Canotia

CANOTIA

Volume 9
Contents

Vascular Plants of Arizona: Solanaceae Part Four: Physalis L. and Quincula Raf.

Leslie R. Landrum, Anne Barber, Kara Barron, Francis S. Cobum,

Kimberly Sanderford, and Danika Setaro 1

Vascular Plants of Arizona: Solanaceae Part Five: Chamaesaracha (A. Gray) Benth.

Erin Manton 13

Thamnosma texana, a Chihuahuan Desert Species, Disjunct in the Hualapai Mountains,
Mohave County, Arizona.

John L. Anderson and Cristina Francois 16

A Vascular Plant Inventory of the Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area, Maricopa
County, Arizona

Sarah Hunkins and Kevin Smith 21

November 2013
Vascular Plant Herbarium
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University

CANOTIA

Q.Z1

-A!

s/SJ

2oI3

Editor: Leslie R. Landrum
P. O. Box 874501
School of Life Sciences
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287-4501
(les.landrum@asu.edu)

Associate Editor: Orbelia R. Robinson
Botany Department
California Academy of Sciences
875 Howard Street
San Francisco, CA 94103-3009
(orobinson@calacademy.org)

Production Editor: Shannon C. Doan
School of Letters and Sciences
Arizona State University
7001 E. Williams Field Road
Mesa, AZ 85212
(sdoan@asu.edu)

Printed copies of this issue are being made possible through a grant from the Arizona Native Plant
Society. An introduction to the Vascular Plants of Arizona project can be found in Canotia volume 1,

issue 1.

Canotia publishes botanical and mycological papers related to Arizona. These may include
contributions to the Vascular Plants of Arizona project, checklists, local floras, new records for Arizona
and ecological studies. All manuscripts are peer-reviewed by specialists. Acceptance for publication will
be at the discretion of the editor. At least 30 printed copies of each issue are distributed to libraries in the
United States, Europe, and Latin America. Anyone may download copies free of charge at

http;//www.canotia.org.

Canotia is named for Canotia holacantha Torr. (Celastraceae), a spiny shrub or small tree nearly

endemic to Arizona.

ISSN 1931-3616

SOLANACEAE PART FOUR:

Physalis L. and Qu/ncula Raf.

Ground Cherry, Tomatillo

Leslie R. Landrum, Anne Barber, Kara Barron, Francis S. Cobum,

Kimberly Sanderford, and Danika Setaro
School of Life Sciences
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287-4501

Physalis and Quincula are two closely related genera and monotypic Quincula
is sometimes united with Physalis. Because the forthcoming treatment of the
Solanaceae for the Flora of North America will separate the genera we will follow
that decision. In an earlier key to the genera of Arizona Solanaceae (Bates et al.
2009) these taxa were separated only by flower color. We can here improve on that
separation with the following key.

1 . Flowers erect, the corolla rotate, blue to purple, often with a white center; young
growth with inflated globose hairs to ca. 0.1 mm long; seeds triangular with the

distal edge crenate Quincula

1 ’ Flowers generally nodding, the corolla usually campanulate, or rotate in P.
acutifolia, yellow to cream or nearly white, with or without central dark spots
(urceolate and purplish in P. soIanaceus)\ young growth with narrow linear hairs;
seeds lenticular without teeth Physalis

Known as “husk cherries” in English and “tomatillos” in Spanish, the species
of Physalis and Quincula have berries enclosed in an inflated calyx. Some species
have edible fmits, one of which, P. philadelphica Lam. from Mexico, is widely
cultivated. The fmits of that species are an important ingredient in “salsa verde”of
Mexican cooking. The Asian species P. alkekengi L., the “Chinese Lantern Planf’
and original type of the genus, has red or orange calyces and is cultivated as an
ornamental. Molecular systematic studies (Whitson & Manos 2005) indicate that P.
alkekengi is not closely related to the American species of Physalis and a proposal to
conserve the genus with a new type has been put forward (Whitson 2011) so as to
retain the name for the greatest number of species. This proposal has been considered
by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants (Taxon 61: 1112. 2012) and it
was recommended that Physalis be conserved with a new type (Physalis
pubescens L.).

Physalis L.

Annual or perennial herbs in ours, unarmed, the surfaces often hairy, the hairs
simple, or branched, often clearly multicellular with adjacent cells flattened when dry
at right angles to each other, sometimes glandular. LEAVES petiolate, membranous

Vascular Plants of Arizona: Solanaceae Part Four: Physalis L. and Quincula Raf Ground Cherry,
Tomatillo. Canotia9\\-\2. 2013. ©L.R. Landrum, A. Barber, K. Barron, F.S. Cobum, K.
Sanderford, and D. Setaro.

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to submembranous, simple, the margins entire to dentate or occasionally lobed, the
blade usually longer than the petiole. INFLORESCENCES uniflorous, appearing
axillary. FLOWERS 5-merous, actinomorphic, 0.3-1. 6 cm long (base of calyx to tip
of anthers); calyx lobes acute, usually about as long as or shorter than the tube;
corolla rotate, campanulate (sometimes with a re flexed margin) or urceolate, usually
yellowish to whitish but less often purplish, often with dark spots (these sometimes
merging in a ring) on central inner surface; stamens equal; anthers basifixed, oblong,
yellow or bluish, opening by lateral slits, the edges of these whitish; filaments longer
than the anthers; stigma capitate to weakly bilobed. FRUITS berries, surrounded by
an inflated persistent calyx, the inflated calyx derived primarily from the tube,
globose to ovoid, often prominently ribbed with obvious reticulate venation between
main veins; seeds numerous, lenticular, yellow to orange, 1.5-3 mm wide. — 9 spp. in
AZ, ca. 80 worldwide. (Greek: for bladder, refers to the inflated calyx.)

We use the terms spreading and erect for hairs, which may not be clear to
everyone. Spreading we use to mean extending from the surface in various directions
and not appressed. Erect we use to mean perpendicular to a surface.

Kearney and Peebles and collaborators (1960) included Physalis heterophyUa
Nees in Arizona Flora. We have not found a specimen to verify its existence in AZ,
although some specimens of P. hederifolia have been misidentified with that name.

1 . Corolla urceolate, 3-5 mm long, purplish to greenish yellow P. solanaceus

1 ’ Corolla rotate to campanulate, generally over 5 mm long, yellow to white, blue or
purple, sometimes with central dark or lighter spots.

2. Stems glabrous to sparsely appressed pubescent, the hairs when present
antrorse, unbranched, rarely over 1 mm long.

3. Perennials; flower campanulate, 1.1-1. 6 cm long; leaf margins entire to

repand-sinuate P. longifolia

3’ Annuals; flower rotate to campanulate, if campanulate up to 1 cm long;
leaf margins dentate to incised or serrate.

4. Corolla rotate, 1-2.2 cm wide, yellowish white, occasionally with

yellowish-orange darkened center; anthers 3^ mm long, yellow

P. acutifolia

4’ Corolla campanulate, 0.4-1 cm wide, yellow, with a purplish or
yellow-green center; anthers 1-2 mm long and yellow, or 3-4 mm
long and tinged purplish.

5. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, 1.7-2. 2 times as long as wide;
corolla 0.8-2. 2 cm wide; anthers 3^ mm long, tinged purplish,

twisted when dry P. philadelphica

5’ Leaves elliptic, 2.2-5 times as long as wide; corolla 0.4-1 cm

wide; anthers 1-2 mm long, yellow, not twisted when dry

P. angulata

2. Stems moderately to densely puberulent, pubescent or villous, the hairs erect,
spreading or retrorse, sometimes branched, often over 1 mm long.

6. Plants perennial, the tap root or other underground parts difficult to extract
from the soil.

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7. Leaves elliptic, rhomboid, or lanceolate, mainly 2.5^ times as long as
wide, the margins entire, sinuate, or coarsely toothed; hairs erect or
spreading, ribbon-like, flattened in segments at right angles, mostly 1-2
mm long, not glandular, not branched; pine-oak forest above 1800 m

(6000 ft) in e central and s AZ P. caudella

7’ Leaves ovate, lanceolate or rhomboid, mainly 1-2.5 times as long as wide,
the margin toothed entire, sinuate, dentate or serrate; hairs erect, spreading
or retrorse, mostly less than 1 mm long, sometimes glandular, sometimes
branched; pinyon-juniper, chaparral and desert, mainly below 1800 m
(6000 ft) throughout AZ.

8. Hairs erect, mostly less than 0.25 mm long, unbranched, sometimes
inconspicuously glandular, but usually not accumulating debris; leaves
ovate, 0.9-1. 6 times as long as wide; margins entire, less often repand
to sinuate; base cordate-oblique, rarely cuneate; peduncle usually
about twice as long as the flower; corolla yellow, without darkened

center P. crassifolia

8‘ Hairs erect to retrorse, mostly greater than 0.25 mm long, often
branched and/or obviously glandular, sometimes accumulating debris;
leaves lanceolate to ovate or rhomboid, 1-2.5 times longer than wide;
margins coarsely dentate or serrate, less often repand; base usually
cuneate to truncate-oblique, less often scarcely cordate; peduncle
usually about as long as the flower; corolla yellow to greenish yellow,

usually with darkened center P. hederifolia

6’ Plants annual, the tap root easily extracted from soil.

9. Stems only moderately pubescent, the hairs not glandular; leaves 1. 7-2.4

times as long as wide P. philadelphica

9’ Stems densely pubescent, the hairs glandular; leaves 0.6-1. 2 times as long
As wide.

10. Leaves ovate; apex acute to acuminate; base sometimes cordate;
marginal teeth acute, few or none; Cochise, Pima and Santa Cruz cos.

P. pubescetis

10’ Leaves elliptic to ovate; apex rounded, obtuse or bluntly acute; base
rarely cordate; marginal teeth rounded, a few generally present;
Yavapai, Coconino, Graham, Greenlee cos P. neomexicana

Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandw. (acute-leaved). — Annual herb, with
spreading and ascending stems and branches, sparsely antrorsely pubescent on leaf
edges and veins, denser on new growth, the stems up to 50 cm long; hairs up to 1 mm
long, not glandular. LEAVES elliptic, often narrowly so, less often lanceolate or
ovate, 4-12.5 cm long, 1-5 cm wide, 1.8-6 times as long as wide; base acute to
acuminate often obliquely so; apex acute to acuminate; margins dentate to incised or
serrate. FLOWERS rotate, 0.7-1. 2 cm long; peduncle 1.2-3 cm long, usually about
2-3 times as long as flower; calyx 0.3-0. 5 cm long, the lobes about as long as the
tube; corolla yellowish white, occasionally with yellowish orange darkened center, 1-
2.2 cm wide; anthers yellow, 3-4 mm long, about 3-4 times as long as wide.
FRUITING CALYX ovoid, 1.2-2. 3 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, most about 1.5 cm wide;

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berry 0.6-1. 3 cm in diameter; seeds lenticular, 2-2.2 mm wide. [P. wrightii A. Gray].
— In cultivated lands, riparian areas, or along roadsides; Cochise, Graham, Maricopa,
Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz, Yavapai, Yuma cos.; 40-1450 m (130-4750 ft); flowering
and fruiting Jul-Sep; s U.S., mainly CA to LA; nw Mex.

Physalis angulata L. (for angled stems). — Annual herb, with spreading and
ascending stems and branches, sparsely pubescent on leaf edges and veins, denser on
new growth, the stems up to 30 cm long; hairs up to 1 mm long, not glandular.
LEAVES elliptic, often narrowly so, 2.5-7 cm long, 0.5-2. 5 cm wide, 2.5-5 times as
long as wide; base acute to acuminate often obliquely so; apex acute to acuminate;
margins dentate to incised or serrate. FLOWERS campanulate, up to 1 cm long;
peduncle 0.6-2. 5 cm long, usually about 1-2.5 times as long as flower; calyx 0.2-0. 5
cm long, the lobes about as long as the tube; corolla yellow, with a purplish or
yellow-green darkened center, 0.4-1 cm wide; anthers yellowish, 1-2 mm long, about
2 times as long as wide. FRUITFNG CALYX ovoid, 1-2.4 cm long, 0.7-2 cm wide;
berry 0.5-1 cm in diameter; seeds lenticular, 1.5-2 mm wide. [P. lanceifolia Nees].
— Riparian areas; Cochise, Maricopa, Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz cos.; 100-1400 m
(300-4600 ft), mostly around 300 m; flowering and fruiting Jul-Nov; CA to MA,
mainly in s states; widespread in temperate and tropical regions.

Physalis caudella Standi, (small tail, for attenuate calyx lobes in fruit) —
Perennial herb, ascending, with few branches, usually villous to pubescent, more
densely so at nodes, stem bases, leaf mid-veins and leaf margins, peduncles, and
flowering calyces, the stems up to 40 cm long; hairs erect or spreading, up to 4.5 mm
long, obviously multicellular, the cells flattened, often at perpendicular angles to
adjacent cells. LEAVES elliptic, rhomboidal, or lanceolate, 2. 5-9. 5 cm long, 1-5 cm
wide, 2^ times as long as wide; base usually oblique, rarely cuneate; apex broadly
to narrowly acute, rarely broadly acuminate; margins entire, sinuate, or coarsely
toothed. FLOWERS campanulate, 0. 8-1.1 cm long; peduncle 5-12 mm long, usually
0.6 to 1.1 times as long as flower; calyx 0.7-2 cm long, the lobes about as long as the
tube; corolla yellow with purple or brownish center, 1. 1-2.1 cm wide; anthers bluish
yellow, 2-3.5 mm long. FRUITING CAEYX globose to ovoid, 2-5 cm long, 1-3 cm
wide; berry 0.4-1. 5 cm in diameter; seeds lenticular, ca. 2 mm wide. [P. lanceolata
auct. non Michx.]. — Canyons, steep slopes, rocky ridges, near streams, and often in
loose gravelly sand or soil, pine-oak forests; s Apache, Cochise, Pima, and Santa
Cruz cos.; 1800-2800m (6000-9100 ft); flowering and fruiting Aug-Sep; NM; nw
Mex.

This species most likely has a large underground taproot or rhizome that is
rarely collected due to the difficulty of extracting it from the ground.

Physalis crassifolia Benth. (thick-leaved). — Perennial herb, ascending to
trailing-procumbent, inconspicuously puberulent, the trailing stems to 40 cm long;
hairs erect, mostly less than 0.25 mm long, sometimes inconspicuously glandular, but
not accumulating sand. LEAVES ovate, 1-3.5 cm long, 0.8-3. 6 cm wide, 0.9-1. 6
times as long as wide, the petiole occasionally longer than the blade; base cordate-
oblique, rarely cuneate; apex rounded-acute, occasionally acuminate; margins entire.

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less often repand to sinuate. FLOWERS campanulate, 1-1.5 cm long; peduncle 1.1-
3.2 cm long, usually about twice as long as the flower; calyx 0. 5-0.7 cm long, the
lobes shorter than the tube; corolla yellow, without darkened center, 1 . 1-1 .7 cm wide;
anthers yellow, 3-3.5 mm long. FRUITNG CALYX 1.5-3 cm long, 1.3-2. 2 cm
wide; berry 0.5-1. 2 cm in diameter; seeds reddish orange, lenticular ca. 1.5-2 mm
wide, the surface rugose. [Physalis versicolor Rydb., P. crassifolia var. versicolor
(Rydb.) Waterf ] — Rocky slopes and canyons, usually in upland Sonoran Desert or
Mohave Desert; Coconino, La Paz, Maricopa, Mohave, Pima, Pinal, Yavapai, Yuma
cos.; 70-1300 m (250-4000 ft); flowering and fruiting nearly throughout the year but
mainly from Mar- Apr and Sep-Oct; CA, NV, UT; nw Mex.

Physalis crassifolia is commonly confused with P. hederifolia in AZ. See
discussion under that species.

Physalis hederifolia A. Gray (leaves of Hedera, ivy) — Perennial herb,
usually ascending, puberulent to pubescent, sometimes glandular pubescent, the stems
up to 50 cm long; hairs greater than or equal to 0.25 mm long, often branched and/or,
retrorse and/or obviously glandular, often accumulating sand. LEAVES lanceolate to
ovate or rhomboid, 2.5-4 cm long, 1-3.5 cm wide, 1-2.5 times longer than wide; base
usually cuneate to truncate-oblique, less often scarcely cordate; apex acute to bluntly
acute; margins coarsely dentate or serrate, having (2-)3^(-5) teeth per side, less
often repand. FLOWERS campanulate, 0. 8-1.1 cm long; peduncle 0.7-1 cm long,
usually about as long as the flower; calyx 0. 5-1.1 cm long, the lobes shorter than the
tube; corolla yellow with darkened center, 1.1-1. 5 cm wide; anthers yellow, 2-3 cm
long. FRUITING CALYX 1.4-2. 7 cm long, 1.2-2. 5 wide; berry 0.8-2 cm wide;
seeds lenticular ca. 1.5 mm wide, the surface rugose. [P. fendleri A. Gray, P.
hederifolia wa.r. fendleri (A. Gray) Cronquist, P. hederifolia war. palmeri (A. Gray) C.
L. Hitchc.]. — Canyon bottoms, washes in upland Sonoran Desert, chaparral, and
piny on-juniper woodland; all cos. except Yuma and perhaps La Paz; 500-2100 m
(1700-7000 ft); flowering and fruiting Apr-Oct; w N. Amer. and ne U.S.; n Mex.

This widespread and variable species is often confused with Physalis
crassifolia in AZ. The differences are outlined in the key in lead 8, but occasional
intermediates may be found. Whether or not these are hybrids remains to be
established. Their habitats and ranges may overlap only slightly; P. crassifolia is
found in deserts, mainly to the sw of Phoenix and Tucson and the Mojave Desert; P.
hederfolia is found in chaparral to piny on-juniper woodlands to the n and e of
Phoenix and Tucson. The hairs of P. hederifolia vary greatly, being short and
retrorse, longer and glandular, or longer and branched. Physalis crassifolia has
unbranched, erect, short hairs (<0.25 mm) that are usually not glandular. Specimens
of P. hederifolia with branched hairs have been assigned to P. fendleri, or P.
hederifolia war. fendleri but the degree of branching is quite variable; specimens with
short glandular hairs have been assigned to P. hederifolia var. pahneri; we do not
believe that these groups warrant formal recognition.

Physalis longifolia Nutt, (long-leaved). — Perennial herb with rhizome, erect
to ascending, glabrous to sparsely pubescent on leaf margins, fruits and young
growth, the stems up to 80 cm long; hairs mostly appressed, 0. 1-0.5 mm long.

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LEAVES lanceolate to ± elliptic, 4-1 1 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, (2-)3^ times as long
as wide; base cuneate, often oblique; apex acute to narrowly acute, or narrowly
acuminate; margin entire to repand-sinuate. FLOWERS campanulate, 1.1-1. 6 cm
long, 1.2-2 cm wide; peduncle l-1.6(-2.2) cm long, usually equal to or longer than
the flower; calyx 0.8-1. 2 cm long, the lobes often longer than the tube; corolla cream
to greenish-yellow with darkened center; anthers often bluish, 2.5^ mm long.
FRUITING CALYX ovoid, 1.2-3. 5 cm long, 1-2.8 cm wide; berry 0.6-1. 2 cm in
diameter; seeds lenticular, 2-2.2 mm wide. [P. lanceolata Michx. var. longifoUa
Trek] — Pine-oak woodland, oak savanna, chaparral, semi-desert grassland. Great
Basin scrub, riparian forest and meadows; Apache, Cochise, Coconino, Gila, Pima,
Santa Cruz cos.; 700-2600 m (2400-8500ft); Mar-Oct. widespread in N. Amer. from
Can. to Mex.

Physalis neomexicana Rydb. (from New Mexico). — Annual herb, erect and
unbranched to ascending with spreading branches, the stems up to 44 cm long,
densely pubescent, the hairs 0.25-1.2 mm long, obviously multicellular, glandular,
spreading. LEAVES elliptic to ovate, 1.1-5. 5 cm long, 1^.9 cm wide, ca. 1.2 times
as long as wide; petiole 0.5-5. 4 cm long; petiole usually about 2/3 the length of the
leaf blade; base rounded, often oblique; apex rounded, obtuse or bluntly acute;
margins sinuate to coarsely toothed, the teeth rounded. FLOWERS campanulate, 0.5-
0.7 cm long; peduncle 0.5-0. 9 cm long; slightly longer than flower; calyx 0.4-0. 7 cm
long, lobes slightly shorter than or equal to the tube; corolla yellow with darkened
center, 0.6-0. 7 cm wide; anthers yellow or bluish, 0. 1-0.2 cm long. FRUITING
CALYX ovoid to suglobose, 1.2-2. 4 cm wide, 2-3 cm long; berry 0.7-1. 5 cm in
diameter; seeds lenticular, 2-2.2 mm wide. [Physalis subulata Rydb. var.
neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterf ex Kartesz & Gandhi]. — Pinyon-Juniper woodland,
interior chaparral, oak woodlands, and riparian areas; s Apache, Coconino, Graham,
Greenlee, s Navajo, Yavapai cos.; 1500-2200 m (5100-7000 ft); flowering and
fruiting Feb-Mar, Aug-Oct; NM.

Physalis philadelphica Lam. (of Philadelphia). — Annual herb with
spreading and ascending stems and branches, sparsely pubescent on leaf edges and
veins, more densely pubescent on new growth, the stems up to ca. 45 cm long; hairs
up to 1 mm long, not glandular, sometimes clearly multicellular. LEAVES ovate,
lanceolate or elliptic, 2-6 cm long, 1-3.4 cm wide, 1. 7-2.4 times as long as wide;
base acute, often obliquely so; apex acute to acuminate; margins dentate or serrate.
FLOWERS campanulate, up to 1.5 cm long; peduncle 0.5-1. 2 cm long, usually about
0.5-2 times as long as flower; calyx 0.2-0. 6 cm long, the lobes about as long as the
tube; corolla yellow, with a purplish darkened center, 0.8-2. 2 cm wide; anthers
purplish tinged, 3-4 mm long, about as 3^ times as long as wide, becoming twisted
upon drying. FRUITING CALYX ovoid to subglobose, to ca. 2.5 cm long, to ca. 2
cm wide; berry up to 2.5 cm in diameter; seeds lenticular, 2-2.5 mm wide. —
Disturbed areas, grasslands; Cochise, Mohave, Pima, Santa Cruz cos.; 1100-1500 m
(3600-5000 ft); flowering and fruiting Aug-Sep; widespread in the U.S., Can. and
Mex., widely cultivated.

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This is the cultivated “tomatillo” from Mexico. It is unclear if populations in
Arizona are native or escaped. Cultivated plants should be expected to be more
robust that those described here. Physalis philadelphica is most similar to Physalis
angulata. The species are compared in lead 6 of the key.

Physalis pubescens L. (pubescent). — Annual herb, densely pubescent, the
hairs 0.25-1.2 mm long, clearly multicellular, glandular. LEAVES ovate (0.9-) 1.5-
8.1 cm long, (0.7-) 1.2-8. 1 cm wide, 0.6-1 times long as wide; apex acute to
acuminate; base slightly cordate to cuneate, often oblique; margins entire to sparsely
toothed, the teeth acute. FLOWERS campanulate, 0.5-0. 7 cm long; penduncle 0.5-
0.9 cm long; calyx 0.4-0. 7 cm long; corolla yellow with darkened center, 0.6-0. 7 cm
wide; anthers yellow or bluish, 0. 1-0.2 cm long. FRUITING CALYX ovoid to
suglobose 1.7-3. 6 cm wide, 2. 0^.0 cm long; berry 0.7-1. 7 cm in diameter; seeds
lenticular, 1.5-2 mm wide. [P. latiphysa Waterf.]. — Forests, canyons, riparian,
moist, or disturbed areas, growing with mesquite, cottonwood, oak, and juniper:
Cochise, Graham, Pima, Santa Cruz cos.; 1200-2400 m (4000-8000 ft); Feb-Mar,
Aug-Oct; NM, w Mex.

Physalis solanaceus (Schltdl.) Axelius (like Solarium). — Annual herb,
ascending, mainly subglabrous but sparsely to densely strigose on young growth,
flowering calyx and peduncles, the stems up to 40 cm long; hairs usually not clearly
multicellular, whitish, to ca. 0.5 mm long. LEAVES ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7
cm long, 1-3.5 cm wide, 2-2.5 times as long as wide; petiole 1-3 cm long, about 0.5
times as long as blade; base attenuate; apex acute; margins entire to repand.
FLOWERS urceolate, 3-5 mm long, 2. 5-3. 5 mm wide; peduncle 2-3 mm long; calyx
ca. 2 mm long, the lobes shorter than the tube; corolla purple or yellow with distinct
purple base, 2-3.5 mm wide, the widest point near the middle; anthers purplish, ca. 1
mm long. FRUITING CALYX globose to ovoid, 10-12 mm wide and long; berry 4-7
mm diameter; seeds ca. 2 mm wide. [Margaranthus solanaceus Schltdl., M lemmoni
A. Gray]. — Canyons, grasslands, desert scrub, woodlands of cottonwood, oak, or
piny on-juniper; Cochise, Gila, Graham, Greenlee, Maricopa, Pima, Santa Cruz,
Yavapai cos.; 1000-2000 m (3300-6600 ft); flowering Sep-Aug; NM, n Mex.

Quincula Raf.

Perennial herbs, unarmed, usually trailing-procumbent, sparsely to densely
scurfy on young growth, the stems to 35 cm long; hairs subglobose, often deflated
and flat in dried specimens, whitish, ca. 0. 1 mm long. LEAVES elliptic to obovate,
2-8 cm long, 1^ cm wide, 1-3.5 times as long as wide; base attenuate, the blade
often extending narrowly along the petiole, the petiole occasionally longer than the
blade; apex acute to rounded; margins coarsely lobed or toothed or merely sinuate,
the lobes or teeth when present 3-5 per side, nearly perpendicular to the margins.
INFLORESCENCES uniflorous, appearing axillary. FLOWERS 5-merous,
acinomorphic, rotate, erect, 0.7-1 cm long; peduncle 2^ cm long, usually 2 or more
times as long as the flower; calyx 4-7 mm long, the lobes as long as or shorter than
the tube; corolla blue to purple, with a whitish eenter, ca. 2 cm wide; anthers yellow.

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ca. 2 mm long. FRUITS berries, surrounded by an inflated persistent calyx, the
inflated calyx derived primarily from the tube; fruiting calyx subglobose to ovoid, 1-
1.5 cm long and wide; berry 5-6 mm in diameter; seeds yellowish orange, flattened-
triangular, ca. 2-3 mm long, the distal edge crenate. — A monotypic genus. (Latin for
little five, for spots on the corolla that are sometimes present).

Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (lobed) [Physalis lobata Torr.]. — Upland
Sonoran desert and desert flats, often with Prosopis, often in disturbed places;
Apache, Maricopa, Mohave, Pima, Pinal, Yavapai, Yuma cos.; 150-1700 m (450-
5600 ft); flowering and fruiting nearly throughout the year but mainly from Mar-May
and Sep-Oct; CA to KS, OK, TX; n Mex.

Acknowledgments

Janet Sullivan has made several helpful suggestions that have improved this
manuscript. Specimens from ASC, ASU, ARIZ, DES, RM and SJNM were vital to
this study.

Literature Cited

BATES, S. T., F. FARRUGGIA, E. GILBERT, R. GUTIERREZ, D. JENKE, E.
MAKINGS, E. MANTON, D. NEWTON, and L. R. LANDRUM 2009. Vascular
Plants of Arizona: Solanaceae Part Two: Key to the genera and Solamim L. Canotia
5(1): 1-16.

KEARNEY, T. H. and R. H. PEEBLES and collaborators. 1960. Arizona Flora. 2"^
ed. University of California Press, Berkeley.

WHITSON, M. 2011. (2016) Proposal to conserve the name Physalis (Solanaceae)
with a conserved type. Taxon 60(2): 608-609.

WHITSON, M. and P. S. MANOS. 2005. Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from
the Physaloids: A Two-Gene Phylogeny of the Physalinae. Systematic Botany 30(1):
216-230.

2013

Vascular Plants of Arizona

9

Solanaceae: Physalis Figure 1. Distributions of: (A) Physalis acutifolia\ (B) Physalis
angidlata; (C) Physalis caudeUa\ (D) Physalis crassifolia.

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Solanaceae: Physalis Figure 2. Distributions of: (A) Physalis hederifolia; (B)
Quincula Iobata\ (C) Physalis IongifoUa\ (D) Physalis neomexicana.

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Vascular Plants of Arizona

11

Solanaceae: Physalis Figure 3. Distributions of: (A) Physalis philadelphica', (B)
Physalis pubescens; (C) Physalis solanaceus.

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Solanaceae: Physalis Figure 4. Images of; (1 ) Physalis aciitifolia^ (2) Physalis angulata; (3) Physalis
caiidella: (4) Physalis crassifolia: (5) Physalis hederifolia\ (6) Quiucida lohata; (7) Physalis
longifblia', (8) Physalis philadelphica\ (9) Physalis neomexicana: (10) Physalis pubescens; (11)
Physalis solanacus. Photos 1 & 1 1 by M. Licher; 2, 2b & 10 by L. Landrum; 3 by T. Van Devender;
4 & 6 by P. Alexander; 5 & 9 by F. Cobum; 7 by R. Sivinski; 8 by E. Makings.

SOLANACEAE PART FIVE: CHAMAESARACHA (A. GRAY) BENTH.

Five Eyes.

Erin Manton
Department of Botany
University of British Columbia
3529-6270 University Boulevard
Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4

Perennial herbs, unarmed, the surfaces often hairy, the hairs simple, branched,
stellate, or glandular. LEAVES simple, the margins entire to pinnately lobed,
subsessile to petiolate. INFLORESCENCES axillary, uniflorous or few-flowered.
FLOWERS 5-merous, actinomorphic; calyx campanulate, densely hairy, the lobes
triangular, ca. equal to the tube; corolla rotate, creamy yellow to yellow-green, tinged
with purple, the throat with white, tomentose, cushion-like pads attached, these
alternating with the stamens; stamens equal; anthers free, basifixed, oblong,
longitudinally dehiscent, yellow; filaments longer than anthers; stigma minutely 2-
lobed. FRUITS spherical berries, tightly invested but only partially hidden by the
accrescent calyx (so that top of berry is exposed), the calyx not inflated in fruit; seeds
wingless, flattened, reniform. — 2 spp. in AZ, 7 spp. worldwide; exclusively of N.
Amer., especially the Chihuahuan desert {chamae, Greek for “low” or “dwarf’ +
Saracha, a S. Amer. genus of Solanaceae).

1 . Surfaces glabrous to scurfy, the hairs short, white, branched or stellate, often

mixed with longer, tangled hairs, never glandular; leaves subentire to deeply
lobed C. coronopus

1 ’ Surfaces densely covered with glandular hairs mixed with longer, simple hairs;
leaves entire to only slightly lobed C. sordida

Chamaesaracha coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray (Greek: korone = crown pous
= foot). Greenleaf five eyes. — Herbs, to 50 cm tall, rhizomatous, glabrous to scurfy,
the hairs short, white, branched or stellate, often mixed with longer, tangled hairs
(especially on stems, peduncles, and calices). LEAVES linear, lanceolate, narrowly
elliptic, or oblanceolate, 1.5-8 cm long, the margins minutely undulate to pinnately
lobed and often densely hairy, membranous to subcoriaceous, the midvein prominent;
apex acute to rounded-obtuse, tapering to an attenuate, subsessile base.
INFLORESCENCES uniflorous, the peduncles 1-3 cm long. FLOWERS with calyx
2. 5-6.0 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent; corolla ca. 1 cm wide, the white
cushion-like pads contiguous (or nearly so) and almost filling the throat; stamens less
than 6 mm long; anthers ca. 1/3 as long as filaments. FRUITS 4-8 mm wide, whitish,
pendulous; seeds light brown, alveolate. — Weedy, found especially in disturbed
areas, dry grasslands, and deserts; all cos. except La Paz (Fig. ID); 200-2100 m
(700-6900 ft); Mar-Oct; sw U.S. and n Mex.

Vascular Plants of Arizona: Solanaceae Part Five: Chamaesaracha (A. Gray) Benth. Five Eyes.
Canotia9:\1>-\5. 2013. ©Erin Manton.

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Chamaesaracha sordida (Dunal) A. Gray (dull, dirty). Hairy five eyes. —
Herbs, to 30 cm tall, rhizomatous, densely glandular-pubescent, the glandular hairs
mixed with longer, simple hairs (especially on the stems, peduncles, and calices).
LEAVES lanceolate, elliptic, oblanceolate, or rhombic, 1-4 cm long, the margins
mostly entire or subentire, sometimes shallowly lobed or toothed, membranous to
subcoriaceous; apex acute to rounded, tapering to an attenuate, subsessile base.
INFLORESCENCES uniflorous, the peduncles 1-3 cm long. FLOWERS with calyx
3-5 mm long, densely glandular-pubescent; corolla ca. 1 cm wide or less, the white
cushion-like pads not contiguous and not filling the throat; stamens less than 6 mm
long; anthers 1/2 — 1/3 as long as filaments. FRUITS 4-8 mm wide, whitish,
pendulous; seeds light brown, alveolate. — Found in disturbed areas and deserts;
Cochise, Gila, Graham, Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz, Yavapai, Yuma cos. (Fig. IE); 700-
1700 m (2300-5600 ft); Mar-Oct; sw U.S. and n Mex.

Chamaesaracha sordida was merged into the closely related C. conoides by
Gray (1876); however, the two taxa are now distinguished by morphological,
chemical, and chromosomal differences (Averett 1973). Although the distributions of
the two species overlap in some states, apparently C. conoides does not extend
westward into AZ.

Literature Cited

Averett, J.E. 1973. Biosystematic study of Chamaesaracha (Solanaceae). Rhodora
75; 325-365.

Gray, A. 1876. Botany of California, Gamopetalae, Vol.l, pp. 277-622. In: J. D.
Whitney, Geological Survey of California. 1876-1880. Botany. 2 vols. Cambridge.

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Vascular Plants of Arizona

15

Chamaesaracha Figure 1. Flowers and distribution maps for C/?c?w£7e5(3rac/?a. (A, B, D)
Chamaesaracha coronopus', (C, E) Chamaesaracha sordida. (Photos A & B by Max Licher and C by
Patrick Alexander).

Thamnosma texana, a Chihuahuan Desert Species, Disjunct in
THE Hualapai Mountains, Mohave County, Arizona.

John L. Anderson
U. S. Bureau of Land Management
21605 North Seventh Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85358’

and

Cristina Francois

U. S. Bureau of Land Management
2755 Mission Boulevard, Kingman, AZ 8640 1‘

’ Present address; P. O. Box 2091 1, Wickenburg, AZ 85358
" Present address: University of Arizona, Department of Entomology, P. O. Box
210036, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036

The discovery of Thamnosma texana (A. Gray) Torr. in the Hualapai
Mountains of Mohave County, Arizona is notable because it extends the known range
of the species by over 100 kms. It is also of interest because the plant was first
identified by recognizing the insects that use it as a host and because the new record
seems to be an exception to the general rule that populations of Thamnosma texana
disjunct from the Chihuahuan Desert tend to grow in locally atypical habitats.

Identification of plants in the field is primarily based on morphological
characters; but, geographic range is also an important identification tool. Plant
species typically occur as part of a floristic province (McLaughlin 2007). These
floristic provinces, each with its own geographic range, are defined by their unique
species compositions. When populations of a plant species are discovered in distant
and different geographic provinces, outside their normal range, identification can be
problematic. Since the usual range and floristic parameters for identification do not
apply, other factors can be used to make an identification.

An instance of this is presented here from the Hualapai Mountains, Mohave
County, AZ (35.065946 N 113.784616 W). In November 2011, Francois, an
entomologist by training, found an unfamiliar plant species (Fig. lA) during
environmental assessment work. However, there was a familiar butterfly larva
present on the plant. She identified it as the 5”^ instar larva (Fig. IB) of the black
swallowtail butterfly {Papilio po/yxenes) (Fig. 1C). From a quick literature review
(Finke and Scriber 1988, Drees and Jackman 1998), she found a list of the host plant
species of this butterfly larva. This list (and the plant’s particular odor) narrowed the
options for identification. After that, based on the butterfly larva’s host plant
preferences and the plant’s morphology, Francois identified the plant as Thamnosma
texana (A. Gray) Torr. Anderson, previously familiar with Thamnosma texana
(1996), subsequently visited the Hualapai Mountain site, confirmed the plant
identification as Thamnosma texana (Fig. lA) and collected voucher specimens

Thamnosma texana, a Chihuahuan Desert Species, Disjunct in the Hualapai Mountains, Mohave
County, Arizona. Canotia 9;16-20. 2013. ©J.L. Anderson and C. Francois.

2013

THAMNOSMA TEXANA, disjunct in HUALAPAl MTNS.

17

{Anderson 2011-56, ASU) and habitat data. Approximately twenty-five plants were
counted. This population of Thamnosma texana is the first record for the Hualapai
Mountains and is a range disjunction from its known range and floristic province, the
Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, and southeast Arizona. It is
approximately 130 kilometers disjunct northwest from the nearest population in the
Upper Verde River area near the Chino Valley {Coburn 536, ASU) and 400
kilometers disjunct from its typical range in southeast Arizona.

Many plant species that are widely disjunct from their normal range and
habitat are able to survive on locally anomalous habitats in regions where the more
common vegetation type would outcompete them. These anomalous habits may
differ edaphically or topographically from the more common habitats (Gankin and
Major 1964, Kruckeberg 1969), and may function as refiigia by providing an
environmental dissimilarity to which the locally dominant species are poorly adapted
and do not occur. Thus, an ecological island is left open sometimes allowing several
disjuncts (even of different floristic origins) to occur together by taking advantage of
atypical habitat conditions with less local plant competition. In the Sonoran Desert of
central Arizona many examples of such disjunctions have been documented on late
Tertiary lacustrine deposits (Anderson 1996, 2012) which provide an anomalous
edaphic habitat contrasting with the surrounding igneous derived habitats.
Thamnosma texana follows this disjunct pattern (Fig. IE) and has been documented
on late Tertiary lacustrine deposits (Anderson 1996) at the Lower Verde River near
Horseshoe Reservoir {Anderson 87-21, ASU) and in the Verde Valley {Lehto 21344,
ASU) as well as on the Martin Formation, a Paleozoic marine limestone at the Upper
Verde River Canyon near the Chino Valley, Yavapai County {Coburn 536, ASU). It
is usually a Chihuahuan Desert species that ranges from northern Mexico through
west Texas, southern New Mexico and into southeastern Arizona in Cochise County
and eastern Pima Counties. An examination of label data in SEINet (2012) shows
that it is primarily a desert species (43 out of 67 collections) growing on limestone
(51 out of 78 collections). It also occurs to a lesser degree in semi-desert grassland,
interior chaparral and piny on-juniper-oak woodlands on rocky slopes and along
washes. The habitat of the disjunct populations in central Arizona mimics its usual
limestone habitat in the Chihuahuan desert (SEINet 2012).

The late Tertiary lacustrine deposit at Burro Creek on the Mohave/Yavapai
County line lies in between the Verde Valley and the Hualapai Mountains. Despite
much field work there Thamnosma texana had not been found (Anderson 1996,
2012). The discovery of Thamnosma texana farther to the northwest in the Hualapai
Mountains raised the possibility that it might occur at the geographically intermediate
Burro Creek lacustrine locality and had been overlooked. Anderson searched there
again in December 2012, especially under the Quercus turbinella shrubs, without
success.

The Hualapai Mountains population of Thamnosma texana does not follow
the disjunct pattern of occurrence within an anomalous habitat as described above.
Here, Thamnosma texana grows within the locally common habitat (Fig. ID) of
granitic hills at 1310 m with a mix of common Interior Chaparral and semi-desert
grassland plant species (Brown 1982), rather than lacustrine limestone Sonoran
Desert habitat similar to the disjunct populations in the Verde Valley and lower Verde

Canotia Vol. 9

2013

Valley (Anderson 1996). In the Hualapai Mountains it is usually found growing next
to or under Quercus turbinella Greene. Other associated species are Aloysio whghtii
A. Heller, Aristida purpurea Nutt., Baccharis brachyphylla A. Gray, Berberis
haematocarpa Woot., Bouteloua curtipendida (Michx.) Torr., B. eriopoda (Torr.)
Torr., C allot ia holacaiitha Torr., Cylindropuntia acarithocarpa (Engelm. & Bigelow)
F. M. Knuth, Echiiiocereus eugelmaimii (Parry) Lemaire, Eragrostis intermedia
Hitchc., Ericameria laricifolia (Gray) Shinners, Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Frem.,
Elilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth. ex Scribn., Krameria erecta Willd. ex Schult., Lotus
rigidus (Benth.) Greene, Melampodium leucanthum Torr. & Gray, Opuntia chlorotica
Engelm. & J. M. Bigelow., O. phaeacantha Engelm., Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. &
Rupr.) Romasch, Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray) Greene, Scutelaria mexicana (Torr.)
A. J. Paton, Senegalia greggii (A. Gray) Britton & Rose, Stephanomeria pauciflora
(Torr.) A. Nels., and Yucca baccata Torr.

The occurrence of Thanmosma texana in the Hualapai Mountains is
surprising, both for its wide disjunction and for its presence in a common habitat.
However, it is not alone in its disjunction from a typical range in southeastern
Arizona onto a common habitat in the Hualapai Mountains. Two other species have
similar distributions. Sophora arizonica S. Wats. [Dermatophyllum arizonicum (S.
Wats.) Vincent] is a disjunct species from southeastern Arizona, found in the eastern
foothills of the Hualapai Mountains (Fig. IE). It is an Arizona endemic whose
nearest relative, Sophora gypsophila B. L. Turner and J. M. Powell, occurs in west
Texas within the known range of Thanmosma texana. In southeastern Arizona the
two occur together in the Swisshelm {McManus 572, ARIZ) and Whetstone
Mountains {McLaughlin 190, 219, ARIZ). Parthenium incanum H. B. K. is another
predominantly limestone species from the Chihuahuan Desert with a parallel range to
Thanmosma texana. At the western edge of its range in the Hualapai Mountains
{Anderson 95-25, ASU) and the Cerbat Mountains {Anderson 94-18, ASU), it occurs
on a common granitic hills habitat or other volcanic substrates, rather than limestone.
However, its range in Arizona is more continuous, rather than disjunct, and extends to
northwest Arizona. This co-occurrence of other Chihuahuan Desert species in the
Hualapai Mountains may provide clues of an older biogeographical pattern and
evidence of the past vegetative history of the region.

Acknowledgments

We thank Rebecca Peck and Ammon Wilhelm from the BLM Kingman Field
Office for field assistance. Much appreciation is extended to Samuel Jaffe for the use
of the black swallowtail butterfly larva picture and Tom Murray for the use of the
black swallowtail adult pictures. Liz Makings at ASU provided valuable assistance
preparing figures, making plant distribution maps and reviewing the manuscript.

Literature Cited

ANDERSON, J. L. 1996. Floristic patterns on late Tertiary lacustrine deposits in the
Arizona Sonoran Desert. Madrono 43:255-272.

2013

Thamnosma texana, disjunct in hualapai Mtns.

19

ANDERSON, J. L. 2012. Further floristics on late Tertiary lacustrine deposits in the
southern Arizona deserts. Madrono 48: 123-128.

BROWN, D. E. (ed.). 1982. Biotic communities of the American Southwest-United
States and Mexico. Desert Plants 4:1-342.

DRESS, B. M. and J. A. JACKMAN. 1998. A field guide to common Texas insects.
Gulf Publishing, Houston, Texas.

FINKE, M. D. and J. M. SCRIBER. 1988. Influence of larval growth of the eastern
Black Swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) of seasonal
changes in nutritional parameters of Umbelliferae species. American Midland
Naturalist, 119:45-62

GANKIN, R. and MAJOR, J. 1964. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia, its biology and
relationship to the problem of endemism. Ecology 45:792-808.

KRUCKEBERG, A. R. 1969. Soil diversity and the distribution of plants, with
examples from western North America. Madrono 20:129-154.

MCLAUGHLIN, S. P. 2007. Tundra to tropics: the floristic geography of the North
America. Sida, Botanical Miscellany No. 30, botanical Research Institute of Texas,
Fort Worth, TX.

SOUTHWESTERN ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION NETWORK. 2012.
SEINet. http://swbiodiversitv.org/sinet/index.php. Accessed April 2012.

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Figure 1. A. Thaimiosma texana in Hualapai Mountains. B. Fifth instar larva of
Papilio polyxenes, black swallowtail butterfly (photo by S. Jaffe). C.. Adult female of
Papilio polyxenes (photo by T. Murray). D. Granitie hills habitat of Thamnosma
texana with interior chaparral and semi-desert grassland species. Glaucous green
shrubs are Quercus turbinella. E. Map of Thamnosma texana (green dots), Sophora
arizonica (red dots), and Parthenium incanum (black dots) in Arizona.

A Vascular Plant Inventory of the Spur Cross Ranch
Conservation Area, Maricopa County, Arizona

Sarah Hunkins and Kevin Smith
Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area
37622 N. Cave Creek Road
Cave Creek, AZ 85331

Abstract

A vascular plant inventory of the Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area was
conducted from August 2007 through May 2012. The study site, encompassing
2,154 acres (871 hectares), lies close to the northern edge of the Sonoran Desert, in
central Arizona. The elevation ranges from Cave Creek at 2,179 feet (664 meters) to
the summit of Elephant Mountain at 3,926 feet (1,197 meters). Sonoran Desertscrub
is the dominant vegetation type. An annotated checklist, based on collected plant
specimens, comprised 396 taxa, including 390 species, 4 additional infraspecific taxa
and 2 interspecific hybrids in 73 plant families. Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae,
Boraginaceae and Brassicaceae accounted for 44% of the species included in the
inventory. Non-native taxa accounted for 15% of the flora. One rare species of
concern, one new state record, and seven species endemic to Arizona are reported.

This inventory documents the current floristic diversity of a regionally significant
Conservation Area and provides baseline data for future studies of shifts in diversity
and use in land management.

Introduction

The Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area (SCRCA) is situated close to the
northern edge of the Sonoran Desert, in central Arizona, on the northeastern margin
of the Phoenix metropolitan area. It is part of a complex of 10 regional parks that
rings the city of Phoenix, managed by the Maricopa County Parks and Recreation
Department. The newest addition to the Parks system, the SCRCA was created in
2001, and is the only part of the complex designated a Conservation Area (Maricopa
County Parks 2013, Gunn, pers. comm. 2009).

The rugged terrain is composed of Elephant Mountain, hills, low mesas,
drainages and approximately 2 mi (3 km) of Cave Creek. There are 12 mi (19 km) of
trails for hiking, some of which are also available for bicycling and horseback riding.
The area also has a number of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites.

This land has been set aside, in part, for protection of its natural resources
(URS Corp. 2004), so knowledge of species occurrences is important. The main
objective of this study is to document the vascular flora of the SCRCA with an
annotated checklist and voucher specimens. These baseline data are necessary for
future comparisons of floristic diversity and other research relying on plant species of
the area. The flora is also intended to be useful for land managers, educational
purposes, and anyone interested in the plants of the region. Nearly all of the
Maricopa County parks have been floristically inventoried, however few plant
collections and no comprehensive inventory of vascular plants have been made in the
SCRCA prior to this study.

A Vascular Plant Inventory of the Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area, Maricopa County, Arizona.
Canotia 9:21-49. 2013. ©S. Hunkins and K. Smith.

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Study Area

Area boundaries — The SCRCA is located north of the Town of Cave Creek,
in northern Maricopa County (Fig. 1). It is approximately 32 mi (51 km) northeast of
downtown Phoenix. It is bounded by 33°54.000’, 33°52.735’ north latitudes and

1 1 r59.64r, 1 1 r56.45r west longitudes, and covers an area of 2,154 acres (871 ha).
The Tonto National Forest forms the northern boundary. Arizona State Trust Land
borders the west and part of the south side and a mix of private, Town of Cave Creek,
and unincorporated Maricopa County land borders the east and part of the south side.
Desert Foothills Land Trust owns 26.6 acres (10.8 ha) of land (Jewel of the Creek
Preserve) along Cave Creek within the reach running through the SCRCA (Desert
Foothills Land Trust 2013).

Topography — The SCRCA lies in the southwest comer of the USGS New
River Mesa 7.5 minute series topographic Quadrangle. The elevation of the SCRCA
ranges from the bed of Cave Creek at 2,179 ft (664 m) to the summit of Elephant
Mountain at 3,926 ft (1,197 m). Elephant Mountain dominates the west side of the
Conservation Area. Its top is a long ridge, resembling an elephant’s head and back.
The terrain east of Elephant Mountain consists of hills and low mesas dissected by
several ephemeral drainages that empty into Cave Creek. The creek originates about

12 mi (19 km) to the north, in the Tonto National Forest, flows southwest through the
SCRCA and ends at Cave Buttes Dam, about 12 mi (19 km) southwest of the
Conservation Area, in Phoenix. The reach flowing through the SCRCA is mainly
intermittent, generally flowing in the winter to spring months and during summer
monsoon storms (Fig. 3A). Jewel of the Creek Preserve contains a perennial reach
that continues a short distance into the SCRCA. Cottonwood Creek, an ephemeral
drainage, is a large tributary of Cave Creek, in the eastern section of the SCRCA.

Geology — Arizona is characterized by two major physiographic provinces: the
Colorado Plateau to the north, and the Basin and Range to the south. A mountainous
Transition Zone (also known as the Central Arizona Highlands) divides the two
(Nations & Stump 1996). The Conservation Area is located on the southern edge of
the Transition Zone, bordering the Basin and Range province. Ferguson, Gilbert and
Leighty (1998) mapped and described the geology of the USGS New River Mesa
Quadrangle. Their study indicates that the majority of rocks within the SCRCA are
from the Quaternary and Mid-Tertiary periods, with Early Proterozoic rocks making
up the remainder. The Early Proterozoic rocks are largely fine-grained quartz
monzonite, found along the northern and eastern parts of the conservation area as well
as along Cave Creek and Cottonwood Creek. Metamorphosed basalt and felsic
intrusive sills are also visible along the creeks. The Mid-Tertiary rocks are mainly
volcanic in origin. A sequence of basaltic lavas and tuffs interbedded with
sedimentary rocks is exposed in small patches and bands throughout the study area.
Overlying this is a series of basalt lava flows, mainly in the western half of the
SCRCA, which cover the top of Elephant Mountain and portions of its slopes.
Finally, the youngest rocks (Quaternary) consist of talus and colluvial slope deposits,
mainly on Elephant Mountain, and alluvial sediments on vegetated terraces and along
active channels such as Cave Creek (Ferguson et al. 1998).

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Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

23

Climate — The region has a semi-arid climate, experiencing moderate to high
temperatures. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer and winter months.
Summer monsoons are localized, often intense storms, while winter rains tend to be
more widespread and gentle (Dimmitt 2000). Precipitation records cited here were
measured by the Flood Control District of Maricopa County at the Cave Creek@Spur
Cross #4920 rain gauge. The annual mean precipitation from 2007-2012 was 1 1.05
in (28.07 cm). The driest and wettest years were 2007 (9.09 in/23.09 cm) and 2010
(13.46 in/34.19 cm). Monthly extremes ranged from no measurable precipitation
during many months to 6.26 in (15.90 cm) in January, 2010 (FCDMC 2013).
Snowfall is an occasional event rarely producing accumulation.

The nearest temperature gauge is in the adjacent town of Carefree,
approximately 8 mi (13 km) east of the SCRCA. Temperatures recorded from 1962-
2012 range from an average maximum of 102. 0°F (38.9°C) in July to an average
minimum of 40.5“F (4.7 °C) in December (WRCC 2013). Extremes during the study
were 108°F (42 °C) in July and/or August of 2007, 2011 and 2012, and 19°F (-7 °C) in
January 201 1 (FCDMC 2013).

Cultural History — Archaeological sites on the SCRCA are numerous and the
preservation of these was one of the motivations for public acquisition of the property
(URS Corp. 2004). Several surveys and limited excavations have been conducted on
the SCRCA since the 1970s, with much of the work being initiated by development
companies (Holiday 1974, Redman & Minnis 1992, and Crary & Motsinger 1996).
The majority of the sites are prehistoric and include rock-walled rooms, pit houses, a
fortified hilltop, a wide range of artifacts, and petroglyphs. The earliest human
occupants appear to be from the early Formative Period (A.D. 1-700) (Crary &
Motsinger 1996, Minnis 1992a). However, most of the prehistoric occupation sites
date from the Classic Period (A.D. 1150-1450) of the Hohokam tradition (Crary &
Motsinger 1996, Minnis 1992b, Swidler 1992, Wood, pers. comm. 2010).

After a period of abandonment, the next people to use the area were likely
Apache, from the late 1600s into the mid-late 1800s, and then the Yavapai, who
occupied the area toward the end of the Apache presence (Wood, pers. comm. 2013).
The arrival of the Apache and Yavapai into central Arizona is poorly documented in
the archaeological record, but there is some evidence that Protohistoric period
components exist on the SCRCA (Crary & Motsinger 1996).

With the arrival of Euro-Americans, and the discovery of gold in Arizona, in
the 1860s, conflict arose between the newcomers and the Apache. The U.S. army set
up military forts and eventually defeated the Apache, which led to an era of mining,
ranching and farming (Gregory 1992). Several mines were operated on the SCRCA,
including the Maricopa and Phoenix mines (Carlson 1988). Today the remains of
both mines include shafts, tunnels, tailings, and traces of mining equipment.

Spur Cross Ranch, established in 1928, was named for its cattle brand, a
cross-shaped spur. The first dude ranch in the area, it later operated as an authentic
ranch and ownership changed a number of times. Several building foundations and a
well are evidence of existence of the ranch (Carlson 1988). The property was mainly
owned by development companies from the late 1980s into the 1990s. In 1997 the
Town of Cave Creek annexed the land to protect it from development proposals, and
in 2000, residents of the town voted to tax themselves to help purchase the property.

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2013

In 2001 it was designated a Conservation Area through a partnership of the State of
Arizona, the Town of Cave Creek and Maricopa County (Gunn, pers. comm. 2009).

Vegetation — The vegetation of the SCRCA is a relatively dense scrubland
composed of small trees, shrubs, and cacti, which display myriad shades of green. It
is characterized by Turner (1994) as Arizona Upland, a subdivision of Sonoran
Desertscrub (Fig. 2 A). This plant community receives the most rain of any
desertscrub in North America. The most common association in the SCRCA is
Paloverde-Cacti-Mixed Scrub, dominated by the green-barked tree, Parkimonia
microphylla (foothill paloverde). Also abundant is the columnar cactus, Carnegiea
gigantea (saguaro). Individuals of this species are the tallest plants in this habitat,
punctuating the landscape like exclamation points. Other common plants include
Olneya tesota (desert ironwood), Ambrosia deltoidea (triangle bur ragweed), Encelia
farinosa (brittlebush) (Fig. 3B), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Opimtia engelmannii
(Engelmann prickly pear), and Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (buckhom cholla).
Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), Fouquieria splendens (ocotillo), and
Cylindropuntia higelovii (teddybear cholla) are often found in localized populations.

Riparian habitats occur along Cave Creek, larger ephemeral drainages such as
Cottonwood Creek, and in pockets around a couple of seeps near the base of Elephant
Mountain (Fig. 2B). The Salix gooddingii (Goodding’s vti\\ow)-PopuIus fremontii
(Fremont cottonwood) association (Stromberg 1993) forms a narrow strip of forest
along the perennial reach of Cave Creek. The cottonwoods are the tallest trees here,
though few in numbers. Salix gooddingii is abundant with Fraxinus velutina (velvet
ash) being the next most numerous tree. Other streamside trees include Prosopis
velutina (velvet mesquite), Platanus wrightii (Arizona sycamore), and Juglans major
(Arizona walnut). Typha domingensis (southern cattail) and Schoenoplectus pungens
(common threesquare) are found in the understory, usually in pure stands.

On the floodplains of Cave Creek and Cottonwood Creek, Prosopis velutina
(velvet mesquite), Celtis pallida (desert hackberry), and Acacia greggii (catclaw
acacia) dominate, Lycium exsertum (wolfberry) is common, and Ambrosia monogyra
(singlewhorl burrobush) and A. ambrosioides (canyon ragweed) grow almost
exclusively in this habitat. On both creeks, where Prosopis velutina is thickest, it
forms a mesquite bosque (mesquite woodland) (Fig. 2C; Minckley & Brown 1994).
A small pond, within the bosque near the Metate Trail, is fed by a solar-powered well
and serves as a refuge for the endangered, native desert pupfish and Gila topminnow
(Yarush et al. 2012).

On the north face of Elephant Mountain, the Sonoran Desertscrub Arizona
Upland vegetation begins to intergrade with Interior Chaparral, as described by Abel
(1980), and elements of Semi-Desert Grassland appear as well (Fig. 2D; Brown
1994). The upper slopes are dominated by shrubs, and saguaros are notably absent.
Indicative of Interior Chaparral species are Ceanothus vestitus (desert ceanothus),
Cercocarpus montanus (birchleaf mountain mahogany), Juniperus arizonica
(redberry juniper), Quercus turbinella (Sonoran scrub oak), and Rhus ovata (sugar
sumac), all of which are infrequent to rare. Common species include Canotia
holacantha (crucifixion thorn), Ericameria laricifolia (turpentine bush), Eriogonum
fasciculatum (flat-top buckwheat), Hilaria mutica (tobosagrass), Opuntia
engelmannii (Engelmann prickly pear), Pappostipa speciosa (desert needle grass).

2013

Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

25

Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), and Yucca baccata (banana yucca), and most of these
can be found in at least two of the three habitats mentioned.

Fire and livestock grazing have not impacted the vegetation in at least the last
10 years. The Cave Creek Complex Fire in 2005 came within a few miles of the
SCRCA boundary and a 3 acre (1.2 ha) bum occurred in the Jewel of the Creek
Preserve in 2009.

Methods

Plant collecting trips were made throughout all seasons from August 2007
through May 2012 and specimen vouchers were prepared for every taxon. Sampling
was most intensive after winter and monsoon rains and in 2008, when new taxa were
found in every month. Collections were made in all vegetation and substrate types,
and a representative range of slope aspects and elevations. Data recorded for each
collection included coordinates and elevation using a GPS unit, locality and plant
description, habitat type, associated species and relative abundance. Photos were
taken of nearly all taxa in the field.

Five species {Amaranthus fimbriatus, Arundo douax, Cenchrus ciliaris, Salix
laevigata, and Zeltnera nudicaulis) collected within 1/4 mile (~l/2 km) of the
Conservation Area boundary upstream were included in the study due to the fact that
they had the potential to be found further downstream, within the SCRCA, in the
future. Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass) was also found within the SCRCA, but was
removed prior to the inventory. Jewel of the Creek Preserve was scouted throughout
the study but no species were added to the inventory.

The voucher specimens, which provide verification of the inventory as well as
reference material, were deposited at the Desert Botanical Garden herbarium (DES)
in Phoenix. Duplicate vouchers, when available, were deposited at the University of
Arizona herbarium (ARIZ) in Tucson. One duplicate of Malacothamnus fasciculatiis
was sent to the Illinois Natural History Survey (ILLS) in Champaign, Illinois for
verification. Specimens were identified using Arizona Flora (Kearney et al. 1 960),
Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+),
treatments published in Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science and
Canotia (Vascular Plants of Arizona Editorial committee 1992+), and herbarium
material at DES, ASU (Arizona State University herbarium), or ARIZ. On a few
occasions other sources such as the Jepson Manual (Hickman, ed. 1993) and experts
in particular plant groups were consulted as well.

Results and Discussion

Fieldwork produced 550 collections during 101 collecting trips. A total of
394 distinct taxa were determined, including 388 species, 4 additional infraspecific
taxa and 2 interspecific hybrids. A herbarium search, using the databases in SEINet
(2013), revealed two additional species, Rhus lancea {Makings 3876, ASU), and
Arundo donax {Makings 3862, ASU), bringing the total species to 390 and the total
taxa to 396. These represent 268 genera in 73 families (Table 1). The five largest
families by species, Asteraceae (62), Poaceae (46), Fabaceae (26), Boraginaceae (19),

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2013

and Brassicaceae (15), make up 44% of the flora (Table 3), while 29 families are
represented by a single taxon. Euphorbia and Eriogonum are the two largest genera
with 8 and 6 species, respectively. Nearly half (48%) of the taxa are ephemerals (Fig.
3D) and together with perennial herbs they compose 75% of the total taxa. Trees,
shrubs/subshrubs and succulents account for the remaining 25% (Table 2).

Although 2005 (prior to this study) produced one of the more dramatic and
diverse displays of ephemerals in recent time, 2008 was also very good, and as a
result approximately three quarters of the taxa were documented in that year. Nearly
20% of the flora was found from 2009 through 2012, with the number decreasing
each year.

The majority of the taxa (337) are native to North America (USDA 2013),
making up 85% of the flora. Of the 15% (59) that are non-native, Poaceae (19) is
best represented, followed by Asteraceae (8), Amaranthaceae (5), and Brassicaceae
(5). Ephemerals are the most common life form of these non-native taxa. Three non-
native species likely to have been planted are Aloe maculata (surviving for years near
a former squatter’s camp but no longer present). Cannabis sativa (removed) and
Tainarix aphyl/a (a small grove of tall trees).

SCRCA species listed as noxious weeds in Arizona (USDA 2013) are
Cenchnis ciliaris, Cuscuta spp. (the species in this flora is native), Medicago
polymorpha, Portulaca oleracea, and Tribulus terrestris. These range from
occasional to rare in the study area. Many more species appear on the Arizona
Wildlands Invasive Plant Working Group list (AWIPWG 2013). Those considered to
be of high concern are Arundo donax, Bromus rubens, Eragrostis lehmanniana,
Cenchrus ci Haris, C. sefaceus, and Tamarix chinensis. Bromus rubens,, a major
concern for fire, is common and the others are occasional to rare.

Eleven species {Juncus xiphioides, Lythrum californicum, Mimulus guttatus.
Nasturtium offinale, Schoenoplectus pungens, Stemodia durantifolia,
Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum, Veronica americana, V. anagallis-
aquatica, V. peregrina, and Typha domingensis) are rated as obligate wetland species
according to the newly revised National Wetland Plant List (Lichvar 2013).

There are no U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service listed threatened or endangered
taxa, however there are some species worthy of note:

Agave murpheyi (Hohokam Agave) is listed by the USFWS and Arizona Rare
Plant Committee as a Species of Concern due to its rarity and status as an ancient
cultivar (ARPC 2001 ). This succulent reproduces asexually primarily, and is found in
central Arizona and northwestern Mexico. It was used by the Elohokam people for
food and fiber, and is associated with basaltic pre-Columbian archeological sites
and/or features (Hodgson 2001, Hodgson & Salywon 2013). Only one clone was
found, at the base of the south side of Elephant Mountain. The clone was dead, but a
representative specimen was collected and identified.

Malacothamnus fasciculatus (chaparral mallow), a pink-flowered subshrub, is
a new record for the flora of Arizona for both the genus and species (Hunkins &
Smith 2012). It is disjunct by approximately 250 mi (400 km) from its other known
native populations in California and Baja California. It appeared in 2010 in
Cottonwood Creek, a second time downstream the following year, and once again
further downstream in 2012. It has not been observed since the 2012 sighting.

2013

Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

27

Possible explanations for its initial appearance are that its seed was carried in by
birds, hikers, or horses.

The study area lies at the central, southern edge of the Central Arizona
Highlands. This region is a predicted hotspot in the state for endemic plant species
according to a recent MaxEnt model in a GlS-based report by Hodgson et al. 2013.
Based on the checklist in this report, the SCRCA has seven taxa endemic to Arizona:
Agave chrysantha, Cylindropimtia acanthocarpa var. thornheri, C. ^tetracantha (a
hybrid between C. acanthocarpa and C. leptocaulis), Dudleya saxosa ssp. collomiae,
Echinocereus yavapaiensis (Fig. 3C), Eriogonum arizonicum, and Penstemon
subulatus.

This inventory fills a gap in the floristic knowledge of the region. Among its
potential uses will be to help land managers make informed decisions, aid interpretive
programs, and benefit future research involving plant species of the area. The
Conservation Area’s position on a geologic and vegetational transition zone, its rare
riparian areas, and higher precipitation than other desert community types contributes
to its botanical richness and endemism. Protecting it from development was an
important step in preserving some of the remaining biodiversity on the edge of one of
the largest metropolitan areas in the United States.

Table 1. Taxonomic composition of the Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area flora.

Taxonomic

Group

Families

Genera

Species

Additional

Infraspecific

taxa

Interspecific

Hybrids

Total

taxa

Pteridophytes

2

5

7

0

0

7

Gymnosperms

2

2

2

0

0

2

Angiosperms

Dicots

62

224

323

1

2

326

Monocots

7

37

58

3

0

61

Totals

73

268

390

4

2

396

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Figure 1. Maricopa County Parks and Recreation map showing area covered by Spur Cross
Ranch Conservation Area (SCRCA) and the trails within its borders.

2013

Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

29

Table 2. Number of taxa by life form and percent of total flora, in the SCRCA.

Life Form

Number of Taxa*

Percent of Total Flora

Tree

16

4

Shrub/Subshrub

63

16

Succulent

19

5

Perennial Herb

108

27

Ephemeral

190

48

* Refers to the number of species plus 4 additional infraspecific taxa and 2 interspecific

hybrids

Table 3. The best represented plant families of the Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area.

Family

Genera

Species

Percent of total flora

Asteraceae

50

62

16

Poaceae

30

49*

12

Fabaceae

16

26

7

Boraginaceae

10

19

5

Brassicaceae

11

15

4

Cactaceae

6

15+

4

Plantaginaceae

7

14

4

Polygonaceae

6

12

3

Polemoniaceae

8

11

3

Euphorbiaceae

3

11

3

* Includes 2 varieties of Aristida purpurea, 2 varieties of Bouteloua harbata and 2 varieties
of Vulpia microstachya.

+ Includes 2 varieties of Opuntia engelmannii and 2 interspecific hybrids: Cylindropuntia
^tetracantha (a hybrid between C. acanthocarpa and C. leptocaulis) and Opuntia
engelmannii x phaeacantha.

Annotated Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Spur Cross Ranch
Conservation Area, Maricopa County, Arizona

Taxa are divided into the major plant groups, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms:
Dicots and Monocots. Within these groups, plants are listed alphabetically by family, genus, species
and infraspecific rank. Infraspecific taxa are given only when more than one occurs in Arizona and a
distinction could be made at that rank. Family names follow the Angiosperm Phytogeny Group III
system of classification (Stevens 2013). Tropicos (2013) is the main database used for names not

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covered in Vascular Plants of Arizona Project and Flora of North America treatments, and is the source
for author names, abbreviations, and a few nomenclatural updates. Synonomy is derived mainly from
Arizona Flora (Kearney et al. 1960). Taxa not native to North America are preceded by an asterisk (*),
taxa endemic to Arizona are preceded by a pound sign (#), and a new record for the state is noted in
boldface. Relative abundance classifications are subjective observations by the authors taken over the
course of the study and are based on terms from Palmer et al. (1995). All collections were made by the
authors except where the collection number is preceded by the collector’s last name.

PTERIDOPHYTES (ferns and lycophytes)

PTERIDACEAE

Astrolepis cochiseusis (Goodd.) D. M. Benham & Windham. [Notholaena sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.) Kaulf.

var. cochiseusis (Goodd.) Weath.]. Cochise scaly cloakfem. Perennial herb; occasional. 632.
Astrolepis sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.) D. M. Benham & Windham [Notholaena sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.)

Kaulf]. Wavy scaly cloakfem. Perennial herb; occasional. 140.

Cheilanthes covillei Maxon. Coville's lipfem. Perennial herb; occasional. 144, 368.

Cheilanthes pariyi Domin. Parry's lipfem. Perennial herb; occasional. 624.

Notholaena standleyi Maxon. Star cloakfem. Perennial herb; occasional. 495, 498.

Pellaea truncata Goodd. [P. longiinucronata auct. non Hook.]. Spiny cliffbrake. Perennial herb;
occasional. 143. 491 .

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella arizonica Maxon. Arizona spikemoss. Perennial herb; common on rocky, north-facing
slopes. 142.

GYMNOSPERMS (cone-bearing plants)

CUPRESSACEAE

Juniperus arizonica R. P. Adams. Redberry juniper. Tree; infrequent, mainly on north face of
Elephant Mountain. 483.

EPHEDRACEAE

Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S. Watson. [£. nevadensis S. Watson var. aspera (Engelm. ex S. Watson)
L. D. Benson]. Rough jointfir. Shrub; occasional. 346. 613.

ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants)

DICOTS

ACANTHACEAE

Anisacanthus thurheri (Torr.) A. Gray. Thurber's desert honeysuckle. Shmb; rare. 471 .

Carlowrightia arizonica A. Gray. Arizona wrightwort. Subshmb; occasional. 428, 671 .

Justicia californica (Benth.) D. N. Gibson. [Beloperone californica Benth.]. Beloperone, Chuparosa.
Shrub; locally common to occasional. 258.

AMARANTHACEAE (includes CHENOPODIACEAE)

* Alternanthera caracasana Kunth. Khakiweed. Perennial herb; rare, found once in dry stream bed
of Cave Creek. 568A.

* Amaranthus albus L. Prostrate pigweed. Ephemeral; occasional. 431, 517, 596.

*Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson. Mat amaranth. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 456, 461.
Amaranthus funhriatus (Torr.) Benth. ex S. Watson. Fringed amaranth. Ephemeral; rare. 561.

Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. var. canescens. Fourwing saltbush. Shmb; infrequent. 528, 697.
Atriplex elegans (Moq.) D. Dietr. var. elegans. Wheelscale saltbush. Ephemeral; rare, in disturbed
area. 582.

Chenopodiwn fremontii S. Watson. Fremont's goosefoot. Ephemeral; common. 513, 597.

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Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

31

*Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Bumingbush. Ephemeral; rare, found once in dry stream bed of Cave
Creek. 545.

Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene. Nuttall’s povertyweed. Ephemeral; rare, in disturbed area.

184.

*Salsola tragus L. [5. kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch]. Prickly Russian thistle. Tumbleweed. Ephemeral;
occasional. 439,516.

ANACARDIACEAE

*Rhus lancea L. f. African sumac. Tree; rare, only one found along Cave Creek. Makings 3876.

Rhus ovata S. Watson. Sugar sumac. Shrub; rare. 605.

APIACEAE

Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav. Hoary bowlesia. Ephemeral; occasional. 180.

Daucus pusillus Michx. American wild carrot. Ephemeral; occasional. 279.

Lomatium nevadense (S. Watson) J. M. Coult. & Rose vm. parishii (J. M. Coult. & Rose) Jeps.

Parish's biscuitroot. Perennial herb; infrequent. 360.

APOCYNACEAE (includes ASCLEPIADACEAE)

Cynanchum arizonicum (A. Gray) Shinners. [Metastelma arizonicum A. Gray]. Arizona swallow-wort.
Perennial Herb (vine); occasional. 502, 557.

Matelea paiMfolia {Ton.) Woodson. [Gonolobus pan’ifoIiusTon.]. Spearleaf Perennial herb;
infrequent. 670.

Sarcostemma cynanchoides Decne. ssp. hartwegii (Vail) R. W. Holm. [Funastrum heterophyllum
(Engelm. ex Torr.) Standi.; F. cynanchoides Schltr. var. hartwegii (Vail) Krings]. Hartweg's
twinevine. Rambling milkweed. Perennial herb (vine); occasional. 424, 468.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Aristolochia watsonii Wooton & Standi. Watson’s dutchman’s pipe. Perennial herb; infrequent. 556.

ASCLEPIADACEAE, see APOCYNACEAE

ASTERACEAE

Acourtia wrightii (A. Gray) Reveal & R. M. King. [Perezia wrightii A. Gray]. Brownfoot. Perennial
herb; occasional. 399.

Adenophyllum porophylloides (A. Gray) Strother. [Dyssodia porophyl hides A. Gray]. San Felipe
dogweed. Perennial herb; occasional. 345.

Ambrosia ambrosioides (Cav.) W. W. Payne. [Franseria ambrosioides Cav.]. Canyon ragweed. Shrub;
common in riparian areas. 340.

Ambrosia confertiflora DC. [Franseria confertiflora Rydb.]. Weakleaf bur ragweed. Perennial herb;
locally common in disturbed areas. 576, 604.

Ambrosia deltoidea (Torr.) W. W. Payne. [Franseria deltoidea Ton.]. Triangle bur ragweed. Triangle
bursage. Shrub; abundant. 309.

Ambrosia monogyra (Ton. & A. Gray) Strother & B. G. Baldwin. [Hymenoclea monogyra Ton. & A.
Gray]. Singlewhorl bunobush. Shrub; common in riparian areas. 121, 598.

Artemisia dracunculus L. [A. dracunculoides Pursh]. Wild tanagon. Subshrub; rare. 746.

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. albula (Wooton) D. D. Keck. White sagebrush. Perennial herb;
occasional. 591.

Baccharis salicifoUa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. [B. glutinosa Pers.; B. viminea DC.]. Mule-fat. Shrub;
common in riparian areas. 133.

Baccharis sarothroides A. Gray. Desertbroom. Shrub; common. 141, 601, 602.

Baccharis sergiloides A. Gray. Desert baccharis, Seepwillow. Shrub; infrequent in drainages. 570,

572.

Bahia biternata A. Gray. Slimlobe bahia. Ephemeral; occasional. 543.

Bahiopsis parishii (Greene) E. E. Schill. & Panero. [Viguiera deltoidea A. Gray var. parishii (Greene)
Vasey & Rose; V. parishii Greene]. Parish's goldeneye. Shrub; common. 234.

Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray ex Ton. Desert marigold. Perennial herb; common. 378.

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Behbia jiincea Greene. Chuekwalla’s delight, Sweetbush. Shrub; common. 421.

Brickellia atracty'loides A. Gray. Spearleaf brickellbush. Subshrub; occasional, north face of Elephant
Mountain. 374.

Brickellia cati/bniica (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray. California brickellbush. Subshrub; rare, spring on
north side of Elephant Mountain. 695.

Brickellia coulleri A. Gray var. hrachiata (A. Gray) B. L. Turner. Coulter's brickellbush. Subshrub;
occasional. 418.

*Centaurea melitensis L. Maltese star-thistle. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional, currently
being managed for removal. 322, 379A.

Cliaenactis carphoclinia A. Gray. Pebble pincushion. Ephemeral; rare, in disturbed area. 329.

Cirsiiim neomexicanum A. Gray. New Mexico thistle. Ephemeral; occasional. 339.

Dieteria asteroides Torr. var. glandulosa (B. L. Turner) D. R. Morgan & R. L. Hartm.

[Machaeranthera asteroides (Torr.) Greene var. glandulosa B. L. Turner]. Fall tansyaster.
Ephemeral; occasional. 470.

*Dimorphotlieca sinuata DC. Glandular Cape marigold. Ephemeral; rare. 702.

Encelia farinosa A. Gray ex Torr. Brittlebush. Shrub; abundant. 351.

Ericameria laricifolia (A. Gray) Shinners. [Haplopappus laricifolius A. Gray]. Turpentine bush.
Shrub; occasional. 593.

Ericameria linearifolia (DC.) Urbatsch & Wussow. [Haplopappus linearifolius DC.]. Narrowleaf
goldenbush. Shrub; infrequent. 365.

Erigeron canadensis L. [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist]. Canadian horseweed. Ephemeral;
occasional. 544.

Erigeron divergens Torr. & A. Gray. Spreading fleabane. Ephemeral; common. 332, 587.

Eriophyllum lanosum A. Gray [Antheropeas lanosum (A. Gray) Rydb.]. White easterbonnets.
Ephemeral; occasional. 196, 243.

Giitierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby. Broom snakeweed. Shrub; occasional. 594.
Helianthus annuus L. Common sunflower. Ephemeral; occasional in dry stream bed. 427.

Heliomeris longifolia (B. L. Rob. & Greenm.) Cockerell var. annua (M. E. Jones) Yates. [Viguiera
annua S. F. Blake]. Longleaf false goldeneye. Ephemeral; occasional in dry stream bed. 592, 599.
Heterotheca suhaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby ssp. latifolia (Buckley) Semple. [H. psammophila
Wagenkn.]. Camphorweed. Ephemeral; occasional in dry stream bed. 532.

Hymenothrix loomisii S. F. Blake. Loomis' thimblehead. Ephemeral; rare. 745.

Isocoina acradenia (Greene) Greene var. acradenia. Alkali goldenbush. Shrub; locally common to
occasional in disturbed area. 588.

*Lactuca serriola L. Prickly lettuce. Ephemeral; occasional. 684.

Lasthenia gracilis (DC.) Greene. [Baeria clvysostoma Fisch. & C. A. Meyer subsp. gracilis (DC.)

Ferris]. Needle goldfields. Ephemeral; rare. 269.

Layia glandulosa (Hook.) Hook. & Am. Whitedaisy tidytips. Ephemeral; occasional. 636.

Logfia filaginoides (Hook. & Am.) Morefield. [L. californica (Nutt.) Holub; Filago californica'Huii.'].
California cottonrose. Ephemeral; occasional. 259.

Machaeranthera tagetina Greene. [Aster tagetinus (Greene) S.F. Blake]. Mesa tansyaster. Ephemeral;
rare. 743.

Melampodium leucanthum Torr. & A. Gray. Plains blackfoot, Blackfoot daisy. Perennial herb;

occasional on north face of Elephant Mountain. 640.

*Oncosiphon piluliferwn (L.f ) Kallersjo. Stinknet, Globe chamomile. Ephemeral; locally common.
264.

Packera quercetorum (Greene) C. Jeffrey. [Senecio quercetorum Greene]. Oak Creek ragwort.
Perennial herb; rare. 654.

Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville. [Tessaria sericea (Nutt.) Shinners]. Arrowweed. Shmb; rare, in
riparian areas. 725, 751.

Porophyllum gracile Benth. Slender poreleaf, Odora. Perennial herb; occasional. 358.

* Pseudognaphalium luteoalhum (L.) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt. [Gnaphaliwn luteoalhum L.]. Jersey
cudweed. Ephemeral; infrequent. 466.

Psilostrophe cooperi (A. Gray) Greene. Whitestem paperflower. Subshmb; infrequent. 397.
Rafinesquia californica Nutt. California plumeseed. Ephemeral; occasional. 270, 362, 645, 707.

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Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

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Rafinesquia neomexicana A. Gray. New Mexico plumeseed. Desert chicory. Ephemeral; common.

206.

Senecio flaccidus Less. var. monoensis (Greene) B. L. Turner & T. M. Barkley. [5. monoensis Greene;
S. douglasii DC. var. monoensis (Greene) Jeps.]. Smooth threadleaf ragwort. Subshrub;
infrequent. 733.

Senecio lemmonii A. Gray. Lemmon's ragwort. Perennial herb; occasional. 359, 417, 486.

*Seriecio vulgaris L. Old-man-in-the-Spring. Ephemeral; rare. 334.

*Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny sowthistle. Ephemeral; occasional. 658, 729.

*Sonchus oleraceus L. Common sowthistle. Ephemeral; occasional. 225, 478, 503.

Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nelson. Brownplume wirelettuce. Perennial herb; occasional.
131,395,676.

SMocline micropoides A. Gray. Woollyhead neststraw. Ephemeral; occasional. 274, 295.
Symphyotrichum subulalum (Michx.) G. L. Nesorn vai. pai'viflorum (Nees) S. D. Sundb. [5. expansum
(Poepp. ex Spreng.) G.L. Nesom]. Southwestern annual saltmarsh aster. Ephemeral; occasional.
541.

Trixis califomica Kellogg. American threefold. Shrub; occasional. 312.

Uropappus lindleyi (DC.) Nutt. Lindley’s Silverpuffs. [Microseris linearifolia (Nutt.) Sch. Bip.; M.

lindleyi (DC.) A. Gray]. Ephemeral; common. 223.

Verbesina encelioides{Cav .) A. Gray. Golden crownbeard. Ephemeral; infrequent. 458, 531.

Xanthisma spinulosum (Pursh) D. R. Morgan & R. L. Hartm. var. gooddingii (A. Nelson) D. R.

Morgan & R. L. Hartm. [Haplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC. var. gooddingii (A. Nelson) S. F.
Blake; Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hook.) Shinners var. gooddingii (A. Nelson) B. L. Turner &
R. L. Hartm.]. Goodding's tansyaster. Subshrub; occasional. 299.

Xanthium strumarium L. Rough cocklebur. Ephemeral; common. 135.

BORAGINACEAE (includes HYDROPHYLLACEAE)

Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Common fiddleneck. Ephemeral; common. 159, 188.
Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray. Bristly fiddleneck. Ephemeral; infrequent. 183.

Oyptantha barbigera (A. Gray) Greene. Bearded cryptantha. Ephemeral; common. 296.

Ciyptantha decipiens (M.E. Jones) A. Heller. Gravelbar cryptantha. Ephemeral; occasional. 297.
Oyptantha pterocaiya (Torr.) Greene var. cycloptera (Greene) J.F. Macbr. Wingnut cryptantha.
Ephemeral; occasional. 249, 291.

Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. Whisperingbells. Ephemeral; occasional. 199.

Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. Narrowleaf yerba santa. Shrub; rare, found only in Cottonwood Creek.
69 L 757.

Euctypta chiysanthemifolia Greene. Spotted hideseed. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 158.
Harpagonella palmeri A. Gray var. arizonica I.M. Johnst. Arizona grapplinghook. Ephemeral; locally
common to occasional. 163.

Pectocan’a heterocarpa (I. M. Johnst.) I. M. Johnst. Chuckwalla combseed. Ephemeral; occasional.
256.'

Pectocaiya plaAcarpa (Munz & 1. M. Johnst.) Munz & I. M. Johnst. Broadfruit combseed. Ephemeral;
occasional. 189, 268.

Pectocaiya recurvata I. M. Johnst. Curvenut combseed. Ephemeral, common. 145.

Phacelia affmis A. Gray. Limestone phacelia. Ephemeral; occasional. 335, 412.

Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson var. ambigua (M. E. Jones) J. F. Macbr. [P. ambigua M. E.

Jones]. Purplestem phacelia, Scorpionweed. Ephemeral; occasional. 262, 265, 306.

Phacelia ciyptantha Greene. Hiddenflower phacelia. Ephemeral; occasional. 369.

Phacelia distans Benth. Distant phacelia. Wild heliotrope. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional.
202, 233, 320.

Phacelia pedicellata A. Gray. Pedicellate phacelia. Ephemeral; rare. 629, 641.

Pholistoma auritum (Lindl.) Lilja var. arizonicum (M. E. Jones) Constance. Arizona fiestaflower.
Ephemeral; occasional. 162, 271.

Plagiobothiys arizonicus (A. Gray) Greene ex A. Gray. Arizona Popcoraflower. Ephemeral;
occasional. 207, 336.

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Canotia Vol. 9

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BRASSICACEAE

Boechera perennans (S. Watson) W. A. Weber. [Arabis perennans S. Watson], Perennial rockcress.
Perennial herb; infrequent. 251.

*Brassica toumefortii Gouan. Asian mustard, Sahara mustard. Ephemeral; locally common to
occasional. 214, 386.

*Capsella hursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd's purse. Ephemeral; occasional. 267.

Caulanthus lasiophylhis (Hook. & Am.) Payson. [Thelypodium lasiophylhim (Hook. & Am.) Greene;
Guillenia lasiophvlla (Hook. & Am.) Greene]. California mustard. Ephemeral; common. 164, 176,
182,240.

Descurainia phmata (Walter) Britton. Western tansymustard. Ephemeral; occasional. 338.

Draha cuneifolia Nutt, ex Torr. & A. Gray var. mtegrifolia S. Watson. Wedgeleaf draba. Ephemeral;
occasional. 187.

Lepidiiim densiflonm Schrad. Common pepperweed. Ephemeral; common. 194, 209.

Lepidium lasiocarpiim Nutt. Shaggyfruit pepperweed. Ephemeral; common. 211.

Lepidium virginicum L. Virginia pepperweed. Ephemeral; occasional. 276.

*Nas1urtiiim officinale W. T. Alton. [Rorippa nastwtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek]. Watercress.

Perennial herb; common. 463.

Physaria gordonii (A. Gray) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz. [Lesquerella gordonii (A. Gray) S. Watson].

Gordon's bladderpod. Ephemeral; common. 208.

Physaria tenella (A. Nelson) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz. [Lesquerella tenel/a A. Nelson]. Moapa
bladderpod. Ephemeral; occasional. 282.

* Sisymbrium irio L. London rocket. Ephemeral; common. 161, 191.

*Sisymbrium orientale L. Indian hedgemustard. Ephemeral; infrequent. 652.

Thvsanocarpiis cunipes Hook. [T. amplecTens Greene]. Sand fringepod. Ephemeral; common. 177,
625.

CACTACEAE

Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose. [Cereiis giganteiis Engelm.]. Saguaro. Succulent;
abundant. 429.

#Cylindropimtia acanthocarpa (Engelm. & J. M. Bigelow) F. M. Knuth var. thornberi (Thomber &
Bonker) Backeb. [Opimtia thornberi Thomber & Bonker; Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & J. M.
Bigelow var. thornberi (Thomber & Bonker) L. D. Benson]. Thomber's buckhom cholla.
Succulent; abundant. 406.

Cylindropimtia arbuscula (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth. [Opuntia arbuscula Engelm.]. Arizona pencil
cholla. Succulent; rare. 606.

Cylindropimtia bigelovii (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth. Teddybear cholla. Succulent; locally common to
occasional. 404.

Cylindropimtia fulgida (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth var. fulgida. [Opuntia fulgida Engelm.]. Jumping
cholla. Chainfmit cholla. Succulent; locally common to occasional. 515.

Cylindropimtia leptocaulis (DC.) F. M. Knuth. [Opuntia leptocaulis DC.]. Christmas cactus.

Succulent; occasional. 435.

#Cylindropuntia tetracantha (Tourney) F. M. Knuth. A hybrid between C. acanthocarpa and C.

leptocaulis. Tucson pricklypear. Succulent; rare. 609, 669.

Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Lem. ssp. fasciculatus. Engelmann's hedgehog cactus.
Succulent; common. 363, 713.

#Echinocereus yavapaiensis M. A. Baker. Yavapai claret-cup cactus. Succulent; occasional on upper
slopes of Elephant Mountain. 370. 703.

Ferocactus cylindraceiis (Engelm.) Orcutt. Desert barrel cactus. Succulent; common. 482.
Mammillaria grahamii Engelm. [M microcarpa Engelm.]. Graham's nipple cactus. Pincushion cactus.
Succulent; occasional. 667, 668.

Opuntia chlorotica Engelm. & J. M. Bigelow. Dollarjoint pricklypear. Pancake pricklypear. Succulent;
occasional. 484.

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelm. var. engelmannii. Cactus apple, Engelmann’s prickly
pear. Succulent; abundant. 403, 405.

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck var. linguiformis (Griffiths) B. D. Parfitt & Pinkava. Cow’s tongue
pricklypear. Succulent; rare, along roadside. Native to Texas and Mexico. 672.

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Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

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Opuntia engelmannii x phaeacantha. Succulent; infrequent. 687.

CAMPANULACEAE

Nemacladus glanduliferous Jeps. var. orientalis McVaugh. Glandular threadplant. Ephemeral;
infrequent. 674, 719.

CANNABACEAE (ineludes Ulmaceae, in part)

*Cannabis sativa L. Marijuana. Ephemeral, rare. Found planted near Cave Creek, removed. 730.

Celtis pallida Torr. Spiny hackberry. Desert hackberry. Shrub; common in major drainages to
occasional elsewhere. 136

Celtis reticulata Torr. [C. laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L.D. Benson]. Netleaf hackberry. Tree;
infrequent. 361 .

CAPPARACEAE

Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. var. trachysperma (Torr. & A. Gray) litis. [P. trachysperma Torr. & A.
Gray]. Sandyseed Clammyweed. Ephemeral; occasional, in dry stream beds. 476.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

* Herniaria hirsuta L. var. cinerea (DC.) Loret & Barrandon. [//. cinerea DC.]. Hairy rupturewort.
Ephemeral; common. 195.

Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy silene. Ephemeral; occasional. 247, 211 .

*Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common chickweed. Ephemeral; rare. 612.

Stellaria nitens Nutt. Shiny chickweed. Ephemeral; occasional. 272.

CELASTRACEAE

Canotia holacantha Torr. Crucifixion thorn. Shrub; locally common on north face of Elephant
Mountain. 364, 480.

CHENOPODIACEAE, see AMARANTHACEAE

CONVOLVULACEAE

Calystegia longipes (S. Watson) Brummitt. [Convolvulus linearilobus Eastvw]. Paiute false bindweed.
Perennial herb; infrequent. 462.

Convolvulus equitans Benth. Texas bindweed. Perennial herb; occasional. 685, 686.

Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Bigseed alfalfa dodder. Perennial herb; occasional. 473.

Ipomoea barbatisepala A. Gray. Canyon morning-glory. Ephemeral; infrequent. 550.

Ipomoea costellata Torr. Crestrib morning-glory. Ephemeral; occasional. 589.

Ipomoea cristulata Hallier f. Trans-Pecos morning-glory. Ephemeral; occasional. 425, 549.

CRASSULACAE

Crassula connata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. Berger. [Tillaea erecta Hook. & Am.; Crassula erecta (Hook. &
Am.) A. Berger]. Sand pygmyweed. Ephemeral; occasional. 185.

#Dudleya saxosa (M.E. Jones) Britton & Rose ssp. collomiae (Rose) Moran. [Echeveria collomiae
(Rose) Kearney & Peebles, D. collomiae Rose]. Gila County liveforever. Rock echeveria.
Perennial herb; occasional. 356.

CROSSOSOMATACEAE

Crossosoma bigelovii S. Watson. Ragged rockflower. Shmb; occasional. 229.

CUCURBITACEAE

Marah gilensis (Greene) Greene. Gila manroot, wild cucumber. Perennial herb (vine); locally common
to occasional. 263.

CUSCUTACEAE, see CONVOLVULACEAE

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EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalvpha neomexicana Mull. Arg. New Mexico copperleaf. Ephemeral; rare. 553.

Ditaxis lanceolate! (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm. [Argynhamnia lanceolata (Benth.) Miill. Arg.].
Narrowleaf silverbush. Subshrub; occasional. 236, 496.

Ditaxis neomexicana (Miill. Arg.) A. Heller. [Argy-thamnia neomexicana Miill. Arg.]. New Mexico
silverbush. Perennial herb; occasional. 1 16.

Euphorbia ahramsiana L. C. Wheeler. [Chamaesyce ahramsiana (L. C. Wheeler) Koutnik]. Abrams'
sandmat. Ephemeral, occasional. 129.

Euphorbia albomarginata Torr. & A. Gray. [Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & A. Gray) Small].
Whitemargin sandmat. Perennial herb; occasional. 574.

Euphorbia arizonica Engelm. [Chamaesyce arizonica (Engelm.) Arthur], Arizona spurge. Perennial
herb; occasional. 128.

Euphorbia capitellata Engelm. [Chamaesyce capitellata (Engelm.) Millsp.]. Head sandmat. Perennial
herb; occasional. 127, 649.

Euphorbia eriantha Benth. Beetle spurge. Desert poinsettia. Ephemeral; infrequent. 1 15, 657.

Euphorbia florida Engelm. [Chamaesyce florida (Engelm.) Millsp.]. Chiricahua Mountain sandmat.
Ephemeral; occasional. 534.

Euphorbia melanadenia Torr. [Chamaesyce melanadenia (Torr.) Millsp.]. Red-gland spurge. Perennial
herb; common. 122.

Euphorbia pediculifera Engelm. var. pediculifera. [Chamaesyce pediculifera (Engelm.) Rose &
Standi]. Carrizo Mountain sandmat. Louse spurge. Perennial herb; common. 255, 354, 575.

FABACEAE

Acacia greggii A. Gray. [Senegalia greggii (A. Gray) Britton & Rose]. Catclaw acacia. Shrub;
abundant. 530.

Astragalus arizoniciis A. Gray. Arizona milkvetch. Perennial herb; occasional. 333, 474, 648.

Astragalus nuttallianus DC. Smallflowered milkvetch. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 304.

Astragalus tephrodes A. Gray var. brachylobus (A. Gray) Bameby. Ashen milkvetch. Perennial herb;
occasional. 662.

Calliandra eriophylla Benth. Eairyduster. Shrub; common. 311.

Lotus humistratus Greene. Foothill deers'etch. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 237, 292.

Lotus rigidus (Benth.) Greene. Shrubby deervetch. Subshrub; occasional. 210.

Lotus salsuginosus Greene ssp. brevivexillus (Ottley) Munz. Coastal bird’s-foot trefoil. Ephemeral;
locally common to occasional. 238.

Lotus strigosus (Nutt.) Greene var. tomentellus (Greene) Isely. [L. tomentellus Greene]. Strigose
bird's-foot trefoil. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 303, 305, 631.

Lupinus concinnus J. Agardh. Bajada lupine. Ephemeral; occasional. 383.

Lupinus sparsiflorus Benth. Coulter’s lupine. Ephemeral; common. 201, 231.

Lupinus succulentus Douglas ex K. Koch. Hollowleaf annual lupine. Ephemeral; infrequent. 244.

Marina pariyi (Tori'. & A. Gray) Bameby. [Dalea pariyi Torr. & A. Gray]. Parry's false prairie-clover.
Perennial herb; occasional. 337.

* Medicago polvmorpha L. [M. hispida Gaertn.]. Burclover. Ephemeral; infrequent. 716.

*Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Annual yellow sweetclover. Ephemeral; common. 289, 426, 500.

Mimosa aculeaticarpa Ortega var. biuncifera (Benth.) Bameby. [M. biucifera Benth.] Catclaw
mimosa. Shmb; infrequent. 467.

Olneya tesota A. Gray. Desert ironwood. Tree; common. 507.

Parkinsonia florida (Benth ex A. Gray) S. Watson. [Cercidium floridum Benth. ex A. Gray]. Blue
paloverde. Tree; occasional. 434.

Parkinsonia microphylla Torr. [Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose & I. M. Johnst.]. Yellow
paloverde. Foothill paloverde. Tree; abundant. 436.

Phaseolus angustissimus A. Gray. Slimleaf bean. Perennial herb; rare. 728.

Prosopis velutina Wooton. [P. juli flora (Sw.) DC. var. velutina (Wooton) Sarg.]. Velvet mesquite.
Tree; abundant..

Senna covesii (A. Gray) H. S. Irwin & Bameby. [Cassia covesii A. Gray]. Coves’ cassia. Subshmb;
common. 506.

Trifolium albopurpureum Torr. & A. Gray. Rancheria clover. Ephemeral; occasional. 381.

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Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

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Trifolium gracilentum Torr. & A. Gray. Pinpoint clover. Ephemeral; occasional. 388.

Trifolium mucronatum Willd. ex Spreng. ssp. lacerum (Greene) J.M. Gillett. [T. iacerum Greene].
Spinytooth clover. Perennial herb; occasional. 380.

Vida ludoviciana Nutt, ex Torr. & A. Gray. [V. exigua Nutt.]. Louisiana vetch. Ephemeral; occasional.
245,414.

FAGACEAE

Quercus turbinella Greene. Sonoran scrub oak. Shrub; infrequent, on upper slopes of north face of
Elephant Mountain. 372.

FOUQUIERIACEAE

Fouquieria splendens Engelm. Ocotillo. Shrub; common. 377.

FUMARIACEAE

Coiydalis aurea Willd. ssp. aurea. Scrambled eggs. Ephemeral; rare, on upper slopes of north face of
Elephant Mountain. 633.

GENTIANACEAE

Zeltnera calycosa (Buckley) G. Mans. [Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Femald]. Arizona centaury.
Ephemeral; occasional in riparian areas. 493, 525.

Zeltnera nudicaulis (Engelm.) G. Mans. [Centaurium nudicaule (Engelm.) B.L. Rob.] Santa Catalina
Mountain centaury. Ephemeral; infrequent, in riparian areas. 520.

GERANIACEAE

*Erodium dcutarium (L.) L’ Her. ex Alton. Filaree. Ephemeral; common. 160.

Erodium texanum A. Gray. Texas filaree. Ephemeral; occasional. 226.

Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina geranium. Ephemeral; infrequent. 332A.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE, see BORAGINACEAE

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans major (Torr.) A. Heller. Arizona walnut. Tree; rare, along Cave Creek. 651.

KRAMERIACEAE

Krameria erecta Willd. ex Schult. [Ai. panjfolia Benth.]. Littleleaf ratany. Shrub; infrequent. 490.
Krameria bicolor S. Watson. [K. grayii Rose & Painter], White ratany. Shrub; common. 437, 441.

LAMIACEAE

Hedeoma oblongifolia (A. Gray) A. Heller. Oblongleaf false pennyroyal. Perennial herb; occasional.
637.

Hyptis emoiyi Torr. Desert lavender. Shrub; occasional. 350.

*Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit deadnettle. Ephemeral; occasional. 190.

* Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound. Perennial herb; rare. 656.

Salazaria mexicana Torr. [Scutellaria mexicana (Torr.) A. J. Paton.]. Mexican bladdersage, Mexican
paperbag bush. Shrub; occasional. 352.

Salvia columbariae Benth. Chia. Ephemeral; occasional. 200, 232, 644.

LOASACEAE

Mentzelia affinis Greene. Yellowcomet. Ephemeral; rare. 287.

Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray. Whitestem blazingstar.
Ephemeral; occasional. 628.

Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray. Adonis blazingstar. Perennial herb; occasional. 518.

LYTHRACEAE

Lythrum californicum Torr. & A. Gray. California loosestrife. Perennial herb; occasional, in Cave
Creek. 521, 527.

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MALPIGHIACEAE

Cottsia gracilis (A. Gray) W. R. Anderson & C. Davis. [Janusia gracilis A. Gray], Slender janusia.
Subshrub vine); occasional. 398, 559.

MALVACEAE (includes STERCULIACEAE)

Abutilon incamim (Link) Sweet. Pelotazo, Indian mallow. Subshrub; occasional. 494, 548.

Ayenia filifonnis S. Watson. Trans-Pecos ayenia. Perennial herb; occasional. 618.

Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky. [Gayoides crispum (L.) Small], Bladdermallow. Perennial herb;
occasional. 138, 562.

Hibiscus coulteri Har\'. ex A. Gray. Desert rosemallow. Subshrub; infrequent. 497, 558.
Malacothamuus fasciculatus (Nutt, ex Torr. & A. Gray) Greene. Mendocino bushmallow. Chaparral
mallow. Subshrub; rare, along Cave Creek. Not seen since 2012. 717, 740, 747. New record for
Arizona.

*Malva pai-\’iflora L. Cheeseweed mallow. Ephemeral; locally common. 266.

*Sida abiitifolia Mill. [5. procumbens Sw.]. Spreading fanpetals. Perennial herb; rare. 536.
Sphaeralcea ambigua A. Gray ssp. ambigua. Apricot globemallow. Desert globemallow. Subshrub;
locally common to occasional. 313, 673.

Sphaeralcea riisbyi A. Gray. Rusby's globemallow. Perennial herb; infrequent. 455.

MARTYNIACEAE

Proboscidea panhflora (Wooton) Wooton & Standi, ssp. pani flora. [Marp’nia paniflora WootonJ.
Devil's claw. Ephemeral; rare. 573.

MONTIACEAE (includes PORTULACACEAE, in part)

Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. Fringed redmaids. Ephemeral; occasional. 179.

Cistanthe monandra (Nutt.) Hershk. [Calyptridium mouandnim Nutt.]. Common pussypaws.
Ephemeral; occasional. 701.

Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. ssp. mexicana (Rydb.) J. M. Miller & K. L. Chambers. [Limnia
mexicana Rydb.] Miner's Lettuce. Ephemeral; occasional. 213.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Allionia incarnata L. Trailing windmills. Perennial herb; occasional. 666, 678.

Boerhavia coccinea Mill. Scarlet spiderling. Perennial herb; occasional. 499, 539.

Boerhavia intermedia M. E. Jones. Fivewing spiderling. Ephemeral; occasional. 533.

Mirabilis coccinea (Torr.) Benth. & Hook, f [Oxybaplms coccineiis Torr.]. Scarlet four o'clock.
Perennial herb; infrequent. 485, 639.

Mirabilis laevis (Benth.) Curran var. villosa (Kellogg) Spellenb. [M. bigelovii A. Gray]. Wishbone-
bush. Perennial herb; common. 246.

Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray var. multiflora. Colorado four o'clock. Perennial herb; rare. 469,
583.

OLEACEAE

Fraxinus velutina Torr. Velvet ash. Tree; common in riparian areas. 420.

Menodora scabra A. Gray. [M. scoparia Engelm. ex A. Gray]. Rough menodora. Shrub; occasional.
310.

ONAGRACEAE

Camissonia californica (Nutt, ex Torr. & A. Gray) P. H. Raven. [Oenothera leptocarpa Greene].

California Suncup. Ephemeral; occasional. 230, 416, 433.

Camissonia cardiophylla (Torr.) P. H. Raven. Heartleaf suncup. Ephemeral; rare. 630.

Camissonia chamaenerioides (A. Gray) P. H. Raven. [Oenothera chamaenerioides A. Gray],
Longcapsule suncup. Ephemeral; infrequent. 275, 393.

Camissonia micrantha (Homem. ex Spreng.) P. H. Raven. [Oenothera micrantha Homem. ex
Spreng.]. Miniature suncup. Ephemeral; infrequent. 387, 722.

Clarkia epilobioides (Nutt, ex Torr. & A. Gray) A. Nelson and J. F. Macbr. [Godetia epilobioides
(Nutt, ex Torr. & A. Gray) S. Watson]. Canyon clarkia. Ephemeral; rare. 285.

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Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

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Oenothera cespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt, ex Hook. & Am.) Munz. Tufted evening primrose.
Perennial herb; occasional. 683.

Oenothera elata Kunth ssp. hirsutissima (A. Gray ex S. Watson) W. Dietr. [O. hookeri Torr. & A.

Gray var. hirsutissima (A. Gray ex S. Watson) Munz]. Hooker's evening primrose. Subshmb;
infrequent. 742.

Oenothera primiveris A. Gray. Desert evening primrose. Ephemeral; infrequent. 224.
OROBANCHACEAE (includes SCROPHULARIACEAE, in part)

CastiJleja applegatei Femald ssp. martinii (Abrams) T. I. Chuang & Heckard. [C. chromosa A.

Nelson; C. angustifolia (Nutt.) G. Don var. duhia A. Nelson], Wavyleaf Indian paintbmsh.
Perennial herb; occasional. 349, 620.

Castilleja exserta (A. Heller) T. 1. Chuang & Heckard. [Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth.]. Exserted
Indian paintbmsh. Owl clover. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 186, 242.

Castilleja minor (A. Gray) A. Gray. Lesser Indian paintbmsh. Ephemeral; occasional along Cave
Creek. 382, 465.

Orobanche cooperi (A. Gray) A. Heller. Louisiana broomrape. Ephemeral; rare. 642.

PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone pleiacantha Greene ssp. ambigua G. B. Ownbey. Southwestern pricklypoppy. Perennial;
rare. 646.

Eschscholzia californica Cham. ssp. mexicana (Greene) C. Clark. [E. mexicana Greene]. California
poppy, Mexican gold poppy. Ephemeral; occasional. 197, 357.

PHRYMACEAE

Mimulus guttatus Fisch. ex DC. Seep monkeyflower. [M. nasutus Greene]. Ephemeral; common in
riparian areas. 384.

Mimulus rubellus A. Gray. Little redstem monkeyflower. Ephemeral; occasional. 409, 410.
PLANTAGINACEAE (includes SCROPHULARIACEAE, in part)

Keckiella antirrhinoides (Benth.) Straw, ssp. microphylla (A. Gray) Straw. [Penstemon microphyllus
A. Gray]. Snapdragon penstemon. Shmb; occasional. 353.

Maurandya antirrhiniflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. [Maurandella antirrhiniflora (Humb. & Bonpl.

ex Willd.) Rothm.] Roving sailor. Twining snapdragon. Perennial herb; occasional. 627.
Penstemon eatonii A. Gray ssp. exsertus (A. Nelson) D. D. Keck. Firecracker penstemon. Perennial
herb; infrequent. 623, 638.

Penstemon palmeri A. Gray. Palmer's penstemon. Perennial herb; rare, found once on trailside. 655.
Penstemon pseudospectabilis M. E. Jones ssp. connatifolius (A. Nelson) D. D. Keck. Desert
beardtongue. Perennial herb; infrequent. 367.

#Penstemon subulatus M. E. Jones. Hackberry beardtongue. Perennial herb; occasional. 212, 228.
Plantago ovata Forssk. [P. insularis Eastw.]. Desert indianwheat. Ephemeral; common. 204, 301.
Plantago patagonica Jacq. [P. purshii Roem. & Schult.]. Woolly plantain. Ephemeral; common. 314.
Plantago rhodosperma Decne. Redseed plantain. Ephemeral; occasional. 288.

Sairocarpus nuttallianus (Benth.) D. A. Sutton. [Antirrhinum nuttallianum Benth.]. Violet snapdragon.
Ephemeral; occasional. 413.

Stemodia durantifolia (L.) Sw. Whitewoolly twintip. Ephemeral; occasional. 453, 608, 665.

Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. American speedwell. Perennial herb; rare. 526.

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Water speedwell. Perennial herb; common in riparian areas. 385.
Veronica peregrina L. Hairy purslane speedwell. Ephemeral; infrequent. 319.

PLATANACEAE

Platanus wrightii S. Watson. Arizona sycamore. Tree; occasional in riparian areas. 130.
POLEMONIACEAE

Allophyllum gilioides (Benth.) A. D. Grant & V. E. Grant. [Gilia gilioides (Benth.) Greene]. Dense
false gilyflower. Ephemeral; infrequent. 321, 430.

Eriastmm diffusum (A. Gray) H. Mason. Miniature woollystar. Ephemeral; occasional. 294, 326.

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Eriaslrum eremicum (Jeps.) H. Mason. Desert woollystar. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional.
300.

Gilia flavocincta A. Nelson ssp. flavocincta. [G. ophthalmoides Brand ssp. flavocincta (A. Nelson) A.
D. Grant & V. E. Grant]. Lesser yellowthroat gilia. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional.
203,250,327.

Gilia stellata A. Heller. Star gilia. Ephemeral; occasional. 254, 308.

Ipomopsis nniltiflora (Nutt.) V. E. Grant. [Gilia mulfi/lora 'Nutt.]. Manyflowered ipomopsis.
Ephemeral; infrequent. 732.

Leptosiphon aureus (Nutt.) J. M. Porter & L. A. Johnson ssp. aureus. [Linanthus aureus (Nutt.)

Greene]. Golden linanthus. Ephemeral; rare. 724.

Linanthus higelovii (A. Gray) Greene. Bigelow’s linanthus. Ephemeral; occasional. 278.

Linanthus demissus (A. Gray) Greene. Desertsnow. Ephemeral; infrequent. 293.

Microsteris gracilis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene. [Phlox gracilis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene]. Slender
phlox. Ephemeral; infrequent. 619, 723.

Phlox tenuifolia E. E. Nelson. Santa Catalina Mountain phlox. Desert Phlox. Perennial herb;
occasional. 347.

POLYGONACEAE

Chorizanthe hrevicornu Torr. Brittle spineflower. Ephemeral; occasional. 205, 680.

Eriogonum abertianum Torr. Aberfs buckwheat. Ephemeral; occasional. 198, 241.

#Eriogomtm arizonicum S. Stokes ex M. E. Jones. Arizona buckwheat. Perennial herb; locally
common to occasional. 51 1 A. 537.

Eriogonum deflexion Torr. Flatcrown Buckwheat. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 401, 546.
Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. war. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. & A. Gray. Eastern Mojave buckwheat.
Flat-top buckwheat. Shrub; common. 310A.

Eriogonum inflation Torr. & Frem. Desert trumpet. Perennial herb; occasional. 400.

Eriogonum pahnerianum Reveal. Palmer's buckwheat. Ephemeral; infrequent. 675.

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray. [Polygonum lapathifolium L.]. Curlytop knotweed. Ephemeral;

occasional in dr>' stream beds. 475, 504.

* Polygonum aviculare L. Prostrate knotweed. Ephemeral; occasional. 415, 540.

Pterostegia diymarioides Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Woodland Pterostegia. Ephemeral; occasional. 248.
*Rumex crispus L. Curly dock. Perennial herb; occasional in sandy riparian areas. 464, 523, 736.
Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre dock. Desert rhubarb. Perennial herb; occasional. 192.

PORTULACACEAE (see also MONTIACEAE)

* Portulaca oleracea L. Little hogweed. Common purslane. Ephemeral; infrequent. 731.

PRIMULACEAE

*Anagallis an’ensis L. Scarlet pimpernel. Ephemeral; rare on floodplain. 720.

Androsace occidentalis Pursh. Western rockjasmine. Ephemeral; occasional. 178.

RANUNCULACEAE

Anemone tuberosa Rydb. Tuber anemone. Desert anemone. Perennial herb; occasional. Til .
Delphinium parishii A. Gray. [D. amabile Tidestr.]. Parish’s larkspur. Paleface delphinium. Perennial
herb; occasional. 324.

Delphinium scaposum Greene. Tall mountain larkspur. Perennial herb; occasional. 325, 348.

Myosurus cupulatus S. Watson. Arizona mousetail. Ephemeral; occasional. 273.

RHAMNACEAE

Ceanothus vestitus Greene [C. greggii A. Gray var. vestitus (Greene) McMinn]. Desert ceanothus.

Shrub; occasional on north face of Elephant Mountain. 621.

Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex. Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. canescens (A. Gray) M. C. Johnst.
[Condalia lycioides (A. Gray) Weberb. var. canescens (A. Gray) Trek]. Lotebush, Gray thorn.
Shrub; occasional. 396, 514.

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ROSACEAE

Cercocarpus montanus Raf. var. glaber (S. Watson) F. L. Martin. [C betuloides Nutt.]. Birchleaf
mountain mahogany. Tree; occasional on upper slopes of north face of Elephant Mountain. 373.

RUBIACEAE

Galium aparine L. Stickywilly. Ephemeral; infrequent. 252, 257.

Galium microphyllum A. Gray. Bracted bedstraw. Perennial herb; occasional. 551.

Galium proliferum A. Gray. Limestone bedstraw. Ephemeral; infrequent. 253.

Galium stellatum Kellog. Starry bedstraw. Shrub; occasional. 355.

SALICACEAE

Populus fremontii S. Watson. Fremont cottonwood. Tree; abundant in riparian areas. 614.

Salix gooddingii C. R. Ball. Goodding’s Willow. Tree; abundant in riparian areas. 419.

Salix laevigata Bebb. Red willow. Tree; rare. 738.

SANTALACEAE

Phoradendron californicum Nutt. Mesquite mistletoe. Desert mistletoe. Perennial herb; common on
Acacia greggii. 489.

SAPINDACEAE

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Florida hopbush. Shrub; infrequent. 492, 749.

SCROPHULARIACEAE, see also OROBANCHACEAE, PHRYMACEAE, and
PLANTAGINACEAE

*Verbascum thapsus L. Common mullein. Ephemeral; infrequent. 739.

SIMMONDSIACEAE

Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. Jojoba. Shrub; common. 146.

SOLANACEAE

Calibrachoa pamflora (Juss.) D’arcy. [Petunia paniflora Juss.]. Seaside petunia. Ephemeral; locally
common to occasional in dry stream bed and floodplain. 393A, 408.

Datura wrightii Regel. Sacred thorn-apple, Sacred datura. Ephemeral; occasional. 454.

Lycium berlandieri Dunal. Berlandier’s wolfberry. Shrub; occasional. 560, 563.

Lycium exsertum A. Gray. Arizona desert-thom, Wolfberry. Shrub; common. 165, 307.

*Nicotiana glauca Graham. Tree tobacco. Tree; rare, found once in dry stream bed. 734.

Nicotiana obtmifoUa M. Martens & Galeotti. [N. trigonophylla Dunal; N.palmeri Gray], Desert
tobacco. Perennial herb; occasional. 457.

Solanum americanum Mill. American black nightshade. Ephemeral; infrequent. 524.

STERCULIACEAE, see IVIALVACEAE

TAMARICACEAE

*Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst. Athel tamarisk. Tree; rare, small grove of tail trees on Cave Creek
floodplain. 595.

*Tamarix chinensis Lour. [T. pentandra Pall; T. ramosissima Ledeb.] Five-stamen tamarisk,

Saltcedar, Tamarisk. Shrub; occasional along Cave Creek, currently being managed for removal.
389, 547.

ULMACEAE, see CANNABACEAE
URTICACEAE

Parietaria hespera B. D. Hinton var. hespera. Rillita Pellitory. Ephemeral; occasional. 181,411.

VERBENACEAE

Aloysia wrightii A. Heller. Wright’s beebrash, Oreganillo. Shrub; occasional. 566, 754.

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Glandularia gooddiugii (Briq.) Solbrig. [Verbena gooddingii Briq.] Southwestern mock vervain,
Goodding’s verbena. Perennial herb; occasional. 392.

Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Bigbract verbena. Ephemeral; rare. 721.

Verbena neomexicana Small var. xylopoda L. M. Perry. Hillside vervain. Perennial herb; infrequent.
653.

VISCACEAE, see SANTALACEAE
VITACEAE

Vitis arizonica Engelm. Canyon grape. Perennial herb; rare. 661.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Kallsiroemia grandiflora Torr. ex A. Gray. Arizona poppy. Ephemeral; infrequent. 535, 568.

Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Coville. Creosote bush. Shrub; common. 394.

*Tribuliis terrestris L. Puncturevine, Goat’s head. Ephemeral; rare. 726.

MONOCOTS

AGAVACEAE, see ASPARAGACEAE

ASPARAGACEAE (includes AGAVACEAE and THEMIDACEAE)

#Agave chn'santha Peebles. Goldenflower century plant. Succulent; rare, found once on north-facing
hillside. 111.

Agave murpheyi F. Gibson. Murphey's century plant, Hohokam agave. Succulent; rare, found once in
2009. on south face of lower slope of Elephant Mountain, clone was dead. 607.

Dichelostemma capitatnm (Benth.) Alph. Wood. [D. pulchellwn (Salisb.) A. Heller]. Bluedicks, Desert
hyacinth. Perennial herb; common. 193,235.

Yucca baccata Torr. Banana yucca . Succulent; occasional. 376.

C^PERACEAE

*Cyperiis involucratus Rottb. Umbrella plant. Perennial herb; rare, found once in dry stream bed of
Cave Creek. 698.

Schoenoplectus pimgens (Vahl) Palla. [Scirpiis americanus Pers.]. Common threesquare. Perennial
herb; common along Cave Creek. 423, 477, 511.

JUNCACEAE

Junciis bitfonius L. Toad rush. Ephemeral; occasional. 318.

Jiincus torreyi Coville. Torrey's rush. Perennial herb; occasional. 479, 510.

Junciis xiphioides E. Mey. Irisleaf rush. Perennial herb; rare, in riparian areas. 735.

LILIACEAE

Cahchortus kennedyi Porter var. kennedyi. Desert mariposa lily. Perennial herb; occasional. 330.

POACEAE

Aristida adscensionis L. Sixweeks threeawn. Ephemeral; occasional. 407.

Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. parishii (Hitchc.) Allred. Parish’s threeawn. Perennial herb; occasional.
422, 438, 647.

Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. purpurea. Purple threeawn. Perennial herb; occasional. Purple threeawn.
611.

*Arundo donax L. Giant reed. Perennial herb; rare along Cave Creek. 752, Makings 3862.

* Avena fatua L. Wild oat. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 341.

Bothriochloa barbinodis (Lag.) Herter. [Andropogon barbinodis Lag.]. Cane bluestem. Perennial herb;
occasional. 611 .

Bouteloua aristidoides (Kunth) Griseb. Needle grama. Ephemeral; occasional. 360A, 567.

Bouteloua barbata Lag. var. barbata. Sixweeks grama. Ephemeral; occasional. 125.

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Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

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Bouteloua barbata Lag. var. rothrockii (Vasey) Gould. [B. rothrockii Vasey]. Rothrock's grama.
Perennial herb; infrequent. 578.

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Sideoats grama. Perennial herb; occasional. 580.

Bromus arizonicus (Shear) Stebbins. Arizona brome. Ephemeral; infrequent. 290B.

*Bromus berteroanus Colla. [B. trinii E. Desv.]. Chilean chess. Ephemeral; infrequent. 290A.

*Bromus catharticus Vahl. Rescuegrass. Ephemeral; occasional. 390.

*Bromus diandrus Roth. [B. rigidus Roth]. Ripgut brome. Ephemeral; locally abundant to occasional.
391.

*Bromus mbens L. [B. madritensis L. ssp. rubens (L.) Husn.]. Red brome. Ephemeral; locally
abundant to common. 315, 328.

*Cenchrus ciliaris L. [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link]. Buffelgrass. Perennial herb; rare. 565.

*Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone. {Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.]. Crimson
fountaingrass. Perennial herb; infrequent in drainages. 472, 509.

*Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermudagrass. Perennial herb; common. 343.

Dasyochloa pulchella (Kunth) Willd. ex Rydb. [Tridens pulchellus (Kunth) Hitchc.; Erioneuron
pulchellum (Kunth) Tateoka]. Low woollygrass. Perennial herb; occasional. 600, 643.

Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henrard. [Trichachne californica (Benth.) Chase]. Arizona cottontop.
Perennial herb; occasional. 132.

Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M. Peterson & N. Snow ssp. brachiata (Steud.) P. M. Peterson & N. Snow.
[Leptochloa panicea (Retz) Owhi ssp. brachiata (Steud.) N. Snow; L. filiformis (Pers.) P. Beauv.].
Mucronate sprangletop. Ephemeral; occasional. 120, 581.

Disakisperma dubium (Kunth) P. M. Peterson & N. Snow. [Leptochloa dubia (Kunth) Nees]. Green
sprangletop. Perennial herb; occasional. 579.

*Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Jungle rice. Ephemeral; occasional. 123.

*Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Bamyardgrass. Ephemeral; occasional. 460.

*Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. Stinkgrass. Ephemeral; occasional. 554, 586.
*Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees. Lehmann lovegrass. Perennial herb; occasional. 1 19, 663.

Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Tanglehead. Perennial herb; infrequent.
600A.

Hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash var. belangeri. Curly-mesquite. Perennial herb; occasional. 569.
Hilaria mutica (Buckley) Benth. [Pleuraphis mutica Buckley]. Tobosagrass. Perennial herb; common.
481.

Hilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth. ex Scribn. [Pleuraphis rigida Thurb.]. Big galleta. Perennial herb;
common. 440.

*Hordeum murinum L. ssp. glaucwn (Steud.) Tzvelev. [H. stebbinsii Covas; H. glaucum Steud.].

Smooth barley. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 660.

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little barley. Ephemeral; locally common to occasional. 323, 659.

*Lolium multiflorum Lam. [L. perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husn.]. Italian ryegrass, Annual
ryegrass. Ephemeral; infrequent. 459.

Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. ex Beal. Bush muhly. Perennial herb; occasional. 564, 750.
Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) Hitchc. Deergrass. Perennial herb; common in riparian areas. 139, 590.
Panicum hirticaule J. PresI var. hirticaule. Mexican panicgrass. Ephemeral; infrequent. 584.
Pappostipa speciosa (Trin. & Rupr.) Romasch. [Stipa speciosa Trin. & Rupr.; Achnatherum speciosum
(Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth; Jarava speciosa (Trin. & Rupr.) Pehail.]. Desert needle Grass.
Perennial herb; common on upper slopes of north face of Elephant Mountain. 366.

*Phalaris minor Retz. Littleseed canarygrass. Ephemeral; infrequent. 331.

Poa bigelovii Vasey & Scribn. Bigelow's bluegrass. Ephemeral; common. 281, 317, 342, 617.
*Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf Annual rabbitsfoot grass. Ephemeral; locally common to
occasional in riparian areas. 432.

*Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. [Agrostis semiverticillata (Forsk.) C. Chr.]. Beardless rabbitsfoot
grass. Perennial herb; occasional. 505.

*Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. Common Mediterranean grass. Ephemeral; common. 280, 615.

Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K. Schum. Streambed bristlegrass. Perennial herb; occasional. 577.
Sporobolus cjyptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Sand dropseed. Perennial herb; occasional. 137, 538.

Tridens muticus (Torr.) Nash var. muticus. Slim tridens. Perennial herb; infrequent. 134.

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Urochloa arizonica (Scribn. & Merr.) Morrone & Zuloaga. [Panicum arizonicum Scribn. & Merr.].
Arizona signalgrass. Ephemeral; rare. 585.

Viilpia niicTOStachys (Nutt.) Munro var. ciliata (A. Gray ex Beal) Lonard & Gould. [Festuca
easlM’oodiae Piper; F. microstachys Nutt. var. ciliata A. Gray ex Beal]. Eastwood fescue.
Ephemeral; occasional. 316.

Vulpia microstachys (Nutt.) Munro var. paucifJora (Scribn. ex Beal) Lonard & Gould. [Festuca

pacifica Piper; F. microstachys Nutt. var. pauciflora Scribn. ex Beal]. Pacific fescue. Ephemeral;
occasional. 298.

Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. var. hirtella (Piper) Henrard. [Festuca octoflora Walter]. Sixweeks
fescue. Ephemeral; common. 239. 616.

TYPHACEAE

Typha domingeusis Pers. Southern cattail. Perennial herb; occasional in riparian areas. 512.

XANTHORRHOEACEAE

*Aloe maculata All. [A. saponaria Haw.]. Soap aloe. Succulent; rare, found once near bank of Cave
Creek, but no longer present. 650.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank John Gunn, SCRCA Park Supervisor 2001-201 1, for
permission to undertake this project, and his support. We gratefully acknowledge current
SCRCA Park Supervisor Darci Kinsman and GIS Technician Farced Abou-Haidar for their
support. Editorial assistance by Leslie Landrum, and review by Shannon Doan, Richard
Felger, Sarah McCullough, and Julia Hunkins was invaluable and we thank them very much.
Many thanks also to specialists Wendy Hodgson, Andrew Salywon, Marc Baker, Donald
Pinkava, Anna Monfils, and Steven Hill for assistance in identifying some of the plants in the
Agavaceae, Brassicaceae, Cactaceae. Cyperaceae, and Malvaceae. We are also grateful to the
ARIZ, ASU and DES herbaria staff and volunteers, David Cummings and Stacy Fischer for
permission to collect plants in the Tonto National Forest and Jewel of the Creek Preserve
respectively, Jacquelyn Kallunki, Elizabeth Makings, Tom McGuire, Steve and Jane
Williams, and Scott Wood. Special thanks goes to our families for their support.

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http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/. Accessed February 2013.

WOOD, J. S. 2010, 2013. Personal communication. Forest Archaeologist / Heritage Program
Manager, Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona.

YARUSH, K. P., A. T. Robinson and C. D. Crowder. 2012. Stocking and monitoring of Gila
topminnow and desert pupfish in Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area’s Solar Oasis Pond,
2009-2011. Unpublished report. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix.

48

Canotia Vol. 9

2013

Figure 2. Types of Vegetation.

(A) Sonoran Desertscrub-Arizona Upland vegetation includes Parkinsonia microphyUa
(foothill paloverde), Camegiea gigantea (saguaro), Ambrosia deltoidea (triangle bur
ragweed), Encelia farinosa (brittlebush), Opuntia engelmannii (Engelmann’s pricklypear)
and Cylindropuntia acauthocarpa (buckhom cholla). Sugarloaf Mountain on left. 10 Feb
2013.

(B) Salix gooddingii (Goodding’s v^i\\ow)-Populus fi-emontii (Fremont cottonwood) riparian
habitat along Cave Creek. Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifoUum (flat-top buckwheat) in
foreground. Elephant Mountain in background. 26 May 2013.

(C) A mesquite bosque, dominated by Prosopis veliitina (velvet mesquite), lines part of Cave
Creek. Elephant Mountain in background. 22 Apr 2012.

(D) Elephant Mountain summit, facing northeast. Sonoran Desertscrub Arizona Upland
habitat intergrades with Interior Chaparral and Semi-Desert Grassland on the upper slopes of
the north face. Yucca baccata (banana yucca), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Hilaria mutica
(tobosagrass) and Cylindropimtia acanthocarpa (buckhom cholla) in foreground. 20 Jan
2008.

2013

Vascular Flora of Spur Cross Ranch

49

Figure 3. Additional images from Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area.

(A) Cave Creek supports riparian habitats. Facing northeast, Skull Mesa in background. 20
Mar 2010.

(B) Encelia farinosa (brittlebush) displaying a mass of yellow flowers. A member of the
Asteraceae, which is the best represented family in the flora, it is an abundant shrub in
Arizona Upland Sonoran Desertscrab. Cylindropimtia bigelovii (teddybear cholla) in
foreground, Fouquieria splendens focotillo) and Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro) in
background. 30 Mar 2008.

(C) Echinocereus yavapaiensis (Yavapai claret-cup cactus) grows on the upper slopes of
Elephant Mountain, and is one of the seven taxa in the study area which are endemic to
Arizona. 20 Apr 2008.

(D) Spring ephemerals Lupinus sparsiflorus (Coulter’s lupine, purple), Rafmesquia
neomexicana (desert chicory, white), and perennial subshrub Sphaeraicea ambigna (desert
globemallow, orange) along Spur Cross Trail. Ephemerals accounted for nearly half of the
total taxa. 31 Mar 2010.

I

Index to Families of the Vascular Plants of Arizona

Bolded treatments are published in volumes 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33. and 35 of the Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science
(JANAS) or in subsequent volumes (e.g., 1-9) of CANOTIA. Unbolded entries indicate families with no treatments published to date.
Figure numbers refer to illustrations in the “Key to Families of Vascular Plants in Arizona" in JANAS 35(2). Selected VPA treatments
originally published in JANAS are also available as pdf files online (http://www.canotia.org/vpa proiect.html).

Acanthaceae (Fig. 3)

Aceraceae JANAS 29(1):2. 1995. (L.R. Landrum)

Adiantaceae (Fig. 1 )

Agavaceae Part 1; Agave JANAS 32(1):1. 1999. (W.
Hodgson)

Aizoaceae Alismataceae Amaranthaceae (Fig. 4)

Anacardiaceae CANOTIA 3(2):13. 2007. (J.L. Anderson)
Apiaceae (Fig. 5)

Apocynaceae JANAS 27(2):164. 1994. (S.P. McLaughlin)

Araceae

Araliaceae

Arecaceae JANAS 32(1):22. 1999. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)
Aristolochiaceae JANAS 32(1 ):24. 1999. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)
Asclepiadaceae JANAS 27(2):169. 1994. (E. Sundell)

Aspleniaceae
Asteraceae (Figs. 6-7)

Azollaceae CANOTIA 4(2):31. 2008. (G. Yatskievych and
M.D. Windham)

Berheridaceae JANAS 26(1):2. 1992. (J.E. LaFerriere; Fig.
9)

Betulaceae JANAS 33(1):1. 2001. (J.W. Brasher)
Bignoniaceae JANAS 32(1 ):26. 1999. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)
Bixaceae JANAS 27(2):188. 1994. (W. Hodgson)
Blechnaceae CANOTIA 4(2):35. 2008. (G. Yatskievych and
M.D. Windham; Fig. 1)

Boraginaceae (Fig. 9)

Brassicaceae

Bromeliaceae CANOTIA 3(2):23. 2007. (R. Gutierrez, Jr.)
Buddlejaceae JANAS 26(1):5. 1992. (E.M. Norman)
Burseraceae JANAS 32(1):29. 1999. (A. Salywon)
Cactaceae Part One: The Cereoid Cacti JANAS 29(1):6.
1995. (DJ. Pinkava)

Cactaceae Part Two; Echinocactus JANAS 29(1):13. 1995.
(M. Chamberland)

Cactaceae Part Three: Cylindropuntia JANAS 32(1):32.
1999. (DJ. Pinkava)

Cactaceae Part Four: Grusonia JANAS 32(1 ):48. 1999.
(D.J. Pinkava)

Cactaceae Part Five: Pediocactus and Sclerocactus JANAS
33(1 ):9. 2001. (K.D. Heil and J.M. Porter)
Cactaceae Part Six: Opuntia JANAS 35(2):137. 2003. (DJ.
Pinkava).

Callitrichaceae JANAS 29(1 ):15. 1995. (J. Ricketson)

Campanulaceae

Cannabaceae JANAS 32(1 ):53. 1999. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)

Capparaceae (Fig. 8)

Caprifoliaceae (Fig. 10)

Caryophyllaceae (Fig. 10)

Celastraceae JANAS 30(2):57. 1998. (J.W. Brasher)
Ceratophyllaceae JANAS 29(1):17. 1995. (J. Ricketson)

Chenopodiaceae (Fig. 9)

Clusiaceae

Commelinaceae JANAS 33(1):19. 2001. (R. Puente and R.
Faden)

Convolvulaceae JANAS 30(2):61. 1998. (D.F. Austin)

Comaceae

Crassulaceae JANAS 27(2):190. 1994. (R. Moran)
Crossosomataceae JANAS 26(1 ):7. 1992. (C. Mason)

Cucurbitaceae (Fig. 10)

Cupressaceae JANAS 27(2):195. 1994. (J. Bartel)

Cuscutaceae
Cyperaceae (Fig. 18)

Dennstaedtiaceae CANOTIA 4(2):38. 2008. (G.

Yatskievych and M.D. Windham; Fig. 1)

Dipsaceae JANAS 27(2):201. 1994. (J.E. LaFerriere)

Dryopteridaceae (Fig. 1 )

Elaeagnaceae

Elatinaceae
Ephedraceae (Fig. 2)

Ericaceae CANOTIA 4(2):21. 2008. (J.L. Anderson; Fig.

11)

Euphorbiaceae Part One: Acalypha and Cnidoscolus
JANAS 29(1):18. 1995. (G.A. Levin)

Equisetaceae CANOTIA 4(2):41. 2008. (G. Yatskievych
and M.D. Windham)

Fabaceae Part One: Errazuria, Marina, Parryella, and

Psorothamnus CANOTIA 7:1. 2011 (S. Rhodes, J.
Beasley, and T. Ayers; Figs. 12-13)

Fagaceae JANAS 27(2):203. 1994. (L.R. Landrum)
Fouquieriaceae JANAS 32(1):55. 1999. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)
Fumariaceae JANAS 33(1):27. 2001. (S. Holiday and A.
Perez)

Garryaceae JANAS 33(1):31. 2001. (R. Puente and T.F.
Daniel)

Gentianaceae JANAS 30(2):84. 1998. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)

Geraniaceae (Fig. 14)

Grossulariaceae

Haloragaceae

Hippuridaceae JANAS 29(1):25. 1995. (J. Ricketson)

Hydrangeaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrophyllaceae (Fig. 14)

Iridaceae Part One: Sisyrinchium JANAS 27(2):215. 1994.

(A.F. Cholewa and D.M. Henderson)

Iridaceae Part Two: Iris and Nemastylis JANAS 33(1):35.
2001. (C.T. Mason. Jr.)

Isoetaceae CANOTIA 5(1):27. 2009. (G. Yatskievych and
M.D. Windham )

Juglandaceae JANAS 27(2):219. 1994. (J.E. LaFerriere)

Juncaceae (Fig. 19)

Juncaginaceae

Key to Families of Vascular Plants in Arizona JANAS
35(2):88. 2003. (DJ. Keil)

Krameriaceae JANAS 32(1):57. 1999. (B.B. Simpson and A.
Salywon)

Lamiaceae Part One: Agastache, Hyptis, Lamium,

Leonurus, Mamibium, Monarda, Monardella,
Nepeta, Salazaria, Stachys, Teucrium, and
Trichostema JANAS 35(2):151. 2003. (C.M.
Christy, D.Z. Damrel, A. Henry, A. Trauth- Nare,
R. Puente-Martinez. and G. Walters)

Lemnaceae JANAS 26(1):10. 1992. (E. Landolt)
Lennoaceae JANAS 27(2):220. 1994. (G. Yatskievych)
Lentibulariaceae CANOTIA 8(2):54-58. 2012. (B. Rice)
Liliaceae (Fig. 19)

Linaceae

Loasaceae JANAS 30(2):96. 1998. (C.M. Christy)

Lythraceae

Malpighiaceae

Malvaceae Part One: All genera except Sphaeralcen.

JANAS 27(2):222. 1994. (P.A. Fryxell)
Marsileaceae CANOTIA 5(1):30. 2009. (G. Yatskievych
and M.D. Windham)

Martyniaceae CANOTIA 3(2):26. 2007. (R. Gutierrez, Jr.)

Meliaceae

Menispermaceae JANAS 27(2):237. 1994. (J.E. LaFerriere)
Menyanthaceae JANAS 33(1):38. 2001. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)
Monotropaceae JANAS 26(1):15. 1992. (E. Haber)
MoIIuginaceae JANAS 30(2):112. 1998. (C.M. Christy)

Moraceae

Najadaceae

Nyctaginaceae (Fig. 14)

Nymphaeaceae JANAS 29(1):26. 1995. (J. Ricketson)
Oleaceae (Fig. 15)

Onagraceae (Fig. 15)

Ophioglossaceae

Orchidaceae

Orobanchaceae

Oxalidaceae JANAS 30(2):115. 1998. (R. Ornduff and M.
Denton)

Papaveraceae JANAS 30(2):120. 1998. (G.B. Ownbey with
contributions by J.W. Brasher and C. Clark)
Passifloraceae JANAS 33(1):41. 2001. (J.M. MacDougal)
Phytolaccaceae JANAS 33(1 ):46. 2001. (V. Steinmann)
Pinaceae

Plantaginaceae JANAS 32(1 ):62. 1999. (K.D. Huisinga and
T.J. Ayers)

Platanaceae JANAS 27(2):238. 1994. (J.E. LaFerriere)

Plumbaginaceae
Poaceae (Fig. 20)

Polemoniaceae CANOTIA 1:1. 2005. (D. Wilken and M.
Porter)

Polygalaceae
Polygonaceae (Fig. 15)

Polypodiaceae CANOTIA 5(1 ):34. 2009. (G. Yatskievych
and M.D. Windham; Fig. 1)

Pontederiaceae JANAS 30(2):133. 1998. (C.N. Horn)
Portulacaceae CANOTIA 2(1):1. 2006. (A. Bair, M. Howe,

D. Roth. R. Taylor, T. Ayers, and R.W. Kiger)
Potamogetonaceae

Primulaceae JANAS 26(1 ):17. 1992. (A.F. Cholewa; Fig.

16)

Psilotaceae CANOTIA 3(2):32. 2007. (R. Gutierrez, Jr.)
Pyrolaceae JANAS 26(1 ):22. 1992. (E. Haber)

RafTIesiaceae JANAS 27(2):239. 1994. (G. Yatskievycb)
Ranunculaceae (Fig. 15)

Resedaceae

Rhamnaceae CANOTIA 2(1):23. 2006. (K. Christie, M.

Currie. L. Smith Davis. M-E. Hill. S. Neal, and T.
Ayers)

Rosaceae Part One: Rubus. JANAS 33(1):50. 2001. (J.W'.
Brasher)

Rubiaceae JANAS 29(1 ):29. 1995. (L. Dempster and E.T.
Terrell; Fig. 16)

Ruppiaceae

Rutaceae

Salicaceae Part One; Populus. JANAS 26(1 ):29. 1992. (J.E.
Eckenwalder)

Salicaceae Part Two. Salix. JANAS 29(1 ):39. 1995. (G.W.
Argus)

Salviniaceae CANOTIA 4(2):50. 2008. (G. Yatskievycb and
M.D. Windbam)

Santalaceae JANAS 27(2):240. 1994. (J.E. LaFerriere)
Sapindaceae JANAS 32(1);76. 1999. (A. Salywon)
Sapotaceae JANAS 26(1);34. 1992. (L.R. Landrum)
Saururaceae JANAS 32(1 );83. 1999. (C.T. Mason, Jr.)
Saxifragaceae JANAS 26(1 ):36. 1992. (P. Elvander; Fig. 16)
Scrophulariaceae (Fig. 17)

Selaginellaceae CANOTIA 5(1);39. 2009. (G. Yatskievycb
and M.D. Windbam)

Simaroubaceae JANAS 32(1);85. 1999. (J.W'. Brasher)
Simmondsiaceae JANAS 29(1):63. 1995. (J. Rebman)
Solanaceae Part One: Datura. JANAS 33(1 ):58. 2001. (R.
Bye)

Solanaceae Part Two: Key to tbe Genera and Solatium.

CANOTIA 5(1 ):i. 2009. (S.T. Bates. F. Farruggia,

E. Gilbert R. Gutierrez, D. Jenke, E. Makings, E.
Manton, D. Newton, and L.R. Landrum)

Solanaceae Part Three: Lycium. CANOTIA 5(1):17. 2009.

(F. Chiang and L.R. Landrum)

Solanaceae Part Four: Physalis and Quincula. CANOTIA
9:1-12. 2013. (L.R. Landrum, A. Barber, K.
Barron, F.S. Coburn, K. Sanderford, and D.
Setaro)

Solanaceae Part Five: Chamaesaracha. CANOTIA 9:13-15.
2013. (E. Manton)

Sparganiaceae JANAS 33(1):65. 2001. (J. Ricketson)

Sterculiaceae

Tamaricaceae

Thelypteridaceae CANOTIA 5(1):49. 2009. (G.
Yatskievych and M.D. Windham)

Tiliaceae

Typhaceae JANAS 33(1 ):69. 2001. (J. Ricketson)
Ulmaceae JANAS 35(2):170. 2003. (J.W. Brasher)
Urticaceae JANAS 26(1):42. 1992. (D. Boufford)

Valerianaceae

Verbenaceae

Violaceae. JANAS 33(1):73. 2001. (RJ. Little; Fig. 17)
Viscaceae JANAS 27(2);241. 1994. (F.G. Hawksworth and
D. Wiens)

Vitaceae
Zannichelliaceae
Zygophyllaceae (Fig. 17)