Cantonese Made Easy: A Book of Simple Sentences in the Cantonese Dialect ...

Google

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project

to make the world's books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject

to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books

are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the

publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web

at |http: //books .google .com/I

db,Google

•THE-

•JOHN FRYER-
•CHINESE- LIBRARY-

'.oogle

db,Google

db,Google

CANTONESE MADE EASY:

A BOOK OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN THE CANTONESE DIALECT, WITH

FREE AND LITERAL TRANSLATIONS, AND DIRECTIONS

FOR THE RENDERING OF ENGLISH ORAM

MATICAL FORMS IN CHINESE.

THIRD EDITION.

REVISED AND ENLARGED.

J. DYER 9ALL, m.r.a.s., etc..

OF Hill MAJKiTva CIVIL saMviec, HONaMONa.

Author of '£m/ Santancft in the Htkka O'tleot with » Vocabvltrj,' 'How to Spttk

Cantonsn,' ' Tho Cantonat«-mtdB-£ti/ Vonabular/,' ' Rttding* in Canfotata

CoHoquial,' 'An Engliih-CMntonou Pocket Voetbularf without

the Chinow ChKraetort or Tonic Htrkt,' ' Hakk*

Natft £atr,' and 'Thingt CA/osm.'

KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, PRINTERS.

[all rights reserved.]

n,g,t,7ed:^y^^-.OOgle

: : . () ,.

Digitized ay Vj(iOQ I C

CONTENTS.

Pre^e to the First Edition

„ „ Second Edition

„ ,, Third Edition

INTRODUCTION.

The Cantonese Dialect

The Correct Pronunciation of Pure Cantonese...
The Tones

Methods of Describing Tones

List of Tones

Division of the Tones

Description of the Tones

The Variant Tones

Marks to Designate the Tones

Tonic Exercises

Aspirated and Non-aspirated Words

Long and Short Vowels

Pronunciation ...

Syllabary

IX
XII

xm

XV

XVIII

XXV

XXV

XXVI

XXVI

XXX

. XXXIV

. XXXVIII

XLV

XLIX

LIII

LIV

Abbreviations
The Numerals

I. — Domestic
II. — General

7f>1015

nV^nOOglc

Ff

Lesson III.— General ...

. 8

IV.—

. to

v.—

. 11

VI.— Relationships .

■ 14

„ YIl.— Opposites

. t6

„ VIII.— Monetary

. t8

IX.— Commercial

. 20

X.—

23

XI.-Medical ...

■ H

XII.-Ecclesiastical .

. 26

„ Xlll.— Nautical...

. >8

„ XIV.— Judicial ...

■ 30

XV.— Education

■ 32

->yn<~

Dgi,,.ed;iV^nOOglC

PHEfflCE

TO THE FIRST EDITIOH,

This little book is meant to supply a want. The Author has heard a
beginner in Chinese 5;adly lamenting the difficulty he had in the use of his
phrase-book to know what the Chinese words realty meant. Before him and
before many a learner, there appear on the opened [>^esof his book sentences
in English and sentences in Chinese. He reads the English and his Chinese
teacher reads the Chinese over to him until he learns the sounds. By dint of
memory he leams that a certain English sentence is expressed in Chinese by
certain Chinese words, which he supposes are the equivalents of the English
words ; but as soon as he commences to analyse the two sentences — to place
them side by side, he finds that there seems to t>e very little similarity
between the two. The one often has more words by far than the other ; there
are no numbers, no moods, no tenses, or but halting expedients to represent
them, which are well nigh unintelligible to him ; and the use of his dictionary,
at first, affords him but little assistance in his attempts to pick asunder the
component parts of a Chinese sentence, for either he does not find the word
that is given in his phrase-book, or he is embarrassed by the multiplicity of
renderings for one word.

Arr«nc«m*nt of this Book.

In some of the first books in Cantonese and English by the veteran
sinologists, this difficulty was in a great measure met by a literal as well as a
free translation being given of the Chinese. The Author has resuscitated
this old plan and trusts it will be found of service. In some cases it will be
found, however, that it has been well nigh impossible, on account of the
idiomatic differences of the two languages, to give a perfectly intelligible and
literal rendering of the Chinese; for it sometimes happens, as George
MacDonald well remarks, that : — ' It is often curious how a literal rendering,
'even when it gives quite the meaning, will not do, because of the different

-i^^iOOgle

'ranks of the two words in their respective languages.' (AdtlaCathcart,p. 34.)
Yet, with the object of pointing out the connection of the different words
and their respective places in the sentence, even a poor literal translation
will assist the learner far better to grasp the construction of the sentence and
the real meaning of the words than a free translation, which must necessarily
often be but a paraphrase of the Chinese.

When two or more English words represent one Chinese word, the
Author has, in the literal translation, connected them by a hyphen, and the
same holds good of the Chinese and English. Any exceptions to this are so
plain that there is no necessity to make any note of them.

The feult of most phrase-books in Chinese is the multiplying Chinese
words in a sentence ; especially do such books delight in a redundancy of
particles; oneisalmostsickenedby a glance through some of the phrase-books
in use where ko ko , ^pl ko , ke , and many other particles are brought in at
any time and every time to the detriment of the learner's fluency in speaking.
The consequence of this fault is that learners pile up the component parts of
a sentence until the outcome is something wonderful to hearken to, and more
like a foreign language than good Chinese. The Chinese are fonder of
expressing themselves in a terse and concise manner than most book-makers
represent them as doing. Redundant words are cut out of good Chinese
colloquial with an unsparing hand : and it would be a good thing for a learner
to lay it down as a general rule that if it is possible to express his meaning
with few words, he should do so ; for though to his own ear the addition of
words may make the meaning plainer, it has probably a directly contrary
eflTect on a Chinese ear.

Compare : —

-N*( (!al to' oOi she' k'aj^ V 'k" ko^ (»*>" ^w"' •"B" '"'»' >='"' ('*■

jLsJ ^ni aha' ^pii 'ko p4^ ^shfl -ngo 'cal.

There is often also no distinction made in phrase books between the
colloquial and book language : immediately after a sentence which would be
understood by any woman or child comes one so bookish that if the learner
were to attempt to air his newly-acquired knowledge, thus obtained, out of
the range of his study or of the ears of his erudite teacher, he would find his
talk utterly unintelligible to the mass of his hearers. In short, a hotchpotch
of anything and everything is thrown together, mixed and pure, Cantonese
and provincialisms, and the result is a phrase-book.

Many of the simplest and commonest forms of expression are entirely
omitted even in books of considerable size where want of space could be no
excuse.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

There is often also apparent in these books an evident attempt to put
the English sentence, which the compiler chooses, into Chinese, ignoring
often to a great extent the simple fact that the idiom is essentially English ;
and the result is a sentence composed of Chinese words, which is either
constructed on an English idiom wholly foreign to the genius of the language,
or stilled in order to convey the whole meaning of the English sentence into
Chinese ; or else the two sentences are not the counterparts of each other,
and the learner is misled.

Knowing these defects, the Author has endeavoured to avoid them.

It appeared to him that a compiler should endeavour above everything
else to have his Chinese perfect and readable, or shun, as a Chinese would
term it, and then- try his best to render the Chinese into English. Under
such conditions there is more likelihood of getting good Chinese into our
phrase-books than when the opposite plan is tried.

Daily intercourse for nearly a quarter of a century with all classes of
Chinese in their daily life, and years of daily contact with ail grades of
Chinese in the course of his official duties, where no attempts, or but few, are
made to adapt themselves to the foreign ear, have placed him, he believes, in
an exceptionally favourable position to hear and note the different idioms of
good Cantonese. He has endeavoured to embody a number of them in this
book, which, if it meets with a favourable reception, might induce him to
attempt something more pretentious on a future occasion.

Nothing, he hopes, will be found amongst the fifteen Lessons but pure
good colloquial ; and from the examples given in that part of the book, as
well as in the part which follows, the learner will be able to frame other
sentences.

In learning Cantonese the learner should aim first at acquiring such
common idioms and such words as to make himself understood by even the
illiterate class, for then all classes will understand him. Starting in this
manner he will lay a good solid foundation for his colloquial, which will stand
him in good stead all through his stay in China. After this foundation is laid
he can easily acquire the mixed colloquial, composed principally of what he
has already learned, and partly of book terms ; and if he has previously pleased
the illiterate ear, qualify himself to please the fastidious taste of the scholar.
Though there is no hard and fast line between these two forms of colloquial,
as they merge more or less into each other, there is still a distinction. And
the learner should keep this distinction in his mind and ask his teacher whether
any new phrase be comes across is colloquial or not. Without this precau-
tion he will find himself talking in a most ridiculous style, at one breath, as it
were, using Johnsonian words and pure English.

-iCoogIc

Id most, if not all, phrase-books the tones seem to be a thing of secondary
importance. If the compiler carefully gives the tones, as he finds them in
his dictionary, he congratulates himself on at least stretching a point. As a
general rule, no attempt is ever made to give the tones as they are spoken,
or, when the attempt has been made, the compiler has had so little idea of the
frequency of difference between colloquial and book tones that his attempts
to point one or two out have not been of the practical use they might
have been. It is one thing to read a book and utter all the tones correctly,
but quite another thing to explain to a Chinese the contents of a few pages
thereof, and if the speaker sticks to the same tones in speaking as in reading
he will not find all he says is understood. It is, the Author believes, an
ignoring of this fact that often spoils foreigners' Chinese. The awkward
thing about ignoring these tones in books, for the use of those who wish to
learn to speak Chinese, is that the learner attempts to say the word in the
tone that he sees it marked in his book or dictionary, the consequence being
that he systematically mispronounces it, while if the tone were marked
properly, he would at least attempt to pronounce it properly.

The colloquial tones in this book are given instead of those used in the
book language.

It will be noticed that occasionally the tones of one word are different
in different connections.

Learners may at once make up their minds to the belief that there are
more tones in the Chinese than many of the old scholars will give credit for.
The ckungyap is introduced in this phrase book. The man who pretends to
doubt its existence may as well confess at once that he knows nothing about
differences in tones ; it was well known by one or two of the older sinologists
in olden times, but was well-nigh forgotten until unearthed recently. There,
perhaps, is more excuse for the scepticism that exists about some of the
other tones, though there can be no doubt as to their existence. ''^

Instead, then, of only eight tones in Cantonese, it is the fact that there are
sixteen well-defined tones at least, and possibly one or two others as well,
affecting only a very few words. This last need not, however, trouble the
learner at first. It is well that he should know at the same time that he
must not attempt to fit every Chinese word into the only tone, perchance,
assigned to it by the dictionaries. Cantonese will not be confined in that
way, and much of the poor pronunciation of Chinese in the past by
Europeans is on account of their persistent attempts to pronounce all Chinese
words as if they must belong to one or other of the eight or nine tones their
dictionaries told them about. Get a good teacher, then copy him exactly, no
matter what your dictionary may say about the tone of the word ; for it is

d^yGooglc

important that the beginner, who wishes to do more than just run a chance
of being partially understood, should pay particular attention to these import-
ant tones, though at the same time let him not run into the other extreme
of hesitating before he utters a word to think what tone it should be in. If
he can manage to get fluent in Chinese idioms, an occasional mistake in the
tones is not of such vital importance, though to be deprecated.
Or«mm«r.

The Directions for rendeiing English Grammatical Forms and Idioms
into Chinese and via vtrsa will, it is hoped, prove of service in enabling the
beginner to form a conception of the mode in which English grammatical
forms may be rendered in Chinese, a language which at first sight appears
to be devoid of all grammar. The construction of the component parts and
the building up of the sentence from its component phrases will also appear
to a certain extent.

The notes are not exhaustive, but it is hopved that they are of sufficient
variety and length to give the learner such an idea of the construction of the
colloquial, andof many of its idioms, as to enable him to avoid egregious errors.

So little has been attempted in this way hitherto, that it is with
considerable diffidence one makes the attempt to lay down instructions, when
hitherto the learner has generally had to bungle on as well as he could himself.

It is hoped, however, that the experience of one who has made the study
of Chinese a hfe-work will not prove useless to the beginner.

The study of Chinese is sufficiently difficult to make every little hint a
desideratum.

Flnml Partlclsa.

The Final Particles are most useful little words, quite altering the whole
force of the sentence when differently applied. These little particles at the
end of a sentence are often put to a dreadful martyrdom in beginners' books.
The student must not suppose that, because they are so plentifully sprinkled
over the pages of his book, he cannot close his mouth without enunciating
one or two of them, as he would punctuate each of his written sentences.
They are, in fact, often left out, with advantage ; but when left out, to make up
for their absence, the voice lingers often on the last word in the ftentence
longer than it would otherwise do, and with a peculiar intonation and rising
inflection, going, in fact, into a Rising Tone. .-Vt other times it goes into the
variant of the Upper Even Tone, the tone taking often the place of the final,
though at the same time these tones are often used with finals as well.

Too little attention has been paid to them hitherto. Our dictionaries
do not contain all that are in use. A list appears of as many as the compiler

-i^^iOOglc

has been able to discover up to the present time with their tonal variations ;
but it is not at all improbable that there are more to be discovered. Nearly
half of this list is not to be found in the dictionaries. If the finals used in
the difTerent dialects and sub-dialects of Cantonese were included, the list
might be made of an enormous length, as, for instance, in the Shun-tak
dialect, to mention a few instances amongst many, we have the finals. Hi, ti,
and others, besides those in use in pure Cantonese.

This is, however, not the place to go into a dissertation on the finals,
but the hint may be of use if taken advantage of, for there are a great many
more shades of meaning to be expressed by a proper use of these little words
than most Europeans have ever dreamt of.

Chln««« Charmetars.

The Chinese characters are given more as a guide to the teacher than for
use by the beginner. If the latter can and will take advice it is this : — Don't
trouble yourself with the character, or Che book language at first. If you will
learn the characters, learn them out of the colloquial books for the first year,
and then, when you are tolerably proficient in colloquial, a knowledge of the
book H'ay of expressing what you have already acquired in colloquial wilt not
be apt to confuse you, or spoil your colloquial.

One thing at a time is enough. If you wish to speak Chinese well, learn
to speak it before you learn to read it. A Chinese child learns to speak his
native tongue before he learns to read it; and yet we, go-ahead Westerners,
think we know better than Dame Nature, and insist on learning two
languages ( the book language and the colloquial ) at the same time — two
languages which, be it remembered, are so alike and yet so dissimilar as to
create no end of a confusion in the tyro's brain. The result is that we
produce but few good speakers of Chinese.

Above all things let him who would speak Chinese not be ashamed to
talk whenever he has a chance. Air his Chinese at all times : it will get
musty if he does not. What does it matter if he does make mistakes at first ?
If he finds he is not understood when he puts a thing in one way, then let him
put it in another. He should try to get up a pretty extensive vocabulary
of apparent synonyms, and by experience and experiment he will learn what
words are best understood by different classes of people, and what are the
right words to use. Of course all this implies a great deal of patience ; but
if a man has no patience, he had better not come to Far Cathay.

Orthosr«phy.

The orthography is Williams's with the excjption of some slight
variations where necessary.

n,g,t,7ed:^i^^-.OOglC

The classes of variants are given below, so thai the scholar may find no
difBculty in using Williams's Tonic Dictionary or Eitel's Chinese Dictionary.
Ih this boeh. I» Williams' aitd Eitil's.

« S (or i in Eitel's.)

6 eu

6tt ui

yf i {or i in Eitel's.)

ya

If the beginner would be a good speaker, let him not follow the
pronunciations given in Dictionaries if he finds such to clash with that of
his teacher, provided he has a good one, but imitate the latter. Let him
remember : —

ist. That the dictionaries have been made by Europeans to whom
Chinese was not a native tongue, and that consequently they are not free
from errors.

and. Also let him remember that at the best it is but a halting
expedient to attempt to represent Chinese sounds by the letters of an
alphatiet, which, as we are accustomed to use them in our own language, are
never in every case capable of producing the identical Chinese sound.

5rd. Let him also remember that some of the Chinese assistants that
Dictionary makers have depended on for their pronunciations, were not pure
Cantonese speakers.

These several reasons will be sufficient to assure bim of the necessity for
adhering to the above advice ; and when he becomes a proficient in the use
of this beautiful (when spoken in its purity) language, he will see an additional
reason in the miserable pronunciation of some Europeans, who have
considered their dictionaries wiser than the Chinese themselves ; and he may
be gratified by being told by the Chinese thai his pronunciation is clearer
and better in many respects than many a native's.

In conclusion, the author may express the hope — a hope that has
actuated him throughout the preparation, that this little hook will prove a
help in the study of a tongue which he has known and spoken from his
earliest infancy. Should it pro\'e of assistance to those who, unlike him, have
not been able to avail themselves of the easiest and best mode of learning it,
he will be proud that these efforts have proved capable of assisting those who
desire to acquire a knowledge of this, one of the finest and oldest languages
in China.

-i^^iOOgle

His thanks are due to Mr. H, A, Giles of H. M.'s Consular Service
for again permitting him to make use of his arrangemeot of sentences and
the plan of his book, as far as the first part of it is concerned, which it will
be seen he has considerably enlarged upon.

Mr, A. Falconer, of the Government Central School, Hongkong, has
also kindly assisted him in correcting proof sheets.

After having written out the whole of the lessons, and while they
were in the press, the compiler's attention was called to Mr. Parker's
orthography as applied to the Cantonese : and finding that in one
instance it supplied a want that he had felt, and that in another
instance it represented a sound which had not been brought out
clearly, his spelling in both these instances was modified in
conformity with Mr. Pabkek's system. He cannot endorse Mr. Parker's
attempts in their entirely (his attempts to rid the orthography from
diacritical marks do not always appear to lie the best); especially all the
conclusions he arrives at as exemplified by his orthography, that is to
say, if he understands what the spelling always refers to, but unfortunately
his syllabary is printed without any Chinese characters, so that one scarcely
knows what word the new combination of letters always represents. Finding
that in certain cases Mr. Parker's was an improvement on the current
orthography, other cases have also been referred to Mr. Parker's syllabary,
and the author must acknowledge occasional assistance he has derived from
such a reference while working by the guidance of his ear to free himself
from the, in too many cases, barbarous and incorrect spellings used by the
dictionaries. He has been pleased to find, on reference to Mr. Parker's
syllabary, that he also had arrived in the majority of instances at the same
conclusions that the author had. This, he trusts, will give more confidence
in the accuracy of those sounds represented by Mr. Parker and himself to
those who may be inclined to look with suspicion upon and doubt the
propriety of any change, however simple, in the admirable adaptation of
Sir William Jones's system of spelling made in his younger days by that
venerable and learned sinologist, Dr. Williams.

J. DYER BALL.

Hongkong, 1883.

ny,t,7ed:^i^^-.OOglC

PREFACE

TO THE SECOND EDITION.

It is now rather more limn fmir years since the first edition, of five
hundred copies, of this liook wsls pulilislieil. Uncertain of the success of the
venture at the time the pamphlet was but limited in its scope. The disposal
of the first edition and the approval the book has met with has led the
author to issue a second edition of the same work, which, though
running on the same lines as the first edition, has been considerably
enlarged. The first part, that containing the fifteen lessons, may at first
sight appear to be the same in the two editions, but though the same
niiniber of pages are occupied, it will lie found that there are many more
sentences in this part of the liook than formerly. Great care has also l>een
exercised in a careful revision of the lessons, and here the authoi mast
acknowledge the great assistance rendered to hiin by the Hon. J, H.
Stewart Lockhart, C.M.G., who kindly volunteered to assist him.

In ttie second, or Grammatical portion, it will be seen that thirty-six
pages are added. .\ new table of the Classifiers has been drawn up, from
which it has been attempted to exclude words not rightly entitled to the
name of Classifiers, though often so called, and these words have been placed
in a list by themselves. .\ better table of the Personal Pronouns has also
been prepared. .\n important addition lias likewise been the lists of the
idiomatic uses of verbs, and other additions, it will Ite seen, have been
made, all of which the author trusts will make the book more useful. The
old matter has also been revised,

A new feature appears in the shape of an Index to the Second part, which
will no doubt render reference to passages sought for easier than with the
help of the table of contents alone, which is still retained. In the Introduc-
tion the tones have been more fully treated.

It has been the author's endeavour in what may be called the Grammatical
portion of the book not so much to lay down Grammatical Rules describing
the structure of the language irrespective of its analogy to other

-i^^iOOglc

but it has been bis aim so to word these rules as to
show the learner the difference between his native language and that
he is endeavouring to acquire, for in detecting the points of resem-
blance and difference between his own language and one foreign to him will
be be the better able to appreciate the similarity and dissimilarity between
the two languages. It is but a waste of time to draw up a Chinese
Grammar on the same lines as an English Grammar ; such Grammars are
useful to those who wish to learn the structure of their own language, but to
those who already know something of the Grammar of one language this
knowledge is best utilised by being used as a vantage ground. The know-
ledge already acquired is compared with what it is desired to acquire. The
mind instead of being burdened with going over old ground has its powers
left free to tabulate the new knowledge under the two heads of ' the same as
I learnt before, I do not need to trouble about that,' and the other head of
' this is different from what I learnt before, I must try and remember this.'

Any learner who desires to acquire a new language, if he wishes to make
any progress, must consciously or unconsciously thus tabulate his knowledge.
If it is not already done for him in the books he uses, his time is taken up
with wading through a mass of rules and examples to pick out what is new to
him. His time Is saved and the acquisition of the language rendered ea.<:ier
if it is done beforehand for him.

Exception has been taken by one or two to the use of the literal
translation of the Chinese into English on account of its barbarous nature,
but its manifest advantages to the beginner are so obvious, not only
theoretically but in actual practice in the use of thiR lKx>k, that the
author's predilections in its favour are confirmed. As to its being
barbarous, what does barbarous mean ? Simply that anything is outside of
our pale of civilization and customary mode of expression, etc. A literal
translation of any language into English proves more or less barbarous :
this is even true with regard to the classic languages of ancient Greece and
Rome.

As a hint to the use this literal translation may be put, the following
passage is given from an essay by Proctor with regard to the use of literal
translations, such as the Hamiltonian method is based on, the literal transla-
tion employed by the author of the present work being very like those.
Mr. Proctor says : — ' Take then first "* ■" a passage * * and go
carefully over it, word for word as it stands. -^^ « « Next, read it over
several words at a time. After this, read the English through alone, and
then turn to the original, and read that through. You will find that by this
time you can read the original understandingly. Take the passage next
« * and turn it into EngUsh by a free translation — not too free, but just

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

free BDough to be good English. Now follows what in practice 1 found the
most improving part of the whole work. Make a word-for-word translation
in the exact order of the words in the original, and note what this tells you
of the character of the idiom and also of the mental peculiarities of the nation
who * * own the language you are dealing with. ' (Miscellaneous Essays,
by R, A. Procter.)

J. DYER BALL.
Hongkong, 1887.

-i^^iOOgle

PREFACE

TO THK THIRD EDITION,

A NUMBER of years has now passed since the second edition of a
thousand copies of this book was published, and it has l>een out of print for
some time. The author regrets the long delay and the impossibility of
providing the numerous students with this viuir maum before now.

Some additions, it will be noticed, have been made to this edition.
Attention has been most fully called to those most important tones — the
variants, which form a part of the very language itself ; and whose very
existence has been most grudgingly acknowledged by foreigners — the cachet
of recognition being still largely denied them, and yet it is impossible to
speak Chinese (Cantonese) correctly without constantly using them. .^
book might be written on their uses and occurrences.

It being so absolutely necessary to employ the correct titles and forms
of address when speaking to natives of different status, or when speaking of
one's own countrymen of different social standing, a list of forms of
addresses, used in conversation with the persons themselves, whether relatives
or strangers, and modes of mentioning them when talking about them, is one
of the new features in the present edition. It must tend to a still further
lowering of the Chinese idea of the ' outside liarbarian ' to hear his fellow-
countryman style one of their own officials simply sin shiiitg, when he
is entitled from his position to l>e spoken of as/o^-^, /iff /ojy, or Mi^j'iHf, to
say nothing of the disuse of respectful terms for relatives.

Another list is that of words of the higgledy-piggledy order, very
commonly used, but very few of which appear in our dictionaries of the
Chinese language.

It is hoped that these and other additions and alterations will tend to
make the book even more useful in the future than it has been in the past.

J. DYER BALL.

n,g,t,7ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

INTRODUCTION ,

THE CANTONESE DIALECT OR LANCOACE.

An impression appears lo have got abroad that Mandarin is the language
of China, and that Cantonese and the other languages spoken in China are but
dialects of it. The impression is an erroneous one. One might as well say
that Spanish was the language of the Iberian Peninsula and that Portuguese,
as well as the other Romanic languages spoken elsewhere, were dialects of it.
There is no doubt that, as with Spanish in the Peninsula, Mandarin in some
one or other of its various dialects is the language of a large portion of Chiiia
(say of thirteen out of the eighteen provinces), but no less is Cantonese in
some one or other of its numerous dialects the language of a great many of the
inhabitants of the two provinces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, (which two pro-
vinces have a population roughly stated to be equal to that of England). It
is true that the Mandarin is used as a lingua franca in all official courts and
Government oflices throughout the whole of China ; but though more than
five hundred years ago, for a considerable time in English history, French
was the Court language of England, yet there was an English language,
though it may have been despised by those who knew nothing but French.

One of the unfortunate things about terming these different languages in
China dialects, is to lead those who know nothing of the subject to suppose
that Cantonese is merely a local patois differentiated from the Mandarin by
dialectic peculiarities, and that those who speak it differ as hn from what is
generally supposed to be a correct method of speaking their native tongue, as
a Somerset man or Yorkshireman who speaks his native dialect does from
an educated Englishman, who, by virtue of his education and culture, has
sunk all the peculiarities of pronunciation which inevitably point out the
illiterate countrytnan.

In fact, the Cantonese is more nearly akin to the ancient language of
China, spoken alxiut 3,000 years ago, than the speech of other parts of China.
It is more ancient itself than the other so-called dialects of China, and to

-i^^iOOgle

V INTRODUCTION.

prevent any folse ideas of its importance the following extract is given from
the Preface to Douglas' Dictionary of the Amoy language, the statements in
which are equally applicable to Cantonese. It is as follows, viz. : —

' But such words as " Dialect " or " Colloquial " give an erroneous
conception of its nature. It is not a mere colloquial dialect or patois ; it is
spoken by the highest ranks just as by the common people, by the most
learned just as by the most ignorant ; learned men indeed add a few polite or
pedantic phrases, but these are mere excrescences, (and even they are
pronounced ' according to the Cantonese sounds), ' while the main body and
staple of the spoken langu!^;e of the most refined and learned classes is the
same as that of coolies, labourers, and boatmen.

' Nor does the term " dialect " convey anything like a correct idea of its
distinctive character ; it is no mere dialectic variety of some other language ;
it is a distinct language, one of the many and widely differing languages
which divide among them the soil of China. * « *

' A very considerable number of the spoken languages of China have
been already more or less studied by European and American residents in tbe
country, such as the Mandarin, the Hakka, the vernaculars of Canton and
Amoy, and several others. These are not dialects of one language ; they
are cognate languages, bearing to each other a relation similar to that which
subsists between the Arabic, the Hebrew, the Syriac, the Ethiopic, and the
other members of the Semitic bmily ; or, again, between English, German,
Dutch, Danish, Swedish, etc.

' There is another serious objection to the use of the term " dialect " as
applied to these languages, namely, that within each of them there exist real
dialects. For instance, the Mandarin contains within itself three very
marked " dialects," the Northern, spoken at Peking ; the Southern, spoken
at Nanking and Soochow ; and the Western, spoken in the Provinces of
Szechuen, Hoopeh, etc'

It may be stated that it is as absurd for any one who intends to reside in
Hongkong, Canton, or Macao, and who wishes to learn Chinese to lake up
the study of Mandarin, as it would be for a German, who was alx>ut to settle
in London, to learn French in order to be able to converse with the English.

Cantonese has its ' real dialects,' some of which are spoken by tens of
thousands, or hundreds of thousands of natives, and which if they were
spoken by the inhabitants of some ins^nificant group of islands in the Pacific
with only a tithe of the population would be honoured by
the name of languages. These ' subordinate dialects ' of the Cantonese
are again subdivided into many little divisions spoken iu
different cities or towns, or groups of cities, towns, and villages where

ngl,/ed:-i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

peculiar colloquialisms prevail. Some of these dialects of Cantonese are as
follows, viz. : —

The San WW

The Hong Shan

;ThePiYaD

The Sh(u Hiog

.. SttoNing

.. ShunTak

.. T8ingYun

„ YdngKong

.. Ym Ping

.. Hi PtJn Yu

' .. Sim Sb6&

., UnChaii

.. Hoi Ping

,. TungKwun

1 .. TBung Fi

„ Sbfu Kwin

„ Hok Shin

,. WalCbau

* .. Sh6ngPunY0

., ViogTak

Besides these there are the dialects in the H4 Sz Fu, The Lower Four
Prefectures of the Province.

Th* e«rr«et pronunciation of puro Cantonooo.

So far is this minute sub-division carried that even in the city of Canton
itself, the seat and centre of pure Cantonese, more than one pronunciation of
words is used ; the standard, however, being the Sai Kwdn wfi, or West End
speech, to which the learner should endeavour to assimilate his talk. It has
been the author's endeavour to give this pronunciation, or, at all events, the
Cantonese, and the students of this book may take it as a fact that it is
Cantonese, and pure Cantonese, that is given ; and that where the author
has corrected the orthography of Williams and Eitel it is because
this orthography in such cases does not represent pure Cantonese, such,
for instance, as in the spelling of ihe whole series oF words ^ ndil, ^
hoii, etc., which these authors give most unfortunately as nil, hit, etc., such
sounds being abominable Cantonese — not pure Cantonese at all, but
Sai Chiu Dialect or some other wretched dialect, notwithstanding they
have the sanction of such sinologues as Williams, Eitel, and Chalmers.
Those who know Chinese thoroughly will know that the author is
throwing no slur on the masterly scholarship displayed by these men when
he says that their pronunciation of Cantonese, as shewn by their orthography,
in many instances is neither pure nor correct.

It is a great pity that Dr. Eitel, in his new Dictionary, has not
followed the lead of good speakers of pure Cantonese instead of perpetuating
the mistakes of Dr. Williams — mistakes due partly to the implicit follow-
ing of a Chinese author's ideas of pronunciation, and mistakes more excusable
in the olden days than at the present time.

To those who are inclined to be suspicious of any change in an
established orthography of Chinese by Europeans, the &ict that the author is
not alone in this changing of the mode of representing another class of sounds
may give more confidence to their acceptance of it, and to those who know
Mr. Parker's wonderfully acute ear for Chinese sounds the following
extracts may help to confirm their acceptance of such changes.

-i^^iOOglc

VI INTRODUCTION.

■ The only place wheie a really short e comes in, is in the

diphlliong/i (as in feint " ■'), Tliis sound is '- actually ignored liy

Williams in bvoiir of (', as in the English tliee, a Cantonese sound which
only exists in one or two colloquial words such as mi, iii, etc' Cliinn Rn'in.:
\'ol. S, p, 3^4.

And again, ' but, unfortunately Williams uses i to represent both the /f
and ei as in feel and feint.' Cliiiin Kn-ien'. Vol, S, p. 365.

He again says in a paper on ' the Comparative study of Chinese dialects,'
ptihiished in llie transactions of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society : ' In Dr. Willlams' dictionary again, several classes of vowels exist-
ing in theory, according to the standard ih nubibiis, encumber the work, when
one vowel would have stood in each case for them all. One of the nine
regular tones, too, is entirely ignored ; and the whole class of collo<]uinl tones
called the/iM_t'iiH;, which form so striking an element of quasi -inflection in the
pure Cantonese dialect, has been completely overlooked. Dr. tCiTiLL, in his
corrected edition of the same Dictionary, has introduced the ninth regular
tone, hut he likewise, inste:id of adhering steadfastly (as did Mr. Wahe in
the case of the Metropolitan Pekingese), to the Metrojxilitan Cantonese, has,
by overlooking these colloquial tones, once ni')re lost the opportunity of
firmly establishing another standard dialect.'

The opinion of another enthusiastic student of C.intonese, than whom it
is difficult to find one showing greater zeal in all matters connected with the
language, (the author refers to The Hon. J, H. Sti-.wakt-Lockhakt, C.M.G.),
hkewise says : — ' It is much to be regretted that Dr. Kitf.l's . . Diction-
ary, though excellent in many ways, has not modifie<l the sjielling in
Williams'.' Chiim lievitw. \'oi. \,. p. 312.

The mailer resolves itself into simply this, whether we are to go on
perpetrating mistakes by accepting the orthography of Williams and Kitll
IH fxUiiio—\n every minute particular, when it is a well-known fact by those
who speak pure Cantonese that this orthography in all its particulars is not
pure Cantonese by a long way, but is mixed up with local pronunciations, or
whether we are to try to get an English transliteration of Chinese sounds,
which shall attempt to approach as near as possible to the standard Can-
tonese, that spoken in the city of Canton itself. That such attempts may be
open to jiartial failures in some particulars none knows bftter than the
author himself, but iiecause the matter is a difficult one to tackle there is no
reason why we should go on in the old ruts. They are getting rather worn
out now after half a cenlury of use and it is lime that better ways were
followed.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION. XVI

A curious argument is sometimes used as a reason (or cot conforming
to a standard — a real standard and a pure one — namely, that it does not
much matter as long as they, the Europeans or Americans, who speak
Chinese are understood. In this argument it is taken for granted that they
must be understood, but they are often not.

A good story is told of an Englishman in Russia coming across a Russian,
« ho accosted him in broad Yorkshire to the astonishment of the Briton, the
Russian l«ing under the impression that he was conversinj; in good English,
he having availed himself of the services of an Englishman to learn his, the
Englishman's, native language, but unfortunately the leailier si>okf a dialect,
Yorkshire, which is not now considered pure English.

This is bad enough, but supposing the Russian, instead of learning from
an Englishman, had used Iraoks to aci|uire the language, and that these
books had taught him to invariably leave off the initial li, as cockneys do ; to
pronounce the s, as if it were a «, in imitation of the Somerset dialect;
to pronounce the article tJie, as if it were a ( alone, in imitation of Yorkshire ;
and to pronounce every word Viks bay, day, faj; guy, hav.jay, lay, may, nay,
pay, ray, say, way, as if they were spelled bf, de, ftf, gff, he, pe, lea, me, knee,
^(1, w, j«, w^, and other mispronunciations of the same character. What a
delightful hotch-potch this would be ! This then may give an idea of what
results ensue in Chinese from the orth(^raphy of some of the hooks that are
now in use hy Europeans fur learning Chinese.

What would be thought of an argument to the effect that it mattered
tittle to the Russian, as many English dropped their k all through the length
and breadth of the land, that likewise numbers of genuine Englishmen pro-
nounced the the as t alone, and that there were not a few that pronounced the s
as a *, and that the other mispronunciations were also in use in English ?

And yet the same style of argument is used with regard to these dialectic
pronunciations of Cantonese by some book makers.

The following statement by Mr. Parker is conclusive on the point, except
to those who are prejudiced against any conclusion except their own ; — ' The
argument so frequently used that, in the presence of so many conflicting
forms of Cantonese it is unwise to make a special study of one, ought to
condemn itself without demonstration to every logical student, apart from the
obvious fact that the dialect of a metropolis, as spoken by the most highly
educated classes, is ^r»Bii/(w:w more likely to be a standard and to be more
widely known than a dialect spoken by less educated parsons in the country,
or in a town less thickly populated than the metropolis.' — China Review,
Vol. 8, p. 367.

-i^^iOOgle

INTRODUCTION.

THE TONBS.

Regarding the Tones one writer says, 'It is not true that the tones are
an attribute belon^ng to monosj'llabic and isolating languages only. Every
language may be said to have certain tones, recurring under certain
conditions; only they are more pronounced in some languages than in
others, and they are undefinect and fluctuating until science gets hold of
them and they are codified. The accents of the \'edas, it appears, Uke the
Greek accents, were real tones in the Chinese sense, that is to say they
marked not only the stress of the voice, but also its pitch and inflection,
and in our modern European languages, when attention is paid to correct
pronunciation as in works on elocution, the rise and ^1 of the voice is
carefully indicated.

' In their inception the tones must, I think, be viewed as a physiological
phenomenon ; in their progress they are conventional, and may in the end
become rigid. Languages with a fully developed system of agglutination
or inflection, capable of expressing the various relations of logical synthesis,
may employ them for psychological purposes, to indicate yet finer shades
of meaning or subjective modes not otherwise provided for in the language.
In languages of a lower type, which eschew the use of an elaborate formal
apparatus or are in advanced stage of detrition, they may serve to do duty
as functional marks, either as the result of a spontaneous difTerentiation
or in consequence of the loss of derivative particles. In any case the accent
will be the more marked and developed, the pmorer the stock of phonetic
elements, the feebler the power of composition and derivation, and the
more primitive the grammatical structure. And these conditions are fulfilled
in the highest d^ree in the monosyllabic languages.

' With their codification the tones enter upon a new phase of existence.
What was first a habit of the individual, or the custom of a community, is
now invested with the authority of a law. A new and highly artificial
moment begins to operate, and operates the more surely, the greater and
the more universal the influence of letters upon society. Its tendency is
conservative ; its eflect to retard further development which it cannot
altogether arrest. The system may from time to time adjust itself to the
exigencies of the living tongue, but, as a rule, a wide gulf will separate the
popular idiom from the language of literature ; and this applies as well to
the articulation and manner of intonation as to idiomatic peculiarities.' —
{A. VON RosTHORN, Ph. D. in China Revitw, Vol. XXII, p. 448.)

The Chinese utter the words in the right tone, but the majority of them
do not know anything about tones, more than possessing the ability without

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION. XI

being aware of the name of the tones, to pronounce them correctly, just as
in English we would give the right emphasis and the right accent to the
words in a sentence.

When the native scholars awoke to the idea of the tones and discovered
that they, as well as all their countrymen and ancestors, had been using tones
all their lives and every time they opened Iheir mouths to speak,
they naturally wished to find out the origin of their use. The Shi King,
' The Book of Odes,' one of the Chinese Classics, which book contains ' as
in a mirror, the circumstances, the thoughts, the habits, the joys and sorrows
of persons of all classes of society in China 3,000 years ago,' affords
by its rhymes the means of studying the tones in the earliest period of
Chinese history. Dr. A. von Rosthorn says regarding this : ' A great deal has
' been written on the rhymes of the Shih by native authors, and the evidence
' which has been brought to bear upon the subject seems to fevour the
' assumption that the tones existed even in the earliest known specimens of
' the language, but that they were used unconsciously and with a considerable
'degree of latitude.' 'The conscious discrimination of the tones and their
' codification were not arrived at until the latter part of the 5th Century,

■ A. D. Chou Yu and Shfin Yo are the names usually associated with
'their discovery; but it is more probable that they were first observed by
'the Indian missionaries,' to whom 'the tones were not an altogether new
'phenomenon *' * for theyhadalreadystudied theaccentsandquantities
' in the language of the Vedas, and these were the elements out of which
' the Chinese tones undoubtedly grew." As Dr. Edkins says, 'accustomed to
' the unrivalled accuracy in phonetic analysis of the Sanscrit alphabet, the
' Indians would readily distinguish a new phenomenon like this, while to a
' native speaker, who had never known articulate sounds without it, it would
' almost necessarily be undetected.' Dr. Eitel well says, ' As to the number

■ of tones at first used and their characteristics, it is perhaps impossible to say
'anything definite.' Minute investigations lead the native scholars to say
there were three tones in existence at the time of the Shi King. The
departing tone, it is said, not coming into use before the Chau dynasty, or, at
least, not before the ^e of Confucius (551 B. C).

This departing tone (-^S|^) was first noticed about A.D. 200 — 400. We
give this statement for what it may lie worth. Another Chinese writer
considers this tone to have arisen about the fourth or fifth century of our era
(Watters's Essays on Ike Chinese Language, p. 95). If this account of the
tones at first having been few in number and added to in the course of
centuries is true, we get a further step in the time of the Sung dynasty
(A.D. 960 — 1341 ), when the philologists and lexicographers of those glorious

■i^^iOOglc

INTRODUCTION.

days of Chinese literature, (when it attained its acme of excellence), proved
that the four tones were divided into an upper and a lower series. In fact, the
even tone was described, during the same dynasty, but about 200 years later
than the former statement, to be divided into three— upper, middle and even.

It seems to have l)een left to foreigners to discover during the last fifty
years that other tones existed in China besides the eight thus described above;
and the credit of finding out the middle entering tone and the colloquial
variants in tone is due to non-natives of China, as probably the first discovery
of all of the tones in Chinese was made by Indians.

As the tones are the initial difficulty in learning Chinese, it is well that the
beginner should have his attention drawn at the very first to them. Premabe
says : ' The mere sounds are, as it were, the body of the character, and the
tones are in like manner the spirit.'*^ This •description of the tones, at all
events, contains a just appreciation of their importance. And that learned
sinologue seems so thoroughly to understand the subjfct that his further
descriptions of the matter form very good answers to ihe questions : What are
the tones ; and are they of any importance ? To answer these questions let
us take, for instance, the word ^ ^sin, btfore. The sound is represented by
the English spelling, sin (pronounced seen) and the tone by that little semi-
circle, but insignificant as that little semi-circle is, yet a right understanding
by a native of the word a European wishes to pronounce is as much conveyed
by that little semicircle as it is by the English letters 1 t h. Neglect that
little sign and ignore the tone which it stands for, and the native is at a loss
to know what the European means to say.

In other words, Chinese words may l>e compared to specimens, geological,
botanical, or what you like, in a museum, and in this museum of Chinese
ideas, it is necessary not only that the words, the specimens, should be
arranged in cases or classes, similar in general characteristics, such as
sound, but the differentiation of one from the other, which is already an
accomplished fact, shall be represented in a manner to nl once appeal to
the ear. The methods of so distinguishing them is by the tones. These
are the labels to the words to point out clearly what they are.

Tones then are used in this language, so largely monosyllabic that con-
fusion would ensue but for their use. For example, let us take the sound
sin (pronounced like the English word sieii) again. That liound, amongst
other ideas in the book language, stands in the colloquial for the words
before, ringworm, and Ihread, but with a separate tone for each word, and

* ' Meri soni sunt liiterarum quasi corpus; accentux autem sunt ipsis loco animx,'

pRHMARB'a Nolitia Lingua Sinica, p. 10.

DglieJ-iV^nOOglC

INTRODUCTION.

written differently in the Chinese character. Now if the word ^siii, meaning
before, is pronounced in the same way as sin', meaning thread, it, of course, is
no more the word bt/ore, but becomes the word thread, and vict versa, or if it
is pronounced 'sin, it means ringworm, and no more thread or before, or
suppose the word is pronounced in some other tone, which does not belong
to any word with that sound, no meaning is conveyed, or, to use an illustration,
try to write English without any regard to spelling, and think that scene will
do for seiH, or vice versa. It may be imagined how confusing and ludicrous
it would be to hear a man talk about ringworm when he meant to talk about
thread. Most ludicrous mistakes are constantly made by those who are just
learning the tones, or who will not take the trouble to learn them.

When the learner has tried to speak Chinese for some time he will still lind
every now and then that something he has said falls flat on the ears of his
listener, and see by his blank or perplexed face that it conveys no idea to his
mind. In such a case the learner may think Himself fortunate if some bystander,
guessing at the idea, repeats words in the right tones, when a gleam of
intelligence will replace the look of bewilderment on the face of the listener.
A criterion of success in learning the tones will be found in the decrease in
numbers of such ^lures in the course of time.

There are other helps it may be noted here, such as some words being
aspirated and others not, and the context also helps to the understanding
of the word, but, notwithstanding all other helps, the tone is of the utmost
importance. As Pkemake rightly says:— 'But If the sound simply were
pronounced, no regard being had to the tone, or breathing ' (the breathing
being the aspirate) ' it would be impossible to determine its signification ;
and indeed, it is the. want of attention to this subject which occasions
Europeans, after protracted labours devoted to the acquisition of this tongue,
failing so often to be understood by the Chinese. They are learned, talented,
and industrious, and yet can only stammer, through their whole lives, while
at the same time some stupid Caffranan, in a very short period, learns to
speak as well as the Chinese themselves.' -

' The quoiaiioo in full in I'reuare is as ToUows : — ' Eiemplo sit liuera S" videre ,
Minus quem iosi dant sinae est k'an, spiriius est asper k-an. accenlus est rectus k'in, e;
interdum acutua k'in ; aique haec iria. sciliui aonus. spiritu« et sccentus fimt omnino
neceasaria. Cum vero sint aliae litteracaliud plane si RUi beanies, quae debent eodem modo
prununciari, evidens est qu'id etiamsi recte dicas k'in, Camen ex circumstantiis. hoc est. ex
materia de qua sermo eat, el ex his quae prsecedunt vel sequuntur, plerumque colliguDt siDx
qnod vox ilia quam profers siKuilicat videre. Et quid igilur essel, si duntaxat dicas k'an.
nulla habita ralione nee ad spihtum k'an, uec od accentum kin atque haec est prieciputk
causa cur Europa^i post tot labores in lingua sinica discenda posilos a ainii vix intefligaatur,
Docti sunt, infieniasi sunt, atienii sunt, et tamen per lotam vjtam pleriqae balbuliunt.
interim dum stupidus aliquis cafer (sic) post lempua sat breve tan bene loquitur quam

PliEM*KE'3 Netilia Lingua Siuictt, p. lo.

nV^nOOglc

INTRODUCTION.

It is not learning nor talents that are a sure passport to an ability to
acquire the tones, but more an ear gifted with, or trwned to, a power of
distinguishing between musical sounds, or a power of mimicry, a determina-
tion to succeed, accompanied with well-directed industrious efforts, which will
generally assist a man in his acquisition of the tones. His success is more
rapid and certain if he be blessed with a musical ear and a power of mimicry.
A man should not, however, give up the attempt to learn the tones from an
idea that he is not thus blessed. It is but few men that have not some idea
of musical pilch, or Ihe ability, if they will only try, to closely imitate what
others say ; and the continual attempt to do the latter, or detect the
difTeiences between the tones, will materially increase the ability to do both
the one and the other, just as a man who exercises the muscles of his arms
and legs, etc. in a properly directed manner is able after months of continual
practice to pull an oar in a boat, in perfect time and accord with other
rowers, in a manner which would astonish those who do not know what
training will do. So training in the tones is Ixjimd to produce good results.
The pity is that people get it into their heads that they can speak Chinese
without knowing the tones. You might almost as well expect to be able to
speak French without learning the French pronunciation, though do not be
led away by the illustration to suppose that tones are the exact equivalent
of pronunciation.

But still the question remains. What are tones ? It is easy enough to say
what they are not; for instance, they are not pronunciation, emphasis, or
accent; but the difficulty consists in explaining lo a European something
which he knows nothing about, something to which there is nothing akin in
his own language, or in the languages, which in the course of his education
he has learned, be they dead, Classical languages, or living modern tongues,
or, if there were, the knowledge of them has been lost.

This being the case it would, perhaps, have been as well, as Dr. Williams
says, if the Chinese name for them, iking, had been adopted into our language
instead of using a word, such as Idhc, which conveys other ideas to our minds.

It is very much as if a race of mankind, say in the centre of New Guinea,
were to be discovered, who had a new sense, that is to say, a sense which
the rest of mankind were not endowed with. It would be well nigh impossi-
ble to describe this sense to the rest of mankind, who had not seen the effects
it produced and what it was, and any attempts at description would be in
many cases misleading, for those who heard the description would be inclined
to follow the illustrations out in their entirety, and thus misunderstand what
was being attempted to be explained to them.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

Tones then may be said to be certain positions or inflections of the voice
which are used for certain words, each word having its own tone, or in many
cases two, which are used at different times. These positions into which the
voice is put for words are various in their character. The position is for
certain tones a level or sustained modulation, the difference between the
tones belonging to this class being one of musical pitch. For others it is a
rising modulation of the voice ; as if when a violin bow were being drawn
across a string of the violin the finger of the player should slide from a lower
note to a higher ; — the difierence between the tones belonging to this class
being in the amount of rising modulation the voice undergoes. Another
class, a diminishing, receding modulation of the voice ; the difference between
the tones comprised in this class being, as in some of the others, a high or
low one. .\ad there is yet another class which has been described as an
evanescent modulation, the tones in this class being distinguished from each
other by the musical pitch.

If the beginner could only put himself into the same position that a child
seems to be in when learning Chinese, there doubtless would be no difficulty
at all in the tones. A European child in infancy, given equal facilities, learns
Chinese, bristling with difBcuUies as it appears to adults, more readily, and,
if anything, more correctly thanhisor her mother tongue. What is the reason
of this ? The language is, as a general rule, more natural and logical in its
construction, or rather the Chinese mind is more natural and logical in its
sequence of ideas, and consequently the Chinese language is more lexical in
the manner of putting ideas ; furthermore, a monosyllabic langu^e, or at all
events with regard to Chinese, one which is to a great extent monosyllabic,
it is natural to suppose would be more readily apprehended by a child's mind.
Besides these two great advantages there is the further advantage of tone, to
which a child is naturally inclined, and it is only by education that an infant
leams that tone is unnecessary in a European language. A Chinese child
never leams this, and, having originally, in common with its European cousin,
copied the exact tone in which it hears a word first pronounced, adheres to
this original pronunciation of the tone, assisted materially by the fact that it
hears this word pronounced in no other way, or tone, while its cousin, the
European child, while acquiring its own language, at first adheres to the
original tone in which a word has been first pronounced, and persists in this
adherence for some time, as a general rule, till it gets confused by hearing a
multiplicity of tones given to the same word and eventually finds it is useless
to battle for a language in its infant state when his superiors have long ago
decided that the language has outgrown its inutile state, and eventually
yields to the force of circumstances and, copying the example of his elders,
forgets that there is such a thing as tone at all.

n,g,t,7ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

How is it possible for a European adult to place himself in the same
position as regards tones as a child would he in ? Clearly he cannot place
himself in precisely the same position, as he has already the experience of his
own and probably other languages, which at the present day are wanting in
tones, to mislead him. Let him, however, try and get as near the child's
position in this respect, at least, as he can. Listen acutely to the tone that
his teacher pronounces a word in. repeat it after him and re-repeat it and go
on a hundred times — a thousand, if nt-cessary, till the exact tone has been
got, and do this with every new word. More pains are necessary for the
adult than for the child, as to the child the tone is everything, while to the
adult it is nothing. Repeat the same plan with every new word learned, and
surely such infinite pains will not have been spent in vain. Being unfortu-
nately an adult the learner ought also to use his superior abilities and
previous knowledge as a vantage ground for further attainments by, for one
thing, having a formula, shall we call it ? Such, for instance as, (Sfn *sln sin'
sitj,, jlin Slln lini lit>, and with each new word finding from enquiry, or
better still from the dictionary, the correct tone, then trying to say it inexactly
the same tone as the same toned word in the formula, but he should not be
content with supposing that he has It correct, heshould test it with his teacher
and bother him with questions as to whether he is perfectly correct or not, and
not be content with anything short o\ firfection. He may think it is not of
much importance and the tea<-her will praltably think that the pupil being a
European he cannot ever learn Chinese perfettly correctly, especially if after
several attempts at a word he makiis very liad ^^hots at it, but other Europeans
have learned to speak Chinese, and amongst them have been some who have
approximated very closely to the Chinese in their tones, so close that much
of what they said might l>e supposed to lie uttered by Chinese. If others
have attained to sucli an excellence, why should not he ? At all events he
will not unless he tries. .And it is well worth the trial, as he will know
when he has attained to this excellenc*;.

All this trouble and painstaking when he is in his study, and on the
learning of every new word ; but when he goes out to exercise his hard-
acquired knowledge heshould not cramp himself by constant thoughts as to the
tone of every word in the sentence he utters, any more than he would bend
his head down and watch every step he look when walking. Speech
must come freely from his mouth, and he mu>t not hesitate over, and
examine, every word mentally befoie it issues from his lips, or he will never
speak freely. A general and his officers do not minutely inspect each soldier
to see as they issue out for the attack whether their uniform and accoutre-
ments are all right ; that has to l)e done at drill. The learner should never
cease to drill himself in tones for many a long day after his first start.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

Msthods of Dsscrlblns Toims.

Different methods have been used to try and convey to the foreign mind,
unacquainted with tones, an idea of what they are. To depend only upon
these descriptions to acquire a knowledge of the tones would be but of little
use, as tones in their correctness arc only lo he h-arned fioni ihp native
pronunciation of them, dut these descriptions may assist the learner, suppte-
nienled by hearing them pronounceil. to a correct knowledgeof what tliey are,
impertttt though snth melhotls may \h: by lliemsehes alone for conveying
a j>erfecily correct idea of the lones lo one who is previously unacquainted
with them. One way of describing the tones has been to compare ihem
to the inflections of voice, which are used in certain passages properly read
and emphasised, or in speech properly inflected in its utterance. When this
explanation h given it must not I* supposed that the same words, as a rule,
are capable of having different tones applied lo them just as in English
words may have a diflerent emphasis, owing simply to their position in the
sentence, or the exigencies of the case, such as the emotions the speaker
desires to give expression to, or from the inflexion of his voice — such are
intonation and expression — not Chinese Tones ; for Chinese words are
capable of intonation of voice and emphasis, which can be thrown into the
voice without, though it may seem strange to those unacquainted with the
fact, interfering with the pitch of the tone, and this brings us to another way
in which it has been attempted to make the tonic system intelligible to the
foreigner, viz. ; — by comparing the tones to musical notes.

List of Ton«s.

The followipf: is a list of the nine primary tonfs in Cantonese :

. Hi- hoi

'The degree in which these Iwo series' (that is the upper and loiver
series) "vary from each other is not the same in all tones ; the upper and
lower P'tHg shing being distinctly marked while there is very little perceptible
difference between the upper and lower ihong shing.'

Williams's Easy Lessons in Chinese, p. 49.

5 D,3,t,7ed^i^^-.OOglc

fNTKomCTION,

Division off tho Ton**.

These tones are classed together in difieient ways, such as those of the
Upper and Lower Series, which together make the 8 tones into which the
Cantonese, as a rule, say the words in their language are divided, and
which are the only tones app>earing in the majority of dictionaries.

These eight tones are divided by the Chinese again into correct and
deflected, or 2p jP'ing and ^ chak , the first of each series belonging to
the former and the others being classed under the deflected.

Ihese eight tones are further divided into the :-

J^ shong-. " iii-^iiiK tones
^ hoii', fr Receding lone-s
^ vap,. "f EnlerioR lones

This classifkiition is so simple that there ip no need for offering any
remarks on it.

Dcveriptlon ol tho Tones.

' The ^ ^ (p'ing ,shing is precisely the musical monotone, pronounced
without elevation or depression' (at the beginning,) 'lieing the natural
unconstrained expression of the voice. " * Thus in the sentences r^

/ .((« gi'ing to town : / hofi it uvll tot rain : Von must look and see ;

if the last word in each is sounded in somewhat of a dissatisfied or commanding
tone, higher than the other words, the previoiis part of the sentence will
naturally fall in the Ji'ing ^siting. In questions, uttered in a pleasant inviting
tone, the words preceding the last naturally fall in the upper Ji'tiig ^shiHg, as : —

Will you III mc iu it? Will yon comi loo?'

But though this is the case and it commences high in the musical scale,
it has an abrupt fall which withal is so rapid that it is only of late that it
has been noticed.

' The negative answer to such questions (spoken by the same voice)
would naturally fall into the lower J>'ing ^shtng, as : —

When I asked bim. 'Will you let me see it?' he Sjud. 'No. I'll do no such thing '

' Here the different cadence of the question and reply illustrate the upper

and lower Ji'ing fSliing-' — Williams's Easy Lessons in Chinese, p. 49.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

Here again is a foil in this tone at its end which likewise has never been
noticed till lately. This fall in even tones, it may l)e remarked, is really a
natural fall in the voice, which occurs when an even sustained note is sounded.
When a number of such tones follow one after the other, the voice drops at
the end of the sentence, or before giving utterance to a different tone.

There is, however, a second, or Higher, Upper Even Tone into which some
words are put and which also at times shows past tense, etc. This second,
or Jl^ilfr^- shongi jP'ing p'in' ^yam, the P'in Tone of the Upper Even
Tone, is found in the following words, for example :^
Hi ^miu, a cat. and ^ ^ts'ong. j gm.

' it partakes of the nature of a slight shriek,' differing not only in
musical pitch (being nearer to the J* 3t shongi ^p'ing, Upper Even Tone,
in that respect than to the"J» 2I£ 1,^ (p'ing, Lower Even Tone), from the
other two Even Tones, but also in the manner of its pronunciation, it having
'a certain quickness or jerkiness of pronunciation.' — Parker in Overland
China Mail.

There is nearly an octave's difference between the two Even Tones,
the J^ ^ sh&ng^ tP'ing, Upper Even Tone, and the ~[t 2|t ha' (P'ing,
Lower Even Tone, while the Higher Upper Even Tone !•; more than an
octave above the Lower Even.

These Lower Even Toned words seem to yive a stability and character
to the Cantonese; they are full and rich, and a ICuropean who has a full
toned \oice generally s|>eaks Cantonese belier than one with a weak piping
\oice, at all events Cantonese from his lips sounds Ijetler than from those of
the other man.

There is no doubt this tone, the _h.^^^W shdng- ,p'ing p'in' yam,
the P'in Tone of the Even Tone, does exist, and the beginner will do well
to keep his ears open for it, though, strange to say, lo the average European
ear it is so subtle as not to be distinguished, obtuse in this sense as most
Europeans have become from speaking a language in which tone is of no
account. And here consists the fallacy of learning Chinese by simply learning
what the tones of a word are, that is to say, learning that a certain word is
in the _£_ ^ shong- ^p'ing, or Upper Even Tone, for example, instead of
first learning to pronounce the word properly, and then bracing yourself up
to that pronunciation by comparing it with other words in that same tone
and then finally fixing in your memory that it belongs to that tone, the

-i^^iOOglc

XVllI INTRODUCTION.

[".^^ shong- (P'ing, Upper Even Tone ; for, supposing you learn first that it
belongs to this tone class instead of making a point of pronouncing it
properly first, you run away at once with the idea thai it is a J^^ shdng'
(P'ing, Upper Even Tone, and it is possible that it is a |]'_^^ittt^ shdng^
(P'ing P''n yam, the P'ln Tone of the Upper Even Tone. If you have a good
ear and good powers of mimicry, great points of advantage in learning
Chinese, you run a good chance of learning the word in the right tone ; then
it is possible you may detect the difference on coming to compare it with
other words that are really in the Jl^ shong^ (P'ing. Upper Even Tone.
At alf events, keep your ear open for these distinctions between the _t.^
shdng^ (P'ing. Upper Even, and K^jl^^ shongi ^p'ing p'in' yam, the
P'in Tone of the Upper Even Tone, for no dictionary yet published gives all
the words, which should lie in the Jl^^g) shang- (P'ing p'ln' yam, the
1^'in Tone of the Upper Even Tone, in that Tone. Dr. Eithi, puts a few of
them into his dictionary. l>o not consider such distinctions hypercritical, or
a waste of time. The disposition to do so has made some learned Sinologues
commit such egregious errors as to entirely ignore a well marked Tone, the
th^ chung yapj the Medial Entering Tone, of which we shall speak
presently. These distinctions do exist, subtle as they may seem to you, and
while not distressing jourself with them too much, at the same time try to
train your ear to distinguish them. There is no reason why you should
not try to speak Chinese properly, and if you make the effort you may
tind that you will succeed lietter than you thought at first, and it is possible
that eventually you may lie able, after a sufficient lengthened course of
study, to distinguish some more of these subtle distinctions which are still
l)elie\'ed to be lurking about in Cantonese, but which have not yet been
brought to book, more's the pity.

' The t*. fflt shoH^ iking,' (Rising Tone,) 'is a rising inflection of the
voice ending higher than it began, such as is heard in the direct question,
pronounced in somewhat of a high, shrill tone;— **(< loiidly coils, vehement,
ardent, strong." It is also heard in exclamatory words, as, ah ! Can ii be !
The last word of the preceding sentences are in the K ^ shong^ shing,'
(Rising Tone). — Williams's Easy Lessons in Chinese, p. 50.

With regard to the difference between the _t._t. shong- -shong, Upper
Rising Tone, and ~f» Jl ha- -shong. Lower Rising Tone, the following state-
ment will give an idea : — ' the Upper Rising Tone gradually ascends,
altering its pitch about half a tone while the syllable is being uttered with

INTRODUCTION.

a steadily waxing intensity of effort, ^ the Lower Rising Tone starts

from a lower pitcli, does not ascend so high as the other and suddenly
breaks off with a sort of jerk or circumflex.' — Eitei.'s ClitHcse Dictionary in
the Cantonese DiaUit, Introduction, p. xxi\.

What has been called the Third RisingTonereally consists of five or more
different tones. Every word that is used in these tones belongs originally to
another tone, being used in this other tone as well. Nearly all the tones
contribute words which are occasionally, or often, as the case may be,
used in Rising Tones. The words most generally put into these tones
are Nouns, ' familiar words in the Lower Departing Tone (or "p^^ ha^
haa'). It often happens also that words in the Lowef Even Tone, or ~f*^
fia- (P'ingi ^fi P"' "'to these Rising Tones. Occasionally words in the
Upper Departing Tone, or _t-^ shong^ h6U' are likewise put into these
Tones. Words in the two Rising Tones, Jl3J shong- shing, are put
into these Tones, as well, but not quite as often.' The Upper Even Tone,
|'_3ff shbng- tp'ing, however, never contributes words to these
Rising Tones for the very good reason that this tone has a variant tone
which is not a Rising Tone, viz., the Higher Upper Even Tone,
It must be remembered that in reading this changing from the other
tones into these Rising Tones never happens, it is only in conversation.
It is a little misleading to say that these Rising Tones are adopted when a
word ends a sentence. They do undoubtedly end a sentence at times.

The Rising Tones are used when the word stands alone, but when it
is used ill combiniilioii it often takes its original tone, as : — vft to^'" (original
tone to-) but when used with f^ ^shiin, a bviit, it reverts to its original tone,
as : — j$)^ to- (ShDn, a passage boat.

The Rising Tones, or rather the variants, are also used as a sign of
past time — of an action being accomplished, as i —

''I- IB flj """' ■''■°" ('*'■ "" *'■" '" "'"" li^ "& ;'^' ^°K- *' **" '"''""

IB 18 88 (^ -k'oii -iai- lo> ^me > He Aii co«i. has hi} ^ P^ f'*** ^'^\- >«■

But rules for the use of these, and the other variant tones are given
more fully further on.

' The -^^ ''<*'' ^^ing. Departing Tone, is a prolonged tone, diminish-
ing while it is uttered, just as a diminuendo, or an inverted swell, does in
music, and sounded somewhat gruffly. The Chinese say that it is " clear,

■i^^iOOglc

tX INTRODUCTION.

distinct, its dull, low path is long ; " and they call it the departing tone,
because it goes away like tlowinj; water never to return. It is the converse
of the _[^ ^ skoti^ fShing, ending lower than it Itegan. The "^-^ ha h6u'-
Lower Departing Tone, is nearer a monotone, not so gruff as the J^-^
shong- hou , Upper Departing Tone. The drawling tone of repressed
discontent, as when one calls, but is still afraid of offending and ekes out
the sound, may perhaps illustrate this tone." — Williams's Easy Lessons in
Chinese, p. 50.

There is no difficulty in knowing what words belong to the fourth
Tone Class, as all words that end in k, p, and t belong to it. 'They
further differ from all the other tones by a peculiar abruptness of enuncia-
tion.' — Eitel's Chinese Dictionary in the Canton/se Dialed, Introduction,
p. xxix. There are three well defined tones Iwlonging to this class, the |^
shong^, tp chung, and ~f» hS-, Upper, Middle, and Lower, ^ yap^ or
Entering Tones. There is also some assistance to lie derived from the feet
that most of the words having long vowels belong to the At ^ chung yap
Middle Entering Tone. The others, as well as some words with long vowels,
belong to the _t.7V shong^ yap,, Upper Entering Tone, or ~f»_7V ''"" y*P)f
Lower Entering Tone.

■ The correct application of ihe lones to every word in speaking or
reading is the principal difficulty with which the Iwginner has to contend.
In English they are all heard in coiuer-^ition everyday, according lu the
different hiinmurs of people or their |w;tuiiar iniKle of enunciation : but in
that language, tones of words never affect the meaning of the speaker,
except so far as they indicate his feelings ; and, moreover, they are applied
to sentences rather than to isolated words. In Chinese, on the contrary,
the tones are applied to every word, and have nothing to do either with
accent or emphasis ; in asking or answering, entreating or refusing, railing
or flattering, soothing or recriminating, they remain ever the same. The
unlettered native knows almost nothing of the learned distinctions into '
tones, but he attends to them closely himself, and detects a mispronuncia-
tion as soon as the learned man, while he is much less likely to catch a
foreigner's meaning."

The Variant Tenoa.

It is as well to acknowledge at once that there are nine primary tones
in Cantonese, and only nine in the book language ; and that there are,
besides these, nine secondary tones as well, but not in the book language.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODCCTION. XXX

However, see below as to how these latter nine may be simplified in
practice.

To those who may still persist in ignoring the number of these tones
it may be well to quote Mr. Parker (China Review, Vol. 8, p. j56), whose
word is law on the matter of Chinese tones. He says : ' Besides the nine
regular Cantonese tones, there are, in short, nine corresponding variable
tones.' In ^t, each of the nine tones has a tone into which it is changed
sometimes well-nigh permanently in conversation, at other times always
when used in certain connections, or to convey certain meanings.

Though, however, each of the nine tones has a variant tone, yet their
classification is apparently capable of simplification, as the variant of the
upper retiring tone (Mr. Chan's middle retiring) and of the middle entering
, tone are the s:une : again, that of the upper rising is nearly the same, the
voice lingering longer, however, on the tone at the end. Once more one
tone serves e<|ually well as the variant of the lower retiring and the lower
entering tones ; this tone one would feel inclined to describe as smooth
in its progress upwards. Again the variant for the lower rising is almost
similar to it, but its distinctive feature lies in more emphasis being thrown
into its pronunciation, especially in its inception and first rising; for the
voice seems to seize on it with avidity, lingering on it, and a crescendo
effect comes in, in its middle course, dying away towards its end. Then
though the variant of the upper even and the upper entering lone are very
much alike, there is a difference l>etween them, the latter is lengthened in
its pronunciation and not abrupt as the former, the voice lingers on it
and gives emphasis to it with almost, if not quite, a crescendo eflect. Of
all these variants, the one which appeals most to the learner is the variant
of the lower even : it is so marked and distinctive in its character that it has
hitherto well nigh monopolised the attention and taken the pther variant
rising tones under its own name, or, at all events, the distinction between
these five, or more, rising variant tones has not been pointed out, or clearly
defined, and they have all been considered by many as one and the same
tone. It will be noticed that this has a distinct fall and a long rise, in
fact, being the most prolonged of any of the rising tones, and much emphasis
is thrown into the voice on its recovery from the fall, increasing in its
volume as it rises into a good crescendo and dying away at the end a§^n.
It is a tone that is bound to force itself on the attention of the hearer who
has the slightest aciiteness of ear for tones.

From the above it will be seen that what has been described previously
as the Third Rising Tone is properly divisible intoat least, if not possibly more.
five separate Rising Tones, all of which, if the learner wishes to speak

-i^^iOOgle

fNTRODLCTION.

Cantonese perfectly, should be learned from a good teacher, who speaks
correct Cantonese.

The Higher Upper Even Tone has already l>een described.

The variant tone of the h A. shong yap Upper Entering Tone is a
prolongation of that tone.

As an instance of the use of these variant tones in forming new words or
shades of meaning the word ^ idi', great, may be called attention to. Tai-
in the Lower Retiring means big, large, great, e. g. : —

(i) iHAA)'*', ^° '^''' <y*"' ■■»'>'« "ii*"- a Kiown np person,

(also ^^ is a title for high officials such as Voiir, or His,
Excellency, Your, or His, Honour, etc., etc.).

(a) Tdf'*, i.«., in the Variant Rising Tone of the Lower Retiring
as in the phrase ftl^ 3^ f9 OfS B^ '°^' '^'''' ^°' '^° t^"^'- "'■''™
you have grown up. Here the variant tone shows the growing
up being attained or looked forward to. Without its use, when that
meaning was to be conveyed, the phrase would fall flat and tame.

(3) TSi in the Higher Upper Even Tone as in the phrase flf^py^
^ tik^ kom' ,tai ko', ^^^"ymhe.j^'B^j^^^ifff^f^^'neitik^

kom ^til ko ko chan* ,shi, when you were a liltif mile of a child.

.■\gain take ^ wa-,tospeak,an<iII^wa' patois, dialect, language : ihe
one in the Lower Retiring Tone : the oilier in thf \arinni Tone of the I-ower
Retiring.

As another instance of the differentiation produced by the use of these
variant tones, take the word Honam, the name given to the suburb of Canton
situated on the south side of the river. This word as applied to the locality
is always in its original tones, but the last syllable is put into the variant
when the steamer so-called is mentioned. This is no fancy, but established
usage, though it happens tliat, very rarely, the original tones are u.sed for the

These are only a few instances of the innumerable examples of the
change of meaning and tense shown by the use of these variant tones.

Digitized 3yCjC)(5QIC

INTRODUCTION. XXXI

An interesting set of rules and examples of the use of these variant
tones was published in the ' China Hevicw,' Vol. XXIV., pp. 209-226, by
Mr. Ch'au Chan Sknk, with Prefatory Remarks by the present author.
It may be laid down —

(i) Thai verbs in the Perfect Tense take variant tones when words
such as 1^ hiu or ]|^ cho are not used to convey the idea of past

(2) That ' the Present Participles of Intransitive Verbs of attitude or
appearance ' take variant tones.

{3) When the word — ■ with the meaning of one or a is used between
two words, generally verbs, as, for example, in phrases like ' " bite a
bite " out of it,' then the — ■ yat {shortened in Chinese into ,a) is in
the Higher Upper Even Tone, and when, as is often the case, the a is
dropped out, the second word takes the variant which belongs to its
original tone.

(4) After ^*k6i, how, (ly" k6m\ so, and the phrases ^^ "mn

■ \i:\ and P@^^ ("i hai" k6i, not very, words representing
dimensions or qualities take a variant tone often,

(5) Words duplicated for emphasis — not nouns, but generally
adverbs — take a variant tone for the first of these double words.

(6) But when some adjectives and adverbs are duplicated to
minimise the sense, the last word of the two lakes a variant tone,
and these * are generally followed ' by the word Jl^ t^i".

(7) Adverl>s formed by the duplication of a word take a variant tone
in the latter of the two words.

(8) The common names of things or places and of occupations of
individuals and relationships commonly used lake a variant tone.
If a single character, the character takes it ; but if the name, etc., is
formed of two or more characters, only the last character takes
the variant.

(9} The names of steamers in most cases take a variant tone in the
last character of their names when these characters are originally in
the Upper or Lower Even, or Upper Retiring Tone, but not when
in the Upper Rising or Upper Entering Tones.

n,g,t,7ed:^i^^-.OOglC

tXIV INTRODUCTION.

(lo) Proper names of persons and places take a variant in the last
character often; biil it ii often mote respectful to persons to use
the original tones.

(ii) Certain words which do not come under the above rules are
always in a variant tone in the colloquial, as |^ to, PB _ti.

(12) Many of the Upper Even Tone Finals can be used either in that
tone or in the HiKher Upper Even (variant) as the sense to be
conveyed by them demands. Be somewhat sparing of putting
finals into a variant in the middle of a series of sentences unless the
sense really demands it,

(13) As to whether certain words shall go into a variant tone depends
often, unless the word is one which must be in a variant, on
euphony, or the rhythmic flow of the sentence.

MMrka to d«slcnat« th* Tone*.

It must be reineiiibeved that Chinese Imoks are not marked with the
tones; an educated native knows the right tones of the words as they occur
in the Ixxiks. It is only when a word is in a tone which is not the common
lone of the word that h is marked, and the method by which this is done
is to make a little circle at one of the four corners of the character. Each
corner has its appropriate tones assigned to it. The left hand lower corner
being appropriated to the ^ jP'inR, or ev. n times, the left hand upper to
the _|^ shijng-, or rising tones, the right hand upper to the ^ hoo', or
receding tones, and the right hand lower corner to the ^ yapj, or entering
tones. These are the only signs that the Chinese use, and this only when it
is absolutely necessary that they should be used. It will be seen that there
is no distinction in the nativu signs employed between the different tones
which l)elong to the same class, that is to say a Jt.^ shftng^ tP'ingi Upper
Even, and ~f*^ ha- jp'ing. Lower Even, are both represented by the
same tonal mark. No difficulty, however, arises from this paucity of tone
marks, as far as ihe Chinese are themselves concerned, for, as has l>een
already stated, these ionic marks are imt seldom used, only occurring a
few times, if as often as that, in the course of as many pages; and,
furthermore, if those few words are occasionally used in another tone,
as a rule it is but one other tone that they are used in, therefore no ambi-
guity is likely to arise. The case is, however, very different when we come
to deal with foreigners, such as Europeans, learning the Chinese language;
for here we have those who do not know by conversational practice from
infancy upwards, and from an educational course extending over many years
the correct tones for each word ; and yet again as an additional reason, when a
foreigner desires to write uui the sounds of the Chinese words, transliterating

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

them into his own alphal>et, as he best can, lie has a niimher of Chinese
words, groups of which are represented by the same spelling in a foreign
language, so many words belonging to each group that the foreigner is
confused, more especially at ihe beginning of his course of study, as to which
Chinese word a combination of English letters is intended to represent.
The context will show what many of the words so spelled represent, but in
some cases this re(|nires thought, and it is, ther^'fore, taking ibo whole subject
into consideration, l)eBt thai each word so written shonld lie ^iccomjmnied by
a tonal mark, which shall represent, accurately, intelligibly, and in a manner
easily to l)e apprehended, the Cone to which the word belongs, The above
remarks will show the reasons for books prepared for those who wish to
learn Chinese bristling with tonic marks, and the man who wishes to learn
Chinese thoroughly and properly will find that in the long run he gels on
better with such a book, and make:i more real progress than he does with
another, though the other may be more useful, if rightly used, to the tourist or
to the man who has not the lime nor the inclinati<m to learn mure than a
smattering of Chinese.

We come now to the methods used by foreigners to represent the tones.
Some have endeavoured lo show tones by ' marking the vowels with difTerent
accents.* This is a confusing method, except to those intimately acquainted
with it, as it is the most natural course to utilise such marks to represent
the value of the vowels, as is done in our English dictionaries, and use
extraordinary signs to represent what is an extraordinary incident of words -
to use signs not used by us in English to represent tones which are unknown
to us in English, — and moreover such a method of representing ihe tones
has not been employed by foreigners writing books in Cantonese till quite
recently, and it is l>etter to stick to the established usage when thai estiiblished
usage is the better plan. The eflfect of using the contrary plan is that
an awkward arrangement is arrived at of marking over the vowels their
quantities or po\vers as well as the lone of the word, or else nearly all
' prosodical marks affecting the vowels ' have to l>e left out and ihe next step
arrived at is to leave out the tonic marks entirely — a process of evolution, or
rather of retrogression, eminently unsatisfactory. Another objection is
that it would lead beginners lo suppose that the tone was connected
with the vowel. The vowel no doubt has sometimes something to do with
the tone, but not to such an extent as one would naturally infer from such
a method of distinguishing the tones.

Another method is that of marking the tones by figures. We have
already said that, though pretty well adapted for Pekingese with its paucity
of tones, it would Ix; inconvenient for Cantonese with its eleven or
more tones.

-i^^iOOglc

SXVl INTRODUCTION.

Marks of aposlrophy have also been used in some of the dialects, but it
will be readily seen that there is not sufficient material to use for such a
purpose.

In the Halcka, as written by the German missionaries, there is aJso
another system employed, which consists in putting acute and grave accents
at different corners of the words, in some cases with a straight short dash
underneath the accent as well. Again in Hakka the tones are but few in
number, and such arrangements are more easily used than they would be
in Cantonese, besides which these marks have never been used in
Cantonese, and there is no type available even supposing it were a good plan
for Cantonese.

There is yet again another method, which has been employed in
Cantonese by Dr. Chalmeks, which consists of a combination of one of the
above modes with a new plan of using different type, and a leaving out of the
Ionic marks when the word ends in those consonants which show that it
Iwlongs to a certain tone class. This method has not l>een adopted by
anyone else. It is no doubt very convenient considered from a typographical
point of view, but it seems a more regular and systematic way to give every
word its tonic mark.

And lastly there is the modification of the native method of representing
the tones, which was first used in Bridgmak's Chrestomathy, and has
continued to be used up to the present day by nearly all who have written
books dealing with the Cantonese dialect, amongst whom may be men-
tioned Williams, Lobschikd, Kerr, and Eitel. It is the system adopted
in this book. Tliis method has several advantages over the others. All the
other methods are strange and unknown to the Chinese. The learner
would, in using the others, require to tell his teacher what tone such and
such things were meant to represent, and such telling would be of little use
with regard to some of the marks that are used in some of the modes
employed to represent the tones in Chinese. Of course in the majority of
cases the teacher can tell the tone from the character, but in some cases it is
well that the teacher should be able to see himself how the tone is marked.
In this system likewise every word is marked with its tone, and it
occasionally happens that some of the words which by Dr. Chalmers' system
are left unmarked go in Colloquial into a rising, variant lone. These marks
in this method are as applicable to the Chinese character as to the English
spelled word, which represents that character, but figures and accents cannot
well be printed along with the Chinese characters. This method is applicable
to any dialect in China, and it is a thousand pities that, when such an
admirable system is in use, it has not been availed of by foreigners for all the
Chinese languages, which have been treated of in books instead of different

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

systems being in use for different so-called dialects, thus increasing the
difficulty of learning them when the difficulties are sufficiently great without
being added to. It unfortunately even happens that in some dialects even
more than one system is in use.

This system as has already been stated is an adaptation of the native
system, the semi-circle lieing used for the upper series of tones, and the
semi-circle with a short dash underneath it to represent (he lower series, as,
for example I—

J* 3* shoDg- (p'ing, Upper Even, as : — s'm. K4^ hi- ,p'ing, Ijawer Even, as: — ^lin

r r shong^ -sh6Dg. Upper Ri9inf[. as
r .jp shOng^ hofl', Upper tteireating, as:
p yl *h6ng- yapj. Upper Entering, as

i.T* I* hi- -shSng, Ixiwer Rising, a

-liM^. N-j^hi^ hea , Lower Relreating. as:-

-/■il rr* A hi- yap,, l^wer Entering, as :— i

There now remain the other tones to be dealt with, viz, : — the r.^
§ft^ shOng^ tP''°8 P''"' ^yam. thet|l^ chung yap,. Medial Departing
Tone, and the variant tones. The J^ ^ jj^ ^ shdng- ^p'Sng P''"' ^yam, Upper
Even P'in Tone, is represented by Parker and Eitkl by a circle in the 2|S
^p'ing position as mdit, being an adoption of a Siamese tone mark, and it is
the plan likewise adopted in this book.

The same plan is likewise used for the Ffl ^ chung yap,. Medial
Departing Tone, viz.: — a circle, but of course at the ^ yap, jwsition,
as : — fo^a-

There now remain the Rising Tones. These have generally been
represented by their own tone marks reversed, and an asterisk placed at the
right hand upper corner of the word.

In this book this asterisk is employed, as it is useful in showing that the
word is in a different tone in the colloquial from what it is in the book
langiukge. It is unsatisfactory to group all these V'ariant Rising Tones
together. It is better that the Tonic Mark should show distinctly the tone of
the word, and the asterisk be reserved alone to show that the tone is a
different one to the original lone, and not to show what the tone is.

To recapitulate, the following method has been used to represent the variant
tones: — The Higher Upper Even Tone, the K^j^^^ shflng- ,p'ing p'in'
yam, has already been represented by other writers by a circle at the lower
left hand corner of the word, as sun. It is also the sign used in this book.
The majority of the other tones are represented in this book by the turning
of the usual tone sign upside down as shown in the page set aside for ' Tonic

-i^^iOOglc

SXVUI INTRODUCTION.

Marks and Abbreviations used in^tliis Hook.' The only exception I)eside5
chat of the Higliei Upper Even tone, already mentioned, are the variants
of the Middle Kntering Tone (the tp^®']^ {Chung yapj p'in' yam)

of the Upper Rising, and llie Upper Retiring, [n the case of the variarjt
of the Middle Entering, in addition to the small circle, the sign of the ordinary

chung yap,, a fignre one is added (see page mentioned above), .\s refjards
the other two variants, the Upper Rising one anil the Upper Retiring, the
sign which was formerly used for the so-called third rising tone is employed,
placed at the proper corners of the words. The page mentioned above will
make this plain.

Tonic Ex«rci*«s.

Go through the following Tonic E.verci-ies every day regularly for three
months at least.

Let your teacher read each set to you and then repeat them after him.
He will read the first line in the First Series to you and then the first line in
the Second Series. The meanings of the words are simply given to satisfy any
laudable curiosity the learner may have as to the meanings of the words be
js repeating so often. In this way it often happens that the meaning of many
words are learned without the learner actually setting himself down with the
express object of learning them.

This drudgery must begone through most conscientiously and thoroughly,
not considering that you have done your duty until you have gone through
each set dozens or scores of times every day ; for these voice and ear
exercises are as important as finger exercises are to the learner on the piano.

' It cannot, however, be too strongly impressed upon learners from the
outset that both aspirates and tones are of the utmost importance to one who
would learn to speak Chinese intelligibly. -' ^ ■^■

i "The distinction of tones in Chinese often appears to beginners to
make the acquisition of the spoken language ahitost hopelessly difficult, but
this difficulty, like many others, is found to yield to persevering effort, and
by constantly reading aloud after a teacher, the ear becomes familiar with
the difference in the tones of the words pronounced. .\t the same time it is
not desirable to trust to the ear alone in trying to remember what is the
tone of a particular word. A Chinese child will unconsciously acquire the
right tones in speaking, and use them without any efTort of memory all
through life in the same way a foreign child learns and uses the correct tones ;
but, with the rarest possible exceptions, foreign adults will find it necessary
to learn what the proper tone of each character is, together with its sound
and meaning. Both tones and aspirates are chiefly important in the spoken

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

language, hut even in stu<lying the written language it is necessary to notice
that a character often has two sounds, one aspirated and the other
unaspirated, or one of one tone and another of another, and its shade of
meaning varies accordingly ; thus, the word [p " the middle " is difTerently
pronounced when it means " to hit the centre." ' — Foster's Elementary Lessons
in Chinese.

-i^^iOOglc

XL

INTRODUCTION.

First S«rl«s, Comprlslns th« Upp*r Ton«s.

.. _

Shong-

.... _

ShonK^ Shengi ShonxJ ^CbunR

Meaning of the Wordi.

T 2

p'ing -shong hou yap

,

,Sin 'Sin Sin' Sil^

Before, moss, thread, bits

3

jWai tWai Waf'

Dignity, great, awe

3

^Kei 'Kel Kci'

Several, to record, to remember

4

^Chii 'Chii Chii' Chiit^

All, master, 10 publish, stupid

5-

^Sai. 'Sau Sad'

Adorn, venerable man. elegant

6.

jTurg 'Tung Tung' Tuk^

East. 10 rule, cold, real

7-
g

^YinR "^YinK Ytnfi' Vik
^I'an 'pan Pan' Pal,

Gnaat, petition. Imperial concubine, ended

jCh„„K'cr,<.n«Cl.mK' Chi.ti.

To draw out. palm of ihe hand, curtain, to order

lo.

^Kong'KongK.ng' Kok^

Strong, 10 speak, to descend, horn

It.

^Chlti 'Chiii Chiu'

Morning, pool, lo illumine

II.

^Kwu 'Kwii Kwu'

.\lone. ancienl, old.

'3

jYun 'Vun Yiin' yut

Drake, yielding, animosity, curved.

M

jKii 'Kii Kii'

All. 10 open, brm or uncorrupled.

'3-

^Tang 'jaogTang' Tak^

A'cend. sort, slool. virtue

i6.

^Si *Si Si'

Mailer, history, four

>7

^Kam 'Kam Kam' Kap^

Metal, embroidery, prohibil. hasty

i8

^Kiu 'Kii Kiu'

Intercourse, to strangle, 10 leach

19

^Tsoi 'Tsoi Tsoi'

To plant, to rule, to contain

^Soii 'Si>u Sou'

Allhough, marrow, year

21

^Kim 'Kim Kim' Kip^

Joined, to examine, sword, to rob.

M,

^Tsun 'Xaun Tsun' Tsui

A ford, presents, to enter, soldiers

*3-

^Ko 'Fo Fo'

Order or sort, fire, cargo.

M

^Kim 'K4m Kim' Kip

To bind, to diminish, mirror, armour

«5

^Fin 'Fin l--in' Fit

To fly, to rebel, lo float, lo issue.

l6

m

ig^Ki 'Ki Ki' Kak°

27

g,K..„^K».nK.WK«.:

Officer, tube, lo connecl, to inclose

28.

^P

^Fiil 'Fill Fill'

ag.

jJl^

^ ^Che 'che Che' Chek

Screen, this, sugar-cane, a classifier

30

t^

>i] (Kon 'Hon Kon' Koi^

A shield, 10 pursue, business, to cut.

3'-
32

.In .he

^ K6m 'K6mK6m'K6p
le two orders no words occur in

Sweet, daring, purple, a clam

33

- this

Dgli.eJ-iV^nOOglC

INTRODUCTION. XLI

rl.inB

Hi!

th« Lowsr Tons*.

Hi- Hi- H4^

Meaning of the Words

' * ^ ■* (P'ing. ^shong. hoii'.

Wj

To uniie, gem, chain, to Mparaie

■ «««!«. L,„ '-u. u„!

Ltl,

' 3^7^^ (Mat -Mai Mal-

To deceive, rice, cuff ol the sleeve.

J a»ft^;Vl !yi Y|!

Yl,;

Right, deliberate, the second, hot

« *I^S^;vu Sva v.i

Y.,,

As. to converse, to lodge, .he moon

5 siia ;L.i ^i-.' t^'

To detain, u iliow. base or mean

#*ffl|>t,Vung SVuag Vng!

Y.U,

Manner, brave, use, lo wish.

' Sffi"^;!) cLtog -l.m« I-ing'

Lik,

Spiritual, the neck, to order, strength.

' ^WP9^ ^Man ^Man Man-

Mat,

Letters, celerity, to ask. do not.

9 HW^ISiYdng iveng Yong!

Y.i;

Light, to look up, pattern, physic.

>o BE^flilSI (Wong -Wong Wong-

Wok,

King, to go, abundant ■. a pan.

" ^T1^ iLiu -Lfu Uu-

A vi-indow. finished, to esLJ.uate.

" if#^ ;M6 SmO M6'

Without, mother, business

'J 7C|fcB^"<Ynn !Ynn YOni

Yii.j

Origin, flexible, desire, moon.

M ^ilt^ cH4f -H4f Hil-

Shoes, crab, laiy.

■5 £{£^MiMang -Ming M4ng^

Makj

To swear, fierce, first, ink.

■S mtlS <T.- ^T.'. T..!

Sentence, like. self.

'' B^fefiAjYam 'Yan. Yam'

Y.p,

To chant, lappet, to sustain, enter

IS. ^^P^ (M4u -MiCi Miii^

Rushes, luiu riant, countenance

'9 i&^'f^ <Toi -Tof Tot^

Teriace, dangerous, instead of.

Yip,

Severe, to dye, to examine, occupation.

" «wi6»;i- ■■-- ■-""-

L..,

Relation, egg. discourse, law

" SSfS ■"" '"• i^«-

Thunder, to involve, species.

'3 ^^B^^tNgo -Nb° Ngo^

Ngokj

Goo*e,Iorwe,losleep,ceriain mountains

14 ^^^iScLam ^Lim Um^

Lip,

Blue, to look, rope, wax.

^5 Htti^^'cLAn ^Un Lin-

U.,

Fading, laiy, broken, pungent.

« 3f3(ia^i''«' •"«' "«»'

Ngik,

>' rtS6S*s"»° '««" «'»•

M.,;

Door, full, grief, the end

^ 'Hl^^l^ cMI>' 'Mdf Mul-

Plum, each, obscure

^ tfe'ii^^cSho -She She-

Shek,

Snake. local deities, to shoot, stone.

JO ^^^f§(Hon -Hon Hon-

Hoi,'

Cold, drought, pencil, hempen cloth.

31 •^tii|i-^(H'>ni -H6m Hora*

Hip',

1' ^^gK JP»"S -F'^-S Ngingi

Ngikj

Abundant, a mace, stiff, forehead.

» #IS <X8 ■>« "tf

My or our. five, to perceive.

— ll.MIMll.ll. V if

INTRODUCTION.

Tonl« Ex«rcls« in th« ^ (P'Ins Ton«a.

Shong^ (P'ing (PTn Yam, Shong^
(Ping, and H4^ ^P'ing

5 Ch'oiiK Ch'ong jCh'ong
^ ^Hong ^Hong _(Y6nK
I ^Nung^Hunf-'NunR

jlf ^K6 jK6 (Hfl
i _^Uii ^Lici jl-4n
^ Mid Mxii (M&u

$ ^Sing ^Sing jYing
I ^Tengt ^Tengi (T-ins
C gT'ergl ^T-engT^T'ing
5 ^Ting^TingjT'ing
k ^Tinj; ^Ting (T'inR
g gTong ^Torg (T'ong
il Tsla ^Tsfn jTsIn
i] pTs'ing^Ta-ing ^Ying
1^ ^Ts'ong ^Ts'ong jTs'ong
g ^T3'6ng Js'ong jTs'6ng

^ JSI JBI J'S7 "

j ^Yi jYf ,Y(

^ ^Ying^YingjYmg
^ ^Ying^YingjYing

Meaning; of Ihe Words.

Tetter'' to wound, bed

Clove', a village, to Rplash
' To scorch, empty, to cultivate the gro

False', to add
I A plaster*, high, an oyster
I A market, to crawl, to prevent
j A cat, to squat down, reeds
; A hymn, a corpse, a spoon.

A star, an ape. form.

A court', to hear, a road-side inn
I Clove', alone, to cense,
i jingling, a nail, handstmie

A hawker's h and- gong , proper, a hal

Note-paper', to fry. a surname
I The colour of nature, pure, legal puni

A hold, a granary, to store away
' A gun, a spear, a wall.
I Postage . wealth, spring sacrifice
; Will^ depend on, an infant

The hawk, superior, to receive a Rues

A !>alad, si

Other examples might be given, but thes
learner a knowledge of these tones.

vill be

lufficient for i

^" v'tfr^ '" r>'^^ ^ch'ong, t
If J ^r ''"S li^ng, cloves.

so chs' 'ka ^yf
Iir f^i§JS P""! "I"! ."■ ■ "'

In Yf t# ting tong, a hawker's hand-gong.

In several phrases, the names of different kinds of paper.

In 'i^^f sun' tsz, postage, and in other ci

nkindofpli

^yCciOgtC

INTRODUCTION.

Tonic Ex«rels« in th« Jl Shone '

Shongi

Hi-

Meaning of the Words

S,|,8„j

ishdng.

• (8» '■"

^Lau

To 6ghl, a bamboo hamper.

■ »f; "f"

^Fan

Flour of any grain, anger

3 ij^ 'l^ng

-Long

To inquire, luslrous.

< RM 'F'

^Fu

A lLg«. lady

! ffiH -H..

-Hii

To be ai. a crab

"■ «« ■".

^Kii

To explain. lo pass anything along

7 ffidfe '"«

^K^^f

Annals, to stand.

8 3^@ 'K(u

^Kiu

Slraighl, lo bale water

,. mn '■<.«

^K-oii

To elevate, he or she

. »«;«.»

-'Ni

Widow, used to denote the female.

Sn«.,

Fruit, I.

' ^^ '''"

!l^

To turn, propriety

J ^^ '""

'Un,

Olive, lo grasp

4 TO^ '^

-1^

A fellow, old

5 W^ "Locg

^u™

Tael, two

<, «^ 'o,

-T'ol

Foggy, tlangerous

'Ngin

Topetition, eye

« wa'™

SlJI

To give, a mile

, «T '.•«

!li„

To manifest, finished

» «?e '!■«

il-6

To prolecl, to carry in the arras

' WM, 'shU

-Shii

To use, lolick.

• 2» '■"'

-T'if

Bad. rudder.

3 Stic 'Tin,

-■iJn,

A dot, lo harvest.

4 m^ tTing

SX'ing

Summit, to pull up

5 fff»'T«-

-Ts'ai

Son, a mullet

6 ^M 'Tm

St.-.

A son. similar.

' S£ '""

%a.

To look for. correct

8. vim Svun

■Huiin

A bowl, full.

9 H^l 'van

-Yan

Small, lo entice.

o. t^^ <Yau

%a&

Rotten wood, lo have

I i$i^ 'y(

^Yi

To rely on, ear

» TOS^ 'Yfm

Vim

To close, to dye.

3 ^^ 'Y(u

Vfu

4. ^# 'Yong

Vang

To shake (as a clolh). lo rear.

5 WM 'Yung

Vung

Bubbling, brave

6 JW»S 'Vu"

Vun

Yielding, distant

db,Geogle

XLIV

INTRODUCTION.

The list of yap tones should be studied in

the same way as the preceding Exercise.

Tonle Exarcis* In tha Thr«« /V Vitpj Tones.

Shflngi

^Chung

Hi!

Meaning of the Words.

' * ' yap.

' rap.

y«p.

r

mu^-\

Ak^

Ngik,

To grasp, a bangle, conirary lo

*.

J&'fill^feAP.

*P.

Hip,'

To soak, a duck, a straight passage.

3-

^M^At^

A(

«".

To thrust in. to press down, (he kernel of fruits

4'

^ft^ CWk^

Chik^

Chik,

A small boat, to reprove, a mansion

5

l^iyPi^^^P,

Chip^

Chipj

To pick up. lo write out. a barrier.

6

SPfL^ Chalj

Chii

Ch..,

To ascend, a bundle, to stop up the mouih of

7

^^ii Chik^

Chek°'

Chlk,

To govern, one of a pair, slraightforward

8

Hr^vS chu.,

Chuk^

Ctakj

Bamboo, to seize, turbid

9

^^^ F«S

F4t

F.,;

To dip up, law. to punish.

lO

wails K.;

■"P.

KiP,

Hasty, coal of mail, and

11.

Kwdt

Kwal)

Bone, to scrape, lo dig.

12.

J<lW)ft L.»,

Lik

Ukj"

To bind, the ribs, Ibe ribs

13

Sli«i-p

Lip

Up,

A hamper, lo lamp, wax.

14

(**■#•■•"'.

LiitJ

L„,,

Out of order, infirm, a statute

•5

-ti.»« "■>,

Mil

Mat,

What ? to wipe, stockings

i6.

iifssm. "«,

^K

Y«,'

To break off. to choke, the judge or ruler of a cily.

SiSfti".,.

Nii^

Nit,

Joyful. 10 smooth, a dash tu (he right in writing.

I8.

R*n(t N!.p,

Ng.°p^

Ngap,

To talk at random, (o tuck in. to beckon

19

^>

Pik

Pik,

North, hundred, white.

?ai

Pit^

Pit.

Not, eight, the god of draught.

11

eft

I'f'o

p.,.

Must, a species of pheasant, (o separate

23.

^ok^

Pok^

P„k.

Name of a Dislrict, spacious, jungle.

n-

shap

Ship

Stop,

Wei. lo boil, teo

24,

ihat^

Shii^

Shatj

To lose, to t>ehead, firm.

*3-

5.,,

S"o

Yut,

To com passionate, snow, the moon or a month

26.

■■•P,

"P.

Tip,

To lick, lo answer, to step on

*?■

Tal^

Til

Tat,

Dab, a spot, projecting

2S.

rik

1■■«^

Tik,

Clear, to kick, an opponent

»9.

r6kj

K6k^

"'!

To pound on wood, the foot, a little

3».

rsak^

Ch-ik^

T.ik^

Precept, a register, a thief.

31-

r"P,

Ch'ip^

T«lP;

A heap, to insert, miied. [kit, tail,

3a.

"■«,

Ts'it^

Trft;

Seven, to brush, a cockroach, as :— ^ H

33-

rsik^

'^''C

T„k,t

34-

Wal^

W4l^

Wit.

Bent, lo scoop out, smooth.

33

"P,"

"'P.

vip.

into brine), a leaf.

Dgl,,.ed;iV^nOOglC

INTRODUCTION.

Tonle Ex*relso In th« Vari&nt RIsIrk Ton»s.

f Hi^ ShdngI Hi^
I (P'ing , £sh&ng -Sfa6ns
Vkriant. Variant : Vu-iant. .

y"P)

ft f

1, ^ \ -Hi.,g

' ft I
1 ± !:
.fulfil

H6u^ * ifto'

Kwo^ * m*l^.

Mif^ A lukj

^Shong

Fan' & chip^'

Nim> & hokj

go up.

sleep, to (old,
orecile. lo learn

Remember that alt the variant tones except those of the Upper Even,
J^2p, shdng^ cP'ing> and Upper Entering, _t TV- shdng' yap, are rising tones,
that orthe Lower Even ~P^, hA- p'ing, having first a fall, followed by arise.

The Upper Rising, Jl_h., shdng- -shflng has a rest at the end of its rise.
The Lower Rising, "JCJ^^, hi^ 'shong is pronounced with more emphasis, etc.
(but see description above), than is bestowed on the variants of the Lower
Retiring, "^■^, hi- hflQ*, and the Lower Entering, ~f^_7^,hfi^yap. Then
again the variants of the Upper Retiring _t.^, shong^hdO* and the Middle
Entering, tfl ^, ^chung yap, ate both shorter in duration than the others.
The variant of the Upper Entering, J^ y'^, sh6ng- yapj, is a prolongation of
the voice on the same level,

Asplr«t«d «nd Non-Aspirmtad Word*.

Another distinction which calls for the special attention of the learner is
the difference between aspirated and non-aspirated words. 'It is a very
important part of pronunciation, as much so in every respect as the tones,
and should be particularly attended lo.' — Williams's Easy Lessons in Chtnest,
p. 55. 'It cannot " * be too strongly impressed upon learners from the
outset that ' * aspirates ■" * are of the utmost importance to one

-i^^iOOglc

INTRODUCTION.

who would learn Chinese intelligibly. Carelessness about the difTerecce
between aspirated and unaspiraCed words in Chinese, will often render a
speaker as absolutely unintelligible in China, as a foreigner in England would
be if he should substitute d for I or t for d, saying for instance, " too dry " for
" do try," or if he should substitute b for P oi p for b, speaking of " bears "
when he means " pears " and of " pears " when he means " bears. " It is not
intended here to assert that the difference between aspirated and unaspirated
words is exactly the same as the difference between the English d and ( or i
and p sounds, etc., but the difference is quite as distinct ami great as this, and
it is even more important in speaiting Chinese to observe these differences
than it is in speaking English.' — Foster's Elemenlary Lessons in Chinese, pp. 29
and 30. And yet it is one of the features of Chinese pronunciation which is,
one might almost say, systematically ignored by many foreigners learning
Chinese, either from a failure to see the distinction, from not understanding
the definitions explaining the difference, or from an idea that it can be of no
importance. This last idea being probably fostered by the feeling that there
is nothing of the kind in English, or in other words, instead of the voice
passing quietly from the initial consonant to the vowel and the final
consonant, a strong breathing out often takes place in English immediately
after the initial consonant. To explain the difference between the aspirated
and unaspirated pronunciation let us lake, for .example, the word ^tin. To
pronounce this word the following actions take place. First place the tip of
the tongue on the palate immediately behind the front teeth, then let it
quietly drop while the voice pronounces a something between an English I
and an English J, that is, it has the sound of the English / but unaccom-
panied with any forcible emission of the voice, which generally does
accompany the pronunciation of the I in English, then after this initial
consonant immediately follows the in pronounced like een in English. Next
lake an aspirated word spelled in the same way, but with an inverted comma
to represent the aspirate in Chinese, as: — i'in. Here begin as Iwfore by
placing the tip of the tongue on the palate behind the front teeth, but imme-
diately the tongue falls and the I is pronounced, it is followed by a strong
breathing out of the voice, this being the w;iy in which many pronounce the
I in English. There is, however, some difference amongst different speakers
of English as to the way in which they pronounce their consonants: that is
to say that there is a dual method of pronouncing two precisely similar
combinations of letters of the alphabet by different individuals in English,
some pronouncing them with a more forcible emission of voice, while others
let them, as it were, simply fall quietly out of their mouths without any or
but slight propulsion. It therefore follows that the usual directions given
as to the pronunciation of the aspirated and unaspirated consonants as
pronounced in Chinese are misleading to many persons. To many the

Dgl,,.ed;iV^nOOglC

INTRODUCTION.

directions should be given to pronounce the aspirated consonants in the same
way that they do these consonants in English while the unaspirated ones are
to be pronounced flatter and more like the other consonants, such as 4 and b,
which they pronounce without any explosive force of the voice in English.

Now in Chinese certain consonants are pronounced much softer and
without any explodent force, while the same consonants are also pronounced
in other words with a strong out-breathing of the voice immediately after
them, as stated a 1 rave— suppose, in fact, that a Greek rough breathing
comes in ; in other words the consonants in Chinese which are pronounced
quietly are also pronounced with a forcihle emission of the voice immediately
following them which ts represented by the inverted comma in the spelling
used to show the sound in English of Cantonese. Thus ,cha, the ch being
pronounced quietly means, to hold, while the same sound, but intensihed by
an explosive force, as, ^ch'a means, fork. Just as in English there are two
ways of pronouncing the th (fis for example, thy and thigh, where the only
diflerence in the sound of the two words consists in the difTerence between
the pronunciation of the tk) ; so in Chinese the same F-nglish consonants
(employed to spell the Chinese) in many cases are used in two different
ways, one unaspirated and the other followed by the aspirate.

The con-;onants which havetheaspirate aflerthem are the following, viz. : —
Ch, k, p. t. and ts

The learner will find it a good practice to go through the following
exercise daily at first, till he finds no difficulty at all with the unaspirated
and aspirated words: —

i*K^ chii.('-ii c\ii.i.ma!.<\: qWH. fol'ii

iKiH chak^.i;fla/mf;,ch'ikj. to l.i thorn

^m. chik^. (0 reptovt : ch'ik^, a r/gisltr.

.ALy^* ^cham, a ntidir : ^ch'am, (o sink.

^)0 'chim, to chop off; ch'im>, /-fif

n. KB chan, Irui : .ch'an. dust.
S)£ chin, (jtang VhSn. alamp saucer) :

'ch'in. t.} frodnct

3^^ (Ching.fcf/; jCh'ing, W/iofr.

P^tl^ chip,, a g^t, . ch'Sp^, to iiurl.

ai !SS chitf,, a buiidir : ch'it^. to ciamitn.

Y^S. chau, a district ; ch'au . « bad smil

)j^j^ 'chili, flairs : 'ch'Sii. to fry in fal

•^ ffl, che, HIT Hmbrillt , <ch'e, a larriagi.

•^^ chek^ (a Classifier) ;ch'eli .o/uo*

^ j£ chf. to know , (Ch-f. latt-

|5 ^ jChfm.(oi/m«, 'ch-(m,M_fl.i«fHbook),

^^^ chln./<r'f;(Ch'tn, (o frriiij (book)

j£^ (Ching. thrfint; jCh'ing. to stylt

iff(^t chft . lo snap in two , ch'il . to rslablisk

Sn^n (Chiii, morning ; (Ch'fii, tkt Conrl

|ig_^ ' cho. 10 kinder : ^ch'o. (*( bfginning

#j^ chok^, r.ght : ch'6k^. loose

^t^ choag. achiiplft : ^ch'tng. d windm:'

illl^f chon^;'. robiiil : ch-ong, a boil

^ ^ ^chu. a fig ' ; Sch'u, a pill.,,.

■t& Pfc chou, to fuisut : ^ch'66, lo Haw

■2. Or in many connections chu.

.)glc

INTRODUCTION.

■yj'gj chuk , bamboe : ch'uk , domttlu aainali.

ffp^p chun, to allow: cta'uD, ifriHg.

^jll ^cbaa. a brick : ^cifun. a hill sfri^g.
L , Chung. miiUlt; ^ch'ung, lofill
^ chut^. to blume (book) ; ch'ul , lo go 0¥t.
% jkaf, a/oBj, ^kai. a cUar hill ilrram
If ^kii, a strut, 'i&i, a pallcra (book).
jt (kam, gol^: k'am, i tovrrlit
r" ^an. roots: ^-an. parslry
I jkang, soup: k'ans'. (o «^/rMi
J kapj. *!«()■.■ k'ap^, ([> iflAa/t.
^ katj. /!«■»> ,■ k'ai^. to eongi.
% ^Vau.afigtoi,: ^k'au. toBii*.
% jkiii, ii) M/fc , k'au', (o frf> on

^t kik^.ivry; k'ekji c/ojj

^F^ ^khn, Hornvtr: ^k'fm. (oirfj.

fc jk(n, ^nn .■ 'k'(D, M li/l uf (a cover) .

% ^king. capital ei^ : ^k'ing, a n-h.ili

\ klt^, clear : k'ft . lo borrow

9 kfii'*, a iidan: kfu, a bridgi

1 koi. to clbnigt: k'ol'. a rovtr.

^B% kok^, tacJi : k'ok , really
W^i& ^^^a' /™' . ''■ob^. to Jf"^ (book)
nll^ ^kong./Bj/. k'onjf'. ow/u.
S^ jltSng. pi*"-; (k'6ng.iy/DK/
S^^ l>^u. to dtull: k'dQ, a ifmrir.
^:^ <kun, (0 «fwcn ikrongk: jk-fln, (fc^ji
^^ ^kong./«i;«; (k'ung, ^or,
j^l^ km^.dtficieHl: k-«nt^. UHiIci sln»gth.

itt^ ('■**■ " '"''^ • c^'**' *" *"«
^B)^ kwaf, home: k'wai, a custom
^^ jkwan. "'"■. jk-wao, a skirt
jfc^T kwong. ii^Af. (k'wong. Bwd,

flng 'pi. '•«.",?■».. «..!..

^"tfti <P^' '"""■' (P'^' 'of""-
^^ 'pil, til i^rrtfd oMl: ^p'if, d ]A»/d.

E pan, « petition ; ,p'an, ^itr.

^ pin. a grade : p'in. to drag.

^ ^pang. d/rochrrv: ^p'ang. n/riMi.

B ping^, bang!: ,p'iDg, a land-crab.

E pai^,«(,- p'at^,fl^««(o/c]o!h),

Ijj ^p4il, toiirjfup: ^pid. lo cast {anciiot)

^ pet. (0 give . ^p'ei. /fiM*^r, or i*iii

^ pik^, to iif</, p-ek ', lo tliioii' auvy

f- pin. the side : p'ln^ slip (slice)

.ping, a joUi«: ^p'ing. ^wir
5 pll . must,- p'tt . a down stroke.
^ ^plii. banner : p'fii'. jo Afc«*.
J ^po. d »«w: ^p'o. aftejijS<To/(rf«.etc
I ^pfl. lo ioiY; ^p'6. to spread ont.
t pok^. iMlclligem : p'ok . to/fa/
^ (P°nf!- '" Af'/ . (P'ong. side
J ^pui. a CH/i , jp'ul. (0 indemnify.

ig^^pun.to„»;«;jp.C.n,aftai,«.

4101 pung*, (0 rNH asoiHtl ; jp'ung, a sail.

'^i^ put . a coarse dish: put , to dash a\iUr

^Tflfii '■*■ *" '"■'*'■■ '■*- ""0'*"

^ik «''. - ?'><«'. tii', «««/.*.

^KQS tarn, to AamNrr. I'am, a cu-^ooJ.
iB^ tim, (u cirr* , fim. to covet
^C^ c'""' " *"■/ ■ ,''»"■ to swallow.
|i^ <"""■ '^'""- (''"• '"^prt^lopen
^^ ^tang, a;i»ii^, ^I'ang. rofton.
j^^ tip^, (0 ansmr: I'ip^, apagoda.
iggl^ tit,, topen-ade: lit^, <i dead loss
■^mS '^"' " '*'' """*''"-' fail, to jfrai.
jjgjg,ek,..to*.>„«,.fek^-,to*/r*.

^W\ '"',■''""■ til',toifra/,o/

^^ ^tin.craiy: vm.tieshy

^(SL ling, a jingling sound : .f tag. a pavilion.

::>^ l OO^^ I C

INTRODUCTION.

as-

Ut . to/all: r(t , I

toh,. lo miiisurr ,
toTiK,/-tofir:

liad |by ihe hand)

t»ap handful: is-ap . /nyo/it

ise, an rfiir iij/rr; (Is'e. difyaird
sik a/oot-marli: Is'ik , ic/afrrf M
taim. sharp; Is'im, /o sabsiriW
tsfn. to fry i is'in. ii Mnnsimrf
tsing, cnslal: ts'ing, ^nii-

; is'ip d co'uabini

^-^ isft^. awrw. t!

:t . /fl ml (in slice?)
s'fii. uatltrid nvod.

m^

&t>nF!

,to6«^;

fs'ong, a «

wan-

mst

tsong, j/io/J. 1

■6nR, a gm

MM

soii^

lo asumble

; 'is-oa. W

aki

s

suk^

the fool;

S'ukj. *Brf

rd.

I

laiin

">"""'■■<

s'un, (n crH

u.

i

isun

, ^(s'un, a

'illagt

i

IsutiR. ra>; (ts

ung, (A( /(

,/,r.

»

sut,,

lo sundir:

is'uu a /■»

5

isz.

s«»; jls'2

wrcv.

J**

toii.

litaf-: ^v

.0,/o/«A,

m>}

nk .

trad: fi

k . <i BndrfAyj/ pti

tun.

angry; V

n, a ,a^,d

»,r,n,

Mil

San,

sl-orl; ^Vi

n.aj/o*H/n

M..1S.

«iffi

tunn

tail; fu

ng.togolbr

owA

mm

«.,.

.W*,6>/

,(.. riii ,;

if»/

Lone and Short Vowrsls.

Another most imporiiint feature in Cantonese is the long and short vowels and
diphthongs. The beginner must drill himself in these daily, and make sure that
he is pronouncing a word containing a long vowel with the vowel long and one
with a short vowel with the vowel short. Dr. Eitel rightly says about these: —
'Another characteristic feature of the Cantonese dialect is the distinction of long and
short vowels and diphthongs, which should he specially studied from the beginning,
to accustom the ear to the discrimiiialion of these shades, which is in disjien sable for
a ready and correct understanding o( the spoken language.' — Introduction to
Cantonese Dictionary, p. xiii.

To enable the learner to 'specially study' these distinctions, tables of many
of them are here appended; and the learner should go through them with his

^yGelot^le

•
L INTKODIXTIUN.

teacher day by day till perfect, and even

then a run through them occasionally will

do him good.

it'k^.l«eyasf:i\i^.ataaglt.

Wi^. '"*"■ '" *""■"'■■ t"''"' ''#■■""

am. 1ot:n-iy. 'im. J« unoj-iHid fiouvr

TE?ft ""r,. ■" eraii, : nip.-, o, ndp,. qurll.d

^ang. Ihf nighliagair: ^iug. ajar

ISM "«',■>-•■>'■ "St^. 'n i™«'M.

ap , to cotir over : Ip , it duik

1 ^^ ngak^, /<.ii.7»d/,, nKikj./™»(

alj. lolhrHitin. it ^. to pau-n for a l,r«f

: D^M c"«^"'./""'"*.- <"«*">.>'«'/'"

cliah^. iianling: chik^. lo rtfrovr

i ^HR ("Kan.m.wo'.-ngin.O''-

^cham, a nt<dU ; 'chSm, to cat in fun.

^1^ ngap^, lo talk u;ldly , ngip^. ,o /w* m.

^chaiKfw; '■ch.&a.aikailoiicupforon.

ijL^ ngafj.'oi'-uv/nKit^.,,™,* ,»,//,

chAng. a harpiiikord: chinfi,to:i*ai,glt

; :|t "5^ pak^. »of/7i. pik^.o«fA«iirfrfrf

chap lofick K/i, chipj. a barrier

, ^^ ,p'an,/w,,^p-in, (»/«./,

chai^, subsla«ic . chSt^. a 6i,i„//f

, JlS^ cP^"8' "" ""/"■■"■■* ''■■•'"' . piiK", (""S ' !

^J\i ^/an, todu'idi: Jin. uW

^A paV"'".pit__. .■/^*'

:^^ fal^. f- 6r»s;, flii'^, fii_^, «,„s,-

il\^,zn sam, (Af A.uK. sim, Mi«

|^^hak^.t/j.A,hSk^.««««r

§;»«,.,.,. .i.', '.„„„„

^W jlmn,fli«.»A, jhin,/f,W.

riSiS '^■'p,. '" '■'''■■' "" """"* . sip . ,Mc«h

^^ ^bang. /rt *«.«-* flffu/ds/.- ^hSng, ro uvlk

W^^\-"'''''<":-\.todispcrl.

'^# c'^^^'"- ^"f- fShini, <■&/*«.

P^r5 (hau, the throat: \&.ii. ik,lf»I.

^|Jj ^shan, Wi., ■ihi.n.mountttiK.

'\ iaim.melal. ^)Lim.agaoL

^0f ^^hariE, M ^r^.,.r . 'shing. /« ^y„r.

^ k^T,.,.o,:V&„.aninUrral

!^^ sl.ap^, urf. ahip^. lo proi-oke.

^ ^kanK. rt/ZiirA so,,/., king', fliy/iuM

^j^ sha(^, to /osr, shil_^. to *(■//

P kap^. /lajfv.kip^. unwowf/oK/jfWv
H ^twan. thefrh.!e: ^kwin. to *Br a ■/»,>,■

^^ mm, to /.o»nrf, ^tim. /« cany /io»i 4

;^»/r

£ ^kwang, rumbling, kwing*. (o wmi/f
Ij kwaij, 6o«f , k»-Jit^. lo scrape.
£ ,1am, a grove: jlim-, <i iasiff.

' ^H. c'""' " '"'''^' c'*"- ""*'''

, ^£!^ tap,. (o(«rflj«(Jon, lip . /ooHjtvf

! jllj ^ tat,, u fiN,m ; lit,, iHlelligent.

i* lang, ijVMf/t;-ling, fo/rf.

jjfll^ l'«tk^, ilMflM, ts'ik,, B (Aw/.

L lap .apoltle: lip^. (o (sfai/is*.

' i%'P '^"''' "■ ""'*- 1*^""- *'"''^'''

i mak,. wheat: mik^. /o 6«a* /■ /..v.
1 (inang, uji alliance: ,mitng, W/n,/.

.^^ j's'an. rf/fl^d to , ^win. « mfo/.

' I^H isap^,flW,?>/,isip,. «.«rf.

-y^ "■"',■ -'■''- -^■'""*™^*

i ^nam, mcllnu': ^nim, m,i/r

sm,w(;i

iLjOog i i;

INTRODUCTION.

The Lons and Short Diphthongs oi and

^^ ^kwaf. Aumf; ^k»ii. ffum/ (as a chiUi| tS^^

m^ <lal, « ,™< : ISi. /. /.« gj^

^lai.

lobnddou-n. ti.

^a.

dignity, wii^,

^nai

.-%: nSi, Wj

^nKai. 10 imp,;lu«r ■

^pai

;™<;pai\/o

Ex«rcls«s on th« Long and Short Diphthongs mi «i mi.
" #iiiiffe ku'"*': ,l.M.i.«v; ,M,-,j,.i„

3 # SW ■'•'■ "*■" : .i*' '■"'•■■ ,"'■■ « ■'"■■' /

IftJft;'?'"^.-

The L-ons and Short Diphthongs au and au.

P^r^ ^haii. Iht IhroM : *hiu. skilful.

SS^ ^niaii, IV fqnal doui, : jinau, n.'ds
^^ 'nau, to/-.(s/: nii'-. io scold
^P^i (nwaii. US uf ; -ngiii. to bite.
^^W.l.diruln^piu.,<,.r.f.„
JKC^ 3hai, („ rtuix-t : shiii. « hisliel

Exercls* on o and I ( --sei.

-^^ ^ch-e.owrria^f; ^chi. (o *«uti',
^Wfim r^^' holloa! 'hfn. mani/tst.
I^JI k.'; ,!,../ f.,„„i„: kln',,.«,
PMi^ jle. a final particle; ^lir. (Af /o(«s

git '"■"■•■"": «»•/'"'-

J^^ she. oil errdit: shfn-, i
^^ \e.dad: fin. (A(sAt

„_Google

INTRODUCTION.

Ex«rcl*« on Short and Lons I, viz., I and I.

P chik , le uiavii chf, iv knixi ^^f^ -P'"B' " i"'''"' : P'"''- '" <^"'

K ing-.loiufifig: 'hin. mJKi/isi. Sf|lj ^siag.astar. ^sh^.^mii

S king, a cafilal : kit .pure Scp^ shing. u lunntf : shi. a hyinH

J| kwik , acrach: kwft , sAri/; ^^ lmg-./o>»; 'lln, Ji-aiiyii.

^ ^ming, (iw; -m(n, (u/ukt i^S <"''"*=■ '" """"■ "''i' "''*'*"'<?

P ning, (0 (riAf: nfn. a slier

Whenever o is only used with an initial consonant or consonants and
without a tinal consonant both the open o, and close 6 are used in the Cantonese.

Exceptions: — cho, fo, kwo, and wo, there being no cho, f(i, kwo, ot wo.

Whenever the o is followed by the final consonants k, n, ng, and t, then the
o is an open one, as: — ok, on, ong. and Kot.

Whenever the o is followed by the final consonant ni, and p, then it has the
close sound of 6, as oni, kop.

Exorelss on Long and Short o, vix., o and o.

^^ 'cho, to hi«.lrr. \m, ,,,rty
"t^^ (ho, a-hat? jh6, doiim (hair)

There are other combinations in which the o both long and short are used ; but
in these other combinations only one kind of o is used with each combination;
they do not therefore come into such striking contrast as when appearing simply
with initial consonants, and, moreover, the aLiove ICxercise is sufficient to give the
learner a knowledge of the difference between the two pronui

mv

IIRU

•IX"

osc: ji)«o, loiliikt

**

po.

.,«

c. pii.lobo-l.

mm

sho

^■,dc

apart-, sht.'. in ,i.v

»m

90,

X h,k

si,, a beitd.

^m

.SO

Ufi.

tao-, to do.

^

iff Hi W '^'"'"' '•' f ""'"'' '■ fu". '" "'lu: chiin, singli.

flB Tr CJjK '''"""• ^<">it^i'"il '. pui>. tl" oiigin '. ,shun. a ship.
These will be sufficient to show the difference between these sounds.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

INTRODUCTION.

Ex«reis« en ou and i

^i^ \h6a. water. ^

These few examples will show the difference between these two sounds ;
but the learner must note that the English Dictionaries of Cantonese, which
are nearly all based on the Fan Wom, are not to be trusted for giving these
sounds : some that should be under dU are classed with those under uf, and
again others belonging to these classes are spelled with the u.

The Chinese, not having an alphabetical language and therefore not being
accustomed to such a mode of representing the sounds, have not their ears so
acutely trained to distinguish between slight distinctions and differences in
sounds as represented by letters of the alphabet, as they are to distinguish
differences in the tones, and are consequently not altogether to be trusted in
their classifications of sounds. Dictionary makers should take the correct
pronunciation of good speakers of a standard dialect (such for example as
Canton-city Cantonese) instead of blindly following the guidance of native
compilations, which sometimes mislead.

Pronunciation.

a like u. e B : sail. « sun

& ., ah. «.g.: — pi, di pa

e .. ein men. eg.:'-inenK

i ,. i in pin, e.g.:— king, aj king

{ ,, i in machine, eg : — k(n, as keen

o ., o in order, e.g.:— ho. as haw,

6 nearly like er in her, e g .— ho, a$ he(r)
u ., ,, a in hur. e (;.:— shun

u like u in fool, eg :— wii, as woo

(i .. French u in I'une, e.g.;— sut.

&l like i in high, e.g :— fai. as fie

au ., ou in plough, e g.:— hau, as bow

ill .. aaow. e.g. : — hlu.

*f ,. ey in they, e g -.—pii. ai pay.

(u ,, ew in few, e.g.: — shlu.

oi ,. oy in boy. e.g.: — k'oi, as coy

oil nearly as in louis. e g :— shoii.

u(likeooee.eg:-niui,

it, run ihe sounds of the letters s and i

m is the sound o{ the letter m alone
wiiboui any vowel and formed with
[he lips closed.

ng like ng in sing

Tliere is no b, d, g alone, j, q, v, x or z sounds in Cantonese. The nearest
approach to r is in the word for boot, which sounds very much like ker, as an
Englishman who scarcely pronounces bis r would sound it, not as a Scotchman
would pronounce it.

,^^ . O lC

INTRUDL'CTION.

The rest of the letters are pronounced as in English. The only difliculty
the learner will find will be in pronouncing them soft enough when unaspi-
rated (especially is this true with the letters (>, k andi), as we generally
pronounce those consonants in liiiglish, which are sometimes followed hy
aspirates in Chinese with sufficient force to render them aspirated, though
in some parts of England they are always pronounced unaspirated.

Be very careful about the distinction between the short a and the long a.
Men that have lived many years in China are often so oblivious of the living
pronunciation as not to notice that they are led away by the peculiar use of
this short a to represent a « — and in fact pronounce San Ning as spelled, and
not as Sun Ning, the correct sound. This is a most common mistake with
Europeans, and it is extremely disagreeable and pitiable to hear the
persistence with which they will adhere to this egregious mistake, for there is
no such sound in Chinese as "san" in sandy.

To correct such and similar tendencies a syllabary is here appended in
which, whenever possible to do so, the Chinese sounds have been represented
by sounds of the Knglish letters, or by words in English, etc., so that between
the list given above and this that follows the learner ought, especially with
the assistance of his teacher, to arrive at the correct pronunciation.

Let the learner remember that tliis is of great importance.

The sh in Cantonese is pronounced softer than in English.

SYLLABARY OP CANTONESE.

Thk Okthogkai-hv AUOcriiD i\ this Hook uKi'KtstMKu nv similar

SouNos IS English, etc., when slch Soinds exist, oh by combenatioss

of the letters of the English Alphabet.

Only the letters not bracketed are to lie imitated in sound, but with the
sound that they have when in union with those in brackets.

If blanks are left in the syllaliary it is in consequence of no equivalent
sounds appearing in English, or under such circumstances it is stated that
the sound is nearly, or somewhat like such and such a combination of English
letters. In such cases the former list and a careful imitation of the Chinese
voice onght to assist the beginner, especially with perseverance, to attain to
what at first may seem to him almost to necessitate an impossible contortion
of his vocal organs.

Even when tolerably sure of his pronunciation, the beginner will find it of
advantage to check it by this syllaliary, as mistakes at first generally result
in a tendency to a permanently vicious pronunciation, which, when once
fixed, will l>e very difficult to change.

"-T3nDgT

INTRODUCTION.

The unaspirated words the learner will notice, by listening to his teacher, are
pronoiinced much softer and without the explodent force which the aspirated words
have. The sounds of the consonants when unaspirated must be particularly
noticed. They sound much flatter than the English consonants, which are used to
represent the nearest approach to their sound. Remember that ch unaspirated
is much flatter than ch in English, aln)os( reaching ihe dj. but never actually that.
In order to draw pKirticular attention to this sound of some of the consonants the
aspirated ones are followed by an h in the English spelling in this syllalary, though
it must he remembered, as said before, that the aspiraled consonants often approach
nearer to the English sound of the consonants than ihe unaspirated ones in Chinese.
ch unaspirated sounds almost midway between the En^^lish sounds of dj and ih.

These are the only consonants and
followed by the aspirate.

There are in Cantonese 780 different s^
by a different spelling in English.

s of consonants which i

rllablesor words which a

A as ah'

A(rtiL(dle)

Af Its eye, or aye

Ak « Ux (bridRe) •

Ak as a(r)k.

Am « (h)mn

Chi as cha(rm)
Ch'i as cbha(rm)
Chal as chi(]d) .
Chil OS Cfai(na)
Ch'al as Chhi.
Ch'SI as Chhi(na)
Chak OS chuck.

Am«

a(r)m.

Anai

^|h)n(hf.!d)

Anna

(h)unK.

kr.K"

ahnf:.

Ap ,<s

'P

Ap,.s

h|alrlp

c

Ch'ak

as chhuck

Chik

OS chahk

Cb'ik

as chhahk

Cham

as chum

Ch'aiT

as chhum

Chim

« cha(r}m

Ch'in'

as chha(r)m

Au as a|h)(>o

Chan as chiin.

Ch'an as chhun
' Chin Ks chahn
I Ch'in HI chhahn.
' Chang as ch(h)unK '

ChinK 01 chahng.
! Ch'ing as chhahng.

* Like Uk, that is to say the s in the x not being sounded

I Not choong, but the word is pronounced as if the h of hung were changed into ch.

'TGt

5glc

INTRODIICTIOX.

Chap OS chup.
Chjp as chahp
Ch'ip as chhahp
Chat as chullnpyl.
Chii as chihi
Ch'itoschliahi

Ch'aii as chhow
Ch4ii fli cha(h)o«r
Ch'iu as chha(h)(K:
Che ru chefrry)
Che as chhejrry)
Chek as chrk
Ch'ek as chhek
Cheng as Cheng.
Chei as chhei
Ch( as cheese.
Ch'I as chhee(<ie)
Chik as chick.

Ch'ik oschhick
Cb<m as cheem
Ch*im 09 chheem
Chfn di cheen
Ch'in as chhecn
Ching as ching
Ch'inR as chhinR
Chfp Hi cheep.
Chft as cheat
Ch'fi lis chbee(iah|
Chfu as cheeoo

, Ch-fC

I Cho as chaw

I Ch'ooschhaw

< Chok as chalk

j Ch6kojCh(hlu(r)k *

I Ch'6kajChh(hlii(r)k *
Chong as chong
Ch'nng as chhring

Ch6og«Ch(h)u(r)iJg,-
Chang as Chhni)uMng '
Chu as chue.

Chii

s chhuf

Choii somtlhing hki chooee

Ch'oii xiHitthing liki chhoier

(.'huk semftliini- like chooL

Ch'uk somrlhine Itht chhook

Chunaichu(r)n

Ch'un «chhu(r)n.

Chun as chitne.

Ch'un as chhune, i-i»iih'irii(rt»r

of ch and Frrnih une
Chung lu choong
Ch'ung as chhoong
Chuiaich(h)u|T}t
Ch'ul stmiei.'hal likr chui(ney|,
but purse [he tips logelher
Chut as ChuM

Fi ,M Fadher)

Fii as rahl

■ Fong as (ong

FiUrfsfi(ne).

: Fan <u few

Fii as fooO).

Fat as fi(ilehly)

¥U as (ay

Fui as fooee

Fik as Fa(r)q(uhar)

Fik as fick(le)

Fuk as fook

Fan as fun.

Fing as flneier).

Fiin as loan.

Fin as fahn

Ffi as feet

Fung as fung

Fang as f(h).mg

Fo as fo(riune|

Fill as (661,

Haf as hi(de)
H4f as high.

\s huck|si«
u hafrfk

Him risha(r)[T
' Han as hun.
, Hinaihahn

o be pronounced like the German a

D,g,l,7ed;iV^nOOl^lC

INTRODUCTION.

Hang ui hunp

Hing 01 hing

Hon lis ho(r)n

Hing lis hahnE

Hip OS heep

Hong oj hong, ■

Hap as hup

Hil OS heal

Hong as he(rHiR

Hip<ijha(r)p.

H(u OS hew. «i

-heeoo

Hop iomflliiiic hdiiftH ho

(r)r

Hai «i hHt

Ho OS haw

and hut

Hail as how

Ho OS Ho!

Hoi OS ho(r)Hicu!lure

Hiu a, ha(h)Dw

Ho as he(ri

Hoii «foi/j hooee

He a$ hey

Hof OS (ship a]

Ihoy!

Huk OS hooh.

Hii as hay

Hok OS hnck

Hur OS huen

Him Its heem
Hfn <ts heen

K'S .IS kha

Kift as ka(h)ow

Ko OS co(r)e

Kai as kille)

K'4uoskha(h]o«-

K6 OS co(de).

Kaioikhille)

Ke 03 calre)

Koioscoy.

KSi«sc(r)y

K e OS cha(re)

KT.i.iskhoy.

K'5f njch(r)y

Kei OS kay.

Kok .IS cock

K>akask(h)uck.

K'ei OS khay

K'okoskhock.

Kdik OS kahk

Kek OS keck

Kom uj co(r|m

Kam US come

K'ck Ji kheck.

Kfin osco[r)n

K'am OS chome

K'em .IS k(h)em

Kong OS koRK

KimflsCa.r|in(el).

KenK as keng

K'cini; OS khoHK

Kan OS kun

K'eng as khenj;.

K6poscoir)p(sel

K-an OS khun

Kik as kick.

K,>loicou(r)l

Kin as khan

Kikoskhick

K(>knske(r)k.

KanKOsk(h)uiii;.

Kim OS kct^m

K'ok OS khe(r)k

K'anKoikhung

Kimoskheem.

Kong «s kii(r)nE

King as cangue

Km OS keen.

K'ong OS khu(r)nB

Kap us Clip

K'fn as kheen

Koii nearly likt knoi

K-ap as khup.

King as king

K'ou ntai-ly like kh<

Kiposca(r)p.

K'ing OS khing.

Kuk as cook.

Kat OS cut.

Kip as keep

K'uk as khook.

Kat lu khui

Kit OS keet

Kiinoskonf.'

Kit 05 ca(r)i

K'ilaskheel.

K'uno!kh««f

Kail as cow.

Kill as keeoo.

1 Kiing as koong.

" This has the sound of the French word a

db,Google

INTRODUCTION.

K'ung as khoong

Kul as kuel.

K'ulflikhu(ell.

Kwa Ji qua(lm)
I K-wi as qhuallm)

Kwal as kwiee
' K'wai <u khwiee

Kwjl 01 quj(elus)
I K'waf di khwai

; Kwik as kwahk

I Kwan «s kwun

I K'wan as khwun
Kwin as kwahn
Kwanf; as kwurg
KwitiK OS kwahng
K'wint; d] khvaXR
Kwalatkwut
K»ii <is kwahi
K^ve ai kweh
K'uiengns kliwenx-
Kwik OS quick
KwinRoikwinK

Kwo as kwoh
Kwok di hwt^
Kwong ru kwuDg.
K'wong as khwong
Kwii 01 kwou.
' K'wu as khwoo.

Laf Js(K)li(rte)
Li( uj lie
Lak <ii tuck
IJtk us ta{r)k
Lam 115 Lumlley)
Lim ;» l^hm
Lan as Lunjilyl
Lin as lahn
Ijuig us lung
Ling 1] lahng
Lap as lup.
lAp as lahp.
Lat as LHI(ton|

Uii «^ laht

Liii as la(h|oo.
U«ji(ih)e(re)

r*n|{ as leng
Likajlick.

Ling us linji

Lfp iJi leap

■ U.Jslit(re)

! Liii^ileeot.

Ij>ios(aliloy
I'Ok ds lock

Lom as [am

Ijjng as Ions

Lok ds le(r)

Long as le(r|ng

Loii soiatahal likt looee

Luk as look.

Lunasiea[r)n

Liinuil une.

Lung III lung

Lut as l(ti)u(r)..

Liil sninelhing hke looeet

M«m(a).

Mar as mahn

Me

MS ai ma

Mangusmung

Me

Mai as mifnel

Ming jsmahng

Me

MSi as my 1

Mat as mumer)

Mi

Mak lis muck.

Mil as maht

Mi

Mik us mahk

Mail Hi mow

1 Mi

Man rij mun(dane)

• ()nly gi

Miu as ma(h}ou
e ihe fainlesl ghost of

Mi

sound

othe

t Ad ope

full sound

lelddtel
Meng u! meiig

do,Google

INTRODUCTION.

Mi'u as mew

1 Mok <u mawb

Mun as moon

Mo at raaw.

] Mong«monK

MGAn ai mooon.

Mo ai roo(de)

; Murosmooee

Mimg 01 moong

Mom as mom

1 Milk di mock
N

Mat as moot

N« « nah.

Ngik « (si)og-ahlL

Ni.flr Nf usoih, nt

Naf imilue).

UgAta as {si)ng-am

N*i ai ney

Nif ti nigh

Ng*m as (si)ng-ahm

Nik 01 nick.

Nak ai niik

Ngan as (st)ng-un.

NIm as neem

Nam ai numb

Ngin « (3i)ng-ahn.

N(n as neen.

NSm as nahm

Ngang « (sOng-ung

Ning Ji ning

Nan as nun

Nging fls jsi}ng-ahnR

Nfp ai neap

Nin <ii nahn

Ngapfli(si)ng-up.

Nil ai neal.

Nang«..ung

Ngip « (9i)ng-abp

Ni& ai neeoo

Xap Oi nop

Ngal«s[si)ng-ut

No ai no(r)

Nip as nahp

Ngii«(si)nK-«l>i-

N5 as no

Nal ds nu(

, NgaQflj(sitng-(h)o«-.

No)ai(at.)noy.

Nil as naht.

NgSu « (si)ng-ahow

Nokoi knock.

Nau « now

1 Nge « (si)nK-(th)e(re)

Nong us nong

Niu M naaow

Ngi«(si)n(!-ef

N6ng Oi nu(rr)ng

Ne as Ne(d,

: Ngit -i (S'jng-eal

Noii somrii-hal liki i

Neng lu nenti.

Ngo4M*i)nR-awe

Nuk «j nook.

Ng ai (sijng

Ng6fli(si)ng-ohr

Nun a* nunc*

Nga«(si)nK-ah!

1 Ngo(os(3i)"B-(ah)oi.

Nung ai noong

Ngai as (9i)ng-i(dle)

' Ngok«(^i)ng-(s)ock.

Nm«inu(r,t(ure,.

Ngit IS (ai)ng-eye

Ngon as (8t)ng-(h)on(Kl

Ngak as (si)ng.uk

Ngnng as (Bi)ng-(h)oi.g

o

O HI awe.

Ok ai awk(ward)

On di o(r)n|amenl|

Oajoh!

Ok .1! euk.

Ong us (s)<.ng

Pi«pa
P'd ai pba

IS phL(n,
spLe

n phb

t'ak ai puck
Pik ai pa(r)k
e&k as pha(r)k

::yC00glc

INTRODUCTION.

Fanfljphun

Pang uj p(h|unK
P'ang us phiinn •

H'^ng Hi phahng;
I 'at as pul
l"al «s phul
I'it as paht

l"au as phnw
I'^iids pa(h)ow
P'iiij. pha(h(.H.
P'e as peh

Peng

-speng

P-«ng

as phenR

Pika

pick

P'iku

phick.

Pin a

peen.

P'in .s pheen.

Pine

spinK

P'inR

as phinj(.

Pit -IS

peal

Pft a

phea.

PlCins

peeo.1

Pf6 J

pheeoo

Pom as phom
Pong as ponK
P'ong as phoDR.
Pi>p marly as Pu|r)p
P'op aeiirly as phulrip

i'&i lis phooee

Piikflsphook

Pune as poonfi
Pung as phoong •

P'Al Its phoui

Puf rf

pay

Puk ds pau'k.
P'ok us phawk

Siaa

sahn.

Sang

11 sung

Sap«

Slip

Sip .11 salip

Sat 4

silt

Saiii

salit

Sai.«

sow.

Sjua

saou

Se<is

Se(itle)

Seng

iseng

Shi as Shah
Shaf as shi(ne|
Shif rii ahy
Shik »] sha(r)k
Sham dishum.
ShimdishaJim.
Shan as shun
Shin as shahn
Shang.(jsh(h)iiiiK
Shing as ^hahng
Shap as shup
Ship as sha|r)p

Shitdi shahi
ShaG lis shhou
ShSfi as sha(hj(«).
She as sL-heUlule)

Sheng as sheng
Shi as she.
Shik as shik

Shin

» shee

Shin as sheen

Shing as shing

Ship as sheep

Shit us sheei

Shili as sheeoo

Sho as Shaw

Sho as show

Shok lis shock

Shong a, shong

Sh6knishi(r)k.

Shong ds she|r)ng

Shiiaichii(lj

Shoii marly li/ii shooee.

■ That is to say pronounce li
e rest of (he letters as before

■.ol li. retaining Ihess

e pronunciation

r.g,i,7ed;iV^nOOglC

INTRODUCTION.

Shuk HI shook.
Shun as shune.
Shun ai shu(r|n
Sbung as shoong
Shut tfishi|r)i
Shut n/atly shuet
Sib as sick

55k d

*(r|k

Song as aong
SdnRtfjsjIrjng.
Soil marly likt soc
' Suk as 3ook

I Sung 111 soong

But as (con)ce(r)(
1 sot « suel ; prcKouiui Ibr mird

fuitkly and tim the fovtls

logtlhrr
I Si join s flnrf z and loimd

logelhtr, ttgiMniiig e-il/i a

simplt B and /-assiHg on /o llir
I soNiid n/ Ihi z

Tiatub
T'& as thah
Taf«u(dy)
Tal as Ihifrtj-t
Tif as lie
Til fli Ihie
Tak us luck
Tam as turn

Tim as lahm
T'im as thahm
Tan as tun
T'anajthun.
Tin IIS lahn
T'fin as ihahn
TargrtilonK(ue).
T'ang at tbongjue)
Tap as lup
T-ap as thup.
Tip as tahp
T'ipuJihahp.
Tatflilui.
Til as lahl
Tims thahi
Tauail(h)ow.
T'a& as thhow.

TCB^

:a(r).

j T«asi{h)ey.
Tengottenf!
T'«ng as Iheag.

Ti.c

IJ lih. D

Tin

s theen

Ting

« ling

T-ing

as thing

Tip a

leep

T(p

s Iheep.

Tfta

teel

T'(t«

stheel

Tib a

teeoo

T'Ifi

s theeoo

To as

to(«).

To a.

Tho(ret

T'ok as thalk.
Tok as le([)k
. TongajTong(a).
T'ong as Thong(a)
Taas.(h)u(r)
Tdng as tefOng.
tsi as tsah.
Tsal as isie
Ts-aJ as tshie
Ts'ii ai tshahi,

. Tsak as tsuk.
Twikflsishahk
Tsam as tsum.

: Ts'am ai tshum.

I Tsimos tsahm.

I Ts'im as tshahm.

' Ts'an as tsun.

' Tsin as Isahn.

', Ts'in at tshahn.

I Tsang as ts(h)ung.

) Ts'ang as Ishung.
Tsap as Isup.
Ts'ap as Ishup.

' Tsip as Isahp.
Tsatailsui.

! Ts'al as tshui.

-i^^iOOglc

INTRODUCTION.

Tsit as Isaht
Ts-at as tshahi
Tsau as M(b)ow
Ts'au HI (show.
Tm d] ts(<h)e(re)
Ts'e as Mh(lb|e(re)
Tseng as t3«ng.
Ts'eng at tsheng.
Tsik as (sik.
Ts'ik « ishik
Tsfm as iseem.
Ts-fra as tiheem .
Tain as tseen.
Ts'fn 01 tsheen
Tsing as tsing.
Ts'ing at tshing.
Ts(p «i tseep.
Ts'fp OS tsheep
Tsll as Iseel
Ts'fl as t sheet
Tsfu US tseeoo.

Ts'iu as (sheeoo
Tso (II (Mwe.
Ti'o as tshaue
Tsd as tto

Tsof m tsoy
Ts-o( as Ishoy
Tsok <u lia\ik
Ts'ok Di ishawk
Tsong di i&awng
Ts-ong aj ishawng
T*6ng as tsu(rr)nK
Ts'Ong a J lshu(rr)nK
TsOa iifaW_v JiA< [aooee
Ts'fiO ntarly Irki ishooee
Tsuk as tsook
Ts'uk m (shook
Tsunoi I9u(r)n.

Ts-u

u tBhu(r)n.

' TsQn It isooeeoe.
Ts'Qn w tsbooeene.

j Tsung «i tsoong,

Ts'ung as tahoong
, Tsui « ts|h)u(r)t
' Taut as tsooeel

Ts'Qt ai isbooeet

Tsz as isi

Tsznilshz

Tdu niiitly like looee.

T'ou ■ntr/y like tbooee
' Tu as too.

TtiVat look

T'uk m ihook

Tun as tujr)n,

T-un as lhu(i-)n.

Tun as luiu '

Tin as ihirn* •

Tung as loong.

T'ung as Ihoong.

Tdl ntatty like tooe«l

T'Qt Marfy like ihooeei.

Uk something betweeu uk asd

Wi as wah

Wat as wul

Wal as ^vei

Wii 41 wab.

W4f flj Wye,

We Jj we(ar)

W4k as wahk

Wi as »ee

Wan « one

Wik ai wick

Winai wahn

Wing «i win

Wang as wung.

Wfl as weet

Wingai wahng

Wo as walr)

Yi ai yah.

■ Yam « yum

Yaf as yi(dle)

■ Yan-syun.

Yik fli yahk.

YinR«iya(h

Wok as walk
Wong as wong.

Yap Its yup.
Yip lis yahp

Digitized ::ydOOglC

INTRODUCTION.

Yau as y(h)ow - Ying ai ying- Ybf as nearly yooee.

Ya& m ya(h)oo Yfp as yeep Yuk « ynok,

Veiuye(ar) . Yd oi yeet ' Yun « yu{r)o,*

Yf OS ye. Yfb at y«eoo. Yun as yuDC.

Yik Of yik. Y6k as yu(r)k, Yung as yoong.

Yfm as yeem. Yong oj yu(r)ag ' Yut as yueet,

YId as yeen. Yii as yue

* II is well oigh impossible to represent the dtfFerence between ihis d and n ; but it may be of
some assistance to know that the former is pronojncett ivith the lips open, while the lips require to
be pursed together in pronouncing the latter

~=^I^=~

do,Google

db,Google

TONIC

HARKS

AND

ABBREVIATIONS DSED IN THIS

BOOK,

[C ] ^ Classifier

'S. of p. 1] :- SiBti "(past lime

Lii. = Lilerally.

* Indicates that the tone the word in
languafte, and setierally that it is one of the

marked in is different from

the tone in the book

t Indicates that the pronunciation of the word as give'n-ln ih« liook
given to ii in the book language. • ._

is 'different from that

The figures al Che end of phrases and sentences de/icft« i^e-FmeJ Fitrtfde Which' is used in
the end ol the book

J. The upper e

„,„™,.h._t.T,

„ fC. ,.ln

' - The upper n

™.one.,h.±±

as -^ Sh6u.

' -; Theupperre

irin^. or receding ion

■ the ±^.as^h5u'.

J — The upper e

,.,i„.»..h. iA-ffi-',

( — The lower e\

„.„„..h=T;^.

s \. jyan

5 -- The lower rising tone, the 1^ Jl

as ^. ^ngo.

- The loiver re

iring. or receding ton

..h->T*,as:$JC.fa^

^.-- The middle e

n..ring.one..h. 1^ A -^ ft'-'.

- The lower entering tone, the "f^^. as ^ , yui.

THE VARIANT TONES.

-. The variant

o™o,.h.±^,o.

upper even, as ^ ^sun •

= . The variant

nn, n( ik. ±±. or

upper rising, as ^/sai-

^ r . The varianl

<.n.o„l,.±*.o.

upper retiring or receding, as

a, I.,,'-

= The variant

oneodh. XA-'-

upper entering tone, as ^.

shik^.*

„, = Thevarian

toneofthe^'A. o

middle entering tone, as J^

tlloi*

. = The variant

onoollh. "|;2p.or

lower entering tone, as ,yan.

I _-. The varUnt

one of the T^Jl. or

lower rising (one, as ■^. ^m

6,'

J -— The variant

one.nh,T>*.o.

lower retiring or receding ton

."K."'-

. =■ The variant tone of the p^. or

lower entering tone, as ^,

.bii.,-

'- The tone (or

■ft* and also (or *Hf

etcilpronoiincedasoneword

uyiV

nV^nOOglc

2 THE NUMERALS.

THE NUMERALS.

CmplktHi form.

Simf'U form. Running hand. \

. *

—

1

• K

~

II

> m

zr

in

< m

m

X

' 5 ^

I .

K

6 ''1^

*

-1,

' ■'■ ■ M , -b

JL.

s-.::etV:;-:;.: n

■J-

•' ■.;«:::»■.:;; :/..-; ^iL

^

■'"■■■*& ■■•■• i +

It

■■ ♦&«.»' *^#

+- " -+-

JF

" l&K-'-l^E

+— "' — '"h^

¥

.3 t&f,..«^&^

-J-= or j-=:

*

» «+&

=+. " n-'

iH-

■■ Rtfe*

-+-, " #-

Sp

" «t&K

=+=, " w-

1

30 g(^

H+, .. W»'

" it*

i+-. « »i^-

!!P

» '» ^»

*

"^ Sjfft* 1 A+01, ., Al!f0j'

^

»» at&g 1 ii-^*, •' AW^'

¥=

,0. ^^

-w

IS

1

■" «««fS«

-If-h-

^

'" R«

-^

ffi

30O ^^jj

HW

W

" ..«» ^ff

-=f

IT

30. .0.00. ^^

-K

i

31. 100,000 i^'Mi

+s

"■ — ««!!«' «S

-HH-'Wl

es

1. Note Ihese contracted forms for the tens are not used alone in colloquial, but precede 1

some oiher word. as. "Hf^^ ^Sa-i'- (oc u;- ) .I.-,,,.' thirty cash. When

nothing follows

thirty, _.-|- ^SAmilmf, should be used. All these contractions for lens when

sounded very

rapidly would be considered as one word. If one chooses to consider them as

might be called a falling tone and represented by one syllable, as above.

2. Or yatj shap, yal^. yat^ shap, yl^ etc.. very often.

Dgli/ed-iV^nOOglC

THE

NUMERALS.

3

THE

NUMERALS.

1 Yat,

; One

J Yii

1 Two.

3. jSdm,

Three

4. Si',

Four

5 -Ng

Five

6, Lukj.

Sii.

7 Tsat^

Seven

8. Pit^,

Eight.

9 ^Kau

Nine.

10 Shap, or }-atj shap.

Ten. or one (en.

n Shap, yatj. or yat^ shap, yat^

Ten one, or one len one.

12. Shap, yi-, or yat^ shap, yi-.

Ten (wo, or one ten two.

13, Shap, Sim. er yal shap, aditi

Ten three, or one len (hree

14. Yi^ ahap, 0/lt« abbrevUiltd to Ya^.

Two (ens, or twenty.

15 YfJshap, yatj .. Y4^ yat^.

Two tens one, ot twenty-one.

.6. Yi^shap, yi*- Va^l-

Two (ens (wo. 01 (wenty-two.

17, Sam shap,. ,, Si-i'-'

Three tens, ot thirty

:8. ^Sam shap, yalj, .. ^Sa-i-yat^

Three tens one. or ihirly-one.

19 Si' shap, „ Si'-a^

Four tens, or forty.

20. Ts'atjShap, *kau. „ Ts^at^-i^

kail

Seven lens nine, ot seventy-nine.

21 Pit^ shap, sz'. .. Pii^-4-sz

Eight (ens tour, or eighty-four.

12. 'Kau shap, luk, ,. ^Kau-i^ luk,

Nine (ens six. or ninety-six.

23. Yatjpik^'

One hundred.

24. Yat^pik^^lengtyat^.

One hundred and one.

25. Pik yat, or yal pSk yal

Hundred one ((en uadtrslood), or

one hundred

26. Yat pfik yai shap, yat

One hundred one ten one.

[one.

27 Yf- pik^.

Two hundred.

28. ^Sim pik^.

Three hundred.

ig. Yatj jts'fn.

30. Yal^mini.

One myriad.

31 Sbap, min-, or yat shap, min^.

Ten myriads, or one ten myriads.

3a. Pik^ min». oc yat^ pik^ mfin-.

One hundred myriads.

I. This is pronounced in two ways:
as, 111',- but when uttered more slowly

.vhen spoken rapidly as if it were only
I resolves itself into two as given abov

one syllable.

si nole

on opposite page

•iV^nOOglc

4 LESSON I.

LESSON I

—Domestic.

1. Bring a cup of lea

2. Serve dinner (^f «> »Krt().

i Call the house-coolie.

i

4- I want to bathe.

>&.

5 There is no water

n. Have you had rour rice ? Thanks, [ have

:^^Pgt^.P&Sft&.:^i»&.

7 No ; 1 have nol

1^^:^.

8 Is there any beef? There is no beef.

^4^^fjB'6.=fl'^^B&.

9 There is mutton

^^-^^.

The bread is sour

m^m9^.

1 Ah ! is it ?

mui^.

2 Uring some hot water

^mmi^m.

3 I don't vvani wine

nmmfm.

4 The cook hasn't come back yei

5 Is there any milk '

i?iir^-

b There is a little

«!»»"&,

7. Is it good?

»i>g«^.

8 It is not the very best, it is nol very good.

!>§«+*," M -».!§«««.

only middling.

19 Pu.il .here.

20 Those are fowls' eggs

i&m^&sw.

21. They are bad: they are spoilt.

l§»«5; «*«.

2J How is thai? It is verj- airange

23 Is Ihis good to eat = ll is Thanks

14 Are there anv fowls ? There are capons
and hens '

«!®fii«, mummmisit.

25. Wha^ is this ? Give me some

«*4«-fe,B-B6. ««4a#J.

26. Thank you. Is there any more '

^»«»5. «W«?6.

17. There is The cook has come.

««« ^S9«i«,

28 Who is he ? Does he smoke ?

tBIS-liA, tB*iK#.

29. I don'l know certainly. Probably he does.

©ttf^ans. ««*

JO. The boy hasgoneout to buy vegetables, ""''

»fftH«l«W.

31 Has he lioushl pork or vegelablts ?

1B«1H«RI,««9II.

32. He is a Chinese, and comes from Fai-»han.

ffiissA.PS«iiai*«t

r.g,i,7ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON I. 5

LESSON I.-DomeBtic.

jNing ^p6u (Chi (la(

Bring cup tea come

Kfu' °kvmn-Hm' (or tfm^') (lal

Get-up meal.a

^Ngo yfu' 'saf ^sban lok^. '

I want wash body ja

-M6 'shSu po' [shikj* lok^.

No water 60

Shjk.' fini ^m -tsang i'? .M-^kol lok°

Ate rice not yet eh ?i Beg-pardon,)>, eaten 31

(M,ts'angsliikj [The tone does not

Not yet eat.

change here"] [yuk, lok .

[No beef.Ji

-Yau (Ogau-yukj ^mo ^iii?a ^M6 jBgaii-

Have beef (lit o». or cow meat) not eh?M

£Vau;y6ng.yukji'.

Have mutton (lit sheep meat).'

Mfn^-^a ,san lok^.

Bread sour.3«

,0! Hai^^me?"

Ahl lisis-it'JB

"Ning ^ti" yft, 'shou jlaf.
SNgOjmoi'^tsaGa',

Bring some hot water come

I not want wine 1

Ts6^■J^h■u• m*(- jtsang ^«n jlaf i^

Cook not yet back come 1

Eyau 'ngau ^nil ^mo ^i !'

Have cows milk nol eh ?'

^Yati ^ti lok^.

Have little.31

*H6,m'h6V?

Good not good eh ?>

jM hai- shap, ^fan {of chi') 'ho ; ^m hai*

Not is ten parts {or very) good {or besi); not is

'k*i '■hit : ' Chung- chung-t*i'* chek^.
^Chai {or fong^ tso(') 'ko shu' lok^.

'9

Place (or place on) that place.3i

lO

Ko'-^a ha^ jkaf-tio'- i'

Those are fowls' eggs.i

11

(M^holok^: haf^chau'ke'

Not good ;n are stinking. >1

li

'Tim 'kif ni ?' 'H6 chul^-jkei ke^ lok

How explain eh >m Very extraordinary, is Ji

'i

'H6shik/inii? 'Hoshikj^a'. jM^kolil

Good eat isn'i-it ?ii Good eat.i Not proper.)

^4

^Yau k^ {or ^kaf) -m6'^ni?'"Waiiafn'-

Have fowls not eh?S3 Have capons, have

^kaf K^kal),-yau jka( [Nochangem

hens 31

tone here]--ni*lok^. [ li,»

'5

^Ni-^ti hai- ^miJ-^ye ^ni?" 'Pei /t 'ngo

This is what-lhinft eh ?33 Give some me >.

26

^To tse^ ^nei lok^ Chimg^ 5yau ^mo^ni ?i

Many thanks lo-you » More have no eh ?S3

'7

Chungi V" 0" 'F'>-;''aii' c'»' ^°^o

Besides have some Cook conie.3>

i8

^K6u hal^ ^mijyan'- ^K'sii shikj-^y(n

He is what man ? He smokes eh ?»

19

,M ^chl-iakj ahaij lok^ Pi' ha^ ^-m,.

Not know certainly.31 Fear (it) is (that he) does.

30

"Sz^Xsaf ch'ut^ ^kif K^kSf) ^mii sm.g' i'.

Boy gone'OUt street buy viands t

31

Sk-6u hai- -mil ^chu-yuk,. pii* ts-of* ^ni ?i

He has bought pork, or vegetables eh Hi

3J

%'6a haf^ cT'ong ,yan. 'hai Fat,.^shio

He is Tong man (i.<. Chinese) ; from Fal-shao

jla( ke'-"

come.-s

1 This word U uniformly spelled 1 in this book, but it must be Temerobered that it is often

P

'onounc«lias%«e11.

3, These finals are in either the _t^ or variant of that tone, the highest tone of all.

ac

«>rding to the sense or meaning to be conveyed, or emphasis shown.

3. This is a very common contraction of ^ mat^. in colloquial.

nV^nOOglc

6

LESSON 11.

LESSON Il.-aeneral.

,

Come here Why dont you come ?

t-k-ta^fiK.

J

Who has come ? Who is i( ?

'n\i»«mmil.

3

No one has come

4

Who is thai '

«.'

5

1 don't know How should I Itnow ? ;;man

SttW.

7.

He is not a good man He is a verj' bad

Tell him to go away

?f.1E«S»0Ai«.

8

He hasRone. He went Ion); ago

iM*«i«;*«ffli«,

9-

Close the door, don't fasten it

lO.

Open (he door. Why did you lock it ?
Tell the Amah to come to me.

«.

.1.

Come 'luickly : the quicker the better

m.

'i

Where's the cuohe ; has he come ?

•'

Come lo- morrow, or the day after

modern

'J

There is only a ver>' little

l6.

Us good is it ? He says so

>7

What does he say ? Tell me

leWi*

l8

Hesayshedoesn'lwishlocome ^viihme.

■9

Explain 10 him ihai he must certainly ro

?!!«*•

20

How many persons are there, old and

A?6,

"

More than len. [young ?

22,

Aliotteiher ihere are si»iy men

p*»i^W7^-tAi«.

23

Are there any children ?

^as^fffinE,

J4

There is a boy

■fJ-|H(.''ffiM)ffl«,

=5-

Is that a boy, or a girl ?

mwmmi^«i.

26

He is in my employ

1Bi»«£+rx«,

17.

Who is your master ?

mm»i»msm.

i8.

Heisanativeof iheplace.lhalisaCantcinese

fi«**ftA,B|l««Ai«

19.

He is not a (ellow-villager of yours.

nmam^mmm.

30

Where does he live ?

»«»£«%,

31

A long way from here

mm.&m^m.fs.

3».

Do you go by land, or by water ?

+lK*W»«*i5g.

I. Or as in No 2.

' flS B (''"s ^"'j ''"y "'"'" ^^ ""^

ans any indefinite time in the future

Dgi,,.ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON II.

LESSON Il.-Oeneral.

li shu i . Ts6--n)at, -n^i ,m ,

Mi .yan'^Ut i?»

-M6 jyan ,"lal ^i." .

or 'Md' pfn ko

Mi-shaa* 4?» P(n
*r simply -Mft ,yan 4.1

.' 4 2

5 ,M jChf i' ^Ngo 'tim ^ehi i' ?

-K'6u haji ^m 'h6 ;yan i' -K'6u hal
Kfu^ -koG 'ch-e lok . ['h6 ok (yan k4
-K-Su hfiu'-'cho lok^. H6u^ '^6 nol
'Vfni (mil (inun, -ma( 9h4n 4 J [lok
Hof,mfin4'. Tsd^-mal ^n^f'so ni ?>
Kli^ A*-'M4(lalkin'-nRO li i

F4f'-^ti (lai : yiitj fif' yut, 'ho lok_
Kwim i(m • nia; (la( mcl- (Is'ang i'?
jT-ing [belter ^T'ingJ-yat, ,lai ^1i," haii^-
yalj jlaf ^l6 'hd ^S.i (oc ti Iso- lak
-Yau 'shfu 'shiii ^che.a [ is)

'H6 14'5mi? -K-6u hai^ 'kom «4i.
^K-6u wi^ mi-yi-' 'Kong kuV ^ngo
jt'engt (14.!
. -K'oQ vij? (in 'sdng ^lal lok
. 'Kil (ininK kwo' -k'ou (lengt shi^-pftj
yfu (t'ung -ngo hbu
(M lun- lii- sai' -yau 'kef (to.yan ' ni ?>
-Yau shap, 'kSf ko'. or -yaii shap, ,lengt

ko' lok , 01 shap, ko' -yau lo,
H4m--p4ng-i-l4ng- -yau luk^-shap, (yan
lok^. ' [-miniPi

-Yau »a(' (or more ojlin sam)- man- laaf-
-Yau ko' {or yatj ko') 'isaJ lok^.
'Ko ko' hafi 'tsaf, p*[- <n6ii* ni ?2
-K'dii 'haf ^ngo shu' 'ti- kung ke'.
Pin ko' hafi -nil si^-.i-au* ^ni H
-K'fiii haf^ 'pun teP ,yan, taik^ ha('
-aheng't [yan loli " [te.'

-K'ou (Oi ha(- (t'ung -nif jl'ung hbng-
-K'6u ^haf ^p(n sha' chu- ^ni U
(L£i ni shii -yaii ho -yiin lok
Ti 16^ hoii', pel- tip (Shiin hou' ni ?a

Come this plac«.> Why yoo not come eh ?)3

[eh?.
What man come eh ?i Who eh ?i Which one
No man come,' or no man,' or no which [C] ■

That [C] ia *hal man eh ?1J
Not know. I I how know eh H [man.M

He is not good man.i He is very wicked
Tell him lo-be-off 3«

He gone [s of p, t.] .i' Gone very long J'
Close (o door, don't fasten il.'
Open door. a Why you lock eh ?J3
Call Amah [ this also means grandmother if in
lower even lone.asA' ,m4] comeseeme."
Quickly come: still (|uickef still better. la

House (or shop) coolie eh;53 c<
To-morrow come." Day-after-
also good.i (or also do can
Have lillle little only. 7
Good ?"3 3J He does so say.
He says what thing ? Tell

He says not wish como.ji

Explain clearly lo him to-heai

:r (whether) big small have how many

n odd [C.]. or have ten plus [C],3a
^n [C] have more.

Have children i

n eh ?»

Have[C.] (orone[C.])boy.ia

That [C] ia boy, or girl eh P53

He at my place works •)

Which [C] is your master eh Hi

He is native soil man, that is city man.3i

He nol is with you together villager. is
He at what place lives eh ?53
Separated- from this place have very far. 31
By road go, or on ship go eh }ii

This word is pronounced /li- when spoken rapidly.

These hnals may be either in the J^^ '"' '" '*** "

imple, the sentence may bi Tso^ mat^ -n*( jm (lai ^ni ?

!. higher than the h^j
il -njl ^m (laf ni? accord-

=iV^n00gle

8 LESSON in.

LESSON III.— General.

I ^Vhal o'clock is it ?

mmmi.

2 O ! it's hair-past ten.

I«.+I»*l«,

3 Come back at four o'clock

^l^^-fm

4 Tell him lo wait Wait

5 Come by-and-bye.

#»F®,

6 He s»ys you must wail

mmv!m<^^.

7 When are yon going oui ?

««ii#tti««.

8. It's very hot to-day

B^H«««iiiI

9

tis not very hot

It was rather hoi yesterday a.s «ell

■'

To-day is hotter ihan yesterday

4-BWA^Q«k.

tl

Neit month will be cold.

«:=fflH(«)l^«.

'3

To-mortow is ihe end of the month

mnnmsk

M

ll was very cold laat night

iif*s«iFie-m

13

Is (hia a long, or short month ?

i^mn-kmnA^

i6

There was a typhoon some days ago

*«B+rMH,

'7

Is there any wind now ?

•]«,

i8

It's rtiining now. It's only a stiRht shower.

iMm»v»,

19

Bring me an umbrella There is no need

teftia^.

lO

1 1 rains heavily in summer (oi- hoi wealher)

i«lr

21

I want to go out in ihe afternoon [chair.

i«.

22

Call the coolies to come and carry the

'«*)«««.

ti

Are there any horses here ?

14

I ihink Ihey are not panicularly good I
fancy they are pretty good.

3S

The sun Is intensely hot (o-day There
are no clouds biding it.

«SB4-F)4Fi£,frS«tti«.

26

Il's too hoi I dare nol go out in (he day-

«fSiBH,aBsIiS«»7tt.

!7

Call some one lo pull the punkah. [lime.

^Kmjst-mmM.m.

28

You needn't pull il. You have no strength.

mmwM.^^^-nn.

29

It's only a trifling matter. lis no matter

M*lffi.fl«^i*.

30

Im afraid I shall calch cold I feel very
cold.

a«»e-si!r,«fi«fi^w.

31

I am in a perspiration. It's very hard
work lo lake a walk when ii is so hot.

tH?F.|ft,iiH«fi«ti»*Wft,

32 The chmaie does not suit me

i«m*±e-&«i*.

r.g,i,7ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON

III. 9

LESSON

III.-G6n6ral.

,.

'Kel Sim Chung ^ni ? I

What BtrokB clock, ah ^33

^■

jO, shap, Sim piin' lok^ i

Ab ! Ten stroke half jJ

3

Sz' Slm'^Kn .Ui ,li 2 [^W) ,li. 2

Four o'clock back come it

4

Kiii'SfouSang^h* 'Tangyal^ ^hi (or

Tell him wait little Wail a little 21

S-

*Tang^h4(or^hi),Ia(

Wait a-bit come.

6.

^Kou «si ^nel yiii' 'tang i^

He says you must wait 2

7-

£n« 'kei-jshi* ch-utj ^kii (or kail ^ni ? 2

You what-time go-out street eh 7s3

8.

^Kam-ya./h6y«,o^

To-day very hoi. 56

9-

,M hrtji shapj Jan yil, ki'

Not is ten parts hot. 'l

lO.

Tsokj-yatj ^16 hai^ 'kel yfi^ ^i i

Yesterday also was somewhat hot 1

II.

jKam-yat, ^0/"* frenBamid mat ^1 yitj k*o'

To-day hotter than yesterday 32

lsok,-yat,{orjlsam-mat,| lok^. "

12

Taii.yAo' yut,(hai'-)*^14ng lo'.

Next (or another) [C ]monlh (will be) cold 31

'3-

^T-ing (or^T'ingj.yalj yiil^ Wi la'.

Tomorrow month end a*

M

Tsok, (ofttti fronoMntid jis'am) -min
^cban ching' ^ling lo'. "

Last night truly really cold 31

'5

,Ni-ko' yiit, lii-.ptli yulj *s[u ^ni ? 2

This month large, or month small, eh ?53

16.

^Sln (or _^Sjn) 'kei yal, \l Juns-kau^,

Itefore (or a number ol days ago) several days,

I?

,\i.\.k VaCi Jung Vo ^ni '2 r^che2

Now have wind not, eh ?S3 [strike typhoon

i8.

jNichan>"lokjiyulo', Lok, ^ii ^mef

This-time (all rain.31 Fall rain 6ne only.?

19

^Ning'pi^cheVi-ngo (M Shaf^i'

Bring (C.) umbrella give me Not need. 2

20.

Jfn yft, lok, ti|i £yii l„k^" ^|,ijj.

Weather hot (alls great rain.3*

21.

^Ngo hi^-chau'yfu'ch-m^ Jii (ur better

I afternoon want-fo go-out street, [carry chair

2i.

Kiu\folkfu'''l6(orkfu'* Ju) ^lal ,Col

Call carry chair fellows (or chair bearers) come

=3

Ni shu' -yau -""i -mo^ni ? z ' l,i"u>«

This place have horse not. eh ?;3

^4.

^Ngo 'kwu jffl oto 'ho kwS'. Ti.'^kei

I think not very good probably. 18 Also pretty

'ho kwi'r [^«an ^che-chi^ lok ,

good 1-think.tS

»5

Yitj-jt-au* ^kamyat'j 'booming ^Md

Sun to-day very fierce No clouds hide 31

i6.

Yiij kwo^'-,tau -ORo yat,-jia6* (in 'k6m

'(hingt ^k*i(Dr^kii,. [shfn'i'.

Hot overmuch 1 daytitne not dare walk streets.

*7-

Kifi' ,yan Jai (or ^maitgi 'ch'e, Jung.

Call man come pull punkah.j

2S.

Smi^mShai 'che^i. 2. ^Nef ^md lik, ^i. 2

You not need pull.t You no strength. 1

*9.

jHin »i- che 2 ; -mo song- kun lok .

30

^Ngo Jong ^ling ^i»an i' ^Ngo^kin'
'ho Sing i'.

I fear cold catch.i I feel very cold.2

3'

Chuij-hon- lok^ K6m' yfi, (hingt ^kii

Perspire.32 So hot walk streets feel very dia-

(or better ^ki() kin' 'h6 ^s^-'fu lok^.

tresring.32

3'-

^Ni shii' 'sh6u 'fo ^m hop, -ngo '"'-

This place water soil not agrae me- 32

\ is scarcely heard.

3 See note lo Lessons I and II.

3. The verb may. or may not be used, and

nV^nOOglc

lO LESSON IV.

LESSON IV.-General.

1 What is this > ' 1

2 This is bulter

J Is there any fruil r

4 There are only t«<. kinuls

5. Are ihere noi several kinds •

6. No: there are plantains nnd (linf a|i[>!es

7. Are there no other Vinds ?

S There are no other kinds

9 Bring a light. I'll trouble you for a li^ht
(for my ^igjr or t,/^).

»^%e»f!fitiS8^a,

to Where did this letter come from ?

II From the Tak-kee honR

II Is there any answer ?

,3 There is no answer.

14 Bring me a chair

ij I'ut it on the table

16 Nonsense ! Why are you so silly ■

mm:

17 1 am only jesting Do you think it

K

18. Bring me a pen and ink, [strange ?

19. I think there is a pencil up stairs.

io Is there anyone down stairs f Go down

ff.

*i. This bouse has seven rooms. [and see

12 Has it a garden ? Where is the gardener?

e>

23 It has a small garden

24 Where is your master ' Jl« is out
23 How long has he been gone ?

26 When ivill he be lack '

27- He didn't say.

iH Is your mistress at home "'

29. She is not here, she vient om with my
30 (Jo with me to And him 1 can't go.

31. I can't. I'm busy. 1 ha>'e no time

32. Come again to-night Don't come so late.

}fa*aiEi*j.ai>§*si(i.

1 The first of these sentences is what
would »ay.

woman would say , the second, what a maD

I The second is a more polite form, though the first is most commonly used

Dgl,,.ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON IV.— aeneral.

Ni. 11 ha^ mi -ye ^ni ? *
Ni- li hai- (Dgau-^yau po .

-Yau -long yong- che. "

jM haj- -yau kei yong- me ? '

-M6, -3-aG tsli'. -yau po- (l<i'
-Mo taf^-yi- yong* me ? ''
-Mo tai^-yl^ y6ns' 'ok . ["nKo.

jNiDK 'fo <lai (M-jkoi -niff ise' ko' 'fo
Ni funji-sun' ^hai p'.n shii' ,lai ^ni ? '
^Hal TaLj-kei' Jnnag' ,1ai ke*'
5VaU(Wui-jyam-mr>i^-
-M6 ,wu'.- yam lo

i This is

Chaitso:-jfoimin'*li>r.foi t'KArin/mfn' )
Ta'oi! Tso^-mat -nel 16m' ^ahfia ^i ? »
Ta'a: ! 'ching ^sheng' ko'- li 9h6S y6nji'."
^Ngo *kons siu' wi'* che*, -Nii kin'
kwil' ^me = 2
King paij, mak, jiai 'pii -ns[o ^li •
Lau-shon;;- (or -lau*) -yaii chl pat kwi .

^IJlu-hS- -yali

,y«l i

no ni

Lok,

hou'

^■ai ^hi.

N'ijkinukjS

au is'a

^kin

f<ms-

'

'Yau ^fi-.yiiii'

imo

ni? «

Fi („,

li)

jWonR 'haf

pfn»h

o'?

£yau ko' saf' «--y(in

i'.

S^Vao-^ni?

Ch'ui

^ktf lo

t

ni?"

-K 6u ch-ul^ ^kSi lor^

ii) 5ya

j 'kef noi' •

'K*(j3hl* fan

,la( n
wAi^k

?^

-K'duvaii^^ma

'.""•

^fin.la

po'

(or 'mo wi

-

JNou.«i-.tau

HI- teller -no

-jlunR

^ka)

s what Ihing. eh ? *»
This is butlar (/;(. cow's oil) •"
Have (mil noi, eh? '
Have (wo kinds only. '
Noi is have several kinds, is-il-nol ? " or Is it

noi lha( there are several kinds?
No, have plantains, have pineapples
No second kind, eh ? "•

No second kind. " [m=-

Bring 6re come Trouble you lend a liRht to-
This [C ] ieller from what place come, eh ' "*
From Tak-k*i hong come. ■■''
' Have answer not, eh ? '
1 No answer ™'

Brins [C 1 chair give me.

Place on laUe face

Nonsense ! Why you so silly, eh ? ■

Nonsense! Make complete thatsilly style !

I speak laughing words only.* You perceive

strange, eh?*'
Bring pencil, ink come give me. "
Upstairs have [C] pencil l-think.**
Downstairs have man not, eh ? Down go see

a-bit.
This [C] house has seven [C ] rooms."
Have flower-garden not, eh ?"* Flower king ai

what place ?
Have a small flower-garden."
Master, eh ?5J Gone-out street, 3>
He go-oul street have how long, eh ?'"
What time back come, eh ?"»
He even noi say what time back come <» (nr

hai shu', ,m 'haf shu', ni ?"
<M Vfahu'Jk'oujl'ung lung kS ch'u
^kii ("f ^Wl) 1ok"_, '
Mi -ngo hou wan -k'cii Id' -Nyo (i

h6u' lak^ ^i,
jM lakes' SYausz^^i ^M tak^-jhan ^i,
"Kam- min-yau-(lai ^li.' -Maikom'yi
jlai i'

I, It is better to keep lo ihe original tor

say).

It place, eh hi

Not at place ; she with master go-out slroet '»

Wiih me go find (or look for) him." I not go

' Not can,' Have business ' Not have leisure,'
; To-night again come.*' Don't so late come '

-i^^ioogle

LESSON V.-Oeneral.

What docs he say ? [hard up for money
He Miys he has no monejv He says he is
Did he say ihai ? Give him some
Can you read ?

I can't read Neither can 1 write
Ask the teacher to come.

(To OH inftTiei)

My surname is Wong.

Can you speak Chinese ?

I cut. Wh«l's your n«me >

My name is A-Luk.

He is an Englishman

You are a native of the place.

He is an American.

How many Chinese are there ?

Do you like this ?

Do you like being here }

I do. It would be well to be here alwa\'s.

Tell him lo go back He cannot come

Swze that man. Ifyou don't, he will run aff.

What has he been doing ? or What does

He ia a thief. [he do >

What has he stolen ? Is it of value P

He has not stolen anything yet.

Has he struck anybody ? What did he

strike with >
With his hand ; he is avery dangerous man.
He wanted to snatch that pair of bracelets.
. Take him to prison, [rattan.

Aiterwards give him twenty blows with a
Only let him go when he has been beaten.

He ought to be sentenced to two weeks'

imprisonment.

*9f>

;t character, but the first represents the ci

D,g,l,7ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON V.-Oeneral.

-K'6n wi* mi -ye ni ?'

-H6 .Dgan* wo^. ^Ngan- Idng kan wo-.

'KSuhai' k6in wi- me?* I'el ti 'k'ou

'J

Li'im I

^X«Uhil< tsz

(M shik lo'. 'Ngo yaSi'

^Taengf ^Slo-^shingf ^laf" Ji * I

K6 sing k } -Ne( sing' mat ni >
Sfu sing' (Wong, or Sing^ (Wong

-Hii -wuf 'kongjT-ong »4.'* (in -wui ni?*

-WW j4:» ^nef kfu^ (tso^) mai .meng'f j
("'?• [kfi' tsdi A'-Lukj-

-Ngo-meng't k(u'(ls6-)A^Luk,, or -Ngo

-K'6ii hafJ ^Ying kwok ,)ar i',

%« hai- 'punUf^ jyanlok

^Kofl haf^ 5m« Kwok ,yan, or Fi .kci*
(0r ordinary' tone) ^yan

-Yaii 'k*i to (T'ong-^yan i' ?

-N« ^chung-y? ni-__^t'i ^m ^chungyl' i' ?

^Nef chung-yl'
yf'^nif.

<h.

<"'

shii

,m ^chung-

^Chung-y(%i»

Shf

,3h(

'hai shu' to

Iioii

]a'

-

[tak^ ,la(.
K'oii jm ts6'-

J^'ko-ko' _,yan(«

'?>■

n*i

1i %Mhal*.

'k'fiii tsaui

isau

lok

^K'6ii tsfi- ^mi-^
^K-6u iBO-ts'ik

ye,

lok

?"

^K

[lok^,)
ouhal^ts'ik.

SKou t-aii^mi

V.

ni?

Haf^chik) .isfn-

ke, ,mchik

ni

a

jM-,t"sang fail- 16 -ye i'.

^au '(4 jyan.-m6 ^ni ?' Hai- Shaf mat,

-ye^laf Si ni? [ke'.

'Shaf 'shau lok^. -Kou 'ho shai'- hung
-K'6u 's6ng 'is'5ng ko' tofi' ik* lok .
jL4i ^k'6u hofi' -t'sot kirn U.
H*(i--(loI 't*-k'6fi yi--shap,.tang •
*Ti 'cho [s. of p. 1] chi' ^h6fong'-k-6ii

ch'ut has' lok . [pS(^ ^kim i.'

Ying. kof pin--k'6ii-tsot 'long ko' -laJ
*Kiiig-ki(' ^kou -mai chai' kwo'. {or -maf

tso(' chaj'). Yokj haf^ isol^ chaf,'

tsau- (ki -ch'ungi ^yfrn pin" lok.^^

He *ayi what thing, eh ? *■
Nomoneyhe-uyi.*' Money prBBsiDghe-sky«.*'
He did so say. eh "• Give some him,*"

You know characters not know, eh ?'
Not know. *> 1 besides not ondentand to-wrile
Invite Teacher come.i> [chartKler moreover.
Eialled sumame.eh ?'Your surname what. eh?"
Diminutive surname Wong, or Surname Wong.
You can speak Chinese words, not can, eh?"
Can ;> you called (to-be) what name, eh ? »»

My nameis-calledA-Luk.arlam-cBlledA-Lnk,

He is English nation man.'

You are native soil man."

He is .American i-ounlry man. or Flowery Flag

Have how many Chinese, eh ?'

You like this, not-like, eh ?'

You like being-ai this place, not like, eh?"

n (this) place also good*

Call bim back go ''■

If not, he will-jnsi n

He does what thing, eh ?>

He is thief ■■*

He steal what thing, eh ?*" Is worth money, ''

Not-yel stolen anything. °

Have strike man, not. eh ?*^ Have use what

thing in -order-to strike, eh ?>*
Use hands.** He very violent.']
He wished snatch that pair bracelets. »
Pult him away ail prison."
Afterwards beat him twenty rattans.
Beat finished only good loose him out go,"

Ought sentenced him sit two [C] weeks prison.'
Warn him not do again {or not again do). If does
again do, then add heavily severely
punish,^'

n g li,-ed

:i^^iOOglc

14 LESSON VI.

LESSON VI.-

Relationships.

1 Who are you'

1 He it my father.

3 Have you a motlier ?

4. When did you marry ?

3. More than ten yean ago

6. Have you any children ?

7 I have several daughters, but no sons

S How old is the eldest >

,

9 She is bemeen len and twenty

Is she married ?

I How many brothers have you '

2 One elder brother, one younger.

3 Have you any sisters?

4 1 have one elder sister and one younger

5 Are you married ?

6. Not yet.

J I cannot say certainly when I shell matry

8 My wife is in the house

9. Oh 1 you will get married next year

10. Why is your child cryinn '

21 He is hungry I'erhaps he is ihirsly as well

22. Give him something 10 eai, and 10 drink

23 Call the nurse to carry him ( io *ilh him

for a walk.

24 He is unwilling to come. Never mind

whether he is willing or noi
35, She has no husband : she is a widow

her

ij This is my nephew.
28 Is he a native of the place ?
ag. Why does he come here '
30 He hascome to buy things (or his grand-
father.

fE«*HfeAoilS«.

31 . When ia he going back '' Do you know ?
31. In two or three days with his cousin.

HMB^«Jl«l*li.

r.g,l,7ed=iV^nOOglC

LESSON VI.

LESSON VI.— Relationships.

-Nc( hai- mi jyan" ni "
-K'6u haP -ngo -lo-laii- lok^
-N*i -yau -!6.'md' -mo ni?' tj"'?'

^Nei 'kei • jihC ts'ou' (or ts'6u^')-jl9'an
Shapj 'kef ,nin. or shap, juin -yau ^lo lo
•Yaii Ssai ^nou* {or -n6ii).-m6 i' ?
-yaii 'kii^o' <ii6u*(i)f-n6u|, -m6 'isai.
;'kci Hi'' (ni?«
Chi'-tii- lor chl'-tii- ko', or ke*) ")au
Knm ^nfn -yai'i shap, 'kef s6u'.
K4'-'cho(orki^*) ^m (ts'ang ^4 ? i Ch'ut^

jmun mel^ ^ni ? 2
-Net -yau 'kef ^to ^hing-taf^^ni? i
Yatj ko' tSfi-'lo. yatj ko' sai' 'l.>
-Yau *tsE-m6u- -mo ni ? i [k'-miii-).

Yal, ko' A'-^lse, yat ko' A'-mui'' {or
-mi ts'ou'* (or Isou'J 'lo-(po mef^

ISMg,

•lok

Met' ^ts'ang. {or ^m jts'ang, or ^mengi)
^gojm wi^iak ting- 'kef jshi* ts'ou^"
(<.;u'6u>),W-an, . ['k'ef,

"Ngo -nou -yan* [or no(^.,yan) 'haJ uk>-
-Nefch'utj(nfnts'6u^*(orls-6a')(u/(fn/ro-

Tsir-mat 'n^f ko' saf'' man-'tsaf him'
-K'oQ -rd-ngo^ lo'. Wikj-'clie yaii- hai-
kengt-hot I'lm f lo.

I'ef -ye -k'ou ahik, I'ei-ye-k'oii yam
Kill* ^nif- mfi jiaf -p'o -k'oii. Hou'^i'ung

^k'ou jhingtjkii (w^kif).
-Kiiii ,m^hang Jai jVI 'ta-'lci -kou

'hang ^m 'hang
■K'oii -mil 'l6- kung (or jnim -yan") ke';

'k'oii hai- kwi--m6-.p*o.*

i, but tht other it bttlcr) (I'ang -k'oii

i.».-, :

) baf- -ngo chat, i. i

-K'oii haf- pun-Ui--(yao ,m hai- ni ? 2
SK'oO tso^-malj jlaf ^ni shii' ^ni ? x
^K'ofljlai (t'ung A'- kung ^mii -ye,
SK'oil \iifbi* jfin hoii' ^ni ? ^ntt ^chi
m chi i ? {ary lose) f±nh6ii lo .
Sim -long yat, <t'ung 'pfii hing {or ordin-

You are wbal man, eh '53

He ii my lather. 39

You have mother, not. eh ?33

You what time marry, eh ?53

Ten odd years, or ten yearahava morc.ji

Have sons daughters, not, eh ?»

Have several [C] daughters, no sons.

[eh?33
(irealesi (or greatest C, or one) have how big
This year have ten odd years.
Married, not yet. eh >i Gone-out-of dix>ts, not-

yet, eh?53
You have how many brothers, eh ?S3 [brother.
One [C ] elder brother, one [C ] younger
Have sisten, not. eh ?]3

One [C] elder'Sister, one [C.] younger-sister.
You married wife, not yet, eh ?53

Not yet (or not yet or not-yet) married. 39
I not say can certain what lime marry.

My wife {HI. woman, or person withio) in house.
You coming year marry wife. 21

Why your [C] child cries. eh?53.

He hungry. 31 Perhapsalso is thirsty besides.

(live things him eat. Give thing him drink. 30.
Call nurse come carry him. Gowiih him walk

She no husband {or

One [C] grandso

Not mind he willing, not

nan) ij ; she is widow

Lher live
ne[C J granddaughter with

This is my nephew. i
He is native, not is. eh ?33
He why comes this place, eh ^33
He comes (or grandfather buy things.
He what time back go, eh ^33 You know, not
know, eh ?i [backgo.ji

Three two days with cousin {o/ difirail suniami)

e form than il

;i Google

l6

LESSON VII.

LESSON VII.— Opposites.

,

This man is ver>- tall and large

1.

I am shorter than he

3-
4

Thai cow is fat.

This sheep is thin

i

This siring is loo long.

6.
8

The thread is too short ii is not enough
This is a very large house [on it.
The road is so narrow you cannot walk

9-

This chair is strong

;

This table is very shaky.
He is very strong
I am weaker than lie

s

This table-cloth is wet

Dry il in the sun. and bring it back

This rock is very hard

6.

7

You must boil this meal till it is s(.(t.

Your hands are dirty [clean
It would be best for you to wash them

••«<«

9

I want hot wa:er

zo

Idonot want cold water

21

The sea is i-ery deep. Hoiv deep is it ?

fer.

22

Rivers are more shallow than seas.

ti

It is very far by water

24'

Itylandit is not as far by half

15

j6

These coolie oranges are loo unripe.

2?
28.
19
J"
3'-
J2

I don't want those eggs boiled so hard

I want to eat the oysters raw

There are a great niany water-buffaloes.

He is a very clever man
You are very stupid

mm A.

I This word may

ht omitted or nol

Dgi,,.ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON vn. 17

LESSON VII.-OppoBites.

,

Ni-ko' (yan Sfl ^ko tij- po^

This [C ] man very tall laige.^

2.

'Ngo 'af kwo' -k'6u lok^.

I shorter than he."

3.

■^Ko* chek^ jngau jfei

That [C] cowfet

4.

^Ni chek^^ jmlo-yong' shaii'.

This [C] sheep thin

5

^Ni jlfu .shjng* (Ch'6i,g-kwo"-jla«

This piece siring too- long

6.

m jfiu sin' SiiiMakj-isaf- : (in kau' Shat
fok^.

This piece thread loo-short ; not enough use ''

?■

^Ni ^k*n ukj 'ho til^ ^kin ki'

This [C] house very large one [wC.].'*

8

^Ni ^fiix 16- kom' chik^ jUi ^hingt lak^
lok_^.

This length road so narrow not walk can "

9

jNi ^Ch6ng 'yf (l'*°->'*"'

ThU [C] chair strong.

10.

Ni chong .I'oi' 'h6 jfau.

This [C ] table very weak.

II

-Kdu shan-'isi 'h6 chong'-kin-
SNgoiyan-yakjkwo'ik'oii.

His t>ody very strong.

II

I weaker than he

'3

^Ni chong jfof-po' shap^.
Shir jkon ^oiiig ^tin ^laf ^IS '

This [C] table-cloth wel.

14

Sun dry bring back come."

'5-

Nikauisbek/hingingi.

This piece rock very hard

16

-Nei ylu' shipj tb' ^ni- li yukj jnam, or
jNi-^ti yukj W yiu ship/ts' t°"™

You must boil until this meal tender, or This

meat you musi boil till lender

I?'

^N« I6u' 'shau jO'-jls6 lo' po'.

Your pair-of hands dirty,^' "

tS.

You go wash clean best 'J

19

-Ngo ylu' yftj Khoii.

I want hot water

10.

jM y[uNung''Sh6u iV

Not want cold water.

ZI.

Tiii-'hof 'ho ^aham i'. Wau 'kii^sham

Great ocean very deep ' Have how deep ? '

22

(HoSs'in kwo"hof. [S'=?

*J

'Sh6il 16i 'ho ^yiin lok^.

Water road very far,^'

24

'T4 Id- hou' -mo yal^ pun' kom' -yun'

By road going not one haU so far

15

Ko'-^ti ^isfu me^ ahuk, lok^.

Those plantains nol-yel ripe,^*

z6

^Ni-Ji .ch-Sng* ^shing't kwo'"-jfau.

These coolie- oranges unripe overmuch [HI

over-head).

27.

Ko'-^li l4n'* <m 'ho sbipj (lak^) kdm'

Those eggs noi good boil (can) so old.

28,

-16
(H6, ^ngo of' ^shingt shik,.

Oysters, I want raw eal.

29.

-Yafi 'h6 ^to 'sh6a-(ngau [chek .

Have great many water-cows [ot water-oxen).

30.

-Ts'd-^yong (or 'fso .y6ng*) 'ho "^ahfu

Goats very few

3'

^K'ou ha(i 'h& ^ts-ung-tming-ke' ,yan.

He is very clever's man

3a

^Nel shap, ^fan (yii-'ch'un bk=. '

You ten parts stupid ''

1. Sometimes

=lV^nOOglc

l8 LESSON VIII.

LESSON VIII.-Monetary.

' o«dcn«. : _^^^(„,)_;^^

t

A dollar and a half 13^^^

1

Halfadolla,. Over.doUa.. [ nounce ^fi^lSt (-")^?t. fiJ^^M.

4

This word ■ Dgan' i» very difficult to pro- i^'fi^^^tfj^il^

5

Doyou»ysoPDoyoupropou.ceitso> f3t08«:M#. ttl«fe«^l#.

6

That U easier (0 pronounce. [pieces) BJS IS ^0^1119.

7

A dollar is dividedimo ten -ho.' (ten-cent 1 — ''fil^^l^'h^.

8

One ■ ho- is divided into ten cents. — ■%-T^4*f|Il, %'M.

9

Ten dollar, and sixty-si> cents, [dollar. > +flffili^:^li:^. (""+1B:^"

10

Can you change accounts in taels into %%,^^'^ TtW^^^,

"

Onetaelisequal.oadollarandfortycems ■ — P^^MflttKIS^

IJ

Nine mace Nine cash [dollars to me ^^|S. ^ffi^.

>3

v..«™<i.oh„dov.,.igh,„,,h™d«i {5!ifk3=pAffimffe.'

M

Oneiael.3«venmaee.s«canda(eetis,si<l« ^-^^SlJ\^ A

"S

Wl»,».d<,ll„»o„hi.c„l,! , —■ Hffi^ttfSrf^lS.

i6

It is worth one ihoustuid and forty cash tfef^ — '^^H"f"i3L

>7

Ho.mochw.|,.,doyoowu,l.,noath> -ftS— fi^ H^^ A I?6.

iB

W„t right dollar... onth This i. too | j? A (H «8«1H^ , ^SSffllil.
much. [so much.

'9

My e-penses are great. I cannot give you \ ^'^^i^^^^^^^^^.

10

U I find my own food, it is not much

«*ie,iS«^liI.

*i

The master does not provide you with food ;

ie«*»a«ftaQ««

of course, you find yourself

^iwl

M

I can't reduce my terms. [done it.

^mm^.

=3

Do you know how to do (he worli t I ha\e

vm^^mtMmmn.

24

You must not spend this money.

ns^mnmmm.

«3

You ought to send it home

ns-mm^mirm.

»6

E)oes he gamble ? I think be does

1gW«#,«tt«|iT.

a?

Does he play at cards, or dominoes ?

a8

Both ; he also pUys at fin-fin. p6-tsz, and
with dice.

39

If he gambles, I chall not employ him.

1H«ie«,«i>SWlB. {"IS)

30

You tell him. I have.

i^mmm,^«t.

31

He says he won't dare do so.

1Hifl®«l;«i*.

Probably he is.

«®!#1H«»¥«,A«(«?f.

I. The ^ in such a phrase is ambiguous ; ii may mean dollars, or taels.

syGooglc

LESSON VIII.

LESSON VIII.-Monetary.

Yat ko ,ngan -ts'in.' D' yal man.

Ko pun ,ngan--ts'(n' [^kif (flgan-jls'ln.*

Pun*lio'(ngaii--ls'in.* flrpun' man. Ko

Ni-ko' (Hfian tsz- 'ho jnin 'kong i'
■tieihaP- 'kbm wi^ "^me?" ^mt haf^
'kim 'long me?'

Ko-ko yi-- ti 'konglo'
Vat ko' jngan-jis'In* fan shap, ^ho
Yat (ho- Isz fan ahapj si'o.
Shap) ko' jngan-jts'fn* ^lengt Ink, ,h6
luk,. or shap, ko' luk, ^hd Ink,.

Long sho -Def -wuf shan (yun sho , ^m

Yal 'long (Ogan chik,-tak ko'sz' (ngan-
'Kau ts'in (Qgan. *Kau ko' (la'fn".
•Hii ying-,»hing kiii is'in pdi ,ngan

kwo' 'ngo.
Yatj 'long ts'atj jts'In lukj (an luk,.
Yal ko'jngan-.ls'in* 'chiu lak, 'kSf to

Chiu tak yat Is'i'n ^lengt sz -shap,
-Nef yal ko yiii, yfu kei pto ,yan- kung

[k.«

Ylu pit ko jngan-jts'in* ko yut. To
-Ngo ShaJ-fal tai^; ^m 'pc( tak kom' to

Hai- shik, tsi--'kef. ,m hal- ^lo ^i '

(M hai* siiikj si^-.t'au,' hal- shik, iw'-

'kel-ke' ting'* li.'
(M 'kim lak lok^, [lok^

-Nei 'hiu Iso- (jn^'htu i' ? -Ngo tsf.* kwo'
-N^i ^m 'ho 'shai ni- ti -Is'fn."
■Net ^ying-^kol ktr ^fin hfiii' ^kwal [^i '
'K'ou 'to-jts'fti* me?' %go 'kwii haf-
-K'60 'ti mat,--ye -p'il'. 'chi ,p-i(-

pel- kwalj jP'iC ^ni?'
-Long yong- l6 -yau ; yau- chi t'in, ti

'p6-tsz'', chikj shik [^k'ou,

-K'oS hai- t6--ls'(n* -ngo ^m la'engt
-Ne( wi- 'k'oa ^feng f Wi'' lok^.
^K'ou wi* ^m 'kom tso- lok
-Ngo 'I'Ju'-iak ^k'6u haf- shukj 'shau lok^.

Tii^-koi^' haf- i'

One [C] silver cash, nr one dollar

One {and nj half dollar. [dollar.

Half [C ] dollar, or half dollar One (and) odd

This ngdn character very difficult lo-speak.

You dososay.do-you ? ^' You do so say (or
pronounce), eh ? **

That easier to-say (ar pronounce).*'

One [C] dollar divided ten dimes

One dime divided len cents.

Ten [C] dollars and lii dime six (rtnts). or ten
[C] six dimes sin.

Tael accounts you can carry-oul-iDIo dollar ac-
counts, not con, eh?'

One tael silver worth one lorC] (our dollar.

Nine mace silver. Nine [C ] cash.

You agreed hand-over thousand eight money to

One tael seven mace six candareens six (Hi).
One [C] dollar change can bow many cash ?

Change can one thousand and forty cash.
You one [C.} month want how much wages.

eh?"
Want eight [C.] dollars [C] month. Much too,'
My expenses great: not give able somuch to you.

I Not do e:

r, do eat selfs certainly .n

Not reduce can,^'

You know do, not know, eh ?' I done already, 3'

You not good use this money.

You ought send back go home.

He gamble, eh ?J' I think does,'

He play-al what, dominoes-or-cards, paper

cards, or bone tablets, eh ?'*
Two kinds also have; further play-at (in-t'in,

play-at p6-tsz, throw dice.
He does gamble, 1 not engage him.
You lell him to-hear. Told."
He says not dare do.*'
I see'Can he is acquainted 'hand.''" Probably is.'

nV^nOOglc

20 LESSON IX.

LESSON IX

—Commercial.

I, How much i» this ?

». What is ihe price of thai?

3 It ia too dear.

4 I shall not buy it, I dont want it.

J. Have you any cheaper ones >

6. This is cheaper.

7 How do you sell this rice ? [prices

8. Oh! don't stand out so Reduce your

9. Increase your offer. You are dear

ro. No They are first quality of (foods

II Isitgood? Mine are the best

13 1 saw better ones before.

13. Have you any belter ones ?

14. Bring them for me to see

■J. If suitable, I shall certainly buy

t6. It does not matter if they are dearer

17, There are none as good as ihese through-

18. It is imiution. No ; it is genuine.

ft^itE

19. You don't know that these are good things.

l^^>^l%.

ao. I do I have been in that business Indeed!

g^l^i^i^llg. ^

21. I am afraid it is old, is it nol? No,itLsn«w.

_ _.. .. Sfife.^fi'^/

la. This is no use It is useless.

BEiB^m^i^f^fflPS-.

.3 He wants too high a price.

iBSf#fiM^.

24. You offer too little. Don't be so stingy.

ifsimm^^^n.^M^^m^.

25 It will not pay cost price.

m¥m-:^m IfT.

J6. How long will it last >

^nmmm.

27. I guarantee it will last four years

^^m^mmm^.

28, Thai is a promissory note, is ii >

mmmmMv$,

29. How much is the capital and interest '

^^^l.a'-""/'^:*:^,-*.©.)

m^^.

30. The interest is only three dollars per men-
sem, [rather tittle interest.

#^HiB^s^,i.^.

31, That's very heavy interest. No; it is

^mm^.m^tiM'^m^.

32, The capital isone hundred dollars payable

^m-^nmmmim.

on demand.

r.g,i,7ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON IX. 21

LESSON IX

,.

^Nt-^ti \ii ^to .ngan* (or .ts'fn')' ^ni ?'

This how much money (of cash), eh ?"

1

Kwaf' kwo^\l'ali. St kwar lak^-tsai- lok_^.

Thai how much price, eh ?''

3

Dear over much, or dear much-too "

4

^Ngo ^m ^mifaV ^M yfu' lok^.

1 not buy' Not want.''

3-

JYau^p'eng-t^tike''5in6i'?

Have cheaper ones not, eh ?'

6.

^Ni-ko* (P'engt- ^li 0' ?

This cheaper **

7-

Ni-^ti £"mal Sim mif^ ^ni ?' [ks' ^li '

This rice how sell, eh ?»

8,

Ai-^yi. («^AI-^>-i)<m4-jmi'-lei'*. ^Kim

Oh ! lel-il-pass Reduce price,"

9

-Nef ^ffm ^ti 1* ' ^N^i kwai' i.^ [lok^.

You increase lillie,"- You dear '

lo.

,M haJ^ kwal^ ^i " Hal- tai^ yal^ 'ho fo'

Not is dear.i Are No. 1 good articles."

II

^H6 ^m 'ho ^i ?" %EO-ke' chf'.'hd lok^.

Good not good eh ?' Mine best.^*

12

^Ngo'kaii^ -Shi* k(n'-kwo' 'h6-^ti ke*.

I old time (formeriy) seen have belter ones.

'3

Chung^ 'yau 'ho-^li ke' -mo ^ni ?'

Besides have better-ones, not, eh ?"

■4

^Ning(1al<pe('n|o'rai

Bring come give me see.

15.

H6p, ^shal,-n«o shfi-pft -mii ^4 '

Suitable (or-use, Iceruinly buy '

16.

Kwaf'-^ti ^16 (Bi ka(' tir i* ['ho ke'.

Dearer even not reckon-it {or no matter).'

'T-

^T'ung- jH6ng-'kong to 'mi ^ni-^ti kom'.
Hai^ 'ki ke', (M haA ; hail ^chan ke'.

Throughout Hongkong even not these so good."

IS

]s false.'' Not is : is true,'*

'9-

%fe ^16 (tn ^(an-takj-^hof k*al' Isfn^ ke'
lok^. "

Youevennoldivide-abie-out valuable vile.""'

30,

Shik^ y -Ngo ^to tso^ kwo' ^ko-^ti

Know.' I alsodone over that business, " Indeed?

shingt yO lok . Hai'' ? [(Mii ke .
Hai^- kau^ ke' 1i^ kwi'.' ^M haf^. hSf^

(NotiM this is chtnged into a variant torn.]

21.

Is old one. " probably-tisisnl-it >.8 Not is, is

32.

Niko' ^mo yung^, ,M-" chung-yungi

This no use. Useless." [new."

lok^.

23

SK-ouyfu'-tak^ki'-^tsfn^to

He wants price much.

24.

-Nel V-takj Shm ^i,' ,M 'ho Jau-

Youofferlittle.' Not good to-hold-the-price-in.'

chu^-ki'^4{or^i)

[coat-money.)'

»3-

,M kaC' 'pun K 'pun ,is'in) ^1'

Not enough (to equal) cost-price', (or original

26.

^Shailak^'kelnof^' ^ni?'

Use can how long, eh ?>^

27.

-Ngo ^pSii ('ho--y') yunE- tak^ sz' jnin

I guarantee (able) use can four years

18.

'Ko ^chong ha(- k'ft^ ^(in ^me ?>

That [C ] is promissory note, is-it ?"

*3

'Piin ,ngaii, lel^-sik^ (onimpty 'pirn lei^,

Capital money, interest {or principal interest),

o/'pun sik^) 'k^i ^(0 i' 1 [^che.

how much, eh?"

3*

-Mui jut) ^sim ko' jngan-jtsfn- ISi^-sik^

Each month three [C ] dollars interest oniy.»

31

'Ha Wung l«fi 4'. jMhat^ 4; 'kef
jP-eng+ lefi i'.

Very heavy interest' Not is ;' rather cheap
interest'

32.

'Puo jigan yat p4k ^yun. ^tsoii ^shf

Capita] money one hundred dollan. any time

1 . Use the formn if the price is likely 10

take back.

w given iti silver, and the latter if in cash.

•iV^nOOglc

LESSON X.

LESSON X.— Commercial.

What business does he carry on >

I am a general merchant.

Where is your hong ?

What is il caJled (ils Hyit) }

How long have you been in business ?

Call the comprmdore firsi ihouRh

Have you made up your accounts 1

I have not made them up completely yet.

Compare accounts with me.

Wail a bit, this item is wrong.

It must be gone over again That will do

Has that money been shroffed ?

Call Ihe shroR' to shroff il. [changed

If there are any bad ones, they musi be

Weigh (hese dollars [lighl

Ten of ibem are not full weight , they are

^Vho is the accountant here P

My friend. This is the manager

Has he a share in the businesE ?

What goods are these ? I

All miscellaneous goods.

Have they passed ihe Customs? [I-^ing?

They have passed. Where is the Bill of

He wants to open a shop. [capilalj I

I am afraid he will lose his money [lit \

Where is his shop ? [very dull.

There is not much business here. It is

What were the good-will, stock-in-trade

and fittings sold for ? [to him, was it ?
Then it was you that sold that business
Call men to carry the goods into the go- i

is Sunday.

When does the steamer leave ? There
a great many passengers

m\wfk,mwm.

'Am.«iMMmm..

«flS1EE*5f.

«,iHi«4.t«i5!iiaiHi#.

«£^lB»*B«iT.

DglieJ-iV^nOOglC

LESSON X.

LESSON X.— Commercial.

-K'ou tsdi mi -ye ^ahii^t-yl' ni ? '
-Ngo ls6-jnim-pak Jiong* ke .
-Neijkin -hong* 'ha( opin shii' S' ?

Mi V« 'sz^-ho- ^ni?'
-Nel ts6- shingt-y(' -yaii 'ke( ool'* i.' ?
Kii,' ^mJii-piD'- jlai 'ch*
-N*( kal^' shfi' ^m jts'ang i' ?
,M (Is'ang kaf' uing-'ch'o iok .
(T'ung -ngo l5u shft' IS.'
^Tang -hi chS', jnijflu is'o' Iok .
Yiu' kaf^ kuV Iok . Ts6- lak lo^

T'af kwo* ko^- ti jOgan" ^m ^ts-ang i' ?
Kill' 'fai-.ngan-.ke' ,lai ^'ai li'
-Yau jtn h6 ke' ylii' wun- po'
T5u ^ni- ti .ngan' U '
Shapj ko (in kad' -ch'ui^ t i'- jHengt

Ni-3hu*^pfn ko'ls6-'ch6ng-kwaf''jni ?'
-Ngo jpang-'yau, ^Ni -ko' haf^ Iso- sz-sz--

tyan
^Shingl-yf' £k'6u -yau fan'* -ino i.' ?
(Ni-^li haii (ini 'ye fo' ni ? '
Him^-pi^-lingi ^16 haf^ isip, to' |ok .
Kwo ' shoii jm ^trang ni ? '
Kwo' 'cho lok^. -LAm-i3of'-'chi ni>'
-K'oii 'song ^hol ^kSn p'u',
-Ngo ^fong -k'5u shit, 'piin i'
-K'ou ko (kin p'u' 'hal pin shii' ni ?'
jNishu' Jm6 mai^ ^shingt-yi' i'.'HolSm-

'all, hii ^lo ^ngan- ^ni ? '
Kim, 'ko- ti 3hfing)-yi' hai

kw.

■k'6

ihSngt 'ling
'g ii'

Kfu jyan jfoi fo' Iok, fo'-

^T'ing (of^T'ing)-yatj^Laf-pai' -ngo\m

(ta( lok^.
'Fo-,shiin 'k^l .shf ^hof-^shan ^ni ?»

-Yau (ii- ^lo Idp^-hSk^ lok^,
'Ngo yiii kef sun fin hoil kwaf hong'

-hi.

He does what thing business, eh ?'>

I do south'nonh hong's.''

Your [C] hong al wh« place, eh ''

Wbai (thing) style, ph ?"

Tou do business have how long, eh ?'

Call compradore come first.'

You reckon accounts not yet. eh ?'

Not yet reckoned clearly.^'

With me compare accounts. "

Wait bit first.* this item wrong^'

Musi reckon again. ^' Do can.^'

Looked over that money not yet, eh ?'

Call shroFling-one come look. "

Have not good ones must change *°

Weigh these dollars, "

Ten [C.] not enough heavy." Light.'

This-place who [C] is accountant, eh ?"
My friend. This [C] is being manager.

Business he has share, not, eh ?'

These are what thing goods, eh ?"

All even are miscellaneous goods. ^*

Passed customs not yet, eh ?'3

Passed [s. of p. t.]." Bill-of-Lading,eh ?"

He wishes open [C.] shop.

1 fear he lose capital,' [place, eh?"

His that [c'.] shop (that shop of his) at what

This place not much business.' Very dull,'

Signboard, shop-residue, furniture, sold able
how much money, eh ?''

Then that business 'twas you sold(it)tohim.was

Call men carry goods down go-down " To-
morrow, Sunday. I not come*'

Steamer what tii

many passengers ''

Have great
send letter back go home country.

nV^nOOglc

24 LESSON XI.

LESSON XI.-Hedical.

This gentleman is a doctor.
Is he a surgeon, or physician ?

m.

Call a Chinese doctor 10 feel my pulse.

I am not very well to-day.

What is the maner with you ?

My head aches.

Have you been sick ?

I have not, but I feel inclined to be so

fliB.«ia5a.

I have also the stomach-ache
That is not serious
Take a little medicine

What medicine ought I to take ?

Wait till I come back I am going to the
hospital DOW.

m^wmt. ^mm*m

I will send a man with medicine for you.
You have fever. I will give you a draught.

Do you feel your throat dry ?

1 do, and it is very painful

Don't drink so much water.

Take a little chicken broth. Take a little

congee.

Are you able 10 sleep at night ?

Has he got cold ? Does he cough ?

At tiroes he does, at times he doesn't

Put on a plaster. Does he drink ?

16

1 am afraid be smokes opium.

17

Perhaps he does. 1 am afraid he does.

».

sS

How long has he been ill ?

19

He has been feeling weak lor a long lime.

30
3'
31

Tell him to take some cooling medicine.
Did he feel better after taking the pills ?
No, he was much worse

I ^ 'Yam could be used :

ut the above form is better.

Dgi,,.ed;iV^nOOglC

LESSON XI. 25

LESSON XI.— Medical.

,

^Ni TOl*' hai^ ^yI-^»hJiiigt ivr jl-^siaag)

This [C] i« doctor J*

'°K

1

^K-Buhaliogof^-^fb ^yf-^shingt, fnf sAoM

He is external-piactice doctor, or imemal-prac-

a; pe(2 nof^-Jo ^ni ?'

tice. eh?"

3

'Xs'engt (T'ong-^yan yf.^shingt (or ikart

Invite Chinese doctor come feel pulse *

a>tlaiSaimak,r

4

-Ngo ^kam-yatj ,m to tsz--^yia lok .
^Nei Vail mat ^S'e peng-t <"' ?

1 to-day not very well. '*

S

You have whal-thing sickness, eh ? "

6

tT-au-ts-ek^t i'

7

^YaC 'aQ ^6 ^ni ?'

Have sick not. eh ?»

8

^M6''a6 : 's6ng 'a6 ^che "

Not sick , wish to-be-sick oaly^

9

Chung^ ^au ^mi-^e peng^t -mi. ^ni?'

Besides have what sickness not. eh ? "

10.

-Ngo -ft jLd fung' ^i.'

My stomach also pains '

It

Ko'-^li -m6 mat song- k on ki'.

That not much matter "

II

Shikj ^ti yok, ^li.'

Eat some medicine "

'3

^Ngo^ying shtkj ^miV y^k, ^ni ? '

I ought lo-eat what m^dioine, eh ? "

M

'Tang Sngo ^«n jlat chs' *Ngo ^yf-^ki

Wait I back come until * I at-prMaot go

hou' ^yi-^ahing-fi" i*i"-' a; 'kwun.

hospital.

15

-Ngo 'U-fS(_^ ,yan ^ning yok, jlaf V ■"*'■

I send man bring medicine come give you.

16

'Nei fS|^-yftj"lo'. £Ngo =p^i yok, 'sh6a

You bave-fever. ^' l give medicine water (t e .

-ncfahikj '['sin

liquid medicine) you eat.

'7

■Ngo Ht^.SUng lo^ Shik, ^ni-^ti yok,

18.

-Nif kin' (hau-j!ung ^kon me?'"

You feel throat dry, eh? »

■9

Kfn' ^kon lo' : yaii^ kin* 'ho tung' ffm

lok '

Feel dry ;3' also fee! very painful besides. »

.0

SMai '^yam kom' ^to 'shoii ^i'

Don't drink so much water. '

21.

Warn ^ti ^kaf ^f ong ; shik, ^ti chuk i. '

Drink some chicken soup ; eat tome congee. '

11.

^MSn-.fau* fan'-tak^. ^m laa'-iak^ ^ni?'

Nighi-time sleep-can. not sleep-ckn, eh ? "

'i.

^K'fia ^ling-^tsan ^me ?' '-K&i, k-at/mi ?

He coW-caught. eh ? » He co.igh, eh ? '^

U

-Yau .ahi* (or ^shl) ^au ; S-ai.' ^hC
(flr ^shf) Sm6. ■

Have times have ; have times not

'5

T-Ip^ j'kft-yokj. Sk-ou 'yarn *lsau, ^ra ,
'yami'?

Stick-on plaster He drink wine, not drink, eh?*

16.

^Ngo ^fong Ek-6u shik, 4-pin*-^(n ke' '

I fear he smokes opium. '^

17.

Pi' baii i' VVik/che hai-i to ,m '

Fear does ' Perhaps does alio not certain. ^

18.

^K'oa pongM (or peng'-j^aii 'k« no(^'

He ill have how long, eh ? "

29.

^■66 'ho no,^ kin' ^iin-yok, lo' ]

He very long feel weak. ^'

JO

Kill' ^k'oii shik, ^ti ^Idng ydk', ^li. '

Tell him eat some cooling medicine. *'

Ji

^K-6ii shikj-'cho y6k,-jyiin*'k(n' 'hd-^li :

He eat [s of p. I ] pills feel better, eh ? "

31

^M haf^. yu"t,-fSt^ pali'lok^. ['mS?' I

Not is. Ihe-rather the-worie^'

)glc

LESSON XII.

LESSON XII.— Eoclesiastical.

I, Is this a convent or not ? ■

1. Are there any priesls ?

3, There are no priesls ; Ihere are nuns only. ^

4, How many are (here ? Are there many ; ^ ItE,

5 Over twenty Twenty and more I^-f-J^-JH, H-f-fg ^ ^II^-,

6. What do Ihey. the priests, do? , i^^^^lffi^f^^^ ■^^\4„

7 Bead the Sutras the whole day long, so I gg Q "^^^
they say.

8. Do you believe it? No one does. ^ ^^V^^^.^K^^,

9. That is a temple I do no. know whether ^^^^.i^^i^^^^

il it a Buddhist, or Taoisi one '^M^'St^.

10. Il is a Buddhist temple,
tt What is the difference ?

11, There is a great difference ^9'l''S'.

13. What idols are those ? 1

14. The three Precious Buddhas.
13, He is a Protestant missionary.

16. Have you become a convert ? I have not ' 'Vjf'

17. Why have you not ? 1 J^^

18. Is there a chapel here ?

,, Thm .,. i»o; ..d .h.« i. «.»«... ^^^i§,' BH%X*^.

preaching every day.

.0 Are they Protestant or Ca.hohc ? ^^±^"15^, "SU^ft^lj'fe,

"■ one is Protestant -^15^|P^ft'^

2. One (.* The other) is Catholic — ("^IHi ^j^^i^^?^.

23. Who are (he Catholic Missionaries ?

24. They are alt Frenchmen X^T

15. Have they families ?

26. They are not allowed to marry.

27. They wear Chinese clothes

18. What is the intention in this ?

19. They want to be like Chinese. mt

30. Is there any other reason ?

31. You must ask them to know.

32. I am a Chinese, and do not know , rfj

"Digitized aytjOtWtC""

LESSON XII. 27

LESSON XII.

-Ecclesiastical.

,

Ni V.i.n hai^ ^om ,m hal^ ^ni ? '

Thia[C-]isconventnolis, eh?"

2

^Yau (Wo-shonV' -mo i' ?'

Have (Buddhist) priests (or) not. eh?"

3

Smo ("wo-shongi* ; %-aii ^nef-^kwii ^che '

No (Buddhist) priests : have nuns only. '

4-

^Yati'^kei^to ko' ^ni ? ^To pS^ 'shfu ^m? '

Havehowmany[C],eh?" Many or tew. eh?"

5

YfJ-shap, jlengt kt>'* Y.i shap, ko' Sa"

Twenty odd [C.]. Twenty [C] have moi^, "

6.

-K'6u-te|i ni, ,wo-sb6ng'* ni, ts6- rai-

They, " priests, " do what thing, eh ? "

?■

ye jiii^
(Shengt yal, nfm^-^king ^wo

Whole day recite-siiiras. (so they) say. *"

8.

^Niisun'jln'sun^ 4? ^Mo ^j-an sim'ke'.

You believe not believe, eh ?' No man believes '^

9

Ko' ^kiii hai^ miu'* ^M ^chl haf^ Fat,-

That [C] is temple. Not know is Buddhist-

kiii' ke', p^^ T6^-kiu'-ke' ^ri. i

sect's," or Taouisl- sect's ''" "

10

Hal- Faij-kiii' ke'.

Is Buddhist-sect's."

It

Waumal", ^fan-p(l, ^ni?'

Have what difference, eh ? "

ti

^Yaii til^ ^fan-pitj"lok . o- lai^ V^u fan-

Have great difference." or great have dif-

p"i ^°K ' "

ference. ^'

IS-

Ko'- li haP mat -ye jpo-sii ni ?

Those are what idols, eh ?'^

M-

Ha(i%4m 'Po Fal, lok^

Are Three Precious Buddbas, ^'

'S

-K'ou haJ- "^kong (Ye-^s6 ke'

He is speak Jesus' ? ''

16.

-Nei yapj kiu' '^m-jWanK a'? Meii-
c's'anga'. " [^nie?"

You entered the-taith nol-yet. eh?' Nolyet '

'7

Tso- mat 'n^i ,m ^ts'ang yap, kiu' ke'
Ni-she' ^yau ^Laf-pSi' ^I'ong ^mb ni>'

What thing you not yeteatered ihe-faith. eh ?'' ^

18.

This-placehave Sabbath Hall not. eh ? "

19

-Yau -long ^kSn lok . " Yat, yal, -yaii
yan 'kong-^.hd "

Havetwo[C,] >' Day (by) day have man preach.

to-

Haf- ^T'in-XhiJ-kiu' ke'. pe^ ^Ye-^a6.

Are Heaven's-I.ord's- faith's, (or "I or Jesus

kiu'ke' ni?'
Yalj ^kSn hal^ <Ye-^s6 kau' ke'.

faith's, eh? '5 »

il.

One[C.] is Jesus' taith-s. ■=

21.

Yatj [or Ko') ^kan hal^ ^T'in 'chii kiij' ke'.

One (Of The other) [C] is Heaven's Lord's faith's,"

23-

(Shan-fii- hai- mi-^yan- i' ?

Priests (Romish) are what-men, eh?'

^4

ko'-ko' to haf^ FSl^gSn'-^saJ'-jyan i\

Everyone even is Frenchman.'

25

^K-oH-tt?- -ya<, ki-kun'^mfi^ni?'
^M 'chun ^k'oii 'is'ou -lu-^p'o ke'

They have families nol. eh ? "

16

Not allowed to-lhem to-many wives. '^

27.

^K'oii pSn- (T'ong-^chong ke' lok^.

They dress Chinese-style. '' "

28.

-Yaumai^yi'-si'^ni?'

Have what meaning, eh ? "

29.

^K'oii 'song hokj ^fin (T'ong-jyan yal

They wish copy again Chinese (lil. T'ong men.

''f< .<"

i.e.. men of IheT-ong Dynasty) one same.

30

Chung- -yau mat -yun-kwu -mo ni?"

Besides have what reason, have-not. eh ? '^

3"

Yiu' man^ -k-oii isafi^ ^chi to'.

-Ngo haf^ J'ong-^yan, ^m ^chf-.o' ^i. '

Must ask them then know. *'

32.

I am Chinese, nol know '
—J L-nl^lJt

28 LESS

W XII

[I.-N

.

LESSON XI

Autical.

,

Thii is a steamer

m

%'Km.

I.

That is a sailing vessel [a steam-lannch

mi

mmm.

3

There is no wind 10-day We must go in

^t

1Ja,S«;*:«ftff*i«.

*

How many passengers are (here on board ?

mj

»«^«^i«.

S

Are (here fully a ihousand, or thereabout?

^%

FfflnUiSI'fii*.

6,

They are mostly Chinese, who are going

SA>»&.*ftas««.

7

to Singapore.
Where is lh« Chief Officer ' [Mate.

ism^H-k^mtm.

8.

This is ihe Capiain; thai ia the Second

«-tt.

9

When shall we reach port '

lO.

This vessel can go very fasi.

,.

How many li will ii go in an hour ?

BSSKB8.

1.

It will probably steam over fifty /;.

ass.

3

Is it Ihe Chief or Second Engineer who

li«.

■t'

Do you ever sail ? [has gone on shore?

3

How much coal do you use a day ?

It depends entirely upon (he speed of Ihe
IfshegoeiifasI then more is used: [ship.

mm^.

8.

If she goes slow then less is used

9

Come upon deck. Donofgonear the funnel.

._ffl«M«5f.

30.

Is this a pn.ssage boat, or a ferry-boal ?

!««««. «5«*i«*.

21

Il is a passage boat ; this is a Kau-lung

%mwM^%%msw.

passage boat.

(ffl)!8.

W

When doyoii start, and when do you arrive?

». mmmi-m.

iS

Where is the ladies' cabin ; and ihe pantry ?

^ses.

^4

Call the carpenter to mend that door.

i-mmmm^.

15

The hinges are off, and the lock is broken

,n^xm.

i6.

Il has no lock. The key has been lost.

m^Mmo^.

37.

Make another.

wu

28,

First take a padlock, and lock the door

mMmu&n

securely.

19

How many sailors and firemen are there

«±fl«^**. m^m. 1

onboard?

'j<M.

30

What is Ihe capacity of the vessel ?

mmm^m^%<^.

3"

What is her draft ? Seven feel eight.

:ft***?f, -fcKA.

3J-

They are jusi going to hoisi sail

mtt«!i.

TC^TTngrr'

LESSON Xlll.

LESSON XIII.— Nautical.

.Ni chek hai^ 'fo-^shun.
'Ko chekg haP ^waj-^p-ing ^sbOn.
.Kam-yalj^md fung. Yffi'lSp 'fo'^shfln-
'tsai h6u^ tok

.Shun shons^ -yau 'kel lo tip -hik^ ni ? "
■Yafl ,3hengt ts'ln ko' kiim^ t»a(^ -m6 i ?

Tbii [C ] it steamer.

That (C.) U sailing ship

To-day no wind Musi by fire-s

Ha<.

olo'

H6u^ ^Sing-k4'-_

have
Chinese n

T4H*fo^Di?'wT*f^*(o*ha(^p(i)sha* i? '
Ni-ko' hal^jshan-'chu: 'ko-ko' haP yl^
K«-shC to'"rali-i'? ['fo.

Nichek ^shun ,hing (nk 'ho f ji'
Yatj 't(m ^chunR (hing tak 'kif ^lo -lel
16^ td'-^ni?' " (16-

Yftk -mok * ch'e tak -nu-shapj to -lef
Hal- TSr^ chr. p*i* yf- che ^mSf chfif'
-Yau ^hi* 'ahal Hh -mo i' > " [^ni ? '
Yai yatj 'shai 'k^l ^lo fin' ^nt ^ i
'T'aJ ko' chek ^shiin fb&ag fii . p«- (hSng
^Ch'e fii' tsau- cshiii "(to ; [min- Jche.'
Ch'emin-lsaii- shiu 'sh(u
-Shong ^shun min" ^M' -Mai ,hiiiK ^mif
yin-^fung ko' shu i . [,ni ?'

Nichek ld--,3hiin. p£i- ,wing- sh6u-l6'*
Hai- to- i': ^ni chek^hai- *KaiJ-(]unR
to* i' [jinil (tail) ni ?'

-Net 'ka--shi* hoi-^shan ; 'ke(-^i' t&' {or

[ ko til' (Tntin.
ching- (in-'ho

15. Ko - ti kSu lat cho, ko

J lo'.

- IW

[lok_^.

■SO-,3hi

jM kin • ko' (I
*Ching kwo'taf^-yi- jt'tu li,
Sin'shai'pijho- piii-'so. 'so'kanko'to^

jmun chi'-'iak^
(Shun shong- -yau kef lo shSii-'shau,
'k«i loshlu-'foi'?

30. Ko jshiin chong lak '

31. Shikj 'k*f sham 'shoi
J3 Tsau- *che -lei lo'

k*(

to' 1

on have how many passengers, eh ? '*
! fully thousand [C ] so thereabouts.

' eh?'

GoinK Singapore. ''

[eh?"
Chief male, eh ? '^ ar Chief niate at what place.
This [C] is Captain : that [C] is second male.
What liraearrive port, eh >'
This [C] vessel go can very fast.
One striking of-the-c lock go can how many miles

roadaboDi. eh?'3
Probably steam can fifty more /i road.
Is-it Chief engineer, or second do closed (to)
Have times use sails have-not. eh ?' [shore, eh ?'*
One day use how much coal, eh ?'^
See that [C ] vessel go fast, or go slow only '
Steam fast then burn more :
Steam slow then burn little.
Ascend ship's surface. " Don't walk near fun-
nel that place '
1 This [C ] passage-boai, or fetry-boat ? ^*
' Is passage-boat: ' this [C.] is Kau-lung passage-
boat. ' [conneci-bows to-the-port), eb ? *^

You what-ti

what-ti

1 {cr

Women's cabin, eh ? " Pantry, eh ?^^

[ [C.J door.
Call carpenter come, to- make-again -good that
Those hinges came-off [s of p. 1.]. the lock

No lock 3' Not see the [C] lock-key.^'

Make again another [C] . "

First use [C] purse-lock, lock firmly that [C]
door before it-will-do.

Ship on have how many sailors (Jit. water-
hands), how many firemen (Ji(. bum-fire).
eh?'

That vessel hold can how many goods, eh ? '^

Eat how deep water, eh ? ' Seven feet eight.

just -about hauling -up sails ^'

')glc

LESSON XIV.

LESSON XIV.^Tudicial.

: He is a thief,

and has stolen (hings of

3. Have you any »

itnesses?

4 I have wiinessc!

; they have not cor

neyel.

5, Issue subpcenas

for them to come

b Has the conslable arrived ?

7. Hb is al the Gaol.

8. Thi» is (he Yamen

9 What Yamen '

10. The Consul's Y

men (Consulate)

1 1 . Who is ihe present Consul P

iz Mr Ful (/;(. Mr

Buddha).

13, Iwilltroubleyo

looresentihisDeti

on for

me to His Lordship, the Chiei Ju

14 Kindly tell me

vhattosay

16 You must lell

the (rulh. and on

y say

what you have

seen and heard yo

urself

17. Then I must jusi say whal 1 know n

nyself

18 That is rifiht : thalis quiie riRhi . nom

stake

19 Your evidence i

not believed.

■to. The evidence gi

■en on both sides does not

agree

21. Oneofyoumus

be lelling lies

22. No. I am not

All Hongkong

knows

aboul this mat

er

23 Ifyoii hadsaid,
also knows,'
believed you.

(he whole neighbo
mishi perhaps

rhood
have

Will His Lordship allow us "to go to t
temple and swear on a cock's head ?

How many prisoners are there 10-day ?

There is a murderer, there are five (hiev
two burglars, and three kidnappers.

iiA(" ii« " ««■ mm.

mmamm^tvj.

mmm.

is,«#isai
BO. «s«

mmmm

liA,"'"!>'""''Jt«

e belter than ^Ir^^ '"*j J'' which is vulgar.

„Googlf

LESSON XIV.

LESSON XlV.-Judicial.

-Ngo song k6 ^ni ko jjran
^K'oii tso- is'iky I'au -ngo -ye lok^
-Nif -yau chiDg -(yan *m6 ^i ?'
-Yau ching'-jyao ; ^m-tta'ang jlal lok^.
Ch-utj ehing'-{j-an-p'[u' kiu -k-oti jlai

jCh'ii(yaii [or ^ch'Si yik,. or luk, ^yi)

-K'6u 'haf kim-ffong.
^Ni ^kSn (ngi-jmln- ]o'
Pfn ,kin"jnfri-jmun* {or ^mun) ^ni?'
-Ling-si-- kwun jngi-jiniin lo .
^Yf- ki pin ko^ tsi^ -Ling-9i--^kwiin

HaP Fat, Tii^-jYan i'

TojfSn-nSfjl'ung -ngo tai- ^ni ^chbng
'"pan kwo^ On'-Ch'Si^-^Sz Tif^-, Yan.
,M ko( -Dei kiu -ngo 'tfm kong.
-Nirhai- (Yiin-ko'. pi- Pei-ko' ^ni ?'
Yfii' chlu chik, 'kong, ts'an -ngin kin'.
Is'an-y' fengt.chf ho 'kong ch'ul
,lal,
'KAm -ngo ngSng- ylii' 'kong pun ^shan i

sho chf ke sz- lok
jNgim(of ^ngim) lok ; ^ngim (or^ngim)

silMok^: Sm6 fso^ lok^.
■Nef 'haii-^kung ^m yap, sun* S
-Long (fafi 'haii-jkung ^m kop S.'
Shi'-tin' 'yau" ko kong lii--wi- lok i
jM haf^, ^mi> 'kong tS(^-wi-. ,,T'uiig
Hong -'Kong to chi ni k(n- si-
lok^.
^Net wi.-. '^T'ung ^kiWong 16 ^chl,' i

-ngo wSk,- che ho--yi sun -nef,
TS^-,Yan 'chun -ngo- lei- hiiu' miu'*

chSm kai (I'au, ^tn 'chun, ^ni ?'
Kam-maij Syaii 'k*l lo fin'- ^ni ''
■Yau ko^ hung-'shaii, -ng ko' ts'iik,.'l6ng
ko i4-^mmg-'fo ke', sim ko kwSi-
Ul' ke'

1 wisb prosecute Ihis [C] loan

He does thief, (as a calling), steal my things '

You have witnesa Dot-have, eh ? '

Polio

■ polio

arrived, eh ?*
He at Gaol.
This [C] Yamea.^'
Which [C] Yamen.eh?"
Consul's Yamen.^'
At-present who [C] is-doing consul, eh ?"

Ii-is Fat Great-man {i.e.. Mr Buddha).'
Much trouble you for me present this [C]

petition to Chief-Justice His-Lordship.
Not deserve you teach me how speak
You are Plaintiff, or Defendant, eh ?'^
Must according-lo straight -forwardness speak.

own eyes seen, own ears heard, only good

Thenljust must speak own person what (Ijknow

Right i^" right entirely ;^' no mistake.'*

Your evidence not enter belief'
Both sides evidence not agree.' [lies.^'

Certainly (of the two) there-is [C] speaking
I speaking great-words. Throughout

Hongkong (all) t

this [C]

You say, 'alt neighbourhood even knows,' I

perhaps might believe you.
His-Lordship allow us go temple chop-off fowl's

head, not a]low,eh?'^
This-day have howmany prisoners. eh ?"
Have [C ] murderer. 6ve [C] thieves, two [C]

burglars,'' three [C] kidnappers.'*

TrV^eOglc

LESSON XIV.

LESSON XVf.— Judicial— (Continued).

Then there are a, ereal Dumber of cases
Those are the lawyer? at the table
The case has been up [or hearing several
limes; when will judKineni be given?
How do I know ? Ask the Interpreter

to enquire for you.
The case was tried at (he Magistracy,
and the Magistrate allowed the defend-
ant to be bailed out.
Do yon wish to arrest (he man. or put
execution in force against his goods '

iH'M^naK «(•' m am.

LESSON XV.— Educational.

Ah '. here we are. This is a Govemmeni
Free School [classes

There are sixty scholars, divided into four

The master is a friend of mine, and a
Chinese B A

Has he got any assistant ?

Not at present, but he wishes lo engage |
one after the New Year |

There will be holidays at the end of the
year, I suppose ?

Certainly, we Chinese think it of the i
utmost imporiancetokeepthe New Year

What book is this boy reading ' i

Thai is the Trimelrical Classic, the book
that a Chinese boy reads first .

Then it is a simple book ; for probably
you proceed from the simple to the \
diSicuU

It is neither very simple, nor very diffi-
cult : the words are most of them aim- ,
pie, but the meaning is sometimes
very abstruse.

How many years have you been at

, l iCooglc

LESSON XIV. 33

LESSON XIV.— Judicial— rCwi;»;Hfrfv .

27

'K6m. Vau 'ho ^to on'-Kn^* lok^. Then have ((reat many cases."

28.

-T'Bo jinii jfoi* ke' hai^ chong--_^M lok^. Sit at table those are lawyers."

29.

'Sham 'kei (Cong Ici'; 'kei jshi* ting- on Try several sidings;*' what time fix case eh'"

30.

-Ngo 'lim chi i' ? Pif'-rok^ jch'un-wi'- I how know, eh ? ' Beg -on -your- behalf Inter-

jfung -nii man^ ^hi ^li ' " preter for you ask a-bii "

3'

'Hai jTs-un-^lei-^feng {cr ^feng ) 'sham At Magistracy tried over, HU- Worship allowed

kwo^Tai^-El6-<ye'chunJtSm-'p6Pei^. j bail Defendant out come "

ko' ch'ul^ jlai lok^.

}2-

-Nei ^song ^lii ko' <yan, wSk^ (or p*^ | You wish arresi the man. or seize his goods

/ang^k'6ufo\ni?' eh?»

LESSON XV.— Educational.

0^ ! to' lo'. ^Ni ^k^n hai^ ,Wong- ka yf^

Ah! Arrived.^' This [C] is Government Free

hok;,-

Study.

H-aii luk,-shap, ko' hokj-^sh4ngt(,.rjAB«

Have sixty [C] scholars, djvidedinlo four

a),^fansz'^pinke'."

classes.''

Ko' ^Sin-^Shangt hai- -ngo ^p'ang-^yai ;

The teacher is my friend ; he is B A

■k'ou hai- Sau'-.is'of,*

■Yaii (yan ^pong-kiii' ^mo ^ni ?'

Have man assist-leach not, eh ?"

Yln^-(Shi Smo. tan^-hai^ kwo=' ^nin 'song

At-presenl no. but over (New) Year wishes

'ts'eng ko'.

engage [C ] .

jNin ^mil fong'-ki' lo'-kwi' ?

Year end holidays" probably ?"

TingS*.ke'^lii,Jingo-leli,T'ong-(yankwo'

Certainly, '^ " we Chinese passing (New)-year

^nln sun' ch(' 'kan-yfu' ke'-lok .

consider most important." "

^Ni-ko' ni, luk, mat --ye shu ni ?'

This [C] now. reads what book eh ?"

Ko' p<'- hai^ ^Sim-Tsz^.^king lo', <T'ong-

That [C] is Three-Character-Classic" Chinese

jvan sai'-^man-'tsai ^sin tuk, ko' po^

children first read that [C] '* "

ke'lok^.

.0.

'Kom tsau- hat- 'is'in ^shii lok^. Tii--

Then jtisi is easy book." Probably from simple

'k'of tsi^ 'tsfn ,yi ^sham ,laf hot, ke'.

10 difficult come study. 'S

U.

Yalli ,m haf^ 'kei 'is'in. yaii- ^m hai^ 'k^i

Also not is very shallow, also not U very deep

^sham. Tsz^ lii^ ^to 'is'in ke', tin^

Characters greater many shallow. '^ but

yl'-sz' -yau-jsht 'ho ^sham ke'.

sense have times very deep.'^

II.

-Nei tukj 'kii ^to ,nin ^shii ^oi ?'

You read how many years books, eh ?"

nV^nOOglc

LESSON XV.

LESSON XV.— Edacational.— ('CoH/inH«i;.

I have studied between ten and (wenly

Then you musi be very learned

Oh no! I cannol consider myselF as

very learned.
Where is your desk : where is your seal ?

J do not belong lo this school, I have
only come lo visit— to see the teacher

Oh! probably you are a student. Have
you passed any examinations yet ?

I have gone up several times, but have
not graduated : my brother has taken
his M A

When does this class say ila lessons ?

We Chinese don't do thai way ; when a

If he does not know it, what then '
He has to go back to his place and learn

i( well, if he is la?y he is beaten
These are reading the Four Boi)fcs, and

those the Five Classics.
Il would be well lo hang up t«o ini>re

maps in this school of yours
How many have commenced to write

essays ?
A number of the scholars can construct

antithetical sentences I suppose.
Bring ink, penholder, and pen nibs I

have brought them.
Has the Government Inspector of

Schools been to see this school ?
He has : he has been several times. He

comes every now and then.
How many names are there on the roll ?
There are sixty odd ; two or three are

absent on sick leave.

1»«#tt(» ««."«) !K,fS

««eit«.

*iiT«i?,ltAnT>1B«lt

^msAmmm'^ -urn
ikm-mm%mmm

^ 1:1 IS.

ngl,/ed:^i^^-.OOglC

LESSON XV. 35

LESSON XV.— Educational.— rCwf/iMi/erfj.

13. ^Ngo luk, shap, ^Vt'i ^nin sbu lok . '1 read ten odd years books. 3'

14. 'Kom -nei tsau' haj- ho -yau hok^-mui- ' Then you even are lery-much possessed of

ke' lok j learning 'i 3^

15. jM hoi-, -ngo jin kora wi-tsr-- k*i hfi ' Not am. I not dare say myself very-much

-yaii hokj-man- ke posseased-of learning 'i

16. -Nil ko' shu-waf'' (or shii-i'of. or .lo'i'J Your [C ] desk {or table), eh : " your seat, eh ? 53

ni; -nii-ke' V "'?'

17. -Ngo jin har-lso- hok,- shSngt (or skotl , I not am school-boy, ' I only come sit a-liltle

a) ^i, -ngo patj-kwo ^laf -ts'o -hi ! while only,' come see a-bi( thai leach-

che, jlai kfn' -h4 ko' kiii'-'kwiin ^Sfn- school gentleman {or conttactid form)

Sh4ng(Dr Sengf) che. only*

18. O- ! -nei hal^ tukj- shu-,yan kwi' 'Hiii ■ Oh ' you are read-book-man ptrobably '" E»-

kwo' shf' .m-(ts'ang ni ? ' amined passed not-yet, eh ? S3
19 Hill kwo -long sim ^wan, mef--^ts'ang . Examinations over tuo ihree times, not yet
yapj ; -ngo tSi'- Id 'yi- king chunp ' ; entered ; my elder-brother already
'kou lok . passed M.A.^'
to. Ni pan k*i--shi" Dim-- shii ni ? ' I This class what-iJme say-lesson, eh ? "
ai. -Ngo-tei- (T'ong-^yan fia hai- 'kom ke'. We Chinese not are so, '5 one [C] learned-
vat ko'^luk -shuk 'isaiii vat ko' lai thoroughly then one [C.J comes back-it,
yat ko lufc, shukj, tsau yal^ ko ^lai (i.c.^y, his Imon wM */j back to Ihi
piii', ^m hai- shengt p&n yat -ts'ai* Utcher : 10 that ht cannot set tht book the

S.h6.g ,1.1 „,m! k.> '"t" '""■' '" » -'■°'' «'•" °" >«-

" s geiher up come say, '*

" Wfik, jm shik ^ni,_ tfm ^ni ? ' , „ „„, y,„^^_ ,i,, how then ? "

Yfu' ^fin hoii wai'- tuk, ahukj lok^, yok. Must back go seal read thoroughly, 3' if (5 ia^y

h^- -lin-lo^ tsaii- 'ti -k'ou lok^. then beat him. ''

jNi-^ti tuk, Si'-^Shii ; 'ko-_^ti tuk, %g- These learning Four Books, those learning

tl<'"g ' Five Classics.

■Nei ^ni ^kin ^shii-'kwun kwS' ^10 -long You (his [C] school hang more iwo [C ] maps

/uk^ tei- -lci-(t'6 _t6 'ho ,S ' I also good. '

-Yau k^ijoko ^hof palj isok^ (man- ^ Have how many [C ] start (with) pens

^chiing ke^ ^ni ? ' essays, 'i eh ? sj

^Yau 'ho ^lo hok,-^shing1 [or short a) ^vi.( Have great many scholara can make antitheses,

tou' 100^' kwi'. I-suppose. '8

,Ning makj- shoij, pat^-^kon, palj-'tsou j Bringink, pen-holder, pen-nibcome," Brought

M li.' Nim .lai* lok , come. 3'

(Wong-^Ki ^shu- kwun-ke ^Kim-luk^. j Government Schools' Inspector have come look
over this [C] school, not, eh * "

-yaii (laf fai kwo

30. 'Yaii, (lai kwo' 'ho 'kei ^wan lok , nni--

pat^-noi*- ^10 (lai ke'. [ ni >'

31. Yatj-k*i'-'chi -yau 'kei Jo (yan -meng*

come over good few times, 3« now-and-
ihen also come, ''
Roll have how many persons' n

31. -Ya£i luk,-shap, k» ko' : -'yau -long ^sim Have sixty odd [C] . Have two three [C] b«-
ko' ^yan -yali peng^t ko' ki'. | cause have sickness rpport leave

-i Google

db,Google

db,Google

db,Google

761015

UNivERarrr of CAUFOftMU ubrary

Y D 00298

3,Googlc

db,Google