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Nurse 


HIGHLIGHTS 


VOLUME 58 NUMBER 3 IRELAND 3ritish Columbia 
MONTREAL 
PEPPER AND — Status and 
MARCH, 1962 GORDON Remuneration of 
Federally Employed 
Nurses 


MARTIN AND— Human Adaptation 
PRANGE 


I? ALARDEAU The Role of the 


Nurse in a Changing 
society 


OWNED AND PUBLISHED BY 


THE CANADIAN NURSES’ ASSOCIATION 








IN BALLOONS ? 


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STERILON CORPORATION STERILON LABORATORIES 
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pHisoHex . . in the hospital and at home. 





. for the repeated washings 


. to check the infection factor 
necessary in hospital procedures. in acne. 






. to prevent Staph. enteritis, pyoderma, 
cradle cap and impetigo. 


. in your shower, to keep your 
skin in top condition. 


PREVENTS INFECTION WITHOUT IRRITATING THE SKIN 


pHisoHex (with 3% hexachlorphene) 
acts as a powerful barrier against staph. 
and other infections in wards and oper- 
ating rooms. Non-alkaline, non-irritating 
and hypoallergenic, it cleanses better 


than soap, leaves the skin smooth, clear 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


and pleasantly free from odors. pHisoHex 
antiseptic detergent is available in a 
handy 5 oz. plastic squeeze bottle for 
hospital or home use, and in bottles of 
16 oz. 

pHisoHex...in the hospital and at home. 


LABORATORIES 


AURORA ONTARIO 


iv? 





Setween Ourselves 


The last time the convention of the Cana- 
dian Nurses’ Association was held in Van- 
couver — in 1950 — we were able to publish 
a wonderfully informative and interesting 
account of the lore of British Columbia 
written by Dr. Wittarp E. Iretanp. Be- 
fore we began our search for a comparable 
article for this year, we reread the ori- 
ginal piece. It is still so appropriate that we 
wrote to Dr. Ireland and asked him to bring 
it up to date, so far as figures are concerned, 
so that we might share it with the many 
thousands of readers of this issue. If any of 
you can remember it from twelve years ago, 
we can only suggest that you refresh your 
memory by reading it again. It certainly 
merits re-reading. For those who were not 
even a part of the nursing scene at the 
half century mark, we promise you a real 
treat. 

* * * 

During the past few months, many nurses 
in every province have had an opportunity 
to become acquainted with GLENNA RowseLL 
as she discussed varied aspects of the School 


of Nursing Improvement program. As our 
guest editor, Miss Rowsell brings us all up 
to the minute on the progress that has been 


made so far and the planning for the future. 
” * * 


It was noted in this column last Septem- 
ber that our provincially-appointed Editorial 
Advisors were soon to meet with the Jour- 
nal Board and the editorial staff. They had 
been asked previously to secure, so far as 
they could, reader comment, criticisms and 
questions in respect to the Journal, We spent 
a very profitable day and a half with the 
advisors and, since then, have carefully re- 
viewed all of the suggestions they brought 
to us. It was decided at our meeting that 
some of the most frequently asked questions 
should be answered here, since all 65,000 
of our readers may be interested in the 
answers. We will welcome your further 
comments at any time, either as letters for 
“Random Comments” or again through the 
advisors. 

We were truly appreciative of the many 
very pleasant remarks reported by our ad- 
visors. Someone had asked the question, 
“Why don’t they publish unpleasant or high- 
ly critical letters in the Journal?” We do, 
if and when we receive them, providing the 
letter carries a subscribers’ signature. Un- 


178 


signed letters are read, then deposited in 
the best place for that kind of communica- 
tion — the W.P.B. We welcome your letters, 
especially those that give us your ideas in 
respect to the topics discussed in the various 

One editorial advisor told us she had 
been asked why we took so long, some- 
times, to publish news of the death of some 
of our colleagues. Almost always it is be- 
cause no one thinks to write and tell us 
about it. Mimeographed forms for this kind 
of report have been distributed in every pro- 
vince. If your chapter or alumnae association 
has none, please get in touch with the edito- 
rial advisor for your province who has the 
supply. Or you may simply write us all of 
the facts yourself. We have been told many, 
many times that you do want the Journal to 
pay this final tribute to Canadian nurses. 

The question that appeared most frequent- 
ly in our advisors’ reports concerned what 
was termed “the lag” between the time an 
article was accepted by the Journal and 
the date when it finally appears in a 
Why does this delay occur ? 

A number of factors enter into the pre- 
paration of every issue of the Journal. There 
are some sections that are “must-runs,” as, 

the “World of Nursing,” 
” this column. The balance 
of the editorial coehent for every issue is 
decided by the editors many months in ad- 
vance. The articles in this issue, for in- 
stance, were selected in early October, 1961. 
That was six months ago. Since this is the 
regular pattern we have to follow, it is 
obvious that all but specially requested ma- 
terial that may come to our office this month, 
in all probability will not be published until 
next autumn. 

Why do we have to work so far in ad- 
vance? The first and most important reason 
is because we try to have essentially similar 
material in both of the languages in which 
our Journal is published. Good translations, 
either from French to English or vice versa, 
take time — and we do have to meet our 
printer’s deadlines! 

Finally, some nurses have asked “Why 
are there so few pictures?” Glance through 
this issue. We've used a good many of them 
this month. All too few articles lend them- 
selves to photographs. 

What other questions have you? 





THE CANADIAN NURSE 


VOLUME 58 NUMBER 3 
MARCH 1962 


204 MESSAGE FROM THE ICN PRESWENT..................04 A. Clamageran 


eee CEA PRGES ATER DS reece FRAN ie NA wht bes ae G. Rowsell 


Miss Rowsell is director of the CNA School 
Improvement Program. 


eae BRITISH -COLUMBTAS isle ccs bs oe eet oc nie ee ee W. E. Ireland 


Dr. Ireland is Provincial Librarian and Archi- 
vist, Victoria, B.C. 


222 STATUS AND REMUNERATION OF 
FEDERALLY Emptoyep Nurses.....£. A. Pepper and E.M. Gordon 


Miss Pepper is nursing consultant, Division of 
Emergency Health Services; Miss Gordon is 
chief consultant, Civil Service Health Division. 
Both are attached to the Department of Na- 
tional Health and Welfare, Ottawa. Permission 
to publish their material was granted by the 
Professional Institute of the Public Service of 
Canada who kindly supplied the charts. 


234 HuMAN ADAPTATION...............05 H. W. Martin and A. J. Prange 


Dr. Martin is with the Department of Psychiatry, 
University of Texas Southwestern Medical 
School, Dallas, Texas. Dr. Prange is with the 
Department of Psychiatry, University of North 
Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North 
Carolina. 


244 Tue RoLe or THE NuRSE IN A CHANGING SOCIETY...... J.-C. Falardeau 
Mr. Falardeau is professor of Sociology at 


Laval University, Quebec City. 


Translated by the Editorial staff of the Journal 
and edited by the author 


248 Tue Extension Course IN 


Nurstinc Unit ADMINISTRATION................ .....K. Ruane 


Miss Ruane is the director of this course. Her 
headquarters are at 25 Imperial Street, Toronto 
7, Ont. 


@G2° ADJUSTING TO AMPUTATION .... «220% 6 65 ances ccesses. ....K. Mills 


Miss Mills is a student at Moncton Hospital, 
Moncton, N.B 


MARCH, 1962 » VOL. 58, No. 3 179 





























178 BerweEeNn OuRSELVES 260 Horet ACCOMMODATION 
Rates — Revisep List 


182 PHARMACEUTICALS AND OTHER 


Propucts 254 New PUBLICATIONS 
185 Ranpom CoMMENTS 255 EmpLoyMENT OPPORTUNITIES 
227 In MemorIAM 273 EpucaTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES 
230 THE WorLD or NURSING 278 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS ; 
232 NursinG PROFILES 279 OrrFiciAL DirecTorY ; 


nn 
or > 


The views expressed in the various articles are the views of the authors and 


eee) 


do not necessarily represent the policy or views of 
Tue CANADIAN Nourse nor of the Canadian Nurses’ Association. 


Executive Director and Editor: Margaret E. Kerr, M.A., R.N. 
Associate Editor: Jean E. MacGregor, B.N., R.N. 
Assistant Editor: Pamela E. Poole, B.N., R.N. 


Journal Board: Sister M. Felicitas, Chairman; Misses R. Chittick, A. Girard, S. Giroux, 
K. MacLaggan, M. Richmond, Sr. F. Keegan, Miss H. M. Carpenter, president CNA; 
Misses M. P. Stiver, M. E. Kerr. 


Editorial Advisors: Alberta, Miss Irene M. Robertson, 11831-87th Ave., Edmonton; 
British Columbia, Mrs. Dorothy Slaughter, 15474 Victoria Ave., White Rock; Manitoba, 
Miss Sheila L. Nixon, 25 Langside St., Winnipeg; New Brunswick, Miss Shirley L. Al- 
coe, 369 Charlotte St., Fredericton; Newfoundland, Miss Ruby Harnett, 59 Bennett Ave., 
St. John’s; Nova Scotia, Mrs. Hope Mack, Nova Scotia Sanatorium, Kentville; Ontario, 
Miss Jean Watt, R.N.A.O., 33 Price St., Toronto; Prince Edward Island, Sr. Mary David, 
Charlottetown Hospital, Charlottetown; Quebec, Mrs. Florita B. Vialle-Soubranne, 
79-3rd Blvd. Vaudreuil Terrace (French), Sr. M. Assumpta, St. Mary’s Hospital, 
Montreal (English) ; Saskatchewan, Miss Victoria Antonini, S.R.N.A., 2066 Retallack St., 
Regina. 


Stef ERLE rE 


adda AEE he 


Circulation Manager: Winnifred MacLean 


Subscription Rates: Canada & Bermuda: 6 months $1.75; one year, $3.00; two years, $5.00. 
Student nurses — one year, $2.00; three years, $5.00. 
U.S.A. & Foreign: one year, $3.50; two years, $6.00. 
Single copies : 50 cents each. 
For subscribers in Canada, combination with the 
American Journal of Nursing or Nursing Outlook: 1 year, $9.00. 


Make cheques and money orders payable to The Canadian Nurse. 


Change of address: Four weeks’ notice and the old address as well as the new are necessary. 
Not responsible for Journals lost in mail due to errors in address. 


Authorized as Second-Class Mail by the Post Office Department, Ottawa, and for payment 

of postage in cash. Postpaid at Montreal. 

RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED 
1522 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal 25, Quebec. 











Drapolex 


specific for diaper rash 


The success of Drapolex as a preventive and 
treatment of diaper rash is due to its almost 
specific activity against the urea splitting 
organisms which are known to be the 
causative factor of this common skin 
condition. 

Drapolex is formulated in a pleasant water 
miscible base which promotes. residual 
activity, thus preventing the liberation of free 
urinary ammonia. 


CALMIC LIMITED 


CREWE and LONDON, ENGLAND . 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


Drapolex is quick acting, even where an 
ulcerated condition has developed. It also 
assists cleansing of the affected area. 


FORMULA 


Benzalkonium chloride: 0.01 per cent in a water 
miscible base. 


PACKS 
2 oz. tubes and 1 Ib. dispensing jars 


. TORONTO CANADA 


SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA 





Pharmaceuticals 
and other products 


CARVING ENIFE (HOLLIS) 

Uses—As an all-purpose knife, an automatic slicer and shredder. 

Description—The 7” stainless-steel blade has a self-sharpening serrated edge. Non- 
breakable plastic handle. For slicing, attach the slicing guide and set the thickness of the 
slice desired with the turn of a screw. The shredding guide can also be set to size of slice 
desired. 

COGENTIN (MERCK SHARP & DOHME) 

Indications—In the symptomatic and palliative treatment of all etiologic groups of 
Parkinson's syndrome — arteriosclerotic, post-encephalitic or idiopathic. 

Description—Each tablet and each ampoule contain 2 mg. of benztropine methane- 
sulfonate. 

Administration—Usual daily dose is 1-2 mg., with a range of 0.5-6 mg. orally, intra- 
venously or intramuscularly. 

ES-A-CORT LOTION (AMES) 

Indications—Anogenital and diabetic pruritis, senile vulvovaginitis, menopausal 
vaginitis, kraurosis vulvae, neurodermatitis, leukoplakia vulvae, and related conditions. 

Description—A water-washable, non-staining lotion. Each ounce contains estrone 
$6,000 I.U., synthetic vitamin A 100,000 units and %-1% of micronized hydrocortisone 


alcohol. ; 
INSTITUTIONAL GERMICIDAL CLEANSER (WOOD) 
Uses—For removing heavy grime and grease, stains and germs from porcelain and 
enamelled surfaces. 
Description—Available in 21 oz. shaker-top tins or 100 lb. kegs with four refillable 


shaker-top tins. 
NEO-MANTLE (AMES) 
Indications—Cutaneous pyodermas, i.e. impetigo contagioso and other pustular der- 
matoses; superficial folliculitis, sycosis barbae, furuncles,, aces 
Description—Each gm. contains 5 mg. of neomycin sulfate, with 0.2% methylparaben 


as a preservative. 
STAND-ALONE (JEAN MEDICAL PRODUCTS) ; 

Uses—To enable paralyzed or handicapped persons to achieve a standing position 
unassisted. 

Description—A safe, easy-to-use vehicle that is easy to get into and gives correct, 
adjustable support at the heels, knees, base of spine and chest. braces are not neces- 
sary and once the patient is in a standing position he can move the vehicle as easily as 
a wheel chair. It folds compactly for transporting in a car or storing when not in use. 

SURBEX-500 FILMTABS (ABBOTT) 

Indications—For conditions in which moderately severe vitamin deficiencies are 
suspected, or in those in which pathological conditions have either reduced the biologic 
availability or increased the need for the water-soluble vitamins. 

Description—Thiamine mononitrate 15 mg., riboflavin 10 mg., niacinamide 100 ma. 
pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg., calcium d-pantothenate 20 mg.; ascorbic acid 500 ma., 
dessicated liver 75 mg., and liver fraction 2, 75 mg. 

Administration—One daily, or as prescribed. 

SURFAK (HOECHST) 

Indications—In the prevention and treatment of constipation. Its fecal softening action 
is indicated wherever hard stools are a problem: anorectal surgery, geriatrics, pediatrics, 
immobilized patients, during pregnancy, and to prevent straining in cardiac and hyper- 
tensive patients. 

Description—Each red capsule contains: 240 mg. calcium bis (dioctyl sulfosuccinate); 
each orange capsule contains 50 ere 

Admi ation—Adults: 1-2 240 mg. capsules daily. Children: 1-3 50 mg. capsules 





daily. 





TUSCOPINE SYRUP (MEAD JOHNSON) 

Indications—For non-specific treatment of all forms of cough and bronchial conges- 
tion connie during bronchitis, tracheobronchitis, rhinitis, and cough following the 
common cold. 

Description—Designed primarily for children. Each 5 cc. tsp. of Tuscopine contains 
10 mg. Noscapine, 60 mg. glyceryl guaiacolate, 15 mg. pseudoephedrine HCl, and 3 mg. 
methdilazine HCl. 

Administration—Under 2 years: as determined by the physician. 2-4 years: 1 tsp. 
2-4 times daily; 5-12 years: 2 tsp., 2-4 times daily; over 12 years: 3 tsp., 2-4 times daily. 

Precautions—Exercise caution if used simultaneously with barbiturates and narcotics, 
as methdilazine HCl, is known to potentiate the action of CNS depressants. Contraindi- 


cated in the prmsensce. of severe by pectersicnt glaucoma and prostatic hypertrophy. 
The Journal presents pharmaceuticals for information. Nurses understand that only a may pre. X 





iii 
iit rs _~ 2 


penetrates with more than 172 times the ease... almost 
80% less drag than 3 other major brands 





WASHABLE 


The “Washable Diaper Liner” 


Prevents diaper rashes, infections. 
Protects the skin against wetness. 
Cuts diaper changing in half. 
Washable and long lasting. 


AVAILABLE “‘ADULT” SIZE. 


© Recommended in cases of incontinence, to prevent and cure bed 


sores. 
A product of 
MEDITEX CO. LTD., P.O. BOX 166, MONTREAL, 28. 


What can 
I take for 
heartburn 
or acid 

| indigestion? 


r l 
The answer—TUMS! These mild, minty 
tablets are so practical to recommend 
because they're fast acting, long lasting 
and safe—made of the finest antacid 
ingredients. They're economical too— 
only a few cents buys enough for several 
doses. And they leave no aftertaste— 
no water or glass needed. 


776-Bed, 
Medical, Teaching, 
Research Center 
40 Hour Week 
Salary Range: 
Staff Nurse; $356-$416 
Practical Nurse; $281-$329 
Liberal Vacation, 
Holidays, Ili Time 
informative Onentation 
In-Service Education 
Programs 
Attractive Residence 
Available 
For Details Write: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
3 SERVICES 
— . 385.N Mayo Budding 
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA HOSPITALS 
- . Minneapolis 14, Minn. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





Random omments 


Dear Editor: 

The American Nurses’ Association has 
issued an official invitation to members of 
the Canadian Nurses’ Association to attend 
the 1962 ANA convention, May 14-18, in 
Detroit, Michigan. 

The theme of the meeting is “Excellence 
in Nursing — Progress in Health.” Major 
emphasis will be given to the improvement 
of clinical nursing practice. A special feature 
of the meeting will be two sessions of 20 
simultaneous clinical meetings scheduled for 
Tuesday afternoon, May 15 and Thursday 
morning, May 17. These sessions will be 
centred on the specific nursing skills and 
knowledge nurses need in giving direct pa- 
tient care. Clinical, preventive, rehabilitative 
and family aspects of nursing care problems 
will be presented through research reports, 
panel discussions, case histories, demonstra- 
tions of new nursing techniques, etc. Several 
sessions will deal with new concepts in 
nurse-patient relationships and the effects of 
new treatment methods, electronic and au- 
tomated devices on them. 

Issues affecting all nurses will be the 
topics of three general program meetings: 
economic and general welfare; allied nursing 
personnel; standards of professional nursing 
practice. Nursing in national defence and 
nursing research are the topics of other 
sessions. 

Registration for CNA members is the same 
as for ANA members: $6.00 for one day; 
$15.00 for the week. Canadian nurses must 
present proof of membership in CNA for 
1962. 

For more information and_ reservation 
forms write to: Convention Unit, American 
Nurses’ Association, 10 Columbus Circle, 
New York 19, N.Y. 


Dear Editor: 

Calstok Sheepskin, supplier of hospital 
sheepskins, is now making a pelt sample 
available to all hospital and rest home 
authorities and nurses. Descriptive literature 
and case history examples of sheepskin users 
are also available on request to: 

Calstock Sheepskin, 
P.O. Box 3103, 
San Francisco 19, Calif. 


Dear Editor : 
As a result of the efforts of three Los 


MARCH, 1962 * VOL. 58, No. 3 


after mastectomy 





A mastectomy patient wearing IpentTical rornm 


your patient’s most 


important @ 
back-to-normal step 


IDENTICAL® FORM 


The importance of treating the whole 
patient is nowhere more graphically 
illustrated than in the successful re- 
habilitation of the mastectomy patient. 
With the post-operative fitting of 
IDENTICAL FORM — the life-like breast 
ate rear look natural and 
eel better immediately. Made of soft 
skin-like plastic, IDENTICAL FORM con- 
tains a flowing gel that simulates the 
natural movement and weight of the 
normal breast. With IDENTICAL FORM 
your patient won't experience the dis- 
comfiture of static, dragging weight or 
“riding-up”. Normal contour, comfort 
and confidence are maintained even 
when she wears an evening gown or 


bathing suit. 


You'll find our new booklet “Total Care 

of Your Mastectomy Patient” invalu- 

le as a guide for all the physiological 
needs of your mastectomy patient. 


Available in 24 sizes. Expertly fitted by authorized 
and adaptable to any brassiere. Patented 
U.S.A, & foreign countries. 


| IeNTICAL FoRM, inc. CE OY 
Please send professional literature ond list 


| of authorized dealers. ! 
: got | leans uinto Cevainal : 
BER ccbacniiaccietisedse eenasien cl 

City..-.----+++--2+2- Prov. +--+ 2-2: 5 


185 




















WOULD YOU BELIEVE IT? 
THERE ARE HOSPITAL TRAINING 
SCHOOLS IN CANADA WHO 
HAVE HAD OUR 
STUDENTS UNIFORMS 
FOR FORTY YEARS. 


OUR STUDENT UNIFORM SERVICE 


IS ALMOST PERFECT. 
YOU REALLY SHOULD ENQUIRE. 


MADE ONLY BY 


BLAND AND COMPANY LIMITED 
2048 UNION AVE., MONTREAL, CANADA 


STUDENT'S UNIFORMS 
GOOD LOOKING — LONG WEARING. 





Angeles librarians, a five-year index of 13 
journals in nursing and related fields is avail- 
able. The first annual supplement, which will 
be ready early this year, will add 18 more 
journals to the original 13 indexed. The 
price for the 1956-1960 index is $20. Orders, 
accompanied by cheques should be sent to: 
Mildred Grandbo:s, Librarian, 
Glendale Sanatorium and Hospital, 
Box 871, Glendale 5, 
California. 


COLD SORES 


FEVER 
BLISTERS 


Dear Editor: 


DENTISTS end DERMATOLOGISTS Our recently completed Directory of Re- 
panos habilitation Services for Saskatchewan has 

FOR FREE SAMPLES WRITE: aroused considerable interest beyond the 

MALTBY BROTHERS LIMITED boundaries of the province. It is a type 


of ready reference manual that many agen- 
cies and individuals interested in rehabilita- 
tion would like to see compiled for their own 
part of Canada. 

It gives detailed information about the 
many organizations in the rehabilitation 


Bgeoltl-4 field, while the listings and numerous cross 


references simplify the process of finding 

out just what services are available and how 
24 Mele)» they may be procured. Besides listing agen- 
cies and services, the directory gives other 


the greatest valuable related facts and information on 


f hearing aids, orthopedic appliances, etc. 
gift of all To partly defray costs we are making a 
nominal charge of fifty cents for single 
copies, which may be obtained from: 
(Mrs.) May Neal, 


Torente 19, Cenade 





Over 287,000 people of all ages took part Co-ordinating Council on Rehabilitation, 
in Canadian Red Cross water safety services 416 Health and Welfare Building, 
and projects last year. Regina, Saskatchewan 


186 THE CANADIAN NURSE 














it’s medicated 


dlermassaqe 


Canada’s foremost non-alcoholic skin lotion— 


and Lakeside has it! 


Medicated Dermassagef, an race’ effective skin lotion, is now exclusively manufactured and distributed 
by Lakeside Laboratories (Canada) Ltd. 


nagar, 37. hospital-proved Dermassage is ideal for the hypersensitive patient, contains no alcohol, is 
en can’t stain, yet Dermassage maintains excellent bacteriostatic and antifungal activity against 


*patient relations trrademak 
Now manufactured and distributed in Canada by LAKESIDE LABORATORIES (CANADA) LTD. 
24 Wellington Street West, Toronto, Ontario 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 











“a Seeattte 
sor. 


= Sertien 














BUSCOPAN 


O Provides selective 





curarilorm prop 





effects of belladonna alkaloids 








RESULTS OF TREATMENT WITH BUSCOPAN 
IN VARIOUS SPASTIC 


CONDITIONS 





Because of its superior antispasmodic proper- 
ties, BUSCOPAN provides valuable adjunctive 
therapy in x-ray investigations where spasm 
may prevent proper diagnosis. It is also useful! 
pre- and postoperatively, in procedures involv 
ing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary 
tracts, and in obstetric conditions characterized 
by spasm. 

In each of these spastic indications, the useful- 
ness of BUSCOPAN is enhanced by its virtual 
freedom from such commonly encountered 
side effects as sedation, dryness of mouth, and 
visual disturbance.*** 

Recommended dosage: 10 to 20 mg. (1 to 2 tab- 
lets) has been found to be the average 
effective dose; however, dosage may be incre: 


ie 





in acute conditions where pain is severe. A dose 
of 10 mg. three to five times a day is recom 
mended for prolonged conditions such as peptic 
ulcer 

Supplied: BuUscoPAN Tablets, 10 mg., 
of 100. 





in bottles 


Reterences 

1. Léssl. H. J.: Miinchen. med. Wchnschr. (supp 
942653, 1952 

2. Birkner, F: Wien med. Wehnschr. 102-893. 
1952 

3. Bass, E., & Dietrich, H 
schr. 77-906, 1952 


4. Schmengler, F E., & Késter, K 


Deutsche med. Wein- 


Med. Klin 


47:121, 1952 

5. Kunz, A.: Wien med. Wehnschr. 103-305, 
1953. 

6. Boning. H..& Kirch, A.: Fortschr. Med.70:35 1 
1952 


Schmidt, J 
8. Block, A 


Medizinische 21: 1293, 1952 
Fortschr. Med. 71:202, 1953 























DIAPAREN 


Clinically proven, effective* 


® DIAPARENE OINTMENT—medicated, 
soothing ointment to clear up the most obstinate 
case of diaper rash. 

@ DIAPARENE POWDER —highly absorbent corn 
starch base, gently medicated, guards against 
prickly heat and chafing. Prévents ammonia 
odour and diaper rash. 

© DIAPARENE RINSE—{tablet or liquid)—added 
to final wash water premedicates diaper 
preventing diaper rash and ammonia odour upon 
contact with urine. 

@ DIAPARENE PERI-ANAL CREME-—A safe 
efficient cream developed especially for the new- 
born with sore-bottom caused by loose stools, and 
diarrhoea. For effective treatment and prevention 
apply at diaper changes to the anal area. 


Most new babies require protection against annoying 
diaper rash. DIAPARENE in these four forms assures 
complete prevention and treatment night and day. 





DIAPARENE antibacterial preparations for complete baby skin care 
* Niedelman, M. L. and Bleier, A.; Jour. Ped., 37:5, 762, Nov. 1950 


Fischer, C. C. and Lipschutz, A.; Am. Jour. Dis. Child, 89:5, 596, May 1955 
Benson, R. A., et al: Arch. Ped., 73:250 - 8, July 1956 


DIAPARENE samples and literature available on request to: 


HOMEMAKERS’ PRODUCTS (Canade) LIMITED 


36 Caledonia Road Toronto 10, Ontario 


190 THE CANADIAN NURSE 











Uniform 
Oxfords 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


Now you can enjoy the traditional 
comfort of White Uniform Ox- 
fords, by Savage, in smart new 
styles. Made over the famous 
Hurlbut last, chrome leather soles, 
and are available in military or 
flat heels. Sanitized® inside for 
lasting daintiness. Wide range of 
sizes and widths await your selec- 
tion. See your Savage dealer. 





Something 
in common? 


Of course — 


NIVEA creme! | 


E+ 





Nurses and patients who use Nivea Creme know how soft and smooth their 
skin can be. Nurses need Nivea to protect their skin against the rigourous 
demands of daily hospital routine. Patients, from the oldest to the youngest, 
need Nivea to protect against all conditions that might irritate sensitive skins. 


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THE CANADIAN NURSE 








Ce 
ESN as ge eR eee or 2 
* oe ae 


just insert the INCERT 
it’s simple and safe 


“,..in addition to being a disposable unit...{Incert] introduces a change in the 
traditional technique of adding a medication to intravenous solutions.”* 


; Eliminates “the use of the traditional, and potentially hazardous, syringe-needle 
method...”* in parenteral therapy. 


@ No Ampules @ No Syringes @ No Needles @ No Autoclaving @ No Rinsing— 
Sterile Technique Is Unbroken. 


Note these findings: 

“The Incert System of disposable vials reduces . . . air-borne contamination . . . toa minimum .. ."* 
“, . . the disposable vial system minimizes the potential transmission of infectious hepatitis.”* 
“There is greater accuracy in delivering a pre-measured quantity of medication.”* 


*Bogash, R. C.; DeLa Chapelle. N.; Sowinski. R., and Downes, D.: Disposable Type Vials for Adding Medications 
to Large Volume Parenterals, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 17:104 (Feb.) 1960. 


RY 


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Brittle tender nails * 
Knox Gelatine’* 


Improvement in 8 


* Brittle splitting fingernails are not only unsightly but oft: 
painful as well. Knox Gelatine restores normal strength and co 
rects undue tenderness.’ 


* * Minimum effective dosage of Knox Gelatine is one envelo; 
(120 grains) per day. Smaller amounts correspondingly redu ° 
the extent of improvement.’ 


* * * Some improvement may be noticeable after 30 da)». 
Maximum improvement generally takes 90 days. An occasion 
patient may require up to three envelopes of Knox Gelati 


34,5 


per day before responding. ° 











196 


PARTIAL LIST OF 
SPONSORS AND 
FOSTER PARENTS 


Mrs. John Diefenbaker, 
Ottawa, Ont 


Honorable and Mrs 
George Hees, Toronto, Ont. 
Dr. R. P. Baird, 


Kitchener, Ont 
Mr. & Mrs. P. D. Curry, 
Winnipeg, Man 
Mrs. L. B. Cutler, 
Vancouver, B.C. 
Rev. Dr. E. R 
Fairweather, M.A., 
Toronto, Ont. 
Anna Freud 
J. Q. Maunsell, Q.C., 
Montreal, Que 
Kiwanis Club 
Peterborough. Ont 
Dr. & Mrs. J. M. Olds, 
Twillingate, Nfid 





buy him his life 


Tran Dien, Vietnamese, age 5. Father ill. Cannot 
work. Mother tea-picker. Losing sight. Unable to 
choose good leaves from bad. Lost job. Five children 
in family. “Home” is thatch hut. Earthen floors. Dien 
has almost no clothes. No trousers. Shown in photo 
with borrowed pants for sake of dignity. No decent 
food. Nothing. Poverty extreme. Parents despairing 
for children. Help to Dien means help to entire 
family. Need acute. 


You or your group can become a Foster Parent of 
a needy child. You will be sent the case history and 
photo of your “adopted” child, and letters from the 
child himself. Correspondence is translated by Plan. 
The child knows who you are. At once he is touched 
by love and a sense of belonging. Your pledge pro- 
vides new clothing, blankets, food packages, educa- 
tion and medical care, as well as a cash grant of $8.00 
every month. Each child receives full measure of 
material aid from your contribution. Distribution of 
goods is supervised by Plan staff and is insured 
against loss in every country where Plan operates. 
Help in the responsible way. “Adopt” a child 
through Foster Parents’ Plan. Let some child love 
you. 


Plan is a non-political, non-profit, non-sectarian, 
government-approved independent relief organiza- 
tion. Financial statements are filed with the Mont- 
real Department of Social Welfare and the Toronto 
Board of Trade, and are available om request because 
we are proud of the handling of our funds. Plan helps 
children in France, Greece, Italy, South Korea, Viet 
Nam, Hong Kong and the Philippines. 


All contributions deductible for 
Income Tax purposes. 


FOSTER PARENTS’ PLAN, Dept. CN-3-1-62 | 

P.O. Box 65, Station B’', Montreal, Que. Canada. I 

1 wish to become a Foster Parent of a needy child for one yeer ! 

If possible sex oge national ity | 

| will poy $15 «@ month for one yeor or more ($180 per yeor) | 
Poyments will be mode monthly [ 1, @verterty [ . semi- 

ennvally ( }, yearly ( ). | 

| enctose herewith my first poyment § | 
connet “‘odept’’ « child, but | would iike te belo o child by con 

tributing § | 

! 

Prov | 


Co cay sao seman ste tials Gali: clink is se sebtle dialkyl Git) ded bak tag ee 


Contribytions income tax deductible 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 








Ident-A-Band 


rit alert surgery” An Ident-A-Band goes onto your emer- 
gency patient in seconds, yet it protects him — and your hospital around 
the clock. An emergency admission sometimes requires a quick change 
in the surgery schedule, sets in motion a sequence of rapid adjustments 
in hospital routine. At such times you may rest more easily knowing 
that the chance of identity error has been minimized. With Ident-A- 
Band by Hollister you can be sure your identification system is doing 
this job for you . . . without danger of being altered, water-blurred or 


transferred to another patient. Write— 






—- -Band* # Hollisters 


LIMITED 
160 Bay Street, Toronte 1, Ontario 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No, 3 





6 tn cate —es 


| 








Career opportunities 


in CANADA’S 
ARMED 
FORCES 


jor REGISTERED 
NURSES 


Applications are now being accepted from Registered Nurses 
for enrolment as officers in the Royal Canadian Navy, the 
Canadian Army or the Royal Canadian Air Force for duty 
in the Canadian Forces Medical Service. 


Interesting and challenging careers with opportunity for 
advancement are offered to those who meet the requirements. 


You may qualify if you are — 


* A registered nurse and a current member of a Provin- 
cial Registered Nurses’ Association 


% A woman under 35 years of age, single 


% A Canadian citizen, or other British subject with the 
status of a landed immigrant. 


For further information — 
Inquire at or write to your nearest Canadian Armed 
Forces Recruiting Centre or 


SURGEON GENERAL 
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE 
OTTAWA, ONTARIO 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





THE PARENTERALS PAGE 


NUMBER 5 


Blue plate special 
...from a bottle 


It’s not enough simply to return our 
patient from surgery in “good shape.” 
We must keep him that way. 

The surgical patient has a special 
problem of nutrition. During the peri- 
od of stress surrounding surgery, he 
needs a high level of nutrition. Yet 
frequently this is a time when he’s 
unable to eat, or to assimilate what 
he does eat. 

Thus almost without exception, the 
surgeon will order parenteral feeding 
after major surgery. In fact, if it 
weren’t for parenteral feeding, many 
of today’s major operations would re- 
quire a much longer convalescence 
period, 

Most of the needs for good nutrition 
are available. You can give carbohy- 
drates in the form of sugar solutions. 
With intravenous alcohol, you provide 
extra calories for quick energy. With 
amino acid solutions, you supply pro- 
tein. Vitamins and electrolytes fill 
other important requirements. 





Of course, surgical patients aren’t 
alone. There’s. hardly a branch of 
medicine in which parenteral feeding 
doesn’t play a part in hastening re- 
covery or saving lives. 


PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT 


ABBOTT 
MONTREAL ° 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


ABBOTT LABORATORIES LIMITED 


TORONTO 


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Two new editions of important Mosby books 
designed to guide and help the beginning student 





The new 4th edition of this text has been so 
extensively revised that it demands re- 
examination and consideration as a textbook 
for basic courses in nursing. A clear, compact 
principles book which provides an excellent 
foundation for professional growth, this book 
can stimulate students to a better understand- 
ing of the subject. This revision is better 
written, easier to understand and better bal- 
anced. While it continues to concentrate on 
scientific principles rather than techniques, 
it now incorporates more nursing situations 
showing the application of principles than 
previously. 


Entirely redesigned in an attractive modern 
format, the new 4th edition also includes clear, 


New 3rd Edition 


New 4th Edition 
McClain-Gragg 


SCIENTIFIC 
PRINCIPLES 
IN NURSING 


authentic illustrations throughout. All the 
photographs and drawings have been relabeled 
and many replaced. Each new photograph was 
specially posed for this book to illustrate a 
specific nursing principle or technique. Each 
chapter has been enlarged and brought up-to- 
date. The entire text has been reviewed by an 
English teacher to make it more readable. 
Suggested performance check lists are incor- 
porated at the end of each chapter. 


By ESTHER McCLAIN, R.N., B.S., M.S., Health Director, 
Providence Hospital School of Nursing, Detroit, Mich.; 
ond SHIRLEY HAWKE GRAGG, R.N., 8.S.N., Instructor 


poges, 6%" x 9%", 151 illustrations. About $5.50. 


Price 


A HANDBOOK AND CHARTING MANUAL FOR STUDENT NURSES 


The new 3rd edition of this self-help guide- 
book is specifically designed to help beginning 
nursing students round out their educational 
background. It can help student applicants 
become better prepared for admission to 
schools of nursing and to meet scholastic 
requirements. You'll find it an ideal book for 
any basic nursing course to assist students in 
correcting weaknesses in spelling, arithmetic, 


reading, printing, handwriting and their study 
habits. This 3rd edition devotes more space 
to self-testing and problem solving than pre- 
vious editions and it is no longer in a ring 
binder but is bound and perforated for easier 
use. 


By ALICE L. PRICE, R.N., M.A. Reody this month. 
3rd edition, approx. 226 poges, 8%" x 11”, 55 illus- 


THE C. V. MOSBY COMPANY — Publishers 


3207 Washington Boulevard, St. Louis 3, Missouri, U.S.A. 


Represented in Canada by 


McAINSH and Co., Ltd., 1251 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario 


MARCH, 1962 * VOL. 58, No. 3 





















excessive uterine bleeding* 


. Significant 

improvement... 
in every 
case @@ 


auefoV 


(double-strength CVP) 


In every one of 26 patients in whom there was 
“flooding” (associated with menorrhagia for which 
no organic cause could be isolated), non-hormonal 
therapy with duo-C.V.P. achieved ‘‘excellent’’ re- 
sults as assessed by easy control of bleeding, im- 
proved sense of well-being, and ability to maintain 
normal activities. “‘In no case has there been any 
instance of side effects.""1 


= 


1 





The clinician attributes the anti-hemorrhagic effects 
of duo-C.V.P. to its apparent ability to restore nor- 
mal small vessel structural integrity and function. 


duo-C.V.P. and C.V.P.t have also been reported of 
value in the treatment of capillary bleeding associ- 
ated with other gynecologic conditions such as 
threatened and habitual abortion, post-partum 
bleeding and functional menometrorrhagia,24 


Each duo-C.V.P. capsule provides: 
CITRUS BIOFLAVONOID COMPOUND 


200 mg. 


ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C) 200 mg. 


Botties of 50, 100 and 500 capsules. 





tC.V.P. provides in each capsule 100 mg. of an exclusive 
citrus bioflavonoid compound and 100 mg. of ascorbic 
acid. Bottles of 50, 100 and 500 capsules. 

references: 1. Prueter, G. W.: Applied Therapeutics 3:351, 
1961. 2. Taylor, F.A.: West J. Surg., Obstet. & Gynec. 64:280, 
1956. 3. Ainslie, W. H.: Obstet. & Gynec. 13:185, 1959, 
4. Pearse, H. A., and Trisler, J. D.: Clin. Med. 4:1081, 1957. 


“menorrhagia 





FV iitaleiielatii eis) are lelola-tiel al -t- emir 
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Box 779, Montreal 3, Canada 


P.O 








SEW-ON Washproof Name Tapes 


Choice of black, blue or red lettering. Much larger 
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HOT IRON Washproof Name Tapes 


Adhere after being firmly pressed by hot fict-iron. 
Prices and styles the same as for sew-on tapes. 


PRICE LIST FOR NAME TAPES 


36 Name Topes, all! alike.. 
50 Name Topes, ali alik 
100 Name Tapes ... 






Add 40 cents for each 50 added for any larger quan- 
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Tapes printed with six or fewer characters, either 
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MESSAGE FROM THE ICN PRESIDENT 


This message appeared in the ICN News Letter, January, 1962. 


Where are you today? In hospital, at the 
bedside of a patient; in a home, where you 
have been called to nurse a very sick person; 
in a health centre, proceeding with vacci- 
nations; in an industry, working with the 
doctor who is examining newly-recruited 
personnel; on the road, at the wheel of your 
car, to visit a mother and her child in an 
isolated village? Are you in a snow-covered 
country, in the wind and the rain, or under 
a tropical sun? 

Wherever you may be, may this message 
reach you, for you belong to the great family 
of nurses, whose raison d’étre is the human 
being. For him you learn, you think, you 
act, you even suffer sometimes. To preserve 
his health, to prevent illness or accidents, to 
nurse him and to help him to recover, to 
help him to die, also, your will is to be al- 
ways ready 

For all, the ICN wishes to be a living 


204 


. 

reality. Through your national associations, 
ICN wishes to sustain your efforts to im- 
prove always your education and your pro- 
fessional education, to help you to become 
always more efficient in your action, to 
realize your vocation more fully, and to 
find in this vocation the expansion of your 
personality 

Because you are nurses, you have a re- 
sponsibility and a mission; a responsibility 
to be a highly qualified professional worker, 
exercising your art for the good of the 
patient; a mission, which is a mission of 
love in our disturbed world, which is so 
much in need of love. 

May you exercise your profession with 
competence, with love, and in happiness. 
This is the wish I make for you, nurses of 
the world, on the threshold of this year 
1962. 

Atice CLAMAGERAN, President 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











Gone 
a-travelling 
with TCA 



































— and why not you? When TCA makes 
travel so convenient, so pleasant 

and inexpensive! 

How nice to relax in an easy-chair seat 
and be treated to a delicious 
complimentary meal served by a 
smiling stewardess! There’s no tipping, 
no additional expenses for meals to 
worry about. TCA offers a choice of 
First Class or Economy Fares, plus 
special Excursion rates and Package 
Tours — with liberal baggage 
allowances (up to 44 Ibs on Economy) 
and stopover privileges at no extra 
charge. TCA’s fast, frequent services 
across Canada, to points in the U.S., 
Bermuda, Nassau, the West Indies and 
overseas, make it easy to arrange 
departure times to suit the busiest 
schedule. And you can count on 
valuable extra hours at your 
destination for sight-seeing, shopping, 
visiting friends or making important 
business contacts. 


FLY NOW—PAY LATER 


On a budget? Use TCA's con- 
} venient Fly Now, Pay Later Plan 

—as little as 10% down 
and the balance arranged to 
suit your pocketbook. 






See your travel agent or call 


hy) —— AIR LINES 


MARCH, 1962 » VOL. 58, No. 3 205 








bors hee 


sere ee 





= 5 
the. y = we 
oo 


Se 


‘Me 


S 







DessiVCTU UGE ENET ERT UVT RETO TTTOER TENET ta 
Z et P) 


= 





yy 





the , 7 diet 





2 alae 


V< ~ 


the *teens—a time of transition 


No longer a child, not yet a woman —surely the 
period of early female adolescence when your 
expert knowledge will be helpful. A word of 
advice to the youngster of menarche age may 
quiet her apprehensions and prepare her to accept 
all the important transitions of the female cycle. 
When your advice includes the use of Tampax— 
the modern tampon method of protection—you 
are offering the ‘teen-age girl, in addition, the 
reassurance of safe, complete, discreet menstrual 
hygiene. 

Tampax is frictionless and nonirritating— 
scientifically designed to conform to the female 
structure. It will not cause erosion or block the 
menstrual flow. Because Tampax provides 
internal protection, it does not favor the develop- 
ment of odor or establish a bridge for the entry 


of pathogenic bacteria. Tampax does afford easy 
management, easy disposal. And since wide 
clinical evidence confirms that virgimity is nota 
contraindication to its use, Tampax is suitable 
for every age of the menstrual span. Youngsters 
especially appreciate Tampax at gym and swim 
time. There are no encumbrances to interfere 
with activity or to cause embarrassment. The 
older girl favors Tampax because of the social 
poise it makes possible, despite “the time of the 
month.” Tampax is available in three absorben- 
cies to meet varying requirements. 

Why not suggest “Tampax” to the "teenage 
patient? Its matter-of-fact simplicity, safety and 
security are sure to be welcome now and in the 
years ahead. Canadian Tampax Corporation 
Limited, Barrie, Ontario. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 

















Dependable Health Products 
for Babies and Children 


BABY’S OWN TABLETS 


Safely and effectively establishes a nor- 
mal stool pattern in constipation for 
babies as young as two months. Relieves 
teething gastrointestinal upset and ma- 
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Baby’s Own Tablets provide Phenol- 
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ESPIRETS 


Give effective, prompt relief from minor 
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Convenient to use, each Espiret contains 
1% grains of acetylsalicylic acid — the 
amount most frequently recommended 
for youngsters, Espirets are pleasantly 
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them easily without any fuss or bother. 


BABY’S OWN COUGH SYRUP 


Safe and effective for the relief of coughs, 
colds, simple croup and sore throat in 
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and distress of coughing. Baby’s Own 
Cough Syrup is pleasantly flavored and 
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Children’s Own Tablets 


The laxative es ally formulated for tle, 
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too strong, not too weak, Children’s Own Tab- 
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Dermicare 


A clinically tested antibiotic cream for treat- 
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MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 























She’s found a sure, easy way to have 
$6,000 - you can too! 


Invest small amounts out of every paycheck in an Investors Savings 
Plan. Let time and compound interest work for you. If you need 
money for a car, holidays, trousseau, or an emergency before your 
plan matures, you have excellent collateral at any Canadian bank or 
with Investors. Teachers, nurses, secretaries, homemakers — all 
kinds of smart girls are doing it. Why not you? Talk to the Man from 
Investors about it today. He can be your best friend financially. 


Ask the Man from Investors about the whole 
Investors story. For example, investing less 
than $18 a month will guarantee you $4,000 
in 15 years — $6,000 in 20 years. Look up Inves- 
tors Syndicate in the white pages of the phone 
book. Call the nearest office. 







Investors 
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or CANADA, LIMITED 
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THE CANADIAN NURSE. 








THE CANADIAN NURSE 


A MONTHLY 


VOLUME 56 


MONTREAL, 


MARCH 


JOURNAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA PUBLISHED 
IN ENGLISH AND FRENCH BY THE CANADIAN NURSES’ 


ASSOCIATION 


1962 


CHANGES AHEAD 


Ce HAS CHANGED dramatically 
during the past decade. With this 
change have come many demands on 
the nursing profession. Several fac- 
tors are responsible, such as: advances 
in medical science, increased growth 
in population, and modifications in 
community structure. All of these in- 
dicate that new methods and new 
means must be devised to meet new 
needs. The role of the school of nurs- 
ing in relation to these needs must be 
determined. 

The Canadian Nurses’ Association 
School Improvement Program has been 
developed to implement the second re- 
commendation of the Report on the 
Pilot Project. Its main purpose is to 
assist schools of nursing to evaluate 
their own educational programs and to 
evolve means of improving them, using 
broad educational principles and crite- 
ria. 

The schools of nursing requesting 
participation in this voluntary pro- 
gram, which commenced in March 
1961, include 93 per cent of our hos- 
pital schools of nursing and 17 per 
cent of our university schools with {00 
per cent participation in seven pro- 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


>» 





vinces. Eighteen regional conferences 
have been held, with at least one in 
each province. The purpose has been 
to interpret the program to key people 
in the health and educational fields as 
well as to assist the faculty of the 
schools in the use of the Self-Evalu- 





(Paul Horsdal Ltd. Ottawa) 
GLENNA ROWSELL 








ation Guide and to develop a plan for 
self-improvement. Apparent at all the 
conferences was the trend toward 
transition and change which exists in 
our schools of nursing today. It was 
also evident that there was a need for 
clarification of the role of the school 
and the direction in which nursing edu- 
cation should be moving in relation to 
present-day needs for nursing care. 

Many who attended the conferences 
realized that evaluation was much 
broader in concept than just testing 
and measuring. They became aware 
that it embodied the philosophy and 
adjectives, but of having those who 
lum content should be designed in the 
light of these philosophies and objec- 
tives. 

Another problem facing the staff 
members of the schools of nursing 
was the need for clarification, for 
themselves and others, of what is 
meant by nursing. It was not so much 
a question of finding an appropriate 
combination of words, with the right 
adjectives, but of having those who 
practise nursing know, without a sha- 
dow of doubt, that what they are doing 
really is nursing. Perhaps we have as- 
sumed too much about nursing, and 


The Journal salutes the nursing profession 
of the United States, at a time when it is 
being honored by the issuing of a Commem- 
orative Nursing Stamp. One of the effects 





Lucite Petry Leone 


have not made our own role clear 
in the vast complex of health care. 

It was observed by many that the 
motivations and attitudes of student 
nurses undergo changes + sag Ps 
course of their education. ese 
changes are not always those which 
the school expected the student to ac- 
quire from the program. 

The curriculum patterns, that have 
grown out of this search by the 
schools for a better way of educating 
nurses, have been varied in length and 
content. These are significant symp- 
toms of the changing concepts of nurs- 
ing responsibility and the development 
of curricula to provide the academic 
preparation and experience needed by 
professional nurses. 

The logical expectation regarding 
a program such as this is that the 
schools will wish to make the areas, 
which they have identified as areas 
requiring improvement, the basis for 
their program for self-evaluation and 
self-improvement. The obligation to 
raise standards makes life very dif- 
ficult at times, and adds a burden to 
the already busy program in the school. 


GLENNA ROWSELL 


of this stamp, as expressed by Ivan Nestin- 
gen, the Under Secretary of Health, Educa- 
tion and Welfare, is that “people everywhere 
on the North American continent will have 
cause to pause and reflect on what nurses 
have meant to them directly and indirectly.” 
Dr. Luther L. Terry, Surgeon General, 
Public Health Service, in his opening re- 
marks at the first day ceremonies said. 
“With this stamp, we give well-deserved 
honors to all nurses who have earned our 
respect and our gratitude for their unstinting 
service. We who work in health and medical 
care see daily and firsthand the often- 
dramatic results which nursing care can-ac- 
complish — not for just a few patients but 
for hundreds and thousands of people.” 

The nurse in the photograph, Lucile Petry 
Leone, is well known to many Canadian 
nurses. Her contribution to nursing, through 
her position as Assistant Surgeon General 
and Chief Nurse Officer, Public Health Ser- 
vice and through nursing literature, has been 
extensive. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


a! 





BRITISH COLUMBIA 


Witrarp E. IRELAND, PH.D. 


All too frequently we think of Canada’s western province as new, yet our roots 
run deeply into the soil of this Pacific coast. 


ELCOME TO BritisH COLUMBIA in 

1962! Do come and join us in our 
centenary celebration of Billy Barker's 
strike on Williams Creek. The discov- 
ery of gold changed the character of 
this western country, for no longer 
was it a fur preserve. The “bars” of 
the lower Fraser River first attracted 
miners who worked their way up- 
stream until the great strikes were 
made in the interior and Cariboo. Its 
gold became a by-word all across the 
country and lured people from eastern 
Canada, and indeed, the world at large. 
In 1862 the hardy Overlanders made 
their epic trek across the country, and 
a new day began to dawn. 

Canada had only been a British pos- 
session some nineteen years and the 
American Declaration of Indepen- 
dence was only two years old when 
Captain James Cook, R.N., in the 
spring of 1778, became the first British 
subject to land on Vancouver Island. 
He was the precursor of a great num- 
ber of navigators and traders to visit 
these shores. In the spring of 1792, 
when engaged in surveying and map- 
ping the coast of the Pacific North- 
west for Great Britain, Captain George 
Vancouver, R.N., wrote: 

To describe the beauties of this region 
will, on some future occasion, be a very 
grateful task to the pen of a skilful pane- 
gyrist. The serenity of the climate, the 
innumerable pleasing landscapes, and the 
abundant fertility that unassisted nature 
puts forth, require only to be enriched by 
the industry of man with villages, man- 
sions, cottages, and other buildings, to 
render it the most lovely country that can 
be imagined ; whilst the labor of the inha- 





Appreciation is expressed for their 
courtesy in supplying illustrations, to: 
Photographic Branch, Department of 
Recreation and Conservation for the 
many “British Columbia Government 
Photographs;” the Canadian Pacific 
Railway page 211; the Canadian Gov- 
ernment Travel Bureau, page 216. 


MARCH, 1962 » VOL. 58, No. 3 





bitants would be amply rewarded in the 

bounties which nature seems ready to 

bestow on cultivation. 

These prophetic words, in so far 
as they may be applied to British 
Columbia, have long since become a 
reality. 


Scenic Grandeur 

The natural beauties of Canada’s 
Pacific province have made it a tour- 
ist’s mecca. Three mighty mountain 
chains — the Rocky, Selkirk and Coast 
ranges — traverse its length, providing 
scenic attractions beyond description 
and opportunities for mountain climb- 
ing and skiing, unexcelled elsewhere 
on the continent. To be sure, in earlier 





The Rocky barrier 


times these mountains served as bar- 
riers to settlement but ;persistent and 
hardy pioneers pushed their way 
through. In their wake.came the Cana- 
dian’ Pacific Railway which was com- 
pleted to tidewater in 1886. This was 
the pioneer venture in transcontinen- 


7 


ae ya a ae 
= 


age LE 


i 
t 
y 
t 








Railroading through the mountains 


tal railroad construction in Canada. 
The building of the mountain division 
is an epic story of man’s ingenuity 
pitted against nature’s impassive ob- 
stinacy. Cuts and fills, bridges and tun- 
nels — the Connaught tunnel under 





the Selkirks is five miles long — gave 
the victory to man. Today, four main 
lines of railroad penetrate the 
barrier. 

Once, when the construction of the 
C.P.R. was under discussion, a great 
Canadian statesman made deprecatory 
reference to British Columbia as a 
“sea of mountains.” This, it was then 
felt, was the major handicap to the 
future progress of the region. In reali- 
ty, therein lay the secret of its ultimate 
importance to Canada. Buried within 
these mountains were huge mineral 
deposits, the variety and value of which 
is only beginning to be realized. More- 
over, mountains also mean valleys and 
in these valleys agriculture has flour- 
ished. 

British Columbia has become an im- 
portant producing province, being sur- 
passed only by Ontario in per capita 
production values. In addition to its 
generous natural endowments British 
Columbia is also possessed of varia- 
tions in climate which have contributed 
greatly to the variety of its economic 
life. 

Paralleling and intersecting the 
mountain ranges are myriads of lakes 











and mighty rivers, adding variety to 
the scenic beauty and allurements to 
the inveterate angler. These were the 
original transportation routes. The 
Peace, Columbia, Fraser, Skeena, and 
Stikine rivers, some of them turbulent 
and dangerous, provided the natural 
lines of communication used by the 
explorers, the fur traders, and the 
pioneer settlers. The Pacific seaboard 
is dotted with innumerable islands of 
all sizes and hundreds of fiord-like in- 
lets create a coastline estimated at over 
8,000 miles. Towering cliffs rise five 
to eight thousand feet from the water’s 
edge, hundreds of cataracts and water- 
falls feathering their rocky slopes. 
Further to the north, impressive gla- 
ciers debouch into the sea itself. All 
this is set against a background of 
mighty evergreen forests and combines 
to provide pleasures without end for 
the itinerant visitor. 

To illustrate the importance of these 
river valleys perhaps it would suf- 
fice to describe two typical regions, 
both of which have played an impor- 
tant part in the historical development 
of the province and which today con- 
tribute so greatly to its importance. 


Okanagan Valley 


Of the many valleys perhaps this 
is the most widely known. It lies in 
the southern interior of the province, 
close to the border of the United 
States. Mountain ranges flank either 
side of a crystal clear lake that ex- 
tends some miles from north to 
south. The lake is drained by the Oka- 
nagan River which empties, in turn, 
into the mighty Columbia River in 
American territory. In the early days, 
before there was permanent settlement 
along the coast, this valley had become 
an important commercial highway. The 
fur trade was the magnet that drew 
white men over the Rockies. At first 
their interest was farther to the north 
in the area opened up by the Peace 
River and its tributaries and farther 
to the south in the basin of the Colum- 
bia River. Trading posts were estab- 
lished in both areas. Eventually, the 
Okanagan Valley became the impor- 
tant link between the two regions. For 
years, vast quantities of supplies and 
furs passed over the “old brigade” 
trail. 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 








Douglas Lake cattle country 


As settlers began to push into the 
country from the more thickly popu- 
lated east the fur trade dwindled and 
disappeared. The Okanagan Valley be- 
came a cattle country since the rain- 
fall was so slight that ordinary agricul- 
ture was impossible. But, on the moun- 
tain slopes grass grew in abundance 
and for a time the cowboy reigned su- 
preme. To refer to mountain “‘slopes” 
hardly gives the correct impression, 
for actually along both sides of the 
lake and at different levels of elevation 
are stretches of flat land known as 
“benches.” The scene is completely 
changed today. Far back in the moun- 
tains dams have been built. From 
these, the water is carried to the 
“benches” in immense flumes from 
which it is distributed to the individual 
orchards by means of a series of 
ditches. 

Spring in the valley is a glorious 
sight. Thousands of fruit trees in full 
blossom are banked on either side 
of the lake for miles and miles. In the 
late summer and early autumn the 
scene is equally fascinating for the 
air will be heavy with the perfume of 





Miles of apple blossoms 








ripened fruit. Thousands of boxes of 
apples, most famous of which is the 
MacIntosh Red, are sent to the mar- 
kets of the world. Cherries, apri- 
cots, pears and peaches, cantaloupes 
and tomatoes are grown in abundance. 


Fraser Valley 

The Fraser River, nearly 750 miles 
in length, is the largest of the many 
rivers of the province and derives 
its name from that intrepid explorer, 
Simon Fraser, who descended the river 
to its mouth in 1808. Rising high in 
the Rocky Mountains, at first it flows 
in a northerly direction then makes a 
sharp bend near the city of Prince 
George to begin its headlong rush 
southward to the sea. In the interior 
it passes through and drains a rah i 
plateau area part of which, particularly 
the Chilcotin country to the west, is 
important for cattle. At Lytton, the 
muddy Fraser joins with the Thomp- 
son from the east then plunges into a 
narrow gorge to break through the 
Coast Range which bars it from the 
sea. Cataracts, whirlpools, and rapids, 
with the sheer perpendicular walls of 
the canyon rising in many places sev- 
eral thousand feet, combine to make 
an awe-inspiring sight to which any 
traveller can bear witness, for both 
transcontinental railways use this 
route to the coast. 

Automobile traffic through the can- 
yon was made possible with the con- 
struction of the scenic Cariboo High- 
way. A trip over this road cannot fail 
to thrill the visitor, the more so when 
it is recalled that much of the route 
follows the original Cariboo Road. 
The necessity of providing means of 
access to the rich gold fields of the 
Cariboo district, centring about Bar- 
kerville, impelled the construction of 
the original highway in the early 
1860’s in the face of almost over- 
whelming difficulties. Today, the sound 
of the motor horn has replaced the 
crack of the bull-whip. While we no 
longer see the creaking old stage-coach, 
wearily climbing the long grades and 
warily edging its way along what was 
little more than a ledge carved out 
of the precipitous canyon wall, never- 
theless one cannot but feel humble at 
the memory of this monument to the 
pioneering spirit. 

Freed of its narrow rocky confines 


as it rushes through Hell’s Gate, the 
Fraser River begins a more leisurely 
course through a gradually widening 
valley. For thousands of years this 
madly rushing river has been carry- 
ing down the fine silt washed from 
its banks in the upper country. In 
consequence, in its slower reaches near 
its mouth there has been built up a 
large, typically fan-shaped delta some 
30 miles wide at its seafront. Point 
Roberts forms the seaward extremity 
of the southern boundary of this delta 
while to the north is the city of Van- 
couver, which lies between the north 
bank of the Fraser River and Burrard 
Inlet. The river still continues annually 
to deposit large quantities of sediment, 
thus necessitating the constant dred- 
ging of the ship channel which leads 
up-river to New Westminster, Bri- 
tish Columbia’s thriving fresh-water 
port. It is one of the curiosities of 
history that although Captain Van- 
couver, after whom Canada’s leading 
Pacific port is named, noticed the dis- 
coloration of the Gulf of Georgia 
caused by the muddy water from the 
Fraser River, he failed to discover its 
existence although he passed within 
a few miles of its mouth. 





Small fruit farming 


Agriculture 

The rich soil of the Fraser River 
delta is now under intensive culti- 
vation. Both here and in the immedi- 
ately adjacent valleys immense crops 
of hay and grain are raised. An ex- 
tensive dairy industry has grown up 
which finds a ready market in the 
metropolitan area of Vancouver. In 
addition, hundreds of small “truck- 
farms,” producing vegetables for the 
urban area, are scattered over the 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


2S ed ee 








A gladioli farm 


delta, many of them operated by the 
industrious Chinese. Farther up the 
valley small fruits of every kind — 
strawberries, raspberries, loganberries 
— are grown in large quantities. 

Agriculture, which is British Co- 
lumbia’s third ranking industry, is not 
confined only to these two river valleys. 
It flourishes in all sections of the pro- 
vince. Parts of Vancouver Island are 
admirably suited to small fruit farm- 
ing, for good soil is here combined 
with an excellent climate. Thanks to 
the tempering effect of the Japanese 
current the whole of the coastal area 
enjoys a salubrious climate which, with 
the assurance of ample rainfall, makes 
for successful farming. Much farther 
to the north the grain growing poten- 
tialities of the Peace River Block and 
of the Bulkley Valley are well known. 
The total value of the agricultural 
products of the province amounts to 
nearly $130,000,000 of which dairy 
products, fruits, fodders, poultry pro- 
ducts, and livestock contribute over 
60 per cent. 


Mining 

Had British Columbia been solely 
dependent upon agriculture her pro- 
gress would, in all probability, have 
been very slow. The first forward 
step in her path of progress came as 
a result of the gold discovered on 
the Fraser River, the resulting gold 
rush in 1858, and the successful de- 
velopment of the Cariboo gold-fields 
in the 1860's. Since that time, mining 
in general and gold mining in particu- 
lar has been one of the leading indus- 
tries of the province. It is a far cry 
from the pan and wooden cradle and 
“long Tom” methods of the argonauts 
of the mid-eighteenth century to the 


MARCH, 1962 « VOL. 58, No. 3 





huge hydraulic operations of today. In 
addition, placer mining has to a large 
extent been superseded by quartz or 
lode mining. The various centres of 
gold mining operations produce about 
one-twelfth of the total Canadian gold 
output. 

The untiring efforts and uncon- 
querable optimism of the prospector 
soon unearthed the vast mineral wealth 
locked in the mountains of British 
Columbia. In extent and variety the 
mineral resources defy summary de- 
scription. The turning point came in 
the late 1890’s with the great boom 
in base metals. The centre of provin- 
cial activity was the Boundary coun- 
try in the southern interior, with 
Greenwood, Phcenix, and Rossland as 





In the Boundary country 


typical boom towns. Vast quantities 
of lead, zinc, and especially copper 
were mined. Though in due course the 
boom collapsed, nevertheless the basis 
for a mining industry had been well 
laid. The discovery of a method where- 
by the complex ores from the Sullivan 
mine at Kimberley — one of the lar- 
gest hard-rock mines in the world 
could be treated led to the development 
of the enormous property of the Con- 
solidated Mining and Smelting Com- 
pany at Trail. Today, British Colum- 
bia ranks first among the other Cana- 
dian provinces in the production of 
silver, lead, and zinc, as well as the 
rarer metals of the cadmium group. 


215 








. 
| 





Large copper properties are in oper- 
ation, notably the Britannia Company 
on Howe Sound, near Vancouver. Coal 
is also mined in such widely separated 
districts as Nanaimo on Vancouver 
Island and Fernie in the heart of the 
Kootenay country in the Rocky Moun- 
tains. In recent years, there has been 
considerable activity in petroleum and 
natural gas production which contri- 
bute more than 5% of the total annual 
mineral production, now in excess of 


$175,000,000. 


Fisheries 

To many people the name “British 
Columbia” is immediately associated 
with salmon. With such an immense 
length of coastline it was only reason- 
able to suppose that the fishing indus- 
try would be highly developed. In a 
sense this is the pioneer industry for, 
in the years before the coming of the 
white man, salmon was a staple food 
of the Indians and they were fully 
aware of the phenomenon now know 
as the “run.” The young salmon is 
hatched in interior waters but soon 
finds its way to the sea where for three 
years it disappears. Then, suddenly, it 








































A marvellous day's catch 


re-appears on the coast seeking to re- 
turn to the very spot where it had hat- 
ched. Unlike the Atlantic species, the 
Pacific salmon never returns to the sea, 
as it dies either on its way to the spawn- 
ing grounds or shortly after it has 
reached them. This instinctive urge, 
which forces the salmon to battle its way 
against the current of the swift-flow- 
ing British Columbia rivers, produces 
the “salmon run.” During this season, 
fishermen are busy at the entrance of 
all the rivers leading to the interior 
and canneries have been built in close 
proximity. The Fraser, Skeena, and 





Commercial salmon fishing 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





Nass rivers are particularly important 
centres. Unfortunately, a few years 
ago, there was a marked decline in 
the “run,” in all probability due to the 
policy of unrestricted fishing. In an ef- 
fort to conserve the supply, the gov- 
ernment established hatcheries and 
built fish-ladders to assist the salmon 
over the obstacles in the rivers which 
retard its return to the spawning 
grounds. 

The salmon alone accounts for about 
two-thirds of the total value of the 
provincial fisheries. Gradually, the 
halibut fishery is coming to be of 
greater importance. This industry is 
centred about Prince Rupert and in- 
volves an entirely different technique 
from that used in the salmon industry 
for the halibut is found miles off-shore 
on the “banks.” This industry has also 
increased the herring fishery, as her- 
ring are the bait used in catching hali- 
but. Salt herring normally finds a mar- 
ket in the Orient. 

In bygone days the departure and 
return of the sealing fleet were great 
events but this industry has almost 
entirely disappeared. On a very limited 
scale, however, the equally intriguing 
whale fishery is still carried on from 
bases on the Queen Charlotte Islands. 


Lumbering 

One of the crowning beauties of 
British Columbia is its evergreen fo- 
rests. Towering Douglas firs, cedars, 








and spruce cloak the hills and moun- 
tains of the coastal area from sea-level 
to snow-line. Of them all the Douglas 
fir is the most majestic, for it often 
reaches a height of 150 feet with a 
girth exceeding 30 feet. Economically, 
the forests are our greatest asset for 
annually they produce values well in 
excess of $675,000,000. From both the 
esthetic and economic points of view 
it is unfortunate that improvident log- 
ging methods and ravaging forest fires 
annually destroy thousands of acres of 
timber, but it is to be hoped that in 
the future greater efforts will be made 
to assure the continued existence of 
this double asset. The close proximity 
of the better stands of timber to water 
has made the problem of transporta- 
tion of the logs to the saw-mills an 
easy one for solution in British Co- 
lumbia. While in some localities log- 
trains are used, the more common 
sight, even in the interior, is the huge 
boom of logs being towed by a tug to 
the saw-mill. Vancouver, New West- 
minster, and Port Alberni are the cen- 
tres of this industry and from these 
ports sawn lumber and shingles move 
quietly over the oceans to the four 
corners of the earth. 





Move quietly over the ocean 


217 





an piegt en ae Sa" 


) 
| 
{ 
| 
4 


ne ee Te ee 


i 


a mo, 


ee ae sf eat ow tem a - 


' 
- 
7 
} 
; 





A lumber mill in 


Paper Making 

Of increasing value in recent years 
is the allied pulp and paper industry. 
In this respect British Columbia is 
most fortunately situated. An abundant 
rainfall in the coastal area makes it 
possible for its many rivers to afford 
excellent all-year-round sites for hy- 
droelectric developments in close prox- 
imity to the forests. Cheap power, a 
prime requisite for the successful con- 
duct of this industry, is consequently 
readily available. Large and valuable 
pulp and paper mills are to be found 
at Ocean Falls, Powell River, and 
Port Alberni. 


Boundaries Problems 

From the foregoing account it would 
seem only just that British Columbia, 
without undue presumption, might 
claim for itself a rather meteoric rise 
to prominence. Admittedly its tremen- 
dous extent — 366,255 square miles — 
and abundant natural resources con- 
tributed in no small degree to its pro- 
gress. But the province has never had 
a large population; even today, it only 
numbers slightly over a million and a 
half, less than the population of grea- 


New Westminster 


ter Montreal or Toronto. Consequent- 
ly, its accomplishment has been the 
result of the diligent labor of an en- 
thusiastic people who are as resolutely 
confident of the future of their pro- 
vince as they are proud of its past 
history. Yet it must never be forgotten 
that British Columbia is a young coun- 
try, for it is just over one hundred 
years since the first serious attempt 
was made to settle the region now 
comprised within its boundaries. 
Attention first came to be centred 
on this part of the Northwest Pacific 
because of a small marine mammal, 
the sea otter, whose pelt found ready 
sale in China. A Russian explorer, Vi- 
tus Behring, made the initial discovery 
but it did not become general knowl- 
edge until after the visit of Captain 
Cook in 1778. The Spaniards had been 
gradually pushing their explorations 
northward from Mexico and four 
years prior to Captain Cook's arrival 
had actually sailed in the waters off 
this coast. But to the British navigator 
goes the honor of having made the first 
landing on these shores and also the 
credit for having made the first chart 
of the coastline. The possibility of 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





enormous profit from the sale of the 
sea otter pelts drew traders of all na- 
tionalities to the Pacific Northwest. 
The first, Captain James Hanna, an 
Englishman, after a sojourn of but a 
few weeks on the coast, sold his cargo 
in Canton for $20,000. Soon, Spanish, 
pare ro et ae ge He 
actively in trade. Inevit- 
ably, commercial rivalry gave place to 
international animosity. most se- 
rious rivalry developed between Great 
Britain and Spain and almost precipi- 
tated a war. Ultimately, the Nootka 
Sound Convention was drawn up 
which, to all intents and purposes, left 
the whole region open to traders of 
any country. Captain Vancouver was 
sent out to carry through the pro- 
visions of this agreement and, in ad- 
dition, to explore and chart the coast, 
for at that time the fabulous North- 
west Passage between the Atlantic and 
Pacific oceans was still being sought. 
Captain Vancouver spent three years 
at work on this coast, producing maps 
and charts that are considered amaz- 
ingly accurate even today. 

All the activity in the maritime 
fur trade centred around Nootka 
Sound, an inlet on the west coast of 
Vancouver Island. With the sudden 
collapse of the Chinese market the 
whole trade disappeared. Nootka sank 
into insignificance; in fact, nothing 
permanent remains as a relic of an 
important and romantic period in the 
history of the province. 

Just at this stage, the possibility of 
an overland fur trade was investigated. 
The North West Company, a Canadian 
fur trade concern, was seeking to pene- 
trate into the country west of the Roc- 
ky Mountains and gave every encour- 
agement to exploration of the un- 
known region. In 1793, one of their 
employees, Alexander Mackenzie, be- 
came the first white man to come over- 
land from eastern Canada to the North 
Pacific. His was an epic voyage. Ac- 
companied by a small party of voya- 
geurs he followed the Peace River 
pass through the Rocky Mountains and 
eventually reached the upper stretches 
of the Fraser River. As this stream led 
southward and as his objective la 
westward, Mackenzie branched off. Af- 
ter following an old Indian trail and 
enduring untold hardships he reached 
tide-water at the mouth of the Bella 





Coola River which empties into Ben- 
tinck Arm. Simon Fraser’s equally 
hazardous journey was also sponsored 
by the North West Company in their 
quest for knowledge of the country. 

Soon trading posts were established 
— at first in the area adjacent to the 
Peace River pass, but soon further 
afield, even as far as south as the 
Columbia River. In 1821, the North 
West united with the Hudson’s Bay 
a and thereafter British inter- 
ests in the territory west of the moun- 
tains were left almost wholly in their 
hands. tc | made every effort to main- 
tain control of the region and were at 
first completely successful. Naturally, 
their prime interest was the conduct of 
the fur trade and, in consequence, 
colonization of the country was 
ignored. At this time neither the 
United States nor Great Britain pos- 
ne Hod Maia tc, west of 

e ountains tor, by agree- 
ment, it had been left open to the 
citizens of both countries. 

In the 1840’s a steady stream of 
American settlers began to Tr over 
the mountains into the Columbia Val- 
ley. The settlement of the boundary 
question thus became a necessity but 
it was difficult to reach a satisfactory 
solution. The British laid claim to all 
the territory as far south as the Colum- 
bia River while the United States laid 
a counter-claim as far north as 54° 40’. 
Public opinion in both countries be- 
came aroused. In the United States, 
the cry “Fifty-four forty or fight” be- 
came part of an election campaign in 
1844. Once again the possibility of 
war was imminent but good sense pre- 
vailed. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 
adopted a compromise boundary along 
the 49th parallel, thus setting the 
southern limit of British Columbia. 


Establishing Government 

This advance of the American fron- 
tier aroused the British government 
to action. In order to forestall any 
further intrusion it was decided to 
establish a British colony on Vancou- 
ver Island. In 1849, this plan became 
a reality under the auspices of the 
Hudson’s Bay Company as sole pro- 
prietor of the colony. Provision was 
made for a royal governor. The first 
appointee, Richard Blanshard, arrived 
at Fort Victoria on March 11, 1850. 



















































The Marina in Vancouver Harbor 


He did not remain in the colony long 
for the real power was in the Chief 
Factor of the fur company — James 
Douglas. In 1852, Douglas became 
governor and by his years of service 
earned for himself the title “Father 
of British Columbia.” That same year, 
because of gold discoveries on the 
Queen Charlotte Islands, that archipel- 
ago was added to the original limits 
of the colony. Unfortunately, the co- 
lony of Vancouver Island did not 
prosper. For one thing, the gold fields 
of California were much more attrac- 
tive to the would-be colonist and, in 
addition, the Hudson’s Bay Company 
was not an ideal colonizing agency. 
By 1855 scarcely 750 whites resided 
on the island, yet despite its small 
population it possessed the full gov- 
ernment of a typical crown colony. In 
fact, the first legislative assembly to be 
convened west of Toronto in British 
territory met in Victoria in 1856 and 
was composed of seven members. 
During all this time, the mainland 
still remained a fur preserve of the 
Hudson’s Bay Company. Soon, gold 
discoveries became the open sesame. 
In 1858, when news of the rich finds 


220 


reached California, a regular stampede 
to the Fraser River ensued. Thousands 
of expectant miners poured into the 
country within a few months. In re- 
sponse to this totally unexpected situa- 
tion the separate mainland colony of 
British Columbia was established with 
James Douglas as governor. As the 
miners pushed further inland from the 
bars of the lower Fraser, other valu- 
able mining fields were opened up. Bar- 
kerville came, temporarily, to one 
of the largest towns on the continent 
west of Chicago. Each advance of the 
miner increased the problems and the 
expense of government in this huge 
area. Roads had to be built and the 
terrain was particularly difficult. Men- 
tion has already been made of the 
construction of the famous Cariboo 
Road under the supervision of the 
Royal Engineers sent from England. 
In 1862, gold was discovered still fur- 
ther north on the Stikine River. Once 
again a separate colonial administra- 
tion was established with the creation 
of Stikine Territory, with Douglas as 
administrator. 

Like most gold rushes the boom 
days soon passed away and a period 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











te 


Wee or eS — —_ 


i aS . , = | Soe oe 
Se oe 


of depression set in. Population dwind- 
led, business was stagnant, taxation 
was unduly heavy, and discontent be- 
gan to grow. ven Victoria, which 
had become a thriving commercial 
centre as a consequence of the gold 
rush, shared in the decline along with 
the mainland colony. In an effort to 
economize, in 1866 the various colonial 
administrations were united under the 
name of British Columbia. For a time 
the — tal of the united colony was 
New Westminster but it was soon 
changed to Victoria where it has re- 
mained ever since. 

This union, however, did not bring 
the anticipated relief. Once again Bri- 
tish Columbia sought a remedy. In 
1867, two events occurred that sug 
gested sible ways out of the di 
culty. That year the United States pur- 
chased Alaska from the Russian gov- 
ernment. With British territory thus 
sandwiched between American posses- 
sions, some came to look upon annex- 
ation to the United States as the solu- 


IN THE GOOD OLD DAYS 


(The Canadian Nurse — Marcu 1922) 


It is within the experience of most people 
who visit in hospitals that they are greeted 
with curt questions or are ignored altogether. 
Should they by mistake call to see a patient 
when it does not happen to be a “visiting 
day” they may find themselves looked upon 
as social outcasts and treated as such. Even 
in reply to a question as to the bed where 
a patient may be found has been known to be 
given with a vexed inflection of voice or an 
air of infinite boredom by the nurse on duty. 

Everywhere hospitals are crying out for 
public support. The authorities would do 
well to be careful that none of their sub- 
ordinates cultivate an attitude toward stran- 
gers that will alienate sympathy and dry up 
possible channels of help. 

* * + 

There are no reliable statistics regarding 
the incidence of venereal disease in any 
country. This is due to the fact that the 
Stigma attached to these diseases by the 
public makes it difficult and impractical for 









tion of British Columbia’s problems. 
That same year, Canadian confedera- 
tion had been launched and many 
British Columbians eagerly anticipated 
the inclusion of their colony in the 
new Dominion. Annexation to the 
United States was from the beginning a 
a lost cause. The colony of British Co. E 
lumbia became a province of Canada 
on July 20, 1871. 

One of the terms of union called 
for the construction of a transcon- 
tinental railroad, for without such a 
link the union was doomed to be more 
apparent than real. After ap Avie 
in 1886 the Canadian Pacific way 
was completed to tide-water on Bur- 
rard Inlet and British Columbia be- 
came in fact a part of Canada. Since 
then, her progress has been rapid and 
extensive. No better evidence of this 
fact is to be found than in the history 
of the city of Vancouver. In 1886 there 
were only a few struggling settlers. 
Today, it is a great Pacific port, gate- 
way to the trade routes of the world. 


public health authorities to require general 
notification of the diseases. 
* * 

A survey by the National Public Health 
Section revealed that there were 997 nurses 
engaged in public health nursing in Canada, 
of whom 242 were with the Victorian Order 
of Nurses. 

* 2 * 

The Hospital Association of Philadelphia 
is experimenting with a new plan. Begin- 
ning in September 1922, the preliminary 
course in nursing education, now being 
taught in 50 separate training schools in 
that area, will be given at one time and in 
one place. 

a er 7 

Six hundred and thirty four decorations 
or citations were conferred upon the mem- 
bers of the Canadian Army Nursing Ser- 
vices during the war of 1914-18. Of these, 
02 renee ee, Riyal het ee ae 
Associate Red Cross medals. 

















Status and Remuneration of 
Federally Employed Nurses* 


Evetyn A, Pepper, B.N. and ETHEL M. Gorpon 


A Submission to the Royal Commission on Government Organization by the 
Registered Nurses’ Group of the Professional Institute of the 
4. Public Service of Canada. 


6 oa FEDERAL GOVERNMENT is the 
largest single employer of nurses 
in Canada. Approximately 2400 pro- 
fessional nurses are required to staff 
federally operated hospitals and other 
governmental health services through- 
out the country. Only 5 per cent of 
these nurses are in senior administra- 
tive positions. The large remaining 
group are engaged in bedside nursing, 
public health or occupational health 
nursing and in head nurse activities. 

For several years there has been an 
active Registered Nurses’ Group with- 
in the Professional Institute of the 
Public Service of Canada. The prim- 


‘ary purpose of this group, in keeping 


with the over-all objectives of the In- 
stitute, is to ensure satisfactory em- 
ployment conditions for its members 
while maintaining a high quality of 
nursing services within government 
employment. 

Since its inception, the leaders of 
this Group have been very much 
aware of the deterioration of patient 
care due to the high number of vacan- 
cies and excessive rate of turn-over 
of professional nurse staff in govern- 
ment hospitals. We believe that this 
situation can fairly be attributed to the 
depressed nature of nurses’ salaries 
throughout Canada. 

Because of the seriousness of this 
situation and at the request of the 
Registered Nurses’ Group, a special 
Nurse Salary Committee was set up 
in 1960 within the Professional Insti- 
tute. The findings of this committee 
are summarized in Charts 1 and 2 that 
follow. 

In December, 1960, the committee 


*Reprinted, with permission, from the 
October, 1961 issue of Professional Pub- 
lic Service, the journal of the Profes- 
sional Institute of the Public Service 

- of Canada. 


fire a : Set tat a tell gm ies 





presented its findings to the chair- 
man of the Civil Service Commission 
and senior members of his staff. At 
that time, the committee representa- 
tives pointed out the fallacy of the 
federal government expecting to obtain 
the necessary quantity and quality of 
nursing care to meet long-range fed- 
eral planning for hospitals and other 
health services if basic nursing were 
continually grossly underpaid. 

A new nurse series, consisting of 
eight nurse classes, with detailed spe- 
cifications for each class, was an- 
nounced by the Civil Service Commis- 
sion in May, 1961. Salary adjustments 
for the new nurse classes were an- 
nounced at the same time. It was noted 
with satisfaction that considerable im- 
provement has resulted in the senior 
supervisory and administrative classes 
now classified as Nurses 4 to 8. Also, 
the new regulations provided addi- 
tional remuneration for specialty train- 
ing to the Nurse 1 and 2 classes and a 
supervisory allowance to the Nurse 1 
class. Although the amounts of pay 
increases were small, this action was 
recognized as a step in the right direc- 
tion. 

The chief objection of the Nurse 
Salary Committee to the over-all an- 
nouncement of the new Nurse Series 
and related salaries, was the very 
meagre basic benefit derived by over 
2200 professional nurses employed in 
the Nurse 1, 2. and 3 classes. The com- 
mittee believes that their recommended 
salary ranges of $3600 - $4500 for 
Nurse 1; $4560 - $5160 for Nurse 2; 
and $5100 - $5820 for Nurse 3 were 
extremely conservative. In the opinion 
of the committee, as well as the Re- 
gistered Nurses’ Group, these were the 
lowest figures which would begin to 
bring the bedside nurse, the head nurse, 
the hospital matron (Matron 1 in the 
old series) and the public health nurse 








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SALARY RANGES OF HOSPITAL NURSE POSITIONS GRADES |, 2 AND 3 
AS OF 30 SEPTEMBER 1960 










COMPARED WITH SALARY RANGES OF SIX OTHER HOSPITAL CLASSIFICATIONS 








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into fairer alignment with their pro- We have been shocked to note that 
fessional co-workers on the “health our recommendations rega these 
team” (doctors, pharmacists, dietitians, three nurse classes have not been ap- 
social workers). They were also con- proved. In fact, our recommendations 
sidered the lowest figures which would regarding the basic salaries have been 
Serve to attract competent students in- replaced by the setting up of what 
to the nursing onsrapas ws in sufficient amounts hd a ry structure 
numbers to provide adequate nursing starting at the very low rate of $3,000 
service in the various fields of heath per annum in the east wre 
in an extremely short range in B 





1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 eet 
Aig ek ere td gk Sl 















The establishment of regional sa- 
laries causes our Group considerable 
concern. Application of this policy of 
regional differentials will be injurious 
to the federal health services because 
it will complicate the transfer of 
nurses between the several regions in 
Canada. Any migration of nurses will 
tend to be from east to west. It will 
result in lowering the status of the 
















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nurse as a member of the health team. 
It is at variance with established poli- 
cy of the federal government as re- 
gards payment in the classified service 
and therefore discriminates against the 
nursing profession. 

A further effect of the present pay 
policy is that experienced nurses join- 
ing staffs of foe ral hospitals in Bri- 
tish Columbia reach their maximum 






















eae} 
ee Oe oe ee ees 

















HOSPITAL NURSE AND HOSPITAL MATRON SALARY RANGES IN RELATION TO THOSE 





: 
i 
! 
3 
a 
i 
El EIB) 
CLLan, 


salary within one year of their employ- 
ment. This will feaa a large number 
to seek higher salaries in employment 
outside the public service. It can only 
lead to greater instability in nursing 
service and further difficulty in the 
provision of health services. 

pite the recent salary revisions, 
the problem in the classes Nurse 1, 2 
and 3, remains essentially untouched. 


_ MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No, 3 





ALLOWANCE FOR SPECIALTY TRAININ OLS CLASSES | AND 2 © 
$60 per year for spacmtty treining 3 6 mantis 

S120 per peer ter eeciaty traning 

$240 per voor few cartticate oF dmyree in muting sowcialy 


Vacancy rates are still high ; competent 
loyal staff are’ continually being im- 
posed on by staff turnover, staff short- 
ages, part-time and short-term employ- 
ment. Federal nurse employees in 

Atlantic provinces are still being paid 
at about the same rates as hospital 
nursing orderlies. In addition to creat- 
ing a ighly unstable employment si- 
tuation, t cumulative factors act as 















deterrents to a career service for nur- 
ses within the Soret of Canada. 
It is evident that the pay determina- 
tion methods used by the federal gov- 
ernment have failed to correct its nurse 
employment situation. The present me- 
thod of comparing the Salaries of fed- 
erally employed groups with those of 
comparable outside groups is only 
sound and fair in that have 
kept pace with the rise in labor income, 
post-war inflation and high levels of 
consumer demand. This, the salaries 
of nurses have noticeably failed to do. 
We believe that unless the govern- 
ment of Canada becomes interested in 
this matter from the national point 
of view, quite apart from its interest 
as an employer, the very existence of 
this key profession is threatened. With 
vast numbers of young women study- 
ing for more lucrative professions, the 


recruitment of professional nurses to~ 


hospital and other health services right 
across Canada becomes increasingly 
difficult. This is already reflected in the: 
steadily increasing nurse vacancy rates 
in federal and general hospitals. 

The situation is further aggravated 
by the large number of nurses emigrat- 
ing from Canada to the United States. 
This number increased noticeably in 


A study of the stresses and satisfactions 
experienced by student nurses shows that 
the average student is happiest when working 
with patients. This compensates for the prob- 
lems caused many students by lack of super- 
vision, excessive responsibility, heavy work 
loads and poor orientation to the hospital. 

The inquiry has implications for schools 
of nursing, for school-affiliated hospitals 
where students receive clinical. experience, 
and for other hospitals and agencies which 
provide specialized field experience for stu- 
dents. 

Research was conducted in 29 fully ac- 
credited schools of nursing randomly selected 
within 1,000 miles of New York City. Six 
of the schools provide four- or five-year 
college degree programs; the remainder offer 
three-year hospital diploma programs. Com- 
parative data were collected from 1500 
women enrolled in programs other than 
nursing in a random sample of 15 under- 
graduate colleges for women. 

The study, conducted at the Institute of 


Ee eee ee 





the 1959-60 period. Despite concerted 
action to foster immigration from Eu- 
countries we are experiencing 
a net loss of some 300 nurses per year. 
Also, as per capita income is presently 
increasing at a more rapid rate in 
Western E than in Canada, we 
have reason to believe that the supply 
of nurses from abroad will diminish. 
Because of hospital insurance, hos- 
pital construction and shareable costs 
to provide for increased health ser- 
vices, there is a growing demand for 
professional nurses throughout the 
meee The supply of professionally 
i nurses must increase to meet 
this need. It would seem wise that the 
government of Canada take leadership 
in establishing conditions of employ- 
ment and an adequate pay formula 
. which will encourage young students 
to seek a career in the nursing profes- 
sion. Otherwise, we are convinced that 
there is little hope of maintaining ef- 
ficient and stabilized nursing service 
within the federal government and all 
other health institution and services. 
We are also convinced that by assum- 
ing leadership the goverment would 
attract more yous women into the 
profession an ult in better health 
services for all Canadians. 


Research and Service in Nursing Education 
at Teachers College, Columbia University, 
was carried out with a grant from the 
United States Public Health Service. A 
report, entitled, Satisfying and Stressful Si- 
tuations in Basic Programs in Nursing Edu- 
cation, describes the findings of the five- 
year project. 
* * > 
Prompt diagnosis and treatment, in in- 
fants as young as three weeks of age, can 
prevent the severe mental retardation asso- 
ciated with phenylketonuria (PKU). A blue- 
eyed, fair-skinned, blond infant with vomit- 
ing of unknown etiology and signs of un- 
usual nervous irritability should be carefully 
evaluated. If the child is between three and 
six weeks of age, a positive ferric chloride 
dip stick urinary test is indicative of PKU. 
Dietary therapy initiated by the age of two 
months and adequately continued, practically 
assures that normal mental devélopment 
will not be retarded. 
J. Amer. Osteopathic Ass., Nov. 1961. 

















In Memoriam 


Audrey Esme (Doughty) Andrews, 
a graduate of Hammersmith Hospital, Lon- 
don, England in 1946, died December 1, 
1961. She had been employed as an office 
nurse. . : 

* * * 

Ella M. Bastian who graduated from 
Wellesley Hospital, Toronto in 1920 died 
late in 1961. 

7 > * 

Ruth Gertrude Bryan, a graduate of the 
Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; died in 
Whitby, Ont. on October 29, 1961. She was 
in her 90th year. 

Pier See 

Clara G. (Tremeer) Cann, a 1918 gra- 
duate of Toronto Western Hospital, died 
November 27, 1961. She was the assistant 
registrar at the Central Registry, Toronto. 

* = * 


Mary (Kendall) Chapiel who graduated 


from St. Paul’s Hospital, Saskatoon in 1941, _ 


died in Winnipeg on December 7, 1961. 
ati ee 

Anne (Valler) Cully who graduated 
from the Ontario Hospital, Mimico, Ont. in 
1935, died in Toronto on November 29, 
1961. 

7 > > 

Bessie (Speers) Currey, a 1918 graduate 
of Dauphin General Hospital, Man., died in 
Kamsack, Sask. on December 3, 1961. She 
was on the staff of the Kamsack Union 
Hospital at the time of her death. 

a 7 = 

Marion Dewar who graduated from 
Montreal General Hospital in 1909 died sud- 
denly in Pembroke, Ont. on December 1, 
1961. For many years she was in charge of 
the health service of the T. Eaton Company, 
Limited, Montreal. 

* * . 

Ivy (Cameron) Doty, a 1925 graduate 
from Brandon General Hospital, Man., died 
November 14, 1961. 

> > * 

Elsie Maude (Griffis) Edwards who 
graduated from Plummer Memorial Hospi- 
tal, Sault Ste Marie, Ont. in 1924 died on 
October 10, 1961 in Newberry, Michigan, 
U.S.A. 

* * * 

Hattie S. Gordon, a 1914 graduate of 
New York City Hospital, Welfare Island, 
N.Y., died in Toronto late in 1961. 

> * * 


Hilda (MacDonald) Griffith who gra- 


MARCH, 1962 » VOL. 58, No. 3 


’, m 








duated from Brockville General Hospital, 
Ont. in 1923, died late in 1961. She had been 
employed as a physiotherapist. 

* * * 

Florence Hill who graduated from To- 
ronto General Hospital in 1912 died on De- 
cember 8, 1961. She served overseas during 
World War I and upon her return nursed 
in Christie Street Hospital, Toronto for 
several years. She was a former matron of 
Westminster Hospital, London, Ont. 

* 7 * 

Delight Jeannette Elspeth (Mutch) 
Jarvis, a graduate of the Ontario Hospital, 
Kingston in 1943, died on August 11, 1961. 

7 * * 

Olga Marie (Friesen) McCutcheon, 
a 1956 graduate’of Vancouver General Hos- 
pital, died on December 14, 1961. 

he ee 

Cecilia (O’Brien) McNally, a member 
of the first class to graduate from Providence 
Hospital, Moose Jaw in 1920, died in De- 
cember, 1961. Her professional life was spent 
in private nursing. 

eget te 

Ino (Simpson) Macaulay who gradu- 
ated from Victoria General Hospital, Halifax 
in 1925, died on December 20, 1961 after a 
long illness. 

* * * 

Agnes Frances MacLean, a 1931 gra- 
duate of Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, died 
in November, 1961. 

= . = 

Mary (White) Murdoch who graduated 
from the Winnipeg General Hospital in 
1910, died on August 28, 1961 in Saskatoon 
following a brief illness. 

* * * 

Elva Isabell Paul, a 1922 graduate of 
Toronto General Hospital, died on October 
27, 1961. She had worked as a serologist 
in recent times, 

a . > 

Mary A. Pogson who graduated from 
St. Joseph’s Hospital, Toronto in 1934, died 
on November 20, 1961 in Victoria. She was 
in the service of the Royal Canadian Navy. 

eee 

Donna Joy (Bradford) Raithby who 
graduated from St. Joseph’s Hospital, Lon- 
don, Ont. in 1959, died during 1961. She had 
engaged in institutional nursing. 

eau 
Isobell T. Reid, a 1932 graduate of St. 
(Continued on page 231) 


elt fae 7 ie ‘ as 
ee ee ee ee ae Tee wee ote ee le ee 






i 
MJ 
: 





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ABOVE STYLES IN SIZES 10 to 20 

STYLE +0519 only, also available in TALL SIZES 10T to 20T 




















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NTE SISTER UNIFORM INC. « 4446 St. Lawrence Boulevard » Montreal 18, Quebec 

















4 is — he oe Facey, 


THE WORLD 


Tanto ae 


OF NURSING 


PREPARED IN YOUR NATIONAL OFFICE, CANADIAN NURSES’ ASSOCIATION, 
74 STANLEY AVENUE, OTTAWA 


Canadian Conference on 
Education 

The second Canadian Conference on 
Education was held at the Queen Eliz- 
abeth Hotel, Montreal, March 4-8, 
1962. More than 1,500 delegates at- 
tended. The conference had two prin- 
cipal aims: 

To assure an exchange of ideas and 
information between the public and those 
responsible for the direction and encour- 
agement of education at all levels in 
Canada ; 

To help create public understanding 
and support for the educational develop- 
ment which is essential to meet the needs 
of our growing nation. 

The Canadian Nurses’ Association 
was represented by Heten M. Car- 
PENTER, President; E. A. ELecta 
MacLennan, First Vice-President; 
Haze B. Keeter, Second Vice-Pres- 
ident: KATHERINE MacLaccan, Third 
Vice-President ; SistER MADELEINE OF 
Jesus, representative of the Nursing 
Sisterhoods ; Marcaret E. Kerr, Ex- 
ecutive Director, The Canadian Nurse; 
M. Peart Stiver, Executive Director, 
Canadian Nurses’ Association ; HELen 
K. Mussattem,. Director of Special 
Studies and F. Littran CampPIon, 
Director of the Project for Evaluation 
of Nursing Service. 


Hamilton to the Fore 

Hamilton was the first Ontario city 
to avail itself of the consultative ad- 
visory service in public health adminis- 
tration established by the Canadian 
Public Health Association. 

Trenna G. Hunter, director of 
public health nursing for the Metro- 
politan Vancouver Health Committee, 
was given leave of absence to do the 
nursing section of a survey of the 


Hamilton health department. The stu- 
dy was requested by Dr. L. A. Clarke, 
medical officer of health. Miss Hunter, 
a past president of the Canadian 
Nurses’ Association, is prominent in 
the public health field. She is the au- 
thor of numerous articles on public 
health nursing. 

The Hamilton survey sought to 
evaluate present health services in re- 
lation to changing needs. It covered 
all aspects of the health department 
of which the nursing program is an 
important feature. Special emphasis is 
placed on school nursing. 

The consultant advisory service of- 
fered by the CPHA supplements si- 
milar services provided by federal and 
provincial health departments or by 
national health agencies. 


Nursing Home Administration 

The American Hospital Association 
in cooperation with the American 
Nursing Home Association and the 
American Medical Association is _con- 
ducting an institute on Nursing Home 
Administration at the Seville Hotel, 
ny Beach, Florida, March 27-29, 

The institute will be devoted to the 
specifics of bringing the nursing home 
into the full scope of community 
health care. Applications should be 
mailed to: 

American Hospital Association, 

840 North Lake Shore Drive 

Chicago 11, Illinois. Fee $40.00. 


31st Biennial Convention 

National Office is reaching = _ 
stages in pr planning for 
Convention. We are exceedingly 
pleased with the number and ¢alibre of 
the nurses who will be giving leader- 


n Peis 





sen 











40 ae =f cae che 
ce ete tee at ota, ee Sa 


ship as well as their willingness to pre- 
pare themselves for their responsibi- 
lities. 

Emphasis throughout the program 
will be on er nursing care and 
nursing education. The directors of the 
three special projects, the CNA School 


Improvement Program, the Evaluation 
of Nursing Service and the Study of 
Nursing ucation in Canada, will 


present progress reports. It is ed 
that there will be some discussion of 
the Commission on Health Ser- 
vices. ane will be rigid nies 
planning for Canada with emphasis 
on health problems created by radio- 
active fall-out. 

Mrs. Joyce CAMPBELL is chairman 
of the ABC Committee on Ar- 
rangements. This committee has been 
busy since last June, working on local 
arrangements for the business sessions 


and es hospitality for conven- 
tion visitors. From a booth in the ro- 
tunda of the Auditorium information 
will be available concerning bus ser- 
vice, shopping, restaurants and places 
of entertainment. Sightseeing tours are 
being so that visitors can see 
points of interest during the free after- 
noon and evening in the middle of the 
week. The Committee is determined 
to provide delegates with hospitality 
at least equal in warmth and interest 
to that experienced by B.C. nurses 
who have attended meetings in other 
part of Canada. This is no easy task, as 
those of you who have attended CNA 
biennial meetings in the past know. 





MES et i 
Spey erm rae Sete 





The Greater Victoria District is ar- 
ranging entertainment for anyone who 
pes we to visit oe on oped 
turday owing the meetings. e 
highlight will be a tea in the gardens 
of Government House. There will be 
luncheons for special interest groups. 
Names of guest speakers will be an- 
nounced later. 


ANPO Bridges the Gap 

The insight of the nurses in the pro- 
vince of Quebec makes it possible for 
many French language schools of 
nursing, not only in Quebec but 
abroad, to benefit from their efforts. 
Based on their understanding of the 
great need for professional texts in 
the French language, the Association 
of Nurses has again put aside frustra- 
tions, cleared its vision and marshalled 
its energies to contribute to the advan- 
cement of nursing by translating an- 
other valuable nursing text. J. B. Lip- 
pincott Company has recently published 
the French version of the 11th edition 
of Eliason’s Surgical Nursing by L. 
Kraeer Fe , AB. M.D., RAL 
C.S. and Lillian A. Sholtis, R.N., B.S., 
M.S. 765 pages. 


Revised Hotel Rates 

Reputedly due to the Seattle World’s 
Fair, hotel rates on the West Coast 
have risen slightly since our listing 
of accommodation was published in 
January. Please check the revised list 
on page 250 before mailing your hotel 
reservation form to Nati Office. 





(Continued from page 227) 
Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, died during 
1961. 

. 7 * 

Margaret Jean (Tannahill) Rice who 
graduated from St. Andrew's Hospital, Mid- 
land, Ont. in 1929 died on December 1, 
1961. She was a former superintendent of St. 
Andrew's Hospital. 

* > . 

Phyllis Margaret (Ayer) Ross who 
graduated from Moncton Hospital, N.B., in 
1933 died on November 17, 1961, She had 
been employed as an office nurse. 

> > * 


Jean Marie Salon, a 1961 graduate of 
St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria, died on 
November 15, 1961. She was on the staff of 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


els. Saab th Sa a oo F 
RE TT aaa TT FREE eet 


1 Vinay Beale galt 


Nanaimo General Hospital, B.C. at the time 
of her death. 
* * * 

Edith Elizabeth (Scott) Sherritt, a 
1909 graduate of Riverdale Hospital, To- 
ronto, died December 11, 1961. 

> * * 

Laura D. Smith, a graduate from Co- 
lumbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in 1932, 
died in New York on November 20, 1961. 
She was the senior editor of the American 
Journal of Nursing, having joined the staff 
in July 1951. Miss Smith served during 
World War II in France and England. 

* * * 

Annie Toomes who graduated from 
Montreal General Hospital in 1901 died on 
October 10, 1961. ; 














NURSING PROFILES 


Mother Georgette Leduc is the newly- 
appointed general superior of the Grey Nuns 
of Montreal. Born and educated in the pro- 
vince of Quebec, she is a graduate of Notre 
Dame Hospital, Montreal. Her post-basic 
nursing education includes a Bachelor of 
Science degree in Nursing Education from 
Marguerite d’Youville Institute and a Mas- 
ter’s degree in Nursing Education from St. 
Louis University, St. Louis, Mo. 

During 1940-52 Mother Leduc was direc- 
tor of nursing at St. Peter's General Hos- 
pital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and for 
the next two years director of the school 
of nursing, St. Vincent’s Hospital in Toledo, 
Ohio. In 1956 she returned to St. Peter’s as 
Superior Administrator, a position she held 
until 1961 when she became Provincial Su- 
perior of the American Province of the 
Grey Nuns, Lexington, Mass. 


MotrHer GEORGETTE LEDUC 


She has been very active in nursing as- 
sociation work as an adviser for the Middle- 
sex County Division of the Practical Nurse 
Association of New Jersey, a member of the 
New Brunswick 
director-member of the 


nursing committee of the 
Civil 
Board of the New Jersey League of Nursing 
Education, a member of the public relations 
committee of Seton Hall University and the 
Council of the Conference of Catholic 
Schools of Nursing. She was also chairman 


Defense, a 


of the committee on personnel policies for 


student nurses of the New Jersey League 


232 





for Nursing and in 1957 became a member 
of the American College of Hospital Admi- 
nistrators. 





RutH Gaw 


The new director of nursing of Prince 
Edward Island Hospital, Charlottetown is 
M. Ruth Gaw. A graduate of the Hospital 
for Sick Children, Toronto, she received her 
early education in Quebec, Saskatchewan 
and Ontario. In 1946 she received a diploma 
in teaching and supervision from the Mc- 
Gill School for Graduate Nurses, complet- 
ing requirements for her B N. there in 
1961. 

From 1946 to 1950 Miss Gaw’ was assis- 
tant director of nursing and clinical instruc- 
tor at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital of 
Montreal and for the past ten years has been 
director of nursing at the General Hospital, 
Guelph, Ontario. She saw service in England 
and the continent as a nursing sister with 
the R.C.A.M.C. from 1942-45 

She has been active with the ANPQ and 
more recently with the RNAO: In her leisure 
reading, the theatre and 


time she enjoys 


golfing 


Victoria Union Hospital in Prince Albert, 
Saskatchewan has a new director of nurs- 
ing. Katherine M. Scott was born in Sa- 
bin, Minnesota and received her early edu- 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


tice eek: Si ae 





cation in that State. She is a graduate of the 
Cook County Hospital school of nursing in 
Chicago and obtained her bachelor of arts 
degree from Hamline University in St. Paul. 
She did graduate work at the college of edu- 
cation of the University of Minnesota and 
at Northwestern University, Evanston, II- 
linois. Ske received an NLN scholarship to 
attend Chicago University for graduate stu- 
dy in nursing education. 





KATHERINE SCOTT 


Mrs. Scott has been director of nursing 
and nursing education at both the Grant 
Hospital, and the Englehart Hospital in 
Chicago. She has been an assistant professor 
at Ohio State University and director of 
nursing at Norton Memorial Infirmary, 
Louisville, Kentucky and at Assiniboia Union 
Hospital in Saskatchewan, and nursing arts 
instructor at Moose Jaw Union Hospital. 

She has been active on NLN committees 
and ANA projects and is a member of the 
SRNA committee on nursing service. She is 
a member of the University Women’s Club, 
enjoys travelling, reading historical novels 
and books on travel and collecting and try- 
ing out recipes. 


Emily Neville has been appointed as- 
sistant director of the school of nursing, 
St. Clare’s Mercy Hospital, St. John’s, New- 
foundland. A graduate of New Waterford 
(N.S.) General Hospital she worked as 
O.R. supervisor at the U.S. Naval Base 
Hospital, Argentia, Nfld., as a head nurse 
at Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied 
Diseases, NYC and O.R. nurse at O&k 
Ridge Hospital, Tennessee. For a time she 
did private nursing, returning to staff nurs- 
ing at the New England Deaconess Hospital, 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 





EmILty NEVILLE 


Boston, from where she went to the Joslin 
Diabetic Clinic in the same city. 

In 1952 she became a clinical instructor 
at St. Clare’s, a position she held until her 
present appointment. She is a member of 
the education committee of the ARNN, 
president of the St. John’s chapter and a 
member of the local branch of the Zonta 


Club. 


Sister Mary Beatrice has been ap- 
pointed teaching supervisor at St. Joseph’s 





Sister Mary BEatRICE 















rt, «eo Py ales 


Hospital, Victoria, B.C. Born and educated 
in Alberta, Sister received her bachelor of 
science in nursing from the College of St. 
Theresa and her master of science in nurs- 
ing from St. Louis University. In addition 
she took a two-year course in Radiographic 
and X-ray Therapy Technique and holds 
diplomas from both the American and Cana- 
dian Registries of Radiological Technicians. 

She has a broad background of experi- 
ence in nursing education and service having 


Tee ek ae ee SS er eae rs he 
ee Fated sas ae SP ET ee $ ae ont 


been a staff nurse, instructor, director of 
nursing, and director of nursing education. 
She has served the RNABC as a member 
of the original curriculum committee, the 
committee on nursing education, and the 
board of examiners. At present she is a 
member of the executive of the RNABC and 
the Canadian Mental Health ASsociation, 
B.C. division. Her special interests are gard- 
ening, flower arranging, playing the accor- 
dion, knitting and history. 


HUMAN ADAPTATION 


A Conceptual Approach 
To Understanding Patients 


Harry W. MartIn, PH.D. and ARTHUR J. PRANGE, JR., M.D. 


Innumerable varieties of stress play upon every individual at every stage of his 
sade 2 


life. How a person resp 


to this stress, the adaptations he is 


able to make, strongly influence his level of health. It is very 
important that nurses should be aware of these factors. 


OCIETAL CHANGE, in medi- 

cine, and man’s effort to under- 
stand himself and his ills demand 
fundamental changes in nursing edu- 
cation and practice. If nursing expects 
or is expected to meet these demands, 
there may be a need for greater dis- 
criminative power in the profession 
between knowledge and techniques and 
a better balance in seeking knowl 
on the one hand and of seeking tech- 
niques on the other. We are not sug- 
gesting that nursing will or should 
become a science of man, although 
there seems to be no reason why 
profession should not make a contri- 
bution to knowledge about man’s be- 
havior-in-illness, particularly with re- 
spect to that behavior relevant to 


This paper was developed during the 
course of a project in the School of Nur- 
sing, University of North Carolina. The 
project was supported by a training grant 
(2M-6157) from the National Institute of 
Mental Health. The authors express their 
appreciation to Mrs. Alice J. Gifford, 
R.N., M.N. for her reading and helpful 
suggestions on this paper. 


nursing functions. Precisely, we are 
suggesting that nursing needs a better 
conceptualization of its own functions 
and the human phenomena with which 
it deals. This path to better ways and 
techniques will be opened by ideas, not 
by discrete, poorly-related principles to 
be slavishly followed as techniques. 
In this connection we are reminded of 
what Galdston has said about medicine : 


Medicine is founded on, pursues, and 
cultivates the knowledge and understand- 
ing of man as a living creature whose 
being is framed by a world of many and 
varied realities. Medicine is not only a 
body of knowledge and skills which aims 
at benefiting man, but also an understand- 
ing of the nature of the universe, and of 
man’s position in it.; 


It is our impression, based u 
several years of work with nursing, 
that many nurses dichotomize man into 
entities — physical and psychological. 
This division appears to Arsany me 
the ancient but still prevalent separa- 
tion between mind and body. Such 
thinking, of course, is not unique to 
nursing ; indeed, its presence in nurs- 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


— * A 
r 














ing may be partly accounted for by its 
continued existence in medicine. 
Nevertheless, patients tend to be seen 
as either physically sick or emotionally 
sick. That physical and psychological 
functioning are a unity in any patient, 
certain cliches notwithstanding, is of- 
ten not accepted. The implication that 
sickness may have an emotional base 
is somehow reproachful. Nursing care 
fails to become a unity: the elements 
of care become an “either — or” mat- 
ter. Patients are either physically or 
emotionally sick; nurses are often “too 
busy giving physical care to give emo- 
tional care” or “emotional care takes 
too much time.” 


How can these deficits be overcome? 
What seems needed is a conceptual 
model by which the nurse can order 
her thinking and acting. Such a frame- 
work, if successful, should not impose 
an artificial integration on nursing cur- 
ricula. It should allow the various as- 
pects of present curricula to fall into 
a series of natural relationships. Such 
a series of relationships, in fact, would 
help satisfy that elusive curricula goal, 
integration. But this in itself would 
be a pallid recommendation, for any 
such framework has done less than 
half the job unless it also has implica- 
tions for practice. In the case of nurs- 
ing, it should provide clues for im- 
provement of patient care. 

In this paper we propose such a 
scheme which, if properly employed, 
may be of considerable use to nursing. 
It is not a new creation on our part., 


It is not social science, nor is it psy- - 


chiatry, but a way of looking at man 
that has evolved from insights gained 
from these and other disciplines. 


The Adaptation Frame of 
Reference 
Where the work of a profession 
demands utilization of knowledge from 
several disciplines, it is often desirable, 
if not imperative, to have certain as- 
sumptions and conceptual understand- 
ings which lend some logical unity to 
what may appear as a collection of 
diverse and unrelated. ideas. In the 
case of nursing, three questions are 
pertinent in this regard: 
1, Is there a conceptual scheme which 
at least approaches a unifying view of 
human biological, psychological, and 


Ps ARR ia asso nl tors ey ce ay ee eee Se en ees 


2. In what respect are individuals truly 
individuals — that is, in a technical sense, 
for facilitating nursing care? 

3. How can loosely-related information 
on patients be comprehended in a mean- 
ingful and useful whole? 

The idea of human adaptation an- 
swers these questions rather adequate- 
ly. Broadly conceived, it comprehends 
all those disciplines devoted to the 
scientific study of human behavior. 
By adaptation is meant all conscious 
and unconscious forms of adjustment 
to actual or supposed environmental 
conditions — past, present, and fu- 
ture — which confront man. Environ- 
ment consists of both that which is 
exterior and interior to man; man and 
environment are not solely juxtaposed 
entities in conflict, but also a single, 
unified process, although this process 
is rarely completely harmonious. 


Foci of Human Adaptation 

The preceding paragraph suggests 
the concept of stress. Before discus- 
sing stress in more specific terms, it 
will be helpful to outline the principal 
areas in which adaptation must take 
place since they are sources of stress. 
Figure 1 illustrates a concept of man 
as a process in and with environment.; 
With exterior environmental phenome- 
na represented broadly as physical, psy- 
chological, and sociocultural, the circle 
represents man as an entity, and in his 
entirety,, as composed of cellular “C”, 
psychological “P’’, and social elements 
“S” which are linked with counter- 
parts in the exterior environment. The 
dynamic relationship among these is 
symbolized by dual-directional arrows 
within the circle; the interchange be- 
tween the interior and exterior is si- 
milarly denoted by arrows intersecting 
the circle. 

At the cellular level the human or- 
ganism functions as a complex bio- 
chemical process. Adaptation here re- 
quires ingestion and assimilation of 
compatible substances, excretion of 
waste, protection from destructive or 
damaging forces whatever their source. 
Species survival requires procreative 
ability and opportunity. Medicine, in 
its narrowest, traditional definition, is 
concerned with the problems of human 
maladaptation at this level, that is, with 
pathological conditions in the structure 
and function of the organism. 











PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 


COMMON LIFE EVENTS 
INTERVENING BETWEEN 
BIRTH AND DEATH 


€ & 
Coa Oe adc 
Pe Oe TE 
/ \ OBER RES 
| 1 NL sewer || 
\ p<————_-Ss / | | cee events | | 
\ ae eek 
oe A 

eau as 

MITTEE 


Figure 1. The circle and its content 
represent the individual, whose environ- 
ment consists of both the space surround- 
ing and occupied by him. Interaction 
between the individual and his environ- 
ment (i.e., the inner and outer environ- 
ment) ts denoted by the breaks in the 
circle and the dual-directional arrows 
intersecting the circle. Movement of the 


Rooted in the cellular substrate of 
the organism are neurochemical pro- 
cesses and mechanisms that energize 
the organism and mediate between ex- 
terior and interior environment. Man’s 
psychological nature is based on this 
substrate and is comprehended in such 
concepts as: mind, ideation, learning, 
perception, conscious and unconscious 
processes. At this level, it has been psy- 
chology and psychiat that have 
sought to understand the integration 
and function of these processes. 

The third level is in the social or, 
more accurately, the sociocultural 
sphere. Patterned, relatively permanent 
modes of human behavior in groups, 
inter-individual interaction, values, be- 
liefs, norms, symbols become the 
forms of attention. Man’s culture, in 


individual through time and life events 
are depicted to the right of the paren- 
thesis; as the individual proceeds through 
life he encounters events and situations to 
which he must adapt. The process and 
modes of adaptation to these conditions 
result in more or less successful conse- 
quences for the individual which, in turn, 
can be more or less stress reducing or 
stress producing. 


addition to these elements, contains ar- 
tifacts with instrumental and expres- 
sive functions which have evolved in 
the process of adaptation. The impor- 
tance of these lies in the fact that 
beyond their utilitarian value they be- 
come invested with meanings which 
play a crucial role in man’s adaptive 
process. Understanding man from the 
point of view of his social and cultural 
heritage has been primarily the task 
of the sociologist and the anthropo- 
logist. 

These three levels — cellular, ps 
chological, social — though often loo i 
ed upon as separate facets of human 
existence, may be viewed in their ag- 
gregate as one system composed of 
three interdependent sub-systems. The 
adaptation frame of reference holds 








that if a total view of man is to be 
approached, it is necessary to have 
some comprehension of each of the 
three sub-systems and of the relations 
among them. The interdependence 
among them is vastly more complex 
than examples reveal; however, three 
examples serve to exemplify their ef- 
fect upon one another. 

An individual attacked by a paralytic 
puliv virus may suffer permanent damage 
that restricts his mobility and disfigures 
his body. In one respect all this is simply 
cellular, but much more is involved if one 
is concerned with the total individual. He 
must be cared for by others; the residual 
effect of his disease will limit, according 
to the amount of damage, his participation 
in society for the remainder of his life. 
Psychologically, the individual has to ad- 
just to these changes and deficits by ac- 
quiring a different concept of himself. 

Suicide affords another rather obvious 
example. An individual, meeting with fail- 
ure in business or romance, may succumb 
psychologically and seek solution by 
suicidal measures that may destroy his 
life or damage his body. 

A social situation such as giving a pub- 
lic address may have special (symbolic) 
psychological meaning for an individual 
so that he reacts with anxiety, one physio- 
logical correlate of which may be over- 

_ breathing. In this process, carbon dioxide 
is lost from the body at an excessive rate; 
this, in turn, might alter the chemical 
reaction of his blood to such an extent as 
to cause death were it not for the activity 
of elaborate chemical systems which react 
in a manner to preserve the slight alkalin- 
ity of the blood within a very narrow 
range. Thus, a stress created by a social 
situation because of special psychological 
meaning, may evoke a chain of cellular 
adaptations, all with minimal awareness 
on the part of the person involved, 


Health, Illness, and Stress 

It is now pertinent to examine the 
concepts of health, illness, and stress.s 
Romano designates health and illness 


as: 
. .. phases of life, dependent at any time 

on the balance maintained by devices, 
genically and experientially determined, 
intent on fulfilling needs and on adapting 
to and mastering stresses as they arise 
within the organism or from without. 
Health, then, represents a “‘success- 

ful” adjustment, and illness a failure 


MARCH, 1962 « VOL. 58, No. 3 


> 
_ ek ii da ia 


of adjustment. Engel says with regard 
to this formulation: 

Clearly, health and disease are relative 
concepts, so that at times no clear distinc- 
tion between the two is possible. This for- 
mulation takes into account the process of 
existing between and within the total 
organism and the total environment. The 
needs of the organism have a biologically 
determined source in instinctual evergy, 
but satisfaction of the needs is achieved 
through biological, psychological, and 
social devices. The aim is to maintain a 
condition of stable, dynamic equilibrium 
between the internal and external en- 
vironments.; 

ree constitutes stress? Stress may 
... any influence, whether it arises from 
the internal environment or from the 
external environment, which interferes 
with the satisfaction of basic needs or 
which disturbs or threatens to disturb the 
stable equilibrium. 

Further, as Jennings demonstrated in 
the most simple living organisms, whether 
or not a situation is stressful depends 
upon the organism’s past history, genically 
and experientially determined.s 

Stress, then, arises from interfer- 

ence or assaults, threats of assaults, 
real or supposed, from without and 
from within. Attacks may come from 
other men, animals, parasites, or nox- 
ious agents of various forms. Factors 
threatening survival or satisfaction of 
basic or derived needs may arise from 
natural or man-made forces. Overde- 
manding or conflicting social and cul- 
tural expectations may come from 
one’s participation in the institutional- 
ized foci of human behavior, for ex- 
ample: courtship, family, work, reli- 

ion, and so on. Deprivational inter- 
erence may arise from: inadequate 
metabolic supplies, failure to meet 
social expectations and aspirations, 
loss of love, or security, Other sources 
of stress not frequently recognized 
come from unacceptable needs that 
have been repr but which inter- 
fere with the adaptive process. 

Because of man’s nature, stress does 

not necessarily or always have an ob- 
jective basis in reality. It may be pro- 
voked by threats and symbols of dan- 
we deprivation as well as by actual 
ger or deprivation. Stress of this 

is frequently insidious and as 
oetan as that from more concrete 


237 








sources. Magnitude and time are im- 
portant aspects. Engel says: 

. . . in addition, stress must be consid- 
ered in a quantitative sense, taking into 
account both the magnitude and the time 
curve. How much, how suddenly, and for 
how long are important variables.s 

It should be pointed out, however, 
that stress is difficult to define in 
measurable terms.;o Measurement of 
how much stress a particular individual 
can endure, at least outside of experi- 
mental situations, has not yet been 
achieved. Capacity to resist or endure 
stress varies from person to person; 
what may constitute stress for one 
person may not be for another. Re- 
gardless of these problems, the con- 
cept is useful for advancing compre- 
hension of human adaptation. In using 
the concept it is imperative that think- 
ing in merely quantitative terms be 
avoided. What is important is the 
meaning that stress has for an indi- 
vidual and how he deals with it. 


Human Needs and Stress 

Needs may be classified in two 
groups: 

(1) Basic needs, that is, those intrinsic 
to the organism, some of which change or 
develop through biological maturation ; 

(2) derived needs or those which arise 
from socialization and through interaction 
with the exterior environment. 

Some derived needs, although having 
external origins, rest upon the internal 
environmental potential of the organ- 
ism. The sex urge (need, drive, or 
instinct), for example, is organically 
based, but internalized pea a values 
and norms create needs which control 
expression and satisfaction of the sex 
urge in socially prescribed ways. 
Stress, then, may be generated by con- 
flict among basic needs, between basic 
and derived needs, or by incompatibi- 
lities and contradictions between and 
among derived needs. 


Adaptive Techniques 

Meeting his needs and adapting to 
the stress which confronts him in life, 
the individual, including his body, re- 
sorts to various measures — physio- 
logical, psychological, social — which 
tend to maintain a relatively stable 
balance within and among the various 
systemic parts. This balance is re- 
ferred to as equilibrium or homeo- 





stasis. Homeostatic devices or tech- 
niques are regulatory mechanisms and 
compensatory reactions in any system 
of organized, interdependent parts. 
They tend to establish a balance among 
parts, resist imbalancing factors, re- 
store balance, or re-establish a relative- 
ly stable relationship at some other level. 
This point cannot be overemphasized, 
for the maintenance of health, and 
sometimes of life itself, depends upon 
the preservation of certain conditions 
— cellular, psychological, and sociolo- 
gical — within rather narrow limits. 
Adaptive techniques are facets of the 
equilibrating process involved in this 
unending struggle. No attempt will be 
made to enumerate techniques avail- 
able at the various levels where equili- 
brium must be maintained; instead, 
we shall suggest general modes and 
forms that may occur.,;, It must be 
understood that the adaptive efforts 
of a given individual are not merely 
a matter of his present situation. They 
are partly determined by his particular 
genic structure and past individual and 
sociocultural experiences, all of which 
may foster certain responses and in- 
hibit others. 

Mobility (including motility and 
flexibility) is possible for the indivi- 
dual in physical, psychological, and 
social space. This allows withdrawal 
or approach, association or disasso- 
ciation, retreat, defence, or attack as 
means of dealing with stress and as- 
suring equilibrium. Closely related to 
mobility is the potential of rearrange- 
ment of systemic parts and use of 
alternative functions as an adaptive 
manoeuvre. Rearrangement may occur 
by voluntary or involuntary action 
which may prove to be functional or 
dysfunctional. For example, at the or- 
ganic level, encystment, allergic reac- , 
tions, or blood-cell reaction to infection 
may take place. Certain psychological 
mechanisms are necessary for ‘‘nor- 
mal” functioning, but an individual 
may come to rely upon some mecha- 
nisms more than others as a means of 
maintaining psychological equilibrium, 
for example, projection. This mecha- 
nism, which has the function of locat- 
ing some of one’s own attitudes as 
being resident outside one’s self, may 
be useful to a degree, but may impose 
secondary ems by seriously dis- 
torting reality. 








Attempts to adapt can bring into 
play the principles of inertia and eco- 
nomy which do not involve new me- 
thods but result in the use of old 
techniques in new situations. In re- 
lying on these principles the individual 


consciously or unconsciously resorts 
to methods that have been successful 
in solving bygone problems, though 
they may or may not be appropriate 
to the current situation. Adaptive tech- 
niques are aimed at re-establishing a 
balance but the very act of adaptive 
effort may be stressful to varying de- 
grees, and bring into play new forces 
which have to be integrated. Childbirth 
may satisfy the drive toward - 
hood but raises the problems of child- 
rearing. Too much “success” may be 
as stressful as not enough; the nou- 
veau riche may be able to purchase the 
symbols of their newly acquired eco- 
nomic status. but d_ themselves 
snubbed by those with whom they 
wish to associate. 

Useful adaptive techniques when ex- 
cessively or inappropriately applied lead 
to maladaptive consequences. A little 
alcohol before dinner may reduce ten- 
sion, but too much used too often may 
lead to social complications or liver 
damage. In a similar way, on the cellu- 
lar level a wound can over —a 
scar becomes a keloid, a type of disfi- 
guring tumor. In man, these compli- 
cations are compounded because of his 

chant for symbolization. Some sym- 

s, such as stop signs, are generally 

upon, but others are highly 
private. Thus, the adaptive problem is 
not always what an observer under- 
stands it to be on first glance. To state 
a common example: If a patient scru- 
pulously avoids riding elevators, this 
bit of behavior may represent an un- 
conscious conflict, and adaptive prob- 
lem, that cannot be elucidated without 
more information. 


Limitations on Adaptation 

The range of adaptive modes, 
though extensive, is relatively deter- 
minate.;. Organically, the individual's 
spectrum of adaptive responses is 
limited by morphology, and physio- 
chemical structure. As Engel says in 

raphrasing a statement of H. S. 


ennings, “A cornered amoeba cannot 
escape by flying.”;; Similarly, at the 
social level the individual is 











a finite, yet large number of solutions. 
There is perhaps greater latitude here 
than at the organic level for creation 
of new adaptive modes. However, in 
many instances, inertia and tradition 
forestall development of new solutions, 
produce distrust of these, and tend to 
define them as deviate, particularly if 
they contradict old values. Limitations 
upon psychological adaptation depend 
upon the quality of the individual’s 
psychological heredity and upon pre- 
vious experience with important fig- 
ures that continue to operate by un- 
conscious representation. Finally, the 
concept of adaptation is not an exclu- 
sive means of understanding all pro- 
cesses which the individual undergoes. 
However, it is useful for understand- 
ing the relationships between an indi- 
vidual and his environment, both 
internal and external. It is especially 
useful in taking a comprehensive view 
of illness. 


The Life Cycle and Adaptation 

Within certain limits, the adaptive 
tasks facing an individual at any period 
of life can be anticipated on the basis 
of relatively little information. By 
noting only the and sex of an 
individual it is possible to predict fair- 
ly accurately ee OI — of 
many changes w is undergoing. 
As oe specific information acauaes 
available, understanding and assess- 
ment of the nature and force of stress 
increase in accuracy. The concept of 
adaptation employed in conjunction 
with that of the life cycle can be most 
useful for identifying stress areas in a 
given individual. 

Although the process of adaptation 
proceeds minute by minute, from con- 
ception to death, it characteristically 
passes through several phases or 
epochs usually introduced by critical 
life events. Figure 2 extends Figure 1 
by depicting the individual as moving 
through time and encountering typical 
life events designated as nodal points. 
These events are conceived as intro- 
ducing successive epochs or phases 
over the life span which are outlined 
by the broken vertical lines extending 
downward from the nodal points. Al- 
though some epochs are introduced 


abruptly, there are periods of antici- 


pation and transition. i my soe 
people do not follow the typical course — 













































through the life cycle. Some move 
faster or slower than the usual rate 
and thus have an atypical course — 
that is, out of phase with the usual 
pattern. At any time the cycle may be 
disrupted by accidents or illness, and 
death may end the cycle for an indivi- 
dual at any time. 


ramerfonae lacie] coin, [scaeel ox | 


SIE TN 


Figure 2 expands the right side of 
Figure 1 to illustrate some common life 
events (nodal points) and the various 
stages (epochs) through which individuals 
pass in the course of the life cycle. The 
nodal points, for the most part, are com- 
monly encountered events which more or 
less introduce the several life epochs. The 
vertical lines suggest the existence of 
boundaries between the various epochs ; 
however, by being broken the lines imply 
that epochs overlap. And, although the 
lines separating the various epochs are 
equidistant, it is not meant to suggest 
that all epochs are of equal duration. 


As individuals move through the 
life cycle they are faced with a series 
of changing conditions — physical, 
social, and psychological. New defini- 
tions and concepts of self must be ac- 
quired with respect to one’s age, sex, 
and other factors specifying expecta- 
tions of the individual. Such adjust- 
ments tend to be focalized around 
outstanding life events. It is at these 
nodal points, at these times of adaptive 
crisis, that adaptation is most likely to 
fail and illness to occur. This can ai 
pen in highly specific ways but the 

rapes A ena is simply stated. 
ch n point requires the employ- 
ment of new adaptive techniques or the 
extension of old ones, and these tech- 


niques, or their relative lack, may fail 
in their purpose. 

Such an outcome is especially likely 
if the crisis is sudden or if the indivi- 
dual is poorly prepared for it on the 
basis of past experience. That is, each 
experience partly determines the indi- 
vidual’s ability and manner of meeting 
the stress of subsequent situations. To 
cite a common example: 

If a girl has had no sexual instruction 
or has been raised in a social atmosphere 

of sexual mystery, she will experience 
relatively greater stress and have fewer 
means of coping with the onset of puberty 
and menstruation. If other necessary bio- 
logical factors are operative, she is more 
likely than another pubescent girl to suf- 
fer acne or dysmenorrhea. Later, all this 
experience and her psychological elabora- 
tion of it partly shape her behavior in 
courtship, marriage, and childbirth and 
her means of managing these events. 

Of course, under usual conditions 
each nodal point in the life cycle is 
the occasion for growth and develo 
ment and for the enrichment of life. 
It is when the individual is unprepared 
or unable to accept the change that 
adaptive failure occurs; when the 
change is too sudden, too severe, or 
ill-timed, illness is likely to result... 
Let us now, in suggestive fashion, 
examine several other adaptive prob- 
lems associated with the life cycle. 

The working phase of life and its 
closure through retirement illustrates 
an order of adaptive tasks. For most 
men — and a increasing number of 
women,, — work presents a long range 
and sometimes acute adaptive problem. 
The concept of work is subject to dif- 
fering cultural influences. At one time 
or another, and at one place or another, 
work has been crane 3 as a necessary 
evil, as a means of attaining righteous- 
ness, as evidence of personal integrity, 
or as punishment for Adam’s havin 
sinned. Thus, an individual’s social an 
cultural ba determines, in 
great part, the feelings he has about 
work in general and his own job in 
particular. 

Work may be rous, as for ex- 
ample, through exposure to radiation 
or silicon dust. A man’s work, which 
accounts for much of his working life, 
can afford him much satisfaction or 
present him with chronic or acute 
stressful situations. Ambition, a lack 


on ra 
e? . 


, = 



















of it, ability to do the job, promotions, 
relationships with fellow-workers, and 
relationships with superiors have their 
stress potential. It may be that a re- 
lationship with the boss, reminiscent 
of the child-father relationship, is an 
important element in the worker’s 
adaptation (and possibly that of the 
boss). If the relationship is disrupted 
for any reason, an adaptive crisis can 
be precipitated. 

That it is not merely the event but 
also the meaning of the event that 
determines behavior cannot be over- 
emphasized. Perhaps it will become 
clear if we point out that, regarding 
work, success as well as failure can 
produce adaptive crisis. For example, 


promotion may arouse guilt. To under-- 


stand this, one needs to understand the 
life history of the individual, and to 
direct attention to his unresolved com- 
petitive feelings toward his father and 
guilt feelings for becoming “better,” 
that is, being promoted. It is worse 
than useless to think, concerning a pa- 
tient, “What is he so upset for? He 
just got promoted!” One must try to 
understand the patient’s feelings as 
they exist; then the meaning of events 
may become clearer. 

The working life of a person comes 
to a close with retirement. Beyond 
the fact that most persons do not re- 
tire on an income sufficient to meet 
their needs there are dysfunctional so- 
cio-psychological consequences _ that 
have strong implications for survival. 
Most of us know of at least one indi- 
vidual, in relatively good health who, 
upon retirement followed a downhill 
course to demise. The time when one 
will be deposed from his job ap- 
proaches inexorably. It can be antici- 
pated with anxiety, apprehension, and 
feelings of loss of self-esteem. Per- 
sons who have invested the major part 
of their lifetime in a job frequently 
find it difficult to give it up. It often 
means forfeiture of authority, respon- 
sibility, friends, and other meaningful 
social contacts associated with work. 
Above all, it says, in effect, “You are 
no longer useful in the job or to so- 
ciety,” and clearly portends the final 
phase of life. Following retirement, 
one has to adjust to a new schedule of 
daily rounds of activity — in a sense, 
inactivity. From a comprehensive 
point of view these problems are as 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


oak | 


much a part of health care of indivi- 
duals as organic pathology. Indeed, 
stress deriving from either work or 
retirement can become an integral part 
of the clinical problems of people. 

Another common area of concern in 
adult life is the dissolution of the fam- 
ily by departure of children from the 
home. Significantly, this occurs around 
the involutional period of parents. 
When a son or daughter leaves home 
for reasons which, on the surface, 
may be cause for rejoicing, the depar- 
ture may create feelings of loss. Mar- 
Tiages are usually considered happy 
occasions but they are often — facet- 
iously — compared to funerals. Weep- 
ing parents at marriage ceremonies 
are not uncommon. Tears of joy on 
these occasions may be mingled with 
those of sorrow. Most parents adjust 
to the loss; with some, the feelings 
of loss persist and may deepen into de- 
pression. 

The father of five children was admit- 
ted to hospital for the sudden onset of 
severe pain associated with cervical osteo- 
arthritis. He gave evidence of consider- 
able depression and, as he described it, “a 
filling up with emotion.” Four years 
before the onset of symptoms his father 
had died; two years later, a daughter had 
married. One Sunday afternoon his eldest 
and favorite daughter informed the family 
that she had become engaged. That same 
day the patient’s symptoms began. 

Since osteoarthritis is a slowly progres- 
sive disorder, the structural changes in 
this man’s spine presumably were present 
for some time, yet he had no symptoms 
until stressed in another way as well. 
Later the patient said that the daughter 
and her mother had “talked about the 
marriage a great deal around the house.” 
He had not discussed it with anyone; he 
felt it would be too upsetting. 

Separation, or loss, is often a cru- 
cial factor in adaptive breakdown. Un- 
derlying this observation is the fact 
that human beings, as compared to 
other organisms, are highly related 
to each other and that intense inter- 
relatedness, in most cases, is neces- 
sary for the maintenance of health. 
These facts are shown by conditions 
of natural and experimental isolation, 
which regularly result in psychotic- 
like states. Separation from significant 
individuals can occur at any time, as 
by death; it can also occur in less ob- 








vious, that is, more symbolic ways, 
as by the marriage of a favorite child. 
Even the threat of loss can exert pro- 
found effects. Moreover, once iz 
pitalization has occurred, the patient 
is always, at least secondarily and par- 
tially, separated from those most im- 
portant to him, a point of practical 
clinical significance. 

The importance of separation as 
a factor in psychosomatic illness has 
been discussed by Shands;, and others. 
It has been corroborated and expanded 
as regards general medical patients 
by Schmale.,; Neither these authors 
nor we suggest that separation is al- 
ways antecedent to illness. Neverthe- 
less, our understanding of a sick per- 
son can often be d ed by examin- 
ing this possibility. This examination, 
in turn, is aided by a review of the 
patient’s current adaptive problems. 
These problems in some measure cor- 
respond to his place or level in the life 
cycle. 

A universal problem of separation 
is presented by the death of a loved 
one. Figure 2 places death at the 
end of a full cycle; obviously, how- 
ever, it can occur at any time. time 
at which it does occur is of crucial 
importance; it makes considerable dif- 
ference whether one’s parents die when 
one is six or sixty. Normally, such an 
event is followed by a period of griev- 
ing. This is really a symbolic means 
of gradually detaching oneself from 
the loved person: Sometimes, for sub- 
jective or objective reasons, pro- 
cess is thwarted. In such instances 
adaptive breakdown is likely to occur. 

Separation reactions in the healthy per- 
son are characteristically accompanied by 
expression of grieving, but the possibilities 
for vicious circle mechanisms are very 
quickly apparent here when we consider 
the difficulties which are related to this 
process. In the first place, the act of griev- 
ing is itself painful and there is a conflict 
between it and the tendency to avoid pain. 

In the second place, grieving is an emo- 

tional expression which takes place most 
easily in the presence of a kindly disposed 
listener. Here again the process is com- 
plicated because the listener, the com- 
panion, is frequently himself distressed by 
the grief of the bereaved person. In order 
to preserve the relationship to the com- 
panion, the bereaved person must. fre- 
quently suppress some or all of the mani- 





att 


festations of grief . . . There are cultural 
factors of great importance in the degree 
to which emotional expression is approved 
or disapproved. In this country, and par- 
ticularly in sections where the Puritan 
tradition is strong, there is a tendency to 
disapprove of the expression of feeling 
and to set the stiff upper lip as a sort of 
ideal.ss 

If the nurse is aware of this pro- 
cess, she may very well serve as 
nondi “kindly disposed _list- 
ener.” She may arrest and even net 
tially reverse the chain of events which 
often proceeds from thwarted grief 
to guilt and depression and to illness. 


Conclusion 

In this paper we have indicated 
some factors that point to the need 
for a comprehensive framework within 
which the nurse may view the pheno- 
mena of health and illness and within 
which she may bal acs the diverse 
phenomena that confront her. We have 
suggested a framework that has gra- 
dually evolved within medicine and 
has been enhanced by other disciplines. 
At any given time, in applying this 
concept to a given patient, the nurse 
should consider the position of the 
patient in his life e. This will 
give clues as to likely problems 
of adaptation and likely adaptive 
attempts. This broad framework and 
its application should confer broader 
understanding. If this is so, the nurse 
is in a better position to help create 
and maintain an atmosphere in which 
the 2 ies of her patient is pro- 
moted. 


References 

1. Iago Galdston, editor, Beyond the 
Germ Theory. New York: Health Edu- 
cation Council, 1954, p. 6. 

2. The sources of this framework and 
the ideas contained herein are many. We 
are most directly indebted to the essay by 
George L. Engel, “Homeostasis, Be- 
havioral Adjustment and the Concept of 
Health and Disease,” in Roy L. Grinker, 
editor, Mid-Century Psychiatry. Spring- 
field, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Pub- 
lisher, 1953, pp. 33-59. 

3. Leo W. Simmons and Harold G. 
Wolff, Social Science in Medicine, New 
York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1954, 
chapter 3. 


eit ti 
Fe ity eS 





omission of reference to the religious or 
spiritual factor. Religion, insofar as it is 
an institutionalized form of human life, 
may be considered as psychocultural 
phenomena and is thus included in this 
frame of reference. 

5. The links between stress and disease 
are extensively discussed by Simmons and 
Wolff, of. cit., chapter 5. 

6. As quoted by Engel, op. cit., p. 33. 

7. Loc. cit. 

8. Ibid., pp. 51-52. 

9. Ibid., p. 52. 

10. William Caudill, Effects of Social 
and Cultural Stress in Reactions to Stress, 
Pamphlet 14, Social Science Research 
Council, New York, 1958, pp. 1-10. 

11. Engel, op. cit., p. 41. 

12. Simmons and Wolff, op. cit., pp. 
165-167. 

13. Engel, op. cit., p. 41. 

14. It is true that in some instances ill- 
ness may not represent only a failure of 


In the foreword of Spotlight on Nursing 
Education appears the following statement 
made by the immediate past president of the 
Canadian Nurses’ Association: 

A profession such as nursing which 
seeks, by its service, to earn the con- 
fidence and approval of the society it 
serves, assumes also the responsibility of 
maintaining that service at the highest 
possible levels of competence and effec- 
tiveness. — Atice Grrarp 
In approaches toward the above-stated ob- 

jectives, the programs in nursing aided by 
the W. K. Kellogg Foundation have given 
particular emphasis to the educative aspects 
of the profession's efforts. The nursing pro- 
gtams in Canada currently aided by the 
Foundation’s Division of Nursing represent 
a variety of activities and include assistance 
to the following: 

The University of Saskatchewan — 
for a program in nursing service admin- 
istration, including an in-service educa- 
tion project for the nursing service 
personnel in the University Hospital. 

The University of New Brunswick — 
for the development of a pre-service 
curriculum in nursing leading to the 
baccalaureate degree, and a job-related 
continuing-education program for nurses 
in the regional area served by the school. 

The Canadian Nurses’ Association and 
the Canadian Hospital Association — for 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


; 
ic aby ye) 


adaptation; it may also represent the 
adaptive attempt itself. In an example 
cited, a keloid, an over-reaction to tissue 
injury, is evidence not only of adaptation 
gone wrong, but also of the adaptive atf- 
tempt having been made. In this sense, 
maladaptation does not cause a disease — 
a disease is a maladaptation. 

15. Working women, because of many 
social attitudes and implications of why 
they work, are confronted with some 
problems quite different from those met 
by men. 

16. Harley C. Shands, “Problems of 
Separation in the Etiology of Psychoso- 
matic Disease” Bulletin of the Muscogee 
County Medical Society, Vol. 1, August, 
1954, pp. 9-19. 

17. Arthur H. Schmale, Jr., “Relation- 
ship of Separation and Depression to 
Disease” Psychosomatic Medicine, XX 
July - August 1958, pp. 259-277. 

18. Shands, of. cit., p. 15. 


a correspondence-extension course for 

nursing unit administrators. 

McGill University — for the inaugur- 
ation of a nursing education program 
leading to the master’s degree, to pre- 
pare nurses for leadership positions in 
teaching, administration and supervision. 

The University of Western Ontario — 
for the establishment of a curriculum at 
the graduate level to prepare directors of 

hospital nursing services. 
— Annual Report 1961, 
W. K. Kellogg Foundation. 
* * * 

Canada’s 18th National Health Week is 
being held this year March 11-17. The 
Health League of Canada is sponsoring the 
first session of the Canadian Health Forum 
for three days of the week. 

The subjects proposed for panel discus- 
sions are: Preventive medicine, world 
health, geriatrics and gerontology and ways 
to improve communications. Several promi- 
nent personalities have been invited to speak 
at the Forum: Honorable Hubert Humph- 
reys, chief whip of the U.S. senate and fore- 
most exponent of the idea of world health 
supported by voluntary action; Right Hon- 
orable John Diefenbaker; Dr. Paul Dudley 
White, well-known heart specialist; Dr. H. 
S. Gear, secretary of the World Medical 
Association and Dr. Harvey Adams, pres- 
ident of the Canadian Public Relations 
Society. 
















































The Role of the Nurse 





in a Changing Society 


Jean-C. FALARDEAU 


This address was given at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Nurses of 
the Province of Quebec, in November, 1961. 


I. SocrieTy Is REFLECTED in its insti- 
tutions. It has seemed to me for 
some time that one of the institutions 
in which North American society is 
reflected most vividly is the hospital. 
It is the arena where the forces of dis- 
integration and human efforts of con- 
servation confront each other in the 
combat for life and death. Here the 
two great dramas of human life, birth 
and death, are played. Here society 
concentrates the best of its technical 
resources, its inventions and its hu- 
man brains. In more than one way, 
the hospital constitutes a miniature re- 
plica of our whole society. 

The hospital also resembles the laby- 
rinthine village in which the action of 
Kafka’s novel, The Castle, takes place. 
Who can forget this mysterious vil- 
lage where we are taken.on adventures 
with the no less mysterious “Mister 
K”? A person without identity, sur- 
rounded by strangers, searching for a 
personal label, an occupation, a home, 
roots — in a word, for an identity, in 
a community without meaning, save 
that which comes to him from his re- 
lation with an enigmatic beyond, with 
this disconcerting “castle” which, in 
the haze, dominates the village and 
where reside those from whom the 
orders come and on whom depend the 
collective and individual destinies of 
the inhabitants of the village. 

I imagine that a large number of 
those who have visited a modern hos- 
pital as patients have experienced a 
similar feeling. You recall the first im- 
pressions of Gabrielle Roy’s Alexandre 
Chenevert (The Cashier) when he en- 
tered the hospital. 

... The rattle of typewriters greeted 
him. In the distance, a telephone was 
ringing, which no one seemed in a hurry 
to answer. People were flitting back 
and forth along the corridors. When 
you first arrived, the hospital was not 
too unlike a business office: a counter, 


¥ 


, , 
MT sak) PS ill ba Uh ae bate Bites 


notices, an information desk, and even 
what looked very much like a wicket 
. . . He was confronted with paper and 
ink. Here as everywhere else, the first 
thing you had to do was fill out forms. 
From these observations one can 
assess some characteristic features of 
the hospital: a bureaucratic type of 
world where social relationships are 
impersonal to the point of anonymity; 
where individuals take notice of each 
other exclusively through well-defined 
roles — those of doctor, specialist, pa- 
tient, nurse, technician. A world, too, 
in which a minute division of labor is 
made in the most “rational” way pos- 
sible and according to an imperious 
hierarchy of responsibilities and regu- 
—— ota cal 
very nature of its ori ’ 
the hospital had to have an fot ae 
tarian structure. A little like the army, 
it was a place where life and death 
vied with each other, where it was im- 
perative for the individuals who made 
up its ranks to be rigorously subordin- 
ated one to the other, under the un- 
questioned command of those who 
were “masters after God.” Today's 
hospital, however, is not a place where 
one goes for the sole purpose of dying. 
Rather, one goes to in an “inven- 
tory” of health. One goes for elective 
surgery, examinations, check-ups, or 
only for a rest. The hospital no longer 
has the tragic character it once had. 
Without being a place of organized 
leisure, it is becoming more and more 
an oasis for the pause that refreshes. 
Furthermore, programs of health in- 
surance and hospital insurance have 
directed toward the hospital people of 
all ages, all phic and ethnic ori- 
gins, all social classes. It has become 
‘ a It is not unlike in- 
ustry which uses ive techno- 
logy for the mass rodmtion: of goods 
services which are destined for the 
largest possible number of consumers. 








The hospital is an enterprise whose 
technicians are supplying medical ser- 
vices to an indefinitely extensive and 
undifferentiated public. 


II. Through her professional oc- 
cupation, the nurse occupies a key po- 
sition among those technicians of the 
hospital enterprise. Because of her 
daily contact with chain production, 
with bureaucratic red-tape and with 
the anonymous structure of power and 
authority, and, above all, because of 
her relations with the patients, she is 
in a vantage position to observe chan- 
ges in collective attitudes and behavior. 

I would be curious to know what 
is the nurse’s image of the contem- 
porary hospital patient. I would be 
very surprised if the most significant 
trait of this image was not determined 
by the fact that the “average” patient 
is now far removed from his rural 
origin, that his needs and tastes for 
material comforts have increased, and 
that he displays many whims. As 
David Reisman has noticed, our so- 
ciety now produces individuals who 
are more and more “other-directed.” 
Each tries to live and think like his 
neighbors, like his occupational col- 
leagues, like the social class to which 
he belongs or aspires to belong. The 
movies, television, and publicity have 
popularized standard ideas of status 
and prestige to which most people try 
to conform. Poorly integrated into a 
changing society, they are worried 
about their status. Uncertain of their 
identity, concerned about being well- 
thought of, they exaggerate their ac- 
complishments to attract attention. 
Hence, their display of symbols of so- 
cial success. individual thinks 
highly of himself and expects to be 
given still more recognition. Whether 
he is at a resort, at a restaurant or in 
the hospital, he surrounds himself with 
such status symbols as he deems use- 
ful. to strengthen his uneasy social 
personality. 

This socially mobile “average” pa- 
tient also thinks that he possesses a 
vast amount of medical and scientific 
knowledge. Living in a world where 
advertising informs him daily of the 
conquests of science, in a world where, 
in order to create any interest, a food, 
a new remedy or an opinion must be 
reputed to be “scientific,” modern man 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No, 3 
ee ‘ Lai! hp 


nei 


7"? * = ih, see 





wants to be informed objectively about 
everything that touches his existence, 
and particularly his health. He is, how- 
ever, only a man of “digest” science. 
His medico-pharmacological back- 
ground includes an impressive vocabu- 
lary of beneficent terms, such as “‘anti- 
biotic,” “‘vitamin,” “Metrecal,” as well 
as a black list of nightmare concepts 
such as, “cholesterol,” “thrombosis,” 
he belongs to a class 
which claims to be more sophisticated, 
he has a whole arsenal of psychoanaly- 
dical Avsone din the: ins ta beige 
when he enumerates his illnesses or 
those of his friend. He will understand 
the etiology of his child’s bronchitis 
or his own arthritis only if they are 
spoken of in terms of complexes or of 
traumas of the Ego. 

I am obviously oversimplifying. In 
any case, my point is that the contem- 
porary patient expects to be informed, 
in the most “scientific” way possible, 
about the illnesses he has or believes 
he has. He fancies that he is now freed 
from the beliefs of folklore that were 
held by his grandparents. Unconscious 
of the fact that he has substituted tra- 
ditional folklore for another type 
which is no less mythical, he wants 
to be identified with the stereotype 
of the “informed citizen” of our era: 
a rational man, informed about every- 
thing, critical, competent to judge the 
technical efficiency of those with whom 
he deals — either his garageman, his 
electrician, his doctor, or the latter’s 
assistant, the nurse. 


III. This is only one among many 
of the expectations that patients hold 
about nurses. The variety of these ex- 
pectations varies according to whether 
the patient is a man or a woman. How- 
ever, these brief considerations about 
the hospital and the patient are suf- 
ficient to indicate in what ways the 
contemporary nurse’s role is being mo- 
dified. 

The practice of any professional 
activity occurs within a of social 
relationships with categories of indi- 
viduals who, themselves, play various 
specific roles. The teacher, for in- 
stance, is in ary, with: his 

ils ; his colleagues is superiors 
tn the hierarchy; the members of a 
school board; and his pupils’ parents. 
Within the bureaucratic structure of 





os 
q 
<u 
1 Ye A he 
Af « 
4 I 








the hospital, the nurse’s activities are 


=| 


carried out in a vast web of relation- 
ships which include: the patients and 
their relatives; her gra 
duates or students; the heads of de- 
partments; the doctors and their as- 
sistants ; laboratory technicians; social 
workers ; the personnel mene the 
business office personnel, etc. No mat- 
ter how heterogeneous this web, it 
seems that the nurse’s essential rela- 
tionship is the one which relates her 
to uote and pe eerie Wes: in- 
te iary responsibility is not of re- 
cent wee A Sanskrit treatise of 
3000 years ago states: 

The doctor, the remedy, the nurse 
and the patient are an aggregate of 
four elements. It is a question of 
knowing which virtues each must pos- 
sess to bring about the healing of pa- 
tients. 


The patterns of the doctor-nurse 
relationship are manifold. Apart from 
the fact that medical specialities are 
multiplying indefinitely, the division 
of labor and responsibilities between 
the various kinds of doctors within the 
hospital is becoming more and more 
strict. The nurse is in contact with 
each of these categories. She must be 
able to understand and interpret the 
technical language of each of them as 
though she were one of them. Further, 
it is expected that she will act like a 
expert-colleague of the specialist. Ac- 
cordingly, she should possess a variety 
of scientific knowledge which far sur- 
passes the medical knowledge that she 
was exposed to during her brief pro- 
fessional education. On the other hand, 
her status remains rigorously subor- 
dinate to that of the physician. Re- 
gardless of the nuances that differen- 
tiate the respective statuses of the me- 
dical specialties, all the doctors in the 
hospital share the same global status 
of prestige and authority. They hold 
the effective power to give orders, yet, 
their presence in the hospital is episo- 
dical while that of the nurses is con- 
tinuous. The doctor is in the hospital 
without being completely of the - 
pital, hence, a frequent occasion for 
friction if not resentment on the part 
of the hospital personnel. Those that 
are invested with the highest’authority, 
the doctors, are not ‘on whom 
the most onerous load of responsibility 
rests, the nurses., ” 





= 


2 rae imeae ‘ i . ? —_ 
Sa ete i oe ek els a oi ial 





Another paradox confronts the 
brig Pi this time " her —— 
wi patients. It is no longer a 
question of an im ce between sta- 
tus and responsibility, but between an 
ideal of service and the concrete con- 
ditions of professional ice. If the 
nurse, in principle, desires to give to 
each individual patient as m time 
and attention as his status as a patient 
requires, she finds that, in practice, it 
is less and less possible to realize this 
ideal. The over-populating of hospitals 
and mass services, mentioned previous- 
ly, are such that patients are reduced 
to the state of “cases.” The nurse does 
not have time to know ly 
those who are her patients. She barely 
has time to give the minimum of care 
from one room to another. This pres- 
sure, this haste, this detachment are 
henceforth part of her style. The pa- 
tient, accustomed to seeing her seldom, 
accepts the fact as inevitable. He does 
not dare to bother the nurse with his 
worries, even he is not sure 
his heart is still beating or that the 
injection he is being given is meant 
for him or for his neighbor. The nurse- 
patient relationship is becoming a non- 
relationship. Squeezel — the 
silent expectations of the anonymous 
patient and, on the other hand, the 
doctor-technicians whom she must un- 
derstand and whose orders she must 

out, the nurse must often feel 
an thane she is nothing more than a 
radar station in a system of telecom- 
munications. 


IV. Evolution and the new com- 
plexities of the nurse role are not 
phenomena peculiar to her profession. 
The material and institutional condi- 
tions under which professions are 
practised are all changing, at a faster 
or lesser tempo. uently, mem- 
bers of the various professions must 
occupy themselves, as often as neces- 
sary, with re-defining their patterns of 
behavior, taking into account both 
their ideal objectives and the unex- 
pected demands of new circumstances. 


I have mentioned only the hospital 








nurse, although I realize that an in- 
creasing number of nurses practise 
their profession in other institutions 
and in other places. Yet, that propor- 
tion is still not very high. At any rate 
the general standards of the profession 
are, and will remain for some time, 
determined by the characteristics of 
hospital practice. I feel sure that some 
of the dilemmas which I have men- 
tioned apply in one way or another 
to all nurses. © 

It is not my role to suggest so- 
lutions. It is the concern of nurses 
themselves. It is their responsibility 
to decide, for example, whether they 
should improve the anonymity of the 
hospital or give back to their relation- 
ship with patients a certain degree of 
attention and human warmth. Even if 
the “average” patient whom I have 
mentioned is self-satished, hard to 
please and omniscient, he remains a 
vulnerable human being, one who 
needs people to be concerned about 
him. A recent study revealed that, in 
general, hospital patients were less 
concerned with what the nurse did, 
than with what she was to them. 


SAD BUT TRUE 


The ever-increasing cost of every com- 
modity, every form of service has finally 
forced the Journal Board to take action re- 
garding the subscription rates to The Cana- 
dian Nurse and its sister publication, L’/n- 
firmiére Canadienne. Sad but true, for the 
first time since October, 1947 new rates will 
come into effect on June 1, 1962. Here they 
are: 

Subscriptions in Canada 

Six months $2.25, one year $4.00, two 
years $7.00. 

Student nurses (personal subscrip- 
tions only). One year $3.00, three years 
$7.00. 

United States and other foreign 
countries 

One year $4.50, two years $8.00, 

Joint subscription, The Canadian 
Nurse and The American Journal of 


We are always getting ready to live, but 
never living. ~- Emerson 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


“What she is to them, and what she 
gives of herself, has the meaning and 
the value.”, Likewise, it is the con- 
cern of nurses to overcome the dilem- 
mas created by status conflicts with 
their colleagues, or the dilemmas which 
result, on the one hand, from the need 
to constantly improve their technical 
competence and, on the other, from 
time-consuming bureaucratic func- 
tions. 

The nursing profession was born 
under the triple influence of religion, 
the army and science. From each of 
these it has inherited a prime virtue — 
charity, discipline, learning. In these 
three obligations, which serve also as 
models of behavior, it can still continue 
to find all the sources of imagination 
and audacity necessary to resolve its 
crucial dilemmas and conflicts. 
References 

1. Everett C. Hughes, Helen Mac- 

Gill Hughes, Irwin Deutscher. Twenty 

Thousand Nurses Tell their Story. Phil- 

adelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 

1958, pp. 169-70. 

2. Hughes, Hughes, Deutscher. of. 

cit. p. 155. 


Nursing or Nursing Outlook one year 

$10.00. 

Any new subscriptions or renewals post- 
marked prior to June 1, 1962 will be honored 
at the old rates. Present subscriptions may 
be renewed up to two additional years, After 
that date, all subscriptions paid at the old 
rates will be pro-rated on the basis of the 
new costs, eg. $3.00 would pay for 9 
months, $5.00 for 17 months, for Canadian 
subscriptions, and proportionately shorter 
periods for foreign subscriptions. 

None of these rates is applicable, of 
course, to the tens of thousands of our sub- 
scribers who are members of their provincial 
registered nurses’ associations and whose 
subscriptions are included in their annual 
membership fees. 

The price of single copies, both back and 
current issues, is now 50 cents. 


A work of art is a corner of creation 
seen through a temperament. — Emue Zota 











The Extension Course in 
Nursing Unit Administration 


A progress report. 


KATHLEEN RUANE 


YEAR AGO an article appeared in 
A The Canadian Nurse announcing 
that a new course for nurses was to be 
launched in September, 1961. It was 
to be called an Extension Course in 
Nursing Unit Administration and the 
objectives of the course were: 

1. To improve patient care through 
the application of basic principles of ad- 
ministration to the management of a 
nursing unit. 

2. To help the head nurse develop an 
understanding of the administrative 
function inherent in the head nurse’s po- 
sition. 

3. To assist the head nurse to coor- 
dinate effectively the service of the 
nursing unit with the services of other 
departments through improved methods 
of organization and communication. 

The method of conducting the course 
was to provide an initial seminar or 
intramural session of five days, fol- 
lowed by a home study period of ap- 
Sermeccns seven months and a final 
seminar of five days. 

At that time, what success would 
attend the course and what the re- 
sponse of the nurses would be were 
questions to which only future events 
would reveal the answers. It is still 
much too early to assess the effective- 
ness of the home study method as a 
means of teaching unit administration 
to head nurses, Sut the response of 
the nurse in this first year of the pro- 
oor can be measured. By May 31, 

961, over 600 applications for enrol- 
ment had been received. The Joint 
Committee of the Canadian Nurses’ 
Association and Canadian Hospital As- 
sociation, which governs the affairs of 
the Extension Course in Nursing Unit 
Administration, had set a quota of 250 
students for the first year. There ap- 
peared to be wisdom in limiting enrol- 
ment as a great deal of organizing and 
Se oben Paling eee! | Pe: an ag 

rtaking of such scope and novelty. 
Furthermore, the first year was to 


a period of testing, with revisions to 
be made on the basis of experience 
gained. However, in view of the en- 
thusiasm shown and the large number 
of applications received, 326 students 
were enrolled. It was ed that 
there would be a number of withdraw- 
als before the fees were paid and the 
students actually a’ at the intra- 
mural seminars. Happily, these expec- 
tations were not realized. All but two 
of the 326 students were present at the 
seminars. 


Intramural Sessions 

The work conference method was 
used to conduct the seminars, that is, 
provision was made for small groups 
to discuss case studies and solve p 
lems relating to nursing service admi- 
nistration. To ensure that this method 
would be effective and to en 
individual participation, attendance in 
each group was limited to 50 students 
where possible. The p included 
such subjects as: qualities of leader- 
ship, communications in the nursing 
unit, the influence of social change on 
nursing and staffing problems. Speak- 
ers for these subjects were selected 
from university schools of nursing and 
business administration, from - 
ments of nursing service and from 
industry. Several films were also shown 
to illustrate the topics under discussion. 

The nurses who enrolled were ma- 
ture women, representative of the var- 
ious levels of positions in nursing 
ranging from assistant head nurse 
to director of nursing. were sin- 
cere and hard-working, an 
a feeling of appreciation for the op- 
portunity to attend a p that 
dealt with current problems in nursing 
service. 

Six work conferences were held 
during September in the following 
centres: Vancouver, Win- 
nipeg, London, Toronto and Halifax. 
Arrangements for accommodation and 








equipment for the sessions were made 
with the assistance and cooperation 
of the nurses’ associations in the re- 
spective provinces. 

The final intramural sessions will be 
held in May, 1962 in the same centres 
as those conducted last September. 
The program will include such subjects 
as: human relations in administration, 
work simplification and budgeting for 
staff in the nursing unit. Provision will 
also be made for discussion of case 
studies in nursing service administra- 
tion. An examination will be held at 
this session and a statement of achieve- 
ment will be given if the student is 
successful and has completed all the 
home study assignments. 


Extramural Sessions 

Using the course objectives as 
guides, an outline of course content 
was prepared from which lesson plans 
were developed. These were sent to 
lesson authors to assist them in judg- 
ing the scope of the material to be 
covered in each lesson. The authors 
were selected from members of the 
faculty of university schools of nurs- 
ing, directors of nursing service and 
hospital administrators. When com- 
pleted, the lessons were subjected to 
critical review by a committee of 
nurses experienced in the field of 
nursing service. In the light of recom- 
mendations made by this committee, 
the lessons were revised and made 
ready for printing. There is a total 
of twelve lessons. 

That the nurses have carried over 
their interest into the home study per- 
iod is evidenced by the fact that at 
the time of writing, only three have 
withdrawn from the course. This is 
also apparent when one considers that 


oy Ser BN ein ie 


from 12 to 14 hours of study are re- 
quired for the completion of each as- 
signment which are sent out at 2-week 
intervals. 

A lesson marker or tutor, is assigned 
to a student for the whole extramural 
session. By this means it is considered 
that a more valid evaluation of the stu- 
dent’s progress can be made. To sup- 
port the policy that each tutor was to 
have no more than five or six students, 
it was n to enlist the assistance 
of a large corps of qualified nurses 

in nursing service administra- 
tion. At the present time 55 of these 
nurses are involved in evaluating stu- 
dent assignments. 


Conclusion 

During this first year, there has 
been a great deal of interest displayed 
by the nurses in Canada in the Exten- 
sion Course in Nursing Unit Adminis- 
tration. This was reflected not only in 
the large number who wished to enrol 
but also in the willingness of those who 
assisted in the preparation of lessons 
and those who agreed to act as tutors. 
The cooperation and support of the pro- 
vincial nurses’ associations were also 
given in the matter of securing the 
accommodation and equipment for the 
work conferences. It is too early yet 
to predict what influence the course 
will have on the performance of the 
nurses, but it was obvious that those 
attending the workshops were dedi- 
cated women who were grateful for 
the opportunity to discuss their prob- 
lems and to receive direction in finding 
probable solutions. 

The entire course will be repeated 
next autumn. For information regard- 
ing enrolment, see the advertisement 


on page 274. 


Coming! 


in Aprit 1962 
“Campion — On Achieving Tennant — The Impact of Change 
Excellence Chittick — The World is Yours 
Jourard — Integrating Mental Wolenski — Prevention of 
Health into the Contractures and Decubiti 
Curriculum 
Cutler — Psychiatric Affiliation plus additional material 


‘MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No, 3 


a! 
ee 


ve 
Tro = 




































ACCOMMODATION 
1962 C.N.A. CONVENTION IN VANCOUVER 


Revisep Rates oF ACCOMMODATION 
Twin 


% Name anp ApDRESS ComMMENTS SUNcLe Twin Dovste Dovsie Suites 

oe HOTEL VANCOUVER CONVENTION $9.00to $13.50to $11.50 to $29.00 up 

“A 900 W. Georgia St. HEADQUARTERS 15.00 20.00 19.00 

% HOTEL GEORGIA 9.50 14.00 —:13.00 19.00 to 
: 801 W. Georgia St. 65.00 


= HOTEL DEVONSHIRE Connecting doubles 7.50 to 11.50to 10.50to $15.00up 20.50 ta 




















“1 849 W. Georgia St. also available. 9.00 13.50 12.00 (triple) 22.00 
a *HOTEL GROSVENOR 6.50 to 10.00to 9.00 to 
g 840 Howe St. 7.00 11.00 9.50 
*HOTEL ALCAZAR 1 block from Queen 5.00 to 7.00 to 5.50 to 
Dunsmuir at Homer St. Elizabeth Theatre 6.00 9.00 8.00 
*ABBOTSFORD HOTEL "Cots at $1.50 6.50 up 8.50 up 8.00 up 
[ 921 Pender St. $10.00 deposit by 
; June 14. 
| CASTLE HOTEL One night deposit by 6.00 to 8.00 to 7.00 to 
750 Granville St. June 10. 8.00 11,00 9.00 a | 
GEORGIAN TOWERS $3.00 per personover 11.00up 13.00 up 17.00 up | 
MOTOR HOTEL 2 per suite. (2 bed- 
; 1450 W. Georgia St. Suites only. room) 
BURRARD MOTEL Downtown. 7.00 to 11.00 to 9.00 to 20.00 
1100 Burrard St. Deposit by May 15. 10.00 13.00 13.00 
DORIC HOWE MOTOR Downtown. 8.50 to 13.00 10.00 13.00 to 17,50 ta. 
HOTEL Cots $2.00. 9.50 16.00 25.50 
1060 Howe St. Heated swimming pool. 
SANDS MOTEL On English Bay. 8.50to 12.50 10.50to 12.50to 11,00to 
1750 Davie St. Kitchen in suites. 9.50 12.00 16.50 20,00 


8.50 ta 


SURF APARTMENT On English Bay. 
12.00 


HOTEL 2 or 3 room suites. 
1861 Beach Ave. 


FRASER ARMS HOTEL 10 min. drive to 5.50 7.50 10.50 
1450 S.W. Marine Dr. Queen E. Theatre. (triple) 


SKYLINE HOTEL 20 min, drive to 8.50 10.50 to 
303, No. 3 Road Queen E. Theatre 11,50 
Richmond over tol) bridge. 


NOTE: All rooms listed equipped with bath. 
Rooms without bath available at lower rate at hotels marked’. 


Deposit required at all motels. 


Other attractive motels available in West and North Vancouver across Lion's Gate Bridge, « told 
bridge where traffic is heavy morning and evening. 


We would, however, be pleased to make reservations at your request. 








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ADJUSTING TO AMPUTATION 


Kay MILts 


The loss of a limb can produce severe emotional stress. 


i IMPRESSIONS of Mrs. Jonah, 
an amputee following acute throm- 
bophlebitis, were that she was a very 
obese, unhappy, childish woman. Al- 
though she was only average height — 
around 5’ 4” — she weighed almost 
300 pounds. She spoke only when ab- 
solutely necessary and then in a child- 
ish, uncertain voice. She seemed very 
sad, withdrawn and extremely ner- 
vous. Although she had just been 
dealt a serious blow with the ampu- 
tation of her leg, her depression seem- 
ed beyond all reason. 


Medical History 

Shortly after the Christmas season 
Mrs, a noticed swelling in her 
right leg at the knee., This was ac- 
companied by pain. At first she at- 
tributed it to her excess weight and 
her extra activity over the holidays. 
When the pain became more intense 
and home remedies failed to relieve it, 
she consulted her physician. Under 
his advice she went to bed for a period 
of two weeks during which time she 
received injections of penicillin to com- 
bat any infection present. The swelling 
and pain disappeared. After this per- 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


fe 


iod of inactivity, much to Mrs. Jonah’s 
relief, she was able to get out of bed 
and resume her former activities in 
moderation. However, a day or two 
later the swelling returned. Much 
alarmed, Mrs. Jonah again consulted 
her doctor who recommended hospital 
care. 

Mrs. Jonah was married to a hard- 
working, prosperous man. They lived 
in a modern house in a pleasant loca- 
tion where she had all the equipment 
to make housekeeping enjoyable. Al- 
though they were very fond of chil- 
dren, the Jonahs were childless and, 
in this respect, Mrs. Jonah appeared 
to feel that she had failed her husband. 

Mrs. Jonah was very conscious of 
being overweight. She had placed her- 
self on strict, low calorie diets many 
times, but usually these efforts were 
short-lived. She seldom lost more than 
a few pounds which she soon regained. 
Two of her brothers were also obese. 
She had had a thyroidectomy ‘some 
years previously, with an excellent re- 


covery. 

In the interval between Mrs. Jonah’s 
admission and the beginning of this 
study, which was three days after am- 




















putation, her right leg became in- 
creasingly swollen, cyanosed and 
numb, despite anticoagulant therapy. 
She suffered a great deal of pain. Gan- 
grene was apparent. When therapeutic 
measures, such as compresses and the 
electric baker failed to bring about a 
return to normal, amputation was 
deemed essential. By this time Mrs. 
Jonah was suffering so much that she 
was willing to submit to anything that 
would bring relief. 

Two weeks after admission Mrs. 
Jonah had her right leg amputated 
below the knee. Examination of the 
amputated limb by the pathologist re- 
vealed that she had been suffering 
from massive venous occlusion of the 


leg. 


Nursing Care 

Much of the nursing care was con- 
cerned with helping Mrs. Jonah to 
overcome her depression and accept 
the fact that her leg had been ampu- 
tated. She was very particular about 
personal neatness and the tidiness of 
her surroundings. These were impor- 
tant to her morale. She was extremely 
modest and appreciated respect for her 
privacy. She had to be helped to real- 
ize that, although she had had a 
“tough break,” things could certainl 
have been much worse. When her left 
leg began to show symptoms of throm- 
bophlebitis she was understandably ap- 
prehensive and continually sought re- 
assurance that it was only tired from 
carrying a double load. She was very 
anxious to go home, but was doubtful 
of her ability to do her own house- 
work, 

When left alone and allowed to 
concentrate on herself, she became very 
depressed. Many times she was found 
staring into space with tears rolling 
down her cheeks. Her mind had to be 
kept occupied with other things in 
order to prevent this. She needed en- 
couragement, and seemed to benefit 
from it. One single word covered the 
nursing care plan for Mrs. Jonah — 
understanding. 

Postoperatively, she experienced in- 
ability to void voluntarily, nausea and 
vomiting. Absolute privacy and simple 
nursing measures helped to overcome 
the problem of voiding. Despite lax- 
atives and enemas it was not until she 
was able to go to the bathroom with 


assistance that she had a normal 
movement. 

Nausea and vomiting presented a 
more serious problem. For many days 
after operation even the sight of food 
seemed to upset her. The tranquilizer, 
Largactil, finally gave her relief. 

After bringing these problems un- 
der control, helping Mrs. Jonah to ac- 
cept the loss of her leg became the 
chief concern. Whenever her dressi 
was changed she hid her face. She 
seemed almost ashamed of the stump 
and was careful to keep it hidden un- 
der the sheets. A matter-of-fact ap- 
proach and frank discussion of the 
amputation helped her to overcome her 
fear or shame. Her advice was asked 
as to whether the bandage was high 
enough or tight . This made 
it necessary for her to look at the 
stump or at least acknowledge its pre- 
sence. Soon she was able to look at it 
without cringing. 

Under doctor’s orders, Mrs. Jonah 
began to exercise both of her legs. 
She did so untiringly and un lain- 
ingly. She was quite surprised and 
pleased to see how well she could 
move her right knee joint. After in- 
vestigating the use of a prosthesis she 
began to realize how fortunate she 
was to have so much of her leg remain- 
ing since a prosthesis could be fitted 
much better and could be manipulated 
with greater ease. 

Mrs. Jonah appeared anxious to 
hear about people who had had similar 
amputations and were now living nor- 
mal lives. One of the staff told her 
about patients whom he had worked 
with and helped. When Mrs. Jonah 
realized that she was only one of many 
who had the same disability her de- 
pression lessened to a certain degree. 


The day she got out of bed and into 
a wheelchair was a big event for Mrs. 
i At first she seemed very pleased 

ut when she realized how helpless 
she was, she again became depressed. 








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anything else. One day one of her 
friends brought in some embroidery 
work for her. Having her hands busy 
seemed to help her to overcome her 
depression. She was just beginning to 
return to normal and to talk of return- 
ing home when complications occurred. 

Mrs. Jonah’s left leg became slight- 
ly swollen, tender and reddened. This 
was accompanied by pain and slight 
cyanosis of the foot. The doctor placed 
her on complete bed rest once more. 
This was quite a blow. She became 
withdrawn and refused to be cheered 
up. She convinced herself that the dis- 
comfort was in no way connected with 
the condition that had necessitated the 
removal of her other leg. With the 
application of tensor bandages to her 
leg from instep to thigh, the swelling 
decreased. After it had completely dis- 
appeared, she was again allowed up in 
the wheelchair with tensor bandages. 
Soon she was wheeling herself up and 
down the corridor. 


Crutch Walking 

The next step toward recovery was 
learning to walk on crutches. Mrs. Jo- 
nah was eager to try them. She found 
them awkward at first but she persisted 
in practising. It was evident to her 


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that she was progressing rapidly and 
would soon return home. Her mental 
outlook improved as well. 


Patient Teaching 

Before her discharge she was taught 
how to apply the tensor bandage to her 
left leg and her right stump. The pur- 
chasing and fitting of artificial limbs 
was discussed with her and she was 
told where she could obtain more in- 
formation. She was cautioned to re- 
port any painful or swollen areas to 
the doctor immediately. Her husband 
had previously purchased a wheelchair 
and hired a maid to smooth the way 
for Mrs. Jonah’s discharge. She was 
very excited and nervous about going 
home, but, reassured by the provisions 
made for her return, she soon became 
calm. Our last glimpse of her was 
when she was sitting comfortably and 
happily beside her husband in their 
car. 

We are taught to treat each patient 
as an individual but first we must 
come to know the person. What kind 
of a person is she? What is her prob- 
lem? Is she able to face that problem 
and cope with it? How can she be 
helped? All this can be learned only 
with much tact, practice and patience. 





God offers to every mind the choice between truth and repose. — EMERson 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 














Mathematics of Drugs and Solutions by 
Dorothy Walton Parry, B.A., M.A. 142 

pages. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. 

3rd ed. 1961. 

‘An exercise book for the nursing student 


to use in reviewing the mathematical princi- 
ples applicable to the administration of 
medications. 


Personal and Vocational Relationships 
for Practical Nurses. Christine H. Bush, 
RN. 107 pages. W. B. Saunders Company, 
3207 Washington Square, Philadelphia. 
1961. Price $1.50. 

The author's purpose was to assemble 
material on professional adjustments for 
auxiliary nursing personnel into textbook 
form. In her experience most texts on this 
subject were prepared for professional nurses 
with little reference to the specific problems 
of practical nurses. ‘ 

There is discussion of effective study 
methods; group organization and parliamen- 
tary procedure; the various practical nurse 
organizations to be found in the US. and 
their functions; personal etiquette; nursing 
ethics; job opportunities and a variety of 
other topics affecting nurse-patient and 
nurse-personnel relationships. 


Nursing Home Standards Guide. US. 
Department of Health, Education and 
Welfare, Division of Chronic Diseases, 
Washington 25, D.C. 1961. Price 45 cents. 
The’ booklet contains “recomm tions 


relating to standards for establishing, main- 
taining and operating nursing homes.” The 
aim of the material is to assist state and 
local licensure agencies or other regulatory 
groups in all matters related to the establish- 
ment, maintenance and operation of nursing 
homes. The information presented has value 
for Canadian readers in that there is much 
general discussion of the various services 
required for nursing homes ; desirable physi- 
cal facilities; factors in safety, maintenance, 
operation and administration. 
Psychiatric Nursing. A Basic Manual. B 
Annie Laurie Crawford, RN., B.S. MEQ 


and Barbara ag ig mee R.N., B.S. 
M.S. 88 . Ryerson Press, 299 
St. West, Toronto 2B. 1961. Price 


50. 

This is a simplified presentation of prin- 
ciples in the nursing care of the mentally ill. 
It is designed for use in teaching profes- 
sional nurses, auxiliary nurses, psychiatric 
aides and attendants. A chapter related to 
mental health and the nurse emphasizes the 


a ee ns Seer 


New Publications 


necessity for the nurse to understand herself 
and to know how to meet her own needs. 
The care of the anxious, withdrawn, sus- 
picious, depressed, excited or aged patient is 
outlined. Special needs of patients with or- 
ganic or toxic conditions are considered 
separately. 


Department of 
Queen’s Printer 
Ottawa. 1961. 


A Niche of Usefulness. 
Labor of Canada. 53 pages. 
and Controller of Stationery, 
Price 25 cents. 

“This pamphlet traces the growth of voca- 


tional rehabilitation services in Canada and 
documents women’s participation in various 
phases of existing programmes. It tells how 
the services are organized and how the in- 
dividual may make use of them.” 

This booklet presents extremely useful 
material for those working with handicapped 
persons or for private individuals who re- 
quire specific information about rehabilita- 
tion services. 


wif 
Orounaation Technical Report, Series No. 

212. 26 pages. WHO, Palais des Nations, 

Geneva. 1961. Price 30 cents. 

This report was prepared by experts in 
the field of professional and technical pre- 
paration of medical and auxiliary personnel. 

Four types of auxiliary personnel are con- 
sidered — medical assistants, auxiliary 
nurses, auxiliary midwives and auxiliary 
sanitarians. Selection of candidates, their 
functions, their training and their supervision 
are discussed. There is also a section on the 
orientation of professional groups in the use 
of auxiliary personnel and another on the in- 
creasing need for such workers. 


Student 


rimental for 
Keller Jones, M.A. 115 


urses by Grace A. 
pages, McAinsh and Company Limited, 
1251 Yonge Street, Toronto. 

This is a laboratory manual for the stu- 
dent nurse studying chemistry. The experi- 
ments outlined are designed to demonstrate 
and explain many chemical processes in the 
body. 


Central Sterile Supply: Edited by 
Watkin, S.R.N., B.Sc. 58 pages. A 


sing Times publication, Macmillan & Co. 
Ltd., St. Martin’s Street, wc2. 


1961, 
The booklet contains a general discussion 
of central supply and describes 


the units in several hospitals in England. 


Brian 
Nur- 








TE en ee ee 


EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 


ADVERTISING RATES 
Canada & Bermuda — $7.50 for 3 lines or less; $1.50 for 
each additional line. 
US.A. & Foreign — $10.00 for 3 lines or less; $3.00 for each 
additional line. 
Rates for display advertisements on request. 
All advertisements published in both English and French 
issues. Closing date for insertion or cancellation orders, 
TWO MONTHS prior to date of publication. 


The Canadian Nurses’ Association has not reviewed the personnel policies of 
the hospitals and agencies advertising in the Journal. For authentic informa- 
tion, prospective applicants should apply to the registered Nurses’ Association 
of the Province in which they are interested in working. 


Address correspondence to: 


THE CANADIAN NURSE JOURNAL 
WEST 


His es 


or an ee coy pa pen abl 
ed t of Nurses, Provincial M Institute, 
Dept. ee Public Hate Po 


Head Nurse with postgraduate rations in jiatrics, or ration & 
for 3-bed Pediatric rtment. ary aay ¢ - Sees , good personnel policies. A) 
St. Michael's General Hospital, Lethbridge, A: 


Nurses for modern 70-bed General Hospital, salary $295-$320 per mo., 40-hr. wk., liberal 
ate yearly increments, residence available. Situated in peantiu) Peace River Country, French & 
population. Apply: Sister Superior, Sacred Heart Hospital, McLennan, Alberta. 


General Duty Senet ree for 44-bed active treatment hospital. Salary $325 per mo. with bi- 
increments of $5.00 each, 40-hr. wk., R & B $0 per mo, in new residence, attractive holiday “Sick 


leave benefits, medical & hospitalization coverage. Apply: P.O. Box 339, Spirit River, 


General Duty Nurses — starting salary » 40-hr. wk., board, room & laundry available, 
if desired, $30 per mo. ren Lert holiday, ngage cm pension programs. Apply to: Baker Memorial 
Sanatorium, Calgary, Alberta. 


General Duty Nurses (2) Salary $295-$325 per mo. Starting salary to nurse with 1 year experience ence $305, 
plus other benefits, 40-hr. wk. Train fare poy any point in Canada will be refunded after one year’s 
employment. For full particulars apply to: Municipal Hospital, Two Hiils, Alberta, PHONE 335. 


General , Date Graduate Nurses for ac active 76-bed ital, near alent S Edmonton, ede -$335 moms 
salary for Alberta registered, $275- s salary for non-registered in gt bees 
policies & working conditions.” Fd tag my to: Matron, Municipal Hospital, Brooks, 


BRITISH COLUMBIA 
y ee for 695 hospital at Mest EA, Conmruction of new peer pine SF yee eo 
ugust 1962, Please a v etter ving fu’ tails ol training, aitonriones qualifications lary 
. to: Adodanloteter, Nicola Valier General Hospital, P.O. , Merritt, British Columbia. 


17-bed hospital to to poeanee duty June Ist. palnry ‘5 to $425 
ticker i board in own suite provided a Per, mo mo. 
 S erntion. ‘For further details write to: ae 








Nursing Seong 9 f hospital at Golden, British Columbia, picturesque village 
in the beautiful Canndian ockies, do oe "E Trens- Canada Highway, 170- miles vet Calgary 
a = indicate qualifications & i. ted. Prete 3 inorae es rding duties & & hospital 


on ministrator, 


fn Cy available ply, te 
rict coon ‘ospital, P.Q. Box 230, Golden, iriti Eotteinis. 


Registered Nurse for 45-bed hospital, salary range $299 - $359 per 8-hr. duty, 40-hr. wk., board & 
room $50 per mo,, 28-day Gudinel etalon, 10 statutory holidays, 1 1% rays sick leave per mo., ‘sick leave 
accumulative to 120 days, good climate, pleasant surroundings, friendly community, Reply at once to the: 
Director of Nursing, Fernie Memorial Hospital, Fernie, Britis Columbia. 


Nurses in oh yea 
y ses’ home availa For further particulars write: 
ee Lady Minto to’ Howpital Asherott *Pritish Columbia. 
Duty Nurses for 200-bed General Hospital with School of Nursing. Salary range $297 to $359, 


Freannedtt shift rotat dy istration essential, 4-wk vacation after l-yr. Apply: Director of Nursing, 
Royal Hospital, madare ritish Columbia. 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 





General Duty Nurses for new 82-bed ital in the Aluminum Ci of Keen BE, Slee REARS 
' mendation plus 3 eet itckcr Waeee 2 days sick leave per 
} lative to 60 days. Residence with board $50 per mo., not Bl 50%. medical Speck lan paid: Tncre- 
: panty (F colons & postgraduate certificate. Apply to: Director of Nursing, General 
ritis. jumbia. 


General Duty Nurses for 123-bed General Hospital Vancouver Island. Personnel policies in accordance 
with REARS, Fee further information write ta; Dinetiox of Nursing, General Hospital, Nanaimo, 





ee < eh 


British Colum! 

General Duty Ni for 110-bed hospital in northwestern B.C. —non-registered $297, B.C. 
registered 2.3107 Travel allowance, newly furnished residence availa For full details contact: 
Director of General Mospital, Prince , British Giumbin 


ee aay 


General Duty Neree ell-equipped 80-bed General Hospital beautiful inland v: adjacent 
Lake ‘Kathiva & Sn Rh Ng rag hs dirhes 5 Say, Why, dwke 


ition. poating, 
— ae golfing, curling, ny nurses’ 
General Duty bisendy— Seg pore. Fret A. 1 SIE warded neck eam lence, $297 to in Seer -zoeen, meee cceiongred 
$282, Maintenance 2. 10 statutory holidays, annual vaca 1% days sick ve monthly. Very 
world f: for vacancies. 
Williams Lake, 


ave 


5 soi 


annual 
Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, British Columbia. 
Gegtemte Heres, for 70 bet sous Seer ital on Pacific Coast. Salary for B.C. Reg’d. Nurses 


t 
i Seay “neepacsd “Spening ier DER” Aaaige Dicer at Waren, Wer tdaiaaralk 

ew in ar 
Lp Baitish “Colambee 
ta General Duty Nurses, Room Nurses ith postgraduate it) in very active 146-bed 
M General Hospital. Personnel i as apketiace wile At hints avookio in, uation’ cenldonces 
j Apply: Director of Nursing, Hospital, Chilliwack, British Columbia. 
i General Nurses for 434-bed hospital with training school; 40-hr. wk., statutory 
ia holida -$359. Credit for past experience & postgraduate preparation; ual increments; 
HA cumulative sick leave; 28-da vacation. B.C. registration required. Apply: Deacon of Norman! 
rh 


; Ip statutory poudeys, after 1 hey po ao room $3 per mys Say wh 2 day vacation plus 


ort a 
‘i 

i 

= 

3 


eel PS gggenetoeon ged! 2 sey ky nang Bae ogy 5 basic 


ai District General Hospital. Rien Baek Colne oe 


Graduate Nurses for 20-bed 35- from V: a Coast. & in 
an page Sen ae mi. , eaten a Salary personnel proctices 
General ital, Squamish, British Columbia. 


Graduate Nurses (2) for General Duty in small hospital, salary $297 per mo., 10 paid sta’ 

28-da: tion after 1-yr. service, room, room, board & lauedry . ‘antloh stake toa ts. 
Aj ysis full it Kosa : Administrator, Sixes, Commaalty Hospital, New Denver, British 
a. 





ine 








A a a ee ee ee lig 


YY ce 


pe Saree 


Ni for 30-bed ital. i t. 
jurses (2) Pa sheep Salaries as per | cael - ig ll nny Oe ga 





pan Campbell, R.N., Hospital, Grand Forks, 
:; ieerees 69, for Unteed | Chteech, Siatlin tal in. northera B.C; Colney; 9005 ‘per en sien, Tuabes 
i Hospital, Brite Cohenbia or Oe ied ape, Se Cgiation perce. dant F United Chock, 
| 85 St. Clair Ave. 
f+ STOP! Would vos ft fo verti 8 ep Sel active, ly hospital? Permanent & 
ai ired at_Lan al H 
i en = Ls id Bese ocuel. 35-mi, from Vancouver. Apply to: Director of eel AEE 
i} rake a, 
| 3 fang tend te Rg an Pelee ml win hess 5 mn. gine vats: & bagel. 
ei aera tocmeel Le & Silabler 4¢-he eral 
‘ iculars apply to: W. F. omg ony Manager, Sherritt’ Gordon Mines tieuted, Lyas 


te 
ge 


ar anitoba. 


N 7 i pelle : 
Foncest General Day Herons @ i pital District 18, B Good faery, & ponte personnel policies. “Apply: 


NEW BRUNSWICK 
Clinical Instructor with tgraduate course for operati poem, Gnste. golary SUS, _ sleep 


Nurses as scrub nurses lor operatis room, basic experience 
beepital, Cag Ban ay pera Ban popyiation, available isunediately. Apply: Director 
NOVA SCOTIA 


i 
> General Duty Nurses for modern 35-bed hospital situated on Fn Ghana gg Bm IP 
i Rilicies, Excellent living quarters. Apply Superintendent, Fishermen et . 
} ‘ova Scotia. 
% 


42 General Duty Nurses for modern 21-bed General scenic Eastern Shore. Scotia 

iS scale, 3-wk. annual <pastion sick leave, Denys de statutory holide ora sae 
10 recs scnmmodeting ipl giine tame of traning schol dave of raduatn& reco of . 
Ea ONTARIO 

Vf Director of Nursing for 75-bed hospi ngapital consstcted Jn 1906 with oddision Disaster 
\ bera’ of ill health, Plea: 

se use it se enclose refi five fal particulars & date & letter 
+ Dtrester of for anada Sanatorium, : 

i Cupoeees Hee Bre Gree ee 


Recietant Riveter of Masten. 5 preperation, Good salary & personne! policies. 


aaa beled 





NURSING WITH 


Indian and Northern Health Services 


REGISTERED HOSPITAL NURSES 
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES 
AND 
CERTIFIED AUXILIARY NURSES 


For service to Indians across Canada, Eskimos and the population of 
the Yukon and Northwest Territories. 


Those interested in positions at the following locations should write to: 
Fisher River Hospital, HODGSON, MAN.; Miller Bay Hospital, PRINCE 
RUPERT, B.C.; Moose Factory Hospital, MOOSE FACTORY, ONT.; Norway 
House Hospital, NORWAY HOUSE, MAN.; Sioux Lookout Hospital, SIOUX 
LOOKOUT, ONT. 


Information on these and other I.N.H.S. positions is available from Indian and 
Northern Health Services, Department of National Health and Welfare, in 
Vancouver, Edmonton, Regina, Winnipeg, Ottawa and Quebec, or from the 


Director, Personnel Services, 
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE, OTTAWA 














Assistant Room Supervisor for 325- _ General Hospital, modern well-equi; wat. Boat 
aduate rience desirable, attractive el policies. Apply to: Director of Nae rhe 
ospital, 45 xpenence 4 Avenue, Toronto 4, Ontario. 


Obstetrical Clinical Instructor, good personnel policies. Apply: Director of Nursing, Belleville 

General Hospital, Belleville, Ontario. 

Head Nurse, Case Room, for ive obstetrical department in new construction. Previous super- 
visory ence essential. Day of fi aatys salary in accordance with set heksioon Apply to: 

Director of Nursing, The Doctors ital, 45 Brunswick Avenue, Toronto 4, Ontario. 


Nurses for eng T General | Hoste aeons eats ating Room & Obstetrical 


aa leg arg os Ho t of Labor, 


Registered Nurses bed General Hospital. Salary range 3-wk, oe rok ee 
save, — mine ta chert. Geciseesadation “iar werser’ sees panes & board SS per 


For particulars apply: Director of parse, Lady Minto Hospital, Cochrane, On' 


perme er en gg Se, wk. vcetion with Pas sick leave after 6-mo. 


ice. Certified $220, ai vacation with fil aw rg — 5-day 40-hr. wk., 
9 sta shreds holidays, pension plan pen Pa fits ts. Apply to: Superintendent, Englehart & District 
Hospital, chart, Ontario. 


Registered Nurses eligible for Ontario registration, for General Duty in near Timmins. 
G J ith ual increments to 40-hr. wk., Blin By Sve ts. Liv; accom- 
odation ie Lurpin” reciente. at PO per ma, Agel to: Supecetanices, Maacane Memorial facial 


Matheson, Ontario. 


Ragloteredl 3 urses & Certified Nonsingt Acslotents for sodere 75-bed hospital, Gtarties selactes — R.N.’S 
$31 per 'mo., CN-A’S $20) per md. Stugie room porrenconey 1 available in the residence. Dryden (popu- 
lation 6,50)" an indystrial town, also enter of extreme tourist area, is conveniently iocated midway 
community activities, ete. please call or write: The Dircncs ol Hartan Devdas Dhetict General Heepital 


Spaieeerel Motes S. Comtad Sorat Aqtvtento ter. oe Cras Sacenn be attemaiey sveties Lame 
Huron in a vacation resort area. — Registered Nurse — $280 gross per mo. for 
experience & regular increments. CNAs — $105 per mo and regular increments. Usual benefits 
sion + paid residence accommodation wailable. Apply : Director ‘sing, 
Mesamdcs Sissies Cabarte ospital, Goderich, Ontario. 
‘eo Nurses & Certified Assistants for 160-bed accredited hospital. ing salary $320 
= 4 eee ae aecsomeeies Sor See eres pornene Beare S ing 5-day 
wi ospita Residence accommodatian 
can be arranged. Apply, Director of Nurses, Kickiand & District Hospital, Kirkland Cake, Ontarte 
Nurses & Certified Nursing Assistants for 26-bed tal, R.N., minimum salary $320, maxi- 
aon et vacation after 1 yr. C.N.A. minimum salary maximum 2-wk. Ng pre ewe 
a rc. Soe ter 2yr. Credit for past experience, $5.00 increment every 6 mo., 40-hr. wk. 8 statutory 


is iad Sarl J-¢0 ;Sick ieave per mo. Apply to: Mrs, G. Gordon, Superinten- 


Nurses for General including premature & nursery, 
Isolation, Emergency & a ae Room. al, Sarma eal policies. Apply: Director ma Nursing, 


Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario. 

Registered Nurses for General Duty & ting Room in modern hospital Gees Soe. aes = 
= Nickel Capital of the world, pop. 89. pores. expertcase mo. with annual merit increments, 
plus annual bonus plan, 40-hr. Rose for Assi 

5 y: 


transportation can be arran 

Registered Nurses for General Duty in modern rae Private Hospital in iron mining town, 140 mi. 

north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Starting ape" $290 min. to $340 max. for Paseo on Bs less A id 

mo. for maintenance. Excellent accommodations personnel policies, srempesena 6 allowance —_ 

6-mo. service, Operating Room Nurse starting salary $310 min. with postgraduate a oa 

gre 3- 7. experience or more. Apply: Superintendent of Nurses, Miss O. Tow, Lady 1 Deen ospital, 
awa, ario. 


Registered Nurses for Geneeral Duty Staff for 106-bed General Hospital. Salary $295 Longs? $5.00 raises after 
6-mo., 1 year, 14 years, 2 years, 3 years & $10 after Sth year to a panko Fe mo, Exng % ifferen- 
tial $10 Per mo. with night differential $5.00 per mo. Apply to: General 
Hospital, Simcoe, Ontario. 


Registered General Duty Nurses Comet?) for all departments in new 259-bed hospital located in 

a ci P tyre Leewtied td pam. ae, poy Ra, cnotomnetnaties dilabie. Apply be hos Digests 
-wk. ann v 

of Nursing, County General General Heopitale eliland, Ontario. - 


aye H- Nurses for & en tol locoted tral 
ee Bo Pei operating room a conte 






area of ci rai g fens) duty; attracti sonnel policies. Apply 
Doctors fk; ital, 45 Brunswick Area Toronto 4° Ontario, 
Registered Nurses for Staff a Serrtiine Rescmne in General Hospital: AS a on 
new modern buildi in ber 1 Good 3 
Sia — H ing repened in oveuhs am) iene policies. ly to: Director of 
cs eee an, set ital. Startin : 5 ee canes 
residence accommodation on! min, from Semen eels. Apply: of 
Rrorsing emorial Hospital, Fort Erie, Ontario. m 


Law rend fos modern 100-bed hospital. B istered start at peony. Seomrenes 
oe," np rm kg i GE ng EE mies trillett pce pany 
enaien Din 
are Leamington District Memorial Hospital, Louuington, “Dntarie ose 
pay peg og tal, up-to-date fociicies in, 9, benupitel lesotien ce gg An 
fate Eee 8 Freee eien, peanies Sot 1G. courses, © 
ursing, General Hospital, Port Colborne, Ontario. 


ee Se irene, Caneral Mreagreel Feet Comer, SOR ile rs ee 
Serene ay, ecsee Sot, 00-0at sates south western Ontario, 32 
commensurate with experience & ability PRs 3 
Aoplyciving fall particulars to:" The SSE ont end igaionsiplate, Pention pan. 


pee 








MARCH, 1962 * VOL. 58, No. 3 


THE 
VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL 


Appointments to nursing positions are available. 


Good personnel policies in effect including medical welfare plan, 
40 hour week — four weeks vacation. In-Staff Education program 
well established during winter months. 


Salary $297 - $359 per month 
with consideration for experience or special preparation. 


Please apply to: 


PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT, 
1OTH AVENUE AND HEATHER STREET, 
VANCOUVER 9, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


TOWNSHIP OF NORTH YORK 


requires 
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING 


DUTIES: 


Under general direction of the Director of Public Health Nursing, assist in directing and 
formulating policies and procedures. 


In the absence of the Director, act os her Deputy. 


MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS: 
A registered Nurse in the Province of Ontario with a certificate in public health nursing. 
A certificate in Administration and Supervision in public health nursing. 
A minimum of 3 years’ experience in a supervisory capacity. 
This is a permanent appointment with excellent employee benefits. The present staff establishment 
is as follows: 
Director of Public Health Nurses 
1 — Assistant Director 
3 — District Supervisors of Public Health Nurses 
40 — Public Health Nurses 
SALARY RANGE: 
Ist yeor 2nd year 
$5,500 $5,750 
(Starting salary dependent upon qualifications and experience) 


Apply by letter giving full details as to age, qualifications and experience to the 
PERSONNEL OFFICER, TOWNSHIP OF NORTH YORK, 5000 YONGE STREET, WILLOWDALE, ONT. 





eee it te carne ain ee Na. 





Public Health Nurses eae & Sala: Se ual increment $200, i or car 
allowance. Pee to: De : eee Director, ortiapabieciiind: Durham Heal Unit, Box 337, 
Cobourg, On’ 


Fabic Healih igen ot Big Bg OP By ag 
yp Bi liberal car 
Berience, “Apply On ee, ee en Metical Oticer of Health Health Unit. 2 Pitt Strect, 


ual 
eg gh ig Sg Sag ag A gg gl 
City Hall, Oshawa, Ontario. 


Ss ae “a ary S380, aRewence th ee ee of zt 
ot ete on iy 
GieGarry MO'H: St. Catharines-Lincoin Health Unit, St regress oe taro. 


Public Health Nurses for generalized program, salary range $3,700 - $4,500 (minimum based experience). 
Good ,_3-wk. tion, accumulative sick leav sion plan & other benefits. A to: 
Dr. J. Howie, “Dleecien: Metropolitan Windsor Health Unit, 20 treet East, Windsor, Ontario. 


Operating Room Nurses for general Me, includes ———- neurosurgery, 
genonus to-urimary, ear, ecto ceoeea salary & personnel policies. Apply: 
rector of Nursing, aan Som 


Registered N: Operating Room with opera rating room posteradua course and/ i for 
140-bed hospital. met ge col gp nna Foe operating room pot matron, King Edward Vil Memorial 


QUEBEC =~ 
a fi sadern, | scctednen (S5-Bed. boapteal Ota, 95 Sa epention. Living 
accom: lation avai in po motel-style nurses’ residence. Apply stating qualifications to: Super- 


intendent Barrie Memorial Hospital, Ormstown, 
Instructor (Psychiatric) for affiliate, Postgraduate & essing Aas program. Apply 


pra ving full particulars of training, & t record to: The Director of Nursing, Verdun Protestant 


Assistant Head Nurses; excellent personnel policies. Apply Director, Shriners’ Hospital for Crippled 
Giitdren, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, 
Registered Nurses for 30-bed General Hospital, 50 from tre of Montreal, excellent bus service. 
Starting salary $275 fhe ae 3 semi-annual ame i ig wk So, annual vacation, state bolsdey® 
2-wk. sick Lathe a living accommodation available. Apply: Mrs. D. wy xt a 
Coun luntingdon, 








Registered Nurses & Certified Nursing Assistants for modern 55-bed General tal, salary $300 per mo., 
5 semi-annual increases, 40-hr. wk., 4-wk. vacation. Certified N.A. starting 8. 3-wk. vacation, 
accommodation aveltatle in new motel-style residence. Apply: Superintendent, Barrie Memorial Hospital, 


Ormstown, Quebec 


Registered Nurse for Private Hospital in Pointe Claire, Que. in, vate 
room, board. Apply: 27 Lake Shore Road, P Pointe Claire, Que, Salery.! Oxted 58 lord 5- oak, — et 


SASKATCHEWAN 
Obstetric r sible for of 25-bed unit, & clinical gh rercone Bacco gal mos 
N Supervisor ok i supervision unr Bae Fg eral Hospi 
March, 1962. School of Nursing — 61 students. Apply: Director of Nursing, Yorkton eepit Bond 
Yorkton, Saskatchewan. 


Lo gen Nurses (2 | lnmadiately) for Union Hospital, Mecstest, with Dr. J. E. Miller in attendance. 
ies as per SRNA with increments & nurses’ residence, daily bus 











‘service to the city, recreational opportunities. Apply to: Fred al Sec., Mossbank, Saskat- 

ewan. 

Staff N for 29-bed hospital fi a under the Ww: Division 
urse mission in frontier the a omen’ 

Methodist Church, Excellent personnel policies. Coa: me os aisclanac ham 


Hospital, Nome. Alaska. 


Ren een ara Weenie te to 


Registered N: ligible for Cali’ 
lurses (cligi iigrnia reqietestion) for mig ms 25t-bed Ob. edie 


ene hy Francisco Bay area. Positions in in surgery, Gye, Pe ge 3g Sicine, Statt 
Lise eae a cee Co ara @ “aaa 
evenin, a's 
3 - surgica’ 


y: Director of N: ws. oilers launder ice: Excellent moder 
(Come to 7 ouney California) Staff pcre ad 


Registered Nurses Renee 
2 Scala nsf Na “Fee detals wrt ier Pe eae te 











ights, 
tunities in all clinical gress. Holidays, vacations, sick leave Seanseen Ga 
red. Applications i i 
ey .. Applica Son Beenie ng tee Gm request, Contact: Director, as 
Registered N: Te An ergo tet approved teaching ity. 
50 shift differential Mocs Nwance Rony Bireciat’ of wee iv 
fat, Sente Berbars, Callbtela 
Nurses & Licensed 
-beds. Need nurses for med) 







for days: oS per mo. in os dite 
$ $26 per mo. Good 








THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY 
OF BEIRUT, LEBANON 


Invites applications from qualified candidates for the positions listed below: This American 
sponsored University, established in 1866, has schools of Medicine, Public Health, Nursing and 
Pharmacy, and a 230-bed hospital. The University requires a three yeor contract and provides 
round trip travel and a salary in accordance with training and experience. English is the 
language of instruction and general usage. 


Candidates should apply to TEACHER PLACEMENT, NEAR EAST COLLEGE ASSOCIATION, 548 
FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 35, NEW YORK. 


SUPERVISOR AND INSTRUCTOR IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY to supervise Obstetrical- 


Gynecological Nursing, including delivery suite, and to teach student nurses. R.N. with B.S. 
required, M.A. or M.S. desirable, and 8 or more years experience in obstetrical nursing. 
Person with considerable depth in clinical practice, advanced education in clinical areas and 
experience in dynamic university programs is needed. Position open immediately. 


NURSING SUPERVISOR FOR OUTPATIENT CLINIC, part-time instructor, School of Nursing. R.N. 
with B.S. required, M.S. or equivalent desirable; supervisory and teaching experience 
required. Position available September, 1962. 


NIGHT SUPERVISOR. R.N. with B.S. and experience required. Position available September, 
1962. 


PEDIATRICS SUPERVISOR AND INSTRUCTOR to supervise Pediatric Nursing and to teach 
student nurses. R.N. with B.S. required; MA. or MS. desirable, and several years experi- 
ence on college level required. Position open in February, 1962. 








ee 


nd fy yy - 4 ra oo , : re : 
Larfe : a : 
NURSING OPPORTUNITIES 


in this modern 400-bed non-sectarian hospital in Administration, Teaching, Stoff Nursing. 
© Certified Nursing Assistants also required. 

© Openings in all Clinical Services © Excellent personnel policies © Bursories for post-basic 
courses in Teaching and Administration. 


fer further information, please write: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING, JEWISH GENERAL HOSPITAL, 3755 COTE ST. CATHERINE ROAD, MONTREAL, QUE. 





MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 261 : 








Staff Nurses for 300-bed General Hospital. Attractive i ie 
afternoon & night duty. for advanced sat Tiseeter af Worden Roreice 
Sarma reser ieee 


te 428-bed_hospi' moe -segiemet i a goat, tg 
polis sar by Sary. Write og Director, ital of the Samaritan, 1212 Shatto Street, Los 


Office Nurses (eligible for California phi ay ): for gr ivate practice ialists near Los 
Angeles, chad eaters $360 per mo. Contact: oe oD aramount Blvd., Downey, California. 


Graduate Nurses (Professional) We are an established ring salary for Sta off. offs Nurse is $990 p aaseptoms 


assignments N debor pene sa Mins Hs current startin: mo., 
evenings So" sights Si per may for & Wehr S-day wie ringe benefits Gecpate Sala venation te 3 
i wig per yt: § paid holida: ted & 0 ear, cumulative sick leav Intec Cross & pension plan available 
Ye inqui: peng tee Ale ae or ad ly: ame Service Deparment CIN. Mount Sinai Hospital of 
our ries . * 

Ce erate er Sisces Chinngc 8, Iwo. 


Staff Nurses & Licensed Practical Nurses (Openings in several areas, all shifts.) 3734-hr. work wk., in 
small community hospital, 2-mi, from Boston. Living apartere:é available. Minimum. starting pay $73 R.N. "s3 
L.P.N.’s $61 per wk. Experience consider differentials for reliefs, nights. Contact: Miss 

ial bee Chelsea, 


Hewitt, Assistant Director of Nurses, Chelsea setts. 

Professional Nurses of anes de Se Sree : M itan area. All specialties, con- 
venient to eeneliten tbersh $, — 3-01 tour $4,460 - 360 — 
11-7 tour $4, - $5,240. For further information Sirite irs. ‘30 0. maker, R.N., M.A., Director 


of Nursing, artland Medical Center, 65 Bergen Street, Newark 7, New Jersey. 


ase: is on: cn no 
- s Lit 1 s ek ee : 1 


A ive . O i o. - 

sure as professi: urne & us Citizenship (or Sookie Visa} ired. Write or call collect: 

a Emily J. Tarte Dir. of Nursing, Presbyterian Hospital Center, S.E., Albuquerque, New 
‘exico. 


Courses FOR R.N.’S N.Y. POL ae MED. SCH. & HOSP, — in heart of Mophettan — 6-mo. 
courses in: O.R. NURSING O NURSING, MED.-SURG. NURSING. Classes 4 times yrly: Mar., 
June, t., Dec. Room, meals, TMedical Care & monthly cash _ stipend. orn J available te to Rraduatcy 

= rses. For i ation write: Director of Nursing Education, 345 W. 50 St., N.Y.C., NEW 


i tetric 
& pediatric divisions. Apartment ilable mediat borhood. Miss Louise Harrison, 
Diseetor of Wersing Borvice, Mount Sra Hospital 1800 Be ioe Street, ‘anol: 3 6 Ohio. — 


Staff Nurses: Exchange Visitor offers merged to learn & earn at large modern tubercu- 
Saar tent wie bed we pee nd OE I sell wegen ectreregy = 


dyted ‘hospital ia ue presaaiag comianite: Hcrense your profesional ey ly ay RF ag ee 











Registered Nurse (Scenic Oregon, vacation skiing, mise, Seating & cultural events) 
dincrenga la nhs eventags Lateral pay vocniont "Wek eave, elas 
itnomah* Hospital, Portiead 1. bite 
Staff Nurses for 750-bed General Hospital. policies, 40-hr_ wk., for con- 
tinuing education. Write to the: it of Ni of the a 

¢ ao sep es ‘ursing, vi ania, 
Staff Nurses (All Services) Base salary $319, differential and 11-7 
<n pa Big mee leave, retirement plan, 3-wks. Vpeation ie td B yt any Orientation 


ee ee ete Daive ee se on campus or in vicinity ita Apply: Director of 
Saige Poa Me a ee Pe a 
po M reer Terry ooh ar ey emialee Wiie Fe is ee 


pecriaperns €or wy ~ en t i xpeicnce,reated Wscellent-pereanel Plies & ga 








salary with regular adv rr ae merit inerences, “Wense Stat wit 

gramiag medi ter of Wyoming, Cantus fees Hospital, yenne, Wyoming. 

growing medical center of Wyoming. Contact: Administrator, Memorial Hospital, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 


General Duty Nurse for 31-bed hospital situated in the Scenic F: ¢ ed, 
an ee Nurses’ henna: M.S.A, Apply : Adasalascaine, Si. Berkely’ hg Ben By ieertony 








ONTARIO 


PRrcerbeae 98 mney, ea Rent te rg, he - none 


er, ew ii lola LO 


Hospital, Owen Sound, On 


Assistant Director of Nursing. 
For further information ty 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL 


REQUIRES 
Registered Nurses and Certified Nursing Assistants 
for Medical and Surgical Services 
including newly opened Neurosurgical and Cardiovascular Units 
Rewarding Experience — Excellent Personnel Policies 
For information write to: 
Director of Nursing, Toronto General Hospital, 101 College Street, Toronto 2, Ontario 





GENERAL DUTY NURSES 
FOR ALL DEPARTMENTS 


Gross salary $320 monthly with annual increments for 3 years to 


$350. 
Until registration in Ontario is established — $295. 


Rotating periods of duty — 40 hour week, 8 statutory holidays 
annually — Annual vacation 21 days after one year. 


Annual sick time 12 days after one year, cumulative to 18 days. 
Hospitals of Ontario Pension Plan. 


Ontario Hospital Insurance and Physicians’ Services Incorporated, 
50% payment by hospital. 

Apply: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING, GENERAL HOSPITAL, OSHAWA, ONTARIO. 





MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


ee ees 


ne i a i AI i iE IL De ND 


oO. — 


ee ee ee ee 


errr 












EDUCATIONAL DIRECTOR 
also 
NURSING INSTRUCTOR 
Required for a modern 150-bed hospital, which has long estab- 


lished School of Nursing with enrolment of 75 students. Salary 
commensurate with experience and education. 


Apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING, SHERBROOKE HOSPITAL 
SHERBROOKE, QUEBEC 










SCHOOL OF NURSING, CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL 
invites applications for positions of 
INSTRUCTORS 


This school conducts a progressive program for about 50 students, 
in connection with an active hospital of over 200-beds. A new wing 
will be occupied very shortly. Salary commensurate with experience 
and qualifications. 


APPLY TO: DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
CORNWALL GENERAL HOSPITAL, CORNWALL, ONTARIO 


WANTED IMMEDIATELY REGISTERED NURSES 
FOR 35-BED HOSPITAL 


Salary $305 with annual increments, allowance for experience and postgraduate training, 40 hour 
week — 9 statutory holidays, 3 week vacation after one yeor — 4 weeks thereafter, 1 day sick 
leave per month accumulative, generous fringe benefits, nurses’ residence—board $45 per month. 


Apply: LITTLE LONG LAC HOSPITAL, GERALDTON, ONTARIO. 


GENERAL DUTY REGISTERED NURSES 
FOR 42-BED GENERAL HOSPITAL 


Salary $295 with six months increments. Allowance for past experience. Generous fringe bene- 
fits. Board and residence $45 per month. 


On paved highway 38 miles from Winnipeg. New construction program well advanced. 
Apply: DIRECTOR OF NURSING, BETHESDA HOSPITAL, STEINBACH, MANITOBA. 


vite Arididinaiiin OTTAWA CIVIC HOSPITAL 
REGIONAL HOSPITAL GENERAL STAFF NURSES 


hes vacancies for for 
GENERAL STAFF NURSES OPERATING ROOM 
Bldg. completed Oct. 1961. MEDICAL 


i SURGICAL 
165-beds; full complement of 
goed personnel pede. Be ee OBSTETRICAL DEPARTMENTS 


For full particulars write: & PSYCHIATRIC 


Apply 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING EDITH G. YOUNG, REG. N., 
YARMOUTH HOSPITAL ASSISTANT DIRECTOR AND 


YARMOUTH, NOVA SCOTIA ADMINISTRATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT 
OF NURSING. 





DIRECTOR OF NURSES 


wanted for new 160-bed General Hospital 
opening approximately May 1, 1962. Must 
be able to take complete charge of nursing 
stoff. Excellent salary and working condi- 
tions. 
Write or phone: 
DR. J. TEITELBAUM, 5757 DECELLES, 
REgent 1-0772, MONTREAL, QUE. 
Oversees inquiries invited. 


COMPLETE STAFF OF 
NURSES 
urgently required for new 160-bed General 
Hospital opens May 1, 1962. Excellent 


salary and working conditions. 


For further information write or phone: 
DR. J. TEITELBAUM, 5757 DECELLES 
REgent 1-0772 


Overseas inquiries invited. 


GENERAL DUTY 
REGISTERED NURSES 


and 
CERTIFIED NURSING 
ASSISTANTS 


also 
Registered Nurse 


with operating room experience, required 
for 200-bed hospital situated in a beautiful 
residential town on the shores of Loke 
Temiskaming. Storting solaries $320 for 
R.N.’s and $220 for C.N.A.'s. Good per- 
sonnel policies including 40 hour week, 
O.H.A, pension plon etc. Accommodation 


available in residence if desired. 


For porticulars apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
MISERICORDIA HOSPITAL 
HAILEYBURY, ONTARIO 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


ONTARIO SOCIETY 
For 


CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
Requires Immediately 


QUALIFIED EXPERIENCED 
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES 


YOU WILL RECEIVE — 


GOOD SALARY RANGE 


A NEW AUTOMOBILE 
PENSION PLAN 
FREE INSURANCE 


3-MONTH TRAINING 
COURSE 


You will deal directly with children, 
their parents and service club 


members. 


Apply to: 
MISS SARA E. OLIPHANT REG.N. — 
SUPERVISOR OF NURSING 
ONTARIO SOCIETY 
FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
350 RUMSEY ROAD 
P.O. BOX 1700, STATION “R” 
TORONTO 17, ONTARIO. 















REGISTERED NURSES 
REQUIRED FOR DVA treat 









BENEFITS: 
Pension plan; three week’s paid vacation; three week’s ge an gn tae Neecpete iy een Phy 
Gotten sitters aod temabirtnc sal aaien-aal Ga eetetded> te caiaas bieieas ee cost living in staff 
residences is also available. 


Apgioions are praia: SieS eryies, Commipsion OMans, Baitenst Spent eins sad 
Post Offices. 
For further particulars contact the Civil Service Commission Office in the province where the 
papel a beens yaar at ge 
EDMONTON, ~ tg & 9 ya ‘SRINT Jor, Coss 
65 Bleury St., 


VANCOUY. 119 18 Ge Das DMC 
HALIFAX, 165 Hollis St. 






CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR 


PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF OPERATING ROOM TECHNIQUE 


Diploma in nursing education and experience in the operating room preferred. 


This is a modern 300-bed hospital with plans now underway for expansion 
in 1962. 


The school for nurses is well equipped and has a total enrolment of 94, 
Apply to: 


PERSONNEL DIRECTOR 
SARNIA GENERAL HOSPITAL, SARNIA, ONTARIO 


WOODSTOCK GENERAL HOSPITAL 
WOODSTOCK, ONTARIO 
requires 
SURGICAL CLINICAL TEACHER 
PREFERABLY WITH B.Sc.N. DEGREE AND EXPERIENCE. POSITION WILL BE 
OPEN ON AUGUST 1, 1962. 
SALARY COMMENSURATE WITH QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE. 
Apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
WOODSTOCK GENERAL HOSPITAL, WOODSTOCK, ONTARIO 


CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR 
required for Mental Health Services, rem gee B.C, 
Salary $313 - $373 pe on es = ye sub, 


aeration and. app 


co-ope: aA ntal 
forma. forms apply. IM IMME ATELY to 








REGISTERED NURSES 


MALE OR FEMALE 


SEQUOIA HOSPITAL in Redwood City, California, U.S.A., has openings on its 
staff for Registered Nurses. Sequoia is a 350-bed district hospital which 
was opened in 1950. 


Redwood City, with its population of 46,000 is located 25 miles south of San 
Francisco. Its slogan, ‘Climate Best by Government Test“, is appropriate. 
This is a community of beautiful homes and gardens, fine schools and 
churches, and a hospital in which the residents take great pride. 


Nurses must be eligible for registration in California. 


SALARY: To start $371 per month with 5% increases at the 6, 12 and 24 month 
levels to a maximum of $429. 
$15 differential for 3-11 shift. $10 differential for 11-7 shift. 


VACATIONS: After 1 year — 10 days (2 weeks) 
After 2 years — 15 days (3 weeks) 
After 3 years — 20 days (4 weeks) 


SOCIAL SECURITY — GROUP INSURANCE — CREDIT UNION it 
PENSION PLAN (paid by the employer). 


Affidavits guaranteeing employment will be furnished applicants when 
eligibility for California registration has been established. 


For further information, write: 


PERSONNEL OFFICE, SEQUOIA HOSPITAL, 
REDWOOD CITY, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. 


—___—___) COOK COUNTY e 
caw | HOSPITAL® 


NURSING ASSISTANTS 


for 


375-bed, fully accredited General 
Hospital. Registered Nurses salary 
$300 - $340 per month. Certified 


GRADUATE NURSES 
$395 month 
Write for the facts .. . regard- 


ing employment, residence, 
opportunities for study and 


Nursing Assistants $200 - $230 per 


month. 


For further information write: 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
SERVICE 
METROPOLITAN GENERAL 
HOSPITAL 
WINDSOR, ONTARIO 





MARCH, 1962 * VOL. 58, No, 3 267 





~<a mmm ew th tA I a A Sa tt a 


A he e-em Aen mmenmeree ne 









GRADUATE STAFF NURSES — YOU WILL LIKE IT HERE 


Opportunities for men & women on the service of your choice. A 953-bed 
teaching hospital with a friendly atmosphere, well planned orientation 
program, active graduate nurse club, cultural advantages & excellent trans- 
portation facilities. 


Starting salary: $325 per mo., 6 holidays, sick leave, 3 wk. vacation. 










For further details write: 
Director — Nursing Service, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio. 






NURSES 


If you desire to practise your profession in a modern and scientific hospital, 
that has 21 specialties and 1,050 beds. 
Join the nursing staff of 
NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL 


=> 





ee 


Generous salaries, according to qualifications, with periodic increases. 
Differential for evening and night duty, 10 Statutory holidays. Vacation 
based on date of employment. Pension plan. Inservice educotion program. 
Recreational Center. 


= 


For information, write fo: 
LA DIRECTRICE DU NURSING, 
HOPITAL NOTRE DAME, 1560 EST, RUE SHERBROOKE, MONTREAL 24. 





THE PETERBOROUGH CIVIC HOSPITAL 
REQUIRES 


Administrative Supervisor for Operating Room 
Instructor in Surgical Nursing 
Instructor in Medical Nursing 

General Duty Staff Nurses 


For further information write: 


THE DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
PETERBOROUGH CIVIC HOSPITAL, PETERBOROUGH, ONTARIO 


SUBURBAN TORONTO 
GRADUATE NURSES & CERTIFIED NURSING ASSISTANTS 


Are invited to enquire re: employment opportunities in a well-staffed ex- 
panding 125-bed hospital in suburban west Toronto. General Staff Nurses 
salary range: $305-$355 per mo. Certified Nursing Assistants $225-$255 per 
mo. 5 day week. Residence accommodation optional. Personnel manual 
forwarded on request. Enquire to: 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING, HUMBER MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, 200 CHURCH STREET, weg 
TORONTO 15, ONTARIO — CH. 4-5551 





268 THE CANADIAN NURSE 





GUELPH 
GENERAL HOSPITAL 


ACTIVE — 200-BEDS — 
FULLY ACCREDITED 


Requires 


GENERAL STAFF NURSES 
CERTIFIED NURSING 
ASSISTANTS 
Pleasant city of 40,000 
Close to larger centres 


Excellent personnel policies 


For further details apply to: 


THE DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
GENERAL HOSPITAL 
GUELPH, ONTARIO 


ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR 
of 


NURSING SERVICE 


434-bed General Hospital 
with 
School of Nursing 
200 students 
Good personnel policies. 


Salary commensurate with 
Preparation and experience. 


Apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
ROYAL COLUMBIAN 
HOSPITAL 
NEW WESTMINSTER, B.C. 





MARCH, 1962 « VOL. 58, No. 3 


VICTORIAN ORDER OF 
NURSES FOR CANADA... 


requires 


PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES 


for Staff and Supervisory positions in 
various parts of Canada. 


Applications will be considered from 
Registered Nurses without Public 
Health training but with University 
entrance qualifications. 

r an 
i SALARY, STATUS AND PROMO- l 
| TIONS ARE DETERMINED IN 1 
| RELATION TO THE QUALIFICA- | 
| TIONS OF THE APPLIOANT. 


Apply to: 


Director in Chief, 


Victorian Order of Nurses 
for Canada 
5 BLACKBURN AVENUE 
Ottawa 2, Ont. 





SAINT JOHN 
GENERAL HOSPITAL, 
Saint John, N.B. 
requires a 
SUPERVISOR 
for 
Pediatric Division 
74-beds 
A CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR 
is responsible for 
Student Program 


For Information Apply To: 
Director of Nursing 























KINGSTON 
GENERAL HOSPITAL 


GENERAL STAFF NURSES 
required for 
INTENSIVE CARE UNIT 
SURGERY 
MEDICINE 































For personnel policies and further 
information apply fo: 
















DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
KINGSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL 
KINGSTON, ONTARIO 










VICTORIA HOSPITAL 
LONDON, ONTARIO 


Modern 900-bed hospital 
requires 
Registered Nurses for 
all services 


and 


Certified 
Nursing Assistants 


40 hour week - pension plan 
- good salaries and personnel 
policies. 


Apply: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
VICTORIA HOSPITAL 
LONDON, ONTARIO 








GRADUATE NURSES 


and 

Certified Nursing Assistants 
required for 

FIVE SUMMER CAMPS 


STRATEGICALLY LOCATED 
THROUGHOUT ONTARIO 
AND NEAR: 
OTTAWA - LONDON 
COLLINGWOOD 
PORT COLBORNE 

KIRKLAND LAKE 










Apply in writing to: 
Miss Helen Wallace, Reg’d N. 
Supervisor of Camps 
ONTARIO SOCIETY FOR 
CRIPPLED CHILDREN 
350 RUMSEY ROAD 
P.O. BOX 1700, STATION “R” 
TORONTO 17, ONTARIO. 


OPERATING ROOM 
NURSES 


General Staff Nurse positions available 
in General Operating Rooms (general 
surgical, cardiac, neuro-surgical, plas- 
tic, orthopedic, ear, nose and throat, 
and urology). Positions also in Gyne- 
cological and Ophthalmological oper- 
ating rooms. Salary commensurate with 
experience, excellent additional bene- 
fits including refund of tuition up to 
six points per semester. 


For further information write to: 
DIRECTOR, NURSING SERVICE, 
THE JOHNS HOPKINS 
HOSPITAL, 
BALTIMORE 5, MARYLAND. 

















NURSING SUPERVISOR 


and a 


REGISTERED NURSE 
for 


110-bed “HOME FOR THE AGED” with 
50-bed bed-care wing. Located on Grand 
River, Niagara Peninsula within 1 hour's 
travel to Hamilton, Niagora Falls and 
Buffalo, N.Y. Modern staff quarters op- 
tional. 


FOR FULL PARTICULARS APPLY 
SUPERINTENDENT, STATING QUALIFICATIONS, 
EXPERIENCE AND REMUNERATION. 


GRANDVIEW LODGE, 
DUNNVILLE, ONT. 


CAMP DIRECTORS 


REGISTERED NURSES to direct summer 
camps for crippled children — June, 
July, August. Preference given to appli- 
cants with.supervisory experience. 


For further information apply to: 
SUPERVISOR OF CAMPS 
ONTARIO SOCIETY FOR CRIPPLED 
CHILDREN, 
BOX 1700, POSTAL STATION “R”, 
350 RUMSEY ROAD, TORONTO 17, 
ONTARIO. 


REGISTERED NURSES 


AND 
CERTIFIED NURSING 
ASSISTANTS 
REQUIRED FOR 

44-bed hospital with expansion 
program, 40-hr. wk. Situated in 
the Niagara Peninsula. Transpor- 
tation assistance. 

for salary rates & personne! policies 

APPLY TO: DIRECTOR OF NURSING, 


HALDIMAND WAR MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, 
DUNNVILLE, ONTARIO 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING 


Required for a modern 26-bed hospital 
in northern Saskatchewan. Serving a com- 
munity of 3,000. Salary to be negotiated. 
Private suite provided in modern residence, 
one month's annual vacation with transpor- 
tation paid, Excellent personne! policies. 


Please opply giving full particulars 
of training and experience to: 
ADMINISTRATOR, 
MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL, 
URANIUM CITY, SASKATCHEWAN. 


HEALTH EDUCATION 
BURSARY 
REQUIREMENTS 


. Baccalaureate degree with preparation 
in public health education. Education 
courses may be supplemented at summer 
school prior to fall admissions. Must have 
high scholastic standing to meet the ad- 
mission requirements of the University 
of Michigan or California. 

. At least 3 years professional experience. 

. Three letters of recommendation. 

. A personal interview is required at the 
O.1.A. office. 

. At least 2 years service with the O.T.A. 
following the course. Must be free to 
travel throughout the province ond to 
locate in a specific region to develop the 
health education program. 


AMOUNT 
Bursary $4,500; Salary $4,800 minimum 
plus expenses. 
APPLY 


MISS FLORIS E. KING, B.Sc.N., M,P.H. 
PROGRAM AND HEALTH EDUCATION 
DIRECTOR 
ONTARIO TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATION 
3050 YONGE STREET, TORONTO 12, ONT. 


QUEEN ELIZABETH 
HOSPITAL 
OF MONTREAL 


Positions avoailoble immediately for Registered 
Nurses, generol duty in new wing of hospital, 
intensive core unit, generc! medical ond surgical 
words ond obstetrical unit. Sclaries cre paid in 
eccordance with recommendations of Association 
of Nurses of the Province of Quebec and commen- 
surate with experience ond education. 


For further information please make appointment 
or write to 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL OF MONTREAL 
2100 MARLOWE AVE., MONTREAL 28, QUE. 


Applications are invited 
for the position of 


ASSISTANT DIRECTOR 


OF NURSING SERVICE 
McKELLAR GENERAL HOSPITAL, 
FORT WILLIAM, ONTARIO. 
Position will be open on 
April 1, 1962. Salary commensurate 
with qualifications and 
experience. 

Apply to: 

DIRECTOR OF NURSING, 
McKELLAR GENERAL HOSPIT, 

FORT WILLIAM, ONTARIO. 





REQUIRED FOR 
RESIDENTIAL 
SCHOOL FOR BOYS 


REGISTERED NURSE for Infirmary in School 
of 250 boys age 14 to 19. Living Quar- 
ters provided. 


Apply to the Heodmaster 


RIDLEY COLLEGE, 
ST. CATHARINES, ONTARIO. 


CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR 
AND 


NURSING ARTS 
INSTRUCTOR 


Must have university preparation. 
School of 125 students. Good 
personnel policies. 


Apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING, 
THE SALVATION ARMY, 

GRACE HOSPITAL, 
WINDSOR, ONTARIO. 


McKELLAR GENERAL 
HOSPITAL 


FORT WILLIAM, ONTARIO 
invites applications for: 
(1) Clinical Instructor for Pediatrics. 
(2) Clinical Instructor for Basic Nursing 
Course. 
(3) General Staff — All services, including 
Operating Room. 
Basic salary $305 — $365 per month 
with Ontario registration. 


Apply to: 
THE DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
McKELLAR GENERAL HOSPITAL 
FORT WILLIAM, ONTARIO 


CLINICAL INSTRUCTORS 
FOR Ist JUNE 1962 


Certificate in Nursing Education essential. Stu- 
dent enrolment 70-75. One class per year. 
Well-equipped modern school. Sound policies, 
good solary. 

Hespite! 252-beds, FULLY ACCREDITED. Pileas- 
ont city (26,000) situcted 60 miles from 


SOUTH WATERLOO MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
GALT, ONTARIO 




















CANORA UNION 
HOSPITAL 
CANORA, SASK. 


1. INSTRUCTOR for Student Nursing As- 
sistants, duties to commence in February 
or in June 1962. 


2. GENERAL DUTY NURSES, all depart- 


ments. 


For further information, apply to: 


THE DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
CANORA, SASKATCHEWAN 


















requires 















PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING 
SUPERVISORS 


$5,160-$5,880 
(Nurse 4) 


$4,380-$4,920 
(Nurse 3) 


Indien and Northern Health Services 
Department of National Health ond Welfare 


Various 
Te plon and carry out the orientotion, continuing 
steff education 
Nursing personnel. 
Candidates must be registered nurses with o cer- 
tificate in Public Health Nursing ond of least four 
years’ acceptable experience. 


and eveluction programs for 


For details and application forms write 


IMMEDIATELY to the 


CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, OTTAWA 
and ask for Information Circular 62-454. 


JOSEPH BRANT 
MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 
BURLINGTON, ONTARIO 


l* 


INQUIRIES ARE INVITED 


WRITE TO THE 


Director of Nursing. 


REGISTERED NURSES 
CERTIFIED NURSING 


ASSISTANTS 


Are invited to enquire re: employment 
opportunities for all departments of 
140-bed hospital. Good per- 
sonnel policies, O.H.A. Pension Plan. 


Enquire: 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING, 
ROSS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, 





LINDSAY, ONTARIO. 


EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES 
DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY 


School of Nursing 


Degree Course in Basic Professional Nursing 

Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Nursing are required to complete 
2 years of university work before entering the clinical field, and one year 
of university work following the basic clinical period of 30 months. On 
completion of the course the student receives the Degree of Bachelor of 
Nursing and the Professional Diploma in either Teaching in Schools of 
Nursing or Public Health Nursing. 


Degree Course for Graduate Nurses 
Graduate nurses who wish to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Nursing are 
required to complete the three years of university work. 


Diploma Courses for Graduate Nurses 
(a) Public Health Nursing 

(b) Teaching in Schools of Nursing 

(c) Nursing Service Administration 


For further information apply to: 
DIRECTOR, SCHOOL OF NURSING 
DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, HALIFAX, N.S. 


UNIVERSITY OF QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY 
BRITISH COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF NURSING 


School of Nursing 
DEGREE COURSE IN BASIC wi sn Pca seen 


RSI Undergraduate 
DEGREE COURSE FOR De ey : ; 
gree Course, 5 leading t 
GRADUATE NURSES Neher so . 
Both of these courses lead to the ' 


B.S.N. degree. Graduates are Grad N | 

Lh pa for public health as OE Stee 
as 

tions 





hospital nursing posi- a. Degree Course, two years. 

b. Diploma Courses, one year. 

DIPLOMA COURSES FOR Public Health Nursing ; 

GRADUATE NURSES or ; 
1. Public Health Nursing. Teaching and Supervision. ; 


2. Administration of Hospital 
Nursing Units. 





For information apply to: 
DIRECTOR 


For information write to: SCHOOL OF NURSING, 

THE DIRECTOR, SCHOOL OF NURSING 
ste a vepaddert QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 
VANCOUVER &, B.C. KINGSTON, ONTARIO 





MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 273 




































UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 


SCHOOL OF NURSING — SESSION 1962-63 


1 BASIC DEGREE COURSE IN NURSING (B.Sc.N.) 
Length: 4 years 
This course provides study in nursing and in the sciences and humanities with 
practice in hospitals and health agencies. The course prepares for practice 
under the Nurses Registration Act of the Province of Ontario. Graduates are 
qualified for both public health and hospital nursing, and following expe- 
rience are qualified for supervisory positions and for teaching in schools of 
nursing. 
ll DEGREE COURSE FOR GRADUATE NURSES (B.Sc.N.) 
Length: 3 years 
This course provides studies in the humanities, sciences and nursing. Appli- 
cants select a field of professional specialization such as Hospital Nursing 
Service, Nursing Education or Public Health Nursing. 
lll CERTIFICATE COURSES FOR GRADUATE NURSES 
Length: 1 year 
*Nursing Education 
*Hospital Nursing Service 
Public Health Nursing 
Public Health Nursing — Advanced Course. 
*Students who wish to take preparation in Psychiatric Nursing may register in Hospital 
Nursing Service or Nursing Education and include special work in Psychiatric Nursing. 


For Calendar and Information concerning Bursaries and Scholarships apply to: 
THE SECRETARY 
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCHOOL OF NURSING, TORONTO 5, ONT. 


CLINICAL COURSE IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 


Offered by 
THE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, BRITISH COLUMBIA 


to 
Nurses eligible for B.C. registration 


Admission: April and October 

Six month program of instruction and practice 
Reasonable monthly stipend 

Room and Meals at nominal rates 


For further information please write to: 
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION, 
ESSONDALE, B.C. 


AN EXTENSION COURSE IN NURSING UNIT ADMINISTRATION 


Those nurses who are interested in enrolling for the Extension Course in Nursing Unit 
Administration should submit their applications not later than April 30th, 1962. 
Applications will be accepted from nurses who are engaged in positions of assistant 
head nurses, head nurses or supervisors and who are unable to attend a university 
school of nursing. Directors of nurses in small hospitals may also enroll. 
The course will start with a workshop in September to be followed by a seven month 
period of home study. A final workshop will be held in May 1963. 
This course is jointly sponsored by the Canadian Nurses’ Association and the 
Canadian Hospital Association. 
Information and application forms may be obtained by writing to: 

DIRECTOR, EXTENSION COURSE IN NURSING UNIT ADMINISTRATION, 

25 IMPERIAL STREET, TORONTO 7, ONTARIO. 


SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES 
McGILL UNIVERSITY 


PROGRAMS FOR GRADUATE NURSES 
Diploma 


Students are granted a diploma at the completion of the first year of 
the program leading to the degree of Bachelor of Nursing. All first-year 
students elect to study in 


— Public Health Nursing 
OR 
— Teaching and Supervision in one of the following: 





® Medical-Surgical Nursing 
® Psychiatric Nursing 
® Maternal and Child Health Nursing 


Degree of Bachelor of Nursing 


A two-year program for nurses with McGill Senior Matriculation or its 
equivalent. A three-year program for nurses with McGill Junior Matricula- 
tion or its equivalent. In the first year students elect a field as indicated 
above. In the final year students elect to major in one of the following: 


® Nursing Education 


© Administration and Supervision in Hospitals or in Public 
Health Agencies 


Degree of Master of Science (Applied) 
A program of approximately two-years for nurses with a baccalaureate 
degree. Students elect to major in 


® Development and Administration of Educational Programs in 
Nursing 


® Nursing Service Administration in Hospitals and Public Health 
Agencies 


PROGRAM IN BASIC NURSING leading to the degree 
Bachelor of Science in Nursing 


A five-year program for students with McGill Junior Matriculation or its 
equivalent. This program combines academic and professional courses 
with supervised nursing experience in the McGill teaching hospitals and 
selected health agencies. This broad background of education, followed 
by graduate professional experience, prepares nurses for advanced 
levels of service in hospitals and community. 


For further information write to: 


DIRECTOR, McGILL SCHOOL FOR GRADUATE NURSES, 
1266 PINE AVENUE WEST, MONTREAL 25, QUE. 


MARCH, 1962 * VOL. 58, No. 3 



































THE WINNIPEG GENERAL 
HOSPITAL 
Offers to qualified Registered Grad- 


uate Nurses the following opportunity 
for advanced preparation: 


ROYAL 
VICTORIA 
HOSPITAL 


SCHOOL OF NURSING 
MONTREAL, QUEBEC 










A six month Clinical Course in Oper- 
ating Room Principles and Advanced 
Practice. 
















Courses commence in JANUARY and 
Sepremser of each year. Maintenance 
is provided. A reasonable stipend is 
given after the first month, Enrol- 
ment is limited to a maximum of six 
students. 






Postgraduate Courses 


For further information please 
write to: 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
GENERAL HOSPITAL 
WINNIPEG, MANITOBA 





1. (a) Six month clinical course in Obstet- 


rical Nursing. 










Classes—September and February. 








(b) Two month clinical course in Gyne- 
cological Nursing. 
Classes following the six month 
course in Obstetrical Nursing. 








{c) Eight week course in Core of the 
Premature Infant. f 


WILLS EYE HOSPITAL 
Philadelphia, Penna. 


The largest eye hospital in the 
United States offers a six-month 
course in Nursing Care of the Eye 
to Graduates of Accredited Nursing 
Schools, Operating Room Training is 
scheduled in the course. 


2. Six month course in Operating Room 
Technique and Management. 
Closses—September and March. 


e Full maintenance and a stipend of 
$237 per month for the first three 
months, $247 per month for the last 
three months, plus maintenance. 


3. Six month course in Theory and Practice 
in Psychiatric Nursing. 


Classes—September and March. @ REGISTRATION FEE 1s $20 


« Course starts September I16th & 
er Niaseed ter eed lee oe 
great r eye - 
ments, operating rooms & pt Wa wee 
logists’ offices. 

For information and details of the courses, 
apply to:-— 


Director of Nursing, 
Royal Victoria Hospital 
Montreal, P.Q. 


For information write to: 


Director of Nurses, 
Wills Bye Hospital, 
1601 Spring Garden Street, 
Philadelphia 30, Peans. 





THE CANADIAN NURSE 








UNIVERSITY OF 

SASKATCHEWAN 
SCHOOL OF NURSING 

in cooperation with 
UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL 

PROGRAMS FOR GRADUATE NURSES 

Teaching and Supervision. To prepare for 
positions in teaching and supervision in 
Schools of Nursing. 

Public Health Nursing. To prepare for stoff 
positions in all types of public health 
nursing agencies. 

Administration of Hospital Nursing Service. 
to prepare for head nurse, supervisor or 
matron positions in large or small hos- 
pitals. 

Credits earned may be applied toward the 

degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. 

PROGRAMS FOR HIGH SCHOOL 

GRADUATES 

Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Students 
with senior matriculation may enroll in 
a@ combined academic and professional 


program. 
Diploma in Nursing. The School! also con- 
ducts a three-year hospital program. 


For further information apply to: 

DIRECTOR, SCHOOL OF NURSING, 
UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN, 
SASKATOON, SASKATCHEWAN. 


CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL 
OF WASHINGTON, D.C. 
OFFERS 
Registered Nurses a 16-wk. supple- 
mentary program in pediatric nursing. 
Admission dates, January 2, May 7, 
September 4, 1962; January 7, 1963. 
For complete information write to: 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
2125-13th STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON 9, D.C. 


Canadian R.N.‘s 


Especially required 
from May to September 
with 


ENGLAND’‘S 


most modern Agency 


for No Contract — Free-Lance 


NURSES— 
NIGHT & DAY 


39 WARDOUR ST. PICCADILLY CIRCUS 
LONDON, W.1. GERrard 0828 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


POSTGRADUATE 
COURSES 
FOR 
REGISTERED NURSES 


Notre Dame Hospital 
of Montreal 


GENERAL MEDICINE 
GENERAL SURGERY 
OPERATING ROOM 
OBSTETRICS 


Classes: March and September 
Duration: 6 months 


Substantial remuneration 
Meals and Laundry provided. 
Ability to speak French essential. 


For further information write to: 
LA DIRECTRICE DU NURSING 
HOPITAL NOTRE-DAME 
1560 EST, RUE SHERBROOKE, 
MONTREAL, QUEBEC. 


NOVA SCOTIA SANATORIUM 
KENTVILLE N.S. 


Offers to Graduate Nurses a Three- 
Month Course in 7'uberculosis Nursing, 
including Immunology, Prevention, 


Medical & Surgical Treatment. 


. Full series of lectures by Medical 
and Surgical staff. 


. Demonstrations and Clinics. 


. Experience in Thoracic Operating 
Room and Postoperative Unit. 


. Full maintenance, salary & all staff 
privileges. 


For information apply to: 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING, NOVA SCOTIA 


SANATORIUM, KENTVILLE, N.S. 








INDEX TO ADVERTISERS 


MARCH, 1962 
COMMERCIAL 
Abbott Laboratories Ltd., ...... 199 Investors Syndicate of Canada 
Arlington-Funk Laboratories 202, 203 b BF WIS ee be ra ie 208 
Baxter Laboratories Inc......... 193 ee Gelatine (Canada) riage 
caer 183 Lakeside Laboratories .......... 187 
Bland & Co. ........-04+- 196, 251; Lewin Howe Coe saxerin rereasne 

5 J. B. Lippincott Co, ...... Cover IV 

Bhstex ae. =.) SPF See ace 186 

: Meditéx:Co.sItds “3 tei Hes 184 
Calagie Ltd cs ctsisntasin tale es 181 

: Ce Vi Mosby: Const ies 4 saeco 201 
Canadian Tampax Corp. Ltd.,... 206 Nivea Pharmaceuticals Ltd. .... 192 
Dept. of National Defence — Parke, Davis & Co. Ltd. .. 188, 189 

Canada’s Armed Forces ...... 198." J. -TPasey Co. cs <sc-- «+ tinowe 253 
Foster Parents’ Plan .......... 196 Savage Shoes Ltd. ...........+: 191 
Charles E. Frosst & Co. ....... 200 Sterilon of Canada Ltd. ..Cover II 
G. T. Fulford & Co. Inc. ...... -, 207 Sterling Name Tape Co. ......-. 204 
Hollister Ltd. .......2.00. 0040: 107). Tai esta A iat ia 7” 

< Uniforms Reg’d .......-.- Cover IIT 
Homemakers’ Products White Sister Uniform Inc. . 228, 229 

(Gattada Fonte Ss sis ee 190 Winthrop Laboratories of 
Identical Form Inc. ........... 185 Gan, renee pia aiaeid s 177 

PROFESSIONAL 
Rs ES a ee a ae Pc Ee 6s Ee Py Seer ee SDE 256 
American University of Beirut Ontario Society for Crippled 
Os Whiokies Ris aeat,- chs 261 Chil cag 5... 0 3 08 oss > 265 
Bermuda: pico vcaes ewe epee 260 Oshawa General Hospital ....... 263 
British Columbia .............. BOD! OUD Aa ae steed ie aes sa haa 260 
Children’s Hospital of Queen’s University ............ 273 

Washington,DC i ss. 65.08e 277 Royal Victoria Hospital ....... 276 
Dalhousie University .......... 273, Saskatenewea Fs scc d+ bs cx slcaie 260 
Extension Course in Nursing Sequoia Hospital — California .. 267 

Unit Administration ......... 274 Toronto General Hospital ...... 263 
Indian and Northern Health Township of North York — 

SOGMIOES Co Tyres ts ce wigaly Soh 257 Ontario Gare lad ois a sie 259 
Jewish General Hospital ....... 261 US AG eae ce tans epah +> he 260 
MaROOR nae ua ok tb ta bad 256 University of British Columbia . 273 
McGill University ............. 275 University of Saskatchewan .... 277 
Mental Health Services University of Toronto 274 

British Columbia ........... 274 riled H ase % Wes 259 
New Brunswick .............. 256 Vancouver General ospital... 
Notre Dame Hospital ......... 277 + Wills Eye Hospital — 

Nova Scotia. .2...c.206 «028 256 Philadelphia ..............-- 276 
Nova Scotia Sanatorium ....... 277. Winnipeg General Hospital .... 276 


Classified advertisements are listed alphabetically 


* 


Advertising Representatives: W. F. L. Edwards & Co. Ltd., 34 King St Be 
Toronto 1, Ont. 
Richard P. Wilson, 1 West Lancaster Avenue, Ardmore, Penna. 
Address advertising enquiries to: 


Advertising Manager, Ruth H. Baumel, 
1522 Sherbrooke 


he Canadian Nurse Journal 
Quebec 


rooke Street West, Montreal 25, 
Member of Canadian Circulation Audit Board. 








Pi tcadeg ce cimpatganies ‘ii, 





Official Directory 
Provincial Associations of Registered Nurses 


ALBERTA 
Alberta Association of Registered Nurses 


Pres., Miss C, Tennant, Municipal Hosp., 
bridge; Past Pres., Mrs. D. J. yt Vee Pres, 
Misses M. Schumacher, L. M vice, Se, L 
Beatrice. Committees: Nursing Service, Sr. i ot: 
neau; Nursing Education, Mrs. E. E. ; Public 
Relations, Miss J. Cummins; ae nd By-Laws, 
Mrs. D. Stevenson; Finance, Miss F. Moore, Execu- 
tive Secretary, Helen M. Sabin, 

ton. 


BRITISH COLUMBIA 
Registered Nurses’ Association of British Columbia 


Pres., Miss A. Gary e, 2912 W. Sth Aye., Van- 
“ Pres. 


M. Beatrice; Hon. Sec. . Commit 
tees: Nelle hi Conte Miss M. Small; peri Bee ae 
cation, Miss Public Relations 
Slaughter; —— oe "By-Laws, ae L. Bari 
Executive Eleanor 


Miss ouleaes 
» Miss Frances Siteele see tomes 


MANITOBA 
Manitoba Association of Registered Nurses 


Pres., Miss S, Nixon, 25 Laneuide St., Apt. 24, 
WwW innipss 1; Past Pres., Mrs. H. C. Mazerall; Vice- 
Pres isses A. Maloney, M. E. Wilson. Commit- 
tees: "Nursi Service, Mrs. H. C. Mazerall; Nursing 
Education iss M. E. Cameron; Public Relations 
Miss L. E. Pettigrew; Legislation & By-Laws, Miss 
M. E. Wilson; Finance, Miss 

, Miss L. E. Petti- 


Secretary & Registrar, 
grew, 247 Balmoral St., Winnipeg ck 


NEW BRUNSWICK 
New Brunswick Association of Registered Nurses 


Pres.. Miss L. O. Smith, Provincial Hosp., Lan- 
caster; Past Pres., Miss G._B. Stevens; Vice Pres., 
i nm, Mrs. G. Hermann; Hon, Sec., 
Sr. Bujold. Committees: Nursing Service, Miss 
Grieve; Nursing Education, Miss M. McPhedran; 
Public Relations, Miss G. Stevens; Legislation & 
By-Laws, Miss V. Burchell; Finance, Mrs. G, Her- 
mann. Executive Secretary, Miss Muriel Archibald; 


Registrar, Mrs. Lois Gladney, 231 : 


NEWFOUNDLAND 
aragere i Registered Nurses of Newfoundland 
Pres., J. Lewis, 16 Veale St., St. John’s; 


Past Tree Miss J. Story; Vice-Pres., Misses M. 
Cummings, M. Linton, Sr. M. St. John. Committees: 
Service, Miss R. M. Brine; Nursing Educo- 
den, | iss Story; Public Relations, Miss D, Pin- 
sent; Legislation & By-Lews, Miss Cummings; 
Finance, Sr. M. Fabian. Councillors: Miss A. me. 
Captain E. Hill, Miss D. Pinsent; Rep. 
S . M. Calasanctius; Rep. tly ‘Br ook 
Chapter, Miss F. Cheeke; Rep. St. Pi hws Chapter, 
Miss D. Mills. Executive Secretary, Miss Pauline 
Laracy, 95 Le Marchant Road, St. John’s. 


NOVA SCOTIA 
Registered Nurses’ Association of Nova Scotia 


Health Cini, Hatitax; Past Pres, alies Me Marbe 


MARCH, 1962 + VOL. 58, No. 3 


son; Vice-Pres., Misses R. Myers, V. RB. 
NMarsi Committees: Nursing Service, Mrs. Ross; 
a SS on = Claire Marie; Public Rela- 


Fox; lation & By-Laws, Miss F. 
Gass: 5 a a a rm - 
Miss’ Nancy H. Watson, 73 College 


ONTARIO 
Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario 


Pres., Miss E. M. Howard, New Mt. Sinai Hi 
Se University Ave., Toronto; Past Pres., Miss 
P. Morgan; Vice-Pres., Mrs. M. B. Duncanson, Miss 
. M. Weir. Committees: Nursing Service, Miss M. 
- Hardy; sNeraing Bencation, Miss H. G. McArthur; 
J. Charlton; Legislation & 
pee Miss ‘J. M. Weir; Finance, iss P. C. 
: Dist. 1, Mrs. R. S. McDonald; 2, 
is E. E. Minty; 3, 3, Mrs, J. K. katy a Mrs. * 


3: a +o Mrs. R. 
Brown; 7 PP ities E. B. ‘Moulton: & Mt 
ed iss P. A. Thomson; Mrs. a "Stewart: 
nd ay | M. Gibson; 12; es. wv M. Wigzins, 
trar, Miss ‘seergtary, Weir, 33 Price St., Toronto 5. 


PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 
The Association of Nurses of Prince Edward Island 


Trainor, Sr. 
Service) Mrs, L. Kitchen; Nursing Education, Miss 
V. Dewar; Public Relations, Miss Trainor; is- 
lation & By. -Laws, Mrs. E- Laklair; Finance, Miss 


K. Executive 
Mrs. Helen ion L. Behaer, 188 Prince St., Charlottetown. 


QUEBEC 
The Association of Nurses of the Province of Quebec 


Pres., Miss E. M, Merleau, 3201 Forest Hill Ave., 
Montreal; View Rr. y Mibes Sr. apes , Miss 
G. Lamarre; A. ‘Gage; 
— ise! du Saveur; 1 — Treas., 

M. Felicitas. Councillors: 
3° ae i, Nhe ry agg 6), Se M, Letie Dist. 
a. Committees: Nursing 
ee Mia mith, Sr St-Eugéne; Nursing 
Education, Misses i 
Public Relations, Misses B. G. Kuhn, M. Gérard; 


Legislation, Miss E. C. Sr. M. Bachand; 
ee r. M. Felicitas, 7" 

itor 
F. * to French ‘Schotle of Nursing, 


SASKATCHEWAN 
Saskatchewan Registered Nurses’ Association 


Pres., Miss P. McGrath, a 1 Rae manly A 
Rea Past Pres., Miss L. Miner; 
ailstone, Sr. 7. Guintal, Conmestiecs: "Mi | oor we 
Retine, Miss C. Dok © M 
Crawford; Public R 
pen & & By-Laws, Miss B. ‘Hailetone ; Finance 


th, Secretary, 
Antonini , Miss Grace 2066 Retal- 
9s Motta, 


279 














, 
he 





A 
; 
{ 


Official Directory 
CANADIAN NURSES’ ASSOCIATION 
74 Stanley Avenue, Ottawa 2, Ont. 


be ap Se Pine Miss Helen Carpenter, 50 St. George St., Toronto 5, Ont. 

Past President ..........-. Miss Alice Girard, Hépital St-Luc, Montreal 18, Que. 

First Vice-President ...... Miss E. A. Electa MacLennan, Arts and Administration Bldg., 
Studley, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

Second Vice-President .... Miss Hazel Keeler, University Hospital, Saskatoon, Sask. 

Third Vice-President ..... a MacLaggan, University of New Brunswick, Fred- 
ericton, N. 

Executive Director ....... Miss M. Pear! Stiver, 74 Stanley Ave., Ottawa 2, Ont. 


OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 


Presidents of Provincial A ssociations— 


pe RS eee ee eee Miss Claudia Tennant, Municipal Hospital, Lethbridge. 
British Columbia ......... Miss Ada George, 2912 W. 8th Ave., Vancouver 8. 

eee RT oe tre ee Miss Sheila Nixon, Apt. 24, 25 Langside St., Winnipeg. 

New Brunswick .......... Miss Lois O. Smith, Provincial Hospital, Lancaster. 
Newfoundland ............ Miss Jean Lewis, 16 Maple St., St. John’s. 

Bova Beatie. .5. 5.2 2.2-4 28 Miss R. Myers, Dalhousie Public Health Clinic, Halifax. 
ryt re oy | Miss Ella M. Howard, New Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto. 
Prince Edward Island .... Miss Ida MacKay, Mount Stewart. 

Quahee oss ss heed 3 Miss Eve Merleau, Apt. 52, 3201 Forest Hill Ave., Montreal 26. 
Saskatchewan ............ Miss Patricia McGrath, Ste. 18, Newell Apts., Regina. 


Religious Orders (Regional Representation)— 


Mates 5.255 Rev. Sister M. Irene, Charlottetown Hospital, Charlottetown. 

PE ay a ee oar Grater Florence Keegan, Institut Marguerite d'Youville. 
contre: 

ee ree ire Rev. Sister Madeleine of Jesus, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa. 

Western Canada .......... Rev. Sister Hugh Teresina, St. Michael's Hospital, Lethbridge, Alta. 


Chairmen of National Committees— 


Nursing Service .......... Miss Mary L. Richmond, 1555 Summerhill Ave., Montreal, 25. 
Nursing Education ....... Miss Hazel Keeler, University Hospital, Saskatoon. 


Public Relations .......... 
Legislation and By-Laws . Rev. Sister Madeleine of Jesus, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa. 


WONG ao Ss o's de veces ieee Miss E. A. Electa MacLennan, Arts and Administration Blidg., 
Studley, Halifax. 
Journal Board ............ Rev. Sister M. Felicitas, St. Mary's Hospital, Montreal. 


EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 


Alberta Ass’n of Registered Nurses — Mrs. Helen M. Sabin, 10256-112 St., Edmonton. 

mermeeeee caged Ass’n of British Columbia — Miss Eleanor S. Graham, 2524 Cypress St., Van- 
couver 9. 

Manitoba Ass’n of Registered Nurses — Miss Lillian E. Pettigrew, 247 Balmoral St., Winnipeg 1. 

a Ass'n of Registered Nurses — Miss Muriel Archibald, 231 Saunders St., Frede- 

Aare of Bagterett Nurses of Newfoundland — Miss Pauline Laracy, 95 Le Marchant Road, 

Registered Nurses’ Ass'n of Nova Scotia — Miss Nancy H. Watson, 73 College St., Halifax. 

Registered Nurses’ Ass'n of Ontario — Miss Laura W. Barr, 33 Price St., Toronto, 5. 

Ass'n of Nurses of Prince Edward Island — Mrs. Helen L. Bolger, 188 Prince St., Charlottetown, 

Ass'n of Nurses of the Province of Quebec — Miss Helena Reimer, 640 Cathcart St., Montreal 2. 

Saskatchewan Registered Nurses’ Ass’n — Miss Victoria Antonini, 2066 Retallack St., Regina. 


ASSOCIATION OFFICERS 


Canadian Nurses’ Association: 74 aniey Ave. Ottawa. Executive Director, Miss M, Pearl Stiver; 
Pepeser of Say Studies, Miss Helen Mussallem ; Associate Director of Special Studies, Miss F. 


International Cow of N 
pay Aan of Fare Dean Trench’ St, Westminster, London S.W.1, England. 






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UNIFORMS 





REGISTERED  npe 





778 KING STREET WEST ® TORONTO 2B, ONTARIO 
AT BETTER STORES EVERYWHERE © WRITE FOR CATALOGUE 








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IMPROVE 
LEARNING EXPERIENCE 


In what way does this book help the instructor identify, select and organize learn- 
ing experience for the student? It uses basic science to give meaning to nursing 
problems — problems concerned with the maintenance og restoration of physiolo- 
gic homeostasis and psychologic equilibrium. These primary nursing goals, then, are 
resolved on the basis of hundreds of facts and concepts from anatomy, physiology, 
microbiology, physics, chemistry, psychology, sociology and anthropology. Inge- 
niously outlined, this volume in several ways rewards study by instructors and 
students. It serves as core knowledge fundamental to clinical learning and to the 
successful use of problem-solving methods for nursing action. 


By Madelyn Titus Nordmark, R.N., B.S., M.S. (N.E.); Research Assistant Protege. 
School of Nursing, University of i ‘ashington: and Anne W. Rohweder, R.N., B.S., 
M.N.; Research Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, University of Washington. 
we by Mary S. Tschudin, Dean, School of Nursing, University of Washington. 
959 





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[] Payment Enclosed (] Charge 

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