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Sg ry ce ey ee re ee oe 


I aes eee — 


MONTREAL 


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5 


VOLUME 51 —_ 


Highlight for 


ADVANCES IN 


HITTING THE SILK 


See pp. 516 & 539 





THE CANADIAN NURSES’ ASSOCIATION 








New Morning Milk... 
Developed especially 
for Babies 







SETS NEW HIGH STANDARDS 
FOR LOW-FAT FORMULAS 





Morning partly skimmed Milk protects your suggestion 
by assuring you of these important quality controls: 
1. All milk is protected at its source. The farms that supply 


milk to our condenseries are selected and regularly 
inspected by our own highly trained dairymen, 


2. Constant laboratory control to maintain the quality 
of Morning Milk. 


3. Inspection of milk at every stage of production. 


4. Standardization to strictest levels to insure 
digestibility and food values, uniformity 
of color, flavor and consistency. f 
5. Fortification with vitamin D to 800 Units / 
per pint of Morning Milk, to insure (/ 
proper use of the tooth and bone- 


building minerals in the milk. — ae 


PARTLY SKIMMED EVAPORATED 


Morning Milk 








from Saunders... 


new (6th) edition!.. Wright & Montas — 
Pharmacology & Therapeuties 


Thoroughly revised and reorganized into units, this text includes 
among its new additions, references to the British Pharmacopoeia and 
an appendix on Canadian Drug Legislation. 


By HAROLD N. WRIGHT, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota; and 
MILDRED MONTAG, EdD., R.N., Associate Professor of Nursing Education, Teachers 
College, Columbia University. 557 pages, illustrated. $4.75. 


New (6th) Edition — Just Ready! 


new (4th) edition!.. Ingram — 
Psychiatrie Nursing 


Many important changes have been made in this discussion of the 
complete nursing care of those who are mentally ill — new methods 
of treatment, new chapters on the arts, education, etc., as treatment. 


By MADELENE ELLIOT INGRAM, R.N., formerly with the Graduate Program in Psychia- 
tric Nursing, Adelphi College, Long Island, N.Y.; Consultant in Psychiatric Nursing Educa- 
tion. 529 pages, illustrated. $4.75. New (4th) Edition — Just Ready! 


new!.. MeKenna — 
Thresholds to Professional Nursing Practice 
This new professional adjustments book is designed to span the 


period which extends from an undetermined moment in a student’s 
senior year until she has established herself as an independent worker. 


By FRANCES M. McKENNA, R.N., M.A., Dean, School of Nursing and Professor of 


Nursing, Baylor University, Waco, Texas. 347 pages. $4.25. New! 


new!.. Hayes & Gazaway — 
Human Relations in Nursing 
Here, society is analyzed, first generally, and then more specifically by 


discussing the human relationships involved in the professional service 
of the nurse. 


By WAYLAND J. HAYES, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology, Vanderbilt University; and RENA 


GAZAWAY, R.N., B.S., Ph.N., M.A., Assistant Professor of Nursing and Health, University 
of Cincinnati. 471 pages, illustrated. $4.50. New! 


W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY 
West Washington Square Philadelphia 5, Pa. 
Canadian Representative: McAinsh & Co. Ltd., 1251 Yonge St.. Toronto 5 


JULY, 1955 * Vol. 51, No. 7 





THE CANADIAN NURSE 
LO, bi ? Y lg 


VOLUME 51 NUMBER 7 
JULY 1955 


518 New Propwucts 
525 Becin PLANNING Now 
527 Recent ADVANCES IN POLIOMYELITIS 


AND OTHER VirUS DISEASES... J. Rhodes 
632 Apjustive MECHANISMS... J. W. Spalding 
539 Fuicut Nurses 

Royat CaNaApIAN Air Force... G. M. Somers 
641 PIONEERING IN OKINAWA... Sr. M. Carmel 


644 Tue Recisterep Nurse — A SPECIALIST 
Psycuiatric INSTITUTIONS 
Wiles a 4. §, Atkinson 


Orcanizinc Pusiic Heattu Services.._._.__£. A. Wake 
Cuotecystims aNnp Cuo.ecystectomy..N. J. Killeen 


546 
548 
653 Mernuopes dD’ ENSEIGNEMENT EN SCIENCES 

Puysigues et Cummigues..__._.Sr. M.-R. Lacroix 
557 
558 
560 


Driver's Eves — An UnsoLvep Puzz_e 
Nursinc Across THE NATION 
$0 Le Nursinc A TRAVERS LE Pays 

662 In Memoriam 

564 Sétection — A Propos pe PoLtiomyLire 

565 Boox Reviews 

S568 From Sma. Becinnincs 

669 Liver Microsomes 

672 News Nores 

681 Posrrions VACANT 


The views expressed 
in the various articles 
are the views of 





the authors and ) 
do not necessarily iw 
represent the policy F 





692 Orriciat Directory or views of 
Tue CANaptan Nurse 


nor of the Canadian 






Editor and Business Manager 
MARGARET E. KERR, M.A., R.N. 


Assistant Editor 
JEAN E. MacGREGOR, B.N., R.N. 


Nurses’ Association. 





Subscription Rates: Canada & Bermuda: 6 months, $1.75; one year, $3.00; two years, $5.00. 
Student nurses — one year, $2.00; three years, $5.00. U.S.A. & foreign: one year, $3.50; two years, $6.00. 
In combination with the American Journal of Nursing or Nursing Outlook: one year, $7.00. 
Single coptes, 35 cents. 
Make cheques and money orders payable to The Canadian Nurse. 
Detailed O ficial Directory appears in June & December, 
Please give one month's notice of Change of Address. 
bby Authorized as Second-Class Mail, Post Office Department. Ottawa. 
National Advertising Representatives: E. P. Finlay & Co., 2 Toronto St., Toronto 1, Ont. 
Member of Canadian Circulations Audit Board. 


1522 Sherbrooke Street, West, Montreal 25, Quebec 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 














Hypo-allergenic! Idea! starting solid for all babies, 
Gerber Rice Cereal is preferred where there is a 
family history of allergy. Prepared only from rice and 


hypo-allergenic nutritional supplements. Contains no 
yeast, malt or milk solids. : 

Enriched! Gerber Rice Cereal is fortified with rice 
polishings—a particularly rich source of natural 
vitamin-B_ complex — plus crystalline thiamine, ribo- 
flavin and niacinamide. Iron is also added to support 
hemoglobin levels a few weeks after birth. 


Digestible! Thorough precooking and low crude fiber 


(averages 0.8%) assure easy digestibility. Bland flavor 
and smooth texture make Gerber Rice Cereal es- 
pecially palatable to the young infant. 


Important P. S$. Gerber’s famous five cereals—Rice, 
Barley, Oatmeal, Wheat and Mixed Cereal make it 
easy for the mother to select and introduce cereal 
variety. Once the baby is established on Rice, the 
other cereals may be introduced, one at a time. If 
cereal allergy shows up, diagnosis is relatively simple, 


Gerber BABY FOODS 


NIAGARA FALLS. CANADA 
5 CEREALS * OVER 56 STRAINED AND JUNIOR FOOOS 
INCLUDING MEATS 


JULY, 1955 Vol. Si, No. 7 


po- allengenue 
Py sainns 


nich Source of 
hotrod vitimin-B 
—  Compley 


easy 
_— digest bi lity 


Ee es | : 
r J Gerbers Gerber 
, oe WHIAT CT 


at 
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v a 7 
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s++.00h ub business | 


515 





wall | 


Between Ourselves 


Do you remember the tremendous burst of 
newspaper publicity with which we were 
bombarded last spring when the report of 
the efficacy of Salk vaccine for the prevention 
of poliomyelitis was first released. There was 
scarcely a page in the newspaper we read 
that did not include some news item or pic- 
ture. Subsequent events have moderated the 
initial enthusiasm somewhat, but the story 
of the progress that has been made in recent 
years is fascinating. Dr. A. J. Rhodes has 
been closely associated with many of the 
recent developments. You will enjoy reading 
about the step-by-step discoveries that led to 
the production of the much-talked-of vaccine. 
Still more discoveries are needed to provide 
a vaccine that will be “as nearly 100 per cent 
effective as possible.” 

* * = 

Our very effective cover picture this 
month is of F/O Marion Neily, Middleton, 
N.S., who has the distinction of being the 
first R.-C.A.F. nurse in Canada to make a 
jump, or in para-rescue parlance to “hit the 
silk.” 

Seven R.C.A.F. nursing sisters have re- 
ceived training so far at the R.C.A.F. Para 
Rescue School. The first seven weeks of the 
eighteen-week course are spent at Edmonton. 
There the students receive preparatory work 
before going on to Jasper, Alta., for para- 
chute drops into open and bush territory, 
mountain and glacier climbing, and bush lore. 
Each graduate has made ten jumps during 
the training period, six into open country 
and four into heavily timbered areas. 

Another branch of specialized training 
for R.C.A.F. nursing sisters is described for 
us by F/L Gwen Somers. There may not 
be quite the same degree of excitement in 
the life of a flight murse as in her high leap- 
ing sister’s but it is a most reassuring thing 
for wounded men to know that all of the 
highly qualified skills of a well trained nurse 
are available to him as he is lifted to safety 
and recovery. 

ie, Dak 

Last year, an advertisement for a super- 
intendent of nurses for the Manitoba School 
for Mentally Defective Persons appeared in 
our Journal, It did not bring a single, soli- 


tary nibble. Pondering on the reasons for 
this complete indifference among graduate 
nurses, both to the need and the opportunity 
provided, Dr. H. S. Atkinson has put his 
diagnostic skills to work and has come up 
with some pretty convincing arguments why 
registered nurses should not leave such an 
important position as was advertised to a 
qualified psychiatric nursing assistant. Is 
opportunity knocking at your door? 
ee ie 

Announcement was made to all schools of 
nursing early last year that a cash award 
of $25 would be given by Macmillan Com- 
pany of Canada for the two best articles on 
comprehensive nursing care written by stu- 
dent nurses in each calendar year. The jud- 
ges selected by the Editorial Board of The 
Canadian Nurse were beset by seasonal com- 
plaints, one after the other, so that the actual 
evaluating was delayed. However, early in 
May, cheques and letters of congratulations 
were mailed to: 

1. Miss Norma Joan Killeen, a 1956B 

student at Royal Inland Hospital, Kam- 

loops, B.C. Miss Killeen's article is pub- 
. lished in this issue. 

2. Miss Ann O’Rafferty, a student of 

Halifax Infirmary and Mount St. Vin- 

cent College, Halifax, N.S. Her article 

dealing with Acute Laryngotracheo 

Bronchitis would be more appropriate 

for winter publication than for August 

but to keep the sequence straight, we 
shall publish it next month. 

Book prizes were awarded by Macmillan’s 
to two other student nurses who also re- 
ceived first class rating (over 80 per cent). 
Their articles will follow in September and 
October. They are: 

Miss Esme Baker of University of Al- 
berta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta. 
Miss Martha Harlow of Victoria Gen- 

eral Hospital, Halifax, N.S. 

We offer sincere congratulations to all 
four of these students. A number of twigs 
of the grape-vine have let us know that 
many more entries may be expected this 
year. Send them along, students nurses. Who 
knows? You may win $25 and who wouldn't 
like that? 





A small girl wrote in an essay on “Pa- 
rents” that “The trouble with parents is that 


when we get them they are so old, it’s very 
hard to change their habits.” 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





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No.656 
KOTEX a 
maternity pad 


IS MORE EFFICIENT. . . COSTS LESS 
Because it’s Thicker, Softer 


Set rnore pad for your money with the thicker, softer 
22-inch No. 656 Kotex. An improved process lays 
Cellucotton fibres into a fuller, fluffier filler. As a 
result, fewer pads are needed and less time spent in 
changing pads. 


NEW MATERNITY BELT. For most efficient operation 
with the No. 656 Maternity Pad, use the new Kotex 
Maternity Belt. Forget old-fashioned T-binders. 
New belt fits around waist and snaps on—=vo pins! 


BIG SAVINGS! Save dressing costs and hours of nurse 
time. See your Curity representative for details today! 


Extra Features of 12-inch No. 656 Kotex Pad 


@ Rounder, softer edges for @ Lengthwise direction of crepe 
greeter comfort to patients. fibres channels drainage over 


@ Ends, os well as sides, com- greeter pod crea, ond keeps it 
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soft 4-ply crepe wedding. © All af no increase in price! 


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AND HOSPITAL BELT 


Motes is a registered trade mark of Canadian Cellucotion Products Limited 


_( BAUER & BLACK ) | 


THE KENDALL COMPANY (CANADA) LIMITED 
TORONTO 13 


Note the Difference 





in Thickness 


The No. 656 








JULY, 1955 « Vol. 51, No, 7 S17 








Yew Products 


Edited by DEAN F.N. HUGHES 
PUBLISHED THROUGH CoURTESY OF Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal 





ANTEPAR 

Manufacturer—Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (Canada) Ltd., Montreal. 

Description—Each scored tablet contains Piperazine citrate in an amount equivalent 
to 500 mg. piperazine hexahydrate. 

Indications: For the eradication of pinworms and roundworms. 

Administration—The tablets should be given for seven days, withheld for the next 
seven days, then given again for another seven days. Or given for fourteen consecutive 
days. Perianal application of an antipruritic ointment is helpful. 

To prevent re-infestation, hygienic measures such as daily washing of the rectal 
opening and genitals, washing hands before meals, keeping finger nails short and well 
scrubbed are recommended. 

Instruction leaflets for handing “to patients may be had on application. 

DORIDEN 
Manufacturer—Ciba Company Ltd., Montreal. 
iption—An oral, moderate or short acting, non-barbiturate sedative and hyp- 
notic, with rapid onset of action, absence of excitation or morning hangover and minimal 
| side effects. Doriden is a-ethyl-a-phenyl-glutarimide, (gluthethimide). 
. Indications—Insomnia; daytime sedation in anxiety-tension states (hypertension, 
menopause, coronary thrombosis, anxiety neuroses, hysteria, epilepsy, thyroid disease, 
etc.) ; pre-surgery sedation. 








PLAX LOTION 

Manufacturer—( an. Dist.: Fidelity Pharmaceutical Co., Toronto, Ont. 

Description—Flesh-colored lotion containing: Salicylic acid 1%, ammoniated mer- 
cury 3%, with anthracene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, carbazole, picolene, quinoline, 
pyridine, cresol, phenol, zinc oxide, talc, propylene glycol, and water. 

Indications—For palliative control of psoriasis. 

Administration—Thoroughly cleanse and dry the scaly area. Apply a thin film of 
lotion, blend gently into the patches. Do not apply more than once a day and only to 
localized lesions—not to extensive patches except under close supervision of the physician. 


. MIO-PRESSIN NO. 1 CAPSULES (HALF STRENGTH) 
MIO PRESSIN NO. 2 CAPSULES (STANDARD STRENGTH) 
| Manufacturer—Smith Kline & French Inter-American Corporation, Montreal. 





Description—Each capsule contains: No. 1 No. 2 
Rauwolfia serpentina (whole root) 125 me.* 25 mg.* 
Protoveratrine 0.1 me. 0.1 meg. 0.2 mg. 
‘Dibenzyline’ (phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride) 2.5 meg. 5 me. 
*Equivalents (biologically assayed) 

Indications— Mild, moderate, and severe hypertension. 


Administration—In mild and moderate hypertension, the initial dose should usually 
be 1 capsule (No. 1) three or four times a day. Severe cases may be started on the same 
number of (No. 2) capsules. This initial dose should be maintained for at least two weeks. 
If the desired effect has not been achieved in this time, the daily dose may be increased 
by two or three capsules at weekly intervals until the response is satisfactory. 

NATA-VITE 

Manufacturer—Ingram & Bell Limited, Toronto. 

Description—A red sugar-coated tablet containing: Bone meal 5 gr., ferrous gluco- 
nate 3 gr., vitamin A 1500 1.U., vitamin D 500 L.U., vitamin C 25 mgm., thiamin mononi- 
trate 2 mgm., riboflavin 2 mgm., niacinamide 5 mgm., sodium iodide 0.2 mgm., pyridoxine 
HC} 3.3 mgm. 

Indications—As a dietary supplement, particularly indicated during pregnancy and 
lactation. Contains a full vitamin B, requirement for protection against toxemias of 
pregnancy. 

Administration—One tablet, three times daily. 


TRILOMBRINE 
Manufacturer—( an. Dist.: Fidelity Pharmaceutical Co., Toronto, Ont. 
Description—Each tablet contains 750 mg. of a-ethyl-b-(2, 4, 6-triiodo-3-hydroxy- 
phenyl) propionic acid. — 
Indications—For oral cholecystography. 





The Journal presents pharmaceuticals for information. Nurses understand that only a physician may prescribe. 


518 THE CANADIAN NURSE 











TORONTO HOSPITAL 
FOR TUBERCULOSIS 


Weston, Ontario 


Post-Graduate Course in the 


Treatment, Prevention, and _ 


Control of Tuberculosis: 


. A nine-week certificate course in 
surgical and medical clinical ex- 
perience, lectures and demonstra- 
tions. Rotation to all departments. 


_ An extra month in special depart- 
ments may be arranged for those 
nurses preparing for Public Health, 
Operating Room or Surgical Nurs- 
ing. 


For further particulars apply to: 


Director of Nurses, Toronto 
Hospital, Weston, Ontario 





ROYAL VICTORIA 
HOSPITAL 


School of Nursing, Montreal 


COURSES FOR GRADUATE 
NURSES 


1. A four month clinical course in 
Obstetrical Nursing. 


2. A two-month clinical course in 


Gynecological Nursing. 


Salary—After second month at 
General Staff rates. 


For formation apply to: 
Director of Nursing 
Royal Victoria Hospital 
Montreal 2, Que. 





JULY, 1955 Vol. 51, No. 7 


THE WINNIPEG GENERAL 
HOSPITAL 


Offers to qualified Registered Grad- 
uate Nurses the following oppor- 
tunities for advanced preparation: 


1. A six-month Clinical Course in 
Obstetrics. 


2. A six-month Clinical Course in 
Operating Room Principles and 
Advanced Practice. 


These courses commence in JANUARY 
and SEPTEMBER of each year. Main- 
tenance is provided. A reasonable sti- 
pend is given after the first month. 
Enrolment is limited to a maximum 
of six students in each course. 


For further information please write to: 


DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
GENERAL HOSPITAL 
WINNIPEG, MANITOBA 





VICTORIAN ORDER OF 
NURSES FOR CANADA... 
requires 
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES 


for Staff and Supervisory positions in 
various parts of Canada. 


Applications will be considered from 
Registered Nurses without Public 
Health training but with University 
entrance qualifications. 


c---------- - S94 
| SALARY, STATUS AND PpRromoTiONs | 
| ARE DETERMINED IN RELATION | 
| TO THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE 


Director in Chief, 
Victorian Order of Nurses 
Canada, 
193 SPARKS STREET, 
Ottawa 4, 





519 





ANAFER 


Manufacturer—The British Drug Houses (Canada) Limited, Toronto, Ont. 
Each sugar-coated tablet contains: Ferrous sulphate, exsiccated 200 mg. 
(equivalent to ferrous sulphate B.P. 4.3 gr.), ascorbic acid 10 mg., menadione as the dia- 
cetyl derivative 1.5 mg. 
Indications—The treatment and prevention of iron-deficiency anemias. Clinical trials 
have shown that ferrous sulphate when combined with vitamins C and K is well tolerated 
even when there has previously been severe gastrointestinal upset with other iron prepa- 


rations. 
inistration—Orally, Children — one tablet once or twice daily. Adults — one 
tablet three times daily or as directed by the physician. 
VITASOL-M 


Manufacturer—Frank W. Horner Limited, Montreal. 

Description—Each capsule contains: Vitamin A 10,000 L.U., vitamin D 2,000 LU.,, 
vitamin Bn (amorphous) 3 mcg., thiamine 3 mg., riboflavin 1 mg., pyridoxine 1 mg., 
niacinamide 10 mg., ascorbic acid 25 mg., calcium (as powdered bone meal) 33 mg., phos- 
phorous (as powdered bone meal) 15 mg., iron as ferrous sulfate 20 mg., zinc as zinc 
sulfate 1 mg., copper as copper sulfate 1 mg., magnesium as magnesium sulfate 1 mg., 
manganese as manganese sulfate 1 mg., potassium as potassium chloride 1 mg., cobalt 

as cobalt sulfate 0.1 mg., boron as sodium borate 0.1 mg., iodine as potassium iodide 
0.1 mg., fluorine as calcium fluoride 0.015 mg., molybdenum as sodium molybdate 0.2 mg. 
ndications—Whenever i intensive vitamin-mineral supplementation is required. 
istration—One capsule daily, or as required. 


ZIRADRYL CREAM 








Manufacturer—Parke, Davis & Company, Ltd., Walkerville, Ontario. 

D mbines 4 per cent of zirconium oxide (as zirconium carbonate) with 
2 per cent of benadryl hydrochloride, in a water-miscible base 

Indications—For prevention of, or treatment of, rhus NT resulting from con- 


tact with poison ivy or poison oak. It may be a mf 
before anticipated contact; used immediately after known contact; 


dermatitis appears. 


plied to exposed surface of the body 
or applied after 


The Journal presents pharmaceuticals for information. Nurses understand that only a physician may prescribe. 


Flower 


Traced to their sources, names of many 
flowers show how keenly they were ob- 
served by early growers. Here are a few 
examples: An ancient blossom tormented 
the nose of those who sniffed it, so from 
nasus (nose) and torqueo (twist), the nose 
twister was called mnasturtium. Another 
flower was made up of spikes somewhat 
like the short Roman swords carried by 
gladiators. From the name of the sword, 
gladius, the plant was termed gladiolus. 
French gardeners noticed that the expanded 
blossom of a little flower resembled a 
tulipan (turban). So they called it tulip. 
Linnaeus — famous botanist — observed 
that the seed capsule of a familiar flower 
is shaped like a cup, or miniature water 


Aqueous penicillin should be given slowly 
to avoid sudden spreading apart of muscle 
bundles. (Two cc. given rapidly through a 
No. 23 needle attains the velocity of a .22 





Names 


pitcher. Delving into Greek, he combined 
hydr (water) and angos (vessel) to coin 
the name hydrangea. Because a type of 
three-colored violet had a thoughtful ex- 
pression on its face, early French botanists 
called it pensée (thoughful). No other 
common flower has had so many names. 
At various times, it has been known as 
love-in-idleness, kiss-me-at-the-garden-gate, 
three-faces-under-a-hood, and hearts-ease. 
How these names originated, no one knows. 
They were popular for many years, but 
eventually the French name was adapted 
as pansy. In time, it won over all con- 
tenders as a designation for the flower 
with a pensive countenance. 

—Wess B. Garrison 


bullet!) When removing the needle, with- 
draw it very rapidly. If oozing of material 
occurs, gently massage the immediate area 
with an alcohol fluff.—D. Eart Hunt, M.D. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





THE JOHNS HOPKINS 
HOSPITAL 


SCHOOL of NURSING 


THE MOUNTAIN 
SANATORIUM 


HAMILTON, ONTARIO 


Offers to qualified Registered Nurses TWO-MONTH 


POST-GRADUATE COURSE 
IN THE IMMUNOLOGY, 
PREVENTION & TREATMENT 
OF TUBERCULOSIS. 


a 16-week supplementary course in 
OPERATIVE ASEPTIC TECHNIC 


with instruction and practice in the 


general surgical, neurosurgical, plastic, ‘ ; : 
This course is especially valuable 


to those contemplating Public 
Health, Industrial, or Tuber- 
culosis Nursing. 


orthopedic, gynecologic, urologic and 
ear, nose and throat operating room 
services. Maintenance and stipend are 


provided. 


For information write to: For further information apply to: 


Director, School of Nursing 
The Johns Hopkins Hospital 
Baltimore 5, Maryland, U.S.A. 


Director of Nursing, 
Mountain Sanatorium, 
Hamilton, Ontario. 





CAN COUvER | | PSYCHIATRIC COURSE 


Post-Graduate Courses offered in: | for 
1, Obstetrical Nursing — 4 months, 
| commencing in September to coin- GRADUATE NURSES 
cide with medical lectures given to 
Medical Students, to which the post- 


eraduate students are invited. 


’ : Ture Nova Scotia Hosprtat offers to 
2. Operating Room Technique and 


Management — Registration is full | qualified Graduate Nurses a_ six- 


to January, 1956. month certificate course in Psychiatric 


REGISTRATION Fre — $25.00. Nursing. 
Gross Salary: $75.00 for lst 2 months 


$100.00 for 2nd 2 months 
$150.00 for 3rd 2 months 


Residence accommodation available, if 
. desired, at $35.00 a month. 


® Classes in June and December. 





© Remuneration and maintenance. 


| Meals obtainable at reasonable rates For further information apply to: 
| in cafeteria. Laundering of uniforms | 
provided, Superintendent of Nurses 
For information write to: Nova Scotia Hospital 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING : Drawer 350 
GENERAL HOSPITAL | Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 


VANCOUVER 9, B.C. 


JULY, 1955 « Vol. 51, No. 7 521 





McMASTER UNIVERSITY 
School of Nursing 
1955 -1956 











| DEGREE COURSE IN BASIC NURSING 


A Four-Calendar-Year Course designed to prepare students for all 
branches of community and hospital nursing practice and leading to the 
degree, Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.Sc.N.). It includes studies in the | 
humanities, basic sciences and nursing. Bursaries, loans and scholarships 
are available. j 


li DEGREE COURSE IN SCIENCE TEACHING FOR GRADUATE NURSES 


A Two-Year Course designed to prepare graduate nurses to teach basic 
sciences in schools of nursing and leading to the degree, Bachelor of 
Nursing Education (B.N.E.). It includes studies in the humanities, the phys- 
ical, social and biological sciences, teaching and nursing education. 


For additional information, write to: 


School of Nursing, Hamilton College, 
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. 





ee eee eee - 





PSYCHIATRIC NOVA SCOTIA SANATORIUM | | 
NURSING COURSE | | ‘ext NS. 


Offers to Graduate Nurses a Six- 
Month Course in Tubercalosis Nursing, 
including Immunology, Prevention, 
Medical & Surgical Treatment. 


The ALLAN MEMORIAL INSTITUTE OF 
PSYCHIATRY OF THE ROYAL VICTORIA 
Hospitat offers six-month courses in 
Theory and Practice in Psychiatric 
Nursing to Graduate Nurses in good | 1. Full series of lectures by Medical 
Standing in their own province. | and Surgical staff. 


th 


~ - . Demonstrations ¢ ‘linic 
Classes — Spring and Fall. strations and Clinics. 


3. Experience in Thoracic Operating 
Room and Post-Operative Unit. 


Complete maintenance or living-out 
allowance, meals in hospital and uni- 
form laundry for the first three months. | 4 
General duty rates the second three 


. Full maintenance, salary & all staff 


privileges. 
months. 


ty 


. Classes start May Ist and Novem- 
For further information write to: ber Ist. 


Miss H. M. Lamont, Director of Nursing, 
Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal 2, Que. 
or Miss Kathleen Marshall, Supervisor of 
Nurses, Allan Memorial Institute of Psy- 
chiatry, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal SUPT. OF NURSES, NOVA SCOTIA 
2, Que. | SANATORIUM, KENTVILLE, N.S. 


For mformation apply to: 














522 THE CANADIAN NURSE 














JULY, 


REGISTERED HOSPITAL NURSES, 
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES, 


Nursing Assistants ar Practical Nurses 


Sodaal Vuiliaa Heath Sorulies 
HOSPITAL POSITIONS 


Oshweken, Manitowaning, Moose Factory and Sioux Lookout, Ont.; 
Hodgson, Pine Falls and Norway House, Man. ; Fort Qu’Appelle, North 
Battleford, Sask.; Edmonton, Hobbema. Gleichen, Cardston, Morley 
and Brocket, Alta. ; Sardis, Prince Rupert and Nanaimo, B.C. 


PUBLIC HEALTH POSITIONS 


Outpost Nursing Stations, Health Centres and field positions in Provin- 
ces, Eastern Arctic, and North-West Territories. 


SALARIES 

(1) Public Health Staff Nurses: up to $3,300 per year depending upon 
qualifications and location. 

(2) Hospital Staff Nurses: up to $3,120 per year depending upon quali- 
fications and location. 

(3) Nursing Assistants or Practical Nurses: up to $185 per month, 
depending upon qualifications. 

¢ Room and board in hospitals — $30 per month. Statutory holidays. 

Three weeks’ annual leave with pay. Generous sick leave credits. Hos- 


pital-medical and superannuation plans available. Assistance may be 
provided to help cover cost of transportation. 


© Special compensatory leave for those posted to isolated areas. 


For interesting, challenging, satisfying work, apply to: 

Indian Health Services at one of the following addresses : 
(1) 422 Federal Building, Vancouver, 2, B.C.; 

(2) Charles Camsell Indian Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta; 
(3) 10 Travellers Building, Regina, Sask. ; 

(4) 522 Dominion Public Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba; 
(5) Box 292, North Bay, Ontario; 

(6) 55 “B” St. Joseph Street, Quebec, P.Q. ; 
(7) Moose Factory Indian Hospital, Moosonee, Ontario. 
or 


Chief, Personnel Division, 
Department of National Health and Welfare, 
Ottawa, Ontario. 


1955 « Vol. 51, No. 7 





























a a SF 





4'@)s ,; | P: 7 6, 

°. 
A MONTHLY JOURNAL FOR THE NURSES OF CANADA 
PUBLISHED BY THE CANADIAN NURSES’ ASSOCIATION 


VOLUME 51 


MONTREAL, 


JULY, 1955 











Begin Planning Now 


()*: YEAR FROM Now the 1956 bi- 
ennial meeting of the Canadian 
Nurses’ Association will be a matter 
of historical interest. Delegates will 
have mailed home all of the reports, 
samples, literature and so forth, and 
be busy with their kodaks recording 
scenic beauty spots they visit on one 
or another of the fascinating post- 
convention tours that are being plan- 
ned. Your editor will be hard put 
to get the story of the convention 
written in time to be published in the 
August issue — it may have to be held 
over until September because of this 
business of deadlines! That will be 
1956! 

What of the intervening months? 
There is no absorbing topic for group 
and individual study as there was in 
the previous biennium when consider- 
ation was being given to the sweeping 
changes in our association’s structure. 
Most of the provincial associations 
have already attended to the matter 
of altering their committee structure 
to conform to the new pattern adopted 
at Banff in 1954. Is there any pre- 
conyention thinking and _ planning, 
therefore, that nurses should be doing 
ey the coming months as prepara- 
tion for the 1956 convention? What 


JULY, 1955 * Vol. 51, No, 7 


will be discussed at the meetings in 
Winnipeg? 

It is too early yet to make any pre- 
diction or announcements regarding 
the program. However, the theme of 
the convention has been decided 
upon — “Nursing Serves the Nation.” 
Both those engaged in the many dif- 
ferent branches of nursing service and 
those interested primarily in nursing 
education will find stimulus in analyz- 
ing their own endeavors. How does 
the contribution of each nurse in her 
own sphere add up to “serving the 
nation” ? 

There is another side to the prep- 
aration that also needs to receive some 
consideration well ahead of time. 
Those who will receive financial as- 
sistance from one or another of the 
nursing associations may stop reading 
here! The rest will be interested to 
know what the probable convention 
costs will be so that the necessary 
amount can be added to the sum re- 
quired for the fare and any post-con- 
vention tripping. Here are some in- 
teresting straws in the wind: 

This is the third time a University 
campus has served as our convention 
locale — Mount Alison at Sackville, 
N.B.. in 1948; University of British 


iH 














a s ew rv 
— — eo 


Columbia at Vancouver, B.C., in 1950; 
University of Manitoba at Winnipeg, 
Man., in 1956. 

Residence accommodation on the cam- 
pus will be available for 550 nurses. 
As this will be the most economical 
place to stay, as well as being good fun 
for all, watch for the pre-registration 
forms that will be published next Oc- 
tober. Get your registration in early. 

Do you prefer the comforts of a 
hotel? Fifty double rooms are being 
reserved for this week at both the 
Royal Alexandra and the Fort Garry 
Hotels. Those who plan to drive to 
Winnipeg may want to stay at one of 
the new motels that are not too far 


from the campus. Be an early bird! 

The all-important question of “where 
do we eat” is being arranged well in 
advance. The campus dining room will 
hold 450 persons at a sitting. In addi- 
tion, for those who desire a light snack, 
there will be room for from 200 to 250 
in the canteen. . 

From now on there will be many 
articles and much information appear- 
ing in the various issues of the 
Journal. Watch for all of the exciting 
events that are being planned. But 
most important of all, begin your own 
planning now so that you won't be 
disappointed when June 25, 1956, rolls 
around. Winnipeg in 1956! 


Our Kind of Democracy 


We know that our democratic system is 
not perfect. We know that is permits in- 
justices and wrongs. But with our whole 
hearts we believe in its continuous power of 
self-remedy. That power is not a theory — 
it has been proven. Through the years 
democracy has given more people freedom, 
less persecution, and a higher standard of 
living than any other system we know. 
Under it, evils have been abolished, in- 
justices remedied, old wounds healed, not by 
terror and revolution but by the slow 
revolution of consent in the minds of all the 
people. While we maintain democracy, we 
maintain the greatest power a people can 
possess — the power of gradual, efficient, 
and lawful change. 

Most of all, we believe in democracy 


itself — in its past, its present, and its 
future — in democracy as a political system 
to live by — in democracy as the great hope 
in the minds of the free. We believe it so 


. deeply rooted in the earth of this country 


that neither assault from without nor dis- 
sension from within can ever wipe it entirely 
from the earth. But, because it was estab- 
lished for us by the free-minded and the 
daring, it is our duty now, in danger as 
in security to uphold and sustain it with all 
that we have and are. We believe that its 
future shall and must be even greater than 
its past. And to the future — as to the past 
of our forebears and the present of our 
hard-won freedom — we pledge all we have 
to give. 

— SrepHen Vincent Benet 


Crashing the Age Barrier 


As aeroplanes approach the speed of sound 
they hit the “sound barrier.” Travel within 
this range of speeds is stormy; the planes 
rock and shake, buffeted by air vibrations. 
At higher velocities, however, smooth flight 
is again possible. 

Recent studies indicate that the “sound 
barrier” has its counterpart in the human 
body. According to one researcher, our 
bodies reach an “age barrier”. when we get 
to be 60 years old. Between © and 75. 


the physician declares, many of the body's 
gradua! aging processes cease; the break- 
down of certain tissues and organs stops, 
and is actually supplanted by a period of 
renewed growth. Most of us die before 
reaching this “age barrier,” or while we are 
going through it. But if we manage to sur- 
vive it, the physician notes, there is smooth 
sailing ahead — the chances of living to 100 
are good. 

— ISPS 


Safety Note: The car to watch is the car behind the car in front of you. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 








Recent Advances in Poliomyelitis 


and Other Virus Diseases 


A. J. Ruopes, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Edin.) 


ITH THE INCREASING CONTROL of 

bacterial infections by means of 
antibiotics, virus diseases are assum- 
ing a more and more important place 
in medical and nursing practice. 

Some of the virus diseases with 
which you are familiar rank among 
the most important human illnesses: 
the common cold, influenza, virus 
pneumonia, herpes, measles, German 
measles, chickenpox, smallpox, polio- 
myelitis, mumps, hydrophobia, virus 
meningitis, encephalitis, tropical dis- 
eases such as yellow and dengue 
fevers, trachoma, and the whole group 
of typhus and typhus-like rickettsial 
diseases, 

The casual agents of virus diseases 
differ considerably from bacteria, and 
have to be studied by special tech- 
niques. For example, viruses are 
smaller than bacteria and cannot be 
seen properly with the ordinary 
microscope. Furthermore, they are 
much more difficult to cultivate than 
bacteria in the laboratory, and will 
not grow in broth, on agar or similar 
media, for they require living cells 
for their growth. 

Of recent years, considerable im- 
provement has been made in_ the 
methods of studying viruses. Thus, 
it is now possible to demonstrate many 
viruses with the electron microscope, 
and with newer techniques of tissue 
culture it is possible to grow, in the 
laboratory, many viruses that pre- 
viously could not be cultivated, These 
new techniques have led to the demon- 
stration that many diseases thought 
to be of unknown cause, are in fact 
virus diseases, and have led to the 


Dr. Rhodes is director, The Research 
Institute, The Hospital for Sick Chil- 
dren, Toronto. This paper was presented 
at the annual meeting of the Registered 
Nurses’ Association of Ontario last 
April. 


JULY. 1955 ¢ Vol. 51, No. 7 


accumulation of more detailed knowl- 
edge about many of the old-established 
virus infections. 

For example, within the last few 
years, many new viruses have been 
discovered. One of the most interest- 
ing of these is Coxsackie virus. This 
virus causes an ulcerative pharyngitis 
known as herpangina, also aseptic 
meningitis, and epidemic myalgia or 
epidemic pleurodynia. 

Quite recently, a new group of 
viruses has been discovered by work- 
ers in Washington, D.C., and some 
members of this group seem to cause 
“colds.” It is hoped that, at last, some 


. progress will be made in the study 


and perhaps eventual prevention of 
some types of common cold. 

Here, I shall confine my remarks 
to recent advances in the study of 
poliomyelitis, advances that have been 
made possible by the introduction of 
suitable techniques for growing the 
virus in the laboratory. 


INTRODUCTION 


Poliomyelitis is perhaps more feared 
than any other infection of childhood 
because of the permanent crippling and 
disability that may result. It is not, 
however, a very common disease, and 
it has been estimated by Dr. Henry 
Kumm of the National Foundation 
for Infantile Paralysis that, in the 
State of New York, only about 1 in 
every 200 children contracts the 
disease by the age of 20 and only 1 
in every 1,900 dies from polio by the 
same age. 

Although the disease is evidently 
not nearly as frequent as measels, in- 
fluenza or mumps, it appears to be 
on the increase, not only in Canada 
and the United States where there 
have been epidemics for many years, 
but in those parts of the world where 
polio was previously almost unknown. 




















The customary public health meas- 
ures for control, such as isolation of 
the case, and quarantine of contacts, 
have been of little avail in halting 
the spread of polio. Fortunately, two 
products for immunization have been 
developed: gamma globulin and, more 
recently, poliomyelitis vaccine. 

The recent introduction by Dr. 
Jonas Salk and his collaborators of 
a tissue culture vaccine represents the 
fruits of nearly 50 years of toil by 
many workers in many countries. I 
shall try and tell you something of 
the major discoveries that have led 
to the present situation. We probably 
have not yet reached the end of the 
search for the perfect answer to polio, 
but how many more milestones there 
may be along the road, I cannot guess. 


DiscovERY NUMBER 1 


Nearly 50 years ago, in 1908, Land- 
steiner and Popper demonstrated the 


virus etiology of polio, and showed 


that the infection could be transmitted 
to monkeys. For about 30 years, in- 
oculation of monkeys remained the 
only means of demonstrating the pres- 
ence of polio virus. 

These animals were expensive, and 
work was carried out in only a few 
centres well-equipped with financial 
and material resources. Nevertheless, 
it is indeed suprising how much was 
learned about poliomyelitis during this 
“monkey era.” The basic facts of im- 
munity were established, but progress 
in the development of a practical vac- 
cine was seriously restricted by the 
lack of a simple means of growing 
the virus. 


Discovery NUMBER 2 


In the early 1930's, Kolmer and 
Brodie showed that monkeys could 
be immunized against polio by means 
of vaccines. These vaccines were sus- 
pensions of central nervous tissue of 
monkeys infected with polio virus. The 
suspensions were treated with chem- 
icals, such as formalin. 

This work actually reached such an 
advanced stage that several thousand 
children were inoculated with an exper- 
imental vaccine. Unfortunately, a few 
cases of paralysis developed following 





the inoculation with these vaccines, and 
no further experiments were carried 
out. The hands of the clock were kept 
back for 20 years by this experience, 
and progress awaited the finding of 
some other source of virus than nerv- 
ous tissue of monkeys. 


Discovery NuMBER 3 


In 1939, Armstrong reported that 
one particular strain of polio virus, 
known as the Lansing, could be trans- 
mitted to cotton rats and mice. This 
immediately made it much easier to 
study polio, for mice are cheap and 
can be obtained in large numbers. How- 
ever, the Lansing strain is the least 
common of the three types of polio 
virus, and the other types do not infect 
mice, 


Discovery NUMBER 4 


Working with Lansing polio virus, 
Morgan and her associates in Balti- 
more demonstrated the important part 
played by serum antibody in the pre- 
vention of polio. She showed that 
monkeys inoculated with virus in the. 
muscles resisted a subsequent injection 
of virus into the brain, provided that 
a high level of antibody had developed 
in their blood. The degree of immunity 
in these vaccinated animals was di- 
rectly related to the amount of anti- 
body circulating in the blood. If the 
level was low, the vaccinated animals 
became paralyzed when they were in- 
jected with virus into the brain; if it 
was high, they resisted. 

These studies demonstrated con- 
vincingly that blood antibody that has 
the property of neutralizing and de- 
stroying polio virus plays a major 
role in determining resistance. 


Discovery Numper 5 


It had been suspected for some time 
that polio strains were not all alike 
and varied in their antigenic structure. 
The National Foundation for Infantile 
Paralysis, in the days when monkeys 
were still required for such experi- 
ments, organized a cooperative study 
in a number of laboratories in the 
United States. 

Over 200 strains of polio virus 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 















isolated from various parts of the 
world, including our own laboratories 
in Toronto, were studied by special 
methods. It was found that these 
strains fell into three antigenic types 
which we know as polio virus, Type 1, 


‘Type 2, and Type 3. 


Type 1 was much the commonest. 
These types have quite distinct viruses 
and infection with one type will not 
give rise to resistance to infection 
with the other types. Polio virus types 
causing poliomyelitis in Canada belong 
in over 90 per cent of instances to 
Type 1. It is evident that any vaccine 
against polio must contain all three 
types of virus. 


DiscovERY NUMBER 6 


Early in 1949, Doctors Enders, 
Weller, and Robbins of the Harvard 
Medical School, Boston, reported their 
fundamental discovery that polio virus 
could be grown in cultures of human 
embryonic tissue in small flasks or 
test tubes and that it eventually de- 
stroyed the tissue. This so-called 
“cytopathogenic effect” could be seen 
with the microscope. 

Techniques were rapidly improved 
and it was found that monkey kidney 
was the most suitable tissue for the 
growth of virus. Arising out of this 
discovery has come, not only a simple 
method for the diagnosis of polio by 
isolation of virus in tissue cultures, 
but a method for the mass production 
of polio virus for incorporation into 
a vaccine. 

No longer is it necessary to in- 
oculate live monkeys in order to study 
the virus. However, monkeys are 
needed in larger numbers than ever 
before, as sources of kidney tissue 
for cultures. Whereas before, one 
monkey could be used in a single test 
only, now one monkey’s kidneys pro- 
vide cultures for one hundred or more 
tests, 


Discovery NUMBER 7 


This particular discovery was made 
in Toronto, where Doctors Morgan, 
Morton and Parker of the Connaught 
Medical. Research Laboratories had 
been working for some years on the 
development of synthetic chemical 


JULY. 1955 * Vol. 51, No. 7 


medium rich enough to support the 
growth of tissue cells in test tubes 
and outside the animal body. 

Their original work had no par- 
ticular application to polio, for it was 
part of a cancer research program. 
In 1950 they described a medium 
which they called “Mixture No. 199” 
as being suitable for the growth of 
chick embryo cells in tissue culture. 
This medium was prepared from a 
large number of chemicals and did not 
contain any organic material such as 
horse serum that had been customarily 
used in tissue culture work.. 

Early in 1952, working in the Virus 
Research Department of The Hospital 
for Sick Children, Toronto, my as- 
sociates, Doctors Franklin and Wood 
with Miss Thicke and Mrs. Duncan 
reported that this Medium 199 could 
be used to grow polio virus in tissue 
cultures. The new medium had several 
advantages over media used hitherto. 
In particular, it appeared to us that 
it would be useful in the development 
of a vaccine, since it did not contain 
any horse or other animal serum that 
might cause allergic reactions on in- 
jections in children. 

In 1953, at the specific request of 
the National Foundation for Infantile 
Paralysis, Doctors Leone Farrell and 
Wood and others in the Connaught 
group developed a method for the mass 
production of polio viruses of all three 
types in tissue cultures of monkey 
kidney nourished with Medium 199. 

In this method, three-quarters of 
a liter of polio-infected fluid was ob- 
tained from each tissue culture bottle. 
Previously, only a few cubic centi- 
metres had been obtained from each 
culture. 

Under the active direction of Dr. 
R. D. Defries, the staff of the Con- 
naught Medical Research Laborato- 
ries, during the rest of 1953 and early 
1954, prepared large amounts of virus 
that were shipped to commercial firms 
in the United States and there pro- 
cessed into the “Salk vaccine” used 
in the trial carried out in the United 
States and Canada in the spring of 
1954. This involved the addition of 
formalin to kill virus. This vaccine 
was subjected to exhaustive tests of 
safety to make certain that no live 
virus remained. 





pret 


: 
( 
| 
; 





DIscovERY NUMBER 8 


It had been known for some years 
than an inoculation of polio antibody 
will protect animals against a sub- 
sequent injection of live polio virus. 
Polio antibody can be administered 
to experimental animals in the form 
of convalescent monkey serum or more 
suitably in the form of human gamma 
globulin. This product contains anti- 
body to the three types of virus be- 
cause the blood of most adults contains 
antibody as a result of a previous mild 
or subclinical infection. 

In 1951 and 1952 Dr. Hammon 
of the University of Pittsburgh carried 
out a large scale trial of gamma 
globulin as a preventive of polio in 
man. He found that it did indeed 
prevent some cases. The effect was, 
however, short-lived and did not come 
into operation for approximately one 
week following inoculation. 

One of the interesting findings was 
that although relatively low levels of 
antibody were produced in the blood 
of the inoculated children, these levels 
were sufficient to protect against polio. 
This study confirmed the important 
protective role of antibody but in- 
dicated that some more practical way 
of producing it would have to be 
found. 


Discovery NUMBER 9 


About 1952, Dr. Jonas Salk, Pitts- 
burgh, started to develop a vaccine 
consisting of killed polio virus and 
he worked out a method of treating 
polio-infected tissue culture fluid with 
formalin so that the virus was killed, 
yet at the same time retained anti- 
genic properties. He demonstrated that 
injection of this material stimulates 
the production of antibody in monkeys 
and in man and that these antibody 
levels remain raised for an appreciable 
period. 

He carried out his experiments at 
first on a fairly small scale in human 
beings in the Pittsburgh area and 
later was the driving force in organ- 
izing the large scale trial carried out 
in 1954 with the support of the 
National Foundation for Infantile 
Paralysis. 








Discovery NuMBER 10 


During the last few years virus 
workers have been studying the meth- 
ods whereby polio virus spreads 
throughout the human body and there 
have been two alternate theories. 

One school maintained that polio 
virus is “neurotropic,” that is to. say 
that it enters the body through the 
mouth, passes through the mucosal 
surface of pharynx or intestine and 
then spreads to the brain or spinal 
cord along nerve fibres. The second 
school maintained that there is a stage 
of viremia early in polio infection in 
which virus circulates in the blood. 
The great majority of workers sup- 
ported, until recently, the first or 
neurotropic theory for which there 
seemed to be adequate proof from 
experimental work in monkeys. 

The results of experiments by 
Horstmann and Bodian on chimpan- 
zees and monkeys have caused most 
workers, however, to revise their 
opinion. It has been shown conclu- 
sively that when these animals are 
fed virus by mouth, virus appears in 
the blood and circulates for a few 
days. 

Tests carried out in human cases of 
polio confirmed that viremia occurs 
in man also. Accordingly, Bodian and 
Horstman have postulated that in 
human polio, virus first proliferates 
in the wall of the intestine, then enters 
the blood and finally settles down in 
the central nervous system. Here it 
may cause a localized non-paralytic 
type of disease or may spread more 
widely and cause paralytic disease. 

During the phase of viremia, virus 
is exposed to attack by antibody cir- 
culating in the blood stream and is 
thereby neutralized and destroyed. 
Clearly, inoculation of Salk-type vac- 
cine 1s the obvious method of produc- 
ing this antibody in those who are 
susceptible to polio, chiefly children. 


Tue 1954 Tria 


Against the background of these 
discoveries, the National Foundation 
for Infantile Paralysis staged, in 1954, 


a large scale trial of the vaccine elab- 


orated and pioneered by Dr. Salk. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





ate 


ies iid 
ant 











- r= a= SS 


This was carried out in the United 
States, three provinces and Finland. 
Dr. T. Francis, Jr., Ann Arbor, 
Michigan, was ‘entrusted with the 
colossal task of evaluating the results 
of this vaccination program that in- 
cluded nearly 2,000,000 children. 
Some 400,000 received the vaccine, 
the others being “controls.” 

In his report recently issued, Dr. 
Francis concluded that the Salk vac- 
cine was very effective in reducing the 
incidence of polio. He stated that the 
reduction in incidence in vaccinated 
children was approximately 80 per 
cent. That is to say, the number of 
cases in vaccinated children was re- 
duced to one-fifth of that in unvac- 
cinated children. 

Of particular interest is a com- 
parison of the follow-up of a group 


_ of children’ who received vaccine and 


a group who received medium alone, 
thus serving as controls. When con- 
sideration is given only to patients 
in whom laboratory tests confirmed 
the clinical diagnosis during the six 
months after vaccination, eight cases 
of spinal poliomyelitis occurred in 
200,000 vaccinated children, whereas 
45 cases occurred among a similar 
number of controls who received the 
medium only (Table 1). 

The vaccine proved absolutely safe 
and there were very few reactions 
attributable to the injection. 


1955 anp BEYOND 


Elaborate plans are now under way 


in this country and the United States 
to produce as much Salk-type vaccine 
as quickly as possible and to inoculate 
at first those who are at greatest risk: 
children in kindergarten and Grades 
1, 2, 3, and 4. 

The Ontario Government will pro- 
vide vaccine made in the Connaught 
Medical Research Laboratories to in- 
oculate all school children free-of- 
charge. It is hoped to complete this 
program before too long but it will 
take many months before it can be 
achieved. : 

All vaccine made in the Connaught 
Medical Research Laboratories is 
given rigorous safety tests, both in 
Toronto and Ottawa. 

In the original trial, vaccine was 
given in three doses but now, follow- 
ing recent work by Dr. Salk, it is 
believed that two at intervals of 2-4 
weeks will be adequate for the first 
course, a booster being given not less 
than seven months later. 

The future status of polio vaccina- 
tion is not yet certain. The vaccine 
must be improved to make it as nearly 
100 per cent effective as possible. It 
is not known how long the resistance 
conferred by the present vaccine will 
last, although it is hoped that it will 
be of some duration. If the protection 
proves to be short-lived, it may be 
necessary to look for an alternate type 
of vaccine. Such a vaccine would be 
one containing modified virus which 
would give a mild infection yet im- 
munize permanently against the dis- 
ease. Such a modified polio virus 


Taste | 


Evaluation of Salk-type Polio Vaccine by Dr. T. Francis, Jr. : 
Results in Laboratory Confirmed Cases in Control Areas 


a 


Inoculated Inoculum 
Population | (3 shots) 
: 
ps Boob ot Piacl ae Po a Se hele 
200,745 | Vaccine 
201,229 | Medium 199 
percentage | 
effectiveness ) 
of vaccine | 





JULY, 1955 * Vol. 51, No. 7 


—— ee 


Spinal | _— 
8 | 2 
| 45 | 23 
| 
| 82% | 91% 











would be analogous to vaccinia virus 
which prevents smallpox. 

Whatever the future holds in store, 
today we can say that the introduction 


of the Salk-type formalin-treated vac- 
cine is a major step forward in the 


eradication of poliomyelitis and that 


the future seems to be full of promise. 


Adjustive Mechanisms 


JEAN W. SPALDING 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE ADJUSTIVE 

mechanisms should be of value to 
anyone engaged in the profession of 
nursing. It should assist the instructor 
who is helping nursing students to 
understand these mechanisms and thus 
supply them with some of the tools 
that will result in developing a greater 
awareness of the patient as a person. 
Such knowledge will provide a. foun- 
dation that will enable the teacher to 
have a better understanding of the 
student as a person. This does not 
suggest that one hopes to perform 
in the role of a psychoanalyst. A nurse 
utilizes this knowledge to help her 
understand some of the complexities 
of human beings and to recognize 
developing maladjustments early, so 
that those qualified to deal adequately 
with such problems can be brought 
in for consultation. 

The body maintains itself by the 
process termed homeostasis. Likewise 
the psychological integrity of the indi- 
vidual is safeguarded by adjustive me- 
chanisms over which one has little 
control., Adjustive mechanisms, also 
called defense mechanisms or dyna- 
misms of defense, are auto-corrective 
devices which all individuals utilize 
to protect themselves against exces- 
sive tensional states and to maintain 
their self-esteem. Everyone encounters 
emotional states that form a direct 
barrier in achieving satisfaction. In 
such instances the individual behaves 
defensively instead of directly because 
uncomfortable tension must be re- 
leased. The use of one of the mechan- 
isms brings about a certain degree 
of temporary satisfaction., 





Miss Spalding is educational director 
at Toronto East General and Ortho- 
pedic Hospital. 


Dynamisms are the dynamic processes 
which psychoanalysts believe mediate 
between the Id and the permissions of 
the Ego and Superego; they are the 
unconscious or auto-corrective means 
by which the Ego avoids capitulation 
and maintains itself in the face of so- 
cially unacceptable desires and devia- 
tions in conduct. 

Because all persons experience ten- 
sional states and almost none has 
abilities or qualities that permit a 
successful direct attack on all prob- 
lems, adjustive mechanisms are 
normal and necessary in the life of 
every individual. 

ense mechanisms are not deliber- — 
ately acquired by the person who 
displays them. They are for the most 
part unconscious. In a process of trial 
and error he discovers some responses 
that reduce his tensions and afford 
relief. These mechanisms tend to be 
repeated and perpetuated and do not 
involve deliberation or consciousness. 

It is only when an individual, in 
reacting to tensional states over a 
period of time relies extensively on 
the adjustive mechanisms for support 
of his Ego that he shows evidence of 
maladjustment. 

There appears to be an almost un- 
limited number of classifications of the 
adjustive mechanisms. While the clas- 
sification of the mechanisms is not 
important a better understanding of 
their function is since more than one 
mechanism may be involved in the 
behavior pattern of an _ individual. 
However the systematized organiza- 
tion of this paper lends itself to the 
adoption of a classification. Kaplan 
and Baron’s classification which is 
based on the individual's quest for 
satisfaction and comfort will be used. 

1, Mechanisms of Deception: Some 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





g° us = - , el ‘7 
‘ 
a a - —_— “ 









mechanisms tend to alter the individual’s 
perception of a tensional situation by 
reconstructing his attitudes and feelings 
so that he senses no threat to himself. 
Included are the mechanisms of ration- 
alization, projection, displacement, re- 
pression and suppression. 

2. Mechanisms of Substitution: Some 
mechanisms attempt to change the 
tensional situation by substituting at- 
tainable goals for non-attainable or 
threat-reducing goals. The mechanisms 
of compensation, substitution, reaction- 
formation, sublimation and egocentric- 
ism are classified in this group. 

3. Mechanisms of Avoidance: Some 
mechanisms enable the individual to 
employ psychological escape techniques 
whereby he attains temporary emotional 
comfort by removing himself from a 
threatening situation. The mechanisms 
of fantasy, negativism, motor hysteria 
and identification are included in this 
category... 


MECHANISMS OF DECEPTION 


Rationalization: Shaffer states that 
irrationalization would be a_ better 
term., This mechanism protects the 
Ego because it provides plausible 
reasons for behavior, rather than 
acknowledging the true reasons which 
the individual regards as inferior or 
blameworthy. This _ self-justification 
removes feelings of guilt and anxiety, 
and he avoids the discomfort accom- 
panying such feelings. The use of this 
mechanism provides comfort that be- 
comes an automatic habit, protecting 
him when threats occur. There is an 
element of rationalization in each of 
the following features: (a) When we 
blame circumstances or people for our 
shortcomings and failures; (b) in 
procrastingtion, and (c) when we per- 
form acts that are not socially acccept- 
able “because others do it” and 
thereby justify our actions. The fol- 
lowing illustrates this process: 

Miss Green entered the school for 
nurses with an excellent academic 
record. At first, her theoretical and 
practical results were on a par with 
her former achievement. Then her work 
began to show a marked decline. When 
this necessitated an interview with the 
director of education, Miss Green stated 
that she was interested in nursing, but 


JULY, 1955 * Vol. 51, No. 7 


that her associates made so much noise 
in the residence at night she could not 
study. She also indicated that her in- 
structors failed to give her the assist- 
ance she required. Investigation into 
this sttuation revealed that Miss Green 
didn’t try to study within the residence 
environment, because she left it during 
her off duty time, and that she had not 
approached any instructor to request 
assistance. As Miss Green was demon- 
strating no effort to correct this 
problem, she was referred to the hos- 
pital psychiatrist. With the psychiatrist's 
help she was able to see how her use 
of rationalization was increasing the 
problem for her and took steps to 
make the necessary adjustments in her 
behavior pattern. 

Persons using rationalization are 
quite unconscious that they are dis- 
torting facts and that explanations are 
fabricated to protect their self-esteem. 
Rationalization must not be held in 
contempt as a mechanism of adjust- 
ment. 

Rationalization of one’s behavior is 
no less an act of organic defense 
against disturbance than is a change of 
white blood count against infectious 
disease.: 

Overuse of rationalization may re- 
move a person from reality to the 
point that he finds himself in a real 
crisis. In its exaggerated form, ra- 
tionalization is manifested as delusions 
which characterize severe personality 
disorders., 


Projection: This is an ego-pre- 
serving mechanism. It is the tendency 
to place responsibility for one’s acts 
or thoughts on circumstances or per- 
sons beyond one’s control. The in- 
dividual remains guiltless because he 
can't be responsible for what hap- 
pened. It is a universal tendency of 
both children and adults. These in- 
dividuals are unaware that they are 
making themselves comfortable by re- 
moving  self-guilt from conscious 
recognition. In her lectures Dr. Dris- 
coll described three types of projec- 
tion. 

The basis of gossip is projection. In 
gossip one transfers to another person, 
elements of one’s own personality which 
one doesn't like. For example, when a 
group of adults gossip about the evils 




















of the younger generation, they are es- 
sentially revealing the things they would 
like to do but haven’t the nerve to do. 
The realization of this is something that 
should be conscientiously investigated 
by nurses. 

The transfer of thoughts, feelings and 
wishes toward some person or toward 
a more distant object, is evident in a 
person who has had harsh parents and 
cannot accept the concept of love. 

The projection of one’s unfulfilled 
desires and wishes onto another person. 
This is encountered when a parent 
unknowingly, and in good faith, pro- 
jects his or her professional aspirations 
onto a son or daughter who is unsuited 
for that profession. It is evident in the 
nursing profession, when a_ student 
enters training because of the projection 
of her mother. When it occurs, it often 
results in failure or in some degree of 
inadequacy on the part of the person 
concerned. In the educational field, 
teachers should be fully aware that 
what they may term “direction of a 
student,” may be the use of the mechan- 
ism of projection.; 


Displacement: A special form of 
projection is known as displacement. 
This is the technique of shifting a 
response or reaction from the original 
object to another which is_ less 


dangerous. 

In displacement the feelings are un- 
recognized until one becomes aggrav- 
ated beyond control and then literally 
blows up. Many of the fears and 
dislikes in childhood and adulthood 
can be traced to the process of dis- 
placement. The object of the aware 
observer is to try to determine on 
what the fear or dislike has been 
placed. As this mechanism operates 
on the unconscious level, one cannot 
offer adequate reasons for these ac- 
tions. In the student-teacher relation- 
ship, displacement may account for the 
teacher upbraiding the class and the 
student disliking the teacher, The fol- 
lowing incident will illustrate the use 
of this mechanism. 

Dr. Smith had a student in her class 
who violently disagreed with the con- 
tents of her lectures after each class. 
Dr. Smith called her in to talk the 
problem over. Eventually the student 
admitted she could listen to her if she 


didn’t have to look at her. It turned 
out that this student’s brother had 
married a girl who strongly resembled 
Dr. Smith. The student had no one to 
take the place her brother had formerly 
held in her life and developed a strong 
resentment towards his wife, which she 
could not express. The solution was 
temporarily solved by Dr, Smith placing 
this student with another professor. 


Repression and Suppression: 
Repression is an unconscious process 
whereby guilt-producing thoughts and 
actions, unhappy experiences and un- 
pleasant tasks are removed from 
awareness. Suppression is deliberate 
conscious control that keeps hazardous 
and undesirable impulses in check, 
perhaps holding them privately while 
denying them publicly. An individual 
is aware of a suppressed impulse. Over 
a period of time, these suppressed 
reactions take their place in the un- 
conscious mind with the products of 
repression. Repression appears to be 
concerned with the manner in which 
the Ego and “> Saag deal with the 
impulses of the Id., 

Freud distinguished between primary 
and secondary repression. Primary re- 
fers to the denial of facts, that, if 
brought to awareness, would cause suf- 
fering through guilt or other negative 
self-feelings. Secondary refers to the 
tendency to avoid situations that might 
serve as reminders of the facts that 
led to the primary repression. Cases of 
amnesia can often be explained on the 
basis of secondary repression. 

The mechanisms of repression and 
suppression have a useful purpose in 
our adjustment to the anxieties en- 
countered in living. We would find it 
very difficult to adjust if all disturbing 
memories and_ socially prohibited 
wishes were permitted to remain in 
the realm of consciousness. However, 
it is wise to realize that persistent use 
of these mechanisms will result in the 
disorganization of behavior. 

Emotional patterns forced out of the 
conscious realm have their emotional 
forces retained in the unconscious where 
they continue to exert pressure for 
release. This pressure may find outlets 
through various symptoms of tension 
such as tics, chronic anxiety states or 
nervousness. Another undesirable aspect 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 








is the energy it takes to prevent repres- 
sed emotions and experiences from 
gaining admission to consciousness, If 
most of his energy is used in inner 
struggles then little is left for living 
and the person becomes emotionally 
impoverished. He suffers from chronic 
fatigue and lacks spontaneity and 
initiative. 

It may assist nurses to understand 
some features of neurotic personalities 
if they realize that such conditions do 
occur when no mechanism operates to 
cut off past threats and apprehensions 
of the future, so that the individual 
can live in the present. Some neurotics 
become so overwhelmed by their guilt 


of the past, that they brood over it, 


neglecting to participate in the present, 
whereas others become so concerned 
about future problems that they fail 
to be aware of the present. 


MECHANISM OF SUBSTITUTION 


Compensation: This is a mechan- 
ism that atones for reality. Com- 
pensatory behavior enhances the self- 
esteem by overcoming a failure or 
deficiency in one area through the 
development of personal qualities or 
skills where success is possible. It is 
used to cover up weakness, to coun- 
terbalance failure, or to achieve 
prestige. The degree to which an in- 
dividual uses this mechanism depends 
upon his interpretation of the attitudes 
of others toward him. It evidences a 
good adjustment if not accompanied 
by an attitude of defense. 

Compensation may appear in either of 
two common forms known as direct 
and indirect compensation. In direct 
compensation the individual attempts to 
achieve self-esteem or mastery by re- 
fusing to accept the threatening differ- 
entiation. He denies that any handicap 
exists and acts accordingly. In indirect 

compensation a person possessing a 

handicap may be driven to seek self- 

esteem in other areas entirely. The 
individual has given up attempting to 
deal with the perception of his handicap 
directly. He attempts to rehabilitate his 
damaged concept of self by “snowing 
under” the threatening perception with 

a series of other enhancing perceptions... 

Irrational behavior of children — 
stealing, vandalism, disobedience and 


JULY, 1955 ¢ Vol, 51, No. 7 


bragging — should be thought of as 
attempts to compensate for frustra- 
tions rather than as deviltry or in- 
herent wickedness. Adults have a 
greater awareness of the social con- 
sequences of their actions and select 
substitute satisfactions that will be 
acceptable to society.« 

Some persons over-use this mechan- 
ism which is then termed over-com- 
pensation. The individual may develop 
habits of finding the easiest way out 
when he can’t obtain a goal and thus 
portray qualities of resignation. Adler 
referred to over-compensation as an 
attempt to excel where one is weakest, 
for example, dictators such as Hitler. 
Over-compensation is energizing and 
leads to effective, though not neces- 
sarily admirable, performances.; 

Thorpe refers to compensatory 
identification — the individual who 
feels that he has not attained suffi- 
cient. distinction through his own 
efforts may manage to become a mem- 
ber of some exclusive firm, club, etc. 
He has initiated his Ego by identifying 
himself with a superior group or 
organization. 


Substitution: Kaplan and Baron 
refer to this process as “transferred 
compensation.”, It is the process 
whereby one diverts energies from a 
desired to a substitute goal. The in- 
dividual heightens his possibilities of 
success instead of being doomed to 
failure. In utilizing this mechanism 
it is necessary that the substitute goal 
do something about reducing the 
underlying source of tension or the 
individual is left with feelings of un- 
happiness. The following incident 
illustrates the use of this mechanism. 
Although this only represents a por- 
tion of this individual’s problems, it 
demonstrates the effective use of the 
mechanism of substitution. 

Miss Brown had worked to prepare 
herself a concert pianist, a field in which 
she had displayed talent. She had 
reached the stage of achieving the 
theoretical and practical aspects of this 
area, when she suffered a so-called 
“nervous breakdown,” which prevented 
further progress. Rather than live a life 
regretting this disappointment, she en- 
tered a school for nurses. The direction 
of her efforts in this new field has 




















resulted in considerable success. This 
was not an easy achievement because, 
despite the external evidence of success, 
Miss Brown still experienced periods of 
unhappiness and inadequacy in her 
transferred compensatory effort. Within 
the past two years she has accepted the 
factors contributing to her earlier 
failure and has obtained the “peace of 
mind” that can ensue. 


Reaction-Formation or Reversal 
Formation: Dr. Driscoll states that 
this mechanism comes into play 
when one possesses a negative emotion 
which is laden with guilt feelings, 
and transfers it to a positive one. The 
individual adopts feelings and at- 
titudes opposite to those that would 
normally result in spontaneous ac- 
tion., 

(a) A child becomes angry at his 
mother so rather than strike her, he 
says, “Mother, I love you very much.” 

(b) In a social group, an individual 
who is actually shy and retiring, be- 
comes noisy and bold. 

(c) The individual who led a so- 
called “wild” ‘life in his youth and then 
becomes a strong church supporter in 
his adulthood. 


Sublimation: Many authorities 
state that no such mechanism can be 
described. Either real growth and 
change take place or, if the behavior 
is negative, it can be described under 
another mechanism. However the fol- 
lowing information is available for 
those who consider it an adjustive 
mechanism. 

Sublimation is the transference or 
substitution of one’s desires or wishes 
into socially acceptable forms of ex- 
pression. It is necessary in many 
aspects of life and is healthy if it 
gives real satisfaction. 

In the sublimation of sex, the energy 
of the original impulse finds expression 
through other means. The expression 
is disguised, but it is the original im- 
pulse that gains expression. Hence 
successful sublimation reduces tensions 
and leads to satisfying behavior. This 
is the theory but it is subject to criti- 
cism. Whether or not direct sublimation 
takes place, substitute activity undoubt- 
edly occurs when a basic drive is 
thwarted. 


Sublimation may draw off a poten- 
tially dangerous excess of libidinal 
energy but it does not take the place 
of lasting satisfaction, which could be 
derived from attaining the original and 
desired goals. 


Egocentricism: Because of basic 
insecurity, the individual appears to 
need reinforcement of his Ego. So he 
attempts to establish himself as the 
centre of attention. Self-centredness is 
expected in a child. As he develops, 
he should become less self-centred and 
his demands for attention should give 
way, in large measure, to self-sufh- 
ciency and independence. Egocen- 
tricism in an adult represents a 


‘fixation of behavior at the childish 


narcissistic level. It is an inadequate 
technique for adjustment., 

This mechanism may be encoun- 
tered in nursing some patients who 
seek greater attention, despite the 
evidence of adequate nursing care. In 
the classroom, it may be detected in 
students who use devious means to 
obtain the teacher’s attention. 


MECHANISMS OF AVOIDANCE 


Fantasy: This is literally for- 
getting reality, in which the individual 
substitutes imaginary satisfactions for 
real satisfactions. Having been thwar- 
ted in his efforts to obtain Ego satis- 
faction in the realm of reality, he finds 
relief from his tensions in the domain 
of fantasy. 

When this mechanism is used to 
achieve a balance between active ad- 
justment and imagined satisfaction, 
fantasy is harmless. It provides us 
with a temporary escape from the 
pressure of daily living. It is closely 
allied with creative thinking, which is 
an imaginative act. The process of the 
mental incubation of a discovery lies 
near the realm of fantasy. However, 
this mechanism represents maladjust- 
ment when it becomes a substitute 
for concrete achievements and for 
meeting the practical requirements of 
daily living. Withdrawal from reality 
into a world of fantasy characterizes 
psychotic behavior. 

This is an area which should re- 
ceive the attention of nurses. It is not 
wise to neglect the individual who is 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


“ite 











Se SS eee 


too quiet and unassuming. He may be 
overusing the mechanism of fantasy. 


Regression and Fixation: It is 
difficult to discern between regression 
and fixation unless one is skilled and 
is provided with the entire story of 
the incident concerned. Fixation in- 
dicates lack of progress beyond a 
certain level of development. At birth 
one is dependent and endeavors to 
achieve independence, both physically 
and emotionally. The problem appears 
most frequently as a clinging to emo- 
tional dependence. Many persons stop 
developing at the adolescent level, that 
is, they are emotionally independent 
for ‘the pleasant things of life but 
accept no responsibility for the un- 
pleasant. This is demonstrated in 
couples, who marry and accept finan- 
cial assitance from home but resent 
any parental interference., 

Regression is the return to behavior 
patterns that have outlived their use- 
fulness. It indicates emotional infan- 
talism in a weak and insecure “inner 
being.” 

Regression is not a true mechanism. 

It is a general characteristic of many 
forms of maladaptive behavior. 
In children this behavior may be 
observed when a new baby enters the 
family circle and a child of three or 
four years regresses in respect to 
elimination habits. Parents pave the 
way for regressive behavior when they 
are overindulgent and overprotective 
of their children. 

The primary condition underlying 
regression is the failure of the individ- 
ual to cope with his present adjustment 
problems satisfactorily, Another factor 
that underlies regressive behavior is the 
tendency to remember only the pleasant 
experiences of the past, forgetting much 
of the unpleasant. 

This mechanism may have tempo- 
rary value as a release from tension 
or unpleasantness, but overuse ulti- 
mately results in unhappiness and is 
a serious peril to personality develop- 
ment. 


Negativism: Among the most 
common techniques in dealing with 
threatening perceptions is the denial 
of such perceptions in one form or 
another. This is particularly common 


JULY, 1955 * Vol. 51, No, 7 


among children but often exists in 
adults as well. Negativism can be used 
as a very positive device for seizing 
control as illustrated by a child who 
refuses to eat his meals or the 
technique employed in _ industrial 
strikes.- 

It is a nonadjustive emotional re- 
sponse of the rage type. Its original 
Stimulus seems to be an interference 
with self-initiated activity of the in- 
dividual. The motor aspect of the rage 
response becomes inhibited by training 
and fear of punishment but the emo- 
tional mood remains.. 

It is an avoidance mechanism which 
protects the Ego by the resistance of 
involvement in undesirable activities 
and is an Ego gratification which 
compensates for the loss sustained. 
Problems are not solved by negativ- 
istic behavior regardless of the ap- 
parent amount of internal satisfaction 
derived. The mechanism is displayed 
in persons who, without justification, 
rebel against authority, suggestions or 
the accepted mode of life — the stub- 
born die-hard who refused to com- 
promise. 


Motor Hysteria: This mechanism 
is the technique of developing symp- 
toms which enable an individual to 
withdraw from a difficult situation. 
This is an unconscious device in which 
the individual avoids an unpleasant 
situation and absolves himself from 
guilt. It differs from malingering, be- 
cause the malingerer feigns an ail- 
ment. The hysteric actually feels his 
ailment although there is no organic 
basis for his difficulty., 

Malingering is a compensatory 
mechanism in which the subject at- 
tempts to escape the odium of in- 
adequacy through feigning illness or 
physical disability. It is a process of 
creating infirmities which can be used 
as an escape from responsibility or as 
an excuse for failure. Functional dis- 
sociation is a retreat from reality, in 
which the emotionally tense organism 
develops, without foreknowledge, 
physical symptoms which solve the 
conflict and preclude the need for 
further action, As a result of intense 
fear or conflict an individual's physical 
functions may become seriously im- 
paired... 











a © OF IE te 2 = 








Conversion occurs when a person 
is faced with a conflicting situation 
that he cannot solve on the level of 
conscious awareness. Somatic symp- 
toms of various kinds appear — 
hysterical motor manifestations, head- 
aches, vomiting, diarrhea. There tends 
to be a relation between the individ- 
ual’s capacity to tolerate conscious 
anxiety and the appearance of psycho- 
somatic symptoms.; 

Conversion results when tensions 
from unexpected emotions are converted 
into a physical discomfort. The weak- 
est part of the organism tends to be 
broken down by tension. For example — 
in anger, the blood sugar level rises. 

If anger continues long enough, diabetes 

mellitus may result. A diabetic is often 

a hostile person. This is the major 

aspect of psychosomatic medicine, as 1s 

evident in gastric ulcers, ulcerative 
colitis and asthma.; 

For nurses, the obvious conclusion 
to draw from these opinions is an 
awareness of the origin of ‘psycho- 
somatic illness. The individual who 
develops such conditions should be 
encouraged to adopt desired adjustive 


behavior. This is an important aspect. 


of assisting the individual toward 
recovery. From the viewpoint of 
personal mental hygiene, the nurse 
should realize that it is a type of be- 
havior that does not solve problems. 


Identification: 
This is a type of fantasy in which an 
individual, afflicted with feelings of in- 
security and inadequacy, vicariously 
assumes the role of a person of superior 
attainment.s 
This means the literal copying of an 
individual whom one admires. Jt is 
a part of the growing-up process. 
The child identifies with the parent of 
the same sex (if admired). As he 
develops he begins to copy adults 
whom he admires (identifying with a 
renowned athlete). In adulthood many 
identify themselves with a profession. 
This mechanism is a normal reaction 
and one that can be helpful and stim- 
ulating. However, it should not 
become a_ substitute for concrete 
reality, or social action.. 

In the extreme use of this mechan- 
ism, the process of identification may 
proceed to the pot where the indi- 


vidual loses his own identity and 
actually thinks he has become another 
person, for example, in delusions of 
grandeur, the individual may believe 
he is some famous, influential person 
( Napoleon ). 


SuMMARY 


Adjustive mechanisms are utilized 
in the process of daily living to pre- 
vent disturbing threats and tension 
from interfering in the attainment of 
ambitions and happiness by the normal 
person. The maladjusted individual 
uses the mechanism to protect himself 
from both major and minor threats, so 
he possesses insufficient energy to de- 
velop a constructive adjustment. 

In conclusion, how may the mechan- 
isms contribute toward a satisfactory 
adjustment or, conversely, fail to pro- 
vide a satisfactory adjustment? The 
adjustive mechanisms serve as _pal- 
liatives comparable to drugs _ that 
reduce symptoms without curing 
disease. The reduction of symptoms 
permits the body defenses to operate 
to establish health. Likewise the 
proper use of the mechanisms assists in 
the development of mental health. 
They may act as a protective shield 
while we are learning more mature 
and realistic ways of solving our prob- 
lems. They provide a time element to 
solve problems that might otherwise 
overwhelm us. The mechanisms may 
permit experimentation with new 
roles and hence lead to new modes 
of adjustment. When we adopt new 
roles for faulty reasons, as in reaction- 
formation or misjudge people as in 
projection, we expose ourselves to cor- 
rective experiences from which we 
may learn social techniques. What 
begins as self-deception, may provide 
occasions for modifying the self. 

However, if one depends on defense 
mechanisms for protection, one may 
never achieve mature modes of con- 
duct. Withdrawing from social con- 
tacts may usurp the role of reasoning 
and isolated behavior may take the 
form of useless rituals or wasteful 
compulsions instead of creative effort. 
Even socially useful behavior, if it 
has its roots in irrational purposes, 
will not prove completely satisfying 
to the person. Overdependence on 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 















reality-distorting mechanisms leads in 
the direction of personality disturb- 
ance., 

Kaplan and Baron, in evaluating the 
adjustment mechanisms, use the fol- 
lowing criteria, which anyone can 
apply : 

1. Does the mechanism reduce the felt 
tensions of the individual and minimize 
his anxieties ? 

2. Is the mechanism socially ap- 
proved ? 

3. Does the mechanism facilitate fur- 
ther adjustments ?, 


REFERENCES 


1. Driscoll, Gertrude P. 200 M.H. 
Teachers College, Columbia University. 
1953. 

2. Fletcher, J.M. Homeostasis as an 


Flight Nurses 


Explanatory Principle. Psychological 
Rewew (1942). 

3. Hilgard, Ernest R. Introduction to 
Psychology. New York, Harcourt, 
Bruce & Co. 1953. 

4. Kaplan, Louis and Baron, Denis. 
Mental Hygiene and Life. New York. 
Harper & Bros. 1952. 

5. May, Rollo. The Meaning of 
Anxiety. New York. The Ronald Press 
Co. 1950. 

6. Shaffer, Lawrence Frederic. The 
Psychology of Adjustment. New York. 
Houghton Miftin Co. 1936. 

7. Snygg, Donald and Combs, Arthur. 
Industrial Behavior. New York. Harper 
& Bros. 1949. 

8. Thorpe, Louis P. The Psychology 
of Mental Health. New York. The 
Ronald Press Co. 1950, 


Royal Canadian Air Force 


Gwen M. Somers 


HE TRANSPORTATION of casualties 

by air dates back to 1870 when, 
during the siege of Paris, 160 patients 
were successfully evacuated by _bal- 
loon., 

Air evacuation expanded during the 
years prior to World War II. At first 
it might be said that the evacuation 
of patients by air was considered by 
some with active disapproval and 
skepticism. On the other hand others 
were far-sighted enough to see the 
advantages of air evacuation. It did 
take considerable time, however, to 
defeat the opposition to airlift of sick 
and injured., 

World War II proved that it was 
not only possible to move patients 
by air, but it was safe and practicable 
as well, both from a medical and a 
military standpoint. The speed with 
which treatment can be given when 
patients are evacuated by air accom- 


ee 





Flight Lieutenant Somers, a graduate 
of Toronto General Hospital, is pre- 
sently at Air Force Headquarters 
where she is assistant to Principal 
Matron S/L Oakes. 


JULY, 1955 + Vol. 51, No. 7 


plishes these important objectives: 


(a) Reduces loss of life from shock; 

(b) cuts down on permanent dis- 
ability ; 

(c) shortens period of hospitalization 
and makes possible an earlier return to 
duty ; 

(d) makes it possible for a small num- 
ber of personnel to care for casualties: 

(e) cuts down on the supplies needed 
in forward areas; 

(f) increases the morale of both the 





Aboard an Au Evacuation Aircraft 














patients and the effective troops left 

in the battle area.s 

Late in 1942, it became evident that 
due to the acute need for aircraft of 
all types, planes could not be assigned 
solely for use in air evacuation. Ex- 
perience -had shown that regular 
transport planes, already designed for 
forward transporting of troops and 
material and equipped with removable 
litter supports, could be used for 
evacuating casualties from a theatre 
of war. 

There is no doubt that predictions 
made about the value of air evacuation 
of patients have been more than ful- 
filled. During World War II patients 
were removed from battle zones to 
definitive care at hospitals a few hours 
after they had been injured. 

Since the war, many improvements 
have been made in techniques, equip- 
ment and administrative procedures 
to make air evacuation safer and more 
comfortable for patients. But improved 
aircraft and equipment alone will not 
make it possible for the success of air 
evacuation to continue. Each evacua- 
tion flight must be accompanied by a 
highly trained and efficient flight nurse 
or the safety of the patients cannot 
be assured. Thus, rapid growth of 
aerial transportation has opened still 
another specialized field, aeromedical 
NUTSING.« 

The medical and nursing care of 
patients in flight involves the same 
objectives as does care in the hospital 
ward; only the environment is dif- 
ferent. Any medical or surgical care 
available to the patient on the ward 
of a well-regulated hospital is likewise 
available to patients in flight. In fact 
an air evacuation plane may 
thought of as an airborne ward. The 
objectives of instruction in the Flight 
Nurse Course are;: 

(a) To orient and indoctrinate stu- 
dent flight nurses in the basic principles 
of aviation medicine in order that they 
may understand the problems imposed 
on human physiology, therapeutics and 
nursing care by flight. 

(b) To enhance the development of 
skills and techniques required for aero- 
medical nursing of medical and surgical 
patients, and those with personality 
disorders. 

(c) To acquaint the student with the 


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is rw? = tom Fr T* *. J 
. : eae et % cant. 


history, development and present organ- 

ization of air evacuation and the equip- 

ment, materials, and planning necessary 
to transport patients safely by air. 

(d) To provide knowledge of crash, 
ditching and survival procedures and 
preparations necessary to evacuate dis- 
aster victims. 

Special training is provided in a 
five-month course in aeromedical 
nursing being offered by the USAF 
School of Aviation Medicine at Gunter 
Air Base, Montgomery, Alabama. 
Students devote six weeks to work 
in the classrooms and three months 
to supervised experience with active 
air evacuation units. 

Since 1948 the Royal Canadian Air 
Force has sent 36 RCAF nursing 
sisters to the USAF School of Avia- 
tion Medicine to be trained as flight 
nurses, Upon completion of this course 
the nurses proceed to Hickam Air 
Force Base, Hawaii, to complete the 
practical phase of their course. While 
here, trips to Tokyo, Guam, Manila 
and California are made. The outbreak 
of the Korean hostilities necessitated 
the institution of full-scale air evacua- 
tion, Patients who were not able to 
return to the battle area were flown 
to Japan. By the time they arrived, 
the first stages towards rehabilitation 
had already been started and they 
were well on their way to recovery. 
From Tokyo, they were returned by 
air to Honolulu, There they remained 
in hospital for further treatment or 
until the next airlift was scheduled 
to take them home to the United 
States. Canadian servicemen followed 
through the same channel of evacua- 
tion. Once stateside, the continental 
division of MATS (Military Air 
Transport System) flew the wounded 
to the closest medical centre to their 
homes. The Canadians were routed to 
Madigan Army Hospital, adjacent to 
McChord = Field, ashington, and 
te back to Canada by RCAF air- 
rt. 

The experience gained while flying 
with the Korean airlift in the Pacific 
has been of inestimable value, not only 
for the experience gained from the 
practical application of the theory 
taught at Flight School, but also for 
the opportunity to see new parts of 
the world and meet people Fei so 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 









| 
| 








many different countries. The training 
RCAF flight nurses received while 
with the USAF was used for the 
repatriation of the sick and wounded 
casualties of Korea and the continued 
air evacuation to their homes in Can- 
ada. Today, flight nurses are stationed 
at strategic points across Canada and 
the Canadian airlift carries patients to 
their homes as far east as Newfound- 
land. The aircraft for this airlift are 
usually supplied from 435 (T) Sqn. 
at Edmonton, 426 (T) Sqn. Lachine 
and 412 (T) Sqn. Rockcliffe and are 
North Star or Dakota aircraft. From 
Vancouver to Halifax is 2,520 air 
miles, and with good weather con- 
ditions the trip can be made in three 
days. Usually the first overnight stop 
is at Winnipeg, the second at Mont- 
real. During overnight stops the 
patients are given care in the DVA 
hospitals, dressings are changed, hot 


meals given, or any necessary medical 
care which is indicated. 

The work of a flight nurse could 
not be called glamorous, but it is one 
of the most satisfying forms of 
nursing. The morale of the patients 
ts of the highest and their cheerful- 
ness and grateful thanks far exceed 
any hardships that might ever have 
to be endured. 


REFERENCES 


1. Transport of casualties by air — 
DGMS Air Ministry 1950. 

2. Lecture delivered to DOT MOs 
IAM — Oct. 18, 1950. 

3. Flight Nurse Manual Air Univ. 
USAF School of Aviation Medicine — 
Sept. 1949. 

4. American Journal of Nursing — 
Mar. 1950 pp. 149-152. 

5. USAF NC Publication, a Career 


with a Future. 


Pioneering in Okinawa 


Editor's Note: The following letters 
give us a glimpse into the activities at 
Vista Maria-in-Okinawa, the only con- 
vent in a radius of 400 miles. The 
writer, Sister Mary Carmel, F.M.S.L., 
is the superior of the missionary sisters, 
the Daughters of Mary, Health of the 
Sick. The sisters went to the Island in 
September, 1953. 

Sister is the former Clarissa Hurley 
who, after graduating from Hotel Dieu 
School of Nursing in Chatham, N.B., 
was employed at Halifax Infirmary, 
Halifax, N.S., Ottawa Civic Hospital 
and St. Joseph's Hospital, Saint John, 
N.B. She entered the Daughters of 
Mary, Health of the Sick at Vista 
Maria, Cragsmoor, New York, in 1949. 
We are sure that Sister's pioneer work 
will be of interest not only to her 
friends, but to all Canadian nurses. 

» ” 2. 
W E SET APART ONE ROOM of our con- 

vent for a dispensary. At first a 

few patients came to be treated, then 
more, and now we have an extremely 
busy schedule. One person will tell 


JULY, 1955 + Vol. 51, No. 7 


another about us and so on until a 
large number have come to know the 
“Dotei-Samas” (Sisters). Take this 
case aS an example: 

One lady brought her little boy in to 
have an infected ear treated. She was 
very faithful and brought the child 
back each day until finally the ear was 
healed. About a week later the same 
woman brought a friend and the latter's 
son from another town. Apparently they 
had been visiting in our neighborhood 
and had heard from the first woman 
about the cure of her son’s ear. The 





Grong Skilled Care 


41 








friend was eager to bring her son who 
had a very sore and swollen nose. We 
gladly treated him and a few days later 
they returned with a bouquet of wild 
flowers in payment for the boy’s re- 
covery. Another week went by, and the 
first woman was back with another 
visiting friend who had sore eyes. And 
so from one to the other, we've come 
to be known and trusted by many. 
Daily we give vitamins and milk to 
the children, all of whom are suffering 
from vitamin and protein deficiencies. 
Because some of our sick are too ill 
to come to us, we visit many in their 
homes giving them, besides nursing 
care, much needed food, clothing, and 
vitamins. I wish you could see the 
faces light up when they see us com- 
ing with a bag of rice! The poor of 
Okinawa are very poor, and many of 
them do not have enough to eat. 


On THE ROAD 


When we go to the homes and see 
people with sore eyes and skin lesions 
of all kinds we tell them to come to 
us and we will take care of them. Some 
do come but they are so accustomed 
to these diseases that they do not 
take them too seriously, 

We have visited many of the homes. 
The mothers may be with the children, 
usually just outside the door doing 
the wash. So many men were killed 
during the battle here that women 
are working everywhere. As the work 
on the roads in the native villages 
is done by hand, women carry the 
rocks and dirt in baskets to fill up 
the ruts. They also work side by side 
with the men roofing the houses. Of 
course their own homes are very low, 
but they also work on government 





A Typical Okiniwan Home 


542 


buildings which are two-storey, climb- 
ing up and down the ladders, fixing 
the locally-baked tile roofs. Great 
poverty exists as a result of the com- 
plete destruction of war, so when a 
person does stay in bed it means they 
are just too sick to walk! For most 
of them, it is the beginning of the end. 

Century after century on Okinawa, 
the sick have been cared for by the 
family. Consequently, in many cases, 
facilities for the sick adjoin the doc- 
tor’s office. Such places resemble a 
rooming-house rather than a hospital, 
for no heat, water or food is supplied. 
The family brings in all bed clothing 
and necessities, cares for the patient 
and does the cooking at the bedside. 
The patient lies on the floor on a mat. 
As many as four patients and their 
families may occupy a typical room. 

Tuberculosis is a problem on the 
Islands. The tubercular people work 
longer, from necessity, than Cana- 
dians; which means that doctors 
seldom see a person who can be cured 
even with the treatments that are now 
available. It was not so bad before 
the war, but during the Battle of 
Okinawa, the ple were literally 
under the sky. We were told that when 
the battle started, the women and 
children left their homes and walked 
to the northern part of the Island. 
They were out in all the rain and ate 
only once a day. When the battle was 
over they came back to devastated 
houses. In one area where 300,000 
people had lived, just a few dozen 
habitable homes were left. In the one- 
room homes, disease rapidly spreads 
through a family. 

One morning when we were walk- 
ing down a narrow path, a woman 
came running to show us a home 
where there was a sick man. We found 
a 28-year-old Okinawan who, to our 
surprise, spoke English as well as we. 
(He was an interpreter before he be- 
came ill.) He was lying on blankets 
on the floor. His mother, an elderly 
lady, was taking care of him. We 
learned that two years before he had 
spent three months in one of those 
doctor's office-clinics, He was told he 
had tuberculosis and sent home. I saw 
blood flecks on his shirt. He said the 
doctor, whom he had not seen in six 
months, told him this bleeding was 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











from his lung. We cared for him and 
made him as comfortable as we could. 
He had a little mirror by his head, 
and when I finished, he looked at 
himself and said, “good looking,” 
meaning “that looks good.” He has 
such high hopes of getting better — 
it is really sad. An army cot was 
found for him. When we got him into 
it, he was so happy, his hopes of re- 
covery soared twice as high. 

This morning I asked him if there 
was anything special he would like 
to read, and he replied, “Yes, I would 
like the New Testament in English. 
I can read English and I would like 
to compare it with the one I have.” 
He showed me his. It was in Japanese. 
He got it when he was a prisoner of 
war in San Francisco. He was in the 
Battle of Okinawa, was taken prisoner 
and was in California for six months. 

Normally we would say that a man 
in his condition was dying, but there 
is no saying how long these people 
can live like that. He is bright and 
happy. 


FRIENDS AMONG THE CHILDREN 


We have a slit in the front door 
with a box under it to catch the mail. 
When the door is closed, we often 
see pairs of brown eyes at the mail 
slit as the children peek in or maybe 
a hand sticks through. The people 
are very friendly and are noted for 
their gentle, docile ways. 

One day we took some of the 
children with us on our mission trip. 
They had not seen the China Sea and 
were quite excited as I drove by it 
in the jeep. Sister asked if they would 
like to be fishermen. They replied no, 
because they would not want to live on 
water, We discovered Sister had used 
the word “fish” instead of the word 
for “fishermen” and the children 
thought fish must live on water as they 
saw no other food in sight. When we 
got that straightened out, I asked, 
“Well, what would you like to be 
when you grow up?” His eyes big 
with that longing envy of childhood, 
the little boy behind me replied, “A 
jeep-driver.” 


A Guide to Better Food Habits 


If we take an honest, appraising look at 
the current food fad situation, we reallize 
that a simple guide to better food habits may 
be welcomed by some of our readers. The 
following suggestions should help to provide 
a serious, sensible approach to the daily 
business of eating and living: 

1. Use Canada’s Food Rules as your 
daily guide to healthful eating. They 
advice you to include milk, meat, fruit, 
potatoes, and other vegetables, whole 
grain cereals, bread with butter or mar- 
garine, eggs and cheese every day. 

2. Consult a reliable source of ethical 
medical advice when you have serious 
feeding or diet problems. Don't allow 
yourself to be misinformed or misled by 
advice from neighbors or friends. 

3. Don't let your powers of reasoning 
become dulled by your emotions in plan- 
ning either a normal or a reducing diet. 

4. Be suspicious of any food or prod- 
uct or eating plan which is claimed to 
prevent or cure numerous diseases. Simi- 
larly, be on guard against the person 
who makes specific and fantastic claims 


JULY, 1955 ¢ Vol. 51, No. 7 


for his product, with no regard for the 
wisdom or practicability of the state- 
ment. 

5. Avoid the use of exploited -“food 
supplements” to replace or supplement 
your normal daily choice of foods — 
unless prescribed by a physician for a 
specific nutritional purpose. 

6. Consult ethical scientific journals or 
reliable publications for food informa- 
tion. Quacks and faddists do not write 
for such journals, nor do they present 
addresses or talks at conferences and 
conventions sponsored by reputable 
scientific organizations, 

7. Beware of the pseudo-scientists who 
are eager to sell anything — be it a 
pill, a pamphlet or a “wonder food”! 
Reliable and up-to-date nutrition infor- 
mation, and practical guidance in meal 
planning and food preparation are avail- 
able, free, from federal and provincial 
government departments, as well as from 
many consumer service departments of 
reputable industries and voluntary or- 
ganizations, 








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NU Rolllb 


SERVICE 


The Registered Nurse - A Specialist 


Psychiatric Institutions Need Them 


H. S. Atxryson, M.D. 


|* IS ACKNOWLEDGED at the very be- 
ginning that grave difficulties have 
been encountered in developing the 
argument in this article. This would 
seem to be a poor introduction, when 
one would fervently wish his pen en- 
dowed with a special gift because the 
need is so great and immediate. It 
would, however, seem necessary to 
acknowledge a “disability” before we 
can hope to “cure” it. It is perhaps 
almost natural that a doctor would 
use this approach. The symptoms’ 
are indeed serious and are clearly 
indicative of a grave condition called 
a “shortage” of certain aids in the 
arts of healing. If the doctor is, in 
addition, an administrator of a Psychi- 
atric Institution — and continuing our 
analogy -—— the prognosis is far 
from reassuring. The need for regis- 
tered nurses in Psychiatric Institu- 
tions may be easily dealt with — 
amenable to treatment — but how to 
deal with the very highly competitive 
field in which registered nurses can 
participate is quite another thing. The 
best we can do is to be factual and 
sincerely present the situation as it 
is seen in the hope that seeds of in- 
terest will be sown which will flower 
to attract registered nurses toward 
the field of mental illness and defect. 

Our title perhaps requires an ex- 
planation. The registered nurse has 
indeed become a specialist. By precise- 
ly the same methods that produce 


Dr. Atkinson is medical superin- 
tendent of The Manitoba School at 
Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. 


544 


specialists in any other field she has 
entered into a different era. By in- 
creased entrance standards to schools 
of nursing, by greatly increased learn- 
ing from expanded curricula to post- 
graduate and university degrees, she 
can hardly be expected to remain the 
same nurse of a few years ago. Due 
to the very fact of insufficient recruit- 
ment her specialism has become more 
desired and the premium on her serv- 
ices has become high, She has earned 
it. When the call for her service has 
merited her response she will be found 
in the wilderness, in the outpost, in 
the danger of battle, in the slum, in 
the air, and underground. Her courage 
and skill are unquestioned. The high 
premium placed on her services is 
not always paid for in material gain 
either, because she will be found in 
social work, in orders pledged to 
service to her fellowman with no out- 
standing reward. She is indeed a spe- 
cialist in all terms and in many fields. 
Why then do we find Psychiatric 
Institutions in such dire need? It may 
be more apparent than real. The fact 
is that all fields seeking her service 
are suffering shortages, even those 
that were the cradle in which she was 
raised. Envy of others may be un- 
founded and our inferiority complex 
an evidence that we are poor ther- 
apists. We must be as courageous and 
skilful, if possible, as the nurse. 

We therefore proceed to develop our 
argument. The first consideration is 
the need — an absolute one — for 
the nurse specialist in Psychiatric In- 
stitutions, Some generally accepted 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 








and proven facts are presented: 

The incidence of mental illness and 
defect is alarming. 

More families are affected than by 
any other human ailment. 

There are as many beds in mental 
institutions as in all others for the sick. 

The economic loss and the personal 
loss to human rights far exceed any 
other disability. 

The new Psychiatric Institution is 
using modern techniques and treatments 
requiring the hands of the skilled nurse 
as much as any other hospital. 

In training their own staff the Psychi- 
atric Institutions need leaders and 
teachers. As the primary disciplines are 
the medical sciences only nurse spe- 
cialists can be the teachers for much of 
such programs. 

The above is perhaps only part of 
the need, yet it is a formidable array. 
It is somewhat disconcerting to one 
who has spent a lifetime with the 
mentally afflicted to read such com- 
ment as this: “The field of mental 
illness seems to offer some interesting 
possibilities for the registered nurse.” 
Interesting possibilities ! ! It offers a 
challenge to the best they can give — 
and we need it now. But perhaps we 
did not present the case. 

The proposition mentioned at the 
beginning of how we were going to 
enlist the help we need was stated 
as another matter. And so it is! Any 
clear window has two views — one 
in, One out. It is incumbent on us 
to present the other view. We find 
nothing in it of a critical nature. Good 
reason is the essence of any bilateral 
agreement. I therefore attempt to 
present the desirability of registered 
nurses joining our ranks and, even 
in these days of rather “vicious” 
competition, we would not put on rose- 
tinted glasses to read the findings of 
our argument. 

The need of all institutions is an 
ancient thing, whereas the nursing pro- 
fession is very young. It is only 101 
years since “The Lady of the Lamp.” 
The first school of nursing in Canada 
is only something over 80 years old. 

Statistically, according to birth rates 
the number of 18-year-olds is never 
enough for recruitment for all present 
and anticipated needs. Many other pro- 
fessions are in the same position. The 


JULY, 1955 * Vol. 51, No. 7 


nurse is not the villain of the piece! 

The present number of registered 
nurses in Canada is, perhaps, 50,000. 
More could easily be used. 

The “young profession” is under ex- 
treme pressure from all sides. Its most 
philanthropic leaders could not be ex- 
pected to stem or turn the tide. Glowing 
opportunities are offered by commerce, 
industry, transportation, chain stores, 
offices — and husbands. From global 
travel to the highest calling — just 
mothers — they can operate, participate, 
and control more human situations with 
grace, dignity, and skill than any others. 
What competition, all justifiable, legiti- 
mate, satisfying, rewarding, that we 
have to meet! With the new Psychiatric 
Institutions now appearing it is felt 
there is a rebuttal. 

Nursing administrators, for larg: 
staffs, in large institutions, carrying 
large responsibilities, are needed. 

Instructors in Psychiatric Schools of 
Nursing (and in Manitoba at least) 
combined with Licensed Practical 
Nursing are needed. 

Medical nursing specialists to direct 
ward nursing services, modern method- 
ology, and implication of modern treat- 
ments are needed. 

Surgical mursing specialists are 
needed for modern psycho-surgery and 
other surgical procedures. 

In research projects nursing special- 
ists are needed, not only for the projects 
but for their highly trained powers of 
observation and ability to relate facts on 
scientific basis. 

In Psychiatric Institutions new and 
modern buildings offer superior work- 
shops as found in the best of hospitals 
in which the nurses’s skills are not lost 
in struggles with poor equipment. Diag- 
nostic aids such as basal metabolism, 
electrocardiograph, x-ray, electroence- 
phalograph, physiotherapeutic apparatus, 
allow her to continue among the 
familiar aids of her training. 

Working hours are in line with the 
modern conception of maximum effi- 
ciency with the shortest working hours. 

Psychiatric Institutions (at least in 
Manitoba) are close to large centres 
with easy transportation to recreational 
and cultural activities. 

Nurses’ residences provide good living 
accommodation and maintenance rates 
are indeed very moderate. 








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5 








Privileges under Civil Service ap- 
pointment provide generous holiday 
leave with pay, sick leave benefits, and 
superannuation rights. There is rest 
for the hardest working, security for 
the well-intentioned, and earned retire- 
ment funds in life’s last years. There 
are no better in any field and few 
can equal these provisions. These emolu- 
ments of service are given with special 
reference to Manitoba but are not alone 
to be found in Manitoba. 

Bursaries under Dominion-Provincial 
Health Propects are available under 
certain conditions for those showing 
special abilities and promise for high 
posts of responsibilities. 

If these concrete facts are not 
enough by themselves, there does re- 
main one that has no precise measure 
but is the privilege of all. That is the 
opportunity for service to our afflicted 
fellowman. This has unlimited pos- 
sibilities, dictated by the most potent 
forces man has ever had — his ideals. 
When one can look back along the 
road of life there have been battles 
won and lost. There have been losses 
and gains. There has been success and 
failure. But the one value that has 


survived the most destructive forces 
in human history is man’s ideal of 
service in God’s name. 

I close with a quotation from a 
poem by George Santayana, Spanish- 
born American philosopher, one time 
professor of philosophy at Harvard 
University (1889-1912), who was at 
one time regarded as a materialist. 
I wonder! Perhaps he looked back on 
the road of life when he wrote: 

Oh World, thou choosest not the better 

part 

It is not wisdom to be only wise 

And on the inward vision close the eyes, 

But it is wisdom to believe the heart. 

Columbus found a world and had no 

chart 

Save one that faith deciphered in the 

skies. | 

To trust the soul’s invincible surmise 

Was all his science and his only art. 

Our knowledge is a torch of smoky pine 

That lights the pathway but one step 

ahead 

Across a void of mystery and dread. 

Bid then the tender light of faith to 

shine 

By which alone the mortal heart is led 

Unto the thinking of the thought divine. 


Organizing Public Health Services 


E. ANNE WAKE 


Banff! — the very word causes 
most people on our continent to en- 
vision the Creator’s handiwork at its 
majestic loveliest. 

Banff! — the very “ultimate” in a 
traveller's dream. 

Banff! — to twelve nurses who 
lived there, a town without a public 
health nursing service! 

Some of the mothers who couldn't 
afford regular clinic fees, vaccinations, 
and inoculations for their children, 
just weren't attending to this all-im- 
portant health “must.” Doctors were 
greatly overburdened with work that 
properly trained nurses could do. 


Our author is an active member of 


the Banff-Canmore Chapter of the 
AA.RN. 


Banff! — the town that had every- 
thing, had nothing in the way of a 
public health program for its own 
children! 

The twelve nurses decided this 
would be their project, although at 
first thought, it seemed rather over- 
whelming in view of their small num- 
bers. There followed long and careful 
preparation. First, “Red Tape!” 
(what a pity it couldn’t have been 
used later on, for clinic gowns!) 

Banff, being in almost a stepchild 
category, is in Alberta, but at the same 
time, is in a national park, and there- 
fore not in a position to benefit from 
the provincial public health program 
because it is directly under the juris- 
diction of the Dominion Government. 
Thus, long before weighing scales, 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











hypo needles, and arrowroot cookies 
were needed, it was necessary to ob- 
tain many a permit! 

The approval of the superintendent 
of Banff National Park, the medical 
health officer for Banff, the various 
medical clinics, and the staff at the 
Banff Mineral Springs Hospital was 
sought. Hearty endorsement by all 
soon followed and one hurdle was 
overcome, 

What next’? Twelve “slightly rusty” 
nurses who were also young mothers, 
took a refresher course given by a 
local doctor. Further help was forth- 
coming through an enlightening lec- 
ture from the nursing director of the 
Public Health Department in Edmon- 
ton. 


Now, with the twelve nurses 
“dusted off,” and feeling more self- 


assured, it was time for the question, 
where could they procure the money 
needed for their undertaking? A 
canvass of the town’s service organiza- 
tions brought the gratifying total of 
well over $100! With these funds, the 
nurses rented humble basement quar- 
ters for their clinic and obtained the 
necessary supplies. 

The next item on the agenda — 
who would convene this project and 
make it function smoothly and eff- 
ciently? The only member who had 
no job and no children was persuaded 
that she had real talent along this 
line! 

The nurses soon found themselves 
doing everything from scrubbing con- 
crete floors that promptly emitted dust 
again as they dried, to making a “Well 
Baby Clinic” sign for outside the 
building. Because most of the members 
were mothers with small children, or 
were working, the problem of staffing 
was the greatest during those first 


Every now and then go away, have a 
little relaxation, for when you come back 
to your work, your judgment will be sure, 
since to remain constantly at work will cause 
you to lose power of judgment . . . Go some 
distamce away because then the work appears 
smaller and more of it can be taken in at 
a glance, and a lack of harmony or propor- 
tion is more readily seen. 

— Leonarpo pa VINCI 


JULY, 1955 ¢ Vol. 51, No. 7 





Clinic Day 


several months. Four nurses were 
needed for each clinic period, and 
“madame convener” had her head- 
aches! However, through the years, 
since the Well Baby Clinic began in 
March, 1951, both interest and mem- 
bership have grown, thus eventually 
eliminating the staffing problem. 

For the first 18 months, a doctor 
was on hand for consultation for one 
hour during the clinic period, but this 
was found to be unsatisfactory. The 
mothers who needed a doctor’s advice 
seemed to arrive either too early or 
too late to consult him, and the doctor 
often wasted precious time waiting 
around. 

No further problems were encoun- 
tered, other than to have a mother 
complain that her children “always 
got colds after they took them Vitamin 
D drops!” 

Today, with the Clinic prospering, 
and a greatly enlarged group, the 
members have undertaken the conver- 
sion of an unused room at the Banff 


Mineral Springs Hospital, into a 
cheery Children’s Ward. 

Short Course in Human Relations. 

Five most important words: I am proud 
of you. 

Four most important words: What is your 
opinion ? 

Three most important words: If you 
please. 


Two most important words: Thank you. 
Least important word: I. 
— Citizenship Items 


7 











Cholecystitis and Cholecystectomy 


NorMA JOAN KILLEEN - 


HIS INTRODUCES Mr. Hicks who 

was admitted to the Royal Inland 
Hospital, Kamloops, B.C., on June 8, 
1954. He is 49 years old, a Protestant, 
a carpenter by trade. He appeared 
distressed by financial worries and 
wanted to regain his health and return 
to his trade. He was a very nervous 
and apprehensive individual at first 
and appreciated our interest in him 
and reassurance as to the course of 
his illness. At every opportunity he 
would speak of his three children to 
whom he appeared very devoted. As 
he progressed towards better health, 
he was found to be a fairly cheerful 
and cooperative patient. 

On examination, Mr. Hicks was 
very distressed with right upper ab- 
dominal tenderness and indefinite pam 
in the epigastrium. Two small nodules 
were felt below the ribs on the right 
side. He stated he ss been ae 
to eat greasy or gas-lorming S. 
He gave the thease of having had this 
discomfort since 1941. X-rays were 
taken at that time but the results were 
unknown here. In May, 1954, he had 
epigastric pain for about two weeks 
continuously, then was free from it 
until his present attack. He was in 
hospital for investigation, by gastro- 
intestinal x-ray series, for a possible 
peptic ulcer and for cholecystograms. 

Vhen admitted, Mr. Hicks was 
having severe epigastric pain. He was 
nervous, apprehensive, complaining of 
insomnia and anorexia. Discomfort 
was not relieved by eating. Demerol 
100 mgm. every four hours was 
ordered for discomfort. Amphojel, 
drams 2, with tincture of belladonna 
minims 10, was given four times a 
day. The amphojel reduces the acidity 
in the stomach while the belladonna 
relieves spasms of the stomach, 
gall bladder and bile ducts, These 
medications gave relief of discomfort 


Miss Killeen is now a senior student 
at Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, 
B.C. This study won her the first prize 
in the 1954 Macmillan Awards. 


for only short periods at a time. 

Mr. Hicks had to be treated for his 
possible peptic ulcer and was, there- 
fore, placed on a second-week ulcer 
diet, which is composed of non-irritat- 
ing, bland foods with caloric content 
sufficient for body nutrition. It consists 
mostly of eggs, milk and bland vege- 
tables. Feedings were given frequently 
and he was encouraged to eat slowly 
and chew his food thoroughly. 

For cholecystitis, fats are restricted, 
adequate protein is given, ample carbo- 
hydrates are taken to stimulate the 
flow of bile without irritating, water 
and skim milk are given. Again, small 
meals are given at regular intervals. 
Efforts were made to try and obtain 
foods that would cause as little dis- 
turbance to him as possible. 

Mr. Hicks frequently complained 
of anorexia and indigestion. Anorexia 
could have been caused by the lack 
of bile. To counteract the indigestion, 
the amphojel was changed to drams 2 
after meals and as required. He was 
troubled by nausea and vomiting and 
usually appeared tired and _ listless. 
Repeated enemas had to be given for 
constipation and he ran an intermit- 
tent temperature, 

He appeared to have very severe 
spasmodic discomfort in the epigastric 
region. Demerol was usually given 
to relieve this, but on one occasion, 
when the spasms appeared more 
severe, largactil 25 mgm. was also ad- 
ministered, This gave only short relief 
of the spasms. 

On June 17, Mr. Hicks had a very 
severe attack of sharp, spasmodic pain 
in the right hypochondrium, radiating 
through to the thoracic region of his 
back, Morphine gr. %4 was given for 
its sedative effect along with atropine 
gr. 1/100 and hyoscime gr. 1/150. 
These last two drugs aid in relieving 
gall bladder colic and reduce hyper- 
motility of the stomach or intestine. 
Some relief of symptoms was obtained. 

Many x-rays and other diagnostic 
tests were to be done. Before these 
were taken, the routine of these pro- 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











cedures was explained to Mr. Hicks 
and the necessity of following the 
instruction for the tests was stressed. 
A barium swallow was taken, which 
is an X-ray examination very useful 
in diagnosing gastric ulcers or any ob- 
struction by outlining the tract. This 
examination showed no evidence of a 
gastric ulcer, but showed that one had 
been present as there was a scar in 
the middle third of the stomach. A 
barium enema was also given but no 
organic lesion was present. 

Since traces of blood are often found 
in the stools of persons affected by 
gastric ulcers, a stool specimen was 
sent to the laboratory. The report was 
negative for occult blood. The only 
abnormality noted was an increase in 
the white cells count to 12,300 per 
cu..mm, This, together with the ele- 
vated temperature, denoted the pres- 
ence of some infection. 

Mr. Hicks was prepared for a 
gastric analysis, a test used mainly for 
diagnosis of peptic ulcers. The pro- 
cedure of Levine tube insertion was 
explained to him and the morning 
meal was withheld. If an ulcer is 
present, there is nearly always a 
higher than normal concentration of 
acid in the stomach. However, 
throughout the test, the total acidity 
was within normal limits. After the 
stomach tube was inserted, the stom- 
ach contents were aspirated. On the 
fasting speciment no hydrochloric acid 
was noted. When 50 cc. of 7 per cent 
alcohol was added via the tube, HCI 
was present at 40°, the normal being 
from 20° to 60°. On the three tests 
following this no free hydrochloric 
acid was found. Absence or marked 
decrease in free hydrochloric acid is 
indicative of gall bladder disease, gas- 
tritis or pernicious anemia, Blood was 
present in small quantities but no bile 
was noted. 

The patient was then prepared for a 
series of cholecystograms. A flat plate 
was taken first. The evening before, 
‘a fat-free supper was provided and 
tel ue tablets were given directly 
after. These tablets are especially de- 
signed for use in visualization of the 
gall bladder and duct system. Calculi 
are more readily visualized. Untoward 
reactions are less frequent with tele- 
paque tablets than with drugs that 


JULY, 1955 ¢ Vol. Si. No. 7 


have been used previously. Still, 
nausea, vomiting, and anuria do some- 
times occur and they must be watched 
for. Any abnormality of the gall blad- 
der may prevent the concentration 
of this drug in the organ and thus 
it will not be rendered visible. 

On return from the x-ray, a fatty 
meal was given after which another 
x-ray was taken. This fatty meal 
causes the gall bladder to empty and 
determines the presence of any ma- 
terial in the organ. Mr. Hicks did not 
complain of any increased severity of 
symptoms after this meal. The report 
from the x-ray department revealed 
that the gall bladder was unable to 
concentrate the dye sufficiently to out- 
line the viscus. A round opacity was 
noted which was thought to be a 
gallstone. 

A pre-operative diagnosis of gall- 
stones was given and Mr. Hicks was 
prepared for surgery. He was placed 
on a soft diet to aid in building up 
his general physical condition before 
undergoing his cholecystectomy, al- 
though on admission, a physical exam- 
ination had been done by his doctor 
and he had been pronounced a healthy 
individual. As the liver and gall blad- 
der are so very close together diag- 
nostic tests had to be done to eliminate 
the possibility of any impairment of 
liver function particularly since there 
was some jaundice. 

To find out if the jaundice was due 
to an obstruction or to excessive blood 
destruction, a van den Burgh blood 
test was done. If a direct color reac- 
tion is obtained when a specially pre- 
pared reagent of sulfanilic acid and 
sodium nitrate is added to serum, it 
indicates that the jaundice is of the 
obstructive type. This type produces 
clay-colored stools. Mr. Hicks’ reac- 
tion was negative. The indirect test 
using an alcoholic extraction of the 
serum to produce color is indicative 
of hemolytic jaundice. With this the 
stools are normal in color. Mr. Hicks’ 
indirect test was 0.1 mg. per 100 cc., 
and the normal amount of bilirubin in 
the serum is from 0.25 to 1.5 mg. per 
100 cc. 

A thymol turbidity test for liver 
damage was done. This test is usually 
positive in infectious titis and 
negative in cases of jaundice due to 














extrahepatic obstruction; it was nega- 
tive in this case. A cephalen-choles- 
terol flocculation test was ordered. 
This demonstrates a change in plasma 
proteins that is usually constant with 
liver damage. Normal is zero to plus 
one. Mr. Hicks had a reading of plus 
two. His white blood count was re- 
checked and it was found to be 9,300 
per cu. mm. 

Before going under an anesthetic, 
the kidneys as well as the liver should 
be checked as so many anesthetics 
affect these organs. A non-protein 
nitrogen test was done and found to 
be within normal limits at 30 mg. per 
100 cc. blood. This is usually a fasting 
test. 

Mr. Hicks was nervous and appre- 
hensive pre-operatively. Explanations 
of the procedures carried out helped 
him somewhat. By reassuring him of 
the capabilities of his surgeon, of the 
new methods and equipment of hos- 
pitals today, and trying to maintain 
as quiet and unhurried atmosphere 
as possible, he seemed to be aided to 
some degree. 

Shaving preparation was done from 
nipple line to pubic region. This is 
done to ensure adequate skin disin- 
fection. A soap suds enema was given. 
If the contemplated surgery does not 
involve the intestines themselves, it is 
usually better psychology to give the 
patient the enema the evening preced- 
ing the operation rather than on the 
morning of surgery. The evening be- 
fore surgery, Mr. Hicks was given 
seconal gr. 1% to ensure adequate 
rest, sleep, and to allay fear and ap- 
prehension. Nothing was given by 
mouth for approximately eight hours 
preceding his operation. An empty 
stomach allows anesthesia to be in- 
duced more easily, reduces the pos- 
sibility of vomiting and the consequent 
dangers of aspiration and overexertion 
post-operatively. 

On the morning of operation, June 
25, a urine specimen was sent to the 
laboratory, seconal gr. 1% was again 
given to allay fear and apprehension. 
The action of seconal is not carried 
over into the period of anesthesia, but 
will lessen the amount of morphine 
and atropine needed. Its use as an 
analgesic lasts only about half an hour. 
This was followed by morphine 


sulphate gr. 1/6 and atropine gr. 
1/150. Morphine depresses the sen- 
sory and psychic areas of the cerebrum 
thereby quieting the patient, allaying 
fear and making the induction of the 
anesthetic easier. Respirations must be 
checked as morphine depresses the 
respiratory centre in the medulla, giv- 
ing slower and shallower respirations. 
The heat regulating centre is depres- 
sed and diaphoresis may be present, 
therefore, the patient should be kept 
warm and free from draughts. Atro- 
pine decreases the secretions of the 
saliva and mucus in the nose, pharynx 
and bronchi, thus leaving the mouth 
and air passages dry. It also favors 
the absorption of the anesthetic agent 
and makes the hazard of aspiration 
less. It is a heart and respiratory 
stimulant. 

Mr. Hicks was taken to the operat- 
ing room for a cholecystectomy and 
was inducted under pentothal sodium, 
cyclopropane and nitrous oxide. So- 
dium pentothal is a powerful, intra- 
venous, ultra short-acting barbiturate. 
It provides a rapid, timesaving and 
more pleasant induction. It is gen- 
erally used in a 24%4% to 5% solution, 
the amount, though, being dependent 
on the needs of and the effect on the 
patient. It is rapidly destroyed in the 
body. It is a depressant acting chiefly 
on the cerebral cortex. Respiratory 
depression can be very great depend- 
ing on the rapidity of induction, 
therefore atropine sulphate should al- 
ways be given previously. Muscular 
relaxation is good except for the 
muscles of the abdominal wall, 
pharynx and larynx. If sneezing, 
coughing or twitching occur the injec- 
tion should be discontinued. 

Nitrous oxide may be given as a 
prolonged anaesthetic if the gas is used 
with the necessary amount of oxygen. 
It is a respiratory depressant and 
cyanosis must be watched for. Un- 
toward effects on the kidneys, liver, 
circulation and respirations usually 
come from an oxygen deficiency. It 
is most frequently used as an induc- 
tion anaesthesia. 

Cyclopropane, a colorless gas, is 
administered by inhalation. It is ex- 
plosive but has a wide margin of safety 
and oxygen can be given with it. It 
has a greater muscular relaxation than 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 








nitrous oxide but causes more post- 
anesthetic nausea. Respiratory depres- 
sion may come on very rapidly and 
danger signals, such as slowing of the 
heart and arrhythmia, must be 
watched for. 

Syncurine 8 cc. was given during 
surgery. It aids muscular relaxation 
and abolishes certain reflexes. It has 
no anesthetic action but reduces the 
total amount of anesthetic that has to 
be used. It is frequently used with 
nitrous oxide. | 

A cholecystectomy, excision of the 
gall bladder, was done. It was revealed 
that the gall bladder contained six 
choleliths, each approximately one inch 
in diameter. A culture was made from 
the removed organ and contained no 
growths. 

The gall bladder is a pear-shaped 
sac from three to four inches long 
and one or more inches wide. It is 
situated on the under surface of the 
liver and is attached to it by areolar 
connective tissues. The wall of the 
gall bladder consists of four layers, 
a mucosal lining of columnar epi- 
thelium, a layer of smooth muscles, 
a third layer is connective tissue con- 
taining blood and lymphatic vessels, 
the outer surface, serous membrane. 

The liver secretes approximately 
500-800 cc. of bile per day. This is 
concentrated to approximately 100 cc. 
and stored in the gall bladder until 
it is needed in the small intestine to 
assist with digestion. In the gall blad- 
der, bile contains 90% water, mucin, 
bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin and 
inorganic salts. It is concentrated by 
the loss of water and the addition of 
mucin from the gall bladder wall. 
Waste products, as bile pigments, 
bilirubin, biliverdin — the green pig- 
ment of bile — are passed into the 
intestine and eliminated with the feces. 

Cholelithiasis form due to infection 
or to the precipitation of bile con- 
stituents such as bile salts and choles- 
terol. Stones are most frequently seen 
in women or in the obese person, 
but may be found in either sex. The 
presence of stones usually means some 
dysfunction of the gall bladder. They 
give rise to symptoms for mechanical 
reasons and may cause obstruction of 
the cystic or common bile ducts and 
thereby cause jaundice. 


JULY, 1955+ Vol. 51, No. 7 


To remove the gall bladder, an in- 
cision is made in the upper right 
abdominal wall, the cystic duct and 
blood vessels are divided and ligated 
and the organ is removed. In this case, 
a penrose drain was inserted ; often this 
is placed near the stump of the cystic 
duct. This ensures that if leakage 
should occur the bile will escape from 
the wound through the drain rather 
than spread over the entire peritoneal 
cavity. When the danger of leakage 
is over, usually after five or six days, 
the drain is removed. 

Mr. Hicks was taken from the 
operating room to the recovery room. 
Alternating intravenous glucose 5% 
solution in water and normal saline 
to the extent of 3,000 cc. was ordered 
and running when he was taken from 
the operating room. This aided in 
raising the blood pressure by increas- 
ing the blood volume. It also combat- 
ted dehydration and protected against 
carbohydrate depletion. His blood 
pressure dropped to 90/70, and 
oxygen per mask was given. Oxygen 
aids in raising blood pressure by re- 
tarding the blood entering the right 
atrium of the heart, thereby slowing 
circulation slightly and raising the 
blood pressure. 

On return to his room, Mr. Hicks 
was placed in Fowler’s position, which 
lessens temperature reaction and 
promotes free drainage from the in- 
cision. Deep breathing was encouraged 
to prevent any respiratory complica- 
tion. He had a high abdominal inci- 
sion, which would cause pain and 
muscular spasm during respiratory 
movements and it was very difficult, 
during his first few days after surgery, 
to get him to breathe deeply enough. 

During the first day, he had periods 
of nausea, secede | moderate 
amounts of green emesis that could be 
caused by the presence of bile in the 
stomach post-operatively. The next 
day the slight amount of emesis 
present was clear. While he was still 
drowsy from his anesthetic, emesis 
was present and good drainage was 
maintained to prevent the aspiration 
of vomitus. A quiet atmosphere and 
the sedatives ordered aided in sup- 
pressing emesis and thereby prevent- 
ing any wound disruption. Diane 
100 mgm. was ordered as sedative. 











During the evening, Mr. Hicks’ 
respirations became shallow and his 
color appeared ashen. Oxygen was 
given per mask and respirations be- 
came fuller. Blood pressure, pulse and 
respirations were watched every four 
hours during the day. He was having 
quite severe spasmodic pains in his 
operative area, his temperature was 
99.4°. The sedative order was changed 
to morphine gr. % and relief was ob- 
tained. 

Distention is almost always quite 
severe following biliary tract surgery. 
Despite efforts to get him to breathe 
deeply, to cough, aiding him to move 
slightly and thereby stimulate peri- 
stalsis, he did so only after very much 
urging and even then, very reluctantly. 
Repeated 1-2-3 enemas had to be given 
for relief of distention. 

On June 26, the day after his opera- 
tion, he was allowed to sit on the edge 
of his bed; the next day he was al- 
lowed to be up for a short period. Mr. 
Hicks was unable to void and had to 
be catheterized for two days post- 
operatively. Early ambulation ap- 
peared to give him relief. Frequent 
back and mouth care was given to 
provide comfort. A reddened, raised 
rash was noted on his arms, legs, and 
anterior chest. Caladryl lotion was 
applied for pruritis, with relief. The 
morphine was discontinued. Demerol 
was once again ordered, as needed, for 
discomfort. The rash and pruritis 
cleared within two days. 

On June 27, Mr. Hicks complained 
of a sharp anterior to posterior chest 
pain, which became more severe on 
inspiration, his respirations became 
labored and temperature rose to 
101.4°. Achromycin 250 mgm. was 
given at once, then four times a day 
thereafter. Achromycin is composed of 
tetracycline hydrochloride and is ef- 
fective against a great number of 
Gram-positive and Gram-negative or- 
ganisms. Therapy with this drug is 
usually carried on for two or three 
days after regression of symptoms. 
Milk was given with the tablets to 
aid in absorption and prevent irrita- 
tion due to the high concentration of 
the drug in the intestinal tract. New 
symptoms may develop during ther- 
apy, therefore the patient must be 
watched carefully. For the next two 


days, Mr. Hicks had an intermittent 
temperature though chest discomfort 
became less severe. The achromycin 
was discontinued on July 2. 

On return from the operating room, 
a moderate amount of serosanguinous 
drainage was noted on his dressings. 
These were changed as necessary to 
maintain asepsis. Draining wounds 
with pus or bile present need frequent 
dressings; bile has a very irritating 
effect on the skin and may cause 
pruritis. The penrose drain was moved 
out one inch per day starting June 27, 
and was totally removed on July 2. 
A dry dressing was kept over the 
incision, showing a small amount of 
serous drainage present. On July 5, 
10 days post-operatively, the sutures 
were removed and a dry dressing 
applied. 

After surgery, vomiting was quite 
persistent and nothing could be taken 
by mouth until it subsided, then sips 
of water were given. Intravenous 
fluids had been maintained to provide 
the tissues with fluid. A record of his 
fluid intake and output for 24 hours 
post-operatively was kept, noting a 
higher intake than output. 

He was placed on a fluid diet for 
three days t-operatively. It was 
taken only fairly well. He was slightly 
jaundiced which would account for 
some of the anorexia. His appetite 
improved and he was changed to a 
soft diet. Six days post-operatively, 
he was placed on a full, fat-free diet. 

After a cholecystectomy, jaundice 
may continue to show. It may indicate 
that a stone is obstructing one of the 
ducts or that bile is not forming and 
discharging properly. Slight jaundice 
usually clears in a very short time. 
5, 1954, Mr. 
— a much happier and 
calmer man. He a confident 
that he was on the road to better 
health. uf 

In preparing this study, I learn 
the uelad points in the surgical 
nursing care of a cholecystectomy and 
the signs and symptoms to watch for 
in this specific condition. I learned 
and appreciated the value of the dif- 
ferent diagnostic tests used and how 
these tests helped to differentiate be- 
tween the two diseases — gastric ulcer 
and cholecystitis, 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











HWnollle tDUC 





| 





Methodes d’Enseignement en 
Sciences Physiques et Chimiques 


Soeur Marie-Rose Lacroix, s.G.M. 


Aicags se iaggy DES SCIENCES, dans 
nos écoles d’infirmiéres demeure 
un cauchemar pour la plupart des 
institutrices, s’il faut en croire les con- 
versations échangées avec les respon- 
sables particuli¢rement en ce qui con- 
cerne la physique et la chimie. Le 
present article se propose d’apporter 
un peu de lumiére en ce domaine. 


NECESSITE DE CET ENSEIGNEMENT 


La nécessité de l’enseignement de 
ces deux sciences 4 nos aspirantes in- 
firmiéres est-elle encore a prouver? 
Devant la multiplication et la com- 
plexité croissante des appareils de 
toutes sortes en usage dans les hopi- 
taux, ne voit-on pas l'urgente respon- 
sabilité d’assurer a la jeune infirmiére 
des notions au moins élémentaires de 
physique et une connaissance plus 
cbiaideeniie: méme assez élaborée de 
biochimie. 

Pourquoi, objectera-t-on, inclure de 
la physique dans un programme déja 
si chargé? Si la candidate a étudié 
cette matiére pendant son cours pri- 
maire, je concéde que l’école n’a pas 
a s’en préoccuper davantage. Ces no- 
tions antérieures n'ont certainement 
pas été adaptées aux besoins des in- 
firmiéres, il faudra pourtant en tirer 
le meilleur parti possible. 

L’institutrice en sciences appli- 
quées; anatomie, physiologie et sur- 
tout en techniques s’efforcera de relier 





Soeur Lacroix est professeur a l’insti- 
tut Marguerite d’Youville, Université de 
Montréal. 


JULY, 1955 © Vol. 51, No. 7 


ses données actuelles aux principes 
prealablement étudiés en physique. 
Tout Tlappareil de la locomotion 
s’éclaire par la théorie de l’inertie et 
des leviers. L’équilibre des forces 
expliquera la station debout et la 
marche. Des notions précises et assez 
étendues d’énergie et de calorimétrie 
sont indispensables a la compréhension 
du métabolisme et de ses variations. 
Les lois de la tension des gaz initieront 
a l’étude des phénoménes respiratoires 
et des échanges gazeux. Les connais- 
sances sur les pressions osmotiques et 
hydrostatiques trouveront leur appli- 

cation dans l'étude de la circulation 
du sang et l’échange des fluides orga- 
niques. Ajoutons que les notions 
d’hydrostatique et de pression atmos- 
phérique sont indispensables pour 
manier avec intelligence les mano- 
métres, syphons, tubes de Lévine, etc. 
L’étudiante établira aussi facilement 
des rapports avec le pneumothorax. 
Elle comprendra plus facilement le 
danger des transports en avion des 
cas Wabcés appendiculaire. L’optique 
recue s’appliquera aux appareils tels 
que microscope et autres instruments 
plus compliqués des salles d’examens 
de toutes sortes. Le développement de 
la science contemporaine exige l’ouver- 
ture en physique d’un chapitre sur 
électricité statique dans les salles 
d’opérations, sujet au moins aussi im- 
portant pour les infirmiéres que pour 
les chirurgiens. 

En un mot, la physique enseigne 
les principes de la plupart de appa- 
reils en usage dans les hopitaux. 
Souvent, il arrive que l’infirmiére doit 





Ces dik ia > ee | Oe ie ll 


a 


eT Te 


— 


‘a 


ee qe 











ajuster un instrument en l’absence du 
médecin ou de l’interne. De plus, une 
compréhension parfaite du maniement 
d’un appareil inspire confiance de la 
part du patient qui sera établi ainsi 
dans un état de sécurité favorable a 
Sa guérison. 

Contrairement a la_ physique, la 
chimie doit toujours étre enseignée 
aux infirmiéres étudiantes, indépen- 
damment des notions recues au cours 
primaire. Inutile de répéter ce qui a 
été dit maintes fois sur le role primor- 
dial de cette science par rapport a 
un grand nombre de matiéres au pro- 

ne. Une étudiante, bénéficiaire 
d’un cours de chimie, adapté et bien 
compris avouait que la physiologie, la 
nutrition et ’hygiéne ont été des ma- 
tieres trés faciles pour elle; que la 
microbiologie, la pharmacologie et la 
pathologie furent grandement éclairées 
par ses notions de chimie, assimilées 
et bien appliquées. 

Cette science est difficile 4 enseigner, 
objectera-t-on. Les institutrices, pré- 
parées pour donner cet enseignement 
sont rarissimes. Peut-étre! Il faut 
maintenir cependant que la personne 
la mieux qualifiée pour donner ce 
cours demeure l’infirmiére spécialisée 
“ad hoc.” 

Le programme d'études de nos 
écoles est trop chargé pour l'en- 
combrer de détails inadéquats et 
inutiles. A nous de préciser les di- 
verses matiéres enseignées et surtout 
les connaissances que comportent ces 
matiéres. Mentionnons donc immédia- 
tement que toutes les notions de 
chimie doivent étre orientées vers le 
nursing. Les heures étant limitées, il 
faudra s’astreindre au principal et 
encore une fois, l’'adapter continuelle- 
ment aux autres matiéres du pro- 
gramme et a la nouvelle vie pratique 
de l'étudiante. Un exemple illustrera 
cette affirmation. Les acides et les bases 
par exemple, seront enseignées en 
fonction de l’équilibre acido-basique de 
’organisme, du pH humoral et du 
role des substances tampons. Les sels 
fourniront une occasion de parler de 
la valeur de leurs ions miétalliques 
dans les contractions cardiaques et 
musculaires en général. L’étude de 
energie, des calories et du métabo- 
lisme posera des jalons trés utiles, 
voire méme indispensables aux cours 


de nutrition de méme qu’a ceux d’hy- 
giéne. 

Ainsi, tout sera rapporté a l’ensei- 
gnement connexe et concourra au 
développement scientifique intégral de 


l’infirmiére. 


METHODES D’ENSEIGNEMENT 
DES SCIENCES 


Abordons maintenant la considéra- 
tion des meilleures méthodes a utiliser 
dans lenseignement des _ sciences. 
Disons d’abord que cette formation 
scientifique doit ouvrir des perspec- 
tives sur la vie. Il faut moins s’arreéter 
sur les lois, les principes que sur la 
disposition psychologique a acquérir 
en présence de ces phénoménes. Si 
létudiante, au cours de ses études en 
sciences, a appris a reconnaitre, at- 
taquer et résoudre les problémes, il 
est probable qu'elle pourra s’adapter 
plus facilement et plus efficacement que 
si elle n’avait pas recu cette prépara- 
tion. Cette possibilité d’établir le 
transfert des connaissances  scienti- 
fiques aux divers problémes de la vie 
courante gagnera l’intérét des éléves 
et maintiendra l’enthousiasme dans un 
cours, réputé monotone et dépourvu de 
conclusions pratiques. 

La classe est généralement conduite 
sous forme de causeries beaucoup plus 
que genre “conférences.” Procéder du 
connu a l’inconnu est un axiome péda- 
gogique qui a sa valeur dans toutes 
les branches. La population étudiante 
de nos écoles d’infirmiéres est consti- 
tuée d’un groupement parfois homo- 
géne; mais bien souvent aussi, la 
culture antérieure est assez variable 
parmi les membres d'un méme groupe. 
Il n'est pas rare de rencontrer dans 
une classe de probanistes, plusieurs 
étudiantes qui n'ont 4 peu prés jamais 
étudié de  chimie, r exemple. 
D’autres sont prétes a renier leurs 
études primaires en sciences 4 cause 
de la limitation des notions qui leur 
sont restées. Le méthode socratique 
semble done indiquée afin d’obtenir 
des réponses qui orienteront le maitre 
dans la distribution des nouvelles con- 
naissances 4 inculquer. 

Cette méthode offre aussi l'avantage 
de forcer l'étudiante 4 participer aux 
cours. En effect, la discussion doit 
étre encouragée le plus possible; 4 ce 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











niveau, le disciple doit posséder un 
bagage respectable d’idées et étre 
capable de les exprimer librement. I] 
y aurait d’ailleurs intérét a développer 
cette aptitude chez nos canadiennes- 
francaises. 

Naturellement, il faudra veiller a 
maintenir l’ordre et la discipline tou- 
jours nécessaires en classe. Pour cela, 
le maitre veillera a n’accorder la parole 
qu’a une seule personne a la fois; 
celle-ci en aura recu l’invitation sous 
forme de question. Les éléves useront 
largement du privilége de poser des 
questions au professeur qui les ac- 
cueillera avec patience et indulgence 
chaque fois qu’elles s’avéreront per- 
tinentes et ressortiront du _ sujet 
enseigné. Les écarts et trop longues 
digressions devront étre bannis afin de 
ne pas modifier le programme trace. 

Ces causeries devront s’illustrer de 
démonstrations de la part du profes- 
seur ou d’expeériences réalisées par les 
éléves. Il va sans dire que l’enseigne- 
ment des sciences se prevaut de toute 
l'aide visuelle possible. Ainsi, en phy- 
sique, il est facile d’illustrer les effets 
de la pression atmosphérique au 
moyen d'un bidon de fer blanc duquel 
la vapeur d’eau a chassé lair qu'il 
contenait. En optique, la loupe et le 
microscope serviront a de nombreuses 
démonstrations. Que d’appareils élec- 
triques simples pourraient étre utilisés 
pour comprendre les nombreuses 
manifestations de ces fluides mys- 
térieux que l'on nomme magnétisme 
et électricite. 

En dépit de tous les abus et malgré 
ce qu'on a dit pour ou contre les 
manuels ils restent cependant un 
instrument accessoire, mais nécessaire 
pour l’acquisition des sciences. La dif- 
ficulté consiste a choisir, parm la 
profusion offerte sur les marchés, les 
mieux adaptés a notre curriculum. 

La meilleure méthode a préconiser 
semble étre les notes personnelles. 
L’étudiante s'efforce de recueillir assez 
de notes en classe afin de se créer 
une bonne charpente de la matiére a 
assimiler; puis, pendant l'étude et a 
l'aide des livres de références trouveés 
4 la bibliothéque, elle compléte ses 
notes personnelles, en ayant soin de 
schématiser tous ses appareils, s'1l 
s'agit de physique et diillustrer les 
expériences de chimie par des dessins, 


JULY, 1955 ¢ Vol. 51, No. 7 


s'il y a lieu. Elle traduira en équations 
chimiques les réactions qu’elle a ren- 
contrées au cours de ses études ou au 
laboratoire. 

Ces notes personnelles, rédigées 
avec soin, forment sans_ contredit 
l'instrument de travail idéal, le plus 
apte a procurer le développement in- 
tegral de l’esprit de l’étudiante. 

Une méthode a préconiser est le 
travail de groupes. Le maitre partage 
ses éleves en petits groupes, a chacun 
desquels il assigne un probléme a 
résoudre, une investigation a pour- 
suivre, un domaine a explorer, etc. 
Chaque groupement se choisit un chef 
chargé de diriger le travail, coordon- 
ner les efforts et compiler les résul- 
tats. La classe se réunit ensuite pour 
entendre les rapports des chefs de 
groupe. La discussion sera permise et 
on accordera assez de temps aux étu- 
diantes qui veulent prendre des notes 
et conserver les connaissances acquises 
par ces procédés. 

Le travail d’equipe ne différe pas 
beaucoup du précedent. II s’agit plutot 
ici de partager la tache au sujet d’une 
expérience compliquée a poursuivre ou 
d’une recherche quelconque et de 
mettre les résultats en commun. 

Il y a aussi le plan de corrélation 
ou l'on s’efforce de coordonner l’en- 
seignement de plusieurs matiéres par 
la considération d’un aspect spécial 
étudié par plusieurs classes a la fois. 
Ainsi, les étudiantes de premiére année 
peuvent approfondir l’aspect social de 
l’hygiéne publique tandis qu’au cours 
préliminaire on considére la nécessité 
d'un bon approvisionnement d’eau 
dans une localité. Dans ce cas, il faut 
viser a promouvoir l’intégration dans 
les esprits et non seulement sur le 
papier. 

Les heures allouées aux études chez 
les infirmiéres ne permettent mal- 
heureusement pas de consacrer le 
temps nécessaire a la vérification des 
hypothéses, et les professeurs sont 
forcés de présenter le probléme, suivi 
immeédiatement de la solution avec 
vérification par la méthode expéri- 
mentale. 


MATERIEL D'ENSEIGNEMENT 
DES SCIENCES 


Disons un mot maintenant du ma- 





ET em 


tériel nécessaire a l’enseignement des 
sciences. Un laboratoire de chimie, 
pourvu de tous les réactifs habituelle- 
ment utilisés dans la poursuite du 
programme d’études actuellement pro- 
posé aux écoles d’infirmiéres est trés 
recommandable. A défaut de labora- 
toire, il est facile de se monter un petit 
cabinet de chimie apte a servir aux 
principales démonstrations. Les cadres 
de ce travail ne permettent pas 
d’entrer dans les détails; disons cepen- 
dant gqu’il faut absolument illustrer 
par des démonstrations ou par des 
expériences individuelles, la théorie 
recue en classe. I] va sans dire que 
les expériences réalisées par l’éléve 
doivent étre attentivement surveillées 
et controlées. La marche a suivre est 
remise a |]’étudiante sur des feuilles 
préparées a l’avance; un espace blanc 
entre chaque procédé permettra a 
l’éléve d’inscrire ses remarques et le 
résultat de son expérience. Quelques 
questions habilement rédigées stimule- 
ront l'étude et la recherche person- 
nelle. 

La marche a suivre est toute in- 
diquée dans le curriculum proposé par 
’A.LP.Q. Il renferme assez de dé- 
tails pour permettre a I’Institutrice qui 
posséde sa matiére, de Il’enseigner. 
Ajoutons simplement que la visite 
dirigée de musées scientifiques et de 
laboratoires pharmaceutiques peut 
étre d’une grande efficacité. 


RESULTATS VISES PAR CET 
ENSEIGNEMENT 


La chimie est donc indispensable 
au programme des infirmiéres. Nous 
avons vu briévement comment elle doit 
étre enseignée. Considérons mainte- 
nant quels résultats on est en droit 
d’en attendre, Disons tout de suite que 
la culture scientifique doit concourir a 
la formation intégrale de la person- 
nalité de l’infirmiére, d’abord a cause 
de l’exactitude de ces données con- 
crétes qui ne laisse aucune place 4 
ignorance ou a l’incertitude. De plus, 
un enseignement raisonné des sciences 
force les étudiantes 4 réfléchir et a 
comprendre, pourvu que notre préoc- 
cupation porte sur le développement 
des qualités mentales autant que sur 
l’acquisition du savoir. Rien comme 
les sciences n’entraine au sens de |’ob- 


servation, a l’exactitude, a l’abstrac- 
tion et a l’esprit de synthése. Chez une 
professionnelle comme [Test l’infir- 
miére, la culture scientifique doit 
suppléer I’humanisme des _ études 
secondaires. Cet effort doit tendre 
d’abord a dégager les valeurs culturel- 
les de la formation technique, puis a 
ouvrir les intelligences sur des hori- 
zons plus vastes par lesquels sont 
rejointes les dimensions illimitées de 
humanisme intégral. 

La formation scientifique favorise 
les possibilités d’affirmation et d’épa- 
nouissement de la personnalité, a-t-on 
dit, par l’acquisition des qualités de 
jugement, de décision et de justice. 


En effet, le Jaboratoire est une 
école de probité, car le mensonge, 
dans le domaine de la _ matiére, 


est toujours sanctionné par un échec 
ou une catastrophe. C'est aussi 
une école d’humilité et de  sou- 
mission au réel. Cette formation offre 
de multiples possibilités d’éducation 
de Ia sensibilité et de la maitrise de 
soi, dans un milieu qui se rapproche 
de la vie. A la faveur d’un enseigne- 
ment au fait des réalisations pratiques, 
s’amorce la réconciliation de I’esprit 
avec la main dans la manipulation 
d'une technique qui requiert toute 
lacuité d’une intelligence attentive. 
Si linfirmiére accepte de considérer 
hypothése scientifique comme son 
probleme personnel qu'elle s’engage a 
résoudre, les faits lui apparaitront 
comme des événements humains, 
répondant 4 des exigences humaines. 
Pour finir, voici un e du 
Rév, Pére A. Ravier qui resume tout 
ce ~ pourrait étre dit sur le sujet: 
valeur morale du travail manuel, 
sa dignité et sa grandeur, les néces- 
saires patiences dans la recherche de la 
perfection de l’oeuvre . . . cet équilibre 
humain, cette conquéte de la person- 
nalité, qui s‘instaurent peu a peu chez 
(l'aspirante-infirmiére), lorsque ses sens, 
ses facultés, tout son étre sont con- 
traints 4 lharmonie pour se concentrer 
sur un objet qui lui résiste .. . en un 
mot tout le prix du travail of la per- 
sonne s'engage tout entiére et de facon 
éminente donne 4 son effort un caractére 
sacré que seule la souffrance peut lui 
disputer. 
_ CONCLUSION 





L’enseignement des sciences dans 


ae 556 THE CANADIAN NURSE 














nos écoles d’infirmiéres est peut-étre 
une entreprise difficile, mais 11 faut la 
poursuivre avec toute la ténacité et le 
dévouement désintéressé que l’appré- 
hension de si beaux résultats mérite. 


Plus qu’une tache, c’est un apostolat, 
et comme tel, il résulte “d’une sorte 


de surabondance, celle de la vie de la 


grace, qui nous est toujours donnée 
sans mérite de notre part.” 


Drivers’ Eyes - An Unsolved Puzzle 


“Sorry, Officer. I just didn’t see it.” 

Running past a red light — wrong way 
On a one-way street — making a prohibited 
left turn — passing in a no-passing zone — 
sideswiping another car’s fender — why 
do these little driving mishaps occur? Why 
does a head-on collision occur? 

The best traffic-management brains in the 
country are today probing for the causes 
of automobile accidents. Excessive speed, 
stupidity, irresponsibility, alcohol, all have 
been cited and all are doubtless to blame 
in one way or another. The key explanation 
has yet to be found. 

But there is one thing the experts agree 
on — if a driver-cannot see the road, the 
road signs, and the traffic distinctly and 
rapidly, he is a likely candidate for a smash- 
up, sooner or later. It’s just commonsense 
that no driver is going to run head-on into 
trouble if he can see it coming. Seeing, 
in such a case, is actually foreseeing. Fore- 
seeing gives a chance to avoid the accident. 

There are car speeds, of course, at which 
no amount of seeing and foreseeing is of any 
avail. At a mile-a-minute, no pair of human 
eyes can do the seeing job that they can 
do at half-a-mile-a-minute. All that can be 
said in such cases is that if you are going 
to drive at 60 mp.h. and up, you need the 
best pair of eyes that Nature, or a pair 
of properly fitted driving spectacles, can 
provide you with. 

The problem of drivers’ vision has never 
been successfully grappled with. Not even 
the capacity of the drivers’ eyes has ever 
been accurately measured, for no means has 
been found for discovering how well the eye 
sees at high speeds. True, nearly all prov- 
inces apply an acuity test to applicants 
for licenses, That’s fine — as long as you 
are sitting still to read the test card that 
remains in a fixed position. But you are 
not sitting still when doing 60 m.p.h. in 
your car, and the thing you are looking 
at is not in a fixed position. It may be 
another car approaching at 60 m.p.h.! 


If it were possible for you to look at 
the eye chart instead of the approaching 
car under such conditions, the whole card 
would be an illegible blur. Yet you may 
have scored a triumphant 20/20 on it in 
the examiner’s chair. This fact merely dem- 
onstrates that there is no way of measuring 
how well you see at high “speeds. The only 
sure fact is that people who make a good 
score at the card test, with or without 
spectacles, will see better than others as 
auto drivers. 

The speed with which we see can be 
measured in the case of reading — so many 
words per minute. But it cannot be meas- 
ured in the case of the driver. And speed 
of seeing, along with clearness of seeing, 
is something on which life may depend. 

There are other visual shortcomings that 
can imperil a driver’s life. Among them are 
color blindness, faulty depth perception or 
poor judgment of distance, and “tunnel 
vision” or inability to see sidewise over any 
considerable range. And we may as well 
face the fact that little or nothing can be 
done to correct these three defects. The 
driver must learn to live with them by 
taking extra precautions. But it is highly 
important for him to know that he has such 
defects. Many people don’t realize it. The 
surest way to find out is to have a thorough 
eyesight examination by a qualified spe- 
cialist. 

That same specialist can often provide 
glasses that will improve the driver’s visual 
acuity at distances of 20 feet and over — 
the vitally important distances in safe 
driving. 

Eventually, it is to be hoped that all 
localities will take the elementary step 
of requiring re-examination of drivers’ 
vision every few years, for it is a fact that 
vision deteriorates with age. In the mean- 
time, the obligation to provide himself with 
the best possible vision rests on the indi- 
vidual motorists. 

— Berrer Viston Institute 


If you knew how unrensonably sick people suffer from reasonable causes of distress, 
you would take more pains about all these things.—JoHNnson 


JULY, 1955 * Vol. 51, No. 7 


Per - ee ee et 


oe emt a - 














Earnings While Learning 


NE OF THE TRADITIONAL complaints 
0 about nursing education is directed 
at the economic obstacles placed in the 
way of many girls who would like to 
prepare as nurses — particularly at 
the university level. For promising 
students of insufficient means, scholar- 
ships are available, but it is doubtful 
if there are nearly enough of them. . 

It has long been hoped that some 
arrangements might be made which 
would provide those wishing to em- 
bark upon a university program with 
some assistance in realizing their de- 
sires. A period when the nurse may 
gain some financial assistance, would 
be a boon to many. 

A constructive step would appear 
to have been taken by the University 
of Toronto School of Nursing. Those 
students who are registered for the 
basic degree program but who cannot 
finance four consecutive years at the 
University may now take advantage 
of an earning period at the half-way 
point. After the first year, which is 
a combination of cultural, scientific 
and clinical courses, these students 
may elect in the second year to com- 
plete their study of subjects necessary 
for the practice of nursing. Following 
this they enter into an eleven months’ 
internship in Toronto hospitals where 
they practice and earn. 

After writing registration examina- 
tions, they are eligible for registered 
nurse status, On returning to the Uni- 
versity for the remaining two years, 
they complete requirements for 
Bachelor of Science in Nursing which 
allows them to nurse in both the hos- 
pital and public health fields. 

It is to be hoped that the Toronto 
plan will suggest a similar pattern to 
other institutions. In the meantime, it 
may have done a little to dispel the 
illusion that someone must be trying 





to make it hard for young women to 
obtain a nursing education. 


Preparing Students for CD 


Canadians are often unjustly ac- 
cused of apathy in certain fields, but 
there can be no denying the lack of 
interest and thought they have de- 
voted to the subject of Civil Defence. 
Steps are currently being taken to en- 
sure that the Canadian nursing pro- 
fession cannot be accused of apathy 
in this respect. 

Reading one or two hospital “Dis- 
aster Plan” manuals should convince 
even the most complacent that nurses 
must be better prepared to function 
effectively under emergency condi- 
tions. In recent years there have been 
repeated opportunities for nurses to 
understand and become skilful in the 
nursing of casualties, particularly 
those resulting from nuclear, bio- 
logical, and chemical weapons. But a 
better way to ensure that nurses will 
have an adequate knowledge of these 
techniques, is to make it a part of 
teaching in all schools of nursing. 

Giving additional impetus to this 
idea is a new program being launched 
this year by the Civil Defence Health 
Planning Group of the Department of 
National Health & Welfare. The 
Group plans to bring to the Civil 
Defence College at Arnprior, Ontario, 
directors of nursing education or 
senior instructors from all schools of 
nursing in Canada. Civil Defence 
planning and the technical aspects of 
the treatment and care of casualties 
will be discussed, with special em- 
gen on how this information may 

integrated into the school’s nursing 
curriculum, The first course took place 
at the end of June this year, with two 
others planned, for early autumn and 
mid-winter. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


oP ie ian. 
ee Re ee 











Dusting off the Welcome Mat 


One of the attractive features of a 
nursing career is the opportunity to 
travel, either on the job or in the pro- 
cess of changing assignments. For a 
nurse moving to a new area where 
she has no friends, however, travel 
may lack enjoyment unless brightened 
by an hospitable reception. 

Usually, we can depend on a warm 
welcome from fellow nurses in other 
countries. Can they depend on us for 
an equally good reception? Each of us 
can contribute to the reputation of 
Canadian nursing abroad by providing 
a warm welcome for fellow nurses 
from across the seas. This will also 
contribute to the reputation of our 
Association as a body with impressive 
international affiliations. 


A Quick Glimpse of Canada 


Speaking about welcomes, a warm 
one was surely accorded recently to 
Miss Frances Rowe, Executive Secre- 
tary of the National Council of Nurses 
of Great Britain & Northern Ireland. 
Miss Rowe, here on a fellowship from 


the Commonwealth Fund in New 
York, visited both the U.S.A. and 
Canada. 





JULY, 1955 Vol. 51, No. 7 





Miss Rowe & Miss H. Lamont at Royal Victona Hospital, Montreal 


Due to her limited time, it was only 
possible to plan visits to Toronto, 
Montreal and Ottawa, with a weekend 
in Sherbrooke, Quebec, where Miss 
Rowe was the guest of Miss Clara 
Aitkenhead, Director of Nursing, 
Sherbrooke Hospital. 

While in Ottawa, Miss Rowe spent 
time in our National Office, and met 
with representatives of the Depart- 
ment of National Health & Welfare, 
Victorian Order of Nurses for Can- 
ada, Department of Labour and the 
Department of Health, City of Ottawa. 

A blending of business with pleas- 
ure allowed for a visit to the Muskoka 
Lakes and to Niagara Falls. 

We were pleased to welcome Miss 
Rowe to Canada and our discussions 
with her were helpful to both our 
countries as regards nursing on an 
international basis. 


Canada Visits Abroad 


August 29 to September 3, 1955, 
are the dates of the International 
Council of Nurses Board of Directors 
Meeting to be held in Istanbul. 

Gladys Sharpe, president, CNA, 
and Pearl Stiver, general secretary, 
will be attending. An important item 


= — 46 ated 








of discussion will be the ICN Eleventh 
Quadrennial Congress to be held in 
Italy in 1957. 

A visit to the World Health Organ- 
ization in Geneva will enable our rep- 
resentatives to meet with Miss Lyle 
Creelman, Chief, Nursing Section, 
W.H.O., and with other members of 
the World Health “team.” 

Then on to Great Britain where the 
National Council of Nurses for Great 
Britain & Northern Ireland will be 
visited. Quite an itinerary for a two 

weeks’ visit! 

_ Canada’s opportunity to contribute 
to, and to gain knowledge of the 
nursing world scene is assured when it 
is possible for our representatives to 
be present. 

Bon Voyage — Miss Sharpe and 
Miss Stiver. 


World Mental Health Meeting 


“Family Mental Health and the 
State” will be the theme of the An- 
nual Meeting of the World Federation 
of Mental Health which meets in 
Turkey, from August 21 to 27, 1955. 

CNA members who may be for- 
tunate enough to be travelling in 
Eastern Europe at that time are wel- 
come to attend the sessions. Further 
details may be obtained from: The 
secretary-General, World Federation 
for Mental Health, 19 Manchester 
Street, London W1, England. 


S.0.8. — — $.08. — — 


S.0.S. est ordinairement le signe de 
détresse des navires en péril; aujourd'hui, 
en téte de ces notes, il signifie: Sérieux 
oubli de Suzanne. Oui, oubli du texte que 
j'avais 4 traduire, dans une des écoles d’in- 
firmiéres visitées au cours de la semaine. 
Espérant avoir le temps de faire cette tra- 
duction en cours de route, j'ai glissé mon 
texte dans une enveloppe de papier brun 
puis, dans mon sac de voyage, pour ensuite 
la laisser en route. 


Je fais donc & mes lectrices mes plus 
humbles excuses; je profiterai toutefois de 
cette occasion fortuite pour parler du tra- 


The languages used will be Turkish, 
French and English. Simultaneous 
interpretation will be supplied for the 
principal meetings and for group dis- 
cussions where required. 


Is there a Better Way? 


All areas of nursing feel the same 
need and share the same concern about 
the improvement of nursing service. 
The most effective utilization of 
nursing personnel demands good ad- 
ministrative policies and procedures 
in all areas and levels of nursing 
service administration. 

The Third Report of the W.H.O. 

rt Committee on Nursing dealing 
with the problems of nursing service 
administration offers the following 
assistance: Defines nursing service 
and discusses its present stage of 
development. Stresses the importance 
of sound planning in administration. 
Outlines the steps in making, execut- 
ing and evaluating a plan for solving 
a problem. Discusses some principles 
of administration and suggests the 
preparation necessary for nursing 
service administration. 

This publication is part of the 
World Health Organization’s Tech- 
nical Report Series No. 91 which may 
be obtained from the Ryerson Press, 
299 Queen Street West, Toronto 5, 
or Periodica, 5112 Avenue Papineau, 
Montreal 34. 





vail qui s’accomplit dans la province de 
Québec en fait de nursing. 


Statistiques 


"Assocation des Infirmiéres de la Pro- 


2 ’ - i 
ott ee-T, iy ane 


ee) ESI ates bg ETE 





Se, See eee 


i e 
S753 LS “AL 














Recrutement 


Les familles nombreuses du Canada 
francais nous permettent de faire un recru- 
tement intense et d’envisager l'avenir avec 
confiance. En mai dernier, le Comité de 
Recrutement a organisé a Montréal une 
exposition qui fut un succés. Plus de mille 
jeunes filles des écoles supérieures de la 
Commission scolaire de Montréal visitérent 
les différents kiosques illustrant les phases 
de la vie de l'étudiante et les carriéres 
offertes aux infirmiéres. Nous ne savons 
pas ce qu'il fallait admirer le plus: l’effort 
concerté des écoles d’infirmiéres, la colla- 
boration bienveillante de la Commission 
scolaire, l'imagination et le sens artistique 
dont a fait preuve lillustration du théme 
adopté par chaque kiosque, ou le dévoue- 
ment des jeunes infirmiéres organisatrices 
de cette démonstration. 


Défense Civile 


Deux hopitaux de notre province: l’Hépi- 
tal Notre-Dame a Montréal et I’Hépital du 
Christ-Roi 4 Nicolet ont complété der- 
miérement l'organisation de leur hdépital en 
cas de désastre. Cette préparation, poussée 
jusqu'au moindre détail, a donné comme 
avantages immédiats une évaluation com- 
pléte de leurs ressources — personnel, ma- 
tériel, etc. et la constatation, une fois de 
plus, de l'interdépendance des services hos- 
pitaliers. Administrateurs, médecins et in- 
firmié¢res furent invités de toutes les parties 
de la province @ venir étudier, pendant 
deux jours, cette organisation. Des sugges- 
tions intéressantes et pratiques furent faites, 
entre autres, le projet d'un cours en francais 
sur la défense civile, pour les directrices 
du nursing et les institutrices. Les initiateurs 
de ce mouvement méritent nos félicitations. 


Journée d'Etude 


Les infirmiéres, se rendant compte de 
l'évolution rapide de la médecine dans cer- 
tains domaines, ont organisé dans leurs 
districts respectifs des journées d’étude. 
Cette année, j'ai eu le plaisir d’assister a 
la stance du district no XI (Montréal) 
laquelle portait sur “le coeur.” La science 
du coeur nous fut exposée en trois parties: 
lage anatomique, celui des découvertes de 
la circulation, etc., l'Age du stéthoscope et 
enfin lage moderne de la chirurgie car- 
diaque. Cet exposé, suivi d'un questionnaire, 


JULY. 1955 * Vol. 51, No, 7 


a contribué a remettre a la page un grand 
nombre de nos infirmiéres. 


Mission francaise en Amérique 


Notre position de seule province francaise 
dans les Amériques nous améne parfois a 
jouer un réle particulier et utile. Durant 
la guerre, notre connaissance de Il’anglais 
et notre parler normand faisaient de nos 
soldats des parachutistes de choix avant 
invasion. Aujourd’hui, toujours a cause de 
des pays éloignés ott le francais est parlé, 
soit pour des visites d’observations ou pour 
des études spéciales; en d'autres mots, pour 
apprendre le nursing américain en francais, 
il faut venir dans notre province. Qu’elles 
viennent d’Haiti, du Laos ou du Viet Nam 
Sud, toutes sont chez nous les bienvenues 
et nous espérons que leur séjour leur aura 
bénéficié et qu’elles en apporteront un bon 
souvenir; quant a nous nous n’oublierons 
jamais leur courage devant le froid, leur 
générosité et leur bonne vyolonté: notre 
amitié formule les meilleurs voeux A leur 


endroit. 


La Journée des Hépitaux 


Le 12 mai, tous les hépitaux ouvraient 
leurs portes au grand public. “Jeanne Mance, 
premiére infirmiére laique,” et “le dévoue- 
ment de l'infirmiére” furent les themes mis 
en évidence, selon la recommandation des 
éveques. 


Histoire du Nursing 


Un film sur Florence Nightingale a été 
préparé par la Compagnie d’Assurance-Vie 
Metropolitaine, 4 la demande de I’Associa- 
tion des Infirmiéres Canadiennes, film silen- 
cieux, avec texte en francais. La Compagnie 
a mis gracieusement 4 la disposition de 
l’Association des Infirmiéres de la Province 
de Québec cing bobines et des textes que 
nous mettons, a notre tour, a la disposition 
de nos écoles d'infirmiéres ainsi que des 
écoles supérieures de jeunes filles. Nous 
sommes trés reconnaissantes & la Métro- 
politaine de cette nouvelle marque d’appré- 
ciation; déja, nous lui devons un programme 
de radio qui marque, chaque année, le début 
de notre campagne de recrutement. 

Aux institutrices qui enseignent l'histoire 
du Nursing, je m'en vyoudrais de ne pas 
signaler les belles lecons qui se dégagent 


é 


Oe ee 


= 


f 


eee Pe, 


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opt ghee 








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i 
i" 


aw ee 


ta pits o 2S 


Ce ee OP ee oe ete Grape Eee oO Owe 


po Cg p Sle y pele 


ete wa ey 


—s 


: 





———— = — = —— = - . 


d'un “fragment de texte sur sainte Elisabeth 
de Hongrie” dans Edith Stein — édition 
du Seuil — ce sont des lignes tracgant de 
la sainte un portrait noble et humain. 


Saviez-vous que dans les trésors de nos 
hépitaux il se trouve, a I'Hotel-Dieu de 
Québec, une lettre écrite de la main de 
saint Vincent de Paul; a-t-elle été adressée 
directement aux Méres fondatrices ou a-t- 
elle passé des mains de la Duchesse d’Ai- 
guillon dont st. Vincent était le directeur, 
au monastére, nous ne le savons pas mais 
nous laissons a quelques doctes Meres le 
soin de nous renseigner. 


Congrés 


Parlons d’abord de celui de |’Association 
des Infirmiéres Canadiennes qui aura lieu a 


Winnipeg du 25 au 29 juin 1956; les preé- 
paratifs vont bon train: convoi spécial, 
programme récréatif, en route, excursion 
dans les Rocheuses, au pays du soleil de 
minuit, la cote du Pacifique, en somme, un 
congrés dans le milieu solennel de I'Uni- 
versité du Manitoba suivi de vacances dans 
un décor merveilleux. 

La présidente de V’A.I-C, Mlle Gladys 
Sharpe, et la secrétaire, Mlle Pearl Stiver 
se rendront prochainement a Istamboul, pour 
discuter avec les membres du Conseil Inter- 
national des Infirmiéres le programme du 
Congrés International qui se tiendra 4 Rome 
en 1957. Nous leur souhaitons un bon voyage 
et a vous, la fidélité dans vos résolutions 
d'économie que vous ne manquerez pas de 
prendre en vue de réaliser ce réve d'un 
beau voyage ! 


gn fMemoriam 


Annie Ethel (Denison) Aust, a gradu- 
ate of the Lady Stanley Institute, Ottawa, 
died suddenly on April 4, 1955. 


* nd x 


Hilda Bartsch, who graduated from The 
Montreal General Hospital in 1931, died on 
May 9, 1955. Miss Bartsch was appointed 
executive secretary and registrar of the 
New Brunswick Association of Registered 
Nurses in July, 1954. Previously she had 
had a distinguished career as director of 
nursing in several New Brunswick hos- 
pitals including the Carleton County Hos- 
pital in St. Stephen and the Victoria Public 
Hospital in Fredericton. She had also ably 
served as instructor at the Alexandra Hos- 
pital, Montreal, and at the General Hospital 
in Vancouver. Miss Bartsch was president 





Hitpa M. Bartscu 


of the N.B.A.R.N. during the biennium 
1948-50. 
* a 7 
Maybelle (May) Campbell, who grad- 
uated from Women's College Hospital, 
Toronto, in 1926, died at Toronto on April 
20, 1955. 
ee 
Fannie Sarah Dalzell, a native of New 
Brunswick who graduated from City Hos- 
pital, Worcester, Mass, in 1911, died 
recently following a brief illness. Miss 
Dalzell had lived at Castalia, N.B., since 
her retirement in 1954. 
> el > 
Melba Rae (Devine) Elworthy, who 
graduated from the General Hospital, Yar- 
mouth, N.S. in 1931, died at Montreal on 
April 17, 1955, at the age of 45. Mrs. El- 
worthy worked with Victorian Order of 
Nurses for a time and, prior to her 
marriage, was a staff nurse at Grace Dart 
Hospita!, Montreal. 
o > oa 
Annie Welton Foster, who graduated 
from Victoria General Hospital, Halifax, 
in 1926, died on April 9, 1955, after an 
iliness of two weeks, Very shortly after 
she graduated, Miss Foster was appointed 
superintendent of Western Kings Memorial 
Hospital, Berwick, N.S. She filled this post 
until the time of her death, taking leave 
of absence for military service during World 
War II. In 1939 she enlisted in the RC 
A.M.C. and served overseas with No. 15 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 














and No. 9 CG.H., later becoming matron 
of No. 19 General. She was active in nursing 
associations and was a member of the 
Halifax Unit of the Nursing Sisters’ 
Association. 

= 5 a 

Emily Jane Grinyer, who graduated 
from Hamilton General Hospital in 1913, 
died on April 1, 1955. Miss Grinyer had 
engaged in Private nursing until her retire- 
ment in 1949. 

= - * 

Ella Lowe, who graduated in Chicago 
many years ago, died at Orillia, Ont., on 
April 23, 1955, in her 90th year. Miss Lowe 
was on the staff at Soldiers’ Memorial 
Hospital, Orillia, at one time. 

* * * 

Jean MacLean, a graduate of Toronto 
General Hospital, died at Halifax on May 
4, 1955, in her 55th year. Following gradua- 
tion Miss MacLean, who had taught public 
school for many years, secured her certifi- 
cate in teaching from the University of 
Toronto School of Nursing, completing the 
work for her degree in nursing later at 
the McGill School for Graduate Nurses. 
She spent many years at T.G.H. as a head 
nurse, supervisor, then clinical instructor 
before enlisting in the R.CA.M.C. in 1943. 
Following her discharge she became super- 
visor of Red Cross outpost hospitals in 
Nova Scotia. More recently she organized 
and directed the School for Nursing Assist- 
ants at Camp Hill (D.V.A.) Hospital in 
Halifax. Illness caused her retirement last 
autumn. 

a > os 

Sarah C. MacRae, a graduate of Cal- 
gary General Hospital, died recently at 
Calgary. She had held supervisory positions 
at the Calgary and Regina General Hos- 
pitals before enlisting with the R.C.A.M.C. 


“ 





‘= 
- _ 





Jean MacLean 


in 1940. She served overseas with No. 8 
Canadian General Hospital. Following her 
discharge, Miss MacRae had been in charge 
of the D.V.A. Convalescent Hospital in 
Calgary. 

* = = 

Marion, Ogilvie, who graduated from 
the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, in 
1926, died at Victoria, B.C., on March 21, 
1955. 

v » 7 

Margaret (Henderson) Reid, a grad- 
uate of Memorial Hospital School of 
Nursing, died at Niagara Falls on April 
27, 1955. For several years Mrs. Reid had 
served in that city as school nurse. 

~ . * 

Florence Mary Thomson, who gradu- 
ated in 1905 from Mount Sinai Hospital, 
New York, died recently at Montreal. For 
more than 45 years she had engaged in 
private nursing in Montreal. 

a 

Mattie Thompson, a graduate of Engle- 
hart Hospital, Toronto, died at Bethany, 
Ont., on April 9, 1955. 


Baby's First Breath 


The crucial moment of childbirth for 
many mothers is the instant when the baby 
utters its first cry. But, for the infant itself, 
the crucial moment comes a few seconds 
earlier, when it draws its first breath — 
without which the cry could not be uttered. 
What hapens when the first breath is drawn 
has recently been demonstrated dramatically 
by a Swedish scientist, who made x-ray mo- 
tion pictures of the process. Just after birth, 


the film showed, the infant's heart is en- 
larged. When the ribcage expands and air is 
drawn into the lungs, the heart shrinks, its 
content of blood drawn into the inflated 
lungs. When the lungs empty — perhaps to 
the accompaniment of the cry for which the 
mother is listening — the heart increases in 
size as normal blood flow begins. There- 
after, both the heart and lungs operate 
rhythmically and life has begun. — ISPS 


Heaven never helps the man who will not act-—Soruocies 


JULY. 1955 + Vol. 51, No. 7 




















a ee 


Loy a ly Ped 4 See Sey aL Per OES 


oS ee ed a ae ae 


i 47 ay. abn be -  h s } 





= aise [ sy 











Selection 


A Propos de Poliomyélite 


“L’apparition d'épidémie demeure un 
mystére. Il y a quelque chose de plus, lors 
de l’éclosion d’une épidémie, que la simple 
coexistence, en un lieu donné, du virus 
poliomyélitique et des éléments réceptifs de 
la population. Nous sommes ainsi réduits 
a formuler des hypothéses. 

“L’étude de certaines épidémies éclatant 
dans des communautés isolées a souligné 
l'importance de la contagion directe as- 
surant la transmission d'un porteur de 
germes a un sujet sensible, et |l'influence 
des infections antérieures, en particulier de 
la coqueluche. Méme dans ces conditions, 
il reste a expliquer les différences de sus- 
ceptibilité qui se manifestent d'un indi- 
vidu a l'autre, cela dans des conditions ot 
les chances de contamination ont été équi- 
valentes. On peut mettre en cause des 
facteurs génétiques de susceptibilité, des 
facteurs endocriniens concernant la résis- 
tance a I'infection, des facteurs physiolo- 
giques divers (surmenage, fatigue), les 
traumatismes ou les injections irritantes. 
Mais une place importante doit étre attri- 
buée a linaptitude 4 immunisation générale 
présentée par certains sujets. Parmi une 
population, ceux qui deviennent malades 
sont ceux qui sont moins aptes que les 
autres a simmuniser contre linfection, a 
former et a conserver des anticorps. 

“Le nombre de cas paralytiques, dans 
une épidémie donnée, dépend de la propor- 
tion existant entre les individus ayant déja 
un certain niveau d'immunité  résultant 
d’atteintes antérieures et ceux qui n'ont 
aucune immunité. Quand la poliomyélite 
sabat sur une région isolée, elle devient 
une maladie extrémement contagieuse qui 
gagne rapidement chaque individu.” 

La conclusion de cet exposé est intéres- 
Sante : 

“Les pays de civilisation évoluée, qui ont 
autrefois connu une immunité étendue a 
toute la population, analogue a celle qui 
persiste dans les pays sous-développés, 
s'acheminent progressivement vers un état 
de sensibilité comparable a celui des popula- 
tions isolées. Ceci résulte de l'établissement 
de Timmumnité spontanée 4 un age de plus 
en plus avancé et du fait qu'une proportion 
croissante de la population attemt main- 


tenant l'age adulte sans avoir eu l'occasion 
de s'immuniser ou sans avoir pu entretenir 
son immunité par des réinfections latentes 
devenues de plus en plus rares. 

“Il devient également évident, qu’au fur 
et a mesure de l’amélioration du niveau 
de vie dans les pays arriérés, l'incidence 
de la poliomyélite paralytique augmentera, 
& moins que l'on ne découvre un procédé 
d’immunisation active contre l'infection.” 

Le Dr. Payne, de la section d’Epidémio- 
logie de 1'O.M.S., a montré, au cours d'un 
trés intéressant rapport, qu'il y a une 
relation entre [augmentation du nombre de 
cas de poliomyélite et la diminution de la 
mortalité infantile. Les deux courbes, l'une 
ascendante et l'autre descendante, se rencon- 
trent en un point qui est sensiblement le 
méme dans tous les pays. 

Cette constatation est facile 4 comprendre. 
L’amélioration des conditions sanitaires 
générales et de Ihygiéne des populations 
est un des facteurs essentiels de la lutte 
contre la mortalité infantile. Le taux plus 
ou moins bas de la mortalité des enfants 
du premier age, peut étre considéré comme 
un témoin des progrés réalisés dans ce 
domaine. 

Dans le pays ot la mortalité infantile 
est trés élevée, les conditions d’hygiéne sont 
telles que les enfants font pratiquement tous 
une poliomyélite-infection dans les premiers 
mois de la vie et deviennent dés lors, im- 
muns contre la maladie. 

Au contraire, dans les pays qui possédent 
un niveau élevé au point de vue sanitaire, 
les enfants ne s‘immunisent pas ou simmu- 
nisent plus tard et courent, dés lors, un 
risque plus grand d'étre atteints de la polio- 
myélite-maladie. 

Le probléme consiste donc, comme Tlont 
dit les rapporteurs, 4 remplacer, par une 
méthode d'immunisation active, l'immunisa- 
tion spontanée naturelle qui protége les 
populations sous-développées au point de 
vue de lhygiéne. 

— La reotstimMe Conrirence 
INTERNATIONALE DE LA 
Potiomyeuire. 
De. P. Recut—L’'Enfant 
—Ocuvre Nationale de 
VEnfance, Bruxelles. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 





4] 


- 
‘ - 
- re 
ee ee ee ee ee ee a 


a > a 











Book Keucews 


The Johns Hopkins Hospital School of 
Nursing, by Ethel Johns and Blanche 
Pfefferkorn. 416 pages. Burns & Mac- 
Eachern, 12 Grenville St., Toronto 2, Ont. 
1954. Price $5.00. 

Reviewed by Salomea Tretiak, Director 

of Education, General Hospital, Winnipeg, 

Mar. 

Two well-known nursing leaders have 
written the history of an outstanding 
pioneer hospital school of nursing. 

In Part One, Miss Johns takes us through 
the years 1869-1907. This is an era of 
marked progress in the fields of medicine, 
public health and science. The history of 
the hospital and the school is written into 
the lives of the men and women who were 
instrumental in its inception and develop- 
ment. We see the influence of Florence 
Nightingale and her associate, Florence S. 
Lees. We see the constancy of purpose to 
provide a high quality of nursing service 
built upon education for skilled care of the 
sick. Through use of documentation and 
Miss Johns’ interpretations we are treated 
to enriching glimpses of the greats who 
“not only made history — they also wrote 
it.” Isabel Hampton, Lavinia Dock, Adelaide 
Nutting, Doctors Osler, Welch, Halstead 
and Kelly live again before us. 

Part Two deals with the period from 
1907 to 1949. Miss Pfefferkorn takes us 
through the years of rapid development in 
education, health and social work. World 
War I, the influenza epidemic, the depres- 
sion and on its heels World War II, all 
take the centre of the stage in turn. The 
school is piloted through these crises by 
Georgina Ross, Elsie Lawler and Anna D. 
Wolf. We see their hopes and their vision; 
their courage amid hardships and disappoint- 
ments. Through all these years the school 
maintains its purpose of education for 
service. 

The book also contains studies of special 
aspects of the school. These cover the li- 
brary, nursing in the community, life in the 
school, the work of the Endowment Fund 
Committee, and the Johns Hopkins Hospital 
Nurses’ Alumnae Association. 

Exhaustive research, understanding, in- 
Sight amd skill have produced a meaning- 
ful setting for the unfolding of the history 
of the school in the social framework of the 
country. It mirrors the struggles of a hos- 


JULY, 1955 + Vol. 51, No. 7 


pital school of nursing. For this reason 
nurse educators and those interested in 
nursing should find the book well worth 
reading. 


The Child, His Parents and the Nurse, 
by Florence G. Blake, R.N.. M.A. 440 
pages. J. B. Lippincott Co., 2083 Guy 
St., Montreal 25. 1954. Price $5.00. 
Reviewed by Sister Miriam, Clinical 
Instructor in Obstetrics, St. Mary's Hos- 
pital, Montreal. 

A generous grant made available by the 
Kellogg Foundation for the development of 
an advanced course in “Nursing Care of 
Children,” enabled the author to do research 
work in this particular field. In her introduc- 
tion, the author stresses the importance of 
developing in the student the qualities most 
essential to the art of nursing. 

This comprehensive study is written 
primarily for those interested in the newer 
trends of nursing. It presents excerpts from 
many sources, including areas of psychiatry, 
growth and development, and the social 
sciences. The questions found at the end 
of each chapter are an excellent guide for 
clinical instructors and should prove of 
sound educational yalue to the students by 
promoting their activity and participation. 
Suggested readings are also listed at the 
end of each chapter. 

The material is divided into age groups 
for the purpose of clarity and organization. 
Each phase of development continues into 
the next period and becomes fused with 
it. Chapters two and three are of particular 
interest to those concerned with obstetrical 
nursing. 

I feel sure that this book will be most 
beneficial in developing a helpful coopera- 
tion between the child, his parents and the 
nurse, thereby fulfilling the author’s purpose. 


Microbes and You, by Stanley E. Wed- 
berg, Ph.D. 439 pages. The Macmillan 
Co. of Canada Ltd., 70 Bond St., Toronto, 
Ont. 1954. Price $4.50. 

Reviewed by Yvonne Mogen, Assistant 

Director of Nursing and Educational 

Director, General Hospital, Medicine Hat, 

Alta. 

Students in courses in microbiology fre- 
quently enrol as complete novices as to the 
whys and wherefores of the bacterial world. 


—— 


a 


Srpted hare agen + 


a7 J eit 


ns Comey, 








To incorporate into the curriculum the 
rudimentary aspects of bacteriology, the 
principles evolved from research and study, 
and the applications pertinent to our work, 
presents a challenge to the instructor who 
is limited by time. That the author has un- 
derstood this problem is indicated in his 
preface when he states that the book “has 
been written as a text for an introductory, 
terminal, survey course in microbiology for 
students with little or no background in 
science.” He has succeeded in providing 
much more than background material. Of 
the 23 chapters, 16 are devoted to general 
considerations of bacteria, incorporating 
practical, everyday applications useful to 
nursing practice. Enough detailed explana- 
tion has been provided to insure basic 
knowledge of the various relationships of 
microbes to man. 

The style adopted by the author emanates 
interest from the beginning. The introduc- 
tion provides pertinent facts relative to the 
influence of scientific progress on the life 
span. Such chapter headings as “Microbes 
Must Eat” and “Polluted Waters Can Kill 
You” indicate the author’s ability to capture 
the eye — a prerequisite to gaining atten- 
tion. 

“Microbes and You” serves a useful role 
for the instructor in presenting and sup- 
plementing her lectures, and for the student 
who feels the disadvantage of her position 
as a newcomer to the realm of bacterio- 
logical study. 


by Leonard B. Harrop, M.A., Fellow of 

the Institute of Linguists. 44 pages. 

Published by the Author, McGill Uni- 

versity, Montreal. 

Reviewed by Mrs. Vernon Bolger, 

Science Instructor, Charlottetown Hos- 

pital, Charlottetown, P.ELL. 

In his book Professor Harrop has taken 
selections from medical and nursing litera- 
ture to illustrate the study of words in 
context. He has assigned the learner the task 
of supplying the synonyms and antonyms 
of these words. In addition to individual 
words, attention is given to idiomatic ex- 
pressions which the student is directed to 
use in sentence construction. A number of 
questions on each selection, designed to im- 
prove comprehension skill, are included in 
each assignment. 

The excerpts from the writings on medi- 
cine and nursing are well chosen to give 


authoritative information and to interest the 
student in doing further reading on the 
same topic. The assignments serve the two- 
fold purpose of building a larger vocabulary 
and of improving comprehension skill. 

Dr. Harrop wrote this book especially 
for non-English-speaking students, but it 
could be used to advantage by every Cana- 
dian student. Many students of nursing 
complain of the difficulty of understanding 
so many new terms — it is like learning 
a new language. It helps a great deal to 
have these words used in context. I would 
like to see Professor Harrop do another 
series with more sampling of scientific 
terms. 


The Nursing Couple, by Merell P. 
Middlemore, M.D. 195 pages. British 
Book Service (Canada) Ltd., Kingswood 
House, 1068 Broadview Ave., Toronto 6, 
Ont. 2nd Ed., 1953. Price $1.50. 
Reviewed by Miss Christine E. Charter, 
Victorian Order of Nurses, Vancouver, 
B.C. 

This little book, with such an intriguing 
title, is said to represent the first serious 
attempt made by a qualified psychoanalyst 
to study the psychic “sucking situation” 
between mother and infant. 

The main thesis which Dr. Middlemore 
presents is that mother and baby could 
secure a happicr and more profitable adap- 
tation to each other, if, in place of the 
traditional rigid methods, the mother could 
use, under skilled guidance, a flexible tech- 
nique for breast feeding which would take 
full account of the psychological as well 
as the physical needs of herself and her 
baby. Strong support is given to the theory 
that what happens to the baby at the breast 
can affect it all through life, and that the 
factors of activity, passivity and mental 
stress set up by frustration at the time 
of nursing are of paramount importance in i 
the development of character. Dr. Middle- . 
more’s observations, made in the obstetrical 
wards of a general hospital in England, are 
concerned, therefore, with the physical and 
emotional difficulties experienced by the 
mother and infant in establishing satis- 
factory breast feeding and are included 
under such chapter topics as: Routine and 
Standard Nursing Technique, Satisfied and 
Unsatisfied Sucklings, The Mother's Emo- 
tional Attitude, Principles on Which Tech- 
nique Might be Modified. 

First published in 1941, it is unfortunate 
that the author did not live to revise the 








THE CANADIAN NURSE 











work herself in the light of current trends 
in this area, but the inferences she draws 
from her observations at that time seem 
objective and sound, yet show a kind ap- 
preciation of difficulties encountered. This is 
a book which should help doctors and nurses 
to realize that the mutual adaptation of 
mother and baby may be advanced by sym- 
pathetic nursing and delayed by “misguided 
interference.” It could also be read_profit- 
ably by intelligent mothers. 


No Thought for Tomorrow — The Story 
of a Northern Nurse, by Cecilia Jowett, 
R.N. 104 pages. The Ryerson Press, 299 
Queen St. W., Toronto 2B, Ont. 1954. 
Price $2.75. 

Remewed by Lillian MacKenzie, Director, 

Public Health Nursing, Winnipeg Health 

Dept. 

From her cabin home in Northern On- 
tario Miss Jowett has written this moving 
and inspiring account of the strange and 
full years of her life. A victim of circum- 
stances which placed her in an orphanage 
at the age of three and brought her to 
Canada from England at five with an iden- 
tification ticket pinned to her coat, Miss 
Jowett'’s story reveals how through tireless 
energy, gtim determination, and the early 
influence of Dr. Bernardo’s care, she was 
able to overcome all obstacles and accom- 


plish her childish resolve to make a place 
for herself in the world by helping others. 

Following graduation from the Orillia 
General Hospital, Miss Jowett was able to 
realize her ambition to become a missionary 
nurse when she offered her services to the 
settlers in a tiny rural community. 

The first 11 chapters bring us into in- 
timate contact with these hardy Northern 
Ontario settlers. Miss Jowett’s descriptions 
of this settlement, its people, and her seven 
years’ experience are so vivid and real that 
one can readily imagine oneself sitting in 
her humble cabin or accompanying her in 
winter and summer as she answers the call 
“Missus Nurse, you come, pliz.” 

Miss Jowett’s second resolution — to 
return to England in search of her family 
— was made possible by a small legacy 
from a grateful patient. In chapters 12 to 
16 her description of the preparation for 
the journey, and the humorous and pathetic 
incidents throughout the trip leave the 
reader full of compassion and admiration. 
Her true purpose in life brought her back 
to Canada. In the final chapter of her book 
we find her established in a cabin on Lake 
Couchiching ministering to the needs of 
her Indian friends of the Rama reserva- 
tion. Throughout the pages of her book, 
Miss Jowett’s life story exemplifies the joy 
of achievement, and the dignity of service. 


In the Good Old Days 


(The Canadian Nurse — Jury, 1915) 


“I have a feeling that there is a tend- 
ency among us, in this day of standards 
and efficiency in our training schools, to 
talk of the science of nursing, forgetting 
that along with science there must be sow/.” 

ee foe 

“Medical inspection of school children 
has produced many striking examples of the 
results of attention to carious teeth and the 
removal of diseased tonsils and adenoids. 
There was a rapid improvement of general 
nutrition, a quickened intelligence and a 
readier application to school work with a 
marked improvement of school progress.” 

. * = 

“It is only recently that the experiments 
for finding the level of blood pressure have 
been used in clinical medicine. The first 
study of blood pressure in man was made 
in Vienna in 1876. Before that time doc- 
tors paid more attention to pulse and skin. 


JULY, 1955 « Vol. 51. No. 7 


Even today some doctors claim that the 
pressure can be judged by the finger as well 
as by an instrument.” 


Victorian Order of Nurses 


The following are staff changes in the 
Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada: 

Appointments — Calgary: Nellie Fisher- 
Davies (Royal Free Hosp., Ireland). Ot- 


tawa: Margaret Godin (St. Michael's 
Hosp., Toronto), Pictou: Mrs. Anne Smith 
(St. Martha's Hosp. Antigonish, N.S.). 


Saint John, N.B.: Lorraine MacKay (St. J. 
Gen. Hosp. N.B.). Toronto: Mrs. Shirley 
Querney (Victoria Hosp. London); Mrs. 
Ruth Sharpe (Tor. West. Hosp.). Win- 
nipeg: Shirley Mansbridge (Grace Hosp., 
Winnipeg). Woodstock: Mrs. Muriel Likens. 








From Small Beginnings 





A fascinating old book was loaned to us 
recently by the Director-in-Chief of the 
Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada, Miss 
Christine Livingston. It was the verbatim 
report of the Jubilee Congress of District 
Nursing, held at Liverpool, England, 50 
years after Mr. William Rathbone had 
launched the very first such program in 
that city. 

The Congress was attended by numerous 
titled folk including Lady Aberdeen who 
sparked the development of the Victorian 
Order in 1897. Representatives from many 
countries reported on the growth of bedside 
nursing in the homes, on pensions for nurses, 
and the comparative newcomer in the pub- 
lic health field, school nursing. 

Students in public health nursing courses 
would love to have a chance to pore through 
these pages. Miss Amy Hughes, general 
superintendent of the Queen Victoria Jubilee 
Institute read a paper on the “History of 
District Nursing in England and Other 
Countries” that is a gem so far as source 
material is concerned. Because Mr. William 
Rathbone, the founder of district nursing, 
found it impossible to secure qualified 
nurses, in 1862 he generously made it pos- 
sible for the Royal Infirmary, Liverpool, 
to start a training school along the lines 
of the one Miss Nightingale had started 
to “supply nurses not only for the Infirmary 
itself but also for the poor in their own 
homes and for private patients.” Despite 
the fact the district nursing was planned 
originally to provide care for the poor, 
“from the very first, Mr. Rathbone foresaw 
the dangers of indiscriminate sick relief: 
the nurses .. . were urged to avoid the evil 
of pauperising the patients.” 

An interesting emphasis was reflected in 
the report read on the work of the Henry 
Street Settlement in New York. “Nursing 
the sick in their homes should be done 
seriously and adequately, instruction being 
incidental to it and not the primary motive.” 

School nursing evolved from district nurs- 
ing when, in 1892, a Queen's Nurse visited 
a school in London at the request of the 
school board. “The idea originated during 
the enquiry into the feeding of school chil- 
dren in 1891-92, when it was discovered 
that unnecessary suffering was inflicted 
on the children by the neglect of minor 
ailments such as broken chilblains, etc.” 
The nurse's skill produced such beneficial 





results so far as attendance was concerned 
that by 1904 the London County Council 
had appointed a large staff of school nurses. 
The salaries ranged from 75 to 100 pounds 
a year. 

In the light of present-day developments 
the following excerpt from an address de- 
scriptive of an active school nursing pro- 
gram shows what a poor prophet the 
speaker was: “I am afraid the days of the 
school nurse are numbered (Cries of ‘no, 
no’), because I am afraid there is an in- 
fluence at work which is against her .. . In 
working or manufacturing towns, the life 
of a medical man is very hard and difficult, 
and his earnings are very small. The fee 
he can charge is, in many cases, only a 
shilling. It may be that doctors in such 
a town may resent a nurse giving dressings 
and doing this work for 89,000 children 
in five years, representing 89,000 shillings 
out of medical men’s pockets.” 

A question that is still of burning interest 
to nurses received considerable attention 
and discussion — pensions. Space does not 
permit the reproduction of the principal 
address but some of the comments are still 
very pertinent, some amusing : 

“A nurse cannot commence to work for 
herself until much later in life than the 
ordinary working woman .. . she is 27 or 
28 before she is qualified to work on her 
own account — before she is able to earn 
anything beyond the most trifling sum to- 
gether with her board, lodging and profes- 
sional clothing. 

“Her working life is short. The age at 
which a nurse must be prepared to cease 
work is not absolute but experience . . . 
shows that most nurses fail to obtain reg- 
ular employment after the age of 45 and 
that very few can earn a livelihood at 50. 
I am, of course, dealing with the rank and 
file — the “Tommy Atkins’ of the profes- 
sion. 

“There is another consideration which has 
a most important bearing on the subject, 
that is, the vitality of nurses. It is higher 
than that of the average woman. The nurse 
lives longer than the Government annuitant 
— the longest lived person in the country! 
Thus there is a longer period to bridge 
over between the inability to obtain work 
and death.” 

A contributory pension scheme was in 
operation to which, even in 1909, a great 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 








ee | 
AV bo Fe U2 kT a le 








many hospitals and many district nursing provision of pensions for those in private 


associations belonged. Then, as now, the 


nursing presented a problem. 


Liver Microsomes 


Special mechanisms by which the body 
destroys drugs and other “foreign” com- 
pounds have been discovered, revealing that 
the body has systems of “counter agents” 
that attack and inactivate drugs. The counter 
agents are contained in little-studied liver 
microsomes — tiny particles of the body’s 
cells too small to be seen even with a micro- 
scope. This discovery stems from research 
into the fate of drugs in the body being 
conducted by the U.S. Public Health Serv- 
ice’s National Heart Institute. Knowledge 
of these mechanisms will be valuable in the 
designing of better drugs for specific action 
in the body. 

Before the discovery of this function of 
liver microsomes, it was assumed that drugs 
were inactivated by becoming “enmeshed” 
in biochemical mechanisms which did not 
distinguish between drugs or other foreign 
compounds and substances used in the body’s 
normal economy. The new finding estab- 
lishes the existence of chemical systems 
which seem to work solely to limit the 
action of intruding foreign substances and 
which may have no function in the handling 
of substances that the body uses for nutri- 
tional purposes. 

The events which led to this discovery 
began at the Heart Institute some time ago 
with the study of a then new compound 
called SKF 525-A.° This compound, which 
lacks any activity of its own, was known 
to possess a remarkable ability to prolong 
r “potentiate” the effects of other drugs 
in the body. Rats, for example, slept ten 
times as long with a barbiturate when its 
use was accompanied by SKF 525-A than 
without it. This potentiating effect was seen 
not only with barbiturates but also with an 
unrelated variety of compounds — nar- 
cotics, muscle relaxing drugs, and even 
stimulants. 

That SKF 525-A could slow the break- 
down of such unrelated compounds was 
surprising and interesting to Heart Institute 
investigators. It suggested the possible exist- 
ence of a common denominator which ties 
together in some way all of the body’s 
different pathways of drug breakdown and 
makes them all open to the action of SKF 
525-A. This common denominator was the 


JULY, 1955 + Vol. 51, No. 7 


liver microsome which was found to con- 
tain nearly all of the enzyme systems re- 
sponsible for drug breakdown. 

Liver microsomes, however, will not work 
to break down drugs without help. Oxygen 
and reduced TPN (triphosphopyridine 
nucleotide), an “enzyme helper” present in 
various kinds of chemical systems in nature, 
are also necessary common denominators. 
With the use of all three, microsomes, 
oxygen, and reduced TPN, many drugs are 
now being made to undergo in the test 
tube the same kind of metabolic disintegra- 
tion as they would undergo naturally in the 
body. 

In the course of evolution, however, it 
is Obvious that the microsomal enzyme sys- 
tem did not arise in the body as a way of 
limiting the duration of action of medicinal 
compounds. It is present in many animal 
species that have never been exposed to 


It has been suggested that the microsomal 
enzyme systems developed in the liver of 
an ancestral species as a way of disposing 
of useless or harmful substances taken into 
the body with food. Hundreds of compounds 
of no value to the body are swallowed 
with food and absorbed into the blood. 
Many more are made by the bacteria 
of the digestive tract. A separate mechanism, 
such as that of the liver microsomes, which 
functions to rid the body of such useless 
accumulations would be. of great survival 
value. — U.S. Department oF Heats, 

EpucaTion AND WELFARE 


Camels hardly ever sweat at all, even in 
extreme heat. This “stinginess” with body 
moisture enables them to go for months 
without a drink. In an experiment one camel 
subsisted for 17 days on nothing but hay and 
dried dates out in the scorching sun. But 
when a camel does drink, it can tank up in 
a hurry. One moisture-starved animal 
downed 30 gallons within ten minutes. 

* . * 

Unless you make regular deposits in the 
Bank of Goodwill, your demands may come 
back marked “Insufficient Funds.” 





Cz 






ae eee ne eee ee ee ee eS eT ee 





~. 





The greatest enemies of good mental 
health are fear and an inability to deal with 
problems, which if not faced and dealt with 
eventually give rise to mental and emotional 
disorders. Developing the following patterns 
of everyday behavior will help to sustain 
good and to improve poor mental health : 

1. A sense of humor. 

2. A habit of living in the present. 

3. Freedom from worry, an ability to relax 
and to minimize strains and tensions that 
are unavoidable. 

4. A sense of perspective, recognition of 
what is important and what is not — be 
disturbed about a situation only when some- 
thing can be done about it and action is 


warranted. 

5. A sense of purpose, of meaning in life, 
a set of goals. 

6. Hobbies and interests outside of work 
— an absorbing interest in something you 
would rather do than eat. 

7. An open-minded approach to difficulties, 
a willingness to experiment. 

8 A habit of making prompt decisions 
and accepting the consequences. Delay 
causes strains and tensions since it involves 
living through an experience three times — 
(a) apprehension about making the decision ; 
(b) living through the experience; (c) 
looking back with regret. 

9. An ability to face reality. 


Two Rapid-Stop Blackeyes 


One of the shortest — and most daring — 
of medical exeriments recently took place 
on the flat sands of New Mexico in the 
U.S.A. A _ rocket-driven sled, mounted on 
rails, roared to a speed of over 630 miles 
per hour within a few seconds after take- 
off — then, in less than 2 seconds, braked 
to a shattering stop. In the sled, tied to a 
seat with nylon straps, was Colonel John 
F. Stapp of the U.S. Air Force. The colo- 


windblast and other physical forces which 
buffet pilots attempting to bail out from 
supersonic jet aircraft. 

Though exposed to a deceleration 35 times 
the force of gravity, and a wind pressure of 
more than two tons, Colonel Stapp suffered 
only minor ill effects from his supersonic 
voyage; two black eyes as a result of pres- 
sure on the eyelids during the incredibly 
rapid stop, and a small skin blister from 


nel, an expert on aviation medicine, volun- dust particles in the air. 
teered for the test designed to duplicate the — ISPS 
Ontario 


The following are staff changes in the 
Ontario Public Health Nursing Services: 

Appointments — lerna Bates, formerly 
with Fort William and District Health Unit 
to Toronto Dept. of Public Health; 
Kathieen. Nelson (Health Visitor and 
Queen's Institute of District Nursing) to 
York County H.U.; Christina Whitford 


(Health Vis. and Queen's L. of D.N.) to 
Toronto D.P.H. 

Resignations — Muriel (Hansen) Hughes 
from Scarborough Township Board of 
Health; Amy Keown from Brant Co. H.U.; 
Jean (Hawkins) Love from Kingston B. 
of H.; Lydia (Henry) Scharrer from 
Elgin-St. Thomas H.U. 


Take time to work — it is the price of success ; 

Take time to think — it is the source of power ; 

Take time to play — it is the secret of perpetual youth ; 
Take time to laugh — it is the music of the soul; 

Take time to give — it is too short a day to be selfish ; 
Take time to save — it is the foundation of your future ; 
Take time to read — it is the foundation of wisdom ; 

Take time to worship — it is the highway to reverence ; 
Take time to be friendly — it is the road to happiness ; 
Take time to dream — it is hitching your wagon to a star ; 
Take time to love and be loved — it is the privilege of the gods. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











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New Booklet Available to Aid 
Management of Overweight Patients 


The 1955 edition of the well-known 
Knox “Eat-and-Reduce” booklet elim- 
inates calorie counting for obese pa- 
tients under your care. This year's edi- 
tion is based on the use of Food Exchange 
Lists! which have proved so accurate in 
the dietary management of diabetics. 
The first 18 pages of the new booklet 
present in simple terms key information 
on the use of Food Exchanges (referred 
to in the book as Choices). In the center, 
double gatefold pages outline color- 
coded dicts of 1200, 1600, and 1800 cal- 
ories based on the Food Exchanges. 
To help patients persevere in their 
reducing plans, the last 14 pages of the 
new Knox booklet are devoted to more 


JULY, 1955 + Vol. Si, No. 7 





than six dozen, tested, low-calorie rec- 
ipes. Use the coupon below to obtain 
copies of the new “Eat-and-Reduce” 
booklet. 


1. Developed by the U.S. Public Health Service 
assisted by committees of The American Dia- 
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Please send me —— copies of the new 
illustrated Knox “ Eat-and-Reduce” 
booklet based on Food Exchanges. 


YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS 





Nasa Cage et 2 






—_- 
— 





nied nto A et ey ir 





If you would cure anger, do not feed it. 
Say to yourself: “I used to be angry every 
day; then every other day; now only every 
third or fourth day.” When you reach thirty 
days offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving to the 
gods. 

— Epictetus, 60, A.D. 


| News 


District 2 


CAMROSE 


Election of officers of the chapter apps § 
resulted as follows: President, Sr. 


were 
present and plans were made for a Jubilee 
smorgasbord. 


District 3 


CALGARY 


E. Shaw, president, conducted a recent 
meeting of the district attended by 40 mem- 
bers. Miss Street was one of the speakers 
during the discussion of the proposed re- 
vision of the A.A.R.N. Act. A $100 bursary 
will be awarded to a deserving candidate 
for nurses’ training in each of the two 
training schools. 


BANFF 


Twenty-three members attended a recent 
meeting of the chapter. Mmes G. Barker 
and C. Langridge were made delegates to 
the convention in Calgary. Mrs. Brey re- 
ported 49 families in attendance at the 
clinic. Mrs. Worth reported that the film 
series in the children’s ward of the hospital 
were successful and it was decided to pro- 
ceed with the furnishings of the ward. The 
funds raised by the cancer workshop is used 
for cancer education and research. It was 
unanimously decided to support the council 
in its drive for compulsory registration of 
nurses. 


HicH RIver 
Mrs. Eaton presided at a meeting of the 


We should remember when dealing with 
the handicapped child that it is the ability — 
not the disability — that counts. 

* - 1 ¥ 

He had a good job, but his wife com- 
plained because his average income was 
about midnight. 


Notes 


chapter recently and 17 members attended. 
Reports of the Hospital Day tea committee 
were heard. 


District 4 
MepicingE Hat 


= Me work among the Indians in 
orthern Manitoba. Three members and a 
student nurse were chosen to represent the 
district on the Golden Jubilee committee. 
Mrs. C. R. McKay conducted a later meet- 
ing when 26 members were present and 


nurse affiliation program. 


District 7 
EDMONTON 


At-a recent meeting of the district Misses 
Penhale and Johnson led a discussion on 
the revision of the provincial by-laws, There 
were 24 members present. 


JASPER 


The regular meeting of the chapter re- 
cently took the form of a ty party 
and was attended by 22 members. 
were used for the registration fee of the 
delegates. to the provincial convention, A 
brief business meeting followed. 


WAIN WRIGHT 


Officers elected at the annual meeting of 
the chapter were: President, Mrs. H. 
ton; vice-president, Mrs. J. Wallace; sec- 
retary-treasurer, I. Fletcher, A at- 
tendance during the year was 16. tes 
were +sent to all the conventions and as- 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 











The Floor Supervisor 


Call lights flashing, medications to be 
given, rounds to be made—this is no 
time to talk to a detail man! But 
knowledge of the drugs you handle 
is important. So... when you get a 
chance, talk with the Lederle Repre- 
sentative. He can give you much 
helpful information on regularly used 
products like: 


Ask your pharmacis! to let you know when 
the Lederle mon is in the hospital. (Maybe 
you'd like to schedule him to speak at 
your next supervisors’ meeting!) 


®oca Teact mare 


JULY, 1955+ Vol. 51, No. 7 


ACHROMYCIN® Tetracycline, the 
leading tetracycline, today's foremost brood- 
spectrum antibiotic. 

FOLBESYN®* Vitamins, high potency 
pocrenteral B-complex with C. 

DIAMOX* Acetazoleamide, a carbonic 
enhydrase inhibitor, the outstanding drug of 
its kind, useful in edema, glaucoma, epilepsy. 
VARIDASE* Streptokinase-Streptodor- 
nose, used for enzymatic debridement and 
control of inflammation. 


LEDERLE LABORATORIES DIVISION 


NORTH AMERICAN Cyanamid Limirep 
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sistance was given at the Blood Donor 
climc and the canvassing for the cancer 
campaign. 


District § 


CLARESHOLM 


Mrs. Steele reported on the convention in 
Calgary at a recent meeting of the chapter. 
Films on care of the three types of polio 
sent by Miss Barker from Calgary were 
shown. A banquet was planned for the last 
meeting of the season in June. 


BRITISH COLUMBIA 
ABBOTSFORD 
Average attendance at chapter meetings 
during the year was 22. Guest speakers 
were: Mrs. Asche, speaking on tuberculosis: 
L. Langdale, on his work as probation of- 


ficer for the Upper Fraser Valley; Dr. I. 
Fast, on the diagnosis of abdominal condi- 


Don't just - for y her ‘mlearel oil” 


Nujol 


574 


tions. Interesting films were shown. Dona- 
tions were made to: The cancer campaign; 
C.N.1L.B.; CA.R.S. and Community Aid. 
A $100 bursary was awarded to a local 
girl who is entering training. Members 
made tours of the rehabilitation centre of 
the Cerebral Palsy Association and the 
Crease clinic. Home nursing classes were 
provided for residents of the district. A 
Tupper Wear party, card party and a rum- 
mage sale were fund-raising projects. New 
officers are: President, Mrs. C. Lillies; vice- 
president, Mrs. F. Scott : secretary, Mrs. J. 
Irvine; treasurer, M. Mueller. 


CHILLIWACK 


At a recent meeting of the chapter Dr. 
C. Law of the Coqualectza staff was guest 
speaker. The topic was tuberculosis surgery 
illustrated by colored slides. Mrs. C. Pen- 
nock outlined the nursing care. M. Mc- 
Kinlay thanked the speakers. The business 
meeting was chaired by Mrs. A. Edmeston. 
Two bursaries of $100 cach were presented 
to prospective nursing students. A_ radio 
drama of the life of Florence Nightingale 
was sponsored. Flowers were placed on the 
altar in memory of the late E. Chadsey, 
M. Swanson, and Mrs. M Rowberry at 
the service commemorating Miss Nightin- 
gale’s birthday. Members dressed a_ local 
store window emphasizing the role of 
nursing in the prevention and treatment of 
polio, V. Day and B. Beck were chapter 
delegates to the provincial convention in 
Penticton 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 








TRAIL 


Thirty-five members attended a recent 
meeting of the chapter conducted by the 
president, Mrs. Ross. A letter of thanks 
from Nelson Chapter for the annual dinner 
was read. Plans were made for a tea and 
to have Dr. McCreary speak at a sub- 
sequent meeting when the district chapters 
will be invited to attend. Proceeds of the 
tea will be donated to the fund for hospital 
curtains. It was decided to approve the 
adoption of proposed amendments in the 
provincial constitution and by-laws. Miss 
Whittington reported that over 1,600 chil- 
dren had had polio vaccine. A dinner 
meeting, convened by Mmes Meyers and 
Garland, was planned for June. At the 
close of the meeting Miss Whittington 
showed a film, “Search,” on cerebral palsy. 


VANCOUVER 
St. Paul’s Hospital 


Mr. A. L. McLellan was scheduled to be 
guest speaker at the May meeting of the 
alumnae association on the topic of the 
growth and development of the Medical 
Services’ Association. Mrs. G. Collishaw. 
acting president, was made official delegate 
to the provincial convention in Penticton. 
R. Smith plans to take a nursing degree 
at McGill School for Graduate Nurses. 
P. Horne is in Lima, Peru. 


MANTTOBA 
District 2 
BRANDON 


Mrs. M. Hannah, president, opened. the 
district annual meeting and welcomed the 
members of Brandon Mental Hospital who 
participated in a symposium on mental nurs- 
ing. P. Beecher outlined the courses avail- 
able in psychiatric nursing; I. Zylich, 
nursing imstructor, discussed the nurses’ 
role; Mrs. J. Hannah, superintendent of 
nurses, spoke on nursing service. Other 
speakers were: Miss Smith, occupational 
therapist, on handicrafts and activities: Mr. 
lL. Henderson, statistician and research 
analyst, on results of treatment by surgery 
amd medicine, including the use of the drug, 
Largactil: Miss Kendall, on the benefits 
derived from her post-graduate course. Dr 
Tyndell, recently from Vienna, asked all 
nurses to assist in directing patients to 
mental health clinics and later helping them 
in rehalulitation. A vote of appreciation 
tor the excellent presentation of the sym- 
posium was moved by the secretary 

At the business mecting attended by 18 
members thai followed, the resignation of 
ATS vice-presidemt, M. McPherson, was ac- 
cepted with regret. The present slate of 
ofheers was voted to continue for another 
year, Problems to be presented at the an- 
nual provincial meeting in May and plans 
lor the CNA. Biennial in Winnipeg in 


JULY. 1966 ¢ Vol. 51, No. 7 


Poa 


TAN-GEL 





© INSTANTLY RELIEVES PAIN 
© KEEPS SKIN SOFT AND SMOOTH 


Pleasantly-scented Tan-Gel 
soothes like magic . . . imme- 
diately easing pain and sore- 
ness from sunburn. Protects 
your skin from roughening, too! 


Tan-Gel also provides swift 
relief from other summertime 
complaints — poison ivy, cuts, 
scrapes, insect bites, etc. 


To moke your vacation more 
pleasant, we will be glad fo 
send you a regular-size tube. 
Just send us a post card with 
your name and address. 


Chats Some EM, 


575 














Tangy 


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1956 were discussed. It was announced that 
the by-laws had been accepted and are to 
be submitted to the Lieutenant Governor in 
Council. The joint Hospital and Nursing 
conference will be held October 18-20. At 
the annual dinner of the Graduate Nurses’ 
Association, the president conveyed the 
greetings of the district to the graduating 
classes of Brandon General and Mental 
Hospitals. The next meeting will be held 
in October. 


WINNIPEG 
General Hospital 


One of the special functions in the celeb- 
ration of the Golden Jubilee of the hospital 
was the dinner and dance, in honor of the 
6/th graduating class, at the Fort Garry 
Hotel. Seventy-eight nurses received their 
diplomas and special guests included six 
graduates of 1890-1905, among them Mrs. 
McKee from the West coast and Mrs. 


Don’t just ask for ‘mineral oif” 
DEMAND 


Nujol 


GENTLY RELIEVES ORDINARY CONSTIPATION 





] 
. 
Graham of Winnipeg who is over ninety. 
Nineteen members attended the 1925 class 
reunion and 20 members attended the 25th 

anniversary of the 1930 class.. Miss Cam- 

eron, director of nursing, drew attention 

to another milestone, the graduation of the 

3,000th nurse. Dr. H. Saunderson, president 

of the University of Manitoba, as guest 

speaker, chose the topic, “What of the Next 

Fifty Years?” The alumnae association 

awarded $100 and a gold medal to the grad- 

uate with the highest grades in bedside 

nursing while the Vancouver Chapter 

donated $50 for the highest mark in ob- 

Stetrical nursing. 


Misericordia Hospital 


Dr. A. Gordon was master of ceremonies 
and Dr. J. Farr addressed the 16 graduates 
at the recent graduation exercises. Sr. St. 
Odilon, director of nurses, administered the 
Florence Nightingale pledge and Rev. H. 
Daly presented the diplomas. B Linklater 
presented awards to the following: M. Os- 
trowski, M. Herman, O. Rozwood, L. 
Cymbalisty, J. Wood. A $500 scholarship 
for post-graduate study was presented to 
D. Baleaen by Mrs. C. Cruden, president 
of the alumnae association. L. Lesperance 
won The Canadian Nurse award. The un- 
dergraduates entertained the graduating 
class prior to the exercises and the alumnae 
association held a banquet and dance in 
their honor. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


a 










SCHOOL for GRADUATE NURSES 
McGILL UNIVERSITY 


PROGRAM LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF NURSING 


Two-year program. for graduate nurses holding McGill Senior Matriculation (or 
its equivalent) or three-year program for candidates holding McGill Junior 
Matriculation. Students may elect to do the major part of their work in one of 
the following areas: 

Teaching & Supervision in Hospitals & Schools of Nursing 

Administration in Hospitals & Schools of Nursing 

Supervision & Administration in Public Health Nursing 


















Students who elect Teaching and Supervision may specialize in one of the 
following: 

Medical-Surgical Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing, 

Teaching of Sciences, Maternal & Child Health (Students 

may choose either Pediatric or Obstetric Nursing as a 

major field of interest). 


PROGRAM LEADING TO A DIPLOMA 


Candidates who possess McGill Junior or Senior Matriculation or equivalents 
may be granted a diploma at the completion of one year of study in the 
School. Candidates working for a diploma may elect to study Public Health 
Nursing or Teaching and Supervision in any one of the above clinical areas. 


For further information write to: 
Director, McGill School for Graduate Nurses, 
1266 Pine Ave. W., Montreal 25, Que. 





NEW BRUNSWICK guest soloist. Other special guests were: 
Dr. and -Mrs. C. Ibbotson, Mr. and Mrs. 
MoncTon L. Lockton, and Mrs. H. Radcliffe. Three 


hundred guests attended and a dance and 
singsong followed. 


Nurses’ Hospital Aid 


Mrs. G. Shaw, president, conducted recent 
meetings of the Aid. Mrs. M. Perry was 
made convener of the graduation dinner 
and dance and Mrs. L. Moore, represent- 
ative to the Moncton Council of Women 
Mrs. C. Johnson, a new member, was wel- 
comed. Mrs. S. Dunham won the mystery 
box. Mrs. Shaw presided at the graduation 
dinner for a class of 23 members, including 
three from the school of radiologic tech- 
nology, and welcomed the guests. Miss K 
Richardson, superintendent of nurses, gave 
the invocation while Miss A. MacMaster, 
FACHA, former superintendent of nurses, 
addressed the class and proposed the toast 
C. Clark responded. Student nurse ( 
Earley, accompanied by Miss Clark, was 


THE CENTRAL REGISTRY 
OF GRADUATE NURSES 
TORONTO 


Furnish Nurses 
. at any hour . 


DAY or NIGHT 
TELEPHONE WAInut 2-2136 
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JULY, 1985 ¢ Vol. Si, No. 7 








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NOVA SCOTIA 
HALIFAX 
Victoria General Hospital 


The president of the alumnae association, 
Mrs. H. S. T. Williams, presided at the 
annual meeting. Average attendance during 
the year was 46. Miss F. MacDonald, direc- 
tor of nurses, was made honorary president. 
Special speakers at meetings included: M. 
Graham who spoke on her work with 
WHO; P. MacDonald, social worker, on 
her work at the hospital; Dr. J. Stapleton, 
radiologist, on Australia, his former home. 
Donations were made to: Red Feather 
campaign, March of Dimes, Cancer Society, 
Salvation Army, and the students’ Year 
Book fund. Christmas and Easter boxes 
were sent out. The year’s copies of The 
Canadian Nurse were bound for the resi- 
dence library, Senior students held a pantry 
sale to raise funds for their year book. Plans 
for 1955 include: Award to the graduate 
obtaining the highest marks in surgery; a 
$100 bursary held in reserve for a post- 
graduate course for graduates; appointment 
of a representative and two student nurses 
to the provincial convention in New Glas- 
gow; a course tor members in public 
speaking and parliamentary procedure. 

New officers are: President, L. Hitz; 
vice-presidents, G. Flick, Mrs. E. Blain: 
secretary, Mrs. F. MacLeod: treasurer, Mrs. 
L. Bell. Others assisting in various capac- 
ities are: P. Maclsaac, M. Ripley, E. 
Haliburton, C. MacLean, Mmes J. Cameron, 
V. Gormley, G. Freeman, L. MacRae, C 
Hodgeson, H. S. T. Williams. 


ONTARIO 
District 2 
BRANTFORD 


At the annual meeting of the district, 
H. Naudett became chairman replacing Mrs 
M. Read who has moved from the district. 
M. Snider is past chairman while M. 
Thompson becomes first vice-chairman, S 
Leadbetter resigned as secretary and the 
treasurer, M. Haviland, will be secretary- 
treasurer. There were 110 members regis- 
tered. J. Wilcox, a victim of cerebral palsy 
herself, gave an inspiring talk on the disease 
and presented the film, “A Place in the 
Sun.” The after-dinner speaker was Dr. 
W. L. C. McGill who gave a resumé of 
recent advances in surgery accompanied by 


Acts regular as clockwork to relieve 
ordinaty constipation 


Nujol 


FINEST MINERAL O1L MONEY CAN BUY 





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slides. It was noted that a good goodly 
percentage of those present subscribes to 
The Canadian Nurse. 


District 5 
TORONTO 
Women’s College Hospital 


Members of the 1955 class attended a re- 
cent meeting of the alumnae association. 
Miss R. Ford of the public relations de- 
partment of the T. Eaton Co. Ltd., spoke 
on “It's a Woman's World,” followed by 
slides on the latest fashion trends. Plans 
were made for a tour of the new residence. 
The dinner and dance for the graduating 
class, convened by D. Gordon, was a great 
success. S. Houston was made vice-presi- 
dent. A group of patients has established 
a Marion Hilliard Fund. Proceeds will be 
used medically and bear her name. Presenta- 
tion to Dr. Hilliard will be made on January 
Nite, 1956. Address contributions to Mrs. 
W. J. Rapson, 19 Lower Linds Rd., Willow- 
dale, Ont. 


OTTAWA 
Civic Hospital 


Mrs. J. Aylen is the first woman to be 
appointed chairman to the Board of Trus- 
tees of the hospital. Mr. D. R. Peart has 
assumed his duties as superintendent. Mrs. 
M. Keddie its a member of the Renfrew 
Hospital board. M. (Hollingworth) Holm 
is instructor of nurses at New Waterford 
General Hospital. E. Tingley, J. Douglas, 
and S. Black are attending University of 
Toronto while Y. Laroque is majoring in 
public health at Queen’s. L. Schieman its 
doing physiotherapy work at a Costa Rican 
hospital while B. McLean is nursing in 
California and R. Belter in Moncton, N.B. 
M. Smith is on the staff at Westminster 
Hospital, London, and G. Ralph with T.C.A. 
in Montreal. P. Brown is with the CP. 
Mission, Alirajpur, India. 

On behalf of the alumnae association, 
Miss E. Horsey presented a Hammond 
electric organ at the opening of the new 
educational building for use tn the chapel 
The governor-general, Rt. Hon. Vincent 
Massey was principal speaker. Others in- 
cluded the Hon. Paul Martin, minister of 
health and welfare, Mayor C. Whitton and 
Miss E. Young. director of nursing and 
nurse education 

The alumnae association is 25 years old 
and it is noted that of the 1,623 graduates 
of the school of nursing, 387 are alumnae 
members. Officers elected at the annual 
meeting are: Honorary president, E. Young; 
president, 1). Ainger: past president, ¢ 
Adair; vice-presidents , J. Milligan, B 
Campbell; secretaries, J. Perrin, Mrs. W. 


Davidson: treasurer, Mrs. A. Thomson. 


JULY, 1955+ Vol. 51, No. 7 


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Doris A. Geitgey. Several new chapters 
have been added’to the completely revised | 
edition of this widely used textbook. More 
nursing procedures are presented than for- 
merly. 819 pages, 180 illustrations, fifth 
edition, 1954, $5,50. 


CYCLOPEDIC MEDICAL 
DICTIONARY 


Clarence W. Taber, Editor-in-Chief. A 
book for study, for passing examinations | 
and for constant use after graduation. 
Sixth Edition, right up to date in both 
content and format. 1312 pages, 298 illus- 
trations, 1953; thumb-indexed, $5.75; | 
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Serving in other capacities are: M. Lamb, 
W. Gemmell, E. Poitras, A. Dickinson, 
Mmes G. Gibson, T. Moffatt, M. Arbuckle, 
V. Heney, J. Argue, R. Lake. 


Lady Stanley Institute 
The annual meeting of the alumnae as- 


sociation was well attended. Officers elected 
are: Honorary president, Mrs. W. Lyman: 


honorary vice-presidents, M. Stewart, E. 
Young; president, Mrs. G. Skuce; vice- 
presidents, Mmes C. Port, H. Ellard; sec- 
retary, Mrs. M. E. Jones; treasurer, M. 
Scott. Others assisting include: D. Booth, 
C. Pridmore, Mmes W. Fraser, Jones, G. 
Bennett, J. Waddell. E. Johnston is the 
representative to The Canadian Nurse. 


District 11 


ALLISTON 


Thirty-six members attended the last of 
the spring meetings. Students from 
graduating classes of General and Marine 
Hospital, Collingwood, and Royal Victoria 
Hospital, Barrie, were present. A member 
of each class participated in the panel dis- 
cussion on the recent provincial convention 
in Toronto. Other meetings of the chapter 
were: The annual meeting and dinner; one 
in Barrie with the guest speaker, Ina 
Dickie, relating experiences while with 
WHO in Thailand; the third, in Colling- 
wood, with Dr. Storey speaking on new 
drugs in medicine, Interest in the two-year 
old chapter was noted. The attendance 
average is 40. The annual dinner on Sep- 
tember 19 will open the fall program. 


QUEBEC 
MONTREAL 
Royal Victoria Hospital 


Officers elected at the annual meeting of 
the alumnae association are; President, G. 
Purcell; vice-president, M. (MacNichol) 
Butler; secretary-treasurer, L .Fetherston- 
haugh; recording seceretary, L. ( Rosevear) 
Denman. 

Guest speaker at the annual alumnae 
dinner in honor of the graduating class, 
was Miss C. V. Barrett, supervisor of 
Montreal Maternity Hospital, R.V.H., who 
reviewed the development of that hospital, 
1843-1955. G. Yeats thanked the speaker. 
At the graduating exercises, 103 members 
of the class received their diplomas from 
Miss Barrett and Dr. E. Smith presented 
awards to the following: I. Russell, P. 
Walker, B. Fraser, C. Walkem, A. Stewart, 
S. Holmes, D. Clark, F. Dawson, S. Mes- 
senger, W. Cairns. Mrs. S. Dawes presented 
the Women’s Auxiliary bursary to G. Pur- 
cell. N. Patten won The Canadian Nurse 
award. Dr. W. G. Penfield, director of the 
Montreal Neurological Institute, was guest 
speaker. A parent and daughter tea con- 
cluded the graduation activities. 

A reunion of Class "30 during graduation 
week was attended by 39 members, F. Gass, 
E. Hennigar, E. (Hamilton) Dawson, E. 
McLennan attended a recent mecting of 
Halifax Chapter. 

B. (Inwood) Klatz, Montefiore Hospital, 
Bronx, N.Y., is going to England. B. Evans 
is on the staff of the Mayo General Hos- 
pital. Mayo, N.Y. P. Bautterill visited 
R.V.H. recently 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


oS 








Positions Vacant 
ADVERTISING Rates — $5.00 for 3 lines or less; $1.00 for each additional line. 
U.S.A. & Foreign — $7.50 for 3 lines or less; $1.50 for each additional line. 


Closing date for copy: 20th of the month preceding the month of publication. All letters 
should be addressed to: The Canadian Nurse, 1522 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal 25, Que. 





Director of Nursing for General Hospital of Port Arthur. Applications are being 
received for this position. Hospital capacity — 275 beds, 26 bassinettes. Duties include 
overall supervision of nursing & nursing education. School of Nursing — 53 students. 
Address applications to Administrator, General Hospital of Port Arthur, Port Arthur, 
Ont., stating qualifications, experience & salary requirements. 


Superintendent of Nurses for 22-bed Hospital. Good salary depending upon experi- 
ence; increments every 6 mo. for 24% yrs. Living accommodation in separate nurses’ 
residence equipped with automatic heating & hot water supply. 1 mo. vacation after 
1 yr. employment; statutory holidays & cumulative sick leave;* Hospital well equipped 
& constitutes a staff of 4 registered nurses, 4 aides, combined x-ray & laboratory 
technician, cook, assistant cook, housekeeper & caretaker. No business matters to 
handle such as: bookkeeping, purchasing, admissions, ete. Apply in writing or phone 
Sec.-Manager or Supt. of Nurses, Union Hospital, Hafford, Sask. 





Matron for 25-bed hospital, duties to commence at once. Apply, stating experience & 
salary expected, Sec.-Treas., Municipal Hospital, Three Hills, Alta. 


Assistant Superintendent for active 60-bed General Hospital in town with population 
of approx. 4,000, 25 miles from London. Good working conditions & personnel policies; 
all graduate staff. Apply stating qualifications Supt., General Hospital, Strathroy, Ont. 


of Nursing for 28-bed general hospital in Huntingdon County, in a small 
industrial town ‘45 miles from Montreal, offering many pleasant social and recreational 
activities. Pleasant working conditions; living quarters in hospital; annual holiday 
of 1 mo.; statutory holidays; two wks. sick leave; Blue Cross paid. No previous Super- 
visor has ever left us due to dissatisfaction with working conditions or salary. Losses 
mainly have been due to marriage. Good starting salary. Apply: F. G. McCrimmon, 
M.D., Medical Superintendent, Box 488, Huntingdon, P.Q. 


Supervisor of Nursing for 26-bed General Hospital; new 50-bed hospital opening in Sept. 
Central B.C. community of 10,000, Good organizer, experience in O.R. & obstetrics. 
Private suite in modern residence. State qualifications, salary, age & references. Apply 
Administrator, General Hospital, Quesnel, B.C. 


Head Instructor for Training School to teach Sciences. 86-bed hospital; 30 students. 
Complete maintenance provided in comfortable suite. Ap ly, CP Eh OP Ce LRT ORG & 
salary expected, A. J. Schmiedl, Sec.-Manager, General Hospital, uphin, Man 








Instructor in Sciences, including curriculum planning, Clinical Instructor in Medicine 
and Clinical Instructor in Surgery required for School of Nursing by August 1, 1955, 
in 177-bed hospital, affiliation arranged in T.B. nursing, Psychiatric Nursing and Pedia- 
tric Orthopedic affiliation. Maximum of 60 students. One class a year. Excellent per- 
sonnel policies. For further particulars apply to Miss E. A. Bietsch, Director of Nursing, 
Medicine Hat General Hospital, Medicine Hat, Alberta. 


REGISTERED NURSES 
FOR 
CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR, HEAD NURSE, GENERAL DUTY 


44-hour week, annual increments, cumulative sick leave, statutory holidays. 
Vacation: 4 weeks for Instructor and Head Nurse; 3 weeks for General Duty. 


NURSING ASSISTANTS 
40 hour week, 2 weeks vacation, other benefits comparable to Registered Nurses. 


HAMILTON GENERAL HOSPITALS 
Barton Street Unit © Mount Hamilton Hospite! ° Nora-Frances Henderson Hospital 


"om cate di with the Superintendent of Nurses of the hospital 
en a in which interested. 











JULY. 1935 « Vol. Sil. No, 7 SB1 


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ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, NURSING EDUCATION 
SCHOOL OF NURSING, APPROXIMATELY 70 STUDENTS 
1 CLASS PER YEAR 
Affiliation — Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Tuberculosis 
200-bed hospital in pleasant city, 33,000; 2 colleges 
Good salary and personnel policies 
Allowance for degree with experience 


For further details apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSES, GENERAL HOSPITAL 
GUELPH, ONTARIO. 


Instructor to teach anatomy and physiology, microbiology first term, followed by sur- 
gical nursing lectures and clinical supervision on surgical wards. Starting salary: 
$255; $10 for 2 yrs. experience; $10 yearly increments; 1% days sick leave, cumula- 
tive; 10 statutory holidays; 40-hr. wk; 1 class per yr. in September. Apply to: Director 
of Nurses, Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, B.C. 





H Instructor for Nursing Arts & Surgical Nursing, followed by Clinical Teaching. Good 
| salary & personnel policies. Apply Director of Nurses, St. Joseph's Hospital, Chatham, 
Ontario. 





Nursing Arts Instructor for School of Nursing with capacity 195 students attached 
to expanding hospital of 571 beds. B.S. Degree in Nursing Education preferred or at 
least 3 yrs. experience & working toward degree. Located in “all American City” of 
5 120,000. in North Eastern Ohio with educational, industrial, recreational & agricultural 
primary interests. Salary commensurate with qualifications. Write Director of Nursing, 
| Aultman Hospital, Canton, Ohio. 





Saheae 





} Science Instructor for School of Nursing of 200 Students in 755-bed Hospital: Duties 
to commence Sept. 1, 1955. Apply Director of Nursing, Royal Alexandra Hospital, 
Edmonton, Alberta. 





Instructor in Nursing Arts, Instructor in Science, Clinical Instructor in Operating 
Room Technique, Clinical Instructor in Pediatrics. Modern 450-bed Hospital. Maxi- 
mum of 90 Students — 1 class a yr. Excellent personnel policies. Apply Director of 
Nursing Education, Kitchener-Waterloo Hospital, Kitchener, Ont. 








Instructor for Science & Nursing Arts teaching 90 students. One Class per yr. New | 
Hospital. Good Personnel Policies. Salary dependent on qualifications & experience. 3 
Apply: Director of Nursing, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, N.B. 





Assistant Science Instructor & Nursing Arts Instructor. (1) Class yearly (35) in Class. | 
Attraction for week-ends is nearby Rocky Mountains, Waterton & Glacier National 
Parks. Apply St. Michael's School of Nursing, Lethbridge, Alta. | 





Obstetrical Administrative Supervisor for 570-bed General Hospital, 76-bed dept.; i 
supervision birth rooms, post partum & nursery. Salary: $3,936-$4,920. Degree pre- / 
ferred; collegiate school of nursing; N.L.N. temporary accreditation. 40-hr. ok 9 : 
holidays; 15 days cumulative sick leave; 12 working day vacation. Annual increments, 4 
Social Security & retirement. Living accommodations available. Apply Miss Louree 2 
Pottinger, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia. 





| Obstetrical Clinical Instructor for School of Nursing with capacity 195 students at- 
tached to expanding hospital of 571 beds. B.S. Degree in Nursing Education preferred 
or at least 3 yrs. experience & working towards degree. Located in “all American City” 
of 120,000. in North Eastern Ohio with educational, industrial, recreational & agricul- 
tural primary interests. Salary commensurate with qualifications. Write Director of 
Nursing, Aultman Hospital, Canton, Ohio. 


wy ‘ : A is 


ius 





| Operating Room Supervisor. Salary commences $300 per mo.; Graduate Nurses for - 
. 100-bed West Coast General Hospital. Salary: $250 per mo. less $40 for board, resi- 7 
dence, laundry. 3 annual increments; $10 per mo, night duty bonus. 1 mo. vacation 
with full salary after 1 yr. service. 144 days sick leave per mo. cumulative to % days. 
Transportation allowance up to $60 refunded after Ist yr. Apply Director of Nursing, 
General Hospital, Prince Rupert, B.C. 


THE CANADIAN NURSE 


J 

t 
all 

7 
w 





CANADIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY 


invites applications for Starr and ADMINISTRATIVE positions in HosPiTaL, PuBtic HEALTH 
Nursinc Services, and Bioop TraNsFrusion Service for various parts of Canada. 


® The majority of opportunities are in Outpost Services in British Columbia, 
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. 


® Commensurate salaries for experience and qualifications. Transportation arrange- 
ments under certain circumstances. Bursaries are available for post-graduate 


stucy. 
For further particulars apply: 
National Director, Nursinc Services, Canapian Rep Cross Society, 
95 Wewtestey St., Toronto 5, Ontario. 





Operating Room Supervisor qualified by experience or Post-Graduate training to com- 
mence duty July or August in preparation for taking charge of Operating Room late 
in the Fall. For full particulars please apply Director of Nurses, Union Hospital, 
Swift Current, Saskatchewan. 


Operating Room & Central Supply Supervisor on or before July 1 to take charge & 
be responsible for administration of both. 60-bed General Hospital in South Western 
Ontario approximately 23 miles from London with good bus or train service. Apply: 
Supt., General Hospital, Strathroy, Ont. 


Operating Room Supervisor, experienced, preferably with p.g. course; also Clinical 
Instructor for Surgical Nursing. Salary dependent on qualifications and experience. New 
wing near completion. For further particulars apply: Director of Nursing, Union Hos- 
pital, Moose Jaw, Sask. 


Operating Room Nurses, immediate appointments, for 5ll-bed newly enlarged and 
finely equipped hospital; 10 operating rooms now completed. Northeastern Ohio stable 
“All-American City” of 120,000. In centre of area of recreational, industrial and educa- 
tional friendly activities; living cost reasonable. Within pleasant driving-distance 
advantages of metropolitan Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, and Pittsburg, Pa. Friendly 
and considerate working associates and conditions. Progressively advanced personnel 
policies. Starting salary: $240 per mo. with 4 merit increases. Paid vacation, sick leave, 
recognized holidays, premium pay, sickness insurance and hospitalization program, 
retirement. Contact Director of Personnel, Aultman Hospital, Canton, Ohio, by letter 
or collect telephone 4-5673. 





Operating Room Nurses and General Duty Nurses for new 150-bed hospital. Starting 
salary for Registered General Duty Nurses $230 with annual increases to $40. 1% days 
per mo, cumulative sick leave; 40 hr. wk; 2 days vacation; 10 statutory holidays. 
Apply: Supt. of Nurses, Trail-Tadanac Hospital, Trail, B.C. 





Operating Room & General Staff Nurses for 110-bed Hospital in Fraser Valley. Basic 
Salary: . per mo, 40-hr, wk. R.N.A.B.C. agreement in effect. Address applications 
or enquiries to General Hospital, Chilliwack, B.C. 


Night Supervisor, Head Nurses & General Duty Nurses for 147-bed Medical & Surgical 
Sanatorium, Salary dependent upon experience & qualifications. Residence accommoda- 
tion if desired; transportation arrangements for those living out. 1 mo. vacation 
annually, sick benefits, etc. Time allowed for university study. For full particulars 
apply Director of Nursing, Grace Dart Hospital, 6085 Sherbrooke St. E.. Montreal 5, 
Quebec 








Night Supervisor & General Duty Nurses for new 100-bed General Hospital. Salary de- 
pendent on qualifications & experience. 3-wks. annual vacation; sick benefits, etc. Apply 
Administrator, Dufferin Area Hospital, Orangeville, Ont. 





—_— - — -_— — 


Head Nurse with University Certificate & previous experience preferred for 44-bed 
Medical Unit. Clinical Instructor in Obstetrical Nursing (1), duties to include assisting 
the head nurse in 26-bed unit. Apply Director of Nursing, General Hospital, Oshawa, 
Ontario 


JULY. 1955 Vol. 51, No. 7 53 





FOR 
General Duty and Operating Room 


Opportunities available at the new 


MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL 


. For full particulars write to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING, 1650 CEDAR AVENUE, MONTREAL 25, QUE. 





Nurses for Obstetrical, Surgical & Operating Room Services in new 200-bed General 
Hospital. Starting Salary: $260 per mo., 40-hr. wk., good personnel policies. Limited 
number of accommodations for living in. Apply Director of Nursing Service, St. Charles 
Hospital, Toledo 5, Ohio. 


Operating Room Nurses & General Duty Nurses immediately. Apply Dirdector 
of Nursing Service, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Bellingham, Washington. 


Obstetrical Nursing Staff needed. (1) Assistant Supervisor of Obstetrical Ward. 
(1) Delivery Room Nurse. Good personnel policies; 44-hr. wk. Post-graduate prepara- 
tion with experience preferred. Apply Director of Nurses, Public General Hospital, 


Chatham, Ont. 








Operating Room Marae: (1) & Floor Duty Nurses for 50-bed General Hospital. Apply 
Supt., Leamington District Memorial Hospital, Leamington, Ontario. 





Graduate Nurses, Evening Supervisor, Night Supervisor for modern 44-bed Hospital 
in southern Ontario. 44-hr. wk.; rotating shifts; 8 statutory holidays; 3-wks. annual 
holiday. New residence under construction. Apply Supt. Haldimand War Memorial 
Hospital, Dunnville, Ontario. 








District Supervisor for City of Ottawa Health Dept., preferably with certificate in 
administration & supervision in Public Health Nursing. Generalized program under 
director of Public Health Nursing. Good Personnel Policies, Blue Cross & pension 
plan available. For further details apply Employment & Labour Office, Treasury Dept. 
Transportation Bldg., 48 Rideau St., Ottawa 2, Ontario. 


Public Health Nurse Grade 1. British Columbia Civil Service, Dept. of Health & Wel- 
fare. Starting Salary $255. $260. . per mo., depending on experience, rising to $298. 
per mo. Promotional opportunities available. Qualifications: Candidate must be eligible 
for registration in British Columbia & have completed a University degree or Cer- 
tificate course in Pubhc Health Nursing. (Successful candidates may be ‘required to 
serve in any part of the Province.) Cars are provided. 5-day wk. in most districts. 
Uniform allowance. Candidates must be British subjects; preference is given to ex- 
service women. Application forms obtainable from all vernment Agencies; the 
Civil Service Commission, 544 Michigan St., Victoria, or 411 Dunsmuir St., Vancouver 
3, to be completed & returned to the Chairman, Civil Service Commission, Victoria. 
Further information may be obtained from the Director, Public Health Nursing, 
Dept. of Health & Welfare, Parliament Bldgs., Victoria, B.C. 





Public Health Nurses (2) for August 1, for generalized program in rural area. Salary 
commensurate with experience. Liberal car allowance. Preference given to one wit 
secondary school experience. Apply Muskoka District Health Unit, Bracebridge, Ont. 


Public Health Nurses (qualified) for generalized public health nursing city service & 
(1) for secondary school program. Basic salary $2,900 for C.P.H.N. & $3,000. for B.Sc. 
N., adjusted according to experience on starting. Annual increment $150. Shared pen- 
sion, medical care & hospitalization plans. Sick leave accumulative. 1 mo, vacation. 
Transportation provided or car allowance. Apply: Medical Officer of Health, Peter- 
borough, Ontario. 


Public Health Nurses for Dept. of Health, City of Kingston. Salary range in effect. 


5-day wk. Pension & hospitalization plans available. Apply Medical Officer of Health, 
City Hall, Kingston, Ont. 


a ee ee lk ee a a en ee ee 2 





584 | THE CANADIAN NURSE 








REGISTERED NURSES 
$2,430 per annum $3,120 
According to Qualifications 
for the 
Department of Veterans’ Affairs Hospitals 


SUNNYBROOK HOSPITAL, TORONTO 
and 
WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, LONDON 
Application forms, available at your nearest Civil Service Commission Office, National 
Employment Service & Post Office, should be forwarded to the Civil Service Commission, 
25 St. Clair Ave., E., Toronto 7, Ontario. 





Public Health Nurses (8) in North York Township (adjacent to Toronto.) Generalized 
program ; 35 hr. wk.; 4 wks. vacation with salary ; cumulative sick leave. Free hospital- 

ization insurance; pension plan; group life insurance. Small suburban districts avail- 

able. Salary schedule in effect with 4 annual increments & car allowance of $60 per mo. 

Address inquiries to Dr. Carl E. Hill, M.O.H., 5248 Yonge St., Willowdale, Ont. Per- 

rage interviews should be arranged. Staff appointments become effective Aug. 1 or 
ept. 1 


Public Health Nurse. Township of Michipicoten, 160 miles north of Sault Ste. Marie. 
$3,000. per yr. with 1 mo. vacation annually. 5-day wk. Annual salary increase. Blue 
Cross Medical Coverage. Sick leave. Transportation provided. Program of general 
public health nursing in community of 3,000. people. Apply Dr. F. G. Pearson, M.O.H., 
Township of Michipicoten, Jamestown, Ont. 


Public Health Nurses qualified for generalized program. Salary: $2,700-3,200 de ending 
on experience. Annual increment $100. 5-day wk.; pension plan, Blue Cross & ave & 
available. Car provided or car allowance. Appl Dr. Charlotte M. Horner, Director, 
Northumberland-Durham Health Unit, Cobourg, 6 


ified Public Health Nurses for Generalized Public Health Nursing Service for 

ity of Toronto, Dept. of Public Health. Salary Range: $3,186-3,618. Starting Salary 

based on experience. Annual Increments; 5-day wk. Vacation, Sick Pay & Pension 
Plan Benefits. Apply Personnel Dept. Room 320, City Hall, Toronto, Ontario. 


Public Health Nurses, bilingual, required by Prescott & Russell Health Unit. Minimum 

Salary: $2,600. with allowance for previous experience & annual increments. Car 

it aie or allowance for own car. 5-day wk.; Blue Cross & sick leave. ‘Ont. to 
. G. Grenon, Director, Prescott & Russell Health Unit, Hawkesbury, 


Public Health Nurse for York Township. ‘Minimum ogg? $2,800. with annual in- 
crement. Accumulative sick leave, 5-day wk., pension plan. Generalized program. Apply 
Dr. W. E. Henry, Medical Officer of Health, 2700 Eglinton Ave., W, Toronto 9, Ont. 


Public Health Nurses required for Generalized Program in Seaway Development 
Area. Minimum Salary: $2,700. with allowance for experience. Group Insurance & 
Blue Cross available. Apply R. S. Peat, M.D., Medical Officer of Health, S.D. & G. Health 
Unit, 104 2nd St., W., Cornwall, Ont. 


McKELLAR GENERAL HOSPITAL, FORT WILLIAM, ONT. 
Requires 


A qualified staff for the following positions: 
CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR IN SURGICAL NURSING 
~  CUNICAL INSTRUCTOR IN OPERATING ROOM 
NURSING ARTS INSTRUCTOR 


Gross salary commensurate with experience, 28 days vacation after one 
year, 8 statutory holidays, sick leave accumulative to 60 days; Residence 
accommodation available at reasonable rates. Hospital has recently completed 
a well equipped and staffed wing with extensive renovation program pro- 
gressing in the old section. 


APPLY DIRECTOR OF NURSING 





JULY. 1955 « Vol. 51, No. 7 585 








School of Nursing, Metropolitan General Hospital 
WINDSOR, ONTARIO 


The following positions combining both classroom and clinical instruction will be open August, 


1955. 
INSTRUCTOR IN PEDIATRIC NURSING 


INSTRUCTOR IN SCIENCE AND SURGICAL NURSING 

INSTRUCTOR IN HEALTH AND MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING 
This is a new school of nursing with a curriculum pottern of two years of nursing education 
followed by one year of guided nursing service. It offers an excellent opportunity for instructors 
to participate in the development of a sound educational program since the hospital does not 
depend on students for nursing service during their two educational years. 

For further information apply to: 
MISS DOROTHY R. COLQUHOUN, DIRECTOR, SCHOOL OF NURSING, 2240 KILDARE ROAD, 

WINDSOR, ONT. 














Public Health Nurses for generalized program (bedside nursing included). Minimum 
salary: $2,700 with allowance for previous experience. Annual increments. Cumutlative 
sick leave plan. Blue Cross available. Interest free loans for purchasing cars if neces- 
sary. Transportation allowance. 1 mo. holiday at the end of 1 yr. Apply Dr. J. L 
Jeffs, M.D, D.PH. Lennox & Addington County Health Unit, Memorial Bidg., 


Napanee, Ontario. 


Public Health Nurse for well established generalized program in Grey County, popula- 
tion of town, 4,000. Minimum salary: 00; allowance made for experience; 4 wks. 
vacation. Apply to D. D. Brigham, Secretary, Board of Health, Hanover, Ont. 


Public Health Nurses for a generalized program in a rural-suburban Health Unit near 
Toronto. Minimum salary $3,000. Pension plan. For full details apply Supervisor, Peel 
County Health Unit, Court House, Brampton, Ont. 


Psychiatric Nurse to assume position as Head Nurse & Clinical Supervisor of new 
38-bed Psychiatric Unit in a 500-bed General Hospital. An excellent opportunity for 
a Psychiatric Nurse who wishes to assume leadership in developing the policies, pro- 
cedures & teaching program of this new Psychiatric Unit. Patients treated only by 
psychiatrists. The most modern facilities & treatment methods. Cooperative ad- 
ministration. Bachelors Degree required plus Psychiatric experience. Salary com- 
mensurate with experience & abilities. Write Director of Nursing, Aultman Hospital, 
Canton, Ohio. 


General Duty ‘Nurses (2) for new 22-bed Hospital. Salary: $175. per mo. basic with 
$5.00 per mo. for each 6 mo. of experience to a maximum of $200. with full maintenance. 
Apply Miss Helen Deagle, Matron, Municipal Hospital No. 22, Consort, Alta. 


General Duty Nurses (3) at once for 25-bed hospital; 2 hrs. from Calgary. 8-hr. shifts; 

6 day wk., 1 mo. holiday with pay after 1 yr. service. $5.00 increments at 6 mo. & 1 yr. 

r ay modern. Alberta’s Wheat Centre. Apply: Matron, Municipal Hospital, Three Hills, 
rta. ) 


Registered Nurses (3) for 70-bed Municipal Hospital. New wing, modern. Three 
separate services — Medical, Surgical & Maternity. Salary: $180 per mo. plus full 
meet ana e apy — he Anes oat 6 = service for four years. 44-hr. wk.; 3-8 hr. 
rotating shifts. 3 wks. holiday with pay after 1 yr. service. Statutory holidays. App! 
Matron, Municipal Hospital, Box C 550, Taber, Alta. fe 2 


General Duty Graduate Nurses for 7(0-bed acute General Hospital situated 200 miles 
northwest of Vancouver on the B.C. coast. Salary $222 per mo. plus four semi-annual 
increments, less $25 per mo. full maintenance; 4 wks. holidays plus 10 statutory holidays 
after 1 yr. Transportation advanced if desired. Apply: Matron, St. George's Hospital, 
Alert Bay, British Columbia. 


General Duty Nurses for hospital 300 miles north of Vancouver, on the B.C. coast. 

Salary $215 per mo. less $40 maintenance; 2 annual increments of $5.00 per mo. Sick 

time 1/4 days per mo. cumulative; | mo. annual holiday, plus 10 days in lieu of sta- 

jeeory 5p dan vureeormcen to hyane gj refunded after 1 yr. Apply: Matron, 
. W. ge Memori ospital of the United Church of Cam 

P.O., Bella Bella, British Columbia. en ey eee 


Registered Nurses for new 30-bed hospital. R.N.A.B.C. policies i ae 
Creston Valley Hospital, Creston, BC. policies in effect. Apply Matron 











586 THE CANADIAN NURSE 


—s 


a 
= 3S 2 et 1! BE te 





ee lt Ee en ee 





ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF NURSING 
Required on or before July 15 for New 125-bed Hospital in Suburban Toronto. 


Salary open depending on training and experience. 


Enquiries treated in confidence. 


Apply Administrator, 
HUMBER MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, 200 CHURCH ST., WESTON, ONTARIO 





Registered Nurses for General Duty Staff. Salary commences at £40-10-0 per mo. with 
full maintenance. Transportation allowance. For full particulars apply Matron, King 
Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Bermuda. 


Graduate Nurses (2) for 22-bed hospital. Salary: $230 per mo., if B.C. registered; less 
$40 board, room, & laundry. 28 days vacation after 1 yr. on full pay. 1% days sick leave 
per mo. cumulative. Apply, giving references, Matron, Burns Lake Hospital, Burns Lake, 
British Columbia. 


Graduate Nurses for General Duty (3). One to commence duties as soon as possible & 
Two to commence duties about October 1, 1955. Salary: $220 per mo. less $35. for full 
maintenance. 40-hr. wk.; 28 days vacation after 1 yr. service & 10 statutory holidays per 
yr. Fare refunded after 1 yr. service. Only graduate nurses accepted. Apply The 
Matron, General Hospital, Golden, B.C. 











Registered Nurses (2 or 3) for General Duty. 18-bed hospital in beautiful Windermere 
Valley, B.C. Separate nurses’ residence, fully modern. Salary: $220 per mo. less $50 
full maintenance. 28 days vacation after 1 yr. service: 2 wks. vacation at end of 6 
mos. if desired. Satutory holidays & 18 days sick leave per yr. cumulative. 8-hr. 
alternating shifts; 40-hr. wk. Good swimming, fishing, hiking; near Kadium Hot 
Springs; new modern theatre. Apply, stating age & when available, Mrs. D. Cookson, 
Masean Lady Elizabeth Bruce Memorial Hospital, Invermere, B.C. 


General Duty Nurses. Salary: $230-$270, $10.00 increment for experience. 40-hr. wk. 
1% days sick leave per mo. cumulative; 10 statutory holidays, (1) mo. vacation. Must be 
eligible for B.C. registration. Apply Director of Nurses, Royal Inland Hospital, Kam- 
loops, B.C. 


—— eS ee 


Inquiries invited from Graduate Nurses for General Staff Duty. 40-hr. wk. Salary: 
$235.50 per mo. as minimum and $273.75 as maximum, plus shift differential for evening 
and night duty. Temporary residence accommodation is available, Applications should 
be accompanied by letter of acceptance of registration in B.C. from Registrar of 
Nurses, 2524 Cypress St., Vancouver, B.C. Please apply to Personnel Department, Van- 


couver General Hospital, Vancouver, B.C. 








Registered Nurses. 27-bed Hospital, expanding. Good personnel policies & salaries; 
nice community. Nurses who have not written Canadian Test Pool must write Wyom- 
ing State Board test. Apply Hot Springs County Memorial Hospital, Box 710, 
Thermopolis. Wycming. 





LEADING 300-BED HOSPITAL ON LAKESHORE 
invites applications from 


1. General Duty Nurses 


2. Supervisors — Obstetrical (1) 
Pediatric (1) 


Accommodation in new modern residence available. Liberal Personnel Policies. 
Fifty Dollars refunded on transportation after one year's service. 










Apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING, GENERAL HOSPITAL, PORT ARTHUR, ONTARIO 


JULY, 1955 « Vol. 51. No. 7 587 











14 


eS 









OPERATING ROOM SUPERVISOR 
for 
SAINT JOHN GENERAL HOSPITAL 


SAINT JOHN, N.B. 
400 BEDS 








Good salary and personnel policies. Apply: 
Director of Nurses, General Hospital, Saint John, N.B. 





Graduate Nurses (2) for small Community Hospital in “Silvery Slocan” district of 
British Columbia. Salary: $230 per mo.; annual increments of $5.00 per mo. Board in 
hospital, $40. 40-hr. wk.; graduate complement 5. 28 days holidays after 1 yr. service. 
Customary sick leave, 1% days per mo. Duties to commence in July. Apply giving 
full details, Sec., Slocan Community Hospital, New Denver, B.C. 


General Duty Nurses for 430-bed hospital; 40-hr. wk. Statutory holidays. Salary: $235- 
268. Credit for past experience. Annual increments; cumulative sick leave; 28 days 
annual vacation; B.C. registration required. Apply Director of Nursing, Royal Colum- 
bian Hospital, New Westminster, B.C. 


General Duty Nurses for 40-bed hospital. Salary : $250 per mo. less $45 full maintenance. 

42-hr. wk. 28 days annual holiday plus 10 statutory holidays. Rotating shifts. Cumula- 

ms sick “ay: Self-contained residence. Apply: Director of Nursing, General Hospital, 
rinceton, B.L. 


Graduate Nurses (3) for 24-bed hospital. Salary: $230 per mo. if B.C. registered; less 
$40 board, ing, laundry. 1 mo. vacation after 1 yr. on full pay. 144 days sick leave 
2d mo. tive. Apply, stating experience, Matron, Terrace & District Hospital, 
errace, British Columbia. 


General Duty Nurses for Western Memorial Hospital. Gross salary: $2,100 - 2,300; 
4 wks. vacation. Transportation from outside the Province paid, subject to 1 yr. service. 
Apply Supt. of Nurses, Western Memorial Hospital, Corner Brook, Newfoundland. 





General Staff Nurses for 400-bed Medical & Surgical Sanatorium, fully approved 

student affiliation & t-graduate program. Full Maintenance. Recreational facilities. 

Vacation with pay. Sick benefits after 1 yr. Blue Cross coverage. Attractive salary; 

five hgh further particulars apply Supt. of Nurses, Nova Scotia Sanatorium, 
entville, N.S. 


Registered Nurses (2) for General Duty at 30-bed hospital in Dryden, Northwestern 
Ontario. Fully modern nurses’ residence. Salary: $160 per mo. plus full maintenance; 
subject to increase after 6 mo., with regular annual increases thereafter. 30 days 
vacation after 1 yr. service. Successful applicants reimbursed rail fare after 1 yr. 
Apply, stating age & when available, Supt., District General Hospital, Dryden, Ont. 


Registered Nurses for General Duty. Initial salary: $200. per mo.; with 6 or more 
month’s Psychiatric experience, $210. per mo, Salary increase at end of 1 yr, 44-hr wk; 
8 statutory holidays, annual vacation with pay. Living accommodation if desired. For 
further information apply Supt. of Nurses, Homewood Sanitarium, Guelph, Ont. 


General Duty Nurses for Modern 450-bed Hospital. Excellent personnel policies & 
working conditions. Apply Director of Nursing, Kitchener-Waterloo Hospital, 
Kitchener, Ontario. 


General Duty Nurses for Medical, Surgical, Pediatrics, Obstetrics. Good salary & 
personnel policies. Apply Director of Nursing, Victoria Hospital, London, Ont. 


General Duty Nurses for all departments. Gross salary: $200 per mo. if registered in 
Ontario with 1 yr. or more of experience; $190 with less than 1 yr. of experience 
until registration has been established. $20 per mo. bonus for evening or night duty; 
annual increment of $10 per mo. for 3 yrs. 44-hr. wk., 8 statutory holidays, 21 days 
vacation & 14 days leave for illness with pay after 1 yr. of employment. Apply: Director 
of Nursing, General Hospital, Oshawa, Ont. 




















WOODSTOCK GENERAL HOSPITAL 
WOODSTOCK, ONTARIO 


REQUIRES 
One Science Instructor — One Night Supervisor 
Two Clinical Instructors (one qualified in Obstetrics) 
Additional staff for our new Hospital. 


Apply: 


MISS PHYLLIS BLUETT 
DIRECTOR OF NURSING 










Graduate Nurses for modern 125-bed Community Hospital in suburban Toronto, opening 
new wing. Salary range: General Duty — $205 to 275 monthly, Head Nurse — $225 to 
295. Supervisor — $260 to 310. Residence accommodation optional. Apply Director of 
Nursing, Humber Memorial Hospital, 200 Church St., Weston, Ont. 


Registered Nurses & Maternity Nurses. Basic salary: $150 & $105 respectively, with 
additional increases. Blue Cross & many other benefits. Attractive nurses’ residence, 
motel style. Additional help required for opening of new floor. Apply Supt., Barrie 
Memorial Hospital, Ormstown, Que. 


Graduate Nurses for General Staff Duty in 350-bed Tuberculosis Hospital in Lauren- 
tian Mts. For further information, apply Director of Nursing, Royal Edward Laurentian 
Hospital, Ste. Agathe des Monts, Quebec. 


Registered Nurses needed at once for new 60-bed Hospital in Sidney, Nebraska. All 
shifts. Beginning salary: $250. Apply immediately to Administrator, Frank Harris, 
Cheyenne County Memorial Hospital, Sidney, Nebraska. 


Graduate Nurses for General Duty. Basic Salary $300. plus differentials. 118-bed 
Hospital along the shores of Lake Michigan, 25 miles from Chicago. Modern ranch 
style Nurse’s homes. Good Personnel policies. Apply Highland Park Hospital Founda- 
tion, 718 Glenview Ave., Highland Park, Illinois. 





Registered Staff Nurses, immediate appointments, in 51l-bed newly enlarged and finely 
equipped general hospital. Duty assignments in medical, surgical, pediatrics, psychiatric, 
obstetrics, or contagion units. Northeastern Ohio stable “All-American City” of 120,000. 
In centre of area of recreational, industrial, and educational friendly activities. Living 
costs reasonable. Within pleasant driving-distance advantages of metropolitan Cleve- 
land and Columbus, Ohio and Pittsburg, Pa. Friendly, cooperative work relations and 
conditions. Progressively advanced personnel policies. Starting salary: $240 per mo. 
with 4 merit increases. Paid vacation, sick leave, recognized holidays, premium pay, 
sickness insurance and hospitalization program, retirement. Contact: Director of 
Personnel, Aultman Hospital, Canton, Ohio, by letter or collect telephone 4-5673. 





Graduate Nurses for new & modern “Hospital of Ideas.” 300-bed Cancer Research 
Hospital located in the beautiful Texas Medical Center. Opportunity to learn advanced 
methods in Cancer Nursing. Excellent working conditions; good salary; liberal em- 
loyee benefits plus the advantage of associating with a University Hospital. For 
urther information on the most talked-about hospital in the largest city in 
the largest state in the United States, write to the Personnel Manager, The Univer- 
sity of Texas, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston 25, Texas, U.S.A. 





Registered Staff Nurses for 2)-bed Teaching Children’s Hospital located in Puget 
ae in heart of Pacific Northwest. Starting Salary: $255 per mo. 40-hr. wk. Op- 
portunity for study at nearby University of Washington. Write: Director of Nursing, 
Children's Orthopedic Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle 5, Washington. 





Supt. of Nurses for modern 0-bed general hospital. Apply stating qualifications to 
Dr. M. RY Stalker, Hoe. Medical Supt. Barrie Memorial Hospital, town, Que. 


JULY. 1955 ¢ Vol. 51, No. 7 589 








GENERAL STAFF NURSES 
for 


200-bed hospital 


Pleasant city of 33,000. Two colleges. 
Good salary and personnel policy. 
For further information apply to: 
DIRECTOR OF NURSES, GENERAL HOSPITAL, GUELPH, ONTARIO. 


Hospital Supt. for modern, fully equipped 34-bed hospital. Located in a friendly town, 
32 miles south of Ottawa. Duties to commence Aug. 1. Excellent meals, ese! pro- 
cessed, live out. Please furnish references stating age, qualifications, experience & sala- 
ry expected. Apply Mr. F. Erle Helmer, The Winchester & District Memorial Hospital, 


Winchester, Ont. 


Operating Room Supervisor for new 11l-bed hospital to have charge of O.R.’s, Post 
Anes., Central Dressing Rooms & Emergency Dept. Post-graduate preferred. Minimum 
starting salary: $260. Credits for P.G. & experience. Apply Supt. of Nurses, West 
Coast General Hospital, Port Alberni, B.C. 


Asst. Head Nurses for children’s orthopedic hos ital. Good personnel policies. Apply 
Director, Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Montreal, Que. 


Graduate Registered Nurses for general duty. 375-bed industria! hospital, all graduate 
staff. Good salary with differential for evenings & nights; periodical raises. 
personnel policies, 40-hr. 5 day wk. 1 meal & laundry of uniforms free. $45 per mo. 
complete maintenance if desired. Apply Director of Nurses, Missouri Pacific Employes’ 
Hospital, St. Louis 4, Missouri. 


Registered Nurses for 35-bed Hospital. Salary $200 per mo. with complete maintenance 
in residence. Apply Supt., Little Long Lac Hospital, Geraldton, Ontario. 


Nurse to direct Public Health Nursing Program for City Health Dept. Preference given 
to B.Sc. Nursing (Public Health) plus administrative & supervisory training & expe- 
rience. 5-day wk.; sick leave & pension scheme; 1 mo. holiday after 1 yr. State salary 
expected. Apply Dr. W. H. Hill, City Health Dept., Calgary, Alberta. 


Public Health Nurses to commence Sept. 1 for Health Dept. City of Calgary. Minimum 
salary $2,724 with allowance for experience. 5 day wk. Pension & hospitalization plans 
available. 1 mo. vacation after 1 yr. Apply Dr. W. H. Hill, Health Dept., Calgary, Alta. 


A 6-mo Postgraduate Course in Plastic Surgery commences on Oct. 1 at St. Lawrence 
Hospital, Chepstow, Mon. England. 1() Plastic Surgery, 50 Orthopedic beds. Applica- 
tions are invited from Canadian Trained Nurses. Posts afford an opportunity of gaining 
experience in Plastic Surgery methods & of seeing something of England. Successful 
candidates can be accepted a couple of months earlier if desired, to gain experience 
before course commences & see England in the summer. Salary £360 a yr., less £135 for 
board residence. Must pay own fare to England. Write stating age & 2 references to 
T. A. Jones, Group Sec., 64 Cardiff Rd., Newport. Mon., England. 


Medical-Surgical Clinical Instructor. Student body of 55. 1 Class enrolled annually. 
Good personnel policies. For further information apply Director of Nursing, General 
Hospital, Belleville, Ont. 





Jessie apes homme titirptieidigteagndatioditiaiga ease stinsotinnc puisidiamaettioerthadeas patios Bt eet eg tS a 9h ee ee 
General Duty Nurses (2) as soon as possible. Salary $180 per mo. plus full maintenance, 
3 increases of $5.00 per mo. for each yr. experience to a maximum of $195, 3 wks. vaca- 
tion with pay plus all statutory holidays. Separate nurses’ residence. Apply Matron, 
Municipal Hospital, Fairview, Alta. 


Registered Nurses (2), immediately, for small hospitals held by Notre-Dame Sisters. 
Salary: $225. For further information apply Gabriel Hospital, Ponteix, Sask, or Notre- 
Dame Hospital, Val Marie, Sask. 


Registered Nurses for 36-bed General Hospital. Basic salary: $230: increments $10. 
40-hr. wk., full maintenance $45, R.N.A.B.C. agreement. Half fare cefutided after 6 mo., 
balance after 1 yr. Apply Matron, Nicola Valley General Hospital, Merritt, B.C. 


590 THE CANADIAN NURSE 








REGISTERED NURSES 


REQUIRED FOR 


PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT 
SERVICE 


44-Hour Week - New Hospital 
Attractive Benefits 
Salary $2,460 to $2,860 Per Annum 


Experience and training will 
be taken into account in de- 
termining salary. 


APPLY 


ONTARIO REFORMATORY 
GUELPH 


HURLEY HOSPITAL 
Flint, Michigan 


428-bed Teaching Hospital 
expanding to 850. 
We need 
Instructors $246 -413 
Supervisors 346-413 
Assistant Supervisors 315 - 375 
Instrument Nurse 292 - 341 
General Duty Nurses 292 - 341 
® Openings available in Medicine, Sur- 


gery, Emergency, Communicable Dis- 
eases, Psychiatry. 


© 40-hour week. 


© 5% differential for afternoon and night 
shifts, 


® liberal personne! policies. 
Write to 


Personnel Director 
Hurley Hospital 
Flint, Michigan 


JULY, 1955 ¢ Vol. Si, No, 7 





UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL 
Requires 


ADMINISTRATIVE 
SUPERVISORS 


to organize the departments of 


Pediatrics and Surgery in new 
hospital. Duties to commence July, 


1955. 


Apply: 
Director of Nursing 
University Hospital 

Saskatoon, Sask. 


Hopital 
NOTRE-DAME 
Montréal 


Post-Scolaires offerts: 
. Médecine générale 
. Chirurgie générale 

. Salles d'opération 
Chirurgie nerveuse 

. Chirurgie thoracique 
. Obstétrique 


Les cours commencent en septembre et mors 
de chaque année eft durent 6 mois. Ré- 
munérotion, blanchissoge des uniformes. 


Pour renseignements supplémentaires 
écrire @: 


LA DIRECTRICE DU NURSING, 
HOPITAL NOTRE-DAME, MONTREAL 24. 











Official Directory 


CANADIAN NURSES’ ASSOCIATION 


270 Laurier Ave., W., Ottawa 
President 2.65 ccciciceds Miss Gladys J. Sharpe, Western Hospital, Toronto 2B, Ont. 
Past President ...........- Miss Helen G. McArthur, 95 Wellesley St. E., Toronto 5, Ont. 
First Vice-President ..... Miss Trenna G. Hunter, Metropolitan Health Com., City Hall, Vam 


couver, B.C. 
Second Vice-President ... Miss Alice Girard, H6pital St. Luc, Lagauchetiére St., Montreal, Que. 
Third Vice-President ..... Miss Muriel Hunter, Provincial Health Dept., Fredericton, N.B. 
General Secretary ........ Miss M. Pearl Stiver, 270 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa. 


OTHER MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 


Presidents of Provincial Associations— 


BMOTOR . 06 css cnc ccescceces Miss Elizabeth Bietsch, General Hospital, Medicine Hat. 

British Columbia. ...... --- Miss Alberta Creasor, 1645 West 10th Ave., Vancouver 9. 

Manitoba.........-----+««: Miss Mary Wilson, Ste. 18, Lenore Apts., Lenore St., Winnipeg. 

New Brunswick.........-. Miss Grace Stevens, Box 970, Edmundston. 

Newfoundland .........-- Miss Elizabeth Summers, 55 Military Rd., St. John’s. 

Nova Scotia...........---- Mrs. Dorothy McKeown, 79% Allen St., Halifax. 

Onéario. .... 6.2 ceccencess Miss Alma Reid, McMaster University, Hamilton. 

Prince Edward Island..... Sister Mary Irene, Charlottetown Hospital, Charlottetown. 

Quebec. .... i faseua a wees abs Mile Eve Merieau. Apt. 52. 3201 Forest Hill, Montreal 26. 

Saskatchewan..........--. Miss Mary MacKenzie, St. Paul’s Hospital, Saskatoon. 

Religious Sisters (Regional Representation )— 

Biawittanes oc ccccccscccucus Rev. Sister Helen Marte, St. Joseph's Hospital, Saint John, N.B. 

Quebee .... 22.22 --eseerece Rev. Sister Denise Lefebvre, Institut Marguerite d'Youville, 
1185 St. Matthew St., Montreal 25. 

Gubiete. Sic iccvccduccices Rev. Sister M. de Sales, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto 2. 

Western Canada ......... Rev. Sister Mary Lucita, St. Joseph's Hospital, Victoria, B.C. 


Chairmen of National Committees— 


Nursing Service .......... Miss Alice Girard, Hépital St. Luc, Lagauchetiére St., Montreal, Que. 
Nursing Education ....... Miss ere Mallory, School of Nursing, University of British 
Columbia, Vancouver 8, B.C. 


Miss Evelyn Pepper, Rm. 726, Jackson Bidg., Ottawa, Ont. 

. Miss Helen Carpenter, 50 St. George St., Toronto 5, Ont. 

WOMOMSS 6 ccc sce cccsecscees Miss seen Hunter, Metropolitan Health Com., City Hall, Vam- 
couver, B.C 


EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 


Alberta Ase’n of Registered Nurses, Mrs. Clara Van Dusen, Ste. 5, 10129-102nd St., Edmonton. 
wot wed Munsee’ Ase’n of British Columbia, Miss Alice L. Wright, 2524 Cypress St., Van- 
u : 
Manitoba Ase’n of Registered Nurses, Miss Lillian E. Pettigrew, 247 Balmoral St., Winnipeg. 
New Brunswick Ass’n of Registered Nurses, P.O. Box 846, Frederiction. 
Aas'e of, Reapebenes Nurses of Newfoundland, Miss Pauline Laracy, Cabot Bldg., Duckworth St., 
Registered Nurses’ Ase’n of Nova Scotia, Miss Nancy H. Watson, 301 Barrington St., Halifax. 
Registered Nurses’ Ass’n of Ontario, Miss Florence H. Walker, 515 Jarvis St., Toronto 5. 
Ass'n of Nurses of Prince Edward Island, Miss Muriel Archibald, 188 Prince St., Charlottetown. 
Association of Nurses of the Province of . 
lation, of 2 of Quebec, Miss Winonah Lindsay, 506 Medical Arts 
Registered Nurses’ Ass'n, Miss Lola Wilson, 401 Northern Crown Bidg., Regina. 


ASSOCIATION OFFICERS 


Canadian Nurses’ Association: 270 Laurier Ave. West, Ottawa. General Secretery-Treesurer, Miss 
M. Pearl Stiver. Secretary of Nursing Education, Miss Frances U. . Secretary sing 
Service, Miss F. Lillian Campion. Assistent ee ee ae » of Ber 

International Council of Nurses: 19 "s Ga j : 
enna Queen te, London S.W. 7, England. Executive Secretary, 


592 THE CANADIAN NURSE 








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KAOLIN IN ALUMINA GEL 
WITH PECTIN 








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The KALPEC dosage schedule is logical. After the initial dose, each loose bowel 


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formation of normal stools indicates that no further medication is necessary. 





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