SOLE  CANADIAN  AGENTS: 

THE   CANADIAN   FAIRBANKS -MORSE   CO.,   LIMITED 


19« 


TANADIAX     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Fairbanks-Morse 


Plain 
Bearing 


Induction  Motors  sl'llg 


A  cut  section  of  End   RinK   and   Bar  showing  the  perfect  joint. 

Sturdy  Construction — Efficient  Operation 

No  Joints  in  the  Rotor — the  end  rings  are  cast  in  place.  We  recommend 
particularly  the  Ball  Bearing  Motors.  They  save  money.  They  are  efficient 
and  clean.  They  require  only  occasional  lubricating  with  grease.  The  motor 
may  be  mounted  on  wall  or  ceiling  without  changing  the  motor  frame — The 
Ball  Bearings  have  no  distinct  top  and  bottom. 


THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS -MORSE  CO.,  Limited 

"Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 


St.  John,       Queb«c,       Montreal 

Windsor,        Winnipeg, 

Vancouver 


Ottawa,       Toronto,       Hamilton 

Saskatoon,  Calgary, 

Victoria 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  CIl  1  N  E  U  V 


197 


Wm^s^S^f^^m^^^^^^ 


Fairbanks-Morse  Electric  Power  Machinery 

Each  of  the  units  shown  above  consists  of  200  H.P.  Semi- 
Diesel  Oil  Engine  and  a  170  K.V.A.  Generator. 

Our  smallest  plant  is  a  V/^  H.P.  9  K.W.  Automatic  Suburban 
Lighting  Outfit. 

Eairbanks-Morse    Electrical    Machinery    covers    the    entire 
range  between  the  above  sizes. 

Our  experience  is  at  your  service. 

The   Canadian  Fairbanks -Morse  Co.,  Limited 

"Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 


Halifax       St.  John 
Winnipeg 


Quebec        Montreal 
Saskatoon 


Ottawa      Toronto      Hamilton      Windsor 
Calgary     Vancouver     Victoria 


198 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


'    tS3>*,l^€^  'A  O  IAN 


imm 


v'^v^s,    .^E.-Vol 


-R!.'^:>"T?i^^ 


€5^=,'  IV!  EG  Jrri  AMI  C/K  L-  - 


Volume  XX 


, 


Does  Your  Coal  Pile  Seem 
Small  and  Expensive? 

Then  the  most  necessary  thing  is  ECONOMY,  not 
only  in  its  use,  but  of  every  pound  of  steam  that 
your  coal  produces. 

Avoid  all  leaking  steam  at  the  stuffing  boxes,  no 
matter  how  small,  by  using  a  rod  packing  that 
has  great  staying  qualities. 
Vou  can  depend  upon 

^^    *y^^^  »»*0t  MASK 

^TALMETTO: 

brcauM*  the  material,  of  which    it   ia   mads  have   the  ereat  tensile  strenBth    found    only    in    first   duality.      The    abundant    luljricant   in    each 
.inu.e  itrand  areatjy  £dd«  to   its   li."e   by   keepinif   the   rod  constantly  lubricated. 

GREENE,  TWEED  &  CO. 

109  Duane  Street  son;  manufactureks  NEWjYORK 

_.     _         .,         _,.,..  Canadian  Aicents: 

Th,  CanmHUn   Pairbmnlui-Mor..  Co..   Limited,  81.  John,   Toronto,  Quebec,  Hamilton.  Montreal,  Ottawa,  Vmneonv.r.  Victoria, 


Worltinjj  samples 
to  prove  quality. 
Send  for  them. 
No    charffe. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


199 


"  d_b 


D 


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J  '4J^  ^M^S/m^H>(^t!Sm^^0i^^^^M<E^B^!:ii^^ 


FAIRBANKS 

RENEWABLE  DISC  VALVES 

WOULD  REDUCE  YOUR  VALVE  EXPENSE  EVEN  THOUGH  THEY  COST  DOUBLE  THE  PRICE. 
THE  BAKELITE  DISC  GIVES  MAXIMUM  SERVICE  UNDER  ALL  CONDITIONS  OF  STEAM,  AIR, 
AND  WATER.  WHEN  THE  DISC  DOES  WEAR  OUT,  IT  CAN  BE  REPLACED  IN  LESS  THAN  ONE 
MINUTE    WITH    ONLY    ONE    TOOL— A    WRENCH  TO    REMOVE    THE    BONNET. 

SPECIFY  FAIRBANKS  VALVES  ON  YOUR  ORDER. 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Company,  Limited 


Halifax,  St.  John,  Quebec,  Montreal, 

Winnipeg,         Saskatoon, 


Ottawa, 
Calgary, 


Toronto, 
Vancouver, 


Hamilton, 
Victoria 


Windsor, 


200 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


1^  E O Hi /\'.rNi"r C<5^^ls«j?:;'i. i^«^ 


L 


Put  a  belt  as  good  as  this  on  your  pay-roll. 
Its  low  cost  of  upkeep  is  the  result  of  Graton  & 
Knight  Standardization.  That  means  the  proper 
belt  for  any  given  requirement.  It  means  the 
right  quality  of  leather  and  the  right  kind  of 
tanning  for  a  given  purpose.  It  means  true 
economy — full  delivery  of  power,  without  waste. 

Leather  is  the  ideal  belting  material.  It  has 
a  characteristic  pulley-gripping  quality.  It  has 
pliability  with  light  weight.  It  has  the  stretch 
and  the  come-back  that  gives  and  takes.  It  stands 
mauling  by  shifters  and  the  gruelling  strain  of 
main  drives.  It  is  firm  and  strong.  It  is  tough, 
but  tractable.  These  are  the  characteristics  that 
good  belting  must  possess. 

Every  year  nearly  300,000  hides  are  tanned 
in  the  G.  &  K.  factory.  That  gives  uniformity. 
The  more  stock  handled,  the  more  latitude  there 
is  for  picking  equal-quality  material  for  a  given 

Write  for  new  hook  about 


Put  a  Belt  as 
Good  as  this  on 
Your  Pay-roll 


Tim  Graton-  &  Knight  40"  'i-pUj 
Heart  Brand  Belt  is  five  years  old. 
It  ig  runniiuj  everii  day  on  heavy 
duty  for  the  Mil  ford  Light  and 
Power  Co.,  Milford,  N.H.  The  cost 
of  this  belt  in  cash  has  been  $1.81 
a  iveek,  or  .004  per  delivered  horse- 
pov'er  per  week. 


specification.  And  G.  &  K.  Tanning  is  of  a  fixed 
standard  of  quality  for  specific  requirements. 
We  make  all  kinds  of  leather  belting,  for  every 
use — large   and   small. 

Load  carried  and  conditions  of  operation  must 
figure  largely  in  the  length  of  service  of  any  belt. 
Some  drives  limit  belting  to  a  few  months  or 
even  a  few  weeks.  Graton  &  Knight  Standardized 
Series  Belts  are  made  to  give  the  longest  pos- 
sible delivery  of  efficient  power  at  the  lowest 
possible  cost.  And  they  do  it.  It  may  be  that 
belts  all  look  alike  to  you — and  it  may  be  that 
you  are  spending  more  than  is  necessary  for 
some  belting  requirements.  We  can  and  will 
help   you  find  out. 

Many  of  the  best-belted  plants  ask  us  to 
specify  the  belting  for  every  drive.  Try  the 
plan    yourself.      Then,    when    buying,    call    for 

"Graton     &     Knight Brand    or    equa'  "      This 

won't  commit  you   to  buying  our  belts.     It  will 
put  your  buying  on  the  one  basic  consideration — 
the  work  to  be  done. 
Standardized  Leather  Bellini 


THE  GRATON  &  KNIGHT  MFG.  COMPANY,  Worcester,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 

Oak  Leather  Tanners,  Makers  of  Leather  Bellini,  Lace  Leather,  Packings,  and  Speciallie': 

Canadian  Graton  &  Knight  Ltd.,  Montreal,  Canada 

Canadian   ReprcMntativea :  Th*  Canadian  Fairbanlis-Marse  Co.,    Ltd.,  St.  John.  Montreal.  Ottawa,  Toronto.   Hamilton,  Quebec, 
Calgary.    Saskatoon,    Vancouver,    Windsor,    WinnipeE,    Victoria. 


GRATON 

AND 

KNIGHT 


GRATON  &  KNIGHT 

Standardixed  Series 

LEATHER  BELTING 


GRATON 

AND 

KNIGHT 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


201 


The  industrial  problem  of  the  day  is  how  to  save 
power  and  conserve  the  diminishing  fuel  supply. 
Transmission  losses  due  to  friction  of  plain  bearings 
amount  to  from  20%  to  40%  of  the  total  power 
used   in   the   plant. 

SKF  Ball  Bearing  Hangers  will  reduce  these  losses 
over  33%.  This  saying  alone  will  make  their  in- 
stallation a  profitable  investment.  Then,  too,  the 
lubricant  savings  and  the  impossibility  of  hot  bear- 
ings is  an   item  to  consider. 

We  have  a  special  catalog  describing  their  use  in 
your  line  of  business.     Send  for  a  copy. 


CANADIAN 


COMPANY 


LIMITED 

TORONTO,    ONT.  128  Coristine  BIdg.,  Montreal,  Que. 

Canadian  Agents: 

THE  CANADIAN  FAIRBANKS-MORSE  CO.,  LIMITED 

St.  John       Quebec       Montreal        Ottawa       Toronto       Hamilton 
Windsor     Winnipeg     Saskatoon     Calgary     Vancouver     Victoria 


BALL    BEARINGS 

Automatically  self-aligning  and  fitted  in^oil- 
tight  housings,  which  prevent  oil  leakage 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N  M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 

1^  (fiJA^£ANADIANi 


Volume  XX. 


EeHy^N^IGA^L^ 


Manufacturing  Plant 

Equipment 


G.    *    K.    Leather    Beltinr 
Dick's   Batata   Belt 
Cotton  and  Rubber  Belt 
Lacinrs  and   Fasteners 
Belt  Tools  and   Lacinff  Ma- 
chines 

Belt  Clamps 

Shafting 

Collars 

Plate,     Compression     and 

Flexible    Couplings 
Hangers 
Pillow  Blocks 
Floor  Stands 
Wall    Frames 
Wood    Pulleys 
Steel   Pulleys 

Cast    Iron    Pulleys 

Friction   Transmission 

Variable      Speed      Trans- 
mission 

Belt    Tighteners 

S  K  F    Ball    Bearings 

V.  G.  Friction  Clutches 
Cut-off  Couplings 
Silent    Chain    Drive 
Rope    Transmission 
Babbitt   Metal 
Grease 
Sprocket   Chain 

Spur  and  Bevel  Gears 

F.  M.  Motora 

Motor   Generator   Sets 

Transformers 

Regulators 

Starters 


Pulleys  and  Hangers 

The  correct  choice  between  wood  and  steel  pulleys 
for  a  given  service  depends  upon  factors  other  than  the 
general  inclination  to  use  steel. 

Our  experts  will  help  you  decide  which  is  proper  for 
your  particular  installation,  but  when  you  place  your 
order  specify 

Fairbanks  Wood  Split  Pulleys 


or 


Oneida  Steel  Split  Pulleys 


and 


SKF  Ball  Bearings 


The    Canadian    Fairbanks-Morse    Co.,   Ltd. 


'Canada's  Departmental  House  for  Mechanical  Goods" 


St.  John 
Windsor 


Montreal 
Winnipeg 


Quebec 
Saskatoon 


Ottawa 
Calgary 


Toronto 
Vancouver 


Hamilton 
Victoria 


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i^^..\!kM^:^i^:;mQ/^U'^£AM*A 


D  n  o 


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^ 


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W\N'S>'i:'^:'c^':K. 


Out  of  the  sea  of  competition  it  rises  triumpfiant 


204 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 

1^  tel;!.^^€ANADIANj 


Volume  XX. 


'€H^<mi{^My:.:^^ 


Where  You  Find  A 

GISHOLT 

Tool  Grinder 

Yau  ^11  Find  Properly 
Ground  Tools 

And  where  you  find  properly 
g-round  tools  at  the  machines, 
ready  for  use  the  instant  they 
are  needed,  you  will  find  all 
machines  busy,  as  the  opera- 
tors do  not  have  to  leave  their 
machines  standing  idle  while 
they  go  to  sharpen  their  tools. 


The  Gisholt  Tool  Grinder  is  more  than 
a  grinding  machine.  The  direct  bene- 
fits are  far  reaching. 

Let    us    tell  you    the    complete   story    and    show  you 
what  this  machine  has  done  for  some  of  its  purchasers. 

Gisholt  Machine  Company,  Madison,  Wis.,  U.S.A. 

Builders  of  Standard  and  Automatic  Turret  Lathes,   Vertical  and  Horizontal  Boring  Mills, 
Tool  Grinders,  Small  Tools,  Special  Machinery 

CANADIAN   AGENTS:    THE  CANADIAN   FAIRBANKS-MORSE  CO.,   LIMITED 
St.  John       Quebec        Montreal       Ottawa       Toronto       Hamilton        Windsor       Winnipeg       Saskatoon        Calgary       Vancouver        Victoria 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


205 


tBi/^E/V.BF«Ya7.M  I  N;G^^M  E  e  H^A'N^I  GA.L> 


Gisholt  Turret  Lathes 

JVith  Standard  Took 


25 

MINUTES 

EACH 

Compare    our  production  time   with  yours. 


Tractor   Wheels 

Semi -Steel 
Twenty-five  Minutes  Each 

You  cant  beat  Gisholt  Turret 
Lathes  for  speed.  This  tractor 
wheel,  machined  as  shown  in  twen- 
ty-five minutes,  for  example.  Also, 
the  comprehensive  tooling  system 
developed  for  and  with  the  aid  of 
Gisholt  Turret  Lathe  users  is  a 
money  saving  proposition  no  lathe 
purchaser  can  afford  to  ignore. 


Gisholt  Machine  Company,  Madison,  Wis.,  U.S.A. 

Builders  of  Standard  and  Automatic  Turret  Lathes,   Vertical  and  Horizontal  Boring  Mills, 
Tool  Grinders,  Small  Tools,  Special  Machinery 

CANADIAN   AGENTS:    THE  CANADIAN   FAIRBANKS-MORSE   CO.,   LIMITED 
St.  John       Quebec        Montreal       Ottawa       Toronto       Hamilton       Windsor       Winnipeg        Saskatoon        Calgary       Vancouver       Victoria 


206 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  y 

^'^^  --CANADIAN 


Volume  XX 


<!H-i 


.ij&;.E\Aetor^H^i5Nt@^i^^:eH^N'^i<©/i^b£ 


FAIRBANKS  SCALES 


For  more  than  90  years 

the  world's  standard  for 

accurate  weighing 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 


GnadianMachinery 


7f7 


AND 


Manufacturing  News 


Volume  XX.    No.  26. 


Dec^nber  26,  191g 


CANADA  MADE 
A  REMARKABLE 

RECORD  IN 

PRODUCTION  OF 

MUNITIONS 

Canadians  Undertook 

Work  of  Mastering  New 

Industry  and  Succeeded 


By  T.   M.   FRASER,   Ottawa   Representative   MacLean  Papers 


OTT.^WA,  December  26. — Among  the  romances  of 
commerce  which  the  war  has  produced  in  Canada, 
there  is  none  more  striking  than  the  organization 
and  work  of  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board,  which,  in  the 
three  years  of  its  operation,  furnished  to  the  Ministry  of 
Munitions  and  other  departments  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment, Canadian  manufactures  to  the  value  of  one  billion, 
one  hundred  million  dollars.  This  enormous  commerce 
was  developed  literally  from  the  ground  up,  because,  prior 
to  the  beginning  of  this  war,  there  was  no  munitions  in- 
du.stry  in  Canada,  or  no  thought  that  such  an  industry 
was  capable  of  any  serious  development.  Mr.  Churchill 
might  well  say,  as  he  took  the  earliest  opportunity  to  do 
in  a  handsome  acknowledgment  of  the  work  of  the 
Munitions  Board  on  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  that 
"Canada's  remarkable  output  of  munitions  has  played  a 
large  part  in  the  munitioning  of  the  British  armies,  and 
will  remain  a  testimony  to  the  high  value  of  the  work 
of  the  Board  in  this  great  struggle";  a  tribute  in  which 
Premier  Lloyd  George  coupled  the  staff  of  the  Board,  the 
Canadian  manufacturers,  and  the  great  army  of  workers 
who  so  splendidly  assisted. 

As  a  matter  of  record,  it  might  be  noted  that  the  first 
shells  made  in  Canada  and  shipped  from  a  Canadian  plant, 
outside  of  a  few  at  the  Quebec  arsenal,  were  made  at  the 
C.P.R.  shops  at  Montreal,  and  this  was  mainly  due  to 
the  keen   personal   interest  taken  in  the  matter  by  Lord 


Shaughnessy.  The  British  army  tried  them  and'  pro- 
nounced them  good.  Then  small  orders  began  to  comt 
in  from  Great  Britain,  and  the  manufacturers  got  in- 
terested. Gradually  orders  came  for  the  larger  shells. 
No  order,  great  or  small,  was  ever  turned  down. 

The  second  plant  to  take  up  the  work  was  the  Inger- 
soll-Rand  Drill  Company  at  Sherbrooke.  Although  no 
Canadian  manufacturer  had  ever  previously  made  a  shell, 
or  a  cartridge  case,  or  a  fuse,  they  were  willing  to  try. 
In  December,  1914,  there  were  two  firms  shipping;  Janu- 
ary, 1915,  8  firms;  April,  1915,  14,  and  in  June,  1915,  36 
firms,  with  an  average  weekly  production  of  77,000  shells. 
The  maximum  point  in  the  industry  was  reached  in  June. 
1917,  when  53  firms  were  engaged  in  the  work,  with  an 
average  weekly  production  of  386,000  shells. 

A  few  13  and  15  pound  shells  were  made  at  first,  but 
serious  production  was  early  directed  to  the  18-pound 
shrapnel.  In  fact,  while  the  industry  was  handled  by  the 
Shell  Committee,  which  it  was  for  the  first  fourteen 
months,  it  was  mainly  engaged  in  the  production  of  18- 
pounders  and  high-explosive.  Cartridge  cases  and  some 
other  component  parts  were  also  produced  in  smali 
quantities,  but  no  complete  rounds. 

Working    Under    .\dverse   Conditions 

The  Shell  Committee  had  done  good  work.  It  broke 
the  ground,  and   was   instrumental   in   inducing  Canadian 


718 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


manufacturers  to  engage  in  the  new  industry,  which  many 
of  them  were  loath  to  do.  In  the  criticisms  which  were 
so  freely  made  of  both  the  Committee  and  the  manufac- 
turers, little  thought  was  given  to  the  conditions  under 
which  they  were  operating.  To  engage  in  the  work 
meant  practical  abandonment  of  the  plant  and  organiza- 
tion which  they  had  built  up,  to  engage  in  a  work  which 
'.vas  unknown  to  them,  and  to  embark  theii  capital  in  an 
industry,  the  life  and  death  of  which  was  uncertain.  This 
was  a  time,  it  should  be  remembered,  when  men  were 
predicting  an  early  end  to  the  war.  Under  such  condi- 
tions no  one  would  be  likely  to  engage  on  what  all  ad- 
mitted was  a  very  necessary  work  except  at  a  rate  of 
profit  higher  than  normal. 

Criticism  was  not  lacking.  It  was  painful  and  fre- 
quent and  free  in  public,  press.  Parliament,  and  even  m 
llie  pulpit.  The  result  was  that  the  existing  arrangement 
became  unsatisfactory  to  all  concerned.  The  Shell  Com- 
mittee went  out  of  business  after  having  been  responsible 
for  about  3,800,000  shells,  and  its  place  was  taken  by  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board. 

Turned  to  a  Real  Autocracy 

The  organization  of  the  Shell  Committee  had  been 
democratic,  and  like  many  of  the  creations  of  democracy, 
it  had  failed  to  give  satisfaction  to  its  creators.  The 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  was  a  pure  autocracy.  Final 
authority  and  responsibility  was  vested  in  the  chairman, 
I  Sir  Joseph  Flavelle,  the  other  members  of  the  Board 
being:  Brigadier-General  Sir  Alexander  Bertram,  vice- 
chairman;  R.  H.  Brand,  representative  of  the  Board  at 
the  Ministry  of  Munitions,  London;  Col.  D.  Carnegie, 
ordnance  adviser;  G.  H.  Dawson,  Brigadier-General  W.  E. 
Edwards,  R.A.,  director  of  inspection  (Canada);  F.  Perry, 
financial  member;  J.  A.  Vaillancourt;  E.  R.  Wood.  Sir 
Charles  Gordon  was  representative  of  the  Ministry  of 
Munitions  in  Washington.  The  Board  was  an  integral 
part  of  the  British  Ministry  of  Munitions,  directly  re- 
sponsible to  the  Minister,  and  the  British  Government 
was  financially  responsible  for  all  its  expenditure, 
although  the  Government  and  the  banks  of  Canada  ad- 
vanced three-fifths  of  the  total  sum  expended. 

The  Imperial  Munitions  Board  took  over  the  work  in 
November,  1915,  when  the  demand  for  shells  was  still 
small  in  comparison  with  what  it  soon  became.  The  de- 
velopment of  the  systems  of  barrage  and  intensive  bom- 
bardment created  a  new  problem  for  the  munition  makers, 
creating  a  demand  for  shells  never  hitherto  dreamed  of 
as  possible.  Canada  was  asked  for  six,  eight,  and  nine 
inch  high-explosives,  and  also  for  the  component  parts  to 
produce  complete  rounds,  and  the  Ministry  of  Munitions 
seemed  to  have  a  considerable  degree  of  confidence  that 
it  would  get  them.  It  was  waking  up  to  the  possibilities 
of  Canada  as  a  source  of  supply,  and  the  Canadian  manu 
facturers  were  waking  up  to  their  own  ability. 

The  Work  of  Organization 

All  this  meant  something  very  much  more  intricate 
and  elaborate  than  any  problems  which  the  Board  had 
hitherto  encountered.  It  was  seen  that  the  work  must 
be  allocated  among  the  forty  or  more  firms  which  had 
by  this  time  gons  into  munition  making,  and  that  pro- 
vision must  be  made  for  controlling  their  supply  of  raw 
materials  and  machinery  as  well.  The  motto  of  the 
Board  became:  "From  each  one  according  to  his  ability; 
to  each  one  according  to  his  needs."  This  was  good  for 
both  the  Government  and  the  manufacturers;  it  regulated 
supplies  and  stabilized  prices  both  of  raw  material  and 
of  the  finished  product. 

A  purchasing  department  was  organized  to  supply  the 
manufacturers  with  their  raw  materials;  a  distribution 
,  department  which  directed  the  supply  of  the  same  to  the 
best  advantage,  and  a  production  department  which  had 
supervision  of  manufacture,  and  rendered  expert  advice 
and  any  other  assistance  required.  There  was  also  a 
labor  department  for  the  supply  of  help  to  the  plants, 
and  an  inspection  department  who  work  was  of  the  most 
vital  importance  and  assistance,  not  only  to  the  Govern- 
ment, but  to  the  manufacturers  as  well.      The  inspection 


department  had  as  many  as  eight  thousand  persons  on  its 
pay  roll. 

The  organization  of  the  Board  was  well-nigh  perfect. 
It  summoned  to  its  assistance,  in  one  capacity  or  another, 
the  best  brains  and  skill  available,  and  it  worked  in  the 
utmost  harmony.  It  may  be  imagined  that  any  organiz- 
ation having  in  its  hands  an  expenditure  of  over  a  billion 
dollars  early  attracted  the  notice  of  the  birds  of  prey. 
Graft,  like  death,  loves  a  shining  mark,  but  the  men  at 
the  head  of  it  were  determined  that  the  British  taxpayer, 
who  was  paying  a  fair  price  for  what  he  was  buying, 
should  receive  full  value  for  every  cent  of  that  billion 
dollars,  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  fact  was  fully 
understood  that  the  Board  was  not  a  mark  for  anyone. 
After  that  it  was  left  severely  alone  by  all  except  legiti- 
mate business  men,  and  they  have  always  been  glad  to  do 
business  with  it. 

Newspapermen  may,  perhaps,  have  a  slight  grudge 
against  the  Board.  It  was  almost  barren  of  information. 
It  did  not  seek  publicity;  in  fact  its  business  was  of  a  kind 
where  the  utmost  secrfecy  as  to  its  operations  had  to  be 
maintained.  It  is  notable  that  in  all  the  time  its  mom- 
moth  operations  were  being  conducted  there  was  never  a 
"leak"  of  any  kind.  All  that  was  being  known  was  that 
the  Board  was  producing  the  goods  not  only  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  Ministry  of  Munitions,  but  to  its  surprise 
and  delight. 

Went  Into  All  Phases  of  Work 

The  mere  manufacture  of  shrapnel  shell  was  an  ao- 
coiupiishment  in  itself,  but  it  was  slight  in  comparison 
with  the  work  involved  in  furnishing  the  complete  muni- 
tions. This  meant  buying  steel,  copper  zinc,  lead  and 
antimony.  The  steel  had  to  be  rolled  into  bars,  the 
baro  forg-w  into  shells,  and  the  forgings  machined.  The 
copper  and  zinc  had  to  be  made  into  brass,  the  brass  into 
discs,  and  the  discs  into  cartridge  cases.  The  lead  and 
antimony  became  bullets,  and  the  bullets  produced  "good" 
Germans.  Explosives  had  to  be  made  or  bought  and 
filled  into  shells,  fuses,  or  cartridge  cases. 

Existing  plants  could  not  cope  with  the  Board's  de- 
mands, so  it  built  plants  of  its  own — «normous  plants. 
The  fuse  plant  at  Verdun;  the  British  Forgings  at 
Toronto;  the  explosives  plants  at  Renfrew,  Nobel  and 
Trenton;  the  aeroplane  plant  at  Toronto — when  you 
examine  the  perspective  drawings  of  them  on  the  walls 
of  the  Munitions  Board  offices  at  Ottawa,  you  wonder  at 
the  energy  and  organizing  ability  which  made  these 
modern  forges  of  Vulcan  spring  up  overnight.  If  you 
were  a  German  you  would  say:  "An  enemy  hath  done  this 
thing,  and  you  would  have  as  much  respect  for  the  Can- 
adians who  were  behind  the  man  behind  the  guns  as  for 
those  who  aimed  and  fired  them.  Once,  when  Randolph 
Churchill  tried  to  hold  up  a  Government  of  which  he  was 
a  member,  he  found  his  plans  upset  by  reason  of  the  fact, 
as  he  said,  that  he  "forgot  Goschen."  One  of  the  factors 
the  Kaiser  failed  to  take  into  account  when  he  started  to 
upset  the  world,  was  little  one-horse  Canada. 

And  this  is  "not  mere  braggadocio,  either.  When 
Randolph  Churchill's  son  cabled  his  congratulations  the 
other  day,  he  had  in  mind  the  fact  that  in  the  second  half 
of  1917  Canada  was  producing  55  per  cent,  of  the  shrapnel, 
42  per  cent,  of  the  4.5,  27  per  cent,  of  the  6  inch,  15  per 
cent,  of  the  eight  inch,  and  16  per  cent,  of  the  9.2  inch 
shells  used  by  the  British  armies.  Wilhelm  remembered 
Canada  then.  In  addition  to  the  munitions  for  the  Bri- 
tish Government,  the  Board  at  different  times  was  filling 
orders  for  the  Italian,  Russian,  and  Belgian  Governments, 
and  when  the  war  was  ended,  was  handling  very  large 
orders  for  the  United   States. 

Conditions  Better  Than  in  States 

One  of  the  surprising  features  of  the  war  has  been  the 
comparative  failure  of  our  neighbors  in  certain  particu- 
lars wherein  they  have  always  been  reputed  to  be  notably 
strong,  and  the  display  of  an  unlocked  for  moral  strength. 
The  failure  of  the  United  States  in  the  matter  of  muni- 
tion and  aeroplane  production  as  compared  with  Canada's 
handling  of  the  same  problems,    was    as    pronounced    as 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


719 


their  superiority  over  us  in  the  matter  of  solving  the 
conscription  problem,  or  the  handling  of  the  I.  W.  W.  anu 
other  revolutionary  malcontents.  The  dislocation  of  the 
ammunition  and  aeroplane  programme  with  our  neighbors 
appears  to  have  been  largely  due  to  a  lack  of  co- 
ordination of  the  manufacturing  end,  a  problem  which, 
as  already  mentioned,  was  solved  here  very  early  by  the 
Board,  when  it  organized  its  purchasing,  distribution,  anil 
production  departments,  and  itself  took  in  hand  the  cen- 
tralizing of  the  supply  of  raw  materials.  It  is  a  very 
fine  thing  that  two  good  neighbors  should  be  able  and 
willing  to  learn  from  each  other  and  profit  by  each  other's 
successes  and  failures,  and  this  we  have  both  done. 

The  activities  of  the  Board  were  not  confined  to  the 
production  of  war  materials.  They  showed  such  a  willing- 
ness to  take  on  new  problems  and  handle  them  success- 
fully that  the  British  Ministry  of  Shipping  asked  for  aid, 
and  at  the  end  of  1916  they  had  begun  placing  orders  for 
steel  ships  and  reviving  the  wooden  shipbuilding  industry 
in  Canada.  They  placed  orders  for  215,000  deadweight 
tons  of  steel  ships  in  all,  and  undertook  the  construction 
of  140,000  tons  of  wooden  steamships.  The  wooden  ship- 
building industry,  in  which  Canada  was  once  a  leader, 
had  fallen  so  low  that  it  was  confined  to  the  construction, 
mainly,  of  small  coasting  and  fishing  ships  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  coasts.  In  Eastern  Canada  the  Board  ar- 
ranged for  the  building  or  expansion  of  eight  yards,  and 
on  the  Pacific  it  took  over  two  yards  and  constructed  four 
more.  The  impetus  thus  given  to  the  industry  has  led 
to  a  wonderful  expansion  on  both  coasts,  and  while 
wooden  ships  may  never  come  back  permanently,  they 
have  filled  a  great  need,  and  will  probably  continue  to  do 
so  for  some  time  to  come. 

When  aeroplanes  and  aeroplane  spruce  became  a 
crying  need  of  the  Allies,  this  "Handy  Man"  of  the  British 
Government  was  again  ready  to  step  into  the  breach. 
They  have  managed  all  the  business  and  construction  side 
of  the  Royal  Air  Force  in  Canada,  which,  when  peace 
came  was  producing  air  fighters  at  the  rate  of  between 
three  and  four  thousand  a  year,  as  well  as  large  numbers 
of  machines  to  fly  and  fight  in.  The  Allies  wanted 
.spruce,  which  is  the  best  wood  for  aeroplanes,  angi  Canada 
had  lots  of  it.  The  Board  sent  one  of  its  experts,  Major 
Austin  Taylor,  to  the  Pacific  Coast  to  assist  the  lumber . 
producers  in  securing  it,  and  it  was  not  long  before  this 
problem   was   satisfactorily   settled. 

Here  Are  Some  Huge  Totals 

,  We  can't  get  away  from  figures  where  the  Munitions 
Board  is  concerned.  It  has  created  a  new  standard  for 
Canada  in  the  way  of  big  figures.  It  put  us  on  the  map 
as  a  billion  dollar  manufacturing  concern.  Here  are  some 
of  the  Board's  records,  approximately: 

The  following  figures  give  a  summary  of  Canada's 
accomplishments,  during  the  last  four  years,  in  the  pro- 
duction of  munitions  of  war,  referring  especially  to  the 
British   contracts: — 

Total  number  of  shells  produced 65,000,000 

.A.pproximate  number  of  components  repre- 
sented by  above,  for  which  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  has  let  separate  con- 
tracts            800,000,000 

In  addition  to  the  60,000,000  of  shells  pro- 
duced, there  have  been  a  great  number 
of  components  exported,  such  as  forgings, 
cartridge  cases,  primers,  copper  bands, 
time  and  graze  fuses,  exploder  containers, 
friction  tubes,  etc.  In  the  production  of 
this  war  material  steel  has  been  used  to 
the   amount  of,  tons    1,800,000 

(About  75Vr  of  this  steel  is  Canadian  product). 

Quantity  of  high-grade  explosives  and  pro-  • 

pellants  produced,  lbs 100,000,000 

V'alue  of  orders  placed  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment through  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board    $1,200,000,000 


Amount  furnished  by  Imperial  Government 
for  above  purpose  from  sources  outside 
of  Canada    |400,000,000 

Amount  loaned  to  the  Imperial  Government 
by  the  Government  of  Canada  and  by 
the  Banks  in  Canada  for  purposes  of  the 
Imperial   Munitions   Board $600,000,000 

Approxi.nate  number  of  contractors  in  Can- 
ada amongst  whom  contracts  for  muni- 
tions  have   been   distributed    1,000 

Number  of  workers  engaged  in  war  con- 
tracts  200,000-300,000 

Approximate  number  of  persons  employed 
in  handling  stores  in  transportation  and 
other  collateral  organizations   50,000 

Approximate  total  number  of  workers    ....  350,000 

The   List  of   British  Contracts 
CANADIAN     MACHINERY     was     able     to     secure, 
through    the    courtesy   of   the    Imperial    Munitions    Board 
at   Ottawa,   the  following   figures   of   total   production    in 
the   various   plants: — 

Eight-Inch    High    Explosive 

Complete 
No. 

Bertram  &  Sons,  Dundas,  Ont 64,500 

Can.  Bridge  Co.,  Walkerville,  Ont 60,690 

Can.   Fairbanks-Morse,  Toronto    149,796 

Can.    Ingersoll-Rand,    Sherbrooke,   P.Q 187,451 

Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  Montreal   19,703 

Gurney  Foundry   Co.,  Toronto    49,866 

Montreal  Tramways,  Montreal    49,915 

T.  McAvity  &  Sons,  St.  John,  N.B 5,919 

N.  S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 2,127 

Russell  Motor  Co.,  Toronto   9,005 

Standard  Steel  Construction  Co.,  Welland,  Ont..  .         24,953 
Universal  Tool  Steel  Co.,  Toronto   129,999 

Total    753,924 

9.2  High  Explosive 

Amalgamated  Amm.  Machine  Co.,  Toronto   ....  30,009 

Canada  Cement  Co.,  Montreal   254,998 

Dominion  Steel  Products  Co.,  Brantford   64,997 

Fisher  Motor  Co.,  Orillia,  Ont 66,005 

Leaside  Munitions  Co.,  Toronto 79,064 

T.   McAvity  &   Sons,   St.  John,  N.B 41,086 

N.S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 13,687 

Russell  Motor  Car  Co.,  Toronto   74,675 

Steel  Co.  of  Canada,  Montreal 60,004 

St.   Lawrence  Bi-idge   Co.,  Montreal    100,009 

Total    784,534 


7W 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N    M  A  C  IT  T  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


Six-inch    High    Explosive 

Bel!  Engine  &  Thresher  Co.,  Seaforth,  Ont   . . 

Bertram   &   Sons,  J.,   Dundas    

Can.  Blower  &  Forge  Co.,  Kitchener,  Ont 

Canadian   Bridge   Co.,   Walkerville,   Ont 

Canada   Cement   Co.,   Montreal    

Can.  Fairbanks-Morse,  Toronto 

Can.  Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,  Sherbrooke,  P.Q 

Can.  Linderman  Co.,  Woodstock,  Ont 

Can.  Tube  &  Iron  Co.,  Montreal    

Consol.  Steel  Co.,  Toronto  

Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  Montreal   

Eaton  &  Sons,  J.  R.,  Orillia,  Ont 

Fisher  Motor  Co.,  Orillia  

Gen.  Car    &  Mach'y  Co.,  Montmagny,  P.Q.   . . 

Gurney  Foundry  Co.,  Toronto  

Hayes  Wheel  Co.,  Ltd.,  Chatham,  Ont 

Hepburn  Co.,  J.  T.,  Toronto   

Hope  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  Henry,  Toronto   

Jenckes   Machine  Co.,  Sherbrooke,  P.Q 

Leaside  Munitions  Co.,  Toronto    

Long  Mfg.  Co.,  E.,  Orillia,  Ont 

Lyall  &  Sons  Construction  Co.,  P.,  Montreal . . 
Midland   Engineering  Works,   Midland,   Ont.    .  . 

Modem   Tool   Mfg.   Co.,   Montreal    

Montreal   Locomotive   Works,   Montreal    

Montreal  Tramways  Co.,  Montreal   

Munitions  &  Metal  Products,  Peterborough    . . 

McKinnon  Industries,  Ltd.,  St.  Catharines,  Ont. 

McLennan    Foundry    &    Mach.    Works,    Camp- 
bellton,   N.B 

National   Mfg.   Co.,  Ottawa  and   Brockville    . . 

National  Steel  Car  Co.,  Hamilton    

Page-Hersey  Iron  Tube  &  Lead  Co.,  Guelph   . . 

Pease  Foundry  Co.,  Toronto   

Pembroke  Iron  Works,  Ltd.,  Pembroke,  Ont... 

Peterboro'  Machine  &  Lub.  Co.,  Peterboro'   . . . 

Quinlan  &  Robertson,  Ltd.,  Campbellford,  Ont. 

Russell  Motor  Car  Co.,  Toronto  

Savoie-Guay  Co.,  Montreal    

Spramotor   Co.,   London,   Ont 

Steel  &  Radiation,  Ltd.,  Toronto   

St.  Catharines  Steel  &  Metal  Co.,  St.  Catharines 

St.  Lawrence  Bridge  Co.,  Montreal  

St.  Lawrence  Iron  Foundry,  Montreal   

Taylor-Forbes  Co.,  Guelph,  Ont 

Three   Rivers    Indus.   Co.,   Ltd.,   Three    Rivers, 
P.Q 

Universal  Tool  Steel  Co.,  Toronto  


166,272 

215,122 

49,002 

103,071 

352,129 

419,864 

421,403 

78,982 

348,343 

300,570 

656,207 

88,770 

114,962 

225,840 

151,703 

140,862 

116,676 

202,560 

54,307 
724,719 
124,475 
1,314,477 
183,076 
254,555 
749,508 

56,608 
220,545 
301,767 

71,593 

245,525 

3,282 

144,390 

127,731 

339,502 

35,714 

76,583 

204,493 

70,405 

95,837 

387,206 

309,573 

175,930 

209,399 

142,157 

42,226 
230,221 


McGregor  &  Mclntyre  Co.,  Toronto   

McKinnon-Dash  Co.,  St.  Catharines 

Napanee  Iron  Works,  Napanee,  Ont.   . .  .  •  . 
N.S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S. 

Sawyer-Massey    Co.,    Hamilton,   Ont 

Steel  Co.  of  Canada,  Stratford,  Ont 


ToUl    

13  lb.  Shrapnel   (1915) 

Canadian  Vickers,  Ltd.,  Montreal   

15  lb.  Shrapnel  (1915-16) 
Can.  Crocker  Wheel  Co.,  Ltd.,  St.  Catharines.. 

Can.  Westinghouse,  Ltd.,  Hamilton    

Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  Montreal   

Electric  Steel  &  Metals  Co.,  Ltd.,  Welland    . . 
Inglis  Co.,  Ltd.,  John,  Toronto  


11,048,578 


51,308 
61,392 
26,445 
10,000 
42,489 
10,000 


Total    

60.  lb.  High  Explosive 

Can.  Allia-Chalmers  Ltd.,  Toronto  

Can.  Locomotive,  Kingston 

Can.  Malleable  Iron  Works,  Owen  Sound,  Ont.  . . 

Can.  Westinghouse,  Hamilton  

Chapman  Eng.  &  Mfg.  Co.,  Dundas,  Ont 

Coghlin  &  Co.,  B.  J.,  Montreal 

Dominion  Bridge  Co 

Doty  Engine  Co 

Eastern  Machine  Co.,  Montreal  

Jenckes  Machine  Co.,  Sherbrooke,  Q 

Leonard  &  Sons,  E.,  London,  Ont 

Long  Mfg.  Co.,  E.,  Orillia,  Ont 

Lyall  &  Sons  Construction  Co.,  P.,  Montreal   . . 

Montreal   Amm.   Co.,   Montreal    

Munitions  4  Machinery  Co.,  Montreal 


*Can. 
*Can. 
*Can. 
Can. 
*Can. 
*Can. 


79,550 

66,193 
15,247 
26,163 
180,065 
15,018 

302,686 

22,493 

34,974 

64,919 

35,010 

18,408 

43,977 

11,695 

9,962 

44,963 

10,641 

146,597 

207,739 

88,924 

50,042 

112,588 


ToUl    

4.5  Howitzers 

-Wlberta  Fdry.  &  Machine  Co.,  Medicine  Hat.  . 

♦Albion  Machine  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 

.\cton   Foundry   Co.,   Acton,   Ont 

•Bell  &  Sons,  B.,  St.  George,  Ont 

*Branden  Shell  Co.,  Toronto   

*Buckeye  Foundry  Co.,  Calgary,  Alta 

•Burlington  Steel  Co.,  Hamilton    

*Can.  Stove  &  Foundry  Co.,  St.  Laurent,  P.Q. 

Allis-Chalmers  Co.,  Toronto    

Car   &   Foundry  Co.,   Montreal    

Locomotive  Works,  Kingston,  Ont 

Malleable  Iron   Co.,  Owen   Sound,  Ont... 

Steel  Foundry  Co.,  Montreal    

Westinghouse    Co.,    Hamilton    

*Chapman   Eng.   Mfg.   Co.,   Dundas,   Ont 

"Cobourg   Shell  Co.,  Cobourg,  Ont 

Coghlin  &   Co.,  B.  J.,  Montreal,  P.Q 

'■Collingwood   Shipbldg.   Co.,   Collingwood,   Ont. 

•'Copp   Stove   Co.,  Fort  William,  Ont 

*Cummings  &  Sons,  J.  W.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S. 

*Darling   Bros.,   Ltd.,   Montreal    

^Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  Montreal   

>'Dom.   Copper   Products   Co.,   Montreal    

*Dominion    Steel    Co 

'■Eastern  Steel  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 

*Fawcett  &  Co.,  Chas.,  Sackville,  N.B 

Frost  &  Wood  Co.,  Smith's  Falls   

*Gen.  Railway  &  Signal  Co.,  Montreal    

*Goold,  Shapley  &  Muir  Co.,  Brantford,  Ont.  . . 

*Hamilton  Co.,  Wm.,  Peterborough,  Ont 

*Holden-Morgan   Co.,  Toronto    

*Hepburn  Bros.,  Ltd.,  Montreal   

Hunter  Bridge  &  Boiler  Co.,  Kincardine,  Ont. 

*Inglis   Co.,  John,  Toronto    

*Robb  Engineering  Co.,  Amherst,  N.S 

*Jenckes  Machine  Co.,  Sherbrooke,  P.Q 

*Jenkins   Bros.,  Ltd.,  Montreal    

Ker  &  Goodwin  Co.,  Brantford,  Ont 

•Leonard  &  Sons,  E.,  London,  Ont 

Lauzon  Engineering  Co.,  Levis,  P.Q 

*Long  Mfg.  Co.,  E.,  Orillia,  Ont 

*Lyall  &  Sons  Construction  Co.,  P.,  Montreal.. 

*  Martin  Pump  &  Machine  Co.,  Toronto   

*Maritime  Foundry  &  Mach.  Co.,  Chatham,  N.B. 
Marsh  Engineering  Works,  Belleville,  Ont.   .  . 

*Matheson  &  Co.,  I.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 

♦Manitoba   Engines,  Ltd.,   Brandon,   Man 

*Man.  Bridge  &  Iron  Co.,  Winnipeg  

*McAvity  &  Sons,  T.,  St.  John,  N.B 

♦McDonald  Thresher  Co.,  Stratford,  Ont 

McDougall  Caledonian  Iron  Works,  Montreal .  . 

♦McFarlane   Engineering  Co.,  Paris,  Ont 

♦McGregor  &  Mclntyre,  Ltd.,  Toronto   

Mechanical  Engineering  Co.,  Three  Rivers,  P.Q. 
♦Medicine  Hat  Pump  &  Brass  Co.,  Medicine  Hat, 

Alta 

♦Montreal  Locomotive  Works,  Montreal   

♦Motor  Trucks,  Ltd.,  Brantford,  Ont 

♦Munitions   &   Machinery   Co.,   Montreal    

♦Napanee  Iron  Works,  Napanee,  Ont 

National  Hardware  Co.,  Orillia,  Ont 

♦National    Machinery   &    Supply    Co.,   Hamilton 

♦Newfoundland  Shell  Co.,  St.  John's,  Nfld 

♦New  Barrell-Johnston  Co.,  Yarmouth,  N.S.  . . 
♦Norwood  Engineering  Co.,  Cowansville,  P.Q.  .  • 
♦Northern  Foundry  &  Machine  Co.,  Sault  Ste. 

Marie,   Ont 

•N.S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 


1,104,288 


108,564 
243.629 
130,180 
8,550 
31,255 
2,797 
14,558 
318,286 
190,687 
162,201 
124,045 
73,873 
369,000 
122,090 
23.318 
134,669 
9,425 
29,126 
214,203 
201,887 
181,639 
81,164 
938,741 
48.668 
108,739 
174,973 
69,076 
91,869 
126,952 
57,274 
70,043 
311,542 
38,769 
106,707 
239,800 
161,241 
84,011 
271,006 
149.240 
262,581 
43.009 
438.577 
160,089 
59,459 
127,979 
13,649 
30,824 
122,150 
150,924 
103,683 
82,711 
113,872 
25,973 
32,454 

76,532 
489,519 
256,893 
91,177 
37,940 
91,777 
11,568 
52,711 
61,809 
99,571 

82,678 
99,322 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


721 


O'Connors,  Ltd.,   Montreal 42,269 

*Ormsby  Co.,  A.  B.,  Toronto   244,698 

*Otis-Fensom  Elevator  Co.,  Toronto   156,222 

*Phoenix  Foundry  &  Loco.  Co.,  St.  John,  N.B.  . .  29,094 

*Polson    Iron    Works,   Toronto    19,549 

♦Port  Hope  Supply  Co 4,121 

*Prescott  Emery  Wheel  Co.,  Prescott,  Ont 57,676 

'■Public  Enterprise  Co.,  Levis,  P.Q 70,816 

♦Pioneer  Tractor  Co.,  Ltd.,  Calgary,  Alta -4,660 

♦Quebec  Engineering  Co.,  Quebec   105,598 

♦Record  Foundry  &  Machine  Co.,  Moncton,  N.B.  206,424 

♦Robertson  Mfg.  Co.,  P.  L.,  Milton,  Ont 38,166 

♦Roelofson  Machine  &  Tool  Co.,  Gait 52,193 

♦Saskatchewan  Bridge  &  Iron  Co.,  Moose  Jaw, 

Sask.    ...: 89,579 

♦Sawyer-Massey  Co.,  Hamilton  15,825 

♦Seaman-Kent  Co.,  Hamilton    35,929 

Sherbrooke  Iron  Works,  Sherbrooke,  P.Q 399,008 

Sorel  Mechanical  Shops,  Sorel,  P.Q 154,255 

♦Smith  Foundry  Co.,  Fredericton,  N.B 138,581 

♦Spartan   Machine    Co.,    Montreal    352,816 

♦St.  Thomas  Construction  Co.,  St.  Thomas,  Ont.  122,689 

♦St.  Lawrence  Iron  Foundry,  Montreal    56,015 

♦Stratford  Mill  Bldg.  Co.,  Stratford,  Ont 61,249 

♦Steel   &   Radiation,   Ltd.,  Toronto    207,078 

♦Steel  Co.  of  Canada,  Ltd.,  Brantford,  Ont.   . .  190,384 

♦Starr  Mfg.  Co.,  Dartmouth,  N.S 23,928 

♦Toronto   Structural   Steel   Co.,  Toronto    130,180 

♦Toronto  Type   Foundry  Co.,  Toronto    43,616 

♦Truro  Steel  Co.,  Truro,  N.S 134,869 

♦Vancouver  Engineering  Co.,  Vancouver,  B.C. . .  7,607 

♦Victoria  Machinery  Depot,  Victoria,  B.C 4,881 

♦Vulcan    Iron    Works,    New    Westminster,    B.C.  5,717 

♦Vulcan   Iron   Works,   Winnipeg    75,677 

♦Waterous  Engine  Works,  Brantford,  Ont 186,258 

♦Western  Machinery  Co.,  Port  Arthur,  Ont.    .  .  10,339 

♦Western  Shell  &  Box  Co.,  Edmonton,  Alta.   . .  49,759 

♦Wilford  &   Co.,  F.  R.,  Lindsay,  Ont 100,819 

♦Wilson  &  Co.,  J.  C,  Belleville,  Ont 78,751 

♦Complete  figures. 

18-Ib.  Shrapnel 

Albion  Machine  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 13,054 

Banfield  &  Sons,  Toronto 721,817 

Beatty  &   Sons,   M.,  Welland    98,427 

Bertram  &   Sons,  J.,   Dundas    520.228 

Brown,  Boggs   Co.,  Hamilton    172,000 

Canada  Beds,  Ltd.,  Chesley,  Ont 128.189 

Can.  Allis-Chalmers  Co 899,851 

Can.  Bridge  Co.,  Walkerville   189,811 

Can.   Car   &   Foundry   Co.,   Montreal    299,899 

Can.    Crocker-Wheeler   Co.,   St.    Catharines    .  .  530,501 

Can.  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Toronto   3,030.313 

Can.  Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,  Sherbrooke,  P.Q.    .  .  .  1,969,326 

Can.  Locomotive  Co.,  Kingston   202,132 

C.P.R.,  Montreal   920,190 

Can.  Vickers,  Ltd.,  Montreal 513,225 

Can.  Westinghouse  Co.,  Hamilton    793,414 

♦Chapman   Double  Ball  Bearing  Co.,  Toronto..  894,936 

ClufT  Bros.,  Toronto   37,418 

♦Cobourg  Steel  Co.,  Cobourg 3,625 

Collingwood  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Collingwood   . .  .  152,238 

♦Cummings  &  Sons,  J.  W.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S..  12,046 

Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  Montreal    3,743 

Dominion  Steel  Foundries,  Hamilton    1,316,430 

♦Drolet  &  Co.,  F.  X.,  Quebec  70,259 

Eastern  Steel  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S 269,202 

Electric  Steel  &  Metals  Co.,  Welland   18,761 

'Fawcett  &  Co.,  Chas.,  Sackville,  N.B 2,874 

Fisher  Motor  Co.,  Orillia,  Ont 159,431 

♦Fittings,   Ltd.,   Oshawa,   Ont 389,911 

♦Gen.   Car  &   Machinery  Co.,   Montmagny  Stn.,  • 

P.Q 751,602 

Goldie  &  McCulloch  Co.,  Gait,  Ont 842,000 

♦Longhead  Machine  Co.,  Sarnia   175,626 

♦London  Mfg.  &   Machine  Co.,  London    692.067 

Lymburner,  Ltd.,  Montreal  774,610 


'Lymco  Corporation,  Montreal   -  3395 

Massey-Harris  Co.,  Ltd.,  Toronto   746,980 

♦Metal  Drawing  Co.,  St.  Catharines  631,769 

Montreal  Locomotive  Works,  Montreal   452,674 

♦Mueller   Mfg.   Co.,   Sarnia,   Ont 315,137 

National  Machine  &  Motor  Co.,  New  Glasgow, 

N.S 197,777 

♦National  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.,  Hamilton..  293,200 

■National  Mfg.  Co.,  Ottawa  and  Brockville    . .  1,179,373 

National  Steel  Car  Co.,  Hamilton   469,562 

♦Northern  Electric  Co.,  Montreal   523,649 

♦Norton  Co.,  A.  0.,  Coaticook,  P.Q 108,641 

Grand  Trunk  Railway,  Montreal   445,094 

Grand  Trunk  Railway,  Stratford   . . . : 441,681 

•Hamilton  Gear  &  Machine  Co.,  Toronto   615,458 

•'Ingersoll  Machine  Co.,  Ingersoll,  Ont 709,390 

International  Engineering  Co.,  Amherst,  N.S.  60,343 

Inglis    Co.,   John,    Toronto    437,335 

♦Jardine  &  Co.,  A.  B.,  Hespeler,  Ont 233,123 

Jenckes  Machine  Co.,  Sherbrooke    124,077 

'N.S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S...  289,270 

*Otis-Fensom  Elevator  Co.,  Toronto  270,616 

♦Estate  of  Jas.  Fleming,  St.  John,  N.B 307,132 

■Pink    Mfg.    Co.,    Thos.,    (burned    out),    Pem- 
broke,   Ont 452,758 

•Poison  Iron  Works,  Toronto 375,003 

♦Record  Foundry  &  Machine  Co.,  Moncton,  N.B.  19,202 

-Renfrew   Machinery   Co.,   Renfrew,   Ont 674,040 

♦Renfrew  Manufacturing  Co 11,395 

■Roelofson  Machine  &  Tool  Co.,  Toronto  3,000 

Sawyer-Massey   Co.,  Hamilton    81,250 

■Sheldonb,  Ltd.,  Gait,  Ont 641,538 

Steel  Co.  of  Canada,  Brantford,  Ont 616,509 

'Steel   of   Canada,  Montreal    274,704 

♦Steel  &  Radiation,  Ltd.,  Toronto    845,665 

♦St.  Thomas  Construction  Co.,  St.  Thomas,  Ont.  6,910 

-Truro  Steel  Co.,  Truro,  N.S 21,828 

Toronto  Laundry  &  Mach.  Co.,  Toronto  854,197 

Western  Dry  Dock  &   Shipbuilding  Co 35,014 

Zenith  Machine  Co.,  Montreal   300,649 


♦Fieures  not  complete. 

NOTE — This   is  supplementary  to  the  list  above,  and 
gives  further  production  available  to  date. 
18-lb.  Shrapnel 

Gen.  Car  and  Machinery  Co 42,445 

Drolet,  F.  X 3,167 

Lymco  Corporation  3,895 

Northern  Electric   31,740 

Norton,  Limited,  A.  0 9.012 

Chapman  Double  Ball  Bearing  Co,   25,722 

Fittings,   Limited    12,190 

Hamilton  Gear  &  Machinery  Co 27,845 

Ingersoll   Machine   Co 25,651 

Metal  Drawing  Co 40,351 

National  Machinery  and  Supplies    8,118 

Otis-Fensom   Elevator  Co 16,860 

Steel   &    Radiation    35,048 

Toronto  Laundry  Machine  Co 21.892 

Cobourg  Steel  Co 6,505 

National  Manufacturing  Co 22,195 

Renfrew    Machinery    Co 41,950 

Renfrew    Manufacturing    Co 27,015 

Jardine   &    Co.,   A.    B 2,908 

London   Mfg.   and   Machine   Co 31,884 

Longhead    Machine    Co 9,995 

Mueller  Manufacturing  Co 18,156 

Roelofson  Machine  &  Tool  Co 6,209 

Sheldons,    Limited     '•  •  29,123 

St.   Thomas    Construction    Co 13.300 

Albion   Machine  Co 13,832 

Cummings  &  Son,  Ltd.,  J.  W 16,170 

Fleming,  Jas.,  Estate   of    6,114 

Fawcett,  Limited,  Charles 8,506 

N.S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co 10,453 

Record  Foundry  &  Machine  Co 20,562 

Smith  Foundry  Co 8,056 

Truro   Steel   Co 10,423 


722 


Volume  XX. 


British  Columbia's  Part  in  Ship  Programme 


The  Year  Has  Seen  a  Tremen- 
dous Revival  of  Industry  in 
the  Pacific  Coast  Province — 
What  the  Future  Has  in  Store. 

B;/  A.  F.  MENZIES 


DURING  the  past  twelve  months 
or  so,  British  Columbia  has,  so  to 
speak,  come  into  her  own  as  re- 
gards shipbuilding.  The  extensive  pro- 
gram undertaken  by  the  Imperial  Muni- 
tions Board  Wooden  Shipbuilding  Depart- 
ment has  been  completed,  resulting  in 
the  addition  of  27  wooden  steamers  of 
a  total  D.  W.  capacity  of  over  75,000 
tons.  Of  steel  boats  40,000  tons  D.W. 
have  been  passed  into  service. 

The  Imperial  Munitions  Board  wooden 
shipbuilding  programme  was  carried  out 
by  yards  which  built  the  hulls  only,  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  being  re- 
sponsible for  the  supplying  and  the  in- 
stallation of  machinery,  etc.  The  27 
hulls  were  divided  up  between  the  fol- 
lowing concerns:  Wm.  Lyall  Shipbuild- 
ing Co.,  Ltd.,  6;  Western  Canada  Ship- 
yards Ltd.,  6;  Western-Genoa  Co., 
Ltd.,  4;  The  Foundation  Co.  of  Victoria, 
Ltd.,  5;  New  Westminster  Construction 
and  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd,  4;  Coquitlam 
Shipbuilding  Co.,  Ltd.,  2. 

The  boats  are  of  the  well  decked  type 
with  the  poop  extended  to  the  bridge 
deck.  They  are  250  feet  long  B.P.,  by 
42  ft.  X  6-in.  mid.  beam,  by  25  ft.  mid. 
depth.  The  carrying  capacity  on  a 
draught  of  21  ft  .is  about  2,800  tons. 


FIC.    I     WOODEN    STEAMER   IN    FRAME 


The  hull  is  divided  into  several  com- 
partments by  watertight  bulkheads, 
which  will  materially  assist  in  keeping! 
the  vessel  afloat  should  it  become  dam- 
aged. About  one  and  a  half  million  feet 
of  lumber  was  used  in  each  boat,  while 
for  caulking  over  350  bales  of  oakum 
were   required. 

The  following  brief  description  of  the 
more  important  timbers  will  give  an 
idea  of  the  sizes  of  lumber  used.  Fig. 
1  shows  one  of  these  boats  being  framed. 

The  keel  is  in  four  pieces  all  20  x  24 
in  and  from  54  to  76  ft.  in  length,  the 
various  lengths  being  joined  together  by 
scarps  are  carefully  shifted  in  order 
also  20  X  24  in.  and  the  sister  keelson 
24-ins.  square.  These  sticks  are  in  as 
long  lengths  as  is  practicable  and  the 
scarphs  are  carefully  shifted  in  order 
to  maintain  the  maximum  possible 
strength  throughout. 

On  the  top  of  the  wooden  keelson 
there  is  a  steel  box  girder  keelson  con- 
sisting of  top  and  bottom  plates  25  and 
40  ins.  respectively  by  %-in.,  web  plates 


I 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  IT  T  N  i:  R  Y 


723 


FIG.    2^LAUNCH    OK    "WAR    STORM" 


24-in.  X  %-in.,  all  secured  by  6-in.  x 
%-in.  angles. 

The  frames  are  doubled  12-in.  sided 
and  are  tapered  from  24-in.  at  the  keel 
to  11-in.  at  the  main  deck.  They  are 
spaced  3  ft.  centres.  There  are  three 
garboard  strakes,  the  first  being  18-in. 
X  10-in.     The  planking  is  all  6-in. 

The  ceiling  on  the  bottom  is  12  x  10  in., 
on  the  turn  of  the  bilge  14  x  14  in.,  and 
12-in.  X  10-in.  and  8-in.  on  the  sides. 
In  order  to  avoid  local  weak  spots  the 
butts  of  the  planking  and  ceiling  are 
well  shifted. 

On  the  line  of  the  hold  beams  there 
are  two  stringers  each  14-in.  x  16-in. 
and  one  clamp  14-in.  square.  The  main 
deck  stringer  is  composed  of  three 
strakes  of  14in.  x  14-in.  These  sticks  are 
also  in  long  lengths. 

The  main  deck  beams  are  14-in.  by 
14-in.,  spaced  3  ft.  centres,  that 
is,  one  on  every  frame.  The  main 
deck  is  of  4%-in.  x  4%-in.  edge  grain. 
Edge  grain  timber  is  used  for  decking 
on  account  of  its  wearing  qualities,  also 
there  is  no  tendency  to  sliver.  The  nar- 
row planking  is  preferable  on  account  of 
the  lessened  amount  of  contraction  and 
expansion  to  be  taken  care  of  at  eacli 
seam.  The  upper  deck  is  3%-in.  x  3%- 
in.,  also  edge  grain. 

The  propeller  post  is  .30-in.  moulded 
by  24-in.  sided,  being  swelled  to  32-in. 
at  the  shaft  line.  The  shaft  log,  an- 
other large  piece,  is  composed  of  two 
pieces  of  36-in.  x  18-in.  To  bracket  the 
various  parts  together  a  large  number 
of   natural   knees  are  used. 

There  are  three  cargo  holds  and  one 
deep  tank  for  water  ballast,  the  holds 
and  tanks  being  separated  by  water- 
tight bulkheads.  The  cargo  holds  are 
served  by  six  steam  winches  operating 
through  5-ton  derricks. 

Some  of  the  propelling  machinery  was 
procured  in  the  East,  the  remainder  be- 
ing built  by  the  Wallace  Shipyards  Ltd., 
of  North  Vancouver. 

The  engines  are  triple  expansion,  hav- 
ing cylinders  20-in.  x  33-in.  and  54-in. 
in   diameter,   with    a   common    stroke   of 


40-in.  and  operate  at  about  70  R.  P.  M., 
developing  1,000  I.H.P. 

The  boilers  are  of  the  Howden  water 
tube  type,  fitted  with  Howden's  system 
of  heated  forced  draught.  About  half 
the  total  number  of  boiler?  required 
were  built  by  the  Victoria  Machinery 
Depot,  of  Victoria,   B.C. 

All  the  deck  auxiliaries  are  products 
of  British  Columbia,  the  winches  and 
windlasses  being  built  by  the  Terminal 
City  Iron  Works,  The  North  Shore  Iron 
Works  and  Hutchison  Bros.  The  steer- 
ing gears,  horizontal,  double-geared 
machines,  were  built  by  the  Schaake 
Co.,  Ltd.,  and  Yarrows  Ltd. 

As  previously  mentioned,  the  ship- 
builders were  not  responsible  for  the  in- 
stallation of  machinery.  This  work  was 
carried  out  by  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  at  their  own  plant  at  Ogden 
Point,  Victoria.  The  delivery  of  hulls, 
was,  however  more  than  fast  enough  to 
load   this   plant  up,   and   to   avoid    delay 


several    ships    had    their   machinery    in- 
stalled  at   private   yards. 

On  trials,  with  bunkers  aboard,  these 
vessels  have  made  a  speed  of  11  knots 
per  hour. 

Three  steel  boats  have  been  placed  in  , 
commission  by  the  Wallace  Shipyards. 
These  boats  were  built  to  the  order  of 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  and  are 
300  ft.  long  B.P.  by  45  ft.  mid.  beam  by 
27  ft.  mid.  depth  and  carry  4,700  tons 
on  a  draught  of  22  ft.,  7  in.  Fig.  2 
shows  the  War  Storm  being  launched  in- 
September. 

With  the  exception  of  auxiliary  ap- 
paratus in  the  engine  room  these  boats 
are  entirely  British  Calumbia  products. 
The  main  engines  were  built  in  the  yards 
machine  shop.  The  boilers  were  built 
by  the  Vulcan  Iron  Works  at  their  plant 
on  Granville  Island.  Deck  winches  and 
windlasses  were  built  by  the  North 
Shore  Iron  Works,  of  N.  Vancouver. 

The  vessels  are  of  the  well  decked 
type  with  the  machinery  located  amid- 
ships. Officers'  quarters  are  on  the 
bridge  deck  and  crews'  quarters  in  the 
poop.  Extra  large  hatches  are  provided 
for  convenience  in  handling  cargo. 

The  engines  are  triple  expansion  with 
cylinders  24-in.,  38-in.  and  62-in.  in  dia- 
meter with  a  common  stroke  of  42-in. 
They  are  fitted  with  piston  valves  on  . 
the  H.P.  and  LP.  cylinders  and  a  double- 
ported,  balanced  slide  valve  on  the  L.P. 
The  title  cut  shows  a  set  of  these  eneines 
in  shop  ready  to  be  dismantled  and  in- 
stalled in  the  boat.  It  will  be  seen  that 
bridge  columns  are  provided  both  back 
and  front,  giving  a  remarkably  rigid 
job. 

There  are  no  pumps  on  the  main  en- 
gines, the  idea  being  that  the  jobs 
could  be  turned  out  and  installed  quick- 
er if  these  items  were  made  indepen- 
dent. The  circulating  pump  was  of  the 
centrifugal  type,  supplied  by  the  Morris 
Machine  Works.  The  condenser,  made 
by  the  Wallace  Shipyards,  was  built  with 
a    steel    plate    shell,    rolled    brass    tube 


FIG.   4     VULCAN   IRON    WORKS    BOILER   SHOP 


724 


C  A  N  A  D I A  N    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


plates  and  cast  iron  ends.  It  was  sup- 
ported on  the  back  of  the  I.P.  and  L.P. 
columns  by  steel  plate  stools.  The  air 
and  feed  pumps  were  made  by  Dean 
Bros.,  of  Indianapolis,  and  were  supplied 


HIGH    PRESSURE    CARD 


INTERMEDIATE     CARD 


/r.4(^     /o/f 


area  being  132  square  feet,  giving  a 
ratio  of  1   to  38.7. 

The  boilers  were  built  by  the  Vulcan 
Iron  Works.  Fig.  4,  showing  one  side 
of  the  main  bay  of  their  shop,  shows 
the  boilers  for  the  War  Storm  among 
a  number  of  others  for  J.  Coughlan  & 
Sons'  ships. 

On  trial  these  boats  have  done  up  to 
12  knots  per  hour,  with  bunkers  aboard. 
Fig.  5  shows  the  trial  trip  data  ob- 
tained on  the  War  Power  on  June  27, 
1918. 

The  machine  shops  of  the  Wallace 
Shipyards  have  been  more  than  busy, 
for,  besides  engines  for  their  own  boats 
and  repair  jobs,  they  have  turned  out 
three  sets  of  engines  for  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  wooden  ships.  Two 
of  these  sets  were  also  installed  and 
the  ships  completed  and  delivered  under 
steam  at  Victoria. 

These  engines  differ  from  those  in 
the  steel  boats  in  that  the  pumps  are 
driven  from  the  I.P.  crosshead  by 
single  plate  levers,  and  the  condenser 
shell  is  of  cast  iron  and  is  built-in. 

The  Wallace  Foundry  has  furnished 
the  castings  for  all  this  machinery  as 
well  as  doing  a  lot  of  outside  work,  not- 


quire  the  boats  to  be  away  from  their 
base  for  about  three  weeks  at  a  time 
They  were  both  oil  burners  and  it  was 
decided  to  lengthen  them  and  build  in 
additional  oil  tanks. 

The  boats  were  both  hauled  out  on 
the  large  ways  at  the  same  time,  the 
ends  separated  and  the  new  portion 
built  in.  The  boilers  were  then  shift- 
ed aft  to  the  same  relative  position  in 
relation  to  the  engines  which  they 
occupied  before,  and  a  new  oil-tight 
bulkhead  built  forward  of  them.  The 
space  thus  provided  between  the  old 
and  the  new  bulkheads  gave  ample 
capacity  for  the  fuel  oil. 

As  the  boats  were  short,  100  ft.  and 
91  ft.,  6  in.  respectively,  and  very  fully 
powered,  some  interesting  calculations 
were  entailed  to  ensure,  that  when 
lengthened,  they  would  trim  properly. 

The  Wallace  Shipyards  plant  has  re- 
cently undergone  extensive  alteration 
and  extension,  a  new  plate  shed  and 
mold  loft  being  constructed.  Fig.  6 
shows  the  latter,  which  is  186  feet  long 
by  80  feet  broad.  It  is  located  above 
the  plate  shed,  which  is  equipped  with  a 
mono-rail  system  for  handling  plates, 
etc.       Three   building  berths  have  been 


LOW    RESSURE    CARD 


SHIP 
Dnturht  For'd,  8'  2" 
DrsuKht  Apt.  14'   6- 
DraaKht,  Mean,   IT  4" 
Duplacement,   3,090  tons. 
L«nKth  B.P..  30*  feet. 
Beam    Mid.   46   fei't. 
Depth    Mid.   27   feet. 


ENGINES 


24-  a  18-  X  sr 


42" 


Pressures 
Boiler.    160   lbs.   per  sq.   inch. 
I.P.  Receiver.  58  lbs.  per  sq.  inch. 
L.P.  Receiver.  4.5  lbs.  per  sq.  inch. 
Condenser.    26.5    incbps    vac. 

Powers 


H.P. 
I.P. 

.      558 
.      606 
.      546 

IP.H. 
I.HP. 
I.P.H. 

Total    .. 

1.705 

Propeller    16'    0" 
Revolutions  per 
Speed.    12   knots 

dia. 
min. 
per 

15' 
84. 
hoar 

6"    pitch. 

FIG.    6— TRIAL   TRIP    DATA 

by  F.  Darling  &  Co.,  of  Vancouver. 
These  pumps  are  of  the  simplex  type, 
the  main  feed  pump  having  a  long 
stroke  and  being  large  enough  to  handle 
the  work  at  very  slow  speed.  The  other 
auxiliary  pumps  were  of  the  duplex 
type  and  were  also  supplied  by  F.  Dar- 
ling &  Co. 

Steam  was  supplied  by  two  Scotch 
marine  boilers  15  ft.,  6-in.  diameter  by 
11  ft.,  3-in.  long,  working  at  180  pounds 
per  square  inch.  The  total  heating  sur- 
face   provided     was    5,108,     the      grate 


FIG.   6  -MOLD   LOFT  AT  WALLACE  SHIPYARD 


ajaly  a  contract,  for  27  cast  iron  pro- 
pellers for  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board. 

An  interesting  job  carried  out  by  the 
yard  was  the  lengthening  of  a  couple 
of  steel  tug  boats,  the  Point  Grey  and 
the  Point  Ellice.  The  former  was  built 
by  the  Wallace  Shipyards  and  the  lat- 
ter by  McDougall  &  Jenkins,  now  the 
North  Shore  Iron  Works.  They  belong 
to  the  Department  of  Public  Works  anil 
were  employed  as  dredge  tenders.  On 
the  dredging  work  being  closed  down 
they  were  taken  over  by  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board,  Aeronautical  Depart- 
ment, for  towing  spruce  logs.  As  both 
the  boats  were  built  for  harbor  service 
their  bunker  capacity  was  not  large 
enough  for  log  towing,  which  would  re- 


provided,  capable  of  taking  vessels  up  to 
400  feet  long. 

The  system  of  handling  material  from 
the  plate  shed  to  the  building  berths  is 
by  standard  gauge  railroad  running  be- 
tween the  berths.  At  each  end  of  the 
berths  a  tower  is  located  under  which 
the  tracks  run.  The  towers  are  48  feet 
high  and  each  tower  carried  a  pair  of 
derricks  equipped  with  80-ft.  booms.  As 
the  towers  are  high  enough  to  permit 
the  boom  to  swing  across  the  deck  of  a 
ship,  it  appears  to  be  an  excellent  sys- 
tem. 

The  work  of  extension  has  been 
carried  out  by  Messrs.  Hodgson  and 
King,  contractors,  of  Vancouver. 

The  Wallace  Shipyards  have  at  pre- 
sent under  construction  two  steel   boats 


December  26,  1918 

of  4  m  tons  D.W.  and  two  of  5.100  tons 
U.W.  for  the  Dominion  Government 

The  former  are  320  ft.  long  B.P  by 
44  ft.  mlci.  beam,  by  25  ft.  mid.  deptli 
and  are  designed  to  carry  their  dead- 
weight on  a  mean  draught  of  21  ft  2 
in.  A  6  hour  loaded  trial  is  called  for 
and  a  speed  of  11  y^  knots  is  to  be  main- 
tamed. 

Accommodation  is  provided  for  34  of- 
ficers and  men,  the  former  being  berthed 
in  deck-houses  on  the  bridge  deck  amid- 
ships and  the  latter  aft. 

11  steam  winches  and  an  anchor  wind- 
lass are  provided  for  handling  cargo  and 
anchors.  These  auxiliaries  are  beinK 
built  by  the  North  Shore  Iron  Works. 

The  propelling  machinery  consists  of 
a  set  of  triple  expansion  engines  havin->- 
cylmders  25  in.,  41  in.  and  67  in.  with 
a  common  stroke  of  45  in.,  the  air 
feed  and  bilge  pumps  being  driven  from' 
the  L.P.  crosshead. 

Steam  is  supplied  by  two  single  ended 
Scotch  marine  boilers  15  ft.,  6  in  dia- 
meter by  11  ft.,  6  in.  long,  working  at 
180  pounds  per  square-inch.  The  boilers 
are  operated  under  heated  forced 
draught,  the  well  known  Howden's  sys- 
tem of  closed  ashpits  being  used. 

The    5,100-ton    steamers    which    this 
firm   is   building  for   the   Dominion   are 
of  the  type  "C"  of  the  standard   series 
They  are  331  ft.  B.P.  by  46  ft.,  6-in.  mid 
oeam   by   25   ft,   6-in.   mid.   depth,   and 
have  a  mean  draught  of  21  ft.,  8  in. 

A  speed  of  12  knots  loaded  is  speci- 
fied. The  main  engines  being  25  in 
41  in.,  and  68  in.  by  45  in.,  with  air! 
feed  and  .bilge  pumps  attached,  the 
circulating  pumps  being  of  the  centri- 
fugal type  driven  by  a  small  indenen- 
dent  engine.  There  are  three  boilers 
14  ft.  diameter  by  11  ft.,  6  in.  long, 
working  at  180  pounds  per  sauare-inch.' 
The  boilers  are  operated  under  forced 
draught,     approximately   7,275     square- 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


725 


FIG.    .^„UI.L    or    THB    MAKOAHET    HA.EV,  ^AUXILMRV     POW.K    SCHOO.XKK.     ..U.R 


feet  of  heating  surface  being  provided. 
The  arrangement  of  the  boilers  in  the 
ship  shows  the  three  abreast,  conse- 
quently there  are  no  side  bunkers  in 
either  the  engine  room  or  stokehold. 
Permanent  bunkers  are  provided  under 
the  bridge  deck  and  a  large  cross  bunker 
forward  of  the  stokehold.  On  short 
passages  the  latter  could  be  used  for 
cargo. 

The  boilers  for  these  boats  as  well 
as  those  already  turned  out  will  be  built 
by  the  Vulcan  Iron  Works  at  their  plant 
on  Granville  Island,  Vancouver.  The 
Vulcan  Iron  Works,  have  since  the  de- 
struction by  fire  of  the  boiler  shop  at 
the  shipyard  of  J.  J,  Coughlan  &  Sons, 
supplied  that  firm  with  boilers  for  their 
vessels.  This  boiler  shop  is  fully  modern 


r" 


in  every  respect,  having  been  built  with- 
in the  last  few  years  and  recently  ex- 
tended. 

The  equipment  consists  of  a  three  ram 
flangmg  machine,  a  12  ft.  plate  bender 
and  a  large  riveter,  all  operated  by  hy- 
draulic power.  Drilling  holes,  the  usual 
bugbear  of  the  boiler  shop  is  very  well 
taken  care  of,  a  two-head,  movable 
column  drilling  machine  being  provided 
for  shell  drilling  and  several  radial 
drills  being  available  for  combustion 
chamber  work.  One  of  the  recent  ad- 
ditions to  the  plant  is  the  machine  shop 
in  which  all  tools  are  made,  stays 
threaded  and  work  of  a  like  nature 
carried  out. 

The  plate  furnace,  for  annealing    the 
large  end  plates  after  flanging  is  rather 


VIEW  OF  J.  COUCHLAN  &  SONS'  SHIPBUILDING   PLANT    VANCOUVFR     R  r      <m,.«.-,.,o    . 

SS.^^rR'^C^A^a^^s''w-AR"cmEr    '''°"    '''''"'    ^°    «'GHT:-SS.     WAR    CAMP. 


726 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


FIG.    8— DECK    VIEW    OF    AUXILIARY    SCHOONER 


interesting  in  that  the  fuel  used  is 
slabs,  which  are  obtained  as  refuse  from 
the  local  sawmills.  The  rivet  heating: 
furnace  at  the  hydraulic  riveter  uses 
the  same  fuel.  Both  have  given  everj 
satisfaction.  They  were  installed  by  Mr. 
T.  A.  Thomas,  of  Nanaimo,  B.  C. 

Besides  the  large  marine  boilers,  the 
Vulcan  Iron  Works  have  handled  a  lot 
of  other  work,  among  which  was  the 
finishing  of  the  rudders  for  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board  wooden  ships,  the  hy- 
draulic riveter  being  used  for  riveting 
the  plate  to  the  arms.  A  number  of 
smoke  stacks  and  uptakes  were  also 
built  for  these  boats.  Two  large  loco- 
motive boilers  were  built  for  the  Can- 
adian Collieries  (Dunsmuir),  Ltd.,  who 
operate  an  extensive  coal  field  on  Van- 


couver Island.  These  boilers  were  in- 
stalled in  existing  locomotives,  the 
boilers   of   which    were   worn   out.  A 

number  of  large  digesters  were  also 
built  for  a  local  pulp  mill. 

Fig.  4  shows  one  side  of  the  maiji 
bay  of  this  plant  and  the  string  of 
boilers  14  ft.,  9  in.,  and  15  ft.,  6  in.  in 
diameter  proves  that  the  manufacture 
of  this  type  of  kettle  is  well  established 
in  British  Columbia. 

The  Wm.  Lyall  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Ltd., 
of  N.  Vancouver  have,  since  the  com- 
pletion of  their  contract  with  the  Imper- 
ial Munitions  Board,  been  working  for 
their  own  account  on  a  programme  of 
six   auxiliary   powered    schooners. 

These  boats  are  five-masted  topsail 
schooners,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the 


addition  of  topsails  and  some  slight  al- 
teration to  the  sheer  line  and  deck 
houses  are  the  same  as  the  first  boats 
built  in  this  yard  when  it  was  established 
as   the   Wallace   Shipyards   Plant  No.   2. 

The  schooners  are  225  ft.  long  on  the 
keel  by  44  ft.,  6  in.  extreme  beam  by 
20  ft.,  9  in.  mid,  depth.  They  will  carry- 
about   2,500    tons    D.W. 

Three  of  these  boats  are  fitted  with 
twin  Atlas  Diesel  engines  of  about  175 
B.H.P.  each,  the  remaining  three  with 
Fairbanks-Morse  semi-Diesel  engines  of 
200  B.,  H.  P.  each. 

At  the  time  of  writing  three  of  the 
schooners  have  been  launched  and  were 
in  various  stages  of  completion.  The 
others  will  probably  all  be  launched  by 
the  end  of  the  year. 

This  yard  is  equipped  with  six  build- 
ing berths  and  as  they  are  vacated  by 
the  schooners,  keels  are  being  laid  for 
a  contract  for  eight  steamers  for  French 
interests. 

The  dimensions  of  these  boats  will  be 
195  ft.  B.P.,  204  ft.,  6  in.  over  all  by 
39  ft.,  8  in.  mid.  beam  by  17  ft.  depth 
of  hold  and  on  a  mean  draught  of  16  ft. 
will  carry  about  1,500  tons  D.W. 

Two  masts  are  provided  and  are  fit- 
ted with  two  derricks  each  for  cargo 
handling.  The  deck  auxiliaries  com- 
prise six  cargo  winches  by  M.  Beatty  & 
Sons,  an  anchor  windlass  by  the  Ter- 
minal City  Iron  Works,  of  Vancouver, 
and  a  steam  steering  gear  by  the 
Schaake  Co.,  Ltd.  The  steering  gears 
are  of  the  same  type  which  this  firm 
supplied  to  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  for  their  wooden  ships. 

The  propelling  machinery  consists  of 
two  sets  of  compound  engines  having 
cylinders  12  in.  and  24  in.  with  a  com- 
mon stroke  of  16  in.  The  engines  are 
being  supplied  by  the  Sorel  Mechanical 
Shops,  Sorel,  Quebec.  They  are  arrang- 
ed back  to  back  in  the  ships  with  the 
operating  gear  led  to  the  space  be- 
tween   them.     At   their    rated    speed    an 


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r 

.,  »-■'■  ■■"' ' 

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SS.  WAB  CAMP  READY  FOR  MAIDEN  VOYAGE 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


727 


WOODEN    SCHOONER    ALICE    BEAUCLERC    ON    THE    WAYS 


output  of  550  I  H.P.  will  be  obtained. 
There  are  no  pumps  attached  to  the 
engines,  all  auxiliaries  being  indepen- 
dent. 

Steam  is  supplied  by  a  Scott  water 
tube  boiler  having  2,012  square-feet  of 
heating  surface,  56  square-feet  of  gratt 
area,  givin.g  a  ratio  of  about  1  to  ■''>6. 
Steam  for  cargo  handling  is  supplied 
by  a  smaller  boiler  of  the  same  type 
operating  at  125  pounds  working  pres- 
sure. 

Twelve  more  ships  of  a  similar  de- 
scription, and  for  the  same  owners  are 
being  built  in  British  Columbia.  They 
ire  apportioned  as  follows:  Western  Can- 
tda  Shipyards,  5;  New  Westminster 
Construction  &  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd., 
5;  Pacific  Construction  Co.,  Coquitlam, 
2. 

^  At  one  time  prominent  in  the  steel 
construction  business,  ^  Messrs.  J.  J 
Coughlan  &  Sons  have,  for  the  past 
year  or  so,  given  their  entire  attention 
to  their  shipyard  on  False  Creek.  This 
yard  is  the  largest  shipbuilding  plant 
on  the  coast.  It  is  equipped  with  four 
building  berths  which  are  all  completely 
covered  in.  The  berths  are  each  pro- 
vided with  three  sets  of  runways  for 
travelling  cranes.  The  covered  berths 
make  efficient  work  possible  in  all  con- 
ditions of  weather.  Although  British 
Columbia  does  not  suffer  from  intense 
cold  during  the  winter,  there  is  enough 
rain  to  render  a  covered  building  berth 
a  very  good  investment.  The  plate  shed 
with  the  mold  loft  above  is  located  west 
of  the  berths  and  material  is  handled 
from  the  shed  to  under  the  travelling 
cranes  by  trucks  running  on  standard 
gauge  track. 

While  this  firm  does  not  build  their 
own  machinery  a  good-sized  machine 
shop   is   provided.     In   the   machine   shop 


the  hundreds  of  small  fittings  are  made, 
as  well  as  the  propellers,  stern  tubas, 
etc. 

As  originally  laid  out  a  boiler  shop 
was  included  in  the  yard  and  in  it  tne 
boilers  for  the  Alaska,  the  first  boat 
turned  out,  were  built.  The  boiler  shop 
was,  unfortunately,  destroyed  by  fire 
and  the  heavy  hydraulic  machinery,  so 
necessary  for  the  construction  of  large 
marine  boilers,  was  a  total  loss.  As  it 
was  practically  impossible  to  replace  the 
machinery   it   was   decided   to   hand   this 


part    of    the    work    over    to    the    Vulcan 
Iron   Works. 

J.  J.  Coughlan  &  Sons  have  three 
boats  in  commission,  two  in  the  water 
being  fitted  out,  one  ready  for  launching 
and  four  in  various  stages  of  construc- 
tion. Thesee  boats  are  427  ft.  long  B.P., 
54  ft.  mid.,  beam  29  ft.,  9  in.  mid 
depth  and  carry  8,800  tons  D.W.  on  a 
draught  of  25  ft.,  2  in.  When  com- 
plete they  make  a  very  fine  looking  boat 
and  are  fitted  up  and  finished  in  first- 
class  shape.     As  a  matter  of  fact  it  has 


SS.    WAR   CHARGER    AT    NO,    2    FITTING    OUT    BERTH 


728 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


been  remarked  by  people  who  are  able 
to  judge  and  who  have  seen  the  work 
in  both  ends  of  the  country,  that  the 
workmanship  turned  out  in  British 
Columbia  is  superior  to  that  of  the 
East,  both  in  regard  to  hull  and  en- 
gine and  boiler  work. 

The  engineer's  accommodation  is  locateii 
on  the  after  end  of  the  bridge  deck 
alongside  the  engine  room  casing.  The 
captain's  and  mate's  quarters  being  at 
the  forward  end,  in  the  saloon. 

The  deck  auxiliaries  comprise  ten 
cargo  and  one  warping  winches,  which  arc 
being  supplied  by  the  North  Shore  Iron 
Works,  an  anchor  windlass  and  a 
steam  steering  gear.  The  latter  is 
driven  by  a  double  cylinder  engine  and 
is  located  in  the  poop,  being  operated 
under  telemotor  control  from  the  bridge. 
The  ships  are  all  driven  by  geared 
turbines,  four  sets  being  supplied  by 
the  Kerr  Turbine  Co.,  of  Wellsville,  and 
are  of  the  impulse  type.  The  other  six 
are  of  the  Parsons  type.  Both  types 
are  equipped  with  double  reduction 
gearing,  the  Parsons  turbines  being  in 
two  units  and  have  astern  elements  in 
each.  At  rated  speed  and  pressure  the 
turbines  give  approximately  2,650  S.  H. 
P.  The  propellers  are  14  ft.  diametei 
and  turn  up  100  revs,  per  minute,  giving 
a  loaded  speed  of  10%  knots  per  hour. 

Steam  is  supplied  at  190  pounds  per 
square-inch  by  three  boilers  14  ft.,  9 
in.  diameter  by  10  ft.,  6  in.  long.  The 
boilers  are  operated  under  forced 
draught  and  are  equipped  with  Foster 
superheaters,  a  superheat  of  50  deg. 
F.  being  maintained.  The  forced 
draught  outfits  are  supplied  by  the  Jas. 
Howden  Co.,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland.  The 
fans  are  provided  with  double  engines 
As  these  engines  have  to  run  at  a  fair- 
ly high  speed  for  long  periods,  the  pro- 
vision of  two  engines  enables  them  to 
be  overhauled  at  sea.  The  change  over 
can  be  effected  in  a  very  few  minutes. 
Crompton's  ash  hoists  are  employed 
for  the  disposal  of  ashes.  These  hoists 
raise  and  dump  the  ashes  automatically 
through  a  chute  leading  to  the  shin's 
side  and  form  one  of  the  most  convenient 
and  cleanly  methods  of  getting  rid  of 
ashes. 

Single  collar  thrusts  of  the  Kingsbury 
type  are  employed  on  the  shafting,  the 
thrust  bearing  b€ing  made  by  the  Can- 
adian Westinghouse  Co. 

The  main  condensers,  containing  4,000 
square-feet  of  cooling  surface  are  sup- 
plied by  the  Wheeler  Condenser  &  En- 
gineering Co.  They  are  equipped  with 
radio-jet  air  extractors,  circulating 
water  being  handled  by  a  14-in.  Morris 
Machine  Works  centrifugal  pump. 

On  completion  of  their  present  work, 
Messrs.  J.  J.  Coughlan  &  Sons  will  be 
engaged  on  Dominion  Government  work, 
having  secured  contracts  for  the  con- 
struction of  vessels  of  8,100  tons  D.W. 
These  boats  are  the  type  "B"  of  the 
standard  series.  They  are  400  ft.  long 
B.P.  by  52  ft.  mid.  beam  by  31  ft.  mid. 
depth,  and  carry  their  deadweight  on  a 
mean    draught    of    25    ft.,    1    in.     They 


will    have    a    speed    of    11%    knots    per 
hour. 

The  hull  is  divided  by  six  water-tight 
bulkheads  and  the  usual  double  bottom 
is  provided,  the  double  bottom  under 
the  machinery  space  having  a  water- 
tight centre-line.  Accommodation  is  pro- 
vided for  a  complement  of  47  officers  and 
men.  Rather  more  than  the  usual  care 
has  been  bestowed  on  the  accommodation, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  that  these  boats, 
as  well  as  those  which  are  being  built 
by  the  Wallace  Shipyards  for  the 
Dominion  Government,  will  be  a  credit 
to  Canada.  The  steam  steering  gear  is 
located  in  the  poop  and  is  of  the  guided 
segment  type,  controlled  by  telemotor 
from  the  bridge.  Cargo  handling  is 
provided  for  by  ten  7-in.  by  12-in.  double 
cylinder  single  drum  winches,  the 
winch  on  the  bridge  deck  and  that  on 
the  poop  deck  having  extended  shafts 
carrying     warping     barrels.    A      quick 


warping  type  anchor  windlass  is  located 
on  the  forecastle  deck. 

It  might  be  mentioned  that  in  going 
over  modern  ship  specification  the  ab- 
sence of  reference  to  copper  pipe  is 
noticed.  It  used  to  be  considered  that 
copper  was  the  only  suitable  material 
for  steam  and  feed  pipes.  In  all  the 
boats  built  in  British  Columbia  mild 
steel  pipe  has  been  used  for  these  pur- 
poses, and  none  of  it  has  given  any 
trouble. 

The  propelling  machinery  is  a  triple 
expansion  engine  having  cylinders  27 
in.,  44-in.,  and  73-in.,  with  a  common 
stroke  of  48-in.  and  is  rated  at  3,000 
I.  H.  P.  The  H.  P.  and  I.  P.  cylinders 
are  provided  with  piston  valves  and  the 
L.  P.  with  a  double-ported  slide  valve. 

A  circular  steel  plate  condenser,  built 
on  the  contraflo  principle,  is  provided 
containing  3,000  square-feet  of  cooling 
surface. 


LAUNCH  OF  THE  HELEN  LYALL 


December  26,  1918 

The  air,  fee<i  ami  bilge  pumps  are  at- 
tached to  the  engine.  The  air  pump 
be.n^  24-in.  by  24-in.  and  of  the  Ed- 
wards type.  The  feed  and  bilge  pumps 
are  each  4-in.  by  24-in. 

Steam  is  supplied  by  three  single  end- 
ed marine  boilers  15  ft.,  6-in.  diameter 
by  11  ft,  6-jn.  long  working  at  180 
pounds  per  square-inch.  The  boilers  are 
operated  under  a  system  of  heated  forc- 
ed draught.  They  are  arranged 
abreast  m  the  ship  with  no  permanent 
bunker  space  in  the  stokehold  below  the 
twin   deck. 

The  Foundation  Co.,  of  British  Col- 
umbia, who  established  a  shipyard  in 
Victoria  to  build  wooden  ships  for  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board,  have  recent!" 
taken  over  the  plant  of  the  Cameron- 
Genoa  Shipbuilding  Co.  The  latter 
plant  was  established  to  carry  out  a 
contract  for  six  auxiliary  schooners  for 
the  Canada  West  Coast  Navigation  Co., 
and  later  built  several  wooden  steamers.' 
It  was  on  the  completion  of  this  work 
that  the  yard  was  taken  over  by  the 
Foundation  Co.  Views  are  shown  of 
one  of  the  auxiliary  schooners  being- 
built  by  the  Cameron-Genoa  Ship- 
building Co. 

This  yard  has  accepted  contracts  for 
twenty  wooden  steamers  for  French  in- 
terests. The  yard  will  be  able  to  lay 
down  ten  of  the  boats  at  one  time.  The 
boats  will  carry  about  2,500  tons  D.  W., 
and  will  be  propelled  by  twin  engines' 
14-in.,  23-in.,  and  38-in  by  24-in.  stroke, 
giving  a  total  of  about  1,100  I.H.P. 

The  boats  will  be  built  throughout  to 
the  rules  of  the  Bureau  Veritas  and  that 
society's  surveyors  will  also  superintend 
the  work  of  construction. 

Yarrows,    Ltd.,    of    Esquimault,     have 
continued    turning    out    shallow    draught 
stern    wheel    steamers    for    shipment    to 
the   far   East.     Their   proximity   to     the 
Government  drydock  at  the  Navv  Yai;i 
enables  them  to  adequately  handle  large 
repair  jobs.     The  Japanese  steamer  Can- 
ada   Maru,    which      ran      ashore    in    the 
Straits  of  Juan   de  Fuca,  has  just  been 
repaired  by  them.     This  was  a  very  ex- 
pensive job,  the  cost  running  to  over  half 
a    million    dollars.        The   Princess   Ade- 
laide, one  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way Cos',  coasting  passenger  boats,  was 
recently    badly    damaged    on    the    rocks 
near  Active  Pass.     She  is  at  present  in 
the  hands  of  Yarrows,  Ltd.,  for  repairs. 
Of   the   making    of   ships   there   is   no 
end.     Also  there  seems  to  be  no  end  of 
things   required    to   build   and   furnish   a 
ship.     There  are  very  few  trades  which 
have  not  felt  the  stimulus  of  ship  work. 
Winches,   windlasses,  ash  hoists  and   all 
kinds  of  similar  machinery  can  be  seen 
in    the    various    smaller    machine    shops, 
bein?   made   for   local    use   and   also   for 
export. 

The  North  Shore  Iron  Works  have  re- 
cently completed  export  contracts  for 
winches  and  windlasses  and  the  Schaake 
Co.,  have  lathes  which  practically  never 
stop,  being  kept  busy  on  shafting  fora;- 
ings  sent  up  from  across  the  Inter- 
national Boundary  and  returned  in  a 
completed  state  for  use  in  Uncle  Sam's 
shins. 


CANAD.IAN    MACHINERY 


Whether  British  Columbia  can  con- 
tinue m  the  steel  shipbuilding  business 
when  competitive  conditions  are  re- 
stored is  a  question  often  asked.  There 
are  only  two  reasons  for  an  answer  in 
the  negative. 

The  logging  camps  and  lumber  mills 
are  working  full  blast  getting  out 
material  for  wooden  ships.  As  long  as 
steel,  which  is,  of  course,  the  logical 
material  for  shipbuilding,  remains  diffi- 
cult to  obtain,  wooden  ships  will  be 
built  and  British  Columbia  is  the  right 
place  to  build  them.  A  lot  of  adverse 
criticism  was  levelled  at  wooden  ships 
when  the  idea  of  building  them  was 
first  promulgated.  Properly  designed 
and  built  and  reasonable  care  taken  to 
pVevent  attacks  of  dry  rot  from  the  in- 
side and  of  the  torpedo  from  the  outside 
there  is  no  reason  why  the  ships  that 
have  been  built  and  those  that  will  be 
built  should  not  have  a  long  and  useful 
life  and  be  a  credit  to  their  construc- 
tors. 

The  enormous  freight  bill  entailed  by 
the  rail  haul  from  the  Eastern  States, 
where  the  bulk  of  the  raw  material  is 
produced  is  a  big  item  in  the  cost.  This 
can  be  got  over  in  two  ways.  There  are 
large  deposits  of  iron  ore  in  British 
Columbia,  there  is  lots  of  coal  and 
limestone.  Can  British  Columbia  pro- 
duce her  own  ship  plate?  In  a  very 
short  time  ship  plates  will  be  rolled 
on  the  Eastern  Canadian  seaboard  and 
a  considerable  reduction  in  the  freight 
bill  ought  to  be  obtained  by  shipping 
the  material  via  Panama.  This  might 
prove  a  profitable  cargo  for  the  ships 
now  being  built  for  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment. 

The  second  item  to  be  overcome  is  the 
higher  cost  of  wages  in  the  West.  To 
overcome  this  perhaps  the  best  solution 
is  to  give  more  for  the  wages  paid. 
Not  only  the  workman  but  every  man 
in  the  yard,  from  the  management 
down,  must  give  an  intelligent  and  co- 
operative day's  work.  By  producing 
more  the  cost  of  production  will  be  re- 
duced. If  we  are  to  keep  our  yards  go- 
ing we  must  be  prepared  to  offset  the 
higher  cost  of  labor  by  more  efficient 
work.  If  We  can  do  this  we  can  com- 
pete successfully. 


729 

bank  Td" Se  ^  *!f*"  "'''"^^''^^  «  --"- 
Dank  and  the  loaders  would  be  pulled  off 

Ts  oh?"  k"'  "'"°"*'^  ^^"^  th«  later 
Mr'  Bennett  c?"'""^  ''^''"«'«*^  ^^  ^oad. 
for'  hi!    1        ■ '^l""^  ^"'■''>"«  advantages 

Z  and'orh^.t'''"^  ^^^'"^  °f  «h"nt! 
"ig  ana  of  handling  goods    hut  ,.,i,„*i, 

or  not  these  could  LlZLdt  ^ractic'e 
the  permissible  heieht  of  ttJ  i     j    ^ 
could  carry  would  beTeL  /h«"='^ 

anJ^rnn*e?:'r^pr^^^^.,rt: 

gross   weight   of  the    Zt"  '"*' 

KFPICIENCY  IN  BELT  DRIVES 

sr*  i*i;'3i  Vl°"  •'«-» 

probably  "or.  bS  .,.  ^\n'"y;    but 
<iu«i,t  wa.ie    of    rnilr       T„  "" 

Srtht°cVlt    fery-^orf  !f 

ttTreSeV^n^d'-t^h:  S  "ofth'e  V^'^ 
St'fh""  ^--  ^-asS  a'nt  th; 

iLsened''  ^'it'"'!!""  '«  proportionately 


COMBINED  RAIL  AND  ROAD 
TRUCKS 

A  scheme  of  which  particulars  were 
developed  by  Mr.  Thomas  Bennett,  of 
Trelabe,  St.  Albans.  England,  con- 
templates the  use  of  combined  rail 
and  road  trucks.  He  would  collect 
"loaders"  provided  with  wheels  which 
would  permit  them  to  be  hauled  over  or- 
dinary roads.  On  arriving  at  a  station 
by  road  these  loaders  would  be  taken 
to  a  bank  or  platform  raised  to  such  a 
height  as  to  be  level  with  the  flat  tous 
of  watfons  or  "chassis"  running  on  the 
railway  track.  On  this  bank  each  of 
iheir  wheels  would  be  placed  on 
"laterals"  furnis^ed  with  four  small 
wheels  or  rolle^-s  and  then  they  would  be 
proved  u"on  the  chassis  and  secured  in 
place.     On   reaching   its   destination   the 


lessened      pV.Vi,  Proportionately 

lessened.  Further  increase  of  the  are  of 
contact  round  the  pulley  (after  the  belt 
has  been  sufficiently  slackened  to  have 
Zrr'^'^i  t«"lio")  will  not  les  en  the 
ottheZi^'  '^'  load-carrying  capac ky 
of  the  belt  IS  increased.    As  an  examnle 

fouillfJi:  r^TT""^  «hops  it  has^eln 
found  that  cuts  50  per  cent,  heavier  can 

Uc  'ha,"  k"  '"''"  ^""^'^  '"^^  a'-'^  of  eon" 
.,■  lAf^J"  increased  from  180°  (with 
Lcf  belt?^  'r-^  '■^'  «^  220MwS  a 
Slack  belt),  and  in  one  nstance  with  a 
corn-crushing  machine  the  increlse  i^ 
output  was  over  50  per  cent.  To  permit 
of  driving  belts  being  run  slack  a  prober 
be  t  dressing  should  be  employed.  Man^ 
belt  dressings  rely  almost  entirely  on 
^heir  capacity  to  "stick,"  due  to  the  in- 

t  on'°h,  f  i°''"  '"■,  *"  '"  t'^^''-  composi- 
tion  but  others  take  the  form  of  a  non- 

acid  r^T';^"^!.°'"  •'"'*  ^'""^'  f^««  from 
fntf  ti!  ""i  fJ'  ''''*'°"'  ^■•''eh  is  absorbed 
V  M       «    b  rendering    it    pliable    and 

protecting  it  from  the  effects  of  mois- 
ture, dryness,  or  chemical  fumes.  Such 
a  preparation  properly  aoplied  tends  to 
give  belts  a  velvetv  cline  through  the  set- 

Cu  ""/!''  "^^7""'  ^"'=*'«"'  between  the 
belt  and  the  pulley  face,  and  will  permit 
of  slack  running  without  fear  of  slip 
even   under  the  heaviest  loads. 


730 


Volume  XX. 


Canada  Controls  Nickel  Output  of  the  World 

Plant  of  the  International  Nickel  Co.  of  Canada,  Ltd.,  at  Port 
Colborne,  Plays  an  Important  Part  in  Holding  This  Industry  in 
All  Its  Stages  to  This  Country  Assures  Canadian  Control  of  Metal 

By   W.  F.  SUTHERLAND 


View  of  refinery,   showinsr  main  -smelter  bui.ding.   machine  shop,   part  of  power   house   and   nickel    refinery. 


FROM  the  earliest  times,  when  man 
first  emerged  from  the  stone  age, 
down  to  the  present,  iron  and  cop- 
per have  been  essential  to  his  well  being 
and  progress.  Other  metals,  amongst 
them  tin,  lead,  and  zinc,  have  also  been 
of  much  value  to  him  throughout  the 
ages,  but  it  is  only  within  the  last  cen- 
tury that  nickel  has  assumed  the  im- 
portance its  properties  entitle  it  to.  By 
itself,  its  brightness,  non-corrosive  pro- 
perties and  hardness  render  it  one  of  the 
most  useful  of  metals,  and  alloyed 
with  iron,  it  is  almost  indispens- 
able in  the  present  war. 

The  importance  of  nickel  in  the 
recent  war  lends  particular  inter- 
est to  the  refinery  of  the  Interna- 
tional Nickel  Co.  of  Cnnada  at 
Port  Colborne,  the  first  refinery 
to  be  built  on  Canadian  soil,  and 
its  successful  establishment  marks 
a  new  epoch  in  the  industrial  de- 
velopment of  the  Dominion.  It 
has  long  been  recognized  that  it 
would  be  of  great  advantage  to 
the  country  and  to  the  E.rpire  at 
large  to  have  Ontario's  nickel  in- 
dustry self-contained  within  the 
borders  of  our  own  province,  and  ofi 
an  agitation  has  been  carried  on 
for  many  years  with  this  object  in 
view.  Economic  conditions  have,  however, 
in  the  past  prevented  the  attainment  of 
this  very  desirable  object,  the  long  freight 
haul,  and  tariff  on  the  necessary  fluxes 


and  other  materials  needed  in  refining 
have  made  it  out  of  the  question  to  re- 
fine at  the  mines.  War  conditions  ren- 
dered it  imperative  that  Canadian  nickel 
be  refined  in  Canada,  and,  after  consider- 
able study,  Port  Colborne  was  selected 
as  a  site  where  freight  and  other  ex- 
penses could  be  reduced  to  a  minimum, 
the  longer  haul  on  the  materials  im- 
ported being,  in  some  measure,  counter- 
balanced by  the  shorter  haul  from  the 
smelter    on  the  copper-nickel  matte.  Full 


ICE     BUILDING,     INTERNATIONAL     NICKEL     CO. 
CANADA,    REFINERY.    PORT   COLBORNE 


advantage  is  also     obtained     from     the 
lower  cost  of  water  haulage. 

Together  with  the  establishment  of  the 
refinery  at  Port  Colborne,  the  Canadian 


Copper  Company  underwent  a  change  in 
its  organization,  becoming  entirely  a 
subsidiary  of  the  International  Nickel 
Company  of  Canada  then  formed.  It 
may  be  emphasized  that  this  company  is 
not  an  American  organization  and  that 
its  policy  is  to  employ  Canadian  en- 
gineering talent  and  labor  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, a  feature  contemplated  for  a  good 
many  years,  ever  since  the  desirability 
of  establishing  the  refinery  in  Canada 
was  considered  by  the  personnel  of  the 
company. 

At  the  present  time  34.5  per 
cent,  of  the  payroll  is  Canadian, 
1.8  per  cent.  American,  3.5  Eng- 
lish. Irish  and  Scotch,  and  the  re- 
mainder various  nationalities,  in- 
cluding some  Chinese,  a  necessity 
arising  from  the  present  labor 
shortage. 

Mr.  More,  the  general  manager 
of  the  plant,  stated  that  his  policy 
was  to  give  employment  to  the  re- 
turned   soldier    wherever    possible, 
and  that  the  results  secured  were 
quite  in  agreement  with  those  ex- 
perienced    by     other     employers, 
their  work  in  the  main  being  very 
satisfactory,     although     consider- 
able restlessness  was  much  in  evi- 
dence. 
The  most  pressing  problem  to  be  faced 
in  refinini;  nickel    is    to     secure     labor, 
means  to  prevent  the  constant  transfer 
of  trained  and  partially  trained  help  tc 


OF 


i 


December  26,  1918 

other  employment,  necessitating  tlie 
training  of  inexperienced  men,  and  a 
consequent  loss  of  efficiency  would  be 
welcomed.  "We  have  the  plant,  and  now 
we  need  the  men,"  was  Mr.  More's  sum 
mary  of  the  situation.  With  all  else  pro- 
vided for,  the  securing  of  labor  is  the 
largest  issue  to  be  faced  in  bringin- 
about  a  rapid  expansion  in  production 
m  the  newly-established  Canadian  nickel 
refining  industry. 

Nickel  as  a  Mineral 

The  geology  of  nickel  and  the  localioii 
ot  the  various  deposits  throughout  tiie 
world  are  of  considerable  interest,  and  a 
knowledge  of  the  mining  and  smelting  oi 
the  ores  is  of  value  and  may  well  precede 
the  description  of  the  refinery  proper 

Contrary  to  popular  belief,  nickel-bear- 
ing ores  occur  in  widely  separated  coun 
tries    Canada  and  New  Caledonia    hav- 
"ig  by  far  the  largest  and  best  deposits 
Ihe  United  States  has  some  w-orkable  de- 
posits  which  were     worked     for     many 
years  until  competition  from  New  Cale- 
donia rendered   it  unprofitable.       These 
deposits  are  located  in  widely  separated 
parts  of  the  country,  and  some  is  still  be- 
ing obtained  from  the  blister  copper  re- 
fined at  Perth  Amboy,  near  New  York. 
One   other   country    in    the     Western 
Hemisphere  may  some  time  in  the  future 
prove  to  be  a  valuable  source  of  nickei 
steel,    since    the   vast   iron    ore    deposits 
of  the  eastern  end  of  Cuba  carry  enou^-h 
of  that  metal  to  add  to  the  value  of  the 
steel   produced   from   its   ores. 

Nickel  has  long  been  obtained  from 
European  deposits,  which  were  naturally 
the  first  sources  to  become  known  to  the 
scientific  world,  although  nickel  alloys, 
pakfong,  had  been  used  by  the  Chinese 
long  before.  The  first  nickel  was  ob- 
tained by  Crondstedt  in  1751  from  ores 
containing  nickelite  associated  with  co- 
balt minerals  from  Helsingland,  Sweden; 
and  a  small  amount  of  the  metal  is  still 
being  obtained  from  this  source,  though 
much  less  than  from  the  neighboring 
country,  Norway. 

Norway  contains  no  less  than  forty 
distinct  outcrops  of  nickel-bearing  ores, 
although  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  only 
one  mine  was  in  operation.  The  ores 
are  somewhat  lean,  containing  only  about 
1.5  to  2.5  per  cent,  of  nickel  in  the  form 
of  sulphides. 

A  number  of  other  European  deposits 
are  of  interest,  such  as  the  deposits  in 
Piedmont  and  others  near  Horbach 
and  Totmoos  in  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  Baden,  where  ores  containing  12  per 
cent,  of  nickel  are  found.  Ores  near 
Bilboa,  in  Spain,  are  reported  to  carry 
6  per  cent,  nickel,  7  per  cent,  copper,  and 
o  per  cent,  of  coTjalt. 

The  deposits  of  nickel  in  Sweden,  Nor- 
way, and  particularly  in  the  Duchy  of 
Baden  merit  considerable  attention  at 
the  present  time,  as  it  is  altogether  like- 
ly that  much  of  Germany's  war  needs 
of  nickel  were  supplied  from  these 
sources. 

Nickel  Ores  of  New  Caledonia 

Next  to  the  Sudbury  region  the 
French  colonyof  New  Caledonia.  900  miles 
east  of  Australia,  is  the  most  important 
source   of  nickel    in    the  world,   the   de- 


C.WADIAN    MACIIINERY 

po|its  having  been  first  discovered  in 
1865  by  Gamier.  Deposits  of  nickei, 
cobalt  and  chromium  are  found  in  large 
beds  on  gentle  slopes  or  basins  on  the 
tlanks  of  the  mountains;  the  nickel  oc- 
curring as  a  hydrated  silicate  in  which 


JOHN    MORE. 

Ceneral     Manager,     International     Nickel     Co      of 

Canada.     Refinery,     Port    Colborne. 

the  nickel  has  replaced  magnesia  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent.  The  richest  sili- 
cates, which  are  green  and  soft,  may  con- 
tain up  to  48.6  per  cent,  of  nickel  oxide, 
but  their  composition  varies  greatly. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  New 
Caledonia  ores  practically  never  contain 
sulphur,  being  silicates  accumulated  in 
beds  through  the  weathering  of  the 
original  rocks,  while  the  nickel  deposit? 
at  Sudbury  are  in  the  form  of  sulphides 
associated  with  those  of  iron  and  copper. 
The  Sudbury  Region 

Sixty  years  ago.     Northern     Ontario 
then   a   part   of    Upper    Canada,    was    a 


73: 

wilderness,  known  only  to  a  few  Indians 
who  made  a  living  as  best  they  might 
by  hunting,  fishing,  and  trapping.       The 
timber  resources  of  the  country  were  un- 
touched, the  vast  mineral  resources  were 
unknown    and  the  fertile  farm  lands  of 
the  clay  belt  were  thought  non-existent. 
Ihe  first  intimation  that  valuable  ore 
deposits  might  be  found  in  the  regions 
at  the  head  of  a.ake  Huron  was  made  in 
1848,  in  a  report  by  Sir  William  Logan, 
hen  provincial  geologist.     He  mentioned 
the  fact  that    in    one     instance     copper 
pyrites  was  accompanied  by  compounds 
ot  iron  and  nickel,  with  a  trace  of  cobalt 
and  stated  that  it  would  appear  singular 
that  a  region  extending  over  a  space,  of 
between   one   and    two   thousand    square 
miles,  and  giving  marked  indications  of 
mineralization,  did  not,  in  the  course  of 
time,   yield   man  valuable   results. 

From  that  time  onward,  various  dis- 
coveries of  copper  and  nickel-bearing 
ores  were  reported  by  various  geologists 
and  surveyors,  who  traversed  the  coun- 
try, nickel  being  found  at  several  places 
somewhat  remote  from  what  is  now 
known  as  the  Sudbury  region.  Nickei 
wa.s  first  reported  from  this  region  by 
Murray  in  1856.  The  well-known  land 
surveyor  Salter  first  reported  indications 
of  iron  near  the  present  Creighton  mine, 
the  greatest  nickel  mine  in  the  world, 
his  compass  needle  being  very  materially 
deflected,  by  the  iron  with  which  the 
nickel  is  associated  in  the  ore,  and  at 
his  suggestion  Murray  investigated  the 
deposit,  finding  copper  and  nickel. 

As  is  often  the  case,  the  opening  up 
of  a  country  by  improved  transportation 
leads  to  its  rapid  development,  and  the 
utilization  of  its  natural  resources.  The 
running  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  in  1883 
through  the  Sudbury  district  in  this  par- 
ticular instance  effected  the  discovery  of 
important  nickel  deposits,  as  in  the  mak- 
ing of  a  cutting  the  excavation  was 
carried  through  the  ore  body  of  what 
was  afterwards  known  as  the  Murray 
Mine. 

This  exposure  on  the  C.  P.  R.  right  of 
way  gave  the  public  some  inkling  as  to 


POURING    BLISTER    COPPER    KROM    A    CONVERTER    INTO    THE    CASTING    I  Anr  f    .^^ 

SEPARATION    FROM   THE   NICKEL      ^^^^^^    ^^DLE    AFTER 


73« 


C  A  N  A  0  I  A  N     M  A  ("  U  T  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


INTERIOR    VIEW   OF   LABORATORY— ALBERINE   FL'.MK 

TOPS  ARE  USED 


^liLE 


the  value  of  the  minerals  to  be  found, 
and  the  country  was  quickly  prospected, 
most  of  the  important  deposits  of  nickel 
and  copper  ores  being;  found  in  a  short 
time. 

Geology  of  the  Sudbury  District 

The  nickel  region  has  sharply-defined 
hoandaries  of  a  geological  nature,  since 
all  the  ore  deposits  are  connected  with  a 
great  sheet  of  eruptive  rock,  roughly 
boat  shaped.  Only  the  upturned  edges 
of  the  sheet  are  exposed,  since  it  is  basin 
shaped  and  has  its  interior  filled  with 
sedimentary  rocks.  The  basin  is  thirty- 
six  miles  long  and  about  sixteen  miles 
wide,  and  the  known  ore  deposits  are 
all  either  along  the  edge  of  the  sheet,  or 
less  than  four  miles  away  from  it  on 
projections  or  offsets. 

The  Sudbury  ores  contain  essentially 
only  four  ingredients,  a  magnetic  sul- 
phide of  iron,  which  is  practically  free 
from  nickel  and  copper,  a  sulphide  of 
nickel  and  iron,  a  sulphide  containing 
equal  parts  of  iron  and  copper,  and  a 
variable  amount  of  rock  matter  of 
several  kinds.  Some  of  the  ores  arc  low 
in  copper  and  high  in  iron,  and  if  these 
could  be  selected  so  as  to  contain  only 
a  minimum  amount  of  copper,  the  large 
amount  of  iron  present  in  the  ore  could 
be  used  directlv  in  the  production  of 
nickel  steel  and  much  expense  avoided. 
Recent  researches  have  demonstrated 
that  under  certain  conditions  copper  is 
not  detrimental  to  steel,  and  it  i.s  pos- 
sible that  some  method  m'-iy  be  develop- 
ed which  will  render  possible  the  savin? 
of  the  iron  content  in  the  form  of  a  steel 
containing  both  nickel  and  copper. 

The  Canadian  Copper  Co. 

The  history  of  mining  and  smelting  in 
the  Sudbury  region  is  so  closely  bound 
up  with  the  Canadian  Copper  Co.,  now- 
absorbed  by  the  International  Nickel  Co. 
of  Canada,  that  a  good  idea  of  the  pro- 


cesses connected  with  the  smelting  of  the 
ores  may  be  gained  by  following  the  var- 
ious operations  as  they  are  conducted  at 
this  company's  smelter  at  Copper  Cliff. 
The  valuable  constituents  of  the  ores 
are  nickel  and  copper,  and  these  two 
metals  must  first  be  separated  from  the 
useless  materials  and  then  from  one  an- 
other. The  first  step  is  the  elimination 
of  much  of  the  sulphur  foijnd  in  com- 
bination with  the  nickel  copper  and  iron 
of  the  ore,  and  in  the  past  this  has  been 
largely  accomplished  by  heap  roastin\4:, 
although  it  is  anticipated  that  this  pro- 
cess, destructive  to  vegetation  and  waste- 


down  to  a  depth  of  a  foot  or  eighteen 
inches.  On  this  bed  coarse  ores  are 
placed,  followed  by  medium  ores,  and 
finally  by  fines.  The  heap,  when  com- 
pleted, contains  up  to  2,000  or  3,000  tons, 
and  has  a  trim,  rectangular  shape,  with 
flat  top  and  sloping  sides.  The  wood  is 
set  fire  to  and  burns  out,  by  which  time 
the  sulphur  is  ignited  and  burns  without 
further  assistance.  The  larger  heaps 
require  three  or  four  months  to  burn, 
and  at  the  end  of  this  time  all  but  about 
10  per  cent,  of  the  sulphur  has  burned 
off  and  the  iron  is  more  or  less  complete- 
ly oxidized. 

After  roasting,  the  ore  is  smelted  in 
water-jacketed  furnaces  to  standard 
matte.  These  copper  blast  furnaces  are 
rectangular  in  shape  and  can  handle 
about  500  tons  of  ore  per  day.  The  ore 
from  the  several  mines  owned  by  the 
company,  owing  to  the  large  proportion 
of  iron  and  admixture  of  rock  with  the 
sulphides,  can  be  blended  to  form  almost 
self-fluxing  mixtures,  but  quartz  is  add- 
ed as  required  to  produce  a  further 
oxidization.  The  smelting  results  in  two 
products,  matte  and  slag.  The  matte 
contains  practically  all  the  nickel  and 
copper,  with  much  of  the  iron.  The  matte 
from  the  blast  furnace  is  next  poured 
into  basic  converters,  where  the  remain- 
ing iron  is  oxidized  in  much  the  same 
manner  as  is  the  carbon  in  the  familiar 
Bessemer  converter  of  the  steel  mill. 
The  iron  passes  out  in  the  slag  resulting 
from  the  operation,  and  a  standard  matte 
ready  for  refining  results.  This  matte 
contains  very  nearly  all  the  nickel  and 
copper,  very  little  of  the  iron,  and  a  high 
percentage  of  sulphur.  The  matte  is 
sent  to  the  refinery  at  Port  Colborne, 
where  the  copper  and  nickel  are  separat- 
ed and  refined. 
THE  PORT  COLBORNE  REFINERY 
On   approaching   the   refinery   one    is 


INTERIOR  OF  MACHINE   SHOP 


ful  of  sulphur,  will  soon  become  a  thing 
of  the  past.  For  heap  roasting,  a  flat, 
well-drained  surface  is  prepared,  and  a 
layer  of  cordwood  or  dead  pine  is  laid 


favorably  impressed  with  the  excellent 
architectural  features  of  the  administra- 
tive and  other  buildings  forming  a  group 
at  the  entrance. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


733 


COTTRELL    PRECIPITATION     PLANT— SEVEN    25    KW..     C.G.E.    MOTOR    GENEKAIOK    SETS 
SUPPLY  ALTERNATING  CURRENT  TO  THE  STEP-UP  TRANSFORMERS 


The  comfort  and  health  of  the  large 
staff  have  been  given  considerable  care, 
and  the  result  is  shown  in  the  staff  house 
provided  for  employees,  and  in  the  club 
house  for  the  accommodation  of  the  un- 
married department  and  executive  heads. 
This  latter  building  contains  recreative 
features  such  as  bowling  alley  and  bil- 
liard rooms,  in  addition  to  the  living  ac- 
commodations   provided. 

Adjacent  to  the  administrative  build- 
ing is  located  the  combined  garage,  time- 
keeper's office,  and  hospital.  The  garage 
forms  the  lower  or  basement  story,  with 
the  timekeeper's  office  immediately 
above.  The  hospital  forms  a  somewhat 
detached  portion  of  the  building  and  is 
an  extremely  well  appointed  and  neces- 
sary part  of  the  plant.  Its  need  may  be 
P  realized  when  it  is  known  that  the  nearest 
bospital  of  any  kind  is  at  Welland,  some 
nine  miles  away.  An  examination 
room  is  provided  for  the  reception  of  the 
patient  and  for  the  administering  of  first 
aid;  a  ward  room  is  also  in  readiness  for 
■  any  bed  cases,  and  a  completely-equipped 
operating  room  with  table  and  sterilizers 
bas  been  fitted  out. 

Laboratory 

The  laboratory  is  housed  in  a  separate 
two  storey  and  basement  building,  and 
besides  the  offices  necessary,  contains  the 
man  laboratory  and  balance  rooms.  The 
laboratory  has  been  fitted  throughout 
with  alberine  or  soapstone  tables  and  a 
central  fume  hood  with  ten  compart- 
ments has  been  arranged  around  a  cen- 
tral stack.  Each  compartment  is  also 
constructed  of  alberine  and  has  wire-in- 
serted plate  glass  sliding  doors  with 
marble  trim.  The  balance  room  is 
equipped  with  the  usual  precision  and 
assay  balances  carried  on  an  alberine 
slab  free  standing  from  the  building, 
and  supported  on  brick  piers  carried  to 
bed  rock. 


t 


h 


Transportation  Facilities 

Railway  sidings  from  the  Grand 
Trunk  enter  the  company's  property 
from  the  north.  These  sidings  serve 
every  portion  of  the  plant,  and  all  hand- 
ling of  materials  by  hand  being  eliminat- 
ed. 

The  furnace  building,  known  as  the 
No.  1  building,  is  746  ft.  in  length  by 
125  ft.  in  width,  and  at  present  houses 
three  blast  furnaces  and  three  conver- 
ters. The  matte  received  from  the 
smelter  at  Copper  Cliff  undergoes  its 
initial  treatment  here,  and  the  method 
of  handling  the  raw  materials  is  of  in- 
terest. The  matte,  coke  and  fluxes  are 
brought  in  on  an  elevated 
trestle  of  reinforced  con- 
crete, and  which  displays  . 
excellent  design  and  work- 
manship. From  the  cars 
the  materials  are  dumped 
into  elevated  storage  bins, 
from  which  it  goes  to  the 
feeding  floor  and  thence 
to  the  furnaces.  The  stan- 
dard matte,  55  per  cent, 
nickel  and  24  per  cent,  cop- 
per, is  smelted  with  salt- 
cake,  the  nickel  separated 
and  the  copper  bessemer- 
ized  in  the  converters. 
These  converters  are  '  of 
Allis-Chalmers  make,  and 
are  of  84  in.  by  126  in. 
size.  Electric  tilting  gear 
controls  their  movement. 
Besides  these  converters 
this  company  supplied  two 
sets  of  crushing  rolls  and 
a  sample  grinder. 

Removal  of  Fumes  and 
Gases 

In  the  various  ol?erations 
conducted  in  the  No.  1 
building  much  sulphur  is 
given  off  in  the  form  of 
sulphur    dioxide     gas,     and 


to  remove  this  and  disperse  it  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  damage  to 
vegetation  has  been  a  problem  of  some 
magnitude.  Each  converter  has  a  sta- 
tionary hoed  and  also  a  movable  one 
for  use  when  pouring,  through  which  all 
of  the  deleterious  gases  are  removed  and 
conducted  to  the  stack.  For  the  removal 
of  dust  and  a  valuable  metallic  content, 
the  gases,  before  entering  the  stack,  are 
subject  to  the  familiar  Cottrell  precipita- 
tion process. 

The  Cottrell  Precipitation  Process 

For  many  years  there  was  no  known 
process  by  means  of  which  dust  and 
ether  objectionable  matter  in  flue  gases 
and  in  the  gaseous  products  of  metal- 
lurgical operations  could  be  completely 
eliminated.  The  Cottrell  precipitation 
process,  a  somewhat  recent  development, 
has  been  applied  to  these  uses  with  such 
success,  however,  that  it  has  been  well 
established  as  a  standard  means  of  re- 
moving fine  particles  of  material  such  as 
dust,  fumes,  acid,  mists,  etc.,  from  the 
gases  resulting  from  the  smelting  and 
refining  of  copper,  lead,  zinc,  and  other 
metals. 

The  installation  of  this  system  in  the 
refinery  at  Port  Colborne  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  successful  in  North 
America,  and  is  admirably  planned  for 
the  work  it  has  to  do  in  the  elimination 
of  many  of  the  noxious  elements  of  the 
gases  and  in  the  recovery  of  valuable 
metals. 

A  brief  description  of  the,  fundamen- 
tal principles  underlying  the  electrical 
precipitation  process  will  be  of  much  as- 
sistance in  understanding  the  operation 
of  the  plant.  A  body  highly  charged  with 
electricity,  if  of  small  enough  diameter, 
or  with  sharp  points,  discharges  electri- 
city silently  through  the  surrounding  air. 
The  corona  discharge  surrounding  high 
tension    lines    under    certain    conditions. 


COPPER  CONVERTERS  IN  REFINERY  BUILDING 


734 


'C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


B.  A  W.  BOILERS  SUSPENDED  BUNKER,  AND  CHAIN  GRATE  STOKER 


and  visible  as'  a  pale  light,  is  an  analo- 
gous condition.  Some  of  the  electrical 
energy  thus  discharged  is  imparted  to 
any  particles  of  matter  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,  and  they  in  turn  are  transform- 
ed into  charged  bodies  (positive  or  ne- 
gative as  the  case  may  be).  As  bodies 
charged  with  electricity  of  the  same  sign 
repel  each  other,  all  such  particles  will, 
if  free  to  move,  be  violently  repelled 
from  the  fixed  electrode  or  charged  body, 
and  will  be  attracted  to  a  body  of  op- 
posite polarity.  i 
The  essential  elements  in  a  precipita- 
tion plant  then  are  a  source  of  high  po- 
tential direct  current  and  the  two  eie- 
trodes  of  opposite  polarity.  One  set 
known  as  the  discharge  electrodes,  are  of 
such  form  as  will  facilitate  an  electric 
discharge  from  their  surface.  This  is 
accomplished  by  making  them  in  the 
form  of  a  wire  or  light  chain  or  a  strip 
of  metal  having  relatively  sharp  edges. 
The  other  set  of  electrodes  known  as  the 
collecting  electrodes,  are  of  such  shape 
as  to  prevent  as  far  as  possible  any  dis- 
charge from  their  surfaces,  in  this  case, 
in  the  form  of  a  pipe  with  a  smoot.i 
bore. 

These  electrodes  are  so  arranged  in 
the  precipitator  that  the  different  types 
oppose  eacii  other,  and  between  them,  "a 
silent  or  glow  discharge  is  maintained 
by  supplying  to  the' discharge,  electrode 
energy  of  a  unidirectional  character.  Thte 
collecting  electrons  are  grounded  for 
safety,  the  ground  being  used  as  the  re- 
turn circuit. 

In  this  refinery  the  fumes  from  the 


copper  converters  are  collected  by  hoods 
and  carried  away  in  two  collecting  flues, 
which  unite  at  the  base  of  the  stack. 
These  flues  are  of  concrete  and  steel 
construction  and  are  lined  with  brick. 
The  gases  on  the  way  to  the  stack  pass 
through    the    precipitating    tubes    which 


are  arranged  in  two  separate  groups,  one 
serving,  each  flue,  and  all  particles  of 
suspended  matter  are  driven  to  the  en- 
closing walls  and  drop  into  suspended 
bins  below,  from  which  they  are  removed 
from  time  to  time  by  means  of  the  com- 
pany's railroad. 

Energy  is  supplied  by  means  of  seven 
25  kw.  motor  generator  sets  oi' 
General  Electric  make.  These  motor 
generator  sets  take  current  from  tlie 
d.c.  busses  and  transform  it  into  low- 
tension  alternating  current  at  sixty 
cycles.  A  step  up  transformer  for  each 
set  serves  to  step  the  voltage  up  to 
100,000  volts,  at  which  potential  the 
current  is  commutated  and  led  to  the 
precipitating  tubes.  The  commutator  is 
a  bakelite  disc  about  thirty  inches  in  dia- 
meter and  is  keyed  to  the  end  of  the 
motor-generator  shaft,  thus  keeping  it 
in  exact  synchronism  with  the  alternator 
frequency;  two  metallic  sectors  are  at- 
tached to  the  disc  and  the  current  is 
transformed  into  a  uni-directional  cur- 
rent by  means  of  fixed  sparking  contacts, 
no  mechanical  connection  being  neces- 
sary. 

From  the  precipitator  the  flue  gases 
pass  into  the  stack,  which  is  350  ft.  high 
and  12  ft.  internal  diameter  at  the  top. 
This  stack,  together  with  all  others  at 
the  plant,  is  built  of  reinforced  concrete, 
and  was  erected  by  the  General 
Concrete  Construction  Co. 
Air  Supply 
The  converters  and  blast  furnaces  re- 
quire a  large  volume  of  air,  and  for  this 
purpose  three  high-pressure  turbo- 
blowers are  installed  in  a  separate  build- 
ing. These  blowers  are  made  by  the 
Ridgway  Dynamo  and  Engine  Co.,  and 
have  each  a  capacity  of  7,500  cubic  feet 
of  free  air  per  minute,  at  30  oz.  pressure. 
The  blowers  are  individually  driven  by 
high  speed  direct  current  motors  at  3,600 
revs,  per  min. 


"JTFntnH   VIFW   OK    POWER    HOUSE.    SHOWING    WEBSTER-LEA   HEATER    METER.    INGER- 
SOZ  R^Sd  COMPRESSOR     pSMPSFok   PLANT   WATER   SUPPLY   AND   TURBO-GENERATOR 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY' 


735 


EXTERIOR  OF  POWER  HOUSE 


Further  refining  of  the  nickel  is  done 
in  the  No.  2  building,  and  one  of  the 
most  interesting  features  of  this  portion 
of  the  plant  is  the  comprehensive  ar- 
rangement of  the  mono-rail  system.  The 
bottom  chords  of  the  roof  trusses  have 
been  designed  to  take  care  of  the  addi- 
tional load,  resulting  from  the  mono-rail 
system  and  Shepard  crane  and  hoist 
mono-rail  trolleys  serve  every  portion  of 
the  plant.  Safety  features,  suspended 
walks  and  runways  are  provided,  and  it 
is  impossible  for  any  car  to  run  off  an 
open  switch  or  otherwise  do  damage  to 
itself  or  to  another. 

A  stack  of  the  same  size  and  con- 
struction as  that  serving  the  No.  1 
building  serves  to  carry  away  and  dis- 
sipate in  the  upper  atmosphere  all  fumes 
from  the  roasting  ovens  here  installed. 

Powier  Plant 

In  common  with  the  remainder  of  the 
refinery,  the  power  plant  shows  evidence 
of  careful  planning  and  considerable  at- 
tention to  future  conditions.  The  equip- 
ment at  present  installed  is  capable  of 
taking  care  of  a  considerable  extension 
to  the  plant,  and  ample  space  has  been 
provided  for  future  extension  both  of  the 
boiler  house  and  turbine  room. 

The  building  is  of  the  usual  brick,  steel 
and  reinforced  concrete  power  house  de- 
sign, and  the  equipment  has  been  arrang- 
ed in  an  attractive  layout. 

The  main  power  house  boiler  room  con 
tain  four  Babcock  and  Wilcox  standard 
water-tube  boilers,  each  of  4,319  square 
ft.  heating  surface,  set  in  two  batteries, 
These  boilers  are  built  for  a  working 
pressure  of  160  pounds  per  square  inch, 
each  being  fitted  with  B.  &  W.  super- 
heater, which  superheats  the  steam  about 
100°.  B.  &  W.  chain  grate  stokers  are 
also  fitted. 

Two  B.  &  W.  boilers  of  special  design 
are  also  installed  for  utilizing  the  waste 
heat  from  the  reverberatory  furnaces  of 


the  nickel  refinery.  These  boilers  are 
designed  for  a  capacity  of  approximately 
400  boiler  horse  power  each,  and  are  of 
particular  interest  as  they  represent  tlie 
latest  design  in  waste  heat  boilers  de- 
veloped from  very  extensive  investiga- 
tion into  this  class  of  work  by  the  Bab- 
cock and  Wilcox  Company. 

Coal  and  Ash  Handling 

Coal  is  received  from  the  cars  in  a 
track  hopper  crushed  in  a  Jeffry  single- 
crushing  roll,  elevated,  and  conveyed 
overhead  to  a  suspended  bunker,  from 
which  it  is  fed  as  required  to  the 
stokers. 

.  The  ashes  are  removed  from  the  ash 
pits  by  ash  cars  running  in  an  undier- 
ground  tunnel  to  the  elevator  and  ash 
storage  bin  from  which  they  are  dumped 
into  cars  for  removal. 

One  6  ft.  by  175  ft.  reinforced  concrete 
chimney  conveys  the  products  of  combu.s- 
tion  from  the  boilers  in  the  power  house. 
The  waste  heat  boilers  are  served  by 
two  5  ft.  X  10  ft.  reinforced  concrete 
stacks. 


Turbines  and  Gen«ratorg 

Two  Ridgway-Rateau  high  pressure 
turbines  furnish  power  for  the  direct 
connected  d.c.  generators,  each  of  1,000 
kw.  capacity.  These  turbines  operate 
under  150  pound  initial  steam  pressure, 
and  28  in.  vacuum,  and  run  at  1,700  revs, 
per  min. 

The  power  house  also  contains  two 
other  turbo-driven  units,  these  being 
high  pressure  blowers  supplying  air  for 
the  converters.  Like  the  turbo-genera 
tors,  these  units  are  of  Ridgway-Rateau 
make.  The  turbo-blowers  are  each  of 
15,000  cub.  ft.  capacity,  and  deliver  air 
at  1".  notiTids  pressure.  They  are  connect- 
ed to  high  pressure  condensing  turbines 
operating  at.  8;500  revs,  per  min. 

The  siiperslding  of  the  reciprocating 
engine  by  the  turbine  in  the  large  power 
plants  has  provided  the  nieans  for  the 
elimination  of  the  cumbersome  blowing 
engine.'  The  high  rotating  velocities  ob- 
tainable to-day  are  especially  well  adapt- 
able to  the  driving  of  centrifugal 
blowers,  and  the  turbo-blowers  at  this 
plant  are  much  more  economical  of  space 
than  blowing  engines  of  similar  capacity 
would   be.  '  :■ 

The  impellers  are  built  up  around  a 
iarge  diameter  shaft  with  dovetail  radial 
slots  milled  in  it.  The  impeller  blades 
are  tapered  in  section,  being  much  thin- 
ner at  the  tip  than  at  the  root,  and  are 
driven  into  these  slots,  distance  pieces 
being  inserted  between  the  blades  in 
several  stages.  All  turbines  are  equip- 
ped with  Frahm  tachometers,  supplied 
by  James  Biddle,  Philadelphia. 

Condensing  Equipment 

Two  No.  7  Westinghouse  LeBlanc  jet 
condensers,  with  individual  air  and  cir- 
culating water  pumps  serve  the  turbo- 
generators. Each  unit  is  fitted  with  a 
31  h.p.  steam  turbine  and  reduction  gear 
for  pump  drive.  These  condensers  are 
each  capable  of  handling  17,500  lbs.  con- 
densate per  hour,  and  maintain  a  29  in. 
vacuum,  with  40°   cooling  water. 

For  the  turbo-blowers  two  similar  No. 
5  units  are  installed.  These  are  fitted 
with  21  h.p. 'steam  turbines,  and  are  cap- 
able of  handling  11,000  lbs.  of  condensate 
per  hour,  at  29.05  in  vacuum  with  40' 
cooling  water. 


INTER'OR   or   CHANGE   HOUSE 


736 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Electrical  Features 

The  main    switchboard    supplies     the 

pTant  load  with  direct  current    at     250 

volts,  lighting  and  other  110-volt  services 

being  supplied  by  means  of  a  three-wire 


the  heavier  turning  required,  while  a 
Willard  engine  lathe  serves  for  the  finer 
and  smaller  repair  jobs.  A  Hamilton 
drill  is  located  adjacent  to  the  lathes  and 
a  Niles-Bement-Pond  radial  drill  is  also 


ONE     OF     THE     SIX     CHANGE     HOUSES     FOR     EMPLOYEES 


service  operated  by  two  20  kw.  motor 
generator  balancing  sets.  I.  T.  E.  circuit 
breakers,  Weston  indicating  ammeters, 
and  Sangamo  wattmeters  are  installed 
on  the  generator  and  feeder  panels. 

Peed   Water   Equipment 

The  feed  water  is  heated  by  exhaust 
steam  from  the  various  plant  auxiliaries 
in  Webster-Lea  heater  meter  units.  The 
heaters  were  supplied  by  Warren  Web- 
ster and  Company,  Camden,  N.J.,  and  the 
Lea  meters  by  the  Yarnall-Waring  Co., 
Philadelphia. 

Two  units  were  installed,  one  heater 
.good  for  5,000  h.p.  equipped  with  Lea 
•recorder,  and  having  a  capacity  of  275,- 
000  lbs.  per  hour,  and  another  unit  simi- 
lar in  construction  to  the  first  and  having 
a  capacity  of  1,500  h.p.,  or  100,000  lbs. 
per  hour.  Both  units  are  of  extra  heavy 
construction  and  were  designed  to  with- 
stand a  back  pressure  of  10  lb.  per  sq.  in. 

A  two-inch  venturi  meter  meters  all 
feed  water,  and  the  feed  pumps  are  of 
Lea-Courteny  make,  direct-connected  to 
Terry  steam  turbines  of  standard  type. 
Owing  to  the  horizontal  partina:  of  the 
casing,  these  turbines  are  very  accessible 
for  repair,  and  the  fact  that  no  oil  come.'; 
in  contact  with  the  steam  renders  the 
use  of  an  oil  separator  on  the  .exhaust 
line  to  the  heaters  unnecessary. 

Machine  Shop 

In  a  plant  of  this  size  facilities  for 
the  repairing  of  machinery  are  not  only 
advisable  but  necessary,  and  ample  pro- 
vision has  been  made  for  this  work  in 
the  machine  shop  forming  a  portion  of 
the  layout.  The  building  is  ample  in  size 
and  has  space  to  contain  a  large  amount 
of  equipment,  and  while  the  installation 
is  not  yet  complete  and  while  the  mach- 
inery is  not  as  yet  installed  in  permanent 
position  a  very  good  idea  of  equipment 
may  be  gained  from  its  enumeration. 

A  12  and  28  in.  McKabe  double  spind'e 
lathe  with  a  24-ft.  bed  takes  care  of  all 


installed.  A  Bertram  double  punch  and 
shear,  Kelley  shaper  and  Racine  hack 
saws  also  form  part  of  the  equipment. 
The  machine  shop  building  is  about  175 
ft.  wide  and  about  200  ft.  long  with  two 
side  bays  and  center  aisle  for  crane 
runway  and  also  serves  to  house  the 
forging  equipment  and  a  complete  elec- 
trical repair  shop.  All  repairing  is  done 
here  and  no  work  is  sent  outside,  arma- 
tures and  field  coils  are  rewound  and  a 
stock  of  repair  parts  is  kept  on  hand. 

In  addition  to  the  machine  shop  a 
separate  building  houses  a  carpenter 
shop,  which  not  only  does  any  carpenter 
work  required,  but  also  serves  as  a  coop- 
erage in  which  all  the  stout  barrels  are 
assembled  for  shipping  a  portion  of  the 
company's  product. 

Sanitary  Conditions 

In  a  plant  of  this  magnitude  it  is  man- 
ifestly a  wise  thing  to  take  provision  for 
the  workman's  health  and  the  sanitary 
features  of  the  plant  show  a  consider- 
able amount  of  care  and  thoughtfulness 
in  their  working  out. 

All  water  used  in  the  plant  is  chlorin- 
ated; this  means  not  only  drinking 
water,  but  every  bit  that  is  used  in  plant 
oneiations  as  well.  The  water  supply  is 
obtained  through  a  four-foot  square  in- 
take from  the  Welland  Canal,  is  passed 
through  the  pumps,  chlorinated  and  goes 


to  an  elevated  tank,  where  time  is  given 
for  its  complete  purification. 

The  company  operate  their  own  sew- 
age system,  all  sewage  being  received  by 
a  sump,  elevated  by  air  ejector  pumps 
and  purified  in  activated  sludge  tanks 
located  some  distance  from  the  buildings 
on  an  elevated   piece  of  land. 

To  workmen  engaged  in  laborious  oc- 
cupations provision  must  be  made  for  the 
changing  of  wet  and  dirty  clothing  and 
the  donning  of  comfortable  and  warm 
clothes  for  street  wear.  To  this  end 
four  change  houses  have  been  built  with 
a  total  of  600  lockers,  hot  and  cold  show- 
ers   and    lavatory    accommodation. 

While  the  Port  Colborne  refinery  is  de- 
signed to  have  an  initial  output  of  about 
one-fourth  that  of  the  Bayonne  plant. 
New  Jersey,  the  present  buildings  have 
been  constructed  with  a  view  to  enlarge- 
ment and  it  is  probable  that  ultimately 
the  entire  output  of  the  Sudbury 
mines  will  be  brought  to  Port  Col- 
borne for  refininsr.  Future  plans  may 
also  take  into  consideration  the  estab- 
lishing of  coke  ovens.  It  is  the  opinion 
of  the  officials  of  the  company  that  the 
nickel  refinins;  industry  has  come  to 
Canada  to  stay,  and  while  many  ob- 
stacles have  been  encountered,  many  of 
them  due  to  war  conditions  and  labor 
scarcity,  the  industry  is  on  a  firm  foot- 
ing. 

Production 

While  the  refining  of  copper  has  been 
carried  on  for  some  time  it  has  only 
been  since  the  end  of  September  that  any 
shipments  of  nickel  have  been  made. 
When  the  Canadian  refinery  is  in  full 
operation  it  is  estimated  that  it  will 
have  a  yearly  production  of  15,000,000 
to  20,000,000  lbs.  of  nickel  and  8,000,000 
lbs.  of  copper. 

The  site  of  the  refinery  is  large  enough 
to  permit  of  considerable  extension,  in 
all  350  acres,  and  the  buildings  are  laid 
out  in  a  manner  that  will  readily  facili- 
tate such  extensions  as  may  be  needed 
in  future.  The  plant  is  estimated  to  cost 
approximately  $5,000,000.  Equipment 
and  buildings  alike  have  been  chosen 
with  a  view  to  permanency,  so  although 
the  initial  charges  are  high,  owing  to 
war  conditions,  depreciation  charges  will 
be   low   in   compensation. 

All  buildings  are  fireproof  throughout, 
being  constructed  of  brick,  reinforced 
concrete  and  steel.  The  Foundation 
Company  of  New  York  and  Montreal  had 
charge  of  all  work  and  were  responsible 
for  much  of  the  design,  in  association 
with  the  company's  own  engineering 
staff. 


RIGHT  TO  LEFT— CLUB  HOUSE,  LABORATORY,  NICKEL  REFINERY  AND  GENERAL  OFFICE 


December  26,  1918 


787 


Canadians  Quick  to  Learn  the  Steel  Business 

Superintendent  Had  to  Rely  on  Green  Crew  to  Run  His  Plate  Mill, 
But  It  Was  Not  Long  Before  Record  Shipments  Were  Being 
Turned  Out — A  Good  Source  of  Employment  For  Mechanics 

By  T.   L.   CROSSEN,   Superintendent   Plate   Mill,   Dominion   Foundries   and   Steel, 

Hamilton 


TiE  steel  rolling  industry  in  Canada,  especially  the 
rolling  of  plates  and  sheets,  being  a  comparatively 
new    industry    here,    and    not    well    understood    or 
appreciated   by   the   average    Canadian   as    a   means   for 
bettering  the  industrial  conditions  and  labor  markets  of 
Canada,  it  might  be  in  keeping  with  the  reconstruction 
period   of   the   present   time,   to   point   out   some   of  the 
benefits   to   be    derived   from    the    steel   rolling   business 
and   some  of  the  things  most  desired  and   necessary   in 
the  way  of  organization  and  conditions 
to   successfully   operate   a  rolling  mill. 
The    first   thing     necessary     for   the 
operation  of  a  rolling  mill,  as  well  as 
any  other  business,  is  men.     Men  not 
of  the  ordinary  slip-shod  type,  but  men 
with  determination  and  initiative,  with 
the  disposition  to  do  a  good  day's  work 
and  expect  a  good  day's  pay  for  doing 
it — men  who  learn  something  each  day 
from  their  work,  and  put  it  into  opera- 
tion   in    their    next   day's   work,    or    in 
short,  men  upon  whom  you  can  depend. 
There  are  so  many  good  inducements 
for  young  men  in  the  steel  rolling  in- 
dustry   that    it    is    impossible    for    the 
writer  to  see  any  other  line  of  employ- 
ment  that   offers    anything    nearly    so 
good.      The    work,    while    rather    hard 
and  exacting,  possesses  features  which 
are  found  in  few  lines  of  work,  and  it 
has   rather   a   gripping    attitude    from 
which  a  man  never  wants  to  get  away, 
and  the  actual  experience  he  gains  is 
a  stepping-stone  for  a  splendid  future. 
While  the  man  of  ordinary  or  prac- 
tical   education    is    always    a    valuable 
asset  in  a  steel  mill  organization,  and 
is  able  to  command  a  much  better  wage 
than  men  of  other  trades,  still  the  man  with  the  technical 
and    practical    education    is    the   fellow   who   goes   to   the 
top  and  stays  there,  and  the  young  man  who  comes  into 
a  steel  mill  equipped  with  a  good  education  and  determina- 
tion can't  be  stopped  until  he  reaches  the  top.     But  you 
will  find  him  as  diligently  studying  his  text  books  and 
trade  papers  as  though  he  were  still  at  school. 

The  Canadian  seems  to  take  to  the  steel  rolling 
business  as  a  "duck  takes  to  water,"  and  as  an  example 
of  the  fact,  the  following  speaks  for  itself.  The  writer 
came  to  Canada  some  time  back  to  install  and  operate 
a  small  steel  plate  mill,  and  before  leaving  the  U.S.A. 
he  rounded  up  a  good  operating  organization  and  had 
everything  shaped  to  bring  them  on  just  as  soon  as 
the  plant  was  ready.  In  due  course  of  time  the  mill 
was  installed;  he  went  back  for  his  organization,  when 
it  was  found  that,  owing  to  war  conditions,  it  was  im- 
possible to  bring  but  two  men  back,  as  some  were  already 
in  the  regulation  uniform  and  the  others  being  exempted 
from  military  service  just  so  long  as  they  stayed  on 
their  jobs,  which  was  war  work.  There  was  just  one 
thing  left  to  do,  that  was  to  come  back  to  Canada,  break 
in  a  green  set  of  men  and  get  down  to  business.  This 
was  in  the  fall  of  1917  and  so  well  did  these  "Green 
Canadians"  break  in  that  by  early  spring  they  were  turn- 
ing out  as  much  steel  plate  as  most  of  the  old  organized 
mills  across  the  line,  and  during  the  summer  record  ship- 


Supt. 


ments  were  made,  which  the  writer  believes  have  not 
been  beaten  by  any  one  with  a  mill  of  the  same  type 
and  size  anywhere.  These  boys  all  had  the  necessary 
spunk  to  stick  with  the  game  until  to-day  they  are  capable 
of  holding  their  own  in  any  company,  but  one  difference 
noticeable  between  the  Canadian  and  the  American  work- 
man in  rolling  mill  practice  is  that  the  Canadian  does 
not  take  his  job  quite  so  seriously  as  does  his  cousin  on 
the  other  side,  the  result  being  that  he  doesn't  report 
for  work  with  the  same  regularity  as 
does  the  American.  But  if  the  Canadian 
is  given  the  chance  to  show  in  the 
steel  industry  he  will  send  an  indus- 
trial thrill  throughout  the  world,  be- 
cause the  kind  of  men  that  went  up 
Vimy  Ridge  are  not  to  be  denied,  and 
are  perfectly  capable  of  holding  their 
own  against  any  set  of  men  on  earth 
at  any  line  of  work  to  which  they 
might  turn. 

"What  a  man  knows  is  a  club  for 
himself,  and  what  he  don't  know  is 
a  meat  axe  for  the  other  fellow,"  and 
the  young  man  coming  into  a  rolling 
mill  equipped  with  a  large-sized  meat 
axe  will  be  standing  firm  on  his  own 
job  with  his  hands  within  speaking 
distance  of  the  superintendent  and  look- 
ing square  into  the  eyes  of  the  mana- 
ger, and  his  salary  arm  will  soon  grow 
long  enough  to  reach  quite  a  distance 
through  the  cashier's  window. 

In  concluding,  it  might  be  well  to 
say  that  so  far  as  one  is  able  to  judge, 
there  is  no  reason  in  the  world  why 
Canada  is  not  sending  finished  rolled 
product  to  all  corners  of  the  earth, 
and  if  the  Government  at  Ottawa  wfli 
get  back  of  the  manufacturers  in  the  way  they  should, 
we  will  see  young  Pittsburghs  and  Sheffields  scattered 
throughout  the  Dominion,  because  the  men,  money  and 
material    are   here. 

Back  in  the  'Eighties  the  tin  plate  industry  in  the 
U.S.A.  was  nil,  and  every  pound  used  was  imported, 
mostly  from  Wales.  The  Government  got  busy  in  the 
matter,  an  investigation  was  made  and  the  McKinley 
Protective  Bill  was  passed  and  became  a  law,  with  the 
result  that  tin  mills  seemed  to  almost  spring  up  over 
night  throughout  the  country,  and  to-day  the  U.S.  is  one 
of  the  largest  producers  of  tin  plate  in  the  world.  .What 
happened  there  can  happen  here,  and  right  now  is  the 
time  to  make  it  happen. 

The  great  Edison  says:  "All  comes  to  him  who  hustles 
while  he  waits." 


T.    L.    CROSSEN, 
Plate    Mill,    Dominion    Foundries 
Steel.    Hamilton. 


The  development  of  the  explosive  and  propellant  in- 
dustry in  Canada  has  been  an  important  achievement. 
It  has  been  the  policy  of  the  Munitions  Board  to  to  establish 
national  plants  for  the  purpose  of  stimulating  any  im- 
portant line  of  production  which  private  enterprise  was 
unwilling  or  unable  to  carry  on,  and  seven  of  these  plants, 
representing  a  capital  investment  of  $15,000,000,  were 
operated  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  board.  The 
two  largest  manufactured  explosives,  and  these,  with 
privately  owned  plants,  produced  upwards  of  100,000,000 
pounds  of  high-grade  explosives  and   propellants.- 


738 


Voloime  XX. 


Effective  Transmission  Most  Essential  to  Economy 

Treatment  of  Shafting,  Pulleys  and  Belting  is  All-Important — 
Various  Details  of  Designs  and  Installations,  as  Well  as  Operating 
Features — Care  of  Belting  and  Proper  Application  of  Dressing 

By  J.  H.  RODGERS 


AMONG  the  many  features  involved 
in  the  problem  of  production  few 
are  more  important  than  that  of 
effective  transmission  of  power  from  the 
primary  unit  to  the  machine  that  is  per- 
forming the  work.  Very  frequently,  out- 
put is  restricted  owing  to  the  failure  of 
some  part  of  the  power  installation,  or 
the  neglect  in  correcting  some  fault  after 
th*  same  has  become  evident.  Too  much 
attention  cannot  be  given  to  this  essen- 
tial feature  of  plant  operation.  The 
treatment  accorded  to  shafting,  pulleys 
and  belting,  should  be  considered  one  of 
the  fundamental  details  upon  which  the 
efficiency  of  the  shop  is  based.  No  plant 
can  expect  to  maintain  a  high  average 
of  production  unless  the  transmission  is 
constantly  kept  in  the  best  copdition.  To 
"xicomplish  this  it  is  very  advisable — 
and  in  large  factories  almost  essential — 
to  place  the  maintenance  of  this  branch 


of  the  work  under  the  supervision  of  one 
experienced  party,  a  man  that  can  give 
his  entire  time  to  the  work,  and  with  as- 
sistants if  necessary.  Where  every  ma- 
chine operator  is  permitted  to  repair 
his  own  belts,  tighten  or  adjust  pulleys, 
effective  operation  is  a  doubtful  factor. 
While  it  may  be  true  that  some  men  are 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  peculiar  and 
ofttimes  apparently  insignificant  features 
relative  to  belt  repair  and  upkeep,  it 
ia  nevertheless  good  practice  to  have  the 
transmission  maintenance  in  charge  of  a 
man  or  gang  especially  selected  for  the 
purpose.  We  say  selected  in  preference 
to  appointed,  as  it  is  particularly  ad- 
visable that  the  men  doing  the  work  of 
installation  or  repair,  should  know  why 
they  are  doing  it  as  well  as  how  they 
are  doing  it.  The  various  conditions  un- 
der which  a  belt  man  has  to  perform  his 
duties    enables    him   from   experience   to 


evolve  ways  and  means  to  maintain  the 
maximum  efficiency  from  the  belts  and 
pulleys  under  his  charge. 

The  compilation  of  the  following  ar- 
ticle is  the  result  of  observation  and  ex- 
perience in  the  use  and  abuse  of  trans- 
mission equipment,  and  is  here  set  forth 
as  an  aid  to  those  who  have,  or  may  have, 
to  do  with  the  installation  and  sub.se- 
quent  repair  and  maintenance  of  shaft- 
ing, pulleys,  belts  and  accessories.  In 
the  unit  system  of  machine  operation, 
where  each  tool  is  driven  by  its  own  in- 
dividual motor,  the  installation  of  over- 
head shafting  is  seldom  required,  bu( 
where  the  group  system  is  adopted  it 
is  invariably  a  necessity  to  have  a  line 
of  shafting  to  distribute  the  power  to 
the  different  machines  located  about  the 
shop.  In  general  practice  of  to-day  the 
group  drive  is  so  propoitionod  that  the 
use  of  long  lengths  of  shafting  is  vif- 


FIO.  1 


December  26,  1918  CANADIAN     MACHINERY  739 

y/ ///////// ///jV//////jY//////^/////^/////////////j^^ 


.//y /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////^ 


Prti/e    Puiiey. 


tually  eliminated,  and  where  main  shafts 
of  excessive  length  are  used  it  is  con- 
sidered an  economic  feature  to  arrange 
the  power  distribution  in  such  a  way 
as  to  minimize  the  torque  throughout  the 
shaft.  This  twisting  action  may  often 
be  so  great  as  to  develop  a  grave  source 
of  annoyance  and  may  eventually  neces- 
sitate the  rearrangement  of  the  drive  to 
overcome  the  trouble.  Very  frequently, 
an  installation  of  machinery  may  be  made 
in  a  plant,  or  additional  units  located  in 
available  space,  with  but  little  thought  of 
the  source  or  distribution  of  the  power 
required  to  operate  the  different  ma- 
chine  tools. 

Minimizing  the  Shaft  Torque. 

In  determining  the  position  of  the  ma- 
chines in  a  group,  or  when  adding  a 
tool  to  the  existing  equipment,  the  vol- 
ume of  power  required  to  operate,  and 
the  special  purpose  of  the  machine,  are 
two  factors  that  should  be  given  careful 
consideration.  If  this  is  not  done  the 
efficiency  of  the  machine  may  fall  below 
expectations,   and    be    prematurely   con- 


FIGURES   2,  3  AND   4 

demned.  Wherever  possible — and  it  is 
advisable  in  all  cases — the  heavier  ma- 
chines that  require  a  proportionately 
high  percentage  of  power  for  their  oper- 
ation, and  particularly  in  cases  where 
the  consumption  of  power  is  spasmodi- 
cally varied  from  light  to  heavy  load, 
should  be  located  as  near  the  source  of 
line  shaft  power  as  conditions  will  per- 
mit. While  no  fixed  rule  can  be  applied 
for  installations  of  this  character,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  no  two  plants  are  iden- 
tical in  their  layout  or  production  re- 
quirements, a  general  recognition  of 
stabilized  distribution  would  meet  the 
end  desired  in  practically  every  instance. 
It  is  seldom  that  the  entire  power  de- 
veloped by  the  engine  or  motor  is  con- 
sumed in  the  operation  of  the  equip- 
ment, so  that  in  initial  installations  al- 
lowance is  always  made  for  subsequent 
units  to  be  operated  from  the  primary 
line  shaft.  The  character  of  the  motor 
support  is  ver^  important,  but  is  de- 
pendable upon  local  conditions.  Good 
results  are  obtained  by  locating  the  mo- 
tor on  the  ceiling  or  on  a  specially  con- 


structed concrete  base.  The  former 
practice  provides  more  available  floor 
space,  but  the  latter  assures  a  more 
stable  foundation  and  more  accessible 
for  repairs.  Where  a  support  of  this 
kind  is  not  permissible,  a  substantial 
timber  framework  may  be  constructed 
to  carry  the  motor,  which  may  be  lo- 
cated on  the  floor,  wall  or  ceiling.  The 
fundamental  requirement,  however,  it 
to  have  the  support  rigid  enough  to 
eliminate  all  vibration,  a  condition  that 
is  invariably  the  progenitor  of  many  mo- 
tor troubles. 

Location  of  Motor  Drive 

It  is  good  practice  to  locate  the  driv- 
ing motor  about  midway  of  the  line 
shaft  length,  as  illustrated  in  JFig.  1. 
When  delivering  to,  or  taking  power  from 
a  line  shaft,  it  is  advisable  to  place  the 
pulley  as  close  to  the  hanger  as  pos- 
sible, and  this  rule  applies  in  particular 
to  heavy  drives  or  those  where  the  ab- 
sorption of  power  is  intermittent,  such 
as  the  operation  of  machines  requiring 
a    flywheel    for    stability,    as    in   power 


740 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


presses,  punching  and  shearing  machines, 
and  like  equipment.  In  placing  machin- 
ery in  a  shop  it  should  be  the  practice 
to  locate  the  heavy  tools  close  to  the 
main  drive  so  that  the  twisting  moment 


operating  various  presses  and  other  small 
tools.  To  the  right  was  a  couple  of 
punch  presses  and  a  small  draw  press. 
Adjoining  the  reduction  coupling  C,  and 
on   the   larger  shaft,   was   the  four  foot 


FIG. 


in  the  shaft  will  be  kept  at  the  minimum, 
the  lightest  tools  being  situated  farthest 
from  the  motor.  Fig.  1  will  serve  as 
a  good  example  of  the  central  drive 
method;  this  shows  the  reducing  value 
of  the  power  delivered  when  nearing  the 
extreme  ends.  This,  however,  is  an  ideal 
condition  and  can  only  be  taken  as  a 
guide  for  an  actual  installation,  theory 
only  serving  as  an  assist  to  practical 
adaptability. 

When  the  drive  is  located  at  one  end 
of  the  shaft,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  it  is 
imperative  that  the  heavy  machines  be 
placed  at  the  motor  end  of  the  shop. 
The  farther  such  tools  are  situated  from 
the  motor  the  greater  the  twisting  mo- 
ment of  the  shaft  and  the  increased 
possibility  of  line  shaft.  When  main 
shafts  are  of  extreme  length  it  would 
be  well  to  adopt  a  reducing  size  of  shaft 
to  aid  in  overcoming  the  shaft  torque. 
An  example  of  a  line  shaft  drive  that 
should  be  avoided  is  shown  in  Fig.  3. 
Here  the  drive  is  on  the  end,  the  diameter 
of  the  shaft  uniform  throughout  its  en- 
tire length,  and  the  power  delivered  very 
irregular,  factors  that  would  provide  ex- 
cellent opportunities  for  inefficient  oper- 
ation. The  skeleton  lines  show  the  va- 
ried fluctuations  in  the  power  delivered, 
and  the  great  possibility  of  troublesome 
torque  is  quite  obvious. 

Inefficient  Installation. 

A  special  instance  of  ineffective  line 
shaft  drive  is  diagramatically  illustrated 
in  Fig.  4.  In  prehistoric  days  this  shaft 
was  driven  by  a  steam  unit  belted  to 
the  large  6  foot  cast  iron  pulley  A, 
keyed  lo  the  length  of  2V4  inch  shaft. 
The  advent  of  the  motor  placed  the  en- 
gine in  the  discard  and  the  new  source 
of  power  was  at  the  pulley  B,  the  size 
of  the  entire  line  shaft,  apart  from  the 
length  above  mentioned,  being  2  1-16 
inches  in  diameter.  To  the  left  of  the 
drive,  pulley  B  was  approximately  50 
feet   of    shafting    carrying    pulleys    for 


pulley  drive  for  the  heavy  drawing  press. 
When  the  latter  was  in  operation,  more 
especially  when  on  heavy  drnwn  work, the 
coupling  C  was  a  source  of  constant  an- 
noyance, giving  out  a  continual  squeak 
when  the  full  load  came  upon  the  press. 
This  particular  trouble  was  laid  to  the 
fact  that  the  pulley  A  was  out  of  bal- 
ance and  had  an  apparent  oscillating 
motion,  due  to  its  poor  alignment.  Its 
removal  was  contemplated  on  different 
occasions,  but  no  determined  effort  was 
made  to  do  so.  It  is  the  writer's  opin- 
ion, however,  that  the  primary  cause  of 
the  shaft  trouble  was  the  inefficient  me- 


ated  the  large  draw  press,  could  not  be 
kept  tight  on  the  shaft  and  would  per- 
sist in  slipping  when  the  extreme 
load  came  upon  the  press;  this  sup  was 
invariably  accompanied  by  the  usual 
squeak.  This  pulley  was  of  the  wood 
split  type  but  persistent  tightening  of 
the  clamping  bolts  was  of  no  avail.  Sand 
paper  and  emery  cloth  was  tried  between 
the  bushings  but  only  provided  a  tem- 
porary relief.  Holes,  one-quarter  inch 
in  diameter  were  then  drilled  in  the  shaft 
at  either  side  of  the  pulley  and  in  line, 
and  a  3/16  inch  strip  of  steel  placed  be- 
tween the  two  halves  of  the  pulley,  this 
being  the  available  space  after  the  clamp 
bolts  were  tightened.  On  either  end  of 
this  strip  was  a  short  tit  about  %  inch 
long,  that  entered  the  holes  drilled  in  the 
shaft.  The  clamp  bolts  were  used  as  a 
backing  to  support  the  steel  strip.  This 
served  the  purpose  for  a  short  time  but 
eventually  the  end  tits  were  sheared  off. 
The  final  and  effective  repair  is  shown  in 
Fig.  5.  Two  collars  B  were  provided, 
open  on  the  side  for  placing  over  the 
shaft,  and  the  gaps  filled  with  the  piece 
C,  fitted  with  the  tee  slots  D;  the  two 
parts  secured  by  the  bolt  E.  The  steel 
strip  A,  located  as  in  the  previous  case, 
entered  a  slot  X  milled  in  each  collar. 
When  in  position  the  collars  were  secur- 
ed to  the  shaft  by  the  set  screws  F.  A 
general  view  of  the  repair  is  shown  at  G. 

Belts  Require  Proper  Care 

Few  details  in  connection  with  manu- 
facturing receive  less  considerate  atten 
tion  than  that  of  the  belting  that  trans- 
fers the  power  from  the  line  shaft  to 
the  various  machines.  Many  men  think 
that  all  that  is  required  is  a  tight  belt 
and  all  their  troubles  are  over.  If  the 
belt   is   slack,   take  a  piece   out  and   re- 


MAIN    DRIVE    WELL   PROTECTED   BV   GUARD 


thod  of  the  drive  itself,  and  the  location 
of  the  heavy  draw  press  in  relation  to 
the  motor  drive. 

Cure  for  Slipping  Pulley 
In  addition  to  the  trouble  arising   in 
the  coupling  C,  the  pulley  D,  that  oper- 


lace  the  belt.  Very  good,  if  this  is  done 
with  a  knowledge  of  the  necessary  re- 
quirements. Few  men  will  deny  the  ad- 
vantages accruing  from  a  well  spliced 
endless  belt,  but  how  many  of  such  belts 
will  one  see  in  the  average  shop,   apart 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Hi 


from  tbose  used  on  the  main  drives.  The 
general  practice  on  the  larger  volume  of 
belts  used  is  to  cut  the  belts  to  the  de- 
sired length  and  join  by  means  of  lacing 
or  other  fasteners.     Many  types  of  fast- 


belt  in  each  case.  The  heavy  black  line 
indicates  the  portion  of  the  width  cut 
away  by  the  holes  and  the  shaded  line 
the  effective  section  of  the  belt.  With 
the  same  opening  for  the  lace  the  effi 


o  o  o 


ooo 


fUee/ifr  k/iUtt 


FIG.  6 


eners  are  now  in  use  and  are  giving  very 
satisfactory  results,  but  few  will  retain 
the  all-round  efficiency  of  the  ordinary 
leather  lace  when  the  joint  is  well  made. 
One  great  disadvantage  of  metal  fasten- 
ers, particularly  where  shifting  of  the 
belt  is  to  be  made  by  hand,  is  the  dan- 


FIG.   7 

ger  to  the  operator  contingent  to  the 
loose  end  of  wire  or  metal  portion.  How- 
ever, where  careful  attention  is  paid  to 
such  joints  they  are  very  effective  for 
continuous     drives.  Leather     lacing, 

nevertheless,  will  doubtless  continue  to 
be  the  general  practice  for  belt  repairs, 
owins;  to  its  accepted  simplicity  and  gen- 
era'  convenience. 

Use  Small  Lace  Holes 

It  must  not  be  taken  for  granted,  how- 
ever, that  all  one  has  to  do  is  to  cut  off 
a  piece,  punch  a  few  holes  and  secure 
again  with  a  lace,  to  obtain  an  effective 
drive.  The  fundamental  details  of  a  pro- 
perly made  joint  may  often  seem  of  lit- 
tle import,  but  the  subsequent  operation 
of  the  belt  may  depend,  very  largely,  on 
the  consideration  given  to  these  appar- 
ently insignificant  matters.  When  mak- 
ing a  repair  to  a  belt  the  beginner  will 
usually  make  the  lace  holes  of  large  size 
as  indicated  at  A,  Fig.  6.  The  inevitable 
consequence  of  such  practice  will  be  that 
shown  below  at  B.  With  very  few  ex- 
ceptions a  belt  will  tear  across  the  lace 
holes  and  seldom  will  fail  in  a  direction 
parallel  to  the  belt  leni^th.  For  this  rea- 
son it  is  imperative  that  the  amount  of 
the  leather  cut  out  be  kept  as  low  as 
possible,  consistent  with  the  size  of  the 
belt  and  the  thickness  and  width  of  the 
lace.  Where  it  is  necessary  to  enlarge 
the  holes  it  should  be  done  as  shown  at 
D  and  not  as  at  C.  This  is  obvious  when 
comparing  the  resultant  efficiency  of  the 


ciency  of  the  lower  method  is  15  per  cent, 
over  that  of  the  upper. 

The  best  side  of  the  belt  to  run  upon 
the  pulley  appears  to  be  a  debatable 
question,  as  many  favor  the  hair  or 
smooth  side,  while  others  prefer  the  re- 
verse. However,  as  the  efficiency  of  a 
belt  drive  relies  on  the  frictional  con- 
tact between  the  surfaces  it  would  seem 
practical  that  the  smooth  side  would 
have  the  preference.  Another  factor  in 
its  favor  is  that  of  the  recognized  fact 
that  the  portion  of  the  belt  best  suited 
for  tensile  strength  is  near  the  flesh  or 
rough  side,  and  the  hardest  side  best  ad- 
apted for  the  compression  action;  these 
features  being  quite  evident  when  belts 
are  operating  on  small  pulleys. 

Making  a  Laced  Joint 

In  making  a  joint  it  is  advisable  to 
use  a  thin  lace  in  preference  to  a  thick 


one.  This  coincides  with  what  has  been 
said  on  belt  contact,  as  it  is  clear  that 
the  thicker  a  lace  is  the  less  will  the 
contact  be  when  the  joint  is  passing 
around  the  pulley,  and  in  addition  the 
jar  will  be  all  the  more  pronounceti. 
When  making  a  joint  the  straight  lacing 
should  be  made  on  the  pulley  side.  Owing 
to  the  different  widths  of  belts  no  fixed 
rule  can  be  applied  for  lacing,  but  in 
general  the  method  may  be  the  same  for 
every  case.  Holes  should  not  be  closer 
to  the  edge  or  end  than  one-half  inch, 
with  centre  holes  spaced  accordingly. 
The  best  practice  is  to  commence  at  the 
centre  and  work  out  and  back  on  each 
side.  As  a  guide  the  illustration  at  E 
and  F  is  given.  Starting  at  0  and  1  the 
order  is  as  follows:  2,  3,  4,  5,  4,  3,  2,  1 
or  0,  both  sides  of  the  centre  being  iden- 
tical; the  locking  is  performed  by  pass- 
ing the  free  end  through  a  small  hole  6, 
and  cutting  a  short  slit  to  form  a  hook 
that  will  prevent  the  lace  from  coming 
out.  This  lock  should  be  on  the  outside 
of  the  belt.  After  the  joint  is  made  it 
may  be  lightly  hammered  down  with  a 
wooden  mallet. 

Preparing  Belt  for  Lacing 
One  of  the  essential  factors  of  a  belt 
joint  is  that  the  ends  should  be  perfectly 
square  with  the  run  of  the  belt,  to  assure 
its  smooth  running.  When  cutting  a  belt 
the  use  of  a  try  square,  as  shown  at  D, 
Fig.  7,  is  always  advisable.  Without  such 
a  tool  the  tendency  is  to  make  an  angu- 
lar cut  as  at  A,  so  that  when  the  joint 
is  made  it  has  the  appearance  as  illus- 
trated at  B.  When  passing  over  a  pulley 
the  belt  develops  a  tendency  to  oscillate, 
and  such  a  condition  is  very  much  ag- 
gravated when  the  belt  is  running  a  little 
loose.    To  prevent  it  jumping  off,  a  stick 


FIGS.  8.  9  AND  10 


742 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY. 


Volume  XX. 


is  frequently  secured  to  some  rigid  sup- 
port and  extended  down  at  the  side  of 
the  pulley,  as  at  E.  This,  however,  pro- 
vides only  a  temporary  remedy  for  a 
previous  fault,  as  the  weakest  portion 
of  the  belt — the  laced  joint — is  continu- 
ally brought  into  violent  contact  with 
this  "g^ide,"  and   eventually  the   value 


double  or  triple  belts  for  heavy  power 
drives,  care  should  be  taken  to  use  pul- 
leys as  large  as  possible,  consistent  witc. 
speed  requirements,  as  effective  heavy 
drivers  are  not  to  impossible  on  pulley^ 
of  small  diameter.  This  is  quite  clear 
when  we  consider  the  lack  of  flexibility 
of  the  heavier  belts.     Another  argument 


FIG.  11 


of  the  joint  is  destroyed.  Where  guides 
are  considered  necessary — and  they  are 
only  required  to  correct  faulty  installa- 
tion or  repair— they  should  take  the  form 
of  rollers  and  not  as  rigid  members; 
this  would  minimize  but  not  entirely 
eliminate  the  source  of  trouble. 

Direction  of  Travel 

Another  point  that  comes  under  dis- 
cussion in  connection  with  leather  belts 
is  that  of  the  spliced  joints,  and  their 
relation  to  the  direction  of  travel.  It  is 
quite  evident  that  the  thin  edge  of  the 
lap  may  show  signs  of  parting  after  ii 
period  of  service.  For  this  reason  some 
men  contend  that  the  belt  should  be  rui; 
with  the  splice  as  shown  at  B,  Fig.  8.  On 
this  principle  the  action  of  the  pulley 
will  aid  in  keeping  the  thin  edge  down 
to  its  place.  On  the  other  hand,  some 
Delt  men  say  that  the  action  of  the  air 
on  the  belt  surface  when  in  motion  tends 
to  lift  the  edge  from  its  place.  As  this 
&ir  action  is  greatest  when  the  joint  ii 
passing  around  the  pulley  it  would  ap- 
pear that  the  subject  is  open  to  discus- 
sion. However,  as  slow  running  belts  are 
not  subjected  to  excessive  air  action  it 
might  be  said  that  the  method  shown  at 
B  would  be  best,  and  that  at  C  best  suit- 
ed for  high  speed  belts.  Irrespective  of 
the  advantages  claimed  for  either  meth- 
od, the  entire  question  seems  to  be  one 
cf  careful  attention  in  the  matter  of  re- 


against  the  use  of  small  pulleys  is  the 
imperceptible  cheeping  action  of  the 
belt  in  making  the  round  of  the  small 
pulley.  It  will  be  obvious  to  all  that 
two  opposite  forces  are  at  work  when 
the  belt  is  on  the  pulley — ^that  of  com- 


outside,  the  centre  length  will  remain 
unchanged,  but  such  is  seldom  the  case, 
so  that  the  tendency  is  usually  to  destroy 
the  adhesion  of  the  two  layers  as  shown 
at  C.  For  this  reason  too  small  pulleys 
should  be  avoided  when  using  double  or 
three  ply  belts. 

Idlers    as    Tighteners 

The  use  of  idlers  is  often  resorted  to, 
but  for  the  above  reason,  it  is  well  to 
have  these  of  fairly  large  diameter,  es- 
pecially where  the  idler  contact  is  ex- 
cessive, as  the  forces  at  work  are 
directly  opposed  to  those  on  the  mam 
pulleys,  thus  creating  a  destructive  bend- 
ing action  in  the  fibres  of  the  belt.  For 
belt  drives  of  this  character  it  is  advisable 
to  maintain  flexibility  by  means  of  some 
liquid  preparation  that  will  penetrate  the 
fibres  of  the  belt.  When  idlers  are  used 
they  are  invariably  located  close  to  the 
smaller  pulley,  so  as  to  increase  the  arc 
of  contact  and  likewise  the  driving 
power. 


FIG.    18 


pression  on  the  inner  side  and  tension 
on  the  outside.  These  forces  are  neu- 
tralized between  the  curves,  but  imme- 
diately come  into  action  again  when  the 
pulley  is  reached.  For  instance,  sup- 
pose the  len^h  B-B,  Fig.  9,  to  represent 


Keep  Pull  on  Under  Side 

In  the  installation  of  horizontal  or 
oblique  drives  it  is  always  advisable  to 
locate  the  shafting  so  that  the  pull  on 
the  belt  will  be  on  the  lower  side.  This 
will  bring  any  _slack  on  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  belt  and  the  sag  will  ado  to 
tiie  iap  on  the  pulleys.     To  the  averaae 


!l i'jp.. 

'""   "1  i-i  r 


=i=r-^ 


■.-Ai 


FIG.    12 

pairs  and  maintenance  so  that  faults 
may  be  remedied  as  soon  as  they  are 
observed. 

Avoid  Small  Pulleys 
In    double    or    three    ply    belts    these 
splices  can  be  run  to  meet  both  condi- 
tions   as    shown    at   A.     In    the    use    of 


the  length  of  the  pulley  circumference 
in  contact  with  the  belt.  The  length 
of  both  sides  of  the  belt  between  B-B 
will  be  the  same,  but  not  so  when  this 
same  portion  is  wrapped  about  the  pulley, 
as  at  A-A.  If  the  contraction  of  the 
inner   side   equals   the  expansion   on   the 


ill  I  I    '  niiil^- 

FIG.    14 


mon  a  tight  belt  is  supposed  to  deli. -or 
the  greatest  power,  and  while  in  some 
respects  this  may  be  true,  much  of  the 
power  delivered  is  absorbed  by  the  addi- 
tional friction  on  the  shaft  bearings,  so 
that  the  effective  pull  may  be  less  than 
would  have  been  the  case  with  a  little 
slacker  belt.  When  the  centre  distance 
of  a  drive  is  relatively  short  it  may  be 
necessary  to  operate  with  a  fairly  tight 
belt,  but  in  a  long  stretch  a  slack  belt 
will  give  equal,  if  not  better  service  than 
a  belt  that  has  excessive  initial  tension. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


743 


Have   Plenty   of  Clearance 

In  many  shops  particularly  those  with 
low  ceilings,  the  shafting  may  be  placed 
in  such  a  position  that  belts  on  large 
pulleys  have  very  little  clearance;  in 
some  instances  it  is  necessary  to  cut  a 
piece  out  of  a  beam  or  joist  to  allow  the 
belt  to  operate.  Frequently,  this  cutting 
is   just    sufficient   to   clear    the   belt,    as 


better  plan  of  pulley  crowning  is  that 
shown  at  B,  where  the  surface  forms 
an  arc;  this  method  equalizes  the  bend- 
ing stresses  throughout  the  width  of 
the  belt  and  makes  the  surface  contact 
more  uniform. 

Careful   Use  of   Belt   Dressing 
To   increase   the   driving   power   of   a 
belt,  or  rather,  to  increase  the  pull,  the 


shown  at  A  in  Fig.  10.  When  the  drive 
is  one  of  a  fairly  steady  or  uniform  load 
this  may  be  ample,  but  if  the  load  on 
the  belt  shows  a  tendency  to  fluctuate 
it  is  more  than  likely  that  the  belt  will 
flop  up  and  down,  invariably  resulting  in 
the  belt  striking  the  joist.  Such  action 
is  very  detrimental  to  the  life  of  the"  belt 
and  especially  the  lace  at  the  joint,  as 
the  rubbing  will  soon  effect  its  destruc- 
tion and  repairs  are  required.  This  also 
applies  to  other  possible  points  of  inter- 
ference, as  pipes  or  rods  passing  either 
above  or  below  the  belt,  as  shown  at  B. 
Where  points  of  interference  are  a  source 
of  annoyance,  facilities  should  be  pro- 
vided to  minimize  the  trouble,  such  as 
the  giving  of  greater  clearance,  or  the 
placing  of  rollers  to  prevent  excessive 
wear  on  the  belt  or  laces. 

Crowning  of  Pulleys  Important 

Steady  running  of  belt  is  essential  to 
effective  transmission.  For  continuous 
drives,  belts  are  generally  run  on  pulleys 
that  are  very  little  wider  than  the 
belt,  and  to  maintain  its  position  in  the 
centre,  the  pulleys  are  Invariably 
crowned.  This  crowning  usually  consists 
of  two  straight  tapers  meeting  at  the 
centre  of  the  pulley  face.  The  amount 
of  the  taper  varies  from  Vs  inch  to  % 
inch  per  foot;  that  is,  a  pulley  12  inches 
wide  would  be  about  1-16  inch  larger  in 
diameter  in  the  centre  than  it  would  be 
at  either  edge.  In  a  straight  taper 
crown,  however,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
apex  C,  Fig.  11,  forms  a  definite  or  pro- 
nounced breaking  point;  nothing  very 
serious  possibly,  but  with  a  tendency, 
especially  in  new  and  heavy  belts,  to 
provide  an  air  space  at  the  edges  D.     A 


use  of  belt  dressing  is  very  frequently 
adopted,  and  when  judiciously  applied 
such  dressing  may  add  materially  to 
the  effective  operation  of  the  belt,  but 
where  careless  or  thoughtless  application 
is  made,  the -practice  may  not  only  prove 
inefficient  but  very  destructive  to  the  belt. 
The  driving  power  of  a  belt  depends 
upon  its  flexibility  and  adhesive  qual- 
ities, therefore  the  object  of  a  belt  dres- 
sing must  be  such  as  to  retain  these  es- 
sential features.  The  adhesive  action 
may  be  increased  by  careful  application 
of  belt  dressing,  but  pliability  can  only 
be  attained  by  a  liquid  or  semi-liquid 
preparation  that  will  penetrate  the  pores 
of  the  belt.     When  properly  used  a  sur- 


^A^'^ 


is  often  called,  the  "belt  stick" — is  freely 
used,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  pulleys 
in  the  condition  shown  in  Fig.  12, 
with  large  patches  of  the  dressing 
clinging  to  the  face.  As  said  be- 
fore a  belt  derives  its  power  from 
frictional  contact  with  the  pulleys 
and  while  the  pull  from  a  well  "dressed" 
belt  may  seem  better,  the  general  eflS- 
ciency  has  not  been  increased.  This  may' 
be  made  more  clear  when  one  realizes 
the  air  pockets  that  must  be  formed  be- 
tween the  patches  on  the  pulley  surface 
shown  in  Fig.  12.  To  this  must  be  added 
the  pull  required  when  the  belt  is  leav- 
ing the  pulley.  A  stamp  may  be  easily 
placed  on  an  envelope  but  some  action 
is  required  in  its  removal.  At  your  next 
opportunity  notice  a  drive  of  this  de- 
scription and  listen  to  the  noise  when 
starting  or  stopping.  Just  like  pulling 
a  porous  plaster  from  your  back. 

However,  where  the  excessive  and 
heedless  use  of  belt  dressing  is  more 
pronounced  is  on  cone  pulleys,  where  belts 
are  required  to  be  changed  from  one 
speed  to  another.  The  action  of  the 
latter  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
straight  pulley,  but  where  the  greatest 
trouble  is  caused  is  on  the  flange  or 
shoulder.  The  accumulation  of  the 
dressing  at  this  portion  soon  attracts  the 
edges  of  the  belt,  with  the  result  that  it 
shows  a  marked  tendency  to  climb  to  the 
next  higher  step,  and  very  often  suc- 
ceeds, the  inevitable  consequence  being  a 
broken  belt  or  lace,  generally  the  latter. 
At  other  times  the  belt  may  climb,  but 
mstead  of  taking  the  next  step  will  flop 
or  twist  completely  over,  once  or  perhaps 
twice.  The  writer  has  seen  this  happen 
on  several  occasions.  These  conditions 
should  not  be  allowed  to  continue,  and 
pulleys  should  be  scraped  clean  as  soon 
as  possible.  Even  without  the  presence 
of  dressing,  belts  on  cone  pulleys  may 
often  show  an  inclination  to  climb,  due 
to  faulty  belt  or  pulley  alignment.  To 
assist  in  the  proper  running  of  the  belt 
the  flanges  or  shoulders  should  be^  un- 
dercut as  shown  in  Fig.  13  at  B.  This 
provides  a  pomt  of  contact  for  the  belt 
at  C,  the  edge  being  kept  clear  of  the 


fAVI* 


FIG.  16 


face  dressing  will  very  often  pull  one 
out  of  a  hole,  but  if  constant  applications 
are  required  to  maintain  the  "pull," 
steps  should  be  immediately  taken  to 
eliminate  this  apparent  necessity,  which 
is  generally  nothing  but  neglect  in  main- 
taining the  belts  or  pulleys  in  good  work- 
ing conditions. 

Destructive  Practice 
Where  the  surface  dressing — or  as  it 


flange  throughout  the  entire  wrap  of  the 
pulley. 

Covering  a  Pulley  With  Leather 

Many  men  resort  to  the  practice  of 
covering  pulleys  with  leather  to  increase 
the  adhesive  power  of  the  belt.  When 
doing  this  the  method  generally  adopted 
is  to  form  an  endless  belt  by  means  of 
splicing.  First  cut  a  piece  of  belting  the 
required  width  to  a  length   L,  equal  to 


744 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


about  %  inch  pc-  foot  less  than  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  pulley;  connect  the 
splice  in  the  usual  manner,  and  when  set, 
place  the  ring  over  the  pulley,  starting 
it  evenly  all  round.  Coat  both  the  inner 
surface  of  the  belt  and  the  outer  face 
of  the  pulley  with  hot  glue,  then  take  the 
pulley  up  by  the  spokes  and  carefully 
work  the  leather  ring     into     place     by 


no.  17 

bumping  the  edge  on  the  floor  or  surface 
plate.  Do  this  gradually  to  avoid  kink- 
ing the  leather,  and  quickly  to  prevent 
the  glue  from  premature  setting.  If 
deemed  advisable,  a  few  copper  rivets 
may  be  used. 

Faulty  Use  of  Nails 

A  leather-covered  wooden  pulley  that 
came  to  the  notice  of  the  writer  some 
few  years  ago  was  quite  interesting  and 
bears  description.  This  pulley  was  lo- 
cated on  the  extreme  end  of  a  line  shaft 
and  was  utilized  to  drive  the  counter- 
shaft of  a  buffing  machine  situated  on 
the  floor  above.  The  buffer  was  subject- 
ed to  very  heavy  service,  frequently  al- 
most stopping  at  times,  causing  the  belts 
to  slip.  Upon  one  occasion  the  writer 
was  called  upon  to  repair  the  main  drive 
belt.  Upon  investigation  it  was  found 
that  the  main  drive  was  in  a  very  dark 
storage  room  and  the  belt  could  only  be 
seen  by  means  of  a  special  light  taken 
to  the  ceilin?.  As  stated,  the  pulley  was 
found  to  be  covered  with  leather,  but  a 
glance  at  the  belt  showed  a  strip  right 
through  the  center  on  the  inner  side, 
that  was  in  a  deplorable  state.  Lookinjj 
to  the  pulley  for  a  cause  it  was  discover- 
ed that  the  leather  covering  had  been 
put  on  with  nails,  and  several  of  these 
were  protruding  from  %  to  V*  of  an  inch. 
In  this  particular  instance  the  nails  were 
removed  and  replaced  by  fine  wood 
screws,  which  proved  successful.  Prob- 
ably the  man  that  first  covered  this  pul- 
ley thought  that  the  belt  would  do  its 
own  driving. 

Throwing  Belts  on  Pulleys 

A  feature  of  factory  operation  that  in- 
volves considerable  risk  to  the  workman, 
yet  one   that   will   likely   never  be     dis- 


continued, is  that  of  throwing  belts  off 
and  on  the  pulleys  while  the  same  are  in 
motion.  If  shafting  had  to  be  stopped 
or  even  slowed  down  every  time  a  belt 
required  to  be  placed  on  or  removed  from 
a  pulley,  the  suspension  of  production 
would  be  almost  prohibitive,  therefore 
the  danger  incidental  to  the  maintenance 
of  belts  will  always  be  with  us.  For  this 
reason  we  should  adopt  the  safest  means 
of  carrying  out  the  work. 

In  the  throwing  off  of  a  belt  the  risk 
is  lessened  by  the  fact  that  the  belt 
comes  off  of  its  own  accord  in  the  greater 
number  of  cases,  owing  to  slackness,  poor 
alignment,  broken  lace,  or  one  of  many 
causes.  When  a  belt  requires  to  be 
thrown  off  a  suitable  stick  is  invariably 
used,  but  care  must  be  exercised  in  its 
manipulation.  Pressure  should  be  ap- 
plied at  the  leading  side  of  the  belt,  that 
is,  the  side  that  is  passing  "on"  to  the 
pulley,  and  it  should  be  seen  that  suffi- 
cient space  is  available  at  the  side  of  the 
pulley  to  take  the  belt  without  it  inter- 
fering with  adjoining  pulleys  or  coup- 
lings. If  belts  are  thrown  off  regularly, 
other  than  for  repairs,  provision  should 
be  made  to  carry  the  weight  of  the  belt 
so  that  it  will  not  rest  on  the  constantly- 
revolving  shaft. 

Proper  Position  of  Ladder 

When  placing  a  belt  on  the  pulleys  it 
should  first  be  located  on  the  "dead"  or 
driven  pulley,  as  shown  in  Fig.  15,  the 
actual  running  on  of  the  belt  being  done 
on  the  driving  pulley.  As  the  latter  is 
usually  on  the  main  shaft,  in  the  ma- 
jority of  cases  a  ladder  is  necessary,  and 
in  placing  the  ladder,  care  should  be 
taken  to  locate  it  on  the  outside  of  the 
drive,  as  shown  at  A.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  special  cases,  where  the  drive 
shaft  is  located  along  a  wall,  the  ladder 
should  never  be  placed  in  the  position  B, 
and  when  such  is  absolutely  necessary 
the  shaft  should  be  stopped  and  the  belt 
run  on  at  a  very  slow  starting  speed. 

When  standing  on  a  ladder  for  this 
work  the  body  should  not  be  in  a  strained 
position,  and  one  hand  should  be  placed 
on  a  fixed  object  for  support.     For  the 


Under  these  conditions,  however,  care 
must  be  taken  that  the  belt  does  not  run 
off  the  driven  pulley.  On  narrow  pulleys 
there  is  always  the  possibility  of  the  belt 
jumping  off  on  the  opposite  side.  Where 
possible,  a  good  method  is  to  place  the 
ladder  close  to  and  on  the  opposite  side, 
as  at  A,  so  that  the  lower  edge  bears 
against  the  pulley  and  acts  as  a  guide 
for  the  belt. 

Vertical  Drives 
If  the  belt  is  too  tight  or  too  heavy  for 
the  hand  method,  that  shown  at  E  may 
be  adopted.  By  means  of  a  light  rope 
the  belt  is  locked  to  the  pulley  and  drawn 
on  by  slowly  revolving  the  shaft.  For 
vertical  drives  the  same  precautions  are 
required.  The  correct  method  is  that 
shown  at  C,  where  the  belt  is  gathered  up 
and  placed  on  the  far  side  of  the  pulley 
and  drawn  around  to  the  near  side,  the 
ladder  being  placed  as  shown.  A  danger- 
ous practice  is  that  illustrated  at  D, 
where  the  belt  is  placed  at  the  near  side 
and  followed  on  by  the  hand  to  the  far 
side.  This  brings  the  arm  in  close  prox- 
imity to  the  shaft  at  the  final  jerk  of 
the  belt  as  it  takes  the  pulley,  with  the 
accompanying  risk.  When  it  is  neces- 
sary to  place  the  ladder  in  this  positior. 
the  workman  should  stand  well  up  on  the 
ladder,  and  it  is  also  advisable  to  slow- 
down the  speed  of  the  shaft.  In  the 
handling  of  belts,  due  consideration 
should  be  given  to  the  surrounding  con- 
ditions and  at  all  times  lean  to  the  side 
of  "Safety  First." 

Lathe  Belt  in  Back  Gear 

A  not  uncommon  occurrence  in  the 
operation  of  a  lathe  where  the  workman 
is  not  conversant  with  the  proper  knack, 
is  that  of  the  lathe  drive  belt  jumping 
over  the  back  cone  flange  and  getting 
caught  in  the  teeth  of  the  gears,  as  in- 
dicated at  A,  Fig.  16.  After  this  has 
happened  the  belt  will  have  an  appear- 
ance something  like  that  at  B.  Where 
there  is  a  danger  of  a  belt  running  into 
gear  trains,  guards  should  be  placed  in 
suitable  positions  to  protect  the  belt,  as 
nothing  will  destroy  a  belt  quicker  than 
mangling  it  in  the  teeth  of  gears.       For 


FIG.  18 


lighter  sizes  of  belts  it  is  seldom  that 
the  speed  of  the  driving  shaft  is  reduced, 
as  the  knack  is  soon  acquired  of  running 
the  belt  on.  On  the  heavier  belts  the 
work  is  more  difficult,  but  dexterity  is 
attained  with  practice.  When  the  belts 
are  very  heavy  or  extra  tight,  or  with  a 
load  on  the  belt,  "snapping  on"  is  not 
so  easy,  and  slipping  of  the  belt  is  often 
necessary,   while   speed   is   accelerating. 


protecting  a   lathe  belt  a  simple   guard 
made  of  sheet  steel,  proves  very  efficient. 

Installing  a  Quarter  Turn  Drive 

Drives  other  than  those  connecting 
parallel  shafts  are  occasionally  required, 
and  local  conditions  must  govern  their  in- 
stallation, as  a  specific  method  is  gen- 
erally necessary  for  each  individual  in- 
stallation.    The  most  common  is  that  of 


< 


December  26.  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


74) 


the  quarter  turn  drive,  and  it  may  be  ac- 
complished in  a  variety  of  ways.  The 
simplest  form  is  that  illustrated  at  the 
left  of  Fig.  17,  where  the  shafts  are 
placed  at  right  angles,  with  the  pulleys 
properly  lined.  The  fundamental  re- 
quirements in  a  drive  of  this  character 
is  that  the  points  A,  B,  where  the  belt 
leaves  the  pulley,  will  be  on  the  same 
vertical  line  as  indicated  at  C.  This  is 
essential,  otherwise  the  belt  will  not  re- 
main on  the  pulleys  without  the  use  of 
guides.  One  great  objection  to  the  two- 
pulley  quarter  turn  drive  is  the  fibre 
stress  resulting  in  the  angle  of  the  belt 
in  leaving  the  pulley.  This  fault  is  less 
pronounced  if  the  shaft  centers  are  re- 
latively far  apart. 

.\  better  form  of  quarter  turn  drive, 
but  one  that  requires  four  pulleys  and 
about  twice  as  much  belt,  is  shown  to  the 
right  of  Fig.  17.  In  this  case  one  of  the 
pulleys  on  each  shaft  must  necessarily 
be  a  loose  pulley,  running  in  the  opposite 
direction  to  its  mate  and  kept  in  align- 
ment by  the  collars  H.  The  unavoidable 
quarter  twist  is  required  in  the  belt,  but 
the  fibre  strains  are  less  pronounced. 
With  this  method  the  belt  can  be  run  in 
either  direction,  whereas  that  shown  at 
the  left  can  only  be  run  in  the  direction 
indicated  by  the  arrows. 

The  Mule  Drive     . 

Another  drive  that  is  occasionally  used 
is  that  illustrated  in  Fig.  18.  This  is 
known  as  the  mule  drive  and  is  adopted 
where  a  machine  is  to  be  operated  at 
right  angles  to  the  line  shaft  and  where 
a  quarter  turn  drive  is  not  permissible. 
In  the  mule  drive  the  connected  shafts 
usually  lie  in  the  same  horizontal  plane, 
invariably  at  rigjit  angles,  where  the  pro- 
longation of  the  counter  shaft  would  in- 
tersect the  main  shaft.  The  intermediate 
pulleys  revolve  in  a  horizontal  direction 
on  a  vertical  shaft.  When  it  is  desired  to 
run  the  belt  in  either  direction  it  is  ad- 
visable to  have  the  two  main  pulleys  of 
the  same  diameter.  Collars  are  neces- 
sary on  the  vertical  shaft  to  support  the 
pulleys.  One  bad  feature  in  a  mule  drive, 
where  the  load  is  a  fluctuating  one,  is 
the  tendency  of  the  belt  to  run  off  the 
mule  on  the  slack  side.  It  is  preferable 
to  have  the  pull  come  in  the  lower  side, 
but  in  either  case  the  slack  side  should 
be  provided  with  a  guide  pulley  C,  car- 
ried in  a  bracket  B  fixed  to  the  mule 
shaft.  This  will  aid  in  supporting  the 
belt  when  the  load  is  on  the  machine. 


SHIPBUILDING  FIGURES 

In  the  shipbuilding  return  issued  last 
week  by  the  Secretary  to  the  Admiralty, 
the  output  of  merchant  tonnage  in  the 
United  Kingdom  and  Allied  and  neutral 
countries  during  the  years  1915,  1916, 
1917,  and  the  quarters  ended  March  31, 
June  30,  and  Sept.  30,  1918,  was  set  out 
as  follows: 

United  Allied  and 

Period.                 KinKdom.  Neutral.  World. 

Gross  Tons.  Gross  Tons.  Gross  Tons. 

1915 6,10,919  651,081  1,202,000 

1916 541,5>W  1.146,448  1,688,000 

1917 1.163.474  1,774,112  2,937,786 

1918 

Ist  Quarter.          320,280  560.037  870.317 

2nd    Quarter         442,96«  800,308  1,243.274 

Srd    Quarter         4H,3»5  •972,735  1,384,130 
•Provisional  figures. 


The  output  for  the  world  during  the 
last  quarter  exceeded  the  losses  from  all 
causes  by  nearly  half  a  million  tons.  The 
United  Kingdom  monthly  figures  were 
set  out  as  below: 

Completions.  Completions. 

1917.  1918. 

Gross  Tons.  Gross  Tonn. 

January    48,089  58,568 

February 79,451  100,038 

March   118,699  161,674 

April   .- 69,711  111,583 

May 69,773  197,274 

June    109,847  134,169 

July 83,073  141,948 

August    102,060  124.675 

September 63,160  144.772 

October 148.309  136,100 

Total,  10  months  to  Oct.  31,  1917 892.162 

Total,  12  months  to  Oct.  31,  1917 1.04»,036 

Total,  19  months  to  Oct.  31,  1918 1,310.741 

Total,  12  months  to  Oct.  31.  1918 1.582.053 

As  will  be  seen,  the  United  Kingdom 
output  for  the  three  months  ended  Sept. 
30  was  411,395  gross  tons,  a  decrease  of 
31,571  gross  tons  as  compared  with  the 
total  for  the  second  quarter.  Allied  and 
neutral  countries  produced,  however, 
972,735  gross  tons  (provisional  figures > 
compared  with  800,308  in  the  previous 
quarter.  The  output  for  the  v/orld  was 
1,384,130  gross  tons — the  highest  record 
this  year.  The  new  merchant  ship  con- 
struction in  the  United  Kingdom  in  Oc- 
tober shows  a  falling  off  as  compared 
with  September  of  8,672  gross  tons,  and 
is  12,209  gross  tons  less  than  the  pro- 
duction of  October,  1917.  The  total  for 
12  months  to  Oct.  31  last  is  1,582,053,  as 
against  1,045,036  for  the  similar  period 
ended  Oct.  31,  1917. 


BLAST  FURNACE  BLOWER 

In  a  blast  furnace  blowing  set  recently 
constructed  by  the  British  Thomson- 
Houston  Company,  of  Rugby,  the  motive 
power  for  the  blower,  which  is  of  their 
standard  two-stage  design  with  balanced 
impellers  needing  no  balancing  devices 
for  end-thrust,  is  furnished  normally  by 
a  synchronous  motor  running  at  3,000 
r.p.m.;  but  to  guard  against  interruption 
of  the  blast  through  failure  of  the  supply 
current  or  breakdown  of  the  motor  an 
alternative  means  of  driving  is  provided 
in  the  shape  of  a  Curtis  steam  turbine 
mounted  on  the  same  bedplate.  This 
arrangement  involves  the  insertion  of 
clutches  between  the  blower  and  the 
motor  on  one  side  and  the  turbine  on 
the  other,  and  the  conditions  laid  down 
by  the  purchasers  required  the  clutches 
so  designed  as  to  disengage  the  motor 
and  engage  the  turbine  automatically,  in 
the  absence  of  attendants,  while  the 
blower  is  running.  In  bringing  the  set 
up  to  speed  the  motor  is  started  as  a 
squirrel-cage  induction  motor,  the  clutch 
between  it  and  the  blower  engaging  as 
soon  as  its  rotor  begins  to  revolve. 
When  the  motor  reaches  practically  syn- 
chronous speed,  it  is  paralleled  by  clos- 
ing the  field  switch  of  the  motor  rotor 
circuit,  and  it  then  works  as  a  synchron- 
ous motor,  at  the  same  time  acting  as  a 
power-factor  adjustment  on  the  3,000 
volt  50  cycle  supply.  On  the  steam  sup- 
ply main  of  the  "turbine  there  is  a 
balanced  starting  valve  which  is  kept 
closed  by  the  delivery  air  pressure  of 
the  blower  and  the  turbine  is  thus  held 
out  of  action.    But  if  the  motor  for  anv 


reason  ceases  to  drive,  the  speed  of  the 
blower  falls,  the  air  delivery  pressure  is 
reduced,  the  starting  valve  of  the  tur- 
bine opens,  the  clutch  between  the 
turbine  and  blower  shafts  engages  itself 
as  soon  as  they  reach  the  same  speed, 
and  the  blower  is  driven  by  the  turbine, 
the  motor  clutch  automatically  disengag- 
ing itself.  A  small  drop  in  the  air  pres- 
sure suffices  to  open  the  steam  valve  of 
the  turbine  and  the  change-over  takes 
place  without  shock;  in  fact,  it  is  said  to 
be  almost  impossible  to  detect  the  mo- 
ment of  engagement,  although  the  speed- 
ing up  of  the  turbine  shaft  and  the  slow- 
ing of  the  blower  shaft  are  both  ex- 
tremely rapid.  It  is  suggested  that  the 
type  of  clutch  designed  for  this  blowing 
set  should  fi'ad  application,  for  example, 
under  conditions  where  it  is  essential  to 
maintain  continuity  of  circulating  water 
supply  to  the  condensers  of  larpje  turbo- 
generators, or  where  with  motor-driven 
auxiliaries  failure  of  current  supply  to 
the  motors  might  cause  serious  tempor- 
ary shut-down.  The  circulating  pump 
would  be  provided  with  both  a  motor  and 
a  turbine,  connected  to  it  through 
clutches,  and  the  turbine  would  be  auto- 
matically started,  when  required,  by 
means  of  a  valve  controlled  by  the  pres- 
sure of  the  water  delivered  to  the  con- 
denser. 


TWO-CYCLE  PARAFFIN  ENGINE 

In  accordance  with  the  requirements 
of  the  Government  Department,  by  which 
it  was  ordered,  a  50-h.p.  two-cycle  inter- 
nal combustion  engine  made  at  Eccles, 
Manchester,  by  the  Record  Engineering 
Company,  of  Donington  House,  Norfolk 
Street,  W.C.2,  was  recently  subjected  to 
an  endurance  test  of  five  days.  During 
that  time  it  ran  continuously  night  and 
day  at  full  load  under  paraffin,  without 
attention  or  adjustment  of  any  kind  be- 
yond the  usual  filling  up  of  the  fuel 
tanks  and  the  supply  of  lubricating  oil. 
None  of  the  plugs  were  changed,  and 
when  the  engine,  which  is  of  the  V  type, 
with  four  cylinders  and  two  cranks,  giv- 
ing four  impulses  per  revolution,  was 
dismantled  at  the  end  of  the  test,  it  is 
stated  that  no  appreciable  signs  of  wear 
were  visible,  and  that  the  cylinders  were 
practically  free  from  deposit.  In  the 
design  adopted  by  the  company,  the  two 
to  one  gears,  with  the  camshafts,  cams, 
tappets,  and  poppets  found  in  the  ordin- 
ary four-cycle  engine,  are  eliminated  and 
are  replaced  by  a  simple  piston  valve 
generally  for  each  pair  of  cylinders, 
worked  by  an  eccentric  on  the  main 
shaft.  As  the  valve  merely  controls  the 
distribution  of  gaseous  fuel  to  the  pump 
cylinders  it  is  not  subject  to  a  pressure 
exceeding  a  few  pounds  per  sq.  in.,  nor 
to  the  high  temperatures  of  the  workin? 
cylinders.  The  crank  case  is  used  only 
as  a  reservoir  for  lubricating  oil  and  not 
for  handling  the  fuel  mixture,  so  that  the 
deposition  of  carbon  and  soot  on  the  bear- 
ing is  avoided,  as  also  is  the  mixture  of 
fuel  oil  with  the  lubricating  oil.  As  the 
cylinder  heads  are  made  loose,  both 
piston  tops  and  combustion  chambers  can 
be  cleaned  without  dismantling. 


746 


Volume  XX. 


There's  Nothing  Impossible  About  Flying  Now 

The  Growth  of  Aviation  Has  Been  Steady,  But  There  Have  Been 
Many  Obstacles  in  the  Way — A  Resume  of  the  Various  Types 
of  Machines  Used  in  the  Development  of  Flying  From  Its  Infancy 

Written  for  Canadian  Machinery  by   "ENERGY" 


IT  would  be  absurd  for  anyone  to  attempt  to  give  a 
complete  history  of  aviation.  Is  there  one  amongst 
us  who  could  scour  the  world  and  find  out  every  man 
who  has  experimented  in  aviation?  There  are,  doubtless, 
thousands  of  unknown  and  unsung  heroes  who  have  passed 
into  oblivion  with  their  first  attempts  at  flying  and  who,  if 
the  fates  had  allowed  a  second  choice,  would  probably  have 
turned  the  path  of  aviation  into  a  totally  different  direc- 


ago.  In  fact  our  very  first  authentic  record  of  a  flight 
was  of  that  made  in  1897,  in  an  "Ader  Avion"  machine. 
It  will  be  seen  that  efforts  were  made  that  the  lines  of 
this  machine  should  resemble  those  of  a  huge  bat.  As 
one  glances  at  the  design  of  this  early  machine  and  com- 
pares it  with  the  gracefulness  of  our  latest  aeroplanes, 
can   one   fail   to   recognize   the   immensity   of   the   strides 


..-^-.a^. 

^^^^^-^)&^ 

^.^^  '-4 

v>-"'" 

f                    ODER    Avion. 

vn<\cnT. 


tion.  The  art  of  flying  is  now  an  ordinary  accomplish- 
ment and  within  the  reach  of  any  sensible  and  average 
man  of  modem  education.  But  it  must  not  be  thought 
by  anyone  that  flying  is  of  easy  accomplishment.  Just 
as  there  are  drivers  of  automobiles  who  know  nothing  of 
their  machines,  beyond  steering  it  along  the  roads,  starting 
and  stopping  it,  so  there  -are  pilots  who  can  fly  and  fly 
only.  Beyond  this  point  they  aire  useless.  It  is  not  so 
much  to  these  men  that  the  success  of  aviation  is  due. 
It  is  to  our  pioneers,  such  as  Wright,  Santos  Dumont, 
Voisih,  Farman,  Curtis,  Latham,  Grahame-White,  Cody, 
and  scores  of  others  that  v'e  ,6vwe  the  foundation  pf^  this 
new  mode  of  transit.     But  it  is  not  my  object  to  dwell  on 


aviation  has  taken?  Undoubtedly  the  war  has  hastened 
this  perfection,  though  cynical  people  may  ask  why  it 
has  taken  so  many  years  to  bring  it  to  this  state  of  per- 
fection. My  answer  to  them  would  be,  that  Rome  was 
not  built  in  a  day,  but  only  by  ceaseless  and  untiring 
effort.  The  lack  of  interest  and  support  on  the  part  of 
the  public  greatly  cramped  our  pioneers  in  the  early 
stages.  Now  that  this  interest  has  been  fully  aroused  • 
aviation  can  go  forward  and  who  can  forecast  the  climax 
of  this  latest  science  which  is  almost  daily  bringing  for- 
ward  some   new  discovery? 

The  world  has  much  to  be  thankful  for,  for  such  ex- 


Sdnf OS  JD^}mo\^^ 


•    '     f         ■•  .    i-       .':        V       < 


flying   itself,   but   rather   to   give   a   brief   description   of 
the  evoliition  of  our  modern  masters  of  the  air. 

Started  Twenty  Years  Ago. 

The  aeroplane  is  not  by  any  means  a  very  new  thing, 
a«  we  have  records  of  flights  being  made  over  twenty  years 


periments  as  were  carried  out  in  1906-7-8  on  Santos  Du- 
mont, Wright  Bros.,  Voisin,  Henri  Farman,  A.  V.  Roe 
(.\vro),  and  Bleriot  types  of  machines,  which  to  our  more 
trained  eye  look  very  crude  and  almost  incapable  of  per- 
forming the  wonders  with  which  they  are  credited. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  K  y 


747 


JIDl&r'iol' 


The  Wright  Bros.'  First  Machines 

Taking  a  glance  at  the  machine  built  by  Wright  Bros, 
in  1903,  on  which  they  made  their  first  power  flight,  one 
can  almost  imagine  the  sensations  the  pilot  must  have 
felt  as  he  glided  through  the  air  in  his  prone  position  and 
we  cannot  help  feeling  grateful  for  such  a  pioneer.  I 
myself  have  descended  in  more  than  one  steep  nose-dive 
and  retained  a  sitting  posture,  but  what  my  sensations 
would  have  been  whilst  lying  on  my  stomach  with  my 
head  descending  to  the  ground  at  an  alarming  rate  I 
can  only  conjecture,  but  it  would,  I  assure  you,  be  a  most 
uncomfortable  feeling  and  require  no  ordinary  amount  of 
nerve.  The  Henri  Farman  was  the  first  aeroplane  to  be 
used  extensively,  whilst  the  Avro  was  the  first  heavier 
than  air  flying  machine  built  by  British  brains  and  labor 
to  be  successful.  In  1907,  the  Wright  Bros,  modified  their 
1903  machine  and  fitted  it  with  a  40  h.p.  motor.  On  this 
machine  much  of  the  first  real  flying  was  done.  The  next 
two  years  saw  some  rapid  advances  made,  because  it  was 
at  this  period  popular  interest  had  been  aroused,  the  ever 
sceptical  public  being  at  last  convinced  that  there  were 
possibilities,  money  was  advanced,  competitions  'opened, 
trophies  offered,  and  schools  were  formed  to  promote  and 
develop  this  new  idea,  which  was  still  thought '  by  a 
great  number  of  people  to  be  a  fool's  pastime  and  a 
waste  of  money. 

A  Prize  for  Flying  a  Mile 

In  1909  we  had  the  semi-Wright  biplane,  built  by 
Short's,  fitted  only  with  a  35  h.p.  engine  on  which  Mr. 
Moore-Brabazon  won  the  Daily  Mail  £1,000  prize  for  the 
first  successful  aviator  to  cover  a  mile  circuit  on  a  British 
aeroplane.  (Think  of  it,  one  mile!  and  to-day  we  laugh 
at  flying  hundreds.  Many  of  our  aviators  to-day  would 
be  rich  beyonds  the  dreams  of  avarice  had  they  but  one 
dollar  for  every  mile  they  had  flown.)  Simultaneous  with 
this  feat  we  had  a  production  (which  was  the  co-operation 
of  Glen  Curtis,  Dr.  Graham  Bell  and  J.  A.  D.  McCurdy), 


a  machine  known  as  the  June  Bug.  In  the  same  year 
they  produced  a  Box-type  machine  which  won  the  Gordon- 
Bennett  race  at  Rheinis.  It  was  about  this  time  that  the 
Antinette  monoplane  appeared.  It  was  a  machine 
of  this  type  that  the  late  M.  Latham  made  his 
first  attempt  to  fly  the  English  Channel.  It  was 
in  these  years  that  meets  were  held  at  Doncaster 
and  Blackpool,  England,  and  the  author  well  remembers 
the  gracefulness  of  the  Antoinette  as  she  conquered  the 
air  and  many  were  the  compliments  heaped  on  this  ma- 
chine. This  type  became  extinct  about  1911.  It  was  at 
this  stage  in  the  history  of  aviation  that  the  first  German 
to  fly,  Hans  Grade,  appeared  in  his  early  struggles  on  a 
Demoiselle  type  of  machine,  a  machine  after  the  style 
used  by  Santos  Dumont,  bamboo  being  used  very  largely 
in  the  construction  of  it.  A  notable  machine  around  this 
period  was  the  Brequet,  carrying  as  many  as  eight  pas- 
sengers. It  was  on  a  later  design  of  this  type  that  the 
late  Mr.  Moorhouse  (who  has  since  won  immortality  and 
the  V.C.  in  this  war)  flew  the  English  Channel  with  Mrs. 
Moorhouse  and  Mr.  Ledeboer  as  passengers. 

Aviation  and   the  World  War 

From  this  time  on,  aviation  has  slowly,  but  surely 
progressed  and  at  the  sound  of  battle,  interest  grew 
apace.  What  laughter  there  was  when  our  little  air  fleet 
sailed  away  in  the  skies  to  France.  People,  uninitiated, 
scoffed  and  jeered  at  these  frail  and  puny  creatures  going 


Honoplaoe. 


ti/^m/'t,,^ 


mto  the  stern  business  of  war.  But  with  what  success 
have  these  earlier  achievements  been  endowed.  As  we 
have  followed  the  history  of  the  Great  War,  so  we  have 
been  led  to  see  the  vast  developments  that  have  taken 
place  in  aviation.  From  frail-looking  and  undependable 
machines  have  grown  mammoths  of  the  air,  giants  of  war- 
fare, and  the  world  has  at  last  realized  that  aviation  is 
an  accomplished  fact  and  not  a  fantasy  of  the  brain. 
Oh!  the  wonders  that  have  been  performed  and  the  help 
that  has  been  given  by  the  all-seeing  eye  of  the  observer 
as  he  scouted  for  the  artillery  or  as  he  kept  watch  on  the 
enemy's  movements  for  our  men  in  the  trenches,  and  also 
the  relief  which  the  aeroplane  has  been  able  to  bring  to 
forces  surounded  by  the  enemy.  It  is  not  possible  in  such 
a  short  narrative  to  describe  at  all  adequately  the  value 
and  assistance  which  the  aeroplane  has  rendered  towards 
the  attaining  of  the  greait  victory.  The  multitudinous  de- 
signs of  machines  which  the  war  has  brought  forward 
are  much  too  varied  in  type  and  too  well  known  for  me 
to  make  any  attempt  to  describe  their  features.  Fast 
scouts,  fighters,  heavy  bombing  machines,  etc.,  are  now 
handled  with  as  great  an  ease  as  is  the  automobile.     All 


748 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  II  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


this  is  the  result  of  a  few  years'  efforts,  and  now  that 
victory  is  ours,  why  should  not  this  great  work  go  on? 

The  Power  and  Speeds 
In  discussing  the  evolution  of  the  aeroplane  it  will 
perhaps  be  of  interest  to  note  the  development  which  has 
taken  place  as  regards  the  engines,  the  relative  speeds  of 
machines  and  the  weights  carried.  The  horse  powers  of 
engines  have  increased  from  20  h.p.  up  to  800  h.p.  and 
in  one  or  two  of  our  latest  experimental  planes  as  high 
as  1,000  h.p.,  the  number  of  cylinders  ranging  from 
2  to  as  many  as  24  for  one  single  engine.  The  Circuit 
of  Britain  was  won  on  a  machine  fitted  with  a  seven- 
cylinder  engine  of  50  h.p.  In  1912,  one  of  the  naval  ma- 
chines, the  Deferdussin,  with  a  70  h.p.  Gnome,  made  a 
speed  of  135  miles  per  hour.  In  June,  1913,  a  Pounier 
Pagney  racing  monoplane  with  a  160  h.p.  Le  Rhone  en- 
gine competed  in  the  Gordon  Bennett  race,  doing  ap- 
proximately 130  miles  per  hour.  We  have  machines  now 
that  can  scale  to  a  height  of  over  20,000  ft.  in  a  remarkably 
short  space  of  time,  whereas,  a  few  years  ago,  heights 
of  less  than  half  this  distance  remained  unknown.  Ma- 
chines have  risen  as  far  as  carrying  passengers  from  the 
solo  and  dual  machine  to  real  passenger  trains,  carrying 
now  as  many  as  30  and  more  people. 

And  What  of  the  Future 
It  would  be  a  stigma  on  the  present  generation  were 
we   to   allow   the    progress   of   aviation    to   be   hindered. 


There  are  still  yet  fields  to  be  conquered  and  objects  to 
be  attained,  and  now  is  the  time  for  the  rising  generation 
to  take  up  this  new  industry.  Think  of  the  field  which  is 
open  to  it  here  in  this  country.  A  country  with  thousands 
of  miles  unopened,  uncultivated  and  uninhabited,  because 
of  the  difficulties  of  transportation.  Long,  tedious  train 
and  seas  voyages  will  fade  into  oblivion  and  short,  pleas- 
ant aeroplane  trips  will  put  us  in  closer  communication 
with  our  lands,  our  people  and  our  friends  in  other 
couBtries.  Then  again,  with  the  advance  in  aviation, 
would  come  its  attendant  success  of  commercial  life. 
Factories,  schools,  aerodromes,  repair  shops  and  all  the 
other  accessories  to  flying  would  spring  into  being,  bring- 
ing with  them  labor  for  thousands  from  the  scientist 
down  to  the  humblest  laborer.  Surely  after  all  that  has 
happened  these  past  few  years,  aviation  will  not  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  stagnant.  No,  let  not  these  pioneers 
(some  of  them  dead)  turn  again  and  say  that  as  a 
nation  we  lack  enterprise,  but  let  us  carry  forward  the 
work  so  that  nations  may  profit  and  humanity  at  large 
can  derive  those  benefits  which  our  pioneers  intended  we 
should  reap. 


WHAT  CANADA  HAS  ACCOMPLISHED 

IN  the  report  issued  by  the  Imperial  War  Cabinet  for 
■^  the  year  1917,  Canada's  services  to  the  Empire  in  the 
production   of  munitions  was  referred   to   as  follows: 

"Canada's  contribution  during  the  last  year  had  been 
very   striking.     15   per   cent,   of  the  total   expenditure   of 


the  Ministry  of  Munitions  in  the  last  six  months  of  the 
year  was  incurred  in  that  country.  She  has  manufactured 
nearly  every  type  of  shell  from  the  18-pdr.  to  the  9.2". 
In  the  case  of  the  18-pdr.,  no  less  than  55  per  cent,  of 
the  output  of  shrapnel  shells  in  the  last  six  months  came 
from  Canada,  and  most  of  these  were  complete  rounds 
of  ammunition  which  went  direct  to  France.  Canada 
also  contributed  42  per  cent,  of  the  total  4.5  shells,  27 
per  cent,  of  the  6"  shells,  20  per  cent,  of  the  60-pdr.  H.E. 
shells,  15  per  cent,  of  the  8"  and  16  per  cent,  of  the  9.2". 
In  addition,  Canada  has  supplied  shell  forgings,  ammu- 
nition components,  propellants,  acetone,  T.N.T.,  aluminium, 
nickel,  nickel  matte,  aeroplane  parts,  agricultural  machin- 
ery and  timber,  besides  quantities  of  railway  materials, 
including  no  less  than  450  miles  of  rails  torn  up  from 
Canadian  railways  which  were  shipped  direct  to  France." 

The  Right  Kind  of  Steel 

Experiments  were  conducted  shortly  after  the  out- 
break of  the  war  with  steel  made  in  Canada,  with  a  view 
of  securing  something  more  nearly  approaching  an  ade- 
quate supply  of  shrapnel.  It  is  revealing  no  State  secret 
to  say  that  in  those  early  days  of  the  war  the  supply 
of   this   form   of  explosive    on    the   Western   front  was 


perilously  inadequate.  Basic  steel,  the  only  kind  made 
extensively  in  Canada,  was  suitable,  and  it  was  in  the 
month  of  December,  1914,  four  months  after  the  out- 
break of  the  war,  that  Canada  made  her  first  shipment. 
By  the  end  of  May,  1915,  approximately  four  hundred 
establishments   in    Canada   were    engaged     in   production. 


December  26,  1918 


749 


Recent  Promotions  in  Grand  Trunk  Shops 


R.    J.     NEEDHAM 


R.  J.  Needham,  Chief  Engineer,  G.T.R. 

O     J.  NEEDHAM,  recently  appointed  to  the  position  of 
chief  mechanical  and  electrical  engineer  of  the  Grand 
Trunk,    with    headquarters 
it    Montreal,   was    born   on 
lanuary   11,    1882,   at   Lon- 
ion,  Ontario,  in  which  place 
le  acquired  his  early  edu- 
:ation.      After    graduating 
from      the     London     High 
School,     he     managed      a 
alumbing  and  heating  busi- 
ness   for    four   years.        In 
1906      be     entered     McGill 
University     as     an     under- 
graduate in  applied  science, 
specializing-      m      electriesii 
anaineeiin^r,  and  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  B.Sc.  in 
1910.     He  was  employed  in 
the  erection  and  testing  de- 
partment  of  the   Connecti- 
:ut     Dynamo     and     Motor 
Works  of  New  York,  from 
Mav  to   October,   1907.     In 
May  of  the  following  year  he  accepted  a  position  as  in- 
spector of  electric    locomotives    and    operation     for     the 
Grand  Trunk  at  St.  Clair  Tunnel.       During  the  summer 
of  1909  he   was  employed  by  the  New  York  Edison   Co. 
in  their  testing  laboratory  at  the  Waterside  Station  No.  1 
in  New  York  City.       During  1910-11  he  was  engaged  by 
the   Detroit   Edison   Co.,  first   in   construction   work   and 
afterwards    as    chief   operator.        From    1911-18   he    held 
the  position  of  electrical  engineer  with  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway,  and  in  September,  1918,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
dual  position  of  chief  mechanical  and  electrical  engineei 
with  the  same  company. 

W.  A.  Booth,  Chief  Draughtsman  G.T.R. 

YyiLLIAM    ALFRED    BOOTH    was    promoted    to    the 
position    of   chief   draughtsman   of   the    Grand    Trunk 

motive  department  on  Oc- 
tober 1,  1918,  after  serv- 
ing in  the  capacity  of  as- 
sistant chief  for  the  past 
ten  years.  Mr.  Booth  was 
bom  in  Montreal  and  re- 
ceived his  early  training  in 
the  city  schools  under  Prof. 
S.  H.  Parsons.  Twenty-five 
years  ago  he  started  as 
junior  draughtsman  with 
the  Grand  Trunk  at  Mon- 
treal. During  his  early 
years  with  this  company  he 
attended  classes  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Me- 
chanics' Institute,  and  free- 
hand classes  under  the 
Council  of  Arts  and  Manu- 
facture of  the  Province  of 
Quebec.  For  many  years  he 
was  elevation  draughtsman 
for  the  Grand  Trunk.  Mr.  Booth  is  much  interested  in 
the  welfare  of  the  younger  element  and  for  some  time 
has  been  instructor  of  apprentices  on  the  subjects  of 
geometry  and  mechanical  drawing. 


W.     A.    BOOTH 


W.  J.  Hyman,  Car  Dept.,  G.T.R. 
Motive  Power 

\\f      J.    HYMAN,    who    was    recently    appointed    chief 
•    draughtsman   of  the   car  department  of  the   Grand 

Trunk,  with  headquarters  at 
Montreal,  was  born  on  Aug. 
9th,  1882,  at  Radstock, 
Somersetshire,  England. 
Following  his  public  school 
education  he  served  a  six- 
year  apprenticeship  at  car 
design  and  construction.  In 
1903  Mr.  Hyman  came  to 
Canada  and  worked  in  the 
car  department  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  until  1905, 
when  he  was  transferred  to 
the  car  department  drawing 
office,  acting  in  the  capacity 
of  draughtsman  until  1913, 
when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  position  of  assistant 
chief  draughtsman.  Mr. 
Hyman  has  always  taken  a 
great'interest  in  the  younger 
boy  and  was  instrumental  in 
organizing  the  car  department  apprentices'  classes  in  1911, 
with  courses  in  mathematics  and  mechanical  drawing, 
supervising  these  classes  up  to  May,  1918,  when  the 
motive  power  and  car  department  classes  were  merged 
into  one.  He  was  promoted  to  his  present  position  on 
the  1st  October  of  this  year. 


W.  H.  Hicks, 
Winnipeg 

•W.  H.  Hicks,  567  Ban- 
ning Street,  Winnipeg,  has 
taken  over  the  Canadian 
Sirocco  line  for  Manitoba 
and  Saskatchewan,  also 
Western  Ontario,  including 
Port  Arthur  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam. He  will  handle  their 
regular  lines  of  ventilating 
fans,  steam  traps,  and 
high-speed  vertical  en- 
gines. 


W.    J.     HYMAN 


W.     H      HICKS,     WINNIPEG 


Quebec's  annual  production  of  pulp-wood  exceeds 
1,000,000  cords.  Ontario  comes  next  with  about  800,000 
cords. 

It  takes,  approximately,  IM  cords  of  wood  to  make 
a  ton  of  paper. 

Spruce  trees,  best  suited  to  the  production  of  pulp, 
require  from  100  to  150  years  to  arrive  at  maturity. 

Forest  fires  are  a  source  of  great  loss  to  the  Canadian 
pulp  and  paper  industry  and  eat  up  miHions  of  cords  of 
wood-pulp   every   years. 

Where  coal  is  used  to  generate  power  in  the  operation 
of  paper  mills  it  takes,  approximately,  a  pound  of  coal 
to  P'-oduce  a  pound  of  paper. 

The  average  labor  cost  of  producing  a  ton  of  paper 
has  increased  75  per  cent,  in  the  period  of  1912-1918. 


750 


Volume  XX. 


More  Efficient  Methods  Follow  War  Work 

What  Has  Shell  Making  Meant  to  the  Canadian  Trade?— The 

Creation  of  the  Special  Machine — Standardization  Means  Much 

to  the  Factories  and  May  Figure  in  Future  Operations 

By  J.  H.  RODGERS,  Associate  Editor  Canadian  Machinery. 


W'TH  the  cessation  of  shell  making,  Canada  brings  to 
a  dose  one  of  the  most  rapidly  developed  and  most 
extensive  industries  ever  engaged  in  by  manufac- 
turers in  this  country.  The  many  plants  in- 
volved in  the  production  of  the  various  types  of  muni- 
tions are  not  yet  cold  from  the  unprecedented  activities 
of  the  past  four  years  and  it  may  be  a  little  early  to  dwell 
on  the  possible  development  contingent  on  the  experience 
acquired  by  those  associated  in  this  enterprise,  but  it  is 
not  beyond  the  pale  of  reasonable  thought  to  anticipate 
remarkable  changes  in  the  post-war  methods  of  manu- 
facture, as  a  result  of  the  practical  knowledge  thus  at- 
tained. While  we  all  recognize  the  regretable  features  of 
a  war  of  the  magnitude  of  the  one  just  recently  brought 
to  a  close,  we  cannot  but  realize  that  many  lessons  have 
been  t-'U^'ht  us  from  which  we  as  a  nation,  and  likewise 
the  world  at  large,  should  ponder  over  and  assimilate  into 
our  furt,her  eflforts  so  as  to  assure  a  profitable  period  of 
continual  prosperity  in  moral,  social,  commercial  and  in- 
dustrial activity.  It  is  more  concerning  the  latter  of  these 
four  with  which  the  present  article  has  to  deal.     .    '• 

One  of  the  outstanding  features  that  has  characterized 
the    notable    achievements    of    shell    production    was    the 


high  point  of  efficiency  that  had  been  attained  during  the 
past  year  of  the  work.  When  one  looks  back  and  recalls 
the  early  struggles  in  connection  with  the  making  of 
shells  and  the  obstacles  that  had  to  be  overcome  during 
the  incipient  stages  of  the  industry,  it  reflects  great 
credit  on  those  responsible  for  the  progress  that  has 
been  made  in  this  important  phase  of  war  development. 
Before  touching  on  the  many  changes  that  are  likely  to 
influence  future  manufacturing  methods,  it  might  be  well 
to  review  some  of  the  causes  that  were  primarily  respon- 
sible for  this  wonderful  evolution.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered that  very  little  was  known  about  the  manufacture 
of  munitions  in  this  country  prior  to  the  opening  of 
hostilities  in  1914;  what  small  quantities  had  previously 
boen  produced  being  made  in  the  arsenal  at  Quebec,  and 
for  this  reason  the  Canadian  manufacturers  were  dubious 
about  undertaking  a  task  about  which  they  knew  virtually 
nothing.  However,  despite  the  fact  that  little  reliable 
information  could  be  obtained  respecting  the  existing 
methods  of  shell  production,  the  urgency  of  the  need 
was  so  imperative  that  little  hesitation  was  shown  once 
it  was  decided  to  undertake  the  work.  One  of  the  factors 
that  prevented  early  efficiency  in  the  production  of  shells 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


751 


was  the  general  impression  that  the  war  would  be  a 
short  one.  With  this  in  mind  and  the  lack  of  knowledge 
then  available  regarding  production  on  a  basis  it  has 
since  attained,  the  early  practice  of  shell-making  was 
naturally  along  the  lines  with  which  the  engineers  in  this 
country  were  more  or  less  familiar.  With  the  thought 
of  a  short  war  before  them,  those  firms  that  were  acquir- 
ing machinery  for  the  purpose  of  shell-making,  did  so 
with  the  intention  of  utilizing  this  equipment  for  sub- 
sequent operations  in  connection  with  their  regular  busi- 
ness. Under  these  conditions  it  will  'readily  be  seen  that 
the  bulk  of  the  initial  shell  machinery  was  of  the  standard 
pattern,  and  minus  the  experience  of  systematic  produc- 
tion, the  tools  ordered  for  future  operations  were  also  of 
standard  design  and  construction,  single  purpose  machines 
being  a  later  development. 

Early  Difficulties 

ANOTHER  feature  that  had  considerable  bearing  on 
■^the  machines  adopted  was  the  belief  that  high-grade 
machine  tools  were  the  only  kind  suitable  for  the  purpose, 
and  that  accurate  adherence  to  specifications  and  dimen- 
sions was  only  possible  with  the  best  equipment.  Had 
the  war  been  of  short  duration  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the 
evolution  of  shell-making  would  not  have  gone  very  far 
beyond  the  practice  of  1914;  but  those  pre-war  methods 
of  shell  production  are,  and  will  likely  remain,  a  matter 
of  history.  It  was  early  in  1915 — and  after  renewal 
orders  had  been  placed  for  shrapnel — before  the  manu- 
facturers here  began  to  realize  fully  the  magnitude  of 
the  task  and  the  urgent  necessity  of  accelerating  pro- 
duction, not  only  on  the  shrapnel  but  on  the  heavier  high 
explosive  shells  that  were  then  required.  The  utter  in- 
ability to  obtain  standard  equipment  at  this  time  was, 
as  then  thought,  the  chief  drawback  to  speedy  produc- 
tion, and  while  this  feature  was  a  source  of  general 
annoyance  at  the  time,  it  undoubtedly  proved  a  boon  in 
disguise.  This  factor  of  the  early  troubles  of  the  Can- 
adian manufacturer,  together  with  the  apparent  impos- 
sibility to  obtain  definite  data  or  information  respecting 
the  recognized  methods  of  shell  production,  were  the  two 
outstanding  causes  that  led  to  the  development  and  adop- 
tion of  the  special  equipment  now  used  for  this  specific 
purpose 

Creation  of  the  Special  Machine 

"TpHE  industry  had  rapidly  spread  from  coast  to  coast 
and  within  a  very  short  time  the  majority  of  the 
metal  working  plants  in  the  country  were  engaged,  or 
contemplated  engaging  in  the  making  of  shells  or  some 
of  the  component  parts.  As  said  before,  tools  of  a  suit- 
able character  were  very  hard  to  obtain  and  many  firm^ 
securing  contracts  often  found  that  eight  or  ten  months 
must  elapse  before  they  could  secure  machinery.  This 
long  delay  was  almost  prohibitive  and  in  order  to  meet 
the  immediate  demand  for  shells  it  became  imperative 
to  devise  means  whereby  operations  could  be  carried  on. 
even  though  it  be  on  greatly  reduced  scale.  Little  could 
be  gained  from  the  experience  of  others  and,  therefore, 
ea^'h  individual  p'pnt  orr^'niz-^tion  h^d  to  rely  on  its  own 
initiative  and  resources  for  the  development  of  tools  and 
attachments  to  supplement  the  existing  equipment,  or 
that  otherwise  available.  The  so-called  scrap  heap  be- 
came a  very  valuable  asset  overnight,  and  many  a  ma- 
chine was  reclaimed  and  placed  back  into  service  for 
profitable  work  in  connection  with  certain  operations. 
The  adoption  of  special  attachments  on  many  of  these 
machines  was  the  basis  of  a  great  number  of  the  single 
purpose  tools  subsequently  designed  for  many  of  the 
detail  operations  relative  to  the  machining  of  the  shells. 
From  these  impromptu  devices  have  been  evolved  neaHy 
all  the  special  machines  now  recognized  as  the  most 
efficient  for  the  manufacture  of  munitions.  It  is  perfectly 
safe  to  state  that  if  the  industry  were  to  be  renewed  at  a 
future  date — and  we  trust  this  may  never  be — that  ma- 
chines acknowledged  as   standard   tools  would   receive  no 


consideration  in  regard  to  the  actual  work  on  the  machin- 
ing of  the  shell.  A  trip  through  the  average  shell  plant 
a  few  months  back  would  demonstrate  to  what  extent 
the  "standard"  tool  has  been  eliminated  from  this  par- 
ticular industry.  Nine-tenths  of  the  equipment — exclusive 
of  that  used  in  the  tool  making  departments — is  of  a  type 
suitable  only  for  the  operation  for  which  it  was  originally 
designed. 

The  question  has  often  been  asked  as  to  the  future 
of  these  machines.  The  answer  regarding  the  bulk  of 
the  "shell  machinery"  is — nothing  but  food  for  the  cupola. 
This,  however,  does  not  apply  to  the  single  purpose  ma- 
chine in  general,  as  experience  has  exemplified  the  great 
eflftciency  of  this  class  of  equipment  for  repetition  and 
standardized  production,  where  the  same  is  carried  on 
on  an  extensive  scale. 

One  of  the  lessons  that  has  been  learned  from  this 
great  industry  is  the  possibilities  of  greater  co-operation 
for  a  more  systematic  basis  of  manufacturing  articles  in 
large  quantities.  What  has  been  achieved  in  time  of  war 
could  well  be  accomplished  in  times  of  peace,  providing 
the  same  spirit  of  co-ordination  permeated  the  producers 
of  material. 

Routing  of  Work  Essential 

/^NE  of  the  essential  factors  of  efficiency  is  the  elimina- 
^'^ation  of  waste  effort,  and  production  engineers  are 
ever  striving  to  minimize  this  objectionable  feature.  One 
of  the  fundamental  requirements  of  economic  standardized 
production  is  the  routing  of  the  work  during  the  process 
of  manufacture.  This  question  was  given  very  little 
consideration  during  the  incipient  stages  of  munitions 
making,  with  the  result  that  the  handling  of  the  shells 
from  one  machine  to  another  was  frequently  more  costly 
than  the  actual  machining  operations.  Where  machine 
shops  already  established  took  up  the  work  of  shell  mak- 
ing it  was  often  a  difficult  problem  to  utilize  the  available 
equipment  to  the  best  advantage,  without  re-arranging 
the  entire  layout,  and  not  infrequently  additional  tools 
were  located  in  a  haphazard  manner  throughout  the  shop, 
with  little  thought  to  the  sequence  of  operations,  so  that 
it  was  necessary  to  transfer  the  work  back  and  forth 
during  the  process  of  manufacture.  In  shops  where  such 
conditions  existed  it  was  next  to  impossible  to  secure 
from  the  equipment  the  output  which  would  have  resulted 
from  a  better  arrangement  of  the  machine  tools. 

Where  additions  to  existing  factories  were  required, 
or  where  new  plants  were  built,  the  routing  of  the  work 
was  given  the  first  consideration,  so  that  the  machine 
installation  was  of  such  a  character  as  to  eliminate  any 
unnecessary  "backing  up"  of  the  work  in  its  progress 
through  the  shop.  What  has  been  true  in  respect  to 
shell  making  is  equally  true  in  almost  any  line  of  manu- 
facture, and  it  is  an  essential  fundamental  that  successful 
vork  of  a  repetition  character  cannot  be  carried  on  unless 
careful  attention  is  given  to  this  important  problem  of 
work  routing,  a  factor  that,  in  the  past,  has  been  very 
often  sadly  neglected. 

The  Shell  Mechanic 

/""^NE  phase  of  recent  activities  that  must  not  be  over- 
-^  looked  as  having  a  bearing  on  future  enterprise, 
is  the  great  number  of  men  and  women  that  have  ac- 
quired, from  their  sojourn  in  the  shell  plants  a  certain 
percentage  of  mechanical  skill  and  knowledge  resulting 
from  their  continual  operation  of  the  different  machines. 
It  may  be  said  that  few  of  these  men  would  be  fitted  to 
fill  the  position  of  a  mechanic  in  ordinary  industrial 
practice,  but  we  must  acknowledge  that  tljis  is  the  day 
of  specialists,  and  post-war  manufacture  will  be  develop- 
ed along  these  lines  more  than  ever  they  were  in  the  past, 
and  the  experience  they  have  gained  during  the  past  four 
years  may  well  fit  many  of  them  for  a  position  as  a 
machine  operator  where  considerable  quantitv  of  work  is 
performed  on  a  repetition  basis.  Then  agiin,  many  of 
these  men,  who  before  the  war  were  in  positions  where 


752 


CANADIAN    MACH-INERY 


Volume  XX 


i,he  remuneration  was  comparatively  low  in  relation  to 
their  "war  wages,"  may  feel  inclined  to  remain  at  a  class 
of  work  assuring  greater  compensation.  On  the  other 
hand,  shell  work  on  the  whole  has  been  a  killing  job,  anci 
many  of  those  recently  engaged  in  the  industry  may  be 
only  too  pleased  to  return  to  their  former  occupations. 
It  is  quite  certain,  however,  that  very  few  will  have 
acquired  sufficient  elementary  mechanical  knowledge  or 
experience  to  assure  for  themselves  a  place  in  a  plant 
where  general  all-round  ability  is  essential,  so  that  it  is 
very  unlikely  that  the  engineering  field  will  be  seriously 
affected  by  the  available  supply  of  "shell  mechanics." 
This,  however,  may  be  one  of  the  problems  of  the  recon- 
struction period. 

Progressive  Inspection  Very  Important 

/^NE  essential  to  the  successful  achievement  of  manu- 
^"^  facturing  where  the  work  involves  a  number  of 
different  operations  on  one  or  more  pieces,  is  that  of 
progressive  inspection.  It  was  clearly  demonstrated 
during  the  first  year  of  the  war  that  the  only  assurance 
of  effective  production  was  by  a  thorough  inspection  of 
the  work  at  stated  intervals  during  its  semi-finished 
state.  The  importance  of  keeping  within  the  specified 
limits  of  tolerance,  both  as  regarded  dimensions  and 
weight,  was  not  duly  recognized  by  many  of  those  pioneers 
engaged  in  the  work,  the  consequences  being  that  in  many 
instances  large  quantities  of  finished  and  semi-finished 
shells  were  rejected  by  the  Government  inspectors.  It 
was  frequently  the  case  for  firms  to  have  elaborate  in- 
spection of  their  own  just  prior  to  the  work  going  to  the 
Government  cage,  little  previous  attention  being  given 
to  the  checking  of  the  work  in  its  earlier  stages.  This 
invariably  resulted  in  a  large  percentage  of  the  work 
being  returned  for  some  slight  alteration  or  correction. 
It  was  soon  seen,  therefore,  that  to  minimize  the  factor 
of  shell  rejections  it  would  be  necessary  to  have  a  closer 
examination  of  the  product  after  each  operation,  so  that 
faulty  work  of  the  machine  or  the  operator  could  be 
corrected    immediately,   thus   avoiding   the    accumulation 


of  spoiled  work  or  the  exaggeration  of  the  defect  on  the 
following  or  subsequent  operations.  This  method  of 
inspection  might  be  considered  too  costly  for  work  other 
than  munitions,  but  when  the  advantages  are  weighed 
against  the  disadvantages  it  will  be  found  that  the 
economic  factor  is  in  favor  of  its  adoption. 

Standardization  Stimulated 

T  F  one  were  to  ask  the  question — what  was  the  pre- 
A  dominating  feature  of  shell  production?  the  answer 
would  invariably  be — standardization.  In  the  past  many 
firms  have  prided  themselves  on  the  standard  character 
of  their  product,  and  in  many  respects  have  been  able 
to  substantiate  the  statement,  but  the  mechanical  industry 
as  a  unit  has  had  little  conception  of  what  the  term 
"standardization"  actually  meant.  Here  again  the  activ- 
ities incidental  to  the  prosecution  of  the  war  have  taught 
us  many  lessons.  No  greater  advancement  has  been 
made  toward  the  zenith  of  standardized  practice  than  the 
methods  adopted  for  checking  the  dimensions  on  the 
shells  and  component  parts.  In  ordinary  industrial 
establishments  the  practice  was  localized  almost  entirely 
to  the  plant  in  which  the  product  was  made  and  after- 
wards assembled,  so  that  little  expense  was  entailed  if 
some  corrections  were  required.  The  great  national 
industry  recently  engaged  in,  amply  demonstrated  the 
imperative  necessity  of  working  within  certain  specified 
lihiits  of  measurements,  to  assure  undisputed  accuracy 
of  all  dimensions,  so  that  no  difficulty  would  be  en- 
countered when  assembling  the  various  parts,  irrespective 
of  where  these  different  pieces  had  been  produced.  A 
machined  dimension  at  the  Pacific  must  correspond  with 
a  similar  dimension  at  the  Atlantic  coast,  within  the  limit 
of  tolerance,  be  this  %  of  an  inch  or  1-10,000  of  an  inch, 
otherwise  standardization  or  interchangeability  becomes 
a  negative  quantity. 

With  the  possible  exception  of  a  few  tool  or  automobile 
manufacturers  it  is  doubtful  if  more  than  20  per  cent, 
of  Canadian   metal   industries  had    been    accustomed     to 


iiirm 


WAE  HAS  DEVELOPED  THE  ART  OF  GAUGE  MAKING  TO  A  HIGH  STATE  OF   PERFECTION. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


753 


working  to  the  fine  limits  or  low  tolerances  required  in 
shell  specifications.  Yet  to-day  there  are  tens  of 
thousands  of  men  and  women,  who,  before  the  war,  did 
not  know  the  difference  between  1-32  and  1-1,000 
of  an  inch,  and  are  now  capable  of  measuring  limits 
of  a  few  thousandths  as  easily  as  a  carpenter 
measures  a  twelve-foot  board  with  his  two-foot, 
folding  rule.  The  reason  is — the  limit  system.  These 
same  men  and  women  may  still  be  ignorant  as  to 
what  an  actual  dimension  is,  but  the  fact  remains  that 
they  have  accomplished  remarkable  results  due,  not  to 
their  knowledge  of  fine  measurements,  but  rather  to  their 
ability  to  use  the  gauges  that  are  provided  for  the  pur- 
pose. 

Passing  of  the  Spring  Caliper 

TT  would  be  virtually  impossible  for  a  staff  of  ex- 
perienced mechanics,  working  with  the  old  style  spring 
or  friction  joint  calipers,  or  even  with  the  standard  micro- 
meter, to  maintain  the  speed  and  accuracy  acquired  by 
these  "shell  mechanics"  with  their  limit  gauges.  Natur- 
ally the  gauges  required  careful  checking  at  intervals, 
but  once  set  to  the  desired  limits  of  "go"  and  "no  go," 
the  operator's  only  concern  was  to  see  that  the  limits 
were  adhered  to;  it  did  not  matter  to  him,  or  did  he 
even  know,  probably,  whether  the  size  was  an  inch  or  a 
foot. 

Standardization  is  a  big  problem,  but  the  war  has 
given  a  stimulus  to  its  further  adoption  that  will  eventu- 
ally eliminate  the  pre-war  indifference  so  prevalent  among 
many  manufacturers.  There  is  no  reasonable  argument 
why  an  inch  should  not  be  an  inch,  yet  how  many 
mechanics  would  produce  the  same  size  hole  or  plug  if 
given  the  work  to  do?  The  feel  or  touch  of  no  two  men 
is  exactly  alike,  therefore,  the  size  would  vary  accord- 
ingly.      With  the  limit  system  this  would  be  avoided. 

Importance  of  Proper  Gauges 

TT  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  advantages  of  a  limit 
system  are  confined  to  work  where  the  tolerance 
is  only  a  few  thousandths  or  fraction  thereof;  the  system 
may  be  applied  economically  to  work  where  the  tolerance 
is  as  high  as  1-32  or  1-16  or  even  greater,  the  nature  of 
the  work  and  its  intended  purpose  being  the  determining 
factors.  Nor  should  the  volume  of  the  product  prevent 
the  adoption  of  a  fixed  standard,  for  with  modification 
the  practice  is  as  economical  in  one  line  of  manufacture 
as  another.  Some  time  ago  the  superintendent  of  a 
certain  plant  had  six  small  intricate  pieces  to  make,  which, 
under  ordinary  conditions  would  have  been  performed  in 
the  usual  manner  of  making  each  piece  separate  without 
,fauges  or  jigs,  using  only  the  general  tool-box  outfit. 
The  initial  expense  of  making  a  jig  and  gauges  necessary 
for  the  work  consumed  nearly  all  the  profit  that  might 
have  been  made  without  them,  but  it  was  the  policy  of 
the  shop  to  have  fixtures  and  gauges  made  for  every- 
thing where  there  was  the  least  possibility  of  renewal 
orders.  In  this  particular  instance  the  initial  six  articles 
were  supplemented  by  twelve  others,  so  that  with  the 
facilities  previously  provided,  the  last  twelve  were  turned 
out  in  one-quarter  the  time  taken  on  the  first  six,  and 
the  entire  eighteen  were  practically  identical.  As  an 
economic  feature  alone,  the  question  of  standardization 
■ihould  receive  the  immediate  attention  of  every  manu- 
facturer, for  its  early  adoption  means  national  as  well 
as  individual  efficiency,  two  factors  that  are  of  imperative 
necessity  in  the  present  period  of  reconstruction  and  world 
competition. 

P'uture  Opportunities 

UEW  will  deny  that,  before  the  war,  the  world  at  large 
■*■  was  dependent — unconsciously  perhaps — on  Germany 
for  certain  classes  of  brains  and  materials.  The  experi- 
ence so  forcibly  pressed  home  to  us  during  the  war  period 


should  not,  however,  permit  of  us  again  placing  ourselves 
at  the  industrial,  commercial  or  intellectual  mercy  of  such 
a  country  as  Germany,  or  in  fact  any  other.  Some  may 
contend  that  this  policy  will  he  closely  adhered  to  by  the 
people  of  the  Allied  countries  who  have  suffered  so  much 
from  the  depredations  of  the  Huns,  but  with  the  patriotism 
gradually  dying  out,  the  commercial  world  will  soon  return 
to  the  monetary  basis,  so  that  the  exclusion  of  German 
products  must  be  solved  by  our  own  manufacturers  in 
producing  economically  every  type  of  goods  that  will  clash 
with  those  of  other  countries. 

The  progress  that  has  been  made  must  not  stop  with 
.  the  stoppage  of  the  shell  industry,  rather  should  the  ex- 
perience be  a  stepping  stone  to  still  greater  achievement. 
The  revolutionary  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  nearly 
all  lines  of  manufacture  will  make  it  almost  impossible 
to  revert  back  to  the  old  course  of  pre-war  days.  In- 
dustrial development,  scientific  and  practical,  has  been  of 
such  a  character  that  post-war  activities  will  be  conducted 
with  a  wider  and  more  expert  knowledge  than  ever  before. 
The  rapid  advances  that  have  been  made  in  the  manu- 
facture of  steel  and  the  extensive  experiments  that  have 
been  carried  out,  will  place  this  industry  in  a  much  su- 
perior position,  and  will  form  a  basis  for  still  further 
developments  in  this  and  allied  industries. 

Future  of  Machine  Tools 

npHE  vast  amount  of  machine  tools  that  have  been 
-^  utilized  for  the  shell  industry  has  frequently  been 
used  as  an  argument  in  favor  of  a  period  of  depression 
in  the  machine  tool  activity.  There  is  considerable  di- 
vergence of  opinion  on  this  matter,  and  therefore,  a 
prediction  in  either  direction  might  be  sadly  amiss.  Much 
will  depend  on  the  length  of  the  period  of  post-war  ad- 
justment that  must  inevitably  follow  on  the  heels  of  a 
great  war.  It  is  quite  reasonable  to  anticipate  a  brief 
spell  of  inactivity  before  reconstruction  gets  into  full 
swing,  but  there  is  little  to  indicate  that  an  indefinite 
space  of  time  must  elapse  while  these  shell  shops  are 
unloading  their  equipment  on  a  waiting  market.  These 
tools  have  been  in  constant  use  from  15  to  24  hours  a 
day  for  from  two  to  four  years,  and  m  the  charge  of 
men  whose  only  thought  was  the  machining  of  the  shell, 
the  care  of  the  tool  itself  not  coming  within  their  line 
of  vision.  The  specific  design  of  the  majority  of  these 
machines  is  the  chief  argument  against  their  adapt- 
ability to  ordinary  commercial  use.  Where  standard 
tools  have  been  utilized  for  the  purpose  the  nature  of  .the 
work  will  naturally  have  deteriorated  their  value  for 
general  machine  shop  practice.  It  would  therefore  seem 
that  shell  machinery— apart  from  that  used  in  the  tool 
rooms,  which  has  been  operated  by  experienced  mechanics 
—will  not  be  a  reactionary  factor  on  machine  tool  ac- 
tivity. These  special  machines  will,  on  the  other  hand, 
open  the  way  for  changes  in  the  design  of  standard  equip- 
ment that  may  eventually  mean  a  period  of  increasea 
prosperity  for  machine  tool  builders. 

Experience  in  shell  making  has  shown  the  possibility 
of  improved  methods  in  cutting  and  removing  metai, 
which,  under  pre-war  conditions,  could  not  be  met  with  the 
existing  standard  tools.  Manufacturers,  having  seen 
the  efficiency  of  changing  machine  design  and  construc- 
tion will  want  the  very  best  for  the  development  of  their 
future  activities.  This  not  only  applies  to  Canadian  in- 
dustries but  likewise  to  every  country  involved  in  the 
war,  and  to  many  of  the  so-called  neutrals.  The  peoples 
of  the  world  have  been  thrown  into  closer  contact  than 
ever  before  and  greater  all-round  efficiency  will  be  the 
natural  consequence.  Manufacturing  will  be  the  basis  of 
this  efficiency  and  therefore  economic  production  will  be 
the  keystone  of  every  country's  development,  so  that 
everything  detrimental  to  progressive  activity  will  event- 
ually be  replaced  by  up-to-date  methods  and  practice. 


754 


Volume  XX. 


Canada's  Part  in  Beating  the  Submarine  Peril 


Many  Trades  Are 
Called  in  When  a 
Ship  Contract  is  Se- 
cured For  This  Coun- 
try. 


By    T.    H.    FENNER,    Editor    Marine    Engineering 


Can  Canada  Go 
Ahead  and  Compete 
With  British  Owners 
When  Co.st  is  Taken 
Into  Consideration? 


Now  that  the  tension  is  ended, 
and  we  have  time  to  look  back, 
Canada's  effort  in  damming  the 
drain  on  the  Allies'  shipping  stands  out 
as  strong  as  that  of  any. 

She  went  into  shipbuilding  as  heartily 
as  she  entered  into  the  munition  making, 
and    with    as    much    success.     As    com- 
pared   with    the    munition    industry    the 
latter    was    purely    and    simply    a     war 
measure,  the  utility  of  which  would  end 
with  peace,  whereas  the  shipbuilding  in- 
dustry,  primarily  entered   on  as   a   war 
measure,  is  capable,  under  certain  con- 
ditions, of  becoming  a  staple  part  of  the 
country's  industrial  existence.     For  the 
immediate  future,  the  need  of  ships  is 
just  as  urgent  as  before  peace  was  pro- 
claimed.    The  state  of  the  world's  ship- 
ping before  and  during  the  period  of  the 
war    were    about    as 
follows:    On    Aug.   4, 
1914,   the    total    ton- 
nage   of    allied    and 
neutral  countries  was 
approximately     4  2,- 
000,000  tons.      Up  to 
January   1,   1918,   the 
total   losses   by   mine 
and    submarine    were 
9,500,000  tons,  and  by 
other  marine  casual- 
ties,   1,275,000    tons. 
This    gives    a     total 
loss      of      10,775,000 
tons.     Deducting  this 
from     the     total     at 
Aug.  4,  1914,  we  have 
.31,225,000    tons    of 
pre-war    shipping 
afloat.     To  this  must 
be    added    the    ships 
constructed        durin-.; 
the     same     period, 
which  amount  to  4,- 
485,000  tons,  making 
the    total    at   Jan.    1, 
1918.  35,710,000  tons. 
This  is  a  decrease  of 
6,290,000   tons.     Taking  the   Allied   Na- 
tions   alone,    the    position    on    Aug.    4, 
1914,  was  about  as  follows: 

Great  Britain    20,000,000  tons 

Prance    2,300.000 

Italy    1,700,000 


U.  S.  A. 


8,000,000 


32,000,000 
The  Falling  Off 

Now,  taking  the  normal  development 
in  peace  time,  this  shipping  should  have 
shown  an  increase  of  approximately 
17%  per  cent.,  or  5  per  cent,  per  an- 
num. That  is,  the  total  on  the  1st  Jan., 
1918,  should  have  been  38,400,000,  in- 
stead of  which  it  was  only  24,900,000,  a 
shortage  of  13,500,000  tons.  Since  then 
to  the  close  of  the  war  the  losses  and 
new  construction  have  about  balanced, 
so  we  may  say  the  world  is  short  of 
tonnage  by  the  amount  stated.  At  the 
present  rate  of  building  it  will  take  ap- 
proximately two  to  two  and  a  half  years 
to  make  up  this  loss,  without  counting 
the    ordinary    losses    incif'-^ntal    to    navi- 


if 


ONE    Ol-'   THE    OLD    BRIGADE 

gation  in  peace  times,  from  marine  cas- 
ualties, and  ships  going  out  of  commis- 
sion through  ordinary  depreciation,  or 
old  age. 

The   distribution    of   the   world's    ton- 
nage will  show  a  considerable  difference 


when  the  losses  are  finally  made  up. 
Britain  Hard  Hit 

Great    Britain   has   been   the    heaviest 
sufferer,  by  far,  from  the  losses  due  to 
war,    and    her    building    activities     have 
been  hindered,  not  only  by  the  necessity 
of  building  war  vessels,  especially  of  the 
anti-submarine  type,  but  by  the  enorm- 
ous amount  of  repair  work  she   had   to 
undertake,  and  also  the  fact  of  so  many 
of   her   skilled   men   being   drafted    into 
the    fighting    forces.     Before    the    war 
Great  Britain  owned  and  operated  fifty 
per   cent,   of   the   total   world's   tonnage. 
After  the  readjustment  period  she    will 
probably    be    owning    only    one-third    of 
the   total   tonnage,   with   half   of  the  re- 
mainder  owned    by   the    United    States, 
and  the  -est  divided  between  the  remain- 
ing maritime  nations. 
Competent       authori- 
ties     estimate      the 
I      total  deadweight  ton- 
nage  in    1914   at  60,- 
900,000  tons.     If  this 
total     is     again     rea- 
lized two  years  after 
the    close    of    hostili- 
ties, it  will  mean  that 
Great      Britain      will 
own    20,000,000    tons, 
the  United  States  the     ^fl 
same,     and     Japan,      ■ 
""'  Franc  e,     Germany, 

Norway,     and     the 
smaller  maritime  na- 
tions  divide   the   rest 
between  them.    In  the 
British  total  the  ton- 
nage   of    the    Domin- 
ions   of    the     British 
Empire   has   been   in- 
cluded.    This  was  be- 
cause the  shipping;  of 
the    Dominions    com- 
bined    were     but     a 
small     percentage    of 
the  total  British  ship- 
ping, and  most  of  their  ships  were  built 
in    Great    Britain    anJ    remained    under 
English    registry.      Australia    and    New 
Zealand    got   practically    all    their   ships 
built  in  Great  Britain,  and  in  Canada  the 
building    was    confined    mostly   to   small 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  FT  T  N  I".  H  Y 


755 


WOODEN  SHIPS  ON  THE  WAYS 


.vessels,  many  of  them  wood.  On  the 
Great  Lakes  there  were  some  good  sized 
steel  vessels  built  for  Canadian  registry 
by  Canadian  builders,  but  most  of  the 
lake  freighters  were  built  in  U.S.  yards. 

The  Effect  of  the  War 

Before  the  war,  Canada's  mercantile 
marine  was  confined  to  the  lake  steam- 
ers and  small  coasting  vessels.  The 
United  States  was  in  the  same  position 
excepting  that  they  had  a  large  fleet  of 
coastins:  steamers,  due  to  the  fact  that 
under  the  United  States  laws  no  vessel 
can  trade  on  their  coasts  unless  they  are 
under  the  American  flag.  A  lar^ce  part 
of  Canada's  coasting  trade  was  handled 
by  Norweojians.  The  United  States, 
since  coming  into  the  war,  has  entered 
into  a  shipbuilding  programme  that  will 
raise  her,  in  two  years  more,  from  a 
negligible  factor  in  the  marine  worid, 
to  a  position  of  equality  with  Great 
Britain,  the  proud  mistress  of  the  seas. 
Canada,  in  order  to  contribute  to  the 
urgent  war  need  for  ships,  jumped  into 
the  shinbui'din"'  game  with  a  vim,  an',1 
achieved  wonders,  and  now  that  peace 
has  come,  intends  to  carry  on  the  good 
work,  and  have  her  own  merchant  fleet 
to  carry  her  own  goods.  The  Canadian 
Government  has  entered  into  quite  ex- 
tensive operations  in  the  ship-owning 
line,  and  will,  in  the  near  future,  be  the 
owners  of  39  large  steel  cargo  vessels. 
These  will  represent  a  large  investment, 
and  the  country  will  have  keen  interest 
in  watching  their  future  operations, 
whether  they  are  financially  successful 
or  otherwise. 

Canada's  Achievements 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  Canada's 
shipbuilding  activities  were  limited  to 
some  construction  on  the  Great  Lakes, 
small  wooden  vessels  round  the  coasts 
of  the  Maritime  Provinces,  and  wooden 
vessels  of  varying  sizes  up  to  1,000  tons 
on  the  B.  C.  coast.  On  the  St.  Lawrence 
the  Canadian  Vickers  had  established   a 


modern  shipbuilding  and  ship-repairing 
shop,  with  a  large  floating  dry  dock  at 
Montreal,  and  further  down  the  river 
there  were  other  dry  docks  and  yards. 
The  Canadian  Government  had  a  ship 
yard  and  repair  shop  at  Sorel,  and  at 
Quebec  were  the  yards  of  the  Davie 
Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Co.  The 
Canadian  Vickers  yard  at  Montreal  is 
the  Canadian  branch  of  the  English  firm 
of  Vickers  Maxim.  The  Naval  dockyard 
at  Halifax  was  practically  shut  down, 
and  the  same  might  be  said  of  the  one 
at  Esquimault.  This  was  the  result  of 
Sir  John  Fisher's  policy  when  First 
Lord  of  t^e  Admiralty.  At  the  end  of 
1914  there  were  on  the  books  of  the 
Canadian  Registry  8,772  vessels.  Of 
these,  4,054  were  steamers,  of  a  gross 
tonnage  of  744,78.3  tons.  This  gives  an 
average    of   less   than     200      gross   tons 


each,  in  fact  there  were  only  one  hun- 
dred and  ninety-two  steamers  of  over 
1,000  gross  tons  on  the  register.  At  the 
end  of  1917  there  were  221  steamers  of 
over  1,000  tons  registered  in  Canada, 
but  a  good  number  of  vessels  had  been 
built  for  export. 

The  Contracts  Came 

The  Imperial  Munitions  Board,  which 
was  created  in  1915,  turned  its  attention 
te  shipbuilding,  with  the  result  that  con- 
tracts were  given  in  Canada  for  43  steel 
ships,  and  58  wooden  ships,  with  a  total 
deadweight  capacity  of  360,000  tons.  The 
value  of  these  contracts  was  $70,000,000, 
and  was  divided  between  British  Col- 
umbia, Ontario,  Quebec,  and  a  small  por- 
tion to  the  Maritime  Provinces.  There 
are  at  present  in  Canada  45  berths  for 
building  steel  vessels  of  3,000  tons  up 
to  10,000  tons,  besides  the  yards  devoted 
to  wooden  shinbuilding.  "The  ships  for 
the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  to  be 
launched  this  year,  both  steel  and  wood, 
are  79  in  number,  aggregating  318,400 
tons  deadweight.  Besides  these  ships, 
11  steel  vessels  have  been  built  for  the 
Marine  Dept.  of  the  Government,  with 
a  capacity  of  48,000  tons.  For  private 
owners,  14  steel  vessels  with  a  dead- 
weight of  62,400  tons  have  been  built, 
as  well  as  8  wooden  vessels  of  17,800 
total  deadweight.  These  figures  are  all 
for  vessels  of  over  1,000  tons.  Besides 
these  vessels,  Canada  has  supplied  550 
submarine  chasers  for  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment, and  36  for  the  French  Govern- 
ment. A  number  of  drifters  and  trawl- 
ers have  also  been  supplied  to  the  Im- 
perial Government.  Truly,  this  Is  a 
remarkable  effort,  considering  the 
amount  of  work  that  the  country  was 
putting  into  its  munition  industry,  and 
taking  into  account  the  handicaps  which 
the  industry  was  up  against.  Labor  of 
the  right  kind  was  hard  to  get,  and  in 
too  many  cases,  hard  to  get  along  with. 


TRIPLE    EXPA.\SIO.\ 


KXGINES    OF   SS.    HAMONIC. 
SHIPBUILDING  CO. 


BUILT   BY    COLLINGWOOD 


756 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Al'XII.IARY     POW  KK     SfllOON'KK     UNDER     CONSTRUCTIOM 


Securing  steel  sections  and  plates  was  a 
hard  task,  and  would  have  been  impos- 
sible but  for  Government  help.  Some 
of  the  yards  were  actually  building  ships 
at  the  same  time  that  they  were  build- 
ing their  shops,  and  installing  their  ma- 
chinery. However,  ships  were  wanted, 
and  they  were  furnished,  and  they  form 
another  item  to  the  credit  of  Canada's 
war  effort.  The  industry  is  assured  of 
a  period  of  prosperity  in  the  near  future, 
but  after  the  Government  contracts  are 
through,  its  prospects  are  open  to  ques- 
tion. 

Looidng  to  the  Fu- 
ture 

Figures  are  ob- 
stinate things,  and 
there  is  no  burking 
the  fact  that  to  build 
a  ship  in  Canada  at 
the  present  time 
costs  $200  per  ton, 
against  |120  per  ton 
in  England.  Repairs 
cost  about  80  per 
cent,  higher  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic, 
and  several  cases 
can  be  quoted  where 
vessels  have  been 
towed  several  thou- 
sand miles  to  an 
English  repairing 
yard,  rather  than 
have  extensive  re- 
pairs made  abroad. 
The  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment has  expres- 
sed its  intention, 
which  is  being  car- 
ried out,  of  build- 
ing    a      mercantile 

marine.  This  will  be  operated  as  a  stock 
company  by  the  Railway  Board,  and  its 
profits  or  loss  will  be  easily  seen.  Till 
the  merchant  fleet  of  the  world  gets 
back  to  its  normal  standing,  an  era  of 
high  freights  and  profits  for  ship  own- 


ers will  prevail.  After  this,  when  the 
open  competition  for  the  world's  trade 
sets  in,  the  trade  will  go  to  the  ships 
that  can  make  their  profits  with  the 
lowest  freight  rate,  and  under  those  con- 
ditions it  is  hard  to  see  how  Canadian 
or  American  shipping  can  survive 
Wages  are  higher  in  England  than  they 
ever  were,  but  so  they  are  on  this  con- 
tinent. The  operating  cost  of  an  Am- 
erican vessel  has  been  generally  reck- 
oned to  be  60  per  cent,  higher  than  a 
British  vessel  of  the  same  size,  and  the 
Canadian  vessel  under  Government  own- 


LAUNCHING  A  3,B(M>-T0N   STEEL  SHIP 

ership  will  approximate  near  to  that. 
A  capital  investment  of  $200  per  ton 
against  $120  per  ton  means  40  per  cent, 
higher,  and  if  operating  costs  are  only 
30  per  cent,  higher,  it  is  hard  to  sec 
where   the   Canadian   vessel   could   com- 


pete. Of  course,  the  losses  will  be 
spread  out  over  the  whole  country,  and 
no  one  will  notice  it  much,  but  it  seems 
doubtful  if  private  firms  will  wish  to 
enter  into  the  shipowning  business.  If 
conditions  of  building  cost  could  be 
brought  appreciably  near  to  those  of 
Great  Britain  and  European  countries, 
the  operating  costs,  so  far  as  wages  and 
victualling  are  concerned,  will  probably, 
in  a  couple  of  years  from  now,  be  fairly 
equal  to  those  prevailing  in  Great 
Britain,  and  there  will  be  a  field  for  a 
fair-sized  industry  in  Canada.  The 
establishment  o  f 
plate  mills  in  Nova 
Scotia,  Ontario,  and 
perhaps  later  in 
B.  C,  would  help 
materially  in  reduc- 
ing costs  of  build- 
ing, while  the  adop- 
tion of  standard 
ships  would  reduce 
the  amount  of  skill- 
ed labor  required, 
this  also  tending  to 
make  first  cost  less. 
In  the  meantime, 
the  Government 
contracts  and  those 
for  export  will  keep 
the  yards  busy. 

The    Wooden    Ships 

There  are  313,000 
tons  of  wooden  ship- 
ping    building      for 
export,     while     the 
Government's      con- 
tracts    for     its     3a 
.ships      amount      to 
250,500   tons   and    a 
cost   of   about   $45,- 
000,000. 
The  building  of  a  ship  entails  the  em- 
ployment    of     practically     every     trade 
known    to   man,   and   calls   in   dozens   of 
other    industries     to     supply    equipment. 
We  find  the  work  of  instrument  makers, 
represented  by  the  compass,  telescopes. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


757 


binoculars,   etc.     The   hydrographic   ex- 
perts are  represented  by  the  charts,  and 
the   publishing   business   by    the   various 
books   of   sailing  directions,   tide   tables, 
navigation  tables,  etc.     Here  also  is  the 
ship's  telegraph,  usually  made  by  somo 
firm    specializing    in    these    instruments, 
which  afford  the  means  of  communicat- 
ing orders  from  bridge  to  engine  room, 
forecastle  head,  and  poop.     The  wireless 
apparatus,  steam  boilers,  engines,  ship's 
lamps,     binnacle     lights,    etc., 
pulley   blocks,   snatch     blocks, 
gin       blocks,       anchors       and 
chains,  winches  and  windlass, 
steam  and    hand    pumps,    are 
all  parts  of  equipment  calling 
in  the   services   of  specialists. 
The  carpenter  lays  the  decks, 
and  the  joiner  does  the  fitting 
up  of  cabins.    The  upholsterer 
is   needed   here,  too.     Electri- 
cians to  do  the  wiring,  plumb 
ers  for  the  sanitary  arrangr- 
ments,  painters,  nickel  platers, 
French    polishers,   marine   en- 
gineers,— the    list    is    endless. 
Such    an    industry     is     v.orth 
holding  if  at  all  possible,  but 
that   means    it   must   be    self- 
supporting.         An       industry 
which    is    kept    going    by    iht; 
help  of  one   part  of  the  pop- 
ulation   to    keep    another    part    in     em- 
ployment, is  not  a  good   investment  for 
the    country.      It   reminds    one    of    New 
Zealand,  of  which  it  has  been  said  that 
one   half   of  the   country   pays   taxes   to 
pay  the   other  half  for  collecting  them 

Various  Types  of  Ships  Built 

The  scarcity  of  steel,  and  its  high 
price,  together  with  the  difficulty  of 
getting  skilled  men,  turned  the  attention 
of  shipbuilders  in  the  Allied  countries 
to  the  use  of  other  materials,  and  to 
quicker  methods  of  handling  the  con- 
struction of  steel  vessels.  The  fabri- 
cated method,  adopted  in  Great  Britain 
and   the   States,   of  building  steel   ships. 


has  materially  shortened  the  period  of 
building.  In  this  method  a  standard  size 
and  type  of  ship  is  determined  on,  the 
scantlings  of  which  can  be  made  at  any 
steel  construction  shop,  and  then  ship- 
ped to  the  various  yards  where  the  hulls 
are  being  built.  This  eliminates  an 
enormous  amount  of  work  in  the  mould- 
ing loft.  Some  woi-k  has  been  done 
utilizing  electric  welding  instead  of 
riveting,  but    this   is  largely   in    an  ex- 


.S,50»-TON    STEEL   SHIP   AFTER   LAUNCHING 

perimental  stage.  The  building  of  large 
vessels  in  concrete  was  the  most  radical 
departure  made.  The  wooden  vessel  was 
but  a  reversion  to  an  old  type,  and  was 
confessedly  a  substitute,  and  not  a  rival 
to  steel,  and  while  concrete  barges  and 
boats  of  small  sizes  had  been  built  at 
various  times  since  about  1850,  the  con- 
struction of  large  vessels  of  ferro-con- 
crete  was  something  absolutely  new.  Its 
future  is  doubtful,  for  reasons  which 
will  be  discussed  later  on  in  this  article. 
The  steel  and  wooden  vessels  fitted  with 
internal  combustion  engines  have  in 
creased  considerably.  Some  of  these  de- 
pend entirely  on  the  oil  engine  for  pro- 
pulsion,   while    others    have    the    aid     of 


sails.  In  Great  Britain  the  steel  cargo 
carrier  fitted  with  heavy  oil  engines  has 
attained  a  size  of  10,000  tons  d.w.,  and 
the  appearances  are  that  there  will  be 
a  large  expansion  of  this  type  when 
builders  get  time  to  turn  more  to  peace 
construction.  The  turbine,  driving 
through  reducing  gears,  has  been  fitted 
in  some  large  vessels,  and  the  steam 
turbine  driving  the  shafting  through 
direct  connected  electric  generators  and 
motors,  has  had  some  highly 
successful   applications. 

Using  Wind  and  Power 

The  auxiliary  sailing  vessel, 
by  which  is  meant  a  vessel 
depending  in  the  main  on  hei 
sails  for  propulsion,  but  with 
power  available  when  winds 
are  light  or  unfavorable,  is  a 
good  proposition  in  some  par- 
ticular trades  owing  to  their 
lower  running  expenses  and 
larger  amount  of  available 
cargo  space  compared  with  a 
steamer  of  the  same  size.  A 
large  number  of  these  vessels 
have  been  built  on  the  British 
Columbia  and  American  Pa- 
cific coast.  For  large  high- 
,  speed  vessels,  such  as 
first-class  passenger  liners, 
the  steam  turbine  driving  through 
a  suitable  reduction  gear  would 
seem  to  be  the  motive  power  of  the 
future,  while  it  is  probable  that  for  the 
ordinary  cargo  vessel  up  to  10,000  tons, 
the  internal  combustion  motor  will 
gradually  replace  the  reciprocating  en- 
gine. The  triple  expansion  engine  will 
die  hard,  but  it  would  seem  that  with 
increasing  experience  the  oil  engine  will 
be  brought  to  as  great  a  state  of  per- 
fection in  design  and  manufacture  as 
the  multi-stage  steam  engine,  and  then 
its  inherent  advantages  as  a  heat  engine 
will  give  it  first  place. 

Reinforced  Concrete  vs.  Steel 
The  steadily   mounting  cost  of    steel, 


it 


CAR    FERRY    "ONTARIO,"    NO.    2.      BUILT   BY  POLSON    IRON    WORKS.    TORONTO. 


758 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


couplet!  with  the  necessity  of  producing 
ships  quickly,  with  a  minimum  amount 
of  skilled  labor,  led  naval  architects  in 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  to 
the  consideration  of  reinforced  concrete 
vessels.  As  stated  before,  this  was  not 
a  new  method,  the  only  thing  being  that 
it  had  not  been  used  for  vessels  of  large 
size.  The  first  reinforced  concrete  boat 
was  a  small  rowboat,  built  by  a  French- 
■man  named  Lambot,  of  Carces,  France, 


increases,  until  the  weight  of  steel  is 
about  75  per  cent,  the  total  weight  of 
the  hull.  Great  care  has  to  be  exercised 
in  the  placing  of  the  reinforcing  and  in 
holding  it  in  place  while  the  concrete  is 
being  poured.  Climatic  conditions  in 
some  parts  interfere  with  the  procedure 
of  the  work,  and  there  are  more  skille<l 
men  required  than  was  at  first  thought 
necessary.  The  weight  of  the  concrete 
hull  is  considerably  greater  than  that  of 


Can't  Carry  As  Much 

This  shows  that  the  earning  power  of 
the  concrete  ship  of  these  dimensions 
will  be  less  than  that  of  the  steel  ship, 
directly  by  the  amount  of  cargo  less 
that  she  can  carry.  She  will  be  more 
expensive  to  operate  inasmuch  as,  if  fit- 
ted with  the  same  powered  machinery 
she  will  require  a  longer  time  to  make 
the  same  voyage,  making  the  wages  and 
victualling  bill  greater,  or  if  fitted  with 


■»-«   t    I   I    I    I   I 

PLAN  AND  ELEVATION  OF  S.SOO-TON  CON  CRETE  SHIP. 


and  patented  by  him  in  1849.     The  next 
vessel  of  which  there  seems  to  be  any 
record,  was  a  sloop  called  the  Zeemeuw, 
built  in  Holland   in   1887,  and   reported 
to  have  been   in   constant   service    ever 
since.    The  firm  of  C.  Gabelllini,  Rome, 
between  1896  to  date,  constructed  vari- 
ous lighters  in  ferro-concrete,  and    these 
have   been    satisfactory    to    the    Italian 
officials.     Concrete    scows    and   barges 
have  been  constructed   in  various  parts 
of  the  States  up  to  500  tons,  a  scow  of 
that  size  being  built  in  1912  by  the  First 
Concrete  Scow  Construction  Co.  of  Balti- 
more.   In  England  and  Norway  concrete 
barges,  dredges,  etc.,  have  been  built  at 
various  times,  and  in  Norway  the  prac- 
tice of  building  barges  bottom   up  and 
launching  them  that  way  was  developed. 
The  reason  for  this  is  that  it  lends  it- 
self to  a  better  mixing  of  the  material, 
and  allows  the  use  of  a  thinner  coverin<? 
of  concrete  over  the  steel.     The  largest 
vessel  constructed  of  ferro-concrete  has 
been  the  Faith,  a  5.000  ton  deadweight 
steamer  built  in  San  Francisco  this  vear. 
Many  extravagant  claims  were  made  as 
to  the  future  of  the  concrete  vessel,  but 
it  would  seem  that  once  normal  con'M- 
tions  return,  there  will  be  nothing  to  be 
grained  by   its  use  for  vessels   of  mor" 
than  1,000  tons. 

More  Comparisons 
As  the  larger  size  of  steamer  is  ap- 
proached, the   amount  of  steel   required 


a  steel  hull  of  the  same  size,  which 
means  that  the  cargo  carrying  capacity 
of  the  concrete  ship  is  less.  Taking  the 
standard  3,500  ton  concrete  ship  con- 
structed in  the  United  States,  some  in- 
teresting comparisons  are  given.  The 
dimensions  are  practically  the  same  as 
a  wooden  ship  of  the  same  tonnage, 
namely:  o.  a.  length,  281  feet  10 
inches;  length  between  perpendiculars, 
268  feet;  beam  over  shell,  46  feet;  depth 
amidships,  28  feet  3  inches;  draught,  23 
feet  6  inches.  The  steel  vessels  built  in 
Canada  for  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  of  the  same  tonnage  are  261 
feet  o.a.  long,  by  forty-three  feet  six 
inches  beam,  and  23  feet  deep.  That  is 
twenty  feet  shorter,  2  feet  6  inches  less 
in  beam,  and  five  feet  less  in  depth.  The 
following  table  is  given  in  the  report  of 
the  Concrete  Ship  Department,  U.S.A., 
on  the  concrete  ship: 

Camparative  W«ight8  of  Concrete  Wood  and  Steel 
Vessels 

Concrete     Wood  Steel 

Hull    2,500  2  »O0  1,160 

Fittingn   and   equipment             191  191  180 

Machinery    206  208  200 

Margin   76  _80  ^60 

Ship     niifht)     2  972         2.777  1^600 

Reserve     Feed,     Stores, 

Ordnance,     Fuel     443  448  44!! 

Cargo    2.760         2  6S0         3.057 

ToUI  deadweight    ....  3,203  8.12S  3,500 

Full    load    di»D|pcement  6,175  5,900  5,100 
%     dw.     to     full     load 

displacement     52  58  68.6 


propulsive  power  to  make  equal  speed 
with  the  steel  vessel,  her  fuel  cost  will 
be  greater.  Against  this  must  be  put 
the  lower  cost  of  construction.  These 
vessels  were  estimated  to  cost  $112.50 
per  ton  deadweight,  while  the  average 
cost  for  the  steel  ship  was  about  $190 
per  ton  d.w.  The  low  cost  is,  in  this 
case,  due  to  figuring  on  a  large  num 
ber  of  vessels  being  made  in  the  same 
yard,  in  which  case  the  cost  of  shutter- 
ing, etc.,  would  be  much  less,  owing  to 
it  being  used  on  several  ships  in  suc- 
cession. The  cost  would  probably  be 
closer  to  $150.  In  a  paper  read  before 
the  Institute  of  Naval  Architects,  Major 
Maurice  Denny  (member)  gives  some 
interesting  figures;  also  a  mathematical 
comparison  of  the  steel  and  concrete 
ship  earnings.  He  gives  a  comparison 
of  a  375  ft.  long  steamer,  of  each  type, 
of  9,900  tons  displacement: 

steel  Ship        Concrete  Ship 
Tons  Tons 

Displacement      9.900  9.9O0 

Steel   Hull    1.920  Steel     680 

Concrete  2.470 

3,160 

Ship   LiKht 2,890  4,070 

Deadweight    7,010  5.830 

We  see  therefore  that  in  the  3,500  ton 
vessel  the  cargo  capacity  of  the  con- 
crete hull  is  90  per  cent,  of  the  steel, 
but  in  the  larger  vessel  the  percentage 
is  only  83.  So  that  in  the  concrete  ves- 
sel, as  the  vessel   gets  larger,  the  cost 


December  26,  1918 

of  construction  increases  and  the  cargo 
capacity  gets  less  compared  to  the  steel 
hull.  Major  Denny  then  makes  the  fol- 
lowing analysis  of  costs.  Taking  the 
steel  vessel  he  allows  the  following 
values: 

Bare    hull    100 

Machinery    50 

Remainder    40 

190 
Depreciation    at   5%  =  190x.05. 
Other  exs.  =  Z. 
Profits  at  Y%  =  1.9Y. 
Earnings  therefore  are  9.5-(-Z-|-1.9Y. 
The  concrete  ship  will  figure  out  thus. 
Let  X  =  cost  of  bare  hull. 
Machinery,   etc.  =  90. 
Then  X-f-90=:cost  of  ship. 
Depreciation    at   5%  =  .05    (x-|-90). 
Other  exs.  =Z. 
Profits  at  Y%  =  .01 Y. 

Then  earnings  =  Z-|-(.054-.01Y)  (X-i- 
90).  ' 

If  deadweight  is  measure  of  eamin.c 
eaparitv  and  concrete  ship  carries  .83  of 
steel  ship,  then  .83  (steel  ship  earnings) 
=  concrete  ship  earnings. 

-^  .83  (9.5+Z-f-1.9Y)  =  Z  +  (0.5  J. 
.01Y(X-f90). 

1.7Z 

Solving   Z  =  67.7 or    say    68— 

5+Y 
17Z 

5+Y 

A  Comparative  Table 

From  the  above  results  Major  Denny 
derives  the  following  table  for  varying 
A^alues  of  Y: 

Y  X 

0 68— 3.4Z 

5. 68— 1.7Z 

10 68— I.IZ. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

15 68— .85Z 

20 6&— .68Z 

From  this  it  is  evident  that  under  no 
circumstances  must  the  cost  of  the  bars 
hull  of  the  concrete  ship  be  more  than 
68  per  cent,  of  the  cost  of  the  steel  hu'I 
if  the  profits  are  to  be  equal.  Major 
Denny  then  goes  further  in  his  calcula- 
tions and  shows  that  when  freights  are 
'ow  the  con-rete  ship  cannot  pay  ex- 
penses. Allowing  for  the  term  Z  a 
value  of  50,  which  covers  management, 
stores,  wages,  insurance,  docking,  re- 
nairs.  coal,  dues,  loading  and  discharg- 
ing expenses,  etc.,  the  figure  of  50  is 
reasonable,  representing  26  per  cent,  of 
total  cost  of  ship  per  annum.  Then  by 
substituting  the  figure  50  for  Z  in  the 
table   above : 

Y  X 

0 —102 

5 —  17 

10 13 

15 26 

20 34 

This  shows  that  when  the  steel  ship 
is  earning  20  per  cent,  per  annum,  the 
concrete  ship  to  earn  the  same  dividend 
must  have  a  bare  hull  cost  of  the  steel 
ship.  Major  Denny  points  out  that  these 
figures  are  qualitative  only,  and  are  not 
advanced  as  a  complete  and  detailed  an- 
alysis  of  the   problem. 

Steel    Will    Be    Lower 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  cost  of 
steel  will  eventually  become  lower,  and 
taking  everything  into  consideration,  the 
future  of  the  concrete  ship  of  large  size 
is  doubtful.  For  such  vessels  as  canal 
barges,  lighters,  landing  stages,  etc., 
ferro-concrete  should  have  a  good  field. 
It  has  some  excellent  points  from  the 
point   of   view   of   resistance   to    shocks, 


759 

such  as  collision,  bumping  into  wharves, 
and  loading  heavy  materials  from  a 
height.  Damage  to  concrete  from  blows 
is  entirely  local,  and  an  instance  is 
quoted  of  a  concrete  water  tank  in 
France,  on  top  of  a  75-foot  tower,  hav- 
ing the  tower  shot  from  under  it,  the 
tank  sustaining  no  damage  in  the  fall. 
If  concrete  ship  designers  succeed  in 
bringing  the  weight  of  the  concrete  huH 
to  approximate  the  weight  of  the  steel 
hull,  and  still  further  reduce  the  amount 
of  steel  necessary,  there  will  be  a  much 
better  prospect  of  the  large  concrete 
vessel  coming  into  general  use.  The 
performance  of  the  vessels  already  built 
after  two  or  three  years'  sea  service 
will    also   furnish   valuable    information. 

Conclusions 


There  have  been  many  millions  of  dol- 
lars invested   in  the  United  States  and 
Canada    in    plants    for    the    building     of 
ships  and  ship  engines.     The  object   in 
both  countries  was  to  help  in  the  war, 
and    further    to    develop    a    mercantile 
marine  of  their  own.    The  United  States 
fee]  that  as  a  great  nation  ,  they  should 
not  be   dependent   on  foreign    ships    to 
(•arry  their  cargoes,  and  that  feeling  has 
been  more  intense  sinee  1907,  when  their 
fleet    took    its    famous    trip    round     the 
world.      On   that   occasion   they   had    to 
depend  on,  British  ships  to  supply  them 
with    coal.      In   recent   days,    more    than 
half  their  army  in  France   was  carried 
over  in  British  ships.     Canada  feels  that 
to  expand  her  trade  she  should  have  her 
own   mercantile   marine.     Great   Britain, 
during   the   war,   has   lent   her  ships     to 
everybody    that    needed   them,   and    con- 
centrated   on    one     object,    winning     the 
war,  and  in  doing  this  has  let  her  mari- 
time trade  connections  slide. 


DIESEL   OIL   ENGINE   OP   Kl'KOPEAN    DE.SIG.V 


760 


Volume  XX 


Tyre  Making  a  New  Canadian  Industry 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  ARMSTRONG-WHITWO^TH  PLANT 


FOR  the  second  time  in  less  than 
four  years  the  firm  of  Armstrong, 
Whitworth  of  Canada,  Ltd.,  have 
inaugurated  a  new  industry  into  the  ac- 
tivities of  the  Dominion.  In  the  begin- 
ning of  1915  this  firm,  which  is  the 
Canadian  branch  of  the  parent  company 
with  factories  at  Manchester  and  New- 
castle, England,  commenced  its  initial 
enterprise  in  the  newly  built  and  mod- 
crnly  equipped  plant  at  Longueuil,  P.Q., 
opposite  the  Is- 
land of  Montreal, 
and  on  the  south 
shore  of  the  Riv- 
er St.  Lawrence. 
Anticipating  fu- 
ture development 
from  the  growth 
of  the  business 
the  original  plans 
provided  for 

buildings  to  ac- 
/commodate  addi- 
tional expansion. 
The  site  selected 
offered  excellent 
facilities  for 

every     phase     of 
the        company's 
activities,  the  ad- 
joining    town    of 
Longueuil     being 
conveniently  situ- 
ated  for   the   ac- 
rommodation     of 
all  the  employees 
of  the  works,  and 
'with     the     north 
end    of   the    pro- 
perty      touch  in?' 
on   the   shore   of 
the     river,     am- 
ple docking  facil- 
ities are  available 
for     wat«r    ship- 
ments.    Montreal,  "being  an  ocean  port, 
aids  materially  in  this  respect,  pirticu- 
larly  for   export   business.     The   extent 
of  the  land  controlled  ■  by  the  company 
approximates     two     hundred    and    fifty 
acres. 

AH   the    buildings   are   constructed   of 
reinforced    concrete    with    steel    frame- 


work supporting  the  crane  runways  and 
the  roof.  The  main  building  consists  of 
a  series  of  parallel  shops  and  is  so 
designed  as  to  permit  of  additions  to  any 
or  all  of  the  bays  without  disturbing  the 
present  arrangement.  Owing  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  work  engaged  in,  requiring 
many  furnaces  and  ovens,  and  to  main- 
tain a  free  run  for  the  crane  in  each 
main  bay,  narrow  bays  of  about  twenty 
feet   wide   are   located   between   each   of 


n.iVTTERY    OF    SIX-TON    HEROULT    FURNACES 

the  main  sections.  To  facilitate  the 
handling  of  material  when  it  is  delivered 
to  the  plant,  and  for  the  shipment  of 
Lhe  finished  product,  standard  railway 
tracks  are  located  through  the  center  of 
each  main  section;  local  transfer  being 
made  on  small  trucks  that  operate  on 
these  standard  tracks. 


The  pioneer  work  of  this  concern  was 
in  the  manufacture  of  high  speed  and 
crucible  steels,  and  high  speed  steel  pro- 
ducts such  as  taps,  dies,  punches,  mining 
drills,  milling  cutters,  twist  drills,  ream- 
ers, and  tool  steel  bars,  rolled  and  ham- 
mered into  the  various  sizes  and  sec- 
tions. 

Casting  The  Ingot 
The  most  recent  developments  in  the 
activities  of  this  firm  is  that  of  the 
(manufacture  o  f 
tyres  for  locomo- 
tive driving  and 
truck  wheels;  this 
work  will  be  sup- 
plemented in  the 
near  future  by 
the  production  of 
forged  s  t  e  e  i 
wheels,  the  equip- 
ment for  which  is 
already  installed. 
The  process  of 
making  t  h  e  s  l- 
st-ee'  tvres  is  not 
a  very  elaborate 
one,  but  the  dif- 
ferent operations 
are  exceedingly 
interesting  and 
the  character  of 
the  work  de 
mands  a  thor- 
ough knowledge 
of  the  physical 
conditions  of  the 
steel  under  the 
treatment  of  the 
different  f  u  r  - 
naces  and  form 
ing  machines. 
The  first  detail  in 
connection  with 
the  work  of  tyre 
making  is  the 
charging  of  the  electric  furnaces  with 
the  necessary  material,  which  is  com- 
posed of  selected  steel  scrap. 

The  approximate  time  required  to  con- 
vert   this    scrap    into    molten    metal    is 
.  nbout    5    hours.     Test   pieces   are   made 
from  the  charge  to  see  that  the  metal 
meets    the    required    specifications,    and 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


761 


SHOWING    LADLE   IN    POSITION.    RECEIVING    MOLTEN   CHARGE   OF   STEEL 


when  necessary  the  desired  alloys  are 
added  to  change  the  molten  metal  to 
conform  to  the  physical  and  chemicai 
requirements.  When  all  these  condi- 
tions are  assured  the  molten  metal  is 
poured  into  the  large  10-ton  ladle.  When 
pouring  the  steel  from  the  furnace  to 
the  ladle,  the  latter  is  located  in  an  en- 
closed space  at  the  front  of  the  furnace. 
On  the  upper  edge  of  these  side  walls 
are  heavy  steel  plates  that  can  be  ad- 
justed to  protect  the  workmen  from  the 
excessive  heat  of  the  molten  metal. 

After  the  ladle  has  received  the  charge 
it  is  taken  up  by  the  crane  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  ingot  moulds  that  are  gen- 
erally arranged  in  parallel  rows  on  the 
foundry  floor.  The  ladle  is  of  the 
bottom  pouring  type  and  the  nozzle  is 
kept  as  close  to  the  mouth  of  the  mould 
as  conditions  will  permit.  The  moulds 
are  shaped  somewhat  after  the  style  of 
an  inverted  bowl,  the  size  conforming  to 
the  weight  of  the  metal  required  to  make 
the  tyre.  In  calculating  the  amount  ot' 
metal  required  in  the  ingot,  allowance 
must  be  made  for  the  loss  due  to  the 
scaling  of  the  three  reheatings,  and  the 
center  that  is  removed  from  the  bloom 
after  forging  to  the  desired  thickness. 
The  piping  in  the  center  of  the  ingot  is 
not  great,  and  owing  to  the  fact  that 
this  portion  is  afterwards  punched  out, 
it  leaves  very  sound  steel  for  the  tyre. 

First  Reheating 

From  the  casting  floor  the  ingots  are 
taken  to  a  specially  designed  low  lift 
elevator  located  at  the  receiving  end  of 
the  long  continuous  furnace;  this  lift  is 
shown  at  the  lower  left  comer  of  the 
plan  layout.  The  elevator  is  operated  by 
a  small  electric  motor,  and  when  the 
ingot  reaches  the  top  it  is  transferred 
•)cros8  a  short  runway  to  the  furnace 
loading    platform.      From    this    position 


the  ingots  are  pushed  into  the  continu- 
ous furnace  by  means  of  the  specially 
constructed  electrically  operated  pusher, 
which  is  controlled  by  the  action  of  a 
screw  feed  located  beneath  the  platform. 
This  feeding  of  the  ingots  into  the  fur- 
nace chamber  is  in  the  charge  of  an 
operator  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  the 
ingots  are  placed  in  regularly.  The 
burners  for  heating  this  furnace  are  so 
arranged  that  the  heat  of  the  chamber 
increases  from  560  degrees  at  the  feed- 
ing end  to  about  800  degrees  at  the  dis- 


charge end.  The  floor  of  this  furnace  is 
set  at  an  angle  of  about  10  degrees  and 
the  billets  rest  on  two  parallel  pipes  that 
run  the  entire  length  of  the  fire  cham- 
ber, a  distance  of  about  60  feet,  suffi- 
cient to  accommodate  approximately  50 
ingots  of  750  lbs.  each.  The  two  pipes 
that  form  the  runway  are  kept  cool  by 
the  circulation  of  cold  water.  The  in- 
gots are  discharged  from  the  long  sec- 
tion of  the  furnace  down  a  short  45  de- 
gree incline,  into  the  final  heating  cham- 
ber which  has  a  capacity  of  half  a  dozen 
ingots.  The  time  required  for  the  pas- 
sage of  an  ingot  through  this  furnace  is 
about  three  hours.  In  this  and  subse- 
quent heating  it  is  very  essential  that 
the  temperature  be  even  throughout, 
otherwise  defects  may  develop  in  one  or 
other  of  the  forming  operations. 

Forming  the  Bloom 

When  the  ingot  is  raised  to  the  desired 
temperature  of  about  1800  degrees  F.,  it 
is  removed  from  the  furnace  by  means 
of  a  special  server  operating  on  the 
crane  runway.  This  and  the  other 
servers,  which  were  made  by  the  Well- 
man.  Seaver  and  Head,  Ltd.,  of  London 
and  Bath,  England,  have  a  range  of  360 
degrees  and  can  be  operated  to  serve 
any  of  the  furnaces  or  presses  within 
its  radius  and  the  travel  of  the  crane  in 
either  direction.  The  ingot  or  bloom  is 
supported  on  the  forked  end  of  the 
server  arm  and  then  placed  on  the  heavy 
anvil  of  the  2000-ton  steam  intensifier 
hydraulic  forging  press,  which  is  locat- 
ed in  the  middle  of  one  of  the  main 
bays.  This  press  is  provided  with  two 
anvils,  either  of  which  can  be  located  in 
a  central  position  for  the  operation  de- 
sired. The  breaking  down  anvil,  which 
is  made  solid,  can  be  revolved  about  its 
own  center,  this  movement  being  neces- 
sary  when    extra    large   blooms   are   re- 


TEEMrNG  TYKE  INGOT  FROM   LADLE  INTO   INGOT  MOULDS 


762 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


qaired.  When  the  bloom  is  flattened  to 
a  thickness  of  6  inches,  the  average 
width  of  a  finished  tyre,  the  press  ram 
is  raised  and  the  bloom  is  grabbed  by  a 
pair  of  prongs  operated  by  intricate 
levers  supported  in  a  framework  at  the 
side  of  the  press.  This  appliance  is  hy- 
draulically  operated  and  can  be  seen  at 
the  lower  left  of  the  large  press. 

Piercing  the  Bloom 

With   the    work    held    firmly    in    the 
prongs   it   is   slightly   raised   from    the 


the  die.  The  bloom  is  again  supported 
by  the  side  arms  while  the  main  anvil  is 
brought  below  the  ram,  when  the  bloom 
is  again  flattened.  It  might  be  men- 
tioned that  the  control  and  operation  of 
the  press  and  other  mechanisms  is  in 
the  charge  of  one  man. 

Rough  Forging  to  Shape 

The  pierced  bloom  is  now  ready  for 
the  second  reheating,  which  is  done  in 
a  furnace  located  at  the  discharge  end 
of  the   continuous  furnace  and  between 


diameters  to  suit  the  size  of  the  tires 
being  made,  and  are  located  in  a  housing 
with  the  working  surface  about  four 
feet  above  the  floor  level.  The  horns 
are  placed  at  an  angle  of  about  15  de- 
grees and  the  face  of  the  pressure  block, 
that  is  fitted  to  the  press  ram,  is  at  a 
corresponding  angle.  This  inclination 
assets  in  the  formation  of  the  flange  and 
maintains  the  inner  face  against  the 
shoulder  of  the  housing,  this  latter 
action  being  further  aided  by  means  of 
a  long  bar  suspended  in  a  notched  cross 


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PLAN    OF    TYRE    PLANT,    ARMSTRONG-WHITWORTH    CO. 


anvil,  and  the  movement  of  the   lower 
slide  brings  the  ; anvil  that  carries  the 
piercing^   die    into   the    central    position 
hf-!ow  the  ram.    The  bloom  is  then  drop- 
:»"i  on  the  die  and  the  anvil  brought  out 
I  that  the  piercing  punch  can  be 
•1    position.     This   consists   of  a 
nes  in  diameter  and  is 
ihe  eye  of  the  man  in 
charije  of  tfae  press.    Jhe  anvil  is  re- 
turned beneath  thjtcftin  andl^  the  lowp-' 
ing  *»f    the    'sam*    fm-ces    the    piinrf^  *• 
through  the  bloom,  and  the  former  and. 
the  piece  punched  out,  passes  through 


the  breaking  down  press  and  the  one 
used  for  the  becking  of  tyre.  The 
pierced  bloom  is  again  brought  to  a  tem- 
perature of  about  1800  degrees  F.  and 
by  means  of  the  server  is  taken  from  the 
fire  and  located  on  the  horn  of  the  600- 
ton  steam  intensified  hydraulic  becking 
pre^s.  The  work  performed  on  this 
press  consists  of  a  series  of  pressures  on 
the  outer  diameter  of  the  bloom  that  i:i 
a  short  time  produces  .a  riflg  roughly  re- 
sfemhling,  and  of  a  diameter  ibout  three 
(Or  ■  four  inches  less  than  the  finished 
tyre.     The  horns  used  are  of  different 


bar  fixed  to  the  two-side  pillars  of  the 
press.  This  bar  is  operated  at  the  outer 
end  by  two  workmen,  as  considerable 
pressure  is  required  to  keep  the  ring  in 
position.  Following  each  successive 
pressure  or  swage,  the  ring  is  revolved 
through  an  angle  of  approximately  15 
degrees.  This  operation  is  controlled 
by  one  man  using  a  long  bar  fulcrumed 
in  a  notched  bar  laid  on  two  supports 
and  extending  across  the  front  of  the 
press  about  two  feet  above  the  floor.  A 
series  of  notices  are  made  on  the  top  of 
the  bar  to  accommodate  the  different  dia- 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  N    M  .\  C  H  1  N  E  R  Y 


763 


~  -  f 

HT 

IH 

I'.OOO-TON    STEAM    INTENSIFIER    FORGING    PRESS.    FORGING    INGOT    INTO    TYRE    BLOOM 


meters.  It  might  be  stated  that  forming 
blocks  of  any  desired  shape  may  be 
adopted  to  suit  the  work  in  hand.  The 
time  required  to  shape  the  tyre  at  this 
operation  varies  from  3  to  7  minutes, 
according  to  the  size  and  weight  of  the 
tyre.  The  work  on  this  flanging  press 
roughly  rounds  the  tyre  into  shape,  but 
before  it  is  placed  into  the  third  reheat- 
ing furnace  it  is  placed  back  in  the  large 
press  and  again  flattened. 

Final  Rolling  Operation 

The  last  heating  of  the  tyre  is  per- 
formed in  the  furnace  located  in  the 
center  of  the  department  and  this  fur- 
nace is  open  from  either  side,  so  that 
the  righly  formed  tyre  is  placed  in  on 
the  one  side  and  removed  from  the  op- 
posite  side. 

The  heated  ring  is  again  taken  up 
by  another  mechanical  server  and  re- 
moved to  the  rolling  mill,  where  the 
final  operation  is  accomplished.  The 
iieavy  duty  engine  that  drives  this  mil! 
is  of  about  1.500  h.p.,  and  was  con- 
structed by  the  International  Engineer- 
ing Works.  This  unit  is  directly  con- 
nected to  the  Morgan  tyre  rolling  mill. 
In  this  operation  of  rolling  the  tyre  to 
the  finished  size  and  shape  it  is  impera- 
tive that  the  steel  be  uniformly  heatea 
to  assure  a  satisfactory  product.  Imme- 
diately the  heated  ring  is  placed  over  the 
push  roll,  the  latter,  which  is  operated 
by  means  of  a  hydraulic  cylinder  be- 
neath the  machine,  is  forced  up  and 
against  the  inner  edge  of  the  ring  and 
in  turn  presses  the  ring  into  the  profile 
roll  which  remains  in  a  fixed  position. 
The  oneratins:  cvlinder  is  18  inches  ir. 
diameter  and  with  a  working  pressure 
of  1500  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  the  pressure  ex- 
erted on  the  tyre  for  the  rolline;  process 
is  upwards  of  100  tons.     Guide  rolls  are 


located  on  either  side  to  steady  the  work 
while  in  action  and  to  round  up  the  tyre 
to  the  desired  shape  and  concentricity. 
During  the  rolling  of  the  tyre  running 
uater  is  permitted  to  flow  on  the  work 
from  between  the  guide  rolls  and  the 
profile  roll,  and  in  addition  to  this  a  man 
is  employed  in  directing  a  stream  to 
the  inner  surface  of  the  ring,  or  to  such 
■  places  as  are  desired.  When  the  re- 
quired size  has  been  obtained  or  nearly 
so,  the  pressure  is  steadily  maintained, 
but  no  more  water  is  alowed  to  pass  into 
the  cylinder,  so  that  the  push  roll  re- 
mains in  the  one  position.  It  is  neces- 
.sary  to  do  this  while  excessive  heat  re- 
mains in  the  steel,  as  the  contraction 
would  otherwise  be  too  great  and  when 
the  tyre  cooled  off  it  would  probably  be 
below  the  desired  size. 

The  gauge  adopted  for  determining 
the  finished  size  is  quite  interesting  and 
IS  so  accurate  that  during  the  final  re- 
volutions  in  the  rolling  of  the  tyre  it  does 


not  show  the  least  variation  from  its 
indicating  point  on  the  graduated  gauge. 
The  construction  of  the  gauging  attach- 
ment is  such  that  the  indicating  point  is 
always  in  the  same  position,  irrespective 
of  the  size  of  the  tyre  being  made,  and 
is  always  within  the  direct  line  of  vision 
of  the  control  operator.  The  concentri- 
city of  the  tyre  at  this  point  is  virtually 
perfect.  When  the  tyre  begins  to  turn 
black  the  pressure  is  removed  and  the 
tyre  taken  out  of  the  machine  and  placed 
to  cool.  The  shrinkage  on  a  32-inch 
tyre  after  being  removed  from  the  roll- 
ing mill  will  be  about  %  inch,  and  in  the 
case  of  a  74-inch  tyre  the  shrinkage  will 
be  approximately  15-16  inch.  For  ma 
chine  finished  tyres  the  amount  of  stock 
left  on  the  inner  and  outer  diameters  is 
about  3-32  of  an  inch. 

Heating  With  Powdered  Fuel 

A  feature  that  deserves  special  men- 
tion in  connection  with  the  operation  of 
the  furnaces  is  the  utilization  of  powder- 
ed coal  for  fuel.  The  plant  for  this  pur- 
pose was  installed  in  1917  and  the  sys- 
tem has  given  such  good  results  that  it 
has  been  adopted  for  use  on  the  majority 
of  the  furnaces  in  the  plant.  Experi- 
ments with  powdered  fuel  on  the  two  18- 
ton  basic  open  hearth  furnaces  recently 
installed,  have  proven  its  adaptability 
in  this  respect  and  its  permanent  appli- 
cation is  now  being  considered.  The 
plant  that  has  been  constructed  for  the 
purpose  is  capable  of  producing  five  tons 
of  powdered  coal  per  hour.  The  system 
iS  divided  into  three  separate  circuits  so 
that  fuel  can  be  supplied  to  or  cut  off 
from  any  one  department  without  affect- 
ing the  supply  to  the  others.  The  opera- 
tion of  the  system  is  virtually  auto- 
matic in  its  action,  the  powdered  fuel 
being  in  continual  circulation.  The  cut- 
ting out  of  any  of  the  furnaces  in  a  de- 
partment does  not  affect  the  distribution, 
as  the  operation  of  the  air  control  valves 
regulate  the  speed  of  the  small  motors 
that  drive  the  fans  for  blowing  the  fuel 
through   the   delivery   system. 

As  in  the  initial  activity  of  this  firm 
this  latest 'enterprise  of  tyre  and  forge<l 
steel  work  marks  a  new  epoch  in  the 
steel  industry  of  Canada,  and  likewise 
represents  anothed  blow  to  German  su- 
premacy, as  the  majority  of   Canadian 


PLAN    SHOWING    MACHINE    FOR    ROLLING  TYRES. 


764 


CANADIAN    MACHINKRY 


Volume  XX 


i 

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li 
1 

1 

L              J 

ail  &  I  l|Sq 

,i 

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i 

i 

Direct  current  excitation  of  the  choking 
coils  may  be  drawn  from  the  commuta- 
tor of  the  rotary  converter  that  is  being 
started  up,  and  the  choking  coils  may  be 
inserted  either  on  the  primary  or  on  the 
secondary  side  of  step-down  transform- 
ers. It  is  only  necessary  to  use  a  chok- 
mg  coil  in  one  of  the  phases  in  a  three- 
phase  machine.  The  direct  current  ex- 
citations may  be  also  derived  from  any 
separate  source.  The  choking  coil  may 
be  designed  with  three  limbs,  the  outer 
ones  carrying  the  alternative  current 
windings,  and  the  middle  one  the  direct 
current  windings. 

^ 

PRINCESS    SOPHIA    WRECK 

We  are  informed  by  Marine  Depart- 
ment officials  at  Ottawa  that  a  formal 
investigation  into  the  loss  of  the 
Princess  Sophia  will  shortly  be  held.  It 
is  understood  that  the  investigating 
commission  will  be  composed  of  the  Ad- 
miralty Judge  in  British  Columbia,  as- 
sisted by  two  assessors,  and  will  be 
appointed  immediately  by  the  Dominion 
Government. 


6.000-TON  STEAM    INTENSIFIER  HYDRAULIC   BECKING   PRESS.   FORGING   BLOOM   INTO 
ROUGH  OUTLINE  OF  TYRE 


locomotives  and  cars,  before  the  war, 
were  running  on  Krupp  tyres.  Prior  to 
the  establishment  of  the  plant  of  Arm- 
strong Whitworth  the  supply  had  been 
coming  from  the  States,  while  now  the 
Canadian  railroads  are  assured  of  ample 
home  made  tyres  for  all  their  require- 
ments. 

To  the  establishment  of  the  plant  the 
credit  is  largely  due  to  the  efforts  of 
Sir  Percy  Girouard,  K.C.,  the  president 
of  the  Company,  and  G.  -G.  Foster,  K.C., 
the  vice-president,  while  the  successful 
development  to  its  present  efficiency  is 
due  to  M.  J.  Butler,  C.M.G.,  the  man- 
aging director,  and  his  able  assistants 
Lawrence  Russell,  assistant  general 
manager,  and  H.  Johnson,  the  general 
superintendent.  " 

METHOD  OF  SYNCHRONIZING  ELEC- 
TRIC MACHINES 

By  M.  M. 

A  new  method  for  synchronizing  elec- 
tric machines,  is  a  development  from  one 
already  used.  It  consists  in  connecting 
choking  coils  in  the  alternating  current 
leads,  bringing  the  machine  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  synchronism  by  an  auxiliary 
machine,  and  then  gradually  exciting.  If 
the  choking  coils  are  suitably  designed 
the  machine  will  fall  into  synchronism 
after  one  or  two  oscillations.  When  this 
hag  taken  place,  the  choking  coils  are 
short-circuited,  which  gives  rise  to  a  con- 
siderable current  rush.  It  is  also  pos- 
sible to  use  an  induction  motor  for  start- 
ing, with  its  windings  connected  in  the 
place  of  the  choking  coils.  This  causes 
the  reactance  to  decrease  as  the  machine 
starts  up.  Even  then  considerable 
rushes  occur  when  the  induction  motor  is 


short-circuited.  The  reactance  of  the 
serious  choking  coils  is  decreased  auto- 
matically and  gradually,  to  such  an  ex- 
tent that  practically  no  current  rush 
takes  place  when  they  are  short-circuited 
A  further  advantage  of  the  method  lies 
in  the  freedom  of  choice  of  the  type  of 
the  auxiliary  motor.  The  reduction  of 
the  reactance  of  the  choking  coils  is  af- 
fected by  superposing  a  direct  current 
field  upon  the  alternating  current  field. 


Washington,  D.C.— The  reinforced  con- 
crete steamship  "Atlantus,"  3,500  tons 
carrying  capacity,  was  successfully 
launched  9  a.m.,  December  3,  at  the 
yards  of  the  Liberty  Shipbuilding  Co.. 
Brunswick,  Ga. 

The  "Atlantus"  is  the  first  of  the  con- 
crete ships  contracted  for  by  the  U.  S. 
Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration, to  be  finished.  Sister  concrete 
ships,  as  well  as  a  number  of  concrete 
ships  of  7,500  tons  capacity,  are  being 
built  in  the  yards  of  the  Liberty  Ship- 
building Co.,  and  in  four  other  yards 
established  by  the  Government  exclu- 
sively for  concrete  ship  construction. 


TYRE    ROLLING    MILL.    LAST   OPERATION    COMPLETING    TYRE 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     .M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


765 


SOME  MEANS  MUST  BE  FOUND  TO 

KEEP  THE  CANADIAN  SHOPS  BUSY 

The  Smaller  Organizations  Should  Receive  Co-operation  and 

Support  Just  Now  to  Help  Them  Over  a 

Trying  Period. 

By  C.  GRAHAM  DRINKWATER,  Vice-President  Canadian 
Fairbanks-Morse  Co. 

I  see  no  reason  why  Canada  should  not  get  her  share  of  reconstruction 
requirements  in  Europe  and  at  the  same  time  look  after  her  own  trade. 

The  larger  industries  will  take  care  of  themselves,  but  the  smaller 
manufacturers  will  unquestionably  need  assistance  in  securing  orders.  The 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  solved  this  difficulty  in  so  far  as  war  materials 
were  concerned,  and  we  confidently  look  to  our  newly  appointed  Trade 
Commissioner  to  render  similar  assistance  at  this  time.  Such  a  Board  with 
Sir  Charles  Gordon  at  its  head  can  be  of  invaluable  service  to  Canada.  We 
congratulate  the  Government  on  its  foresight  and  trust  some  business  will 
be  forthcoming  shortly  which  can  be  distributed  among  our  various  mfs- 
cellaneous  industries,  and  help  hold  our  splendid  munition  organizations 
together.  Otherwise  we  are  facing  a  period  of  readjustment,  not  for  big 
production,  but  for  production  on  a  much  reduced  scale  from  the  activity 
of  the  past  four  years,  and  this  means  labor  unrest  and  small  profits  from 
which  to  pay  taxe.s. 

Canada  has  shown  that  she  has  tremendous  manufacturing  ability, 
and  some  means  must  be  found  to  keep  her  at  work. 


THE  ADVENT  OF  A  NEW  SPIRIT 

IN  INDUSTRIAL  LIFE  IS  APPARENT 

By  A.  L.  HAAS 


INTENSIFIED  by  the  circumstances 
"*•  of  war,  change  in  every  di- 
rection is  rapid.  Normally  such 
changes  as  have  been  witnessed  in  the 
past  four  years  would  take  generations 
to  effect.  Among  much  that  is  regret- 
table and  pernicious  war  has  at  least 
one  benefit  in  that  it  hastens  material 
progress  while  destroying  much  that 
makes    life   worth   living. 

Evolution  proceeds  usually  by  tenta- 
tive and  slow  stages,  but  the  furnace  of 
•conflict  has  a  forced  draught  and  while 
consuming  much  that  can  ili  be  spared 
■does  quicken  change  and  accelerate  pro- 
gress in  certain  directions.  iNovvhere 
is  this  more  manifest  than  in  mecnanical 
matters  which  are  the  outstanding  fea- 
ture of  the  last  decade  and  more  espe- 
cially the  last  four  years  have  seen  an 
unparalleled  alteration.  Whereas  be- 
fore August,  1914,  the  machinery  sales- 
man had  to  make  great  exertions  to  sup- 
plant out-of-date  machines  by  modern- 
ized and  improved  alternatives,  to-day 
the  very  people  whom  it  took  months  to 
convince  are  themselves  seeking  dili- 
gently for  new  plant,  price  being  quite  a 
secondary  consideration.  In  place  of 
the  salesman  trying  in  every  way  to 
convert  the  customer,  the  latter  now 
chases  the  salesman  who  nonchalantly 
makes  evasive  promises. 

The  reaction  of  a  restricted  labor  mar- 
ket shows  in  many  directions. 

The  discontent,  murmuring,  high 
wages  and  independence  is  one  feature 


which  receives  much  publicity;  the  other 
feature  is  the  quickened  appreciation 
of  new  process,  improved  method,  more 
efficient  machines,  the  fresh  viewpoint 
on  the  part  of  those  responsible  for  pro- 
duction. This  has  received  less  notice, 
but  is  full  of  future  promise. 

The  conditions  noted  are  mutual  in 
their  effects,  high  wages,  better  condi- 
tions, plentitude  of  work,  improved  me- 
chanism and  method  are  interdepend- 
ent variables  in  the  formula  of  produc- 
tion. All  previous  beliefs  have  received 
so  rude  a  shock  that  greater  discrimina- 
tion in  finish,  relative  accuracy,  separa- 
tion of  process,  revaluation  of  relative 
skill    have    received    extended    attention. 

The  change  in  attitude  is  not  confined 
to  any  one  section,  it  is  common  to  all. 
Owing  to  expansion  the  former  private 
now  holds  a  niore  responsible  commis- 
sioned rank  in  the  industrial  army, 
while  the  opportunity  to  assume  respon- 
sibility at  an  early  age  has  given  ex- 
ceptional chances  to  youth. 

This  last  factor  is  of  immense  import- 
ance, for  in  many  directions  it  has 
freed  industry  from  the  incubus  of  the 
experienced,  but  hide-bound  individual 
tied  by  precedent  and  tradition  and 
averse  to  change.  Whole  industries  have 
sprung  up  where  the  most  experienced 
are  still  youthful,'  iudged  by  any  former 
standards. 

The  new  spirit  in  industry  is  shown 
by  quickening  progress  and  expansion 
of  the   individual;  former  captains  of  a 


hundred  now  administer  thousands  and 
the  severe  tuition  of  a  time  of  stress  is 
leaving  marks  which  will  influence  the 
luture. 

It  is  increasingly  evident  that  indus- 
try generally  has  to  be  more  co-opera- 
tive in  the  future,  less  individualistic. 
All  the  reconstruction  proposals  place 
this  beyond  dispute.  Co-operation  in- 
volves everyone  affected  and  it  is  im- 
possible unless  a  common  atmosphere 
favors  its  continuance. 

More  individual  responsibility  is  re- 
quired from  below  as  well  as  greater 
tolerance  from  above.  The  spirit  of 
identity  and  association  to  a  common 
end  cultivated  in  school,  in  national  and 
municipal  affairs,  and  more  especially 
in  the  realm  of  sport,  form  the  precedents 
for  the  hope  of  those  most  interested. 

It  is  to  be  regretted,  therefore,  that 
before  trial  has  been  made  or  a  fair 
chance  afforded  to  the  Whitley  pro- 
posals in  England,  leaders  of  labor 
thought,  should  have  seen  fit,  to  stand 
aloof  and  indeed,  forbid  those  under  their 
charge  from  participation  in  any  scheme 
of  the  kind. 

To  frustrate  or  afford  no  trial  to  a 
new  idea  is  fatal  to  progress.  Construc- 
tive attempts  to  stabilize  industry  are 
not  ordinary  happenings,  for  in  the 
ultimate  analysis  it  is  ideas  which  rule, 
not  mere  expedients.  It  is  rival  ideas 
which  cause  disintearration,  and  the  new 
idea,  which  is  the  logical  fresh  step  on 
the  ladder  of  evolution,  cannot  be  frus- 
trated with  impunity.  It  will  eventually 
defeat  any  mandate  like  the  tide  on  the 
shore. 

There  is  much  troublous  water  to  steer 
through  in  industrial  matters,  but  the 
new  spirit  of  high  endeavor  should  suf- 
fice to  avoid  the  difficulties.  In  fact  the 
new  spirit  is  apparent  in  so  many  direc- 
tions that  it  almost  amounts  to  a  new 
industrial  renaissance. 


Seattle. — The  wooden  shipbuilding  in- 
dustry of  Puget  Sound  delivered  up  to 
the  end  of  November  thirty  carriers  of 
102,600  tons  deadweight  capacity.  An 
additional  35,000  tons  will  be  delivered  by 
the  wooden  shipbuilding  yards  this 
month,  giving  them  a  total  of  137,600 
tons  by  the  end  of  the  year. 

The  following  list  of  plants  and  their 
tonnage  output  has  been  issued  by  the 
Northwestern  Shipbuilders'  Association: 

Plant  Ships  Ton'ge 

Albina,  Portland   7  25,600 

Ames,    Seattle    10  88,400 

Columbia    River,   Portland.  10  88,000 

Duthie,  Seattle    12  105,000 

Northwest  Steel    16  140,800 

Seattle   Construction,  Seat- 
tle      5  40,500 

Skinner    and    Eddy    No.    1, 

Seattle   27  237,800 

Skinner  and   Eddy    No.  2, 

Seattle    2  17,600 

Todd,  Tacoma    7  52,500 


96     796,800 


766 


.Volume  XX. 


The  Machine  Tool  Dealers  of  Toronto 


T.  A.  HoUinrake,  President  A.  R.Williams  Co, 


ONE  OF  THE  PIONEERS  OF  THE  MACHINERY  BUSINESS 


-By  A.  R.  K. 


PERHAPS  it  is  only  fitting  and  proper  that  an  in- 
dustrial centre  such  as  Brantford  should  send  out 
a  lot  of  men  to  occupy  responsible  positions  in  the 
industrial  and  machinery  world.  Brantford  has  turned 
out  a  number  who  have  come  pretty  well  up  toward 
the  top  of  the  heap  in  various  lines.  The  Telephone 
City  claims  T.  A.  HoUinrake  as  one  of  its  native  sons. 
In  fact,  the  family  home  is  still  there,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
HoUinrake,   Sr.,   are   both   living. 

T.  A.  HoUinrake  is  now  piisident  and  general  manager 
of  the  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.  He  first  became 
connected  with  the  firm  because  the  late  A.  R,  Wil- 
liams considered  there  was 
more  opportunity  for  two 
firms  to  centralize  their 
efforts  than  remain  as  com- 
petitors. It  came  about 
this  way: — T.  A.  HoUin- 
rake and  Robert  Kerr  estab- 
lished the  Canada  Machin- 
ery &  Supply  Co.  in  Brant- 
ford about  the  year  1890, 
and  were  doing  a  nice  busi- 
ness in  that  line.  Mr.  Hol- 
linrake  had  a  varied  know- 
leage  in  machine  shop  and 
other  similar  lines,  while 
his  partner,  Mr.  Kerr,  had 
graduated  from  the  Water- 
ous  plant,  where  hundreds 
of  first-class  mechanics 
have  entered  as  apprentices. 
And  so  it  was  that  in  the 
year  1894  the  Toronto  and 
Brantford  firms  were 
merged,  taking  the  name 
A.  R.  Williams  Machinery 
Co.  Mr.  Williams  was 
president,  Mr.  HoUinrake 
vice-president,  and  Mr.  Kerr 
still  retains  a  place  on  the 
board   of  directors. 

Mr.  HoUinrake  is  pretty 
well  tied  down  by  the 
amount  of  material  passing 
through  the  Toronto  office, 
but  if  he  had  the  chance  to 
pick  and  choose  the  chances 
are  that  he'd  get  out  and 
sell  machinery.  For  a  long 
time  T.  A.  HoUinrake  was 
known     personally     from 

Halifax  to  Vancouver.  He  went  out  after  business,  and 
he  got  it.  He  knows  the  lumber  country  of  the  North 
and  West,  the  mining  country,  the  lumbering  camps  oi 
British  Columbia  and  the  mills  of  New  Brunswick.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  men  in  the  business  have  told  me  that 
T.  A.  HoUinrake  went  through  the  Crow's  Nest  Pass 
in  Southern  British  Columbia  ahead' of  the  C.P.R.  Crow's 
Nest  line.  He  was  selling  sawmill  machinery  to  Sandy 
McDougall  at  Femie  before  the  pioneers  there  had  decided 
to  call  the  main  street  of  the  town  Victoria  Avenue. 
Nor  can  it  be  said  that  he  picked  the  easy  trips,  either. 
In  the  early  spring  he  used  to  leave  Toronto  on  the 
long  Western  trip.  In  those  days  there  were  many  dis- 
tricts that  had  trains  only  two  or  three  times  a  week, 
and  selling  machinery  then  meant  hard  work  and  lots  of  it. 

But  to  get  back  to  the  business.     In  1894  the  newly- 


formed  company  built  the  big  warehouse  and  shops  on 
Front  street.  And  just  here  it  might  be  mentioned  that 
the  entire  staff  in  those  early  days  numbered  only  35, 
as  compared  with  something  over  200  at  the  present 
time.  When  the  Front  street  property  was  expropriated 
for  the  new  Union  Station,  the  Cobban  property  was 
purchased  on  the  Esplanade  for  shops  and  warehousing 
purposes,  and  the  head  offices,  showrooms  and  supply 
departments  were  located  in  the  old  Copp-Clark  premiseSj 
right  opposite  the  new  Union  Station,  which  were  pur- 
chased by  the  A.  R.  Williams  Co.  At  that  time  the 
only  branch  of  the  business  was  in  Montreal. 

The  growth  of  the  busi- 
ness made  it  certain  that  it 
could  not  be  handled  from 
Toronto  any  longer.  Hence 
the  Winnipeg  branch  was 
opened  in  1902  to  look  after 
the  territory  between  there 
and  the  coast.  Three  years 
later  the  Vancouver  agency 
was  established,  the  lines 
handled  there  having  large- 
ly to  do  with  saw  mill 
machinery,  log  engines  and 
boilers,  mining  machinery, 
etc.  From  this  branch  an 
export  business  with  the 
Orient  is  conducted.  In  the 
East  the  St.  John,  N.B., 
business  was  established  in 
1910.  An  American  branch 
in  Buffalo,  operating  under 
the  name  of  the  A.  R.  Wil- 
liams Machinery  and  Supply 
Corporation,  was  opened  in 
1917. 

Speaking    to    the    writer 
only    a   few   days   ago,   Mr. 
Hollinrake    expressed    him- 
self as  optimistic  regarding 
the   outlook   for    1919   busi- 
ness.     That   was    after   re- 
turning  from    a    conference 
of  all   the   Canadian   mana- 
gers   at    Montreal.     "What 
did  we  do  there?"  said  the 
president,    in    answer    to    a 
query.     "Well,   we    sold   re- 
construction  to   each   other. 
If     the      Governments     go 
ahead    and    make   their   ad- 
justments   quickly,    trade    should     start     and     move    very 
soon.     It  would   be   good   policy  to  remove  the   traces   of 
war  from  the  machine  tool  business  as  soon  as  possible."' 
"And   how   about  export?" 

"Well,  this  country  ought  to  be  able  to  get  int* 
foreign  markets.  Just  now  we  are  doing  a  nice  business 
with  Japan.  We  have  found  it  possible  to  meet  the 
prices  of  other  countries  in  open  competition.  If  there's 
one  thing  that  is  holding  back  Canadian  trade  abroad 
it  is  a  lack  of  knowledge  of  foreign  countries  regarding 
this  country  and  its  products." 

On  the  death  of  A.  R.  Williams  about  two  years  ago, 
Mr.  Hollinrake,  who  had  up  to  that  time  been  vice- 
president  of  the  company,  became  president  and  general 
manager. 


T.    A.    HOLLINRAKE 

President   and    General    Manager   of   the    A.    R.    Williams 

Machinery    Co.,    Ltd. 


December  26,  1918 


767 


The  Machine  Tool  Dealers  of  Toronto 


Fred  W.  Evans,  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse 


HAS    DEVELOPED    BIG    BUS  NESS   IN   TORONTO   FIELD 


—By  A.  K.  K. 


IF  one  were  to  inquire  for  any  standing  instructions 
that  might  he  given  to  the  Toronto  staff  of  the 
Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse,  it  would  be  a  safe  guess  to 
say  that  they  could  be  summed  up  in  two  words,  "Don't 
Bluff." 

Not  that  I've  ever  seen  any  code  of  rules  posted  up 
around  the  place,  but  it's  there  as  plain  as  any  unwritten 
law  can  be.  And,  moreover,  one  of  the  company's  sales- 
men told  me  that  such  was  the  sum  total  of  the  instruc- 
tions that  he  received  from  the  Toronto  manager  when 
starting  in  this  territory:  "You  have  a  general  know- 
ledge of  the  machine  tool  trade,  but  remember,  you 
are  going  out  to  meet  and 
deal  with  specialists  in  a 
dozen  different  lines,  and 
each  of  these  specialists 
knows  his  line  thoroughly. 
Never  forget  that." 

But  this  story  isn't  so 
much  about  the  Canadian 
Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  as 
about  the  Toronto  manager, 
Fred.  W.  Evans.  At  the 
age  of  33  he's  one  of  the 
best  known  and  most  suc- 
cessful men  in  the  machine 
tool  business  in  Canada. 

It  can't  be  said  that  he 
planned  a  career  for  him- 
self in  this  line.  In  fact, 
there's  a  story  in  machin- 
ery circles  that  he  did,  in 
the  truest  sense  of  the 
word,  "break"  his  way  into 
the  business.  Some  folks 
set  out  and  work  along 
straight  lines  to  a  given 
point,  but  the  most  of  us 
don't,  and  F.  W.  Evans  be- 
longs to  the  "most  of  us." 

The  old  whirligig  of  fate 
has  a  habit  of  taking  people 
unawares,  pitchforking 
them  here  and  there,  and 
picking  out  round  men  for 
square  holes.  And  after  it's 
all  over  these  men  set  to 
work  to  finish  the  job  that 
fate  started  by  changing 
the  square  hole  or  fitting 
them.selves  to  it. 

Mr.  Evans  is  a  product  of 
Montreal,  bom  there  in 
1885.    He  received  his  early 

education  in  the  public  schools  in  that  city,  and  on  leaving 
school   entered   the    Grand   Trunk   shops   at   Montreal. 

He  didn't  stick.  In  fact,  he  found  that  the  oppor- 
tunities he  was  looking  for  were  not  in  that  line.  And 
so  it  was  that,  after  a  course  in  business  college,  he 
entered  the  office  of  Fairbanks-Morse  as  a  clerk  in  1904. 
And  here's  where  he  "broke"  into  the  machine  tool  line, 
In  the  Montreal  office  was  a  particularly  fine  Brown 
&  Sharpe  miller,  and  Evans  had  often  admired  the  thing 
and  had  more  than  once  given  a  turn  to  the  feed  levers. 
This  turning  process  was  continued  to  such  an  extent 
that  one  day  the  limits  of  the  machine  were  exceeded 
and   something   snapped.     At   that   time    Mr.   Rudel,   now 


FRED   W.   EVANS 

Toronto    manager   of   the    Canadian    Fairbanks-Morse 
Co.,    Ltd. 


of  the  Rudel-Belnap  Co.,  was  in  charge  of  the  machine 
tool  department  of  the  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  and  that 
particular  B.  &  S.  miller  was  some  pumpkins  in  his  eye. 
So  when  he  saw  his  pet  hobby  broken  he  drew  up  the 
siege  battery  to  shell  out  the  victim.  After  the  bom- 
bardment had  produced  no  results,  the  boy  Evans  walked 
into  his  office  and  told  how  the  B.  &  S.  machine  had  been 
put  on  the  blink.  But  Evans  wasn't  canned.  In  fact, 
a  strong  feeling  grew  up  between  Rudel  and  the  clerk, 
and  it  wasn't  a  month  after  before  he  had  taken  him 
into  the  machine  tool  department.  From  then  on  pro- 
motion came  quickly.    He  was  assistant  manager,  machine 

tools  department,  1909- 
1910;  manager  of  the  de- 
partment, 1910;  manager  of 
the  Winnipeg  branch,  ma- 
chinery department,  1910- 
1914;  manager  of  the  ma- 
chine tools  department  for 
Canada,  Montreal,  1915; 
transferred  to  Toronto, 
1915;  general  manager  of 
the  Toronto  business  since 
1916. 

Particularly  during  the 
duration  of  the  war  has  the 
Toronto  business  of  the 
Fairbanks-Morse  Co.  de- 
veloped. I  happened  to 
mention  this  fact  to  Mr. 
Evans  one  day,  but  he 
simply  admitted  the  fact, 
and  stated  that  he  was  the 
victim  of  favorable  circum- 
stances. When  it  comes  to 
talking,  he  can  talk  business 
and  trade,  bowling,  motor- 
ing— yes,  and  a  bit  of 
Liberal  politics  as  well— but 
when  it  comes  to  talking 
about  F.  W.  Evans,  well,  as 
a  space-filler,  he'd  starve. 

Speaking  of  business,  Mr. 
Evans  has  strong  views, 
and  these  are  also  held  by 
his  company.  "Just  now 
we  are  receiving  a  number 
of  requests  from  all  over 
the  country  to  buy  in  equip- 
ment that  has  been  used  in 
shell  shop  work.  We  won't 
touch  it.  Our  policy  has 
been  all  through  to  en- 
couraere  the  sale  of  new 
machinery.  It's  better  all  around.  We'd  rather  do  less 
business  for  the  present  than  be  very  busy  taking  in 
second-hand  machinery.  Selling  new  machinery  forms 
the  basis  for  good,  clean,  square  business  with  very 
little  come-back  to   it." 

Since  coming  to  Toronto,  Mr.  Evans  has  taken  an 
active  interest  in  several  undertakings.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association,  Toronto 
Board  of  Trade,  and  of  the  Ontario,  Rotary  and  Empire 
Clubs.  In  1910  he  was  married  to  Miss  Edna  Hurd, 
daughter  of  Dr.  J.  E.  Hurd,  Toronto.  The  Evans  home 
is  19  Oakmount  Boulevard,  Toronto,  where  two  young 
men  rise  up  and  salute  F.  W.  as  "dad." 


768 


Volume  XX 


The  Machine  Tool  Dealers  of  Toronto 


The  Garlock- Walker  Machinery  Company 


TWO    SUCCESSFUL    SALESMEN  JOINED  FORCES  IN   1916 


—By  A.  R.  K. 


LANDING  in  New  York  at  the  age  of  14  with 
11.48  in  his  pockets,  reads  something  like  the  start 
of  a  romantic  business  career.  I  don't  know  if  the 
amount  is  correct  to  the  cent,  but  it's  pretty  close  to  it. 
Just  how  he  got  along  for  the  first  few  weeks  or  months 
I've  never  heard,  but  he  always  put  in  a  lot  of  spare 
time  studying,  and  it  was  not  very  long  before  he  was 
fairly  well  versed  in  shorthand.  In  fact,  shorthand,  and 
a  desire  to  some  day  study  law,  seems  to  have  been  the 
tandem  in  which  most  of  young  Garlock's  ambitions  were 
riding  at  that  time. 
That's  a  few  years 
back  now.  William 
Garlock  was  born  in 
Oswego,  on  April  17, 
1882.  He's  now  pres- 
ident of  the  Garlock- 
W  al  k  e  r  Machinery 
Co.,  Toronto,  one  of 
the  firms  that  has 
forged  ahead  rapidly 
during  the  past  five 
years.  But  just  be- 
fore we  forget  it, 
there's  a  story  con- 
cerning those  early 
New  York  days  that 
deserves  printing.  The 
chances  are  Mr.  Gar- 
lock will  wonder 
where  CANADIAN 
MACHINERY  heard 
of  it.  But  here's  the 
■story  as  I  heard  it: — 

One  of  his  first 
positions  was  as 
stenographer  in  an  of- 
fice. Wages  $5  per 
— board  $4.50  per — 
balance  50  cents  per — 
week.  The  "boss"  in- 
timated  that  he   was 

going  to  Denver  for  a  couple  of  weeks  or  so  and  Garlock, 
Jr.,  was  to  look  after  things  in  general.  In  fact,  he  was 
at  the  office  with  the  boss  the  night  previous  to  his  de- 
parture getting  final  instructions.  The  stenographic  de- 
partment of  the  oflRce  (consisting  of  W.  G.)  turned  up  as 
usual  the  next  morning,  and  found  things  dull.  After 
lunch — shoebox  kind — things  were  likewise  dull,  and  the 
stenographic  department  of  this  New  York  office  decided 
that  it  was  time  to  act  like  any  other  real  office  man. 
So  he  dusted  off  the  boss'  pet  sign  and  got  it  ready  for 
action.  It  read  "Out — Back  at  5.30."  So  without  any 
more  preliminaries  the  sign  was  displayed  on  the  outside 
of  the  office  door.  We've  clean  forgot  what  the  score 
was  at  the  ball  game  that  afternoon,  but  'long  about 
5.50,  true  to  the  promise  on  the  shingle,  Garlock,  Jr.,  re- 
turned to  his  place  of  business,  just  to  make  sure  that 
it  hadn't  departed.  But  there  had  been  some  tinkering 
with  that  billboard  in  the  meantime.  The  hang  thing 
had  been  taken  down,  the  door  was  open,  and  the  boss 
was  on  the  job.     The  $5  a  week  job  passed  to  other  hands. 

A  strong  preference  for  studying  law  probably  turned 
him  to  his  next  position  with  a  New  York  legal  concern. 
By  that  time  he  was  an  expert  stenographer.  That  was, 
if  my  dates  are  right,  about  1898.     For  six  years  he  worked 


f     1 

WILLIAM    GARLOCK.    JR. 

ALBERT    B.    WALKER 

as  law  clerk,  hunting  up  evidence  and  securing  all  the 
necessary  preliminary  training  for  the  legal  profession. 
In  fact,  if  he  were  to  leave  the  machinery  field  now,  my 
best  guess  would  be  that  he'd  turn  to  law  even  yet.  A 
breakdown  in  health  settled  this,  however,  and  in  1905 
he  entered  the  sales  offices  of  the  American  Woodworking 
Machinery  Co.  This  company,  although  located  at  Roches- 
ter now,  was  then  in  New  York.  There  wasn't  much 
spare  time  in  those  days.  Mr.  Garlock  taught  shorthand 
three  nights  a  week  in  a  Y.M.C.A.  night  school — the  other 

three  he  studied  and 
tutored  with  univer- 
sity students.  Pro- 
motions came  rapidly, 
and  by  the  time  he 
was  ready  to  open  the 
Canadian  field  for  his 
company,  he  was  sales 
manager  of  the  east- 
ern division,  in  charge 
of  a  sales  staff  cover- 
ing 15  states. 

It  was  on  the  first 
of  May,  1913,  tha'^ 
Mr.  Garlock  came  to 
Toronto  to  open  the 
Canadian  branch  of 
the  American  Wood- 
working Machinery 
Co.  The  results  were 
not  entirely  satisfac- 
tory, and  the  com- 
pany decided  to  close 
the  Toronto  office. 
William  Garlock  did 
not  see  things  that 
way,  and  he  decided 
to  stick  on  his  own 
account.  When  Can- 
adian firms  started  to 
make  munitions  he 
turned  to  metal  work- 
ing machinery  as  well.  His  first  order  was  for  $100,000, 
and  he  at  once  placed  his  orders  mostly  with  American 
concerns.  Two  weeks  later  the  order  was  cancelled.  It 
was  up  to  Mr.  Garlock  to  cancel  also  or  sell.  He  decided 
on  the  latter  course.  He  had  sixty  days  to  swing  the 
deal.  Strenuous  days,  those,  but  to  make  a  long  story 
short,  he  sold  and  delivered  the  whole  consignment. 

It  was  on  the  first  of  January,  1916,  that  the  firm 
Garlock-Walker  Machinery  Co.  was  formed.  Albert  B. 
Walker,  known  to  many  in  and  out  of  the  trade  as  "Doc," 
took  over  the  metal  working  end  of  the  business.  And 
he  comes  honestly  by  that  name  of  "Doc,"  for  he  prac- 
tised medicine  for  five  years  in  Michigan,  after  gradu- 
ating at  Detroit.  Mr.  Walker  retains  a  strong  liking  yet 
for  the  profession,  but  it  was  poor  health  that  forced  him 
out.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  I  belive  I'm  right  in  stating 
that  he  volunteered  for  service  in  the  recent  war  as  a 
doctor  with  the  U.S.  Army,  but  was  not  called. 

Mr.  Walker  is  an  old  Toronto  boy,  but  the  family  moved 
to  Gait,  where  he  went  as  far  as  matriculation  in  school 
work.  Entering  the  Goldie-McCuIlouch  shops  when  David 
Hastings,  now  general  superintendent,  was  foreman  of  the 
machine  shop,  he  served  his  apprenticeship  as  a  machinist, 
Continued  on  page   770 


December  26,  1918 


769 


The  Machine  Tool  Dealers  of  Toronto 


A.  E.  Juhler  of  the  Rudel-Belnap  Company 


STARTED    IN    MACHINE    TOOL  BUSINESS  IN   EUROPE 


-By  A.  R.  K. 


REFERENCE  is  often  made  to  firms  that  have  "long 
and  honorable  careers."  Evidently  this  country  is 
not  old  enough  yet  to  boast  of  the  real  thing.  Per- 
haps we  imagine  that  some  of  our  concerns  that  have 
been  in  business  for  fifty  or  sixty  years  have  a  right  to 
be  thus  listed,  but  when  other  records  are  looked  into, 
this  young  country's  record  looks  of  the  amateur  type 
when  it  comes  to  years. 

For  instance  in  Copenhagen  there  is  a  firm  handling 
American  machine  tools  and  supplies  under  the  name  of 
V.  Lowener.  That  house  has  been  established  for  over  250 
years.  They  command  a  wide  patronage  covering 
practically  the  whole  north 
of  Europe.  It's  hard  to  say 
what  changes  the  war  has 
made  in  this  regard.  But 
to  get  down  to  the  story. 
Some  thirteen  years  ago  a 
young  American  became 
connected  with  the  firm, 
after  having  spent  some 
years  on  the  continent  for 
the  Bethlehem  Steel  Cor- 
poration. He's  a  resident 
of  Toronto  now,  Fiving  at  89 
Delaware  Ave.  His  name 
is  A.  E.  Juhler,  Toronto 
manager  of  the  Rudel-Bel- 
nap Machinery  Co. 

If  my  information  is  cor- 
rect, Mr.  Juhler  is  a  native 
son  of  some  spot  in  South- 
ern Ohio — as  a  matter  of 
fact  it's  doubtful  if  the 
place  is  recognized  by  the 
map  makers.  It  might  be 
said  that  his  whole  life  has 
been  so  far  spent  in  work 
closely  allied  with  machin- 
ery, engineering  and  allied 
projects.  Graduating  from 
Lehigh  University  in  1892, 
he  had  hardly  ceased  being 
a  sophomore  when  he  got 
out  and  went  to  work  to 
apply  what  he  had  soaked 
up  at  school.  Mr.  Juhler 
had  specialized  in  factory 
engineering,  which  included 
mechanical  lines  and  an  ex- 
tra amount  of  chemistry 
just  to  keep  him  busy.    He 

didn't  start  with  any  two  by  four  concern  either,  but 
hitched  up  to  the  Standard  Oil  Co.  in  the  construction 
and  operation  of  plants,  being  first  located  at  Whiting,  Ind. 
His  work  with  the  Standard  Oil  Co.  also  look  him  to 
Europe  a  number  of  times. 

It  was  in  the  year  1903,  that  Mr.  Juhler  went  with  the 
Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation,  going  to  Europe  exploiting 
the  Taylor-White  tool  steel  patents.  This  took  him 
through  Northern  Europe  time  after  time,  and  brought 
him  into  very  close  contact  with  the  mechanical  devel- 
opments and  ideals  of  nearly  every  country  on  the  con- 
tinent. The  introduction  of  these  tool  steel  patents,  an5 
their  adoption  in  more  centres  naturally  led  to  a  realiza- 
tion of  the  need  for  better  machine  tools  with  which  to  use 
the  high  speed  steel,  and  it  was  really  from  this  that 
Mr.  Juhler  entered  the  machine  tool  business  with  the  V. 
Lowener  Co.,  at  Copenhagen,  making  a  specialty  of  Amer- 


A.  E.  JUHLER 

Toronto   Manager    Rudel-Belnap   Machinery    Co. 


ican  machine  tools.  The  writer  once  discussed  with  him 
the  various  points  where  Europeans  excelled  and  failed 
in  the  production  of  machine  tools,  and  it  was  apparent 
that  he  had  seen  a  lot  and  remembered  most  of  it.  In 
fact,  he  had  quite  an  admiration  for  some  of  the  wood 
working  machinery  that  was  turned  out  in  Sweden,  claim- 
ing it  to  be  superior  to  anything  that  was  being  placed 
on  the  market  at  that  time. 

Returning  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  some  12  or  13 
years  ago,  Mr.  Jiihler  was  identified  with  various  ma- 
chinery houses  and  engineering  concerns,  living  at  Mon- 
treal, Hamilton  and  in  Toronto  for  the  last  six  years.     He 

came  here  to  establish  the 
Toronto  branch  of  the 
Rudel-Belnap  Co.  But  he 
was  in  Canada  some  years 
before  his  connection  with 
this  firm.  It  was  the  build- 
ing of  the  Imperial  Oil  Co. 
refineries  at  Sarnia  that 
first  brought  him  to  this 
country.  There's  one  thing 
worth  mentioning  in  con- 
nection with  this  contract. 
The  cutting  up  the  holes 
for  the  tanks  was  in  charge 
of  Wm.  Stokes,  who  shortly 
afterward  had  charge  of 
most  of  the  actual  drilling 
and  digging  of  the  St.  Clair 
tunnel,  under  the  direction 
of  the  engineer,  Mr.  Hob- 
son,  father  of  Mr.  Robert 
Hobson,  now  president  of 
the  Steel  Company  of  Can- 
ada. 

Since  the  opening  of  the 
Toronto  branch,  Mr.  Juhler 
has  met  with  success. 
There  has  been  a  lot  of  bus- 
iness handled  in  the  rather 
modest  suite  of  offices  on 
Adelaide  St.  West.  Ap- 
parently they  have  handled 
a  select  line,  as  reports  at 
the  head  office  in  Montreal 
will  show  that  there  hasn't 
been  a  dollar  lost  in  bad 
accounts  at  the  Toronto  of- 
fice in  six  years. 

"We  have  very  clearly  de- 
fined policies,"  remarked 
Mr.  Juhler,  "and  we  try  to  adhere  very  closely  to  them. 
The  lines  we  handle  are  controlled  by  us  here.  If  a  cus- 
tomer wants  a  lathe  for  instance,  we  can  present  only 
one  make  to  him.  If  he  wants  a  grinder  or  a  drill  the 
same  thing  holds  true,  likewise  with  a  planer.  We  find 
that  specializing  in  this  way  is  quite  satisfactory.  Our 
selling  prices,  also,  are  limited  by  the  selling  price  at 
the  factory.  We  have  never  made  a  practice  of  going  into 
used  machinery.  The  war  period  brought  us  a  lot  of 
very  satisfactory  business,  both  in  Montreal  and  Toronto." 
Like  many  another  enthusiast  in  his  business,  Mr. 
Juhler  enjoys  the  day  when  he  finds  it  possible  to  get  away 
from  the  office  and  get  after  orders  outside,  and  one 
of  his  "regrets"  at  the  increase  of  business  is  that  it 
is  making  it  necessary  for  him  to  spend  more  of  his  time 
in  his  office. 


770 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


THE    GARLOCK-WALKER     MACHIN- 
ERV   CO. 

Continued  from  page  768 
afteruards  gaining  experience  with  their 
senin"  force.  It  was  shortly  after  this 
that  Mr.  Walker  started  the  study  of 
medicine,  in  the  summer  months  work- 
ing on  the  sales  staff  of  the  H.  W.  Petric 
.Machinery  Co.  A  siege  of  sickness  fo'- 
lowed  his  five  years'  medical  practice  in 
Michigan,  and  he  was  forced  to  abandon 
this  life.  Returning  to  Canada  he  joineu 
the  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  goin'j; 
from  there  to  the  Canadian  Fairbanks- 
Morse  Co.  For  eight  years  prior  to  form- 
ing his  present  partnership  he  was  with 
the  H.  W.  Petrie  Co.,  having  spent  in  all 
some  15  years  as  a  machine  tool  sales- 
man. 

Mr.  Garlock,  the  president  of  the  firm, 


believes  the  machine  tool  dealers  should 
work  much  closer  together,  especially  at 
•  resent.  Speaking  to  CANADIAN  MA- 
CHINERY on  this  point  not  lona:  ago  he 
said:  "It  would  be  better  for  the  dealers 
to  have  a  uniform  policy  regarding  the 
disposal  of  shell  plants.  Many  purehas 
ers  now  will  meet  dealers  with  a  proposi- 
tion to  take  over  a  certain  amount  of 
t'.eir  shell  shoT  equipment  on  the  sale  of 
new  goods,  and  if  the  dealers  wo'iH  ar- 
rive at  some  definite  understanding  it 
would  do  much  to  simplify  the  whole 
situation." 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Garlock  and  dau^rhter 
live  at  Ernscliffe  Apartments,  197  Well- 
esley  St.,  Toronto.  Mr.  Garlock,  in  spare 
time,  fishes  and  plays  golf,  although  fish- 
ing for  business  has  been  his  chief  oc- 
cupation for  the  last  four  years. 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  THE  SMALL  SHOP 

WILL  NEED  CLOSE  ATTENTION  NOW 

By  T.   S.   Worthington,   Montveal 


n  E-ESTABLISHMENT  of  normal  ac- 
^^tivity  during  the  post-war  period  is 
already  engaging  the  attention  of  poli- 
ticians, business  men  rnd  captains  of 
industry.  The  share  Canada  will  have 
in  the  reconstruction  programme  is,  as 
yet,  very  uncertain  but  depends  in  no 
small  measure  on  the  capacity  for 
prompt  action  in  securing  for  herself 
some  of  the  business  she  is  .iustly  en- 
titled to,  but  for  which  she  will  have  to 
scurry  in  common  with  other  countries. 

What  Canada  has  achieved  in  the  pro- 
duction of  munitions  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  different  classes  of  material  and 
war  equipment,  is  ample  evidence  of  her 
ability  to  take  on  and  carry  to  a  success- 
ful conclusion  almost  any  line  of  indus- 
trial enterprise.  Co-operation  of  the 
Government  and  representatives  of  large 
commercial  and  manufacturing  interests 
is  evenrnow  at  work  to  obtain  for  Canada 
some  portion  of  the  rehabilitation  ac- 
tivities that  are  absolutely  essential  to 
European  prosperity. 

It  is  beyond  question  that  this  country 
will  have  energetic  competitors  for  a 
large  proportion  of  this  prospective 
foreign  trade,  and  it  is  imperative,  there- 
fore, that  every  effort  be  made  to  advise 
and  influence  the  European  buyer  that 
Canadian  industries  are  in  a  position  to 
supply  virtually  every  need  in  the  re- 
building requirements  of  the  various 
manufacturin"  and  mining  centres  de- 
stroyed, or  other  devastation  by  the  un- 
precedented destructive  warfare  of  the 
past  four  years. 

One  of  the  features  of  after-the-war 
development,  or  even  continued  activity, 
that  has  probably  received  little  atten- 
tion or  consideration,  is  the  outlook  of 
the  host  of  small  machine  shops  and 
manufacturing  plants  the  increasing  co- 
operation of  which  has  made  possible  the 
remarkable  achievement  in  shell  produc- 
tion of  many  of  the  lareer  industrial  es- 
tablishments. What  will  be  the  position 
of  these  small  plants  during  that  period 
of  reconstruction  that  is  certain  to  fo'- 


low  on  the  heels  of  the  recent  war,  the 
destructive  agencies  of  which  have  never 
been  equaled  in  the  history  of  the  world  ? 
Will  these  small  plants  be  isolated  from 
the  opportunity  to  participate  in  this 
work  of  reconstruction?  Will  the  ini- 
tiative of  the  larger  interests  react  on 
those  who  are  apparently  dependent  on 
the  growth  of  the  big  concern,  or  will 
the  little  fellow  reach  out  and  secure  for 
himself  some  of  that  European  business 
which  will  go  to  the  parties  first  in  the 
field  and  in  a  position  to  perform  the 
work  ? 

Different  agencies  are  now  at  work 
both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent 
to  obtain  business  for  Canadian  indus- 
tries. Many  of  these  will  be  instrumental 
in  'snding  their  objective,  but  no  as- 
surance is  friven  that  the  litt'e  fellow, 
who  has  faithfully  performed  his  allot- 
ted task  in  the  heat  of  war  emergencies, 
and  who  may  now  be  patiently  waiting 
for  some  portion  of  forei'^'n  business, 
will  share  in  any  orders  that  may  be 
p'aced  here  for  European  markets.  The 
neces^'tv  for  widespread  distribution  of 
contr"''*a  after  the  war  will  be  'ess  nro- 
nounced  t>T>n  wVien  everv  available  plant 
was  working  on  war  essentials,  so  it  is 
r-ot  ,.-^i;i-eiv  thit  fewer  subcontracts  will 
be  the  order  of  the  day  after  peace  is 
finally  restored.  It  therefore  seems  im- 
"orativfi  that  the  smaller  interests  shou'd 
leave  no  stone  unturned  that  might  un- 
earth some  means  of  maintainine  their 
plants  in  a  healthy  working  condition. 

A  proposition  that  has  been  advanced 
hv  one  of  the  business  men  of  Montreal, 
and  one  that  is  interesting  a  number  of 
Fmaller  manufacturers  and  machine  shop 
managers  is  the  co-ordination  of  the 
••-'•ious  small  interests  for  the  nurpose 
of  sending  responsible  men  to  England, 
France  and  Belgium,  and  endeavor  to 
obtain  business  that  in  the  ordinary 
"onrse  of  events  would  probably  be  over- 
'"oi-ed  hv  the  larger  interests.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  many  small  manufactured 
articles    will    be    required    in    the    war- 


ri.lden  countries,  and  the  magnitude  of 
these  requirements  in  the  aggregate  will 
not  be  sufficient  to  stay  the  interest  of 
those  now  on  the  trail  of  big  business. 
It  is  the  opinion  of  many  that  some  co- 
ordinate representation,  by  men  closely 
conversant  with  the  every  requirement 
of  these  countries  and  also  the  traits  and 
desires  of  the  people  themselves,  coulu 
secure  sufficient  trade  to  more  than  re- 
pay the  initial  outlay  required  by  those 
firms  associated  in  the  venture. 


BITUMENS  FOR  INSULATING 
CABLES 

Of  the  few  varieties  of  bitumen  hav- 
ing the  requisite  elasticity  and  hardness 
for  use  as  insulators  for  electric  cables, 
elaterite  is  the  best  known.  Since,  ow- 
ing to  the  war,  this  is  no  longer  pro- 
curable in  Germany,  attempts  have  been 
made  to  prepare  substitutes  ("insulation 
tar,"  "insulation  masses,"  etc.)  by  in- 
corporating up  to  40  per  cent,  or  more 
of  kaolin,  chalk,  etc.,  with  natural  or 
artificial  bitumens  having  a  dropping- 
point  (melting-point)  of  about  40°-60" 
C.  Such  addition,  however,  only  retards 
the  flowing  of  the  mass  at  higher  tem- 
peratures, and  cables  insulated  with  such 
materials  lose  their  shape  as  certainly, 
though  not  so  soon,  as  if  the  unfilled 
bitumen  were  used.  The  improvement 
of  ordinary  bitumens,  asphalts,  pitches, 
etc.,  so  as  to  raise  the  dropping-point, 
while  retaining  their  elasticity  and  duc- 
tility, can  only  be  effected  by  a  deep- 
seated  chemical  alteration  of  the  bitu- 
mens. For  example,  if  the  mineral  mat- 
ter is  made  to  combine  with  the  bitumen 
as  in  Schon  und  Co.'s  patent  process 
(not  yet  published),  the  dropning-point 
of  a  bitumen  may  be  raised  from,  e.g., 
'11°  C.  to  115°  C.  The  so-called  "original 
Trinidad  asphalt  epure"  has  a  dropping- 
point  of  about  105°  to  115°  C,  and  con- 
tains about  30  to  40  per  cent,  of  mineral 
substances,  but,  owing:  to  their  reduced 
elasticity,  these  products  cannot  be  used 
as  the  permanent  basic  material  for 
C'>.ble  masses,  and  are,  at  best,  only  suit- 
able for  admixture  with  elastic  bitumens 
of  lower  droTjping-Doint.  The  second 
method  of  raising  the  dropping-point  is 
by  chemical  treatment  of  the  bitumen 
'••it>oii*-  the  adf'ition  of  mineral  matter. 
Only  first-grade  bitumens  are  suitable 
for  cable  masses,  viz.,  those  with  the 
requisite  elasticity,  ductility,  and  ad- 
hesiveness, and  a  dropoine-noint  of  at 
least  75°  to  95°  C,  whilst  if  the  "semi-^ 
bitumens,"  including  natural  or  artificial 
tars,  asnhalts.  petroleum,  pitch,  etc., 
with  a  drooping  point  of  40°  to  60°  C. 
be  used,  the  cable  mass  will  lose  its 
form  when  exnosed  to  an  external  tem- 
perature of  20°  to  ,30°  C.  (Dupre 
Chemiker-Zeitung,   1918.) 


Large    Offices    for    Railway    Board. — ' 

Elaborate  district  offices  for  the  Cana- 
dian Government  Railways  are  to  be 
established  in  the  Great  Northwestern 
Telegraph  Building  at  the  corner  of 
Sparks  and  Metcalfe  Streets.  Ottawa. 


Dcccmbe:-  26,  1918 


771 


tWHAT  OUR  READERS 
THINK  AND  DO 


Views  and  Opinions  Regarding  Industrial  Developments,  Factory  Administra- 
tion and  Allied  Topics  Relating  to  Engineering  Activity 


SOLID   PORTABLE    VISE 

By  D.  A.  M. 

THE  photo  shows  an  excellent  ar- 
rangement for  a  vise  and  bencn 
that  may  be  wanted  in  different 
parts  of  the  shop  to  use  in  assembling 
operations.  The  bench  in  this  case  con- 
sists of  the  Legs  and  top  casting  formerly 
a  part  of  a  special  machine.  After  the 
work  for  which  the  latter  were  built 
was  completed  the  machines  were  scrap- 
ped, but  half  a  dozen  of  the  leg-and-top 
sets  were  kept  for  some  possible  futurt 


L, 


SOLID    PORTABLE    VISE. 


service.  That  service  soon  appeared 
when  vises  were  needed  for  the  floor 
hand's  on  an  erecting  job.  Bolted  to 
such  benches  the  vises  were  secure 
enou'rh  for  any  ordinary  vise  work  as 
the  benches  alone  weighed  200  lbs.,  but 
it  was  still  possible  to  slide  them  along 
on  the  concrete  floor  to  some  new  loca- 
tion. The  true  planed  top  castina' 
made  an  exrellent  surface  plate,  which 
was  of  additional  help  to  the  workmen. 


NOTCHED   EMERY   WHEELS 

By  E.  N.  D. 

Very  considerable  expense  and  trouble 
was  experienced  by  surface  cracks  de- 
veloping upon  the  ground  surfaces  of 
hardened  thrust  washers,  flat  high  speed 
steel  cutters,  etc.,  after  having  been  sur- 
face ground. 

The  varying  thickness  of  the  work  in 
question  did  not  appear  to  make  any 
difference  and  many  schemes  were 
adopted,  including  the  use  of  wheels  of 


different  grades,  varying  the  peripheral 
speed,  etc.,  but  to  no  purpose.  As  many, 
if  not  more,  theories  were  advanced  as 
to  the  probable  cause,  but  no  reason 
could  be  definitely  decided  upon,  neither 
could  a  satisfactory  method  be  arrived 
at  in  order  to  eliminate  the  trouble. 
Finally,  the  writer  hit  upon  the  idea  of 
notching  the  wheel  in  six  or  seven  places. 
thereby  producing  an  emery  wheel  with 
a  milling  cutter's  characteristics,  in  ad- 
dition to  which  these  notches  acted  the 
part  of  a  fan,  and  immediately  dis- 
placed all  the  small  cuttings  as  soon  as 
they  were  released,  which  no  doubt  were 
the  cause  of  overheating  and  subsequent 
trouble.  However,  whatever  the  real 
cause  was,  the  real  cure  proved  to  be 
these  notches  in  spite  of  the  strong  op- 
position they  met  in  the  early  stages. 

Whilst  the  writer  did  not  go  very 
I'eeply  into  whys  and  wherefores,  it  may 
be  of  interest  to  note  the  following 
figures:  With  a  one-eighth  feed,  and  a 
cut  of  .009  in.,  there  was  no  heat  gen- 
erated whatever,  whilst  with  a  one- 
eighth  feed  and  a  cut  of  .015  in  there 
was  only  the  slightest  discoloration,  im- 
perceptible rise  in  temperature,  and 
positively  no  surface  cracks.  Further- 
more, there  was  a  marked  improvement 
in  the  class  of  grinding  done,  whilst  the 
wheel  did  not  glaze  half  so  quickly, 
neither  did  they  require  dressing  so  fre- 
quently. Referring  to  the  drawings. 
Fig.  1  shows  a  general  arrangement, 
whilst  Fig.  2  shows  more  clearly  the 
method  of  notching.  The  idea  is  by  no 
means  new,  but  for  some  reason  or  other 
is  not  nearly  so  universal  as  it  might  be. 
The   notches   referred   to   in    this   article 


be  found  to  give  very  satisfactory    re- 
sults indeed. 


AN   EMERGENCY   REPAIR   JOB 
By  J.  DAVIES 

The  shop  lathe  was  on  a  rush  job 
when  burr-er-er  went  all  the  teeth 
off  one  of  the  feed  wheels.  On 
e-'amination  it  was  found  that  it  was  a 
10  pitch  gear  with  67  teeth.  By  no 
process  of  mathematics  known  to  us 
could  we  fix  up  the  milling  machine  to 
cut  this  gear  accurately,  since  we  lacked 
the  one  thing  necessary:  an  index  plate 
with  a  67  circle,  pr  multiple  of  67,  as  this 
is  a  prime  number  and  could  not  be 
divided.  What  the  milling  machine  hand 
had  to  say  about  manufacturers  making' 
gears  with  prime  numbers  would  nat 
look  well  in  print.  It  was  impossible  to 
wait  while  we  sent  to  the  makers  for  a 
new  gear,  so  we  had  to  cut  the  gear  as 
near  as  we  could.  This  is  how  it  was 
done:  This  machine,  like  most  milling 
machines,  required  40  complete  revolu- 
tions of  the  indicator  on  the  worm  shaft 
to  turn  the  gear  between  the  centers 
once  round,  so  ho  matter  what  circle  is 
used  on  the  index  plate,  or  how  many 
teeth  required,  the  indicator  must  pass 
entirely  round  the  chosen  circle  40 
times  before  the  job  is  finished.  From 
this  fact  the  following  rule  is  deduced: 
The  numbefr  of  holes  in  the  chosen  circle 
multiplied  by  40  will  always  equal  the 
total  number  of  holes  that  the  indicator 
passes  in  cutting  any  gear,  and  the  total 
number  of  holes,  divided  by  the  number 
of  teeth,  will  equal  the  number  of  holes 
for  each  tooth.  The  nearest  circle  that 
we  could  get  on  our  index  plate  was  66, 
so   that   66x40  =  2640    holes   used    alto- 


^*s;-i> 


FIGS.    1    AND    2-  THE   USE    OF    NOTCHED     EMERY    WHEELS. 


were  made  in  a  wheel  8  in.  diameter, 
with  a  1  in.  face,  and  were  made  ap- 
proximately %  in.  wide  and  %  in.  deep. 
Some  of  the  leading  manufacturers  pre- 
fer to  have  these  notches  made  at  an 
angle  of  about  45  degrees,  though  for 
all  ordinary  purposes  a  notch  made  ap- 
proximately  square    with    the   face    will 


gether  in  doing  the  job.  The  dia.  of  a 
6.9.  The  circumstance  is  6.9x3.1416  = 
6.3.  The  circumference  is  6.9x3.1416  = 
21.677,  so  that  one  hole  would  turn  round 
the  work 

21.677 

=.008. 

2640 


772 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


to  the  nearest  thousand.     The  job  can- 
not  be  done   absolutely   correct  with   a 
66  circle,  as  it  would  require 
66x40  27 

=  39— 

67  67 

holes  for  each  tooth;  by  using  39  holes 
the  error  would  be 
27 


ulated  error  at  any  tooth,  calculate  the 
correct  number  of  holes  that  should  have 
been  used  according  to  rule  given  above; 
then  count  the  holes  actually  used;  then 
compare  the  difference  of  the  two  by 
the  amount  each  hole  represents.  This 
will  give  the  accumulated  error  at  any 
tooth  in  the  gear. 


of  a  hole  or 


67 
27 
67 


AN  EMERGENCY  HOB 

By  "TYKE" 

A  dozen  bronze  worm  whels  about  9 

ins.   diameter  had   been   turned,  but  on 

account  of  there  being  no  suitable  hob 


ters  of  machinery  steel  case-hardened, 
providing  the  metal  to  ba  worked  was 
one  of  the  softer  kind,  such  as  brass  or 
aluminum.  For  odd  jobs,  these  very 
cheap  tools  had  this  advantage,  when 
the  job  in  question  was  finished,  there 
was  no  serious  loss  in  discarding  them, 
neither  was  there  the  tendency  to  stock 
up  unlimited  numbers  of  these  tools, 
which  one  so  frequently  sees,  when  they 
are  made  from  cast  steel  or  high-speed 
steel. 


IMPROVED    HOB 


of  .008  about  .003  per  tooth.  This  would 
be  near  enough  for  all  practical  pur- 
poses if  it  were  not  for  the  fact  that  the 
error  accumulates  as  we  go  round  the 
wheel.  This  can  be  compensated  for 
by  going  an  extra  hole  now  and  again, 
instead  of  using  39  holes  all  the  time 
nse  40  for  some  divisions. 

It  has  been  shown  that  39  holes  leaves 
us  about  .003  short  of  an  exact  division, 
and  that  from  one  hole  to  the  next  moves 
the  work  round  about  .008  thousands, 
so  that  when  our  accumulated  error  was 
nearly  .008  thousands  we  moved  round 
an  extra  hole,  so  that  by  care  the  great- 
est error  on  any  tooth  was  not  more  than 
.005  thousand,  measured  on  the  circum- 
ference of  the  gear.  This  was  a  negli- 
gible amount  and  could  not  be  detected 
with  the  eye. 

When  forced  to  cut  a  gear  by  approxi 
mation  like  this,  the  actual  error  at  any 
tooth   may  be  calculated  as  follows: 

Find  out  how  much  your  job  turns 
round  by  moving  your  indicator  one 
hole;  this  will  always  be  circumference 
divided  by  number    of    holes    in  chosen 

Circumference  of  work 

circle  x40,  thus  

No.  of  holes  in  circle  x40 

Suppose   you   want  to   find   the  accum- 


in  the  shop,  it  was  arranged  to  send 
them  out  to  be  cut.  A  gauge  was  made 
for  the  worm,  a  dozen  of  which  were 
required,  and  these  were  all  finished  be- 
fore the  worm  wheels  put  in  an  appear- 
ance. When  the  worm  wheels  arrived 
they  were  duly  checked  and  found  to  be 
shy  in  depth  of  teeth  by  approximately 
029  ins.  Had  these  been  returned  to  the 
firm  that  cut  them  there  would  have 
been  an  unavoidable  delay  which  would 
have  disorganized  the  job  rather  more 
than  was  bargained  for,  the  result  o?ine 
that  it  was  agreed  that  a  sufficientlv 
good  job  could  be  made  of  them  by  bob- 
bing them  all  with  the  worm  that  .vas 
to  have  been  used  with  them.  One  of 
these  was  fluted,  backed  off  by  hand, 
and  since  it  w-as  made  of  machined  steel, 
it  was  case-hardened  very  carefully, 
then  touched  up  with  an  oil  stone,  and 
mounted  on  an  arbor,  as  shown  by 
sketch.  After  running  one  off,  it  was 
carefully  checked  and  found  to  be  very 
close  to  what  was  required,  the  remain- 
ing eleven  being  cut  in  exactly  the  same 
manner,  and  in  each  case  they  came  off 
the  miller  a  really  first  class  job.  In 
concluding,  it  might  be  stated  that,  due 
to  this  experience,  it  was  a  coT>imon  oc- 
currence thereafter  to  make  up  small 
tools,  such  as  reamers  and  milling  cut- 


A  UNIQUE  LAPPING  BLOCK 

By  "TYKE" 
Some  years  ago  the  writer  had  occa- 
sion to  make  a  small  lapping  block,  and 
as  the  job  to  be  done  was  wanted  in  a 
hurry  and  there  being  no  shaping  ma- 
chine available,  it  was  very  necessary  to 
utilize  some  other  means  of  producing  a 
very  flat  face  together  with  the  neces- 
sary cutting  edges  as  it  were.  This  was 
done  by  facing  a  piece  of  cast  iron  in 
the  lathe  in  the  usual  way,  but  instead 
of  cutting  the  usual  chequered  grooves, 
the  block  was  laid  out  for  a  series  of 
diagonal  holes  as  shown  by  the  accom- 
panying sketch.  These  holes  were  drilled 
about  half  inch  apart,  one-quarter  of  an 
inch  deep  and  one-eighth  of  an  inch  i» 
diameter.  The  result  with  this  emer- 
gency lapping  was  so  very  satisfactory 
that  the  holes  were  finally  drilled  com- 
pletely through  the  block,  which  was 
kept  in  constant  use,  and  in  good  shape 
by  refacing  from  time  to  time. 

* 

EFFICIENT     HANDLING     WITH      A 
LOW  COST  TRUCKING  SYSTEM 

By  D.  A.  H. 
There  is  a  need  in  almost  every  plant 
for  some  sort  of  a  shop  truck  between: 
the  elevating  truck  with  its  movable 
platforms  and  the  common  two-wheeled 
hand  truck.  In  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments,  there   is   a   field   for   a   truck 


'e    o    c    o    o    *•*'*' I 
o    o    o    •    •* 

**  *•/« «  «  « 

«    «    %%    o    o    c    c 

«    «    *    •«    •    «    c    o 


o    c    o 


o    c    o    o 


o    o    «    o    o     ® 
o    o     c    o    « 


o    c 


o    o    ©    •    ®i 


AN     IMPROVED     LAPPING     BLOCK 

to  supplement  the  elevating  truck  on 
work  carried  through  in  smaller  quanti- 
ties that  does  not  warrant  or  is  not 
adapted  to  the  latter.  Often  the  work 
in  one  departmfent  is  such  that  the  ele- 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


773 


vating'  truck  and  platforms  are  too  bulky 
for  the  parts  produced,  but  some  form 
of  conveyance  is  needed,  needed  badly 
for  the  parts,  either  just  in  that  one 
room  or  for  inter-department  haulage. 
A  form  of  truck  used  most  success- 
fully in  one  machine  shop  isd  shown  by 
the  drawing.  It  is  made  of  steel 
throughout  with  the  exception  of  the 
wheels,  which  are  cast  iron.     The  plat 


was  talking  to  ithe  judge"  raised  a 
smile  in  court  by  denying  in  an  equally 
audible  way  that  he  was  a  lawyer  and 
must  be  a  boilermaker,  and  so  paid  a 
high  compliment  to  the  late  Lord  Alver- 
stone. 

There  are  many  occasions  upon  which 
an  engineer  must  exercise  judicial  quali- 
ties quite  apart  from  courts  of  law; 
indeed,  every  man  whose  business  is  of 


TRUCK    IN    USE    IN    THE    SHOP 


form  is  a  piece  of  sheet  steel  stiffened 
by  angles,  and  angles  are  riveted  on  to 
support  the  wheels.  Such  a  construc- 
tion permits  a  low-down  platform  that 
facilitates  loading.  The  truck  is  de- 
signed for  a  total  load  of  500  lbs. 

The  class  of  work  in  this  particular 
shop  is  of  such  a  form  that  the  parts 
are  most  easily  kept  in  kegs  or  similar 
receptacles,  and  in  boxes  about  a  foot 
square.  All  of  these  containers  are 
kept  on  the  floor  and  the  work  at 
benches  and  machines  is  arranged  so 
that  handling  the  parts  is  most  effici- 
ently done  in  this  way.  The  loaded  con- 
tainers weigh  about  159  lbs.  each,  and 
some  means  of  handling  within  the 
strength  of  the  floor  boy  was  impera- 
tive. These  trucks  proved  to  be  the 
means.  Being  so  low  down,  a  box  or 
keg  could  be  tipped  and  rolled  into 
place  single  handed,  with  no  danger  of 
spilling  the  contents,  or  need  for  a 
skilled  workman  to  "give  a  hand."  A 
total  of  about  an  hour's  work  a  day  on 
the  part  of  the  boy  was  sufficient  to 
do  all  the  trucking  of  several  hundred 
containers  in  a  department. 
-^ 

MECHANICAL  JURISPRUDENCE 
By  A.  L.  H. 

To  the  engineer  involved  in  some  ques- 
tion subject  to  the  arbitrament  of  law, 
the  facility  with  which  the  trained  legal 
mind  making  a  specialty  of  industrial 
cases  will  handle  an  ena;ineering  problem 
is  surprising.  Like  the  seaman  witness 
questioned  by  a  well  prepared  counsel, 
who  reciting  the  facts  preceding  a  colli- 
sion put  a  definite  query  to  receive  the 
unexpected  and  surprised  answer,  "Why, 
gov'nor,  you  must  have  bin  there,"  the 
engineer  witness  is  apt  to  be  quite  as 
startled  under  cross  examination.  The 
boilermaker  forean  who  asked  in 
an  audible  voice  as  to  "who    that  feller 


muterlal  and  human  compounded  must 
consistently  exercise  the  faculiy  sup- 
posed to  be  peculiar  to  wig  and  gown. 
From  the  refractory  customer  deter- 
mined to  complain  to  the  latest  grievance 
of  the  casual  laborer,  tact  and  discrimin- 
ation no  less  than  more  technical  quali- 
ties are  needed. 

One  of  the  drawbacks  of  the  nicely 
poised  judicial  mind  is  that  it  sees  too 
clearly  all  sides  to  a  question,  while  the 
legal  profession  are  notorious  for  the 
ability  to  produce  some  argument  for 
Ihe  worst  possible  case. 

The   first  outstanding   fact   about   the 


capacity  has  to  be  judicial;  as  a  matter 
of  fact  he  does  his  best  to  look  the  part, 
while  a  late  judge's  definition  of  pre- 
varication placed  the  expert  witness  in 
the  lowest  category. 

The  purchase  of  a  new  tool,  of  power 
plant,  the  engagement  of  men,  the  ques- 
tion of  management  itself  all  involve 
this  mater  of  judicial  faculty.  It  is 
necessary  first  to  see  the  whole  ques- 
tion, obtain  all  the  evidence,  come  to  a 
decision  in  face  of  rival  claims,  it  is  a 
matter  of  judgment;  all  portions  of  jur- 
isprudence. The  mechanical  man  may 
be  less  inclined  to  argument,  may  be 
more  deductive,  more  intuitive;  but  judi- 
cial he  must  be,  for  his  trade  is  one  of 
the  most  complex  in  modern  industrial- 
ism. When  a  case  gets  out  of  technical 
hands  to  the  public  judgment  seat,  it  is 
a  pretty  bad  case  as  the  lawyer  finds 
out.  The  inventor  is  rarely  judicial  in 
spirit  relative  to  his  particular  project, 
and  real  criticism  itself  is  the  exercise  of 
judicial  faculty.  No  one  will  question  but 
that  the  average  engineer  is  a  good 
critic.  He  is  at  times  apt  to  forget  that 
although  there  may  be  many  alterna- 
tives there  is  usually  only  one  course  ex- 
pedient. Here,  however,  we  arrive  at 
another  question  altogether,  since  jus- 
tice and  expediency  are  not  the  same. 
Witness  the  difference  between  law  and 
politics,  the  latter  purely  a  question  as 
to  what  is  expedient.  There  may  be  a 
sense  in  which  the  wider  problems  of 
labor,  organization  and  vexed  trade 
questions  are  matters  of  industrial  poli- 
tics, but  with  these  for  the  moment  we 
have  nothing  to  do.  It  might,  however, 
be  useful  to  remark  that  just  as  in  more 
general  connections,  justice  and  ex- 
pediency are  only  nodding  acquaintanc«s. 
So  in  industrial  matters  it  is  the  ex- 
pedient which  is  practical,  not  the  ab- 
solute. 

The    visionary    may    aid    us   by   his 


CONSTRUCTION    OF   TRUCK. 


judicial  mind  (cited  above  as  a  draw- 
back) is  essential  to  the  engineer;  with- 
out it  he  cannot  sift  evidence.  The  second 
factor  above  seems  to  be  a  well  estab- 
lished shop  phenomenon,  for  one  asset 
of  the  mechanic  is  ^a  good,  sufficient  and 
cast  iron  excuse  for  anything  called  into 
question  by  foreman  or  manager.  The 
mechanical     expert     in     a     consultative 


dreams  of  the  ideal,  just  as  the  wilder 
inventor  may  see  where  we  are  blind; 
but  both  neglect  practical  limitations 
and  neither  formulate  something  which 
can  be  put  into  terms  of  reality.  Juris- 
prudence concerns  itself  with  enactment 
and  interpretation,  exactly  as  the  en- 
gineer must  face  his  daily  problems  of 
complex  aspect  in  its  spirit. 


T74 


Volume  XX 


DEVELOPMENTS  IN 
SHOP  EQUIPMENT 


Makers  of  equipment  and  devices  for  use  in  machine  shop  and  metal  working 
plants  should  submit  descriptions  and  illustrations  to  Editorial  Department  for 

review  in  this  section. 


CYLINDER  GRINDER 

THE  accompanying  illustrations 
show  a  new  cylinder  grinder  No. 
65,  manufactured  by  the  Heald 
Machine  Co.,  Worcester,  Mass.  This 
machine  embodies  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  improvements  over  the  preceding 
or  original  machine  No.  60.  Instead  of 
mounting  the  work  table  on  a  slide 
having  vertical  adjustment  on  the  face 
of  the  columns,  both  the  eccentric  grind- 
ing head  and  work  table  are  supported 
on  a  solid  bed.  This  change  secures  a 
more  rigid  machine  for  supporting 
heavy  castings,  and  at  the  same  time  al- 
lows as  much  vertical  adjustment  as  is 
actually  needed  in  general  manufactur- 
ing practice.  In  a  large  majority  of  the 
plants  using  cylinder  grinders  the  work 
ta^le  is  not  adjusted  vertically  in  operat- 
ing the  machine,  except  when  a  very 
slight  vertical  movement  is  necessary 
for  truing  up  a  bore,  which  has  been 
machined  a  little  high  or  low.  The  work 
table  of  the  new  machine  has  a  vertical 
adjustment  of  Vb  inch  to  allow  for  what- 
ever verticil  changes  may  be  needed 
when  grinding  castings  containing  more 
than  one  bore.  The  work-holding  fix- 
ture for  the  new  machine  can  be  easily 
arranged  to  hold  the  cylinder  at  the  re- 
quired height. 


REAR    VIEW    OF   GRINDER    SHOWING    WATER    CIRCULATING    ARRANGEMENT 


An  inclined  slide  is  located  between 
the  main  table  and  the  cross  feed  table, 
which  permits  of  the  vertical  adjust- 
ment. As  this  intermediate  slide  is  ad- 
justable  in   a   direction   parallel   to   the 


CYLINDER  GRINDER 


main  slide,  it  moves  either  up  or  down 
the  inclined  ways  on  the  main  table,  thus 
raising  or  lowering  the  cross  slide  table 
and  the  work.  A  hand  crank  turning 
the  shaft  and  connected  through  bevel 
gears  with  a  screw  operates  the  inter- 
mediate  slide. 

One  of  the  interesting  features  of  the 
machine  is  the  method  of  arranging  or 
supporting  the  dogs,  which  control  the 
travel  of  the  table.  These  dogs  are  not 
attached  to  the  main  table  in  the  usual 
manner,  but  are  carried  by  a  dog-bar, 
which  is- supported  by  the  intermediate 
slide,  which  provides  the  vertical  adjust- 
ment. The  advantage  of  this  construc- 
tion is  that  the  travel  of  the  grinding 
wheel  relative  to  the  work  is  not 
changed  by  an  adjustment  which  may  be 
made  for  raising  or  lowering  the  work. 
The  illustration  showing  the  end  view 
of  the  grinder  is  indicative  of  the  excel- 
lent design  of  the  machine.  The  driving 
mechanism  there  shown  is  another  in- 
teresting feature  of  the  machine,  and 
differs  somewhat  from  the  arrangement 
used  on  former  machines  of  this  com- 
pany's make.  The  main  drive  shaft  is 
driven  either  directly  from  the  main  line 
shaft  or  from  a  motor,  and  is  mounted 
at  the  rear  of  the  machine  near  the  base. 
The  machine  shown  in  the  illustration  is 
arranged  for  a   line   shaft   drive — tight 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


775 


3EAR   BOX   DETAIL 


END  VIEW.  SHOWING  DRIVING  MECHANISM 


and  loose  pullejij .  being  provided  so 
that  a  countershaft  or  overhead  worlvs 
Tire  not  required.  In  the  case  of  a  motor 
drive  a  single  belt  pulley  could  be  em- 
ployed. The  grinding  spindle  is  driven 
from  the  main  driving  shaft  through  a 
flexible  idler,  one  belt  connecting  with 
the  idler  and  another  belt  transmitting 
motion  to  the  grinding  spindle.  The 
tension  of  these  belts  is  maintained 
automatically  by  an  ingenious  arrange- 
ment which  may  be  seen  by  referring  to 
the  end  view.  The  tension  of  the  belt 
leading  from  the  main  driving  shaft  is 
controlled  by  an  idler,  which  connects 
with  a  lever  which,  being  pivoted  in  the 
centre,  carries  the  idler  pulley  upwards 
'■^'^  maintains  whatever  tension  is  re- 
•quired. 

lie    speed    of    the    wheel    spindle    is 

^•"•■"o-ed    to    suit   diffe-ent    diameters    of 

■grinding    wheels    by    means    of    inter- 

'■ -nToable  p-illpv-,  which  are  applied  to 

the  wheel  spindle. 

The  gear  boxes  are  located  at  the  left- 
li^nl  side  of  the  machine.  The  1o>'R'- 
-^'e  provides  two  speed  changes  for  the 
eccentric  head,  these  speed  changes 
bemg  controlled  by  a  lever,  which  oper- 
ates friction  clutches  of  the  expanding 
type.  A  cro.ss-belt  connects  this  speed 
regulating  box  with  the  main  driving 
shaft  at  the  rear. 

A  double  cone  of  gears  is  contained 
in  the  upper  feed  box  and  a  sliding 
spline  provides  for  different  rates  of 
speed,  or  speed  at  which  the  work  can 
"be  fed  past  the  wheel.  These  changes 
are  controlled  by  a  lever.  The  automa- 
tic !  reversing  mechanism  of  the  machine 
is  connected  with  this  feed  box  by  a 
shaft  which  extends  along  the  front  of 
the  machine. 


The  main  table  is  equipped  with  limit 
stops    which    automatically    reverse    its 
travel  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  stroke, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  operator 
to  run  the  table  rack  out  of  mesh  with 
the  driving  pinion.  All  the  control  levers 
for    this  .machine    are    within    a    radius 
of  18  in.,  so  that  the  operator  may  reach 
any  one  of  them  with  the  least  possible 
effort  and  without  stooping.     The  same 
double  eccentric  head  which   is  used   on 
the   company's   No.   60   machine   is   used 
to  carry  the   grinding  wheel   spindle   of 
the   new   machine.     This  eccentric   head 
has  a  micrometer  adjustment  for  readily 
varying  the  diameter  of  the   hole  being 
-rround,  and  also  the  automatic  adjust- 
ment which  can  be  made  to  operate  at 
eich    revolution    of    the    eccentric    head. 
In  order  to  secure  greater  rigidity,  es- 
pecially for  the  grinding  of  large  cylin- 
ders   containing   4   or   6   boxes   en   bloc, 
the    base     of     the     machine    has    been 
\  idened     considerably.       The     ways     on 
V  hich  the   main  table  slides  are  of  the 
dovetail  form,  and  a  gib  is  provided  on 
one  side  so  that  all  play  can  be  elimin- 
ated. 

The  lubricant  pump  is  driven  by  a 
pulley  from  the  main  driving  shaft  at 
the  rear,  which  also  has  a  pulley  for 
running  the  exhaust  fan  in  case  the 
machine  has  an  independent  exhaust 
sv3tem.  The  work  table  and  intermedi- 
ate slide  are  arranged  to  catch  the  lub- 
ricant, which  flows  to  a  channel  or 
trough  at  the  rear  of  the  bed,  and  then 
put  into  the  pump  tank.  The  cover  of 
this  tank  has  'several  compartments  or 
partitions  so  arranged  that  most  of  the 
sediment  is  removed  before  it  enters  the 
tank. 


ROTARY   SURFACE   GRINDER 

The  16-inch  rotary  -surface  grinder 
shown  in  the  illustration  on  page  776  is 
the  latest  development  of  the  Persons- 
Arter  Machine  Co.,  of  Worcester,  Mass. 
The  16-inch  size  has  been  designed  to 
meet  the  demand  of  manufacturers  for 
a  machine  of  greater  capacity  than  the 
8-ineh  and  12-inch  models  now  made. 
These  machines  are  admirably  adapted 
for  the  rapid  and  accurate  grinding  of 
such  work  as  piston  rings,  circular  saws 
and  knives,  bearing  races,  valves,  dies, 
discs  and  the  like. 

The  16-inch  model  is  equipped  with  a 
Persons-Arter  design,  high  powered 
magnetic  chuck  16  inches  in  diameter. 
The  machine,  however,  has  a  capacity 
for  work  up  to  17%  inches  in  diameter 
and  can  swing  work  21  inches  in  dia- 
meter with  wet  equipment  and  24  inches 
with  dry  grinding  equipment.  The  chuck 
on  the  machine  can  be  loaded  with  small 
pieces,  and  within  its  capacity,  the  ma- 
chine is  capable  of  handling  the  same 
class  of  work  as  usually  given  to  a  rect- 
angular surface  grinder,  thus  the  ma- 
chine can  grind  rectangular  work  to  a 
limit  of  8  by  16  inches.  The  vertical 
capacity  of  the  machine  is  10  inches  with 
a  full  diameter  grinding  wheel,  while 
work  of  greater  thickness  can  be  ground 
with   a   small  wheel. 

The  illustration  shows  the  front  view 
of  the  machine,  the  strong  and  rugged 
construction  necessary  to  superior  grind- 
ing machines  being  very  noticeable. 
The  massive  wheel  head  slides  in  one 
"V"  way  and  one  flat  way,  thus  ensuring 
a  true  movement. 

Its  travel  can  be  controlled  by  a 
hand    feed    or    automatically    by    dogs 


776 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


mounted  on  a  rack,  which  can  be  in- 
stantaneously moved  and  set  for  any 
length  of  stroke  desired,  the  minimum 
stroke  being  "^  inch.  Minute  adjust- 
ment is  made  by  means  of  screw  con- 
trolled pawls  on  these  dogs. 

The   wheel   spindle,   2   3-16   inch   dia- 
meter, is  made  of  chrome  nickel  heat- 


ROTARY    SURFACE    GlilNDKK 

treated  steel  and  runs  in  large  bronze 
bearings.  These  bearings  are  of  the 
split  tapered  type,  thus  providing  for 
take-up  in  case  of  wear.  The  spindle 
and  its  bearings  are  carefully  protected 
from  dust  for  the  full  length,  and  are 
easily  adjusted.  A  solid  pulley  is 
mounted  on  the  spindle  and  this,  with 
a  spring  controlled  idler  applied  to  the 
driving  belt,  makes  a  good  smooth  drive 
and  so  materially  helps  to  keep  the  work 
free  from  chatter  marks.  The  belt  posi- 
tion, it  will  be  noticed,  is  set  forward 
on  the  wheel  slide,  a  distinctive  feature 
which  offsets  the  wheel  from  lifting 
when  traversing  the  work. 

The  wheel  slide  is  automatically  con- 
trolled bv  a  single  tension  spring  revers- 
ing mechanism.  On  the  shaft,  on  whici. 
the  three  step  cone  pulley  seen  i.^ 
mounted,  are  two  small  bevel  pinion 
clutch  gears  which  are  constantly  in 
mesh  with  a  large  bevel  gear.  This 
bevel  gear  is  mounted  on  a  shaft  which 
drives  the  slide  through  a  pinion  gear, 
vertical  shaft  and  rack.  These  pinion 
gears  run  free  on  the  shaft  until  a 
double-faced  clutch,  slidably  keyed  on 
the  shaft,  engages  the  clutch  teeth  or. 
the  inner  face  of  either  pinion  gear 
according  to  the  direction  the  slide  is  to 
travel.  The  clutch  is  shifted  by  a  lever 
which  is  actuated  by  adjustable  dogs  on 
the  wheel  slide  rack.  To  the  lever  are 
attached  two  legs  connected  by  a  tension 
spring  of  sufficient  strength  to  shift  the 
clutch  into  mesh  with  either  pinion  gear 
instantaneously. 

The  slide  for  the  raising  and  lowering 
of  the  work-table  runs  in  broad  bearings, 
and  is  raised  or  lowered  by  a  hand  wheel 
bearing  on  indicator  disc,  graduated  to 
half-thousandths  of  an  inch.  A  tapered 
adjusting  gib  runs  the  full  length  of  the 


slide  and  it  can  be  raised  or  lowered  by 
turning  a  screw  at  the  top,  thus  chang- 
ing the  adjustment  equally  at  all  points 
of  the  slide. 

The  chuck  or  work-table  spindle  has 
a  hardened  steel  collar  with  a  tapered 
face  shrunk  on  it  at  the  upper  end. 
The  spindle  is  driven  by  a  large  bronze 
worm    gear    mounted    on 
the    end   of    a    universal 
shaft.     This  gear  is  con- 
stantly in    mesh    with    a 
large  cast  iron  gear  run- 
ning free   on  the   spindle 
and  which  can  be  locked 
and    made   to   rotate    the 
spindle    by    means    of    a 
friction    clutch.      The   en- 
tire chuck  spindle  bracket 
is  pivoted  on  a  taper  pin 
so   that   it   can   be   titled 
forward      or      back      for 
grinding  bevelled  or  dish- 
ed surfaces.     The  bracket 
is  adjusted  by  means  of  a 
screw  showing  just  above 
the  plate  which   indicates 
the  angle  of  adjustment. 
The     magnetic     chucks 
used   are   radically   differ- 
ent from  most  types.   The 
chuck  proper  is  composed 
of  but  three  castings,  the 
body,     core    and    bottom 
plate.      These    parts    are 
all  made  of    the    very    best    grade     of 
electric  furnace  steel  obtainable  and  have 
a  permeability  equal  to  that  of  the  best 
Swedish    and     Lancashire    iron,     which 
means  that  they  will  carry  a  maximum 
of   magnetic   lines   of   force    per    square 
inch. 

The  chuck  face  is  so  designed  as  to 
give  the  greatest  amount  of  magnetic 
edge,  which  necessarily  ensures  tremen- 
dous holding  power  all  over  the  face  and 
pieces  as  small  as  %"  in  diameter  can 
be  held  at  any  place  on  the  face.  A 
single,  high  power,  circular  coil  is  used, 
and   the  current  is   specially   calculated 


so  as  to  produce  no  excessive  heating. 
A  demagnetizing  switch  is  supplied 
so  that  work  can  be  removed  from  the 
chuck  by  simply  throwing  back  the 
switch,  which  jeverses  the  current  for 
an  instant  and"  so  demagnetiaes  the 
chuck. 

THREAD    GRINDING   ATTACHMENT 
FOR  LATHE  USE 

The  excessive  demand  for  master 
thread  gauges  for  the  rapid  and  accur- 
ate manufacture  of  munitions  has  clear- 
ly proven  the  uncertainty  and  the  im- 
practicability of  the  lapping  method  of 
their  manufacture.  It  has  furthermore 
demonstrated  the  desirability  of  a 
more  rapid  method  of  manufac- 
ture. The  International  thread 
grinder,  made  by  the  International 
Equipment  Co.,  is  the  result  of  three 
years'  experimenting  in  connection  with 
thread  gauge  work  and  promises  to  be 
of  high  value  in  the  manufacturing  in- 
dustries of  peace  as  well  as  of  war.  It 
will  do  practically  all  that  a  large  and 
expensive  cylindrical  g?-inder  will  do 
and  other  operations  beyond  their  scope 
are  easily  possible. 

The  grinder  may  be  attached  to  a 
lathe  compound  rest  as  easily  as  any 
other  tool.  It  has  an  individual  motor 
drive  through  a  continuous  round  belt 
which  permits  of  the  greatest  flexibility. 
Vibration  from  the  lathe  cannot  be  trans- 
mitted to  the  wheel.  The  spindle  is 
mounted  on   Norma  dust-proof  ballings. 

The  wheel  can  be  run  up  to  7,000  revs, 
per  min.  and  is  trued  with  a  diamond 
which  can  be  set  accurately  and  quickly 
to  any  desired  angle.  This  device  in- 
c'l^e-^  the  exact  shaping  of  the  wheel  to 
the  form  of  whatever  thread  is  to  be 
ground.  It  is  easily  portable,  weighing 
only  50  pounds,  and  occupies  very  little 
space.  Standard  cylindrical  gauges,  both 
plug  and  template,  are  ground  to  size 
after  hardening  without  the  necessity  of 
lapping.  Reamers  may  be  ground,  taper 
and  straight  and  may  be  backed  off. 


THKEAD    GRINDING    ATTACHMENT 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


777 


THE  EXPERIENCE  OF  NINE  YEARS 

BUILDING  TRACTORS  IN  CANADA 


The  Mistake  Was  Made  in  the  Early  History  of  the  Enterprise 

of  Turning  Out  a  Machine  Too  Heavy  For  Practical 

Use  on  the  Land 


By  JOHN   MUIR,   President  Goold,   Shapley  &   Muir  Co.,   Ltd.,  Brantford 


u 


o 


UR  Company  have  been  manufacturing  tractors  for  nine  years.  We 
started  with  28  HP.  machine,  belt  power;  weight  12,000  lbs.;  this 
engine  would  pull  three   to  four  14"  plows. 

"At  a  trial  held  under  the  Winnipeg  Industrial  Exhibition  about  this  time,  the 
American  manufacturer  had  larger  and  heavier  engines  of  sufficient  power  and 
weight  to  pull  six  and  seven  14"  plows.  The  Western  farmer  paid  but  little  atten- 
tion to  what  was  then  termed  by  them  our  little  tractor,  and  followed  the  larger 
machine.  This  condition  inspired  our  Western  branch  houses  with  the  idea  that 
there  should  be  engines  of  larger  capacity,  and  they  prevailed  upon  us  to  produce 
a  larger  engine.  At  the  ne.xt  trial,  a  year  following,  at  the  same  exhibition,  our 
company  exhibited  a  35  HP.  engine,  belt  power;  weight  14,000  lbs.,  which  had  the 
power  to  pull  five  14"  plows,  but  the  American  manufacturers  had  again  produced 
larger  than  their  former  engines  and  exhibited  engines  that  would  pull  ten  and 
twelve  plows,  and  we  were  then  prevailed  upon  to  build  a  still  larger  engine,  and 
the  third  year  at  the  Winnipeg  Exhibition,  we  exhibited  a  50  HP.  engine  which 
weighed  17,000  lbs.;  some  other  makes  of  the  same  power  weighed  23,000  lbs. 

"This  condition  has  by  actual  experience  in  the  traction  engine  business, 
namely  the  production  of  heavy  engines  of  larger  power,  been  a  most  unfortunate 
chapter  in  the  development  of  the  tractor  business  to  the  Western  farmer,  and 
many  of  these  farmers  were  placed  in  a  very  awkward  position  financially  through 
having  to  pay  for  these  heavy  engines  which  were  unsuited  to  the  work  which 
they  had  to  do  with  them,  and  while  this  is  true,  the  loss  was  also  very  heavy  to 
the  manufacturers,  who  were  compelled  to  take  their  engines  back  in  many  cases 
and  they  were  largely  scrap,  and  very  often  handed  back  the  money  or  notes  to 
the  farmers  who  had  purchased,  rather  than  injure  their  reputation. 

"The  Hon.  Mr.  Motherwell,  Minister  of  Agriculture  for  Saskatchewan,  wrote' 
letters  in  the  Agricultural  papers  in  Western  Canada,  condemning  these  heavy 
tractors,  and  warning  farmers_against  using  them,  and  this  seems  to  have  been 
the  eiid  of  the  heavier  traction  engines  for  agricultural  purposes.  Following  this, 
there  has  been  a  race  as  to  who  could  produce  the  smallest  and  lightest  tractor. 
I  have  a  report  in  an  American  paper,  namely,  'Farm  Machinery,  Farm  Power,' 
published  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  before  me,  giving  the  names  of  six  men  killed  and 
four  injured  for  life,  by  one  of  the  lightest  made  tractors  toppling  over  back- 
wards on  the  operators  and  crushing  their  life  out.  This  is  an  engine  of  an 
American  make. 

"In  reference  to  present  day  and  future  tractor  business,  there  is  undoubtedly 
a  good  business  to  be  done  in  this  country  and,  in  my  judgment,  it  will  continue 
to  grow,  if  the  proper  tractor,  namely,  a  tractor  of  the  right  size  and  weight,  is 
placed  in  the  farmers'  hands.  What  is  needed  is  one  that  is  adapted  to  do  the 
work  required  of  it,  both  in  the  field  and  by  operating  from  the  belt,  and  there 
are  thousands  which  will  be  required. 

"Conditions,  however,  for  the  use  of  a  tractor,  should  be  considered  by  the 
farmer  before  he  purchases.  On  rough,  stony  farms  the  farmer  would  be  well 
advised  to  use  horses  and  not  tractors  for  the  tilling  of  his  soil. 

"From  my  observation,  my  judgment  is  that  two  sizes  of  traction  engines  are 
required  to  meet  the  different  conditions  and  work  where  conditions  vary  as  to  the 
requirements.  The  ordinary  farmer  should  have  power  enough  in  the  engine  he 
purchases  to  fill  his  silo  in  a  hurry,  run  a  medium-sized  thresher,  grind  Tiis 
grain,  and  take  care  of  all  power  requirements  on  the  farm,  and  also  to  pull  three 
or  four  plows,  according  to  the  condition  of  his  soil,  and  if  desired  to  draw  the 
other  implements  to  til!  the  soil  and  take  off  his  harvest.  There  may  also  be  a 
limited  place  for  a  smaller  tractor  in  some  cases.  I  have  given  you,  shortly,  my 
views  and  the  experience  of  our  company  in  the  tractor  business  to  date,  and  I 
trust  it  may  be  of  interest  to  your  readers." 


Trade  Gossip 

Alteration  to  Plant. — The  Chatham 
Packing  Co.  has  applied  for  a  permit  to 
remodel  their  plant  on  Whitehall  street 
at  a  cost  of  $12,000. 

Province  to  Build  Hospitals. — The  Pub- 
lic Works  Department  of  the  Province  of 
Alberta  are  planning  the  erection  of 
hospitals  at  a  number  of  small  towns 
through  the  province. 

Engineering    Contracts    in    Toronto. — 

The  Roman  Catholic  School  Commission- 
ers will  call  for  tenders  in  connection 
with  the  heating,  ventilation  and  plumb- 
ing for  the  new  St.  Patrick's  school  now 
being  erected. 

To  Locate  in  Vancouver. — It  is  stated 
that  the  Sydney  Rubber  Co.,  Sydney, 
B.C.,  will  erect  a  manufacturing  plant  in 
Vancouver  in  the  near  future.  The  man- 
ager is  Mr.  B.  D.  White,  402  Pender 
street  west. 

Regina  Wants  New  Branch  Lines. — A 
resolution  was  passed  recently  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Regina  Board  of  Trade 
asking  the  Dominion  Government  to  con- 
struct a  branch  line  connecting  Regina 
with  Avonlea  on  the  Canadian  Northern 
Railway. 

Large  Building  Programme.  —  The 
Government  of  Alberta  are  considering 
extensive  building  plans  for  1919  and 
1920.  These  include  a  new  government 
building  on  the  capital  grounds.  The 
provincial  architect  has  received  instruc- 
tions to  prepare  sketch  plans  for  the  first 
unit  of  a  large  number  of  departmental 
buildings,  which  w-ill  eventually  be  con- 
structed on  the  ground  to  the  south  of 
the  capital  building.  The  Department  of 
Agriculture  will  ask  for  an  appropria- 
tion for  a  number  of  buildings  to  be 
erected  during  the  coming  year.  It  is 
proposed  to  build  a  dormitory  at  each  of 
the  farhing  schools  in  Vermilion,  Olds 
and  Claresholm,  to  cost  about  $150,000 
each. 

Unfilled  Steel  Orders.— The  United 
Steel  Co.  of  Canada  had  oa  hand  at 
November  30  unfilled  orders  to  the 
amount  of  8,124,663  tons  according  to 
the  corporation's  monthly  statement. 
This  is  a  decrease  of  228,630  tons,  com- 
pared with  the  orders  on  October  31. 

War    Trade    Board     Announcement. — 

"In  view  of  recent  developments  which 
have  made  the  steel  situation  somewhat 
easier,  and  especially  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  certain  United  States  restrictions 
have  been  lifted  and  others  modified, 
permitting  shipments  of  plates,  boiler 
tubes,  etc.,  being  made  to  Canada  more 
easily  than  in  the  past,  in  future  it  will 
be  unnecessary  to  apply  to  the  War 
Trade  Board  for  releases  from  stocks  on 
forms  which  were  provided  for  this  pur- 
pose, neither  will  it  be  necessary  to 
supply  monthly  reports,  as  in  the  past. 
Dealers  and  others  are  now  at  liberty  to 
dispose  of  their  stocks  wherever  they 
can,  but  the  War  Trade  Board  reserves 
the  right  to  fix  the  price  of  the  same  in 
the  event  receiving  complaints  to  the 
effect  that  prices  which  are  being  charg- 
ed are  excessive." 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX- 


The   MacLean    Publishing   Company 

UMITED 
(SSTABLISHBD  1U8) 

JOHN  BAYNE  MACI..KAN.  President      H.  T.  HUNTER.  Vi«e-Pre»ident 

H.   V.  TYRREXL.  General  Manager 

PUBLISHERS   OF 

(^nadianMachinery 

^MANUFACTURING  NEW5^ 

k  weekly  journal  devoted  to  the  machinery  and  manufacturing  interests. 
B.  G.  NE^VTON,  Manaser.  A.  R.  KENNEDY.   Man.  Editor. 

Associate  Editors: 
W.  F.  SITTHERLAND      T.  H.  FENNER      J.  H.  RODGERS  (Montreal) 


Office    of    Publication.    KSISS    University    Avenue,    Toronto,    Ontario. 


Vol.  XX. 


DECEMBER  26,  1918 


No.  26 


Looking  For  Trouble 

'T'HERE  are  a  number  of  people  in  Canada  at  the  present 
-*■  time  who  are  going  to  be  greatly  disappointed  if  this 
country  is  not  going  to  have  its  fair  share  and  a  little 
more  of  dull  times. 

Of  course,  they  are  not  going  to  get  up  openly  and 
state  that  this  is  their  avowed  policy,  but  they  are  doing 
it  in  another  way,  one  which  is  quite  as  effective  as  though 
they  climbed  on  the  house-tops  and  shouted  from  the  roofs. 

The  first  thing  they  start  when  meeting  a  friend  in 
casual  conversation  is  something  to  the  effect  that  we 
are  in  for  some  dull  months — a  lot  of  people  out  of  work 
— the  manufacturers  not  going  ahead  with  any  new  lines 
— thousands  of  soldiers  tjoming  back  with  nothing  to  do — ■ 
you  know  the  run  of  their  talk.  It's  generally  done  in  a 
whisper,  in  a  doorway,  not  very  often  out  in  the  open, 
where  some  red-blooded  citizen  could  get  hold  of  the  thing 
and  put  it  out  of  misery. 

.   The  Ottawa  representative  of  Financial  Post  puts  the 
case  well  this  week  when  he  says: 

"All  over  Canada  the  suggestion  of  coming  trade 
depression  seems  to  have  gained  considerable  cur- 
rency. Men  are,  commonly,  pessimists,  and  like  to 
prepare  themselves  for  the  worst  when  there  is  no 
particular  reason  why  the  worst  should  happen.  If 
they  confined  this  feeling  to  themselves  the  trouble 
would  be.  as  the  doctors  say,  'localized';  but  your 
true  pessimist  delights  to  go  about  infecting  his 
neighbor  with  the  germ.  'The  awful  slump  after 
the  war'  is  an  expression  which  has  got  into  the 
mouths  of  too  many  people  who  are  otherwise  sen- 
sible. Such  people  show  just  about  as  much  good 
judgment  as  the  proprietor  of  Amerongen  Castle 
who  invited  that  other  awful  infliction,  the  ex- 
Kaiser,  to  come  and  visit  him." 

One  might  almost  surmise  that  some  of  these  blue- 
ruin  shonters  would  have  wished  that  the  war  and  the 
killing  at  the  front  could  have  continued  indefinitely  in 
order  that  business  might  remain  extra  good  for  their 
narticular  line.  The  fact  that  the  casualty  list  of  our  men 
has  ceased  to  haunt  us  daily  weighs  with  them  not  at  all. 

If  these  whisperers  of  dull  times  would  only  expend 
half  the  energy  in  preaching  hope,  optimism  and  courage 
as  they  are  m  aiding  a  cold  feet  campaign,  they  would 
Jndeed  do  a  service  well  worthy  of  the  name 


A  Commercialized  Chrismias 

'T*HE  mad  campaign  of  forced  selling,  the  constant  striv- 
-*■  ing  to  create  an  unnatural  feeling  of  excitement,  are' 
doing  much  to  make  the  Christmas  season  a  nightmare 
instead  of  a  blessing,  a  time  to  be  dreaded  rather  than 
joyfully    anticipated. 

The  big  stores  have  grabbed  Christmas.  They  have 
annexed  Santa  Glaus,  and  they  have  turned  the  whole- 
outfit  into  a  dizzy  whirligig,  not  to  spread  or  create  joy, 
but  simply  to  separate  the  people  from  more  money  than 
they  would  spend  were  they  left  to  their  own  common 
sense    and    the    limitations    of   their   purse. 

The  real  spirit  of  Christmas  has  been  backed  so  far 
into  the  ditch  by  the  gorgeous  procession  of  a  commer- 
cialized season  of  festivity  that  it  hasn't  got  one  chance 
in    ten   to   get  a   hearing. 

There  is  calm  deliberation  that  spoils  anything  ap- 
proaching   spontaneous    giving. 

In  too  many  cases  we  give  in  1918  because  we  received 
from  the  same  source  in  1917.  It  is  a  mild  form  of 
bargaining,  and  it  grows  and  increases  until  many  a 
person  finds  himself  approaching  Christmas  with  a  feel- 
ing closely   akin  to  a  mild  form   of  financial  hysteria. 

The  simple  little  gift,  prompted  by  affection,  given 
with  no  thought  or  expectation  of  a  return  present,  is 
the  nearest  approach  to  the  real  Christmas  feeling.  It 
is  getting  squeezed  so  hard  by  the  commercialized  Christ- 
mas that  the  chances  seem  to  be  that  it  will  pass  out 
and  give  up  the   struggle. 

What  the  world  needs  and  longs  for  is  a  sane,  sen- 
sible, real  Christmas — one  that  reflects  the  meaning  of 
the  season,  and  refuses  to  become  partner  to  the  annual 
scramble  to  fling  money  into  the  coffers  of  merchants 
who  must  unload  their  truck  or  cut  the  price. 


The  Hat  With  Ear-Tabs  On 

YlfHEN  the  wind  turns  to  the  north,  me  boy,  and  blows 
to  beat  the  band,  as  though  it  was  a-comin'  from 
some  icy,  snow-bonnd  land;  when  it  sifts  in  past  the 
cellar  door  and  through  the  keyhole,  too.  and  makes  the 
knuckles  on  yer  fists  turn  sixteen  shades  of  blue — when 
the  cistern  pipes  get  all  friz  up  and  the  bloomin'  thing 
won't  spout,  until  you  get  the  kettle  and  begin  to  thaw  her 
out. 

Oh,  it's  then  we  feel  our  ears  get  cold  as  they  flop 
out  in  the  breeze,  and  sway  before  each  bitin'  blast  like 
some  old  poplar  trees— our  old  felt  hats  and  hard  ones, 
too.  they  cover  up  our  dome,  but  they  leave  our  ears 
a-stickin'  out  to  face  the  frost  and  foam. 

And  vet  you  see  folks  eoin'  around  wrapped  up  in 
furs  and  rugs,  but  not  a  thing  about  'em  for  to  bolster 
uo  their  lugs— they  hold  their  fists  up  to  their  ears,  they 
wheeze,  they  blow  and  coue:h  as  though  they  was  a-goin' 
to  shake  their  thinkin'  tank  right  off. 

I  ain't  got  sympathy  for  them  what  prowls  around 
like  that,  determined  in  the  zero  days,  to  wear  a  summer 
hat. 

Ah,  let  'em  go  to  some  old  trunk  where  boyhood  stuff 
is  stored,  and  where  the  olden  garments  live  for  times 
when  winter  roared,  and  let  'em  cast  away  their  pride, 
they  know  right  well.  I  swan,  they'll  get  again  that  fuzzy 
cap   that  had  the  ear-tabs  on. — ARK. 


Canadian  newspaper  publishers  pay  about  $3,500,000 
a  year  for  their  white  paper. 

Some  of  the  largest  Canadian  and  American  news- 
papers consume  from  50  to  100  tons  of  paper  daily. 

The  daily  consumption  of  new.sprint  paper  in  Canada 
is,  approximately,  250  tons;  in  the  United  States,  5,750 
tons. 

Canada's  daily  output  of  paper,  made  into  a  continuous 
strip  three  feet  wide,  would  be  long  enough  to  girdle  the 
globe   at  the   equator. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  N     MACHINERY 


•m 


There's  Big  Business  Ahead  of  Canada 


CANADA  is  glad  that  the  war  is  over. 
War  business  was  good.  But  back  of  it  all 
there  was  a  feeling  in  the  heart  of  every  man  worthy 
of  the  name  that  there  was  something  undesirable 
about  the  business.  It  meant  employment — it 
meant  dollars — it  meant  big  money — it  also  meant 
<leath,  nuitilaticn,  suffering  and  heartbreaks. 

Industrial  Canada  longed  for  the  day  when  the 
word  "war-trade"  should  be  removed.*^-  It  meant 
less  business,  some  disorganization,  some  loss.  But 
away  and  above  that  it  meant  the  removal  of  that 
nightmare  that  had  haunted  Canadian  firesides  for 
ondle.ss  months — the  casualty  list. 

So  when  you  are  minded  to  mourn  the 
loss  of  war  orders,  put  the  two  things  in  the 
scales,  stand  hack  and  look  at  them.  There 
they  tilt,  dollars  on  one  end  of  the  beam,  lots 
of  them — cm-  the  other  our  oivn  men  and  hoys, 
our  sovs,  brothers,  fathers  and  friends.  It 
doesn't  take  long  to  decide,  does  itf  We  glad- 
ly reach  out  the  hand,  and,  brushing  the 
dollars  amde,  welcome  back  the  civilian  sol- 
diers to  our  m,idst. 

Canada's  war  achievement  in  the  turning  out 
of  shells,  fuses,  airplanes,  ships,  and  all  manner  of 
munitions  and  supplies,  has  been  remarkable. 

When  Canada  turned  to  shells  the  impression 
seemed  to  be  that  a  few  tinkers  had  gone  crazy. 

The  number  of  people  who  accepted  it  a.?  a  fact 
that  Canada  could  solve  the  problem,  reach  capacity 
production  and  keep  the  product  to  the  high  stan- 
dard necessary,  were  few  and  scattered. 

The  pioneers  soon  proved  that  it  could  be  done. 
The  circle  of  shell  plants  widened,  and  it  became 
an  accepted  fact  that  the  Canadian  shell  shop  was 
a  great,  big,  strong  link  in  the  Allied  chain  that  was 
going  to  put  an  end  to  Kaiserism. 
And  now  for  the  future? 

Don't  make  the  serious  error  of  thinking 
that  recovery  is  the  work  of  a  day  or  a  month. 
Along  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  Canada  has  been 
war-sick.  The  doctors  in  charge,  Foch,  Haig,  etc., 
have  announced  that  the  patient  is  going  to  recover. 
Canada  is  recovering,  and  her  tremendous  resources, 
her  financial  position,  lier  broad  acres,  her  powers 
of  con.struction,  and  the  initiative  and  determination 
of  her  own  people  will  work  wonders. 

There  is,  perhaps,  a  tendency  to  hold  back  in 
.«ome  cases,  to  see  what  is  going  to  happen,  to  watch 
what  the  other  fellow  intends  to  develop.  When 
you  find  a  lot  of  men  holding  back  it's  an  easy 
matter  for  one  courageous  chap  to  step  out  and  take 
a  lead  that  it's  mighty  hard  to  take  away  from  him 
afterward. 

//  yo}i're   made  money   during   the   war 


period,  remember  that  it  was  from  an  ab-       . 

normal  cause.  Remember  that  your  money  was 

made  ivhile  others  were  getting  shot  and  shot 

at.     Remember  that  there  is  a  responsibility 

on  your  shoulders  that  you  dare  not  discount, 

and  a  burden  for  your  back  that  you  dare  not 

shift. 

There  is  big  business  on  ahead.  And  it  is  for 
him  who  prepares  for  it.  This  preparation  calls  for 
study,  for  investment*for  patience.  You  owe  it  to 
the  man  who  shouldered  a  gun  and  went  away  to 
fight  your  battles  to  see  to  it  that  he  has  a  decent 
place  to  live  in  when  he  comes  back.  Don't  let  him 
return  to  the  place  that  urged  or  forced  his  enlist- 
ment, and  cheered  his  departure,  only  to  find  that 
it's  a  barren  and  a  jobless  land. 

Be  as  liberal  and  brave  with  your  dollars 

as  you  expected  him  to  be  with  his  life  and 

limb. 

Canada  is  a  great  country — a  wonderful  place. 
It  needs  sane  and  careful  development.  It  rieeds 
to  be  turned  into  a  good  place  for  the  man  who 
wants  to  do  an  honest  day's  work  and  into  a  mighty 
poor  place  for  the  man  who  wants  to  loaf  or  camp 
on  the  necks  of  his  fellows. 

There's  a  big  gap  between  the  farming  interests 
and  those  of  the  manufacturers.  There  are  men 
abroad,  who  for  purposes  of  political  expediency, 
are  making  it  their  business  to  dig  trenches  and 
build  barriers  between  these  two  great  interests. 
They  do  not  want  the  farmers  to  understand  or 
appreciate  the  problem  of  the  manufacturer,  nor  do 
they  desire  the  manufacturer  to  be  in  a  position  to 
become  familiar  with  the  business  side  of  farming. 

The  longer  the  farmers  and  manufacturers  fight 
each  other,  the  better  pleased,  will  be  the  political 
pirate. 

There  is  room  in  Canada  for  farmers  and  manu- 
facturers. They  are  both  here  now  and  tiiey  are 
going  to  be  here  in  large  numbers  in  years  to  come. 
Their  best  interests  are  going  to  be  served  by  a 
mutual  understanding  and  a  cessation  of  small 
squabbling  for  political  purposes. 

Canada  is  going  ahead.  Canada  is  not  going  to 
the  bow-wows.  Make  that  your  starting  point.  If 
you've  got  any  doubt  on  your  mental  slate,  reach 
over  and  dip  your  rag  into  the  big  pond  of  optimism 
and  get  that  slate  right. 

Get  your  eye  on  the  big  busine.«s  of  the  future. 
It's  there  just  as  sure  as  Tue.sday  follows  close  on 
the  heel<  of  Monday.  But  it's  for  the  man  who  is 
brave  enough  to  go  out  and  get  it.  There's  not  much 
brought  in  these  days  to  the  doorstep  of  the  man 
who  shivers  at  problems  that  to  bigger  men  look  like 
golden  opportunities. 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Current  Events  in  Photograph 


>-v  '>.  vr-w-vj;**  ■''.■**A,  ■  ^HsWv 


PREMIER  TROOPSHIP  ARRIVES  AT  HALIFAX 

THE  photo  shows  the  giant  White  Star  liner  Olympic  on  her  arrival  at 
Halifax  last  Saturday  with  nearly  6,000  Canadian  soldiers  on  board.  The 
trip  marked  the  completion  of  her  19th  voyage  from  British  ports  to  Halifax, 
and  she  brought  the  largest  number  of  returning  soldiers  that  has  yet  been 
carried  to  any  Atlantic  port.  The  Olympic,  which  is  the  queen  of  the  White 
Star  fleet,  was  given  a  rousing  welcome.  For  nearly  three  years  this  grey 
leviathan  has  come  and  gone  without  ever  a  line  about  her  movements 
being  printed.  Week  after  week,  under  the  skilful  command  of  Captain 
Hayes,  R.N.R.,  D.S.O.,  she  ran  the  gauntlet  of  the  German  "U"  boats  with  her 
precious  cargoes  of  fighting  men.  Of  the  70,000  Canadian  soldiers  she  carried 
from  Canada  to  the  Motherland,  not  one  was  lost  at  sea.  Note  the  manner 
in  which  the  big  liner  is  camouflaged. 


THE  record  made  by  Canadian  shops  in  the  produc- 
tion of  munitions  can  hardly  be  appreciated  by  the 
people  of  Canada.  In  years  past  we  have  been 
in  the  habit  of  taking  it  for  granted  that  our  industrial 
efforts  would  be  of  secondary  importance.  We  have 
hardly  dared  come  to  the  conclusion  that  as  a  producing 
people  in  an  unknown  line  we  could  lead  the  procession. 

When  it  was  first  proposed  that  Canada  should  under- 
take the  production  of  munitions  the  manufacturers  were 
inclined  to  be  skeptical.  It  was  something  new — the  war 
might  end  at  any  time — a  lot  of  new  and  special  purpose 
machinery  was  required.  In  fact  it  was  some  time  before 
the  more  energetic  manufacturers  had  come  to  the  stage 
'vhere  they  found  that  they  could  make  munitions,  and 
make    them    successfully. 

In  fact,  Canada's  effort  in  munitions  was  in  keeping 
with  the  record  made  at  the  front  by  her  sons.  The 
number  of  decorations  won  on  the  field  of  battle  tells  the 
story.  The  figures  are  complete  only  up  to  July  1st, 
1918,  and  the  totals  would  be  increased  considerably. 


Victoria    Cross    30 

Distinguished   Service   Order    432 

Bar  to  Distinguished  Service  Order  18 

Militery   Cross    1,467 

Bar  to  Military   Cross    61 

Distinguished    Conduct   Medal    939 

Military  Medal   6,549 

1st  Bar  to  Military  Medal   227 

2nd   Bar  to   Military   Medal    6 

Meritorious  Service  Medal    119 

Mentioned  in   Despatches    2,573 

Royal  Red  Cross   130 

NORWEGIAN  CONTROL  OF  THE  MOLYBDENUM 
MARKET 

The  growing  importance  of  molybdenum  in  the  manu- 
facture of  steel  is  giving  Norway  an  influential  position 
with  regard  to  that  industry.  Numerous  discoveries  of 
molybdenum  ores  have  recently  been  made  in  that  country, 
and  its  Government  has  taken  steps  to  secure  to  native 
industry  the  advantage  of  this  discovery. 


December  26,  1918  C  A  N  A  D  I  AN     M  A  CHIN  V.  U  >'  273 


."li|{|ililililll!l!lil:|illl!l!li|i|  lilllililllilllililllllllllilllil  I  Uilll.Mill  I  III  I  MM  I  nil  III  M  i  I M I  Mil !  I  Mill  llllll  lilil  liilllliillliill'lll!!  Mlliri1i|i|l|i|!lll!lii:i:  lllllllllllllllllil!IIIIHIII!llllllli|llll!l'lllilllTIIIII!l1iliriillliliriil!l!riTil'l!|i|l||: 


In  Peace  or  War 


ORGANIZATION  is  the  mainspring  of  all  suc- 
cessful effort.  It  was  the  inherent  Canadian  genius 
for  organization  that  placed  the  first  Canadian  contin- 
gent on  the  battle  line  of  Europe  in  record  time,  and 
the  same  genius  built  up  a  fighting  force  that  added 
lustre  to  the  glory  of  the  British  Empire  and  raised  an 
enduring  monument  to  the  greatness  of  Canadian  or- 
ganization in  the  tale  of  the  achievements  of  the  Can- 
adian Expeditionary  Force. 

TO-DAY,  as  in  1914,  with  the  same  urgent  call  to  be 
up  and  doing  ringing  in  our  ears,  Canadian  manu- 
facturers will  turn  to  the  arts  of  peace  during  this  period 
of  reconstruction  and  re-establishment  with  renewed 
energy,  and  with  the  memory  of  past  achievements  still 
fresh  will  face  the  problems  of  the  future  with  the  same 
resolution  and  vigour  as  has  characterized  their  efforts 
in  the  past. 

OUR  Service  Department  is  fully  organized  to  assist 
you  in  solving  the  problem.s  of  introducing  New 
Industries  for  reconstructing  the  old.  Let  us  get  to- 
gether for  1919  with  renewed  courage  and  faith  in  the 
future. 


I  If  It's  Machinery- Write  " Williams ' ' 

I    The  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Company,  Ltd.    : 

I  Toronto,  Canada 

I       St.  John  Montreal  Winnipeg  Vancouver 

I  Detroit  Buffalo 

^i;iiiiiii:i»iiiiriii!iii!iii!iiiiiii!iiiiiii;iiiiiii:iii;iiUii:iiiiiiiiiii!i^  Miiiii  Mi:i:i'iii  M:iiiiiii;iiiiiiiii|iHii'ii:i!iiiii>mM  iii  11  i;i  111  niii  1  niiii  ill  1  ill  i:i'iii:i:!  m  \  xwn  Mil  1 1  Mil  Mil  1  riiin  1 1 1 1  ii"- 


272 

CANADA'S   LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  If  I  N  E  R  Y 


She 

A 


^ 


Company  ^^n  L^' rn  1 1  e  d 

^»  Toronto,    Canada 


Volume  XX. 

MONTREAL,    WINNIPEG 

VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 

BUFFALO 


64-66  Front  Street  W 


^liy 


The  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Ltd. 

of  Montreal 


T 


HIS  branch  of  our  organization  is  not  by  any  means  what  you  would  call  a  war  baby,  but 
is  the  result  of  a  sure  conviction  and  our  faith  in  the  future  of  Canadian  manufacturing 
industry. 


Our  service  department  at  Montreal  is  taken  from  the  pick  of  our  organization,  and  is  in  a 
position  to  render  you  valuable  aid  in  supplying  you  with  equipment  of  every  description. 

Write  or  phone 


THE  A.  R.  WILLIAMS   MACHINERY  CO.,  LIMITED 

OF  MONTREAL 

369  St.  James  Square  Phone  Main  5094 


PICKERING    GOVERNORS 

EQUIPPED    WITH    BALL    SPEED    RANGER 

MANUFACTURED  BY  THE 

PICKERING  GOVERNOR  CO. 

Portland,   Conn.,  U.S.A. 

We  are  also  prepared  to  combine  the  Stop 
Valve  in  Governor  body  without  any  ser- 
vice complications.  Either  Class  B  or  Class 
A  style  of  upper  works  can  be  fitted  to  this 
combined  Valve  Chamber. 

This  Governor  is  very  popular  throughout 
the  Dominion,  brought  about  by  constant 
efficiency,  reliability  and  durability. 

For  further  particulars  and  prices  apply  to 

The  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Go.,  Limited 

64-66  Front  Street  W. 
TORONTO  -  ONTARIO 


Clau   B  strl*. 

Include*  Bpeed«r  and 

Smiryer'»    L«Ter. 


Clars    A   style. 

Has   all   Class   B  features 

and    also   Automatic 

Safety   Stop. 


December  26,  1918 

CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


CANADIAN     M  A  C  11  1  N  1".  H  V 


275 

MONTREAL,    WINNIPEG 

VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 

BUFFALO 


FADING  A    m.  #  O        SB         Ik.  .^     A  VANCC 

i.rv  Company  ^^^Ivi  mi  ted      ^tfV 

f^  64-66  Front  Street  W    ^R»  Toronto,    Canada  "^ 


Small  Size 


BECKER  B  E  L  T- 
DRIVEN  MILLERS 
— The  machines  that 
give      the      smooth 


Milling 
Machines 


for 

Quick 

Delivery 


To  Canadian  Manufacturers  : 

The  versatility  of  Vertical  Milling 
Machines  seems  not  to  have  been 
thoroughly  understood  by  Canadian 
manufacturers.  Thousands  of  oper- 
ations for  which  the  Vertical  Mil- 
ler is  admirably  adapted  are  now 
being  performed  on  Planers, 
Grinders,   Shapers,  etc. 

It  costs  you  nothing  to  have  one 
of  our  sales  engineers  go  through 
your  plant  and  point  out  operations 
for  which  the  Vertical  Miller  is 
adapted. 

Write  and  ask  us  to  send  an 
engineer  to  your  plant. 


Becker    Milling 

Machine  Company 


Hyde  Park 


Boston,  Mass 


CAN  A  D I  A  X    MACHINERY 


CaNAUAS  LE.-1 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


Volume  XX 

MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG 

VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 

BUFFALO 


64-66  Front  Street  W    '^^  Toronto      Canada  "^ 


Blanchardize  Your 
Machine  Parts 

Excellent  Results  atlj^_^ 

''  the  Hendey  Plant 

This  collecti^ftf  of  parts  is  finished  on  two  Blanch  ard 
Grinders,  the  first  installed  6  years  ago,  the  second 
one  three  years  later^  in  the  Hendey  Machine  Com- 
pany's plant,  at  Torrington,  Conn.,  and  is  an  ex- 
cellent example  of  the  economy  of  "Blanchardizing." 
There  are  lathe  aprons — ground  on  two  surfaces  and 
subjected  to  an  unusually  rigid  inspection  test— 
Vgear  housings,  outside  gear  boxes,  vise  jaws,  gear 
'box  covers,  collars  and  a  dozen  other  parts,  besides 
bilEinks  for  all  of  the  twenty-one  gears  used  in  the 
Hendey  Lathe — ranging  in  size  from  1%  to  9  inches 
diameter  and  ground  to  limits  plus  or  minus  0.0005". 
Versatility  is  not  the  only  feature  to  recommend 
"Blanchardlzing,"  but  it  is  important.  Speed  and 
ac'-'uracy  are  additional  advantages.  Let  us  tell 
you  raoretabout  these  machines. 

,  The  Blanchard  Machine  Co. 

,^64  STATE  .STREET     CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.,  U.S.A. 

UNITED  STATES:  Henry  Prentiss  &  Co..  Inc.,  Motch  & 
Merryweather  Machinery  Co.,  Marshall  &  Huschart  Machinery 
Co.,  W.  E.  Shipley  Machineiy  Co.,  Kemp  Machinery  Co., 
Robin.«on,  Cary  &  Sands  Co.,  Pacific  Tool  &  Supply  Co. 
CANADA:  Williams  &  Wilson,  Ltd.,  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery 
Co..  Ltd.  GREAT  BKITAIU :  Burton,  Griffiths  &  Co.,  Ltd. 
FRANCE:  Aux  Fori{<"»  de  Vulcain.  ITALY.  SWITZERLAND. 
BELG'IJM:    Allied   .Machinery   Co.   of   America. 


December  26,  1918 

CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


0  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  C  H  T  N  E  R  Y 


:ading  a   tk.MC^       ^R        lk.Jf    A  VANCC 


Company^f^^L/i  mit  ed 

64-66  Front  Street  W    ^^  Toronto,     Canada 


275 

MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG 

VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 

BUFFALO 


ti^V 


Increases 
Speed 


Metal  Cutting 
—Machine 


Saves 
Blades 


In  the  Racine  High  Speed  Metal  Cut- 
ting Machine  you  get  a  tool  with  extra- 
ordinary productive  power,  and  second 
to  none  in  accuracy.  It  is  compact, 
strong  and  rigid. 

Saw  frame  guide  of  heavy  semi-steel 


that  will  not  spring.  It  holds  the  saw 
frame  rigid,  insuring  accurate  cuts. 
A  distinguishing  feature  of  the  "Ra- 
cine" is  the  automatic  device  which  lifts 
the  arm  clear  of  the  work  on  the  non- 
cutting  stroke — to  this  extent  saving 
wear  and  tear  on  the  blades. 


Combination  vise 
holds  the  stock 
close  to  the  blade, 
enabling  the  oper- 
ator to  cut  short 
pieces  at  any 
angle. 

Cuts  Angles,  Chan- 
nels, I-beams,  Die 
Blocks,  Pipe  Tub- 
ing, etc. 

All  bearings  long, 
heavy  and  adjust- 
able, so  that  you 
can  take  up  any 
wear  that  may  oc- 
cur from  time  to 
time. 

This  is  the  machine 
for  the  shop  that 
studies  economy. 


Racine  Tool  & 
Machine  Co. 

Racine         Wisconsin 


Represented  in  Canada  by  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Company,  Ltd. 


?76 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG 

VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 

BUFFALO 


Company^lSr  Lyimited 

64-66  Front  Street  W    ^^  Toronto,    Canada 


High  Speed 
STEEL  HOISTS 

THE  RIGHT  SOLUTION  FOR  YOUR  LIFTING  PROBLEM 

Wright  Hoists  will  outlift  and  outlast  any  other 
block  on  the  market. 

Every  load  sustaining  part  is  practically  indestruc- 
tible. 

Constructed  of  steel  and  cast  iron  throughout. 

Wright  hoists  raise  loads  quickly,  easily  and 
economically  —  they  are  the  Hoists  that  NEVER 
FOUL,  the  hoists  that  will  save  money  for  your 
plant. 

¥...;.  WRITE  FOR  CATALOG 

WRIGHT  MFG.  CO.   Lisbon,  Ohio 


December  26,  1918 

CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  X     M  A  C  II  I  X  i;  I!  Y 


FADING  ,^  M^         ^^  Ik.  jr     A  VANCC 


64-66  Front  Street  W 


277 

MONTREAL,    WINNIPEG 

VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 

BUFFALO 


Company  ^B^  ly  i  m  i  t  e  d 


Toronto,    Canada 


Ei^V 


G  &  E 
Automatic 


Generating 
Machines 


Gould  &  Eberhardt  Gear  Generators  are 
specially  noted  for  symmetrical  work  in  spur, 
helical  and  worm  gear  cutting.  These  ma- 
chines possess  many  special  features  that  con- 
tribute to  a  wider  range  of  cutting  and  greater 
economy  than  ordinary  hobbers.  Ten  changes 
of  speed — all  hardened  steel  driving  gears — 
rigid  work  arbor  support — single  pulley  drive — 
and  rigid  cutter  slide  are  a  few  of  the  many 
special  features  of  these  productive  hobbers. 

Complete  description  in  Bulletin. 


i^^*™?*] 


\  -^  .  iZf   ■%  .it  IL 


Newark,  N.J. 


Cutting  electric  starter 
rings  for  automobile  fly- 
wheels on  "G  &  E"  i8 
in.  X  12  in.  Hobbing 
Machines  in  the  plant 
of  the  Continental  Mo- 
tor Mfg.  Co.,  Detroit. 
This  concern  operates 
many  of  these  hobbers 
with  great  success. 


278 

CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


C  A  N  A  n  I  A  K     M  iV  C  M  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 

MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG 

COUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 

BUFFALO 


FADING  .     Tkjf  C      .^^L.       IV/I'    A     ^^  VANCO 

f\  cA  AA  P^».^t  <»<-aat  W    ^^^   Toronto.     Canada  ^ 


64-66  Front  Street  W 


THE  JOYCE-GRIDLAND  CO. 

DAYTON,    OHIO 


LARGEST  EXCLUSIVE   MANUFACTURERS 
OF  ALL  TYPES  OF  LIFTING 


QUALITY 


FIRST 


JACKS 

FOR 

RAILROADS  and  INDUSTRIES 


HYDRAULIC  JACKS  GEARED  SCREW  TYPE  JACKS 

FULL  AUTOMATIC  GEARED  JACKS   FULL  AUTOMATIC  LEVER  JACKS 

JOURNAL  JACKS         PLAIN  LEVER  JACKS 

PUSHING  AND  PULLING  JACKS 

TIMBERING  JACKS 

BELL  BASE  SCREW  JACKS 

DOUBLE  MOVEMENT  RAPID  SCREW  JACK 

TELESCOPING  SCREW  JACKS 

TRAVERSING  BASE  SCREW  JACKS 


December  26,  1918 

CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     MACHINERY 


'^ii^^'^^&^^m 


Company 

64-66  Front  Street  W 


279 

ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 
MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG, 
VANCOUVER 


Lyimited 

Toronto      Canada 


^I^V 


Triple  Geared  Forging  and  Trimming 

Press    (front   view) 

Built   in   sizes   from   3,000   lbs.   to  50 

tons 


Inclinable   Open   Back   Press 
Built  in  sizes  from   300  to  8,000  lbs. 


PRESSES 

Nothing  but  Presses 


A  big  organization  concen- 
trated in  a  big  plant.  Every 
thought,  word  and  deed 
devoted  to  the  manufacture 
of  Presses. 

In  the  consolidated  line  is 
incorporated  the  last  word 
in  design,  the  most  efficient 
materials  and  the  highest 
class  workmanship. 

An  organization  which  sup- 
plies not  only  a  tool  but  a 
service  to  solve  your  press- 
ing problems. 

Buy  a  Press  from  Press 
Specialists. 

The 

Consolidated   Press 


Company 


Hastings 


Mich. 


The  largest  exclusive  Press  Manufacturers  in 

America.  Represented  by  Canada's 

leading  Machinery  House. 


2g0 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


ST.   JOHN,   N.B. 

MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG, 

VANCOUVER 


Company 

64-66  Front  Street  W 


L/imited 

Toronto,     Canada 


Cuts  1 0  Consecutive  Sizes 

Williams'  Pipe-Cutting  Machinery  sets  the  standard 
in  speed,  strength  and  capacity. 

Our  line  includes  machines  that  range  in  size  from 
14  to  18'  capacity.  Each  machine  will  cut  10  con- 
secutive sizes. 

This  machine  shows  the  construction.  The  strength 
of  drive  is  apparent,  and  the  points  of  stress  are 
built  proportionately  stronger. 

We  have  some  valuable  pipe-cutting  information. 


Williams  Tool  Company 

ERIE  PA.  U.S.A. 


Canadian  Selling;  Agents: 


The   A.   R.   Williams   Machinery   Co.,  Ltd 


TORONTO 


CANADA 


December  26,  1918 

CANHDAS  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


:;;/lLUAMS^HACHji^ 


Company  ^i^L/i  mi  ted 

64-66  Front  Street  W    ^^»  Toronto,    Canada 


281 

ST.   JOHN,   N.B. 
MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG, 
VANCOUVER 


^liy 


i  isysyi'i-giiBrii^taffiBiiiCTiiaB! 


^ 


Saving  in  Transmission 
Saves  Coal 

Tests  under  working  conditions  have  shown 
that  the  American  Steel  Split  Pulley  will 
transmit  more  power  with  less  waste  than  any 
other  pulley  on  the  market. 
These  tests  can  be  verified  by  or  repeated  for 
any  responsible  engineer  who  wants  the  truth 
about  pulleys,  or  we  will,  upon  application, 
forward  detailed  printed  reports. 

#^'         STEEI.  SPLIT*  ^1^ 

^  PULLEYS  ^ 

Guaranteed   for   minimum    belt   slip,   minimum   air   re- 
sistance,  double   belt   service. 

Correctly  designed  for  maximum  strength  and  light 
weight  and  guaranteed  as  to  material  and  workman- 
ship. National  distribution  through  supply  houses. 
Write  to-day  for  "Getting  Maximum  Pulley  Efficiency" 
— a  37-page  booklet  which  tells  how  to  eliminate  un- 
necessary pulley  waste. 

The  American  Pulley  Company 

PHILADELPHIA,   PA. 


282 

CANADA'S  LEADING 
MACHINERY 


C  A  K  A  D  I  xV  N     M  A  C  li  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 

ST.   JOHN.   N.B. 
MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG, 
VANCOUVER 


A.rV  Company  ^^pLyi  mix  ed       ^tiV 

64-66  Front  Street  W    ^^  Toronto,    Canada  -^ 


Hendey 
thes 

In  the  Tool  Room 

of  a  British 

Aeroplane 

Plant 


Cut  Special   Threa 

If  wide  range  of  threads  and  feeds  by 
mounted  change  gearing  and  ability  to 
cut  special  threads  without  limit  are  to 
you  important  advantages,  then  will 
you  appreciate  the  several  features  that 
Hendey  Lathes  alone  provide. 
Their  Automatic  Stop  for  carriage, 
working  both  ways,  is  all  but  indis- 
pensable when  cutting  threads  or  bor- 
ing to  shoulder. 

Their  Apron  Reverse  displaces  cross 
belt  and  countershaft  reverse  and  elim- 
inates much  wear  and  tear.  Their 
Tie-Bar  Reinforced  Head,  v/ith  Taper 


which  kindly 
gave  us  the 
p  h  o  t  o  g  r  aph 
here  repro- 
duced. 


ds   Without  Limit 

Bearing,  and  Ring-Oiling  Spindle  con- 
struction make  for  and  maintain  ac- 
curate alignment  of  spindle. 

Their  positive  accuracy  and  quick 
handling  ability  will  make  work  in 
your  tool  room  all  it  should  be. 

Write  for  illustrated  bulletin 

The  Hendey  Machine  Co. 

Torrington,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  AffentK:  A.  R.  WiHiamH  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. ; 
A.  K.  Wiiliamii  Machinery  Co.,  260  Princess  St.,  Winnipeg;  A.  K. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Vancouver;  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery 
Co.,  St.  John.  N.B.;  Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal. 


December  26,  1918 

CANADA'S  LEADING 
MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


w 


CANADIAN     M  A  C  1 1  I  N  I-:  R  Y 


282a 

MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG 
VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 
ST.  JOHN,  N.B. 
BUFFALO 


Company 

64-66  Front  Street  W 


lyimited 

Toronto,     Canada 


^l^V 


Landis  Plain  Grinding  Machine 


The  Wheel  Travels- 


the  Work  is  Stationary 

The  length  of  the  work  you  do  on  the  LANDIS  cannot  possibly 
affect  rigidity.  There's  no  feeding  the  table  across  the  wheel  to 
grind  the  extreme  end  of  the  work,  with  the  result  that  the  other 
end  overhangs  the  base  of  the  machine — inviting  vibration. 

On  the  LANDIS  the  wheel  is  the  only  traveling  member.  Its 
extreme  movement  is  fully  provided  for  in  the  design  of  the 
machine.  The  work  centers  are  never  outside  the  direct  support 
of  the  base  of  the  machine. 

This  big  point  marks  the  LANDIS  out  from  others.  Numerous 
other  features  combine  to  give  this  machine  a  reputation  for 
INCREASED  PRODUCTION  wherever  installed. 

The  Landis  Tool  Company,  Waynesboro,  Pa. 


282b 

CANADA'S  LEADING 

MACHINERY 

HOUSE 


C  A  N  A  D I  A  N     MACHINERY 


•1^ 


A 


Voliune  XX. 

MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG 

VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

ST.   JOHN,   N.B. 

BUFFALO 


iADING  .     'IL.M  C^      ^^M  1V>f     A  VANCOUVER,  DETROIT 

^        Company^^^Lyimited       ^i^V 

a.A.fifi  Vrnnt  <\trt^e-t  W    1^^   Toroiito.     Canada  '^ 


L/imited 

Toronto,     Canada 


AHC 


Rotary  Geared  Pumps 


The  Utmost  in  Efficiency  and  Durability 


T  r  a  h  e  rn  Positive- 
drive  Rotary-geared 
Pumps  shoot  the 
lubricant  into  deep 
bores  or  other  work 
difficult  to  cool. 
Never  need  to  lessen 
the  speed  of  the  cut- 
ting tools  for  the  rea- 
son that  T  r  a  h  e  r  n 
Pumps,  even  at  slow 
speed,  flood  the  cut- 
ting tool  with  abund- 
ant coolant. 

Moreover,  you  can 
positively  depend  on 
Trahern  Rot  ary 
Geared  Pumps  to 
maintain  a  full,  con- 
tinuous stream  of  the 
coo  lant  without 
friction-making  sedi- 
ment, without  pulsa- 
tions and  without 
clogging. 


We  positively  guar- 
antee that  Trahern 
Rotary  Geared 
Pumps  deliver  all  the 
coolant  possible  t  o 
force  through  the 
discharge  o  p  e  n  i  ng 
while  operating  at  a 
speed  of  only  300  to 
500  R.P.M.  It's  little 
wonder  their  service 
life  is  almost  as  long 
again  as  that  of 
centrifugal  pumps, 
which,  to  deliver  an 
equal  volume  of 
lubricant,  must  bear 
the  wear  and  tear  of 
a  speed  twice  as 
great. 

Let  us  send  a  sample 
pump  free  of  charge 
— to  prove  that  Tra- 
hern Geared  Pumps 
are   preferable. 


TRAHERN  PUMP  CO.,ROCKFORD,ILL. 

Represented  in  Canada  by  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co. 


December  26,  1918  CANADIAN      MACHINERY  288 


ALGOMA 

Structural  Steel Merchant  Bars 

Blooms,   Billets  and  Slabs 

Concrete  Reinforcing  Bars 

Shafting  -  Pulleys  -  Hangers 

Iron,  Brass  and  Bronze  Castings 

Steel    Rails Open  Hearth  Quality 

All  Sections  from  12  lbs.  to   100  lbs.  per  yard 

Splice  Bars  Steel  Tie  Plates 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia        Sulphuric  Acid 

Nitre  Cake 

PIG  IRON 

Basic  Foundry  Bessemer 

ALGOMA  STEEL  CORPORATION,  LIMITED 

SAULT    STE.    MARIE,    ONTARIO 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


284 


Volum«  XX 


MARKET 
DEVELOPMENTS 


Signing  of  Armistice  Changed  Many  Prices 

Markets  in  Some  Cases  Have  Had  a  Wild  and  Merry  Career 

During  1918— Machine  Tool   Dealers  Moving  Very   Carefully 

With  Regard  to  Taking  on  Used  Shell  Shop  Stuff 


in 


OME  of  the  most  outstanding  events 
of  the  year  has  been  the  very  high 
price  at  which  ingot  tin  sold.    The 
quotations    referred    to    here    are    New 
York   figures,   and   to   them    should   be 
added  duty,  freight  and  exchange.     At 
the  first  of  the  year  tin  was  quoted  at 
80c   lb.,  while  on  January   10   the   price 
had  gone  to  85c.     From  January  16  to 
the  end  of  February  there  were  practi- 
cally no  quotations  at  all  as  no  tin  was 
available.     On   May   2   tin  had   reached 
SI,  and  by  May  13  it  had  touched  $1.05. 
The  price  remained  practically  at  that 
until  the  end  of  October.     Last  quota- 
tions were  at  70c.     The  high  value  at 
which   tin    traded    doubtless    made    for- 
tunes for  some  of  the  speculators.       In 
fact  it  was  a  highly  fictitious  price  all 
through,  and  did  not  represent  the  in- 
trinsic value  of  the  metal.     There  was 
a   great  falling  off   in   consumption   by 
the  usual  users  of  tin  as  the  governments 
in  several  countries  made  it  impossible 
for  makers  of  tin  cans,  etc.,  to  enter  the 
ingot  market  for  their  supplies.     In  the 
usual  course  of  events  this  country  an- 
ticipates a  certain  amount  of  tin  from 
Dutch  West  Indies,  but  the  Dutch  Gov- 
ernment secured  control  of  it  and  pre- 
vented export.      Supplies     from    Malay 
Straits  and  the  Grecian  Archipelago  did 
not  arrive.    The  situation  was  controlled 
almost  directly  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment.   Munitions  used  very  small  quan- 
tities of  tin,  and  although  the  price  was 
very   high   the   demand   for   it  was   not 
as  keen  as  though  the  extra  work  be- 
in?  done   called   for  larger  proportions 
of  tin. 

Topper  has  had  a  rather  uneventful 
year,  although  there  has  been  a  very 
great  deal  of  it  produced  and  used,  the 
demand  being  largely  augmented  by  the 
calls  of  munitions  plants.  The  January 
price  was  23%c,  which  was  raised  by 
the  War  Board  of  United  States  in  July 
to  26c.  at  which  price  it  will  remain  until 
the  end  of  the  year.  Casting  copper  was 
uncontrolled,  and  the  strange  part  of 
the  situation  is  that  this  sold  at  a  higher 
figure  than  lake  and  electrolytic,  an 
event  not  PT'>»rienced  before  as  it  is  an 
inferior  article. 


There  were  no  outstanding  surprises 
(luring  the  year  in  spelter  or  lead.  Spelter 
was  fairly  strong  around  the  opening  of 
the  year,  but  declined,  at  present  beinj; 
quoted  at  7%c.  There  was  a  fairly  ac- 
tive trade  in  lead. 

The  Scrap  Metals 

The  scrap  metal  market  has  followed 
a  peculiar  course  during  the  year,  but 
one  very  closely  connected  with  the  trend 
of  war  trade.  .\t  the  outset  it  should  be 
remembered  that  copper  constituted  the 
xreat  bulk  of  the  trade  as  far  as  the 
open  market  was  concerned,  as  the  steei 
turnings  from  shell  shops  were  directed 
and  controlled  by  the  Imperial  Muni- 
tions Board.  The  trade  has  been  under 
fairly  close  supervision  from  the  War 
Trade  Board  at  Ottawa  for  some  time 
pa.st,  and  it  has  been  necessary  to  re- 
port the  amount  of  material  in  yards, 
the  amount  received,  and  the  amount 
sold.  The  export  of  scrap  to  the  States 
has  been  under  embargo  with  the  ex- 
ception of  copper  and  a  number  of 
grades  of  brass.  The  market  has  been 
dearer  here  than  in  the  United  States, 
and  for  that  reason  there  was  not  much 
advantage  in  looking  to  the  U.  S.  market 
as  an  outlet  for  Canadian  scrap. 

The  labor  situation  has  not  helped 
matters  much.  In  the  months  when  the 
yards  were  pressed  for  help  it  was  al- 
most impossible  to  secure  the  required 
hands  for  sorting  material.  There  is  a 
marked  change  now,  and  an  unfortunate 
one.  Men  are  looking  for  work  and  the 
yards  are  in  a  state  of  complete  in- 
action. 

Dealers  are  not  in  the  market  now. 
That  statement  can  be  accepted  as  quite 
truly  representing  the  real  state  of  af- 
fairs. The  bottom  has  dropped  out  of 
the  market,  and  there  does  not  seem  to 
be  any  immediate  prospect  of  any  per- 
son being  able  to  put  it  back  in.  Sellers 
having  offerings  that  look  good  are  being 
advised  if  they  can  do  so  to  hold  on  to 
them  until  the  market  begins  to  take 
on  a  more  definite  form.  Even  where 
quotations  have  lowered  on  shipments 
no  improvement  is  noticed.  Figures 
that  nxfi  given  asj-jepresenting  the  value 


of    offerings    are    no    true    indication    of 
the  real  state  of  affairs.     For  the  pur- 
poses   of    actual    trading   just    now    one 
might  just  as  well  begin  on  the  assump- 
tion that  there  is  no  price  list  at  all. 
The  Selling  of  Steel 
There  are  two  outstanding  features  in 
the  steel  market  for  the  last  year  or  so. 
One  is  the  very  high  price  to  which  some 
of  the  lines   moved,  and  the  other  was 
the    way    in   which    the    steel    interests 
stood  behind  the  Government  when  their 
industries   were  brought  under  control. 
It  is  a  matter  of  record  that  steel  plate 
was  sold  in  Canada  as  high  as  17c  per 
pound  during  the  war  period,  and  a  high 
mark   of  12  cents  has  been  established 
in  some  cases  this  year.    The  matter  of 
price  regulation  was  taken  up  at  Ottawa, 
following   the   formation    of     the    War 
Trade  Board,  and  from  this  was  worked 
out  the  rather  intricate  and  sometimes 
confusing  system  of  licenses,  priorities 
and  permits,  etc.     There  was  very  little 
effort  to  put  anything  over  the  Govern- 
ment on  the  part  of  the  mills  or  dealer.s 
There   was   a   good  display   of  practical 
co-operation  and  this  feeling  was  of  tre- 
mendous benefit  to  the  government. 

One  of  the  first  lines  to  feel  the  price 
control  regulations  was  that  of  ship 
plate.  The  Government  decided  that 
they  would  recognize  a  maximum  price 
of  10c  from  the  warehouses  and  7%c  at 
the  mill  where  the  material  was  rolled. 
As  soon  as  the  armistice  was  signed  this 
price  began  to  slip  and  to-day's  quota- 
tion is  7c  from  the  warehouse. 

It  has  been  a  hard  matter  for  the 
trade  to  keep  in  stock  anything  ap- 
proaching a  complete  assortment  of  boiler 
tubes.  The  mills  were  not  allowed  to 
take  skelp  for  the  making  of  tubes,  and 
on  that  account  there  was  a  shortage 
that  interfered  even  with  the  most 
necessarv    repairs. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  year  there  has 
been  a  pronounced  shortage  in  sheets, 
with  prices  at  high  levels.  In  common 
with  other  lines  this  situation  is  being 
relieved  and  the  price  is  subsiding. 
Machine  Tool  Selling 
One    of    the    outstanding    features    in 


I 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  \  N     MACHINERY 


285 


EVENLY  MATCHED 


% 


The  man  who  is  tapping  inter- 
nal screw  threads  with  a  Geo- 
metric Collapsing  Tap  is  evenly 
matched  with  the  one  who  is  cut- 
ting external  screw  threads  with 
a  Geometric  Self-opening  Die 
Head. 


Commenting  on  the  policy  of 
THREADS,  the  monthh^  publication 
of  The  Geometric  Tool  Company,  a 
London  supporter  of  the  Geometric 
method  says: 

"TIh'  policy  you  advocate  as  to  work  is 
S<|<>(1.  yet  you  are  inconsistent  in  making  a 
tool  tliat  a\'oids  it." 


Geometric   Self-Opening   Die   Heads 
and  Collapsing  Taps 

Help  You  to  Avoid  Work  by  Doing  It  for  You 

The  Geometric  Catalogue  will  tell  you  how. 

THE  CEOMETRIC  TOOL  COMRMIY 


NEW  HAVEN 


CONNECTICUT 


Canadian  Agents:     Williams  A   Wilson,  Limited,  Montreal;     The  A.  R.   Williams 
Machinery  Co.,  Limited,   Toronto,    Winnipeg  and  St.  John,  N.B, 


If  ary  advertisement  interetta  you.  tear  it  out  noit'  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered 


286 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


For  The  World's  Best  Tools 

Manufacturers  of  tools  famed  for  quality,  for  skill  put  into  them,  do  not  care  to  have 
their  tools  displayed  promiscuously  with  little  known  and  patently  inferior  makes. 
Such  is  their  sales  wisdom  that  they  invariably  select  Canada's  Leading  Tool  House — 
Aikenhead's — headquarters  for  the  Dominion.  So  in  our  stocks  you  will  find  none  but 
tools  you  can  profitably  use.  For  example,  these  from  "The  World's  Greatest  Tool- 
workers"  : 

SUvvdi  Tools  of  Fine 
Precision 

are  everywhere  the  acknowledged  standards  for  ac- 
curacy.   They  are  universally  preferred  by  toolmakers. 
and  machinists  skilled  in  doing  the  most 
exacting  work.    2,100  styles  and  sizes  to 
meet  every  need. 


IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllnilllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllP 


AIKENHEAD  HARDWARE  UMITED 

17,  19,  21  TEMPERANCE  STREET,  TORONTO 


Write  to-day  for 
Details  and  Prices 


//  what  you  need  »'«  not  advertised,  conault  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


287 


Automatic  Wahlstronn  Chuck 

Saves  50%  Actual  Labor 


Your  work  that  requires  more  spindles  than  your  drill  press 
has  is  costing  you  far  too  much.  Do  it  50%  faster  and  at  half 
the  cost  by  employing  this  Wahlstrom  Automatic  Chuck. 

It  enables  your  operator  to 


Because  It  Enables 
Operator  to  Make  Tool 
Changes   in  2   Seconds 


drill  any  number  of  holes 
of  varying  diameters  re- 
gardless of  the  number  of 
spindles  in  your  press. 

He  removes  and  inserts  a 
drill  with  one  hand,  vi^hile  grasping  the  chuck 
with  the  other — does  it  all  in  two  seconds 

Without  Stopping  Spindle 

This  Wahlstrom  Automatic  has  neither 
collets,  sockets  nor  keys.  It  automatically 
centers  the  tool.  It  is  always  in  the  drill 
press  spindle  ready  for  use. 

The  jaws  of  this  instant-acting,  rugged 
chuck  close  on  the  entire  shank  in  a  grip 
that  becomes  firmer  as  resistance  on  the  tool  in- 
creases.   The  cam  action  is  such  that  this  Chuck 
can  never  slip.    Still  its  grip  is  so  uniform  that 
the  jaws  never  mark  a  tool. 


Illustration  to  the  left  shows  the 

Wahlstrom    Automatic    Chuck   for 

straight  shank  tools.    This  style  is 

made  in  three  sizes,  the  smallest 

holding  all  tools  from  15/64'  up  to  a  1/2" 

drill ;  the  next  larger  from  %"  to  %',  and 

the  largest  from  17/32'  to  1". 


and  Because  It  Drills, 
Reams,  Counterbores 
and  Taps  Without 
Stopping  Spindle 


Illustration  to  the  right  shows  the  Wahlstrom  Automatic  for  taper  shank 
tools.    This  style,  made  in  one  size  only,  holds  Nos.  1,  2  and  3  Morse 
Taper  Drills,  or  ia6  to  I14  taper  Shank  Drills. 

Write  for  the  Wahlstrom  Booklet. 


AlKENHEAD  HARDWARE  LIMITED 

17  TEMPERANCE  STREET,  TORONTO 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


C  A  N  A  1>  I  A  x\     M  A  C  H  1 1«  E  R  Y 


Votame  XX 


connection  with  the  trade  of  the  year, 
and  with  the  trade  of  the  entire  war 
period  for  that  matter,  is  the  fact  thai 
nearly  the  same  machine  tool  dealers  are 
in  business  now  that  were  when  the 
war  began.  There  has  been  a  very  large 
volame  of  business  handled.  There  have 
been  plant  lay-outs  made  that  are  a 
credit  to  the  skill  of  Canadian  mechanics 
and  salesmen.  There  has  been  a  search- 
ing from  coast  to  coast  for  machine  shop 
capacity  to  turn  out  machinery  for  the 
production  of  shells.  The  work  of  keep- 
ing all  these  sub-contracts  in  line  and 
also  keeping  them  working  at  the  same 
pace  was  indeed  a  problem  to  puzzle  the 
most  experienced. 

There  is  a  large  amount  of  machinery 
offering  now  from  the  shell  shops.  A 
good  many  sales  would  be  made  were 
the  dealers  willing  to  take  in  the  shell 
shop  stuff  on  the  basis  of  part  payment 
on  new  material.  It  is  not  likely  that 
this  will  be  done  to  any  great  extent, 
although  there  are  times  where  a  ma- 
chine is  good  and  has  been  well  used  or 
Derhons  used  very  little  at  all.  The 
straight  single-purpose  machine  will  be 
■  S.J— Y,  -n^  there  is  no  help  for  it.  Other 
machines    that    were    adaptations    from 


standard  machines  with  shell  equipment 
may  bv  altered  and  changed  for  their 
original  work.  Then  there  is  a  great 
deal  of  general-purpose  machinery  that 
is  capable  of  being  turned  to  many  other 
lines.  Some  fairly  large-sized  deals 
hive  already  gone  through  whereby  deal- 
ers  have   taken   over  parts   of  this   ma- 


terial. When  a  dealer  finds  a  plant  that 
has  used  machinery  that  has  been  well 
cared  for,  or  that  has  not  been  in  oper- 
ation for  a  great  length  of  time,  he  has 
a  chance  to  store  and  hold  this  for  future 
sale.  Other  firms  are  refusing  to  con- 
sider used  machinery  at  all,  either  on 
the  basis  of  a  deal  or  a  sale. 


MONTREAL  REPORTS  THAT  SALES 

ARE  MADE  IN  USED  MACHINERY 


SpMial  to  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


MONTREAL,  December  26,  1918. 
— Despite  the  falling  off  in  in- 
dustrial enterprise  as  a  result 
of  cessation  of  war  activities,  business 
IS  proceeding  as  usual,  but  in  less  volume 
than  formerly.  Readjustment  is  occupy- 
ing the  attention  of  many  plants  recent- 
ly engaged  in  war  work,  and  the  period 
of  settleme'nt  in  this  connection  is  ex- 
pected to  extend  well  into  the  new  year. 
A  feature  of  present  activities  is  the 
work  of  machine  tool  dealers  in  the  pur- 
';hase  and  disposal  of  the  equipment  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  munitions,  not  so 
much    in    special    purpose    tools,   but   in 


such  standard  machines  as  are  available. 
During  the  past  few  weeks  much  of  this 
class  of  machinery  has  changed  hands. 
The  metal  situation  has  taken  on  an 
easier  tone,  and  with  the  exception  of 
lead  all  metals  are  lower. 

Steel  Becoming  Easier 

There  is  every  indication  that  the  New 
Year  will  open  with  lower  quotations 
on  many  lines  of  steel  and  iron  commo- 
dities. While  nothing  definite  has  been 
announced  here  it  has  been  intimated 
that  Canadian  prices  will  follow  in  the 
path  of  those  set  in  the  American  mar- 


Table  Showing  Price  Fluctuation  s  of  Non-Ferrous  Metals 


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December  26.  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


289 


HYGIENIC 

TABLE-CABINET 

SAND-BLAST 

One  of   the   many   sanitary    type:^   of 
PANGBOKN 
•  SAND    BLAST    EQUIPMENT 

If  you  haven't  seen  what  you  want 
write  u«— if  we  don't  build  it.  fte 
will. 

No  requirement  too  lartce — none 
too   small. 


OBO 


HAG  ERSTOWN.  M_ 

SAND-BLAST  SPECIALISTS 

P.O.   Box   8503 


\USTS  M 


Do  you  want  someone  to 

handle  your  small 

stamping  work? 

An  advertisement  in  the  contest  section  will  put  you 
in  touch  with  firms  who  have  the  facilities  for 
handling  small  stampings,  small  tools,  jigs,  fixtures, 
9tc.    If  you  need  their  help,  tell  them  so  here. 

CANADIAN     MACHINERY 

roRON'n) 


Contract  IVork  Section 
143  UNIVKRSITY  AVENUE  :-: 


Acid  Electric 
STEEL   CASTINGS 

High  Grade  Castings  Up  to  15  Tons. 
Analysis  as  Required. 


E 

L 

E 

C 

T 

R 

I 

C 


•'We  can  get  physical  properties 
much  easier  with  electric  steel. 
Ten  years  of  experience  in  this 
country  and  in  Europe  indicate  that 
electric  steel  in  its  natural  qualities 
is  equal  to  crucible  steel,  and 
superior  to  the  steel  ordinarily 
made   in   the   open   hearth." 

•From  a  paper  presented  at  the  fifth 
annual  meeting  of  the  American  Drop 
For(?e    Association.    Buffalo,   June   aist. 


F 
U 
R 
N 
A 
C 
E 


Prompt  Deliveries.     Prices  on  application  to 

The  Thos.   Davidson   Mfg.  Co 

LIMITED 

Steel   Foundry   Division,   Turcot,   Que. 
Head  Office:  187  Delisle  Street,  Montreal 

'Phone  Victoria  1492 


Quadrupled  Driving 
Gears 

and  driving  mechanism  of  great 
strength  and  weight  insure 
power;  and  the  wide,  extra  heavy 
housings  extending  to  the  floor 
and  secured  to  bed  by  tongue  and 
groove  joints  in  addition  to  bolts 
and  dowels  insure  rigidity.  It  is 
this  power  and  this  rigidity  that 
make  "Hamilton  Planers,"  48"  x 
48",  rapid  producers  on  heavy  pre- 
cision work.    For  more  particulars 

Write 

The  Hamilton  Machine  Tool  Company 

HAMILTON,  OHIO 


Sole  Agents  for 
Ontario  : 

H.  W.  Petrie,  Limited 
Toronto,  Ont. 


For  Hoisting  Heavy  Materials  or 
Hauling  Loaded  Cars 


Made  in 
7  Sizes 

10  H.P. 

15  ." 

20  •• 

25  " 

32  " 

40  " 

50  " 


Made    with   two   drums   also   if   desired. 


We  can  also  supply  this  Hoist  geared  for 
direct  connection  with  an  Electric  Motor. 

Let  us  send  you  photograph  or  catalogue. 

May  we  submit  a  tender  on  your  Castings 
and  Steel  Plate  Work? 

Marsh  Engineering  Works,  Limited 

Established  1846 

Belleville,  Ontario 

Sales  Agents:  Mu88en8"^Limited,'. Montreal 
Winnipeg  and^Vancouver 


If  any  advertisement  interests  you,   tear  it  out  now  atid  place   with   letters  to   he  answered. 


290 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


kets.  The  steady  easing  up  in  the  plate 
situation  has  apparently  opened  the  way 
for  a  general  return  to  more  normal 
price'  levels  in  other  lines.  While  the 
present  volume  of  business  has  shown  a 
marked  falling  off,  material  is  obtainable 
With  considerable  less  difficulty.  Holi- 
day traffic  has  not  affected  shipments  a 
great  deal  and  delays  from  this  cause 
•have  been  relatively  few. 

Weakness  in  Metals 

Copper  demand  is  steady  but  light. 
With  the  possibility  of  a  lower  price  or 
an  open  market  it  has  made  the  situa- 
tion easier  and  prices  this  week  are  2c 
lower  than  last,  lake  and  electro  are 
quoted  at  29c  and  castings  at  26  ^c  per 
ponnd.  Tin  is  coming  through  in  good 
quantities  and  prices  here  are  gradually 
assuming  more  reasonable  figures;  the 
present  price  of  80c  is  a  decline  of  3c 
per  pound.  Spelter  is  weak  and  easier 
at  9%c.  Lead  is  firm  but  antimony  has 
declined  Ic  to  lie  per  pound.  A  weaker 
demand  for  aluminum  has  lowered  the 
quotation  to  43c  per  pound,  a  drop  of  3c 
on  the  week. 

Used  Equipment  Moving 

The    volume      of     business     passing 


throagh  the  hands  of  tool  dealers  at  the 
present  time  is  not  large  when  compared 
with  that  of  a  few  months  back,  but 
under  existing  conditions  the  demand  for 
tools,  especially  those  that  have  seen 
some  service,  continues  to  be  quite  en- 
couraging. Enquiry  for  new  machines 
is  light,  but  the  sales  of  second-hand 
equipment  is  larger  than  one  would 
think  in  view  of  present  circumstances. 
A  feature  of  recent  sales  has  been  the 
disposal  of  tools  to  parties  that  have  had 
shell-making  experience  and  are  acquir- 
ing a  few  machines  for  starting  up  a 
small  repair  shop  in  some  outlying  dis- 
trict. Quite  a  number  of  sales  of  this 
description  have  been  reported,  many  of 
them  here  for  small  places  in  the  pro- 
vince. One  larsre  dealer  here  reported 
that  the  total  of  cancellations  since  the 
war  was  about  $50,000,  the  bulk  of  this 
being  in  ordered  equipment  under  manu- 
facture. The  same  dealer  has  at  present 
on  the  shelves  approximately  $5  000 
worth  of  small  tools  that  are  virtually 
useless  other  than  for  shell  work.  In 
many  instances  these  tools  are  secured 
at  little  better  than  scrap  prices,  and 
the  purchasers  are  able  to  obtain  the 
tools  at  a  reasonable  figure.  Quotations 
on  new  tools  are  well  maintained,  and  it 
is  not  likely  that    the    decline    will     be 


marked  for  some  little  time  owing  to  the 
material  and  labor  costs. 

Scrap  Market  Still  Waiting 

Nothing  has  developed  during  the  week 
to  alter  the  dull  trend  of  the  old  material 
situation.  The  season  is  one  that  in 
ordinary,  times  is  marked  by  inactivity 
and  this  year  is  additionally  emphasized 
by  the  unsettled  conditions  incidental  to 
the  stoppage  of  all  industrial  work  in 
connection  with  the  manufacture  of 
munitions  and  other  supplies.  It  is, 
however,  anticipated  that  early  in  the 
new  year  general  business  will  take  on 
more  interest,  the  trade  at  present  ap- 
parently awaiting  a  further  softening  in 
prices.  While  'to  all  appearances  the 
market  in  common  with  others  is  free 
from  control,  there  is  as  yet  little  to 
indicate  that  the  situation  appeals  to 
general  trading.  One  lartje  dealer  here 
has  orders  on  his  books  for  considerable 
scrap  for  early  1919  delivery,  but  buying 
for  this  has  been  deferred  until  a  later 
date.  Changes  in  price  quotations  are 
looked  for  in  many  lines  very  shortly, 
but  present  prices  are  firm  but  of  a 
nominal  character.  A  decline  of  $2  per 
ton  is  noted  in  wrought  iron  axles  and 
car  wheels,  the  quotations  being  $30  and 
$36  respectively. 


Table  Showing  Prices  for  1918  in  Iron,  Steel,  Tubes,  Etc. 


nt^Ht  ^HKC.—  0»''ftr  mft       ti4^  frr /OS  n       $14^  per  tm        fet"  ptr  Im        ftu  ^r/tirt.    /s"  "se^r.  /s/s 
/Tictn  Mitin^  tn^  ect  /3/7     fit-  ect  /3/i'.     fies^  jui^  isim.  //w  jmy  a/7     f/s"  stpt  /)/»  p/i"  //lug.  /air. 


fH-tr ^r/son.      t^"  ptr/oelis 
t/&^  Sept  /3/t    /// "  /luj  /Sir 


f)Bmler  /"Ittts 
eias  ptr  M 
/JCts.  Oct.  /Sir 


December  2f,.19J8^^^ 

4 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


kh 


Home  Again 


^^ 


^^\77'HEN,  in  a  little  shop  down  on  the 

W  river  front,  seven  years  before  the  Civil  ^War, 
this  organization  was  established  as  CURTIS  S^  CO. 
MFG.  COMPANY,  no  one  could  have  prophesied  that  it 
would  continue  to  exist  and  grow  and  outweather  three  great 
wars — ^yet,  today  the  CURTIS  plant  of  nearly  20  acres  and 
over  2,000  employees,  and  with  a  national  reputation,  is  a 
graphic  reflection  of  the  CURTIS  policy. 

"When  the  history  of  this  great  -world  -war  is  -written  and  things  can  be 
seen  in  true  perspective,  then  only  -will  the  -world  appreciate  the  seemingly 
impossible  accomplishments  of  the  great  civilian  army  of  service  and  support  at 
home,  -working  at  the  lathe,  the  bench  and  the  forge,  in  order  that  the  fighting 
army  abroad  might  have  everything  needed  to  make  Victory  s-wift  and  sure. 

From  the  first  days  of  this  -war  until  its  victorious  close,  the  CURTIS 
Company  has  been  in  the  Service,  one  of  America's  Volunteer  Industries. 
While  -we  still  continued  the  manufacture  of  our  regular  line,  the  reserving 
of  our  output  for  Government  requirements  and  essential  industries  naturally 
entailed  sacrifice  and  inconvenience  to  many  of  our  good  customers. 

Now,  -with  Victory  as  the  nation's  re-ward,  and  as  an  organization  proud 

of  its  -war-time  sacrifices  and  accompUshments,  -we  can  turn  our  eyes  to-ward 

HOME" — to-ward  the  peace-time  needs  of  our  regular  trade,  to-ward  the 

best  adaption  of  the  greater  organization  and  added  fecilities  -which  are  the 

heritage  of  our  -war  activities. 

Curtis  Air  Compressors,  Curtis  Air  Hoists,  Curtis  Cranes  and  Curtis 
Single  I-Beam  Trolleys  -will  be  important  factors  in  the  rapid  and  efficient 
conversion  of  the  nation's  -war  factories  in  assuming  the  gigantic  -work  of 
reconstruction  -which  no-w  must  foUo-w.     Catalog  on  request. 


Curtis  PNEUAiATic  Machinery  Co. 


1585 


Kienlen  Avenue 

Branch  Office: 
532-F  Hudson  Terminal,  Ne-»r  York  City 


St.  Louis,  Mo. 


Voksne  XX 


Scotia's  Output  of  Coal  Decreased  During|1918 

Labor  Troubles  Have  Made  Production  on  Large  Scale  Impossible 
— New  Undertakings  on  the  Part  of  Dominion  Steel  Corporation 
— Surplus  Labor  Being  Absorbed  in  Lumbering  Industries  of  the 

Province 

By  F.  W.  GRAY,  Member  Institute  M.  E. 


THE  coal  production  of  Nova  Scotia 
during  the    war    period,  including 
the  year  1918,  compares  with  the 
maximum  production  of  1913  as  follows: 


Long  Tons 

IM*     

7,268.486 

1»I4     

6,660.081 

l»l&     

6.709^961 

Hl«     

6,171.424 

1917     

5.667,000  (about) 

1918     

6.175,000  (about) 

The  production  of  the  larger  com- 
panies compares  with  last  year  and  with 
191.S  as  follows: 


Dominion    Coal    Company    

Nova    Scotia    Steel    Co 

Acadia    Coal    Company     

Intercolonial    Coal    Co 

InvemeM    Coal    ft    Ry.    Co 

Maritime  Coal   ft  Ry.  Co.    

Other    Operators     

ToUl    

Pcreentaffe   of  production    from   Cape 

Breton    laland    

Reduction   from  the   basis  of   1913... 

The  coal  consumed  in  steel  manufac- 
ture and  allied  processes  was  in  1918 
approximately  34  per  cent,  of  the  total 
production,  comparing  with  about  22  per 
cent,  in  1913.  The  amount  of  coal  used 
at  the  colliery  fires,  on  the  local  colliery 
railways,  and  in  domestic  consumption 
by  the  workmen,  would,  in  normal  times, 
represent  about  ten  per  cent,  of  the  total 
production,  but  at  the  present  time  it  is 
at  least  twelve  per  cent,  because  of  the 
reduced  production  being  handled  by  the 
same  equipment  that  formerly  handled 
much  larger  quantities  of  coal.  Between 
46  per  cent,  and  50  per  cent,  of  the  coal 
produced  in  Nova  Scotia  during  1918 
was  therefore  used  by  the  operating 
companies  in  connection  with  the  col- 
lieries and  the  associated  steel  plants. 
In  Cape  Breton  Island  the  amount  of 
coal  consumed  locally  is  proportionately 
greater  because  of  the  location  of  the 
steel  plants  in  the  Island.  It  will  run 
close  to  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  total  pro- 
duction. 

Falling   Off  In   Production 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  roughly 
two  million  tons  of  coal  per  year  was 
being  shipped  from  Nova  Scotia — chiefly 
from  Cape  Breton  Island — to  St.  Lawr- 
ence ports.  In  1917  not  more  than  50,- 
000  tons  were  sent  up  the  river,  and  in 
1918  no  coal  at  all  reached  the  Montreal 
market  by  water,  although  a  negligible 
tonnage  was  sent  by  rail  to  points  in 
Quebec  from  the  collieries  at  the  extreme 
western  end  of  the  province. 

A  perusal  of  the  tabulation  given 
above  will  show  that  the  decline  in  out- 
puts has  chiefly  affected  the  larger  com- 
panies, and  there  has  been  an  increase 
in  the  aggregate  output  of  the   smaller 


operators.  A  number  of  new  openings 
into  crop  areas,  or  easily  accessible 
areas  that  are  unprofitable  in  normal 
times,  have  been  made,  and  a  tonnage 
of  coal  has  been  secured  that  has  greatly 
assisted  in  supplying  local  needs.  These 
enterprises  have  been  occasioned  by  un- 
usual conditions  of  coal  shortage  and 
high  selling  prices,  and  they  cannot  be 
regarded  as  permanent  additions  to  the 
productive  capacity  of  the  Province. 
They  will  disappear  when  the  conditions 


1913 

1917 

1918 

5.120.?7.S 

S.916.54S    ■ 

3,640,000 

813.877 

677,171 

489,000 

539.121 

898.607 

2W),000 

189,650 

179,700 

176,000 

293,847 

202,719 

200.000 

166,061 

200,000 

180,000 

151,466 

192,856 

211,000 

7,263.48.'> 

5,667,000 

78% 

6,176.000 

81>^% 

78% 

28%, 

30% 

that  have  brought    them    into  existence 
pass  away. 

Prospects  None  Too  Bright 

The  outlook  for  the  coal  industry  is 
not  hopeful.  The  reduction  of  almost 
one-third  in  output  has  not  been  accom- 
panied by  a  corresponding  reduction  in 
the  number  of  workmen  employed,  be- 
cause the  shortage  of  men  that  has 
brought  about  the  reduction  in  outputs 
is  confined  to  the  producing  or  miner 
class  of  employee.  Wages  have  ad- 
vanced from  75  per  cent,  to  exceeding 
100  per  cent,  over  the  basis  of  1916. 
Materials  have  advanced  correspond- 
ingly in  price.  Overhead  expenses  have 
increased  during  the  war  period  because 
of  the  decreased  ratio  of  production,  but 
also  because  of  the  addition  of  new  im- 
ports in  the  nature  of  taxation,  loci  I 
rates,  a  Provincial  Workmen's  Compen- 
sation Act,  and  the  alteration  of  the  pre  • 
vious  system  of  fortnightly  pays  at  the 
collieries  to  weekly  pays.  This  last 
named  alteration  has  largely  increased 
the  clerical  staffs  at  the  collieries. 
Physical  conditions  of  extraction  are  also 
becominir  yearly  more  difficult,  because 
of  the  larger  percentage  of  submarine 
coal  that  is  being  mined,  and  must  in 
future  be  mined  if  the  production  is  to 
be  maintained. 

Not  Getting  The  Results 

The  factor  that  is  at  the  present  time 
reacting  most  detrimentally  on  the  in- 
dustry is  the  inefficient  nature  of  the 
colliery  working  forces  brought  about 
by  the  unduly  small  percentage  of  men 
working  at  the  coal  face.  If  the  num- 
ber of  miners  actually  digging  coal  can 
be  restored  so  as  to  properly  balance  the 
auxiliary  workers  engaged  in  the  hand- 


ling and  preparation  of  the  coal,  then 
simultaneously  production  costs  will  be 
lessened  and  production  will  increase. 

Wages  of  miners  were  increased  at  the 
beginning  of  1918,  and  again  on  the  1st 
of  July,  and  it  is  intimated  that  a  further 
increase  is  to  be  asked  by  the  workmen 
effective  on  the  1st  of  January.  As  the 
maximum  selling  price  for  coal  allowed 
by  the  Fuel  Controller  is  already  in  sev- 
eral instances  lower  than  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction, it  does  not  seem  possible  that 
further  increases  in  wages  can  be 
granted,  and  it  will  be  difficult  for  the 
miners  to  justify  their  request  on  the 
ground  of  the  increased  cost  of  living 
now  that  hostilities  have  ceased  and  the 
process  of  deflation  in  values  should  be- 
come operative;  apart  altogether  from 
the  conclusive  fact  that  operators  cannot 
spend  more  on  production  than  they  re- 
ceive for  the  coal  sold. 

Predictions  Came  True 

In  the  writer's  review  of  the  coal  and 
steel  industries,  which  appeared  in  CAN- 
ADIAN MACHINERY  last  year,  it  was 
stated  that  some  of  the  less  remunera- 
tive collieries  would  be  compelled  to 
cease  operations.  This  did  actually  hap- 
pen during  the  year,  and  it  is  possible, 
indeed  probable,  that  other  collieries  in 
Nova  Scotia  must  cease  operations  dur- 
ing 1919,  unless  either  the  costs  of  pro- 
duction are  markedly  decreased  or  much 
higher  selling  prices  are  obtainable  than 
is  the  case  to-day. 

The  Amalgamated  Mine  Workers  of 
Nova  Scotia  have  declared  their  inten- 
tion to  affiliate  with  the  United  Mine 
Workers  of  America.  It  is  quite  certain 
that  the  coal  operators  will  object  to  this 
as  they  did  in  1908-9,  and  in  order  to 
stoppages  of  work  as  at  that  time  took 
place,  it  is  stated  that  a  confemce  is  be- 
ing arrangetl  between  representative 
operators  of  the  province  and  leading  of- 
ficers of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of 
America  to  arrive  at  some  understand- 
ing. 

Speaking   (reneraily,   the   prospect  be-     .M 
fore   the   coal   trade    in    Nova    Scotia    is      ^ 
very  troubled.     There   seems  very  little 
reason    to   expect   any    increase   in   coal 
production,    although     it    is    understood 
that  the  military  authorities  propose  to 
release  a  number  of  Nova  Scotian  miners      ^ 
at  an  early  date,  and  these  men    should      f 
help   production,   always     provided    they 
are  skilled  workers,  because,  as  has  been 
pointed   out,   there   is   already   a   surplu.^ 
of  non-productive  labor  at  the  collieries. 
It  is  probable  that  the  return  of  miners 
to  the  collieries  will  serve  to  offset  and 


December  26,  1918                                         CAN  A  D  I 

A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y                                                           298 

Steel 

Castings 

H  &  E 

ELECTRIC  PROCESS 

BALL  AND  CONE 

BEARING 

Lifting  Jacks 

Carbon  or 
Manganese 

For  Round  House, 

We  are  equipped  with  the  plant, 

Bridge  and  General 

skilled  workmen,  and  the  ability  to 

Contractors' 

supply  the  trade  with  steel  and  man- 

Work 

ganese  steel  castings  up  to  2,000  lbs. 

We  have  produced  castings  of  ex- 

ceptional merit.    Have  you  heard  of 
them?    Get  in  touch  with  us. 

BRAKESHOES— L  0  c  0  m  0 1  i  ve 
driver  and  truck  shoes,  freight  and 
passenger  cars,  electric  car  shoes. 
We  can  give  you  excellent  service 
on  this.   Write  us. 

Write 

Canadian  Brakeshoe  Co.,  Limited 

To-Day 

Sherbrooke,  Que.,  Canada 

//  any  advertisement  interests  you.  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


294 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


'B&rnes-Made' 

Springs 

mn  BBoasal  in 
Mrrica   and   waar. 

ThcT    «!•  the    i»- 

•ult  of  tbty  yMin' 

«xperWno«.   unsur- 

pused  equipment  and  hlchlT  ilcilled 

worlcmanship. 

A     trial     will     eenTlnce    7«<i     that 

"Bamea-Made**     Sprinca     are     the 

beat  baj. 

Ca<«i>ii«t>^  lau 
THE  WALLACE  BARNES  COMPANY 

21 S  Sooth  St..   Brialol.   Ct..   U.S.  A. 

ManTrs  of 'Barnes -mcule*  Product* 

SFrin4aScr>»  riadiiM  fV«l>cla.Coid  BolUd  Sted  <u»l  Wu« 


CHROME 

VANADIUM 

STEE 


You 
Know  How 
Greatly   it  Increased 

Production 

You  know  how  it  proved  to  be 
without  equal  for  both  first  and 
second  operation  punches — how, 
in  both  Canadian  and  American 
shell  plants,  this  heat-treated 
ready-for-use  steel  enabled  each 
punch  to  turn  out  over  2,000 
shells. 

Hawkridge  Brothers'  steel  for 
every  commercial  requirement 
is  just  such  production-increas- 
ing steel  as  proved  this  "Hawk" 
D.  Chrome  Vanadium.  We  make 

Steel  of  Every 

_^^^^  Description 

Hawkridge  Brothers 
Company 

303  Conrren  St.,  BOSTON.  MASS. 

U.  S.  A. 


arrest  the  declining  tendency  of  the  out- 
puts, but  this  is  probably  the  best  that 
can  be  hoped  for,  and  it  may  be  antici- 
pated that  the  production  of  coal  in 
Nova  Sotia  during  1919  wil  not  exceed 
the  figures  of  1918. 

The   Steel  Trade  of   1918 

Tne  course  of  the  steel  trade  during 
1918  has  been  marked  by  a  gradual  les- 
sening of  activity  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  shells  and  shell  steel,  and  an  in- 
crease in  ordinary  business.  This  ten- 
dency preceded,  and  to  some  extent  fore- 
shadowed, the  coming  of  the  armistice, 
and  it  has  served  to  lessen  the  severity 
of  the  readjustment  which  is  now  tak- 
ing place.  A  period  of  uncertainty  is 
now  being  experienced,  and  some  de- 
finite and  vigorous  leads  from  the  Gov- 
ernment will  be  required  to  carry  the 
workers  through  the  lean  months  that 
seem  likely  to  intervene  between  the 
cancellation  of  munitions  orders  and 
the  booking  of  commercial  orders  under 
the  unaccustomed  conditions  of  an  open 
market.  It  seems  to  be  generally  felt 
that  the  necessity  and  the  demand  for 
steel  and  steel  products  exists  and  must 
be  filled,  but  there  is  a  hesitancy  In  busi- 
ness that  may  lead  to  demoralization 
and  unemployment,  while  employers  and 
customers  are  waiting  for  something  to 
turn  up,  unless  a  vigorous  leadership  is 
given  by  Ottawa.  The  whole  resources 
of  the  nation  in  manpower  and  material 
have  been  monopolized  by  the  Govern- 
ment during  the  war  period.  The  initia- 
tive of  the  corporation  and  the  indi- 
vidual has  been  largely  destroyed,  and 
the  Government  having  assumed  control 
of  industry  under  admitted  national 
necessity,  must  also  undertake  to  re- 
verse the  wheels  of  control  until  such 
time  as  corporate  initiative  and  the  oper- 
ation of  natural  laws  of  supply  and 
demand  can  be  recovered.  There  is  no 
magic  in  a  Government,  nor  can  it  per- 
form miracles,  but,  if  under  the  stress 
of  necessity,  a  Government  leads  the 
country  along  an  extraordinary  course, 
it  must  also,  under  the  stress  of  equal 
necessity,  guide  the  country  back  into 
ordinary  and  maybe  humdrum  paths. 
New  Equipment   Added 

Enlargement  of  plant  and  new  con- 
struction during  1918  includes  the  com- 
pletion of  two  batteries  of  Kooper's 
bye-product  coke-ovens  for  the  Domin- 
ion Iron  &  Steel  Cmpany  in  Sydney, 
and  the  completion  of  the  reconstruction 
of  No.  1  Blast  Furnace.  The  erection  of 
the  new  plate-mill  is  proceeding,  excava- 
tion work  being  completed  and  founda- 
tions well  advanced.  The  erection  of 
this  large  plate  mill  at  Sydney  marks  a 
stage  in  the  progress  of  this  country 
towards  national  self-reliance,  and  is  a 
logical  addition  to  Canada's  steel  indus- 
try. It  is  a  courageous  proceeding,  and 
is  perhaps  a  better  illustration  of  Gov- 
ernment than  of  corporate  initiative. 
The  Government,  having  been  so  largely 
responsible  for  the  erection  of  this  mill 
will  naturally  be  required  to  foster  its 
commercial  success,  and  this  is  one  illus- 
tration of  how  Government  initiative  and 
interest,   originating  in   war-time   mea- 


sures,  must  be   continued  into  the  less 
exciting  times  of  peace. 

The  Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Com- 
pany completed  a  new  blast  furnace  at 
Sydney  Mines,  intended  to  serve  as  a 
spare  furnace,  but  it  has  not  yet  been 
found  necessary  to  place  the  new  furnace 
in  blast  because  of  the  unusual  length 
of  service  being  obtained  from  the  lin- 
ing of  the  older  furnace. 

The  outlet  for  steel  products,  now  that 
the  necessity  for  munitions  steel  has 
disappeared,  is  expected  to  come  largely 
from  the  requirements  of  railway  and 
water  transportation,  on  both  of  which 
great  inroads  have  been  made  by  the 
interruptions  of  supply  and  the  wastage 
occasioned  by  the  war.  The  Dominion 
Iron  &  Steel  Company  has  been  rolling 
railway  rails  to  the  order  of  the  Cana- 
dian Government  since  early  in  the  year. 
The  Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Company 
have  during  the  year  completed  the 
building  of  the  SS.  "Watouka,"  making 
the  third  steel  vessel  which  has  been 
built  at  New  Glasgow  during  the  war. 
It  is  understood  that  two  more  steel 
vessels  of  2,800  tons  each  are  to  be  im- 
mediately laid  down  at  New  Glasgow. 
The  "Watouka"  was  launched  during  the 
early  part  of  December  and  is  now  fit- 
ting for  sea. 

It  is  anticipated  that  orders  for  freight 
cars  will  be  received  by  the  Eastern  Car 
Company  from  the  Government  in  the 
near  future  that  will  enable  this  plant 
to  operate  successfully  for  some  time 
to  come. 

Since  the  signing  of  the  armistice 
there  has  been  a  large  readjustment  of 
employment  in  the  neighborhood  of  New 
Glasgow,  and  between  800  and  1,000 
men  have  been  released  by  the  cancel- 
lation of  munitions  orders  at  the  Tren- 
ton plant  and  in  the  numerous  small 
shell  plants  that  were  centred  in  Pictou 
County. 

Surprisingly  little  disturbance  of  labor 
conditions  has  been  occasioned  so  far  by 
this  adjustment,  which  is  probably  ow- 
ing to  the  fact  that  the  labor  employed 
in  munitions  manufacture  was  largely 
drawn  from  the  surrounding  country  dis- 
tricts, and  the  workmen  have  returned  to 
,  their  homes,  and  have  to  some  extent 
found  employment  in  lumbering  oper- 
ations. 

While  there  is  an  underlying  feeling 
of  optimism  regarding  the  future  of  the 
local  steel  industry,  because  of  the  gen- 
eral soundness  of  Canada's  industrial 
position,  and  the  feeling  that  the  restric- 
tion of  building  operations,  of  railway 
extension  and  upkeep,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  public  and  corporate  works, 
that  was  imposed  by  war  conditions  dur- 
ing four  years  past,  must  have  created 
a  demand  for  steel  in  various  commercial 
forms  that  will  eventually  manifest  it- 
self just  so  soon  as  business  confidence 
is  restored,  it  is  evident  that  there  will 
be  a  pause  between  the  cessation  of 
work  on  war  orders  and  the  commence- 
ment of  work  on  regular  commercial 
lines  that  can  only  be  shortened  by  a 
judicious  fillip  administered  from  Ot- 
tawa. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


296 


STAMPING    PLANT   AND    EXECUTIVE   OFFICES 


An   attractive   catalogue   showing   our   equipment   and   facilities   for   maWng 

DROP  FORCINGS  and  STEEL  STAMPED  PARTS 

will  be  mailed  on  request  to  manufacturers  interested 

Dominion  Forge  &  Stamping  Co.,  Limited,  Walkerville,  Ont. 

, Toronto  Office  :   510  Lumsden  BIdg. 

//  any  advertisement  interest,  you.  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letter,  to  be  answered. 


?9« 


Volume  XX 


Steel  is  King  When  the  Nation  Goes  to  War 

Industry  Was  All  Mai-shaled  For  Winning  of  the  War — The 
Trouble  Was  in  Locating  the  "Bottle  Neck"  and  Keeping  Stopper 
Out — Investors  Waiting  For  the  Prices  to  Come  Further  Down 

By  B.  E.  V.  LUTY,     Pittsburg  Correspondent  of  CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


PITTSBURGH.  Dec.  26.— A  key- 
note thought,  which  will  serve  at 
once  to  explain  much  that  de- 
\  eloped  in  steel  distribution  during  the 
war,  and  also  to  furnish  a  line  on  the 
situation  produced  when  the  war  closed 
is  this,  that  steel  is  the  basis  or  back- 
bone of  modem  industry.  It  is  not 
primarily  or  chiefly  a  weapon,  but  rather 
performs  important  functions  in  nearly 
all  the  activities  that  are  essential  in 
conducting  modern  warfare.  The  idea 
that  steel  is  chiefly  a  weapon,  offensive 
or  defensive,  is  a  relic  of  the  middle 
ages,  when  the  armorer  was  more  im- 
portant than  the  blacksmith. 

That  there  is  much  to  explain  about 
steel's  connection  with  the  war  is  ob- 
vious. One  is  entitled  to  an  explanation, 
for  instance,  or  how  it  was  that  primineiit 
oteel  men,  some  of  the  brightest  and 
most  broadminded  in  the  industry,  were 
engaged  for  several  months  after  the 
United  States  declared  war,  on  April  6, 
1917,  in  attempting  to  make  estimates  of 
how  much  steel  would  be  required  for 
war  purposes.  These  estimates,  which 
the  writer  endeavored  at  the  time  to 
follow  carefully,  ranged  from  10  to  35 
per  cent,  of  the  total  output.  The  mental 
attitude,  moreover,  was  that  this  amount 
of  steel  wa.s  going  to  be  subtracted  from 
the  general  supply,  so  that,  once  the  per- 
centage was  determined,  as  many  men 
thought  they  could  do,  one  would  be 
able  to  see  how  scarce  steel  was  going 
to  become.  If  the  proportion  was  only 
10  per  cent.,  the  difference  might  not  be 
noticed,  but  if  it  was  as  much  as  35 
per  eent..  then  steel  would  become  very 
scarce  for  peace  purposes. 

Why  Steel  Was  Scarce 

In  the  re'trospect  all  this  looks  foolish. 
but  equally  foolish  appraisals  as  to  the 
future  will  be  made  if  the  fundamental 
or  keynote  principle  is  not  faced  square- 
ly, that  steel  is  the  basis  of  modem  in- 
dustry, and  industry  was  all  marshaleci 
for  winning  the  war.  Steel  was  very 
scarce  during  the  war,  but  it  was  not 
scarce  simply  because  a  large  tonnage 
was  shot  away  in  the  form  of  shells,  or 
went  into  gun  manufacture.  The  coal 
mines  worked  as  never  before,  and  used 
much  steel.  Many  cars  and  locomotives  ' 
were  built.  Public  service  corporations 
were  strained  to  furnish  more  current 
than  ever  before.  Tools  of  all  sorts  were 
in  great  demand  for  carpenters,  black- 
smiths, machinists,  and  all  trades.  Tre- 
piendous  quantities  of  machine  tools 
were  required.  Motor  trucks  and  passen- 
ger cars  were  required.  These  are  all 
peace  eooHs.  Airplanes  were  not  com- 
mercial before  the  war,  but  they  are 
now.  for  durini;  Hie  war  the  United 
States  Post  Office  d'-partment  establish- 


ed one  aerial  mail  route  and  lately  it 
has  established  another,  with  others  to 
follow. 

It  took  a  long  time,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
for  it  to  become  clear  that  all  steel  was 
needed  for  winning  the  war  simply  be- 
cause it  was  not  realized  that  practically 
all  industries  were  going  to  be  put  in 
line  to  help.  Late  in  1917  some  of  the 
steel  producers  felt  that  within  a  short 
time  steel  would  become  plentiful,  be- 
cause, apparently,  so  many  of  their  cus- 
tomers would   have       reduced     demand. 


When  steel  production  was  so  greatly 
curtailed  by  the  transportation  break- 
down last  winter  these  observers  felt 
that  the  time  for  steel  to  become  plenti- 
ful was  merely  postponed  two  or  three 
months. 

What  occurred  was  that  while  many 
customers  of  the  steel  industry  lost  much 
of  their  ordinary  business,  the  Govern- 
ment gave  them  orders  requiring:  the 
same  goods  they  had  previously  been 
making,  or  goods  merely  of  a  slightly 
different  description,  and  they  became 
customers  of  the  steel  industry  again. 

The  I'ressure  Was  Applied 

J.  Leonard  Replogle,  director  of  steel 
supply,  was  continually  calling  for  more 
steel.  About  April  1,  1918,  he  re- 
doubled ills  efforts  and  insisted  to  the 
steel  producers  that  they  would  drop  all 
considerations  but  that  of  furnishing 
steel  for  winning  the  war.  At  a  meetinj 
of  the  steel  ■  industry,  April  26,  a  "100 
""'  ''"it.  efficiency  pledge"  was  taken. 
The  War  Industries  Board  then  proceed- 
ed t<ijake  complete  charge  of  the  pro- 


duction and  distribution  of  steel.  On 
May  17  a  joint  committee  of  the  board 
and  of  the  industry  was  appointed  to 
study  the  whole  matter  on  a  practical 
basis.  June  6  the  board  promulgated 
comprehensive  regulations,  greatly  ex- 
tending the  priority  list  and  establish- 
ing, to  follow  the  priorities,  a  "list  of 
purposes  entitled  to  preferential  treat- 
ment." If  any  steel  should  be  left  it 
would  fall  into  what  was  afterwards 
designated  as  Class  D,  and  could  be 
shipped  for  purposes  not  designated  as 
essential,  upon  the  securing  of  a  written 
permit  from  the  Director  of  Steel  Sup- 
ply. It  became  clear  that  the  chief 
function  of  this  regulation  was  to  dis- 
cover steel  for  which  there  was  no  des- 
ignated use,  whereupon  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  would  divert  it  to  some 
priority  or  preference  use. 

Tremendous  Amount  Asked  For 

The  Director  of  Steel  Supply  first 
estimated  the  steel  requirements  for  the 
second  half  of  1918  at  20,000.000  net 
tons  in  the  form  of  finished  rolled  pro- 
duct, while  he  claimed  the  maximum 
production  attained  in  any  half  year  had 
been  only  about  16,500,000  tons.  Later 
he  raised  the  estimate  to  22,000,000  tons, 
and  still  later  expressed  the  belief  that 
the  requirements  would  more  likely 
prove  to  be  25,000,000  tons.  Just  here 
it  is  interesting  to  note  that  if  production 
in  December  were  at  the  same  rate  as  in 
November  the  half  year's  output  would 
be  about  18,500,000  net  tons,  thus  it  is 
evident  that  the  supply  was  not  equal 
to  the  programme  mapped  out.  The 
steel  desired  for  all  the  more  important 
uses  had  been  estimated  at  the  maximum 
that  it  seemed  possible  to  use,  and  it  did 
not  prove  possible  in  all  cases  to  use  the 
maximum.  A  chain  is  as  strong  as  its 
weakest  link,  but  in  designing  the  war 
chain  the  effort  was  made  to  have  each 
link  as  strong  as  possible.  Thus,  in 
shipbuilding,  there  was  pressure  for  a 
supply  of  steel  for  the  rapid  putting  of 
steel  into  hulls,  and  for  a  maximum 
supply  of  boilers,  engines  and  other  ap- 
purtenances. As  time  passed  it  develop- 
ed that  the  weakest  link  in  the  chain  was 
the  supply  of  equipment.  Hull  launch- 
ings  ran  far  ahead  of  vessel  completions, 
and  steel  accumulated  between  the  plate 
mill  and  the  shipway.  To  change  the 
simile,  the  "bottle  neck"  was  the  supply 
of  equipment,  but  no  one  could  have  told 
in  advance  that  it  would  be  there  rather 
than  somewhere  else.  Without  so  much 
pressure  for  steel  the  bottle  neck  might 
have  been  there  instead.  In  the  matter 
of  shells  there  were  corresponding  ex- 
periences. Early  in  1918  the  bottle  neck 
was  in  forging  capacity  for  lan?e  shells; 
later,  with   a   large   increase   in   forging 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  1  N  E  R  Y 


297 


HIBBERT  &  PHILUPS 

281  Emerald  St.  N.,  Hamilton,  Canada 
DIE  MAKERS  AND  SPECIAL  MACHINERY  BUILDERS 

We  have  a  competent  staff  and  a  modern  machine  shop  fully 
equipped  to  make  Jigs,  Tools,  Dies,  Fixtures,  Cutters, 
Gauges  and  special  machinery. 


After  the  first  of  the  year  our  business  will  be  carried  on 
under  the  firm  name  of 

MACPHERSON   MANUFACTURING    CO.,  LIMITED 

We  will  be  equipped  to  handle  our  regular  line  of  work, 
and  the  manufacture  of 

FLAT   WIRE,   PAIL   CLIPS,   BASKET  CLIPS,  SHINGLE  BANDS* 
and  ALL  MANUFACTURED  WIRE  PRODUCTS 


W.    D.    ANDERSON'S 

ENGINEERING 
EFFICIENCY  SERVICE 


Graphic  Production 
Control 

is  a  modern  departure  from  obsolete 
manufacturing  principles.  It  is  the  one 
and  only  system  which  insures  maxi- 
mum output 

ALL  THE  TIME 
It  actually  controls  by  putting  every- 
body in  the  plant  on  schedule. 
We  are  practical  men  and  experts  in 
this  field. 

Why  not  have  the  best  system  in  the 
world? 

It's  easy  to  instal. 
Let  us  write  you  about  it. 

380  Queen  St.  West,  Toronto,  Canada 


NEW  and  USED 

MACHINERY 

We  have  an  ever-changing 
list  of  used  machinery  avail- 
able for  prompt  shipment. 

Let  us  knovt'  your  require- 
ments. It  will  be  to  your 
advantage  to  find  out  what 
we  can  offer  you. 

If  you  have  any  machinery 
you  wish  to  dispose  of — 
write  us. 

Charles  P.  Archibald  &  Co. 

MACHINERY  and  SUPPLIES 
164  St.  James  St.  MONTREAL 

Phone  M.  3935 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


CASTINGS 

MmJiam  Wmwht  Cfy  Iron.  Brtut,  Etc. 
JOBBING 

GREENLEAFS,LIMITED 

Belleville,  Ontario 


Prompt  Deliveries 

on  Gauges,  Tools,  Dies, 
Jigs  and  Fixtures 

Special  Machinery 

CUT  GEARS 

Contracting;    and    Repairing 
Machiniata 

Qnotationa  clteerfully  submitted. 

Normac  Machine  Co. 

55  Vine  Street,  St.  Catharines,  Ont 


Special  Machiaery 

MADE  TO  ORDER 


Mill  Maetiinery,  Engine  Woric 
Grey  iron  and  Brass  Gasti.igs 

TRY  US  FOR  Bf NERAL  REPAIRS 

ALEXANDER  FLECK,  LIMITED 

(Vuloaii  Iron  Works)  OHAWA.  ONT. 


Oil  Tempered 
Steel  Springs 

— for  every  purpose 
and  the  best  for  each 


Special  styles  of  all 
kind}  to  order. 


THE  CLEVELAND 

WIRE  SPRING 

COMPANY 

ClBveland,  Ohio 
U.S.A. 


capacity  there  was  a  good  supply  of 
forgings,  and  there  was  one  time  when, 
on  account  of  shortage  of  shell  steel, 
where  the  bottle  neck  appeared  to  be 
temporarily,  supplies  to  certain  forge 
shops  were  curtailed,  but  the  machine 
shops  had  supplies  of  forged  material 
up  which  to  draw. 

No  Famine  in  Domestic  Lines 

Reverting  to  the  fundamental  idea 
that  steel  is  the  basis  of  modern  indus- 
try, and  nearly  all  industries  were  called 
to  the  colors,  so  to  speali,  it  becomes 
plain  that  the  end  of  the  war  could  not 
find  the  country  bare  of  steel  all  along 
the  line.  The  chief  customers  of  the 
steel  industry  had  been  well  supplied 
with  steel.  It  was  not  the  direct 
customers  who  had  been  denied 
steel.  His  customer,  in  turn,  may 
have  been  denied  the  finished  pro- 
duct, and  that  is  where  the  scarcity,  if 
any,  would  develop.  Lawn  mowers  would 
have  become  very  scarce  because  the 
lawn  mower  factories  were  expected  to 
turn  out  something  useful  for  the  war. 
Stoves  for  the  civilian  population  became 
somewhat  scarce,  though  the  effect  was 
barely  noticeable,  because  stove  factories 
were  making  stoves  for  the  Government. 
Stocks  of  steel  in  jobbers'  hands  were 
strictly  controlled,  and  the  civilian  popu- 
lation could  not  get  their  usual  supplies. 
Automobiles  did  become  very  scarce, 
while  the  demand  continued.  The  result 
was  that  when  the  armistice  was  declar- 
ed and  the  restrictions  on  the  manufac- 
ture, distribution,  and  consumption  of 
steel  were  removed,  the  chief  new  de- 
mand that  came  to  the  steel  trade  was 


r4\/ 


99 


KINDLEY    MENTION     THIS    PAPER 
WHEN    WRITING    TO    ADVERTISER 


The 

''Dupont 

PATENT 

Power 
Hammer 

The  strength,  dur- 
ability, economy  of 
power  and  simpli- 
city of  adjustment 
of  the  Dupont  Power 
Hammer  make  it  a 
decidedly  superior 
tool. 

Made  carefully  from 
carefully  selected, 
high-class  materials. 

Poiilivaly 
G   «raiite«d 

Seven   tlzes. 

With   rams   from  26  to 

300  lbs. 

Writ*   for   full    details. 

THE    PLESSISVILLE  FOUNDRY 

Plassisville,     Qua, 

Ontario  and  Western   Agents: 

Tlie  General  Bnppljr  Co.  of  Canada,   Ltd. 

Ottawa  Toronto  Winnipec 


from  the  jobbers  and  the  automobile 
manufacturers.  Other  customers  con- 
tinued to  require  steel,  but  at  reduced 
rather  than  increased  rates. 

With  the  great  majority  of  consumers 
of  steel  busy  helping  to  win  the  war  in 
one  way  or  another,  and  many  of  them 
supplied  with  more  steel  than  usual 
rather  than  less,  one  may  ask  how  it  was 
possible  to  find  also  the  steel  that  was 
used  directly  in  warfare,  for  there  was 
a  large  tonnage  so  used,  for  shells,  guns, 
transportation  in  France,  warehouses  on 
both  sides  the  Atlantic  and  for  the  ex- 
tensive shipbuilding  programme. 

Where  the  Axe  Was  Applied 

Where  was  this  steel  found?  It  was 
found  by  the  almost  complete  stoppage 
of  construction  work  that  was  consider- 
ed unessential.  Now  in  normal  times 
perhaps  half,  probably  considerably  more 
than  half  of  the  steel  produced  goes  into 
permanent  construction,  in  other  words 
into  investments.  A  clear  distinction 
must  be  made  between  the  two  uses  of 
steel.  No  exact  line  can  be  drawn,  but 
broadly  speaking  the  distribution  of 
steel  in  normal  times  involves  two 
classes,  the  first  represented  by  things 
like  the  following:  Tin  cans,  tools,  house- 
hold utensils,  repairs,  etc.,  etc.;  and 
second,  bridges,  office  buildings,  hotel 
buildings,  factories,  public  service 
establishments,  railway  rolling  stocks, 
etc.,  etc.  Consumption  along  the 
first  line  continued,  while  consumption 
along  the  second  line  was  practically  cut 
off,  except  where  the  war  required  it. 

While  the  War  Industries  Board  placed 
a  baa  upon  building,  however,  it  must 
not  be  thought  that  otherwise  building 
would  have  continued  to  any  extent. 
High  costs  all  along  the  line  furnished 
their  own  damper,  and  the  War  Indus- 
tries Board  with  its  prohibition  merely 
caught  what  was  left. 

When  Will  Costs  Come  Down? 

The  question  now  is,  when  will  costs 
be  such  that  investments  will  be  under- 
taken ?  We  have  seen  that  the  ordinary 
consuming  industries  were  not,  in  the 
main,  starved  as  to  steel,  but  rather  were 
fairly  well  supplied.  Some  of  them  will 
require  less  steel,  at  least  for  a  time 
The  steel  that  ordinarily  goes  into  in- 
vestments was  diverted  to  direct  war 
use.  The  investment  buying  must  re- 
turn. The  demand  for  steel  is  already 
light,  and  it  will  grow  lighter,  week  by 
week,  as  those  whose  accumulated  wants 
are  filled.  Some  observers  in  the  steel 
trade  think  production  may  drop  to  60 
or  70  per  cent,  of  capacity,  perhaps  be- 
fore the  new  year  is  many  weeks  old. 
Almost  everyone  believes  that  eventu- 
ally there  will  be  a  very  heavy  demand 
for  steel,  but  that  will  come  only  when 
the  investor  has  come  into  the  market. 

This  matter  of  the  investor  is  a  very 
complicated  one.  The  investor  thinks 
only  of  the  total  cost  of  his  investment. 
Taking  the  average  or  typical  investor, 
and  considering  him  broadly,  whether  he 
is  the  head  of  a  new  enterprise  or  mere_ 
ly  a  subscriber  to  so  many  shares  of 
stock,  or  whether  he  is  a  municipality 
contemplating  improvements,  or  an  ex 
isting   corporation   thinking   of   making 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY' 


290 


an  extension,  the  investor  thinks  of  the 
total  cost  of  the  investment,  of  which 
more  anon.  He  must  set  this  estimated 
cost  against  two  things,  first,  the  pre- 
war price  that  his  competitors  had  for 
a  new  factory  or  a  new  hotel  or  office 
building  will  have  to  compete  with  those 
already  in  existence,  and  second,  the 
prospective  cost  of  the  same  investment 
six  months,  one  year,  or  two  years  later 
If  10  per  cent,  of  the  capital  can  be 
saved  by  waiting  six  months,  or  20  per 
cent,  by  waiting  a  year,  the  best  thing 
to  do  is  to  allow  the  money  to  lie  at  in- 
terest until  it  will  buy  more.  Suppose 
for  argument,  that  costs  are  never  gomg 
to  come  down,  that  is  not  sufficient  to 
start  investment  buying.  The  investor 
must  first  assure  himself  that  with  h^s 
high  cost  investment  he  can  compete 
with  the  lower  cost  investment  already 
in  the  field.  Next,  he  must  be  convwced 
of  this  fact  that  costs  are  not  going  to 
come  down.  Professor  Smith,  the 
eminent  economist,  or  John  Jones,  presi- 
dent of  the  Blank  Steel  Company,  may 
be  convinced,  but  if  Joe  Brown  has  tiie 
capital  it  is  Joe  Brown  who  must  be 
convinced. 

Many  Costs  Make  Up  Total 

Now  as  to  the  cost  of  the  investment. 
Mr.  Brown  considers  it  as  a  total.  The 
ordinary  investment,  that  involves  the 
use  of  steel,  requires  also  the  purchase 
of  many  other  materials  and  a'lsa  t]ie 
employment  of  much  labor.  If  the  tota'. 
cost  has  to  come  down  it  is  not  sufficient 
for  the  price  of  steel  to  come  down. 
Prices  of  the  other  materials  must  also 
come  down  before  the  investment  is 
made  if  they  are  going  to  come  down  at 
all.  If  labor  cost  is  to  come  down  it 
must  also  come  down  before  the  invest- 
ment is  made.  This  labor  cost  is  made 
up  of  two  elements,  the  basic  rate  of 
wages  per  hour  or  per  day  and  the 
amount  of  service  rendered  per  hour  or 
day.  Many  employers  complain  much 
less  of  wage  rates  than  they  do  of  the 
indifferent  performance  of  labor. 

Steel  prices  have  come  down  a  trifle 
and  will  probably  come  down  more,  but 
that  is  only  one  element,  no  one  needs 
to  worry  much  about  the  price  of  steel. 
The  American  steel  makers  are  intelli- 
gent and  will  face  the  situation.  They 
will  not  be  the  stumbling  block  to  a  re- 
sumption of  investment  buying  and  they 
may  have  considerable  room  for  reducing 
prices.  The  reductions  in  steel  prices 
just  made  as  a  readjustment  measure 
make  an  average,  considering  a'l  im- 
DO'-*^»nt  finished  steel  products,  of  about 
$4.25  per  net  ton.  For  the  first  three- 
quarters  of  1918  the  Steel  Corporation 
made  rie^'uctions  for  war  taxes  amount- 
ing to  between  $17  and  $18  ner  ton.  and 
still  showed  I'lrfe  earnings  left.  Taxes 
for  1918  will  be  lower.  As  to  wage  cost, 
tbe'"e  is  room  for  consiHerab'e  decrease 
if  the  men  will  work  harder,  work  as 
thev  formerly  did,  without  reducing  the 
hourly  wa<re  r^te.  T^e  latter  mav  come 
or  may  not,  but  the  former  will  come. 


Halifax. — Owing  to  the  delay  in  steel 
shinments  from  the  United  States  the 
keels  of  the  first  ships  to  be  built  in  the 
Halifax  Shioyards.  Limited,  will  not  be 
laid  until  late  in  January.  It  had  been 
hoped  to  lay  them  this  month. 


JOHN  STIRK  &  SONS.  Limitec 

HAUFAX,  ENG. 

MACHINE    TOOLS 
AgenU— The  A.  R.  William*  Mcy .  Co.,Ltil 

Toronto.  Winnipes,  Vancouver,  Si.  John.  N.B. 


lOi 


id 


MKUiKiprinnValn 
Culhion  Sprinn.  etc..  oi 

Ctmpct(t>Qn.   1^11 


JAMES  STEELE,  LIMITED 

OOELPB.  OKTAmO 


teRTRAMSflMITEP 

■A         SCIENNES  L^EUINbURCM 

Mil,    :!   n      r.;.   ;,      of      MtclllllCl-y 

Ii  I     i-a;.il     Mills.    I'ulp    Mill». 

J.iii.ilLiiiii  MiHi,  and  Ala- 
cfaiiH-  Toolfl  for  Iron  iind 
aieel    CoutriKlional    Work. 

1^^  VfNS  ■ 

hnt«d    bj    Ou,     Klectricicy.  ■ 

StFam  or  Coal.  ,  □ 

K«Tiioh«n    Slphona^e    Ventilators,    Bakcn  n 

CWeoa,     trucks,     eastern,     etc.  n 

_  Writ*    for    Booklet.  JJ 

□     Brantford  Ovao  A^RMk  C«.,  Ltd. 

II  Krantrnn],   Canada. 

«DanaDBDaaananaQaaanani 


jaDH^Ka 


WE  MAKE:^.-? 

BRASS  CASTINGS 
ALUMINUM   CASTINGS 
BRONZE  CASTINGS 

Made  to  order  from  customers'  patterns 

TAYLOR-FORBES  COMPANY,  LIMITED 

Guelph,  Ontario 

nr    >l    a^/K/.\\ 


Machinery  for  Sale 

Nearly  New 

16x8  Perrin  Accumulator  with  Unloader. 
1  Perrin  Triplex  Geared  Pump  ll^  x  5. 
1  Perrin  Triplex  Belted  Pump  1^4  x  5. 

1  Watson-Stillman  Valve. 

2  300-ton  Perrin  Hydraulic  Presses. 

1   12  X  14  Bury  Air  Compressor,  Class  M,  belt  driven, 

330  cubic  feet  per  minute. 
1  Air  Tank  8x3  feet. 

Particulars  on  Application^  ■,...>, 

TAYLOR-FORBES   COMPANY 

Limited 

Guelph,   Ontario 


Seattle. — The'  Northern  Pacific  dis- 
trict has  delivered  to  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation  of  the  United  States, 
between  August,  1917,  and  the  end  of 
November  this  year,  no  less  than  800,- 
OOO  deadweight  tons'  capacity  in  ocean- 


going steamships.  This  output  was  di- 
vided between  three  ports,  Seattle,  Port- 
land and  Tacoma.  The  number  of  steam- 
ships delivered  was  96,  made  up  of  56 
from  Seattle,  33  from  Portland,  and  7 
from  Tacoma. 


300 


C  A  N  A  n I  A  N     M  A  CHIN  E  R  Y 


Vohime  XX 


GAUGES 

DIES,  TOOLS  AND  REPAIRS 
OXY- ACETYLENE    WELDING 

WORTH    ENGINEERING    CO. 

168  Spadina  Ave.,  Toronto,  Onl. 

Phont  Ad«l.  37S4 

t.  H.  AYLSWORTH         A.  E.  HACKWORTH 


We  Know 

you  are  anxious  to  buy 

Canadian  Made 

goods. 

The  Imperial 


Chuck 

is  manufactured   by 

Ker&  Goodwin 

Brantford,  Canada 


KINDLY  MENTION  THIS  PAPER 
WHEN   WRITING   ADVERTISERS 


IRON  AND  STEEL  TRADE  IN  1918 

THE  history  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Trades  during  the 
year  1918,  as  in  the  two  preceding  years,  will  to  most 
of  us  read  like  a  romance.  While  all  the  Canadian  and 
.American  mills  were  last  year  taxed  to  their  utmost 
capacity,  it  is  noteworthy  that  prices  were  lower  than  in  the 
two  previous  years.  In  1916  and  1917  prices  ran  riot — there 
was  no  controlling  influence,  and  prices  were  governed  simply 
by  what  buyers  were  willing  to  pay.  It  is  recorded  that  steel 
plates  touched  15c  per  lb.  base  at  the  American  mills,  and  tin 
plates  were  also  sold  at  $18.00  base  at  the  works.  These  are 
record  prices.  Then  came  the  regulating  of  prices  by  the 
United  States  Government,  when  America  came  into  the  war, 
and  immediately  everything  came  down  to  a  settled  basis.  We 
must  remember,  however,  that  the  fixed  prices  applied  only  to 
the  domestic  markets  in  the  United  States.  The  export  mar- 
ket was  open,  and  ordinary  buyers  in  outside  countries,  Can- 
ada included,  had  to  pay  much  higher  prices  for  their  require- 
ments. Then  came  export  licenses,  priorities  and  what  n«t, 
until  the  most  of  us  gave  it  up  in  despair,  and  had  to  content 
ourselves  with  business  which  could  command  high  priorities 
on  certain  schedules  adopted  by  the  American  War  Board.  Deal- 
ers were  occasionally  allowed  to  import  a  certain  quantity  of 
material  for  stock  under  special  conditions  regarding  distri- 
bution, but  they  had  to  receive  authorization  from  Ottawa 
before  a  single  plate  or  tube  could  be  delivered  to  consumers, 
even  for  the  most  pressing  work. 

The  strain  is  at  last  over,  and  while  licenses  are  still  ne- 
cessary for  the  export  of  certain  classes  of  goods  from  the 
United  States,  there  is  no  doubt  that  conditions  in  this  respect 
will  become  normal  in  the  course  of  the  next  few  months. 

The  next  question  to  be  considered  is  the  probable  course 
of  the  market  over  the  first  quarter  of  1919,  for  it  would  be 
idle  to  hazard  any  opinion  for  a  later  period.  Taking  into  ac- 
count the  present  high  cost  of  production,  due  to  high  wages 
and  raw  materials,  it  appears  to  me  that  present  prices  on 
most  of  the  staple  articles  of  iron  and  steel  are  extremely 
reasonable,  and  afford  only  a  fair  profit  to  manufacturers. 
Wages  will  not  be  reduced  by  any  concerted  action  on  the  part 
of  the  employers;  indeed  it  would  be  unwise  to  attempt  any 
reduction.  This  must  be  left  to  the  ordinary  economic  law  of 
supply  and  demand,  and  as  the  cost  of  living  decreases,  so 
will  wages  gradually  recede  to  a  more  reasonable  basis,  for  no 
one  denies  that  in  certain  branches  of  work  they  have  been 
excessive. 

Raw  materials,  such  as  ore  and  fuel,  have  been  contracted 
for  at  present  prices  for  the  coming  winter,  so  that  no  reduction 
of  consequence  can  be  made  on  that  score.  These  conditions 
apply  to  the  United  States  as  well  as  to  Canada,  therefore 
I  can  see  no  reason  for  any  radical  decline  in  prices  during  the 
first  quarter  of  1919,  at  least.  It  must  be  remembered  also 
that  stocks  in  dealers'  hands  have  been  reduced  to  a  minimum, 
owing  to  the  difl^iculties  of  securing  supplies.  I  look,  therefore, 
for  a  fairly  reasonable  business  during  the  coming  winter,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  first  quarter  we  can  revise  our  ideas  on  the 
basis  of  conditions  then  prevailing. 

Consequent  on  the  ending  of  the  war  and  the  stoppage  of 
the  making  of  munitions  and  war  supplies,  certain  orders  and 
contracts  have  necessarily  been  cancelled,  but  there  has  been 
no  desire  to  cancel  orders  for  general  supplies  for  delivery  dur- 
ing the  next  few  months.  In  any  case,  it  would  be  extremely 
unwise  either  to  ask  or  to  accept  such  concellations.  It  is 
very  doubtful  if  buyers  could  replace  their  orders  at  lower 
prices  for  some  months. 

In  view  of  all  these  facts,  I  think  manufacturers  and  deal- 
ers may  look  forward  to  the  next  few  months  without  anxiety. 
Business  will  necessarily  be  less,  but  this  must  be  expected,  and 
there  will  be  a  welcome  relief  from  the  strain  under  which  we 
have  been  working  during  the  past  few  years. 

J.  T.  McCALL. 
Vice-Pres.  and  Gen.  Mgr. 
Drummond  McCall  &  Co. 


Montreal,  December  12,  1918. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  K  K  Y 


301 


PATENT 
ATTORNEYS 


RESEARCH   BUREAU 

REPORTS  BY  EXPERTS  ON   SCIENTIFIC,  "ECH- 

NICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENT. 

SPECIAL  RESEARCHES  ARRANGED. 

PATENTS.    TRADE    MARKS.    ETC. 


HANBURY  A.  BUDDEN 
T12  DRUMMOND  Bl-DO..  MONTRCAL 


CAat-e  AODnes<i 
■■brevet" 


ATENT 


Fetheratonhanffh  &  Co., 

The  o)ii  established  flrra.  Pair 
(iita  everj'where.  Head  ofl'ue 
lloyal  Bank  Bldg. ,  Toronto. 
I  >tiawa  office,  5  Elfiin  St 
OfFice^  throughout  Canada. 
Booklet  Free. 


VWIUT 


YOUR  INVENT  DNS 


send  direct  to  Ottaw.-i  for  free  pit ^nt:ibility  re- 
port and  b(x»kli-i  ■■p;»tetit  PiotecLioii  "  Chenm' 
paienis  udvertmcd  ia  tlie  "•patcot  Kcview." 

Harold  C.  Shipman  &  Co.'r'i^Ht7s 


PATENTS 


TRADE-MARKS 
AND     DESIGNS 


PROCUDED  III  ALL  COUNTRIES 
Special  Attention  given  to  Patent  Litigation 

Pampiilet  sent  dee  on  application. 

RIDOUT  &,  MAYBEE,59  Yonge  street 

TORONTO.  CANADA 


WM.  MUIR  &  CO.',  LIMITED 

Manchester,   £nyland. 

Machine  Tool  Makers. 
Specialties:      Patent      Puncher      Slotting 
Machines.        Milling        Machines,        Boring 
Machines.  , 

Acrents :    Messrs      Peacock    Bros.,    68 

Bea  er    Ha!I    Hall.    Montreal. 

Send    for    catalogue. 


PLEWES  Limited 

WINNIPEG 
For  All 

Machinists'  Supplies 


Canada  Cotton  Co.  Extends. — Work 
connected  with  adding  another  story  to 
the  dye  house  of  the  Canada  Cotton  Co., 
Hamilton,  will  probably  be  started  at  an 
early  date.  Many  other  plants  have  ad- 
ditions to  their  buildings  in  view,  accord- 
ing to  a  report  of  Building  Inspector 
Whitlock. 

Montreal. — A  motion  is  before  the 
Exchequer  Court,  Mr.  Justice  Audette 
presidina;,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the 
value  of  the  use  and  occupation  of  the 
McCarthy  Shipyard  at  Sorel  by  the 
Canadian  Government  since  December, 
igi.""),  at  $30,000.  The  owners  fix  the 
value  of  u.se  and  occupation  at  $80,000. 

Rochester,  N.Y. — The  tug  Laura  Grace 
was  driven  ashore  at  Grandview  Beach 
off  the  port  of  Rochester  on  Friday 
morning.  The  captain,  eight  men,  and. 
one  woman  reached  shore  safely  in  a 
small  boat,  and  one  man  was  rescued 
by  a  United  SItates  tug.  The  Laura 
Grace  left  Kingston  on  Thursday  night 
and  ran  into  a  storm,  with  the  result 
that  after  an  all  night  battle  with  the 
storm  the  captain  lost  his  bearings  and 
did  not  find  them  again  until  the  tUK 
went  ashore. 

Midland. — No  less  than  twelve  boats 
of  the  Pittsburgh  Steamship  Co.  will 
spend  the  winter  at  Port  McNicoll  and 
Midland.  It  is  unusual  for  the  steamers 
to  use  the  Georgian  Bay  ports  for  this 
purpose.  The  boats  are  each  of  at  least 
600  feet  long  and  12,000  tons  carrying 
capacity,  and  each  ship  has  at  least 
480,000  bushels  of  grain,  making  a  total 
of  5,760.000  bushels,  \>-hich  will  be  un- 
loaded during  the  winter  and  shipped  to 
Europe.  One  of  the  steamers  has  the 
largest  cargo  ever  shipped  from  Duluth, 
482.000  bughels,  which  is  now  at  Port 
McNicoll. 

Collingwood. — The  steamer  Chester  A. 
Coiifdon,  which  went  ashore  at  Chester 
Rocks,  near  Passage  Island,  at  the  Can- 
adian head  of  Lake  Superior,  has  the 
distinction  of  being  the  greatest  single 
loss  recorded  in  the  lake  trade.  The 
steamer  and  cargo  were  valued  at 
$1,500,000,  the  steamer  being  insured 
for  $750,000,  and  her  cargo,  consisting 
of  380,000  bushels  of  wheat,  valued  at 
$2.35  a  bushel.  The  Congdon  was  for- 
merly the  Salt  Lake  City,  built  in  1907, 
and  her  tonnage  was  10,300  d.w.  She 
was  owned  by  the  Continental  Steamship 
Co. 


(jmfcC-W0RKS:MUSKC(;UN.HtlCHTiU5A 


Our   large  (tock   of 

Machini  Bolts. 
Rivets    and  Wesliers 

assures  qulcklj  fill- 
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ALL  LEADING  JOBBERS 


S02 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


LASsiFiED  Advertising 


RatM  (parable  in  advance):  Two  cents  per  word  first  Iniertlon;  one  cent  per  word  mib* 

aequrnt  bucrtiona.     Coont  five  words  when  box  number  is  required.     Eacii  ficnre  countt 

as  on*  woid.    Hinimam  order  11.00.    Display  rates  on  application. 


SECTION 


FOR  SALE 


FOR  SALE 


2  MOTOR  DRIVEN  COMPRESSORS,  329  FT. 
2  FroK  A  Switch  Planers.  2  Badl  &  Frog 
Fillet  Multiple  Drills.  2  Newton  Cold  Saws, 
New.  .SOI  and  602.  J.  L.  Neilson  *  Co..  Win- 
aipes.  Man.  (ctfm) 

pOR  SALE- -1-36"  I  86"  x  12'  Bertram  Planer, 
^  sinsle  head  in  first-class  condition.  1 — 64"  x  6' 
HorixonUl  BorinK  Miller,  single,  back  geared,  in 
■ood  condition.  Globe  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd., 
Hamilton,   Ont  x-,..  e*-'" 


POR  SALE  300  PIECES.^  COLD  ROLLED 
'■  shafting.  2"  rd.  x  Sl'i".-  in  fair  condition. 
Price  on  application.  Also  several  items  Rivets, 
Bolts  and  Steel.  Complete  list  on  application. 
John    Deere   Mfg.    Co.,    Ltd.,    WelUnd.    Ont. 

(c26m) 

TWO  LOWDOWN  TRUCKS  FOR  SALE.    A.  B. 
Ormsby    Company.    Limited,    48    Abell    Street. 
Toronto.  (c27m) 


FOR  SALE-HOOP  STEEL.  8  TONS  OF  %" 
X  22  gauge  hnons.  in  coils,  first-class  condition. 
Price  on  apolicBtion.  Dominion  Foundries  & 
Steel.  Limited.  Hamilton,  Ont  (c26m) 


TANKS 


We  buy  and  sell  all  kinds 
of  Tanks  and  Cylinders. 
Write    or    wire    your    re- 
quirements   or   what   you 
have  to  sell. 

Shayne  &  Jaff e 

128  Bleury  Street 
MONTREAL 


USED 

MACHINERY 

for  Sale 

4     16    X    6    McDougall    Engine    Lathes. 
2     20   X    6    McDougall    Engine    Lathes. 
1—20  X  8  American  Tool  Works  Lathe. 
2-20  X    12   American   Tool   Works   l-athes. 
1-38  X   16  London  Engine  Lathe. 
2     Racine   Power  Hack   Saws. 
1     High  Speed  DrUl. 

2-  3  I  36  Jones  A  Lamson  Turret  Lathes. 
1     24"   Warner  A  Swasey  Turret  Lathe. 
10     Air   Hoists. 

1  Grinder,    wheels    18   z    3. 

2  Blount    No.     7     Heavy     Grinders     for 
wheels  30  X   4   X   2. 

Charles   P.  Archibald  f&   Co. 

Machinery  Sl  Supplies 
IM  St.  Jamas  St.  Montreal,  Qua. 


■-pWO  NEW  STEAM  TURBINE  BLOWERS 
■^  for  blast  or  cupola  use.  Size  and  particulars 
on  application  or  can  be  seen  running.  Apply 
to    Box     141,    Tilbury,    Ont.  (c7m) 

ONE   CLAYTON   6"   x    8"   x    6"   AIR   COMPBES- 
sor     in     first-class    condition.         W.    G.    Utley. 
Machinist.   Yarmouth,  N.S.     (c8m) 

POSITIONS  WANTED 

pOREMAN  MACHINIST.  37.  ACCUSTOMED 
to  repairs  and  maintenance  of  manufacturing 
concern.  Wants  position  as  above,  where  ability 
to  make  improvements  would  be  recosnized  and 
encouraged.  16  years'  experience  on  abpve  class 
of  work.  Also  new  work  in  connection  with 
same.  Have  had  charge  of  tool  room  and  run- 
ning repairs  of  large  munition  plant.  Now  at 
liberty.      Box    538,    Canadian   Machinery.        (c2em) 

ENGINEER  ~  COLLEGE  GRADUATE.  16 
years*  practical  experience  design  and  manu- 
facture plant  layout  and  maintenance,  electrical 
and  mechanical,  wishes  position  as  engineer  or 
chief  draftsman.  Box  637,  Canadian  Machinery. 
(e27ro) 

pOUNDBY  FOREMAN  OPEN  FOR  ENGAGE- 
^  ment,  has  had  years  of  experience  on  best 
class  of  work.  Economical  production  of  cast- 
ings, successful  handling  of  men.  mixing  of 
metals.  Can  furnish  best  of  references.  Address 
Box    532,    Canadian    Machinery. (ctfm) 

/ANTED  BY  A  SUCCESSFUL  SUPERINTEN- 
dcnt.  a  position  in  Toronto  or  elsewhere.  Can 
furnish  the  best  of  references,  both  as  to  character 
and  ability.  16  years'  practical  experience.  37 
years  of  age.     Box   No.   B35,   Canadian  Machinery. 

(c2«m) 


W^ 


/'>HIEF  TOOL  DESIGNER  OF  LARGE  MANU- 
^  facturing  plant  open  for  engagement.  Similar 
capacity  or  master  mechanic.  12  years'  experi- 
ence manufacturing  and  repair  work.  Practical 
mechanic.  Age  27.  Married.  Credentials  fur- 
nished.    Box   634.   Canadian   Machinery.        {c26m) 

Representatives  Wanted 

WANTED  BY  A  COMPANY  PRODUCING 
crucible  cast  steel  in  the  United  States,  a 
representative  in  Canada  who  is  thoroughly  fa- 
miliar with  the  tool  steel  buainesa,  especially 
High  Speed  Steel  business  in  Canada.  Answering 
advertisement  state  previous  experience,  age  and 
salary    wanted.      Box    640,    Canadian    Machinery. 

(c2m) 

SPECIAL  MACHINERY 

MANUFACTURERS— WE  CAN  UNDERTAKE 
work  to  any  specification — munition  produc- 
tion equipment  or  otherwise.  Write  W.  H 
Sumbling  Machinery  Co.,  7  St  Mary  St,  Toronto 

MACHINERY  WANTED 


Tl/ ANTED— TO  PURCHASE  MODERN  HORI- 
•^  zontal  boring  machine,  fitted  with  boring  bar 
alwut  four  inches  in  diameter,  suitable  for  pump 
or  engine  manufacture.  Must  be  guaranteed  in 
good  repair.  Mail  description  and  price  to  Dar- 
ling Broa.,  Ltd..  120  Prince  Street,  Montreal.  P.O. 
(ctfm) 

SIX-FOOT  RADIAL  DRILL  FOR  BOILER 
«hop :  lathe  to  take  in  12'  between  centers:  .lir 
hoist.  10"  cylinder,  4'  lift  with  trolley :  vertical 
air  receiver.  44"  inside  dia.,  14'  high.  The 
National    Shipbuilding    Co.,    Ltd.,    Goderich,    Ont. 


MACHINERY  FOR  SALE 


POWERFUL  HYDRAULIC  BOILER  SHELL 
plate  bending  machine.  Takes  plates  13  feet 
6  inches  wide  by  1%  inches  thick.  Complete  with 
water  saving  appliance.  Apply  Murray  Mc- 
Vinnie,    Mavisbank     Quay,    Glasgow.  (c27m) 

q  NEWTON  COLD  SAWS.  VERY  CHEAP. 
"  2  Davis  Cut-off  Machines  at  $100.00  each.  2 
Hamilton  Gear  Cut-off  Machines  at  $100.00  each. 
50  Racine  Power  Saws  at  $76.00  each.  1  Baker 
Heavy  Duty  Drill  Press  at  $450.00.  2  Colbum 
Drill  Pres.-ies  at  $500.00  each.  Canada  Metal  Co., 
35    Fraser   Ave.,   Toronto.  (c26m) 

MOTORS  FOR  SALE 

I— CAN.  GENERAL  ELECTRIC  CO.,  TYPE  1. 
-"■  class  6,  26  cycle,  200  H.P.,  5.50  volte,  185  amp.. 
500  R.P.M.,  wound  rotor,  at  $2,300.00.  1— Can. 
Wcstinghouse  Co..  type  C.C.L.,  induction  motor, 
squirrel  cage,  rotor,  3O0  H.P..  2,200  volts,  70 
amp..  3  phase,  25  cycle,  480  R.P.M.,  at  $3,200.00 
1— Can.  General  Electric  Co.,  200  H.P..  type  1, 
class  C,  25  cycle,  2,200  volts,  46  amp.,  600  R.P.M., 
squirrel  cage,  rotor,  at  $2,800.00.  1— Can.  West- 
inghouse  Co.,  type  C.C.L..  200  H.P..  560  volts, 
189  amp.,  3  phase,  480  R.P.M.,  26  cycle,  squirrel 
cage,  rotor,  at  $2,450.00.  1  -^an.  General  Electric 
Co.,  type  1,  class  4,  25  cycle,  160  H.P.,  650  volt. 
146  amp.,  760  R.P.M.,  squirrel  cage,  rotor,  at 
$1,850.00.  1 — Can.  Wcstinghouse  Co.,  type  C.C.L.. 
160  H.P..  2,200  volts,  36  amp.,  3  phase,  26  cycle, 
480  R.F.M.,  at  $2,800.00.  All  the  above  in  good 
condition.  Call  or  write  the  Canada  Metal  Co., 
Ltd.,    36    Fraser    Ave.,    Toronto.  (c26m) 


PATTERNS 


rpOBONTO  PATTERN  WORKS,  66  JARVIS 
-*■  Street,  Toronto.  Patterns  in  wood  and  metal 
for    all    kinds    of    machinery.  (efm) 


■lyANTED— GEARED  PRESS  ABOUT  3.600  OR 
y*  4,600  lbs.  State  full  particulars  and  lowest 
cash  price.     Box  536,  Canadian  Machinery.   (c27m) 


USED 

MACHINERY 

In  stock  at  New  Glasgow  and 

offered  for  sale: 

1  "Bullard"  lathe  20xl2'-0" 

1  "Curtis"  air  hoi.«t  8"x4'-0" 

1  "Matheson"  hydraulic  pres.s 
14"x24" 

1  "Sturtevant"  volume  blow- 
er, No,  7 

1  "Grant"  riveting  hammer, 
belt  driven  (NEW) 

1  "Berlin"  hardwood  flooring 
planer  and  matcher,  No. 
88. 

Write  for  particulars  and 
prices. 

I.  MATHESON  &  CO.,  LTD. 

Buifderm  of  Machinery 

New  Glasgow,  Nova  Scotia 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


308 


W.  T.  Whitehead,  S<^^ad  Con^^ltny 

Telephone  Main  2562  232   ST.  JAMES   STREET,   MONTREAL 


s 

E 
R 
V 

I 
c 

E 


SOME  OF  OUR  OFFERINGS  IN  GOOD  USED  MACHINERY 


LATHES 

1— "Earle"   16"  x  7'. 
1— "McDougall"  18"  x  10'. 
2— "Warner  &   Swasey"   18" 
1— "Mueller"  20"xl0'. 
1— "Bertram"  20"  x  8'. 


turrets. 


DRILLING  MACHINES 

1— Gang   3'    Radial   Drill. 
1— Buffalo    20"    Plain   Drill. 
3— Avey   No.   2   Bench   Drills. 
6 — Langelier  No.   2   Drills. 
2 — Langelier  No.  2  Bench  Drills. 


PRESSES 

4— Brown,  Boggs  No.  320A  Straight  Side. 
1 — Bliss  Trimming  Press  No.  73%. 
1— Large  Bliss  No.  76%. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

1 — 800-lb.  Billings  &  Spencer  Drop  Hammer. 
2 — Bradley   Hammers,   weight   200   lbs.   each, 

cushion   helve   type. 
1—20"  Blount  Wet  Tool  Grinder. 
2 — 35   H.P.   Fairbanks    Motor,   slip    ring,   550 

volts,  60  cycle. 


STORAGE    TANKS 

We  have  a  list  of  good    second-hand  steel   tanks,  enamel-lined,  suitable 
.  for  all  kinds  of  liquid  storage  and  especially  for  corrosive  fluids. 


C 
O 
R 
R 
E 
C 
T 

P 

R 

I 

C 
E 
S 


MACHINE  TOOLS  AND  SUPPLIES 


GENERAL  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 


Fully  Equipped 

SHELL   FACTORY 

Situated  in  the  Heart  of  the  City  of  Montreal 

for 

SALE 

with  or  without 
Building 


Address  your 
enquiry  to: 

68  St.  James  St., 
Montreal,  Quebec 


with  first- 
class  Tool 
Room 


i 


Would  invest  the  full  amount  of  machinery  or 
take  stock  in  a  first-class  concern. 


The  Modern  Tool   Mfg.  Co.,  Limited 

1405  Notre  Dame  Street  Montreal,  Canada 


304 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX, 


IMMEDIATE  DELIVERY-MONTREAL  STOCK 

Motors,  3  Phase,  60  Cycle 


2  H.P., 

10  H.P., 

15  H.P., 

30  H.P., 

40  H.P., 

50  H.P., 

75  H.P., 

125  H.P., 

150  H.P., 

200  H.P., 

400  H.P., 


550  v.,  1700  R.P.M.— 1 
550  v.,  1200  R.P.M.— 9 
550  v.,  1200  R.P.M.— 2 
550  v.,  900  R.P.M.— 2 
550  v.,  1200  R.P.M.— 1 

900  R.P.M.— 2 

850  R.P.M.— 1 

690  R.P.M.— 1 

600  R.P.M.— 1 

514  R.P.M.— 2 

160  R.P.M.— 1 

Transformers,  Pole  Type  2200 — nS  Volts 

21/4  K.W.— 19 
3  K.W.— 12 
3Y4  K.W.—  6 
5      K.W.— 55 

If  not  listed  above  please  enquire  anyway. 


550  v., 

2200  v., 

550  v., 

550  v., 

2200  v., 

2200  v., 


%  K.W.— 11 
1  K.W.— 15 
11/2  K.W.— 26 
1       K.W.— 24 

Our  stock  changes  constantly 


DOMINION    IRON   &    WRECKING    CO.,    LIMITED 

General  OfRces: — Transportation  Building,  Montreal 


NAC  COKM 

ftCOMHUIYSKil 


POWER 

MACHINERY 


In  Stock  for  Immediate  Delivery 


Turbo-Generator  Units 
Direct  Connected  Units 
Motor  Generators 
Rotary  Converters 
Transformers 


Boilers 

Smoke  Stacks 
Tanks 
Condensers 
Air  Compressors 


Separate  Published  Stock   Lists  for  above  apparatus. 

Staff  of  Engineering  Specialists  with  three  overhauling 

plants  to  SOLVE  YOUR  POWER  PROBLEMS. 


Buyers    and    Sellers    of    New    and    Used 
Machinery 

Send  us  details  of  used  plant  for  sale 


MacGovern  &  Company,  Inc. 

285  Beaver  Hall  Hill  -  •  Montreal 

OlBBces:  New  York,  Pittsburg,  St.  Louis. 

Plants:  Brooklyn,  N.Y.;  Lincoln,  NJ.,  and  Linden,  NJ. 

'  A  Continent-Wide  Service. 


PARTIAL  LIST  OF 
TOOLS 


ff 


10'  Dement  Vertical  Boring  Mill,  two  heads. 
36"  Bausch  Vertical  Boring  Mill,  two  heads. 
48"    X    48"    X    12'    D.    &    H.    Open-side    Planer,    on'    head    on 

rail,  one  on  side. 
36"  X  36"  X  10'   Gray   Planer,   two  heads. 
S— 36"   X   36"   X    8'    Gray   Planers,    two   heads. 
36"  X  36"  X  8'  Hamilton  Planers,  two  heads. 
30"   X    30"   X    10'    Bement    Planer,    two    heads. 
1 — No.  2   Kempsmith   New  Universal   Miller. 
.5— No.  0  Steptoe   Hand  Millers. 
2 — 3"  X  36"  Jones  &  Lamson,  geared  head. 
13"    X    5'    6"    New    Carroll-Jnmieson    Quick-change    Lathe. 
14"  X   6'    New  Carroll-Jamieson   Quick-change   Lathe. 
16"  X  6'   New  Sidney  D.B.G.  Quick-change  Lathe,  swing    17". 
12—17"  X  8'   New  National  Quick-change  Lathe. 
3—17"   X   8'    New    Sidney   D.B.G.   Quick-change    loathe,   awing 

19". 
18"  X  24"  New  Rahn  Larmon   Lathe,  D.B.G.,  quick  change. 
9 — 19"  X  8'   New  Sidney  D.B.G.   Quick-change  I..athefl,  swings 

21". 
21"  X  20'   Reed   Lathe. 

32"  X  24'    Fay  &  Scott  Lathe,   raising  blocks  to  swing  68". 
5'    Bickford    Single   Pulley   Drive  Radial. 
4'   Mueller  Single  Pulley  Drive  Radial. 
2     20"    Rockford   High   Duty   Drills. 

New  Little  Giant  Belt  Hammer. 
New  Little  Giant  Belt  Hammer. 
Watson   &  Stiilman  Hydraulic  Press.         '  v^  gjf     .. 

FRANK  TOOMEY,  INC. 

127-131  NortK  Third  St..       PHILADELPHIA,  PA..  U.S.A. 


260-lb. 
100-lb. 
30- ton 


'ilita 


•■■Mkii 


I 


Det-fmber  26.  1918 


r.\N.\l>I.\N     MACHINERY 


805 


For  Immediate   Sale 

The  Following  Used  Plant  and  Machine  Tools  : 


CRANES 

l.(XX)  OHANE,  lo  .Lift  20  Tons  at  35ft.  Kadius. 
Boilpr  Pressiiu-,  81)lb.  Qauge,  10ft  Sin.  Power- 
-li-iven  in  all  motions.  Has  Fast  Wiiip  for 
Loads  up  to  2  Tims. 

V:t/>X'TBIC.VIJ.Y  a>RIVBS*  I'X)UNRRY  TYPH 
ORA.N"E,  lo  Lift  SOcwt.  at  »ft  Ba<iii}3.  All 
motions  iM>wcr.<lriven.  Tomplet*  witli  Motor, 
Sa  Volts.   D.C. 

I'l-TON  STB.\M  DERRICK  ORANE,  Steel  Mast, 
I>onWe  TimlxT  Jib,  60ft  long.  Engines  and 
Ueariug    in    I'.vtx-llcnt    oixler. 

3T(>N  RTBAM  DBKRICK  CRANB,  Double  Tim- 
ber Jib,    -ISfi.    long.     .Makera,   Gibson    &   Napier. 

LATHES 

KIVB  Xo.  X  CLEVELAND  AUTOQiATIC 
P0UR-S1>1NM-E  LATHES,  taking  Bars  np  to 
"iin.     Condition    as    New. 

POWERFUL  rllBBLE-GE.VRBD  H.C.  LATHE, 
36in.  Centres,  takes  25ft.  between  Centres,  swing- 
ing Tft.    in   <iap.     Overall   Length.  38ft. 

HOIjWAV  spindle  CAJ'STAIN  lathe,  tak- 
ing Bars  up  to  2in.  Fitted  with  Quick  Bar 
Rli-it^    Motion.      Condition    as    New. 

DRILLING  MACHINES 

!).«.    RADIAL  OBir^LING    MAOHJNE,   4ft    Sin. 

-Vrm,    '^i^in.     Dia.    Spindle. 
I>.I3'.    RADIAL   DRILLING    MACHINE,   3ft   6in. 

Boring    Radius,    Sin.    Dia.    Spindle,    which    has 

Quick    Release    Motion. 
D.G.   RADIAL  DRIliLING  MACHINE,  «t  Arm, 

Rising    and    Palling,    2Viin.    Dia.    Spindle. 
VERTICAL    DRILil^ING    AND    TAPPING    MA- 

ITHUNE,     Balancefl    Spindle    2%in.     Dia.      Com- 

K>ini*!   Table. 


HORIZONTAL   BORING 
MACHINES 

KOUULK  JiTAN'DABD  DRILLING  AND  TAP- 
PI.\G  .MACHINE,  .'iin.  Dia.  Spindles,  Drilling 
.lOin.    Dwj),   Power  Fee-U   to  all   motions. 

POWERFUL  MllKTOK-DKIVEN  DRILLING 
.MACHINE,    by    Slianfcs.      Two    Spindles,    3i4in. 

Dia..    witli    ajin.    Travel.      Reverse    on    both    Spin- 

'lle.s  and   (rompletc   with   Motor. 

HEAVY  TYPE  L>OUBl,E  STArNiDARD  BOR- 
ING AND  DUILLI.NG  .MACHINE,  4V4in.  and 
Jin.     Spindles,    3ft.    Travel.      In    excellent    order. 

PLANING    MACHINES 

RACK  DRIVEN  M:.\CHINE,  by  I>ondon.  Capa- 
eity,  ffift  by  5ft  by  4ft  Two  Tool  jBoxes  on. 
Cross    Slide.      All    Feeds    Self -Acting. 

RAOK-DBIIVEN  -MACHINE.  Capacity,  8ft.  by 
3ft    by  3ft     Two  Tool   Boxes  on   Cross   Slide. 

Makers,  Hulse  &  Co. 

RACK-DRIVRN  MAOHINE,  6ft.  by  2ft  by  2ft. 
^iingle    Tool    Box    on    Cro.-iS    Slide. 

SHIPYARD  PLANT 

■Mt.    PL.VTE    EDGE    PL.\NBK.    Swivelling    Tool 

Box,    Hydraulic    Rams.      .Makei-s,    Smith    Bros. 
18ft   PLATE  KDtHE  PLANER,  by  Bennie.    Open 

Ends.     Condition   as   New. 
I'UNCHING    ANT)    SIHEABING    MACHINE,    to 

Punch    and    -Sliiar    lin.    Plates.     23in.    Gaps, 
PUNCHING    AND    SHBARPNG    MACHINE    for 

lin.    I'lates.     32in.    Gap.',    with    Angle   Cutter    to 

cut  up  to  6in.  by  6iii. 
IK>UBLB-ffiNI)iES)     PUNOHINO    MAOHINE    for 

lin.    Plates,    24in.    Gaps. 
BBNUINO    BLOCKS,    4ft    by   4ft.    by    6in.      Dog 

H..1M,    l%in.    Dia. 

For  iPrice  an;l  I*articulars,  apply— 


MURRAY,  M'VINNIE  &  CO.,    LTD. 

MAVISBANK  QUAY,  GLASGOW,  SCOTLAND 


SECOND-HAND 

MACHINERY 

FOR  SALE 

1— 18'x8'    LeBlond    Heavy    Duty    Engine    Lathe. 

1— 18"x8'    LeBlond   Engine   Lathe. 

2 — 20  "x  8'  Hepburn   6"   Turret  Boring   Lathes. 

1 — 24"  X  12'  Prentice  Engine  Lathe. 

1—24"  X  10'   Bertram   Engine    Lathe. 

1— 24"xl0'  LeBlond  Engine  Lathe. 

2— 20"x8'   LeBlond  Engine   Lathes. 

4—14"  X  7'  Reed-Prentice  Extra  Heavy  Special  Tur- 
ret Lathes. 

1 — 24"xl0'   Hamilton   Engine   Lathe. 

1— 22"xl0%'   Hamilton   Engine   Lathe. 

2 — 24"  X  10'    Bertram    Engine    Lathes. 

1 — 20"  X  6'   Hepburn    Single   Purpose   Lathe. 

1— No.   4   Sheldon   Fan. 

1 — 20"  X  8'  Lodge  &  Shipley  Engine  Lathe. 

1 — 24"  X  12'   Schumacher  &   Bove   Engine   Lathe. 

1— Set   100-Ib.    Gurney   Bullion    Scale. 

2 — 35-lb.  Fairbanks  Standing  Balance  Scales  and 
Weights. 

2 — 35-lb.  Fairbanks  Bullion  Scales  and  Weights. 

2 — 35-lb.    Gurney   Scales   and   Weights. 

Waterous 

W      W    JSR.A.NTFOR.D.ONTARIO.CANAr>A 


Riverside  Machinery  Depot 

L.VrHES 
1-28    X    14    Fay    &   .Scott   Engine   JU<k«     U»ed. 
I  -S,  \  14  P  *  \\    Standard  Engine,  Uthe.    Used. 
1--M  X  12  Perkins   Biixkwl   Engin.    LaUlc.     Uw-l 
1-24  X   U  Springiield    Ideal   II, D.    Bnginc   Lathe, 

New. 
1    21   X   10  I'orter  Htiiidanl   Engine   Lathe.     N«w. 
1-20  X    10  W   &   M  Gear  Hea/1  LaHle.     Used. 
1    18  .\   8   LaBlondc   Engine   Lathe.     Uled. 
1-U    \    «    Uprlngfleld    Ideal    le.  H.    Tool    Latile. 

New. 
1-16  X  8  L  &  .S   Q.C.    f^igine   Lkthe.     VteA. 
1  -Ifi  X  8  I'orter  standard   Engine  Lathe.     U«ed. 
1-16  X  G  A'tuerican  Q.C.    Eugino  Lathe.     Uud. 
2-16   X  C    Mlsmith   g.C.    Lathe..     New. 
.>-15   X   6   South   Bend    Standard  l*Ujea.     New. 
1—7"    X    12"    iPrecwion    Bench    I.Athe.    (Potter). 

New. 
1   M"    Kitchhui^  Jx>w    Swing    Lathe.      L'sed. 
TUItRET  AIM)  .SntKIW   MAOBINBS 
1-18   X    0   Spilngfleld   K.«    B.G.   Turret  Lallie. 

Used. 
1-14  T   5  Hendy  Turret    Latlie.     Used. 
:>    12  X  4  Warner  &  Swawy  Turret  Lathes.   U»ed. 
I   -12  X  4  B  &  O  Turret  Lathe.     Used. 
1—12    X    4    Pearson    Turret    Lathe.      Used. 
2-No.     WT-ll"     Wens    &    Son     Turret     Latbo. 

Used. 
1—28"   N.    B.    &    P.    Rigid   Turret  Lathe.      Uwd. 
1-14"    Warner   *    Swaaey   Turret    Lathe.      UMd. 
2-3  X  S8  J  &   L   llat  Turret   Lather.      Used. 
1— Xo.    a    W.imer    &    .';wa.«!y    Hand    Screw    Ma- 
chine.     Used. 
l--.No.  2  .S  &   K   Hand  Sarew   .Machine.     Used. 
2— .Nu.   3  .S   &   K   Screw  Machines.     Used. 
'-3.4     Cleroland     Automalic     Screw      -Machine. 

Used. 
2—2"     Cleveland      Automatic      Screw    'Maobines, 

Used. 
1— No.  as  4-SpiQdIe  Natioual  .\cme  Autanutic. 

U«e<I. 
4-No.   6e  4-.Siiind)c  National    Acme   Automatics. 

Used. 
I— No.    53   4-8pindlc    National    .Vane   .Automatic. 

Used. 
I— 4H    Oridley    Automatic      Used. 

.SH.APIJRS    AJSD    MTLIJBHS 
1-26"    Spruigtield    H.D..     B.O.     Crank    Sliaper. 

New. 
2-16"    SpringfleM    B.G.    Crank    Shapen.     N«w. 
2—21"    .Milwaukee    B.G.    Crank    Shapeix.     New. 
3—20"    .Milwaukee    B.O.    Crank    Shapers.      New. 
1-16"    .Milwaukee    B.G.    Crank    Shaper.     New. 
2—20"   Columbia   Crank   Shapers.     New. 
1— 16"    Fox   <'rank   Shaper.      Used. 
1—16"    Hendy    Geared    Shaper.      Uaed. 
2—14"    Hendy    Kriction    .Metal    Sbapem.      Uaed. 
1— No.   1  U.S.   Hand  Miller.     New. 
1— No.    1    Gan-in   Hand   Miller.     New, 
I— No.    1   Burke    Bench    Miller..     New. 
I^hNo.  3  Burke   Bench  Hand  Miller.     New. 
1— Warner    &    Hwawy    ^lillmg    Maohina.      Uuoi. 
2— No.    0-B    Fox    Milling   .Machines.     New. 
1— No.  1  Dow  B.G.  Plain  Milling  Machine.  New. 
1— Poadick    3^"    Horijontal    Miller.      Weed. 
I— No.     10    Beeman    &    Smith    y^"    Horizontal 

.Miller.      Used. 
1-60"     Bickford    Vertical    S.H.    Miller.      Used. 

GRINDERS    .VND    PLANBBS 
2-^X0.   4  Clizbo  Bench   Casting  Grinders.     New. 
*— No.   3  Clizbe  Casting   Grinders.     New. 
3— No.  2  <~qizbc  Casting  Grinders,  on  stand.  New. 
1— No.  3  Champion  Bench  Casting  Grinder.  New. 
3— No.    0    Champion     Bench     Ctdting    Grinders. 

New. 
1— No.  3   Detroit  Floor  Casting  Grinder.     Used. 
1— I'S  X  45"  Standard   Low   Floor  Caatiug  Grin- 
der.    Used. 
l^No.  14  Double  End  Podotal  CMtlng  Grinder. 

Used. 
1— Iron      Foundry     Builders'     Pedestal'    Caating 

G  rinder.      Used. 
1— «  X  %  Ciisting   Grinder  on  stand.      Used. 
1— American   Drill  Grinder.     Used. 
I— \V   &   M    Tool    Drill   Grinder.     Used. 
l-JWa.shbnm    Drill    GTinder.      U»ed. 
1— Yankee    Drill    Grinder.      U'sed. 
2-W   &   .M    Yankee   Dril!   Grindei*.     New. 
1— No.  30  I.andis  Plain  K&ctemal  Grinder.    Used. 
1— -No.  60  lleald  Cylinder  Grinder.     Used. 
1— No.    3%    Woods    Universal    Tool    and    Cutter 

Grinder.      Used. 
1— No.    1    Thomson    Universal    Tool    and    Cutt4T 

Grinder.     New. 
l~Cutler  and   Reamer  Grinder.     Used. 
I— 6-.\    Gorton    Universal    Disc    Grinder.      Toed. 
l-M"   Di.sc  Grinder  Press.     Used. 
1— No.    3t    Horizontal    Disc   Grinder.     Used. 
1— Temco    Electric    Grinder    on    Pedtftal.     New. 
1— Tenico   D    Electric  Motor  Gruider.     New. 
1— Tejnco   G    Bench    Electric   Grinder.     New. 
1— Van    Dom    Portable   Electric  Grinder.     Used. 
! — Hand    Electric  Grhider.     New. 
1— P-TiH.l    Electric    Grimier.      Used. 
^-Diiinoie   .-V.T.P.    Grinders.     New. 
I— Duninre   H.T.J*.   Grimier.     New. 
2 — Dumore  G..\.0.  'Electrie  Type  Grinde**.   New. 
.t— Dumore,  Jr.,  Electric  Griiuleis.     Used. 
1— Na  I  Landis  Internal  Orinder.     Uaed. 
1^-Morse    Face    Grinder.      Used. 
1—28  X   7  Planer  Type   Surface   Grinder.     Uaed. 
1— No.    G  Bryant  Chucking   Grinder.     Used. 
1-S2   X    45   X    13'   3"  i'alch   2  Head   Open   Side 

Planer.      Used. 
1— K   X  40   X    ly   2"   Patch  2   Head   Open    Side 

Planer.     Used. 
1—44   X  M  X  11'   4"   Lincoln   2  Head  Open  Side 

Planer.     Used. 
1—24  X  M  X  6  Wilson   Sfetal  Planer.    N«w. 

RIVERSIDE  MACHINERY  DEPOT 
25  St.  Aubin  Ave.,    Detroit,    Mich. 


If  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  Utters  to  be  answered. 


C  A  N  A  t)  r  A  N    M  A't:  H  I  N  E  R  Y^ 


Volume  XX. 


COLLAPSING  TAPS  AND 
SELF-OPENING  DIES 

Clear  Free  From  the  Thread 

Instantly 

— an  action  that  prevents  all  danger  of 
stripping,  besides  making  a  remarkable 
reduction  in  cutting  time. 

The  result  is  closer  accuracy  and  greater 
quantity. 

Murchey  Tools  are  economi- 
cal, too.  They  last  longer 
than  solid  tools  and  when 
worn  you  need  merely 
change  chasers.  One  chaser 
can  be  quickly  reground 
while  another  is  in  use. 

Murchey  Service  will  enable 
you  to  speed  up  production 
immeasurably  on  your  tap- 
ping machines,  drill  presses, 
monitor  machines,  boring 
mills,  turret  lathes  and  on 
all  machines  on  which  taps 
and  dies  are  attached. 

Write  for  full  particulars. 


Murchey  Machine  &  Tool  Company 

75    PORTER    STREET,    DETROIT,    MICH. 

Coats  Machine  Tool  Co.,    London,    Glasgow,    Newcastle,    England; 
Fenwick,  Freres  &  Co.,  Paris,  France  ;  Iznosskoff  &  Co. 


//  lekat  you  nee<l  i«  not  advertUed,  concutt   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY- 

Purchase  in  Canada 


9&t 


I  TO  UPHOLD  THE  GLORY  we  have  justly  earned— to  honor  our 
noble  dead — to  comfort  the  wounded,  and  extend  to  the  men 
returned  the  hand  of  prosperous  welcome,  we  must  cast  aside  all 
forebodings  and  face  the  future  with  unbounded  courage  and 
confidence  and,  without  a  shadow  of  doubt,  declare  to  the  World 
that  this  Nation,  which  was  so  quickly  and  successfully  trans- 
formed to  a  War  basis,  can  be  depended  upon  to  revert  to  Peace 
conditions  with  equal  success. 

THE  BUYER  AND  SELLER  must  recognize  their  duty  to  the 
Nation  and  co-operate  fully  to  the  end  that  all  products  that  can 
be  produced  in  Canada  by  Canadian  workmen  shall  not  be  pur- 
chased elsewhere. 

OUR  DUTY  IS  PLAIN:  Canada  with  Canadian  labor  and 
capital  can  produce,  manufacture  and  distribute  products  suffi- 
cient to  keep  the  wheels  of  industry  turning  to  the  limit.  The 
song  of  Prosperity  and  Happiness  should  ring  out  all  over  the 
land.  Let  us  sincerely  pledge,  to  the  extent  of  our  needs,  to  pur- 
chase materials  produced  in  Canada  by  Canadian  Workmen,  and 
the  result  of  our  efforts  will  return  to  us  the  Blessings  of  a  Pros- 
perous and  Happy  Nation. 


¥ 


k 


//  any  advertiaement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


aes 


CANADIAN    il  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


Vflflume  XX. 


'^JOHN 


QWORTH 


/ 


Open  Hearth 


Steel 
Tool  Steel 

ARGO 

Brand  Hi^h  Speed  Stee 


WORKS:  frankford,  Philadelphia 
J^NEW  YORK  OFFICE:  217  Broadway 


RALPH  B.  NORTON,  Agent 
MONTREAL,  CANADA 


//  what  you  need  t»  not  advertiiei,  coniitll  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advert  if 'in  liiited  uiidir  jrroper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


309 


Stood  The  Test 


No.  960   Power   Shear 


No.    20Mt    Power    Press 


"B.B."  Tools  during  the  last 
four  years  have  proven  their 
superiority  under  the  most 
trying  conditions. 

Inexperienced  help  and  24 
hours  daily  service  will  test  the 
best  machines. 

Quality  that  is  "built  in"  on  a 
machine  is  bound  to  assert  it- 
self under  such  circumstances. 

Our  line  comprises  shears  of 
all  kinds,  power  presses  for 
punching,  forming,  embos- 
sing, blanking,  etc.  Tin- 
smith's tools  and  sheet  metal 
working  machines  of  every 
description,  also  canners  and 
evaporators  machinery. 


No.    404    Shear 


No.    215    Power    Press 


No.   100  Power  Punch 


The  Brown-Boggs  Co.,  Limited 

Hamilton,  Canada 


//  anji  a(iverti»t'ment   ivtfrests  you,  tear  it  out   now  and  piacc   with   letters   to  be  answered. 


310 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Cutting  Oils 
Motor  Oils 
Motorcycle  Oils 
Transmission  Oils 
Drawing  Oils 
Cylinder  Oils 
Floor  Oils 
Cup  Greases 
Linseed  Oils 
Soaps 


^ 


Increases  Production — Saves  Tools   I  I 


The  speed  with  which  your  tools  run  and  the  ser- 
vice they  give  greatly  depends  upon  the  coolant. 
During  the  big  and  incessant  production  period 
of  the  war  ELM  CUTTING  OILS  proved  their 
ability  to  promote  speed,  increase  the  output  and 
save  tools.  What  they  have  done  in  times  of  war 
they  will  do  in  times  of  peace. 

A  trial  order  will  prove  the  matchless  merits  of 
ELM  Cutting  Oils.  Specify  "ELM"  in  your  next 
order. 


fP 


ELM  CUTTING  OIL  CO.     < 


645  East  King  St. 


TORONTO,  ONT. 


//  what  you  need  i$  not  advertited,    consult  our  Buyem'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY. 


31 


^inesi  on 


SILVER.   STEBL^^^^ 

tSAWS   4^  TOOLS 

A  Per-fecfc  Saw  -for  every  Purpo>re 


(Hnoji  on 


E.  C  ATKINS  &  COMPANY,  Inc. 


Established  1857 


Home  Office  and  Factory:   INDIANAPOLIS,  INDIANA 
Canadian  Factory:  HAMILTON,  ONTARIO  Machine  Knife  Factory:  LANCASTER,  N.  Y. 


ATLANTA 
CHICAGO 


'Branches  carrying  complete  stocks  in  all  large  distributing  centers  as  follows: 


MEMPHIS 

MINNEAPOLIS 


NEW  ORLEANS 
NEW  YORK  CITV 


PORTLAND,  ORE. 
SAN  FRANCISCO 


SEATTLE 
VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 


SYDNEY,  N.  S.  W. 
PARIS,  FRANCE 


312 


C  A  N  A  D 1  A  N     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


NEWTON 

SYSTEM  FOR  LOCOMOTIVE  ROD  BORING 


To  date  we  have  made  17 
installations  and  are  now 
building  sufficient  machines 
to  satisfy  the  requirements 
of  9  major  arteries  of  traffic. 
Advantages : 

1— Newly-developed  hollow  cutters  dispense  with  the 
necessity  of  drilling  pilot  holes  for  boring  bars. 
Drills,  material,  time  and  power  are,  therefore,  con- 
served. 

2 — Kerf  by  cup   cutters,   in   no   case,   exceeds    %". 

3 — Cores  removed  solid  have  a  tremendously  increased 
salvage -'value. 

NEWTON   MACHINE   TOOL  WORKS,  INC. 

23rd  and  Vine  Streets,  Philadelphia,  U.S.A. 


4— The  exclusive  NEWTON  lower  support  makes  thes*. 

economies   possible. 
.5 — Two  ends  of  one  or  one  end  of  two  rods  are  bored 

at  the  same  time. 
a — Twin   spindles  allow  duplication   of  center  distances 

in  like  rods. 
7— Cross-heads   may   be   reamed   to  advantage. 
8 — Odd  jobs  of  heavy  drilling  may  be  done  with  dispatch. 


//  what  ynu  need  in  not  advcrtigcd,    eontult   our   Huyert'   Directory    and    iirite    advertisers    listed    under   proper    heading. 


December  26.  1918 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N  .MACHINERY  ' 


818 


Machine  Shop  and  Foundry  Supplies 
for  Greater  Peace-Time  Output 

No  one  better  than  you,  Mr.  Manufacturer,  knows  that  competition  in  the 
days  to  come  will  be  keen.  Better  materials  and  more  efficient  tools  make 
for  quantity  output — and  profit. 


Ask  for  Quotations  on 

Iron  and  Steel 

We  have  in  stock  for  immediate  shipment  the  highest 
grade  Bar  Iron,  Black  and  Galvanized  Sheet  Iron, 
Machine  Steel,  Cast  Steel, 
High  Speed  Steel,  Cold 
Rolled  Steel,  etc. 

Machinist's  Tool  Chests 


Micrometer 
and  other  fine  tools 


CRESCENT 

BELT  FASTENERS 


Clinch  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  belt 
on  the  pulley  side 
— no  part  in  contact 
with  the  pulley. 
They  maintain  uni- 
form grip  the  en- 
tire width  of  belt 
and  never  weaken 
from    wear. 


Select  from  :^iich  wholly  de- 
pendable make-s  as  Starrett.or 
Brown  &  Sharpe,  or  from  other 
make?!  you  have  proven  in  your 
own  shop  to  be  most  durable 
and  efficient.  Our  «tock«  are 
complete. 


Time  and  again  skilled  machinitits 
have  remarked  on  the  strength  of 
construction  and  compact  design  of  our 
Tool  Cheats.  Have  us  give  you  full 
oarttcalars. 


"Victor"  Hack  Saw  Blades  for 
Tough  Metals 

Durable.  l'a:^i-iiitliiig  l)la<le^  that  yuii  can  lely  uijoii  u>  vm  irue 
through  toughest  metals.  Usei-s  have  found  that  these  blades  in- 
crease every  day'.*  output  and  serve  much  longer  than  ordinary 
blade.*. 

Write  us  ahout  your  reqairementx. 


RICE    LEWIS    &    SON,  LIMITED 


Established  1847 


TORONTO,    ONT. 


19  Victoria  Street 


II  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


314 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


im^kiL^^u-K^ 


PIPE  CUTTING  AND 
THREADING  MACHINES 

1     193  S 


The  One -Man  Way 

WHERE  the  old  stock  and  die  method  of  pipe  cutting  and  threading 
required  two  to  four  men  for  each  operation  the  FORBES  Pipe  Cut- 
ting and  Threading  Machines  require  but  one  man. 
Nothing  larger  than  4  inches  is  ever  attempted  with  a  stock  and  die.  One 
man  with  a  FORBES  can  cut  off  and  thread  all  sizes  of  pipe  up  to  15  inches. 
A  boy  can  operate  a  FORBES  on  the  smaller  sizes  of  pipe  with  ease  and 
efficiency. 

Every  FORBES  is  fully  self-contained,  and  can  be  carried  right  to  the  scene 
of  operations. 

Owing  to  the  simple  design  of  Forbes  machines  which  eliminates  the  neces- 
sity of  turning  heavy  lengths  of  pipe,  they  require  much  less  power  to 
operate,  occupy  half  the  floor  space  and  cost  far  less  than  the  ordinary  type 
of  lathe  bed  machines. 

Whether  hand-operated,  motor-driven,  or  combination 
hand  and  power,  a  FORBES  Pipe  Cutting  and  Thread- 
ing Machine  is  a  simple,  labor-saving,  cost-cutting 
ONE-MAN   operation. 

Write  for  the  full  details. 

THE  CURTIS  &  CURTIS  CO. 

Garden  St. 

Bridgeport,  Conn. 

U.S.A. 


Made    in    several  styleii,     hand    or    power,    combination. 

Small    illnatration  •hows    hand    machine.      Large    illuatra- 

tion  (howa  power  machine.     Send  (or  caUlo(  of  varioiu 
»lyle». 


//  tehat  you  need  it  not  advertUed,  eontuU  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advert  iscrs  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CAN  A  JM  A  N     M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y- 


315 


The 


GEOJ-FOSSMACHINERYGSUPPLYro 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec  V/ 


^ce  ON  e^^ 


316 


'  CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


:X^SS53?^ 


The 


GEOJ-fOSSMACHINERYGSUPPLYro 

305  St.  James  Street        -        Montreal,  Quebec  V/ 


One  Great  Advantage 


which  the  Mueller  Eadial  Drill  has  over  other  radials 
is  its  Patented  Stationary  Column. 

Note  its  strength — one-piece  and  stiffened  by  four  internal 
webs. 

Note  the  fact  that  every  control  lever  is  within  easy  reach 
of  the  operator. 

Note  that  its  entire  structure  is  firm,  rugged  and  capable 
of  enduring  stress  and  strain. 

Note  the  fact  that  users  throughout  the  country  are  in- 
creasing production  speed  through  its  use. 


MUELLER 
Radial  Drill 


Note   the   hearing  surface 
of  the  arm  on-  the  column. 


The  Mueller  Machine  Tool  Co. 


Radial  Drills  and  Lathes 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


317 


The 


gOfFOSSMACfflMYGSUPPLYfo 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec  V-/ 


■,m«,a'',-^~,-„m-<mm,.,. 


MUELLER  HEAVY  DUTY 
ENGINE  LATHE 


THE  headstock  is  of  heavy  construction,  ribbed  and  cross-ribbed. 
The  tailstock  is  very  massive  in  its  proportion,  with  \jvio  .%-inch 
bolts  for  clamping  it  to  the  head.  It  is  arranged  for  two  plug 
clamps,  to  lock  the  tailstock  without  throwing  it  out  of  line.  The 
double  back  gears  are  of  the  slip  gear  type.  The  spindle  is  made  of 
high  carbon  crucible  steel,  ground  to  size.  Spindle  boxes  are  of  phos- 
phor bronze,  bored  and  hand  scraped,  to  fit  spindle.  The  spindle  is 
provided  with  means  for  any  necessary  adjustment.  There  are  eighteen 
spindle  speeds  on  the  machine.  Forty-five  changes  of  thread  can  be 
cut,  ranging  from  two  to  sixty,  including  llVz  pipe  thread.  All  changes 
are  obtained  within  the  quick-change  gear  box  itself.  All  threads  can 
be  cut  without  the  removal  or  addition  of  a  single  gear.  The  bed  is 
unusually  deep  and  braced  its  entire  length.  The  carriage  is  very  rigid 
and  capable  of  withstanding  the  heaviest  strains.  Double  plate  apron 
is  furnished.  Steel  gears  throughout.  Sight  feed  oilers.  Automatic 
stop  for  carriage. 

llr/ie  ^or  interesting  circular  describing 
machine  in  detail. 

THE    MUELLER    MACHINE    TOOL    CO 


Radial  Drills  and  Lathes 


CINCINNATI,   OHIO,   U.S.A. 


318 


0  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     M  A  0  TT  T  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


^'(jF0.f.FOSSMACHJ|RYG 


305  St.  James  Street 


Montreal,  Quebec 


IDNEY 


J-Jish       Entire  quick-change  gear  mechanism  mounted 
_  ^  on  the  front  of  bed,  and  fixed  permanently  in 

Duty       accurate  alignment  by  a  tongue  and  groove,  is 
Engine  ^  complete  unit  in  v^^hich  every  gear  is  made 
»  from  high  carbon  steel.     The  cone  gears,  be- 

JLathe     cause  cut  v^ith  improved  22y->  degree  angle  cut- 
ters have  pointed  teeth  slighlly  rounded  at  the 
top — the  only  gear  in  tumbler  gear  mechanism 
that  can  and  does  make  instantaneous  engagement  with- 
out interference. 

Bed  of  259;^  steel  mixture  has  heavy  double  wall  cross  girts,  two 

feet  apart.     Its  rigidity  is  great,  because  ordinary  construction 

would  not  stand  up  under  strain  of  such  speed  and  deep  cuts 

as  this  Sidney  Lathe  is  capable  of  making. 

Write  for  Bulletin  that  fully  describes  this  big-earning  Sidney 

Lathe. 

The  Sidney  Tool  Company,  Sidney,  Ohio 

Canadian  Ajjents:   The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  &  Supply  Co., 
Montreal,  Quebec.     H.  W.  Petrie,  Limited,  Toronto,  Ontario. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


319 


LIMITED 
305  St.  James  Street        -        Montreal,  Quebec 


■jjWicri 


The  Ford-Smitb  Wachlite  Company 


FORD-SMITH 


Plain  and  Universal 

Milling 

Machines 


Special 
Machinery 


Swing 

Grinders 

Disc 

Grinders 

•    •- 

Polishers 


Water  Tool  Grinder 


Write  for  our  latest 

Catalogues  and  Price  List 


We  aolicit  the  privilege  of  quoting 
on  your 

Special    Machinery 


General    Purpose    Grinder. 


Motor    Driven    Floor    Grinder. 


Manufactured  by 


'  Heavy  Type  Floor  Grinder. 


The  Ford-Smith  Machine  Co.,  Ltd. 

HAMILTON,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


320 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


TK( 


PrJOSSMACfflNERYGSUPPLYrp 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec        ^  \/ 


Silver's  Drills 


Fast,  Strong,  Accurate  and  Dependable  Drills 
with  an  experience  of  64  years  behind  them 
— they  can  be  depended  on  to  finish  the  work 
and  do  it  right. 


The  20"  is  made  in  four  distinct  styles 
with  round  or  square  base  and  can  be  fur- 
nished singly  or  in  gangs  of  2,  3  or  4 
spindles. 

The  25"  has  eight  spindle  speeds  and  six 
positive  geared  feeds. 

Send  for  full  description  and 
quotations. 


The  Silver  Mfg.  Co. 

290  Broadway 

Salem  Ohio 


SMITH  &  MILLS  SHAPERS 

Permit  Changing 
the  Stroke  Without 
Stopping  the 
Machine 

No  stopping  tke  flow  of  production 
with  the  Smith  and  Mills.  You  cari 
change  .the  length  of  the  stroke, 
whether  to  shoEten  or  lengthen  it, 
without  stopping  the  machine.  You 
need  only  loosen  locking  screw  and 
stop  the  shaft  revolving  and  the 
adjustment  is  made  very  quickly. 

The  helical  gear  on  bull  wheel 
eliminates  shock.  A  wristrpin  gear, 
fitted  to  the  bull  gear  in  an  eccentric 
form,  replaces  the  conventional  bevel 
gear  arrangement  in  the  bull  wheel. 
It's  an  ideal  shaper  for  speed  and 
accuracy.    Send  for  details. 

The  Smith  &  MUls  Co. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  U.S.A. 


f 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY- 


321 


The 


GEO.r.rossMACH!NERY&suppLYro 

305  St.  James  Street        -        Montreal,  Quebec  V/ 


Chucking  for  Profit 

That  is  the  name  of  a  Booklet  which  tells  in  detail  how  to  Chuck  with 
greater  profit  by  making  the  output  of  every  day  a  greater  output.  It 
shows  you — gives  the  proof — ^that 

Sweetland  Chucks 

increase  production  remarkably  by  conserving  the  time  and 
energy  of  men  who  operate  them.  Write  for  this  helpful 
Booklet  to-day. 

Note  particularly  the  Sweetland  Combination  Chuck  on  the 
left,  for  all  practical  mechanics  consider  it  the  best  Geared 
Screw  Chuck  made.  Of  simplest  possible  construction,  still 
complete  in  its  interchangeability  from  independent  to  univer- 
sal operation  of  the  jaws,  or  vice  versa. 


Ilndependent 
Lathe  Chuck 

The  gripping  and  bearing  surfaces, 
both  of  hardened  steel,  are  ground 
perfectly  true.  The  large  screws 
of  special  grade  steel  are  flush  with 
the  body  of  this  Sweetland  Inde- 
pendent Lathe  Chuck.  The  strong 
jaws  are  high-grade  steel,  properly 
hardened. 


Universal 
Chuck 

This  Sweetland  ChucJt  has 
been  on  the  market  for 
over  40  years.  Many  that 
long  in  use  are  good  as 
ever  for  accurate  chucking 
work. 


Geared  Scroll  Chuck 

Opposite  is  another  Sweetland  Chuck,  with  hardened  jaws  ground 
perfectly  true  on  face  and  bite.  Sizes  2W  to  18"  dia.  both  with  three 
and  four  jaws. 

When  so  ordered  this  Sweetland  Scroll  Chuck  is  supplied  with  Solid 
Reversible  Jaws — two  sets  in  one;  or  with  Non-reversible  Inside  or 
Outside  Jaws,  or  with  both,  sets. 


Hoggson  &  Pettis  Manufacturing  Company 


NEW  HAVEN,  CONN.,  U.SA. 


322 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


g0.r.rOSSMACfflNERY6SlIPPLYro 

305  St.  James  Street        -        Montreal,  Quebec  V/  . 


nPHE 


No.  2  carries  a  grind- 
ing wheel  lo'xi^i"  face, 
driven  by  a  2>^"  belt  on  a  4 
pulley.  Three  wheel  speeds  are 
provided;  12  speeds  of  table 
travel;  12  speeds  of  work  rota- 
tion. Countershaft  runs  on 
roller  bearings ;  speed  900  r.p.m. 
The  illustration  shows  clearly 


the  construction  of  the  No.  2 
Universal  Grinder.  It  is  a  ma- 
chine of  unusual  merit.  Our 
catalogue  is  very  comprehen- 
sive. We  have  some  mighty 
interesting  production  figures. 
If  it  will  make  records  for 
others,  won't  it  give  your  pro- 
duction a  stimulant? 


WARREN   F.  FRASER   CO. 

WESTBORO  MASS.  U.S.A. 


Fraser 
No.  2 


Universal 
Grinder 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY' 


323 


gOJ-FOSSMACfflNERYGSUPPLYfo 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec  V/  . 


CHAMPION  TOOLS 


Champion 
Turning  Tool 


Champion 

Expanding 

Mandrels 


Champion  Shop 
Furniture 


Champion 
Vise 


BULLDOG  JAW  AND 
A  BULLDOG  GRIP, 


The  "CHAMPION"  TOOL  HOLDER  grips  the  cut- 
ting tool  with  bulldog  tenacity.  Note  the  heavy 
extended  lip  which  protects  the  tool.  This  holder 
stands  up  under  the  heaviest  service.  It  can  effect  a 
distinct  saving  for  you  in  breakage.  A  further  sav- 
ing is  effected  with  this  holder,  since  it  can  use  up 
the  small  ends  of  cutters.  High  Speed  Steel  is  ex- 
pensive and  difficult  to  obtain.  Better  economize 
your  present  supply — make  it  last  longer  and  turn 
out  more  work  by  using  "Champion"  Tool  Holders. 

"CHAMPION"  EXPANDING  MANDRELS' 

They  have  no  claws — cannot  injure  work.  They  ate 
simple,  accurate  and  low  in  cost.  A  complete  set  as 
shown  makes  any  size  mandrel  between  Va  ^Jid  ^Va 
in.  immediately  available.  They  are  the  ideal  equip- 
•  ment  for  economy  in  first  cost  and  for  the  production 
of  accurate  work. 

SHOP  FURNITURE 

Including  Portable  Benches,  Steel  Racks,  Tool 
Stands,  Trucks  for  moving  boxes,  heavy  castings, 
etc..  Lathe  Pans,  Steel  Boxes,  etc.,  etc. 

The  "CHAMPION"  VISE  will  easily  handle  any 
odd-shaped  work  as  well  as  ordinary  shapes.  It  is 
more  quickly  positioned  .than  any  other  vise.  The 
work  can  be  kept  in  proper  position  before  the  eyes 
of  the  workman  in  the  best  light  without  the  neces- 
sity of  stooping  or  other  tiresome  and  awkward  atti- 
tudes at  the  bench.  A  long  stride  toward  correct 
work.     Simple — Durable — Accurate. 

THE   WESTERN    TOOL  & 
MANUFACTURING  CO. 

SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO,  U.S.A. 

Also  Makers  of  Emery  Wheel  Dressers,  Vises, 
Shop  Furniture,  etc.,  etc. 

ASK  FOR  CATALOG 


324 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  N    ^f  A  0  TT  T  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


-(3E0.r.FOSSMACHJNERY&S 


*i«SS^^ 


305  St.  James  Street 


Montreal,  Quebec 


The  experience  of 
thirty-years  of 
exclusive  Lathe 
building  stands 

back  of  our  Lathes 


Built  in  four  sizes — 10, 

13,  14,  IS-inch 

swing 


LMTmmm 


Efficiency  demands 
the  best  equipment. 


Geared  Head, 

Cone   Head, 

Plain    or 

Quick  Change 


Write  for 
complete    catalog. 

THE  SEBASTIAN  LATHE  CO. 


190'Culvert  Street 


Cincinnati,  Ohio,  U.S.A. 


To  Own  Our  Lathes 


^  is  to  have  a  Limitless  Source  of  Satisfactory  Service,  i 

=  In  them  you  get  a  standard  of  many  years'  experience  that  cannot  = 

=  be  merely  imitated.    Latest  literature  gives  full  details.  S 

I  The  Cincinnati  Lathe  &  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio  1 


CANADIAN    REPRESENTATIVES: 
Geo.  F.  FoM  MachineiT  &  Supply  Co.,   Ltd.,  305  St.  Jamrs  St.,  Montreal. 


December  26,  1918 


wsmssBBmmMmmBWBMA^^TmiiiM^^&SM. 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


825 


-eEfl.f.rOSSMACH!NERYGSUPPLYro 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec  \j  ^ 


The   Monarch   Lathe 


When  you  buy  a  Monarch  lathe  you  KNOW  you  get  an  accurate  lathe.     And  it  is  built-in 

accuracy,  the  kind  that  "stays  put." 
A  test  card  goes  with  each  lathe  and  shows  all  accuracy  tests. 


THE  QUICK  CHANGE  GEAR  BOX  used  on  this  14-inch  lathe 
is  2s  heavy  and  shafts  and  gears  are  as  large  as  ordinarily 
used  on  IS-  and  20-inch  lathes.  Compares  favorably  with 
lathes  of  other  makes  soIIinK  at  a  much  higher  price. 

HEADSTOCK  is  of  the  solid  full-webbed  type.  It  is  perfectly 
aliened  with  bed  and  its  rigidity  and  close  adjustments  pre- 
vent  chattering  on   heavy  cuts. 

SPINDLE  is  very  large  and  made  of  50-point  carbon  crucible 
steel  and  is  accurately  finished  by  grinding.  Spindle  bear- 
ings are  the  finest  phosphor  bronze. 

BED  is  wide  and  deep  with  heavy  walls  and  V  rge  box  girders 
giving  exc'jptional  strength  for  a  lathe  of  this  weight. 

TAILSTOCK  is  massive,  has  two  clamp  bolts  and  is  so  shaped 
that  compound  rest  can  be  set  at  right  ans^'es.  All  bearinT 
surfaces  are  carefully  hand  scraped  to  secure  accuracy  and 
perfect  alignment. 

BACK  GEARS  are  locked  in  end  out  of  position  by  a  spring 
plunger.     Double  bec't  gorrs  are  of  the  positive  geared  type. 


COMPOUND   REST  is  gibbed  throughout,  is  very  wide  and  has 

large  wearing  surfaces.     Dial,  swivel  and  cross  feed  dial  are 

accurately  graduated.  The  tool  post  is  steel,  milled  from 
the  bar. 

STEEL   RACK    is   one   section   and   is    cut  to   templets   to   insure 
accuracy. 

CARRIAGE  AND  APRON  are  exceptionally  large  and  heavy  for 

a  lathe  of  this  size.  Carriage  is  c^refuMy  fitted  to  The  b~d 
and  has  23-inch  bearing.  Cross  bridge  is  6  inches  wide  and 
is  heavily  reinforced.  All  gears  in  apron  are  drop  forsrcd 
steel.  All  studs  are  accurately  ground  and  provided  with  good 
oilins:  device.  Hps  feed  reverse  and  interlocking  device,  pre- 
venting feed  rod  and  lead  pcr:"v  being  engaged  at  same 
tim?.      Rack   pinion   disengages   when    screw  cutting. 

BACK    OF   CARRIAGE    is    drilled    and    tapped    to   receive  taper 
attachment  at  any  time. 


Monarch  Machine  Tool  Company,  Sidney,  Ohio 

CANADIAN  REPRESENTATIVES: 
The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  and  Supply  Co.,  Ltd.,  305  St.  James  St.,  Montreal 


326 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


The 


GEO.r.rOSSMACH!NERY5SUPPLYro 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec  V/ 


,.«-/..-v..v..-/.^/,-.-/-.--.v-r^^x^^^ 


WALLACE 

Bench  Planer 

** Speeds  Up"  Production 
Cuts  Cost 

THE  bulk — or  about  70  per  cent. — of 
your  fitting,  trimming,  jointing  or 
surfacing  is  on  work  less  than  4  feet 
long  and  4  inches  wide.  For  lack  of  better 
facilities  you  have  had  to  do  all  this  work 
by  hand — at  an  enormous  cost.  If  every 
operation  were  as  costly  you'd  close  up 
shop.  You  can't  afford  to  run  to  the  big 
stationary  jointer  with  each  piece  of  work 
— yet  that  cost  must  be  cut. 


THE  Wallace  Bench  Planer  was  de- 
signed especially  for  small  work.  It 
is  the  quick  action  machine  you  need 
to  turn  out  that  bulk  of  your  planing,  sur- 
facing, beveling,  jointing  and  fitting  effici- 
ently— economically.  That's  why  it's  busy 
in  the  General  Elec-tric,  Westinghouse, 
Reaser  Furniture,  Long  Furniture,  Bruns- 
wick-Balke-Collender,  National  Malleable 
Casting,  Pierce-Arrow,  Jackson  Sash  and 
Door,  and  hundreds  of  other  shops,  from 
the  biggest  to  the  "one  man"  cabinet,  pat- 
tern, carpenter  shops,  etc.  In  many  shops 
it  takes  care  of  all  the  work. 

It  is  portable — works  right  on  the  bench — 
handy  at  the  elbow  of  your  men. 

Try  this   remarkable,   simple,    cost-saving 
machine.    Stop  those  daily  losses! 


The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.,  Limited 

305  St.  James  Street,  Montreal 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


327 


305  St.  James  Street  ,,> 


Montreal,  Quebe 


Just  What  You  Need 

For  Grinding 

Your  Hardened  Tools 


Mechanics  everywhere  specify  the  D  JMORE 
when  buying  grinding  equipment  because  of  the 
tool's  reputation  for  service  and  satisfaction.  It 
easily  handles  all  kinds  of  work — longitudinal, 
cylindrical   or   internal. 

Because  each  armature  is  dynamically  balanced, 
the  high  speeds  of  the  DUMORE,  ranejins:  from 
10  000  to  50,000  R.P.M.,  are  found  not  only  prac- 
tical, but  indispensable  to  correct  cutting  speeds 
for  small  emery  wheels.  Jobs  are  consequently 
free  from  danger  from  chatter,  taper  or  bell 
mouth. 


Let  Us  demonstrate  what  a   big   saving  you  cai 
rcTlize  with  a  DUMORE  grinder  in   your  shop  . 


Wisconsin   Electric   Co. 

16th  St.,  Racine,  Wis. 


DUnORS^^GRlNDERS 


328  C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  TT  T  N  E  R  Y  Volume  XX. 


6E0.r.FOSSMACH!NER 


The 

nrui 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec 


Foss  Superior  Service 

and 

Superior  Grinding  Wheels 

Vitrified  Silica  or  Semi-Vitrified  and 
Elastic  process. 

Shapes :  Dish  or  saucer  wheels,  cups 
and  cylinders.  Also  special  shapes  for 
drill  and  tool  grinders.  All  sizes,  grits 
and  grades. 

%  in.  diameter  and  up. 

Superior  Corundum  Wheel   Co, 

Waltham,        -        Mass. 

Manufacturers  of  Grinding   Wheels  and  Oil  Stones 


TKe 


LIMITED 
305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec 


KempsmitH 


KEMPSMITH  MILLING  MACHINES 

Both  plain  and  universal,  are  built  in  a  wide  range  of  sizes, 
adapting  them  for  use  on  all  classes  of  work,  ranging  from 
the  finest  precision  instruments  up  to  the  heaviest  automo- 
bile and  aeroplane  engines,  tractors  and  agricultural 
machinery. 

THE  KEMPSMITH  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

MILWAUKEE,   U.S.A. 


330 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Tivf 


GEO.r.rOSSMACH!NERY6SUPPLYro 

^^  nne    Oi       !_____    Ci._«.^t.  \Ar\ntrfoa\     OiiAhA/*  X.  V 


305  St.  James  Street 


Montreal,  Quebec  V/ 


Cut  Your  Costs  "CINCINNATI  ELECTRICS"    i 

"^UOPL    >  Will  Do  It!  iiJi 


TOOL    POST    GRINDER 

',4  to  3  H.P.  WeiKht  from  16 
pounds  up.  Free  hund  feed.  Bear- 
ings adjustable  to  wear.  Horizontal 
and  vertical  ferds.  Different  types 
for  all  purposes. 


BENCH  UklNUKK  OK  BUFFER 

Five  sizes.  ^4  to  3  H.P.  Also  Pede- 
sUI  Floor  Grinder.  1  to  3  H.P. 
Fully  enclosed.  Dirt-  and  dust- 
proof.      Ball    bcarinKS. 


SPECIAL  FEATURES 

Air  cooled.  Ball  and  Thrust  Bearings. 
All  working  parts  hardened.  Overload 
Allowance.  Guaranteed  Mechanically 
and  Electrically. 

f  iWritc  for   llluttrated  Bulletins   To-day.i 


CINCINNATI  ELECTRIC  TOOL  CO. 

1501-3-5  Freeman  Ave.,     CINCINNATI,  Ohio 

Canadian    Agents  : 

The  Geo.  F,  Foss  Machinery  &  Supply  Company 

305  St.  James  St.,   Montreal,   Que. 


HAND    OR    BREAST    DRILLS 

V4".  %".  Vj".  %"  capacities.  Weight 
from  7  pounds  up.  Ball  and  thrust 
bearings.  Gears  run  in  grease. 
Single  and  two  speeds. 


HAND   AERIAL   GRINDER 

For  cleaning  castings  or  surface 
work  of  any  kind.  Made  in  four 
sizes.  14  to  2  H.P.  Weight  from 
18  pounds  up.  Guaranteed  for 
13  rd   usage. 


Standard    Bolt    Cutters 


As  a  result  of  twenty  years'  experience  we 
have  developed  and  perfected  a  dia  head 
and  control  that  is  second  to  none. 

All  parts  strong  and  substantial,  yet  so 
sensitive  is  the  micrometer  adjustment  or 
set  that  bolts  may  be  cut  over  or  under 
size,  and  dies  set  to  again  cut  exact  size, 
at  the  will  of  the  operator. 

The  adjustments  made  in  a  moment's  time, 
and   while   the   machine   is   running. 

Column  and  headstock  cast  in  one  piece, 
assures   perfect  alignment  and  rigidity. 

Our  machines  are  standard  with  a  great 
many  large  railroads  and  shipbuilding  con- 
cerns on  account  of  their  simplicity,  mak- 
ing them  as  accurate  in  the  hands  of  an 
apprentice  as  in  the  hands  of  an  experienced 
operator. 

Made  in  single,  double  and  triple  sizes. 

Dies  can  be  changed  from  one  size  to  an- 
other. 


The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  and  Supply 

Company,  Limited 


305  St.  James  St. 


Montreal,  Que. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D I  A  N     MA  CM  1 N  E  R  Y 


331 


-mrOSS  MACHINE 


305  St.  James  Street 


Montreal,  Quebec 


Moor  Bros.  File 
Company 


JAMESTOWN, 


NEW  YORK 


FILES 


I 

QUALITY 

BEST      I  1    HIGHEST 

PRICE 


SER  VICE 


? 


RESULTS 


GUARANTEED 


>^      Agents  for  Canada       ^ 

The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.  Ltd.     305  St.  James  St.  Montreal,  Quebec. 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered 


sss 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


The 


6EO.r.rOSSMACH!NERY6SUPPLYro 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec  V/ 


Mulliner  Enlund  Tool  Co.,  Inc. 


Syracuse, 


N.Y. 


U.S.A. 


Quick 
Change 

Guaranteed  to  bore  and 
turn  true  to  within  .001" 
if  properly  set  up,  37 
threads  and  feeds.  All 
a  1 1  achments.  Self-ad- 
justing front  and  rear 
journals  are  adjustable 
independent  of  each 
other.  Headstock  spin- 
dle is  of  hammered 
crucible  steel  ring,  self- 
oiling  system. 

This  is  a  lathe  that  will 
fit  into  many  shop  sys- 
tems. Our  catalogue 
shows  a  1 1  details  and 
other  features. 


Representative : 
Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery 
&  Supply  Company 
305  St.  James  St.,  Montreal 


They  Have  Stood  Every  Test 

ELMIRA 

Wood  Split  Pulley 

They've  stood  the  test  of  years  of 
use  on  main  drives,  and  special  tests 
even  more  rigid  and  exhausting. 
They've  proven  good  and  absolutely 
safe  for  service  wherever  leather  belts 
give   satisfaction. 

Adjustable  Ball  and 
Socker  Hanger 

With  its  2-inch  vertical  and  "i^-inch 
side  adjustments,  and  its  length  of 
bearing  four  times  diameter  of  shaft, 
this  Elmira  is  the  strongest  friction- 
reducing  Hanger  on  the  Canadian 
market. 

Write  for  Bulletins  describing  Elmira 
Transmission  Equipment 

Elmira  Machinery  &  Transmission  Co. 
Elmira,  Canada 


December  26,  1918  CANADIAN      MACHINERY     •  333 


WORLD'S 

HAND     §  ~~%  POWER 


//.     ,     GREATEST         AC^ 

^^^    S.w   ^^^ 


Sa^w 

Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.  Ltd.,  305  St.  James  St.,  Montreal,  Que. 


SMASH! 


There  goes  that  drive  belt. 

We  have  recently  made  a  change. 

Back  to  McArthur  for  my  leather  drive  belts. 

We   are    now^  convinced 

GENUINE    OAK  TAN  BELTS 

are   a  shopman's  delight. 


BACK 


to  McArthur  Beltings  Limited 

Factory:  Brockville,  Ontario 

Stock  carried  by  The  Geo.  F.  Foss  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.,  Ltd. 


If  any  a  ivertisement  interests   ijou,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to   be  answered. 


334 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


g0.r.rOSSMACH!NERY6SUPPLYro 

305  St.  James  Street         -         Montreal,  Quebec  V/  . 


RACINE   y  HACK  SAW 


The  merit  of  a  world's  re- 
cord in  accuracy  and  econo- 
my stamps  this  machine  as- 
distinctive  among  metal- 
cutting  machines. 

The  value  of  the  Racine 
machine  has  been  demon- 
strated so  thoroughly  that 
we  will  send  you  any  ma- 
chine you  may  select  upon 
approval. 

Send  for  our  catalogue  and 
make  your  choice  to  suit 
your  requirements. 


Racine  Tool  &  Machine  Co. 

Melbourne  Avenue 
RACINE,       WISCONSIN,      U.S.A. 


Stock  up  to  12"  X  12'.  Motor 
or  belt  driven. 

We  guarantee  the  accuracy 
of  the  Racine. 

On  the  reverse  the  Racine 
lifts  the  blade  so  that  wear- 
ing on  the  cutting  edge  of 
the  blade  is  eliminated. 

We  guarantee  to  keep  every 
machine  we  sell  supplied 
with  Racine  H.S.  Tungsten 
Blades. 


//  any  advertitement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


December  26,  1918  CANADIANMACHINERY  386 


Our  Electric  Furnace  Products  Are 
Reliable  and  Uniform^  e 


S 

T 
E 
E 
L 


Forged  Die  Blocks 

Alloy  Steel  Composition,  both  Annealed 
and  Heat  Treated. 

Forged  Piston  Rods 

Chrome  Vanadium  or  Nickel  Chrome.  We 
supply  Rods  Rough  Forged  and  Annealed. 
Rough  Turned,  Annealed,  Heat  Treated. 

Tool  Steel  Billets  and  Ingots 
Hammered  and  Annealed  Bars 

in  Tool  Steel  and  High  Speed  Steel. 


GENERAL  STEEL  COMPANY 

Sales  Offices  :  Steel  Works  : 

Public  Service  BIdg.  St.  Francis,  Wis. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.  5  Miles  from  Milwaukee 

Detroit  Representative,  D.  J.  Crowley,  823  Dime  Bank  Building 


Ji  any  advertisement  interests  y<nt,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


336 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Ball  Bearing 

Drilling 

Machines 


The 


SIZES,  SPEEDS, 

CAPACITIES 

to  suit  each  specific  job. 

HIGH  SPEEDS,  CLEAN 
HOLES 

Our  No.  3  machine  provides 

maximum  speeds  for  work 

up  to  1^8 -inch. 

Our   No.    Vz    machine    for   light 
work  may  be  run  at  12,000  r.p.m. 

Other  Sizes  for  Intermediate 
Work 

Real  Manufacturing  Means 
Specializing 

Get  the  Right  Machine 

The  Avey  Makes  Big  Jobs 
Look  Small 

The  Cincinnati  Pulley 
Machinery  Company 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO,  U.S.A. 


//  lehat  you  need  ia  not  advertised,  '  eoneult    our  Buyers'  Directory   and   •write  advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


887 


Conserve  Labor 


With  the  portable  tank  for  lubricating  oil  as  ftlustrated    above,    dozens    or    hundreds    of    small 
containers   throughout   the   establishment   may   be  filled  and  kept  filled  by  one  employee. 
Individual   employees   no   longer   required    to   leave  their  work  and  fill  their  own  containers  from 
central   storage. 

Labor  is,  and  will  continue  to  be  scarce.  Labor  is  costly.  .  Expenditure  of  labor  through  in- 
efficient methods  is  a  waste  not  only  of  labor,  but  of  time  and  money,  all  of  which  could  be 
spent  more  profitably. 


MACHINERY 
SPACE 


MATERIAL 


for  the  storing  and  handling  of  oil  will  conserve 

70V. 

of  the  labor  necessarily  expended  by  less  efficient  methods. 
They  also  conserve: — 
TIME 
CAPITAL 

BOWSER   SYSTEMS    ARE 

LEAK-PROOF  FIRE-PROOF  EVAPORATION-PROOF 

LOSS-PROOF  DIRT-PROOF  DETERIORATION -PROOF 

•  A  system  for  every  requirement. 

S.  F.  BOWSER  &  COMPANY,  Inc.,  Toronto,  Ont. «»'-  of^^eLntale^tv" 


LIVES 
PROPERTY 


Representatives    Everywhere 


S38 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


.yYow 


imo 


a/r 


-Ui 


style  F  and  G  Turrets  take  3  or 
4  regular  tools  or  tool  holders. 


McCrosky 
Turrets 


0v^nh'^ 


WE  Americans  are  proud  to  rejoice  with 
Canada  and  the  great  British  Empire, 
in  the  successful  termination  of  the  world's 
greatest  and  most  terrible  of  all  wars. 
We  sympathize  with  you  in  your  great  losses 
and  we  admire  your  many  noble  sacrifices 
in  the  cause  of  liberty  which  we  both  hold 
so  dear. 

From  across  the  border,  we  offer  the  hearty 
hand-clasp  of  good  fellowship  and  we  cor- 
dially hope  that  in  peace  time  as  in  war 
time,  we  shall  continue  to  be  friendly  allies 
and  that  the  comradeship  of  the  battlefield 
will  be  continued  in  machine  shop  and  fac- 
tory, and  in  all  our  relationships. 


style  K  and  L  Turrets,  four 
tool  posts  in  one.  Take  any 
rectangular  tools  or  tool  holders. 


McCrosky  Turrets  are  made  for  attachment  to  either  the  com- 
pound rest,  lathe  carriages  or  bolt  circle.  Say  which  you  prefer 
and  give  size  of  lathe. 


Style  J,  M  and  N  Turrets  take 
any  number  of  tools  up  to  four 
or  "Six. 


The  McCrosky  Reamer  Co.,  Meadville,  Pa. 


//  what  yoit,  need  i«  not  adverVited,    consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


839 


McCrosky   Cost    Cutting 

*"#  ""^^  ^^  #  *>  have   been    doing  their   share  of  war-work,   in    hundreds 

M    %J  %J  l^  of  Canadian  and  American  plants. 

Long  before  the  war  however,  they  had  proved  their  worth  not  only  in  the  cut- 
ting down  of  production  costs  but  in  materially  increasing  the  output  per  machine. 


McCrosky  Turrets  transform  ordi- 
nary engine  lathes  into  powerful 
modern  semi-automatics  capable  of 
several  continuous  operations  without 
change  of  tools. 

McCrosky  Wizard  Chucks  and 
Collets  make  your  single  spindle 
drill-presses  equal  to  a  multiple  high- 
speed machine  in  number  and  variety 
of  operations  and  rapidity  of  output. 


Wizard  Chucks 
and  Collets 


Set  consists  of  one  Wizard  Quick  Change  Chuck 
and  as  heavy  collets  as  required.  Chuck  has 
regular  Morse  taper  to  fit  drill  spindle.  Collets 
take  regular  tools  or  can  be  supplied  blank 
if  required. 


McCrosky    Super-Rearriers   are  the 

last  word  in  high-speed  adjustable 
reamers.  A  set  of  blades  will  outlast 
a  dozen  solid  headed  reamers  and  is 
renewable  at  small  cost.  Theyproduce 
more  and  better  work  than  solid 
reamers  and  they  save  costly  tool  steel 
because   only   the    blades   wear    out. 

A   copy  of  the   McCrosky   Cost    Cutting    Catalog 

awaits  your  request.  It  is  a  text  book  on  modern 
machine  shop  economies.     Write    for   one    today. 


McCrosky 
Super-Reamers 


Shows  easy  method  of  assembling  blades  of 
Super  Reamer.  There  are  no  complications,  no 
possibility  of  blades  pulling  loose,  jamming  or 
chattering.  Forward  adjustment  ensures  ac- 
curate bottoming  of  all  holes  and  uses  blades 
up  to  the  last  bit. 


The  McCrosky  Reamer  Co.,  Meadville,  Pa. 


//  any  advertiseinent  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  ayid  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


S40 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Wrenchless  Chucks 

Chucks  That  Cut  Time 
Between  Cuts 

Barker  Wrenchless  Chucks  mean  quick  action 
save  hours  of  time  each  day,  cut  costs 
and  increase  production.  You  need  only 
pull  the  lever  and  chuck  the  piece.  Work 
is  centered  automatically.  Jaws 
grip  as  tightly  as  the  work  will 
stand. 

Jaws  are  ADJUSTED  INDE- 
PENDENTLY to  any  diame- 
ter, in  the  ordinary  manner 
and  for  duplicate  work,  are 
OPERATED  UNIVER- 
SALLY AND  SELF-CEN- 
TERING bv  the  hand  lever 
while  the  chuck  is  revolving 
or  at  rest. 

The  operating  mechanism  is  com- 
bined with  the  chuck  proper,  form- 
ing: a  single  unit.  It  takes  no  more 
time  to  mount  than  an  ordinary 
chuck. 

The  planetary  gear  arrangement  is 
80  enclosed  that  no  chips,  dirt  or 
grit  can  injure  it — it  is  strong, 
sturdy  and  durable — not  an  experi- 
ment, but  a  tried  and  proven  piece 
of  mechanism. 

Eliminates  cost  of  installation  of 
air  compressor  pipe  system,  valves, 
etc.,  and  does  the  work  more  ef- 
fectively. Overhang  one-third  less 
than  any  air  chuck  same  capacity. 

Barker  Wrenchlois  Chocks  are  exceedingly  valuable  in  every  type  of  work  done  on  turret,  engine  lathes 
or  Hemi-aatomatic  machineH.  It  is  worth  money  to  you  to  investigate  our  chucks.  Send  for  illustrated 
literature. 

BARKER  CHUCK  DIVISION 

THOMAS  ELEVATOR  COMPANY 

MANUFACTURERS 

Hoyne  Ave.  and  Monroe  St.  -  -  CHICAGO,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Distributors:     Dominion  Machinery  Co.,  Montreal 


i 


If  lehat  nou  need  i»  not  advertised,  jecntult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


341 


lES,  LIMITED 
EAI 


H&G 


Threading 
Machine 


This  machine  will  cut  an  accurate  straight  thread  up  to 
a  shoulder  or  to  any  given  point  every  time.  It  will  do 
all  threading  operations  within  its  capacity — including 
the  most  exacting — very  rapidly. 

It  is  designed  to  use  our  H.  &  G.  Automatic  Self-Opening 
Die  Head.  Collet  or  expanding  arbor  holds  the  work 
firmly  in  line. 

Have  us  explain  at  length  the  greater  production  possi- 
bilities you  may  reasonably  expect. 


H.  &  G.   Die   Heads 
Can't  SHp 


Because  the  chasers  are  set  and 
held  in  place  by  a  steel  cam  which, 
once  adjusted,  locks.  It  simply 
has  to  hold  its  size,  for  there  is 
nothing — short  of  total  smashing — 
that  can   move  or  shift. 

Send  for  our  booklet. 


Eastern   Machine   Screw 
Corporation 


New  Haven 


Connecticut 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


M2 


CANADIAN     M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


^^ Treat  Your  Machine  as  a  Living  Friend' ' 


When  you  need  a  thing 
you  pay  for  it  whether 
you  buy  it  or  NOT. 

Do  you  need  any 
Wood  working  Ma- 
chinery in  your  pattern 
shop  or  carpenter  shop? 
A  few  suggestions  are 
offered  herewith. 

Consult  us  if  you  want  the  best 
in  Woodworking  Machinery 
for  making  patterns,  sashes, 
doors,  furniture  of  all  kinds, 
and  any  article  manufactured 
from  wood. 


No.  132-36'  Band  Saw  with 
AlUSteel  Wheels 

Guarded    to    meet     requirements    of    Factory 
Inspector. 


No.  125  TiltingjTop  Saw 
Table 

A  medium  weight  machine,   very   desirable   for 

pattern     shop    work.        Supplied     with     guard. 

Capacity  up  to  3"  thick. 


N< 


143  Buzz  Planer  and 
Jointer 

With  ground  safety  cylinder  and  guard  to  con- 
form with   safety  requirements  of  Government 
Inspectors. 


■J  IT 


No.  121  Light  Surface  Planer 

Planes  either  20"  or  24"  wide  x  8"  thick.     Much  superior  to  a 
larger  machine  for  running  material  within  its  limit. 


The  Preston  Woodworking  Machinery  Co,,  Ltd,,  Preston,  Ont. 


If  what  you  need  is  not  advertited.   consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisern   listed   under  proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


343 


Get  Ready  for  the  Big 
Problem  of  Reconstruction 

Look  over  your  equipment  and  consider  whether  your 
efficiency  might  not  be  increased  by  the  purchase  of  a 

Preston  No.  129  Power  Feed  Rip  Saw 

with  Variable  Feed 


"Treat  your  machine 
as  a  living  friend" 


"Confidence  is 
the  main- 
spring of  es- 
tablished 
trade.  It  is 
built  up  by 
selling  cus- 
tomers the 
things  they 
want  and  be- 
ing sure  they 
get  what  they 
think  they're 
getting." 


Predominant  features: — The  great  saving  in  labor  and  the  large  increase  in  production 
possible. 

The  feed  is  variable  from  0  to  240  ft.  per  minute  and  reversible  if  desired.  The  frame  is 
one  solid  casting.  Every  bearing  is  self-oiling.  Both  table  and  upper  works  raised  and 
lowered  by  hand  wheels. 

Send  for  Circular 

The  Preston  Woodworking  Machinery  Co.,  Ltd. 

PRESTON,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  lettert  to  be  antwerei. 


344 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


mojt   rar 


V 


For  Rough  Boring  Cylinders 


HEAD  WITH  KEYWAY 


MOUNTED  ON  SPINDLE 


FOR  THREADED  SPINDLE 


THE  KELLY  PRODUCTION    KIND 

Some  of  its  Features: 

RIGIDITY — Blades  imbedded  in  a  Steel  Body,   withstanding 
Cutting  Strains. 

ADJUSTMENT — Almost  11/2"  adjustment  to  every  Head. 

STANDARDIZING— Kelly    Standard    Dove-tailed    High-Speed 
Blades  used. 

SAVING — Short   Blades   used,    eliminating    High-Speed    Steel 
Expense. 

FEEDING — Feeds  six  times  that  of  a  single  Point  Tool. 

SERVICE — Repair  Parts  shipped  on  a  moment's  notice. 

SATISFACTION— Repeat  orders  from  Satisfied  Customers. 

"Nuff  Sed"     Feed  Your  Cylinders  to  the  "HOGS" 
—But  be  Sure  They're  "KELLY'S" 

Send  for  Catalog  THE  KELLY   REAMER   CO.,  Cleveland,  0. 


//  what  you  need  i»  -not  advertised,  consult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advert  is?rs  listed  under  proper  heading. 


I 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


343 


1200-ton  Hydraulic  i'ress  workinjr  steel  crank  shaft 
forsinKs.  Die  blocks,  weldless  rinics.  propeUer  shafts 
made    from    our    Special    Electric    Alloy    Steel. 

Hammond  Die  Blocks 

We  specialize  in  extra  large  Die 
Blocks  for  unusual  work.  You  will 
find  economy  in  the  use  of  Ham- 
mond hardened  hammered  blocks. 
They  are  giving  extra  long  runs  on 
the  most  difficult  jobs. 


by  Crucible  or  Electric 
Process 

Especially  Adapted  for 

Heavy  Dies— Forming— 
Drawiiig     —     Piercing 

We  Specialize  in 

Weldless  Rings,  Die  Blocks, 
Hammered  Forgings 

DELIVERIES : 

Special  Alloy  steels  hammered  to  produce 
that  fine  silky  grain  that  means  so  much 
in  eliminating  shrinking  and  warping 
which   is   so   common   in   most  tool   steels. 


Hammond  Hammered  and  Pressed 
Tool  Steels  and  Special  Alloy  Steels 

//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


346 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volnzme  XX 


s^^C^w^SSBBBSb^;* 


TWIST  DRILLS, 

GEAR  AND  MILLING 

CUTTERS 


(Carbon  and  High 
Speed  Steel) 


'»V.''-. 


Their  ability  to  serve  accurately  and  long  equals 
tha  t  of  Butterfield  Taps,  Dies  and  Reamers — the 
sincere  praise  of  a  thousand  users  wouldn't  be  a 
better  recommendation. 

They  are  the  happy  result  of  a  fi^eat  combination  of 
specially  trained  men  and  the  finevSt  special  machinery. 

OUR  COMPLETE  LINE  OF  DRILLS  AND  CUTTERS 
ARE  FULLY  DESCRIBED  IN  OUR  CATALOG  A.  Be 
sure  to  send  for  a  copy. 


jRasii, 


4.'X6 


Butterfield  & 
Inc.,  Rock  Island,  P.Q. 

Toronto  Office:  220  King  St.  West 


%  co.>' 


.^^^ 


December  26.  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


347 


?»-  ...  .  ,     .  - 

848  CANADIAN     MACHINERY  Volume  XX 


Increase  Purchasing  Power 


OF 


ONE  DOLLAR 


We  Will  Allow  You  a  Discount 

of  3%  on 

COAL 

Lime,  High  Calc  and  Hydrated 
Silica  Products 

Building  Materials  in  General 


•  "<  — »—  »> 


Stinson-Reeb  Builders  Supply  Co.,  Ltd. 

Phone  Main  402  MONTREAL 


1/  what  you  need  in  not  advertised,    coneult   our  Buyers'  Directory   and  write   advertisers   listed  under  proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHlNEliY 


349 


JOLIETTE 


TTMW, 


SIEEL 


TRADE"     M.'^RK     REG? 


Quality  and  Service — Quick  Delivery 

Steel  Castings 


a 

**                     »                       '■••'    w 

Foi 


Railroads         Shipbuilding 

Tractors 

Mining  and  Crushing 
Machinery 

Commercial  Castings  of 
Every  Description 


Up-to-date  pattern  shop.     Send 
your    blueprints   for   quotations. 


JOLIETTE  STEEL  CO.,  LTD. 


Read  Bldg. 

MONTREAL 


JOLIETTE 

.QUE. 


C.P.R.  Bldg. 
TORONTO 


//  any  advertisement  interestn  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


S50 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


; 
Volume  XX. 


Hi&h  Soeed  Steel 


Hoists 


Outlift  and  Outlast 
any  other  Hoist 
on  the  market — 


Wr 


Working!  load-sustaining 

parts  are  maao  of  steel  and 
malleable  iron.  Wright  Hoists 
Never  Break. 

The  Hand  Chain  can  be  pulled 
from  any  angle — it  will  not 
foul  or  catch. 

No  maintenance  cost.  No  lost 
time  through  breaks.  Much 
time  saved  by  speed. 

Write  for  the  "Wright"  Book- 
let. 


I 


LISBON,    OHI 


December  26,  1918 


CAN  A  I)  I  A  X     M  A  CI!  I  N  K  R  Y 


35t 


A  belt,  no  matter  of  what  kind,  is  not  the  best 
belt  for  every  drive  in  the  plant. 

The  illustrations  to  the  right  will  give  you 
some  suggestions  as  to  where  you  can  use 
Scandinavia  Belting  to  advantage.  These  are 
not  the  only  transmission  conditions  under 
which  this  material  can  be  used,  but  they, 
give  you  a  general  idea. 

Scandinavia  Belting  is  a  solid  woven  belt  and  there  are. 
no  plies  to  come  apart.  If  you  have  a  heavy  drive  an^i 
wish  to  use  an  adhesive  dressing  you  can  use  it  on  thU 
belt  without  danger  of  opening  up  plies  and  joints. 

Have  your  plant  men  necessary  infor- 
mation on  using  belts?  We  publish  a 
monthly  which  is  sent  FREE  for  the 
asking. 


Lanco   Balata    belting  makes   a   good 
motor  drive  belt  as  it  has  little  stretch. 


GOOD  MOTOR  DRIVE  BELT 


Federal  Engineering  Co. 

Toronto 


LIMITED 

172  John  Street 


OOOO     IN      HOT     PLACES 


352 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Jones  &  Glassco  (Regd) 

ENGINEERS 

MONTREAL  AND  TORONTO 

Specialists    in 

POWER  TRANSMISSION  CHAINS 

CANADIAN    AGENTS    FOR 

"RENOLD" 

Patent     Silent     and     Bush     Roller     Chains 

"MORSE" 

Rocker    Joint    Silent    Cliains 

Cliain   Drive*  from    14   H.P.  to   SOOO   H.P.   in    succexful 

operation 

Write    for    particulars    to 

Head   Office:  Brancli    Office: 

St.  Nicholas  Buildine  1204  Traders  Bank   Baildinc 

MONTREAL  TORONTO 


^m 


■  ■ 


-fli     "The  -fitjMgM^-ifyRRET     iD 


■  ■ 


A  CLEAR.  XRAC 


HE  STOCK 


■  ■ 


INVESTIGATE ! 

SEND  FOR 

CATALOG     "C" 

OR 

ASK   THE   USER 

FIFTEEN    YEARS    OF    SATISFIED    USERS 

^>^^    ■■     \^  CO  J 


BUAZII,    INDIANA    USA 


THE  IMPROVED 

TAYLOR-NEWBOLD 


INSERTED  TOOTH  COLD  SAW 

WRITE  FOR  BULLETIN  T-S 

'Tabor  Mfg.  Co.,  Philadelphia,  U.S.A. 


WING 

SURFACE    GRINDER 


Not  a  big,  costly 
machine — a  cap- 
able moderately 
priced  grinder 
whose  every  part 

is       extra 

strong. 

The  grinding 
surface  is  as 
rigid  as   it  should   be 
for  accurate  work. 

Parts  are  easily  ad- 
justed. 

Power  is  ample  for 
rapid,  economical  ac- 
complishment. 

And  the  large  tray 
and  water  pot  com- 
bined is  a  feature 
every  operator  ap- 
preciates. 


For  Full  Particutars. 
WRITE 


J.  E.  WING  &  SON,  Hamilton,  Can. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


353 


8.  0.  fa07S-80— »  H.  p. 
MoMSB  Sil«Dt  Chain 
driving  linolw/t  in  k 
Knittiof  Factory. 
Cbtia,  H'  pitch.  tH' 
>»i><e.ipMd899F.P.  M. 
Sprodicts.   1S/S3  teeth. 

uw/sn  R.  P.  H..  \y 

ccntere. 


S.  O.  tseit—K  II.  P. 
MouE  SiWnt  Chain 
ilriving  Ifawwhaft  in  a 
Uundry.  CUm.  B^ltt" 
pitrh,  6'  wiilr.  Sprodc- 
Hf,  1A/7A  iMtb.  W 
ccDirr  to  enter  a/ iha/t*. 


Production 
Cost  and  Profit 
Depend  on 
Belting  Efficiency 

The  "MORSE"  Rocker  Joint  Silent  Chain  is  the  only  99%  efficient  trans- 
mission known. 

The  more  severe  the  duty  the  more  need  of  "MORSE'    Drives      The 
Drive  that  will  do  the  most"  work,  the  ^t-^iest  work   the  best  work 
Producing  more  with  less  COST.    The  Perfect  Drive.    Flexible  as  a  belt. 
Positive  as  gears.    Oil  Baths  not  required. 

Continuity  in  operation,  Cost  of  production,  and  Quality  are  the  basis    . 
on  which  to  select  your  drives. 

Let  us  have  your  general  layout  and  design  drives  to  save  space,  light 
and  power  while  increasing  your  production. 

width.,  chain   contacU,  chain   adjuatmente.   etc.     It  w.ll  be  sent  FREE. 

Morse  Chain  Co.  hilnrchr^""in*the  worw  Ithaca,  W.  I . 

Mor.e  Engineering  Service.      Addre..  Neare.t  OfKc.     As.i.tance  without  Obligation 


141  Milk  St. 

Boston,  Mass ;  Merchants  L.  &  T.  Bldg. 

Chicago,  111. Engineers'   Bldg. 

Cleveland,   Ohio    ^^^^   Woodward   Ave. 

Detroit,  Mich. g^g  Asboro  St. 

Greensboro,  N.C •  •  • ' jq  Church  St. 

New  York Westinghouse  Bldg. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa-    ■• Monadnock  Bldg. 

San  Francisco,  Cal ; ". '  bhandier  Bldg.,  Earl  F.  Scott  M.E 

Atlanta,  Oa J»ne8   &  Glassco,  Kcgls'd 

Canada     ;••/  crNicholks' Bldg! -Toronto,  Traders  Bank  Bldg. 

■""I^'r      «       Nicholas  »'°B-^  g,^     M„„e  Engineering  Co. 

Kansas  City,  Mo ^JJ^   ^^^_  Strong-Scott  Mfg.   Co. 

Minneapolis^  Minn ■  ^y^^j^j^,  gj^g  _  jjorse  Engineering  Co. 

St.    IjOUtS,    JVIO ^^ 

tr.^    Vnrone    and    the    Eastern    Hemiaphere :    The 
Licensees    for    iiurope    a""    w^         ^  ^^      _^ ^^^     .^^ 


WTtinrhoure   Sr^ke-Co..    Ltd.,    London.   N. 


4 


^■<> 


^■'< 


C°      so 


354 


C  A  N  A  1)  I  A  .N     M  A  C  II  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


HIGH  SPEED 


High  Speed  Steels  are  the 
Guarantee  of  Quality 

CARBON  AND  ALLOY  STEEL 

MISCELLANEOUS  SHOP  TOOLS 

These  Canadian-Made  Products  are  Equal  to  the  Best  in  the  World 


Montreal 


WORKS  AT  LONGUEUIL,   QUE. 
Toronto  Hamilton 


Winnipeg 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


365 


Abundant- 
Hydro 

Power' 
at 

Very  Low 
Raies 


Terminal 
Point  on 
OtlawaiBw 
ofGT.R. 


\ 


On  Main 
Line  of- 

CN.R.Troin: 

Continental 


IS. 

l1    \ 


On  Main 

Oood 

Line  of 

Water- 

CP.R 

Supply 

Excellent 

5  lies 

Available 


On 
Ottawa 
River- 

Great 
Shipping 

Facilities 


ONTARIO 


CANADA 


Excellent  location  for  almost  any 
class  of  industry — from  steel  and 
iron  to  textiles. 

Industries  at  present   include 

large  iron  and  steel  plates,  extent 
sive  saw  mills,  shook  mills,  wood- 
working plants,  electrical  goods,' 
office  furniture,  textiles,  etc. 

Easily  accessible  to  the  great 
Western  Canada  Markets 

being  on  main  line  of  two  trans- 
continental railways.  Also  terminal 
point  on  Ottawa  division  Grand 
Trunk  Railway. 


Unlimited  Hydro  Electrical 
Pow^er 

supplied  by  the  Pembroke  Electric 
Light  Company  at  very  low  rates. 

Excellent  Sites  available 

on  water  front  if  necessary  and  there 
is  a  plenitude  of  skilled  labor  both 
male  and  female. 

Don't  decide  definitely  on  that  new 
site  before  you  investigate  Pem- 
broke. 

Say  the  word  and  [we*ll  send 
you  the  fuUest-^particularslat 
once. 


ADDRESS  INQUIRIES  TO  THE  MAYOR 

PEMBROKE,  ONT. 


//  »n]i  advertUement  intere$ts  you,  tear  it  out  new  and  place  with  lett»ri  to  be  untwtred. 


356 


..o 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volxrme  XX 


xi:frrf9' 


Put  if  up  to 
the  Best  Equipped  Shop 
in  Montreal 


For   General   Machine   Shop   Work 

MARINE   WORK 

and  the  Building  of  Special  Machines 

Large  Experience  in   Die   Sinking 
and  Trimming  Dies  for  Press  Work 


OUR    SHOP 

EQUIPMENT 

INCLUDES: 

10— Drill     Presses, 
swing  up  to  60 

2 — Planers 

3     Shapers 

3     Milling     M  a  - 
chines 

2 — U  niversal 
Grinders 


\lfE  can  do  your  special  work 
and  your  general  contract 
work  exactly  as  you  want  it 
done — because  we  have  the 
equipment  and  the  men  for  just 
such  service. 

We  can  build  any  special  ma- 
chine you  may  need;  we  can 
handle  your  marine  work  in 
Urge  or  small  volume;  we  can 
serve  you  promptly,  satisfy  you 
completely — and  certainly  save 
you  money. 

Write  us  about  any  special 
machine,  any  special  or  general 
work,  you  want  handled  profit- 
ably. 


OUR    SHOP 

EQUIPMENT 

INCLUDES: 

10— Drill      Presses, 
various  sizes 
6 — Tool  Grinders 
1 — Press 
Blacksmith  -  shop 
equipped     with     3 
forges    and    2    gas 
tool  hardening  fur- 
naces. 


MONTREAL  GENERAL  TOOL  COMPANY 


673-675  NOTRE  DAME  STREET 


MONTREAL,  MAISONNEUVE 


//  what  you  need  i»  not  advertised,   consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


357 


YOUR 


^ 


The  high  cost  of  tools  should  emphasize  more  than  ever  the  impor- 
tance of  quality. 

The  high  cost  of  hack  saw  blades  ought  to  drive  every  hand  blade 
user  over  to  the  saw  that  does  not  break  in  ordinary  hand  work. 

VICTOR  FLEXIBLE  HACK  SAW  BLADES  have  exactly  the  same 
cutting  power  as  the  finest  All-Hard  on  the  market,  and  that  they 
cannot  be  broken  in  use  except  by  intentional  abuse  is  an  undispu- 
table  fact — which  will  represent  a  saving  from  twenty-five  percent 
to  thirty-three  and  one-third  percent  in  breakage  alone. 


^ 


m 


Seventy-five  percent  of  the  All-Hard  blades  used  in,  hand  frames 
break  before  they  are  worn  out.  Watch  the  All-Hard  blades  in 
your  own  shop  and  see  the  enormous  amount  of  breakage — then 
use  VICTOR  FLEXIBLES  and  note  the  economy. 


Victor  Sa\v^  Works  Li2-HAMiLT0N,CANAo\ 


/ 


//  any  advertisement  interegta  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


358 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Industrial 
Opportunities 

LOCATE  your  factory  site  at  RENFREW  if  you  are  seek- 
ing    exceptional     manufacturing     opportunities.       The 
location  is  ideal  and  the  facilities  for  efficient  and  econo- 
mical production  unsurpassed. 

Free  sites,  tax  exemptions  and  an  abundance  of  electric  power 
at  moderate  cost  are  among  the  inducements  offered  manu- 
facturers of  all  kinds. 

RENFREW  is  a  convenient  shipping  point.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Bonnechere  River,  eight  miles  from  confluence  with  the 
Ottawa  River,  and  its  railway  facilities  embrace  the  main 
lines  of  the  C.P.R.  and  G.T.R. 

Recent  industrial  growth  testifies  to  RENFREW'S  advantages. 
Its  industries  include  the  manufacture  of  machinery,  gasoline 
engines,  truck  scales,  brick  tile,  lime,  foundry  products,  elec- 
trical supplies,  cream  separators,  flour  jnill  products  and 
several  other  lines. 

RENFREW  provides  first-class  help;  it  is  a  fine  residential 
town,  and  from  every  manufacturing  point  of  view  it  proves 
exceptionally  attractive. 

If  you  are  a  manufacturer  in   search   of  an 

ideal  location,  investigate  the  possibilities  of 

RENFREW  first. 

The  Incorporate   Town 
of  Renfrew 

H.  N.  Moss,  Mayor 
J.  A.  Devenny,  Clerk-TreasUrer 


1 


S 


©dlall  T(0)wini 

GOOD    SOCIAL    AND    EDUCATIONAL    CONDITIONS 


//  what  you  need  it  not  advertUed,  eon$idt  our  Buyer*'  Directory  and  write  advertiecre  lieted  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  N  A  D I A  N     MACHINERY 


359 


HOYT  METALS 

TTOYT  customers  stick  to  Hoyt  Metals 
-*-  -*-  year  after  year.     They  stick  be- 
cause they  get  perfect  alloys  and 
prompt  and  courteous  attention 
whether  the  order  be  big  or  small. 

Our  methods  of  doing    business    have 
evidently  pleased.    For  over  $5,000,000 
is  expended  by  the  world's  manufac- 
turing plants  in  buying  our  lines] 
annually.     This  is  the  world's 
largest  trade  in  Babbitt 
Metals. 


"Nickel   Genuine" 

"Trojan" 

"Frost  King" 

Babbitts 


We  have  a  babbitt  metal  for  every 
purpose.  If  you  are  not  acquaint- 
ed with  otir  line  give  them  a  trial. 
You'll  see  a  difference  in  your  bab- 
bitt cost  if  you  couple  yourself 
with  our  service. 

Hoyt's  metals  have  been  used  with 
success  for  over  forty  years. 


HOYT  METAL  COMPANY 

idon,  EASTERN  AVENUE  andjLEWIS  STREET 

England  TORONTO,  CANADA 


New  York 
St.  Louis 


SCO 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


A  New 
Slotting  Machine 

of  the  Milling  Type 


MANUFACTURED   BY 

RACINE  TOOL    AND 
MACHINE  COMPANY 

RACINE,  WISCONSIN.  U.S.A. 


(( 


Manufacturers  of 

Racine  "  High  Speed 
Metal  Cutting  Machines 

Of  late  years  the  machine-tool  industry 
has  been  rather  fixed  in  its  character, 
and  while  from  time  to  time  improve- 
ments are  made  in  the  standard  types, 
it  is  only  at  infrequent  intei-vals  that 
new  types  are  produced  or  a  familiar 
type  adapted  to  a  new  line  of  work. 

The  Machine  Tool  we  now  introduce  is  different  from  the  prevailing  types  and  its  possibilities  embrace  a 
wide  field.  It  is  yet  without  a  suitable  name  to  describe  it,  but  is  known  as  the  No.  25  design.  It  can  be 
simply  described  as  an  interior  milling  machine  which  operates  a  milling  cutter  having  somewhat  the  character  of 
a  broach. 

It  is  essentially  a  milling  machine  in  the  manner  and  character  of  its  cut,  but  these  milling  operations  are 
primarily  intended  to  be  performed  on  interior  openings  and  for  such  surfaces  as  have  heretofore  only  been  possible 
to  reach  with  slotting,  broaching  or  Iceyseating  machines.  In  its  ability  to  execute  these  operations  it  fills  a  demand 
of  thousands  of  machinists  and  shopmen  who  have  always  desired  to  mill  interior  surfaces  and  corners  in  order 
to  obtain  a  fine  and  accurate  surface. 

The  cutting  member  of  the  machine  is  practically  identical  with  the  teeth  on  the  periphery  of  a  standard 
milling  cutter  should  these  be  laid  out  in  a  straight  line.  In  their  action  they  cut  a  chip  similar  to  the  chip  pro- 
duced by  the  milling  cutter  and  the  rate  of  cut  and  appearance  of  cut  is  essentially  the  same.  However,  there  is 
this  difference  in  the  appearance  of  the  cut,  that  becau-e  each  tooth  cuts  the  full  length  of  the  strolce  on  the 
cutting  surface,  it  leaves  no  feed  mark  of  the  teeth  on  the  actual  surface  where  it  is  cutting,  and  the  surface 
has   a   smooth,   polished   appearance. 

Machine  can  be  arranged  either  belt  or  motor-driven,  and  will  be  equipped  with  a  positive  three-speed  gear 
box  drive  of  the  tumbling  gear  type. 

Photographs  below  show  a  few  of  many  operations  that  c  m  be  performed  on  this  machine. 


■ 

re* 

SH 

■  ^^1 

1^ 

^^^ 

//  what  you  need  i$  not  advertieed,   consult   our   Buyers'   Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY     • 


361 


"Racine"  High  Speed  Metal 
Gutting  Machines 

proved  their  worth  in  the  Great  Emergency  and  are  now,  as 
always,  ready  to  do  their  part  in  the  work  of  Reconstruction  and 
regular  PEACE-TIME  occupations.    . 


FOR  GREATEST  SPEED  AND  GREATEST  ACCURACY 

use  the  "Racine"  High  Speed  Metal  Cutting  Machine 

Standard  the  World  Over 

A  compact  machine  that 

Saves  Time 
Saves  Labor 
Saves  Blades 
Saves  Material 

Made  in  twenty-two  different  types,  belt  or  motor-driven.  Tell 
us  the  size  stock  you  are  cutting  and  we  will  quote  you  on  a 
machine  best  suited  for  your  requirements. 

RACINE  TOOL  AND  MACHINE  COMPANY 

15  Melbourne  Ave.,  Racine,  Wis.,  U.S.A. 

Use  "RACINE"  H-$  Tungsten  Power  Blades 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


362 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


It  takes  more  than  Capital,  more  than  Determination,  more  than 
Aggressiveness,  more  than  Advertising  to  make  a  product  leader 
of  its  kind. 

AH  these  aids,  powerful  as  they  are,  would  be  unavailing  to  achieve 
such  a  position  unless  the  product  possessed  superior  merit. 

SUPERIOR  MERIT  ALONE  has  placed 

■ 


HARRIS  HEAVY  PRESSURE 

IN   ITS  POSITION  OF 


UPREMCy 


It  is  known  as  the  Babbitt  Metal  with- 
out a  fault  and  for  general  machinery 
bearings  it  gives  excellent  service. 

Order  a  box  from  our  nearest  factory. 


WE  MANUFACTURE 

BABBITT  METALS,  SOLDER. 

LEAD  PIPE,  SHEET  LEAD 

and  all  White  Metal  Alloys  and  are  the 
LARGEST     EXCLUSIVE     METAL 
DEALERS     IN     THE     DOMINION 

Immense  stock  of  Ingot  Metals  for  prompt 
shipment. 


The  Canada  Metal  Co.,  Ltd. 


Branch  Factories i 
HAMILTON,    WINNIPEG, 
MONTREAL,    VANCOUVER. 


//  vhat  you  need  U  not  advertUed,  eonaull  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY' 


m 


Canada  made 
shells  for  the 
United  States. 
We  made  gears 
for  Canada.  We 
were  together  in 
the  war. 


All  Kinds  of 


GEARS 


We  specialize  on  *' Rawhide  Gears 
and  Pinions'*  for  quick  aelivery. 

Besides  giving  you  an  accurately  cut  product, 
we  are  prepared  to  give  you  the  very  best  of 
service. 

"Hurry  Orders  and  Break  Down  Jobs"  receive 
special  attention. 

Bhiladelphia    Gear   Works 

Vine  and  11th  Streets 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  U.S.A. 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


S64 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volunie  XX 


TAPPING    MACHINES 

Faster  tapping  and  quicker  assembling — these  are  claims 
we  make  and  claims  we  are  prepared  to  prove  for  R-S 
Tapping  Machines. 

HERE'S  THE 
P  R  0  0  F— friction 
drive,  absorbing  all 
the  shock,  allows  a 
chuck  speed  of  140 
r.p.m.  on  %-in.  work 
— 50  %  faster  than 
the  usual  tapping 
speed  for  that  size. 
Uses  but  1  h.p. 

The  smoother  drive 
also  reduces  the 
strain  on  the  taps. 
They  wear  longer — 
fewer  delays  from 
taps  breaking  in  the 
work. 

For  assembling 
threaded  parts 
(valve  stems,  spark 
plugs,  instruments, 
couplings),  R-S  Tap- 
pers result  in  quick- 
er assembling  and  a 
decidedly  larger  out- 
put from  every 
operator. 


K-INCH  VERTICAL  TAPPER 


COLUMN  TYPE  HORIZONTAL  TAPPER 

R-S  OIL  FEEDER 

rhe  %'  Tapper  is  featured  by  the  continuous 
oil  feed  which  allov/s  greater  speed,  increased 
efBciency  and  output  and  longer  life. 

All  enquiries  quickly  attended  to. 


Rickert-Shaf er  Co. 

ERIE.  PENN.,  U.S. A. 

This  is  our  Address— How  Can  We  Serve  You  ? 

ALFRED  HERBERT,  COVENTRY,  ENG. 
Tappers  Only 
50  Church  Street,  New  York  City  501  Book  Bldg.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

1231    Rockefeller    Bldg.,  Cleveland  Machinery  Hall,  Chicago,  III. 


l>»y:i>»y;i*jlv»yJl«/*«m»ii»JWm?/;wyjlx«/JWJtv^^ 


jjmsE^s'^ss^!!S3m2mMimjmMM&MMiimji'&JSf3i 


If  lehat  you  need  it  not  advertised,    consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


i 


December  26,  1918 


CANADTAX     MACHINERY 


3^6 


I 


AUTOMATIC 
DIE  HEADS 

This  R-S  Tool,  with  its 
new  construction  (in 
which  are  embodied 
several  practical  im- 
provements) offers  you 
more  efficient  and  more 
economical  service  than 
is  possible  with  any 
other  automatic  die 
head. 

The  hardened  and  ground  guides  for  the  chaser  is  something  new  and 
better.  Further,  it  has  a  positive  opening  and  closing  cam  action.  The 
chasers  have  the  necessary  radial  movement  to  enable  the  die  to  open 
after  the  threading  operation  has  been  completed.  They  are  supported  by  a 
cam  ring  throughout  their  entire  length  and  width. 

The  chasers  slide  between  hardened  and  ground  guides,  and  are  supported 
by  carriers  which  have  a  groove  in  the  outer  end  for  the  positive  opening  cam. 
This  cam,  the  locking  pins,  and  the  "float"  have  features  that  add  to  the  dis- 
tinctiveness of  this  "Boehm"  Tool. 

Built  in  sizes  to  cut  from  %  to  9"  diameter,  or  larger  if  so  ordered,  and  with 
taper  attachment  and  roughing  and  finishing  attachment. 

Rickert  -  Shaf er    Co.,    Erie,    Penn. 

This  is  Our  Address '-'How  Can   We  Serve   You? 


If  any  advertuiement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


S66 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Voliune  XX 


^UW9 


>. 


i  ^ 


Change  the  Metal  Shapes  You  Cut— 


as  often  as  you  will.  You  can  saw  th 
Power  Blade  without  changing  the  bla 
work.  You  can  do  this  with  the  Star  b 
cuts  the  widest  range  of  shapes  and  m 
possible  by  the  cutting  angle,  clearanc 
and  by  its  higher  percentage  of  Tungst 
Don't  use  a  saw  that  requires  constant 
your  work.  Constant  change  of  blade 
money — and  the  inevitable  wrong  blade 
loss. 


em  all  with  a  10-tooth,  18-gauge  Star 
de  except  for  very  thin  or  very  heavy 
ecause  it  is  the  standardized  blade  that 
etals.  This  standardized  service  is  made 
e  and  strength  of  teeth  of  the  Star  Blade 
en  and  greater  toughness  of  steel, 
shifting  of  blades  every  time  you  change 
s  means  lost  motion,  lost  time  and  lost 
selection  adds  still  further  to  the  cutting 


STAR  HACK  5AW  BLADES 


mada  of  Tun^sf nn   5feel 


Machine  and  Hand 

Frederick  Taylor  and  the  other  authorities  on 
metal  cutting  are  all  agreed  that  a  standardized 
tool  is  the  basis  of  metal  cutting  efficiency.  Hack 
saws  with  a  multiplicity  of  gauges  and  pitches 
are  wrong  in  theory  and  practice. 
Once  you  try  the  standardized  Star  Blade  you 
will  never  be  satisfied  again  with  the  ordinary 
blade  with  its  confusing  number  of  gauges, 
pitches  and  sizes.  You  will  appreciate  the  time- 
saving  convenience  of  the  Star  and  realize  that 
its  faster  cutting  and  longer  cutting  give  you 
a  far  lower  cutting  cost  which  after  all  is  what 
you  are  buying. 
The  most  efficient  plants  of  the  country,  such  as 


Flexible  and  All  Hard 

Bethlehem  Steel,  Standard  Oil,  Fore  River 
Shipbuilding,  Thomas  A.  Edison.  Inc.,  and  Penn- 
sylvania  Railroad   are   Star   Blade   users. 


You,  too,  will  be  a  Star  user  when  you 
find  out  all  the  facts. 

Our  Engineering  Service  on  metal  cut- 
ting is  at  your  service  no  matter  what 
blades  you  are  using.  Put  your  prob- 
lems up  to  us  and  let  us  help  you. 
Write  for  "Hack  Saw  Efficiency."  It 
is  a  valuable  handbook  for  anyone  who 
cuts  metal.  Free  on  request  ^ — 230 
River  St.,  Millers  Falls,  Mass. 


M«nuf«c*ur»d    By  Sole    DivfribufapB 

CLEMSON   BROS.  iNC     MILLER5  FALLS   CO. 

MIOOLZTOWM.  NEW  YORK  MILLERS  FALLS.  MASS. 


December  26,  1918 


C  \  .\  A  I)  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  INER  Y 


3()/ 


TANDAR 

MacKinery  ®-  Supplies,  Ltd. 

261  Notre  Dame  St.  West,  Montreal,  Que. 

Western  Rep.  :      W.  W.  HICKS,  Winnipeg,   Man. 


[walcottI 

RECOGNIZED  FOR  SERVICE 

Walcott  Lathes  have  been  recognized  for  service  under  the  trying  conditions  of  a  modern  shop  bending 
under   the   strain   of  war-time   production. 

Their  improved  design,  rigid  construction  and  m  iny  patented  time  and  labor-saving  features,  which 
come  from   37   years'   varied   experience   in   building   high-grade   lathes,   all   go   to   make   good   lathes   better. 

Walcott   Lathes   are   made   in    14,   16,    18,   20,   26   and    29-inch   sizes. 

Can   we    send    the    catalog? 


WALCOTT  LATHE  COMPANY 

ENGINE  LATHES 
140  Calhoun  Street  Jackson,  Michigan 


Standard  Machinery  and  Supplies,  Limited,  Montreal,  Quebec 

Sales  Agent  for  Province  of  Quebec 


DOMESTIC    AGENTS: 

Hill,   Clarke  &  Co..   Chicago,   III. 

Frevert   Machy.    Co..   New  York   City,   N.Y. 

W.  E.  Shipley  Machy.  Co..  Philadelphia.  Pa. 

National    Supply    Co..    Toledo,    Ohio. 

Motch  &  Merryweather  Machy.  Co.,  Cleve- 
land, Ohio  and  Pittsbursrh,  Penna. 

H.    A.    Smith    Machy.    Co..    Syracuse.    N.Y. 

William  E.  Duff.  York,  Penna.  and  Jack- 
sonville.   Fla. 

P.    H.    Reardon.    San    Francisco,    Calif. 


DOMESTIC  AGENTS: 

Brown-McDonald  Machy.  Co.,  St.  Louis, 
Missouri. 

Smith-Bcoth-Usher  Co.,   Los   Ansreles,  Cal. 

Factory    &   Mill   Supply   Co.,    Boston.    Mass. 

H»'ndrie  &  Bolthoff  Mfg.  &  Supply  Co., 
Denver,    Colo. 

Gordon    &    Finkbeiner.    Portland,    Oregon. 

Northern   Machy.   Co..  Minneapolis,   Minn. 

Brownell    Machy.    Co..    Providence,    R.I. 

Chas.   A.    StrelinKer   Co.,   Detroit.   Mich. 

Marshall  &  Huschart  Machy.  Co..  Indian- 
apolis.  iTid.  I 


FOREIGN   AGENTS: 

Ricardo  Grissi.    Milan,  Italy. 

Fenwick.  Freres  &  Co.,  Paris,  France ; 
Rio   de   Janeiro.    Brazil. 

Buck    &    Hickman,    Ltd.,    London.    England. 

Alfred    Herbert.    Ltd.,    Coventry,    England. 

Standard  Machy.  &  Supplies,  Ltd..  Mont- 
real,   Quebec. 

William   E.    Duff.   Tokyo.   Japan. 
Canadian     Fairbanks-Morse     Co..     Toronto, 
Ontario     and     Vancouver,     B.C. 


The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  agent  for  Canada  with  the  exception  of  Quebec  Province 


368 


C  A  N  A  D  1  A  N     .M  A  C  II  1  N  E  K  Y 


Volume  XX. 


TANDAR 

MacHinery  ®L  Supplies,  Ltd. 

261  NotrelDame  St.  West,  Montreal,  Que. 

Western  Rep.:  W.  W.  HICKS,  Winnipeg,  Man. 


Rich  Tool  Company,  Railway  Exchange,  Chicago 

Locomotive,  Automobile,  Aeroplane,  Gun  and  Machine  Parts  subject  to  maxi- 
mum shocks  of  great  frequency  or  torsional  strains  are  first  forged.  WHY? 
Because  forging  increases  their  physical  properties —  rearranges  the  structure 
to  withstand  stresses  in  any  desired  direction,  and  gives  each  portion  the  re- 
quired amount  of  working.  At  the  proper  temperature  the  flutes  of  RICH 
TOOLS  are  first  forged  and  twisted.  The  result  is  a  blank  thoroughly  uniform 
in  every  part  and  of  superior  physical  properties  to  the  bar  from  which  it  was 
made. 


2 

THE   BLANK 

"  1 

^M 

1 

fi 

THE  FINISHED  DRILL,  RICH  STANDARD  N220 

n 

—I 

NOT  WELDED,  BRAZED  OR  BUILT  UP— MADE  IN  ONE  PIECE  of  the  most 
suitable  and  best  High-Speed  Steel  of  the  proper  composition — every  operation  and 
process  is  conducted  with  care  and  judgment. 

IT  IS  UxNNECESSARY  TO  TELL  YOU  THAT  THIS  DRILL  WILL  PRODUCE 
MAXIMUM  SERVICE— IT  IS  BUILT  FOR  IT. 

Taper  Shank — Standard  and  Oversize  Shank. 

Straight  Shank — Long  and  Short  Set. 
We  also  manufacture  High-Speed  Bridge  Reamers,  Countersinks,  Track  and  Bonding 
Bits,  Rivet  Sets,  etc. 

Main  Office  and  Factory:  Chicago 

CANADIAN  BRANCH 

Standard  Machinery  &  Supplies,  Limited 

MONTREAL 

Branches:  New  Orleans,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  Portland,  Seattle,  San  Francisco 

Detroit,  Milwaukee,  Kansas  City. 

Write   "Standard"  for  your  Machinery  and  Supplies 


December  26,  1918 


C  A  X  A  1)  T  A  N    M  A  CHIN  K  R  Y  ' 


3(!9 


TANDAR 

Machinery  CEL  Supplies,  Ltd. 

261  Notre  Dame  St.  West,  Montreal,  Que. 

Western  Rep.:  W.  W.  HICKS,  Winnipeg,   Man. 


Trade  Mark  ReRistered 


High  Speed  Tool  Steels 

Cutting  steel  that  is  worth  while 
is  identified  l)y  it.e  trade-mark. 
The  I>-XX  brand  i.s  protected 
and  is  protecting  yon  in  turn 
by  its  trade-mark  l)ut  it  is  recog- 
nized by  its  quality.  Our  stoek 
on  hand  will  suit  your  require- 
ments. 


Adjustable    Jaw  Swivel    Bas 
Machinist's  Vise 


w 


Columbia  Vises 

A  complete  stock  of  vises  for  all  pur- 
poses. The  illustration  shows  an 
adjustable  jaw  vise  with  a  swivel 
base.  Can  be  furnished  with  a 
smooth-faced  jaw  if  desired.  Sizes 
include  2"  to  12  opening  of  jaw  with 
a  width  of  2"  to  8".  We  will  send 
you  catalogue  and  literature  upon 
request. 


Write  "Standard"  for  Your  Machinery  and  Supplies 


370 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


TANDAR 

Machinery  &  Supplies,  Ltd. 

261  Notre  Dame  St.  West,  Montreal,  Que. 

Western   Rep.  :      W.  W.  HICKS,  Winnipeg,  Man. 


261  Notre  Dame  St.  West 


LOW  COST 

of  Maintenance    and 

High  Efficiency 

is  the  reason  why  the  leading  Pulp 
and  Paper  Mills  and  many  of  the 
largest  manufacturing-  plants  are 
using 

READING 

Multiple  Gear  Hoists 

Steel  From  Hook  to  Hook — ^AU 
Gears  Run  in  Oil. 

CHAIN  HOISTS 
AND  TROLLEYS 

Send  for  latest  catalog 

Reading  Chain  Block  Co. 

READING,  PA,  U.S.A. 

Canadian  Agents: 

STANDARD  MACHINERY  &  SUPPLIES,  LIMITED 

MONTREAL,  Que. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


371 


rw^ 


Special  Ma cbir try,  Cecirs,  Jigs,  Fixtures,  Punches  and  Dies, 
5 mail  Tools,  Screw  Machine    Products,   Gauges,  Etc. 


B^QMiMHW'=¥TMS^?r^^ 


Production  of  Rare  Quality  at 
i^^kr^     Lowest  Labor 

Costs 

There  is  unusual 
strength,  accuracy, 
speed,  convenience  and 
range  in 


AURORA 


Drilling  Machines 

You  can  use  them 
to  great  advant- 
age on  HIGH  EX- 
PLOSIVE 
SHELLS  or  any 
work  in  your  shop 
that's  suitable  for 
a  machine  tool  of. 
this  kind.  The 
operating  is  easy 
and  the  labor  cost 
c  o  m  p  a  r  a  - 
tively  low. 

Drop  a   line   for  full   particulars  and  specifications. 
Stationary  Head   Sizes  20"— 21" 
Sliding  Head  Sizes  22"— 44" 

The   Aurora    Tool  Works 

AURORA,  INDIANA,  U.S.A. 


^'^  ENGINEERING 
^'Go-Litnited 

^^^eauSt.Montre»^ 


Manufacturers    of    Small    Tools,    Jigs 
and  Fixtures. 

Machine  Repairs  and  Specialty  Weld- 
ing Promptly  Done. 


Automatic  Screw  Machine 

ACCURACY         Products  QUALITY 


Our  Mechanical  Engineers  are 
at   the  service  of  our  Clients. 


^       I 


United  Brass  &  Lead,  Limited 

St.  Helen's  Avenue,     -     Toronto 

W.  L.  TOBIAS,  Superintendent 
Formerly  Superintendent  National  Cach  Register  Co. 


COMPLETE  MACHINES  AND  PARTS 
MANUFACTURED 

Send  us  your  sample  or  blueprint 
of  work  and   get    our    estimate. 

CANADIAN  BARKER  CO.,  LTD.,   Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Ont. 


DIAMONDS 

(Industrial) 
MOUNTED   or   UNMOUNTED— Fine  Qu.lity 


NORTON 


GEO.   ANDERSON   &  CO.     is?  Craig  st.  w. 

of  Canada,  Limited  Montreal,   Que. 


//   mu  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  novi  and. place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


372 


CAN  A  D 1 A  N     M  A  C  M I N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


TEN 


^;:^6s  MAS".>«  coMp^;; 

^      HAMILTON  -        CANADA 

Special  Machines  Designed  and  Built 
We  are  building  special  machinery  for: 
Textile  Work 

Electric  Lamp  Manufacturing 
Canning  and  Preserving 
Paper  and  Paper  Board  W^ork 
Metal  Manufacturing  and  many  other  lines. 
You  know  what  you  want.    We  will  make  it  for  you,  following 
your  instructions  or  submitting  suggestions  for  your  considera- 
tion. 


v^tQiirN    ^^ 


We  are  also  prepared 
to  furnish  steel  plate 
to  20"  wide  —  for 
prompt  delivery. 


We  have  recently  increased  the 
capacity  of  our  plant  and  can 
guarantee  quick  delivery  on  cast- 
ings weighing  anywhere  from 
100  lbs.  to  50,000  lbs. 


Open  Hearth 
Products 

Machinery  Castings 
of  all  kinds,  Motor 
Frames,  etc.,  for  elec- 
trical trade,  Pedestal 
and  Mis  cellaneous 
Bridge  Work,  Rolling 
Mill  and  Blast  Fur- 
nace Castings,  Gears 
and  Gear  Blanks. 


Quality  and 
Economy 


.^    -.^     ::.^^^^^ 

THE  DOMINION  FOUNDRIES  &  STEEL,  LIMITED 


December  26,  1018 


('  A  i\  A  i)  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  K  R  Y 


373 


MfPS»1^3K 


I  HAMILTON 


CANADA  Vy 

STANDARD  TOOLS 

Thread  Gauges.         Snap  Gauges.         Gylindrical  Gauges 

SPECIAL  SERVICE 

Special  Gauges.         Cutters.         Fixtures.         Jigs. 

Punch  Press  Tools. 

Special  Equipment  Given  Particular  Attention. 
Your   Own   Ideas   Developed  to  Your    Own   Satisfaction 


SPECIAL 
MACHINERY 


You   require   Expert  Work. 

Our  Experience  and  a  Full 
Equipment  are  at  your  service. 


Globe  Engineering 

Co.,  Limited 


125  Mary 
Street 


Hamilton 
Can. 


374 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


^'. 


^: 


Allen 


■4 


SOCKET 
HEAD 
CAP 
SCREWS 


THE  ALLEN  MFG.  CO., 


Adds  to  ■  valoe, 
strenffth  and  appear- 
ance of  machines.  No 
slots  to  become  mar- 
red     by      use.        Try 

Hartford.  Conn.  U.S.A. 

Manchester,     England, 


Canadian  Steel  Foundries  Need 
Frost  Improved  Sand  Mills 


WINNING    FEATURES: 

Heavy  Mullers 

Unloading  Devire 

Motor  or  Belt    Drive 

The  Frost  Mfg.  Co. 

112  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago 


PRESSES 

FOR 

CUTTING 

FORMING 

PUNCHING 

STAMPING 

EMBOSSING 

n    ki    A  .•     P  and  COINING 

Double-Action  Pre,.e.     ^^^  ^^^  g„^^^  ^^^^^ 

Exerting   pressure*    up 

to  2.000  tons.  Ferracute    Machine  Co. 

Full  Information,  with  •%       i  ai    i       t r  c    a 

phototraphs,  for  th«  asking  Brids^etOIl,   N.J.,   U.S.A. 


When  Writing  to  Advertisers 
Kindly  Mention  this  Paper 


NORTON  JACKS 

FOR  ALL  KINDS  OF  HEAVY  LIFTING 

Send    for    complete    catalogue    showing 
50  styles  10  to  100  tons  capacity. 

^:,XA^:  O.  NORTON,  Limited 

Coaticook,  Prov.  Quebec,  Canada 


Cushman      Chucks 


Lathe  Chucks,  Drttl 
Chucks,  Portable 
Face  Plate  Jaws. 

Let  u.  .and  you  our  eatalos. 

The     Cushman 
Chuck  Co. 


Hartford,    CanB., 

U.S.A. 


Increased  Safety  Means 
Increased  Production 

A  workman  who  knows  that  he  is 
protected  can  and  will  work  better 
than  one  who  knows  he  is  constant- 
ly in  danger. 

TRADE  I....RK 


BRISTO 


SAFETY  SET  SCREWS 

Protect  the  workman.  Free  from  the  need 
of  watching  projecting  screws  which  might  catch 
his  clothing,  he  has  more  time  to  devote  to 
hia  work.  You  yourself  will  be  freed  from  worry 
over  the  safety  of  your  men.  And  you  will  be 
free  from  law  suits,  too. 
Write  for  samples  and  Bulletin   1-80©. 

The  Bristol  Co..  Waterbury.  Conn..U.S.A. 


Do  you  want  help  or  have 
you  something  to  sell,  if  so 
use  the  classified  column  in 
this  paper. 


December  26,  1918 


r  A  N  A  D  T  A  N     MACHINERY 


375 


I 


The  Fairfield  Supplies  Co.,  Ltd. 

Direclors  :  G.  H.  SCHONFIELD.  PERCY  S.  ABRAHAMS 


8Gori 


'ing  Street,  St.  Mj 
LONDON,  E.C. 


lary  Axe 
3 


An  old  established  firm  with  commanding  offices  and 
extensive  warehouse,  situated  in  the  heart  of  the 
City  of  London,  and  having  sound  connections  all 
over  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  British 
Colonies,  desire  to 

Represent  American  Manufacturers  of 

Labour-SavinK    Machine    Tools    for   Hand    and    Power  Drive. 
Small    Tools    for    Engrineers,    Machinists    and    Smiths. 
Automobiles  and  Accessories. 
Electrical  Appliances. 

Correspondence  invited. 


Trade  Mark  Ret.  U.  S.  Pat.  Office 

A  universal  grinder.  A  grinder  with  all 
attachments.  A  grinder  that  will  handle 
all  kinds  of  tool-sharpening  as  well  as 
cylindrical,  internal  and  surface  grinding. 
An  all-around  machine  for  your  tool-room. 
Catalog  No.  6. 

Greenfield  Machine  Co. 

Greenfield,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


I 


Milling  Attachment 

and  Compound  Table 

For  the  Die  Maker,  Repair  Shop,  Pattern  Maker  or 
Garage:  wiU  perfonn  more  than  90%  of  the  jobe  that 
come  up. 

For  any   Drill   Press 
14"     to     42"     BwinK. 
Big     Economy  —  Big 
CotaTenience—  SmaJl 
Price.       It     relicTes 
your    larxe    millers, 
comes     in     handy 
a  p  o  tting     castings, 
milling    enda    of    bo«es.    and    many 
other   odd    jobs.     Cuts   all    kind-s   of 
keyseata      perfectly;      mills      deep 
grooTea.    slots    and    cams.      We    also 
make    cylinder    reamers   for    reboring 
Ford    car,    and    a    reliable    air    com- 
preMor— all  at  special  factory  prices. 
Write    for   circulars   to-day. 

Hinckley  Machine  Works,  Tunois^ 


"Hunter-Duplex"  Saws 


'"I^HE   cut  shows  a   nice  clean    cut.   not 
pushed  out,  but  cut  oat.     Thia  is  due 
to    the    proper    shape    and    clearance   of 
tooth.      All    Hunter    "Duplex"   saws 
cut  like  this. 


Hot     Saws,     Friction     Discs,     Solid 
Blades      made      of      Vanadiaum. 
Tungsten      ard      Chrome      Alloy 
Steels.       Saw     Sharpening     Ma- 
chines. Inserted  Tooth  Grind- 
ers.     Hardened    Steel    Speci- 
alties.      Write     for     catalog. 


Hunter  Saw  & 
Machine  Co. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa, 


WELDING 


SAVE  MONEY!     Have  your  broken 
machine  parts  made  good  as  new  by 
our  Oxy-Acetylene  Welding  Pro- 
cess.   We  have  the  largest  plant 
in    Western    Canada.      Quick 
service — moderate  prices. 


MANITOBA  WELDING 
&  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

Winnipeg,   Man. 


STEEL  CASTINGS 


pLECTRIC  Steel  Castings  of 
■^^all  kinds  from  5  pounds  to 
15,000  pounds. 

PROMPT  DELIVERY 


Manitoba  Steel   Foundries,    Ltd. 

1204  McArthur  Building 
Winnipeg  -  _  _  Manitoba 


CLUTCHES 

Combined   Jaw   and   Friction.      Friction   only. 
Gas  Engine  Clutches.     Jaw  Clutches. 

Writm  for  interesting  prtnteJ  matter. 

»The^^Positive  Clutch  &   Pulley  Works,   Ltd.,    Canada 

Factory  :  Aurora.  Ont.  TORONTO 


MONTREAL 


GEARS  AND  GEAR  CUTTING 
SPROCKETS  AND  CHAINS 

In  stock  and  to  order,  any  size  from  one- 
quarter  inch  to  six-foot  in  diameter,  any 
material.  Estimates  and  irear  advice  cheer- 
fully furnished. 

Grant  Gear  Works,  Inc.,  it}^rJ,A\: 

G.  B.  GRANT  U.S.A. 


PRESSES  and  SHEARS 

Sheet  Metal  Working  Machinery 

THE  D.  H.  STOLL  CO.,  INC. 

BUFFALO,  N.Y. 


^^^^^                        Send    for  .ur   New 

Cataloi  of                        1 

^^^k.        SAFETY  AND  FIRST  AID  EQUIPMENT     1 

■■^^^H                Wc    Manufartnr* 

Masks   and    Helmets 

JB|^^H           Adiiutorlaa    liovrlM 

Leather 

^^^^^^V 

and    Asbestos           [i 

^^^^V^             SafetT  and  Danrar 

Leccrinffs  and 

^^^B                              Sisna 

Clothinc 

^^^^^^^^  first   Aid  Caliinata 

And  ETerythinc  for 

.^^^^^^^^^^^^blosDital   EaaiDment 

Safety 

^^^■^^^^■hI':     Si'K<)N(;.      KKNNAKII     »      Nilrr     Co          1 

i044    E.   9th   Street 

CleTcland,  Ohio.      1 

376 


C  A  N  A  D  T  A  X     :\[  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


7HISTLE'*BRAND  RUBBERBELTING 


"Maintenance  o£ 
Qaality" 

is  our  motto,  and  our  ex- 
perience in  the  manufac- 
ture of  belting  since  the 
year  1856  should  be  in- 
valuable to  you.  Let  us 
tell  you  all  about  this 
friction  faced  belting. 
The  price  will  appeal 
to  you. 

Write    to-day. 

J.  C.  MoLAREN    BELTINQ 
CO.,  LTD. 

TIMRTe.  MONTREAL.  WINNIPEO 


CO.  LTD. 


Mannfacturers  oi 

Bright  Finished 
Steel  Shafting 
and  Shapes. 


Large  stock   of  all  sizes. 
Spnd  for  Prion  Umi 


A  "fitting"  case  for  your  higli-  grade  tools 


lt*a  only  natural  that  you  wish  io  keep 
your  tools   in   a   neat,   attractive,   weU- 
ci'ii.-itnicttHl    tool    case. 
imiKH'tcd    cases    have    nothing    on 

"EMBREE"    TOOL   CASES 

(17  Stylci  and  Sizei) 

in  either  construction,   convenience   or 
price. 

Built  in  quarter  cut  and  plain  oak. 
mahogany.  Leather  coveretl  with  mii- 
bogany  or  oak  fronts.  Drawci-s  per- 
fectly hand  fitted.  Oak  and  mahogany 
cases  dovetailed  and  highly  finished. 
Mounted  in  nickle  and  bra-ss  witli 
substantial  handles. 
No  mechanic  shoiUd  be  without  one. 
Send  for  price  list^ 
if  your  dealer  does  not  carry  these  in 
stuck    write    for   prices. 


Mechanics    Tool  Case   Mfg.   Co.,  271   Euclid  Ave.,  Toronto 


1  to  5,000  pounds 

Highest  Quality 

PROMPT  AND  RELIABLE  SERVICE 

We    make    a    specialty    of    Carbonizing    Boxes    and    Cyanide 

and    Lead   Bath    Pots 

SWEDISH  CRUCIBLE  STEEL  CO. 
OF  CANADA,  Ltd.,  Windsor,  Ont. 


Castings 


Brass,  Gunmetal,  Manganese  Bronze,  Delta  Metal, 
Nickel   Alloys,   Aluminum,  etc. 

MARINE   AND    LOCOMOnYB   ENGINE    BEAR- 
INGS.    MACHINE  WORK   AND   ELECTRO 
PLATING.    METAL  PATTERN  MAKING 

United  Brass  &  Lead,  Ltd.,  Toronto,  Ont. 


NEW  AIR-TIGHT  BLAST  GATE 

FOR  LOW  AND  MODERATE  PRESSURES 


(Patented) 


"Th«  Alr-Tlght  Blut  Oit<s  in  ok  In  our  plant  hare  glren 
entire  aatUfaction." 

CANADIAN    PACIFIC    EAIliWAY    0OMPA.NY. 
Montreal.  Canada- 
Oar  NEW  AlB-TIOHT  BLABT  OATE  wUl  «ave  tfie  air   (MONEY) 
you  are  now  loainc  through  leaky  blast  gates. 

Oincolar  12^T  explalm  Ita  many  other  adranta^es,  ontlining  cleariy 
Ita  aH-aronnd  suneiiority  ever  the  ordinary  Ueht.  flinwy.  clieap.  lealty 
and  ontvUmble  blast  natM,  and  the  heavy,  cun)ft>erKome,  expensive  and 
%\fm-*ctiB^  gate  Talres  and  Mtop  cocks.  Aftk  for  circular  and  list  of  usera. 

W.  S.  ROCKWELL  COMPANY 

Furnacm  Enginetrm  and  Contractora 

SO  Church  StrMt.  New  York  (Hudson  Terminal  BIdff.) 

CenadUn  Rcpreaentatives :  Drummond,  McCall  &  Co..  Ltd.,  Montreal 


ARMCO  IRON  Welding  Rods 


OXY-ACETYLENE 


ELECTRIC 


make  Safe  welding  easy 

ARMCO  IRON  Rods  are  practically  pure  iron  and  are 
peculiarly  free  from  the  sulphur,,  phosphorus,  slag, 
oxides  and  other  impurities  that  ordinarily  destroy  the 
homogeneity  of  the  weld. 

You  will  find  it  decidedly  to  your  advantage  to  give 
ARMCO  IRON  Rods  a  careful  test. 

PAGE  STEEL  &  WIRE  CO. 

Sales  Offices :  30  Church  St.,  New  York 

Plants:   Montsien,   Pa.,   and   Adrian,   Mieh. 

We«tem     Representative* :     Steel     Sales     CorporatiMi, 
Chicago. 

11 


WHITING    TRUCKS 


All 

kinds  of 

Shop  and 

Foundry    v 

Trucks 


^    Catalog. 


Complete 
Foundry 
Equipment  I 


Steel  Frame  Shop  Truck 


WHITING 

FQUNQRYEOUIPMENTCQ 

HAHVEY-ILL.U.S.A. 


Cranes 
of  all 
Types 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


377 


BOLT,  NUT,  FORGING  AND 
WIRE   NAIL  MACHINERY 

' '  National ' '  Bolt  Cutters,  • '  Wedge  Grip ' '  Bolt  and  Eivet  Headers, 
Forging  Machines,  Nut  Machines^  Roll  Threaders  and  Wire  Nail 
Machines  are  used  by  leading  Railroads  and  Industrials. 


NATlONALMACHINtRrfoj 
TirflN.OMI0.USA    \j  I 


CANADIAN  AGENT  : 

H.W.PETRIE,  Ltd. 

TORONTO.  ONT. 
MONTREAL.  QUE. 
VANCOUVER.  B.C. 


Thwing'PyToineters  ^t 


High     Resistance     Indicating     and     Multiple 
Record  Types  for  all  industrial  purposes. 
Tell    us   your  conditions  and   we   will   explait 
the    economies    or    improvements    that    pyro- 
meters   will    effect. 

THWING  INSTRUMENT  CO. 
34th  SI.  &  Lancastsr  Ave.  PhHadalphia.  Pa.    (36) 


T6cr"B^;^St^  Toronto . 

Test*    of    Metal*,    FueU,    Oa«,    Water.    Etc 
SPECIAL  ATTENTION  TO  ALL  SHELL  MATERIALS 


METAL  STAMPING 

SPINNING -ELECTRO  PLATING 
FULLY   EQUIPPED  PLANT 


Ask    us    for    an    est: 


imate    on    your     requirements 


The  Wentworth  Mfg.  Co.,  Ltd. 


Oak  Avenue 


HAMILTON,  ONT. 


INDUSTRIAL 

MIUTARY 
AND  MARINE 


ONE  PAIR 
OR  20.000 
PER  DAY 


©.aiFETif  @®@©[L[IS 


WRITE  FOR  DETAILS 

T.A  WilUon  &  Co..  Inc.  Canadian  Office.  23  Scott  St.,  Torsnlo 


iiiii!iiiiiiliiiiiiiiiliiiliiiiiliiliiiiilililiiiiii:iiiiiiiilii!liiiiilililii!i;iiiii:i:iiiii!);i:iiiii!iiij 


Fairbanks 
Hammers 

25  to  300  lbs. 

Belt  or  Motor  Drive 

These  Hammers  Embody  a 
Design  and  Workmanship  that 
are  Unsurpassed. 

Send  for  Catalog 

UNITED  HAMMER  CO. 


Oliver  Building 


Beaton,  Matis       ^ 

niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy'!iiiiiiiiiiS 


"  iff             ti'^ 

The  Whiton 

AUTOMATIC 

« 

^ 

Gear  Cutting 
Mschise 

Do   you  want  Catalog  t 

WttH 

^HHI 

H 

The  D.  E.  Whiton 

m 

V^^H 

Machine  Co. 

■     m^ 

NEW  LONDON,    -    CONN.> 

Beaudry  Hammers 

For  General  Forging 

Save  Fuel,  Time  and 
Labor.  Cut  Forging 
Costs  in  two. 

Belt  or  Motor  Driven. 

BEAUDRY  &  CO.,  Inc. 

141    Milk   Street 

BOSTON.  .  MASS. 

Alfred  Herbert,  Ltd.,  Coventry.  Enr- 
land,  London.  Paris.  Calcutta.  Yo- 
kohama. 


Zenith  Coal  &  Steel  Products 

Limited 

COAL  and  COKE 


SERVICE  and  QUALITY  in 
HIGH    SPEED    STEEL,         CARBON    STEEL 
COLD    ROLLED    and    MACHINERY   STEEL 
DRILLS,  REAMERS,  MINING  MACHINERY 

1410  Royal  Bank  Building,  Toronto 
402  McGill  Building,  Montreal 


//  any  advertisement  inteteats  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


378 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Voltime  XX. 


PRESSES— ALL  TYPES 

Press  Attachments,  Automatic. 
Metal  and  Wire  Forming  Machines. 
Tumblers — Large  Line. 
Burnishing  Machines.    Grinders. 
Special  Machines. 

Baird  Machine  Co.,  Brtdreport,  Conn.,  D.S.A. 


BAIRP 


7 


WE  SELL  METALS  OF  ALL  KINDS 


SCRAP 
Copper.  Brass 
Lead.  Babbit.  Etc. 
INGOT 

Copper.  L«ad 
Speltor.  Etc. 


STEEL 

RAILROAD  CAP  AXLES. 

BARS 

BILLETS 

ETC. 


B.  ENUSHEVSKY  &  SON,  Toronto,  Can. 


RECONSTRUCTION 
NEW  CONDITIONS 

IMPROVED  METHODS 
WIDER  MARKETS 
INCREASED  PRODUCTION 
INDUSTRY  plus  SCIENCE 

Submit  your  inquiries  and  problema  to 

HANBURY  A.  SUDDEN 

RESEARCH    BUREAU 

712  Drummond  Building  MONTREAL 


-   TORONTO  HAM  I LTON  WINNPCG 


HEAVY  HARDWAI^ 
MILL  SUPPLIES 


AUTOMOBILE  A0C&SSOK£BS 


INVENTIONS  PATENTED 

AND  TRADE  MARKS  REGISTERED 
IN  ALL  COUNTRIES 

WILLIAM  p.  McFEAT 

{Member  Chartered  Institute,  London) 

POWER   BUILDING 

83  Craig  Street  West  -  MONTREAL 
VALIDITY  OF  PATENTS  INVESTIGATED 


A  Request  to  Our  Readers 


You  have  often  thought  that  some 
friend  or  acquaintance  would  be  in- 
terested in  articles  which  you  have 
read  in  CANADIAN  MACHINERY. 
Obey  the  impulse  to  pass  a  good  thing 
along. 

It  will  be  a  pleasure  to  send  sample 
copies  to  your  friends  if  you  will  send 
us  their  names  and  addresses. 


m 


USED  STEAM  ENGINES 

FOR  SALE 

One     Left  -  Hand     Improved     Horizontal 
Simple  Automatic  Laurie  Corliss  Engine. 

Diameter  of  Cylinder 28" 

Length  of  Stroke  of  Piston .  .    48" 
No.  of  Revolutions  per  minute  75 

Fly  Wheel 18  x  I2V2    Face 

Weight    40,000  lbs. 

Rated  Horse  Power 625 

I.  H.  P 700 

Max 950 

One  25 "  x  50"  Left-Hand  Wheelock  Engine. 
One  201/2"  X  46"  Left-Hand  Wheelock  En- 
gine. 
These  engines  are  in  excellent  cont'.tion. 

Photograph    and   full    particulars   will    be 
sent  on  application  to 

GUTTA  PERCHA  &  RUBBER 

LIMITED 

Toronto,  Canada 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


379 


f  : " .«  rfK»? 


mamm^ 

^'ft' 

^m 

/ 

t 

^ 

1 

o« 


r 


<^<i^ 


For  Handling  Heavy  Machinery 


A  hand  chain  hoist  is  unapproached  for  hand- 
ling heavy  machinery  or  piling  heavy  stock 
in  close  quarters  or  short  headroom. 

And  there  need  be  no  hesitation  in  handlina- 
the  heaviest  parts  if  the  hoist  selected  is  a 
Ford  Tribloc.     For  the  Ford  Tribloc  will  hoist 

Ford   Chain  Block  & 

Second  and  Diamond  Streets 


or  hold  safely  3%  times  its  generously  rated 
load  as  a  result  of  steel  working  parts  and  its 
LOOP  Hand  Chain  GUIDE  that  prevents 
damage   to   the  block  due  to  "gagging." 

Write  for  Catalogue  3,  giving  the  details  of 
construction  and  our  5-year  guarantee. 

Manufacturing  Company 

PhiladeIphia,»Pa. 

2119D 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


YT^  OU   get  the  benefit  of  high 
-*-    qualit),    prompt   service   and 
reasonable    price    when    dealing 
with  us. 

O  END  us  your  inquiries.  We'll 
^  gladly  send  you  full  particulars 
on  any  line  or  lines  in  which  you 
are  interested. 

J.  A.  M.  TAYLOR 

STAIR    BUILDING,   TORONTO 


Some  of  Our  Lines  : 

Drills,  high-speed  and  carbon 
Reamers,     high     speed     and 

carbon 
Cutters,       high     speed     and 

carbon 
"Little  Giant"  Taps  and  Dies 
Hack  Saw    Blades 
FMles 

Swiss   I'atent   Files 
Waltham  Grinding   Wheels 
Emery   Wheel   Dressers 
Standard  Drill  Sleeves 
I'se-em-up   Drill   Sleeves 
Micrometers   and    Gauges 
Combined  Drills  and  Counter- 
sinks 
Jacob  Drill  Chucks 


MAKE  NAILS!  NOT  NOISE! 

We  offer  th«  trade  new  type*  of 

WIRE  NAIL  MACHINES 

QUIET  IN  OPERATION;  WITH  VERY  HIGH  OUTPUT:  ALL  PARTS  ACCES- 
SIBLE: DECREASED  MAINTENANCE  COSTS:  GREAT  CAPACITY:  OCCUPYING 
SMALL   FLOOR  SPACE. 

Smoothly  mnninE  machines,  with  balanced  mechanical  motions  and  no  rutatinK 
cania.     Bnilt  in  6  aiiea,  handlinz  wir*  <«»m  No.  IT  to  %*  diam. 

PRACTICALLY  NOISELESS  IN  OPERATION 

Sleeper  &  Hartley,  Inc.,  Worcester,  Mass. 

CANADIAN  BRANCH,  COATICOOK,  P.Q. 
LondMi,   EHflaad.   P.  A.  Parry.  *t  Qnaen  Victoria  Street,  E.C.  4.     Parla,  France,  Edcar  Bloxham,  12  Roe  da  Delta, 
Australia:  Edwin  Wood  Ptr.  Ltd.,  Melbourne. 


CUT  GEARS 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     M  A  C  H I N  E  R  Y 


3S1 


GALT< 

I  SCREWS^ 


Taper  Pins 

Not  my  pay  envelope,  but  I 
am  always  pleased  when  Can- 
adian workmen  produce  a 
high  class  product  by  the  use 
of  which  I  can  increase  my 
production  and  efficiency,  for 
that  is  what  increases  the 
amount  in  my  envelope  and 
at  the  same  time  enables  the 
boss  to  sell  more  and  bet- 
ter machinery. 

In  our   plant  we   have 

used   GALT   TAPER 

PINS  for  over  a  yeai* 

and  want  no  other  as  a 

substitute.       We     have 

proved  that  these   pins 

are     stronger,     a     true 

turned  taper,  and  being  made  of  high 

carbon  bessemer  stock  will  not  readily 

sheer  off.     Try  a  sample  in  your  next 

order.     You  will  be  as  pleased  as  I  am. 


The  Gait  Machine  Screw  Company,  Limited 

GALT,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 

Eastern  Representatives: 
The  Canadian  B.  K.  Morton  Co.,  Limited,  49  Common  Street,  Montreal,  Quebec 

//  any  advertUement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  anstcered. 


Awinaie 

iiut-s 

proniijt 


382 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Machine 
Tools 


Fig.  6.  No.  190  "Wells"  Univer- 
sal  Tool  and  Cutter  Grinder.  Re- 
designed— will  keep  your  tools  and 
cutters  in  the  pink  of  condition. 


Send  for 
Machine  Tool  Catalog  No.  39 -C 


^        Machine  Tool  Division 

Greenfield  Tap  and  Die 
Corporation 

Greenfield,    Massachusetts 


Canadian  Sales  Agents: 

Wells  Brothers  Company  of  Canada, 


GALT,   ONTARIO 


I 


LIMITED 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


383 


Are  You 
Getting  100% 
From  Your 
Automatics 

7 


"Wells"  Hand  Screw  Machine 


,1 


will  enable  you  to  cut  out  two  or 
three  of  the  slower  operations 
and  let  the  automatics  run  at  top 
speed. 

"Wells"  Hand  Screw  Machine, 
run  by  unskilled  operators,  will 
handle  efficiently  these  slower 
operations  on  small  parts. 


Result:    Increased  Production — Lower 
Costs.     A  Trial  Convinces. 


Machine  Tool  Division 

GreenfieldlTap  and  Die  Corporation 

Greenf  ield,Mass. ,  U.S.A. 


Canadian  Agents: 

WellsBros.  Company 

Gait,  Ontario 


:>84 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Precision 
in  Threading 

Precision'in  threading  can  be  attained  only 
by  the  use  of  precision  tools. 

The  "Gun^'  Tap 

The  "Gun"  Tap  holds  all  records  for 
accuracy,  speed  and  durability.  Its  shear- 
ing cut  reiquires  a  minimum  of  driving 
power  and  is  self-cleaning — it  shoots  the 
chips  ahead. 

The  "Gun"  Tap  maintains  its  size  and 
lead   in   any   material. 

The  Acorn  Die 

The  Acorn  Die  is  capable  of  a  minute 
adjustment,  holds  its  lead  with  accuracy, 
is  absolutely  rigid  while  cutting  and  will 
outwear  a  number  of  ordinary  dies. 

Nicely  illustrated  booklets  describing  the 
"Gun"  Tap  and  the  Acorn  Die  will  be  sent 
on  request.  Also  new  No.  40  Small  Tools 
Catalog. 

Wells  Brothers   Company 

of  Canada,  Limited 


t 


December  26,  1918 


(A  X  A  I)  I  A  X     M  ACFITNERY 


385 


I 


PNEUMATIC  TOOLS 

MAKE  EFFICIENCY  A  HABIT 


No.  60 
Long- 
Stroke 
Riveting 
Hammer 


The  wonderful  records  of  the  ship- 
builders and  war  industries  have 
been  made  possible  by  the  use  of 
pneumatic  tools. 

Thor  Pneumatic  Tools  are  indis- 
pensable where  large  production 
and  speed  are  necessary. 

Write  for  folder  showing  complete 
line  of  Thor. 


No.    60    One-Piece    Lonf;:    Stroke    Hammer    drivinir 
^H-inch    flush    rivets    in    Engine    Room    Bulkheads. 


Time  Saving  Tools 


^»& 


Pistol 

Grip  Chipping 

Hammer  w^ith 

Single  Valve. 

No   Vibration. 

Five  Sizes. 

1  to  5"  Stroke 


THOR  PNEUMATIC  RAMMERS 

No.  50 — Floor  Rammer 
No.  40 — Bench  Rammer 


Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Company 

Office:  334  St.  James  Street,  'MONTREAL,  QUE. 
Toronto:  32  Front  St.,  W.;  Winnipeg:  123  Ballantyne  Ave.,  E.;  Vancouver:  1142  Homer  Street 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


386 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


WiCRES 

Brothers 

SAGINAW,  MICHIGAN 

BUILDERS   OF 

Heavy  Duty  Lathes 

Radial  Wall  Drills 

Punches,  Shears 

Plate  and  Angle 
Bending  Rolls 

Plate  Straightening 
Rolls 

Coping  Machines 

Stake  Riveters 

Plate  Planers 

Hydraulic 
Hanging  Presses 

Flanging  Clamps 

etc  etc. 


Heavy  Duty  Engine  Lathe 

Double  Back  Geared  Three-Step  Cone.  Double  Plate  Apron. 
Liberal  size  of  parts,  and  high  grade  workmanship  make  the 
Wickes   Lathe   equal   to   the   most   severe   service. 

The  Wickes  has  Special  Ball  Thrust  Bearings;  Steel  Apron 
Gears,  Coarse  Pitch  and  Wide  Face  Gears,  which  avi;  all  well 
guarded.  Let  us  tell  you  ALL  about  our 
lathes.  Built  for  real  service  from  17"  to 
48"  swing. 


Wickes  Radial  Wail  Drill 

We  caa  make  prompt  shipments.  Made  for  rigid  attachment 
to  column  or  wall,  or  with  bracket  for  vertical  adjustment. 
Motor-driven.  Operating  lever  has  two  points  of  leverage,  one 
for  light  and  one  for  heavy  work,  the  one  giving  10"  and  the 
other  5"  movement  to'  the  spindle. 

The  arm  is  made  of  heavy  channels,  planed  top  and  bottom 
and  well  supported  and  braced.  The  carriage  has  four  turned 
rollers  top  and  bottom,  eight  in  all,  a  greater  provision  against 
tipping  than  can  be  found  in  any  similar  machine. 

Spindles  have  bronze  bearings  and  ball  bearing  thrust  collars. 
Built  in  two  sizes,  with  arm  8'  to  18'.  Write  for  full  details 
to-day.     We  are  in  position  to  make  prompt  shipments. 


//  what  you  need  i»  not  advertUed;   coneult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


387 


Pyn^amid ,  Type 


Wickes  Heavy  Duty  Plate  Bending  Roll 


Wickes 

Double 

Punch 

With  Flush 

Punching 

and  Shearing 

Attachments 


The  I  Beam  section  of 
frame,  originated  with  us, 
is  the  strongest  form  pos- 
sible for  resisting  not  only, 
the  tension  and  compression 
but  also  the  twisting  strains 
set  up  in  the  body  of  a 
punching  and  shearing  ma- 
chine 

The  Cam  Shaft  is  large  and 
of  the  best  quality  open 
hearth    steel. 

The  Clutch  is  provided  with 
adjustable  automatic  stop 
attachment  allowing  the 
ram  to  be  brought  to  rest 
at  any  desired  point.  Oper- 
ated by  either  hand,  lever  or 
foot  tread. 

The  Ram  is  exceptionally 
large  and  therefore  has 
little  liability  to  wear,  but 
a  taper  gib  is  provided  to 
take  up  any  wear  that  may 
accrue.  Also  built  single 
end. 

Write  for  full  particulars. 


Wi^^ES  Brothers 

SAGINAW,  MICHIGAN,  U.  S.  A. 


The  Wickes  Heavy  Duty  Plate  Bending  Roll     j, 

Rolls  arranged  in  pyramid  form,  the  lower  rollers  being  gear-driven  and  the  upper 
roll  driven  by  the  friction  of  the  plates.  The  rolls  are  made  of  open-hearth  steel 
forgings  of  the  very  best  quality  obtainable,  for  the  purpose  intended. 

Lower  rolls  have  shallow  grooves  to  assist  in  starting  plates  and  the  front  lower 
roll  can,  if  desired,  be  slotted  for  use  in  flanging.  In  rolls  of  10  feet  and  greater 
length  between  housings,  anti-deflection  rollers  in  suitable  number,  are  provided  under 
the  two  lower  rolls. 

The  frame  of  the  machine  is  of  heavy  rolled  structural  steel,  which,  while  lighter  than 
cast  iron,  is  practically  unbreakable. 

Drop  us  a  card  to-day  for  full  particulars. 


^lillWiiipiiiC       I 


iJ«& 


//  any  advertUement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  vlaee  with  letters  to  be  anawtrsd. 


:!88 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


PINTLE  AND 

DETACHABLE 

LINK  BELTING 

TOGETHER  WITH  CONVEYING 
ATTACHMENTS  FOR  BOTH 

[MANUFACTURED  BY 

FITTINGS  UMITED 

OSHAWA,  CANADA 


r^ 


Ij  what  you  need  is  not  advertised,  cohhiiII    bin    Buiiim'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under  proper   heading. 


December  '^ti,   I'JIX 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY    ' 


-Keystone  Quamr   Will  Still  be  There 

Long   Use  Has  Worn  Away 

The  Name 


We  like  to  think  of  that. 

We  like  to  think  that  the  reputation  of  Keystone  Tools  is 
built  upon  a  foundation  of  sei-vice  with  Quality  the  Key- 
stone rather  than  a  copyrighted  name.  For  it  is  conceiv- 
able that  imitators,  or  even  the  whims  of  courts,  might 
rob  us  of  our  copyrighted  name.  But  who  could  take 
"Keystone  Quality"  from  Keystone  Tools? 

Write  for  name  of  nearest  dealer. 

A  The  Keystone  Mfg.   Company 

JH       Buffalo,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 


wmm^mm^^ms 


YOU'LL  FIND  WHAT  YOU  WANT 

In  the  Classified  Advertising  Section  of  Canadian  Machinery.       Watch  it  each  week 

for  all  kinds  of  new  and  used  machinery. 

YOU  MAY  WANT  WHAT  YOU  FIND. 


Measuring  Tapes,  Steel  Rules,  Straight  Edges,  Surveyors' 
Band  Chains,  Engineers'  Tools 


MANUFACTURED  BY 


JAMES  GHESTERMAN  &  GO.,  Limited 

SHEFFIELD.        •        ENGLAND 


Chesterman  tools  are  the  highest  standard  of  ac- 
curacy in  the  British  Empire,  and  the  quality 
of  steel  and  substantial  build  guarantee  a  maxi- 
mum of  service  and  economy. 


Wind-n|>    MeasDres,    Steel, 

Ltnen     and     Metallic.       Wltb 

Improved    Patent    Flaib 

Handle. 


Stoel  Depth  Gauge 


.:il!iiiiiiiiliiiii;'!Ti-Tn 


1 


Steel  Pocket  Teroier  Gange 
Canadian  Rapresaatatiw : 

FM       Q  P  n  T  T     '*04  Coriitina  Bnildina. 
.     n.     ^K,\J   I     I,  MONTREAL,  CANADA 


If  any  advertisement  hitcrestn  ifcu,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letterg  to  be  angwered. 


^<«00 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Gilbert  &  Barker 
Furnaces 


For    Immediate 
Deliveries 


G.&B. 

Furnaces 

Assure 

You 

100% 

Efficiency 

In 

Heat 

Treating 


TLe  "C"  type — especially  dei^igned  for 
hardening  taps,  dies,  milling  cutters,  etc., 
may  be  had  in  two  size?;  one  has  a  heating 
chamber  24  x  86  x  12  in.  and  the  other 
25x58x12  in. 

The  "K"  type  meets  every  requirement  in 
the  heat  treating  of  high  speed  steels. 
Despite  the  fac-t  that  temperatures  up  to 
2,600  deg.  Fahr.  may  be  obtained  and 
maintained  uniformly  —  this  furnace  rates 
very  low  on  fuel  consumption. 

Enquiries  Promptly 
Answered 


V^HEN  you  require  a 
^  "  heat  treating  furnace 
delivered  to  you  promptly 
specity  G.  &  B.  in  your 
order.  Extensive  manufac- 
turing facilities  enable  us  to 
keep  ahead  of  the  demand 
and  you  can  secure  certain 
standard  types  of  furnaces 
for  hardening  and  temper- 
ing directly  from  our  stock. 


Gilbert  &  Barker  Mfg.  Co. 

WEST  SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 

Canadian  Agents:  Williams  &  Wilson,  Montreal,  Que. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


391 


For  All  Heat  Treating 
Purposes 

THE  G.  &  B.  Furnaces  you  see  illustrated  here 
represent  our  smaller  types  which  we  are  pre- 
pared to  ship  from  stock  on  receipt  of  your  order. 
There's  a  G.  &  B.  Furnace  for  every  heat-treating 
purpose.  Standard  de- 
signs cover  all  ordin- 
ary requirements  and 
when   you   require   a 
special   furnace   for 
special    purposes   we 
are  prepared  to  suit 
your  need  precisely. 


G.  &  B.  Type  "E"  Furnaces  have 
been  recognized  leaders  in  the  heat 
treatment  of  steel  in  cyanide  of 
potassium.  Such  fine  work  as  dies 
with  finely  engraved  working  sur- 
faces are  handled  with  perfect  ease 
in  this  furnace.  It  may  be  had 
in  several  usable  sizes. 
Then  there  is  the  Type  "P"  Lead 


Advice  on  All 

Heat  Treating 

Problems 

For  50  years  we  have 
specialized  in  the  manu- 
facture of  furnaces  and 
our  experience  may  be  of 
service  to  you.  We  recom- 
mend the  type  of  furnace 
that  will  fulfill  your  con- 
(htions  most  efficiently. 


work  that  cannot,  because  of  its 
shape  or  size,  be  handled  easily 
in  a  round  pot.  This  type,  as  well 
as  Type  "E"  may  be  supplied  with 
or  without  a  hood. 
G.  &  B.  Furnaces  may  be  supplied 
for  gas  or  oil  fuel  as  desired — or 
if  combination  is  desired  we  will 
fit  with  the  G.  &  B.  Combination 
Gas  Oil  Burner. 


Hardening    Furnace    adapted    for 

G.  &  B.  Furnaces  always  produce  just  the  correct  heat,  the  oil  or  gas 
valve  makes  them  extremely  easy  to  operate — no  ash  to  handle— no 
drafts  to  watch — just  lOO'/r  efficient  heat  treating  with  the  least  amount 
of  attention. 

G.  &  B.  Heat  Treating  Furnaces  can  save  you  money  and  it  will  pay 
you  to  get  in  touch  with  us. 

Write  for  Prices  and  Catalog 
of  G.  &  B.  Furnaces 


Gilbert  <&  Barker  Mfg.  Co. 

WEST  SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 

Canadian  Agents:  Williams  &  Wilson:  Montreal,  Que. 


392 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


MACHINISTS 

KNIFE 

HANDLE  WRENCH 


AUTO  WRENCH 


A  quality  of  steel  that  will  stand 
severe  strains  and  wear  extra  well  is 
represented  in  W.  &  B.  Wrenches. 
They  reflect  best  workmanship,  too. 

These  tools  are  to  be  found  in  exten- 
sive use  in  every  quarter  of  the  world. 
They  have  won  their  way  through 
good  service,  extending  over  a  period 
of  62  years. 

There's  a  W.  &  B.  Wrench  for  every 
purpose. 


Every  Article 
Guaranteed 


PIPE 
WRENCH 


ADJUSTABLE  "S" 
WRENCH 


THE  WHITMAN  &  BARNES  MFG.  CO. 

ESTABLISHED  1854 
CANADIAN  OFFICE  AND  FACTORY  -  ST.  CATHARINES,  ONTARIO 


//  what  you  need  i$  not  advertUed,'  contult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advcrtitem   listed   under  proper  headi 


ng. 


December  26,  1!118 


CANi\.t)lA'N     MACHINERY 


3D.T 


MacLean  Business 
&  Class  Publications 

in  Canada 


O    SELL    or   buy    from 

Canada    such    lines    as 

m  a  c  hinery,  hardware, 

f  o  o  d    products,    dry  '.  ■^^■^■■■■■^^^-" 

goods,  books  and  stationery,  paper,  printing  machinery  and  suppHes 
and  general  merchandise  of  almost  every  description,  raw  or  manufactured,  use  or 
consult  the  MacLean  Business  and  Class  Publications,  as  per  list  below.  For  special 
iiilormation,  write  the  publishers.  Concerning  the  qualitv  of  the  MacLean  publications,  let  this  copv 
of  CANADIAN  MACHINERY  which  you  hold  in  your  hands  speak  for  all.  The  MacLean  list  of  14 
publications  is  as  follows: — 


The  Canadian   Grocer    i  Es>t.   lfS6t 

ServinK  the  Grocery.  Provision  and  Foodstuffs  Trades. 
Published  -weekly. 

Hardware  and  Metal  ( Ettt.  liH^) 

Servinj?  the  Hardware,  Stove  and  Metal-working  Trades. 
Published   weekly. 

Dry  Goods  Review   (Est.   1880) 

Serving  the  Dry  Goods  Trade  ttenerally :  Wholesale. 
Retail,  ManufacturinK  and  Department  Stores.  Pub- 
lished monthly. 

Men's  Wear  Review  (Est.  lS9St 

Serving  the  Manufacturers  of  Clothing,  Underwear. 
Shirts.  Collars.  Neckwear.  Footwear,  Hats  and  Caps 
and  Allied  Sundries,  and  their  Retail  Distributors.  Pub- 
lished monthly. 

Canadian  Machinery  I  Est,  1905) 

Serving  the  Machinery.  Metal-working.  Iron  and  Steel. 
Foundry  and  Allied  Trades.     Published   weekly. 

The  Power  House   I  Est.   190") 

Serving  the  Operating  «nd  Consulting  Engineers  and 
Power  Superintendents,  Devoted  to  the  Generation. 
Transmission  and  Application  of  Steam,  Gas,  Electric. 
Air  and  Water  Power:  and  to  the  operation  of  Refriger- 
ating  MachineiT-      Published  monthly. 

Flookseller  and  Stationer   (Est.   1384) 

Serving  the  Book,  Stationery,  Fancy  Goods  and  Associ- 
ated Trades.     Published  monthly. 


The  Sanitary   Engineer   (Est.    1907) 

Serving  the  Manufacturers  of  Sanitary.  Heating  and 
Ventilating  Machinery.  Systems  and  Bquipments,  and 
those    installing    them.      Published    semi-monthly. 

Marine  Ensineerinff  of  Canada   (Est.    1910) 

Serving  the  Marine  Engineering.  Merchant  and  Ship- 
building Trades.     Published  monthly. 

Canadian   Foundryman    f^st.    1909) 

Serving  Foundries  and  the  Pattern-making,  Plating  and 
Polishing  Trades,.     Published  monthly. 

Printer  and  Publisher   (Est.   1892) 

Serving  the  Publishing.  Printing.  Paper-making  and 
Allied  Trades.     Published  monthly. 

The  Financial  Post   (Est.   1907) 

Serving  the  Business,  Investment  and  Financial  Inter- 
ests of  Canada.      Published  weekly. 

MacLean's  Magazine    (Est.    1896) 

A  popular  family  and  literary  magazine :  the  most 
important    in    it'^    field    in    Canada.      Published    monthly. 

The  Farmers'  Magazine  (Est.  1910) 

Serving  the  agricultural  and  rural  communities  of 
Canada.  The  only  farm  and  country  life  publication  in 
Canada  having  extensive  national  circulation.  Published 
semi-monthly. 


Till-  fiiot  may  interest  you:  namely,  the  MacLean  organization  is  the  largest  concern  of  its  kind  in  the  British 
Empire.  The  output  of  it.^  mechanical  department  every  workin.u  day  \?  the  equivalent  of  a  125-page  puhlicntion 
of  the  ^ize  and  tvpe  of  lliis  copv  of  Canndian  Mnchinrrn. 

Our  London  Office  s.'ferrc 

Also  at  New  York         Boston         Chicago  Montreal         Winnipeg 

For  over  20  years  the  MacLean  Publishing  Company  has  maintained  a  fully- 
staffed  London  office,  and  has  rendered  British  and  Continental  rnanufao- 
tur(-rs,  shippers,  and  traders  an  invaluable  service  in  many  directions. 

Specimen  copies  of  the  MacLean  publications  will  be  cheerfully  fm-warded  to  all  asking  for  them. 

Address  us  at  London  or  Toronto. 

The    MacLean    Publishing    Co.,    Limited 

143-153  University  Avenue  Toronto,  Canada 


394 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


Out  in  Three 
Minutes 


The 

Walton  in 
Operation 


How  long  does  it  take  you  to  extract  a  Broken 
Tap?  More  than  three  minutes?  If  it  takes 
you  longer  valuable  time  is  going  to  waste. 
What  you  require  is  the 


.WALTON 


TAP  ^ 

EXTRACTOR 


Three  minutes  is  average  time  this 
handy  little  device  takes  to  back  out 
a  broken  tap. 

The  WALTON  is  quick  and  simple. 
The  strong,  steel  fingers  slip  into  the 


flutes,  grip  the  broken  tap  and  away 
it  comes. 

If  you  have  not  got  a  Walton  Tap 
Extractor  handy  you  are  causing  your- 
self a  lot  of  unnecessary  trouble. 


You  can  have  a  Walton  Tap  Extractor  for  60  days'  free  trial.    Anyway  write 
for  further  information,  it  will  pay  you. 

THE  WALTON  COMPANY 

HARTFORD,  CONN. 


:i 


:;<y-'^-;s«tj^--^y. 


What  Can  You  Save? 

By  Using  Parts  Made  in  the 
Punch  Press 

Look  over  your  standard  parts,  Mr.  Manufacturer,  and  see  what  parts 
can  be  made  (or  could  be  made  by  slight  change  in  design)  by  this  process. 

You  will  be  surprised  at  the  saving  you  can  effect. 

We  make  Blanking,  Perforating,  Drawing,  Forming  and  all  classes  of 
dies  and  tools  for  plain  or  diiHcult  stamping  to  suit  the  production 
required. 

A  Battery  of  presses  is  also  available  at  our  plant  to  manufacture  parts 
for  you  with  the  understanding  that  you  pay  only  for  good  parts  made. 
Our  facilities  ensure  prompt  deliveries  at  right  prices. 


\a:K.BA.J^ FIELD   r.  ^-ON^ 

^/O'^Se      PARE    AVE  ,  TOROK'Tr; 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


395 


It^anitobaBridge 

Products  of  Quality 


backed 


by 


Efficient  Service 


STEEL   STRUCTURES 

BUILDINGS— Offices,       Warehouses       and       Industrial 

Plants,   etc. 
BRIDGES — Railway,    Highway,   Swing   and   Bascule,   etc. 
CRANES— Electric   and    Hand    Power,   Travelling,   etc. 
TOWERS — Transmission  Poles  and  Towers,  etc. 

PLATE  AND  TANK  CONSTRUCTION 

PLATE  WORK— All  kinds. 
Boilers   and    Riveted   Pipe. 

STEEL  TANKS— All  kinds. 

Water  Supply  Tanks   and  Towers,  Steel   Stand   Pipes, 
Smoke  Stacks,  Penstocks,  Bins  and  Hoppers,  etc. 

FORCINGS 

Heavy     and     Light,    Marine,     Locomotive     and     General 
Forgings. 

ELEVATOR  AND  POWER  TRANSMISSION 
MACHINERY 

Complete   Equipment  for  Grain   Elevators,  etc. 

BOLTS,  NUTS,  WASHERS,  SPIKES,  RIVETS,  ETC. 
UPSET   RODS 

Recent  installation  of  Hydraulic  Upsetting.     Equipment 
capable   of  Upsetting  Rods  up  to  4  in.  diameter. 

POLE   LINE   HARDWARE— PLAIN  AND   GALVANIZED 

CASTINGS 

Grey    Iron,    Semi-steel    and    Chilled    and    Electric    Steel. 

MINING  EQUIPMENT 

Mine   Cars,  Melting  Pots,   Screens,   etc. 

COAL    AND    COKE    HANDLING    EQUIPMENT 
RAILW^AY  EQUIPMENT 

Turntables,   Frogs    and    Switches,    Snow    Plows,    etc. 


SHIPBUILDING 

Ships  Bolts  and  Spikes,  Plain  and  Galvanized.  General 
Forgings,  Tanks,  Tail  Shafts,  Propellors,  Fastenings, 
etc. 

CONTRACTORS'   SUPPLIES 

Derricks,  Buckets,  Dump  Cars,  Post  Caps  and  Bases, 
Hoisting  Equipment,  Skips,  etc. 

REINFORCED  STEEL 

Plain  Rounds,  Squares  and  Twisted,  Bent  to  Specifica- 
tions for  Beams,  Stirrups,  etc. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Equipment  for  Rolling  Mills.  Pulp  and  Paper  Mills,  Oil 
Refineries,  Saw  Mills,  Packing  Houses,  Stables,  Jails. 

Tank  and  Silo  Rods  and  Lugs,  Galvanized  Pump  Rods, 
Survey  Stakes,  etc.,  etc. 

Ornamental  Iron  Work,  Fire  Escapes,  Fences,  etc. 

POLE  SAW  FRAMES 

Cordwood    Saw    Frames,     Saw     Mandrels, 
Single  and  Double  Gear. 


Pump   Jacks, 


GALVANIZING  PLANT 


Customs   Galvanizing. 

Lengths  up  to  21  feet.     Capacity  about  10  tons  per  day. 
ROAD   BUILDING   AND   EARTH   HANDLING 

EQUIPMENT 

Cast  Iron  Culvert  Pipe,  Gravel  Screening  Plants,  Road 
Drags  and  Levellers,  Steel  Drag  Scrapers,  Reinforc- 
ing Steel  for  Concrete  Work,  Highway  Bridges,  Catch 
Basin   Covers,  Sewer  Manhole   Covers,  etc.,  etc. 

CONSULTING,    CONTRACTING    AND    GENERAL 
ENGINEERING   AND   MACHINE  WORK 

GENERAL  ELECTRICAL  WORK— Rewinding  Arma- 
tures, etc. 


'•^ 


IronUlorkstimited 


^ 


WINNIPEG 


CANADA 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


:J96 


CANADIAN  MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


^/;. 


ese 


Jhreadi 


reaas  are 


Lj{hsoluteJ^  Clean 


•• 


"OAKJTE  has  cleaned  them  so  thoroughly 
that  we  cannot  find  a  particle  of  dirt  on 
them  even  with  a  magnifying  g-lass. 

"We  used  to  clean  them  with  gasoline,  but 
were  never  able  to  get  all  the  dirt  off  with- 
out brushing. 

"Now  we  save  the  cost  of  brushes,  labor  and 
gasolineand  get  work  that  is  absolutely  clean. 

"Every  time  I  get  up  against  a  hard  clean- 
ing problem  I  get  the  advice  of  the  Oakite 
man." 


^^M  VJ^WlVfW  IVftA^lxf  UFA.  C  WIVED 

CIA  K  I  ■  K  OAKLEir  CHEMICAL* 

^nT^UKmA  ML  MH  44  Thames  street  •  new^  y 


BY 

CO. 

YORK. 


December  26,  1918  CANADIAN     MACHINERY  397 


DODGE  PRODUCTS 


Turret  Lathes 

We  are  manufacturers  of  a  line  of  Turret  Lathes  embodying  original  features 
which  have  been  tested  and  not  found  wanting  by  time  and  hard  and  varied  uses. 

The  Dodge  Features,  Etc*^ 

The  Dodge  features — only  in  our  lathes — minimize  floor  space — cut  out  long 
and  superfluous  belting — reduce  shafting,  hangers  and  pulleys — stimulate  the 
operator — increase    production — reduce  manufacturing  costs. 

Our  line  of  lathes,  made  in  several  sizes,  we  recommend  to  all  shops  making 
products  from  bar  stock,  castings  or  forgings.  For  duplicating  work  they  are 
unexcelled  for  quality  and  quantity  production. 

Printed  matter  will  be  mailed  you  promptly  upon  request. 

Screw  Machine  Products 

Under  our  riHit',   as  a  separate  department,  cousists  entirely  of  automatic  screw  niacliines. 

supervised  by   it»  own   superintendent,   and  ^he    other    is    wholly    hand-operated    turret 

.  J  ,  ,1       J  e  -1  lathes.     With  this  equipment  and  organiza- 

operated  hv  another  loive  of  men,  nidei)en-  .  .  •     ,     ,  i         •  ■ 

tion  we  are  in  a  particularlv  good  posUion 
dent  of  the  lathe  business,  we  have  tw:.  of  ^^  manufacture  hand  and  automatic  screw 

the  largest  batteries  of  screw  machines  that  machine  and  metal  products  involnme,  with 

can    T;e    found    in    anv    shop.      One   l)altery  precision    and   an   tviii''. 

Send  ui<  samples,  prints,  sketches,  or  a  rough  descriptiun  of  amj  work  yon  have  of  this  character  and 
we   will  ({votc  noil  or  ho.ve  our  representative  call,if  desired. 


H.  C.  DODGE,  INCORPORATED 


Machinery  Manufacturers 
MPttt^aUc  Screw  Machine  Products 

BOSTON— 32  to  46  Alger  Street— MASS. 

//  any  adoerlisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


398 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Mechanical  Engineering  Books 

If  you  are  desirous  of  improving  yourself  in  your  trade  and  so 
putting  yourself  in  the  position  of  making  more  money,  these 
Mechanical  Engineering  Books  will  be  found  helpful. 


MACHINE-SHOP  WORK.  By 
Frederick  W.  Turner,  Instructor 
in  Machine-Shop  Work,  Mechanics 
Arts  High  School,  Boston.  208 
pp..  241  illus.  Cloth  binding. 
The  use  of  various  hand  tools  is 
explained,  followed  by  a  compre- 
hensive discussion  of  the  lathe 
and  lathe  tools,  with  the  methods 
of  screw  cutting,  taper  and  ec- 
centric turning,  etc.  The  way  to 
figure  compound  gears  for  screw 
cutting;  drilling;  boring;  plan- 
ers ;  shapers ;  slotters ;  milling 
machines  and  cutters ;  how  to  cue 
spirals,  gears,  cams.  etc. ;  grind- 
ing :  the  operation  of  automatic 
machines.     Price    '.  .$1.50 


FOUNDRY  WORK.  Revised  by 
Burtvn  L.  Gray,  instructor  in 
Foundry  Practice,  Worcester 
Polytechnic  Institute.  224  pp., 
191  illus.  Cloth  binding.  A 
practical  handbook  on  stan- 
dard  foundry  practice,  includ- 
ing hand  and  machine  mold- 
ing, cast  iron,  malleable  iron, 
steel  and  brass  casting,  foun- 
dry management,  etc.  In- 
cludes use  of  various  types  of 
molding  machines.  Price,  $1.00 


MECHANICAL  DRAWING.  By 
Ervin  Kenison,  S.B.,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Mechanical  Draw- 
ing, Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  176  pp.,  120  illus. 
Cloth  binding.  Gives  a  course 
of  practical  instruction  in  the 
art  of  Mechanical  Drawing,  based 
on  methods  that  have  stood  the 
test  of  years  of  experience.  In- 
cludes orthographic.  isometric 
and  oblique  projections,  shade 
lines,  intersections  and  develop- 
ments, lettering,  etc.,  with  abun- 
dant exercises  and  plates.  Price 
$1.00 


MACHINE  DESIGN. 
By  Charles  L.  Griffin, 
S.B.,  Assistant  Engin- 
eer, the  Sol vay- Process 
Co.,  American  Society 
of  Mechanical  Engin- 
eers. 208  pp„  82  de- 
signs. Cloth  binding. 
Explains  in  detail  bow 
to  make  the  entire  de- 
sign of  all  kinds  of 
machinery,  how  to  lay 
out  gears,  etc.,  with 
complete  specimen  de- 
signs of  numerous  ma- 
chines.     Price    .  .  .$1.50 


^■- 


FORGING.  By  John  Lord  Bacon,  Eng.  and 
Supt.  of  Construction,  with  R.  P.  Shields  & 
Son,  San  Diego,  Gal.,  American  Society  Me- 
chanical Engineers.  Author  of  "Forge  Prac- 
tice.'* 128  pp.,  180  illus.  Cloth  binding.  A 
working  handbook  of  practical  instruction  in 
hammering,  working,  forming,  and  tempering 
of  wrought  iron,  machine  steel,  and  tool  steel, 
including  the  important  modem  development  of 
electric    welding.      Price    $1.00 


PATTERN  MAKING.  By  James 
Ritchey,  Instructor  in  Wood  Work- 
ing, Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology. 160  pp.,  250  illus.  Cloth 
binding.  Shows  the  reader  how  to 
take  the  blueprint  and  from  it  make 
the  pattern  for  any  kind  of  casting 
under  any  condition.  The  allowances 
for  shrinkage,  draft,  and  finish  are 
explained.  Simple  and  built-up  pat- 
terns of  all  kinds  are  clearly  treated. 
Various  special  cases  are  taken  up, 
such  as  pulleys,  cranks,  pipe  connec- 
tions,   valves,    etc.      Price $1.50 


TOOL  MAKING.  By  Edward  R.  Markham,  Consulting 
Mechanical  Engineer,  formerly  Superintendent  of  the 
Waltham  Watch  Tool  Co.,  American  Society  of 
Mechanicnl  Engineers.  Author  of  ''The  American 
Steel  Worker."  224  pp..  325 
illus.  Cloth  binding.  Takes 
up  the  methods  of  treating 
tool  steels — annealing,  tem- 
pering, spring  tempering, 
hardening.  case  -  hardening, 
etc. ;  how  to  make  drills  and 
reamers  of  all  kinds  ;  the  mak- 
ing of  arbors  and  mandrels, 
taps,  hobs,  reamer  and  tap- 
holders,  jigs,  gauges,  dies  and 
die-holders  of  all  kinds,  coun- 
terbores,  facing  tools,  milling 
putters,  hollow  mills,  and 
forming  tools.  Gives  all  neces- 
t'^ry  information  for  tool  mak- 
ing in  all  its  branches.  Pric*^ 
$1.50 


Sent  postpaid  on  receipt  of  price.  We  can  also  furnish  you  with  other  standard  works 
on  Engineering  in  all  its  branches,  including  books  for  Civil  Engineers,  Contractors, 
Electricians,  Foundrymen,  Steam  Engineers,  Mechanical  Engineers,  Municipal  Engin- 
eers, Railroad  Engineers,  Sanitary  Engineers,  Gas  Engineers,  Hydraulic  Engineers, 
Technical  Men. 

TechniczJ  Book  Department 

MacLean  Publishing  Company  143  University  Ave.,  Toronto 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


399 


The  PHOTOSTAT-A  Thrift 

TRADE-MARK  REGISTERED 

The  Troy  Laundry  Machinery  Co.,   Chicago,  says: 

"Our  machines  going  to  the  United  States  Army  'over  there'  must  be  trans- 
ported 'knocked  down.'  That  means  setting  them  up  by  inexperienced  men  upon 
their  arrival  'at  the  front.'  What  suggested  itself  as  a  real  problem  has  been 
solved  easily  by  the  PHOTOSTAT — and  has  eliminated  lost  time,  motion,  and 
labor  for  the  soldiers  who  do  the  'setting  up.' 

"We  make  photographic  copies  of  all  parts — and  their  assembly.  Then  the 
soldiers  merely  take  these  photographic  copies  as  a  set  of  directions — and  the  job 
is  completed  in  no  time. 

"But  this  is  just  one  use  we  make  of  this  real  efficiency  device.  Here  are  a 
few  others: 

1.  Specifications  from  the  Government. 

2.  Samples  of  inventions  to  be  tried  out  in  our  factory. 

3.  Parts  of  catalogs — which  would  take  a  stenographer  hours  to  copy. 

4.  Cuts  of  machinery  that  are  sent  with  bids. 

5.  Parts  to  be  repaired  when  the  original  part  can't  be  spared. 

6.  Posters  from  the  Government  reduced   and  sent  to  salesmen  for 

advertising. 

7.  Illustrations  for  wiring  in  setting  up  machines. 

8.  Letters  containing  contracts.  9.  Blue  prints  and  tracings. 

"We  hope  in  the  near  future  to  use  the  machine  for  all  routine  work 

of  the  factory." 

The  PHOTOSTAT,  which  is  manufactured  by  the  Eastman  Kodak  Co.,  is  a  combined  cam- 
■era  and  copying  machine.  The  copy  is  made  directly  onto  a  roll  of  paper.  No  intermediate 
glass  plate  or  film  or  other  negative  has  to  be  made.  By  copying  thus  directly  onto  the  paper, 
the  copy  is  made  very  quickly  and  at  a  low  cost.  Also  the  copy  is  a  facsimile  of  the  original,  so 
that  there  can  Ibe  no  mistake  in  it.  The  print  is  developed  and  fixed  right  in  the  apparatus 
itself;  this  part  of  the  process,  as  well  as  the  focusing  and  exposing,  all  being  mechanical.  The 
print  is  then  removed  to  a  tank  of  running  water,  in  which  it  is  washed  free  from  chemicals. 
Finally  the  print  is  taken  from  the  water  and 
dried  and  is  then  ready  for  use.  The  whole 
process  is  a  rapid  one,  the  average  speed  per 
print  being  from  one  to  five  minutes. 

The  PHOTOSTAT  makes  rapid,  inexpen- 
sive and  facsimile  copies  of  Pencil  Drawings, 
Ink  Drawings,  Tracings,  Blue  Prints,  Maps, 
Sketches,  Documents,  Letters,  Telegrams, 
Specifications,  Data  Sheets,  Tabulations, 
Record  Cards,  Pages  from  Books,  Insurance 
Records,  Shipping  Lists,  Reports,  Contracts, 
Illustrations  for  Salesmen,  Cuts  and  Drawings 
for  Advertising,  etc.,  etc. 

A  -small  book  giving  detailed  description 
will  be  sent  to  you  upon  request  to  the 


This  cut  shows  the  operator  examin- 
ing copy  of  a  36-in.  drawing  which  he 
has  just  made  in  less  than  a  minute. 


COMMERCIAL   CAMERA    COMPANY 

ROCHESTER,  N.Y. 

Chicago,  lU.  Philadelphia,  Pa.        New  York,  N.Y.  Providence,  R.I.  Washington,  D.C. 

ACESCIESi 
ALFRED  HERBERT,  LTD.,  COVENTRY,  ENGLAND 
SOCIETE  ANONYME  ALFRED  HERBERT,  PARIS,  FRANCE 
SOCIETA  ANONIMA  ITALIArj*  ALFRED  HERBERT,  MILANO,  ITA 


//  any  advertitement  intereata  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered.' 


400 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


THWING 
PYROMETERS 

m 


'•»ig;jgg!^' 


Your  Copy  Is  Ready  For  Mailing 
Send  For  It  To-day 

HERE'S  a  book  that  everybody  with  heat  con- 
trol problems  ought  to  read — not  a  mere 
catalog  of  Thwing  Thermo-EIectric,  Radia- 
tion and  Resistance  Pyrometers,  but  an  engineering 
discussion  of  important  economies  and  possibilities 
— a  collection  of  good  hints  and  advice  on  how  to 
get  accurate  heat  control  with  inexperienced  labor, 
how  to  make  conscientious  men  more  valuable,  how 
to  compel  proper  attention,  how  to  get  a  higher  per- 
centage of  first  class  heat  treated  metal  in  shorter 
time  and  with  less  (often  very  much  less)  fuel,  etc. 
Among  interesting  subjects  on  which  every  one 
interested  in  heat  treatment  should  be  posted,  are 
included  the  following.  Proper  use  and  comparative 
advantages  of  multiple  recorders  and  indicators  for 
pyrometers;  base-metal  vs.  platinum  thermo-coup- 
les; correction  of  cold-end  error-protection  and 
mounting  of  thermo-couples;  advantages  of  high- 
resistance  galvanometers;  theory  of  thermo-electric, 
radiation  and  resistance  pyrometers;  methods  of  de- 
termining critical  points  of  carbon  steels;  calibration 
of  pyrometers;  helpful  wiring  suggestions,  and 
miscellaneous  data  on  exact  melting  points,  heat 
treating  temperatures  in  various  industries  and  con- 
version of  Centigrade  to  Fahrenheit  temperatures 
and  vice-versa. 

In  sending  for  your  copy,  tell  us  what  you  use 
pyrometers  for  go  that  we  can  give  you  additional 
interesting  data  applying  to  your  individual  con- 
ditions. 

3^ 


Thwing  Instrument  Co. 

34th  St.  and  Lancaster  Ave.      -       Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Canadian  Representative: 
James  DeVon,  227  Davenport  Road,  Toronto,  Ont. 


U.  S.  Electric 
Drills  and  Grinders 

Save  Time,  Labor  and  Money 

They  can  be  at- 
tached to  any  lamp 
socket 

For  drilling  in 
metal  they  are  su- 
perior to  any  other 
kind  of  portable 
drill.  Cost  60%  less 
to  run  than  air 
drills. 

3   SIZES 
3-16  in.,  W.G.T.,  6  lbs. 
)&  in.,  W.G.T.     9  ib« 
Hin..W.G.T.  IJlbs. 

All  motors  wound  for 
no    or   220   volts. 
Direct  or   alternating 
current. 

Try  a  few  of  our 
Electric  Drills  and 
Grinders  and  you'll 
send  03  an  order  for 
more.  Our  guaran- 
tee   protects    you. 

For   Sale    By 

The  Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Limited 

.Montreal,       St.  John,   N.B..       Toronto,       Winnipee,       Caljrary, 
VancouTer 

THE  UNITED  STATES  ELECTRICAL  TOOL  CO. 

CINCINNATI.  OHIO 


H"  and  1% 

Universal  Motor 

DRILL. 


We  Are 

Manufacturers 

of 

Steam  Appliances 

Pumps  for  any  service 

Freight  Elevators 

Sole  agents  for  Canada  of  the 
Webster  Vacuum  System  of 
Heating. 

Our  foundry  is  at  your  dis- 
posal for  Grey  Iron  Castings 
up  to  four  tons. 

Darling  Brothers,  Limited 

120  Prince  Street 

Montreal 


i 


Vancouver  Calvary 

Ottawa 


WinnipeK 
Halifax 


Toronto 


December  26,  1918  C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N      M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y  401 


¥ 


WELDING  AND 
CUTTING 


THE  CARTER  WELDING  COMPANY  OF 
TORONTO,  LIMITED,  announces  that  in  addition 
to  their  OXY-ACETYLENE  WELDING  and 
CUTTING  DEPARTMENT  they  have  added 
ELECTRICAL  WELDING  MACHINES,  and 
THERMIT  WELDING  EQUIPMENT. 

They  are  now  equipped  to  handle  everything  in  Oxy- 
Acetylene,  Electrical  and  Thermit  work.  No  job  too 
small,  and  none  too  large. 


THE  CARTER  WELDING  COMPANY  OF  TORONTO, 
LIMITED,  are  the  sole  Canadian  agents  for  the  DAVIS- 
BOURNONVILLE  Welding  and  Cutting  Apparatus,  and 
handle — 

Portable  Generators  Hose  Carbon  Removers 

Stationary  Generators  ^f^J-       n   j  Portable  Trucks 

Welding  Torches  Flux  Compressed  Acetylene 

Cutting  Torches  Carbonite  Rods  Electrolytic  Oxygen 

Regulators  Goggles  99.80%  pure 


There  is  no  connection  with  any  other  firm  in  Canada  under  a  similar  name. 

All  correspondence  to  be  sent  to  Toronto  office. 

The  Garter  Welding  Go.  of  Toronto 

LIMITED 

9  Sheppard  Street,     .    -        Toronto,  Canada 


402 


bil^fADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX.      ^^ 


Hepbujpn  Better  Pumps 

11  _  *.     aJE.       Jm--  For    boiler    feeding    and    general    service    where     requirements     do 


requi 
not  exceed  a  working  pressure  of  150  pounds  per  sq.  in.,  this  Hep- 
burn Pump  illustrated  will'  give  splendid  service  for  years.  Fitted 
with  two  double  acting  packed  water  pistons,  steel  piston  rods, 
brass  valve  seats,  pins  and  springs  and  rubber  valves;  the  construc- 
tion of  this  pump  throughout  is  up  to  the  high  standard  maintained 
in  all  Hepburn   Martin-Improved   Pumping  Machinery. 


Hepburn     Pumps     are 
"Martin"    Pumps    im- 
proved   wherever    im' 
provement     could      be 
mule. 


Standard  Duplex  Pumps 
Duplex    Hydraulic   Pumps 
Tank  or  Low  Service  Duplex 
Pumps 
Automatic  Pumps  and  Receivers 
Pressure  or  Mine  Pumps 
Compound  Duplex  Pumps 

For  further  particulars 
and   prices, 
Write 
to-day. 


John  T.  Hepburn,  Limited,  'Vo"ronto,  onTario*' 


Shipbuilding  Firms  Are  Invited 

to  write  us  for  quotations 
on  their  requirements  for 

SHIPS'  VENTILATING  COWLS 

METAL  LIFE  RAFTS 
METAL  LIFE  BOATS 

During  the  war  we  developed  our  Sheet  Metal 
Stamping  plant  to  a  very  high  degree  of  effici- 
ency in  stampings  for  ship's  equipment.  Im- 
portant contracts  were  fulfilled  with  complete 
satisfaction  both  as  to  quality  and  time  of  deliv- 
ery. OuF  cowl  work  has  the  strength  and  the 
clean  finish  that  are  essential.  Our  Life  Boat 
and  Life  Raft  designs  are  of  standard  efficiency. 
Full  details  of  our  facilities  will  be  given  on 
request. 

The  Pedlar  People,  Limited 

,y     (Established  1861) 

Head  Offides^aAa  Factory:  OSHAWA,  Ontario 

Branches   at   Montreal,    Ottawa,   Toronto,   London,   Winnipeg,   Vancouver 


December  26,  1918  C  A  N  A  I)  I  A  N      M  A  C  II  T  N  E  R  Y  '  "  403 


Hyde  Engineering  Works 

27  William  Street,  Montreal 

Ship  J       General 

Repairers     ^^      Machinists 

Enquiries  Solicited  for 

Auxiliary  Equipment 

For    Ship     Building 

and    General    Contract    Work 

First-Class  Workmanship 

Prompt  Service 

Satisfaction  Guaranteed 


Send  your  Blue  Prints  and  Details. 
We   will    gladly    do   the    rest. 


P.O.  Box  1185 
27  William  Street,  Montreal 

Telephone  Main  1863 

Hyde  Engineering  Works 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  vlace  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


«M 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Marine  Boiler  Feed  Pumps 

'  12  of  these,  as  illustrated  in  upper  insert,  supplied  for  ships 
■  building  for  the  Dominion  Government  and  others,  with  a 
I  number  more  under  construction. 

Rees'  RoTURBo  Centrifugal  Pumps 

I  12  of  these  Pumps,  illustrated  in  centre  insert,  supplied  for 
*  ships  building  for  the  Dominion  Government  and  others, 
^*^^^-" "^-"      .  ^-^Ij  ^  further  number  un- 

der construction   for  both 
marine  and  land  purposes. 


Bilge 
td  Ballast 
^umps 

these  Pulnps, 
illustrated   in 

tr  insert,  have  been  supplied  for  ships  building  for  the 
iinion  Goveniment,  with  others  under  construction. 

We  invite   inquirie*  in  connection   with   anything 
reUting  to  Stationary  or  Marine  Power  Equipment. 

The 

•LDIE  &  McCULLOCH 


Limited 


CANADA 


GALT,  ONT. 

TORONTO  OFFICE:     1101-2  TRADERS  BANK  BUILDING 
TERN  BRANCH  :     248  McDERMOTT  AVE.,  WINNIPEG,  MAN. 


December  26,  l&lS 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


405 


^--ummt^         -"-mml^ 


r- 

r 


VJA  t{ 

SIXTEEN  MONTHS 


AUG.,19I7toNOV,1918. 


Ships' 
Lighting  Sets 

Upwar'ls  of  260  of  these 
engines  illustrated  in  the 
lower  insert,  stipf>lied  to 
the  British  A.diniralt\', 
Imf>erial  M  u  n  i  t  i  o  n  s 
Board,  United  States 
Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration, Canadian  Vic- 
kers,  Naval  Construction 
Works  and  many  others, 
for  use  as  motive  power 
for  Ships'  Lighting  Sets, 
Forced  Draft  Installa- 
tions and  Centrifugal 
Pum  ps. 

Side  Lights 

In  addition  to  the  above  many  hundreds  of  Ships'  Side  Lights  have 
been  supplied  and  ue£U-ly  100  Tail  Shafts,  some  of  them  weighing 
upwards  of  five  tons. 

The 

GOLDIE  &  McCULLOCH 

Co^  Limited 
GALT,  ONT.        .        CANADA 

^  TORONTO  OFFICE:     1101-2  TRADERS  BANK  BUILDING 

I        WESTERN  BRANCH:    248  McDERMOTT  AVE.,  WINNIPEG,  MAN. 


Compound  Marine  Engi 

12  X  24  X  16 

40  of  these  engines  illnstrated  in  upper  insert 
supplied  to  the  British  Admiralty  in  13  weeks^' 
complete  with  condensers,  pumps^tail  and  inter-; 
mediate  shafting-,  stern  tubes  and  propellers.f 
Fourteen  more  under  construction. 

Triple  Expansion  Marine  Engines 

12?<x.21/ax  35x24    14  of  these 

Engines  in 
centre  in- 
sert  sup- 
plied to  the 
British  Ad-, 
miralty  and 
the  French 
Govern- 
ment,  inclu- 
ding a  num- 
ber of  con- 
!  den  se  rs, 
I  shafts,  stern 
[  tubes  and 
r  propellers. 


GOUJIE   ' 


4M 


CANADIAN    M  A  C  I  IT  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


MALLEABLE   STEEL,    MANGANESE  STEEL,   CHROME   STEEL,    Etc. 

We  have  special  facilities  in  our  Bessemer  Steel  Plant  at  Owen 
Sound  for  producing  the  best  STEEL  CASTINGS  that  are 
offered   to   the   trade. 

The  fact  that  we  stand  behind  every  pound  that  we  produce 
is  a  guarantee  of  quality. 

We  aim  to  give  prompt  deliveries  and  our  prices  are  moderate. 

Try   Us   With  Your  Next  Order 

KENNEDY 

PROPELLER 

WHEELS 

Cut    shows^ Propeller  17  feet  6  inches  in 
diameter,  weight  10  tons. 

Largest    solid     Propeller    ever    made     in 
Canada. 

All  sizes,  sectional  or  solid. 

Iron,  semi-steel  or  steel. 

Proven  their  dependability  for  fifty  years. 

THE  WM.  KENNEDY  &  SONS,  LIMITED,  Owen  Sound 

ESTABLISHED   1860 


Det'ember  26,  IftlS 


CANADIAN     MACHINRRY 

"HYDE 


m 


J1 


STEERING  ENGINES 


308, 


The    "HYDE"  Spur-Geared 
Steam  ANCHOR  WINDLASS 
Horizontal  Engine 


WE  HOLD 

Sole  Canadian  Rights 

TO  MANUFACTURE 

''HYDE''  Steering  Engines 
Anchor  Windlasses 
and  Cargo  Winches 

Illustration  shows  a  "HYDE" 
Steam  Steering  Engine  with 
Quadrant,  combined  with  Hand 
Steering  Gear. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 

HydrauHc  Turbines,  Stoplog  Winches,  Headgate  Winches, 
Heavy  Cut  Gears,  Bridgetrees,  Pulleys,  Bearings. 

THE  WM.  KENNEDY  &  SONS,  LIMITED,  Owen  Sound 


ESTABLiSHED   1860 


'^:iJt%^.-jii 


a: 


M- 


408 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX.   i 


The  "Corbet"  Automatic 

Steam  Towing 

Machine 

For  Tugs  and  Barges 


The  "Corbet"  Double 

Cylinder  and  Double 

Purchase  Steam  and  Hand 

Power  Anchor  Windlass 


M 


Line  of 

arine 


t.         1       a' 

"Corbet"  Steam  Cargo  Winch 


Machinery 

THE  CORBET  AUTOMATIC 
STEAM  TOWING  MACHINES 
are  made  in  five  sizes  to  accommo- 
date Steel  Flexible  Hawsers  from 
%  in  diameter  up  to  2 "  in  diameter. 

The  Most  Modern  Towing  Machine 

on  the  Market  Saves  its  Cost 

in  Three  Seasons 

These  machines  are  in  active  operation 
on  tugs  and  steamers  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  coast,  and  also  on  the 
Great  Lakes.  They  are  giving  perfect 
satisfaction,  as  the  numbers  of  testi- 
monials from  our  customers  will  prove. 
Write  for  copies  of  testimonials  and 
for  full  information. . 
THE  CORBET  DOUBLE  CYLINDER 
AND  DOUBLE  PURCHASE  STEAM 
AND  HAND-POWER  ANCHOR 
WINDLASSES  are  made  in  several 
sizes  to  accommodate  Steel  Chain 
Cable  up  to  1  13/16  in.  diameter.  Re- 
versible throttle.  Modern  in  every 
respect. 

Our  Cargo  Winch  is  modern  in  every 
respect,  being  built  to  pass  Govern- 
ment Inspection,  and  is  giving  perfect 
satisfaction. 

Delivery  When  Promised — Satisfac- 
tion Guaranteed. 

Write  for  prices  and  delivery  in  size 
required. 

The  Corbet  Foundry  and 
Machine  Company,  Limited 

OWEN  SOUND,  CANADA 


J 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


409 


Illustration  Shows 

Long  &  Allstatter 
Shears 

in  the  plant  of 

Dominion  Steel 
Foundry  Company 

Limited 
HAMILTON 

ONTARIO 


Established  1856 
Incorporated  1878 


Punching,  Shearing 

and  For^in^  Machioes 

W»rl^*''''"'"^  Equipment   for  Shipyards,  Steel  Cur   Plants,   RollinK  Hills,   Bridge  and  Straetnre'l 
Send  for  our  new  30i-paKK  catalog. 

It  illustrates  and  describes  267  machines.  incIudinK  Power  Punches-Single— Double— Vertical^: 
and  Horizontal,  also  Multiple  Punches,  for  any  number  of  holes.  Power  Shears  for  Bans-PIa'tei 
—  BeamE-Angles-  Channels  and  Special  Shapes,  also  Angle  Shears  -Splitting  Shears  and  AUigatO;: 
Shears.  It  also  shows  Bending  and  Forming  Machines— Riveting  and  Punching  Machines  spd 
Special  Machinery  for  Special  Work. 

All    machines    arc    built    of    the    same    high-grade    workmanship    and    material    that    have    given    tjte 
"L.  &  A."  product  a   recognized  standard  of  quality  of  over  50  years. 

The  Long  and 
Allstatter  Co. 

HAMILTON,  OHIO 
U.S.A. 


Canadian    Agents : 

rudel-beU|ap 
machinery  c^  ltd. 

Mtetreid 


410 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


.vjyigwiaiTy'itsyag/jia^Biyiayisiasw^isyiSi';^^^ 


DOMINION  BRIDGE  CO.,  Limited 

MONTREAL,  P.Q.,  CANADA 

Engineers,  Manufacturers  and  Erectors  of 

STEEL  STRUCTURES 

Railway  and  Highway  Bridges,  Turntables,  Electric  and  Hand  Power  Travelling 
Cranes,  Coal  and  Ore  Handling  Equipment.  Lift  Locks  and  Regulating  Gates. 
Transmission  Poles  and  Towers.     Tank  and  Plate  Work  of  Every  Description. 

MARINE  BOILERS  AND  ENGINES 

Large  Stock  of  Structural  Material  on  hand  at  all  Plants 


Head  Office  and  Works:  LACHINE  LOCKS,  F.Q.,  CANADA 

P.O.  Address:  MONTREAL,  P.Q.  Cable  Address:  "DOMINION" 

Branch  Offices  and  Works:  TORONTO,  OTTAWA,  WINNIPEG 
Sales  Offices:  MONTREAL,  TORONTO,  OTTAWA,  WINNIPEG,  REGINA,  VANCOUVER 


DOMINION  COPPER  PRODUCTS 

CO.,  Limited 

MONTREAL,  P.Q.,  CANADA 
Copper,  Brass  and  Copper  Alloy 

TUBES,    SHEETS    AND     RODS 

Office  and  Works:  LACHINE  LOCKS,  P.Q.,  CANADA 
P.O.  Address:  MONTREAL.  P.Q.  Cable  Address:  "DOMINION" 


t\"rt<i;rt(itrt<m<it 


ws^ps^^mwm^m^^^mi^sf^s!?!^:!^^ 


If  lekat  you  need  is  not  advertised,   consult   our  Buyers'   Directory  and    write   advertisers   listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MArFFTNERY 


411 


AMACOL 
ADAMUS 


TENAXAS         DURASTIC 


ATLAS 


MASCOT 


TIN-TOUGHENED 
W.  E.  W.  BABBin 


These  Babbitts  are  the  result  of  years  of  experience  and  have  a  world-wide  reputation  for 

uniformity  and  reliability. 

No  Shock  Too  Severe        No  Load  Too  Heavy        No  Speed  Too  Great 

ATLAS  METAL  &  ALLOYS  COMPANY  OF  CANADA,  LIMITED,  MONTREAL 

Sales  Agents: 

The  Canadian  B.  K.  Morton  Co.,  Limited 

MONTREAL:  49  Common  Street.  TORONTO,  330  Carlaw  Ave. 


412 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


External   Limit   Ganye. 
Style  31 


External    Limit    Gauge.     Style  30 


Adjustable  External  Limit  Gauare. 
Style  32 


Why  Not  Use  Taf  t-Peirce 
Tool  Room  Specialties 

NO  BOTHER,  NO  DELAY  AND 
NO  UNCERTAINTY 

As  to  character  and  quality, 
Taft-Peirce  tool-room  special- 
ties have  been  standardized. 
They  are  manufactured  in  quan- 
ttities,  cost  less  than  those  made 
in  your  own  tool-room,  and  the 
line  is  complete  enough  to  meet 
most  requirements. 

Ask  your  dealer,  or  write  for 
catalogue  104E. 


w. 


^SJF 


lHHg] 


Williams  &  Wilson  Limited 

Montreal  and  Quebec 
Detroit,  Majestic  Building 


Martell  Adjustable 
Hand  Reamer 


The  most  accurate  and  quickly  adjusted 
hand     reamer — one     pair    blades     at 
right-hand  angle  and  two  pairs  at 
left-hand    angle    to     the    center 
line — 


Eliminates 
Chatter 
and  Cuts 


A  More 

Nearly  Perfect 

Round  Hole 

Cross-section   of   Adjustable   Hand 

Reamer   (Style  720).    Note  that  three 

wedges  are  used  under  each  blade  instead 

of  two.   The  reamer  blade  is  finished  so  that 

it  balances  on  the  middle  wedge  and  can  only 

be  seated  on  the  end  wedges  by  drawing  up  the 

clamping  nut  firmly.    The  blades  are  ground  in  this 

position  so  that  when  the  pressure  is  released  as  when 

taking  them  out,  they  are  actually  concave  instead  of 

straight.      By    clamping    the    blades    in    this    strained 

position   they  are   held   firmly  throughout  their   entire 

length   and   the   cutting   edge    held   perfectly   straight. 


Individual    Limit    Pluc    Gauces. 
Style  1«-18 


Limit    Plug    Gauges.     Stylea    II.    12  and     handle 


//  what  you  need  is  not  advertised,  consult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  '.rdvert     ist:rs  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


413 


Adjustable    Knee.      Style    170 


V    Bloek.      Sljit     1 


Sine    Bar    Fixture.      Style    120 


Rectangular 

Magnetic 

Chucks 


Our  Magnetic  Chucks  embody  an 
entirely  new  feature-  in  magnetic 
chuck  construction.  Absolutely  in- 
sulated magnetic  energizing  means- 
no  leakage  of  magnetism  into  the 
machine  or  cutting  tools  used.  The 
same  chuck  is  adaptable  to  either  i  lo 
or  220  volts  by  a  simple  change  in 
connections. 


Uni-Pole    maff- 

netic     chuck     with 

"T"        slot         face 

plate      for      heavy 

grrindintr     and 

use     on     mi'>ir<tr 

machine    and 

shaper. 


Uni-Pole   mag- 
netic   chuck     with 
plain       face-plate 
for    srindinff. 


The 

TAFT-PEIRCE 

Tool  Room 

Specialties 

Why  use  home-made  tool-room 
devices  which,  are  always  ex- 
pensive, not  always  satisfactory 
and  often  delay  work  because  of 
the  time  required  to  make  them? 


imi^ii 


Wo)  O)  o.  s  o*^si*lk.(e  "t,  IR,L.\^  S^ 


Williams  &  Wilson  Limited 

Montreal  and  Quebec 
New  York,  Woolworth  Building 


Steel    Parallels.      Style    ISO 


Box    Parallels.      Style    160 


Toolmakers'    Knee.      Style    180 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


414 


CAN  A  Dl A  N     M  ACH 1 N  K K Y 


Volume  XX. 


No.  2  Oakley  Universal  and 
Tool  Grinder 

With  Longitudinal  Power  Feed  and  Wet  Grinding  Attachment 

I    6'       per  min.  Ranjre— 

Three  Table  Speeds   lOhi"  "  Longitudinal    movement    17'    ,, 

.«..  „  Vertical    movement    10% 

Cross    movement 9' 

The   stop   dogs   are   hinged   so   that  the   operator   may  Work   Centers — 

run  the  work  past  the  setting  to  measure  both  external  Maximum  swing  over  table    10" 

and  internal  work.  IWaximum  length   20^ 

Will  swing  a  cutter  at  right  angles  16 

The  machine  can  be  operated  by  hand  by  dis(-ngaging  -pjjjg  machine,  within  its  range,  will   sharpen   rapidly 

the  clutch.  and  accurately  any  style  or  shape  of  milling  cutter. 

Furnished  with  plain  or  universal  equipment.  und  when  furnished  as  a  universal  machine,  equipped 

This   machine   is   exceptionally  with  attachments  for  gear  cutter,  cylindrical  internal 

w>  n*>l  lA  .  and  surface  grinding,  it  will  grind  all  work  that  comes 

Heavy,  Kigid  and  Accurate  to  the  tool  loom. 

The    Oakley    Machine    Tool    Co. 

Cincinnati  n  ::  n  s  U.S.A. 

CANADIAN  AGENTS:     William*  &  Wilson,  Montreal.     The  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Limited,  of  Winnipeg. 

Tha  A.  R.  Williams  Machinery  Co.,  Ltd.  of  Vancouver 

//  what  v«u  need  it  not  advertinad,  covkhI'.  oiii    Kuyem'  Diii'e.tory  and  write  advert  iners  Haled  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


415 


I.- 


416  CANADIAN     MACHINERY  Volume  XX 


,. 


Machinery  Built 
To  Specification 


During  the  war  our  special  purpose  machin- 
ery was  in  strong  demand  in  the  efficient 
production  of  munitions.  It  demonstrated 
that  our  engineering  staff  sized  up  correctly 
the  requirements  of  an  urgent  occasion. 

Peace-time  activities  will  now 

Call  For 

Dependable  Equipment 

Metal  and  woodworking  machinery  that  will  achieve  the 
maximum  in  results.  We  are  equipped  to  handle  contract 
or  special  work  from  the  design  to  the  complete  assembled 
machine — automatic  or  other  types.  ^.    ^' '■ 

Marine  Engine  and  Auxiliary  Work 

Estimates  furnished  on  marine  work  Cut  Spur  Gears  up  to  13  feet  diameter. 
of  all  kinds — engines,  winches,  valves,  Machine-moulded  spur  gears  up  to  18 
etc. — forging  and  welding.  feet  diameter.    Turned  metal  pulleys 

up  to  13  feet  diameter — solid  or  split. 

Special  patterns  and  castings. 

Consult    us    with    reference    to    above    and 
hydraulic  machinery  of  all  kinds 


VICTORIA  FOUNDRY  COMPANY,  Limited 

OTTAWA,  ONTARIO 

Our  Engineering  Staff  la  At  Your  Service 

.^ 


1/  vhat  you  need  it  not  advertUed,    consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed   under  proper  heading. 


December  26,   1918 


C  A  N  A  1)  IAN     MACHINERY 


417 


Canada  Produced 
Over  60,000,000  British  Shells 

Incomplete  figures  given  out  by  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  place  Canada's  pro- 
duction of  shells  for  Great  Britain  alone  at  58,972,592.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  over 
sixty  million  British  shells  were  produced  in  the  Dominion.  In  making  this  great 
total 

M.  E.  C.  Labor  Saving  Devices  Helped 

in  a  Big  Way 

But  while  M.E.C.  equipment  shared  so  largely  in  the  attainment  of  efficiency  and 
the  lowering  of  production  cost  during  war-time  conditions,  please  remember  that 
M.E.C.  equipment  is  not  restricted  to  the  economical  production  of  munitions.  It 
will  continue  in  times  of  peace  to  help  sustain  highest  manufacturing  efficiency. 

M.E.C.  Air-operated  Three-Jaw  Chucks,  Collets,  Expanding  Mandrels,  Collapsible 
Taps,  etc.,  are  standard  equipment  for  rapid  production  and  labor-saving.  Applic- 
able to  all  machines  where  chucking  is  required,  they  effect  a  saving  of  95%  over 
hand-chucking  methods. 

MANUFACTURERS    EQUIPMENT    CO. 


CHICAGO,     U.S.A. 


This  is  oar  new  plant  erected 
for  peace  business.  It  con- 
tains 16,800  sq.  ft.  of  iloor 
space  flooded  with  daylight 
from  morning  until  night. 
Plant  layout  and  equipment 
make  an  interesting  effici- 
ency study.  You  are  cordir 
ally  invited  to  call. 


//  av.y  advertisement  inteTestB  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  pUice  with  lett«n  to  b*  anitoered. 


418  C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y  Volume  XX. 


Bilton  Gear  Millers 


You  can  have  a  machine  in  your  factory  that  is  a  manufacturing  and  produc- 
ing unit — a  machine  that  has  a  wide  range  of  usefuhiess  and  adaptability — a 
machine  that  can  be  operated  in  conjunction  with  other  machines  at  very  little 
additional  cost.    Such  is  the  record  in  many  plants  for 

BILTON  GEAR  MILLERS 

Made  in  three  sizes  (4"-6''-8"  dia.)  for  cutting  spur  and  bevel  gears,  ratchets  and 
many  difficult  milling  operations. 

Dia.  Stroke 

No.  1  GEAR  MILLER 4  18  P.  2 

No.  li/>  GEAR  MILLER 4  16  P.  2" 

No.  2  GEAR  MILLER 6  14  P.  3i// 

No.  21/r,  GEAR  MILLER 6"  10  P.  3i// 

No.  31/2  GEAR  MILLER 8  8  P.  SMi 

The  moderate  cost  of  these  machines  makes 
them  a  desirable  investment.  Since  they  can 
be  used  for  varied  classes  of  work,  the  first 
cost  can  be  realized  within  a  comparatively 
short  period. 

The  special  features  found  only  on  Bilton  Gear  Millers  make  them  very  desirable  for 
high  production  and  encourage  the  use  of  these  machines  for  many  different  parts,  or 
operations.    These  characteristics  are :- — 

Full  automatic  action;  positive  and  direct  indexing  to  the  work;  cutter  clears  work 
while  indexing  takes  place ;  quick  releasing  fixtures  for  removing  work ;  high  produc- 
tion through  quick  action  of  machine ;  automatic  stop  of  feed  when  work  is  done ;  easily 
controlled;  operator  can  run  other  machines. 

Some  users  of  "BILTON"  Gear  Millers: 

Singer  Mfg.  Co.,  Elizabethport,  N.J. ;  Reminqrton  Typewriter  Co.,  Ilion,  N.Y. ;  Under- 
wood Typewriter  Co..  Hartford,  Conn.;  Ja^kson-Church-Wilcox  Co.,  Saginaw,  Mich.: 
Gisholt  Machine  Co.,  Madison,  Wisconsin ;  Scott  &  Williams,  Inc.,  Laconia,  N.H. ;  and 
500  other  good  concerns. 

We  would  appreciate  the  opportunity  to  show  how  ''Bilton"  Gear  Millers  can  be 
adapted  to  your  work.  Send  us  samples  or  drawings  of  your  work,  and  we  will  tell 
you  how  efficiently  it  can  be  done.  No  obligation  on  your  part.  Ask  for  copy  of 
Catalog  No.  30. 

Foreign  Agents -Chas.  Churchill  &  Co.,  Ltd.;  Alfred  Herbert,  Ltd. 

THE  BILTON  MACHINE  TOOL  CO.,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 


Deoember  26;  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


419 


Welding  and  Cutting 


Send  Us 

Broken 

Saved  the  Situation 

Welding  and  cutting  played  an  important 
part  in  industrial  efficiency  during  the  war. 
When    Munition    Machinery   broke    under 
severe    strain   the    parts    were    invariably 
welded   and  the  machines   again   became 
efficient  producers. 

These  broken  machines  could  not  be  im- 
mediately replaced — deliveries  were  often 
not  guaranteed  for  six  months  or  more. 
By    Welding    broken    machine    parts    the 
situation  was  saved — and  the  importance 
of  welding  proven. 

Prompt  Service — Reasonable  Prices 

Boiler  and  Tank  repairs,  Die  Blank  cutting, 
Oxy-Acetylene  cutting  for  Steel  Construc- 
tion.    Our  work  is  all  done  by  expert  cut- 
ters and  welders,  and  is  guaranteed.  When 
you  need  Welding  Advice,  come  to  us. 

W 

eWeld 

Castings 

Gear  Wheels 

Machine  Parts 

Tool    Holders 

Boring    Bars 

Broken    Tools 

Steel 

Cast  Iron 

Brass 

Copper 

Aluminum 

Bronze 

We   supply    Oxy  -  Acetylene   Apparatus    for    Welding 

ant 

J  cuffing  ana  instai  complete  plants  anywnt 

ire. 

OXYWELD  COMPANY 


10  LOMBARD   STREET 


Phone  Main  6761 


TORONTO 


//  any  advertisement  interefts  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letter*  to  be  answered. 


420 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  1 1  I  N  E  R  Y 


December,  1918 


The  Newest  of  the  "OTT"  Line 

and  SOME  PRODUCER  too 


Illustration   shows  our  5"  x  18"  Plain  Grinder. 

It  has  automatic  feeds,  bearings  of  Non-Gtain  Metal, 
large  self-feeding  oilers  and  Hyatt  roller  bearings  on 
the  countershaft.  It  is  especially  adapted  for  the  rapid 
and  economical  production  of  large  quantities  of  small 
duplicate,  straight  or  taper  cylindrical  parts  requiring 
close  limit  grinding. 

Fifty-seven  varieties  of  work,  more  or  less,  from  cast 
iron  bushings  to  high-speed  steel  cutters,  take  their 
accurate  finish  from  Ott  Grinders;  and  the  intitial 
machine  in  any  plant — no  matter  what  it  makes — 
invariably  recommends  othen. 

It  occupies  but  31"  x  68"  floor  space.       Its  production 
capacity  is  worthy  of  larger  and  costlier  machines. 

Let  Us  Send  the  Full  Description 


Ott  Grinder  Company! 

INDIANAPOLIS,  INDIANA,  U.S.A. 

If  what  you  need  it  not  advertited,  eontull  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  wHte  advert    iters  listed  under  proper  heading. 


December  26,  1918 


(CANADIAN     M  A  CHIN  10  R  Y 


421 


SAVE  COAL 


A  PATRIOTIC   DUTY 

Help  Solve  a  National  Problem 

Canada  faces  the  most  serious  fuel  shortage  in  its  history.  Are 
you  anxious  to  help  solve  this  problem  of  coal  supply?  Then 
adopt  the 


Use  Your 
Condensation 


M 

THE  MOREHEAD  BACK-TO-BOILER  SYSTEM 


Feed  it  to 

Your  Boilers 

Hot  Without 

Pumps 


It  saves  coal  and  increases  the  efficiency  of  your  steam-heated  equip- 
ment.    Because  it  handles  water  much  hotter  than  a  pump  will  do  it. 


takes  the  condensation  out  of  your  steam  lines 
and  returns  it  to  your  boilers  as  pure  HOT  feed 
water.  Heat  units  are  thus  saved  and  .every 
heat  unit  saved  means  a  saving  in  fuel.  The 
Morehead  System  will  enable  you  to  produce 
more  steam  from  less  coal — and  boosts  produc- 
tion by  keeping  the  steam  lines  constantly 
drained   of  all  condensation. 

MOREHEAD  TRAPS  are  being  used  everywhere 
on  heating,  drying  and  cooking  propositions  of 
every  kind  from  straight  pipe  work  to  fan  stacks 


and  under  vacuum  conditions — without  regard  to 
the  difference  in  pressures,  between  the  apparatus 
drained  and  that  carried  on  the  boiler,  and  with- 
out regard  to  location  of  the  apparatus  drained, 
whether  above  or  below  the  water  line  in  the 
boiler. 

Write  us  your  conditions,  and  we  will  have  our 
engineers  study  the  situation  in  your  plant,  and 
give  you  some  very  valuable  advice  absolutely 
free. 


Canadian]  Morehead 
Manufacturing  Co. 


Limited 


Woodstock,  Ont. 


-.  ^.v,., 


Send 

for 

Booklet 


Sbowinff    machine    in    fillinir 
position. 


Showing  machine  in  diseharvinc 
position. 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


422 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


PRESSES 

Hydraulic 

Knuckle  Joint 

Filter 

for  all  purposes 

Made  in  Canada 

William  R.  Perrin 

Limited 

TORONTO,  ONTARIO,  CANADA 


Free  Tool  Grinding  Chart 

Giind  your  cutting  tools  in  exactly  the  right  way  CA«-„c.    ^*    rv    ^1^**^^ 

to  get  best  results— and  you  save  time.     That's  Onows    ai    a    giance 

obvious.    It  is  precisely  that  that  this  Tool  Grind-  Correct     Clearance 

ing  Chart  enables  you  to  do.  j     n     i         a         i 

,.  u    K      .  .A      .  A  A  V.         «     .^  f  *    ^  .  and   Kake   Angles 

It  has  been  adopted  as  standard  by  many  firms  that  found  it  a  ^' 

long  way  better  than  guess  work.  for      CuttinS       Tools 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY  would  like  to  see  this  Chart  in  every 

shop  in  the  Dominion.    Mail  the  coupon  below  for  your  copy  to-day.  '*  ^      * 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY, 

15S  University  Avenue,  Toronto. 

Please  send  "/  free,  one  of  your  tool  grinding  charts. 

Signed 

Firm  Name 

St.  Address 

City 

Prov 

//  what  you  need  i»  not  advertised,    consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers   listed  under  proper  heading. 


C  A \ A  D 1  A  N    MACHINERY 


423 


ARMSTRONG  TOOLS  HAVE  MADE  GOOD  UNDER  THE  HARDEST  WORKING  CONDITIONS 

CANADIAN  AGENTS: 

WILLIAMS  &  WILSON,    LIMITED,   MONTREAL 
A.  R.  WILLIAMS  MACHINERY  CO.,  LTD.,  TORONTO,  WINNIPEG  and  VANCOUVER 


^  ARMSTRONG   BROS. TOOL  CO 

A  "THE   TOOL   HOLDER   PEOPLE" 


N. FRANCISCO  AVE. 


CHICAGO,  U.S.  A 


424 


C  A  N  A  D I  A  N     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


BLISS 
PRESS 


with  Roll  Feed  in  the  Bridge- 
port plant  of  the  Conn.  Electric 
Manufacturing  Co.  makes  Brass  Caps 
for  fuse  plugs  so  rapidly  that  a  barrel 
or  two  can  be  had  almost  any  time. 
With  two  sets  of  dies  and  a  speed  of  80  strokes 
per   minute,   the   output  approximates  9,500   per 
using  strip  brass  .010  inch  thick. 


E.  W.   BLISS  COMPANY 

Main  Office  and  Works:  BROOKLYN/ N.Y.,  U.S.A. 

CHICAGO  OFFICE  DETROITgOFFICE  '        CLEVELAND  OFFICE 

1857  People's  Gas  Bldg.  Dime  Bank  Bldg.  Union  Bank  Bldg.  1918 

LONDON,  S.E.,  ENGLAND,  Pocock  St.,  Blackfriars  Road.  PARIS,  FRANCE,   loo  Boulevard  Victor-Hugo  St.  Ouin 


//  what  you  need  t»  not  advertited,   consult   our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write   advertieerg   listed   under   proper   heading. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


425 


I 


In  Canadian  Factories — In  United  States  Factories 

In  Factories  All  Over  The  World 

CATARACT  BENCH  LATHES 

AND  ATTACHMENTS 

Have  Done  and  Are  Doing  To-day  Remarkable  Work 


In  the  new  Krasberg  plant,  Chicago,  where  only  efficiency  counts,  there  are  two 
dozen  Hardinge-niatle  Lathes  and  Millers.  They  are  considered  indispensable. 
Here's  an  example  of  what  was  accomplished  with  a  Cataract  Bench  Lathe: — 
In  the  American  Bronze  Corporation  they  are  used  for  finishing  Non-Gran 
products  (largely  bushings).  It  is  conceded  that  Non-Gran  Bronze 
with  its  distinctive  dense,  tough  quality"  is  more  difficult  to  machine 
than  many  grades  of  steel.  Limits  are  .005"  on  length,  .002"  for  flanges 
and  .0005"  for  diameters  and  concentricity — though  .00025"  not  infre- 
quently required;  but  no  matter  how  exacting  requirements,  four 
"Cataracts"  handle  the  work  to  complete  satisfaction  of  all  concerned. 
In  many  Canadian  shops  CATARACT  BENCH  LATHES  have  won 
wonderful   reputations. 

Cataract  Bench  Lathes  Have  Made  Good  Everywhere 


Cataract  B  e  n  ch 
Lathes  are  finely 
constructed  pre- 
cision tools,  with 
responsive  c  o  n  - 
trols,  simple  ad- 
j  u  s  t  m  ents  and 
n  u  m  e  rous  con- 
venient a  1 1  a  ch- 
ments  adapting 
them  to  a  Wide 
variety  of  work. 
Study  this  illus- 
tration. Note  the 
base,  the  circular 
bed,  the  sliding 
tool  post,  massive 
head  stock  (indi- 
cating strength), 
range  of  gears, 
special  tailstock, 
arrangement  o  f 
gears. 


Our  catalogue  is  got- 
ten up  in  a  most 
attractive  manner 
and  aptly  illustrates 
and  gives  details 
that  you  will  be  in- 
terested in  studying. 
We  invite  you  to 
write  for  one. 


HARDINGE   BROS.,    1770   Bertau   Avenue,   Chicago,   111. 

ALFRED    HERBERT   CO.,    Limited,    Coventry,    England,  are  our  representatives  for  United  Kingdon  ,  France, 
Belgium,  Russia,  Japan,  Manchuria,  Korea,  Formosa,  China,  Italy. 


L 


//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


426 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


UYERS  l^IRECTOHy 

If  what  j-oo  w«nt  l»  not  her«,  write  DS,  and  we  will  tell  you  where  to  ret  It.  Let  as  sUEcest  that  you  consult  also 
the  advertUers'  index  facing  the  inside  back  cover,  after  having  secured  advertisers'  nanie«  from  this  directory.  The 
information  yon  deaire  may  be  found  in  the  advertising  pases.  This  department  is  maintained  for  the  benefit  and 
convenience  of  oar  readers.  The  Insertion  of  our  advertisers'  names  under  proper  headings  is  gladly  undertaken,  but  does 
not  become  part  of  an  advertising  contract. 

Wiiiiiiiiil!i!iiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiyiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiiii^^ 


ABmAnVE  MATERIALS 
Atfeenbead    Hardware   Co.,    Toronto.    OnL 
Canadian    Fairbanka-'Moree  Ca,   Montreal. 
r^n     H.    K.   Morton.   Montreal.   Que. 
Canada    Emery    Wheels    Co..    Hamiltoa,    Ont. 
l>om.    .\l.r,Tiiio  Whftl   ('...,    .Mimico,   Ont. 
The  Oeo  F.    Foa  M<-by.   ft  Supply  Co..  Montreal. 
Ford-SnHtb   Mach.   Ca,   Hamilton,   Ont 
NortoQ  Co.,  Woeeester.   Maas. 
Plewe*  Ltd.,  WInnipec.  Man. 
mttsbargta  Crnabed  Steel  Co.,   PtttMiuigh.  Pa. 
Rice,    fjewls  *   Son.  Toronto,  Ont 

ABRASIVE   WHEELS 

Dnxn.    .Vbrasive   Whe^l    Co..    Mimico,   Ont. 

ACETYLENE 

Carter  Welding  Ca.  Toronto,  Ont 
Csnadiaa  WeMing  Works.   Montreal.  Que. 
O'Air   LtonMe   Society,    Montreal,    Toronto. 
Pre«t.O-lJte   Ca,    Inc.,    Toronto,    Ont 
ACETYLENE  GENERATORS 
L'Alr    Llqnide    Society,    Montreal,    Toronto. 
Pre»l-0-Ute    Co..    Inc.    Toronto.    Ont 
WeMing    &   Siippliea.    Ltd..    Montreal,    Que. 

ACCUMULATORS.  HYDRAULIC 

Canadian  Falrbanks.SIorse  Ca,  MonriTeal. 
flarlock- Walker   Machinery   Ca.    Toronto.    Ont. 
RydnmHo  Ma<^.   Ca,   Ltd.,  Montreal,  Que. 
ifetalwood   Mfg.    Ca.    Detroit,    Mich. 
Nilea-Bemeot-Pond    Ca,    New    York. 
araart-Tiimer    Mach.   Ca.   Hamilton.    OBt. 

AIR  CYLINDERS 

SmaUey.<]eneral  Ca,  Inc,  Bay  City,  Midi. 

AIR  RECEIVERS 

0«n.  IngemoIl-IUnd  Co..  8hert>rooke,  Que. 
Canadian    WeMing    Worta.    Montreal,    Que, 
Domtnlon  Bridge  Ca,   Mnntr»«l.  Que. 
MacKinnon  Steel   Co.,   8hert>rooke,  Que. 
at.   Lawrence  WeMing  Co.,   Montreal.  Que. 
Welittrg   A    Sapiillw.    Ltd..    Montreal.   Que. 
AIK   WASHING  EQUIPMENT 
Spray    Engineering    Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

illR  WASHERS 

Can.   Blower  A  Fom  C&,  Kltebeaer,  Ont, 
BheMcn.  Ltd.,   Oalt.  Oat. 
ALUMINUM 
Canada  Metal  Ca,  Toroota 
Hnlted  Brass  A  Lead.  Ltd.,  Toronto. 
Tsllman  Brass  *  Metal  Co.,  Hamilton. 

ALLOY.  STEEL 

Annstrong.  Whitwortb,  of  Canada.  Montreal,  Que. 

Boker  k  Co..  Int.  H.,  Montreal  Qne. 

Ktjwr,   Elli«>n   &   Co.,   Ltd.,   Montreal. 

Can.    B.    K.    Morton,    Toronto,    Montreal. 

ITirth  A  Sons,  Thos.,  Montreal,  Que. 

Hswkridge    Broa.    Ca,    Boston.    Mass. 

Standard   Alloys  Company   Pittsburgh.    Pa. 

Swedi'li    Steel    A    Importing  Co..    Ltd.,   Montreal. 

Vana/liTim   Alloys   Steel   Co.,   Pittsburgh.   Pa. 

Vulcan  CnirtWe  Steel  Co..   Allqulppa.   Pa. 
ALTERNATING    CURRENT,    ELECTRIC 
WELDING  EQUIPMENT 

Arci»<ll  Corporation  of  Can.,  Toronto,  Ont. 
ARBORS 

Canadian  ralitiaBks4<oi*e  Ca,  MoMreal. 

ClerelaDd  TwWt   Drill  Co..   Cleveland. 

J.    C.    Wilson  A   Co..    BillevUle,    Ont, 

l^ailock-Walker   Machinery    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Monie  Twist  Drill  A  Mach.  Ca,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Pratt  A   Whitney   Co.,   Dundas,   Ont. 
ARCHITECTURAL  IRON 

Page  Stee)  A  Wire  Ca,  Adilaa,  Mich. 

ARRESTERS.    DUST 

Nortliem  Crane  Co.,  Wslkerrille,  Ont 
4heMons    Ud..    Oalt,    Ont 
Whiting   Poimdry   Equipment  Co.,   Harvey,   IlL 
Pangbom  Corporation,  Hageistown,   Md. 

ASBESTOS  GOODS 

Pj»:r   A  Cody  Co.,   Inc.,   Hart/ord,  Conn. 
AUTOGENOUS    WELDING    AND    CUTTING 
PLANTS 

CanadisB  Wddiof  Woriii,  Montreal,  Que. 
Carter  Wddfaig  Ca,  Torowo.  Ont 
L'Air   Uoiiid*    SocMy,    Montreal,    Toronto. 
I*rcst-0.fite   Ca,    Ine,   Toronto,    Ont 
8^.   I^awrenee  Wdding  Ca,   Montreal,  Qne. 
Welding  A  Sopplles.  Ltd.,  Montreal,  Qne. 

AUTOMATIC  MACHINERY 

Balrd   Machine  Co.,   Bridgeport,  Conn. 
Oi riock- Walker    Machinery    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 
Oardner,    Robt,   A   Son,  Montreal. 
Natonal    Acme.    Co.,  Cleveland.  O.,   and   Windsor, 
Rlversl'le    Machlnerv    Depot,    lletrott,    Mich. 
Pratt    *    Whitney  Co..    Dandas,    Ont. 
Roeln<«on    Machine  A  To<rf   Co..   Toronto,   Can, 
iVUttamA  )lachy.   Ca,  A.    R.,  Toronto. 


UABBITT  METAL 

Aikenhead    Harduure   Co  ,    Toronto,   Ont 

Canadian   Falrbanki)-.Morse  Co.,    Momreal. 

Canada  Metal  Co..  Toronto. 

Can.    B.     K.    Morton,    Toronto.    Montreal. 

Toll.ind    .Mfg.    Co.,    .Montreal,    Que. 

The  Ueo.   P,   Foss  Mchy,  A  Supply  Co.,  Montreal. 

Hoyt  Metal  Co..   Toronto. 

Magnolia    Metal    Co.,    Montreal. 

Rice.   Lewis  &   Son.   Toronto,   Ont 

Tallman   Brass  A  Metal  Co.,  Hamilton. 

rt'ilkinson   &   Kompasa,   Hamilton,   Ont 
BALL   BEARINGS 

«>«nad]an   Falrbank8.<Moise  Co.,   Montreal. 

^.an.  S   K  F  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont 

k^napman  Double  Ball  Bearing  Company.  Toronto 
BALLS,   STEEL 

tioker  A  Ca,    Inc.,   Montreal,  Qne. 
BAROMETERS 

Taylor   Instrument  Co.,    Rochwt^r,   N.Y 
BARRELS,    SAND-BLAST 

Pangtwm  Corporation.    Hagenstown,    Md. 
BARRELS,    STEEL   SHOP 

Baird    .Machine   Ca,    Bridgeport,   Conn, 

Cleveland    Wire   Spring  Co.,  Cleveland. 
BARRELS,  TUMBLING 

Balrd    Machine  Co.,    Bridgeport,   Conn, 

K;ili.-    F.Min.iry    Co..    Oalt.    Ont. 

Northern  Crane   Works,   Walkentille,  Ont 
Wilson   &  Co.,   J.   C.    Ki-Ileville,   Ont 

Whiting    Foundry   Eqiiipment   Co.,    Harvey     111 
BASE   FACING  MACHINES 

Victoria    Foundry   Co.,    Ottawa,    Ont 
BARS,   BORING 

Qlsholt   .Machine   Co.,    Madison,    Wis. 

Nlle^-Bemenl-Pond    Co..    New    York. 
Wilson  A  Ca,  J,  C,   Belleville,  Ont. 

Williams   A  Co..   J.    H.,   Brooklyn.   N.Y 
BARS.   MERCHANT 

Alsnma    .St.-cl   Coi-p..    Sault   .Ste.    Atarie,    Ont 
BARS,   CONCRETE   REINFORCING 

Alcoma    St«-1    Corp.,    8a«U   8tc.    .Mnric,    Ont 
BELT  CONVEYORS 

Can.    Unk-Belt   Co..   "nironto.   Ont. 
BEARINGS.    BRONZE 

Wilson   A  Co.,  J,  C,   Belleville,  Ont 

Wentworth    Mfg.    Co..    Hamilton.   Ont 
BELT  LACING  LEATHER 

Aikenhpad    Hanlware  Co.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Foss  Mchy  A  Snpply  Co.,  The  Gea  F.,  Montreal 

Oraton    A    Knight  Mfg.    Co.,   Worcester,    .Mass. 

Hicp.    Lewis  A   Son.   Toronto,  Ont 
BELTING.  BALATA 

Baxter  A  Co.,  Ltd.,  1.  R.,  Montreal,  Que. 

Can.    B.    K.    Morton.    Toronto.    Montreal. 

Canadian    Weldinit   Works.    .Montreal,    Qne. 

Federal      Enirineerlne     Co.,     Toronto,     Ont 
BELTING,  RUBBER 

Oiitta    Percha    A   Rubber,    Ltd.,   Toronto,   Can, 
BELTING,    CHAIN 

Canadian   Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  Montreal. 

Can.    Link-Belt    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Jones   A   Glaasco,    Montreal,   Que. 

Moi!te  Chain  Co.,   Ithaca.   N.Y. 

Whitney  Mfg.   Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
BELTING,  CONVEYOR 

Baiter  A  Co.,   Ltd..  J.   R.,   Montreal.  Que. 

Canadian  Falrbanks^^Morse  Co..   Montreal. 

Can.    B.    K.    Morton,   Toronto,   Montreal. 

Canadian    Welding   Works,    Jlontreal,    Que. 

Federal    Engineering    Co.,    Ltd.,   Toronto,   Ont. 

Oraton    A   Knight  Mfg.    Co.,   Worcester,    Maas. 

Jones  A  Glaasco,    Montreal,   Que. 

MoT^ren,  J.  C,  Belting  Co.,   Montreal,  Que. 

Morae  Chain  Ca,   Ithaca,  N.Y. 

Plewea,    Ltd.,    Winnipeg,    Man. 

Rice,   Lewis  A   Son,   Toronto,  Ont 

Standard  Machy.  A  .**upplle8,  Ltd.,  Montreal,  Que. 
BELTING,    LEATHER 

Can.   Oraton  A   Knight   Mfg.   Co..   Montreal.   Qne. 

Outta  Percha  A  Rubber.    Ltd.,   Toronto,    Can. 

Sadler  A   Haworth,   Montreal. 
BELTING,  STITCHED  COTTON  DUCK 

Canadian  Welding  Works,  Montreal,  Que. 

Dominion    Belting   Co..   Hamilton.   Ont 

Gntta   Percha   &   Rubber,    Ltd.,   Toronto,    Can. 
BELTING.  WOVEN 

Baxter  A  Co.,  Ltd.,  J.  B.,  Montreal,  Que. 

Federal   Engineering  Co.,   Ltd..   Toronto,   Omt. 
BENCH   LEGS.  STEEL 

New   Britain   Mach.    Co.,   New  Britain,  Conn. 
BENCH  DRAWERS,  PRICnONLESS 

New  Britain    Mach.   Co.,   New  Britain,  Conn. 
BENDING    ROLLS    (PLIITE    &    AUGH) 

Wirkcs    Bros..    Saginaw.    .Vlich. 
BENDING    MACHINERY 

TtcrtrsTn    A    Sons    Co.    John.    Dundaa 

Bertram*.    Limited.    Kdlnborgh.    .Srotlsod. 

Ilrown-Bogga    Co..    Ltd.,    Hamilton.    Can. 
Can.    Blower  A    ?"orge   Co.,   Kitchener,   Canada 
Osriork-Walker   .Machinery   Co.,   Toronto,    Ont 


BLASTING   MACHINES,   SAND 

Richards  Sand    Blast   Mach.    Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 
Ferracule    .Mach.    Co.,    Bridgeton,    N.J. 
Garlock-Walker    Machinery   Co.,    Toronto,   Ont 
Jardine.    A.    B..    A    Co.,    Hespeler,    Ont. 
Nw.ional   Machinery  Co.,  Tiffin,   Ohio. 
Niles-Bement-Pond    Co.,    New    York. 
Toledo  Machine  A   Tool   Co.,   Toledo,   Ohio, 

BILLET  MARKERS 
Matthews  A  Co.,   Jas.    H.,    Plttaburgh,   Pa. 

BILLETS 

Swedish   Steel    A    Importing   Co.,   Lfd.,   Montreal. 

Algomn    Steel   Corp.,    Sault  .Hte.    Mane,    Out, 
BINS,  STEEL 

Dennis  Wire  A   Iron    Works,   London.   Ont 

Dominion   Bridge  Co.,   Montreal.   Que. 

MacKinnon    Steel    Co..    Sherbrookc.    Que. 

Toronto  Iron  Works,  Ltd..  Toronro.  Ont 
BLASTING  MACHINES,  SHOT  AND 
STEEL  GRIT 

Pittsburgh  Crnahed   Steel  Ca,    IMttsburgh.    Pa. 

U.    8.    Silica    Co.,   Chicago,    III. 
BLOOMS  AND  SLABS  ^ 

Algoma    Steel    Corp.,    Sault   Ste.    Mane,    Ont. 

BLOWERS  „,^  ^  _  . 

Can.   Blower  A  Foige  Co..   Kitchener,  Ont 

Hheldons,    Ltd.,   Oall,   Ont  

Oarlock-Walker  Machinery  Ca.  Toronto,   Ont 

.MacUovera    A   Co.,    -Montreal,    Que. 

Rlvenrtde  Machinery  Depot.  Detroit.  Mlcli. 
BLOW  PIPES  AND  REGULATORS 

Canadian    Welding  Works,    Montreal.   Que. 

Carter  Welding  Ca,  Toronto,  Ont 

t'Alr    LiQulde    Soriety,    Montreal     Toronto. 

Prest-O-iLita  Co.,   Ina,   Toronto,   Ont 

Welding  A   Supplies,   Ltd.,    Montreal,   Que. 
BLUE   PRINTING  MACHINERY 

Commercial  Camera  Ca,   Province,   H.I. 

Mulliner-EdUmd    Tool    Ca.    .Syrcause,    N.Y. 

Wlckes    Bros.,    Saginaw,    -MiCh. 

"24e^  A  Ca   of  C«.ada    Geo      Montreal.   Q-... 

Joyce.  Koebel  A  Co.,  Inc.,  New  \ork. 
BOOKS,  TECHNICAL 

MaoLean  Publiahing   Ca,  Toronr.o. 
BOILER   FEED   PUMPS    ^  „     ^  , 

Ooldie    A   MoCuUoch   Co.,    G«lt,    Ont 
BOILER  MOUNTINGS 

Goldii'    &   McCalloch   Ca,    C^lt,    Ont 

BOILERS  ,  ,     „  ....^ 

Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  Montreal.  Quebec. 
MacGovem    A   Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 
MacKinnon    Steel    Ca,    Shertirooke     Que. 
Marsh    Engineering    VVorks.    Be"""''/,,""'- 
Kiveiside  Machinery  0<vot.  HenoAt.  \iicb^ 
WaLroua    E.igine    Works,     Urantford,    Ont. 

BOLTS,    SPRING    SHACKLE 
Can.    Winklcy    Co..    Ltd,,    Windsor. 

BOLT  CUTTERS  AND  NUT  TAPERS 
Aikenhead    Hardware   Ca,   Tof™"''^'*'- 
Canadian   Machinery   Corp.,   Oalt,   Ont 
Oarlock- Walker  -Machinery    Co.,   Toronto    Ont 
A     B    Jaidine   A   Ca,    Ltd.,   Hfl-"".   <^■"■ 
Landis   Machine  Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa. 
Uice,    Lewis   A    Son,    Toronto.    Ont 
WeUk   Brothers   Ca    of   Canada.   Oalt,    Ont 

itOI  T8 
Aikenhead   Hardware  Ca,   Toron'o.  Ont 
Gait   ilachlne  Screw  Co..  Oalt  OnJ-,         ,, 
Condon    Bolt   A    Hinge   Works     London,    0«. 
Rice    Lewis  A  Son,  Toronto,   Oiit 
3t«i  cJ.  of  Canada,  Ltd.,  Hamilton.  Ont 
UnTid  Brass  A  Lead.  Ltd..  Toronto. 
Wi  kS.^  A  Kompass    HamUton    Out 

Williams   A   '~<';-,  J-    «>,  "{J?t'£"Y 
BOLT   AND   NUT   MACHINERY 

^r^I^T  M*aeh'irr,^cirp'.?""Gair"^"      ^, 
0lrl'^iw.lke?»jchlnet7  Co     Toronto.   Ont 

Gardner   A    Son,    Uobt..    Montreal. 

»5'e  JIa-cffi  §^^^Sk. 
Williams  Machinery  Co.,   A.    K.,    loromo. 

Victor  Tool  Ca.  Waynfflboro.  Pa. 
noltlN(;    MACHINES.    PNEUMATIC 

''aev';?."!  rnenmatlc  joo,  Co.  o.  Canada    Toronto 
Canadian    Falrtianka-Morse    Co..    Mont.eal. 
<  iir.      hnieixoll-Kand    Co.,    Sherbrooke.    Que. 
Garlock-Walker  .Machinery   Co..   To'^onto.    Ont 


f  December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


427 


L 


BORING  MACHINES.  UPRIGHT  AND 
HORIZONTAL 

Bertram    &    Sons   Co..    John.    Dnndu. 

Belts  Machine   Co.,  Rochester,   N.Y. 

Canada   .Machinery   Corp..    Gait.   Ont 

Oarlock'Walker  Machinery  Ca,  Toronto,   ObL 

Gi<l<linKS   Jfc    Lfwis    Mfg.    Co..    Fond   dii    Lac.    Wla. 

Gisholt    .Machine    Co..    Madison,    Wis. 

LaMdis   Tool    Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa. 

Niles-Bement-Pond    Co.,    New    York. 

Roelofson  -Machine  &  Tool   Co.,    Toronlto,   Out 

Riverside  Machinery  Depot,   Detroit,  Mich. 

Stow    Mfg.     Co..    Binghamion.    N.Y.  ' 

[Iniversal   Borinp   >lacli.   Co.,   HiuJson,    Mass. 
BORING  MILLS,  VERTICAL 

Cincinnati   Planer   Co.,    Cincinnati,  O, 
BORING  AND  TURNING  MILLS 

Bertram    &    Sons    Co.,    John,    Dundas. 

Betfa    Macliine   Co.,    Rochester,   N.T. 

Canada    .Machinery  Corp.,    Gait.   Ont 

Olsholt    Machine   Co.,    Madison,    Wla 

Foss  Mchy.  &  Supply  Co.,  The  Geo,  P..  Montreal. 

Nile8-B«nent-Pond     Co..     New     York. 

Yaes    .Machine    Co.,    P.    B.,    Hamilton.    Ont. 
BOXES.    STEEL    SHOP    AND    TOTE 

Clereland    Wire   Spring  Co.,    Clewland.    OWo. 

New   Brtaln   Mach.   Co.,   New  Biiuin,    Conn. 

BRAKES 

Brown,    Koggs   ft   Co.,    Hamilton.    Can. 

Blcctvio  Steel   &   MetaU.    Ltd.,    Welland,   Ont 
BRASS   AND  COPPER   BARS,   RODS 
AND  SHEETS 

Bpown'e    Covptr    A    Brass    Rolling    Mills,    New 
Toronto. 

Tallman   Brass  ft  Metal  Co.,   EamUton,   Ont 
BRASS  FOUNDERS 

Canada  Metal  Co.,  Toronto. 

Orei-nleafs.    Ltd..    BelleTille.    Olrt. 

31.   Lawrence  Welding  Co.,   MoDlreal.  Qoe. 

Tallman    Brass    ft    .MeUl   Co..    Hamilton.    Ont 

United   Brass  ft   Lead   Ltd..   Toronto. 

Wilson   &  Co..   J.   C,   Bellerille.  Ont. 
BRIQUET-INGOTS 

Bastf-m   Block  Corporation,  Chicago,   HI. 
BRASS  WORKING  MACHINERY 

Foater  Machine  Co.,   Elkhart,  Ind. 

Qarlook'Walker  Machinery  Co.,   Toronto.   Ont 

Warner    ft    Swasey    Ca.    Cleyeland. 

Niles-Bement-Pond    Co.,    New    York. 

Preat-O^Lite  Co.    Inc.    Toronto,    Ont 

Riieriide   Machinery    Depot,    Detroit,    Mich, 

Wood  Turret  Machine  Co.,  Brazil,   Ind. 

Williams  Machy.    Co.,    A.    R.,  Toronto. 
BRIDGES.   RAILWAY  AND  HIGHWAY 

Dominion    Bridge   Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 

MacKinnon   Steel    Co..    Sherbrooke.    Que. 
BRONZE  RODS  AND  SHEETS,  PLATES 

Brawn's    Copper    ft    Braaa    Rolling    Milla,    New 
Toronto. 
BRONZE,  NAVAL 

Brown's    Copper    ft    Braaa    BoUinc    Uilla,    New 
Toronto. 

Tolland    -Mfg.   Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

Canada  Metal  Ca,  Toruato. 

Tallman    lira-is  and   Metal   Co..  Hamiiton,  Ont 

United  Bras*  ft  Lead  Ltd.,  Tonoto. 

BRONZE.    COPPER 

Canada  Metal  Co..  Toronto. 
BUFFING  AND  POLISHING  MACHINERY 

Ford-Smith    Mach.    Co..    Hamilton,    Ont. 

ftw  Mchy.  ft  dupply  Ca,  The  (iea  f..  Montreal. 

Oarlook-Walker  Machinery   Ca.   Toronto.   Ont 

New    Uritaiu   Machine   Co..   New   Bri.aiu.    Conn. 
BUCKETS,   DUMP 

MacKinnon   8teel    Co..   Sherbrooke.    Que. 

Morris    Crane    ft    HoUt    Ca.     Hertxrt.    Niagara 
FaUs.   Ont 
BUCKETS,  ELEVATOR 

Can.    Link-Belt  Co.,    Toronto.    Ont 

MacKinnon   Steel    Co.,    SberlnxMke,    Que. 
BUCKETS,  CLAM  SHELL,  CRAB,  DUMP 

Can.    Lmk-Belt   Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

M.    Beatty   &    Sous,    Ltd.,    Welland,    Ont. 

Marsh    Engineering    WorlGB,    iieUeville,   Ont 

Morns    Crane    &     Uolst    Ca.    Ilertien,    Niagara 
Kails.   Ont. 

Northern    Crane   Works.   Ltd.    .WalketriUe.   Ont, 

WhiLiug   Foundry   ii^uipment  Ca.   Harrey.    111. 
BULLDOZERS 

Bcruam  ft  Sous  Co.,  John,  Dundaa. 

Canada    Machinery   Corp.,   Gait,    Ont 

Garlock- Walker  .Machinery   Co.,  Toronto.   Ont 
BURNERS.   OIL  AND   NATURAL   GAS 

Noi'them  Crane  Worka,  Ltd.,  Walkerrllle,  Ont 
BURRS,   IRON    AND   COPPER 

Parmenter    ft    Bulloch    Co.,    Gananogue,    Ont 
BUSHINGS,    BRONZE 

ObenJorfer    Brass    Co.,    M,    L.,   Syracuse,    N.Y. 
CABINETS.    SAND    BLAST 

Pantfbora  Corporation,    Hageistown,   Md- 
CANADA   SILVER   SHEETS,   ROLLS 

Brown's    Copper    ft    Braaa    Rollhig    Mills,    New 
Toronto. 
CANNERS-   MACHINERY 

Bliss,    E.    W.   Ca,    Brooklyn,   N.Y. 

Ferracule  Mach.  Co.,  Bridgeton.  N.J 

Brown,   Bogga   ft   Co,    HamUton,    Can. 
CANNERS'  CONVEYORS 

Can.    Link-Belt    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Wilson   &  Co.,   J.   C,    Belleville,  Ont. 
CARBONIZING  BOXES 
Swedish   Crucible  Steel  Ca.   Windaor.   Ont 
CARRIERS 

M.irris  Crane  &   Hoist  Co.,  Ltd.,  Herbert,  Niagara 
Kails,    Ont 
CAKK1ER8.  PNEUMATIC  TUBE 

Junes   3l   (ilaaeco,    Montreal. 
CARS.  INDUSTRIAL 

Can.    Blower  ft   Forge   Co.,   Kitchener,   Can. 

Csnadlsn  FairbanksJMoiae  Co..  Ltd..  Montreal 


.Morris  Crane  ft  Hoist  Co.,  Ltd.,  Hedxrt,  Nlxara 
Palls,   Ont 

Marsh   Engineering   Works.    Bellerille.   Ont 
Sheldons,    Limited,    Gait,    Ont 

Whiting   Foundry   Eaulpment  Co.,   Harrey.   111. 
CARS.    STEEL    BODY 

.Marsh    Engineering    Works,    Bellerille,    Ont 
CASTINGS.    MACHINERY 

Domittioo  Foundries  ft  Steel,  Ltd.,  Hamilton.  Ont 

Katie   Foundry   Co.,    Gait,    Out 
Tolland    Mfg.    Co.,    .Montreal,    Que. 

Winnipeg    Iron    Foundry    Co..    Winnipeg. 

Wilson  &  Co.,  J.  0.,  Belleville,  Ont 
CASTINGS.  ALUMINUM,  BRASS. 
BRONZE.  COPPER 

Algoma   Steel    Corp.,    Sault   Ste.    Marie,   Ont, 

Alexander  Fleck.   Ltd..  Ottawa. 

Oreenleafs.    Ltd.,    Belleville.    Ont. 

Magnet  Metal  ft  Foundry  Co..  Winnipeg,  Man. 

Oberdorfer    Brass    Co.,    M.    L..    Syracuse.    N.Y. 

St    Lawrence  Welding  Co.,   Montreal,  Qna. 

Tallman  Braaa  ft   Metal  Co..  Hamilton. 

ITnlted    Brass  ft   Lead   Ltd..   Toronto. 

Wentworth  Mfg.  Co.,  Hamilton.  Ont 
CASTINGS,  BRASS  AND  IRON 

Algoma   Steel    Corp.,    Sault   Ste.    Marie,   Ont, 

Goldie   A    .McCnlloch    Co.,    G«lt,    Ont 

Tolland    Mfg.    Co..    Montreal,    Que. 
CASTINGS.   BUILDERS' 

Katie    Foundry    Co..    Oalt.    Ont. 
CASTINGS.  GRAY  IRON 

Remard   Industrial   Co..  The  A..   Fortlerrille,   Que. 

BroMTi.    Bonrs    Co.,    Ltd.,    Hamilton,    Can. 

Can.    Rumely   Co.   Toronto,    Ont 

Can.    Steel    Foundries    Ltd..   Montreal,   Que. 

Alexander  Fleck.  Ltd-,  Ottawa- 
Gardner   ft    Son,    R<*t..    Montreal. 

Oreenleafs.    T,td..    Belleville.    Ont. 

Htill   Iron  ft  St»el  Fotmdries,   Ltd.,   Hull,  Que. 

International  Malleable  Irtwi  Co.,  Onelph.  Ont 

Kennedy   ft    Sons.    Ijtd..    Wm.,   Owen   Sound, 

.Maunet   .\fetat  4   Foundry  Co.,  Winnipeg,  Man. 

Manih    Engineering    Works,    BelleTille,    Ont 

Pleasisville    Foundry    Co..    PleaaisTille.    Que- 

Sheldons.   Limited.  Gait.  Ont 

Tolland    Mfir.    Co..    Montreal.    Que. 

FittluCT.    Ltd.,    Oihawa.    Ont, 

Hamilton  Co.,  Wm..  Peterhoro. 

Katie  Foundry  Co..   Gait.   Ont. 

Wil'ion  ft  Co.  J.  C.  BelleTille,  Ont 

Wellsnd  Mach.   *  Fmindriea.  Ltd..   WeHand,   Ont 
CASTINGS.    CONTRACT 

Kati.^    Foundrv    Co..    Gait.    Ont. 

CASTINGS.  ROUGH 

Tolland    Mfg.    Co..    Montreal.    Que. 
CASTINGS.   PLtnVIBKRS' 

Katie    FomidTV   Co..    Oalt.    Ont. 
CASTINGS.    NICHROMF 

Can.    Driver-Hatrls    Co.,    Harrison,    N.J. 
CASTINf^S.    JOHBEPS' 

Katie    Fo'uidrv    Co..    (^alt.    Ont. 

CASTTNrs.   STFFt,  CHROME  AND 
MANGANFST?  8TEET, 

r«n.    steel    Fmmdries.    Ltd..    Montreal,    One. 

The*.    Parld.ann    Mfg.    To..    Montreal.    On*. 

Dominion  Foundries  ft  Steel.  Ltd..  HamlYon.  Ont 

Kull    Iron    ft    Steel    Foundrie".    T.td..    Hnll.   Que. 

Kennedv  ft  Son^.  Ltd..  Owen  Sotmd. 
CASTINGS.   MALLEABLE 

Pan.  Steel  ^onu'^ries.  Ltd      Montreal.  Que. 

Fittintrs.    Ltd..    Oxhawa.    Ont. 

TntemaHnnal    \fsl1eshle   Iron    Co.    Gnelnh.    Ont. 
CASTT'NGS.     NTCKFL    8TEFT, 

TTnlt  Jrrm  ft  .^t*-*!  Foimdries,   Lhl.,   TTnll.  Que. 
CFMFVT  MACHINFRT 

Csnadlsn  Falr^anksJ\fon«e  Co..  Ltd..   Montreal. 

0*Mnrtr.    Poht..    ft    Ron    Mnntreal 

CFMENT  HANDl.TNf:  MACBTNFRT 

Can      LttiV.^elt    Co..    Te»*w>tn.    Ont. 
CFNTFFTVr,  MACnlNFS 

V1e''orts  Fmindrr  Cn.,  Ottawa.  Ont 
CFNTRK  RFAMRR8 

TertrnTu    ft   fl'fis  Co. .    .Tohu     O'Twdas. 

Gardner.     tte*>t..    ft    flon.     Montreal. 

TTnTTKiiri.  T?oe*'«  '^faeh.  fo..  Sn,ifrti  fludbury,  Mass. 

Vnes-PemewtJPond     Co..     Vew    Torlr. 

P-«»t    ft    Whitney   f »  .    Pundo.    Ont. 

TVellc     Br,^a       Cn      nf     n^n^^^^     Gait.     Ont 

CTTATN.   WFT.DFD   COII. 

■jroTla    Crane     ft     Hoist     Co..     Heiljert.     Niaeara 

T!'""q     rv«t 
CITAIV  BLOCKS 
AIVenh,.sd   TTsMware  Co..  Toronto.   Ont. 
Cunadlan    F»tHhsTilr«-\ro»*e   Cn.,    T.td..    '>fnutfesl, 
Pn,vt   CV.It.    Blnelr  ft   Mfir    Ca.   Phnade»i*<a.    P«. 
GsTloe-k-WaHcer    MaetiT,    Co..    Towwtn.    Ont. 
^fo«^s     C-ftue     ft     Hnl.st     Co..     Hertjert.     Niaeara 

F-'ta.    Oof. 
Peadinff   CTinin    Ploclr   -Mfft.    Co..    Reading.    Pn. 
Plee   T.ewts    ft    <lon   Toronto.    Ont 
tr.^"1,t     Xff"      fn       T  tw»w«i       rihtn. 

CWMN  LINKS.  ni-TACWABLE 

TTtfUv,™,       X*-1  0"^'««"a.      Chrtt, 

r.wKTVO    Fon   ELFVATORS   AND 
CO'MVFVOpq 

Can     T.t"t,.Ttelt    Co..   ToTortA.    Ont. 
^r,.r-.    Cti«ln    fo  .    Ithaoa.    V  T. 

rHATW.   MALLEABLE.  DETACHABLE   AND 

Cau.    T.'^V-Ttelt   Co..  Toronto.    Ont 
.\fe~.  rh-'"   f"  .    Ithaca.  N.T, 
CTIMN    TlWTVFS 
Can.    LIuV-Tle't    Co.,   Tomn»A.    0"t. 
rnventrr  rt^ttn   Co..    rorentrv     T^iarland. 
,7one«    ft    Gla*«t«o.    t^fontreat      One. 
\v„„„   ''S^tn    Co..  Tthaca.   K.T. 

cw*s»'Ba 

Va''1ftn»l    Arms   Co..   Cleveland     Ohlo- 

T^-i..-    .T     A.   M,.  818  Stair   Bide.  Toronto.    o„i 

rwFunsTS 

Can.   Tnaneetton   ft  Teatlne  T,a>»  .   Montreal.   One. 
-r^w,™'^    T""*'""    Lalwiratorv.     Ltd..    Toronto. 

rwFSTS.   TOOL 

T7,ffio    Mf.r      Co.,    TT.,..,intr,n      Ont. 
>rretiaT'e.<!    Tool    Che"t     Co..     Toronto. 


CHROME  VANADIUM  STEEL 

J.    F.    A.    Comate.lt,  New  York  City.   N.Y. 
General    Steel    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

CHROME  NICKEL  STEEL 

J.   p.   A.    Comstedt.   New  Yort  City,   N.T. 
General    Steel    Co..    Milwaukee.    Wis. 
CHUCKS,    AERO,   AUTOMATIC 

Garvin  Machine  Co..  New  York. 
CHUCKS,  COLLET,  AIR 

Manufactureis    Equipment    Co.,    Chicago,    III. 

SmalleyOeneral  Co.,   Inc..  Bay  City,  Mich. 
CHUCKS.  DRILL,  LATHE  AND 
UNIVERSAL 

Aikenhead  Hardware  Co.,  Ttoraot*,  Ont 

Almond    Mfg.   Co.,   T.    R..    Ashburahan.   Mass 

Bertram  ft  Sons  Co..  John.   Dundaa. 

Can.    Blower  ft  Forge  Co..    Kitchener,  Canada. 

Canadian   Fairbanks-Motae  Co..  Ltd.,  Montreal. 

Cuahman   Chuck   t:o.,    Hartford,    Conn. 

Foas  Mchy.  ft  Supply  Co.,  The  Oea  P..  MontreaL 

Gardner,    Robt.    ft    Son,    Montreal. 

Garlock-Walker   Machinery   Co.,    Tonmto.    Ont 

Gisholt    .Machine   Co.,    .Madison,    Wli. 

Hardinge  Broa.,   Chicago,    III. 

Jacobs  Mtg.   Co.,  Hartford,   Coon. 

Ker  ft    Goodwin.    Brantford 

Knight   Metal   Products.    Ltd.,   Toronto,    Ont 

Manufacturers    Equipment   Co..    Chicago,    111. 

.Modem  Tool  Co.,    Erie,    Pa. 

Rice,  Lewis  ft  Son,   ToraoU.  Ont 

Skinner  Chuck  Co.,  Mew   Britain,   Conn. 

Whlton   Machine  Co.,   D.   K.,  New  London,   Coon. 
CHUCKS,   DRILL,   AUTOMATIC   AND 
KEYLESS 

Aikenhead  Hanlware  Co..   Toronto,   Ont, 

Can.    Blower   &    Forge   Co.,    Kitcheinr.   Canada. 

Whitney   Mfg.    Co,    Hartford,    Conn, 
CHUCKS,  FRICTION   AND  TAP 

Victor   Tool   Co..    Waynetboro,    Pa. 

Wells  Bros.   Co,  of  Canada,   Gait.  Ont 
CHUCKS.  MAGNETIC 

D.    ft    W.    Fuse    Co.,    Providence,    U.l. 

P.  Pratt  ft  Co..  Halifax. 

Heald   Machine  Ca.    Worceaur.    Mus. 
CHUCKS,  RING  WHEEL 

Font-Smith    Mach.    Co.,    Hamilton,    Out. 

F.    Pratt    ft   Co.,    Halifax. 

Gardner   Machme   t;o.,    Ueloit,   Wis, 
CHUCKS,    WRENCH 

F.    Pratt   ft   Co.,    Halifax. 

Thomas  Elevator  Co..   Ublcago.   lU.  • 
CHUCKS,   SPLIT 

Uivett    Lathe    ft    Grinder   Co.,    Boston.    Mass. 
CHUCKS,  DRILLS  AND  TAPS 

Bicknell-Thomas  Co.,  Oreeufleld,    Mass. 
CHUCKING  MACHINES 

Garvin    Machine    Ca.    New    York. 

Gisholt   .Machine   Cc,    .Madison.    Wla. 

New   Britain    Machine   Co..   New    Ifrifin.   Conn. 

National   Acme  Co..   Windsor.  Vt 

Nllea-Bement-Pond   Co.,    New   York. 

Roelofson  .Machine  ft  Tool  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Warner  ft   Swasey  Co.,    Cleveland,   O. 

Wood  Turret    Mach   Co.,    Brazil,   iod..    U.S.A. 
CLAMPS 

Preston  Wooilworking  MacAiine  Co..   Preston,   Ont 

WillUms   ft   Co,   J.    H.,    Brooklyn.    N.Y. 

CLEANING   COMPOUND 

Oakley   Chemical   Co.,    New   York. 
CLEANERS,    BOILER   TUBE 

Goldie   ft    McCulIoch   Co.,    G«lt,   Ont 

CLOCKS,  WATCHMAN,  PORTABLE 

Olsholt   -Machine   Co..    .Madison.    Wis. 
Hardinge   Bros..   Inc.,   Chicago.   HI. 

CLUTCHES,  CHAIN 

Jones  ft   Glaasoo,    Montreal,   Que. 
CLUTCHES 

Goldie   ft    .Ma(5ulloch    Co.,    G«lt,    Ont 
CLUTCHES,  FRICTION  AND  PULLET 

Bernard   Industrial  Co.,   A.,    FortierrHItw ' Qiu. 

Can.    Link-Belt  Co..   Tomnto,   Ont. 

Carlyle  Johnson  Mach.   Co.,   Manchester.  Conn. 

Jones  ft  Glassco.,   Montreal,   Que. 

Positive  Clutch  ft  Pulley   Works,  Ltd..  Torenta 
COAL  HANDLING  MACHINERY 

Cat.    Link-Belt  Co..  Toronto.   Ont. 

Dominion    Bridge    Co.,    Montreal.   Qne- 

Marah    Engineering    Works,    Ltd..    Bellerflle.    Ont 

Wncttovcm    &  Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

-MacKinnon    Steel    Co.,    Shei^rooke,    Que. 

Morris    Crane    ft    Hoist    Ca,     Heit>ert,     Niagara 
Falls,   Ont 

Northern  Crane  Works,   Ltd.,   Walkerrllle.  Ont. 

Whiting    Foundry    Equipment    Co..    Harrey.     [II. 
COILING    MACHINERY,    WIRE    AND 
SPRING 

Garlock-Walker  Machinery   Co.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Sleeper   ft    Hartley,    Inc..    Worcester.    Mass. 

COKE  AND  COAL 
Hanna  A  Co.,  M.    A.,   Clereland,  O. 
Nova  Scotia  Steel  ft  Coal  Co..  New  Glasgow.  .\  S 

COLLARS,  SHAFTING 

Wilson  ft  Co..  J.'C  Belleville.  Ont 
Williams   ft   Ca.   J.    H..    Brooklyn.   N.Y. 
COLLECTORS,  PNEUM/,TIC 

Can.    Blower   ft   Forge   Co..    Kitchener.    Oot 

Sheldons,    Limited,    Gait.   Ont 

J.    C.    Wilson  ft    Co.,   Belleville,    Ont. 

COLLETS 
Becker  Milling  Machine  Co.,  Boston,   Mass. 
Manufao'.'urers'    Equipment   Co..   Chicago.    111. 
Kivett    Lathe    &    Grinder    Co.,    Boston.    Mam. 
Wilson  ft  Co.,  J.  C,  Belleville.  Ont. 


428 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


COMPOSITION   INGOT 

Brows'*    Capper    &    Brus    AoUiix    Milk,    New 

Toronta 
CinLla    AleUl    Co.,   Toroato,    Ont. 
United   Braaa  &   Lttd   Ltd.,  Toronto. 
COMBINED  OPEN  SIDE  PLANER-SHAPER 
Lyntl'F&iquhar  Co..  Bo6ton.  Mass. 

COMPRESSORS,  AIR 

Can.    InsrnoU-IUQd    Co.,    Sbertirooke,    Que. 
CleTeland  Paeunalic  Tool  Ca  of  Canada,  Toronto 
CuiUa  Pneumatic  Machjr.   Co.,  SU    Louis.  .Mo. 
Gariock -Walker    Macbiner;    Co.,    Toronto,     Ont 
Hinckle;   Machine   Co.,    UincUeir,    HI. 
^lacGorem    &    Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 
Rireraide   Machinenr    Depot,    Detroit,    Alich. 
Smart-Turner    Machine    Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont 
CONCRETE  MACHINERY 
et   Clair  BioB.,  Oalt,   Ont, 

CONDENSERS 

-MacOoveni    A   Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

Smallej-General  Co.,   inc..   Bar  Citl.   Mich. 
CONNECTING   RODS 

Canada  Founds  &  Fotxincs,  Ltd.,  Welland.  Ont 
CONTRACT  WORK 

Banfield.  W.   U.,  &  Sons,  Toronto. 

Brown    Engineering    Corp.,    Toronto. 

Homer    &    Wilson,    Hamilton,    Ont. 

Kalie   Foundry   Co..    Gait,   Ont. 

Marten   Machine  Co.,    Uamilton,   Ont. 

St.    Lawrence    Welding    Co..    Montreal. 

Victoria   Foundry   Co.,    Ottawa. 

Wilson  &  Ca,  J.  C.  Belleville,  Ont 

Welland   Motor  &    Machine    Co.,    WeUand,   Ont 

Windsor    Mach.    Tool    Co.,    Windsor,    Ont 

CONTROLLERS  AND  STARTERS 

Williams   Machy.    Co.,   A.    R.,  Toronto, 
CONTROLLING  INSTRUMENTS 

Taylor  Instrument  Co.,    Rochester,   N.Y. 

CONVERTERS,    ROTARY 

MaoGoTem    &    Co.,    .Montreal.    Que. 
CONVERTERS,  STEEL  SLIDE-BLOW 

Whiting  Foundry  Equipment  Co,  Harrer,   111. 
CONVEYING  MACHINERY 

Brown  Portable  OjuTeying  -Mach.  Co.,  Chicago. 
CONVEYORS,  BELT  AND  CHAIN  -     ■ 

Can.    Lina  Belt   Co.,    Toronto,    Ont       -H:-' 

Jones  &  Glassco,   MontreaL  ,,.•• 

COPING  MACHINES 

Can.    Blower   &    Forge   Co.,    Klchenef,    Ont 

Bertram   &   Sons   Co.,   John,    Dundafl,    Ont 

Gariw  k-Walker   Machinery   Co.,   Toronto,   Ont 

NilesBement-l'ond    Co.,    New   York, 
COPPER,  BUS  BAR.  SHEET,  PLATES.  RODS 

Brown's    Copper    &    Brass    Rolling    Mills,    New 
Toronto,    Ont 
COUNTERBORES  AND  COUNTERSINKS 

Aikenbsftd  Hardware  Co.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Cleveland   Twist    Drill   Co.,    Cleveland. 

Morse  Twist  Drill  &  Mch.  Co.,  New  Beafoid,  Uaaa. 

Tratt  tc  Whitney  Co.,  Dundaa,  Ont 

Rice,   Ijewis  &  Son,  Toronto,  Ont 

COUNTERSHAFTS 

Almond    Mfg.    Co.,    T.    R.,    Ashbumham,    Mass. 
Baird    .Machine    Co.,    Bridgeport,    Conn, 
Foster  ^lachine  Co.,   Elkhart,   Ind. 

COUPLINGS,  FRICTION 

Bernard   Indus  rial  Co  .  The  A,,   PortlervUle,  Qus. 
Can.   Link-Belt  Co.,  Toronto,  Oot 

COUPLINGS,  SHAFT 

CdMie    &    .McCulIoch   Co.,    Gait,    Ont. 

W.    H.    Nicholson   &  Co.,    Wilk«i*iiri-i:,    I'a. 

COUPLINGS,  PLAIN,  FLEXIBLE  AND  CUT 
OFF 

dereland  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  oC  Canada,  Toronto 
Gardner,    Robt,    &   Son.    Montreal. 
Independent   Pneimiatlc  Tool    Co..    CUcago.    111. 
Wilson  &  Co.,  J,  C„  Belleville,  Ont 
CRANES,  LOCOMOTIVE 
Can.    Link-Belt  Co.,   Toronto,   Oot 
Northern    Crane    Works,    Walkerville, 

CRANES,  GANTRY 

Can.    Link-Belt   Co.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Uorrto    Crane    &    Hoist    Co.,     Hartxrt,     Nhgars 

Falls,  Ont.  „ 

Northern    Crane    Works,    Walkerville. 
Smart-Turner    Machine    Co.,    H«milton,    Ont 
Whiting  Foundrj  Equipment  Co.,  Harvey,   111. 

CRANES 

I-nllarr!    Mfg.  Co.,    Niagara.  Falls,  Can. 

CRANES,  JIB 

I'ollanl    Mfg.    Co.,    Niagara    Falls,   Can. 
CRANES,    GOLIATH,    PNEUMATIC    AND  I 

PORTABLE  ' 

Morris    Crane    ft    Hoist    Co.,    Hertxrt,     Niagan 
Falls,    Ont. 

Vnrfhem    Crane    Works.     Wslkerville. 

Wilion   &  Co..  J.   C,   Belleville.   Ont 

Whiting  Foundry  Equipment  Co..  Harvey.  111. 
CRANES,  TRAVELLING,  ELECTRIC  AND 
HAND  POWER 

.\nder«r,n  &  Cu.  of  Canada.  Geo..  Montreal,  Que. 

Can.    Link-Belt    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Curtl<   Pneumatic  .Machy.  Co.,  an.   Louis,  Mo. 

Damininn    Bridge   Co.,   .Montreal. 

Hiiib*im.   John   T.,  lAd.,  Tonmto,    Ont  | 

Morris    Crane    ft    Hoist    Co.,     Hertwrt,     Niagara 
Pans,  Ont 

Nlla>-8«ment-Pond    Co.,    New   York. 

Nonh»m    Crane    Works,    Walkecrlll*. 
CRANK    SHAFTS 

Canada   Fonnd's  ft  Forglngs,   IM..  Wdland,  Ont 

Winiatns  ft  Co..  J.   H.,  Brooklyn,  N,T. 
CRANES.  PORTABLE 

Alkenhesiil   Hardware  Co.,  Toroato,  Ont. 

Can.   Lbik-Belt  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Morris    Crane    ft    Hoist    Co.,    Heibeit,    NUfsr* 
Falls,  Ont 


Northern    Crane    Works,     Walkei-ville. 

Kice,   Lewis  ft  Son,   Toronto,   Ont. 

Whiting   Foundry   Equipment   Co.,   Harvey,    III. 

J.    C.    \Vil»ou   &    Co.,    Belleville.    Ont. 
CRIMPS,    LEATHER 

Uraton  &    Knight  Mfg.    Co.,   Worcester,    Mass, 
CRUCIBLES 

Hyde  Engineering  Co.,   Montreal,   Que. 
CRUSHED   STEEL 

I'aslMiish    Crushed   Steel    Co.,    Pittsburgh.    Pa. 
CUPOLA    BLOCKS 

Hyde  Engineering  Co.,  Montreal,  Que. 
CUPOLAS 

Can.    Blower   &    Forge    Co.,    Kitchener,    Ont 

.\orihern    Crane     Worti,     Walkerville. 

Sheldons,    Ltd.,    Gait,    Unt 

Whiting  Foundry    Equipment   Co.,   Harvey,    111, 

CUPOLA   BLAST    GAUGES    AND    BLOWbKa 

bhelduns,   Ltd.,   tialt,   Lfnt. 

CURRENT    TRANSFORMERS 

Elwtii.-  .St.il  A:  .\lctiU.s  Ltd..  Welland,  Ont 
CUT-OFF    COUPLINGS,    FRICTION 

Zenith   Steel   ft  Coal   Products,    Montreal,   Que, 

.1.    C.    Wilson   &    Co.,    Belleville,   Ont, 
CUTTERS,  FLUE 

Cleveland  I'neuma.ic  Tool  Co.  of  Canada,  Turoutc. 
CUTTERS,  PIPE   (SEE  PIPE  CUTTERS) 
CUTTERS,  MILLING 

Becker  .Milling  Machine   Co.,   Boston,   Mass. 

Boker    &    Co.,    Inc,    H.,     Montreal,    Que. 

ButterSeld   &   Co.,   Bock   Island,   Que. 

Canadian    Fairbanks-Morse   Co.,    Ltd,,    Montreal. 

Cl.!Velaud    Twist    Drill    Co,,    Cleveland. 

Davidson   Tool    Mfg.    Co.,   New    York,    N.Y. 

Foes  .Mtiby.  ft  Supply  Co.,  The  Geo.  F.,  .Montreal. 

Garvin    .Machine    Co.,    New    York. 

Illinois  Tool   Works,  Chicago,   111. 

Morse  Twist   Drill  &   Machine   Co.    New   Bedford. 

Pratt   ft   Whitney    Co.,    Dundaa,    Ont 

Itice,    Lewis   &   Son,   Toronto  Ont 

Tabor   Mfg.    Co.    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Whitney   MIg.   Co.,   Hartford,   Conn. 

CUTTING  COMPOUND  AND  CUTTING  OIL 

Cataract    Kefiuing  Co..   Ltd.,   Toronto. 

Elm    Cutting    Oil   Co.,    Toronto. 

On' ario    Lubricating   Co.,    HamUton,    Ont, 

CUTTING-OFP   MACHINES 

Armstrong    Bros.    Tool    Co.,    Chicago. 
Bertram  &  Sons  Co.,  John,  Dundas. 
Canadian  Faii^anks-Morse  Go,,  Ltd.,  Montreal. 
Curtis   &   Curtis    Co.,   Bridgeport,    Conn. 
Foas  .Mchy.  &  Supply  Co.,  The  Geo.  V.,  iMontreal. 
Garlock-Walker   Machinery    Co.,    Toronto,    Out 
Garvin    .Machine    Co.,    New    York. 
Hurlburt,  Rogers  Machy  Co.,  South  Sudbury.  Mass 
Hall  &  Sons,  John  H.,  Brantford,  Ont 
Kennedy  &   Sons,    Wm.,   Owen   Soimd,  Ont. 
.N'iles-Bement-Pond    Co.,    New    York,    N.Y. 
Peerless    Machine   Co.,    Racine,    Wis. 
Presto-Lite   Co.,    Inc.,   Toron'to,   Ont 
Rscine  Tool    &  Machine  Co.,    Racine,   Wis. 
StasdcM  M<!h7  &  Supplies,  Ltd.,  Montreal,  Que. 
'I'iinur   -Mfg.    Co.    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
Ystes   Machine  Co.,    P,    B.,   Hamilton,   Ont. 
CUTTING  AND  WELDING  PLANTS 
Canadian    Welding    Works,    Montreal,    Que. 
Prest-0-Llte    Co..    Inc.,    Toron'.o,    Ont 
Welding    &   Supplies,    Ltd.,   Montreal,    Que. 

CYANIDE  AND  LEAD  BATH  POTS 

Swedish  Crucible  Steel  Co.,  Windsor,  Ont 
CYLINDERS,   AIR 

Manufacturera    Equipment    Co.,    Chicago,    111 

Smalley   General    Co.,   Inc.,    Bay   City,    Mich. 
CYLINDERS,  AUTOMATIC  REBORING  JIGS 
AND  REAMERS 

Hinckley    .Machine    Co.    Hinckley,    111. 

Ki-Ilcv    Reamer    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

DEEP   DRAWING  DIE  STEEL 

J.    F.   A.   Comstwit.  New  York  City,   N.Y. 
DERRICKS 
Aikenhead     Haidware    Co..    Toronto.     Ont. 
.M.    Kt-atty    .St    .Sons,    Ltd.,    Wdland,    Ont. 
Dominion    Bridge   Co.   'Montreal. 
Marsh   Engineering  Works,    Belleville,   Ont. 
Morris    Crane    &     Hoist    Co.,     Herbert,     Niagara 
Falls.    On'r. 

DERRICK    IRONS    AND    FITTINGS 

Pollard   -Mfw.    Co.,    Niagaia    Falls,    Can. 
DIAMOND   TOOLS 

Wheel   Tnulng  Tool   Co.,   Windsor.   Ont. 

Anderson   Sc  Co.   of  Can.,   Geo.,   Montreal,   Que, 

WliK'l  TnieiiiB   T->ol  Co.,   Detroit. 
DIAMONDS.    CARBON    &    BORTZ 

Wheel   TnieiiiK  Tool   Co.,   Detroit. 
DIAMONDS,   BLACK  AND  ROUGH 

Joyce,    Ko<^l   ft    Co..    Inc.,    New   York. 

Wheel   TnieiuB   Tool    Co.,   Windsor.   Ont. 

DISCS,   LATHES,  ETC. 

Leather  Products  of  Canada.  Hamilton.  Ort 
DIES,  BRASS  PRINTING,  EMBOSSING 
AND   LETTERING 

\fstthew«.   Jss.    H..   ft  Co..   Pittsburgh,   Pa, 
Pittsburgh   Steel    Stamp    Co.,    Plltrturgh.    Pa. 

DIES  FOR  BIT  BRACE   USE 

Butterfleld   ft   Co.,   Rock   Island,   Que. 

A.  B.  Jardlne  ft  Co.,  Ltd.,  Heapeler,  Ont 

Wells   Brothers   Co.    ot  Canada,   Oalt,   Ont, 

DIES  AND   DIE   STOCKS 

Aikenhea/1   Hanlware   Co.,   Toronto,    Ont 

BanAeld.    W.    H.,    ft    Son.    Toronto. 

Baker  ft   Co..   Inc.,   H.,   Montreal,  Que, 

Rittferfield    ft  Co.,    Rock    Island,   Que. 

Brown.    Boggn   Co.,    HamUton,    Ont. 

Canadian     Faii^anks-Moree    Co.,    Montreal. 

The  Geo.   F.   Foes  Mchy  ft  Supply  Co.,  .Montreal. 

Gardner,   Robt,  ft  Son.  Montreal. 

A,   B.  JanHne  ft  Co.,  Hespeler,  Ont 


Landifi  .Machine  Co.,   Waj-nesboro,   Pa. 
.Modem     Tool     Co.,     Erie,     I'a. 
Man*  Twlat  Drill  ft  Moh.  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
-Nauunul    Aome    Co.,    Cleveland,    Uhiu. 
Piatl   *t    Whitney  Co.,    Dundas,    Oni. 
Bice  Lewis  &   Son,   Toronto,   Ont. 
Rickert-Shafcr    Co,.    Erie,    Pa. 
Standaixl    Machy,    &   Supplies.   Ltd,,    Montreal. 
StoU  Co.,    Inc.,    D.    H.,    Bullalo,    N,Y. 
Wells  Brothers  of   Canada,   Gait,   Ont 

DIES,   NOSING 

.MatBh    Engineering   Works,    Belleville,    Ont 
DIES,  PIPE  THREADING 

A.    B.   Jaidine  &  Co.,   Ltd.,  Heepeler,  Ont 

Butterfleld    ft    Co,,    Rock    Island,    Que. 

Landis   Jilachine    Co..    Waynesboro.    Pa. 
DIE  SINKERS 

Becker   .Milling   Ma(^ine    Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Garvin    Machine   Co.,    New    York. 

Pialt   &   Whitney   Co.,    Dundas,   Ont 
DIES  FOR  MACHINES 

Aikenhead    Hardware    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Butterfleld    ft    Co.,    Bock    Island,    Que. 

Firth    ft    Sons,    Thos.,    Montreal,    Que, 

l.,andis    Machine  Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa. 

Wells    Brothers  Co.    of   Canada,    Oalt,    Ont 
DIES,   SELF-OPENING 

Geometric    Tool    Co.,    New    Haven. 

Landis    Machine    Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa. 

.Modem    Tool    Co.,    Erie,    Pa. 

.Murchcy   Machtoe   ft    Tool    Co.,    Detroit,   Mich. 

Wells    Brothels   Co.    of    Canada,    Gait    Ont 
DIE   .JLOCKS.  HEAVY   FORGED 

Hj*mmon,'*    St-el-Co.,    Inc.,    Syracuse,    N,Y. 
DIE  FORGINGS 

Hammond    Steel   Co.,    Inc.,    Syracuse,    N.Y. 
DIE  STEEL,  HOT  AND  COLD  WORK 

Armstrong,   Whifcworth  of  Canada,   Montreal,  Que. 

Firth  &   Sons,   TTios.,  Montreal,   Que.  , 

DIES  FOR  SCREW  PLATES 

Wells    Brothers  Co.    of   Canada,    Gait,    Ont. 
DIES,  SHEET  METAL  WORKING 

E.    W.    Bliss   Co.,    Brooklyn.    N.Y. 

Brown,   Boggs  &  Co.,  Hamilton,  Canada. 

Illinois   Tool    Works,   Chicago,    111. 

Marteh   Machine  Co.,   Hamilton,    Ont 

Normac  Machine  Co.,   St    Catharines.   Ont 

Stoll    Co.,    D.    H.,    BulTalo,    N.Y. 

Windsor  Mach'.   &  Tool  Co.,  Windsor,  Ont 

Worth    Engineering   Co.,    Toronto,   Ont 
DIES,  SCREW  AND  THREAD 

Butterfleld    ft    Co.,    Rook    Island,    Que. 

A.    B.    Jardine   &   Co.,    Ltd.,    Hespeler,    Ont, 

Landis    Machine    Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa, 

Modem   Tool    Co.,    Brie,    Pa. 

Murcltey    Machine    ft   Tool    Co.,    Detroit,    Mfeh. 

National-Acme   Co.,    Cleveland,    Ohio.  "         ' 

Pratt    &   Whitney   Co.,    Dundas,   Ont 

Wells  Brothers   Co.    of  Canada,    Gait   Ont 
DISCS,  XEATHER,   STEEL 

Graton    &    Knight    Mfg.    Co.,    Worcester,    Mas-s. 

Swedish   Steel    &    Importing   Co.,    Ltd.,   Montreal. 

DIRECT   CONNECTED    UNITS 

MacGf>vem    &    Co..    Montreal,    Que, 
DRAFT,  MECHANICAL 

W.    H.    Banfleld    ft   Sons,    Toronto. 
Butterfleld    ft    Co.,    Rock    Island,    Que. 
Can.    Blower  ft    Forge   Co.,    Kitchener,    Ont. 
A.    B.   Jardlne  ft  Co.,   Heapeler.   Ont. 
Pratt   ft   Whitney  Co.,    Dundas,   Ont 
Sheldons,    T^td.,    Gait,    Ont. 

"DREDGES,   DIPPER,   HYDRAULIC   AND 
CLAMSHELL 

,M.  Itratty  .li  .Sons,  LUl.,  Wdland,  Ont. 
DRESSERS,  GRINDING  AND  EMERY 
WHEEL 

Baxter  &    Co.,    Ltd.,    J,    R.,    Montreal.    Que. 
Can.    Desmond-€taphan  Mfg.   Co.,  Hamilton,   Ont. 
Ford-Smith  Mach   Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont 
Wheel   Trueing  Tool   Co.,    Windsor,    Ont 

DRILL  PRESSES 

Aurora    Tool    Works,     Aurora,     Ind. 
->  W.    F.    &  John    Barnes   Co.,    Bockfordi 
Burk>'    .Machine   T(x)l  Co..   Connt-ant,    O. 
Can.    Blower   ft    Forge  Co.,    Kitchener,    Ont 
Canada   Machinery    Corp,    Oalt,    Ont. 
The  Geo.   F.    Foss  Mchy.   ft   Supply  Co.,   Montreal 
Garlock-Walker   Machinery   Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. 
Garvin   Machine   Co.,   New   York. 
A.   li.  Jardine  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  He^tpeler,  Ont 
Niles-Bement-Pond   Co.,    New   York. 
Riverside   Machinery    Depot.    Detroit.    Mich. 
Stow    Mfg.    Co..    Binchampton,    N.Y. 
United  .=llafes  Mach.  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O, 
A.    R.    Williams   Slachinery   Co.,  Toronto. 
DPILL  CHUCKS,  QUICK-CHANGE 

The    McCrcwky    Reamer    Co..    .Meadville.    Pa. 
DRILL    RODS 
Swedish   Steel   ft   Importing  Co.,    Ltd.,    Montreal. 

DRIH.S 

W.    T.   Whitehead.   Son   ft   Co.,   Montreal,   Que. 

DRILLING  MACHINES.  GANG 

Bamo.s.    W.    F.   ft  John.    Co..    Rockford.    Ill, 
Bllton    Mach.   Tool  Co.,   Bridgeport,  Conn, 
Canada    Machinery   Corp.,    Gait,    Ont. 
Silver    Mfg.    Co..    Salem.    Ohio. 

DRILLING  MACHINES,  LOCOMOTIVE  AND 

MULTIPLE  SPINDLE 
John    Bertram   ft   Sons   Co.,    Dunilas, 
Hilton    Mach.   Tool    Co..    Bridgeport.   Conn. 
Can.   Blower  ft  Forge  Co.,  Kitchener.  Ont 
Canada    Machinery   Corp.,    OsH.    Ont 
Canadian    Fairbanks-'Morae    Co..    Montreal. 
The  Geo.   P.   Foss  Mr^y.   ft  Supply  Co.,  Montreal 
Foi    Machine    Co..    Jackson.    Mich. 
Oarlock-Walker    Machinery    Co..    Toronto,    Ont. 
Garvin   iMechlne   Co..    Ne»   York. 
Henry  *   Wright   Mfg.  Co..    Hartford,   Conn. 
A.  B.  Jardlne  ft  Co.,  Hespeler,  Ont 


December  2^,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


429 


Land  Is    Tool    Co..    Wayneeboro.    P«. 
N&tional-Aom«    Co.,    Cleveland,    Ohio. 
>;ileii-B«?m*'iil-Pond    Co.,    New    York. 
UooMord    Drilling    Mach.    Co.,    KoCkfoid,    III. 
VV.    T.    VVhicchiad.    Son   &   Co.,   .Monlnul.   C(ue. 

DRILLING  MACHINES 

rnivt-rsitl   I'.mliiK  Mach.   <*i>..    Und-TOn,   Maw*. 

DRILLING   MACHINES 
RADIAL  AND  TURRETT 

.lohn    Bertram   &    Sons   Co..    Dundas. 
Canadian    Fairbanks- .Morse    Co.,    Montreal. 
Canada    Machinery   Corp..    Gait,   OnU 
Garlock-Walker  .Machinery  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont 
Henry   &  VVriRht  .Mfg.    Co.,   Hartford.  Conn. 
Landis   Tool    Co.,    Waynesboro.    Pa. 
Ni]t-'3-nemeiit-l'ond    Co.,    .\ew    York, 
Ree»l-l*rentice    Co.,    Worcester,    Mass. 

DRILLING  MACHINES.   SENSITIVE 

Bilton    Mach.    Tool    Co..    Bridfreport,    Conn. 

W.    F.    &    .lohn    Bamei    Co..    Kockford.    111. 

Canadian    Fairbanks^.Morse  Co..    Montreal. 

Canada    -Machinery    Corp..    QaJt.    Ont. 

The  Geo.   F.   Foss  .Mehy.  &  Supply  Co..  Montreal, 

Garlock-Walker  -Machinery  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont. 

Henry  &  Wright  .Mfg.  Co..  Hartford.  Conn. 

L»ndis    Tool    Co..    Waynesboro,    Pa. 

D.    McKenzie    .Machinery    Co..    Giielph,    Ont 

Xiles-Hement-Pond     Co..     New     York. 

Pratt   &  Whitney   Co..    Dundaa.   Ont. 

United   States   Mach.    Tool   Co.,   Cincinnati.   Ohio 
DRILLING    MACHINES,    UPRIGHT    AND 
HORIZONTAL 

Aurora  Tool    Works,   Aurora,    Ind. 

John    iiertram   &    Sons   Co.,    Dundas, 

GarJock-Walker   .Machinery    Co..    Toronto,    Ont. 

Can.    Blower  &  Forge  Co..   Kitchener.   Ont. 

Canada    Machinery    Corp.^    Gall.     Ont, 

Giddlngs   &    Lewis    ilfg.    Co..    Fond   du   Lac,    Wis. 

Fi-y's    (London),    Ltd.,    London,    England. 

Garlock-Walker  Machinery  Co..  Toronto,  Ont. 

A.  B.    Jardine    &    Co..    Hespeler,    Ont, 
Landis   Tool    Co..    Waynesboro,    Pa. 

B.  :ilaUoiigall    Co.,    Qalu 
Reed-Pientioe    Co..    Worcester.    Maaa. 
Niles-Bctnent-Pond    Co.,    New    York, 
Rockford   Urilling   Mach.    Co..   RockfonJ,    III. 
Silver    .Mfg.    Co.,    Salem.    Ohio. 

A.    R.    Williams   Machinery   Co.,  Toronto. 

DRILLING  MACHINES.  BALL  BEARING 

('inoinnati    Pulley   -Mach.    Co..    Cincinnati. 
DRILLING    MACHINES,    VERTICAL 

Giddings   &   Lewis    Mfg,    Co.,    Fond   du   Lac.    Wis. 
DRILLING    MACHINES.    WALL    RADIAL 

L,viid-l*'arqiihar   Co..    Boston.    Mas.s. 

Wickes   Bros.,   Saginaw,   Mich. 
DRILLING    POSTS 

Aikenhead    Hardware    Co..    Toronto.    Ont. 

Keystone    Mfg.    Co..    Buffalo.    N.Y. 

Rice    Lewis    &    Son.    Toronto.    Ont. 

Silver    .Mtir.     Co..    Salem,    Ohio, 
DRILLS,  BENCH 

Aikenhead     Hardware    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. 

W.    F.    &  John    Barnes  Co..   Rockford.   111. 

Can.    Blower   &    Forge    Co..    Kitchener.    Ont. 

Canadian    Faii*banb<-Moi3e    Co..    Montreal. 

The  Geo.  F.  Foss  .Mchy.  &  Sirpply  Co.,  Montreal 

Fi-y'a    (Ijondon).    Ltd..    London.    England. 

Garlock-Walker  Machinery  Co..  Toronto.   Ont 

Millers   Falls   Co..    MUIers   Falto,    Mass. 

Pratt    &    Whitney   Co..    Dundas.    Ont 

Rice  Lewis   &    Son.    Toronto.    Ont 

United    States    Electrical    Tool    Co.,    Cincinnati. 
DRILLS.  BLACKSMITH  AND  BIT  STOCK 

Aikenhead    Hardware   Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. 

Can.   Blower  &   Forge  Co..   Kitchener.  Ont 

rieieland    Twiit    Drill    Co..    Cleveland. 

The  Geo.   F.   Foss  Mchy.  *  Supply  Co.,  Montreal 

A.    B.    .Tar.iine  &    Co..    Heapeler.   Ont. 

-Morse  Twist  Drill  &  Mch.  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Maaa 

Riee    Lewia   &    Son.    Toronto.    Ont. 

Wilkin.'^on   &    Kmnpa-ss.    Hamilton,    Ont 

Wilt  TwiBt  Drill  Co.  of  Canada,  WalkerrUle,  Ont 

DRILLS.  CENTRE 

Aikenhead  Hardware  Co.,  Toronto,  Out, 
Cleveland   Twist   Drill    Co..   Cleveland. 
.Morse  Twist  Drill  &  Mch.  Co..  New  Bedford.  Maaa 
Rice    Lewis   &    Son.   Toronto.    Ont. 
Wilt  Twist  Drill  Co.  of  Canada.  Walkerrille.  Ont 

DRILI.H,  ELECTRIC  AND  PORTABLE 

Aikenhead    Hardware  Co.,    Toronto.    Ont. 
Can.    Blower  &    Forge  Co..    Kitehener.   Ont 
Bnker  &   Co..   Inc..    H..   Montreal.  Que, 
Cincinnati   Electrical    Tool   Co,.   Cincinnati.    Ohio- 
The  Geo.   F.  Foss  Mchy.  &  Siipply  Co.,  Montreal. 
Garlork-Walker  Maehinerv   Co..   Toronto.   Ont 
Independent    Pneumatic  Tool   Co.,  'Chicago. 
Niles-Rement-Pond    Co..    New    York. 
Prest-O-Llte    Co..    Inc..    Toronto.    Ont 
United   states   Electrical   Tool    Co..   Cincinnati. 
A     R.    Williams  Marhlnerv  Co..  Toronto. 
Wilkinson   ft   Kompaas,  Hamilton,   Ont 

DRILLS.  EMERY 

Garloek-Waltter  Machinery   Co..  Toronto.   Ont 
DRILLS.  HIGH  SPEED  TWIST 

Aikenhead   Hardware  Co..  Tortmto.  Ont. 

Armstrong.   WTiitwortb  of  Canada.   Montreal.  Que 

Atkins    Si    Co.,    Wm.,    ShefTleld.    Eng. 

Butterfleld   *    Co..    Rock   Island.    Que. 

Cleveland    Twi»f    Drill    Co.,    Cleveland. 

Canadian    Fairbanks-Morse    Co..    Montreal. 

Can.    B.    K.    Morton.    Toronto.    Montreal. 

H     A.    Dnirv   Co..    Montreal. 

The  Geo.  F.   Foss  Mchv.  &  Supply  Co.,  Montreal 

MoKenna    Brothers.    Plttirtiurgh.    Pa. 

MaiKhall    *    Co.    Geo..    Toronto.    Ont. 

Mone  Twist  Drill  *  Mch.  Co..  New  Bedford.  Mass 

W.    F.    A    .Tohn    Barnes   Co..    Rockford.    111. 

Perfe<-t    Machine    Co..    Gait.    Ont 

Pl<»wes.     Ltd..     Winnipeg.     Man. 

P'-att   ft   \\TiitneT  Co..   Dundas.   Ont 

Rice    Lewis    A-    Son.    Toronto.    Ont 

Standard  Machy    *  Supplies.  Ltd..  Montreal.  Que. 

Taylor,   J.   A.   M..   Stair  BIdg..   Toronto. 


Whitman  &  Barnes  Mfg.  Co..  St  Catharine*.  Ont 
Wnt  Twist  Drill  Co  rf  Canada.  WalkerriUe.  On,. 
Wilkinaon    &    Kompaas,    Hamilton,    Ont 

DRILLS,  OIL  TUBE 

Cleveland    Twist    Drill    Co,,    aeveland. 

Morse  Twist  Drill  &  Mch.  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Rice    Lewis   4e    Son,    Toronto,    Unt. 
DRILLS.    PNEUMATIC 

Can.    Ingersoll'Kand    Co..    Montreal,    Que. 

Cleveland   Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  of  Canada.  Toronto 

Inlependent    Pneumatic   Tool    Co..    Chicago,    HI. 

Nllea-Betnent-Pond  Co.,  New  York. 
DRILLS.    PNEUMATIC    CORNER 

Can.     Ingeraoll-Rand    Co..    .Montreal.    Que. 

Cleveland  Pneimiatic  Tool  Co.  of  Canarla.  Toronto 

GstiiK.|{-\Valker   .Macliinery   Co..   Toronto.   Ont. 

Independent  Pneumatic  Tool    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
DRILLS,    RATCHET   AND  HAND 

Aikenhead    Hardware    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Armstrong   Bros,    Tool   Co..    Chicago.    111. 

Can.    Blower  &    Foi^e   Co.,    Kitchener,   Ont 

Canadian    Fairbanks-Morse    Co.,    -Montreal. 

Cincinnati    Electrical    Tool   Co..    Cincinnati,   Ohio. 

Cleveland    Twist   Drill   Co,,    Cleveland. 

Garlock-Walker   Machinery   Co.,  Toronto,  Ont 

A.    B.    Janiine   &    Co..    Hespeler.   Ont. 

Millers    Falls   Co..    -Mllleix   Falls.    Maaa. 

Morse  Twist  Drill  &  .Mch.  Co..  New  Bedford,  Ma.ss 

Perfect    Machine    Co.,    Gait,    Ont 

Pratt    &    Whitney    Co.,    Dundas,    Ont 

Rice   Lewis   &    Son,    Toronto,    Ont, 

Wilt  Twist  Drill  Co.  of  Canada,  Walkervllle,  Ont 
DRILLS,  ROCK 

Can.    lngei?ioll-Rand    Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

Cleveland  Pnettmatlc  Tool  Co.  of  Canada,  Toronto. 

The  Geo.   F.   Foss  Mchy.  &  Suriply  Co..  Montreal. 

A.   R.    Williams   Machy.   Co..  Toronto. 
DRILLS.  TRACK 

Cleveland   Twist    Drill   Co..   Cleveland. 

The  Geo.   F.    Foss  .Mchy.    &  Supply  Co..  Montreal 

Mo-.e  Tnisl  Drill  ft  Mch    Co.,  New  Bedford.  Ma*. 
'     wnt  Twist  Drill  Co.  of  Canada,  Walkerville,  Oni. 

United    Brans    ft    Lead,    Ltd,,    Toronto. 

DRIVES.    CHAIN 

Can.    Link-Belt    Co.,   Toronto,    Ont 
Cryventry   Chain    Co. 
.Tones   ft   Glassco.    Montreal. 
.Morse  Chain   Co..   Ithaca,   N.T, 

DRYERS.   SAND 

Paniibom   Corporation,   Hageratown,    Md. 
nRYTNG  APPLIANCES 

BfliM    \lar>iine   Co..    Bridgeport,   Conn. 

Sheldf-n^      Ltd..    Gait.     Ont 
D^'IM    CONTROLS 

Electric  Steel  &  Metals,   Ltd.,   Welland.   Ont. 
DUMP   CARS 

Canadian    Fairhanks-Morw   Co.,   -Montreal. 

Ms<4Cinnrtn    Steel    Co..    Shert>ro/>kp.    Que. 

MsT^sh    Fngineering    Works.     Belleville.    Ont 
DUST    SEPARATORS 

Can.    Blower   &   Forse   Co..    Kit»-hener.    Ont 

Shel*>na.    Ltd..    Oalt.    Ont. 

DYNAMOS  AND  ELECTRICAL  SUPPLIES 

Canadian    Fsirhanks^Morse    Co..    Montrr»a\ 
T>ancaahire   Drnamo   ft   Motor  Co..   Ltd..   Toronto. 
Pratt    &    Whitney    Co..    Dimdaa.    Ont 
w.i^r-rw-""     X-    Co.,     Mont-enl.    Oue. 
st«n-lnH   Ma'-hv.   ft  S..nplies.  L'd  .  Montreal.  Q'lr. 
\      R     WilUfiTtis    ATsciiT.    Co..   Toronto. 

EIPCTRIC    FURNACES 

Electric   Furnace   Constniction    Co..    Philadel..    Pa. 
•.•.'t-    >tf..    m .   WBllnnd.   Ont. 
.Electric  Steel   &  Metals.    Ltd..    Welland,    Ont 
pt  n-rxBir.    FURNACE    REGULATORS    AND 
FOIUPMFNT 

Vf.lta   Mfg.    Co..   Welland,   Ont 
Fi  K-CTWIC    rvnttq-rmAL    TRUCKS.    TRAC- 
TORS AND  ENGINES 

Automatic    Transix>riation    Co..    Buffalo.     N.Y. 
EI  FVATOW    ENCI  OSTTRP8 

Canada    Wire  ft   Iron    GoMs   Co..   Hamilton.   Ont. 
ELEVATORS    AND    BUCKETS 

Can      T/ink-Felt    Co..    Toronto.    Ont 

r,,^f^     Pn.'MTnatic    Atschv      Co..     St     T»uis.    Mo. 

WTiitin?    Foundry    Equlrwrent    Co..    Harrey,    111. 
piPViTIVO    AND    CONVEYING 
MACHTNFRY 

r'sn     T.ink-'Relt    Co..    Toronto.    Ont 

CiTi.    Ma^tiews  GraWtv  Carrier  Co.,   Toronto.   Ont. 

\Tn— 1«    O'.Hne     ft     Hoist     Co..     Herbert.     NIag.nra 
Palls.    Ont 
EMPRV    GRINBFRS    fPNPUMATIO 

Clerpland  Pupumatie  Tool  Co    f>f  Cnnada.  Toronto 
EMERY    AND    FMERY   WHFFT.8 

TtaTip'    ft    Co..    Ltd  .    .T.    R      Montreal.    Que. 

roas  Mc>»v    ft  SuT.'.lv  Co..  Tb-  Gpo.  F. .  Montreal 

GarrtTi     Maf-biop    f^o       New    York. 

Conn'liau    FalrbariW-Aforse    Co       ^font^»sl. 

Csns'ls    T=VnprT    vrbppts    Co  .    TTsmilton.    Ont. 

Fond-Qm^tb    Mscb      Co..    TTsTuilton.    Ont 

Norton    Co..    Wot^vistpr     Ms"s. 

ptpp     r.pw'«    ft     Sr.n.    Tom.>to      Ont. 

a».>ndflwt  Msfbv    ft  <;nT>T.Tps    T  td  .  >fontreal.  Qup. 

\TiUr!.icnn    ft    Komnss*     Trs»nUton.    Ont 
EMFRY   WHEFT.   DRFSSINOe 

m,„«i    Trupinn-   Tool    Oo..    Windsor.    Ont 
ENCTN^a.    OASOITNE 

CsTi     Hsrlcpr  Co      SsuU  Ste.    Marie.   Ont. 
«f     r-ipir  Rroa,.    Gait,  Ont. 
Fl«niMF   I  ATWP<» 

r-!.,(.:,inpti   ^  r.''i..   A-    Tool   Co  .   Cincinnati.   O. 

M....'1,...    \I:,.l.iM.     T.>iil    Co..    Cin.-'"U'.lti.    O. 

ENGINES.   STEAM.   GAS.   GASOLINE 

Canadian    Fairbanks-Morse   Co..    Monfrent 
C.Mlta    Pereha    ft    Rubber.    Ltd..   Tn'onto.    Can, 
.tohnsoo  Mach.   Co,,  CarWe.   Manchester.  Conn. 
MacOovpm    ft    Co..    Montreal.    0"e. 
Riverside    Machinery    Depot.    Detroit.    Mich. 


ENGINES.  HORIZONTAL   AND  VERTICAL 

OoHie   &    Mcl'ulloch    Co..    0*11.    Ont 

Johnson   Mach. ^Co..   Carlyle,   JkUncueater,   Conn. 

Shcldona,    Ltd.,    Gait,    O"-!. 

A.    H.    Williams  ^lachy.  Co,,  Toronto. 
ENGINES,  MARINE 

Goldie  A  .Mcculloch  Co.,   Gait,  Oat 
ENGINES.    SINGLE    COMPOUND    AND 
TRIPLE    EXPANSION 

•  iolrliv    &    McCulloch   Co..    Gall,    Ont 
ENGINES 

Waterous   Engine  W«rk»,    BrantfonI,   Ont. 
ENGINE   SHAFTS 

Hammond    Steel    Co.,    Inc.,    Syractise,    N.T. 
ENGRAVERS 

Pritchard-Andrews   Co..   Ottawa. 
ESCUTCHEON    PINS 

Pannentcr  ft    Bulloch   Co.,   Oananoquc,    Ont 
ETCHING   MACHINES 

Brewster    Co.     ,Wm.,    New    York,    N.Y. 
EXHAUST  HEADS   AND   HOODS 

Can,    Blower  ft    Forge   Co.,    Kitchener,   Ont 

Canadian    Falrbauks--Morae   Co.,    Montreal 

Sheldons,     Ltd.,     Oalt,    Ont 

EXHAUSTERS 

Can.    Blower  ft   Forge  Co.,   Kllichener,  Ont 
Pantfbom   Corporation,    Hageratown,    Md. 
Sheldons,    Ltd.,    Gait,    Ont. 

EXTRUSION   DIE   STEEL 

J.    F.   A.    Comstedt,  New  York  City,   N.Y. 
EXTRACTORS,   TAP 

Walton   Co..   The.    Hartfonl.  Conn. 
EXTRA  TOOL  STEEL 

J.    F.   A.    Comstedt.  New  Yoi-k  City,   N,Y. 
EYE  BOLTS   AND   NUTS 

Can.    Foundries  ft    Fotgings.    Ltd.,   Welland,    Ont. 

United    Brass   ft    Lead,    Ltd,,    Toronta 
FACTORY    GATES 

Page   Steel    ft    Wire  Co.,    Adrian,    Midi. 
FANS 

Baird   Machine   Co..   Bridgeport,   Conn. 

Can.    Blower  ft   Forge  Co.,    Eitchener^  Ont 

Sheldons,    Ltd.,    Oalt,    Ont. 

The  Smart-Turner   Machine   Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont. 
FENCING.   WIRE 

Page    Steel    &    Wire    Co.,    New    York,    N.T. 
FENCE.   IRON   AND   FACTORY 

Canada   Wire  ft   Iron   Goods  Co..   Hamilton.   Ont. 

Page  Steel   ft   Wire  Co.,   Adrian.  Mich. 
FERRO-TUNGSTEN 

Vanadium-Alloys    Steel    Co..    Pltt*ui»h.    Pa. 

FILES 

Aikenhead    Hardware    Co..    Toronto,    Ont 
Atkins    ft    Co.,    Wm-,    Sheffield,    Ens. 
Can.    B.    K.    Morton  Co..   Toronto,    Ont 
Delta    FUe    Worka,    Philadelphia,    Pa- 
Maiahall    ft    Co.,    Geo.,    Toronto,    Ont 
-Nicholson    FUe   Co.,    Port    Hope,   Ont 
Port   Hope   File   Mfg.    Co.,    Port   Hope.  Out 
Rice   Lewis   &   Son,   Toronto,   Ont 
Simonds    Mfg,    Co..    fMtchburg.    Maaa. 
Slandaid  Machy.  ft  Supplies,  Ltd..  Montreal,  Que, 
Wilkinson    ft    Kompaas,    Hamilton,   Oni. 
FILTERS.    OIL 
Bowser  ft  Co.,    Inc.,  S.    F.,   Toronto,   Ont. 

FIRE  BRICK 

Hyde    fngineering   Co,,    Montrecl,    Que. 

FIRE  CLAY 

Hyde    Engineering   Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 

FIRE    ESCAPES 

Can.    Welding    Works,    Montreal,    Que. 

Canada   Wire  &   Iron  Goods  Co.,   Hamilton,   Ont. 
FIRST   AID   CABINETS 

Strong.    Kennard   &   Nutt  Co.,  Cleveland,   Ohio. 
FITTINGS.   MALLEABLE   AND   CAST  IRON 

Fittings.    Ltd.,    Oshawa,    Ont 
FIXTURES 

Brown    BSigin*erin«    Corp.,    Toronto.    Ont 

Crosci-nt    Machine   Co.,    Ltd.,    Montreal. 
Iltalois    Tool    Worka,    Chicago,    111. 

Marten    -Machine    Co.,    Hamilton,   Ontarla 

Toronto  Tool    Co.',   Toronto,    Ont 
FLASKS.  IRON 

Katif    Foundr>    Co..    Oalt.    Opt. 
FLEXIBLE  SHAFT  COILING  MACHINERY 

Sleeper   ft    Hartley.    Inc..    Worcester.    Mass. 
FLANGING   CLAMPS 

Wickes    Bros..    Saginaw.    Mich. 
FLUE    CLEANERS 

Goldie    Si    McCulloch    Co.,    G«lt,    Ont 

PUNT   SHOT 

U,S.    Silica    Co.,    Chicago,    HI. 
FLOW   METERS 

Sprav    KngiiK't-ring    Co..    Boston.    Mass. 
FORGES,    HAND    PORTABLE 

Aikenhead     Hardware    Ca..    Toronto.    Ont. 

Can.    Blower  ft    Forge  Co..    Kilchener.   Ont 

A.    B.    Jardine   ft  Co..   Ltd..    Hespeler,   Ont 

Rice    LeTvis    ft    Son.    Toronto.    Ont 

«hpldons.    Ltd.,    Gait.    Ont. 
FORGFS.    FOR    HARD   AND   SOFT  COAL 
AND    COKE 

C     C.    Brallev   ft  Son.    Inc..   Syracuse.   N.Y. 
FORGINGS.  STEEL  AND  IRON 

Can     Foundries  J^    Fonin«s.   Ltd..  Welland.   Ont. 

Nova    Sootia  .Stppl   ft  Coal  Co..    New  Glasgow,  N  S, 
FORGINGS.    DROP.    AUTOMOBILE 
AND   LOCOMOTIVE 
FORGING   AND   WELDING 

Victniia    Foiuiiln    C.i..   Ott«w.i. 

Can     Billinirs   ft  St>encer.    Ltd..    Welland.    Ont 

Dominion     Bridge    Co..     Montreal.     One. 

Do«n.    Forge    ft    Stamping    Co..   Walkerville.    Ont. 

Steel   Co.   of   Canada,  Xtd.,   Hamilton,  Ont. 


430 


C  A  Is^  A  1)  I  A  N     M  A  C  II I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX. 


WhiUaa  *  Buix*  Mfi.  Co.,  St.  OsthuiBM.  Oat 
Wtnil—   *   Ca.   J.    H..    BrooUrn,   N.T. 
POBGIMG    MACHINBKT 

Jalni  Bcttnm   *    Sons  Co.,    Dimdu. 

BUh.    B.    W..    Co..    BrooidTD,    N.Y. 

Bnxn,   Booi  Co,,   Ltd.,    HamUtoo.  Ont. 

Cuuda   Uadilnei;    Con.,    Oalt.    Ont 

■tie    raaairj   Co.,    Brie,    P«. 

Oirioek-Wilker  MuhhieiT  Co..   Toronto.   Ont. 

Nsthnul   MiohineiT  Co.,   TUTIa,   Ohia 
PORGING8.  SPECIAL 

Anmtroiw,  Wtaitvortti  of  Canada,   Mootnal,  Qne. 

WOIiUM  ft  Co.,  J.   B.,   Brookhm,  N.T. 
FOCNDBT   SUPPLIES 

Hide   BoiniMrinf  Ca,    Montreal,    Que. 
FSICTION   LEATHERS 

GratoD   A   Knisht  Mtf.   Co.,   MonbeaL 
FUEL    OIL    SYSTEMS 

OUbert  A   Barker  Mfg.    Co..   SprinsAeld,   Maas. 
FURNACES.  ANNEALING.  CASE  HARDEN- 
ING AND  TEMPERING 

Rf^crue    Furnace   Ca,    Detroit.    Mich. 

dlicwo   Flexible  Shaft   Co.,    CSucaso,    111. 

OQbert   ft   Barker   Mfg.    Co.,    Sprinefleld.    Mau. 

.Vfedianlcal   Engineering   Co..  Three  Rireia,  Que. 

Tate.Jone«    ft    Co..    Leetadale.    Pa. 

Standard    Fuel    Engr.    Co.,    Detroit,    Mioh. 

Hiram    Walker    ft    Sons    .Metal    Producta,    Ltd., 
Walkerrllle,    One. 

Hugheti  Electric  Heating  Co.,  Toronto,   Ont. 

niiiting   FoundiT   Equiianent   Co.,   Hartey,    ni. 

FURNACES.   BLAST 

RelleTiew    Industrial    Furnace   Co.,    Detroit- 
Toronto    Iron    Works.    Ltd.,    Toronto. 

FURNACES,    BRASS.   MALLEABLE 

Wlhiting    Foundry    Equiixnent   Co.,    Harrey.    111. 
FURNACES   FOR   BAKING.    BLUING.   DRY- 
ING. ENAMELING,  JAPPANING  AND  LAC- 
QUERING 

Hinun     Walker    ft    Sons    Metal     Prodiut.i.    I.til.. 
Walkerrille,    One. 

FURNACES.   FORGING 

flUbert    ft    Barkei    Mfg.    Co..    Springfleld,    Mass. 
Standard   Fuel    Engineering  Co..    Detroit,   Mich. 
HtTt,np-*'.irlyle-Hammond.    Cleveland,    O. 
Hinun     Walker    ft    Sons    .Metal     Products,    Ltd.. 
Walkerrille,    One. 
FURNACES,    ELECTRIC 
Electric    Furnace    Oonalnictloo    Co.,    Philtdelphiii. 
Hntrbes  Electric  Heating  Co..  Toronto.   Ont, 
Srrong-Cariyle-HamnKmd,    devdand,    O. 
FURNACES.  HIGH  SPEED  STEEL.  SHELL 
Staodaid    Fuel    Engineering  Co..    Detroit,    .Mich. 
Stron«<;arlylc-Hammond,    Clereland,    O. 
FURNACES.    LEAD    AND    SALT 
Standard   Fuel    Engineering   Co..    Detroit,    Mich. 
^ronK-Carlvle-HamnHmd.    Cleveland,    O. 
FURNACES,   RIVETING 

Standard    Fuel    Engineering  Co..    Detroit,    Mich. 
FUSE  BOXES.  STEEL 

Dom.    Forge   ft    Stamping   Co.,    Walkerrille,    Ont. 
FUSES    AND   CUTOUTS,    ENCLOSED, 
ELECTRIC 

n.    ft    W.    Fuse    Co.,    Provi<lence,    B.I. 
FUSE  AND  SERVICE  BOXES 

I>.    &    W.    Fuse    Co.,    Providence,    U.I. 
GALVANIZING   MACHINERY 

EMe    Foundry    Co.,    Erie,    Pa. 
GANG  PLANER  TOOLS 

Anutrong    Bros.    Torf    Co.,     Chicago. 
GASKETS.    LEATHER.    ETC. 
OratOD   ft    Knight  Mfg.    Co.,   'Montreal. 
Leather  Producta  of  Canada,   Hamilton,  Ont. 
GAS   WASHING  EQUIPMENT 

.Spray    Engineering  Co.,   Boston,    Mass. 
GAUGES.  CALIPERS 

WiUlama   ft   Co.,   J.    H.,    Brooklyn,    N.Y. 
GAUGES.   MERCURY   COLUMN,    DRAFT 

Taylor   Instrument  Co.,    Bochester,    N.Y. 
GAUGES.    FUSE   BOLE 

Wiadaor   Alach.    ft    Tool   Co.,    Windsor,    Ont. 
GAUGES,  HYDRAULIC 
Taylor   Instrument  Co.,    Rochester,   N.T. 
Crescent  .Vach.   Co.,   Ltd.,    Montreal. 
GAUGES,    STANDARD 
Brami    Biwineeiinc    Corp.,    Toronto,    Ont 
Canadian   Kairtauikft.|Morae   Co.,   Montreal. 
Cleveland  Twist   Drill   Ca,   Clevefamd. 
Oarvin    .Machine    Co.,    New    York. 
IllinoM    Tool    Works,    Chicago,    lU. 
Morse  Twist  Drill  ft  iMadiine  Ca,  New  Bedford. 
.Vonnae    Machine    Co.,    St    Catharines,    Ont 
Peek,  Stow  ft    Wilcox  Co.,   Soutfaington,   Conn. 
Pratt  ft  WWtney  Co.,    Hartford,   Conn. 
Taylor.  J.   A.    M.,  318  Stair  BMg.,  Toronto,  Ont 
Toronto   Tool    Works,    Toronto,    Ont. 
United    Braaa   ft    Lead,   Ltd.,    Toronto. 
Wells    Brothers   Co.    of   Canada,    Oalt,    Ont. 
Wortb    Engineering    Co..    Toronto,    Ont. 

GAUGES.    THREAD 

Bickodl-Thomas    Co.,    OreenfieM.    Mass. 

GAUGES.  VACUUM  AND  PRESSURE 

Brtetol    Co.,    Waterbury,    Conn. 

Taylor    Instrument    Co.,    Bochester,    N,T. 

GEAR    BLANKS 

Can.    Steel    Foimdries,    Ltd..    Montreal,    Qne. 
Dam.    Foondriea  ft   8t«<],    Ltd.,   Hamilton,   Ont 
v-'-n   A  Co..   J,   C„   B«neville.  Ont- 
wmianw  ft  Ca,  J.  H.,  Brooklyn,   NY. 
GEAR-CUTTING    MACHINERY 

Hilton     .Mach.    Tool    Co.,     Bridgeport,    Conn. 
0»rlnck  Walker    Machinery    Co..    Toronto,    Ont. 
Hyde    Engineering    Worka,    Montreal.    Que. 
the  fimart-Tniner   Machine   Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont. 
I>.   E.   WhltoD  MadiiiM  Ca,  New  London,  Conn. 


.\.    R.   Williams  Machy.   Co.,   Toronta 
GEAR-TESTING   MACHINE 

Oisholt    Machine   Co.,    Madison,    Wis. 
GEAR-TURNING  MACHINES.   BEVEL 

Bridgeford  Mach.   Tool    Works,    Rochester,    N.T. 
GEAR  BOXES.  REDUCTION 

Coventry    Chain    Co.,    Coventry,    Eng. 
GEARS.   CUT.  MORTISE.   ANGLE.   WORM 

Baxter   ft   Co.,   Ltd.,  J     R.,    Montreal,   Que. 

Can.    Link-Belt   Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Domimon    Bridge   Co,,    Montreal,    Que. 

Dom.   Foundries  &   St«el,    Ltd.,   Hamilton.   Ont 

(ioldiK-   &    .McCitllooh   Co.,    G«lt,    Ont 

t'roAcent  Maoh.   Co.,    Ltd.,   .Montreal. 

Gardner,    Robt,   ft   Son,   Montreal. 

Grant   Gear   Works,    Boston,   Mass. 

Hamilton    Gear    ft    Machine   Ca,    Toronto. 

Victoria    Foun<ii-y   Ca,   Ottawa. 

Hull    Iron   ft  Steel    Foundries,  Ltd.,   Hull,   Que 

Illinois    Tool    Works,    Chicago,    111, 

Jones    ft    Qlaasco,    Montreal. 

Wm.    Kennedy   &  Sons,   Ltd..   Owen   Sound,   Ont. 

Philadelphia    Gear    Works,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

The   Smart-Turner   Machine   Ca,    Hamilton.    Ont 

Wilson  ft  Ca,  J,  C„  Belleville,  Ont. 

GEAR  CUTTER 

National  Tool  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
GEAR  HUB 

National  Tool  Co..  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
GEARS.   RAWHIDE 

Gardner.    Robt..    ft    Son,    Montreal 

Grant    Gear    Works,    Boston.    Mass. 

Crc.sctTit   -Mach.    Co..    Lt^l.,   Montreal. 

Hamilton    Gear    ft    Machine    Co.,    Toronto. 

.Tones    ft     Glaasco,     Montreal. 

Philadelphia  Gear  Works,   Philadelphia,    Pa. 

A.    H.    Williams   Machy.    Co.,   Toronto 

GENERATORS,    ELECTRIC 

Canadian    Fairbanks-lMorse  Co.,   Montreal. 

Lancashire   Dynamo  &  Jlotor  Co.,   Toronto. 

MacOovem    &   Co..    Montreal,    Que. 

\.    R.    Williams   .Machy.    Co..    Toronto. 
GENERATORS.  MOTOR 

MacOovem  ft  Co..  Montreal.  Qire. 
GERMAN    SILVER 

Brown's     Copper     *     Brass     Rolling     SI  ills.     .New 
Toronto,    Ont. 

GLASSES.  SAFETY 

Strong.    Kennard  4   Nutt   Co..    Cleveland.    Ohio. 

Willson   &    Co.,    Inc.,   T.    A..    Reading,    Pa. 
GLOVES,    WORKMEN'S 

HickoiT  Steel-Orip  Glove  Co.,  Chicago,  m. 
GOVERNORS,  STEAM  AND  GASOLINE 
ENGINE 

Pickering    GoTt-mor   Co.,    Portland,    Ore. 
GOVERNORS.  PUMP 
Ffwtcr   Engineering  Co.,    Newark,    N.J. 
GOVERNOR,    WATER    WHEEL 

Wilson   ft  Ca,   J.   C,   Belleville,   Ont 
GRAPHITE 
.tikenhead   Hardware,   Ltd.,   Toronto,   Ont 

Rice    Lewis    ft    Son,    Toronto,    Ont. 

Standard  Machy  ft  Supplies,  Ltd..   Montreal,  Que 
GOGGLES 

Con.5olidate<l   Optical   Co.,   Toronto,    Ont 

Standard    Optiral    Co..    Geneva,    N.T. 

Strong.    Keriard    ft    Nutt    Co..    Cleveland.    Ohio. 

Willson    &   Co.,    Inc..   T.    A..    Reading,    Pa. 
GRAVITY  CARRIERS 

Can.    Link-Belt  Co..    Toronto.    Ont. 

Jones    &    Glassco.    Montreal. 

Morris  Crane  ft  Hoist  Co.,  Ltd.,  Herbert,  Niagara 
FMf>.    Orrt 
GREASES    (SEE    LUBRICANTS) 
GRINDERS.    AUTOMATIC    KNIFE 

W.    H.    Banfleld   ft   Son.  Toronto. 

Canada    Machinery    Corp.,    Oalt,    Ont 

Foss  Mchy.  ft  Sirpply  Co.,  The  Geo,  P.,  Montreal. 

Gflrlock-Walker    Mnrhrnerv    Co..    Toronto.    Ont. 
GRINDERS.  CENTRE  COLUMN,  PEDESTAL 
AND    BENCH 

Blake   ft    Johnson   Co.,    Waterbrrry,    Conn. 

Can.    Machinery   Corp..    Gait.    Ont. 

Cleveland  Pnerrmatic  Tool  Co.  at  Canada,  Toronto 

Ford-flmiith    Mach.    Co..    Hamilton,    Ont 

Poas  Mchv.  &  Srrnply  Co.,  The  Geo.  P..  Montreal. 

Oarlock-Walker   Machinery   Co.,    Toronto,   Ont. 

K.ttic   Foundry   Co.,    Gait.   Ont- 

.Viles-Bement-Pond    Co..    New   York,   H.Y. 

Modem    Too]    Co.,    Erie.,    Pa. 

Morse  Twist  Drill   ft  Machine  Co.,  New  Bedford, 

New    Britain    Machine    Co..    Npw    Britain,    Conn. 

Perfect    Machine    Co..    Oalt.    Ont 

rt>ited  States  Elpctrical  Tool  Ca,  OIncinnatI,  O. 
GRINDERS,  CUTTER 

Brown    ft    Shame   Mfff.    Co.    Providence.  HA. 

rincionati    Milting   Mach.    Co..    Cincinnati,    Ohio. 

The  Geo.  'P.   Pom  Mchy.  &  Srmnlv  Co.,  Montreal 

Garvin    'Machhip    Co..    New    York. 

Greenfield    Machine   Co..    Greentiel3.  'Mass. 

Grand  Rapids  Grinding  Macb.  Co.,  Grand  Rapids. 
Mlrh. 

Heald    Machine   Co..    Worcester.   Mass. 

T.an'lrs  Tool  Co..  Waynesboro.  Pa. 

I/eBlond  Mnrh.   Tool  Co  .  R.  K.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Norton    Grinding   Co.,    Worcester,    Mass. 

Perfect    Machine  Co..    Gait.    Ont 

Pratt    *    Wh<tnev    Co..     rhindaa.     Ont 

GRINDERS.  DIE  AND  CHASER 

Landis    'Machine    Co..    Wavnofcoro,    Pa. 

Mrvlem    Tool    Co..    Erie.    Pa. 

NaHonal-Acme  Vo.,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
GRINDERS,   DISK 

Anrwtronff    Bros.    Tool    Co..    Chicago.    IH. 

ForrI«milh    Mach.    Co..    Hamilton.    Ont 

Gardner    Machine    Co..    Relolt.    Wis. 

TT*,»Vt  Machine  Co..  WoreejteT,  Mafli. 
GRINDERS,    DRILL 

Aikenhead    Hardware    Co..    Toronto,    Ont 


The  Geo.  .F.  Foss  Mchy,  ft  Siwply  Ca    .MonUeal 

Garvin    Machine    Co..    Nsw    York. 

Grand  Rsjjids  Grinding  Macb.  Co.,  Grand  Rapids. 
Mich. 

United    States    Electrical  Tool    Co..   Cindnati.    O 
GRINDERS.    CYLINDER.    INTERNAL 

Brown    ft    Sharpe    .Mfg.    Co.,    Providence,    R.1. 

The  Geo.  ,F.   Foss  .Mchy.  ft  Supply  Co..  .Montreal 

Greenfield    Machine    Co.,   Greenfield,   Mass. 

Heald    Machine    Co.,    Worcester,    .Maaa 
Landis  Tool   Co. .    Waynesboro,  Pa. 

-Modem   Tool  Co.,   Brie,  Pa. 

Norton    Grinding    Co.,    Worcester,    Maas. 

Perfect    Machine    Co.,     Gait,    Ont 
GRINDERS.   EXTERNAL   ATTACHMENT 
Rivett    Lathe    &    Grinder   Co..    Boston,    Mass. 
GRINDERS.   KNIFE 

Prestou  Wooilwoiking   Madiine  Co.,   Preston,   Orit. 
GRINDERS,    PORTABLE.    ELECTRIC, 
HAND.  TOOL  POST,  FLOOR  AND  BENCH 

daird    .Machine    Co.,    Bridgeport,    Conn. 

Brown    &    Sharpe    Mfg.    Co.,    Providence.    B.I. 

Cincinnati  Electrical  Tool   Co.,  Cincnnati,   Ohio 

Fon^Smith    .Mach.    Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont 

The  Geo.  F.  Foss  .Mchy.  ft  Supply  Ca,  Montreal. 

Grant    Mfg.    ft    Machine    Co.,    Bridgeport,    Conn 

Garlock-Walker  Machmery    Co,,    Toronto,    Ont 

Greenfield  Machine   Co.,    Greenfield,    Mass. 

Independent    Pneumatic    Tool    Co.,    Chicago     111 

United    State.s    Electrical   Tool   Co.,   Cincinati.    O. 

\.    R.    Williams   Machy.    Co.,    Toronta 

Wilkiason    ft    Kompass,    Hamilton,    Ont 
HANDLES.    BALANCE,    CRANK    AND 
MACHINE 

WillianM   ft   Ca,   J.    H.,    Brooklyn.   N.Y. 
GRINDERS,    HOLE,   FACE.   DEEP  HOLE 

lli-,vant  Clurckiirg  cirindcr  Co.,  Springfleld    Ohio 
GRI.NDERS,    PNEUMATIC 

l3an.    Ingotaoli-Rand   Co.,    Montreal     Qne 

cl'rw1?w'',r''°lV'°.,?'°°'  ^-  »'  Canada,'Toroulo. 

Gariock-Walkcr  'Machinery  Co.,   Toronto,  Out 

Indepcnd'cirt    I'ucumatic    Tool   Co.,    Chicago     111 
GRINDERS.   TOOL  AND   BOLDER 

Armstrong    liroB.    Tool  Co.,  Ovicago 

S/, '''•.*  ,■'?''"  Barnes  Ca,  Rockford,  1)1. 

Blake  &  Jolinson  Co.,  'WatcrbuiT,  Conn 

Blount,  J.   O..   &  Co.,   Everett,    Mass. 

Browu  ft  Sharpe  -Mfg.  Co.,  Providence,   U     i 

{•ord-Smith    .Machine    Ca,    Hamilton,   Ont 

Grand  Rapuls  GTitiding  -Viach,  Ca,  Grand   RaDi<I- 
Mich. 

Grcenflolii  -Machine  Co.,   Greenfield,   Mass 

Aational-Aonc  Co.,    Cleveland,    Ohio 

Tabor  Mfs.    Co.,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Wing  &  .Son,  J.   E.,   Hamilton,  Ont. 
GRINDERS,    UNIVERSAL.    PLAIN 

Grand  Rapid.*  (irinding  .Mach.  C/O.,  Grand   lUpids. 
-Mich. 

Modem    Tool    Co.,    Krie,    Pa. 
GRINDERS,  VERTICAL  SURFACE 

Brown  ft  Sharpe  -Mfg.  Co.,  Providence,  R.I. 

Can.    Fairbanks-.Morse  Ca,   .Montreal. 

Heald    Machine   Co.,    Worcester,    Mass 

Pratt   &    Whitney   Co.,    DuBdas,    Ont. 

Reed-1'reutice  Co.,    Worcester,   Mass. 

Wing  ft  Son,  J.    E.,   Hamilton,  Ont 

Charles   F.    Klmes   Eng.    Works,  Chicago. 

Gisholt  Madiine  Co.,   Madison,  Wi.s. 
GRINDING    MACHINES,    BENCH    AND 
FLOOR 

St.   Louis   Mach.   Tool  Co.,   St   Louis. 
GRINDING    MACHI.VE.    RADIAL    AND 
INTERNAL 

Rivett    Lathe    ft    Grinder    Co.,    BoHton,    Mass. 
GRINDING    AND    POLISHING 
MACHINES,     PORTABLE,     PNEUMATIC 
AND  SPRING  FRAME 

Can.    i*'aii1>ank3-Mor-se  Co.,   Montreal. 

Cincinnati  Klectrical  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Otiia 

Ford-Sraitili  .Mach.   Co.,   Hamilton,   Ont. 

(.Jardner,    Robt,    &   Sou,    Moatreai. 

Garvin    Madiine  tJo.,   iSew  Yoik. 

Garlock-WalKer  Machinery  Ca,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Greenfield  Machine  Co.,  G<reennel<l,   Mass. 
Uall  ft  Sons,  John  H.,  Brantfotd. 
LeBlond  -Mach.  Tool  Co.,  H,  K.,  Cincinnati. 
Niles-Biment-Poud    Co.,    New    York,    M.i. 
Wisconsin   Electric  Co.,   Racine,  Wis. 

GRINDING  MACHINES,  SURFACE 

Rlanebard    .Machine   Co.,    Cambridge,    Mnau. 
GRINDING    WHEELS 

.Vikeiihead   llarxiware   Co.,   Toronto,    Ont 

Baxter  Co.,    Ltd.,   J.    R.,    .Montreal,   Que. 

Can.    Fair1}arikd- Morse  Co.,   Montreal. 

Can.    B.    K.    .Morton,    Toronto,    Montreal. 

I>om.    Abrasive  Wheel  Co.,    Mimico,    Uirt. 

Canarla   E;nery  Wlxeels  C-o. .    Uamiltun,   out. 

FonKSmith    .Mahciuc    Co.,   Uamilton,   Out. 

The  Geo.   F.    Fos.>i  .Mchy.   &  Supply  Ca,   .Viontreal. 

Norton   Co.,    Wonxwter,    .Mass. 

GRIT,  ANGULAR 

PiltKlmrgh   <:nl.shed  'Steel    Ca,    Pittsburgh,    Pa, 
GUARDS,    WINDOW   AND  MACHINE. 

(Canada    Machinery    Corp.,    Gait,    Ont 
Canada  Wire  &   li-on  Goods  C<r.,  Hamilton.   t>nt. 
Dennis   Wire   ft    Iron  iWork.s.   London,   Ontario. 
New  Britaie  .Mach.  <Jo.,  New  Britain,  Conn. 
Cowan   ft  Co.,    of  G«U,    Ltd.,   Oalt,   Ont. 
Page  Steel   ft   Wire   Co.,   Adrian,    Mich. 

HACK  SAW  BLADES 

.Vikerihead    Haixlwai-c   Co,.    Toronto,   Ont. 

Baxter  ft   (;a,   Ltd.,   J.    R.,  Montreal,   Que. 

Boker  ft  Co.,   Inc.,   H.,   .Montreal.   Que. 

Kayscr,    Ellison  ft  Co.,   Ltd.,   Montreal, 

Can.    Fairbank.s-Morse  Co.,   Montreal. 

Diamond   Saw   &  Stamping  Works,  Buffalo,   .N.Y. 

Ford-SluiUi   Machine  Co.,   Hamilton,  Ont 

The  Geo.  F.   Foss  Mchy.  ft  Supply  Co.,  Montreal. 

Fry's    (lyMidon),    Ltd.,    London,    England. 

Millera  Falls  l3o..   Millers   FaUs.   Mass. 


December  26,  1918 


CAN  A  I)  I  A  N     M  A  C  II  I  N  E  R  Y 


431 


lUcine   Toc»l   /k    Maoltiut^    Co.,    IUciui>,    Wis. 
l'l<^wt»,  'Ltd.,   Winnipt«,   Man. 
Uiee  L€-wi«  &  Son,  Toroiuo.  Out. 
simotwls  .Mfg.   Co.,   FiWli'burg.   Ma.s.s. 
L.   S.    iiUTTctt  Co.,   Athol.   'MaM. 
-Standard  Machy.  &  Supplies,  Ltd.,  .Montttal.  Qut. 
\'ietor  Saw   Works,  Ltd.,   Uamilton,  Ctinada. 
M'ilkiDMOu  &   Kompass,  Hamilton,  Out. 
ZiuiSi   Coal  &  at<H>l   Products,   Moiilual,   Que. 
HACK  SAW  FRAMES 
.\ikfnhi'a'I    llaidu-arc   Co..   Toronto,   Out. 
'"an.    Frtiibankri-Moi-sc  Oc   Montreal. 
'Jarviu   .Macbino  Cu..    New  York  City. 
Millers   Kails  Co..    MiUer.i  Fall*,    Mass. 
N'ictor  Saw  Workd,  Hamilton,  OnU 
Iticf    Lewis  &   Hon,  Toronto,  Ont. 
WilkinjKvn  &    Kompass,    Hamilton,   Ont. 

HACK   SAWS,   POWER 
.Vikenhead    Hardware  Co.,   Toronto,    Ont. 
('an.    Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,   .Montreal- 
I  >iamoud  -Saw  &  Stamping  Works,   BulTalo,  <N.Y- 
The  Geo-   F-   Foss  -Moby-  &  Supply  Co.,  Montreal. 
-McKenzie    .Madiy.    Co.,    U..    Gllelph,    Ont. 
I'eerless   -Machine  Co-,   Racine,   Wis. 
I'erfect   -Machine  Co-,  Gait,  Ont 
llaeine   Tr>ol  &   Mach.   Co-,   Racine,    Wis- 
I..  .8.    HIair.  It  Co-.   .\t!iol,  'Ma«. 
Victor  Hnw   Works,   Hamilton,   Ont 
Williauii  -Machy-   Co..   A.    R-,  Toronto,  Ont- 

HAMMEKS 

( 'aii-'ulii  Foundiitw  A:   Ffirgings,  Ltd-,  Wcjliui-l.  Ont. 
'".   ('-   Hrjidley  &  Son-.   Inc.,  Syracuse,  N-Y. 
HAMMERS,   AIR 

Eiie   Foundry  Co--    Erie,    Pa- 

UAMMERS    (DROP),   MOTOR   AND 
BELT  DRIVEN 

Beaudr>'   &  Co-,   Boston.   Mass- 
Bliss,    E,    W-,   Co-,    Brooklyn,   N-Y- 
Brown,    Boggs   Co-,    Ltd-,    Hamilton.    Canada, 
('anadian   Billings  &  Speneer  Ltd-,  Welland- 
C.  C-   Bradley  it  Son-,   Inc-,  Syracuse,   N-Y- 
Can<ida    Machinerj-   Corp-,    Gait,   Ont, 
Brie   Foundry    Co-,    Erie,   Pa. 
High   Speed   Hammer  Co.,   Rochester.   N.Y. 
A.   B.   Jardine  &  Co.,   Hespeler,  Onl. 
-\iles-Brtnfirt4*on<l    Co.-    New    York.    N.Y'- 
I'lessisTille    Foundi7    Co-,    Plesaisville.    Que- 
Tolixio    Machine   &    Tool    Co.,   Toledo. 
l-'nif<-<l    Hammer  t.'o. ,    Boston,    Ma-'^s- 
.M.    Heatty    .t    Sons,    Lid-,   Welland,    Ont. 

HAMMERS,    FORGING   AND   CUSHIONED 
HELVE 

r.    (",    Bnnlley  ii   Sou.,   Inc-,   Syracuse.    X-Y'. 

HAMMERS.   HELVE   POWER 

Canatla   .Macliinery  Coi-p-,   Gait,   Ont. 
West   Tire   Setter  Co-    Rochester,   N-Y- 

HAMMER8,    CHIPPING,    CAULKING. 
PNEUMATIC 

''an-    Inger-soll-Uaml   Co-,    Montreal.   Quc- 

f'leveland  Pneumatic  Tool  Co-  of  I^anada,  Toronto. 

< e.irlockAValker  Machinery  Co..   Toronto,  Ont. 

Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,  Chicago,    111. 
HAMMERS,  MARKING 

MaltliewB.    Ja.>>.    H.    &    Co..    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
HAMMERS,    NAIL   MACHINE 

Iti.e  l„ni<  ,Si  Sell,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Iiiiled     IIamni<r    Co.,    Boston    Mass. 

HAMMERS.  STEAM 

<'anilda    Machinery    Corp.,    Gait,    Ont 
Erie   Foundry   Co.,    Eiie,    Pa. 
Niles-'Bemeut-Pond  Co.,    New  York- 

HAMMERS,    SHELL   NOSING 

It<  jiidrj    A-    Comii.iny,    Inc-.    Bofvton,    Mas-s- 
HAND  LEATHERS   OR  PADS 

(eran.n  k   K'.iiKiit    -Mfg.   Co.,  -Montreal- 
HANGERS,  SHAFT 

-Mcoma   Steel  Cmv-.    Sault   Ste-    Marie,    Ont. 

Baird    Machine   Co--    Bridgeport.   Conn. 

Can-    S   K   P  Co..   Toronto.   Ont. 

Gardner,    Robt-,    &   -Son.    Montreal. 

Jones  A    Glassco,    -Montreal. 

Standard    Pressed  Stwl    Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa- 
HARDNESS    TESTING    INSTRUMENTS 

Shore    In*<tniment    Sc    -Mfg-    Co.,    New    York. 
HEATING  AND  VENTILATING  ENGINEERS 

Can-    Blower   &   Foi-gc   Co,,    Kitchener,    Ont 

Sheldons,    Ltd-,    Gait,   Ont 
HEAT  GAUGES.  HARDENING 
AND  ANNEALING 

.'%oro  Instrument  &  Mfg-  Co-,  New  York- 
HIGH    SPEED   STEEL 

J-    F-    A-  Con»tedt,    New   York  City,    N-Y- 
HIGH  SPEED  TOOL  METAL 

Deloro  Smelting  &  Reflntog  Co-,  Toronto,  Ont 

.t.    F.   A,  Comstedt,   New  York  City,   N.Y. 

HINGE  MACHINERY 

BainI   .Maehine  Co.,   Bridgeport,   Coiin- 
niinois  Tool   Worln,   fTiicago,   HI. 

HINGES 

London   Bolt  &  Hinge  Works,  London,   Ont 

HOBS 

Illinois  Tool   Works.   Chicago,   111- 

I'ratt  &    Whitney  Co.,   Dundas,   Ont 

Taylor.   J-    A-    M.,  318   Stair  Bldg.,   Toronto,    Ont- 

HOB8.   MILLING 

Biltlei-fleld   &   Co-,    Rock    Wand,    Que. 
HOISTS  AND  ENGINES  FOR  CONCRETE 
MIXERS 

■;r.    Clnir   lirr«..   (i^ilt.   Ont- 
HOIST8,    AIR 

St-    ("lair  Bro"..   Call.   Ont. 

Morri--;     Crane     &     Hoist     Co.,     Herbert,     Niagara 
Falls.   Ont 
HOISTING   AND   CONVEYING 
MACHINERY 

Can.    Link  Belt    Co-,    Toronto.    Ont- 


C«n-  -Matiliew^  Gravity  Carrier  Co.,  Toronto.  Ont. 
Dominion    Bridge  Co-,    Montreal,    Quebec- 
Jones   &   Glassco,    Montreal. 
-Mac<}orem    it  Co-,    Montreal,    Que. 
-Marsli    Engineering   Works,    Ltd-,    Bellerille,    Ont. 
MorriA    Crane     &     Hoist     Co-,     Herbert,     Niagara 

Falls,  Ont 
-Northern  Crane   Works,    WaJkerville,   Ont 
Whiting    Foundry    Equipment    Co.,    Harvey,    111- 
HOISTS,  CHAIN   AND  PNEUMATIC 
Can-    Ingei^)!l-Rand   Co-,    -Montreal,   Que- 
Garlock-Walker    -Machinery   Co-,    Toronto,    Ont- 
Ford   Chain    Block   &    .Mfg-,    I'hUadelphia,    P»- 
IndeiH'iident  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,  Chicago,   HI. 
-Marsh    Engineering    Works,    Ltd.,    Belleville,    Onl* 
Morris     Crane-  &     Hoist     Co-,     Herbert,     Niagara 

Falls,    Ont 
•Northern    Crane    Works,    Walkerville,    Ont 
Whiting   Foundi-y    Equipment   Co.,    Harvey,    Ill- 
Wright  Mfg-    Co-,    Lisbon,    Ohio. 

HOISTING  ENGINES 

-M-    Keatty   &   Sons,    Ltd.,   Well-ind.   Ont. 

HOISTS,   "MONO    RAIL"   &  STATIONARY 

Volta   -Mfg-    Co-,    Welland,   Ont. 
HOISTS.  ELECTRIC 

(Tan.    Link-Belt  Co-,   Toronto,   Ont 
Dominion   Bridge   Co-,    -Montreal,   Quebec. 
Electric   Steels  &    .Metals.    Ltd.,    Welland,   Ont-     .. 
IJellaid    -Mfg.    Co-,    Niagara    Falls,    Ont,  .   ..-  - 
M.    Beatty   &   Sons,    Ltd-, -Welland,    Ont'- 
KenUKly   &.   Sons,   Owen   Sound,   Ont- 
-MarsJi    Engineering    Works,    Belleville,    Ont. 
-Morris    Ci'ane    &     Hoist    Co.,     Herbert,      Niagara 

Falhi.    l)nl- 
Nortlieni    Crane    Works,    Walkerville,    Ont 

HOLDERS.    STEEL    DIE    FOR   MARKING 

Matthews,   Jus.    H.,    &   Co.,    Pittsbuigh,   Pa, 

HOLDERS.   ELECTRIC 

ICiectrie  Steels  &    Metals,   Ltd.,   Welland,  Ont. 

HOPPERS 

MacKinnon   Steel   Co.,    Ltd.,   Sherbiooke,    Que. 
Dominion    Bridge   Co.,    .Montreal,   Quebec. 
Toronto    Iron    Works,    Ltd-,    Toronto,    Ont- 

HOSE.  PNEUMATIC 

Baiter  &   Co-,    Ltd-,  J-    R..   Montreal,   Que. 
(Cleveland  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  of  Canada,  Toronto. 
Cai'eek  Wrrlker  Machinery  Co-,  Toronto,  Ont. 
(iMtia    Pen  ha   &    Rubber,    Ltd-,   Toronto,   Can- 
liid«)M>ndent   Pneumatic  "Tool   Co-,  Chicago,   III. 
Wells    Bros-    Co-    of  Canada.    Gait,    Ont, 

HOSE.  SAND  BLAST 

(iutta    Percha   &   Rubber,    Ltd-,    Toronto, .  C*n. 
Pangbom    Corporation,    Hager-stown,    Md. 

HOSE.  STEAM 

Outta    Percha   &    Rubber,    Ltd-,    Toronto,   Ont 
HYDRAULIC  MACHINERY 

CJ-irl(x-k-Walker  -MacUiut'y  Co-    Toronto,  Ont. 

Hydraulic   Aladiy-    Co-,    Ltd-,    Montreal,    Qne- 

Metalnood    Mfg,    Co-,    Detroit,   Mich- 

Nilcs-Bement-Pond  Co.,  New  York- 
William  It-  Purln,  Ltd.,  Toronto- 
West  Tiic  Setter  Co.,    Rochester,   N-Y. 

Victoria   Foundry  Co.,   Ottawa. 
HYDROMETERS 

Taylor   lustniment  Co.,   Rochester,  N.Y. 
HYGROMETERS 

Tavlor   lu-strument  Co.,   Rochester,  N.Y. 
HYGRODEIKS 

T.iylor   Instnrment  Co.,   Rochester,   N.Y. 
INDICATORS,    SPEED 

.^ikenhead  Hardware  Co-,  Toronto,  Ont 

UriiwTr   iV:  Hlii'riie  Mfg-  Co-,  Providence,  R-   I. 

L-    S-    Kl--inett    Co.,    -Vthol,    -Mass- 
INDEX   CENTRES 

Fred  ('.  I'ickow,   Chicago,   111- 

Ganiii    -Machine  Co-,   New  York- 
INVENTIONS 

Wm.     P,    AIcFeat,    Power    Bldg-,    Montreal. 
INDICATING    INSTRUMENTS 

Tavlor  Instnrment  Co  ,   Rochester,  N.Y. 
INGOT  METAL 

Brown's     Copper     &     Brass     Rolling     Mills,     New 
Toronto-    ('(.i. 

I'nited  liia.M  Jfc  Lead  I-td-,  Toronto. 
INGOTS.    STEEL 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  New  Glasgow,  N.S- 
INSTRUMENTS.    ENGINEERING 

Consolidated    Optical    Co-,    Toronto,    Ont- 
IRON  ORE 

Hanna   &    Co.,    M-    A-,    Cleveland,    O. 
IRON  SAND 

Pittobuigh  Crushed  Steel  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
IRON.   WROUGHT.   ROLLED   AND   PIG 

Swedish    Steel    &    Importing   Co,,    Ltd.,    Montreal. 
JACKS 

Aikenhead   Hardware  Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. 

Can.    Fairbanks-Morse  Co..   Montreal, 

-Morris    Ci-ane     &    Hoist    Co-,     Herbert,     Niagara 
Falls,    Ont. 

Northern    Crane    Works,    Walkerville- 

Norton.    -\-    0-,    Coaticook,    Que. 

Rice     Lewi-^   &   Son.    Toronto,   Ont. 
JACKS,   HYDRAULIC 

(?hai'le^    F-    Elnrea    Eng-    Works,   Chicago- 
JACKS,   PNEUMATIC 

Northern    Crane    Works.    Walkerville. 
JACKS.   PIT  AND  TRACK 

Canadian    Fairbanks-.Morse   Co.,   Montreal. 

Northern    Crane    Works.    Walkerville. 
JAWS.   FACE   PLATE 

(^rshman    CTinck    Co..    Hartford,   Conn. 

Skinner    Chuck    Co.,    New    Britain,    Conn. 
JIGS.  TOOLS.  ETC. 

Brown    Engineering    Corp.,    Toronto.    Orvt. 

rresceni    Mach.    Co..   Ltd..    Montreal.  I 

Elliott    *    Whilehin    Mach.    &    Tool    ro.,    Gait  j 

Gisholt    ^lachine   To..    Madison,    Wis.  | 

Homer   Sc   Wilson.    Hamilton,   Ont-  , 

Illinois   Tool    Works,   Chicago-   111. 

Marten    -Machine   Co..    Hamilton-    Ont         ..  f 

Normac    Machine   Co..   St.    Catharine*,    Ont  '      ; 

Toionto  Tool  Co.,   Toronto.   Ont- 


JOUKNAL  WEDGES 

Canada   Foundrie-t  A;  Fotgings,   Ltd,,  WeUAnd.  Ont 
KEY  SEATER8 

(JarlockAVuIker  -Mae-hinery  Co-.  Toronto,  Ont- 

Garvin    -Madiiiie    Co-,    New    York, 

-Morton  Mfg-   Co-,   -Muskegon   HeigbU.  Mich. 

A.    R.   Williams   -Macli.v   (;o-,   Toronto, 
KEYS.  MACHINE 

Whitney    -Mfg-    Co-,    Hartford.    Conn- 
Williams   &  Co.,   J,    IL,    Brooklyn,   N.Y. 
KILNS 

Can-    Blower  &   Forge   Co.,    Kitchener,  Ont 

Kennedy  &   «<ms,    Wm-,   Owen  Sound,  OnU 

^lacKinrii'ir    steel  <'o.,    Sheitrrooke    Que 

SheId<His,    Limiti'd,    Gnlt,    Onl. 
LABELS   AND   TAGS 

Matthews,   Jas.    H.    &   Co-,   Pittsbuigh,    Pt 
LABORATORIES.    INSPECTION 
AND    TESTING    (SEE   CHEMISTS) 
LADLES.   FOUNDRY 

NortlH-m    Crane    Works,    Walkerville. 

WtilUng    Foundry    EquipmeiU    Co.,    ilarvey.    111. 
LAG   SCREW   GIMLET   POINTERS 

National    Machy.    Co..    TUtin,    Ohio. 
LAMPS.    INCANDESCENT    AND    NITROGEN 

Can-   Laco-Pbiliiw  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont 
LAMP  BRACKETS,  UNIVERSAL 

The   -MoCroakey    Reamer  Co.,    Meadville,   I'a. 
LAMPS.    TUNGSTEN 

Can-   Laroii>hili{M  Co.,   Toronto,  Ont. 
LATHES.    CHUCKING 

Acme    .MachirM    Tool   Co.,   Cincinnati,    Ohio- 
LATHE  CHUCKS    (SEE    CHUCKS) 
LATHE   DOGS   AND   ATTACHMENTS 

Armstrong    Bros-    Tool    Co.,    (Hlicago. 

Curtis  &  Curtis  <'o-,    Bridgei>ort,   C<mn 

Hendey    -Maohine   Co-,    Torringtou.    Conn 

Willi.-im»  &  Co-,  J.   H.,   Brooklyn,  N.Y- 
LATHES.    AUTOMATIC    AND    SEMI- 
AUTOMATIC 

Gisholt    Machine  Co-,  .Madison,  Wis. 
LATHES,   AXLE 

BridgefonI  Mach.  Tool  Works,  Rochester,  {i-Y. 
LATHES,    BORING 

Stand.    -Machy.    *    Supplies,    Ltd.,    Montreal,    Qufc 
LATHES,  PRECISION,  BENCH 

W-   F-   &  John   Barnes  Co-,   Bockfoitt- 

Blount,  J.   (J-,  &  Co-,  Everett,  Mass. 

Canadian    Fairbank»JJJorse   Co-,    Montreal. 

Rivett    Lathe    &    Griixler   O,,    Boston,   Maes 

Preston  Woodworking  Machine  Co.,   Preston    Ont 

Seneca  Falls  -Mfg.  Co-,   Inc- 

The  Geo    F    Fobs  Mchj-  &  Supply  Co-,  Morrtreal- 

Garlock-Walker  Machrnery  Co..  Toronto,  Ont. 

Hardinge  Bros-,    Chicago,   HI. 

New   Britain   Mach-   Co.,   New   Briuin,  Conn. 

Pratt  &  Whitn<-y  Ca,  Dundas,  Ont 
LATHES,  BAND  TURNING 

Roelofson   .Machine  &  Tod  Co..  Toronto,  Ont. 
LATHES,    BORING 

Bridgcfoid  -Mach-  Tool  Works,  Rochester,  N,Y. 
LATHES,  BRASS 

Acme    Machine  Tool   Co,   Cincinnati,   Ohio. 

Har.linge   Bros.,    Inc.,   Cnicago,    UL 

Wood  Turret  .Machine  Co.,  Brazil,  Ind. 
LATHES,  ENGINE 

Acme  Machine  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  dilo 
John   Bertram  &   Sons  Co,,  Dundas. 
BriilgcfoiTl    -Mach-    Tool    Worts,    Rochester,    M  Y 
Canada   Machinerj    Corp-,    Gall.    Ont 
Canadian    Fairbanks^^Iorsc    Co.,    Montreal. 
Cincinnati    Iron  &   Steel   Co.,  Cincinnati,  OJflo 
Cincinnati   Lathe  A   Tool  Co.,   Cincinnati    O 
Wickos    Bros-,    Saginaw,    Mich.  . 

-Seneca   Palls   Mfg.    Co.,   Inc. 

The  Geo.  F,  Foss  Mchy-  &  Supply  Co.,  .MootreaL 
Oarlock^Walkcr  Machinery   Co.,   Toronto,   <hit 
Garvin   Machine  Co.,   New  York. 
Giftiolt  Machine  Co.,  Madison,   Wis. 
Hamilton  -Mach-   Tool   Co.,   Hamilton,   Ohio. 
Kennedy  &  Sons,   Wm-,   Owen  Sound,  Ont 
R.    -VIcDougall    Co-,    Gait 
-Miles-Bcment^Pond  Co.  New   York. 
Perfect  Machine  Co-.  Gait,   Ont 
Reed-Prentice  Co-,   Worcester    .Ma.<w. 
Riverside   Machinery  Depot,   Detroit,   -Mich- 
Smalley-Gcneral  Co-,    Inc.,    Bay  City,    -Mich- 
Sidney  Tool  Co-,  Sidney,  Ohio. 
Standard  -Machy.  &  Supplies,  Ltd.,  Montreal,  Que 
Walcotl  Lathe  Co,,  Jackson,  iMioh. 
Whitcomb-Blasdell    .Mach-    Tool    Co,,     WoKester 

Mam. 
A.    B-    Williams  Wachy-   Co.,   Toronto.  * 

Yates  Maohine  Co-,  P.   B-,  Hamilton,  Ont. 
LATHES.  METAL  TURNING 
American    Tool    Work-i    Co-    Cmcinnall,    Ohio- 
Fittings,    Ltd.,    Oshawa.    Ont 

LATHES.   CRANKSHAFT 

,lmerican    Tool    Works    Co.,    Cincinnati,    Ohio. 
LATHES.    GUN 

American    Tool    Works    Co.,    Cincinnati,    Ohio- 
LATHE  ATTACHMENTS 

Cincinnati   l.athe   Sc   Tool    Co-.    Cincinnati,   0. 

Tire  .Mcl^roskey  Reamer  Co-,  Meadville.  Pa.    ' 
LATHES.  SHELL 

Roed-Prentice   Co,    Worcester,    -Mass. 

W.  T.    Whitehead.  Son  &  Co.,   Montreal.  Qne- 
LATHES.  JOURNAL   TRUEING 

Bridgi^onl  -Maeh-   Tool   Works.   Rochester.  N-T. 
LATHES.    PATTERNMAKERS' 

American    Tool    Works    Co.-    Cincinnati,    Ohio. 

(Towan   A    Co.-    of   Gait,    Ltd..    Gall.   Ont 

J-    a.    Blount    Co.,    Bverett,    .Mass. 

Canada    Machinery   Corp.,    Gait,    (>nt, 

(^eo-    F-    Foss  Mchy-   A   Supply   Co,  Montreal. 

Garlock-Walker   Machv-    Co.,    Toronto.    Ont 


432 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


LATHES.  SINGLE  PURPOSE 

e»xter  fc  Ca.  l.ul.,  J.    K..   Mootre*!.   Que. 
Bt.tmiU     Joint.    &    Jous   Co.,    ritUidM^    Out. 
iMdarford  .Math.  Tool   Works.   RocliMter,  ^'.Y. 
OtnadA   M«ciiiuej3    Coip..   GaU,    OnU 
Oan.    F»itt«]tk^*Monm;    Co.,    Moutival. 
Garluck-Waifcer  ^lacb.t     Co..    Turonto,  .Ont. 
Ilcpbuiu.   Jclin  T..   Ltd.   Tuioiito.  .  , 

IMcssi«rUle   Koundo'.    l*le£*au>Tii]e,   Que, 
KoeluCson  Mach.  &  Tool  Co.,  Toroiitti,  Can. 
W.  T.    Wbiteiiead,  Baa  &  Co..   Uoutieal,  Que. 
Valoi  Machine  Co..   V.   it.,   Haaullim,  OnC 

LATHES.  SCREW  CUTTING 

Bertram.    Johu.    &    S*nis   Co.,    DuiiJa:*.    Out. 

Brhlgiionl  ^ai-h.   Tool  Works,  Rochester,  N.V, 

Canada   Machiuerj   Corp.,    Oalt,    Out. 

The  (lee  F.   Fobs  Mch^'.   &   Suppl.v  Co.,  Moutreal. 

KfBfter    Machine  Co.,    Klkha.H.    Ind. 

Oarlock  \\  .illier    Madlj.    Co..    Toronto,    Ont. 

Uanlinici-    Kroa.,    lira,    Chicago,    lU. 

KiveU    l.alJi*;    ^    (;;iu.ler    Co.,    Bo6tou.    Mas<t. 

Wickn   Bids.,    dasinaw,   Mich. 

^neca    Falls   ilUi-   Co.,    Inc. 

Hepbuni,   John   T..    Ltd.,   Toirmto. 

Nile»-ltcment-Pond  Ca,   New   York. 

Kitimde   .Machinery    Depot,    Detroit.    Midi. 

Whitcomt^-Blaisdell    Mach.    Toot    Co.,     Worcester, 

Mas* 
W.   T.    Whitehead.  Son  &  Co.,  .Montreal,   Que. 

A.  R.    Williams  Uachi.   Co.,  Toronto. 

LATHES.   SPINNING 

B\m.    K.    W.,    Co.,    BrooUjn,    N.V. 
I'erracute   ilach.    Co.,    Briilgetoii.    N.J. 
W.   T.    nUJtehead.  Son  A  Cc,   Montr' cl.   Que. 
LATHES.  TURRET.  HAND.  HORIZONTAL 

.\cme    .Machine   Ti»l    Co.,    Cinciuuaii.    Oliio. 
lu-riiiiiii     .rthu,   &    i*nn!i   Co.     Dundas   Ont. 
Kintt    Lathe    ft    Grimier    Co,    llostou,    .Mass. 
Blount,  J.   G.,  &  Co.,  Ererett,  ^laas. 
Bro<rn   &  Sharpe  iMtg.    Co.,    Providence.    R.I. 
Can.   Fairtianks-Monic  Co.,  Montreal. 
Canada   Machinery-   Coip.,   Gait,    Out. 
The  Geo.  F.   Fow  Mchj.   &  Supply  Co.,  MontreaL 
Foster   Machine   Cu.      KJkhait,    Ind. 
OarlockVValk.T   Madii.    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. 
Gisholt  Machine  Co.,    Madison,   W«. 
Ilardinge   Brt».,    Inc..   Chicago.    lU. 
Heplnmi.    Jolin   T.,    Ltd..   To-xnto. 

B.  K.   LeBIoni  .Mach.  Tool  Co..  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
MuUmer-Enlund  Tool  Co..  Syracuse,   N.Y. 
Katlonal-Acme  Co.,   Clereland,   Ohio. 

New  Britain   Machine  Co..   New  Britain,  Conn. 

«iU8a-B«ment4'ond   Co.,    New   York. 

Pratt   &    Whitney   Ca,    Dundas,   Ont. 

Rirereido  Machinery   Depot.   Detroit,    Mich. 

StandanI  Machj'.  &  .Supplies,  Ltd.,  Moutreal,  Que. 

W.  T.    WhileUea.1.  Son  tt  Co..   Montreal.  Que.      ■ 

Warner  &  Swaaeir  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

A.    H.   WOliams   Macfay.    Co.,   Toronlo. 

Wood  Turret  Mach,  Co..   Brazil,    Ind.,   U.S.A. 

LEAD  BURNING 

St.    Lawrence   Weldirw   Co.,    Montreal.    Que. 
Canailian  Welding  Works,  Montreal,  Que. 

LEATHER  STRAPPING 

Graton    &    Knight   Mtg.    Co.,   Worcester,    .Mass. 

LENSES    FOR   GOGGLES 

StJiiKlard    Optical    Co..    Genera,    N.Y. 

LIFTS.  PNEUMATIC 

Whiting    Foundry    Equipnrent   Co.,    Harvey,    111. 

MotIs  C-*ie  &  HolM  Co.,  Ltd..  Herbert,  Niagara 
Falk,  Ont 
LINK  BELTING 

Can-    Fairbaiiks-Moiue    Co..    Montreal. 

Can.    I.ink-Belt    Co.,    Toronto.    Ont. 

Jonea    A   OlatuMio,    Montreal.    Que. 

None  Chain   Co..    Ithac»,    N.Y. 
LINOLEUM   MILL   MACHINERY 

Bertrams.   Ltd..    I-Minburgh.   Scotland. 
LITIGATION 

Wm.    P.    McFcat.   Power   BIdg.,    MontreaL 
LIQUID  AIR 

Carter   Welding  Co.,    Toronto.   Ont. 

L'Air    Liquiile   Society,    Montreal,    Toronto. 

Presto-Lite   Co.,    Inc.,    Toitmto,    Ont 

LOADERS.   WAGON    AND  TRUCK 

Can.    Link.Belt  Ca.   Toronto,    Ont. 

Morris     Crane     &    Hoist    Co..     Herbert.     Niagara 
Falta,    Ont. 
LOCKERS.  STEEL   WARDROBE 
AND  STEEL  MATERIAL 

Canada    Wire   A    frcin    Goods   Co..   Hamilton,   Ont. 

Dennis   Wire  A    Iron  Worlcs,   Xxtndon,   Ontario. 

LUBRICANTS 

Cataract  Reflning  A  Mfg.   Co.,  Toronlo. 
Elm   Cutting  Oil  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont 
OAtarlo  Lubricating  Co.,   Hamilton,    Ont. 

LUBRICATORS 

Trahem    Pump   Co.,    Krtdtfonl,    111. 
MACHINERY   DEALERS 
Archibald   A  Ca,   Chas.    P.,    Montreal,    Que. 
Baxter  *  Ca,  Ltd.,  1.   R..  Montreal,  Que. 
Can.    FairlMnks-Monc  Co.,   Montreal. 
Qarlock-Walkti    Maoiiy     Co..    Toronto,   Ont. 
ne  Geo.  N.   Fo«l  Mc*y.   &  Suimly  Co..*  -Montreal. 
Standard  Machy.  ft  .Supplies.  Ltd..  Montreal.  Que. 
W.  T.   Whiteliead,  Son  ft  Co.,   Montreal,  Que. 
A.    R.    Williams   Machy.    Co..   Toronto. 

MACHINPRV.    STONE-WORKING    AND 
rLOUR-MILLING 

PollanI    .Mfg.    Co.,    .Niagara   Falla.    Ont 
MACHINERY.  HAMMER  AND  NAIL 

Oajlnck-Walker  .Madiinery  Cm..  Tofonlo.  f>nl. 
MACHINERr    GUARDS     (SEE     GUARDS) 
MACHINERY   REPAIRS 

ADatt    .Machine  ft   Tool   Co..  Toronlo,   Ont. 

Crmccnl    Mach.   Co.,  Ltd.,   Moottval. 

Marten   Mai4i-    Co.,   Hamilton.   Ont. 

Pre»t-04^1te   Co..    Inc..   Toron'o,    Ont 

SmnMlm;  Mach.  Co..  W.   H.,  Toronto.  Ont 

A.    B.    WlIIianM   Machy.    Co..   Toronto. 


MACHINISTS'   SCALES,  SMALL 
TOOLS  AND  SUPPLIES 

Can.    Fairbanks- Morse   Co..    Montreal. 

Marten    Mach.    Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont. 

Rice  Lewis  A   Son,  Toronto,   Ont 

MacGovem   &   Co..   Montreal.   Que. 

eiarrctt  Co..   L.   S.,   Athol,  Mass. 

W.   T.   Whitehead.   Son  &   Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

J.    H    Williams   &    Co.,    Bvooklj-n.    N.Y. 

MACHINE    TOOLS 

Cincinnati  Lathe  &  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

MANDRELS 

Can.    Faii-bfluk-s-Morse    Co.,    Montreal. 

Clcvclanil    Twist    Drill    Co..    Cleveland. 

A.    B.    JaiYllne  &   Co..    Hespeler,   Ont. 

•Maunfacturera   Equip.   Co.,  Chicago,   111. 

■Morse    Twist    Drill    &    M,ach.    Co..    New    nedfoitl. 
iMass. 

Pralt   &  WHiiturv   Co.,   Dimda.s,    Oul. 
MANDREIS.   EXPANDING  AND  SOLID 

W.    H.    Nicholson    &    Co..    Wilkcelian-e,    Pa. 
MARKING    DEVICFS 

Pritchard-Andi-ewa  Co.   of  Canada,   Ottawa.  Ont. 

Matthews,  Jas.    H..   &  Co.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

MARINE  MACHINERY 

Corbet   FouudiT   &  Madh.    Co.,    Owen    Sound. 
MARKING    MACHINFRY 

Brown.    BciRgs  Co.,    Hamilton.    Ont. 

Thi-  Gen.  V.   Fos,  Mchv.   &  Supi>ly  Co..   Montreal. 

Perrin,   Wm.    R.,  Toronto. 

MEASURING  MACHINFS 

Pratt  &  Whitney   Co.,  Dundaa,  Ont. 
MEASURING   TAPFS   AND   RULES 

James   Che-sterman   &   Co.,    Ltd.,    She. .eld,    Eng. 

METALLURGISTS 

Can.   Iiwrw^tinn  &  Testing  Laib..  Montreal,  Que. 
Toronto   Terstinn    Laboratory,    Ltd..    Toronto, 
M'i'TAL   SAWS 
Sinionis    Mfg.    Co..    Fitchburg.    Ma-ss. 

METALS 

Brown's    Copper    &     Brass     Rolling    Mills,      New 

Toronto,   Ont. 
M.   &  L.    Samuel.    Beniamin  &  Co..   Toronto. 
Can.    B.    K.   Morton.   Toronto,   Montreal. 
Canada    Metal   Co..'  Toronto,   Ont. 
Dom.    Iron  &   Wrecking   Co.,    Ltd.,   Montreal,  Quo. 
HaiTey   &    Co..    .\Tthur  C    Boston.    Mass. 
Bnushevsky    &    Son.    B,    Toronto.   Ont. 
Rice    IjCWis  &    Son,    Toronto,    Ont. 
Standard  Machv.   A  .Supplies,  Ltd..  Montreal,  Que. 
United    Brass   &   l^ead   Ltd.,    Toronto. 

METAL  SHAPING  MACHINFS 

Jackson   Shaper  Co.,   Jackson,    Mich. 
METERS.   OIL,   WATER 

Bowser  &  Co..  Inc.,  S.   P.,  Toronto,  Ont 
MICROMETERS 

Almond    Mfg.    Co.,    T.    R,,    Ashbumham,    Mass. 

Taylor,   J.    A.    M.,   313   Stair  Bldg.,   Toronto,   Ont. 

MILLS.  SAND 

rost    Mfg.    Co..    Chicago,    111. 
MILL    MACHINERY 

Alexander   Fleck,    Ltd.,   Ottawa. 
MILLING   MACHINES.   AUTOMATIC 

BUton  Mach.  Tool  Co.,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Betts  Machine   Co.,    Rochester.    N.Y. 

W.   T.    Whitehead,   Son   &   Co..   Montreal,  Que. 

MILLING  CUTTERS 

Cleveland    .Milling   Machine  Ca.   Cleveland,   O. 
National  Tool  Co.,   Cleveland,   Ohio. 

MILLING    ATTACHMENTS 

Becker  Milling  Machine  Co.,   Boston,   Mass. 

Bertram.   John.   &   Sons   Co..    Dimdas,    Ont 

Brown  &   Sharpe  Mfg.   Co.,  Providence,   R.I. 

Canada  Machinery  Corp.,   Gait,  Ont. 

Cincinnati   Milling  Machine  Co.,   Cincinnati. 

Cleveland  Milling  Machine  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Pord-Smith   Mach.   Co..   Hamilton,  Ont 

Fox   Machine    Co.,   Jack'Jon.   Mich. 

Hardinge    Bros.,    Inc..    Chicago,    111. 

Hendey   Mach.   Co.,   Ton-ington,    Conn. 

jrlnckley   Machine   Works.    Hinckley.   Wis. 

KempHmith  Mfg.   Co.,  Milwaukee.   Wis. 

NiIe**-IJement-Pond   Co.,   New  York. 

Pratt  &  Whitney  Co.,   Dundas,   Ont. 

Tafl-Peirce    Mfg.    Co.,    Woomocket,    K.I. 

W.  T.   Whitehead,  Son  A  Co.,   .Montreal,  Que. 
MILLING    MACHINES.    THREAD 

Gisholt  Machine  Co..    .Madison,   Wis. 

Paidinpe    I'lr.-.,    In.-'..   Chicago,    111. 

United  States  Mach.  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Pratt   &   Whitney  Co.    Dundas,   Ont. 

Steptoe  Co..    The.    .Tohn.    Cincinnati.    Ohio. 

W.   T.    Whitehead.  Son,   A  Co.,    Monti-eal,   Que. 

Whitney   Mfg.    Co..    Hartford,    Conn. 
MILLING  MACHINES.   BENCH   TYPE 

Burkr    Machinf   Tool   Co..   Conneaut.    O. 
MILLING  MACHINES 

Universal    Boring   Mach.    Co.,    Hudson.    Mass. 

Cleviland    Milling   .Machine   Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 
MILLING    MACHINES.   HORIZONTAL 
AND  VERTICAL 

Bocker  Milling  Marhine  Co..  Boston,   Mass. 

Brown    &    fthari>e    Mfg.   Co..    Providence. 

Beitrnin,   John,    ft    Sons   Co..    Dundas   Ont. 

(Canada   Machinery   Corp..    Gait.    Ont. 

FonKSmlth    Mach.    Co..    Hamilton.    Ont 

The  Geo.   F.   Foss  Mchy.   &  Sunuly  Co.,  Montreal. 

Fox    Machine    Co.,    Jackson.    Mich. 

n-iirlock-Walker    Machinery    Co..    Toronto,    Ont. 

Ow.Iey   ft    Edlund.   CoHland,    N.Y. 

TTarflinge    Bros.,    Inc..   Chicago.    111. 

Kemtismllh   .Mfg.  Co  .   Milwaukee,   Wis. 

R.   K.   LeiBlond  Mach.  Tool  Co..  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Nlles-Bement-Pond  Co..   New   York. 

Pratt   ft   Whitney   Co.    Dundas.    Ont 

Riverside   Machinery    Depot.    Detroit,    Mich. 

Sterrtoe,   The  John    Co..    Cincinnati.    Ohio. 

United  Slates  Mach.  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

W.   T.    Whitehead,   Son  &   Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

Whitney   Mfg.   Co.,   Hartford,   Conn. 


.V.    It.    Williams   -Machy.    Co.,    Toronto. 
MILLING  MACHINlS.  PLAIN. 
BENCH   AND   UNIVERSAL 

Becker   .Milling    Machine    Co.    Boston,    Mass. 

Billon    Miicli.    Tool    Co..    Bridgeiwrt,    Conn. 

Brown    A:    Siiarpe   Mfg.    Co.,    I'rovidence. 

Canada  '.Mitciiineiy   Corp.,    Gait,    Ont 

Cincinnati    -Milling   .Macaine   Co.,   Cincinnati. 

Ford^Smitli  .Mach.   Co.,  Hamilton,  Ont 

Foas,  The  CJco.  F.,  i.\lchy.  A  J^upply  Co.,  Mouti-eul. 

Fox  Machine  Co..  Jackson,   Mich. 

Garlock-Ualker    Machinery    Co.,    Toronto.    Ont 

Garvin    Mactiine    Co.,    New    York, 

Gooley    ft    I-Mlund,    Inc.,   Cortland,   N.Y. 

Harviinge    Bros.,    Inc.,    Chicago,    111, 

Hendey    .Macliine    Co.,    ToiTington,    Conn. 

Ketniwrnitli    -Mfg.    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

It.    K.   Lelilonii  -Mach-  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati.   (Jhio. 

Niles^Bwnent-l'oud    Co,    New    York. 

Pratt  ft    Whitney   Co.,    Dundas,    Ont. 

Steptoe,   Tlic   Joim   Co.,    Cincinnati,    Ohio. 

MILLING   MACHINES.    PROFILE 

Brown   &   Sliarpe    Mfg.    Co..    Providence. 

Can.    Fairbanks-Morse    Co.,    Montreal. 

Foss,  The  Geo.  P.,  -Mchy.  &  Supply  Co.,  .Moutreal. 

Gailock-Walker  Machinery  Cxj.,  Torc>nto,  Ont. 

Garvin    Maciiine    Co.,    New    York. 

Pratt  &    Whitney    Co.,    Dundas,    Ont.      . 

Rivei-side    Machinery    Depot,    Detroit.    Mich. 

W.    T.    Whitclicad,   Son  &  Co.,   Montreal,  Que. 
-MILLING   TOOLS 

Aikenhead   llaixiware  Co.,   Toronto.   Ont. 

Brown  &   Sharpe  Mfg.   Co.,    Providence.    R.I. 

Ford-Smith    .Macii.    Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont 

Geometric  Tool    Co.,    New    Haven,    Conn. 

Kempsmith    .Mfg.    Co.,  -Milwaukee,   W'ls. 

Rice   Lewis  A   Son,   Toronto,    Ont 

Tabor  Mfg.    Co.,    Philadelphia.    Pa. 
MINE  CARS 

Can.    Fairbanks^Morse  Co.,    Montreal. 

Dominion    Bridge    Co.,   uVIontreal,    Que, 

MacKinnon   Steel   Co»,    Sherbrooke,   Que. 

-Marsh    Engineering    Works.    Belleville,    Ont. 

Modem    Tool    Co.,    Erie,    Pa. 

Pratt    &    Whitney    Co.,    Dundas.    Ont 

Sheldons,   Ltd.,    Gait,    Ont. 

MINING  MACHINERY 

Can.    Faiibanks-.Morse    Co.,    Montreal. 
Marsh  Kugiueering  Works,  Belleville,  Ont 
A.    It.    Williams  Machy.   Co.,  Toronto. 

MITTENS  FOR  WORKMEN 

Hickory    Steel-Grip   Glove   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 
MIXERS.    SAND 

Frost   -Mfg.    Co.,   Chicago,    111. 
MODEL  WORK 

Windsor  Mach.  &  Tool  Co.,  Windsor,  Ont. 
MORTISING  MACHINES 

Canada    Machinery  Corp.,    Gait,    Out. 

Preston    Woodworking   Machine   Co.,    Preston,    Ont 

Cowan   &   Co.,    of   Qa.lt,    Ltd.,    OaU,   Ont 

Garlock-Walker  Machinery  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont. 

New  Britain  -Mach.  Co.,  New  Britain,  Conn. 
MOTORS.  ELECTRIC 

Can.    Fairbanks-Mor3e    Co.,    -Montrerfl. 

G-arlock-Walker  Machinery  Co.,  Toronto,   Ont. 

Lancashire  Dynamo  &   Motor  Co.,   Ltd.,   Toronto. 

.MacGovem   &    Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

A.    R.    Williams  -Machy.    Co.,   Toronto. 
MOTORS,    PNEUMATIC 

Cleveland  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  of  Canada,  Toronta 

G«riock-Walker  Madiinerj-  Co.,   Toronto,  Ont. 
MULTIPLE    INDEX    CENTRES 

Garvin    Macfliine    Co..    New    York. 
MUNTZ    METAL 

Brown  Copper  &  Brass  Roller  Mills,  New  Toronto, 
Ont 

NAILS 

Page   steel   A    Wire   Co.,    .\drian,    Mich. 
NAIl-   MACHINERy 

Sleeper  &  Hartley,  Inc.,  Worcester,  Mass. 
NAME  PLATES.  BRONZE,  ETCHED 
A.VD  STAMPED 

Matthews,    Jas,    H.,    ft    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

'Pritchard-Andrews  Co.,   Ottawa,    Ont 
NICKEL 

Boker  &   Co,    Inc.,   H.,    Montreal,    Que. 
NICKEL  SILVER 

BrowTi's     Copper    ft     Brass     Rolling     Mills,     New 
Toronlo,    Ont 
NICKEL  STEEL 

J.    F.    A     Comstedt,    New    York   City.    N.Y. 

Kay.^er.    l-niison    &    Co.,    Ltd..    Montreal. 

NICKEL,  CHROME 

Kajser,    Ellison    ft    Co.,    Lt<l.,    Montreal. 
NIPPLE   HOLDERS 

Curtis  &  Curtis   Co.,   Bridgeport,   Ctmn. 
NIPPLE  THREADING  MACHINES 

John    H.    Hall    &   Son.i.    Ltd.,    Brantford,   Ont. 
Landis    Machine    Co.,    Wa.vneslK>ro.    Pa. 

NITROGEN 

Carter   Welding   Co.,    Toronto.    Ont. 
L'Air   Liquid    Society.    Montreal,   Toronta 

NOZZLES.  SPRAY 

.Spray    Engineering   Co..    Boston,   Mass. 

NUTS 

Williams   &  Co.,    J.    H.,    BrookLvn.    N.Y. 
NUTS.   SEMI-FINISH   AND   FINISHED 

Canadian    B.    K.    Morton,    Toronto.    Montreal. 

Gait    Machine   Screw  Co.,    Oalt,    Ont 

National-Acme    Co..    flevelanrl.    Ohio. 

rniliil    Brass    A   Lead    Ltd.,    Toronto. 

Wilkinsim    &    Kompass.    Itamilton.    Ont 
NTIT  BURRING   MACHINES 

National    Machy.    Co..    TilTin,    Ohio. 
NUT  MACHINES  (HOT) 

NallfD.l    Machy.    Co,    Tiffin.    Ohio. 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


43» 


NUT  FACING  AND   BOLT  SHAVING 

MACHlNhS 

Gat'viu    Mnohioe   Co.,    yevf   York. 

Natioual   -Machiui'iy    Co.,    Ti..n,   Ohio. 
Victor   Tixfl    Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa. 
MIT    TAPPERS 

lU'rtTjim,   Juhn,   &   Sons   Co.,    Dundas  Ont, 

Canada   .Macliinei-y  Corp.,   Gait,  OnU 

Oarvin    Madiine  Co.,   'New   York. 

Greenflcld  Tap  &  Die  Corp.,   Greenfleld,   Maaa. 

Hall,   J.    H.,  &   8on,   Brantford,   Ont. 

\.   It.   Jardine  &  <'o.,   Heapeler, 

Landii^    Machine    Co.,    Wayne^oro,    Pa. 

.Xational   .Macliiucry  Co.,   Tiffin,   Ohio. 
OILS.    MOTOR 

Elm  Cuttine  Oil  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont. 
OILS.   DRAWING 

Kim   cmtinB  Oil   Co.,    Toroirto.    Ont. 
OIL    SEPAKATORS 

Can.    Fairbanks.^Mol■8e,    Co.,    Monti-eal. 

Sheldon's,    Ltd.,    Gait,    Ont. 

Smart-Turner   Machine  Co.,  The,   Hamilton. 
OIL   STONES 

Aikenhead   Hardware   Co.,    Toronto,    Out. 

C.artjonmdum   Co.,    Niagara   Fall.s,   N.Y. 

.Norton    Co.,    Worcester,    Maaa. 

Kice    Lewis   &   ,Son,    Toronto,   Ont. 
OIL  FUSE  CUTOUTS 

D.    &    W.    Fuse    Co.,    Providence.    K.I. 
OIL    PUMPS   FOR   STEAM    ENGINES 

Pickenng    Governor    Co.,    Portland,    Ore. 
OIL   CUPS,    SCREW    TOP,    HINGE    LID 

(Canadian    Winklcy  Co.,    Ltd.,    Windaor. 
OIL   HOLE  COVERS 

Canadian    Winkley    Co.,    Ltd..    Windsor. 
OIL    STORAGE    SYSTEMS 

liowstr  &  Co.,  Inc..  3.   F.,  Toronto,  .Ont. 
OPTICAL  SUPPLIES 

Consoliilated    Optical   Co.,    Toronto,   Ont 
OSCILLATING   VALVE   GRINDERS 
(PNEUMATIC) 

Clevcl.ind    I'ueumatic  Tool    Co.    of   Can.,    Toronto. 
OVENS    FOR    BAKING.    BLUING,    DRYING. 
ENAMELING,  JAPANNING   AND 
LACQUERING 

Itrantford  Oven   &   Back  Co.,    Brantfonl,    Ont 

\Mhitiiig    Foundry    Equipment   Co.,    Harvey,    Dl. 
OVERHEAD    CRANES,     ETC. 

VolU   .Mfg.    Co..    Wellaud,    Out. 
OVEN   TRUCKS,  STEEL 

Brantford  Oven  &  Rack  Co.,   Hrantford,   Ont 

-MacKuiuon   Steel   Co.,    SherbMH>ke,   Que. 

Whiting   'Foundry    Equipment   Co.,    HaiTey,    111. 
OVENS    FOR    DRYING.    TEMPER    AND 
UNDER    TRUCKS 

Brantford  Oven   &   Rack   Co.,    BrantfoM,    Ont. 
OXV-A<.ETYLENE   WELDING   AND 
CUTTING 

Can.    Welding    Worka,    Montreal,    Que. 

Carter   Welding   Co.,   Toronto,    Ont 

Prest-O-Lite   Co.,    Inc..    Toronto,    Ont 

St    Lawrence   Welding  Co.,    -Montreal,    Que. 

Welding  &  Supplies,   Ltd.,   Montreal.  Que. 
OXY-ACETYLENE  WELDING  AND 
CUTTING   PLANT 

Carter    Welding   Co.,    Toronto.    Ont 

L'.\ir    Liquide    Society,    Montrejil,    Toronto. 

Prest-O-Litc  Co.,    Inc.,   Toronto,    Ont 

Oxyweld  Co.,   Ltd.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Welding   &   Supplies,    Ltd.,    -Montreal,    Que. 
OXYGEN    (SEE  ACETYLENE) 

L'Air    Liquide   .Society.    Montreal,    Que. 

Canadian    Welding    Works,    .Montreal.    Que, 

PACKINGS,   ASBESTOS 

Canadian    Welding    Works,    Montreal.    Que. 

nevelnnd  Wire  SprinK  Co..  Cleveland. 

.N"ew   Britain   .Mach.    Co.,   New  Britain.   Conn. 
PACKED    COCKS 

I'ratt    &    Co'Iy    Co.,    Inc.,    Hartfonl.    Conn. 
PACKINGS.    LEATHER,    HYDRAULICS. 
ETC. 

Baxter  &   Co..    Ltd..   J.    K.,    Montreal,    Que. 

Giaton   &   Knight   Mfg.   Co.,    Worcester.   Mass. 

Gutta    Percha    &    Rubber.    Ltd..    Toronto. -Can. 

William    R.    Perrin,    Ltd..    Toronto. 

PAINT  SPRAKING  EQUIPMENT 

.Spray    Kngincering   Co..    Boston,    .Ma-*fl. 
PANS,  WET  AND  DRY 

Fnwt    Mfg.    Co.,    Chicag').    111. 
PAPER  MILL  CONVEYORS   AND  DRIVES 

Can.     Link-Belt    Co.,    Toronto,     Ont. 
PAPER    MILL    MACHINERY 

Bertrams.    Ltd.,    Edinfcnrgh.    Scotland. 

Hydraulic  .Machy.  Co.,  Ltd..   .Montreal,  Que. 

MacKinnon  Steel  Co.,   Sherbrooke,  Que, 
PATTERN   SHOP   EQUIPMENT 

Canada    Maciiinery  Corp.,    G;dt.    Ont. 

Preston   Woodworking   .Ma<Aiiie   Co.,    Preston.    Ont. 

Cowan    &   <-o.,    ,i   Gait.    Lt<l..    Oalt    Ont. 

Fo.x    .Machine    Co..    Jackaon,    Mich. 

Garlock-Walke'-    Machinery   Co..    Toronto,    Ont. 
PATENTS 

Wm.     I".     .McFeat.    Power    Bldg.,    Mont-eal. 
PATTERNMAKERS'    BRASS    DOWEL 
PINS 

Can.    Winkley  i'o..  Ltd.,   Windsor, 
PATENT  SOLICITORS 

Bndden,    Hanbiiiy   A.,    Montreal. 

Fetherstonha.igh   &   Co.,    Ottawa.  , 

Marion   &    Maiion,   .Montreal. 

Ridout  &   .Mayboe,  '*oronto. 
PATTERNS 

Can.    Uumley  Co.,   Toronto,    Ont. 


Dominion  Pattern   Worka,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Crescent   Mach.   Co,,  l*td.,   .Montreal, 

Katie   Foundry   Co.,    Gait,    Ont. 

J.    C.    Witaon  &  Co..    Belleville,   Onl. 

Greenleafs  Ltd.,  Pelleville.  Ont. 

Marten  .Machine  Co..   Hamilton,  Ont. 
PECK  CARRIERS  FOR  POWER  PLANTS 

Can.  Link-Belt  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont 
PERFORATED  METALS  AND 
ORNAMENTAL    IRON    GOODS 

Canada   Wire   &   Iron   Goods   Co..   Uamilton. 
PIG   IRON    . 

Hanna   &   Co..    M.    A.,   Cleveland.   O. 

Steel  Co.   ot  C«nada,   Ltd.,   Hamilton,   Ont. 

PIPE   FITTINGS,   MALLEABLE   AND 
CAST  IRON 

International   Malleable  Iron   ('o..   Guelph,  Ont. 
PIPE    CUTTING    AND    THREADING 
MACHINES 

Buttertield    &   Co.,    Rock   IslaiKl,   Que. 

Can.    Fairbauka^Morse    Co.,    .Montreal. 

<^rtis   &   Curtis  Co.,    Bridgeport.   Conn. 

Fox    Maohine    Co.,   Jackson.    Mich. 

Garlock-Walker    Machinery    <'o..    Toronto.    Ont. 

Garvin    Machine   Co.,    New   York. 

John   H.    Hall  &  Sons,   Brantford. 

A.  B.   Jardine  &   Co.,   Heapeler,  Ont 
Landis  Machine  Co,,   Wayneatwro,   Pa. 

B.  MoDougall  Co.,    Gait 

WelLs   Bros,  Co.    of  Canada,   Gait,   Ont. 

Williams  Tool   Co.,    Erie,    Pa. 

A.    R.   Williams  .Machy.   Co.,  Toronto. 

PHOTOSTATS 

Commercial    Camera    Co.,    ProTidence.     R.  I. 
PIPE   RIVETED   STEEL 

Toronto  Iron  Works,  Ltd,,  Toronto. 
PIPE  AND   FITTINGS.  SOIL 

Anthee  Foumlry,    Ltd.,    Winnipeg. 
PIPE   CUTTERS,   ROLLING 

Curtis  &  Curtis  Co.,    Bridgeport,   Conn. 

John   H.   Hall  &  Sons,  Ltd.,  Brantford,  Onl. 

Wells  Bros.    Co.   of   Canada,    Gait,  Ont. 

PIPE  FORMING  MACHINES 

Blashill    Wire   Machinery   Co.,   Montreal,    Que. 
PISTON    AND    PISTON    RING   MACHINES 

National    .\cme   Co..    Windaor,    Vt 
PLANER  JACKS 

Armstrong  Bros.   Tool  Co.,  Chicago, 

PLANERS;    METAL 

Cincinnati    Planer  Co.,    Cincinnati,    O. 
PLANERS,   STANDARD   AND   ROTARY 

Belts    .Machine   Co.,    Rochester,    N.Y. 
John   Bertram  &  Sons  Co.,   Dundas. 
Canada   Machinery   Corp.,    Gait,   Ont. 
(ian.   Fairbanks-Morae  Co.,   Montreal. 
The  G^o.   F.   Foss  ,Mchy.  &  Supply  Co.,  Montreal. 
Gardner,    Robt.,   &  Son,   Montreal. 
Garlock-Walker    Machinery   Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. 
American    Tool    Works    Co.,    Cincinnati.    Ohio. 
Pieston  Woodworking  Machine  Co..  Preston.   Out 
Garvin    ^Jachine  Co.,    New  York. 
Uamilton    .Machine    Tool    Co..    Hamilton,    Ohio. 
Morton    Mfg.    Co.,    Muskegon    Heights,    Mlcb. 
Niles-Bement-Pond    Co.,    New   York, 
W.    T.    Whitehead,    Son    &  Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 
Whitcomb-Blaisdell    Mach.     Tool    Co.,    Worcester, 
Ma£s. 
PLANING   MILL   WORKS 
Can.     Rimiely    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 
W.   T.   Whitehead,   Son  &  Co.,  Montreal,   Que. 

PLANING    AND   SHAPING   MACHINERY 

Canada   Mach,'.iery  Corp.,  Gait.  Ont 

Can.    I''airt>anks-Morse  Co.,    Montreal. 

The  Geo.    F.   Foss  Mchy.    &  Supply  Co.,   Montreal. 

Garlock-Walker   .Machinery   Co.,   Toronto,    Ont. 

Cowan   &   Co..   of  Gait.    Ltd..    Gait.   Ont 

Garvin   Machine  Co..   New   York. 

Hamilton    Machine  Tool   Co.,   Hamilton,   Otiio. 

Niles-Bement-Pond  Co..   New   York. 

Riverside    Machinery    Depot.    Detroit    Mich. 

Steptoc.  The  John  Co..  Cincinnati.  Ohio. 

A.    B.    Williams   .Machy.   Co.,   Toronto. 
PLANING   MILL    MACHINERY 

Preston   Woodwoiking   Maohine   <^o.,    Preston,   Ont 
PLANER-SHAPER,    COMBINED   OPEN   SIDE 

Lj-nd-Farquhar  Co,,   Boston. 
PLANING   MILL    EXHAUSTERS 

Can.    Blower   &   Forge  Co.,    Kitchener,    Ont. 

Sheldons,    Ltd.,    Gait,    Ont. 

MacQovern    &   Co.,    Montreal.    Que. 

Niles-Bement-Pond    Co..    New    York. 

W.    T.    Whitehead.    Son   &   Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 
PLIERS 

.\ikenhead    Hardware  Co..    Toronto. 

Canadian   Billings  &  Spencer,   Ltd.,    Wclland. 

Peck.    Stow    &    Wilcox    Co..    Sonthington,    Conn. 

Rice  Lewis  &  Son,  Toronto,  Ont 
POLISHING    CLOTHS 

Pullan.  E.,  20  Maud  St.,  Toronto. 
POWER    HOUSE    CONVEYORS 

Can.    Link-Belt    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Morris    Crane    &    Hoist    Co.,    Hertjcrl,    Niagara 
Falls.    Ont. 
PRESSED   STEEL    AND    BRASS    GREASE 
CUPS 

Can.  Winkley  Co.,  Ltd..  Windisor. 
PRESSERS,    ARBOR 

.-Vtla-s   Press  Co...  Kalamazoo.    .Mich. 

Metalwood    Mfg.    Co..    Detroit.    Mich. 
PRESSES.    BROACHING.    FORGING 
AND  FLANGING 

Atlas  Pre^s  Co..  Kalamazoo.  -Mich. 

E.    W.    BliBS  Co..    Brookl.vn.   NY 

Ferraciite    Macliine    Co..    Bridgcton,    N.J. 

Metalwood     Mfg.     Co..    Detroit.    -Mich. 

Toleflo    Maehir:    4   Tool    Co..    Toledo. 

Sfoll   Co..    D.    H.,    Buffalo,   N.Y. 
PRESSES.   CAM.    TOGGLE.    EYELET 

Baird    Machine    Co.,    Bridgeport,    Conn. 


BUM  Co.,  E.   W.,   Brooklyn.  N.Y. 
Conaoliuated   Press  Co.,    uaatingtt,    Micta. 
Toleilo  .Machine  &  Tool  Co.,  Toledo. 
atoll    Co..    O.    U.,    Bulfalo,    N.Y. 

PRESSES  FOR  SHELLS 

Atlaa    Press    Co.,    Kalamazoo,    Micb. 
Blla»  Co.,    E.    W.,   Brooklyn,    N.Y. 
Ferracule    Machine  Co.,    Bridfetoo,    N.J. 

The  t>eo.  F.   i'Otta  Mchy.  &  Supply  Co.,  MuutieAi. 

GarlocK-'Walker   Machmer?    Co.,   Toronto,    Ont. 
Hydraulic    Maihy.    Ca.    Ltd.,    Montreal,    Qne. 
Metalwood   Mig.    Co.,    Oclroil.  ilicb. 
William    It.    I'cnin,    Ltd..   Toroato. 

Stoll   Co..   O.    H..    Bullalo.    N.Y. 

We»t  Tire  Setter  Co.,   Rochester.  N.Y. 
PRhSScS.   F11.TEK 

William   R.    Perrin,   Ltd.,   Toronto. 

^nMiiie>-Oetieiai   Co..    Inc.,   bay  City.  MlBli« 
PRESSl!.S,  DROP   AND  FORGING. 

W.    U.    Bantleld   &   Son,    Toionto. 

E.    W.    Bliss  Co..   Brooklyn,   .N.y. 

brown.  Boggs  Co..  Ltd..  Uamilton.  Canadi. 

Can.    Fairbauks-.Morse  Co.,   Montreal. 

Erie  Foundi7  Ca.   Erie.   Pa. 

Hydraulic    Alacliy.    Co..    Ltd..    Montreal.    Que, 

Niles-Bement-l'ond   Co..    New    York. 

Wdliam    It.    Perrin,    Ltd..    Toronto. 

Stoll  Co..  D.   U.,   BulTalo,   N.Y. 

Toledo  .Macliine  &  Tool  Co..  Toledo. 
PRESSES.  HYDRAULIC 

John  Bertram  &  Sons  Ca.  Dundaa. 

Hydraulic   Maciiy.    Co.,    Ltd.,    Montreal,    Que. 

Metalwood  Aug.   Co.,   Oetroit,   Mich. 

NUea-Bement-Pond  Ca.  New  York. 

W  illiam    11.    Penin,    Ltd^    Toronto. 

Standanl  Maciiy.  it  Suppties.  Ltd..  Montreal,  Que. 

Toledo  Macuiue  dc  Tool  Co..  Toledo. 

Stoll    Co..    Inc..    1).    11„    Buffalo.    N.Y. 

West  Tire  Belter  Ca^  Rochester.  N.Y. 

A.    U.    Williams   .Machy.    Ca.    Toronto. 
PRESSES,  BALING 

William  U.   Perrin,  Ltd.,  Toronto. 
PRr.,sa<:.S.    PNuUMAliC 

Metalwooil    -Mfg.    Co..    Detroit,    Mich. 

Toledo  -Machine   &   Tool   Ca,   Toledo. 
PRESSES,  POWbR 

BainI  Machine  Co.,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

E.    W.    Bliss   Co,    Brooklyn,   N.Y. 

Blown.  Buggs  Co..  Ltd.,  Hamilton,  Canada, 

Canada   -Machinery   Corp.,   Galv.  Ont 

Oan.    Fairbank.s--Morse   Co.,    Montreal. 

Consolidateil    i*i-n,a    Co.,    [Hastinga.    Mich. 

Ferracute   Machine  Co.,    Bridgetoo,   N.J. 

Gariock-VValKer   .Machinery   Co.,    Toionto,    Ont 

Hydraulic"  Machy.   Co.,  Ltd.,  Montroal,  Que. 

William   R.    Perrin,    Ltd.,   Toronto. 

Kiveiside   -Machinery    Depot,    Detroit,   Mich. 

Stoll   Ca,   D.    H.     BulTalo,   N.Y. 

Toledo  Macliine  &  Tool  Co.,  Toleda 

A.   U.   \\  illiams  .Machy.   Co..  Toronto. 
PRESSES,  SPRING   FOOT 

Bliss   Ca,    E.    W..    Brooklyn,    N.Y. 

Brown,    Boggs   &  Co..    Hamilton.   Ont 

Consolidate.i    Ptvss   Ca,   Haatinga.   Mich. 

Toledo  .Machine  &  Tool  Co..  Toleda 
PRESSES,  SCREW 

Banics.  W.  F..  &  Jobn  Ca,  Rockford,  111. 

Bliss   (5o.,    B.    W..    Brooklyn,    N.Y. 

Fe-racute    Mach.    Co.,    BridiretOB,    N.J. 

William  R.   Perrin.   Ltd.,   Toronto. 
PROFILE   GRINDERS 

ClevelarKl    Milling   Machine   Ca,    Cleveland,    O. 
PRESSES,  TRIMMING 

Bliss  Co,,   B.    W..   Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Canada  MaeUlnery  Corp..  Gait,  Ont 

Consolidated  Press  Co.,   Hastings,   Mich. 

BMe  Foundry  Co.,  Erie,  Pa. 

Ferracute  Mach.   Co..   Bridgeton.   N.J. 

Stoll   Co.,    D,   H.,   Buffalo.   N.Y. 
PRODUCTION  WORK 

Oescent  -Machine  Co.,   Ltd.,  Montreal. 

Wiuilsor  .Mach.   &.  Tool  Co.,  Windsor,  Oifc 
PROPELLERS 

K('niK-.ly  &  Sons,  \Vm.,  Owen  Sound,  Ont  • 
PSYCR0METER8,   SLING 

Taylor   Instniment  Co.,  Rochester,  N.Y. 
PULLEYS  1 

Algoma    Steel    Corp.,    Sanlt  Ste.    Marie.    Ont. 

American    Pulley    Co.,    Philadelphia. 

Baird   Machine   Co.,    Bridgeport,    Conn. 

Bernard   Industrial   Co..    Fortierrille.   Qne. 

3rown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Ca,  Providenoe,  R,I. 

Can.    Fairbenks-Moi^e  Co..   Montreal.  ^ 

Dodge  Sales  A  Ens.  C'a.  Mishamsha.  Ind. 

iloldie   A    McCulloch   Ca.    Gait,    Ont 

Wm,   Kennedy  &  Sons,  Ltd,.  Owen  Sound,  OnU 

Positive  Clutch  &  Pulley  Works.,  Ltd.,  Toronto. 

.1.  C.    Wilson   &   Co..    Bellerille,    Ont. 

Standard  Machy.  &  Supplies,  Ltd.,  Montreal.  Que,. 

The  Smart-Turner  Mach.    Co.,   Hamilton. 

A.    R.    Williams  Machy.  Co..  Toronta 
PULLEYS.   FRICTION   CLUTCH 

American    Pulley   Ca,    Phna^Iphla. 

Baiid   .Machine  Co.,   Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Bernard   Industrial  Ca.   A.,  Fortierrille,  Qna. 

Can.    Link-Bi'lt   Co.,    Toronto.    Ont 

Carlyle  Johnson    .Mach.    Co..    MandSester.    Conn. 

Positive   Chitch    &    Pulley   Works,    Ltd.,    Toronto. 

Jones  &  Gla.s9C0,   Montreal. 

Johnson.    Carlyle.    Mach.    Ca,    Manchester.    CObo. 
PULP  MILL  MACHINERY 

Can.    Barker   Co..   Sault  Ste.    Marie.   Ont 

Hytlraulic   Machy.    Co..  Ltd..    Montreal.   Qn«, 

MacKinnon    Steel   Co..    Shertirooke.   Que. 
PUMPING   MACHINERY 

OoHie   &    McCulloch   Co.,    G«lt,    Ont 
PUMPS,  AIK 

Ooldie    &    McCulloch   Co.,    <;«lt.    Ont 

Smart-Turner  Mach.    Co.,   Hamiltoo. 
PUMPS,  CENTRIFUGAI, 

Gr.ldie   &    .McCulloch   Ca.    Golt.    Ont 

B.1\^^el    .^-   Cc..   I.k-.,  3.   P..   Toronto.  Ont 

Can.    Blcver  &   Forge  Co.,   Kitchener.   Ont 

Can.    Ingersoll-Rand    Ca.    Montreal,    Que. 

.\l.    L.    Ohenlorfer   Rra-ss   Co  .    Syracuse,    N.T. 

Pratt  &  Whitney  Ca,  Dimdas,  Ont. 


434 


ShfMoiis,    Ltd..    Gait,    Ont. 

.smirt-TumtT  Maoh.   Co..   Hamiltoa. 
PUMPS,    FUEL   OIL 

Bontr  *   Cc.   Inc.,  8.   F.,   Toronto,  Ont. 

Ttahera   Pump   Co.,    Rockfoid,    ni. 
PUMPS,  GEARED 

»!.   L.   Obordorffr  Kraas  Co.,   S.rracuw,  N.Y. 
PUMPS.   HIGH    PRESSURE 

HjMlraulic  Alachy.    Co.,    Ltd..    Montreal,   Que. 

WilUam    R.    Perrin,    Ltd.,    Toronto. 

Smait-Tunier  Mach    Co..   Hamilton. 

PUMPS.   ALL  KINDS 

M.    L.   Obeidorfer  Brmas  Co,  Syracuse,   N.Y. 
William   U.    Perrin,   Ltd.,   Toronto. 
.Sman -Turner  Mach.    t'o.,  Hamilton. 
A.    K.    Williams  Macliy.   Co.,    r.»Knlo.  » 

PUMPS.   HYDRAULIC 
';arIocX-Wftlker  .>iftcbinery  Co..  Toronto.   Onti 
Hydraulic  Machy.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Montreal,  Que. 
MetaiwQod   .Mfg.   Co.,    Dttroit,  Mich. 
amart-Tumer  Mach.  Co.,  Hamilton. 
William  It.   Pcrriu,  L!d.,  Toronto.    . 

PUMPS,    LUBRICANT,    OIU    WATER 

Bowser  A  Co.,   Inc.,  8.   F.,  Toronto.  Ont. 
Kry*8   (London).   Ltd..    London,    B^ngland. 
M.    L.    Obeidorfer   Brass  Co.,   Syracuse.   N.Y. 
Trahcra   Pump  Co.,    Uo<-kford.    lU. 

PUMPS,   MOTOR   AND   BELT   DRIVEN 

MacGovem    &    Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 
M.    L.   Obirdorfer  Brass  C,o..   Syracuse.    N.Y. 
PUMPS,    ROTARY,    POWER    DRIVEN 
Bowser  k  Co.,   Inc.,  S.    F.,  Toronto.  Ont. 
.M.    L.  Ohcrdorfer  Bnas  Co.,  Syracuse,   N.Y. 
Trahem  Pump  Co.,  Rockford,  lU. 

PUMPS,   SUD 

Fry'a  (London),  Ltd.,  London,   England. 
PUMP  LEATHERS 

Can.   B.   K.   Morton,  Toronto,  Montreal. 
Oritoo  &    Knight   Mfg.    Co.,   Woioester,    Mass. 

PUNCHES  AND  DIES 

W.  H.    Banfleld  &    Sons,   Toronto. 
E.    W.   HIiss  Co.,  Brooklyn,   N.Y. 
Boker  A  Co.,   Inc.  H.,  Montreal,  Que. 
Brown,   Boggs  Co.,   Ltd.,  Hamilton,  Canada. 
Crescent  Mach.  Co.,  Ltd..  Mo  ntreal. 
Can.   Blower  &  Poiye  Co..   Kitchener,  Ont. 
Kerracu.e  Mach.  Co..  Bridgeton,  N.J. 
Can   FairtMiuaS'Morse  Co.,  Montreal. 
Oard:ier,   Kob».    4  "r^r.    UMicat. 
A.    B,  Jardine  &  Co.,  Hespeler,  Ont. 
Mulliner-Enlund  Tool  Co..  Syracuse,   N.Y. 
Marten   Machine  Co.,   Hamilton,   Ont 
PraU  &  Whitney  Co.,  Dundas.   Ont. 
atoll  Co.,   D.    H.,   Buffalo,  N.Y.  • 
Toledo  Mach  hie  &  Tool  Co.,  Toledo,  O. 
PUNCHES,  POWER 
John   Bertram  &  Sons  Co.,  IHmdas,  Ont 
E.    W.    Bliss  Co.,    Brooklyn,   N.Y.     ' 
Brown,  Boggs  Co.,  Ltd.,  Hamilton,  Ont. 
i>nada    Machinery    Corp.,    Gait,    Ont 
0:iDsolidated   Press  Co.,  Hastings,  Mich. 
Ferracute    Mach.    Co..    Bridgeton,    N.J. 
(Jarlock- Walker   Machinery   Co.,    Toronto,    Ont. 

A.  B.  Jardine  &  Co.,  Limited,  Hespeler,  Ont. 
Niles-B*ment-Pond  Co..   New  York. 

atoll  Co..   D.    H.,    Buffalo,   N.Y. 
Wickes   &   Co.,    Saginaw.    Mich. 

PUNCHES.   CHROME.   VANADIUM   SHELL 

Hammond  Steel  Co..  Inc.  .Syracuse.  N.Y. 
PUNCHING    MACHINES,   HORIZONTAL 

Bertrams.    Ltd.,    l':klinburgh.  Scotland. 
Bertram  &   .Hon.s  Co..  John,   Dundas,  Ont. 
4^inada    Machinery    Corp..    Qalt.    Ont 
Wickes   &    Co..    Saginaw,    Mich. 

B.  W.    Bliss  Co.,    Brooklyn.   N.Y. 
Brown.  Br>Kg>>  Co.,  Ltd.,  Hamilton,  Ont 
Oarlock-Walkcr  [Machinery  Ca,  Toronto.  Ont. 
Niles-Bemcnt-Pond  Co..  New  York. 

W.    A.    Whitney  Mfg.   Co...    Rockford,    111. 
PYROMETERS 
Bri8t<^  Co..   Waterbury,  Conn.,  U.S.A. 
Shore  lustmment  &  Mfg.   Co.,   New   York  City. 
Taylor   InstrumcDt    Co..    Rochester,    N.Y. 
Thwing    Instalment   Co..    Philadelphia     Pa 

'",??>.-  ^'■'J'^'^'X  *     ^""   **«'»J    Products,    Ltd.. 
Walkerville,    Ont. 

QUARTERING  MACHINES 

Bertram  &  .Sons  Co.,  John,   Dundas,  Ont 

?M:e**-Bfnient-Pond    Co.,    New   York. 
RAILING,  IRON  AND  BRASS 

Can.    Welding   Works.    Montreal,   Que. 

ijnite.1   Bra-is  &   Lead,   Ltd.,  Toronto, 
RAIL   BENDERS 

Algoma   Steel  Corp..  Sault  Ste.   Marie,  Ont 

Niles-Bvment-Pond   Co..    New   York. 
RADIAL   DRILLING   MACHINE,   WALL 

LiTid-Faroiihar   Co..    Boston. 

Wickes  &  Co.,  Saginaw,   MidL 
RADIAL   DRILLS 

American    Tool    Works    Co.,    Cfncinnall.    Ohio. 

Mueller    .Machine   Tool   Co..    Cincinnati,    O. 
RAILROAD  TOOLS 

Can.    Kairtianks'^foise  Co.,   Montreal 

Oarlock-Walker   Machinery   Co  .    Toronto.   Ont 

N'Ie»-'Ik-ment-l*f>nd   Co.,    NeM    York. 
RAIL  OVERHEAD 

*';'."?.'    'll""-    *     ""'''    '■"  •      Herljert.      Niagara 
rails.    Ont. 

RATCHETS 

Kfv^f^"    yftx.    Co..     Bu(IaI(..    X.Y. 
RAW    HIDE    PINIONS    (S^IE    GEARS) 
REAMER    FLUTING    MACHINES 

r.init)     Ma.'', In-    Co..     Noi.     York. 
REAMERS.    ADJUSTABLE 
i'fln,    I''aiit(5»nks-Mf>rt'-  Co.,   Montreal. 
Clorrlanl    Tni-t    Drill   Co.,    Clereland. 
Mor»e  Twist  DHll  &  Mcti    Co..  New  IV-dford.  Ma.». 
Plewps.    Ltd..    Winnipeg,    Man. 
Pratt  t,   Whitney  Co..    Dundas,   Ont 


Toronto,   Ont. 


C  A  N  .V  D  I  A  N     MACHINERY 


StaudaiU  .Machy.  &  Supplies,  Ltd.,  Montreal,  Que. 

The    McCroeky    Reamer    Co.,    .Meadville,    Pa. 

The    Kelly    Reamer   Co..    ClevelaBd,    O, 

Taylor.  J.   A.   M.,  318  Stair  BIdg..  Toronto,  Ont. 

Whitman  &  Barnes  .Mfg.  Co.,  St  Catharines,  Ont. 

WUt  Twist  DriU   Co.,    Walkeryille,    Ont 
REAMERS.   PIPE.  CYLINDER 
AND  LOCOMOTIVE 

Butterfield  &  Co.,  Rook  Island,  Que. 

Can.    Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,    Monti^al. 

Cleveland   Twist  Drill   Co..   Clercland. 

Kelly   Reamer  Co.,  Cleveland,   O. 

.Morse  Twist  Drill  &  Mch.  Co.,  New  Bedford,  .Mass. 

Pratt  &    Whitney   Co.,    Dundas.    Ont. 
REAMERS.    BRIDGE,    EXPANDING 
AND  HIGH  SPEED 

Aikenhoad  Hardware  Co.,   Toronto. 

Baiter  &  Co.,    Ltd.,   J.    R.,    Montreal,    Que. 

Boker  &  Co.,   Inc.  H.,  Montreal,  Que. 

'Butterfield    &   Co..    Rock    Island,    Que. 

Can.   FairbanksJUorae  Co.,   Montreal. 

The   McOrosky   Reamer  Co.,  Meadville,   Pa. 

Cleveland    T»ist    Drill    Co.,    Cleveland. 

Gi.iliolt    .Machine    Co..    Madison,    Wis. 

Illinois   Tool    Works,    Chicago,    111. 

Morse  Twist  Drill  &  Mch.  Co.,  New  Bedford.   Mass. 

McKenna   Brothers,   Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Pratt   &  Whitney  Co.,   Dundas,   Ont. 
REAMERS,  STEEL  TAPER 
AND   SELF-FEEDING 

Butterfleld   &  Co.,    Bock    Island.  Que. 

Can.    Fairbauks-Odorse   Co.,    Montreal. 

Cleveland   Twist  Drill  Co.,    Cleveland. 

Illinois   Tool   Works,   Chicago.    111. 

A.   B,  Jardine  &  Co.,  Hespeler,   Ont 

Morse  Twist  Drill  &  Mch.  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Mass 

Pratt   &  Whitney  Co..   Dundas,   Ont. 

REAMING     MACHINES,     PNEUMATIC 

Cleveland  -Pneumatic  Co.   of  Canada.   Toronto. 
Garlock-Walker  .Machinery  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont. 
RECORDING   INSTRUMENTS 
Bristol  Co.,    Waterbury,   Conn. 
Qisholt  Machine  Co.,   Madison,    Wis. 
Taylor    Instalment  Co.,    Rochester.    N.Y. 

REGULATORS,    AUTOMATIC 

Electric   Steels  &   .Metals,    Ltd..    Welland.   Ont. 
REGULATORS.  PRESSURE 
TEMPERATURE 

Can.   FairbanksnMorse  Co.,    Montreal. 

Taylor  In.strument   Co.,   Rochester,   N.Y. 
RESPIRATORS 

Strong,    Kennard   Sc   Nutt  Co.,    Cleveland,   Ohio. 
RIVETS.   TUBULAR.   BIFURCATED 

Panneriter  &  Bulloch  Co.,   Gananoque. 

Rice    Lewis  &  Son,   Toronto,   Ont 

Steel   Oo.   of  Canada,   Ltd.,   Hamilton,    Ont 
RIP  SAW  MACHINERY 

Preston  Woodworking   Machine  Co..   Preston.   Ont 
RIVETS,   IRON,  COPPER  AND  BRASS 

Aikenhead    Hardware    Co.,    Toronto.    Ont. 

Harvey  &  Co.,   Arthur  C.   Boston,  Mass, 

Parmenter  &  Bulloch  Co.,  Gananoqu;. 

Rice,    Lewis  &  Son,   Toronto,    Ont. 

Steel    Co.    of  Canada,    Ltd.,    Hamilton,    Ont 
RIVETERS,    PNEUMATIC,    HYDRAULIC, 
HAMMER.     COMPRESSION 

Can.    Fairbanks^Morse   Co..    Montreal. 

Can.   Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,  Montreal. 

Cleveland  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.   of  Canada,  Toronto 

Garlock-Walker   Machinery   Co..    Toronto.    Ont. 

Independent    Pneumatic   Tool    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Niles-Bement-Pond   Co.,    New    York. 

RIVETING  MACHINES,  ELASTIC 
ROTARY  BLOW 

Grant    Mfg.    &    .Machine    Co..    Bridgeixirt.    Conn. 

High-Speed    Hammer   Co.,    Rodiester.    N.Y. 

K.    B.    Shuster  Co.,   New    Haven,    Conn. 
RODS 

General   Steel   Co..    Milwaukee. 

Page  Steel   &  Wire  Co.,   Adrian,   .Mich. 
ROLLER  CHAINS 

Can.   Liuk-Iielt  Co..  Toronto.  Ont 

Jones  &   Gla.-wco.    Montreal. 

ROLLS.    BENDING    AND    STRAIGHTENING 

John    Bertram    &    Sons  Co..    Dunias. 

Brown,    Boggs   Co.,    Ltd.,   Hamilton.    Canada. 

Canjida   Machinery  Corp..   Gait,   Ont. 

Garlock-Walker    Machinery  Co..    Toronto.    Ont. 

Niles-Bement-Pond  Co..    New  York. 

Toletio   .Machine   &  Tool   Co.,  Toledo,   O. 
ROOF  COOLERS 

Electric  .Steels  &   Metals,   Ltd..   Welland,   Ont 
ROLLS.  CRUSHING 

Can.   Link-Belt  Co.,   Toronto. 
RUBBER   MILL    DRIVES 

Can.    Link-iBell   Co..    Toronto.   Ont. 

RUBBER    MILL   MACHINERY 

Bertram.s.    Ltd..   Edinburgh,    Scotland. 

RUBBER  GOODS 

Dnnlop  Tire  &   Rubber  Co..  Toivrnto. 
RULES 

Brown    &    Sharpe  Mfg.    Co..    Proviience. 

James    rh~ilcmian    &    Co.    I.tl..    -Sheffield.    Eng. 

KIce    Lewis   tc    Son.   Toronto.   Ont. 

L.    S.    Starrett  Co..   Athol.    Mass. 
SAND    BLAST    GIOVFS 

H'ckory  Steel-dip  Glove  Co..  Cliicago,  111. 

SAW  MILL  CONVEYORS 

Can.    Link-Bcif    Co..    Toronto.    Ont. 

SAND    MILLS 

Knwt    Mfi!.    Co..    ChiciiBO.    111. 

SAND-BLAST  EO.tllPMFNT 

PanKlMini    Coriiovaticn.     Hagerstown,     Md. 

SAFETY    APPLIANCES 

Stmng.    Kennard    &   Nutt   Co.,  Cleveland,    Ohio. 


Volume  XX. 

SAFETY  APPLIANCE  GOGGLES 

Willson  Co.,   Inc,  T.   A.,  Reading,  Pa 
SAND  BLAST  ABRASIVES 

Pittsburgh    Cnished    Steel    Co.,    Pittsburgh     I'a 
SAND  MIXING  MACHINERY 

Frost   Mfg.   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
SANDING  MACHINES 

Canada   .Machinery  Corp..    G«lt,   Ont 
Cowan   &  Co.,    of  Gait,    Ltd.,   GaU.'Ont 
SAND    BLASTING   MACHINES 

HichaiTls    .Sand    Blasting    .Machine    Co.,    Mouti-eal 
SAW    MILL    MACHINERY 

Can.    Fairbanks-Morse    Co..    Montreal. 

t/anada  MachineiT  Corp..  Gait  Ont 

Preston  Wooilwoiking   .Machine   Co,   I'leatcn     ilnt 

Cowan   &  Co.,    of   Gait,    Ltd.,    Gal  ,  V.nt 

Gardner,  Robt,  &  Son,  JHontreal. 

i^n     S?f,'-'"°''"°„*'"*J-    Co.,    St    Ixjuis.    M„, 

\.   R.    Williams   .Maohy.    Co.,   Toronto. 

SASH    WEIGHTS   AND    WRENCHES 

Pitlmgs,    Ltd.,   Oshaiva,    Ont 
SAWS,   CIRCULAR  METAL 

E.    C.    AtkiiLS   &   Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

I'Unee,     Ltd.,    Winnipeg.     Man. 

.Simonds    .Mfg.    Co.,    Fitchhuig,   Maas 

Tabur   .Mfg.   Co..   Philadelphia.    Pa. 
SAWS,   HACK    (SEE   HACK  SAWS) 

r.'     .'    ■^•'■ins  &  Co.,    Indianapolis,   Ind. 

Hunter   Saw   &   Mach.    Co.,    I'ittsbuiBh.    Pa. 

Tabor   Mfg.    Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
SAWS,    SLITTING 

E.    C.    Atkin.s   &   Co.,    Indianapolis.    Ind. 

Taylor,   J.    A.    .M.,   Stair   Bldg.,    Toronto,  Out. 
SCLEROSCOPES 

Shore    Insti-unient    &    Mfg.    Co.,    New     York    City 
SCREENING   MACHINERY 

Ciui.     I.iiik-Iielt    Co.,     Toronto,     Ont. 
SCREW   EXTRACTORS 

Cleveland   Twist   Drill   Co.,    Cleveland,   O. 
SCREW    MACHINE    PRODUCTS 

Gait  .Machine  Screw  Co.,    Gait,  Ont 

Knight  .Metal   Products,   Ltd.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Limed  Brass  &  Lead,  Ltd.,   Toronto. 

Wentworth    .Mfg.    Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont 
SCREW    MACHINES,    HAND,    AUTOMATIC 

lirtmn  &  Shai-pe  .Mfg.  Co.,   PrOTidence,  B.I. 

Can.  rairbanks-.Moise  Co.,  Montreal. 

Poster  .Vlachine    Co..    Elkhart,    Ind. 

Garlock-Walker  Maohy.    Co.,   Ltd.,  Toronto,    Ont 

Kiiett    Lathe    &    Grinder    Co.,    Boston,    iUx 

t.arvm  Machine  Co.,  New  York 

A.   B.  Jardine  &  Co..  Hespeler. 

.National   Acme  Co..  Cleveland,   Ohio 

Pratt  &  Whitney  Co.,  Dundas,  Ont 

Warner  &   Swasey  Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 

A.    R.    Williams  Machv.  Co..   Toronto 

Wood   Turret  .Mach.   Co..   Brazil,   Ind.'.    C  8  \ 
SCREW   MACHINES.    AUTOMATIC 
MULTIPLE    SPINDLE 

.National  Acme  Co.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Cincinnati  .Automatic  Mach.    Co.,   Cincinnati    O 

New   Britain   Machine   Co..    New   Britain.   Gonn 

Kiveiside  Machinery  Depot,   Detrtrit,   .Maoh 
SCREWS 

Can,   B.   K.   Morton.   Toronto,  Montreal. 

Gait    .Machine  Screw    Co.,    Gait.    Ont 

National    Acme    Co.,    .Montreal,    Que. 

Rioe  Ivewis  &   Son.    Toronto.   Ont 

Steel   Co.    of  Canada,    Ltd.,    Hamiltou,    Ont 

United   Brass  *  Lead   Ltd..   Toronto. 

Wilkinson    &    Kompass,    Hamilton,    Ont 
SCREW   PLATES 

Butterfleld  &  Co.,  Rock  Island,  Que. 

A.    li.    Jardine   &  Co.,    Hespeler. 

Morst!  Twist  Drill  &  .Mch.   Co.,  New  Bedford,  Mass 

Rice     Lewis  &   Son,   Toronto.  Ont. 

7,f*?,°'''„-'-    A.    M.,   ai8   Stair  Bldg..  Toronto.    Ont 

Wells   Bros.   Co.   of  Canada,    Gait,   Ont. 

Wilkiii.son    &    Kompass,    Hamilton.    Ont 
SCREW  SLOTTERS 

Garvin  -Machine   Co.,   New   York. 

.National   .\cme  Co..    Cleveland,   Ohio. 

Pratt   &   Whitney  Co.,   Dundas,   Ont. 
SCRAP  METAL 

PuUan.    E..    20   Maud   St.,   Toronto. 
SEARCHES 

Wm.    P.    .McFeat,    Power    Bldg..    .M.mti'eal. 
SECOND-HAND  MACHINERY 

The  Geo.   F.   Koss  Moliy.   &   Supply  Co..   MontreaL 

Riverside    Machinery    Deixit.    IVtroil.     .Mich. 
SEPARATORS.  SAND 

P;iii;rbrnii   Corporation.    Hagerstown,  Aid. 
SET    SCREWS,   SAFETY 

Aikenhead  Haixlware  Co.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Allen   Mfg.   Co.,   Hartford.  Conn. 

Bristol  Co.,   Waterbury.   Conn..   U.S.A. 

Wilkinson    &    Komna.s.s.    TIa.milton.    Ont. 
SHANKS,    STRAIGHT    AND    TAPER 

Jacobs   .Mfg.    Co.,    Hartford,    Conn. 
SRAPERS 

.Tohn    Bertram    &    Sons   Co..    Dundas. 

Can.    FairbanksJMorse   Co..   Montreal. 

Cnu.Tla    Machinen-  Corp..    G"alt.   Ont 

American    Tool    Works    Co..    Cincinnati.    Ohio. 

The  Geo.   P.   Fos.s  .\tchy.   S-   Supply  Co..  Montreal. 

Gardner,    Robt.   A    Son,    Montreal. 

Garlock-Walker    Mr.chinci-y   Co..    Toronto.    Ont. 

TTcndcv   Machine   Co..   Torrington.   Conn. 

Hamilton  Mach.  Tool  Co.,  Hamilton.  Ohio. 

Rhodes    .Mfg.    Co..    Hartford,    Conn. 

Stepfoe   Co..    John.    Cincinnati,    Ohio. 

W.    T.    Whitehead.   «on    &   Co..    Moutioal.    Que. 
SHAFTING 

.'iRoma    S'eel   Coro.,  Sai'lt  Ste.    Marie.  Ont 

C.sn      FairbauksHMoiNe    Co..    Montreal. 

GarI(ickJW'>Iker    Marhv.    Co..    Lt.I..    Toronto.    Ont 

.Trrties  &   GIa.s"eo.    Montreal. 

Niles-Bement^Pond    Co..    New   York. 

Can.    Drawn    Steel    Co..    Hamilton.    Ont. 


December  26,  1918 


I'ralt  tc    Whitney  t'o..    IJundaA,    Out. 
Kice     Lewis  &   Son.   Toronto,   Ont. 
A.    R.    WiJliam^i    .Vl.iohy.    Co.,    Toronto. 
Wilkinson    &    Komp,ia«,    Hamilton.    Ont 
Wilson   &   Co.,   J.   C,    Belleville,    Ont. 

SHARPENING    STONES 

-Norton    Co..    Worci«ter.    Mass. 

Iti«,    lyfivi.s   &   Son,   Toronto,    Ont. 
BHEAKINti    MACHINES,    ANULB    IRON. 
BAR  AND  GATE 

John    B<nnm    t   Bona   Co.,    Dundu 

B«rtr«n«,    Ltd.,    Eainbuijli,    SooUand 

OmnAdm    Mtcunerr    Corp..    Gut,    Obi. 

GarIo<k-Walker    .Marhinerr   Co..    Toronto     Ont 

A.    B.    Jarduie   ft   Co..    UBaptler,   Onu 

NUe»-B«menl-Pond    Co.,     New    lort 

Toledo    .Michtne    &    Tool    Co.,    Toledo 
SHEARS,    POWER 

Jobs    Bertrvn    A    Stmt   Co..    Dnsdu 

Bit...    B.    W.,    Co..    BrooUjn,    W.I. 

Brown.    Bofgs    Co.,    Ltd..    H«mUton,    Can«d». 

Ou.    Blower    &    For«e    Co.,    Kitchener.    Ont 

Ouuda    MaeUnerr    Corp..    Qait,    onu 

Perraoule    .Maclline    Co..    Bridjeton     N  J 

GarUxk-Walker  .Machinerj    Co..   Toronto.   Out 

Wickt^    .t    Co..    «agiiiaw.    Mich. 

A.   B.  Jattllne  &  Co..   Limited,  Hnpeler,  Out 

National    Uaeh;.    Oc,    luria.   Ohio. 

NUeo-Bement-Pond     Co..     New    York 

StoU    Co..    Inc..    D.    H.,    Buffalo.    N.T. 

leledo    Machine    &    Tool    Co..    Tolodo 
9HEARS.    PNEUUMATIC 

Toledo    .Machine    &    Tool   Co..   Toledo.    Ohio. 
SHEETS.     BLACK     AND    GALVANIZED 

M.   &    L.    .Hamu.I.    lienjamin   &  Co.,   Toronto. 
SHEARS,   SQUARING 

Bmwa,    Bocgs    *    Co..    Hamilton.    Canada 

Stoll    Co..    D.    H..    Buffalo.    N.T.       ^"""^ 
SHEET   METALS 

M.    &   L.    Samuel,    Ri-njamin    &    Co.,    Toronto. 
SHEET   METAL   WORK 

C^n.    Rumely   Co..    Toronto.    Ont 
SHEET    METAL    WORKING   TOOLS 

Baird    ilachme   Co.,    Bridgeport.    Conn. 

Bllja.     e.    W..    Co..    Brooklyn,    N.I. 

Brarwn,     Bogm    *    Co.,    Hamlllco.    Canada 

Peck     Stow    &    Wilcox.    Southington,    Conn. 

Steel   Bendmg  Brake  Works,  Ltd..  Chatham.   Ont 

.Stol!    Co.,    D.    H.,    Buffalo,    N.I. 
SHEET  METAL   STAMPINGS 

Dominica    Form   4   Stpg.    Co..    WalkerrlUe.    Onl 
SHEET  METAL  WORKING  MACHINERY 

Stoll    Co.,    Inc..    D.    H.,    Buffalo.    N.Y. 
SHELVING.  STEEL 

Dennis  Wire  &   Iron   Works.  London.  Ontario. 
.SHELL   FINISHING  TOOLS 

National  Tool  Co..  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
SHELL  BANDING  MACHINES, 
HYDRAULIC 

Oarlock-Walker   Machy.    Co..    Ltd..    lorooto,    Ont 

Metalwood    Mfg.    Co..    Detroit.    Mich. 

Pernn     Ltd.,    W.    B..    Toronto,    Ont 

West    Tire    Setter    Co..    Rocheater.    N  Y 
SHELL    PAINTING    MACHINES 

Can.   Blower  *  Forge  Co.,  Kltahenar.  0»t 

Sheldona.   Ltd..   Qalt.   Ont 
SHELL   RIVETERS 

nSS'sJi'fi    S    '"'•<*^.   Co      Brid,.port.    Oobil 

High  Speed    Hammer  Co..   Boctaeater.   N.T. 
SHOP    FURNITURE 

Dennis  Wire  &   Iron   Works,   London,   Ontario. 

New    Brit«m    Mach.    Co..   New   Britafn     C^ 
SIDE  TOOLS 

Anutrong  Broa.   Tool  Co.,  Chicago 

Can.   B.   K.  Morton.  Toronto.  Montreal 

Williams   &   Co..    J.    H..    Brooklj-n     N  T 
SILENT  CHAINS 

Can.    Link-Belt  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont 

Jones    &    Glassco,    Montreal. 
SLEDGES 

Aikenhead   Hardware  Co..   Toronto.   Ont 

SST:-'^"!?  ^   ^""^    Toronto.    Ot>t 

Whltaan  *  Bame.  Mfg.  Co..  St  Catharin«,  Ont 

Wilkinson   &   Kompass.   Hamilton    Ont 
SLINGS.    CHAIN 

■^FW^     ojr    *     ""'"'     ^'     "<■■*"*■     Nl«tan 
SLOTTERS 

Bjtts   Machine   Co,    Rochester,   N.T 

Oarrin  Machine  Co..  New  York. 

National-Acme  Co..   Clorelaad.   Ohio. 

NIlaeBement-Pond     Co..     New    York 

Hhodea  Mfg.   Co..   Hartford.  Conn. 
SMOKESTACKS 

CanadUn    WeMing   Works.    Montreal.    One. 

Marsh    Engineering    Works.    BellevUle,    Ont 
DOCKETS 

Brown   ft  Sharp*  Ufg.  Co.,   ProTideao*. 

Cleieland    Twist    Drill    Co..    Cleveland. 

KOTitone    Mfg.   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.T. 

Modem    Tool    Co.,    Vrls,    Pt. 

MorM  Twist  nrill  ft  Mch.  Co.,  New  Bedford.  Maae 

Rice.  Lewis  &  Son.  Toronto,  Ont 
SOCKET    HEAD    CAP    SCREWS 

ADen    Mfg.    Co..    Hartford.    Oona. 
SOLDERING    IRONS 

Aikenhead    Hardware   Co..    Toronto,    Ont 

Brown,     Bogga    ft    Co.,    HamOton.    Ouada 

Preet-O-Llte   Co.    Inc..    Toraoto.    Oat. 

Rice,    I.*wis    ft    Son.    Toronto.    Ont. 

United    Brass  A   Lead   Ltd.,   Toronte 
SOLDER 

Alkanhead   Hardware  Co.,   Toronte,    Oat 
Rloe.   Lewis  ft  Son,   Toronto,  OnC 
Tallman   Braia  ft   Uttal  O*.,  HaaMaa. 
United    Brass    ft    Lead,    Ltd..    Toroala. 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N    M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


SPEED  REDUCING  GEARS 

Can.    Link-Belt   Co.,   Torooto.   On*. 
Jones    A    Olasaco.    Montreal. 
•PJUNGS,    MACHINERY 

Barnes,    Wallace   Co..    Bristol.    Conn. 

Oan.  Steel   Poundrita,  Ltd..   liaatnal,  Qao. 

Cleveland    Wire   Spring   Co..   Clavalaiict. 

Qarlotk-Walker   .Machinery    Co.,    Toronto     Ont 
Jas.    8uela.    Ltd..    Uu^eh.   Oat 

SPECIAL   MACHINERY 

Batrd   Machine  Ca,    Bi1d«cport,   Cmn. 

Banfleld,    W.    H.,    ft    Sons.    Toronto. 

Beaicr   Engineering   Co..    Montreal.   Que. 

Bertram.   John,   ft   Sana  Co..   Duadaa. 

Bllas.    ■.     W.    Co.,    BrootljrB.    N.I. 

Crescent    Mach:    Co.,    Ltd.,    Montreal. 

J.    C.    Wilson  &   Co..    Belleville,    Ont. 

Cowan    &    Co..    of  Oalt.    Ltd..    Gait.    Onl. 

Brown,    Bocgs    ft    Co..    Hamiltou,     Cau.aa 

Brown    Bngiueenng  Corp.,    Toronto,    unl. 

Can.   Barker  Co..  Sault  Ste.   Maria,  Oat 

Dan.    Rumely    Co..    Toronto,    Ont 

EHliolt    ft    Whitehall    Mach.  ft  Tool  Co..  Gait.  Onl 

Forraeute    Mach.    Ca.    Bridgetoa.    N.J. 

Garlock-Walker   Machinery   Co.,    Toronto.    Ont. 

Garria  Machine  Co..  New  York. 

Ooeley   ft    Ediimd,    Inc..  Conrdand,   N.T. 

John   R,    Hall    ft   Sons,    Brantford. 

Hydraulic  Machy.    Co.,   Ltd.,    Montraal,   Que. 

A.    B.   Jtrdine  ft   Co.,    Hespeler,   Unt 

Natlooal-Acms  0«..   Cleveland.    Ohla 

Mnlllner  ft   Enlund  Tool   Co..  SyraeoM.   N.X. 

Marten    Machine    Co.,    Hamilton,    Ont, 

Reed-Prentice   Co.   Worcester.    Mass. 

Sleeper  ft   Hartley.    Inc.   Woceeator,    Mass. 

Smart-Turner  Machine  Co..  Hamilton,   Ont 

Stoll    Co..    D.    H..    Buffalo,    N.T. 

Victoria   Foundry  Co..   Otuwa,   Ont 

Welland    .Motor    &    Machine    Co..    Wetland     Ont 

Wilson  &  Co.,  J.  C,   Belleville.  Ont. 

WiUlam    R.    Perrln.    Ltd..    Tstosto. 

Windsor  Mach.   ft   Tool  Co..   Windaor.   Ont 
SPECIAL   TOOLS 

-National    Tool   Co.,   Cleveland,   Ohio 

Cleveland    MOling   Machine  Co.,   Cleveland.    O. 
SPRAY  COOLING  EQUIPMENT 

Siira.v    Kugiiieenng   <'o. .    Boston,    Ala'ts. 
SPRING    COILING    AND    WINDING 
MACHINERY 

Baird    Machine    Co.,    Bridgeport.    Conn. 

Oarrin    Machine    Co..    New    York. 

Sleeper   ft   Hartley.    Inc..    Woncster.    Ilaaa. 
SPRING    MAKING    MACHINERY 
(AUTOMATIC) 

Baird    Machine    Co.,    Bridgeport.    Conn. 

Sleeper   ft    Hartley,    Inc..    Worcester.    Maaa. 

SPROCKETS.    CHAIN 

Can    Link-Belt    Co.,    Toronto.    Ont 
Grant   Gear   Works.    Boston,    Maaa. 
Jones    &    Glassco.    Montreal. 
Morae    Chain    Co.,    Ithaca.    N.T. 
Philadelphia   Gear   Works.    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
Wilson  .It  Co.,  J.  C,   Bellevaie,  Ont. 

SPROCKET   WHEELS.    CAST 

Can.    Link-Belt   Co..    Toronto,   Ont. 

Perrln.     Wm.     B.,    Toronto. 

WiLwm   &.Co.,   J.   C,   BelleviUe,   Ont. 
STAIRS.    IRON 

Can.    Weldlne    Works.    Montreal,    Que. 

Canada   Wire  ft    Iron   Goods  Co.,    Hamilton.    Ont. 
STAMPINGS.  SHEET  BRASS,  COPPER, 
ALUMINUM  and  STEEL 

Dom.    Forge    ft    Stamping    Co..    WalkerrlUe,    Ont 

Homer    A    Wilson.    Hamilton.    Ont 

Wentworth   Mfg.    Co..    Hamilton.   Ont 
STAMPING    MACHINERY 

Bllas  Co..    E.    W..   Brooklyn.   NY. 

Brown.     Hoggs    ft    Co..    Hamilton,    Canada 

Canada    Machinery    Corp.,     Gait,     Ont 

Ferracute    Mach.    Co..    Brldgton.    N.J. 

Noble  ft   Westhrook   Mfg.    Co.,    Hartford.   Coaa. 

STAMPS.    STEEL   ALPHABET.    FIGURES 

Matthews.    Jas.    H.    A   Co.,   Hartford.  Conn. 

Pritchard-Aodrews  Co..  Ottawa.  Can. 
STAPLE    MACHINES 

Sleeper  A  Hartley.    Inc..   Worcester,   Mass. 
STARS,    WHITE    IRO.N 

Katie    Foini.lry    Co..    Gait,    Our. 
STEAM    SEPARATORS    AND    TRAPS 

Caa.   Fairbsnks-Moroe  Co.,  Montreal. 

Canadian     Morehea.1    Co.,     Woo<lHtock,     Ont. 

Addons.   Ltd..    Gait.    tnt. 

Hu    Smart-Turner     Machine    Co..     Hamilton. 

STEEL.    CRUCIBLE    TOOL 

Hammond    Steel    Co..    Inc.    Syracuse.    N.T. 

Harvey  A   Co..   Arthur  C,   Boston.    Mass. 

Tlllngworth   Steel   Co..   John.   New   York.   N.T. 

Vulcan    Cmcihle   Steel    Co..    Allqulppa.    Pa. 
STEEL.   CARBON.  FERR0-TUNG8TEN 

Armstrong.   Whitworth   of   Canada.    Montreal.  Que. 

Boker   .t   Co..    Inc..    H  .    Montreal.    Qne. 

Can.   B.   K.   Morton.  Toronto.  Montreal. 

Pirth   A   Sons.    Thos..    Montreal.    One. 

I.atrtyhe    Electric    Steel    Co.,    Latrohe.    Pa 

Vanadium-AIlors    Steel    Co..    Pittsburgh.    Pa. 

Vulcan   CnicIMe   Steel   Co.    Allqulppa.    Pa. 

7.enlth    Coal   A    Steel    Produeta,    Montreal.   Que. 
STREL  CASTINGS 

Joliette   Steel   Co.,    Montreal.    Que. 

Kennedv  A   Sons.    Wm  .    Owen   Ro*md.   Ont. 

fan.     Br.ik.'.sli.te    Co..     Sherhro.>ko.     Que. 

yon  Rcotia  Steel  A  Coal  Co..  New  Olasgnw.  N.8. 

tVwedlsh    Crucible    Steel    Co..    Windsor.    Ont 
STKEL.    COLD    ROLLED 

Can.   Drawn   Steel*  Co. .   Hamilton.   Ont 

Rloe  T.*wl«  A   Son.  Temnto.   Ont. 

Swedish    Steel    A    Imr»irtln«r   Co..    Ltd..    Montreal. 

vnlon    Drawn    Steel    Co..    Hamilton,    Ont 
STREL    DItinMS 

Bmart-Tumer   Machine   Co..   Hamilton.    Ont 


435 


STEEL  DERRICKS 

Pollard   .MfB.   Co.,    .Niagara    Falls,    Ont 
•TBEL    PRESSURE     BLOWERS 
Can.    Blower   ft   Potge   Co,    Kitchener.   Oat 
Oan.    t'airbanks-Monie   Co.,    Montieal. 
■haldons.    Ltd..    Gait.    Ont 

STEEL,    NICKEL 

Firth    ft    Sons,    Thoa..    Montreal.    Que. 

Harvey  ft  Co.,   Arthur  C.  Boston.   Mass 

Vulcan    Crucible    Steel    Co.,    Allqulppa,    Pa. 
STEEL    FORGING     BILLETS 

Andrews   Steel    Co.,    Newport,    Ky. 
STEEL.    HIGH    SPEED 

Armstrong   Whitworth  of   Canada,   Ltd..    Montreal 

Atkini   A    Co..    Wm..    Sheffield.    Kng. 

Kayjor.     IHlison    &    Co..    Lt.l.,    Montreal. 

BoRer  ft   Co..    Inc.,    11.,    Montreal.   Que. 

Can.    Fairbanks-Morse   Co..   Montreal. 

Oan.    B.    K.    Morion,  Toronto.   Montreal. 

H.    A.    Drury  Co.,    Ltd..    Montreal. 

Marshall    A    Co..    Geo.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Firth    A    Sons,    Thos..    Montreal,    Que. 

Hawkridge    Broa.    Co..    Boaton.    Maaa. 

Illiiigworth   Steel  Co..   John,   New   Tork,   NT. 

Latrobe    Eleetrtc    Steel    Co.,    Latrobe.    Pa. 

Plewes,    Ltd..    Wlnniixc.    Man. 

Rice  Lewis  ft  Son.  Toronto,   Ont. 

Standard    Alloys  Company.    Pitisburgh.    Pa. 

Swedish   Steel    ft    Importing   Co.,    Ltd..   Montreal. 

Vanadium- Alloys   Steel   Co..   Pittobargh.   Pa. 

Vulcan  Crucible  Steel  Co..  Allqulppa.  Pa.;  imre- 
sented  in  Canada  by  Norton.  Callatd  ft  Co.. 
Montreal.    Qiie. 

Zenith   Coal   ft    Steel    Products,   Montreal,   Qua. 
STEEL.    GRIT 

Pittsburgh  CruAed  Stad  Co..  Pittibiiitit,  Pa. 
STEEL.  CHROME  AND  MANGANESK 

Joliette   Steel   Co.,    Montreal.   Que. 
STEEL.    OPEN    HEARTH 

lUingworth    Steel    Co..    John.    New    Toi*,    N.I. 
STEEL,    CRUSHED 

Pittaburgh  Cruahed  Sted  Ca,  Plttalmiik,  Pa. 
STEEL  FOR  AXES.  ETC. 

Kays<;-r,   Kllison,  A  Co.,   Ltd.,   Montreal. 
STEEL,    ROCK   DRILL 

Armstrong,  Whitworth  of  Canada.  Montreal,  Que. 
STEEL.  SPECIAL  ELECT.1IC  ALLOT 
Hammond   Steel   Co.,    Inc.,   Syracuse,    N.T. 
STELLITE,    HIGH-SPEED    TOOL   METAL 

Deloro  Smelting  ft   ReHning  Co..  Toronto.   Ont 
STEEL.    STRUCTURAL 

Algoma   Steel  Corp.,  .Sault  Ste.    -Marie,  Ont 
STEEL,     VANADIUM 
Armstrong,   Whitworth   ol    Canada,    Montreal,  Que. 

Drury,    H-    A.,    Co-,    Montreal.   Que. 
Standard    AUoys  Ca.    PitUbuish.    Pa. 

Vanadium-Alloys   Steel  Co..    Pitbburgb,   Pa. 

Vulcan  Crucible  Steel   Co..    Allqulppa,    Pt. 
STOCK    RACKS    FOR    BARS.  PIPING,   ETC. 
Morris    Crane    ft     Hoist     Co.,     Herbert,    Niagara 

Palls,   Ont 
New   Britain   Maenlne  Co.,   Neiw   Britain.   Conn. 

STOCKS.    PIPE 

Battartleld   ft   C.    Bock    Island.    Qua. 

A.  B.  Jardine  ft  Co..  Limited,  Hespeler,  Ont 

Rice.    Lewis  ft  Son,    Toronto,    Ont 

W.Us   Bros.   Co.    of  Canada.   Gait   Ont 

STOOLS.    STEEL.    SHOP 

New   Britain   Machine  Co..   New  BriUln,   Cann. 
STRAIGHTENING    MACHINERY 
Baird    Machinery    Co..    Bridgeport.    Conn. 
Bertrama,    Ltd..    Bdinbursh.    Scotland. 

STRAND 

Page  Sted  &  Wire  Ca,  Adiiaa,  Mich. 

SWITCHES.    RAILWAY 

Can.     Steel    Foundrica.    Ltd.,    MoBtreaL 
TABLES.    SAND-BLAST 

Pangbom   Corporation,   Hagerstown.    Md. 
TACK    (DOUBLE    POINT)    MACHINES 

Sleeper  ft   Hartley.    Inc.,    Woreeatar,   Mass. 
TANKS.    GASOLINE    AND    OIL 

Bowser  ft  Co..    Inc.,   S.    P.,  Toronto,   Ont 

Canadian    Welding    Works,    Montreal.    Que. 

Donunioa    Bridge   Co.,    Montreal,    Quebec. 

Dominion    Forge    ft   Stamping   Co..    Walkemlls. 

MacKinnon   Steel    Co..    Sherbrooke.    Que. 

Marah    tlngineering    Works,    Belleville,   Ont 

St    l..awrence    Welding   Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 

Welding  ft   Supplies,    Ltd.,    Montreal,    Que 
TANKS.    STEEL,    WATER    PRESSURE 

Bowser   A    Co.,    Inc.,    S.    F.,    Toronto,    Oat 

Can.    Welding    Works.    Montreal.    Qos. 

Dominion    Bridge   Co.,    Montreal.   Quebec 

Ooldie    4    McCulloch   Co.,    G«lt,    Ont 

MacGovem    ft   Co.,    Montreal,   Que. 

MacKinnon   Steel    Co.,    Sheibrooke.    Que- 

Maish    Engineering   Works,    Belleville,   Ont 

St    l..awrence   Welding  Co.,    Montreal.   Qua. 

Toronto  Iron  Works,   Ltd..  Toronto. 

Welding  A   Supplies.    Ltd..   Montreal.   Que. 
TANK    WAGONS 

Canadian    Welding    Works.    Montreal.    Que. 

MacKinnon   Steel    Co.,    Sherbrooke.    Que. 

St    Lawrence  Welding  Ca,    .Montreal.    Qna. 

Tortmto  Iron  Works,   Ltd.,  Toroata 

Welding  ft   Supplies,    Ltd.,   Montresl.   Que. 
TAPES.    MEASURING 

James  ChesUrman   ft  Co.,   Ltd.,  Sheffield.   Bag. 

Rice.    I.ewis   ft   Son.    Toronto,   Ont 
TAPPING    MACHINES    (PENUMATIC) 

Cleveland   Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  of  Can.,   Tomnio. 
TAPPING   DEVICES 

The    McCrosky     Reamer    Co..     Meadville.     Pa. 
TAPPING    MACHINES,    BENCH   TYPE 

Biirke    .Machine    Tool    Co..    Conneaut.    O. 
TAPPING    MACHINES    AND  ATTACHMENTS 

Bertram,  .'ufan,  &   Sons   Ca,    Dundss. 


436 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX 


Cuuds    MmehinuT   Coip.,    Qklt.    Out 

0«mn    MutUse    Co.,    New    Turk. 

n»   Otomsuic   Tool    Co..    New    UtTea. 

J.  H.   Hall  *  Sou,   Bimaltord,  UaL 

A.    B.    Janlme   II   Co.,    Uaepeler.   Oat. 

Uadu   MadUne  Co..    WajraeMwra.   Pa. 

Uaaufaetiiran  BqolnBaoc  Oa,  Chlcu*.   HI. 

Modera  Tyui  Co..  kite.  Pa. 

Murchej  Madiine  *  Tool  Ca.  Dotnit 

NUaa-Bcmeni-Fond    Co.,    New    York 

Ri<!ken.aharw   Co..    Kria,    Pa. 

.Vauonal-Acme  Co..  Clenlaad,  Ohio. 

L.  S.  SUiTttt  Co..  Atkol,  Maaa. 

Wblmej   Mf».   Co..    UartfoH     i'obh 
Bickurfl -Thomas    Co..    areenfidd,    Maaa. 
81.  Louii  Maeh.  Tool  Co..  8t  Louia. 
TAPPING  CHUCKS  ^^ 

St   Loula  Mach.   Tool  Co..  8t  Ijoaia, 
TAPS.     ADJU8TABLB 

?*?"'  i^-  ^'^-  ■••  ^-  Montreal.  Quai 
Bo»cr  ft   Ca,    Int.    n  ,    Montreal.   Que 
Buttertleld  A  Cot.  Roek  laland.  Que. 
geometile  Tool  Co..   .New  Haren. 
Manofaetsren   EQulpnent   Co.,   Chlea<«    OL 
Modem   Tool   Co..    Brie.    Pa. 
MurrheT  Machine  A   Tool   Co..   Detralt 
V  li-to'   Tocl    Ca     Wa.Tn«ibon>.    Pa 
TAPS,    DIES    AND    WRENCHES 
Butterfleld  A   Co..    Roc»   laland.  Qua. 
Can.    Palitanka-Moraa   C&,   lloBtraal. 
Cleieland    Twiit    Drill    Co..    aeeeland. 

S^'ifS,  ^°?  ^"i'-  *  '"'»"'  <^  ■  Montreal. 
Oeometrtc  Tool  Co..  New  Baren. 
A.    B.    Jardlne  A   Co..    Heapeler,   Ont. 
Landts    .Machine   Co.,    WaTSesboro.   Pa. 
Morae  Twi^t   nrill  *  Mch   Co..  .\pw   Bedford,  Slaat 
HOrchF;   Machine  A   Tool   Ca.   Detralt 
Pratt  A    Whitoej   Co.,    Diindaa,   Ont 
Rtee,   Lewta  A  Son,   Tomato.   Ont 
L.  a.   SUrrett  Co.,  Athol,  Man. 
^u'n™*>.^'l^''5  ^"J'   Bldg.,  Toronto,   Ont. 
T^p"  El^lNil^ONS*'"*'''    *'•"■   '^^ 

Ti;i"E51¥R^°Cro"5S""^-  *=<»-■ 

Walton  Co..  Thf.    HartfoM.   Conn. 
TRERMOMETERS.   INPirSTRIAL 

Tavlor   iTHtnmmt  Co..   RochMter,   N,T. 
THERMOMETERS.    ENGRAVED 
-X'Utl. '"''"'"""'    Co..   Rodiester.   N.T, 
J2^«^j,';METERS.  TEMPERATURE  AND 

Tav!.>r    IiKinimfnt   Co..    Rnch<«ter,   NT 
THERMOMETERS.   RECORDING   AND 
INDEX 

Kn.rol    Co..    WaterI)niT.    Conn..    U.S.A. 
«,™_?'   I'M"""""'  Co..    Rncheater.  N.T. 
TESTING    INSTRITMENTS 
MFTAI.I.IIRGICAI, 

Shore    Inatnimrnl    A    Mtt.    Or.,   New   Tork   CIIt 
TESTING     I.ARORATORIE8  ' 

Can     Inwcticn    *    Tp«flT,«    Ijih..    Montreal,    <>i. 

Tirnntn    Te»-fiir    I.ahoratorr     Toronto 

THREAn-ri'TTmc    MACHINES 
S.'-.  ''•'*"'k»-Mo'»  Co..   Montreal. 
?':^^*™'^,"J^  ''"•     Bridreport.  Conn. 
OaHorkWalker   MachT.    Co..    Ud      iw^mia    Oni 
Oeometric  Too?  r„..   v,w  Rar™        '^"^**''    *"' 

Landl.  MaehhiF  Co.,   W«»ni»hom    Pa 
N.Monal-A<me  Co.,   Clereland.   Ohio. 

Natlona!      MjirhT.     rn..     Tifin       Ohio 

Pratt   A    Whltner  Co..   Dimdaa,   Ont 
T^REaS?Ug'^T0'?,l''8""'"   "•"•  *^ 

^|rr-''*"-vf£i"4e,'^co.'^Krn'trbn':' 

Vvllliama    A    Co.,    J.    H,,    BrooHm     NT 

Ti"«.-An  Mir  r.iNG  macStnes        " 

Taft-I'lerce    Mfy,    Co,,    New    Tork,    N,T, 
wn»neT-nen»»ral   Co..    Inc      Rut   CItT     Ul,d* 

THREAD   MILIING   CtTT^ERS  ^' 

^".V;;"^'  J"^''Ji°-   Clculand.   Ohio. 

THUMB   SCREWS    AND   NUTS 
r^r.'jl"    fo'ind'.  A    PorrloB..   Ltd..   Wella»l,   Omt 

TmsAT^VWoiS-  ""^"'-  " '• 

TI^PrATE"^    *    '"■■    """•"»•    '^ 

T}'RE*BEND^i"^-    ""■'*"""   *  '"'■■   ^'•'•^^■ 
-.l.J'^JLlIlIlr"  *  ''"•     '■''""•^.  HxTOler,  Ont 
SL^^V^^'^-  ^^f^^^'^.  HYDRAULIC 

William    R.    Perrln     l,M  .    Toronto. 

»^^,'  V.'X  '^"•'  ^-   R«*«at«r.   N.T. 
TOOL    HOI.DRrS 

Alkenhead  Hardware  Co..  Toronto,  Oat 

CIeT.l.n'1   Twi«t    PHTl   Co..   Clereland 

Armatronr  Bm«    Tool  Co.,   Cblcaco. 

Can.    B.    K     Morton     Torrmtn     Montreal. 

r>.ior„  "iTn.i'inr  »   ReOnior  Co.    Toronto.   Ont 

Gl^holt    Mar^itae    Co..    M,dl«on.    WU. 

Modem  Tool  Co..   IWe,    Pa. 

Pratt   A    Whltner  Co,     Drmdaa.    Ont 

RIe.     Uwl.   *    Son,    Toroatn,   Ont 
_"^"'»""    *    '"o..    3     H..    Brooklyn.    N.T. 
TOOL    CARFIk 

Meelianio'     Tool     Ca«»     Co.,     Toronto,     Ont 

Ri/»     L.WU   A    Son.    Toronto.   Oot 

r,<i^   To-.'  n,^.   rr„,|„    Rocheatar,  N,I. 
TOOLS.  LUMBERING 

Tli'«.    I'iuk   A   Co.,    I'cmtjTOke,   Ont. 
TOOL    POSTS.    LATHE 

Arwwtrona    Broa.  Tool   Co.,   Cbleaco, 

Winianw   A  Co..  J     H..    Brooklyn.   N.T. 
TOOL    ROOM    PARTITIONS 

Canada   wire  A   Iron   Goodi  Co..   Hamlltoa. 
TOOL    STEEL 

Arm.Toni    Whiiworth.  Ltd.  o*  Oaoada.  MeatiMi 

Atkhrt   A   Co.,    Wm..    Bhetrield.    En« 

Boker   A    fo      l„r      Tl       Mootr^il.   Qne. 

Can.    Pairt>ank>-Mor>r  Co..   Montreal. 

Can.    B.    K     Morton    Toronto.    Montreal. 

Deloro  8a»ltini  A   ReHninc  Co..  Toronto,   Ont 


General   Steel  Co,,    .Milwaukee,    Wis, 
U.  A.  Omry  Co.,  Montreal. 
Pirth  &  Sona,   Thoa,,   Montreal,   Que. 
Hammond    Steel    Co.,    Inc.    Syracuse,    N.T. 
Harrey  A  Co.,  Arthur  C.   Boaton.   Maaa. 
HawktMge   Bnx.    Co..    Boaton,    Maaa. 
Latrofaa    Bleetrio   Steal    Co.,    Latrobe,    Pa. 
Matnball    A    Co..    Qeo..    Toronto,    Ont 
Rice.    Lewla   A    Son,    Toronto,    Ont. 
TanadiumAUoya  Steel  Co,,   Ptttabutfb,  Pa, 
Tulcan   Crucible  Steel  Co.,   Allquippa.   Pa. 

TOOLS,   BLACKSMITHS' 

A.  B.  Jardlne  A  Co.,  Ltanitad,  Reapalor.  Ont 

Rice,    Lewis   A    Son,    Toronto.    Ont. 
TOOLS.    ADJUSTABLE    BORING 

Tlie    Kell,v    ileamer  Co.,    Clereland,   O, 

TOOLS,    ELECTRIC 

Independent    I'neumntic  Tool  Co.,  Chlcato,   lU 
Stow  Mtg,  Co.,  Binshamton,  N,T. 
A.   R.  WIlHama   Machinery  Co.,  Toronti,. 
United  State!  Elec.  Tool  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

TOOLS.  FORMING 

Davidson  Tool    .Mfg.   Co.,   New  Tork,   N.T. 

TOOLS,    PNEUMATIC 

Can.    InseTKoll-Rand    Co.,    Moatr«al.    Que. 

Clereland  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  of  Canada,  Toroot* 

Curtis   Pneumatic   Machinery  Co.,   St,    Louia,   Mo. 

Oatlock' Walker   Machinery  Co.,    Toronto,    Ont 

Independent   Pneumaiic  Tool  Co.,   Chicago,   fU. 
TOOLS,   LATHE,   PLANER,  8LOTTBK 

Amutrong  Broa.  Tool  Co.,  Chleacn. 

Oi.'iholt   .Machine  Co.,    Madison,    Wla. 

Wllliama  A  Co.,  J,   H.,  Brooklyn,  N,T. 
TOOLS,   SCREW    MACHINE 

Poater  Machine  Tool  Co..   Elkhart.   Ind. 
TOOLS,    THREAD    CUTTING 

Rirctr    Lathp    &    Grinder    Co.,    Boatxjn.    Maaa. 
TORCHES.    STEEL 

Armstrong.  Whltwortb    of   Canada.  Ltd  .  Montraa) 

Preat-0-Lit«  Co..   Inc.,   Toronto.   Ont. 

TRACK,  PORTABLE  STEEL 

Morris    Crane    A     Hoist    Ca,     Heilwrt,     Niagmrs 
Palls,   Ont 
TRACK    SYSTEMS 
■Morris    Crane    A     Hoist    Co..     Herbert,     Nianai, 

Falls,   Ont 
Northern   Crane  Worka,   WalkerrUle, 
Whiting  Fonndry  EQUipment  Co..  Harrey,   TIL 
TRANSFORMERS 
MacGovem    A    Co.,    Montreal,    Que. 

TRADE  MARKS 

Wni.     P,    MoFpat,    Power    Bldg,,    Montl^al. 

TRANSMISSION    MACHINERY 

Americsn    PMlIey   Co..    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
A.   It.  WilHaras  Machinery  Co..   Toronto. 
Can.    Link-Belt    Co.,    Toronto,    Ont, 
Can.   Fairhanks-Morae  Co.,  MontreaL 
Can,   Drawn  Steel  Co..  Hamilton.  Ont 
Corentry  Chain    Co..   Corentry,    ETncIand. 
Hamilton  Gear  A  Machine  Co.,  Toronto. 
.Tone."    A    01ss«co.    Montreal. 
Kennedy  A   Sons,   Wm..   Owen  flonnd.   Ont, 
Mor«e  Chain  Co..  Tthaea     V  T 
.1.   C.    Wilson   A   Co..    BellevUlc.    Ont. 
The  Smart-Turner   Mar-hine  Co.,   Hamilton 

TRANSMISSION    ROPE 

MacKinnon  Steel  Co.,  Ltd..  ftherlrrooke.  Que, 
Witeon  A  Co.,  J,  C„   Belleville,  On*. 
TRANSMISSION    TOWERS 

Curtis  Pneumatic   Machlnerr  Co.,  8t    Lonii.    Wo 
OoTolnlon    Bridge   Co.,   Montreal.    Quefcec 
Vorthem    Crane  Works.   WalkerrUle, 
Tsttman    P-«M   A   Metal   Co.,    TlamlVon 

TKAPfl.   STEAM 
Canadian   Morehoad  Mfg.   Co..  Woodalock,  Out. 

thoi.lfys 

Morris  Crane  A   Hoist  Co..   Ltd..  Herbert,  Niagara 

Falls.    Ont, 
Wright   Mfg    Co..   Lisbon.   Ohio. 

TRrCKS.   FACTORY,   FRFTGHT,   ETC. 

Canada    Machinery    Com.,    Gait.    Ont 
Oamnan   T>onWe   p.ii»   BesHng  Co     ToTonto- 
Cowan    A  Co..    of   Gait.   Ltd.,    Gait,   Ont 
Rice.    Lewis   A    Son,    Toronto.    Ont. 
Whitlnff    Foi.n'trT    FquipToent    Co.    Harrey,    HI 

TRUCKS.    LITMBER    AND    KILN 

Uh.t/tona     T.td  .    Gait.    Ont. 

Swedish    Steel    A    Tmrtortlnir    Co..    Ltd.,    Montreal, 
Vorthem    Crane   Wo-ks,    Walkerrfne, 
TUBTNG,  8FAMT  FSfl,   BRASS  ft  COPPER 
standard    T'the    A    Fenoe    Co,,    Wo«»dstook.    Or** 
Tallman    Brass    and    Metal    Ca,.    Hamnton.   Ont- 

TtmiNG   roiLFRS.   FIETTBI.E  MFTAT 

ttmoaid    M*<r     Co.,    T     R,      A«hS>nmham,    Majw 
Sleeper    A    TTarttey,     Toe.,    Woreester      Maaa. 

TTTVCSTTV   FILAMENT  COILING 
MACHINERY 

nteener   A    TTartler     Tnc,    Worcester.    Maaa. 

TURRET    MACHINES 

Brown    A    Sharpe   Mfg,    Co,,    Prwrldenee 
Oarlork-Watker   Machinery   Co..   Toronto,    Ont. 
Vew    RHI.tn    Mschlro    To       V»w    TIHtriln      foi.n. 
t>....     t     .,-m._„       rr. ...._,      n^„ 

TUHRINPS.    HORIZONTAL 

Wilson  A  Co..  ,T,   C,   Bellerille,  Ont 
TITWBO   GFNFRATOR   UNITS 

MacOorem     A     Co.,     Moritreal.     One. 
Wiener   A    Qwasey     Clereland     O. 
narrtn     M«em,.r     r^o.       Vew    V"-V 
nir*.«M*     \r.,eV<nr^     r%.«v,t      Petrnit       Mich 

TURRET  TOOL   POSTS 

MeCrosky   Reamer  Co.,    Meadville,   Pa. 
TURNBUCKLES 
Oanada   Poundriea  A    Forginga,  Ltd,.  Welland.  Ont 
Rice.    Lewla   A    Son,    Toronto.    Ont 


TURNTABLES 

Can.   Link-Belt  Co.,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Morris     Crane     A     Hoist     Co.,     Herbert,     .Niagara 

Falls,    Ont 
WUtlnc  Foundry  Equipment  Co.,  Harrey,  lU. 
UPSETTING  AND  BENDING 
MACHINERY 

Tahn    Bertram    A    Bona    Co.,    Dundaa 
Brown.    Bogga  Co.,    Ltd.,    Hamilton,    Canada 

Qarlock-Wallter   ilachinery   Co.,   Tortmto.   Ont. 

A    B.  Jardina  A   Co,,    Heapeler,   Ont 

MatioDal   Machy.    Co.,   TUTin,    O. 

Canada   Machinery   Corp,,   Oalt,   Ont 

NUea-Bement-Pond  Co.,  New   York. 

A.   R.   WiUlama  Uaehy.  Co.,  Toronta 
VALVES 

Pratt   A   Cody    Co.,    Inc..    Hartfoid,    Conn. 
VALVE   LEATHERS 

Can.   B.   K.  Morton,  Toronto,  Montreal. 

Oraton  A  Knight  .Mfg.  Ca.   Montreal. 
VALVES,    PRESSURE,    REGULATING    AND 
KKDUCING 

Foster    EngiiiMring   Co.,    Newark,    N,J. 
VALVE    GRINDERS    (PNEUMATIC) 

Clardaod  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  of  Canada,  Toronto 
VALVES.    PRESSURE    RELIEF 

Poster    F.ngineering   Co.,    Newark,    N.J. 
VALVES.  FOOT 

Smart-Turner  Ma«hlne  Co.,    Hamilton,   Ont. 
VALVES,   BACK   PRESSURE 

Foster    Kngineering  Co.,    Newark,    N.J. 
VALVES,    HYDRAULIC 

Metalwood   Mfg,   Co..   Detroit.   Mich. 
VALVES,    ATMOSPHERIC    RELIEF 

Foster    Engineering  Co.,    Newark,    N,J. 
VALVES.  FLOAT 

Foster    Kngineering   Co.,    Newark.    N.J. 
VANADIUM   STEEL 

J.    F.    A.    Comiilcdt,   New  York   City,   .N.Y, 
VENTILATING    APPARATUS 

Brantford  Oren  A  Back  Co,,  BiauUotd,  Ont 

Can,   Blower  A   Forge  Co,,    KiLclitroer,   dm 

Sheldons,    Limited,    Oalt,    Ont. 

A-    R.   Williams  Machy.   Co.,  Toronto. 
VISE   STANDS,   PORTABLE 

New  Britain   .Machine  Co..   .New   Britain,   Ooun. 

Wmiama  A  Co..  J.  H.,   Brooklm.   N.T, 
VISES.    BENCH 

Alkenhead    Hardware  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont. 

Becker   Milling  Machine  Co.,    Boston.   Mass 

The  Geo.    F,   Fnos   Mchy.  A  Supply  Co.,  .Montreal 

Naw   Britain   Machine  Co,,   New   Brluin,   Conn, 
VISES.    PIPE 

AlkaoliaAd  Hardware  Co,.  Toronto,  Ont 

Buuemeid    A   Co,,    Rock    laland.    Que. 

WolU   Broa,    Co.    of  Canada.    Gait,   Ont 

J.   R.   wnilama  A  Co.,   Brooklyn,  N.T. 

VISES,    PLANER    AND   SHAPER 

Alkenhead   Hardware  Co.,   Toronto,   Ont, 
Skinner  Chuck  Co,,   New   Britain,   Conn. 

WASHER    MACHINES 
National   Machy.    Co..   Tiffin,    Ohio. 

WASHERS 
Bamea,   Wallace,   Co,.    Briatt^,    Conn. 
Qreton    A    Knight    Mfg.    Co.,    WonN..ter,    Maaa. 
Leather  Products  of  Canada,   Hamilton,  Ont 
London    Bolt    A    Hinge    Works.    L(>o<lun,    Out 
Steel    Co.   of  Canada,   Ltd.,   Hamilton,   Ont 

WASTE 
United    Brass   A    I,cad    I/td..    Toronta 
Wilkinson    A    Komoasa.   Hamilton.    Ont 
Wood  Turret  Machine  Co.,  Brazil,  Ind 
PnTlan.    K..    Toronto.    Ont. 

WATER-INTAKE  SCREENS 

Can.    Link-Belt   Co.,   Toronto.   Ont. 

WATER    CINDER    MILLS 

Whiting    Fonndry    Ikiuipment   Co.,    Harrey.    Ill 
WATER    JACKETS 

Can.   Welding  Worka,    Montreal,   Que. 
WATER    TOWERS 

Toronto   Iron    Works,    Ltd,.    Toronta. 

WELDING,    ELECTRIC.    SPOT.    BUTT,    ETC. 

St.    Lawrence   Welding   Co.,    Montreal,   Que, 

WELDING  MASKS 

Strong.    Kennard   A   Nutt  Co.,   Olereland,    Ohio. 
WELDERS.    ELECTRIC,    SPOT. 
BUTT.    ETC. 

Tabor   Mfg.   Ca,   Philadelphia,   Pa, 
WELDING  RODS  AND  MTIRE 

Page   Steel    A   Wire   Ca,   Adrian.   Mich. 
WELDING.    WORK    AND    SUPPLIES 
(Aotogenoua    and    Oxy- Acetylene)    aeo    OXT- 
ACETYLENE 
WHEELS.  SPROCKET  AND  TRACTION 

Can.    Link-Belt   Co.,    Toronto,   Ont. 

WHEEL  TRUEING  TOOLS 

Anderson  A  Co.,  of  Canada,  Geo.,  -Montreal,  Quo. 
Wheel    Tnieing    Tool    Co.,    Wlndaor,    Ont 

WINCHES 

John    H,    Hall   A   Sona,   Brantford. 
KenneriT    A    Son,    Wm,.    Ow.n    Sound     Ont 
M.    Beatt.v    &    Son.s,    Ltd.,    Welland.    Ont. 
Marsh    Kngineering    Works.    Belleville,    Ont- 
Morrls     Crane    A     Hoist    Co.,     Herbert,     Niagara 

Falls,    Ont. 
Northern   Crane  Worka,   Walkerrllle. 

WIPERS,   COTTON   AND  WOOL 

Pullan,   E, ,  a)  Msud   St,.   Toronto 

WIRE.  ASBESTOS.  INSULATED 

D.    &    W.    Fuse   Co.,    Proridencc,    K.l. 


I 


December  26,  1918 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


437 


WIRE  COILING  AND   POINTING 
MACHINERY 

Balrd    Machine  Co.,    Brldfeitort.    Oonn. 

F.   B.    iitauiiwr  Co.,   New    Uirea.   Ucoa. 

Sleeper  &    UartleT.    Ine .   Woreeeter,   ilaai. 
WIRE    CLOTH    AND    PERFORATED 
METALS 

Centila  Wire  A   Iron  QotxiM  Co..  HamOUa. 

I'aBf  Seel   &    Wire   Co..   New  York,  N.T. 
WIRE    FORMING    AND 
STAMPING    MACHINERY 

Balrd    .Machine  Co..   Bndieport,   OonB. 

Brown.    Ilijcga  Co.,   Ltd..    Hamilton,  Ou«da 

F,    B.    Shuitei   0«.,  New   HaTen,   Conn. 
WIRE   NAILS 

I'aue  9  eel  &    Wire   Co.,  New  York,  N.Y. 

Parmenler  A    Hnlloch   Co.,   Gananoque. 

Steel    Co.    of    C^anada.    Ltd..    Uamilton.    Ont. 
WIRE  NAIL   MACHINERY 

National    .M«rh<     On.     TlfTtn     Ohio. 

Sleeper   &    Hartley,    Inc.,    Worcester,    .Mass. 

Page  Seel   A    Wire  Co.,   New    York,   N.Y 
WIRE    SPRING 

Pase  Pteel    A    Wire   Co..   Adrian,    Mich. 
WIRE  SILVER  STEEL 

Kajscr,   Elltfon,  &  Co..   Ltd.,  Montreal. 
WIRE    STEEL.    BRASS.    COPPER,    BRONZB 

Page    Steel    A   Wire  Co.,    New   York. 

Steel   Co.    of  Canada,   Ltd.,    Hamilton.    Ont 
WIRE  RAILS 

Sleeper  A  Battler,   Inc.,  Worewtar.  Uaaa. 


WIRE.   MUSIC 

Boker  &   Co.,   Inc.,  H.,    Montreal,  Que. 
WIRE    DRAWING    MACHINES 
WIRE   FENCE   MACHINES 

Blashlll    Wire   .\lachlne17   Co.,    Montreal.  Que. 
Blashlll    Wire   Machinery   Co..   Montreal,   Que. 

WOOD    BORING    MACHINES 

Canada   .Vlachinerr   Corp.,    Oalt.   Ont 

Cowan   &   Co..    of  Oalt,   Ltd.,    Gait.   Ont. 

ClerelaDfi  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  01   uanaua,  TaroDtn. 

Oarlook-Walker   Machinery   Co.,   Toronu),   Ont. 
WIRE    STRAIGHTENERS    AND    CUTTBRS 

Baird   Machine  Co.,    Bridg(«>ort.   Conn. 

Brown,    HuKca  Co,,   Lid,,    UamiltoD,  Canada. 

F.    B.    Shuater  Co.,   New   Uaien,   Conn. 

Sleeper  A    Hartley,    Inc..   Woroaater.    Uaaa. 
WORKS   STANDS,    PORTABLE 

New    Brllaln    Mach.    Co..   New    Britain.   Oaan. 
WRENCH.   CHUCKS 

Thomas  Elerator  Co.,  Chicago,  IIL 
WRENCHES 

Wllllama   A   Co.,   J.    H.,    Brooklyn,   N.Y. 

Armstrong   Bros.    Tool    Co.,    Chicaco,    ill. 

Butterdeld    A   Co..    Rock    Island,    Que. 

Canada   Foundries  A    Fonlnci.  Ltd.,  Welland,  Ont 

Keystone   .Mfg.    Co.,    BulTalo,    N,T. 

Wells   Bros,   of  Canada,   Oalt,   Ont. 

Whitman  A  Barnes  Mfg.  Co..  St    Catharines.  Oat 
WOODWORKING    MACHINERY 
Preston    WwKlworking   Madiine   Co.,   Preston,   Ont 

Canada  Machinery   Corp.,   Ualt,   Onu 


Can.    Falrbanka-IlorM  Co..  Mantntl. 

Can.    Ingeraoll-IUnd    Ca,    8kei1>took«,    Qua. 

Fox  Mae&mo  Co.,  Jaekam,   Ml*. 

Oarlock'Ualker   Marli>iicr>    Co..   Turonio.   Onl. 
Cowan   A   Co.,    ij   Halt,    I. Id,,    flalt,   Ont. 
N«w   Bnuu   Machmr  Co.,   .New   Bniam.   Co». 
Sileer  Mtg.    Co.,   tialem,   Ohio. 
A.    R.    Williams   Machy.    Co.,   Toronto. 
WOVEN    STEEL    PARTITIONS 
PaBe  .Steel  A   Wire  Co.,  Adrian.  Mieh. 

WORK   GLOVES 

Hickory   .SU-.  I-fViip   (llwe    Co.,   Chicago,    III. 

WRENCHES,  AUTOMOBILE  NAKROH 
JAW  AND  MONKEY 

Bemls  A  Call  Hdwe.  A  Tool  Co..  Springfleld.  Hut 

Whitman  A  Barnes  Mfg.  Co..  St   Catharines.  Onl 
WRENCHES.  PIPE,  MONKEY.  TAP 

Alkenhead  Uaidwart  Ca.   Toronto,   Ont 

Bemla  A  Call  Udwe.  A  Tool  Co..  Sprm(fleld.  MaK. 

Peck,    8tow    &    Wilcox    To..    Southmgt4m,   Coon. 

Rice  Lewis  A  Son.  Totmts,  Oat. 

Wells   Bros,   of  Canada.   Ualt,   unt 

Whitman  A  Bamn  Mfg.  Co..  St   Cathartaea,  Ont 

Williams   A    Co.,    J.     II..    Brooklyn.    .N.Y. 

Bemia  A  Call  Hdwe.  &  Tool  Co.,  ai.Tin«ll<Id,  Mass 

Keystone    Mfg.    Co..    Buffalo,    N.I. 
WRENCHES.   SOCKET 

Allen    Mtg.    I'o       Hartford.    Cemn. 

Sleeper  A    Hsrtley.    Inc.,    Worcester,    Mass 

A.    R.    Williams   Machy.    To..    Toronto 

William«    ft    Co       I      H.,    Brooklyn,    N.T. 
WRFNCHFS.    SCREW 

Fittings,    Ltd.,    Oshawa,    Ont 


ADVERTISING  to  be 
"^^  successful  does  not  neces- 
sarily have  to  produce  a  basket- 
ful of  inquiries  every  day. 

The  best  advertising  is  the 
kind  that  leaves  an  indelible, 
ineffaceable  impression  of  the 
goods  advertised  on  the  minds 
of  the  greatest  possible  number 
of  probable  buyers,  present  and 
future. 


Don't  Keep  It -Sell  It 

If  you  have  a  lathe 

a  drill 

a  milling  machine 

a  planer 

a  chain  block 

a  chuck 

a  motor 

a  crane 

a  stock  of  belting 

an  engine 

a  compressor 
or  any  other  machine  shop  equipment  for 
which  you  really  have  no  further  use,  why 
not  turn  it  into  cashf 

Someone  may  be  looking  for  just  the  ma-. 
chine  you  may  want  to  sell.  Let  us  bring  you 
together. 

A  "classified"  ad.  in  CANADIAN  MACHIN- 
ERY, costing  a  few  cents  per  issue,  has  done 
wonders  for  others.    Why  not  tr>'  it? 

Turn  to  the  "Classified"  section  in  this  issue 
and  see  what  is  being  offered  and  what  is 
wanted  at  present. 

CANADIAN    MACHINERY 

Clamaifimd  Advwrthing  Section 
143-153  University  Avenue  TORONTO,  ONT. 


When  Writing  Advertisers  Please 
Mention  Canadian  Machinery^  i  < 


438 


CANADIAN     MACHINERY 


Volume  XX. 


WE  are  proud — and  we  believe  justly  proud — of  the  part  of  the  Steinle  24"  Full 
Swing  Side  Carriage  Turret  Lathe  has  played  in  helping  to  win  the  war.  We 
sent  this  machine  over  the  top  first  in  the  production  of  Liberty  motor  cylinders, 
155  mm.  shells,  field  artillery  wheel  hubs,  and  many  other  parts  required  in  various 
classes  of  material  used  to  prosecute  the  war.    We  have  been  on  a  100%  war  footing. 

Now  we  are  ready  to  send  it  over  the  top  again.  This  time  on  a  100%  peace  footing, 
helping  the  Canadian  industrial  manufacturer  and  Canadian  farmer  by  turning  out  parts 
entering  into  the  construction  of  a  wide  range  of  mechanical  equipment  required  in 
industrial  and  agricultural  enterprises. 

This  machine  was  originally  designed  during  peace  times  as  a  general  purpose  high 
duty  turret  lathe,  and  it  has  an  enviable  lecord  as  a  producer  on  industrial  and  rail- 
road work. 

Send  us  drawings  of  tractor  parts,  such  as  cylinders,  where  cast  singly,  pistons,  piston 
rin^,  transmission  cases,  differential  housings,  axle  housings,  hubs,  transmission  gears ; 
stationary  and  marine  gas  engine  parts,  such  as  pistons,  rings,  fly  wheels,  gear  blanks, 
etc.;  locomotive  parts,  such  as  wrist  pins,  knuckle  joint  pins,  valve  motion  pins,  brake 
hanger  pins,  washers  and  collars  of  the  larger  sizes,  air  pump  pistons,  rings  and  heads, 
piston  valves,  bull  rings  and  followers,  small  size  pistons  and  rings,  or  any  piece,  such 
as  castings  of  any  kind  of  material  up  to  21  in  diameter  that  require  boring,  facing,  or- 
turning  operations;  forgings  requiring  similar  operations,  or  large  pieces  that  it  is 
desired  to  make  from  bar  stock. 

Our  engineering  department  will  gladly  furnish  production  estimates  on  pieces  shown 
on  drawings  furnished. 

There  are  reasons  why  the  Steinle  24  Full  Swing  Side  Carriage  Turret 
Lathe  is  ahead  of  all  others  in  the  economical  and  accurate  production 
of  many  classes  of  work.  We  will  give  these  reasons  in  future  advertise- 
ments in  this  Journal.   Watch  for  them.   They  will  be  interesting  to  you. 

STEINLE  TURRET  MACHINE   COMPANY 

MADISON,  WUcon«in,  U.S.A. 


December  26.  1918 


CANADIAN  xM  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


439 


St.    I^wrencv   Welding   Co 13 

St.    IxmiM    Machine   Tool    Co 178 

Swedish    Crucible   Steel    Co.    ...  376 

Swediah    Gautre  Co 66 

Swedish   Steel    A    ImportinK   Co.  120 

Superior  Comndum    Wheel   Co..  328 
iHandard  Machinery  &  Supplies. 

Ltd 367-370 

T 

■l"aber    MfK.    Co 362 

Taft-Peirce   Co 412-413 

Tallman  Braaa  &  Metal  Co 130 

Taylor,    J.    A.    M 880 

Taylor-Forbes     Co.,     Ltd 299 

Taylor     Instrument    Co 411 

Thomas   Elevator   Co 340 

Thwinjf   Instrument  Co.    ...377,  400 

Toomey.    Frank    304 

Toledo    Machine      A      Tool    Co., 

The    139 

Tolland     MfB.     Co..     Ltd 139 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS 

Continued  from  page  442 


Toronto    Iron    Works    90 

Toronto  Testing      Laboratories  377 

Toronto    Tool     Co 378 

Trahern   Pump  Co 181,   280B 


U 


Union    Carbide   Co 138 

Union    Drawn    Steel    Co 376 

United  Brass  &  I,ead  Co.    ...371-37r, 
United     States     Electrical     Tool 

Co 400 

United  Hammer  Co 377 

Universal    Borins:    Machine    Co.     84 
United    States    Silica    Co 39 


Vanadium    Alloys    Steel    Co.    .  .86-ST 

Victor  Saw  Works 857 

Victor  Tool  Co 106 

Victoria    Foundry    Co 416 


Volta    Mfg.    Co 

Voorhees    Rubber    Co. 

W 


102 
147 


Wallace    Bench    Planer    Co.     . .  326 

Walcott    Lathe    Co 193,    367 

Walton  Co.,  The 306,  394 

Washburn    Shops     165 

Waterous    Engine    Works    Co. . .  80.5 

Western    Tool    Co 823 

Wells     Bros.     Co.,     of     Canada, 

Ltd 884 

Welding  &  Supplies 81 

Welland    City    , 100 

Wentworth  Mfg.  Co 877 

West   Tire   Co 93 

Wheel    Trueing    Tool    Co 116 

Whitcomb-BIaisdell  Mfg.  Co..  192 
Whitney  Mfg.  Co.,  W.  A.  ...  112 
Whiting  Foundry   &   Equipment 

Co 876 

Whitehead  &  Sons,  W.  T 808 


Whitman   A   Barnes  Mfg.  Co...  892 

Whiton  Machine  Co..  D.  E ST7 

Wickes    Bros 38$-887 

Wilkinson    A    Kompass    378 

WillUms  A  Co..  J.  H 160 

Williams    A    Wilson    1T-Z2A 

Williams    Tool    Co 280 

Williams    Machinery    Co..     Ltd.. 

A.    R 271-282B 

Wilt  Twist  Drill  Co 109-110 

Wlllson   A  Co..  T.   A.    377 

Windsor  Machine  A  Tool  WkB.86-87 

Wing    A    Son,    J.    E 352 

Winnipeg  Iron  Foundry  Co....  IVJ 
Wisconsin    Electric  Co 

98,     99,     189.     827 

Wood  Turret  Machine  Co 852 

Worth  Eng.  Co 800 

Wright  Mfg.  Co I7«.   350 

Z 

Zenith    Coal    A    Steel    Co 377 


Advertising  makes  for  better  merchandise — 

Not  only  does  advertising  create  a  good  impression  regard- 
ing the  merchandise  advertised  but  it  MAKES  FOR 
BETTER  MERCHANDISE.  There  are  added  responsi- 
bility and  written-printed  claims  to  substantiate. 


TOOL  GRINDING 

CHART 

Showing  clearance  and  rake  angles  for  cutting  tools.  17  x  27^  inches,  printed 
in  two  colors  on  heavy  manilla  stock. 

A  splendid  thing  for  any  tool  room.  One  large  engineering  firm,  in  acknow- 
ledging this  chart,  stated  that  they  would  like  two  additional  copies  as  they 
intended  adopting  it  as  standard  in  their  tool  room. 

We  would  like  these  charts  placed  in  every  shop  in  the  Dominion  and  if  there  is 
not  one  in  YOUR  tool  room,  write  for  your  copy  at  once.    IT'S  FREE. 

CANADIAN  MACHINERY, 

153  University  Avenue,  Toronto. 
Please  send  "t  free,  one  of  your  tool  grinding  charts. 

Signed 

Firm  Name 

St.  Address , 

City 

Prov 


440 


C  A  N  A  D  I  A  N     M  A  C  H  I  N  E  R  Y 


Volume  XX 


Automatic  Internal  Grinders — Hand  Operat- 
ed and  Full  Automatic  Radial  Grinders 


The   Rivett   No.  208   Full   Automatic   Radial   Grinder 

IS"  awinK.  Grinding  capacity  up  to  10"  dia.  Grinding  capa- 
city up  to  4"  radius.  Full  automatic  in  operation.  Work  carry- 
inK  head  is  oscillated  to  develop  spherical  surfaces  by  power. 
Feed  of  the  grinding  wheel  is  also  automatic  and  is  equipped 
with  a  tripping  device  to  stop  machine  when  work  has  been 
(ground   to   predetermined   size. 


i.e  Kivclt   No.   103   Automatic   Internal   Grinder 

Capacity  from  1.64"  to  2"  and  is  capable  of  doing  work  to  limitft 
of  one  ten-thousandth  part  of  an  inch.  This  accuracy  combined 
with  productive  ability  makes  the  Rivett  No.  103  Internal  Grinder 
a  machine  of  moat  sat'.tifactory  usefulness  in  both  manufactur- 
ing and  tool  room. 


The   Rirett   No.   106   Automatic  Internal   Grinder 

For  manufacturing  where  the  work  is  comparatively  heavy  and 
the  F mount  of  metal  to  be  removed  above  the  average.  This 
machine  ia  full  automatic  in  its  action  and  equipt>ed  with  ball 
bear.ngs  for  grinding  wheel  and  countershaft  spindles.  It  is 
thoroughly  adapted  to  high-speed  volume  work.  It  will  swing 
14'/.;"  in  diameter  and  will  grind  hobs  8"  in  diameter  and  8"  deep. 


The   Rivett   No.   205   Hand   Operated    Radial   Grinder 

7"  awing.  Grinding  capacity  up  to  4"  dia.  Grinding  capacity 
up  to  2"  radius.  This  machine  is  designed  for  spher.cal  sur.aces 
as  well  as  ball  races,  ball  and  socket  joints,  etc.  All  adjust- 
mentfl  to  grind  are  easily  and  quickly  made. 


THE  RIVETT  LATHE  &  GRINDER  CO. 

BRIGHTON    DISTRICT    OF    BOSTON,    MASS. 


//  iuhat  you  need  ia  not  advertised,  eontult  our  Buyers'  Directory  and  write  advertisers  listed  under  proper  heading. 


ni'C-ember  26.   1918 


CANADIAN    MACHINERY 


441 


Plain  Precision  Bench  Lathes — Back   Geared 
Precision  Lathes — Precision  Turret  Lathes 


«^ 


No.   504.     Plain   Precision    Lathe 

8"  swinK.  IS"  between  centers.  Wire  chuck  capacity,  "v"  <li«- 
This  lathe  is  desiKned  for  aimple  but  accurate  tool  room  and 
manufacturinK  work,  and  it  may  be  equipped  with  attachments 
for  a  large  variety  of  operations,  such  as  screw  cutting,  mill- 
iner. prrindinjT,  etc.     The  lathe  is  finely  finished  all  over. 


No.   608.     Back   Geared    Precision    Lathe 

HVi"  swing.  20"  between  centers.  Wire  chuck  capacity.  'Jh"  dia. 
This  lathe  is  designed  for  most  accurate  tool  room,  experimental 
and  model  room  and  manufacturing  work.  It  may  be  equipped 
with  a  multitude  of  attachments  for  a  wide  range  of  work.  This 
lathe,  as  well  as  the  other  bench  lathes,  may  be  mounted  on  cnm- 
bination  oil  pan  and  stand,  or  oak  cabinet,  and  may  be  either 
belt  or  direct  motoi    driven. 


Nu.    505.      Plain    Precision    Bench    Lathe 

s"  swing.  18"  between  centers.  Wire  chuck  capacity,  %"  dia. 
This  lathe  is  of  heavier  construction  than  the  No.  504,  and  is 
suitable  for  light  manufacturing  work  where  accuracy  and  speed 
are  essential.  It  was  designed  primarily  for  plain  turning  and 
allied  work  ;  consequently,  attachments  which  may  be  supplied 
are  limited.  It  is  finished  only  on  bearing  surfaces — other  sur- 
faces  being    well  painted. 


Illustratinar  Method  of  Mounting:  Cutting  Tool 

The  Improved  Tool  facilitates  Cutter  indexing,  Ijrovides  minimum 
operating-lever  travel  with  positive  lock  and  makes  possible 
finer  adjustment  of  the  cutting-tool.  All  moving  parts  are 
adjustable  for  wear,  cutters  are  quickly  and  rigidly  mounted 
with  extreme  accuracy  and  the  tool  may  be  quickly  mounted  on 
the  lathe. 


RIVETT  LATHES 

are  Accurate 


Illustraticm  on  left  shows  No.  705.     Precision  Hand  Turret  Lathe 

8"  swing.  Maximum  distance  between  chuck  face  and  turret 
face.  17%".  Travel  of  turret  slide,  4".  Wire  chuck  capacity, 
"<("  dia.  This  machine  is  designed  for  turret  work  where  the 
production  does  not  warrant  the  purchase  of  a  full  automatic 
turret  lathe.  It  is  easily  set  up  for  a  large  variety  of  work  and 
can   be  operated   with  great   i-apidity. 


THE  RIVETT  LATHE  &  GRINDER  CO, 

BRIGHTON    DISTRICT    OF    BOSTON 

//  any  advertisement  interests  you,  tear  it  out  now  and  place  with  letters  to  be  answered. 


I 


442 


Volume  K\ 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS 


A 

Acme    Machiiu*    Tool    Co 63 

Aikenhead  Hardware  Co.    ...28S-287 

Alsoma   Steel    Co 283 

Al.cn  Mfg.  Co..  The 9T.  873 

Aloiond  .Mfj;.   Co U9 

i\merii-an    Piiiley   Co 281 

American   Tool   Works  Co 62 

American       !>team       Gauxe       A 

Vaive    M'V     C.     178 

Ander&on    A     C>i..    GtN).     A.,    of 

Ca.isdn    S71 

AnderHin.  W.  D 297 

A'liirewa    Sletl    Co     76 

Archibald    £    Co..   Cbas.    P.    ...   302 

Archibald    &    Co 297 

Arcwe*]    Ct-ioorttion    Ill 

Arpistr.M!g  Br-w.  Too:   Co.    ..    .  423 

.\rmstronit-Whitworth    Co 854 

Atkins   &   Co..    Wm 112 

Atkins    A    Co..    Inc..    E.   C 311 

Aurora   Tool    Works    371 

Automatic    Transportation    Co..    195 

U 

Baird   Machine   Co 378 

Barnes  Co..  The  Wallace    .......    294 

Banfield    ft    Sons.    Ltd 394 

Barnes  Co..    W.    F.   ft   John 136 

Baxter,  J.   R 96 

Beatty   ft   Sons,   M 101 

Beaudry   ft   Co.,    Inc 377 

Bemis     ft     Call     Hardware    ft 

Too:    Co 136 

Braver    EnKineerinif    Co.,    Ltd..  871 

Keeker    Milling    Machine    Co 273 

Bollevue  Industrial  Furnace  Co.  8 
Benjamin  Co.,  M.   ft   L..  Samuel     52 

Bernard    Industrial    Co 8 

Bertrams,     Ltd 299 

Bertram,  Jno.,  Sons  ft  Co.,  Ltd. 

Front  cover  and  page  1 

Bicknell,    Thomas    Co 88 

Bilton    Machine    Tool    Co 418 

Blake    ft    Johnson     Co 182 

Blanchard    Machine    Co 274 

Bliss,    HI    W.,    Co.    424 

Boker,    H.,    ft    Co.,    Inc 94 

bowser,    S.    F 337 

Bradley  ft  Son,  Inc..  C.  C.  . . .  40 
Brantford  Oven  ft  Rack  Co...  299 
Bridseford   Machine  Tool   Co...       t 

Bristol    Co 378 

I'rown-Boggs    Co 309 

Brown  Copper  ft   Brass   Rolling 

Mills 107 

Brown         Portable        Conveying 

Machine   Co 145 

Brown  ft  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co.  ...  16( 
Bryant    Chucking    Grinder   Co..  807 

Budden,   H.   A 301.  378 

Burke    Machine    Tool    Co 188 

Butterfield  ft   Co..   Inc 3-16-347 


Canada    Foundries    ft    Forginga 

104-103 

Canada    MeUl    Co 362 

Canada  Machinery  Corp.  Back  cover 

Can.    Mor.!head   -Mfg.  Co 421 

Can.    B.    K.    .Morton    Co 411 

Can.   Barker  Co 371 

Can.    Billings    ft    Siwncer    104 

Can.    Blower    A    Forge    Co.    . . .    114 

Can     Brake«hoe    Co 293 

Can.  Drawn  Steel  Co.,  Ltd...  61 
Can.   Fairbanks-Morse  Co.    ..143-206 

Can.    Ingeraoll-Rand   Co 79 

Can.    Laco-Philips    Co 53,    181 

Can.  Link-Belt  Co 14-16 

Can.    S    K    F   Co 201 

Can.  Steel  Foundries 841 

Can.   Wire  ft  Iron   Goods  Co. . .   114 

Can.    Winklcy   Co..    The    140 

Carter    Welding    Co 401 

CaUract  Refining  Co If.H 

Chapman,  D.  B.,  Bearing  Co.  92 
Chesterman  ft  Co..  James  ....  383 
Chicago  Flexiblo  Shaft  Co.  ..88-89 
Cincinnati  Automatic  Mach.  Co.  68 
Cincinnati  Lathe  ft  Tool  Co..  324 
Cincinnati    Electric   Tool   Co.    ..   880 

Cincinnati    Planer  Co 59 

Cincinnati     Pulley     Machy.     Co.  iZS 

Clark    Equipment   Co 17 

Claasified    Advertising     302 

Cleveland    Milling    Machine   Co.  1:I7 

Clewland  Twist  Drill  Co 157 

Cleveland   Wire  Spring  Co.    ...  298 

Clover  Mfg.    Co 155 

Columbian  Hardware  Co 188 

Commercial    Camera    Co 399 

Consolidated    Optical    Co 78 

Contolidated  Pms  Co il'.' 


Cook  Co.,  .\sa  S.,  The 13tj 

Corbet    Fdry.    *    Mach.    Co.    ...    40> 

Cowan  ft  Co.,  of  Gait,  Ltd 171 

Crescent    Machine    Co 66,    183 

Curtis   ft   Curtis   Co 814 

Curtis  Pneumatic  Machinery  Co.  21(1 
Cushman     Chuck     Co .■t73 


Darling    Bros..    Ltd 40:) 

Davidson     Tool     Mfg.     Corp 1S."> 

Davidson    Mfg.    Co..   Thos 2!sa 

Deloro  Smelting  ft  Refining  Co. 

fJ-Ki 

Delta    File    Works    301 

Dennis    Wire    &    Iron    Works...  2o 
Diamond  Saw  ft   Stamping  Wks.  12  i 

Dickow,  Fred  C f •'. 

Dodge    Sales    ft    Eng.    Co 190 

Dodge,   H.   C,   Inc 397 

Dominion     Abrasive     Wheel    Co.  5 1 

Dominion    Belting    Co 300 

Dominion   Bridge    Co 410 

Dominion    Fdrys.    &    Steel,    Ltd.  372 

Dominion  Forge  &  Stamp>    Co.  2V't 

Dominion   Iron   &   Wrecking    Co.  30) 

Drury    Steel    Co.,    H.    A 1:! 

Dunlop  Tire   ft   Rubber  Co !«-i 

Durable    Co 148 

E      ■ 

Elmira    Mach.    &    Transmission 

Co 332 

Eastern    Mach.    Screw    Co.     .  .  .  341 
Electric     Furnace     Construction 

Co 9« 

Electric    Steel    &    Metals.    Ltd..  103 
Elliott    ft    Whitehall    Machine    & 

Tool    Co H- 

Elm    Cutting    Oil    Co 310 

Engineer's    Supply    Co 138 

Erie  Foundry  Co 1  ^O 

Espen-ijUcas    Machine    Works .  .  13.'> 

Enu-shevsky    &    Son.    B 3(6 


Kairflold    Supplies    Co.,    Ltd 375 

I'ittings.     limited     3S8 

Federal    Engineering    Co 351 

Ferra    Cuta    Machine    Co 373 

Fetherstonhaugh    &    Co 301 

Firth    &    Sons.    Thos.,    Ltd.    ...     77 

Fleck.     Alexander.    Ltd 298 

Ford-Smith    Machine    Co 

lt)-I2  and    151,  S!? 

Foss  Machinery  Co.,  Geo.  F.  .315-3«t 

Foster  Eng.  Co 1*" 

Fox    Machine    Co -*» 

Fraser.    Warren,    T.,    Co 3?.2 

Frost   Mfg.   Co 373 

Fuse   Co..    D.    ft    W 187 

Fry's     (London),    Ltd :41 

Ford    Chain    Block    ft    Mfg.    Co.  3,9 


Garlock-Walker    Machinery    Co., 

Ltd 67-71 

Gait  Machine  Screw  Co oSl 

Gardner,    Robt.,    ft    Son    ::;  0 

General  Steel  Co )3-} 

Geometric    Tool     Co 28-> 

Garvin    Machine   Co 142 

Giddings    ft    Lewis    Mfg.    Co...    ISI 

Gilbert  ft  Barker 390-381 

Gisholt  Machine  Co 204-2O". 

Glolje  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd. . .  373 
Goldie  ft  McCuIloch  Co.  ...404-40p 
Goodyear  Tire  ft  Rubber  Co.    . .     S* 

Goolcy    ft    Edlund    "2 

Grant   Gear   Works,    Inc 37.'i 

Grant   Mfg.    Machine   Co 130 

Graton   ft   Knight  Mfg.    Co.    ...    200 

Greenleafs.    Limited    2»K 

Greenfield    Machine    Co 87'> 

Greenfield  Tap   ft   Die  Corp.   882-3S-i 

Green    Tweed    ft    Co 198 

GutU  Percha  ft  Rubber,  Ltd,..  878 
Gould   ft   Eberhardt    277 


H 

Hal!   ft  Sons.  John   H 134 

Hammond    Steel    Co.,    Inc.     . . 

Hamilton    Co.,   Wm 

Hamilton  Gear  ft  Machine  Co. 
Hamilton  Machine  Tool  Co.    . . 

Hanna  ft  Co.,  M.   A 

Hardinge  Bros.,   Inc 182 

Hawkridge    Bros.     Co.     . . 

Heald    Machine    Co 

Hendey  Machine  Co 

Henry  ft  Wright  Mfg.  Co. 


165 

34.'i 

41.'. 

35 

289 

4 

423 

.   291 

24-2') 

,   282 


-Hepburn,    Jno.    T 402 

IJibbert   ft   Phillips 29i 

Hickory    Steel    Grip    Glove    Co..  6-7 

Hi.xks,    Wm.    W 91 

High    Speed    Hammer    Co 133 

Hinckley    Machine    Works     ....  375 

Howard    Pneumatic    Eng.    Co.    .  28 

Hoyt    Metal    Co 359 

Huntei    Saw    ft    Machine   Co.    . .  375 

Hurlburt-Rogers  Machine  Co.   ..  141 

H.vde    Engineering    Works     ....  403 

Hydraulic  Machinery   Co 110 

High  Speed  Hammer  Co.,  Inc,   .  133 

Hoefer    Mfg.    Co 179 

Huggson   &   Pattis   Mfg.   Co.    ...  321 

I 

Illingworth    St«e!    Co 308 

Illinois    Tool    Works     27 

Incorporate   Town    of    Renfrew.  35j< 

Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.  38.'i 

International     Mach.    Tool    Co..  39 

International     Malleable     Iron..  lOS 


Jackson     Shaper    Co 16S 

Jacobs   Mfg.   Co 119 

Jardine    Co 13 

Johnson.  Carlyle  Machine  Co,  8,   170 

Joyce.    Kochel    Co..    Inc 126 

Joliette   Steel    Co.,    Ltd 349 

J  ones   &   Glassco    352 

Joyce-Gridland   Co 278 

K 

Katie    Foundry    120 

Kayser.    Ellison    ft    Co 23 

Kelly   Reamer    Co 344 

Kcmpsmith    Mfg.    Co 128,  329 

Kennedy,    Wm.,    ft    Sons     ...406-407 

Ker    &    Goodwin     300 

Keystone    Mfg.    Co 38!i 

Knight    Metal    Products    Co.     . .  5 


Lancashire  Dynan^o  &  Motor  Co.    II.S 

Landis    Machine    Co 164 

Landis  Tool  Co 280A 

Latrobe    Electric     Steel     Co.     . .    120 
London  Bolt  &  Hinge  Works    ..301 

Lory    ft    Allstater    Co 409 

Lynd-Farquhar    Co 41 


M 


Mackinnon    Steel    Co 126 

Magnolia  Metal  Co •'2 

Main   Belting   Co 117 

Manitoba    Bridge    Co 30.) 

Manitoba    Steel     Foundries     Co.. 

Ltd 37-'> 

Manitoba    Welding    ft    Mfg.    Co.  37-'. 
.Manufacturers'     Equipment     Co.   417 

Marsh   Engineering   Co 2S11 

■Marten     Machine     Co 372-373 

Marshall.    Geo.    A.,    ft    Co 112 

Matheson   &  Co..  1 302 

Mason    Reg.    ft    Eng.    Co 42 

Matthews   ft    Co.,   Jas.    H 186 

McArthur    Beltings,    I^td 333 

McCroskev  Reamer  Co.,   The. 338-83(1 

McDougall.    R..    Co 191 

37R 

Inc 304 

Ltd 

Inside  back   cover 
Belting    Co, . .    37i 


McFeat.  Wm.  P. 
McGovern  &  Co., 
McLaren,    D.    K.. 


McLaren.    J.    C 

M'Vinnie,    Murray    30.5 

Mechanical  Engineering  Co.  ..  1!H 
Mechanics'  Tool  Case  Mfg.  Co..  37'! 
Metal     Block     Corporation     ....      14 

Met'skin     181 

Metalwood    Mfg.    Co 176-177 

Millers    Falls     Co 36ii 

Moderr    Tool    Co 60.    SO'! 

Montreal     General     Tool     Co. . .    35^ 

Monarch    Machine    Co 3*^' 

Moor    Bros.    File    Co 331 

Morris,     Herbert    Co ^'■ 

Morse   Chain   Co SS" 

Morton   Mfg.   Co 801 

Mueller  Machine  Tool  Co.    ..316-3'' 

Muir    ft    Co.,    Ltd.,    Wm 3"' 

Mulliner-Enlond  Tool  Co.  ..129.  3<" 
Murchy   Machine   ft   Tool   Wks..    30-5 


N 

National    Acme   Co.    . . . 
National    Machinery    Co, 
National    Tool    Co.,    The 
Neilson    &    Co.,   J.    L.    . . . 


122 

377 

49 

126 


New    Britain    .Machine    Co.     .,.32-o- 

Newton   Machinery   Co 31' 

Nicholson  &  Co.,  W.  H 162 

Nicholson    File    Co i;i 

Niles,   Bement  ft   Pond    Co 

Inside  front  cov,  i 

Northern  Crane  Workg II:' 

Normac    Machine    Co 21*^ 

Norton   Co 151 

Norton,  A,  O :k  " 

Norton    Grinding    Co 152-1 

Nova    Scotia    Steel    &    Coal    Co.  i. 

0 

Oakley    Chemical    Co 3Pii 

Oakley    Machine   Tool    Wortts...    4i  1 

Ontario    Lubricating    Co.     1* 

Ott   Grinder   Co 410 

Oxy  weld    Co 

P 

Page    Steel    &    Wire    Co :>.: 

Pangborn     Corporation     2>.u 

Parmenter  ft    Bulloch  Co.,   Ltd., 

The I  . 

Pedlar    People,    Limited 1 

Peerless   Machine  Oo ! 

Pembroke,     Town     of     (W.     B, 

Beatty,     Mayor)      

Perfect   Machine  Co 174-1 

Perrin,   Ltd.,    Wm.   K 4 

Philadelphia     Gear     Works        .  .    3 

Pickering     Governor    Co 2  - 

Pink  Co.,  Thomaa 80 

Plessisville    Foundry    29S 

Plewes,  Limited 30j 

Pollard  Mfg.  Co ISU 

Port   Hope   File  Mfg.   Co 4.. 

Poi-ter   Cable   Co U  t 

Positive    Clutch    ft    Pulley    Co..  875 

Pratt,   F.,   ft   Co 52 

Pratt  ft   Cady  Co.,  Inc 167 

Pratt  ft    Whitney    . .  Inside  ft.   cover 

Prest-O-Lite  Co 76 

Preston    Woodworking    B^ehine 

Co 842-343 

Pritchard- Andrews   Co 3  L 

Potter    ft    Johnson    Machine    ft 

Tool    Co 12T 

R 

Racine    Tool    ft    Machine   Co.    . . 

27».  SSO,   861,   331 

Reading    Chain    Block    Co 370 

Reed-Prentice    Co 203 

Rhodes  Mfg.  Co 122 

Rice    Lewis    ft    Son,    Ltd 3i:l 

Rickert-Shafer    Co 364-36.-. 

Ridout    &    Maybee    301 

Riverside  Machinery  Depot  -  . .  30.5 
Rivett  Lathe  ft  Grinder  Co..44»-441 
Rockford    Drilling    Machine    Co.     29 

Rockwell,    W.    S.,    Co 876 

Roelofson   Machine  Tool  Co 127 

Rudel-Belnap    Mach.    Co 56-6? 

Hyerson,    Joseph    T.,    ft   Son    .67-71 

B 

Sadler    ft    Haworth    22  i 

Shayne    ft   Jalfe 302 

Sheldon's,    Limited 46 

Seneca    Falls    Mfg.    Co 43 

Sebastian    Lathe  Co 324 

Shipman,    Harold    ft    C« 801 

Shore    Instrument   Co 121 

Shuster    Co..    F.    B 4S 

Sidney    Tool    Co Sin 

Silver    Mfg.   Co 820 

Simonds     Can.     Saw     Co 141 

Skinner   Chuck    Co 161 

Sleeper    ft    Hartley    Co 880 

Smalley-General    Co 50 

Smart.    James,    Plant    10-'> 

Smith    ft    Mills    Co 320 

Smooth-On   Mfg.   Co 123 

Spray    Engineering  Co 64 

Standard    Alloys   Co 128 

Standard     Fuel    Eng.    Co ll'' 

Standard    Machy.    ft    Supplies.. 

867-370 

Starrett    Co..    L.    S 47 

Steel    Co.   of    Canada    2,   80. 

Steele,    James,    Limited    299 

Steinle-Turret     Co 438 

Steptoe    Co.,    Jno 112 

Stinson-Beeb     Builders'     Supply 

Co »*R 

Stirk  ft  Sons,  John   29!> 

Stoll,    D.    H J'J 

Strong,  Carlyle  ft  Hammond  . .  160 
Strong,  Kennard  ft  Nutt  Co...  37,. 
St.  Clair  Bros 85.   "' 


II  Continued  on  Page  439 


I 


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