^jft^Ry^^ii^i^i^
173.4 039 1935
City
ffahttr Hthrarg
This Volume is for
REFERENCE USE ONLY
COPYRIGHT 1923
BY THE
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEAC
n z A-
PRINTED IN TBX UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AT THE aUMFORD PRESS. CONCORD, N. H.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Portrait of Robert S. Woodward Frontispiece
Portrait of S. N. D. North facing p. 39
Trustees v
Trustees, with their Offices and Terms of Service vi
Administration viii
Divisional Organization viii
Mr. Carnegie's Letter to the Trustees I
Acceptance of the Gift 4
Proposed Charter 6
By-Laws 9
Annual Report of the Executive Committee 15
Annual Report of the Secretary 1 23
Financial statement , 23
Division of Intercourse and Education 25
Division of International Law 28
Division of Economics and History 29
Depository libraries . 31
Publications and Translation , 33
Distribution of publications 35
The Library. . 36
Changes in personnel 39
General observations on the peace movement 39
Appendix I: Classified statement of disbursements from organization to December 31,
1924 '*. 41
Appendix II: Sales and gratuitous distribution of Endowment publications, January
i~December3i, 1924 44
Annual Report of the Director of the Division of Intercourse and Education 49
Introduction 49
Appropriation for reconstruction after the War 55
Administration of the Division 57
Special correspondents 77
Relations with Japan and the Orient 77
Association for International Conciliation. 78
American Peace Society , 79
International visits 80
iv CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
PAGE
Annual Report of the Director of the Division of International Law 81
Introduction ~*
The codification of international law in America 3
A Pan American Court of International Justice 88
The Tercentenary of Grotius 9 2
The Hague Academy of International Law 94
The Third Pan American Scientific Congress 99
Conference of International Law Teachers
Public law books for Europe
Fellowships in international law
Publications of the Division
Subventions to journals of international law
Subventions to international law societies I2O
Aid to international law treatises and collections 128
Work of the Division in relation to its objects 129
Appendix: Statement of the Director presented to the semi-annual meeting of the
Trustees, November 21, 1924 I3 1
Annual Report of the Director of the Division of Economics and History 143
Report of Progress of the Economic and Social History of the World War 150
Publishing arrangements 15^
British Series *5*
Austrian and Hungarian Series 153
Belgian Series. . . * 1 55
Czechoslovak Series 156
Dutch Series 157
French Series 157
German Series l60
Italian Series l6l
Japanese Series 162
Portuguese Series 162
Rumanian Series 163
Russian Series 163
Scandinavian Series 165
Report of the Treasurer, June 30, 1924 167
Report of the Auditor 181
Statement of Requirements for Appropriation 182
Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees, April 17, 1925 185
In Memoriam
Robert S, Woodward 189
Woodrow Wilson 190
Warren Gamaliel Harding 19!
List of libraries and institutions 193
List of publications 203
Index 235
Trustees
President, NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER.
1 Vice President, GEORGE GRAY.
Secretary, JAMES BROWN SCOTT.
Treasurer, ANDREW J. MONTAGUE.
Assistant Treasurer, FREDERIC A. DELANO.
* EDGAR A. BANCROFT. ROBERT LANSING.
ROBERT S. BROOKINGS. FRANK O. LOWDEN.
THOMAS BURKE. DWIGHT W. MORROW.
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. LE ROY PERCY.
JOHN W. DAVIS. HENRY S. PRITCHETT.
AUSTEN G. Fox. ELIHU ROOT,
ROBERT A. FRANKS. 8 CORDENIO A. SEVERANCE.
CHARLES S. HAMLIN. JAMES R. SHEFFIELD.
DAVID JAYNE HILL. JAMES THOMSON SHOTWELL.
ALFRED HOLMAN. OSCAR S. STRAUS.
WILLIAM M. HOWARD. GEORGE SUTHERLAND.
Executive Committee
. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, Chairman.
JAMES BROWN SCOTT .Secretary.
AUSTEN G. Fox. HENRY S. PRITCHETT.
ANDREW J. MONTAGUE. ELIHU ROOT.
JAMES R. SHEFFIELD.
Finance Committee
ROBERT A. FRANKS, Chairman.
FREDERIC A. DELANO. DWIGHT W. MORROW.
1 Died August 7, 1925.
* Died July 28, 1925.
Died May 6, 1925.
Trustees, with their Offices and. Terms of Service
1910-1925
BACON, ROBERT, Trustee 1913-1919
BANCROFT, EDGAR A., Trustee 1918-1925
Member, Finance Committee 1920-1925
BROOKINGS, ROBERT S., Trustee 1910-
BURKE, THOMAS, Trustee 1910-
BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY, Trustee 1910-
Member, Executive Committee 1911
Director, Division of Intercourse and Education 1911
President 1925-
Chairman, Executive Committee 1925-
CADWALADER, JOHN L., Trustee 1910-1914
CHOATE, JOSEPH H., Trustee 1910-1917
Vice President 1911-1917
DAVIS, JOHN W., Trustee 1921-
DELANO, FREDERIC A., Trustee 192O-
Assistant Treasurer 1923
Member, Finance Committee 1923
DODGE, CLEVELAND H., Trustee 1910-1919
ELIOT, CHARLES W., Trustee 1910-1919
FOSTER, ARTHUR WILLIAM, Trustee 1910-1925
FOSTER, JOHN W., Trustee 191O-1917
Member, Executive Committee 1911
Fox, AUSTEN G., Trustee 1910-
Member, Executive Committee 1911
FRANKS, ROBERT A., Trustee 191O-
Member, Finance Committee 1911
Chairman, Finance Committee 1921
GRAY, GEORGE, Trustee 1915-1925
Vice President 1918-1925
HAMLIN, CHARLES S., Trustee 1923-
HILL, DAVID JAYNE, Trustee 1918-
HOLMAN, ALFRED, Trustee 1920-
HOWARD, WILLIAM M., Trustee 1910-
LANSING, ROBERT, Trustee 1920-
LOWDEN, FRANK O. t Trustee 1923-
MATHER, SAMUEL, Trustee 1910-1919
Member, Finance Committee 1911-1919
TRUSTEES, WITH THEIR OFFICERS AND TERMS OF SERVICE Vli
MONTAGUE, ANDREW J., Trustee 1910-
Member, Executive Committee 1911-
Assistant Treasurer 1917-1923
Treasurer 1923-
MORROW, DWIGHT W., Trustee 1925-
Member, Finance Committee 1925-
PAGE, ROBERT NEWTON, Trustee 1920-1925
PERCY, LE ROY T Trustee 1925-
PERKINS, GEORGE W., Trustee 1910-1920
Chairman, Finance Committee 1911-1920
PRITCHETT, HENRY S., Trustee 1910-
Member, Executive Committee 1911-
ROOT, ELIHU, Trustee 1910-
President 1910-1925
Chairman, Executive Committee 1911-1925
Member, Executive Committee 1925-
SCHMIDLAPP, JACOB G,, Trustee 1910-1919
SCOTT, JAMES BROWN, Trustee 1910-
Secretary 1910-
Member, Executive Committee 1911-
Director, Division of International Law 1911-
SEVERANCE, CORDENIO A., Trustee 1918-1925
SHEFFIELD, JAMES R., Trustee 1919-
Member, Finance Committee 1920-1923
Member, Executive Committee 1923-
SHOTWELL, JAMES THOMSON, General Editor, Economic and Social
History of the World War 1919-
Director, Division of Economics and History 1924r-
Trustee 1925-
SLAYDEN, JAMES L., Trustee 1910-1924
SMILEY, ALBERT K., Trustee 1910-1912
STRAUS, OSCAR S., Trustee 1910-
SUTHERLAND, GEORGE, Trustee 1920-
TAYLOR, CHARLES L., Trustee 1910-1922
TOWER, CHARLEMAGNE, Trustee 1910-1923
Member, Executive Committee 1911-1923
Treasurer 1912-1923
WHITE, ANDREW D., Trustee 1910-1918
WILLIAMS, JOHN SHARP, Trustee 1910-1922
WOODWARD, ROBERT S., Trustee " 1910-1924
WRIGHT, LUKE E., Trustee 1910-1918
ADMINISTRATION
Secretary, JAMES BROWN SCOTT.
Assistant Secretary, GEORGE A. FINCH.
Office, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C.
Telephone, Main 3428.
Cable, Interpax, Washington.
DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION
I
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
Director, NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER.
Assistant to the Director, HENRY S. HASKELL.
Division Assistant, AMY HEMINWAY JONES.
Head of Interamerican Section, PETER H. GOLDSMITH.
Office, 405 West iiyth Street, New York City.
Telephone, Cathedral 4560.
Cable, Interpax, New York.
Special Correspondents
SIR WILLIAM J. COLLINS, M.P., London, England.
F. W. FOERSTER, Zurich, Switzerland (Germany).
HELLMUT VON GERLACH, Berlin, Germany.
EDOARDO GIRETTI, Bricherasio, Piedmont, Italy.
CHRISTIAN L. LANGE, Geneva, Switzerland.
TSUNEJIRO MIYAOKA, Tokyo, Japan.
OTFRIED NIPPOLD, Saarlouis, Territory of the Saar (Switzerland).
European Organization
Advisory Council
President, BARON PAUL D'ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANTA 34** rue Molitor. Paris
(XVI'), France.
Senator from the Sarthe; delegate from France to the Hague Conferences of 1899 and
1907 { member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague; President of the
Conciliation Internationale; recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (with M. Beernaert), 1909.
BARON THEODOR ADELSWARD, Atvidaberg, Stocksund, Sweden.
Member of the Second Chamber of the Riksdag of Sweden; former Swedish Minister to
Pans ^former Minister of Foreign Affairs; member of the Permanent Commission of the
Scandinavian states for the organization of international justice.
GUSTAV ADOR, Cologny, near Geneva, Switzerland.
Member of the Federal Swiss Council; former President of the Swiss Confederation; former
President of the Red Cross of Geneva; former President of the League of the Societies of
the Red Cross; President of the International Financial Conference at Brussels, September.
1920. * '
1 Died May 15, 1924.
DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION IX
PAUL APPELL, La Sorbonne, Paris, France.
Docteur es Sciences; member of the Superior Council of Public Instruction; during the war
President of Secours National Frangais; President of the University of Paris since March
25, 1920; President of the Executive Committee of the French Association for the League
of Nations, since November 10, 1918.
FRANCISCO LEON DE LA BARRA (Mexico), Paris, France.
Delegate from Mexico to the Second Hague Conference; Mexican Ambassador at Washing-
ton, 1910; Provisional President of Mexico in 1911; Secretary of Foreign Affairs in Mexico,
1913; Diplomatic Mexican Representative to France until 1920.
E. BENE, Department of Foreign Affairs, Prague, Czechoslovakia.
Professor of Political Economy at the Academy of Commerce; Professor of Sociology at
the University of Prague, 1910; Director of La, Nation Tcheque, 1917; Minister of Foreign
Affairs, 1918; delegate to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919; delegate to the Assembly of
the League of Nations, 1920-1921; President of the Council of Ministers, 1921.
L6ON BOURGEOIS, 3 rue Palatine, Paris, France.
Senator from the Marne; formerly member of the Chamber of Deputies; formerly Minister
and President of the Council of Ministers; formerly President of the Chamber of Deputies;
delegate from France to the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907; member of the Permanent
Court of Arbitration at The Hague; technical delegate to France to the Peace Conference
at Paris, 1919; member of the Council of the League of Nations; President of the Senate;
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, 1920.
SIR WILLIAM J. COLLINS, i Albert Terrace, Regent's Park, London, N. W.,
England.
K. C. V. O., M. D., B. Sc. (Lond.) F. R. C. S., (Eng.); member of the House of Commons,
1906-1910 and 1916-1918; chairman of the London County Council, 1897-1898; Vice
Chancellor of the University of London 1907-1909 and 1911-1912; Fellow and Senator of
the University; member of various Royal Commissions and Select and Departmental
Committees, and three times British plenipotentiary at the Hague International Opium
Conferences; chairman of Civil Service Arbitration Board.
MGR, SIMON DEPLOIGE, i rue des Flamands, Louvain, Belgium.
Professor of Law at the University of Louvain since 1893; President, L'Institut Superietir de
Philosophic since 1906; member of the Council of the Belgian Association^ for the League
of Nations; Commissioner General, L'CEuvre Internationale de Louvain; Director, Annales
de VInstitnt superieur de philosophic.
SIR HENRY E. DUKE (Rt. Honorable Lord Justice), i Paper Buildings, Temple,
London, E. C., England.
Member of the House of Commons, 1900-1906, 1910-1918; Treasurer of Gray's Inn, 1908;
Attorney General to the Prince of Wales, 1915; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1916-1918;
Lord Justice of Appeal since 1918.
JEAN EFREMOFF, Tavritcheskaja 3, Leningrad, Russia; now at Berne, Switzerland.
Former member of the Duma; member of the Council of the Interparliamentary Union;
founder of the Peace Society of Petrograd.
F. W. FOERSTER, Hotel Balances, Lucerne, Switzerland.
Formerly Professor at the University of Munich, now at the University of Lausanne.
HELLMUT VON GERLACH, Genthinenstrasse 22, Berlin, W., Germany.
Author and journalist; member of the Reichstag, 1903-1906; former Under-Secretary of
State in the Ministry of the Interior; founder and president of Bund-Neues Vaterland;
Director of Die Welt am Montag,
BDOARDO GIRETTI, Bricherasio, Piedmont, Italy.
Doctor of Laws; contributor to Journal des Economises; former Deputy to the Italian
Chamber, 1914-1919; Secretary General for Italy of the Conciliation Internationale.
X CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
JUSTIN GODART, 9 Qual Voltaire, Paris, France.
Doctor of Laws; professor at L'Ecole La Martiniere of Lyons, 1898-1905; deputy^from
the Rh6ne since 1902; former Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies; former Assistant
State Secretary for Military Hygiene, 1915-1917; Former Minister of Labor.
SIR SAMUEL JOHN GURNEY HOARE, 18 Cadogan Gardens, London, England.
Member of the House of Commons; President of the London Fire Brigade Committee;
member of the Royal Commission on Civil Service; Lieutenant Colonel in the King's Own
Norfolk Yeomanry.
HANS J. HORST, Oskarsgaten 60, Oslo, Norway.
Professor and publicist; formerly Director of the Gymnasium at Trotnso; member of the
Storthing, 1889-1900; President of the Lagthing, 1900-1903; member of the Permanent
Court of Arbitration at The Hague; member of the Nobel Prize Committee of the Nor-
wegian Parliament.
PAUL HYMANS, Chamber of Representatives, Brussels, Belgium.
Member of the Chamber of Representatives since May, 1900; Minister of State since Au-
gust 2, 1914; member of the Royal Academy of Belgium; Professor and Honorary President
of the Free University of Belgium; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1918-1920; Minister of
Economic Interests, 1917; Minister from Belgium to Great Britain, 1915-1917; delegate
from Belgium to the Peace Conference at Paris, 1919; President of the Plenary Assembly
of the League of Nations, 1920; President of the Council of the League of Nations, 1922.
WELLINGTON Koo, Legation of China, London, England.
Counselor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, 1913; Minister Plenipotentiary to
Mexico, 1915; Minister to the United States, 1916-1920; Minister to Great Britain, 1920-;
former President of the Council of the League of Nations.
HENRI LA FONTAINE, n Square Vergote, Brussels, Belgium,
Professor of International Law; Senator; Director of the International Bibliographical
Institute; Secretary of the Belgian Society for Peace and Arbitration since 1889; former
President of the Bureau International de la Paix at Berne; member of the Interparliamen-
tary Union; Director of 1'Omce Central des Associations Internationales at Brussels;
delegate from Belgium to the Assembly of the League of Nations, 1920.
ALFRED LAGERHEIM, Regeringsgatan 66, Stockholm, Sweden.
"*" Formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Lou TsENG-TsiANG, Waichiao Pu, Peking, China.
Minister of Foreign Affairs; delegate from China to the Hague Conferences of 1899 and
1907; formerly Minister from China to Russia; delegate to the Peace Conference at Paris,
J, RAMSAY MACDONALD, 9 Howitt Road, Hampstead, London, N. W., England.
Member of the House of Commons since 1906; Secretary of the Labor Party since 1900;
Chairman of the Independent Labor Party, 1906-1909; member of the London County
Council, 1901-1904; Former Prime Minister of Great Britain.
COUNT ALBERT VON MENSDORFF, 3 Minoritenplatz, Vienna, i, Austria.
Attache of the Austrian Embassy at Paris, 1886; at London, 1889; at St. Petersburg, 1895;
Counselor of Embassy and Minister Plenipotentiary at London, 1903; Ambassador at
London, 1904-1914; member of the House of Lords, 1917; representative of Austria in the
Plenary Assembly of the League of Nations, 1920-1921.
TSUNEJIRO MIYAOKA, No, I Yuraku-cho Itchome, Kojimachiku, Tokyo, Japan*
International lawyer; Charge^ d' Affaires at Washington, 1894; First Secretary of the Lega-
tion at Berlin, 1894-1900; Minister Resident and Senior Counselor of the Legation, 1900-
1906; Counselor of the Embassy at Washington, 1906-1908; Minister Plenipotentiary and
resigned, 1909,
DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION XI
FRIDTJOF NANSEN, Lysaker, near Oslo, Norway.
Explorer; Professor of Oceanography at the University of Oslo ^Minister from Norway
to London, 1906-1908; High Commissioner of the League of Nations for the repatriation
of prisoners and for aid to the starving people of Russia.
OTFRIED NIPPOLD, Saarlouis.
Formerly Professor of International Law at the University of Berne; President of the Su-
preme Court of Justice of the Territory of the Saar.
MINORU OKA, 276 Sankocho-Shirokane-Shiba, Tokyo, Japan.
Former director to the Bureau of Commerce and Industry, Department of Agriculture and
Commerce; member of Colonial Investigation Committee, Internal Economic Conference
and Central Sanitary Association; delegate from Japan to the Labor Commission and the
Commission on Commercial Treaties at the Paris Peace Conference; delegate to the Labor
Conference at Washington; delegate to the Economic Commission of the League of Nations;
since 1919 Lecturer at Tokyo Imperial University, College of Commerce and Nippon
University.
ALBERTO D'OLIVEIRA, Consul General of Portugal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Former Consul General of Portugal at Berlin; former Minister from Portugal to Switzer-
land; delegate from Portugal to the Hague Conference in 1907; formerly ChargS Affaires
and Consul General in Morocco.
COMTE DE PENHA-GARCIA, Villa "Le Grillon," 28 Chemin des Cottages, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Formerly Minister of Finance of Portugal, ex-President of the Chamber of Deputies of
Portugal, member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.
JOSEF REDLICH, Armbriistergasse 15, Vienna, Austria.
Imperial Administrator of Briinn, 1891; Assistant Judge in the Court of Justice in Vienna,
1893; Professor of Political Science at the University of Vienna, 1906; Professor of Finance
at Harvard University, 1906; member of the Moravian Diet and of the High Austrian
Parliament, 1907.
CHARLES RICHET, 15 rue de rUniversit6, Paris, France.
Professor of Physiology in the University of Paris; member of the Academy of Medicine;
President of Soci6t6 Franchise pour 1'Arbitrage entre les Nations; President of the Council
of Direction of the review La Paix par le Droit.
FRANCESCO RUFFINI, The Senate, Rome, Italy.
Senator; Professor of History at the University of Turin; former Minister of Public In-
struction; President for 1922 of the International Union of Associations for the League of
Nations.
His HIGHNESS PRINCE SAMAD KHAN MONTAZOS SALTANEH (Persia), 64 Avenue
Malakoff, Paris, France.
Minister of Persia at Paris; delegate from Persia to the Hague Conferences of 1899 and
1907; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.
RT. HON. BARON SHAW OF DUNFERMLINE, i Palace Gate, London, W. 8, England.
Advocate, 1875, Advocate-Depute, 1886; Solicitor General, Scotland, 1894-1895; member
of Parliament, 1892-1909; member of the Committee of the Privy Council on Scottish
education; President of the Royal Commission of Inquiry on the Dublin riots, 1914.
COSME DE LA TORRIENTE Y PERAZA, Malec6n 90, Habana, Cuba, and Villa
Estela, Avenue de la Reine Victoria, Biarritz, France.
Colonel of the Cuban Liberating Army; former Ambassador of Cuba to the United States
of America; Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague; President ot the
Permanent Cuban Delegation to the Assembly of the League of Nations; President ol the
Xli CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations, 1923; ex-Secretary of State; former Envoy^ Ex-
traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain; ex-Senator (from Matanzas Province)
and Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Senate.
W. F. TREUB, 23 Scheveningsche Weg, The Hague, Holland.
Professor at the University of Amsterdam; member of the First Chamber of the States-
General; former Minister of Finance.
ELEUTHERIOS VENIZELOS, Athens, Greece.
Deputy to the Cretan Assembly, 1888; President of the National Cretan Assembly from
1897; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1904; Prime Minister of Greece, 1905-1915; delegate
from Greece to the Peace Conference, 1919.
ANDR& WEISS, 8 Place de Breteuil, Paris, France.
Professor of International Law at the University of Paris; jurisconsult for the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs; Vice President of Societ6 Francaise pour P Arbitrage entre les Nations;
member of the Institute of International Law since 1887; Vice President of the Institute in
1912; technical adviser to the French delegation to the Peace Conference at Paris, 19*9;
member of the Permanent Court at The Hague; Vice President of the Permanent Court of
Justice of the League of Nations, 1922.
European Bureau
President, BARON PAUL D'ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANTA
Vice President, JUSTIN GODART.
Secretary General, MLLE M.-TH. PEYLADE.
Auditor, TH. RUYSSEN.
Office of Secretariat, 173 Boulevard St*-Germain, Paris, France*
Telephone, Fleurus 53-77.
Cable, Interpax, Paris.
II
DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Director, JAMES BROWN SCOTT.
Assistant Director, GEORGE A. FINCH.
Division Assistant, HENRY G. CROCKER.
Office, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C.
Telephone, Main 3428.
Cable, Interpax, Washington.
General Adviser to the Division of International Law
L'lNSTITUT DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL
through a special Consultative Committee elected for this purpose
ENRICO L. CATELLANI, Italy.
Jurisconsult; Senator; Professor of International Law at the University of Padua.
GREGERS W. W. GRAM, Norway.
Statesman and publicist; formerly Minister of State; member of the Hague Permanent
Court of Arbitration; formerly^ judge of Mixed Courts of Egypt; arbiter in well-knows
international controversies, beginning with the Bering Sea Arbitration of 1892.
1 Died May 15, 1924.
DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION Xlll
KNUT HJALMAR LEONARD HAMMARSKJOLD, Sweden.
Governor of the Province of Upsala; member of the First Chamber of the Diet; formerly
Swedish Minister to Copenhagen; formerly Minister of Justice; formerly Minister of Foreign
Affairs; formerly Minister of Worship and Public Instruction; formerly President of the
Court of Appeals of Jonkoping; formerly Professor in the Faculty of Law of Upsala; arbiter
in international controversies; delegate to the Second Hague Peace Conference; member of
the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
SIR THOMAS ERSKINE HOLLAND, Great Britain.
Publicist, educator and author; formerly President of the Institute of International Law;
formerly Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy at the University of
Oxford; delegate to the Geneva Red Cross Conference of 1906.
WILHELM KAUFMANN, Germany.
Professor of International Law at the University of Berlin.
BARON ALBERIC ROLIN, Belgium.
Publicist, educator and author; Honorary President of the Institute of International Law;
Secretary General of the Hague Academy of International Law; Professor Emeritus of the
University of Ghent.
COUNT MICHEL J. C. ROSTWOROWSKI, Poland.
Doctor of Law; Professor of International Law at the University of Cracow; member of
the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.
LEO STRISOWER, Austria.
Lawyer; Professor of International Law at the University of Vienna; formerly President of
the Institute of International Law.
CHARLES ANDRE WEISS, France.
Member of the Institute of France; Professor of International Law at the University of
Paris; formerly Legal Adviser to Ministry for Foreign Affairs; formerly President of the
Institute of International Law; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The
Hague; Judge and Vice President of the Permanent Court of International Justice at
The Hague; technical adviser to the French delegation to the Peace Conference at Paris,
1919.
Classics of International Law
General Editor, JAMES BROWN SCOTT, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C.
Bibliotheque Internationale Francaise
Under the direction of NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER and JAMES BROWN SCOTT
Academy of International Law at The Hague
ESTABLISHED WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR
INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Members of the Curatorium
ALEJANDRO ALVAREZ, Chile.
Counselor of Chilean Legation in Paris; formerly member of the Permanent Court of Arbi-
tration; delegate to the Third, Fourth and Fifth Pan American Conferences; formerly Pro-
fessor of International Law at the University of Santiago; member of the Institute of
International Law; Secretary General of the American Institute of International Law.
DIONISIO ANZILOTTI, Italy.
Professor of International Law at the University of Rome; Judge of the Permanent Court of
International Justice; member of the Institute of International Law; member of the
Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
BARON DESCAMPS, Belgium.
Vice President of the Senate; Professor at the University of Louvaxn; member of the Per-
manent Court of Arbitration; delegate to the First Hague Peace Conference; former y
Minister of Arts and Sciences; formerly President of the Interparliamentary Union; formerly
President of the Institute of International Law; technical expert of the Belgian delegation
to the Peace Conference at Paris, 1919.
KNXJT HJALMAR LEONARD HAMMARSKJOLD, Sweden.
Governor of the Province of Upsala; member of the First Chamber of the Diet; formerly
Swedish Minister to Copenhagen; formerly Minister of Justice ^formerly Minister for
Foreign Affairs; formerly Minister of Worship and Public Instruction; formerly I resident
of the Court of Appeals of Jonkoping; formerly professor in the Faculty of Law of Upsala;
arbiter in international controversies; member of the Institute of International Law;
delegate to the Second Hague Peace Conference; member of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration.
TH. HEEMSKERK, The Netherlands.
Minister of Justice of the Netherlands; President of the State Commission for Private
International Law; member of the Council of State; formerly Prime Minister and Minister
of the Interior; delegate to Third International Conference on Private International Law;
Curator of the Free University of Amsterdam.
CHARLES LYON-CAEN, France.
Permanent Secretary of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of the Institute of
France; honorary dean of the law faculty of the University of Paris; former President and
honorary member of the Institute of International Law; President of the Curatonum.
LORD PHILLIMORE, England.
Member of the House of Lords; Chairman of Naval Prize Tribunal; formerly Lord Justice
of Appeal and Privy Councilor; member of the Institute of International Law.
NICOLAS S, POLITIS, Greece.
Minister of Greece at Paris; Honorary professor on the law faculty of the University of
Paris- formerly Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs; member of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration at The Hague; formerly Vice President of the Institute of International Law;
Vice President of the Curatorium.
WALTHER SCHUCKING, Germany.
Professor of Law at the Berlin School of Commerce; member of the Reichstag; member of
the Institute of International Law; member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at
The Hague.
JAMES BROWN SCOTT, United States.
Secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Director of its Division
of International Law; member of the Institute of International Law; President of the Ameri-
can Institute of International Law; Honorary Editor in Chief of the American Journal of
International Law; technical delegate to the Second Hague Peace Conference; counsel in the
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration at The Hague; formerly Solicitor for the Depart-
ment of State; Special Adviser to the Department of State in matters arising out of the
European War, 1914-1917; Chairman of the United States Joint State and Navy Neutrality
Board, 1914-1917; delegate of the United States to the Second Pan American Scientific
Conference, held in Washington in 1916; technical adviser to the American delegation to the
Peace Conference at Paris, 1919; legal adviser to the Washington Conference on the Limita-
tion of Armament; delegate of the United States to the Third Pan American Scientific
Conference, held at Lima in 1924-25; delegate of the United States to the Commission
of Jurists meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1926 for the codification of international law.
LEO STRISOWER, Austria.
Lawyer; Professor of International Law at the University of Vienna; formerly President of
the Institute of International Law.
DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION XV
BARON MICHEL DE TAUBE, Russia.
Doctor of Law; formerly professor at the University of Petrograd; formerly Assistant to the
Minister of Public Instruction of Russia; formerly Councilor of State; formerly member of
the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague; associate of the Institute of Interna-
tional Law,
III
DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY
Director, JAMES THOMSON SHOTWELL.
Office, 405 West iiyth Street, New York City.
Telephone, Cathedral 4560.
Cable, Interpax, New York.
Economic and Social History of the World War
JAMES THOMSON SHOTWELL, General Editor and ex-officio Member of the National
Boards, 405 West nyth Street, New York City.
Editorial Board for Great Britain
SIR WILLIAM BEVERIDGE, K.C.B., Chairman.
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Food (1919); Assistant Secretary General to the Min-
istry of Munitions (1915-1916); Director of Labor Exchanges, Board of Trade (1909-1916);
Director of London School of Economics and Political Science.
H. W. C DAVIS, C.B.E.
Adviser, War Trade Intelligence Department from 1916; Fellow and Tutor of Baliol College,
Oxford; historian and economist.
THOMAS JONES, LL.D.
Acting Secretary to the War Cabinet; Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet from 1919;
formerly Professor of Economics at Glasgow University; Governor, University College
of Wales, Aberystwyth; Governor of National Library of Wales.
J. M. KEYNES, C.B.
Adviser to the Treasury (1915-1919); Editor, Economic Journal, since 1912; principa^
representative of the Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and deputy for the Chancellor
of the Exchequer on the Supreme Economic Council (1919).
FRANCIS W. HIRST.
Formerly Editor of the Economist; author and publicist.
W. R. SCOTT, PH.D., Lm.D., HON. LL.D.
Fellow of the British Academy; Adam Smith Professor of Political Economy in the Uni-*
versity of Glasgow since 1915; Chairman of the British Association Committees on Credit
and Employment (1915-1918); member, Committees on Housing, Rural Transport and
Cooperative Credit.
Editorial Board for France
CHARLES GIDE, Chairman.
Professor of Political Economy at the College de France j formerly Professor at the Univer-
sities of Montpellier and of Paris (Facult6 de Droit).
xvi CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
ARTHUR FONTAINE.
Directeur du Travail, Ministry of Labor; President of the Commission of the Saar Valley;
President, Governing Body, International Labor Office; Director of Labor during the war.
HENRI HAUSER.
Professor of History in the University of Paris; Chief of Section in the Ministry of Com-
merce during the war; member, Government Committee of Research.
CHARLES RIST.
Professor of Political Economy at the University of Pans (Facult6 de Droit) ; member of
Committee of Research appointed by the French Government during the war to analyze
economic conditions.
Editor for Belgium
H. PlRENNE.
Professor, formerly Rector, University of Ghent; Historian of Belgium; President of the
Royal Commission on War Records; President, Union Acad&tnique Internationale (of the
Learned Societies of Europe).
Editorial Board for Austria-Hungary
FRIEDRICH FREIHERR VON WIESER, Chairman for Austria.
Professor of Political Economy in the University of Vienna; formerly Minister of Commerce
for Austria.
GUSTAV GRATZ, Editor for Hungary.
Minister of Foreign Affairs for Hungary; formerly Minister of Hungary at Vienna; Min-
ister of Finance (with Gzernin) during the war.
RICHARD RIEDL.
Austrian Minister to Germany; Chief of Section of the Ministry of Commerce; General
Commission for War and Reconstruction.
RICHARD SCHULLER.
Chief of the Economic Section of the Austrian Foreign Office; formerly Chief of the Section
of the Ministry of Commerce.
; CLEMENS FREIHERR VON PIRQUET,
of Medk
Relief; H.
Editorial Board for Italy
LUIGI EINAUDI, Chairman.
Professor of Finance at the University of Turin; member of the Italian Senate; Editor,
La Riforma Sociale.
PASQUALE JANNACCONE.
Professor of Statistics at the University of Turin; formerly Professor of Political Economy
and General Secretary of the International Institute of Agriculture; Editor, Biblioteca
dell 1 Economists; Associate Editor, La Riforma Sociale.
UMBERTO RICCI.
Professor of Statistics at the University of Pisa; Chief of the Statistical Section of the
International Institute of Agriculture, Rome.
Professor of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Vienna; General Commissioner for
Austria for the American Relief; Head of the Children's Hospital, Vienna.
DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION XVil
Editorial Board for the Baltic Countries
HARALD WESTERGAARD, Chairman.
Professor of Political Science and Statistics at the University of Copenhagen.
ELI HECKSCHER.
Of the High School of Commerce of Stockholm.
Editor for the Netherlands
H. B. GREVEN.
Emeritus Professor of Political Economy at the University of Leyden.
Editor for Yugoslavia
VELIMIR BAJKTTCH.
Professor of Political Economy at the University of Belgrade.
Editor for Russia
(For the period prior to the Bolshevik Revolution)
SIR PAUL VINOGRADOFF.
Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University.
Editorial Board for Germany
CARL JOSEPH MELCHIOR, Chairman.
Banker and lawyer; German financial expert at Versailles, 1918, etc.
ALBRECHT MENDELSSOHN BARTHOLDY, Secretary.
Geheirner Hofrat; Professsor of International Law and of German Civil Law at University
of Hamburg; editor, publications of the German Foreign Office, etc,
HERMANN BUCHER.
Representative of German industrial capitalists; Directing Manager of Union of German
Industries.
CARL DUISBERG.
Chemical and industrial specialist; President, Friedrich Bayer and Co., manufacturers of
chemical dyes.
MAX SERING.
Professor of Political Economy in the University of Berlin; President of the Scientific
Commission of the German War Office, 1915-18.
Editor for Rumania
DAVID MITRANY.
Foreign Editor, Manchester Guardian Commercial; correspondent for Rumania of Royal
Society of Literature; contributor to the Oxford Pamphlets, etc.
Japanese Research Committee
BARON Y. SAKATANI, Chairman.
Formerly Minister of Finance, Tokyo, Japan; formerly Mayor of Tokyo.
GOTARO OGAWA.
Professor of Finance at the University of Kioto.
MR. CARNEGIE'S LETTER TO THE TRUSTEES
December 14, ipzo.
GENTLEMEN: I hav transferd to you as Trustees of the Carnegie Peace
Fund, Ten Million Dollars of Five Per Cent. First Mortgage Bonds, the revenue
of which is to be administerd by you to hasten the abolition of international war,
the foulest blot upon our civilization. Altho we no longer eat our fellowmen
nor torture prisoners, nor sack cities killing their inhabitants, we still kill each
other in war like barbarians. Only wild beasts are excusable for doing that in
this, the Twentieth Century of the Christian era, for the crime of war is inherent,
since it decides not in favor of the right, but always of the strong. The nation
is criminal which refuses arbitration and drives its adversary to a tribunal which
knows nothing of righteous judgment,
I believ that the shortest and easiest path to peace lies in adopting President
Taft's platform, who said in his address before the Peace and Arbitration So-
ciety, New York, March 22, 1910:
"I hav noticed exceptions in our arbitration treaties, as to reference of
questions of national honor to courts of arbitration. Personally, I do not see any
more reason why matters of national honor should not be referd to a court of
arbitration than matters of property or of national proprietorship. I know that
is going farther than most men are willing to go, but I do not see why questions
of honor may not be submitted to a tribunal composed of men of honor who
understand questions of national honor, to abide by their decision, as well as any
other questions of difference arising between nations."
I venture to quote from my address as President of the Peace Congress in
New York, 1907:
II Honor is the most dishonord word in our language. No man ever touched
another man's honor; no nation ever dishonord another nation; all honor's
wounds are self-inflicted."
At the opening of the International Bureau of American Republics at Wash-
ington, April 26, 1910, President Taft said:
"We twenty-one republics can not afford to hav any two or any three of us
quarrel. We must stop this, and Mr. Carnegie and I will not be satisfied until
all nineteen of us can intervene by proper mesures to suppress a quarrel between
any other two."
I hope the Trustees will begin by pressing forward upon this line, testing it
thoroly and douting not.
The judge who presides over a case in which he is interested dies in infamy
if discovered. The citizen who constitutes himself a judge in his own cause as
against his fellow-citizen, and presumes to attack him, is a law-breaker and as
2 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
such disgraced. So should a nation be held as disgraced which insists upon sit-
ting in judgment in its own cause in case of an international dispute.
I call your attention to the following resolution introduced by the Com-
mittee of Foreign Relations in the first Session, Fiftieth Congress, June 14, 1888:
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), that
the President be, and is hereby, requested to invite, from time to time, as
fit occasions may arise, negotiations with any government with which the
United States has or may have diplomatic relations, to the end that any
differences or disputes arising between the two governments which can not
be adjusted by diplomatic agency may be referred to arbitration and be
peaceably adjusted by such means [resolution not reached on calendar dur-
ing session, but reintroduced and passed: Senate, February 14, 1890; House,
April 3, 1890].
This resolution was presented to the British Parliament, which adopted a
resolution approving the action of the Congress of the United States and ex-
pressing the hope that Her Majesty's Government would lend their ready co-
operation to the Government of the United States for the accomplishment of the
object in view [Resolution of the House of Commons, July 16, 1893, Foreign
Relations, 1893, 346, 352].
Here we find an expression of the spirit which resulted in the first inter-
national Hague Conference of 1899; the second Hague Conference of 1907; and
eighty treaties of obligatory arbitration between the great nations of the world,
our own country being a party to twenty-three of them.
It was my privilege to introduce to President Cleveland in 1887 a Com-
mittee of Members of the Parliament of Britain, bedded by Sir William Randal
Cremer, in response to the action of Congress, proposing a treaty agreeing to
settle all disputes that mite arise between America and Great Britain by arbi-
tration. Such a treaty was concluded between Lord Pauncefote and Secretary
Olney in 1897. It faild of approval by the necessary two-thirds majority of the
Senate by only three votes.
There is reason to believ that the British Government has been desirous of
having that treaty ratified by our Government or redy to agree to another of
similar character, so that President Taft's policy seems within easy reach of
success. If the English-speaking race adopts such a treaty we shall not hav to
wait long for other nations to join, and it will be noticed that the resolution of
Congress in 1890 embraces "any government with which the United States has
or may hav diplomatic relations.'*
If the independence and rights of nations to their respectiv internal policies
were first formally recognized in such treaties, no dispute concerning these ele-
ments of sovereignty could arise.
In order to giv effect to this gift, it will be suitable that the Trustees herein
named shall form a corporation with lawful powers appropriate to the accom-
plishment of the purposes herein exprest and I authorize the conveyance of the
fund to such a corporation.
MR. CARNEGIE'S LETTER TO THE TRUSTEES 3
The Trustees hav power to sell, invest, or re-invest all funds, either in the
United States or in other countries, subject as respects investments in the United
States to no more restriction than is imposed upon savings banks or insurance
companies in the State of New York.
No personal liability will attach to Trustees for their action or nonaction
as Trustees. They may act as a Board. They hav power to fill vacancies or
to add to their number and to employ all officials and to fix their compensation
whether members of the Board or not. Trustees shall be reimbursed all ex-
penses incurd in connection with their duties as Trustees, including traveling ex-
penses attending meetings, including expenses of wife or dauter to each annual
meeting. A majority of the Trustees may act for the whole. The President
shall be granted such honoraria as the Trustees think proper and as he can be
prevaild upon to accept.
Lines of future action can not be wisely laid down. Many may hav to be
tried, and having full confidence in my Trustees I leav to them the widest dis-
cretion as to the rnesures and policy they shall from time to time adopt, only
premising that the one end they shall keep unceasingly in view until it is attained,
is the speedy abolition of international war between so-cald civilized nations.
When civilized nations enter into such treaties as named, and war is dis-
carded as disgraceful to civilized men as personal war (duelling) and man sell-
ing and buying (slavery) hav been discarded within the wide boundaries of our
English-speaking race, the Trustees will pleas then consider what is the next
most degrading remaining evil or evils whose banishment or what new elevating
element or elements if introduced, or fostered, or both combined would most
advance the progress, elevation and happiness of man, and so on from century
to century without end, my Trustees of each age shall determin how they can
best aid man in his upward march to higher and higher stages of development
unceasingly; for now we know that man was created, not with an instinct for
his own degradation, but imbued with the desire and the power for improvement
to which, perchance, there may be no limit short of perfection even here in this
life upon erth.
Let my Trustees therefore ask themselvs from time to time, from age to age,
how they can best help man in his glorious ascent onward and upward and to this
end devote this fund.
Thanking you for your cordial acceptance of this trust and your harty
approval of its object, I am
Very gratefully yours,
ANDREW CARNEGIE.
Witness:
LOUISE WHITFIELD CARNEGIE.
MARGARET CARNEGIE.
ACCEPTANCE OF THE GIFT
On the date of Mr. Carnegie's letter, the Board of Trustees designated by
him, met in Washington, and Mr. Choate addressed Mr. Carnegie and the mem-
bers of the Board as follows :
Mr. President, I suppose the first business in order would be the formal
acceptance of this remarkable gift from Mr. Carnegie. It is impossible for
me, or I think for anyone, to find adequate words to express our apprecia-
tion and gratitude for this wonderful gift. Mr. Carnegie has been Jknown
for many years now as a great benefactor to his race and the whole civilized
world is covered with proofs of his beneficence. Great trusts that he has
established for the benefit of mankind have already demonstrated the wis-
dom of his designs and his gifts; but in this enterprise for peace which he
has undertaken, he has in my judgment attempted the most difficult, as well
as the most far reaching and beneficent, of all his works.
Twenty years ago such a proposition as he has made in the remarkable
paper that he has read would have been received with wonder and incre-
dulity, and would have been regarded as hopeless and impossible; but enor-
mous progress has been made in those twenty years, and very largely^ by his
personal influence. Twelve years ago, when the Emperor of Russia first
proposed that the nations of the earth should assemble by their accredited
representatives to consider the question of peace and disarmament or mitiga-
tion and regulation of armament, the proposition was received almost with
contempt in many countries of the world; but when that body assembled
there is nobody who can tell us better than Dr. White about that it made
immense progress in the direction of peace and harmony among nations.
Eight years afterwards, when under your direction, Mr. Chairman, we went
again to The Hague for the same purpose, still further progress was made,
and by the result of those two assemblages, as the result also of the cultiva-
tion of public opinion in favor of peace, among all civilized nations, this pro-
posed gift of Mr. Carnegie is not only made possible but the promise of it is
to my mind absolutely certain.
At the same time I think it may be regarded as the most difficult work
that he has yet entrusted to any board of trustees or has himself undertaken.
That it is sure to come in the end, no reasonable man can doubt; but anyone
who has attempted any work in this direction knows the enormous difficul-
ties that lie in the way, in the prejudices, the interests and the determination
of the various great nations of the world. I will not attempt to enlarge
upon the subject. I am sure that we shall devote our best endeavors to
carry out the object that Mr. Carnegie has expressed in his letter of gift,
and that among our first objects will certainly be to promote what he has
evidently so much at heart, and what he is so absolutely assured will be
hailed with cordial welcome on the other side of the border the ratification
of the treaty that he has referred to between England and the United States
for I am satisfied that if those two nations are bound together in terms of
ACCEPTANCE OF THE GIFT 5
lasting friendship and peace it would go far to secure the peace of the whole
world. I therefore offer this resolution of acceptance:
Resolved, That the Trust Fund, for the promotion of peace, speci-
fied in the instrument subscribed to and delivered this day by Mr.
Andrew Carnegie be and it is hereby accepted for the purposes pre-
scribed by the donor.
Resolved, That in undertaking to hold and use, in trust, this munifi-
cent gift for the benefit of mankind, the Trustees are moved by a deep
sense of the sincere and noble spirit of humanity which inspires the donor
of the Fund. They feel that all thoughtful men and women should be
grateful to him, and should be glad to aid, so far as lies within their
power, towards the accomplishment of the much-to-be-desired end upon
which he has fixed his hopes, and to which he desires to contribute.
They are not unmindful of the delicacy and difficulty involved in dealing
with so great a sum, for such a purpose, wisely and not mischievously,
and in ways which shall be practical and effective. They accept the
Trust in the belief that, although, doubtless, many mistakes may be
made, great and permanent good can be accomplished.
The Secretary, at the direction of the Chairman, called the name of each
Trustee, in order that the Trust might be accepted personally by each Trustee
present, and the resolution was unanimously adopted. The Chairman then
declared that by these acceptances the persons present were constituted Trustees
under the instrument of the gift, with the powers and obligations specified therein.
PROPOSED CHARTER
APPROVED IN THE BY-LAWS OF THE ASSOCIATION 1
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That the following persons, namely, Robert S.
Brookings, Thomas Burke, Nicholas Murray Butler, John L. Cadwalader,
Joseph H. Choate, Cleveland H. Dodge, Charles W. Eliot, Robert A. Franks,
Arthur William Foster, John W. Foster, Austen G. Fox, William M. Howard,
Samuel Mather, Andrew J. Montague, George W. Perkins, Henry S. Pritchett,
Elihu Root, Jacob G. Schmidlapp, James Brown Scott, James L. Slayden, Albert
K. Smiley, Oscar S. Straus, Charles L. Taylor, Charlemagne Tower, Andrew D.
White, John Sharp Williams, Robert S. Woodward, Luke E. Wright, their
associates and successors, duly chosen, are hereby incorporated and declared to
be a body corporate of the District of Columbia by the name of the "Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, 77 and by such name shall be known and
have perpetual succession, with the powers, limitations, and restrictions herein
contained.
SECTION 2, That the objects of the corporation shall be to advance the
cause of peace among nations, to hasten the abolition of international war, and
to encourage and promote a peaceful settlement of international differences, and,
in particular
(a) To promote a thorough and scientific investigation and study of the
causes of war and of the practical methods to prevent and avoid it.
(b) To aid in the development of international law, and a general agree-
ment of the rules thereof, and the acceptance of the same among nations.
(c) To diffuse information, and to educate public opinion regarding the
causes, nature, and effects of war, and means for its prevention and avoidance.
(d) To establish a better understanding of international rights and duties
and a more perfect sense of international justice among the inhabitants of civilized
countries.
(e) To cultivate friendly feelings between the inhabitants of different
countries, and to increase the knowledge and understanding of each other by the
several nations.
(f) To promote a general acceptance of peaceable methods in the settle-
ment of international disputes.
(g) To maintain, promote, and assist such establishments, organizations,
associations, and agencies as shall be deemed necessary or useful in the accom-
plishment of the purposes of the corporation, or any of them.
1 H. R. 32084, Sixty-First Congress. This bill has not been reintroduced in subsequent
Congresses.
PROPOSED CHARTER 7
(h) To take and hold such property, real or personal, and to invest and keep
invested and receive and apply the income of such funds and to construct and
maintain such buildings or establishments, as shall be deemed necessary to prose-
cute and develop the purposes of the corporation, or any of them.
(i) To do and perform all lawful acts or things necessary or proper in the
judgment of the Trustees to promote the objects of the corporation.
With full power, however, to the Trustees hereinafter named, and their
successors, from time to time, to modify the conditions and regulations under
which the work shall be carried on, and the particular purposes to which the
income shall be applied, so as to secure the application of the funds in the man-
ner best adapted to the conditions of the time: Provided, That the purposes
of the corporation shall at all times be among the foregoing or kindred thereto.
SECTION 3. That the management and direction of the affairs of the cor-
poration and the control and disposition of its property and funds shall be vested
in a Board of Trustees, twenty-eight in number, to be composed of the follow-
ing individuals: Robert S. Brookings, Thomas Burke, Nicholas Murray Butler,
John L. Cadwalader, Joseph H. Choate, Cleveland H. Dodge, Charles W. Eliot,
Robert A. Franks, Arthur William Foster, John W. Foster, Austen G. Fox,
William M. Howard, Samuel Mather, Andrew J. Montague, George W. Perkins,
Henry S. Pritchett, Elihu Root, Jacob G. Schmidlapp, James Brown Scott,
James L. Slayden, Albert K. Smiley, Oscar S. Straus, Charles L. Taylor, Charle-
magne Tower, Andrew D. White, John Sharp Williams, Robert S. Woodward,
Luke E. Wright, who shall constitute the first Board of Trustees. Vacancies
caused by death, resignation, or otherwise shall be filled by the remaining Trus-
tees in such manner as shall be prescribed from time to time by the by-laws of
the corporation. The persons so elected shall thereupon become Trustees and
also members of the corporation.
SECTION 4. That the principal office of the corporation shall be located in
the District of Columbia, but offices may be maintained and meetings of the
Trustees and committees thereof may be held elsewhere, as provided by the
by-laws of the corporation,
SECTION 5. That the Board of Trustees shall be entitled to take, hold, and
administer any securities, funds or property which may at any time be given,
devised, or bequeathed to them or to the corporation for the purposes of the
trust; with full power from time to time to adopt a common seal, to appoint
such officers and agents, whether members of the Board of Trustees or other-
wise, as may be deemed necessary for carrying on the business of the corpora-
tion, at such salaries or remuneration as the Trustees may deem proper; with
full power to adopt by-laws and such rules or regulations as shall be deemed
necessary to secure the safe and convenient transaction of the business of the
corporation; and full power and discretion to invest any principal and deal
with and expend the income of the corporation in such manner as in the judg-
ment of the Trustees will best promote the objects hereinbefore set forth ; and, in
8 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
general, to have and use all the powers and authority necessary and proper to
promote such objects and carry out the purposes of the corporation. The
Trustees shall have power to hold as investments any securities given, assigned,
or transferred to them or to the corporation by any person, persons, or corpo-
ration, and to retain such investments, and to invest any sums or amounts from
time to time in such securities and in such form and manner as may be permitted
to trustees or to charitable or literary corporations for investment according to
the laws of the States of New York, Pennsylvania, or Massachusetts, or any of
them, or in such securities as may be authorized for investment by any deed of
trust, or by any act or deed of gift or last will and testament.
SECTION 6. That all personal property and funds of the corporation held, or
used, for the purposes thereof, pursuant to the provisions of this act, whether
of principal or income, shall, so long as the same shall be so used, be exempt
from taxation by the United States or any Territory or District thereof; Pro-
vided, That such exemption shall not apply to any property, principal or income,
which shall not be held or used for the purposes of the corporation.
SECTION 7. That the services of the Trustees, when acting as such, shall be
gratuitous, but the corporation may provide for the reasonable expenses in-
curred by the Trustees in attending meetings or otherwise in the performance
of their duties.
SECTION 8. That Congress may from time to time alter, repeal, or modify
this act of incorporation, but no contract or individual right made or acquired
shall thereby be divested or impaired.
BY-LAWS OF THE ASSOCIATION
ADOPTED MARCH 9, 1911
ARTICLE I
THE TRUSTEES
SECTION i. Pending the incorporation of the Trustees, the business of the
Trust shall be conducted by the Trustees as an unincorporated association, and
shall be managed and controlled by the Board of Trustees, which shall consist
of twenty-eight members, who shall hold office continuously and not for a stated
term.
The name of the association shall be " Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace."
SECTION 2. Vacancies in the Board of Trustees shall be filled by the Trus-
tees, by ballot, by a vote of two-thirds of the Trustees present at a meeting. No
person shall be elected, however, who shall not have been nominated, in writing,
by some member of the Board of Trustees twenty days before an annual or
special meeting. A list of the persons so nominated, with the names of the
proposers, shall be mailed to each member of the Board of Trustees twenty days
before a meeting, and no other nomination shall be considered except by the
unanimous consent of the Trustees present.
SECTION 3. In case any Trustee shall fail to attend three successive annual
meetings of the Board, he shall thereupon cease to be a Trustee.
SECTION 4. No Trustees shall receive any compensation for his services as
such.
ARTICLE II
MEETINGS
SECTION i. The principal office of the association shall be in the City of
Washington, in the District of Columbia. The annual meeting of the Board of
Trustees shall be held on the third Friday of April in each year. 1
SECTION 2. Special meetings of the Board may be called by the Executive
Committee at such place as the Committee shall determine, by notice served per-
sonally upon or mailed to the usual address of each Trustee, twenty days prior
to the meeting, as the names and addresses of such Trustees appear upon the
books of the association.
A special meeting of the Board on the second Friday of November in each
year shall be called and held in accordance with the provisions of this section,
for the transaction of such business as the Board shall determine upon, including
any special appropriations that may be found necessary. 2
1 As amended December 12, 1912. *As amended April 18, 1913.
9
ID CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
SECTION 3. Special meetings shall be called by the president in the same
manner upon the written request of seven members of the Board.
SECTION 4. A majority of the Trustees shall constitute a quorum.
SECTION 5. The order of business at the annual meeting of the Board of
Trustees shall be as follows :
1. Calling the roll.
2. Reading of the notice of the meeting.
3. Reading of the minutes of the last annual or special meeting.
4. Reports of officers.
5. Reports of committees.
6. Election of officers and Trustees.
7. Miscellaneous business.
ARTICLE III
OFFICERS
SECTION i. The officers of the association shall be a president and a vice
president, who shall be elected from the members of the Board by ballot an-
nually. There shall also be a secretary elected from the members of the Board,
who shall serve during the pleasure of the Board, and a treasurer, who may or
may not be a member of the Board, who shall be elected by the Board and serve
during the pleasure of the Board,
ARTICLE IV
THE PRESIDENT
SECTION i. The president shall be the presiding officer of the association
and chairman, ex officio, of the Executive Committee. He shall preside at all
meetings of the Board or the Executive Committee, and exercise the usual duties
of a presiding officer. He shall have general supervision of all matters of admin-
istration and of all the affairs of the association.
SECTION 2. In the absence or disability of the president, his duties shall be
performed by the vice president.
ARTICLE V
THE SECRETARY
SECTION i. The secretary shall be the chief administrative officer of the
association and, subject to the authority of the Board and the Executive Com-
mittee, shall have immediate charge of the administration of its affairs and of
the work undertaken by it or with its funds. He shall devote his entire time to
the work of the association. He shall prepare and submit to the Board of Trus-
tees and to the Executive Committee plans, suggestions and recommendations for
BY-LAWS 1 1
the work of the association, shall carry on its correspondence, and generally
supervise the work of the association. He shall sign and execute all instruments
in the name of the association when authorized to do so by the Board of Trus-
tees or by the Executive Committee or the Finance Committee. He shall counter-
sign all cheques, orders, bills or drafts for the payment of money, and shall per-
form the usual duties of a secretary and such other duties as may be assigned
to him by the Board or the Executive Committee.
SECTION 2. He shall be the legal custodian of all property of the associa-
tion whose custody is not otherwise provided for. He shall submit to the Board
of Trustees, at least thirty days before its annual meeting, a written report of
the operations and business of the association for the preceding fiscal year, with
such recommendations as he shall approve.
SECTION 3. He shall act, ex officio^ as secretary of the Board of Trustees
and of the Executive Committee, and shall have custody of the seal and affix the
same when directed so to do by the Board, the Executive Committee or the
Finance Committee.
SECTION 4. An assistant secretary may be appointed by the Executive
Committee to perform the duties or exercise the powers of the secretary, or some
part thereof.
ARTICLE VI
THE TREASURER
SECTION I. The treasurer shall have the care and custody of all funds and
property of the association as distinguished from the permanent invested funds
and securities and shall deposit the same in such bank, trust company or de-
pository as the Board of Trustees or the Executive Committee shall designate,
and shall, subject to the direction of the Board or the Executive Committee, dis-
burse and dispose of the same, and shall perform the usual duties incident to the
office of treasurer. He shall report to each meeting of the Executive Committee.
He shall keep proper books of account of all moneys or disposition of property
received and paid out on account of the association, and shall exhibit the same
when required by the Executive Committee, the Finance Committee or any officer
of the association. He shall submit a report of the accounts and financial con-
dition of the association, and of all moneys received or expended by him, at
each annual meeting of the association. He may be required to give a bond
for the faithful discharge of his duties, in such sum as the Executive Committee
may require.
SECTION 2. An assistant treasurer may be appointed by the Executive Com-
mittee to perform the duties and exercise the powers, or some part thereof, of
the treasurer. Such assistant treasurer may be either an individual or a corpora-
tion, who may in like manner be required to furnish a bond.
12 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
ARTICLE VII
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
SECTION i. There shall be an Executive Committee, consisting of the presi-
dent, the secretary, and five other Trustees elected by the Board by ballot for a
term of three years, who shall be eligible for reelection. The members first
elected shall determine their respective terms by lot, two to serve three years,
two to serve two years and one a single year. A member elected to fill a vacancy
shall serve for the remainder of the term.
SECTION 2. The Executive Committee shall, subject to the authority of the
Board, and when the Board is not in session, exercise all the powers of the Board
in the management, direction and supervision of the business and the conduct
of the affairs of the association. It may appoint advisory committees, or agents,
with such powers and duties as it shall approve and shall fix salaries of officers,
agents and employes.
SECTION 3. The Executive Committee shall direct the manner in which the
books and accounts of the association shall be kept, and shall cause to be ex-
amined from time to time the accounts and vouchers of the treasurer for moneys
received and paid out by him. Such committee shall submit a written report
to the Board at each meeting of the Board, and shall submit an annual report to
the annual meeting of the Board.
SECTION 4. Whenever any vacancy shall occur in the Executive Committee
or in the office of secretary or treasurer, or in any other office of the association
by death, resignation or otherwise, the vacancy shall be filled by appointment by
the Executive Committee until the next annual meeting of the Board of Trustees.
SECTION 5. A majority of the Executive Committee shall constitute a
quorum.
ARTICLE VIII
FINANCE COMMITTEE
SECTION i. The Finance Committee shall consist of three Trustees to be
elected by the Trustees by ballot annually.
SECTION 2. The Finance Committee shall have custody of the permanent
invested funds and securities of the association and general, charge of its invest-
ments, and shall care for, invest and dispose of the same subject to the directions
of the Board of Trustees and of the Executive Committee. It shall consider and
recommend to the Board from time to time such measures as in its opinion will
promote the financial interests of the association, and shall make a report at each
annual meeting of the Board.
Pending incorporation the title to the permanent invested funds and se-
curities of the association, as well as the custody thereof, shall be vested in the
Finance Committee in trust for the association.
BY-LAWS 13
ARTICLE IX
TERMS OF OFFICE
The terms of office of all officers and of all members of committees shall con-
tinue until their successors in each case are appointed.
ARTICLE X
FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION
SECTION i. The fiscal year of the association shall commence on the first
day of July in each year.
SECTION 2. The Executive Committee, at least one month prior to the
annual meeting in each year, shall cause the accounts of the association to be
audited by a skilled accountant, to be appointed by the president, and shall sub-
mit to the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees a full statement of the finances
and work of the association, and shall mail to each member of the Board of Trus-
tees a detailed estimate of expenses and requirements for appropriation for the
ensuing fiscal year, thirty days before the annual meeting.
SECTION 3. The Board of Trustees at the annual meeting in each year shall
make general appropriations for the ensuing fiscal year, and may make special
appropriations from time to time.
SECTION 4. The securities of the association and other evidences of property
shall be deposited under such safeguards as the Trustees or the Executive Com-
mittee shall designate; and the moneys of the association shall be deposited in
such banks or depositories as may from time to time be designated by the Execu-
tive Committee.
ARTICLE XI
These by-laws may be amended at any annual or special meeting of the
Board of Trustees by a majority vote of the members present, provided written
notice of the proposed amendment shall be personally served upon, or mailed
to the usual address of, each member of the Board at least twenty days prior to
such meeting.
ARTICLE XII
The Executive Committee is hereby empowered to accept, on behalf of the
association, a charter of the tenor and form reported by the Judiciary Com-
mittee of the House of Representatives to the House on the third day of Febru-
ary, 1911 [H. R. 32084, "To incorporate the Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace"], and laid before the Trustees of this association on the ninth
day of March, 1911, with such alterations and amendments thereto as may be
imposed by Congress and are not, in the judgment of the Executive Committee,
inconsistent with the effective prosecution of the purposes of the association.
14 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Upon the granting of such charter the property and business of the asso-
ciation shall be transferred to the corporation so formed and a meeting of the
Trustees shall be called for the purpose of regulating and directing the further
conduct of the business by the corporation.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
To THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE :
In compliance with Article VII, Section 3, of the By-Laws, the Executive
Committee has the honor to submit the following report:
The Committee has held five meetings since the last annual meeting of the
Board of Trustees, the first immediately following the meeting of the Trustees
on April 24, 1924, and the others on May 27, October 24, and November 21, 1924,
and February 16, 1925. The Committee also arranged for the semi-annual
meeting of the Board of Trustees on November 21, 1924. Printed copies of the
minutes of these meetings have been mailed to each Trustee.
Detailed reports covering the business and operations of the Endowment
have been rendered by the Secretary and the Directors of the three Divisions and
mailed to the Trustees in printed form thirty days in advance of the present
meeting of the Board. The reports of the Treasurer submitted to each meeting
of the Executive Committee have likewise been regularly mailed to the Trustees,
and the Treasurer's report showing the condition of the Endowment's finances
at the close of business on March 31, 1925, will be submitted at the present
meeting.
The Executive Committee, in compliance with the By-Laws, has caused the
accounts and vouchers of the Treasurer for moneys received and paid out by him
to be examined by certified public accountants, and their report will be laid
before the Board.
For the fiscal year 1925 the Trustees made appropriations aggregating
$591,367. Of this amount, the Executive Committee has made allotments
aggregating $577,033.10, leaving an unallotted balance of $14,333.90, which will
be available for allotment until June 3Oth next, when any unallotted balances
will revert to the Treasury under the rules. The amount allotted and the balance
unallotted in each appropriation are given in the reports of the Treasurer. Of
the aggregate amount allotted by the Executive Committee, there has been
disbursed the sum of $372,290.62, leaving an unexpended balance in the allot-
ments on March 3ist last of $204,742.48, which will be available for expenditure
until June 3Oth next, when any unexpended balance will also revert under the
rules. A detailed statement showing the condition of each allotment will be
found in the Treasurer's report.
The allotments made from the appropriations for the Secretary's Office and
the three Divisions follow substantially the estimates which were before the Board
of Trustees when the appropriations were made. The allotments from the emer-
15
16 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
gency appropriation were, of course, not before the Board at the annual meeting.
They are explained in detail in the annual reports of the officers and also in the
minutes of the Executive Committee.
The Committee reports the receipt of a communication from the Carnegie
Corporation of New York notifying the Endowment that an additional appro-
priation has been made to it in the sum of $50,000, payable on July i, 1925.^
The Committee also reports that the loan of $70,000, made to the Republic of
China in January, 1920, for the maintenance of Chinese students in the United
States, was repaid on August 29, 1924, and the amount is now in the treasury of
the Endowment.
On December 8, 1924, the President of the Endowment by letter designated
Mr. Robert A. Franks, Chairman of its Finance Committee, to represent the
Endowment on a joint committee with representatives of the Carnegie Institution
of Washington and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,
to take joint action in dealing with any proposal of the United States Steel
Corporation concerning the redemption of the bonds of that Corporation held
by these three institutions. Any report that is to be made upon this subject
will be submitted by the Chairman of the Finance Committee.
The Committee has received and considered thirty-eight applications from
libraries to be placed upon the depository list to receive complimentary copies
of the Endowment's publications. After report by the Secretary upon each
application, and consideration by the Committee, twenty-four of these appli-
cations have been favorably acted upon and fourteen rejected.
At its meeting on April 24, 1924, the Executive Committee received resolu-
tions of the American Association for International Conciliation consenting to
the transfer of its property to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
and the Executive Committee passed resolutions authorizing the acceptance of
the transfer and empowering the Secretary to execute the necessary papers to
give legal effect to the merger of the Association with the Endowment, as indicated
in the last annual reports. The papers were executed and the American Asso-
ciation for International Conciliation later went out of corporate existence under
the laws of the State of New York. Under the terms of the merger, all of the funds
and property of the Association which had been derived from the Endowment
were returned to the Endowment, but the funds of the Association derived from
other sources, amounting to $21,498.23, were received by the Endowment as a
trust fund to be expended under the direction of the Director of the Division of
Intercourse and Education for the purposes specified in the charter of the Asso-
ciation. No disbursements have been made from this trust fund, and all but a
small fraction of it has been converted into U. S. Treasury 4% Bonds of
1954-
On May 15, 1924, the Endowment lost, by death, the services of Baron
d'Estournelles de Constant, President of the Advisory Council in Europe. A
resolution of appreciation of his services to the cause of international peace and
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 17
to the work of the Endowment was passed by the Executive Committee on behalf
of the Trustees at its next meeting on May 27, 1924.
The Executive Committee requested Mr. Montague, one of the Trustees and
the Treasurer of the Endowment, to visit Paris and to confer with members of the
Advisory Council in Europe for the purpose of studying the organization of the
personnel and work of the European Bureau and Secretariat. Mr. Montague's
report was duly made and recommendations for the reorganization of the Euro-
pean work of the Division of Intercourse and Education have been made to the
Executive Committee by the Director of that Division. Final action has been
held in abeyance, due to the appointment of the Special Committee of the Trus-
tees, referred to later in this report. 1
At its meeting on February 16, 1925, the Committee considered the advisa-
bility of a further grant toward the completion of the construction of the new
library building of the University of Louvain, the original amount raised for this
purpose having proved insufficient. After careful consideration, the Executive
Committee decided to recommend the appropriation of a further sum of $50,000,
and a resolution to carry out this recommendation will be submitted to the Board
in the regular order of business.
The Division of International Law of the Endowment was invited to be
represented at the Third Pan American Scientific Congress at Lima, Peru, in
December, 1924. This occasion seemed to the Director of the Division to be
appropriate for holding a special meeting of the American Institute of Interna-
tional Law to consider projects for the codification of international law to be laid
before the Commission of Jurists provided by the Fifth Pan American Congress at
Santiago. The Executive Committee accordingly authorized the Director of the
Division to invite, in the name of the Endowment, a representative from each of
the American republics to attend the Pan American Scientific Congress as the
guests of the Endowment. The Executive Committee furthermore appointed
as delegates of the Endowment to the Congress Mr. Robert Lansing, one of the
Trustees of the Endowment, Mr. James Brown Scott, Director of the Division
of International Law, Mr. George A. Finch, Assistant Director of the Division of
International Law, and Mr. Peter H. Goldsmith, Director of the Interamericam
Section of the Division of Intercourse and Education. Mr. Lansing's engage-
ments would not permit him to attend the Conference, and, unfortunately, Mr.
Goldsmith was stricken with illness on his way and had to return. An account
of the representation of the other delegates at the Conference will be found in the
report of the Director of the Division of International Law. 2 There emanated
from the special meeting of the American Institute of International Law, held at
Lima, and the subsequent meeting of the Council of Direction of the Institute,
held at Havana, some thirty projects for the codification of international law im
America, which have been printed and distributed to the Trustees. These proj-
ects have been officially transmitted to the American Governments by the Govern-
1 See post pp. 20~i. 3 See post, pp. 99-105,
18 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
ing Board of the Pan American Union, upon whose request, contained in a resolu-
tion of January 2, 1924, the work was undertaken by the American Institute.
At the request of the Round Table on International Affairs, held in connection
with the meeting in December last of the American Political Science Association,
and upon the recommendation of the Director of the Division of International
Law, the Executive Committee has authorized invitations to be issued to Ameri-
can colleges and universities to send delegates to a Conference of Teachers of
International Law and Related Subjects, to be held in Washington April 23-25.
An allotment of $5,000 from the emergency appropriation has been made to cover
the cost of such a conference, including the traveling expenses of the delegates.
It will be recalled that a previous conference of this kind was sponsored by the
Endowment in the year 1914, which accomplished some work of permanent value,
notably the recommendation for the establishment of Fellowships in International
Law, which have been successfully awarded by the Endowment since 1918. In
view of the changes in international relationships which have taken place since
the previous conference, it is thought probable that another conference at this
time would be of value, not only to the teaching profession, but possibly in the
formulation of recommendations of interest to the Endowment's work in the field
of international law. The invitations to the conference have been generally
accepted, and a considerable gathering of the leading teachers of international
law in the United States is expected in Washington on the dates mentioned.
The work of the Executive Committee in matters relating to the Division of
Economics and History has been largely of a routine nature in supervising the
carrying out of the approved plan for the Economic and Social History of the
World War. At its meeting on April 24th, the Executive Committee approved a
contract with the Yale University Press for the publication of the War History,
which contract is printed in full in the minutes of that meeting. At a subsequent
meeting, namely on October 24, 1924, contracts with European publishers for the
foreign series, made in accordance with the Yale University Press contract, were
laid before and approved by the Committee. The work of publishing the History
under these contracts is now proceeding with commendable progress, as will be
seen from the report of the Director of the Division of Economics and History. 1
During the year the Executive Committee approved eleven contracts for
additional studies in the War History, and authorized the publication of forty-
seven manuscripts.
The Executive Committee considered and acted upon one recommendation
falling within the field of the Division of Economics and History but outside the
plan for the Economic and Social History of the World War. At its February
meeting an allotment of $15,000 from the emergency appropriation was made to
be expended in the discretion of the Director of the Division of Economics and
History for thorough and scientific studies, under the auspices of the International
Chamber of Commerce at Paris, of problems involved in the economic rehabilita-
te post, pp. 150 et $eq_.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 19
tion of Europe supplementary to the Dawes Plan. This allotment was made as a
result of correspondence between the International Chamber of Commerce at
Paris and the President of the Endowment, and upon the recommendation of the
Director of the Division of Economics and History. Any developments in the
plan for the use of this allotment will be reported by the Director of the Division.
The President of the Endowment submitted to the Executive Committee
at its meeting on February 16, 1925, the following letter:
NEW YORK, February i6 t 1925,
To THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE.
In his letter of December 14, 1910, establishing the Peace Endowment by the transfer of
$10,000,000 of bonds to the trustees of his selection, Mr. Carnegie said:
Lines of future action can not be wisely laid down. Many may hav to be tried, and
having full confidence in my Trustees I leav to them the widest discretion as to the mesures
and policy they shall from time to time adopt, only premising that the one end they shall keep
unceasingly in view until it is attained, is the speedy abolition of international war between
so-cald civilized nations.
Let my Trustees therefore ask themselves from time to time, from age to age, how they
can best help man in his glorious ascent onward and upward and to this end devote this fund.
Immediately after accepting the trust, the original trustees proceeded to consider the manner
of its execution and they embodied their conclusions in the second section of a proposed charter
which was favorably reported to the House of Representatives by the Judiciary Committee*
February 3, 1911, and the acceptance of which was authorized by the Trustees.
The section stating the conclusions of the Trustees was as follows:
That the objects of the corporation shall be to advance the cause of peace among nations,
to hasten the abolition of international war, and to encourage and promote a peaceful settle-
ment of international differences, and, in particular
(a) To promote a thorough and scientific investigation and study of the causes of war
and of the practical methods to prevent and avoid it.
(b) To aid in the development of international law, and a general agreement of the rules
thereof, and the acceptance of the same among nations.
(c) To diffuse information, and to educate public opinion regarding the causes, nature,
and effects of war, and means for its prevention and avoidance.
(d) To establish a better understanding of international rights and duties and a more
perfect sense of international justice among the inhabitants of civilized countries. ^
(e) To cultivate friendly feelings between the inhabitants of different countries, and to
increase the knowledge and understanding of each other by the several nations.
(f) To promote a general acceptance of peaceable methods in the settlement of inter-
national disputes.
(g) To maintain, promote, and assist such establishments, organizations, associations,
and agencies as shall be deemed necessary or useful in the accomplishment of the purposes of
the corporation, or any of them.
(h) To take and hold such property, real or personal, and to invest and keep invested
and receive and apply the income of such funds and to construct and maintain such buildings
or establishments, as shall be deemed necessary to prosecute and develop the purposes of the
corporation, or any of them.
(i) To do and perform all lawful acts or things necessary or proper in the judgment of
the Trustees to promote the objects of the corporation.
With full power, however, to the Trustees hereinafter named, and their successors, from
time to time, to modify the conditions and regulations under which the work shall be carried
on, and the particular purposes to which the income shall be applied, so as to secure the ap-
plication of the funds in the manner best adapted to the conditions of the time: Provided,
That the purposes of the corporation shall at all times be among the foregoing or kindred
thereto, i
2O CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
On the 9th of March, 1911, by-laws were adopted by the Trustees as an unincorporated asso-
ciation pending the grant of a charter and these laws provided for an Executive Committee which
proceeded on the 8th of May, 1911, to establish three divisions, first of Intercourse and Education,
second of Economics and History, and third of International Law, and the particular lines of action
laid down in the above quoted section of the proposed charter (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g)
were distributed to these three divisions.
The work of the Endowment has ever since followed the lines thus laid down at the beginning.
The Trustees and the members of their committees and the heads of the divisions have been assidu-
ous and untiring in the performance of their duties. Doubtless mistakes have been made, but the
plans of the original Trustees have had fair and honest trial. It would have been very difficult to
bring together a set of men more competent to consider and determine upon the plans for such an
institution than were the original Trustees. They included Andrew D. White, Ambassador to
Germany and head of the American Delegation to the First Hague Conference; Joseph H. Choate,
Ambassador to Great Britain and head of the American Delegation to the Second Hague Confer-
ence; John W. Foster, Minister to China and Secretary of State; Charlemagne Tower, Minister to
Austria and to Germany; John L. Cadwalader, distinguished lawyer and Assistant Secretary of
State under Hamilton Fish; Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University; soon
after the start George Gray, Judge, Senator and one of the Paris negotiators of the peace with
Spain, The undertakings which they and their associates agreed upon were doubtless worth
trying.
The lapse of time has, however, brought very great changes. Choate, Cadwalader, White,
Foster, Tower, ail are dead. Eliot and Gray are withdrawn from our counsels by the advance of
years, A majority of the original Trustees are no longer in the Board. Most of that majority are
dead. The places of the majority have been filled by new Trustees who had no opportunity to take
part in the formation of the original plan. In the meantime the Great War has vastly changed
the conditions all over the world under which work in favor of peace must be done. It appears to
be an appropriate point for action upon Mr. Carnegie's suggestion that the Trustees should ask
themselves from time to time how they can best help men, and for a renewed exercise of the discre-
tion provided for in the proposed charter, by an estimate of the values of the things which have
been done and are being done and an inquiry as to whether and how far the conditions and regula-
tions under which the work is being carried on and the particular purposes to which the income is
being applied should be modified to secure the appplication of the funds in the manner best adapted
to the conditions of the time.
I propose accordingly that a committee be appointed to be composed partly of original and
partly of new Trustees to make such inquiry and to report thereon to the Board of Trustees for its
consideration.
ELIHU ROOT.
The Executive Committee adopted the following resolution to carry out the
foregoing recommendation :
Resolved, That a special committee from the Trustees at large be consti-
tuted by appointment of the Chairman to inquire and consider whether
the particular purposes for which the income of the Endowment is now being
applied or the conditions and regulations under which the work is now car-
ried on should be modified or changed so as to secure the application of the
funds in the manner best adapted to the conditions of the times.
As members of this Special Committee the Chairman appointed Messrs.
Butler, Montague, Pritchett, Brookings, Delano, Holman and Hamlin. These
members were notified of their appointment on February iyth and supplied with
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 21
copies of the President's letter and the resolution of the Executive Committee.
Any report which may be ready for submission by this Special Committee to the
present meeting will be considered at such time in the order of business as the
Trustees may direct.
Pursuant to Article X, Section 2, of the By-Laws, the Executive Committee
has had mailed to each member of the Board, through the Secretary, a detailed
estimate of expenses and requirements for appropriation for the ensuing fiscal
year, and copies of it will be submitted to the Board at its present meeting. The
following summary shows the amounts available to the Trustees to carry out the
recommendations of the Executive Committee and for such other appropriations
as the Trustees may determine to make:
SUMMARY OF AMOUNTS AVAILABLE FOR APPROPRIATION
Current income account Accumulated,
income
Interest on Endowment to June 30, 1925 $500,000 .00
Interest on bank deposits 2,500.00
Sales of publications and miscellaneous refunds 1,037.07
1503,537-07
Appropriations for 1925 chargeable thereagainst 494,467 ,00
Balance of unappropriated income for fiscal year 1925,. $9f07o.07
Interest on Endowment to June 30, 1926 ............. $500,000.00
Interest on bank deposits (estimated) ................ 2,500.00
-- $502,500.00
Estimates for 1926 chargeable thereagainst:
Administration ............................... $49,900.00
Sundry purposes. . . ................ . .......... 27,200 .00
Division of Intercourse and Education ........... 131,300.00
Division of International Law .................. 138,370.00
Division of Economics and History .............. 30,000.00
-- $376,770.00
Balance of unappropriated income for fiscal year 1926.* $125,730.00
Accumulated income account
Unappropriated balance, July i, 1924 ................ $108,862 .56
Repayment of loan by Republic of China ............ 70,000.00
Revertments, June 30, 1925 (estimated) .............. 30,000.00
Grant from Carnegie Corporation, July I, 1925 ....... 50,000.00
Total ......................................
Estimates for 1926 chargeable thereagainst:
Reappropriation of certain items which will revert . . $22,385 . oo
Contribution to Louvain Library ................ 50,000 , oo
- $72,385-00
Balance of accumulated income, June 30, 1926 $321,277.63
22 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Special Account
(Economic and Social History of the World War)
Received from Carnegie Corporation, July I, 1925 $50,000.00
Interest on bank deposit 500 .00
Due from Carnegie Corporation during fiscal year 1925 . . 100,000 . oo
$150,500.00
Appropriation for fiscal year 1925 96,900.00
Balance of unappropriated income for fiscal year 1925 . . . $536oo . oo
Due from the Carnegie Corporation during fiscal year
1926 |ioo,ooo .00
Interest on bank deposit (estimated) 2,000 .00
$102,000.00
Estimated appropriation for 1926 98,400.00
Balance of unappropriated income for fiscal year 1926. . . $36oo .00
Total unappropriated income $57,2 oo
There are two vacancies in the Board of Trustees which may be filled at the
present meeting, due to the death of Mr. James L. Slayden on February 24, 1924,
and of Mr. Robert S. Woodward on June 29, 1924. A memorial resolution con-
cerning Mr. Woodward will be submitted to the Board in regular order. Such a
resolution concerning Mr. Slayden was adopted by the Trustees at their last
annual meeting.
The Trustees will also be called upon to elect a president, a vice president, a
Finance Committee consisting of three members, and two members of the Execu-
tive Committee to fill the vacancies caused by the expiration of the terms of
Messrs. Montague and Pritchett.
Respectfully submitted,
For the Executive Committee,
By JAMES BROWN SCOTT, Secretary.
WASHINGTON, D. C.,
April 17, 1 025-
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY
To THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE:
I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations and business
of the Endowment during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924, in compliance with
Article V, Section 2, of the By-Laws, and also for the first half of the current
fiscal year in order to bring the period covered by the report nearer to the date of
the annual meeting of the Trustees.
Financial Statement
From July I, 1923, to June 30, 1924, the Endowment's receipts were as
follows:
Interest on the endowment $500,000.00
Interest on bank deposits and invested bank balances 1,891 .40
Sales of publications 5,436 . 30
Miscellaneous refunds 24,564. 61
Special Trust Fund of the American Association for Interna-
tional Conciliation 21 ,072 . 38
Total $552,964-69
During the same period the disbursements, classified according to general
purposes, were as follows:
Secretary's Office and General Administration $61,877.76
Sundry Purposes 30,640 . 38
Division of Intercourse and Education 148,732 .92
Division of International Law 146,954.20
Division of Economics and History 113,629.39
Building in Paris, France 15,047.09
Total $516,881 .74
For the period July i to December 31, 1924, the receipts were as follows:
Interest on the Endowment $250,000 . oo
Special grants from the Carnegie Corporation 54323 . 75
Interest on bank deposits 1,862 .63
Sales of publications 1,006.30
Miscellaneous refunds 70,030. 77
Total $377,223.45
24 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
During the same period, the disbursements were as follows :
Secretary's Office and General Administration $29,246.20
Sundry Purposes 14,248 . 29
Division of Intercourse and Education 78,658 . 16
Division of International Law 9i3 I 3.9i
Division of Economics and History 14,129.33
Economic and Social History of the Worid War 25,668.02
Building in Paris, France 14,552 .91
Total . $267,816.82
On June 30, 1924, all unallotted balances of appropriations and all unex-
pended balances of allotments remaining upon the books were reverted to the
unappropriated fund under the resolution of the Board of Trustees adopted April
24, 1924. Balances totaling $96,588.55 for the fiscal year 1923, and $159,448.21
for the fiscal year 1924, making an aggregate of $256,036.76, were reverted under
the rule. These operations left upon the books on July i, 1924, an excess of
revenue over appropriations amounting to $108,862.56 with which to begin the
fiscal year 1925.
The Treasurer's report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924^ will give
the details of these financial transactions and will show especially the exact
amount expended from each appropriation and allotment, and the cash balances
in bank at the end of the fiscal period. The same report will show the details of
expenditures under the general classifications herein given.
The policy adopted by the Executive Committee and approved by the Trus-
tees two years ago of putting the Endowment's finances upon a strict budgetary
basis by keeping the approved estimates of expenditure within the actual amount
of income, and the further step in the same direction taken last year of discontinu-
ing the use of unexpended balances beyond the fiscal year for which the appropria-
tions are made, have shown an immediate reaction in the financial status of the
Endowment. The present fiscal year is the first since 1917, when the first appro-
priation for reconstruction work in Europe was made, that has been started with
revenue credited upon the books in excess of the appropriations chargeable against
it. This sound financial administration is showing its cumulative effect, and at
the end of the present fiscal year the Endowment's finances will be in even better
shape than they were at the beginning of the year.
In addition to its regular income, the Endowment has received during the
present fiscal year the repayment of the loan of $70,000 made to the Republic of
China in 1920 to help defray the expenses of Chinese students in the United States
whose remittances from home had ceased because of the disturbed political condi-
tions there. The balance of unappropriated revenue July i, 1924, the interest
on the Endowment, the repayment of the Chinese loan, and certain miscellaneous
receipts, it is estimated will bring the total general income for the fiscal year 1925
up to $682,399.63, against which appropriations have been made amounting to
1 Printed herein, pp. 167-180.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 25
$494,467, so that it is expected that there will be an unappropriated surplus on
hand July I, 1925, amounting to $187,932.63, In addition to the regular income,
the Carnegie Corporation has been good enough to make a further special grant
payable July I, 1925, amounting to $50,000, so that the amount available for
appropriation on July I, 1925, including miscellaneous receipts and revert-
ments, will total approximately $77043 2 - 6 3-
The requirements for appropriation which have been recommended to the
Trustees by the Executive Committee call for expenditures of $376,77 from
the current revenues, and $137,385 from the unappropriated surplus, the total
estimates for the fiscal year 1926 being $5*4>*55> which will leave an unappro-
priated surplus of $256,277.63 available for the emergency appropriation and such
other use as the Trustees may decide to make of it.
The above figures do not include the funds for the payment of the expenses
of the Economic and Social History of the World War, which is now being carried
separately, as will appear later in this report.
Division of Intercourse aad Education
Questions of policy arising in this Division, as well as a detailed account of the
use made of the funds appropriated by the Trustees and allotted by the Executive
Committee, are given in the accompanying report of the Director of the Division. 1
The Trustees were informed at their last annual meeting that steps were being
taken to merge the work of the American Association for International Concilia-
tion into the work of the Division of Intercourse and Education. The separate
organization of the former had been carried on for a number of years merely as a
matter of form. All of the current funds of the Association were supplied by the
Endowment and the Association's employees were carried upon the Endowment's
pay-roll. In the early years of the Endowment's existence it was found advisable
to carry on certain parts of the work of the Division of Intercourse and Education
through the Conciliation because of the prejudice which then existed in some
quarters against peace organizations as such. The World War, however, changed
this critical attitude towards organizations devoted to the promotion of interna-
tional peace, and last year it was decided that the time had come to merge the
two organizations. On April 17, 1924, the Board of Directors of the American
Association for International Conciliation adopted a resolution transferring all of
its funds, assets and property to the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace upon condition that the Endowment assume the liabilities, obligations
and commitments of the Association. The unexpended balances of all funds
received by the Association from the Endowment were reverted to the treasury
of the Endowment, while the unexpended balance of funds of the Association
received through other sources, especially its reserve fund accumulated during the
years prior to the establishment of the Endowment, was taken over by the
1 See post pp. 49-80.
26 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Endowment as a special trust fund to be expended under the direction of the
Director of the Division of Intercourse and Education of the Endowment, who
was the chairman of the executive committee of the Association, for the pur-
poses specified in the charter of the Association. The Executive Committee of
the Endowment, at its meeting on April 24, 1924, accepted the transfer, and
formal papers were executed by the officers of the Association and the Endow-
ment. The work of the two organizations was effectively merged on July 1, 1924,
and a formal court order dissolving the corporation known as the American
Association for International Conciliation was issued on November 13, 1924.
The principal activity of the American Association for International Con-
ciliation was the issuance of the monthly pamphlet entitled International Con-
ciliation, which has a circulation of about twenty thousand. This work is now
being continued by the Division and the pamphlet is issued over the imprint of
the Endowment. By means of it a large circle of readers is supplied with the
views of distinguished leaders of opinion on important international problems,
with the texts of official treaties and diplomatic correspondence and plans for
international projects, all bearing upon the subject of international peace.
To provide for the increased work of the New York office of the Division,
the Endowment now leases the building at 405 West iiyth Street, adjoining the
office at 407 West H7th Street. These two buildings also provide adequate
accommodations for the Interamerican Section of the Division of Intercourse and
Education, which was formerly a part of the American Association for Interna-
tional Conciliation, and in addition houses the New York office of the Division of
Economics and History.
The regular work of the Division has been carried on according to the lines
heretofore adopted. During the year 1924, fifteen additional international mind
alcoves have been formed, bringing the total number up to 103, distributed
throughout the United States and in Canada, Nova Scotia, England, Scotland,
Wales, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, China, France, Japan and Mexico.
These alcoves contain small collections of books of a popular character dealing
with the daily life, customs and history of various countries of the world, and seem
well adapted to carry out the object of the Division "to increase the knowl-
edge and understanding of each other by the several nations/' Another activity
of a similar character is the aid which the Division affords in the establishment of
international relations clubs in the smaller colleges and universities whose libraries
have little material on international relations. The Division supplies these clubs
with material on international questions, summaries of international events,
syllabi and bibliographies, the monthly document entitled International Con-
ciliation, and occasional books and pamphlets dealing with international
problems.
The Interamerican Section of the Division has published regularly the
magazine entitled Inter-America, containing in its English edition selected material
translated from Latin American sources, and in its Spanish edition material
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 27
translated from North American sources. The two editions appear in alternate
months. A brochure, dealing with the economic development of the Argentine
Republic in the last fifty years," has also been published by this section.
In addition to its annual work, the Division has, with the approval of the
Executive Committee, extended or offered aid to the delegates to the Anglo-
American Conference of Professors of History, held in Richmond, Virginia, in
December, 1924; the Quinquennial Meeting of the International Council of
Women, to be held in the United States in the first half of the present year; the
International Conference of Philosophy, to be held in the United States in 1925
or 1926 under the auspices of the American Philosophical Association; the Pan
American Conference on Capital Cities, to be held in Washington, D. C., in 1925;
the Twenty-second Conference of the Interparliamentary Union, held at Berne
and Geneva, Switzerland, in August, 1924; and the Official Pan American Educa-
tional Congress, to be held in Santiago, Chile, in 1925 or 1926.
The usual subventions have been granted to the American Peace Society and
the International Arbitration League, and through the Division a grant has been
made for the purpose of equipping and furnishing rooms for the American In-
stitute at Prague, Czechoslovakia. Aid has also been extended through the
Division in the reorganization of the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants,
and a contribution has been made toward the expenses of bringing a trained
librarian from Charles University in Prague, Czechoslovakia, to study library
administration in the United States. The Division has also undertaken the
publication of a volume on the Republic of Cuba and its Relations to the United
States, which is being written by Professor Charles E. Chapman of the University
of California; a volume of addresses delivered in twelve American countries at
the Columbus Day Conferences, held under the auspices of the International
Committee of the Women's Auxiliary Committee of the Second Pan American
Scientific Congress, October 12, 1923; and a volume in Spanish, suggested by the
American Ambassador to Chile, dealing with the early relations between the
United States and Chile.
The work of the Division in Europe met with a serious loss on May 15, 1924,
when Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, President of the European organization
of the Division, died in his seventy-second year. A full statement of the action
of the Executive Committee following the death of Baron d'Estournelles de
Constant is given in the report of the Director. Only work of a routine character
has been carried on in Europe since that time, pending the permanent reorganiza-
tion of the European Bureau.
The Director's report contains information regarding the status of the recon-
struction work for which the Endowment has appropriated and expended five
hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($550,000). It appears that additional funds
will be needed to complete the reconstruction of the library of the University of
Louvain, and a recommendation to this end is contained in the report of the
Executive Committee. The library at Rheims is expected to be ready for oc-
28 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
cupancy within a few months, and two more of the model buildings constructed
at Fargniers have been opened, the school for girls and the post office. The
boys' school was opened in December, 1923, and the town hall is nearly completed.
The correspondents of the Division in London, Tokyo, the Saar, Geneva,
Italy, Berlin and Munich, have kept the Trustees informed through their con-
fidential reports, distributed through the Division, upon international events
and problems arising in their respective countries.
Division of International Law
The principal activity of the Division of International Law during the pre-
ceding year has been work of a preparatory nature looking to the codification of
international law. The Trustees were informed at their last annual meeting in
April, 1924, and at the semi-annual meeting in November last, of the proposed
meeting of the American Institute of International Law during the year ^1924, to
prepare projects of codification for submission to the official Commission of
Jurists to meet at Rio de Janeiro in the year 1925, and an appropriation was made
by the Trustees to provide for the cost of the Institute meeting. The results of
this meeting of the Institute are set forth in detail in the report of the Director.
Thirty-one projects of codification have been drafted and submitted to the various
American Republics, with a view to their further consideration and elaboration at
the proposed meeting of the Commission of Jurists at Rio de Janeiro.
The Director and Assistant Director of the Division of International Law
were appointed by the Executive Committee to represent the Endowment at the
Third Pan American Scientific Congress, which convened at Lima, Peru, on
December soth and adjourned on January 6th. These delegates attended as
instructed and the Director presented a paper in Spanish to the subsection on
international law of the Congress, entitled, "Is There an Equality of Nations?"
The Academy of International Law at The Hague, for which the Trustees
made another generous appropriation last year, held its second successful session
during the summer of 1924, an account of which will also be found in the report of
the Director of the Division of International Law.
Eleven fellowships in international law were awarded by the Division, and
studies are being pursued under them by all of the successful candidates, except
one who was obliged to retire on account of the state of his health.
The subventions provided by the Trustees for international law journals have
been granted in accordance with the approved estimates, and the usual subven-
tions have also been made to the Soci6t6 de Legislation Compare, the Grotius
Society of London, and the Institute of International Law.
f It is regretted that it has not been found feasible to publish the English
translation of Wolff's Jm Gentium in the Classics of International Law. More
time and work than was anticipated has been required to put the final touches
upon the translation of Grotius's De jure belli ac pads; and in order that the
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 29
Grotius might appear early in the year 1925, which marks the 3OOth anniversary
of the appearance of the original edition, all work upon the Classics has been con-
centrated upon the Grotius, and that volume is expected to appear during the
coming summer.
During the year the Executive Committee authorized the publication of the
three volumes of United States diplomatic documents relating to the emancipa-
tion of the Latin-American nations. The work of getting this manuscript into
type is now in progress, and an item is included in the appropriation to pay for
the publication during the next fiscal year.
An item of work arising in the Division which called for the use of the emer-
gency fund was an allotment of $5,000 for the purchase of books on public law for
certain libraries in Europe. This allotment was suggested by correspondence
with the Books for Europe Committee of the American Library Association, and
the allotment is being expended through that Committee.
Another item of the same character was the recent allotment of $5,000 to
finance the holding of another conference of American teachers of international
law at Washington, D. C., in April next. An explanation of both of these emer-
gency allotments will be found in the report of the Director of the Division.
Division of Economics and History
The work of the Division of Economics and History has been confined during
the preceding year to the preparation and publication of the Economic and Social
History of the World War. The Secretary's report for last year gave a detailed
account of the new arrangements for publishing the History through the Yale
University Press, made possible by the financial aid extended by the Carnegie
Corporation of New York. A contract drawn in accordance with the plans
approved by the Executive Committee was concluded with the Yale University
Press on January 18, 1924, and ratified by the Executive Committee at its meeting
on April 24, 1924. The contract makes the Yale University Press the sole
representative of the Endowment for the publication and distribution in the
United States, and general representative in foreign countries, of the Economic
and Social History of the World War, which is to consist of approximately 150
volumes published in foreign countries, and 50 volumes of an abridged series to
be published by the Yale University Press. The other details of the publishing
arrangements are as reported to the Trustees last year.
Following the contract between the Endowment and the Yale University
Press, the Press has concluded agreements with the Clarendon Press of Oxford,
England, covering the British Series; with Les Presses Universitaires de France,
covering the French Series; with the Universitats Buchdrucker of Vienna, cover-
ing the Austrian and Hungarian Series; with the Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt of
Stuttgart and Berlin, covering the German Series; and with the Casa Editrice
Laterza of Bari, Italy, covering the Italian Series.
30 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
The making of these arrangements required considerable time, and the work
of publication was somewhat delayed during the summer. However, the report of
the Director of the Division will show that one volume has since been published
in the British Series, two in the Austrian Series, one in the Belgian Series, and five
in the French Series. It will also show that there are in press three volumes in
the British Series, six in the Austrian and Hungarian Series, one in the Belgian
Series, eighteen in the French Series, one in the German Series, three in the Italian
Series, and one in the Portuguese Series (to be printed in English).
The work of preparation has likewise made due progress, and the Director's
report will show manuscripts in the hands of editors as follows: British Series,
three ; Austrian and Hungarian Series, four ; Belgian Series, one ; Dutch Series, two ;
French Series, two; German Series, three; Italian Series, one; Russian Series,
twenty-two; and Scandinavian Series, one. It is not planned at present to print
the Russian Series in the original language, and these manuscripts are being trans-
lated as received. The translation of eight of the Russian monographs has been
completed, and the balance are in course of translation.
The work of translating and abridging the foreign series for reproduction in
America has also made progress during the preceding year. This work upon five
manuscripts has been completed, and three manuscripts are in the hands of the
translator.
Under the present publishing arrangements the work of the Secretary's Office
in connection with the History consists in the subscription to a certain number of
copies of each volume as it appears, and their distribution to the Endowment's
depository libraries. The contracts with the publishers call for the purchase by
the Endowment of 750 copies each of the volumes issued in the British, French and
Belgian Series (the Belgian books being issued by the French publisher) and 550
copies of each volume in the Austrian, German and Italian Series. In accordance
with these contractual arrangements the Endowment has subscribed for and dis-
tributed the following volumes: British Series, Lloyd's Experiments in State Con-
trol at the War Office and the Ministry of Food; Austrian and Hungarian Series,
Popovics's Austro-Hungarian Finance during the War, and Homann-Herimberg's
Coal Supply in Austria during the War; French Series, Hauser's Le probfeme du
r&gionalisme, Aftalion's Les industries textiles, Fontaine's V Industrie franqaise
pendant la guerre, and Blanchard's Les forces hydro&ectriques; Belgian Series,
Henry's Le ravitaillement de la Belgigue pendant I 1 occupation allemande.
Steps have been taken to make certain that the depository libraries to which
are sent these numerous and expensive volumes, many in foreign languages,
have a real use for them. An Outline of Plan for the publication of the series,
including a description of each monograph and the qualifications of the authors,
has been printed and distributed in bound form. With the copy sent to each of
the depository libraries was included a questionnaire asking which, if any, of the
series would be of effective use in the library, and the volumes in the War History
are being distributed in accordance with the answers received to this Questionnaire*
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 31
The Secretary reported to the Trustees last year the rule prescribed by the
Executive Committee for keeping the special grant made for the publication of
the Economic and Social History of the World War and all the disbursements
therefor in a separate account. Following that rule the appropriation for the War
History is carried separately from the appropriation for the Division of Economics
and History.
During the preceding year ten contracts have been approved for additional
studies in the History, one each in the Austrian, French and Russian Series, and
seven in the German Series. Authority has been given for the publication of
twenty manuscripts, five in the Austrian and Hungarian Series, three in the British
Series, eleven in the French Series, and one in the German Series.
The question of an American Series in the War History still remains in abey-
ance.
The Executive Committee has recently authorized work in the Division of
Economics and History outside of the limits of the Economic and Social History
of the World War as planned. The International Chamber of Commerce, with
headquarters at Paris, solicited financial aid from the Endowment for the prepara-
tion of material and the publication of reports dealing with problems involved in
the economic rehabilitation of Europe supplementary to the Dawes Plan. The
Executive Committee, after consideration, decided to allot the sum of $15,000
from the emergency appropriation to be applied to the purposes suggested by the
International Chamber of Commerce, and directed that the money be expended
in the discretion of the Director of the Division of Economics and History.
Depository Libraries
The following libraries were added to the Endowment's depository list
during the preceding year:
Library, National University of Peking, Peking, China.
Middle Temple Library, London, E.G. 4, England.
Staatswissenschaftlich-statistisches, Seminar der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat, Berlin,
Germany.
Library of the University of Commerce (Handelshogskolan), Stockholm, Sweden.
Fulham Public Libraries, 598 Fulham Road, Fulham, London, England.
Public Library of New London, New London, Connecticut.
Lincoln's Inn Library, London, W.C. 2, England.
Couvent des Dominicains, Montreal, Canada.
King's College, University of London, London, England.
Library of the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, London, England.
Auburn Public Library, Auburn, Maine.
Georgia Library Commission, State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia.
Riddell-Canadian Library, Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Canada.
Library of the University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
The Handley Library, Winchester, Virginia.
Library of the University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
Library of Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tennessee.
32 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Marietta College Library, Marietta, Ohio.
Stortingets Bibliotek, Oslo, Norway,
Library of Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina.
Bibliotheque de la Commission Centrale de Statistique, Brussels, Belgium.
Workers' Educational Association, Auckland, New Zealand.
Public Library of Perth, Western Australia.
School of Political Science, Krakow, Poland.
There are now 820 libraries and institutions on the list, and a few general
observations on the place of the depository libraries in the Endowment's system
of reaching the public may be of interest to the Trustees.
The proper disposition of the published materials of institutions such as the
Endowment is a question of great difficulty and requires a thorough consideration
and full understanding of the problems involved. Since its organization the
Endowment has pursued the deliberate policy of undertaking certain researches
and investigations of a more or less scientific nature in subjects which touch upon
or affect the maintenance of international peace. While the selection of the
topics to be investigated, the writers to be employed, and the general content of
the volumes, are matters of fundamental importance, requiring the exercise of the
best judgment and wisest discretion that the Endowment can command, it will
be readily admitted that all of these efforts and expenditures would be put to an
inconsequential use unless the results accomplished through them were brought
to the attention not only of the public already interested, but of others whose
interest should be aroused through the efforts of the Endowment and their active
sympathy and cooperation enlisted in the purposes for which the Endowment
was founded.
At the outset the Endowment had before it two alternatives, either to give
its publications away or to sell them. Having in mind the benevolent objects of
the founder, it was at first thought that to adopt the latter alternative would
seem to commercialize the trust, but it was soon found that to give away the
publications would result in an indiscriminate and wasteful use of them. The
volumes found their way into the hands of many individuals who had slight, if
any, interest in the peace movement and less influence in its development, and
numbers of the Endowment's publications, after being thus distributed, found
their way into second-hand bookstores. As the result of a few years of experi-
ence, it was deemed necessary to discontinue entirely the free distribution of the
Endowment's scientific publications to individuals, except where it appears that
the volume might be of immediate and direct use.
To meet the obligation reposing upon the Endowment to disseminate useful
information to the public, it was decided to place the Endowment's publications
in libraries selected geographically and serving important centers of population.
Starting with a few hundred selected by the Endowment, after correspondence
with them, the depository system now includes all of the leading public and in-
stitutional libraries of the world. Depositories have been added only upon writ-
ten application giving definite information showing affirmatively the value of
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 33
the library as a center for the dissemination of information of this kind. About
fifty applications are received each year and carefully considered by the Execu-
tive Committee at its meetings. In this way students, teachers, officials, and
the general reading public have had access to the series of publications issued
by the Division of International Law showing the work of the Hague Peace
Conferences, relating to the establishment of a permanent international court,
explaining the peaceful organization of the forty-eight states of America and the
functions of the Supreme Court in disputes between states, documentary ma-
terial showing the system of arbitration employed by the American nations, the
status of China in its relations with the Western Powers, the official publications
regarding the outbreak of the World War, and important materials bearing upon
the codification of international law. Through the same channels the public
has been given access to the series of volumes issued in the Division of Economics
and History, especially the preliminary economic studies of the War, and the
volumes which have so far been issued in the Economic and Social History of the
World War.
Activities of this kind do not produce tangible results capable of demonstra-
tion by statistics, but it seems not unreasonable to presume that this world-wide
distribution of the Endowment's publications by means of the depository sys-
tem of libraries during the last thirteen years has in some measure contributed
to the great transformation which we are witnessing in the attitude of the public
toward the subject of war and peace. While there may be many differences of
opinion as to the details of the instrumentalities through which the great object
of international peace is to be attained, it is not now open to dispute that no
serious discussion of the subject can take place without considering, almost to
the exclusion of other subjects, the projects which have been advocated by the
Endowment through its publications, namely, the holding of periodic international
conferences, the establishment of an international court, and the universal agree-
ment upon, and acceptance of, the rules of international law.
Alongside of its depository system the Endowment has also arranged means by
which individuals may obtain its scientific publications through the usual course of
trade. To this end contracts have been made with reputable publishers to sell
the Endowment's publications, but In such arrangements the benevolent objects
of the Endowment predominate over the commercial aspect of sales, and the
prices are fixed, not from the point of view of providing the Endowment with a
profit or even of recouping its expenses, but solely from the standpoint of giving
the respective volumes such a standing in the trade as will insure their consid-
eration by the serious-minded purchaser.
Publications and Translation
Since the last annual report of the Secretary, the Translation Bureau has
been discontinued and the work of translation combined with that of publication,
34 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
in one office. The personnel of this office now numbers four, who edit, proofread
and index the publications of the Endowment issued through the Secretary's
Office, and attend to the routine translation of correspondence, memoranda
and documents in French, Spanish, Italian and German.
During the past year the following volumes have been published through
this office :
Secretary's Office
Year book for 1924. xvii-f 251 pp. Index.
List of Publications of the Endowment, October i, 1924. 27 pp.
List of Depository Libraries of the Endowment, October i, 1924. 12 pp.
Division of International Law
Outbreak of the War: German Documents collected by Karl Kautsky. vi-f 688 pp. Indexes.
Preliminary History of the Armistice. xil-fi63 pp. Index.
German White Book concerning the Responsibility of the Authors of the War.
xv 4- 178 pp. Index.
Alvarez, The Monroe Doctrine, ix+573 PP- Index.
BiUiofhlgue Internationale de Droit des Gens
Westlake, Droit international, x+759 PP- Index.
Economic and Social History of the World War
Outline of Plan. v-fi8o pp . Index.
The office also assists in the publication of the Classics of International Law,
for which the services of a special editor are required. During the year the follow-
ing volume in the Classics has appeared :
Gentili, De legationibus libri tres. 2 vote. 38a+xvi+233 pp. and 38a-j-x-|-2o8 pp. Index.
Particular attention is called to the volumes in the foregoing list relating to
the World War. In the preparation of these volumes, this office, in addition to
its ordinary editorial work, revised the translation and collated it with the orig-
inal German text. The many favorable reviews which have appeared in leading
articles and newspapers are evidence that the task was well performed, and the
frequency with which the volumes are cited as an authority justifies the pains-
taking care and thoughtful labor expended upon them.
A number of additional manuscripts are in various stages of publication.
The largest of these is the manuscript of the United States diplomatic correspond-
ence concerning Latin-American independence, containing approximately twenty-
three hundred pages. The editing of these century-old documents requires much
research and collation with the original text, but it is expected that the entire
publication, which will appear in three volumes, will be issued during the coming
fiscal year.
The English translation of Grotius's De jure belli ac pads is all in type and
the final proofs are being examined for the press. This is expected to be com-
pleted and the index prepared in time for the issuance of the publication during
the coming summer. Another work in the Classics of International Law is
ready for publication as soon as the introduction is supplied, namely, Pufendorf ,
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY
35
De officio hominis et civis juxta legem naturalem libri duo, while the manuscript
of a third, namely, Wolff, Jus gentium methodo scientifica pertractatum, is ready to
be sent to the printer as soon as the more advanced works are out of the way.
In addition to these volumes in the scientific series, the publications office
supervises the printing of the Annual Reports and the Year Book.
Distribution of Publications
Following the custom in previous years, the Secretary appends to this report
a table showing the sales and free distribution of the Endowment's publications
during the preceding calendar year, namely, from January i to December 31,
1924. Summaries of these figures for the calendar year 1924 and for the entire
period of the Endowment's existence follow:
SUMMARY OF SALES AND GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS
JANUARY i -DECEMBER 31, 1924
Office
Editions
Copies sold
Distributed
gratis
Size
Cost
Number
Endowment
proceeds
Secretary's Office
5,000
$3*840.75
5,188
845
8,652
3,187
Division of Intercourse and
Education
Division of International
Law
9,000
1,500
15,319.95
1,454.14
1,250
2,015
$2,122.10
1,937-47
Division of Economics and
History
Totals for 1924
15,500
$20,614.84
3,265
14,059.57
18,872
SUMMARY OF SALES AND GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS
1911-1924, INCLUSIVE
Office
Editions
Copies sold
Distributed
gratis
Size
Cost
Number
Endowment
proceeds
Secretary's Office
148,853
173,982
410,021
120,212
$75,307.20
36,816.13
313,388.00
H7,365.59
I43*I2
113,687
294,740
87,036
Division of Intercourse and
Education
Division of International
Law
7,905
14,325
$11,973.14
12,213.89
Division of Economics and
History
Totals 19111924 ....
853,068
$572,876.92
22,230
$24,187.03
639,575
J6 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
It will be noted that during the last calendar year the Endowment issued
15,500 volumes at a cost of $20,614,84. During the same period the Endowment
distributed free of charge from its entire stock on hand 18,872 volumes, and sold
3,265 volumes for which it received $4,059.57. The proceeds of sales of publica-
tions during the calendar year 1924 therefore equaled a little less than one-fifth
of the amount spent for the manufacture of publications during the year.
For the entire period of the Endowment's existence, from 1911 until the end
of 1924, the Endowment issued a total of 853,068 volumes and pamphlets at a cost
of $572,876.92. The total number of copies distributed free of charge is 639,575,
and the copies sold total 22,230, for which the Endowment received $24,187.03.
The sales of the Endowment's publications during the whole period of its existence
has netted it about four per cent of the cost of their manufacture, which does not
include, of course, any of the expense of the preparation of manuscripts.
The publications of the Endowment now number 235 titles, of which eight
were added during the year 1924. In addition, there are listed the pamphlets
of the American Association for International Conciliation, now numbering 2O8 1
titles.
The Library
Another subject upon which the Secretary desires to direct the especial
attention of the Trustees, is the work of the general library of the Endowment in
Washington. Starting in 1911 with a dictionary and a Who's Who, the Endow-
ment now possesses a library of nearly 30,000 volumes which ranks high as a
small specialized library on the subjects related to the Endowment's work. The
major portion of the collection consists of treatises on international law and
relations, international arbitration and the peace movement, history, diplomacy
and law. The social sciences, as well as political, military and naval sciences,
education, literature, biography and bibliography, occupy a large space on the
shelves. Standard works of reference in all these classes are on hand, and bound
files of leading newspapers, domestic and foreign, with their indexes, constitute an
indispensable source of reference.
The library receives about 250 current periodicals and serials, including 12
journals of international law, 45 magazines published in the interest of peace and
international friendship, 15 journals relating to foreign affairs, and the official
gazettes of the leading countries. It also collects important documents of foreign
governments, particularly those issued by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs,
Congressional hearings and reports, and other documents of the United States
Government bearing upon our international relations. The best new books on
political science, constitutional history, diplomacy, international law and foreign
relations are promptly purchased.
The literature on peace and war, the reports and journals of the leading peace
societies throughout the world, and a file of the publications of the League of
x See post, pp. 204 and 219.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 37
Nations and the Permanent Court of International Justice constitute an inter-
esting portion of the collection. The library has also acquired a large number of
books and documents relating to the World War and the Peace Conference,
and the proceedings of other international conferences are procured as they become
available.
The methods employed by the Library of Congress are used in cataloguing
and classifying the books, and the Endowment's library cooperates with the
Library of Congress by sending copy for catalogue entries, to be printed and dis-
tributed by the latter to libraries throughout the United States.
Articles of permanent value appearing in current periodicals are analyzed
on cards and incorporated in the catalogue, and important chapters in books have
been made available in the same way. Another very valuable feature of the
library's work is the compilation, day by day, of a chronicle of international
events. The entries are made from the daily newspapers, the official gazettes,
and the leading periodicals. This chronicle is of inestimable service in answering
many questions on international matters upon which the Endowment is supposed
to have ready information. Information concerning international congresses
and conferences of a diplomatic, economic or financial character, exchanges of
diplomatic notes between governments, the signing and ratification of treaties,
the decisions of arbitral tribunals, changes in the personnel of governments, and
many other items too numerous to mention, are listed on cards and preserved for
reference.
The library is used by the officers of the Endowment in carrying on their
work, and its facilities are placed at the disposal of outsiders interested in the work.
Many requests for information are received by mail, and the supplying of this
information by correspondence is a regular part of the duties of the library. A
specialized library like the Endowment's, located in the nearest private building
to the White House, is naturally visited by many persons sojourning in Washing-
ton. The limited space available for the accommodation of such visitors is
practically never vacant. College students and teachers, authors and newspaper
men, congressmen, international lawyers and diplomats find its resources readily
available, and such readers often express their appreciation of the satisfactory
service rendered by the library and its staff. A limited loan service is also main-
tained for the accommodation of government officials and members of the diplo-
matic corps in Washington. Properly accredited research workers from private
institutions also have this privilege.
The many demands which are received for information on general subjects
are sometimes so numerous as to require the preparation of reading lists. Some
thirty or forty reading lists have been prepared on such titles as the Cost of War,
the Permanent Court of International Justice, the League of Nations, Spheres of
Influence, Participation of the United States in International Affairs, Status of the
British Dominions, the Peace Movement, and the Geneva Protocol. These
reading lists are mimeographed in limited quantities and supplied to applicants.
38 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
As examples, the Secretary calls attention to the reading list prepared last summer
on " Peace and the Peace Movement," consisting of some twenty-eight closely
typewritten pages, and the recent reading list on the Protocol for the Pacific
Settlement of International Disputes, adopted at Geneva in 1924, together with a
mimeographed copy of the text of the Protocol. Several hundred copies of these
lists were supplied to applicants, and it has been suggested that these lists should
be printed for wider distribution, but the appropriations made for the support of
the library are not sufficient for that purpose.
During the year ending December 31, 1924, 3,784 volumes were added to the
library, and these were all promptly catalogued and shelved. Weekly accession
lists are mimeographed and distributed to members of the Endowment's staff
and 33 outside libraries and individuals. Nearly 3,000 volumes were loaned dur-
ing the same period, and 570 volumes and 338 pamphlets were permanently bound.
The library is quartered on the ground floors of the buildings at Nos, 4 and 6
Jackson Place. As the Trustees are aware, these buildings were private resi-
dences, and the floors are cut up into small rooms, which makes difficult the
proper shelving of the books. The space now available for the library is practi-
cally ail occupied, and there are no rooms which can be set aside for readers.
Visitors to the library must sit at tables in the rooms where the library employees
are carrying on their daily work. Furthermore, the buildings are not fireproof,
and while it may not be entirely true to say that the Endowment's library would
be irreplaceable, its loss would require many years of effort to reproduce it. For
these reasons the Secretary requested the Trustees at their annual meeting in
April last to provide better and safer accommodations for the Library. The
request was referred to the Executive Committee, where it has been held in
abeyance. Provision cannot be made for a fireproof shelter without the construc-
tion of a modern building.
In this connection the Secretary reports that he has been happy to provide
accommodations in the headquarters buildings for the meeting of the American
and British Claims Arbitration Tribunal, organized by the Governments of the
United States and Great Britain for the purpose of settling outstanding pecuniary
claims of the citizens of each of the respective countries against the government
of the other. The Tribunal is holding its sessions in the Board Room of the
Endowment. The location, in close proximity to the State Department, makes
the Endowment's office the most convenient in Washington for a purpose of this
kind, and, in addition, the Endowment's excellently equipped library on inter-
national law is a great convenience to both judges and counsel in the cases under
discussion. The Secretary is confident that his action in extending the accommo-
dations of the office to such an important international purpose as an arbitration
between two great nations will meet with the entire approval of the Trustees.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 39
Changes in Personnel
It is again the duty of the Secretary to report to the Board of Trustees the
death of one of their number since the last annual meeting. Mr. Robert S.
Woodward, one of the original Trustees of the Endowment, died at his home in
Washington, D. C, on June 29, 1924, in his seventy-fifth year. At the semi-
annual meeting of the Board of Trustees last November, Mr. James T. Shotwell
was elected to one of the two vacancies then existing, but the death of Mr. Wood-
ward still leaves two vacancies in the Board which may be filled at the forth-
coming annual meeting. The Secretary has already notified the Trustees in
writing of the provisions of the By-Laws which require all candidates for vacancies
in the Board of Trustees to be nominated in writing, and a list of the nominees
mailed to each Trustee twenty days before the annual meeting. The time limit
for the nomination of candidates for the Board will expire on Saturday, March
2&th, and the names of all candidates received by that date will then be mailed
by the Secretary to the Trustees. Under the By-Laws, no other name may be
considered at the meeting except by the unanimous consent of the Trustees
present.
The Secretary regrets to report the death on August 3, 1924, of Mr. S. N. D.
North, the Assistant Secretary of the Endowment from May 8, 1911, when he
was appointed, until June 30, 1921, when he was retired on account of the state of
his health.
General Observations on the Peace Movement
In transmitting with his report the reports of the Directors of the Division of
Intercourse and Education, the Division of International Law, and the Division
of Economics and History, the Secretary has called attention very briefly and
most inadequately to the important lines along which the work of the Endowment
in these three main divisions is being pursued. It is hoped, however, that the
Trustees will have the time to read through each of the accompanying reports.
While they are somewhat lengthy, their extent is not due to prolixity of treatment,
but to the great number and variety of activities, some large and very important,
others of minor detail, into which the work of the Endowment has branched and
taken root. A mere reading of these reports, it is submitted, would be in itself a
fair education in the peace movement.
Comparing the activities of the Endowment, as disclosed in these reports,
with the specific purposes laid out and adopted by the original Board of Trustees
after mature consideration, seems to leave no just ground for complaint that the
trust undertaken at Mr. Carnegie's request fifteen years ago has not been properly
and efficiently administered in accordance with the views and directions of the
Trustees who received the fund from Mr. Carnegie's hands and heard in person
his statement of reasons and purposes in establishing the trust. But from the
beginning of its organization there have been critics who have not agreed with the
4O CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
judgment of the Trustees as to the use of the fund, and for eleven out of the fifteen
years of the Endowment's existence the world has been in such a state of ab-
normality that changes in international relations of a radical nature seem to be
more loudly, if not more popularly, in demand than the slow but sure steps of
permanent progress.
Progress at any particular time may seem to be imperceptible, but, if
history be looked at by and large, the vast distance between the 2Oth century and
the Stone Age will be apparent, and the steps by which this immense transforma-
tion has taken place made clear* One lesson of history if history be looked upon
as a schoolmaster is that there is, generally speaking, one constant factor with
which all men, in all generations, have had to deal human nature; and only those
projects of reform which can be fitted into human nature meaning by that
primitive nature as well have stood the test of time. Earthquakes there are,
and other sudden outbursts of the natural world, but they do not fit into the
ordinary scheme of development. Earthquakes and outbursts there are in the
political world, but the waters of the future pass over them as in the past.
There is progress, and constant progress, but it is the progress that comes
from a recognition of human nature, through men of good-will perhaps it would
be better to say, generations of good- will, and centuries of good-will content to
allow time to play its r61e without insisting that the acorn, the moment it touches
the ground burst into the mighty oak. We are inclined to overestimate the
value of hurried action. If the slow process onward and upward could be changed
by resolution, by act of legislature, or by international treaty, how simple it would
be to incorporate the Decalogue and the Sermon on the Mount in the legislation
of the world, or in an international convention, and usher in the millennium.
This does not mean that resolutions, acts of legislatures and international con-
ventions are of no importance, or that we should not endeavor to obtain them;
it does mean, in the opinion of the Secretary, that the important thing is that the
spirit sought to be incorporated in these various acts exist in the individual, which
can only be done, it would seem, by a long process of education; otherwise, it
would already have been done in the nineteen centuries of Christianity. We are
dealing with progress measured in terms of centuries, not in the lives of the men
and women now in being.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES BROWN SCOTT,
Secretary.
WASHINGTON, D. C.,
March 17, 1925.
APPENDIX I
CLASSIFIED STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS FROM ORGANIZATION TO
DECEMBER 31, 1924
ADMINISTRATION AND SUNDRY PURPOSES
Fiscal Year
Salaries
and
expenses
Maintenance
of head-
quarters, in-
cluding pur-
chases and
repairs
Library
Publica-
tions
Miscella-
neous
Total
1911
$28,535.48
$2,428 6 1
$972 07
$500 oo
$32,436 . 16
1912
18,753.45
2,268 .47
I,4O6.'5t2
jf-3, i i ir .71?
25,633 .99
1913 ,,...
36, ?23 . IO
5,633 .04
2,648 71
6,<8o.68
51,385.53
1914 ... . ...
38,304 84
T-a 2 -a a OO
2 461 9O
380 50
082 81
55 363 18
1915 .........
40,908 88
A. 218 O"3
e OOO 8"?
6.67O T\
l8 AA2 OI
76,182 28
1916
38,498 51
3976 73
5,606 77
8,183 53
178 72
56,444 . 26
IQI7
38,184 53
7,7O2 13
5,570 18
8,695 47
665 34
60,817. 6s
1918
42,888.68
12,336 .84
,273 25
7,711 96
1,401 .01
69,611 .74
1919
52,099.90
8,185 .55
,648 . 28
9,580 24
14,648 69
93,162 .72
1920
53.918.95
8,O94.OO
10,489.59
15,706 .03
1,473 .26
89,681 .83
1921
57,328.58
11,404.63
11,327.73
12,048.40
1,588 .60
93,698 .03
1922 ..... ...
65 447 15
9574 37
11,520 67
8,842 24
7547 77
102,932 .20
1923
61,426 93
11,292 .20
12,806 43
7,165 05
92,690 .61
1924
60,733 .31
10,451 .80
ix, 105 .24
10,227. 70
92,518 .14
1925 (First Half)
23,440 .09
8,184.36
6,213.50
5,656 . 54
43,494.49
Total..
$656,992.44
$119,024.75
$102,041 .47
$110,565.00
$47,429.15
$1,036,052.81
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
Fiscal Year
Salaries and
expenses,
including
foreign
organization
Subventions
to societies
and
periodicals
Internation-
al visits
Publica-
tions
Educational
propaganda
Total
1911 .... . .
$1,622 16
$41,000 oo
$14,100 .00
$10,258.89
$66,981 .05
1912 ......
16,945 .91
59,015 .49
464 . 16
60,040 75
145,475 .31
1913 ......
24,200 08
IO8.726 .4.2
19,575.79
66,101 .71
218,204.00
1914. .....
26,084.80
121,358.62
36,490 .27
$8,103 .32
61,677.68
253,714.69
1915
31,010 .33
99,814.96
24,048 . 93
11,027 . 13
88,447.11
254,348 .46
1916
31,605.86
79,826.85
10,297.83
8,557- 7
170,895.06
301,183 .30
IQI7
24,452 .62
108,461 .16
16,900.88
829.53
79,479 . 19
230,123 .38
1918
18,740 51
73 545 56
57,667 81
1,442 56
89,674 66
241,071 . 10
1919 . .
21,320 48
75,680.84
53,949.37
4,662 .42
50,576 .27
206,189.38
1920
21,524 69
58,4.64 . 80
57,230.12
4,453 26
68,666.40
210,339,36
1921 .... . .
22,607.94
76,393 .88
4I.4OO.44
2,445 .32
129,117.82
271,965.40
1922 .... . .
21,125.61
62, 745 . 53
14,631 .56
99,427.18
197,929.88
23,988.23
92,193 .87
20,840.00
167. 76
90,240 . 82
227,430.68
1924
23,021.98
55,378.83
3,915.00
3,641 . 25
38,211.25
124,168.31
"as 1 ?.
18,415.03
21,430.76
3,OI3.2O
1,500.00
34,299.17
78,658.16
Total...
$326,666.23
$1,133.637.66
$374S25-36
$46,830 . 25
$1,146,122.96
$3,027,782.46
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Fiscal Year
Salaries
and
expenses
Aid to
societies,
books and
periodicals
Research
work
Publications
Special
work
Total
IOII
$1,972 53
$1,972.53
IOI2
313 *i oo
$3 084 71
$i 625 oo
7,844.71
TOT-2
10 586 81
q-3 O23 71
q AIO 78
$1,031 .06
50,061 .36
1914
12 450 66
42,376 22
6,980 23
$5,522 .95
14,578.97
82,909.03
1915
I9l6 . , .
10,688.19
13*857 62
22,789.30
27,391 45
9,584 09
13,175 oo
12,578.29
8,973 .93
7.796.95
47,318.90
63,436.82
110,716.90
IQI7
11,215 -57
37,277 .24
6,423 .01
72,523 .05
16,086.12
143,524.99
1918
13,011 .63
23,176.81
5,904 43
23,249.48
20,235.35
85.577-7O
IQIQ .
12,642 64.
13,628 26
5,323 .36
34,228 .45
30,160 .96
104,983.67
I92O
13,559 41
8,277.73
5,O86 .22
83,256.18
49,627.56
159,807.10
IQ2I
13 0^6 41
28,580 93
8,535 -57
52,266 .47
23,980.16
127,319.54
1922 , 4 . .
I5,O2O 26
11,903 .36
8,683.66
58,513.87
41,261 .14
135,382.29
1923
1924
22,895.39
II 580 34
54,017.91
83,215 71
5,721 67
5,148 70
13,868.05
36,523 .95
14,953.67
10,485 .50
111,456.69
146,954.20
1925 (First Half)
7,021 .76
72,059.17
2,075.00
2,127.21
8,000.00
91,283.14
Total
Si 7 A ^O4 22
$460,802 51
$80,68 C 72
$403,631 88
$294,516 34
$1,423,230 .67
DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY
Fiscal Year
Salaries
and
expenses
Honoraria
and expenses,
Committee
of Research
and Editorial
Boards
Research
work
Publications
Special
work
Total
I Oil
$1 36"? oo
$Q 2O6 6O
$12,661 78
1912
4,950 .55
13,515 .65
18,466 .20
1913
8,127 99
18,575 OO
$17,746 . 89
44,449.88
1914
8,453 ^4
27,3I4.8l
33,666.36
$1,240 .18
$389.40
71,064.59
IOI ^ .
11,438 80
TC.TCC A3
16.^6=; ^8
4,686 QI
A7.84C 82
1916 . ..... .
11*233 33
17,158 33
19,987 33
2,573 75
31,298 33
82,251 07
IOI7
9,604.65
17,000 oo
8,034 79
5,412 .23
404 . 88
40,456.55
I9l8
9,278 oo
jo, 500 oo
23 I ^O 6<?
0.046 60
C2.884. 34.
1919
924Q O4
7,500 oo
34,186 61
4.Q3I "^2
848 88
*>^'7* :J ^
56,716 05
I92O .........
I9,5OO 60
10,618 76
21,414 20
-q-,y^A o^
33476 26
2,809 2J
87,819.03
I92X
23 1*^7 26
26 328 63
27 7O3 ">3
2O 727 78
98 007 20
1922 ....... .
2 "\.243 84
j2.383 <!
T7-TOO 34
23 86l 92
1,129 21
109,817 82
1923
^5>954 93
55,681 01
36,421 43
12,208 50
300 oo
120,565 87
1924
T/t CQO 42
28 304 67
30 688 98
AO.OA*? "52
113 62O 3O
1925 (First Half) .
IO,3I7 .19
9,753 -13
14,470 .42
5,256 61
39, 797 '35
Total
$T.84 Af)t CO
$309 085 62
$3 OZ 33^ II
$l6A 366 77
S3 7 I7O OI
$OQ6 432 O4
SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS AND ALLOTMENTS
Purchase of headquarters buildings and sites:
No. 2 Jac 1 son Place
No. 4 Jackson Place
No. 6 Jackson Place
$90,000.00
47,000.00
47,000.00
$184,000.00
Purchase of building and site, Paris, France 150,000 . oo
Relief in devastated portions of Europe and the Near East:
Reconstruction of the Library of the University of Louvain $100,000 .00
Reconstruction of the Library of the University of Belgrade 100,000 .00
Reconstruction of the Library at Rheims 200,000 .00
Relief of refugees from Russia 50,000 . oo
Construction of a model public square at Fargniers, France 150,000 .00
600,000.00
Total $934,000 .00
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY
43
RECAPITULATION
TABLE SHOWING EXPENDITURES BY FISCAL YEARS AND DIVISIONS
Fiscal
Year
Adminis-
tration and
Sundry
Purposes
Division of
Intercourse
and
Education
Division of
International
Law
Division of
Economics
and History
Special
Appropria-
tions and
Allotments
Total
ion
$~22.A^6 l6
$66,981 05
$1 O72 C7
$12 661 78
jfTT/tOtT <2
1912.
25,633 .99
145,475.31
7 8 A. A 71
1 8 466 20
197 42O 21
1913.--
1914---
1915. . .
5L385.53
55.363.l8
76,182.28
218,204.00
253.714-69
254,348.46
50,061.36
82,909.03
63,436 82
44,449-88
71,064.59
47,845 82
$54,475.00
82,525.00
418,575.77
545,576.49
AAI Si"? *?8
1916. . .
^6,444.26
301,183 .30
IIO,7l6 9O
82,251 07
ceo clO 1 ? <1
1917.-.
1918
60,817.65
69,611 74
230,123.38
241,071 .10
143,524.99
Rcr C77 70
40,456 55
era 88-d. 1A
47,000.00
521,922.57
AAQ TAA 88
IOIO
93 162 72
206,189 38
104 983 67
56 716 05
461 o^i 82
1920. . .
1921. ..
1922. ..
1923 . . .
1924...
1925...
(1st Half)
89,681.83'
93.698.03
102,932.20
92,690.61
92,518.14
43,494.49
210,339.36
271,965.40
197,929.88
227,430.68
124,168.31
78,658.16
159,807.10
127.319.54
135.382.29
111,456.69
146,954.20
91,283.14
87,819.03
98,O07.2O
109,817.82
120,565.87
113,629.39
39,797-35
200,000.00
50,000.00
350,000.00
120,400.00
15,047.09
14,552.91
747,647.32
640.990.17
896,062.19
672,543.85
492,317.13
267,786.05
Total
$1,036,052.81
$3.027,782.46
$1,423,230.67
$996,432.94
$934,ooo.oo
$7,417,498.88
TABLE SHOWING EXPENDITURES BY DIVISIONS AND GENERAL SUBJECTS
Salaries and
expenses
Subventions
Library and
research
work
Publica-
tions
Educational
propaganda
and miscel-
laneous
activities
Total
Administration and
Sundry Purposes. . .
$776 017 19
$102 041 47
$110 565 oo
$47 429 15
$r 036 052 81
Division of Intercourse
and Education
326,666.23
$1,133,637.66
46,830.25
1,520,648.32
3,027,782.46
Division of Interna-
tional Law
174 594.22
460,802.51
89 685 . 72
403 631.88
294 516,34
1,423 230 67
Division of Economics
and History.
184 465 53
610 420 73
164 366 77
37 179 91
996 432 94
Total
$i 461 743 .17
$i 594 440 . 1 7
$802 147 92
$725 393.9O
$1 899 773 72
$6 483 498 . 88
Purchase of buildings and sites
Relief in devastated portions of Europe and the Near East.
334,000 .00
, 600,000.00
Total $7,417,498.88
APPENDIX II
SALES AND GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION OF ENDOWMENT PUBLICATIONS,
JANUARY 1-DECEMBER 31, 1924
S
ales
Title
Number
Endowment
proceeds
gratis
Secretary's Office
Year Book, 1911
Year Book, 1912
16
Year Book, 1913-14
44
Year Book, 1915
54
Year Book, 1916
19
Year Book, 1917
55
Year Book, 1918
55
Year Book, 1919
53
Year Book, 1920
35
Year Book, 192 1
80
Year Book, 1922
Year Book, 1923
173
Year Book, 1924
4,546
Manual of the Public Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie.
58
Division of Intercourse and Education
No. I. Eliot i Some Roads towards Peace
45
No. 3. Mabie: Educational Exchange with Japan . .
*hJ
69
No. 7-8. Bacon: For Better Relations with our Latin
American Neighbors
<n
No. 9. Schoenrich: Former Senator Burton's Trip to
South America
56
No. II. Jonesi Hygiene and War
66
No. 12. Lange: Russia, the Revolution and the War
84
No. 13. Greetings to the New Russia
21
No. 14. Vild6sola and L6pez: South American Opin-
ions on the War
55
No. 17. American Foreign Policy
147
No. 1 8. Lichtenberger: Relations between France
and Germany
I^O
No. 19. Lichtenberger: The Ruhr Conflict. . .
I TO
Division of International Law
Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907
English Edition
^
$2.52
27
Spanish Edition
2
French Edition
I
Freedom of the Seas
6
50A
Instructions to American Delegates to the Hague Con-
ferences.
^4.
An International Court of Justice
6
3.78
The Status of an International Court of Justice.
I
.63
Recommendations on International Law
2
4
^6
Controversy over Neutral Rights.
^2
Essay on a Congress of Nations
2
1.68
3-5
The Hague Court Reports
15
22 O5
17
Resolutions of the Institute of International Law. .....
*
2.52
52
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 45
SALES AND GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS Continued
S
ales
Title
Number
Endowment
proceeds
Distributed
gratis
Diplomatic Documents relating to the European War. .
The Declaration of Independence
3i
18
$97-65
7 =i6
13
-zqr
Recommendations of Habana
I
A2
12
Reports to the Hague Conferences
2
"T-T
^ ^6
2
Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800
I
International Union of the Hague Conferences
I
S*
Problem of an International Court of Justice
I
70
Treaties between the United States and Prussia
I
84
1O
Judicial Settlement of Controversies between States of
the American Union. Cases
2
6.^O
16
Judicial Settlement of Controversies. Analysis of
Cases between States
2
2.IO
I
The United States of America: A Study in Interna-
tional Organization.
126
i?8 76
A1
The Declaration of London
z
2.52
T-*
^5
Monograph on Plebiscites
6
12. 60
2
Treaties for the Advancement of Peace
I
.6^
4.^
Jay's "War and Peace' 1
c
Debates in the Federal Convention of 1 787
A<?
7 e ; 60
4.8
Proceedings of the Hague Conference of 1899.
J
2.10
a
Proceedings of the Hague Conference of 1907
Volume I
I
2.10
qo
Volume II
I
2. 10
^
Volume III
I
2.10
^
Index Volume
I
^2
Treaties and Agreements with and concerning China . .
The Holy Alliance
120
76
504.00
47.88
2
^6
Development of International Law after the World War
Official German Documents relating to the World War. .
Prize Cases decided in the United States Supreme Court,
1789-1918
80
70
24.
70.62
220.50
l6o.7l
13
41
10
Arbitration Treaties among the American Nations. ....
64
04.08
027
German White Book . . .
12 5
105 . oo
017
Outbreak of the World War
IO9
183.12
012
Preliminary History of the Armistice
14/1
I2O.I2
012
The Monroe Doctrine
84
10^.84.
0^1
Pamphlet Series Nos. 1-48
1,842
Classics of International Law
Ayala: De jure et officiis bellicis
tc
Bynkershoek: De dominio maris dissertatio
52
43.68
i
Gentili: Hispanica advocatio
2
4.60
7
Rachel: De jure naturae et gentium
^1
Textor: Synopsis juris gentium
I
1.68
32
Vattel : Le droit des gens .
13. A4,
^8
Victoria: Relectiones:^ De^indis and De jure belli. . . .
Zouche: Juris et judicii fecialis
I
I
i.2t
1.68
37
35
Biblioth&gue Internationale de Droit des Gens
Lawrence: Les principes de droit international
5
8.32
2
De Louter: Le droit international public positif.. .....
<l
7.87
2
46 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
SALES AND GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS Continued
Title
Sales
Distributed
gratis
Number
Endowment
proceeds
American Institute of International Law
Proces-Verbaux de la Premiere Session tenue a Wash-
ington
i
i
i
$0.42
.42
.42
32
32
38
36
32
35
32
128
3
i
8
I
5
9
12
25
37
35
35
8
7
12
34
34
34
101
15
38
992
26
Historique Notes Opinions
Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Nations
La Declaration des Droit et Devoirs des Nations. .
Le Droit International de 1'Avenir . ...
Acte Final de la Session de la Havane. .............
Actas IV^emorias y Proyectos
Root: Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Na-
tions. English, Spanish, Portuguese and French. .
Division of Economics and History
Young: Nationalism and War in the Near East
Drachmann: Industrial Development and Commer-
cial Policies of the Scandinavian Countries
Bodart: Losses of Life in Modern Wars
5
6
4
4
37
2
3.38
5-72
3-38
3-36
54-39
2.IO
Grunzel : Economic Protectionism
Prinzing: Epidemics resulting from Wars
Girault: Colonial Tariff Policy of France
Munro: Five Republics of Central America. . . .
Glasson: Federal Military Pensions. . .
Ogawa: Conscription System in Japan
Kobayashi: War and Armament Loans of Japan
Kobayashi: Military Industries of Japan
Porritt : Fiscal and Diplomatic Freedom of the British
Dominions
27
73
81
30
5
29
3
39
54
75
65
I
38.08
37.73
7O.62
25.66
4-73
27.40
2.83
36.85
67.10
126.00
45-73
.42
Westergaard: Economic Development in Denmark. . . .
Leites : Recent Economic Developments in Russia . .
Subercaseaux: Monetary and Banking Policy of Chile
Ono: War and Armament Expenditures of Japan ....
Ono : Expenditures of the Sino-Japanese War
Ogawa: Expenditures of the Russo-Japanese War
Kobayashi: War and Armament Taxes of Japan
Heckscher: The Continental System
Robertson: Hispanic- American Relations with the
United States
Dumas-Vedel-Petersen: Losses of Life caused by Wars
Preliminary Economic Studies oj the War
No. i. Shortt: Effects of the War upon Canada
No. 2. Rowe: Effects of the War upon Chile
No. 3. Dixon and Parmelee: War Administration of
Railways
i
2
4
15
2
.42
.84
1.68
6.30
.84
28
77
2
75
2
No. 4. Andrews: Effect of the War upon Women
and Children
No. 6. Gephart: Effect of the War upon Insurance.
No. 13. Carver: Government Control of the Liquor
Business
No. 14. Hammond: British Labour Conditions and
Legislation during the War.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 47
SALES AND GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS Continued
Title
Sales
Distributed
Gratis
Number
Endowment
proceeds
Preliminary Economic Studies of the War (Continued)
No. 15. Anderson: Effect of the War upon Money,
Credit and Banking
52
59
32
38
20
55
74
26
32
28
12
17
27
14
13
27
13
14-
17
865
I&
51
II
No. 17, Rowe: Effects of the War upon Peru
2
6
46
118
18
$0.84
2.52
19.32
78.37
7.56
No. 1 8. Baker: Government Control and Operation
of Industry during the War
No. 21. Coffey: Cooperative Movement in Jugo-
slavia during the War. .
No. 23. Gide: Effect of the War upon French Eco-
nomic Life
No. 24. Bogart: Direct and Indirect Costs of the
P| War
No. 25. Crowell: Government \Var Contracts.. .
Economic and Social History of the World War
Salter: Allied Shipping Control
49
77
43
30
35
22
108
101
87
315
128
141
5S.H
139-26
50.91
17-31
41.30
26.14
126.31
117.56
102.68
265,44
107.15
120.57
Bowley: Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom . . .
Keith: War Government in the British Dominions.. . .
Henderson: The Cotton Control Board
Jenkinson: A Manual of Archive Administration. ....
Bulkley: Bibliographical Survey
Wolfe: Labour Supply and Regulation
Redmayne: British Coal Mining Industry during the
War.
Middleton: Food Production in War ,
Cole; Workshop Organization
Cole: Trade Unionism and Munitions.
Cole: Labour in the Coal Mining Industry.
Scott and Cunnison: Industries of the Clyde Valley
during the War
Rasfn: Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia
63
5*
ii
55-50
28.88
6.18
Van der Flier: War Finances of the Netherlands
Spann : Bibliographic
Totals for 1924.
3*26$
$4059.57
18,872
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
To THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:
Since the date of the last Annual Report there have been many and rapidly
multiplying evidences that public opinion is far from satisfied with the progress
that is making toward the better organization of the world for peace. Both gov-
ernments themselves and unofficial organizations in many lands have been bring-
ing forward proposals and carrying on discussions that are most instructive. The
more serious and the more significant of these are described and analyzed in detail
by the Director of the Division of Economics and History, Dr. Shotwell, in the
issues of International Conciliation for August, 1924, No. 201, for December, 1924,
No. 205, and for March, 1925, No. 208.
Despite many and powerful expressions concerning peace in the abstract, that
are, however, almost wholly sentimental in character, it is increasingly clear that
peace is, as the present writer described it some years ago, not an ideal at all but
rather a state attendant upon the achievement of an ideal. "The ideal itself is
human liberty, justice, and the honorable conduct of an orderly and humane
society. Given this, a durable peace follows naturally as a matter of course.
Without this, there is no peace, but only a rule of force until liberty and justice
revolt against it in search of peace." 1 Certainly peace cannot be invoked to
protect a denial of human liberty, or injustice, or dishonorable and minatory con-
duct on the part of any state. Therefore it is to conduct, both personal and
national, that intelligent workers for international peace must first of all address
themselves. The utterance of pious and impracticable sentiments, the perpetual
adoption of resolutions, the preparation on paper of elaborate plans whereby peace
may be secured and protected, together with what may fairly be described as pos-
turing for peace, all belong to what may be called the futilitarian type of human
philosophy and human conduct. The same is true of the words and the conduct
of those public men who persistently pronounce in favor of peace, but against
taking part in any practicable plan for its advancement; in favor of the limitation
of armaments, but against any agreement to that end which either their own or any
other government would accept; in favor of the maintenance of an International
Court of Justice, but only one which could not possibly be brought into being; in
favor of the outlawry of war, while constantly continuing those public statements
and acts which increase international friction, promote international misunder-
standing, and put an effective brake upon real progress toward new forms of in-
ternational cooperation.
In respect of the general problem of international peace, public opinion is now
almost everywhere persistently in advance of the action of governments. Only in
rare cases do existing governments fully represent and reflect either the noblest
1 Nicholas Murray Butler, A Worldin Ferment (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918), p. 8.
49
5O CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
ambitions or the highest interests of their own people in the discussions which are
going forward throughout the world. Appeal is constantly making to the lower
and more selfish aspects of human nature, while those that are higher and finer
are left to the contemplation of that hope deferred which maketh the heart sick.
Few proposals could be more futile than that merely to outlaw war. Such
outlawry would only last until human passion broke down its fragile barrier. The
neutrality of Belgium was amply protected by international law, and the invasion
of the territory of that country on August 4, 1914, was definitely and distinctly
outlawed. Nevertheless it took place. Precisely the same thing will happen in
the future, no matter what the provisions of international law may be, if the
springs of personal and national conduct remain unchanged. Forms do not con-
trol facts. Laws must reflect, but cannot compel, public opinion. It is quite idle
and meaningless to plan to purge human nature of its less admirable traits by the
enactment of any statute, whether national or international. Since the advent
of free government, it may be doubted whether any law affecting personal con-
duct has been, is, or can be enforced. If such laws are to be truly effective they
must be, not enforced, but obeyed. They are only obeyed, and they only will
be obeyed, when they reflect the overwhelming public opinion of those whom
they directly affect. Once more, therefore, the path of progress leads to the door
of conduct, both personal and national.
It is beyond the limits of practical education or practical statesmanship
to convince public opinion that there is not, and never can be, any cause
for which men should be ready to lay down their lives if need be. The
history of human liberty and the story of the making of free governments offer
too many illustrations to the contrary. What is practicable is so to instruct, to
guide and to form public opinion that it will insist upon such national conduct and
such public expressions on the part of representatives of governments as will pro-
mote international understanding and international cooperation, as well as reduce
to a minimum those incidents, those policies and those outgivings, whether on the
platform, on the floor of parliaments or in the press, that constantly erect such
effective and distressing obstacles to the progress of international concord and
cooperation.
It is quite plain that public opinion is everywhere moving toward agreement
upon a definition of what constitutes aggression in international relationships.
Nowhere is it proposed that an outraged or invaded people should submit tamely
to an outrage or invasion against which they are capable of defending themselves.
When, however, judicial process, involving the rule of right reason, is established
as an alternative to the immediate use of armed force, then it may prove to be
possible to reach an acceptable definition of aggression by defining as aggressive
those acts in defiance of the will, or against the interests, of any other government
or its people, without first submitting the questions at issue to impartial judicial
determination for inquiry and ascertainment of the facts and equities involved*
This suggestion which has been brought forward in concrete form during the past
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 51
'ear by an American group of unofficial students of these problems, has attracted
avorable attention everywhere. It is now under the closest scrutiny with a view
o determining whether it may not be accepted as the next step in the organization
f the world for peace.
That there is nothing new under the sun, is once again demonstrated by the
act that General Tasker H. Bliss has recently come upon a statement of this very
irinciple in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, where the great his-
orian uses the following language:
It is perfectly clear that they (the Corinthians) were in the wrong because, when they were
lallenged to submit the dispute about Epidamnus to a decision by arbitration, they preferred to
rosecute their claims by war rather than by equity I. 34.
If a satisfactory definition of aggression can be worked out, then the next
tep is the extension of the authority and the upholding of the hands of a Perma-
ent Court of International Justice. Had no Court been established under the
uthority of the Treaty of Versailles, the natural point of departure in the crea-
ion of such a Court would have been found in the action taken by the Second
'eace Conference at The Hague, which adopted the following Vceu 1 on October
6, 1907:
The Conference recommends to the signatory Powers the adoption of the annexed draft
onvention for the creation of a Court of Arbitral Justice and putting it into force as soon as an
jreement has been reached respecting the selection of the judges and the constitution of the
ourt.
It is a well-known fact that informal but very considerable progress had been
lade between that time and the outbreak of war in 1914 toward agreement between
number of the governments that had participated in the second Hague Conference
pon a plan for the selection of the members of such a Court. Since, however, a
lourt similar in kind to that contemplated in the Vceu of 1907 has been brought
ito being, pursuant to provisions contained in the Treaty of Versailles, and is
ow exercising jurisdiction from its seat at The Hague, it is obvious that the path
f least resistance will be found in extending the authority and scope of jurisdic-
ion of that Court. So recently as January 24, 1925, the President of the United
tates publicly declared: "I believe that the next step which we may well take
by way of participation in the Permanent Court of International Justice/ 1 No
ne who has followed unwaveringly the progress made in recent years toward the
ubstitution of the rule of right for the rule of force in settling differences between
ations, will dissent from this statement by the President.
With aggression defined and with the authority of a Permanent Court of In-
ernational Justice everywhere recognized, it would still remain to agree upon a body
f accepted international law and a code of rules of international conduct to
rhich such Court might turn for guidance and for controlling principles in making
;s findings upon a proved or an agreed statement of facts. Probably the method
1 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Confer-
vces (New York: 1920), vol. I, pp. 689-96.
52 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
adopted by the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 would be the best possible
for arriving at such a statement of international law and rules of conduct, be-
cause it is the method already familiar to the nations concerned.
Underneath and behind all these undertakings there remains the task to in-
struct and to enlighten public opinion so that it may not only guide but compel
the action of governments and public officers in the direction of constructive
progress* There must be present the moral conviction that a peace which rests
upon liberty and justice is an ideal so lofty that no effort and no sacrifice may
properly be spared in the task of securing its accomplishment. When this stage
is reached it will not be necessary formally to limit armaments; they will atrophy
from neglect and disuse.
It is from precisely this point of view that the work of the Division of Inter-
course and Education has, from the beginning, dealt with the problem of inter-
national peace. The Division has studiously refrained from mere sentimental
expressions, and from participation in those futile acts which repel much more
than they attract the support of right-minded men and women. The Division
has devoted itself for fifteen years, and it will continue to devote itself, to the devel-
opment among men and nations of the international mind, "The international
mind is nothing else than that habit of thinking of foreign relations and business,
and that habit of dealing with them, which regard the several nations of the civilized
world as friendly and cooperating equals in aiding the progress of civilization, in
developing commerce and industry and in spreading enlightenment and culture
throughout the world.' '*
The work of the Division of Intercourse and Education has substituted doing
for talking and practice for preaching. To extend the hand of aid and sympathy
to a stricken people, as in the case of Belgium or France or Serbia or Russia, is an
act more influential in bringing about that international friendship and compre-
hension upon which permanent peace rests than a thousand declaratory resolu-
tions in favor of peace. The multiplication of international contacts and the
promotion of international interpenetration by means of which men and women of
one land come to know more intimately the life, the language and the customs of
another are ways and means of spreading the international mind. These methods
are constantly and consistently followed by the Division, not only in one land but
in many lands. The ideal of it all was admirably stated some twenty-five cen-
turies ago by Aristophanes, when, at the very height of the Peloponnesian War,
he wrote the passage which has been freely rendered in these words:
From the murmur and the subtlety of suspicion with which we vex one another,
Give us rest.
Make a new beginning,
And mingle again the kindred of the nations in the alchemy of Love,
And with some finer essence of forbearance
Temper our mind. Peace 993-9.
1 Nicholas Murray Butler, The International Mind (New York: Charles Scribner T s Sons, 1919),
p. 102.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 53
It is not always easy to separate the stern realities of a political situation,
whether national or international, from the hopes and ambitions of those who are
called, often wrongly, idealists. There is abundant evidence that the smaller
nations of Europe hail the existing League of Nations as a satisfaction of their
long expressed hopes. Public opinion in those countries is strongly favorable to
the League of Nations and its work, and the smaller nations would regard any
weakening of it, to say nothing of its destruction, as a portentious calamity. On
the other hand some of the larger nations, themselves members of the League, find
difficulty in adjusting either their thinking or their acts to its methods and stand-
ards. Time, and time alone, will show what permanent progress can be made
along the road that is now being traveled. Each year increases the probability
that the existing League of Nations will prove a godsend to most, if not to all, of
the nations of Europe. It would seem to be essential to its success that the new
German Republic be admitted to membership in the League on terms of full
equality with other nations.
Two facts which stand out as having a most important bearing upon the
whole problem of the better organization of the world for international peace are,
first, the feeling on the part of the French people that unless they are prepared to
defend themselves by force of arms there is no effective guaranty of their national
security; and, second, the obvious paralysis that has overtaken the government
of the United States in all that concerns international policy and international
cooperation.
The first of these questions can only be dealt with by finding some guaranty
of national security which the French people will accept as satisfactory. That has
not yet been done. The question is in no small degree a psychological one.
With the history of the last three hundred years before him and with economic
and financial conditions and competitions as they are, it would be difficult for any
fair-minded observer to fail to admit that the attitude of the French people has
behind it a very large supporting body of truth and reality. Here then is a very
real and fundamental problem which presses for solution.
The second question is one which gives concern not only to citizens of the
United States but to the whole world. That position of leadership which had
been won by the display of intellectual and moral courage and power and which
was used during the generation preceding the outbreak of the World War to blaze
new paths in the direction of international peace and the substitution of justice
for force in settling differences between nations, has been lost through irresolution,
futile and long-drawn out debate, and infirmity of purpose. There is no longer any
isolated nation in the world, nor can there be. Steam and the electric spark have
destroyed that possibility. Ideas speak no single language and dwell within the
confines of no national boundaries. Science is, by its very nature, international
and has made itself the indispensable servant of man, whether for progress or for
destruction. Whether that paralysis which is just now so marked in the govern-
ment of the United States represents and reflects a like paralysis among the people,
54 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
is a matter of hot dispute. Probably it does not; but, whether it does or not, it
is a basic fact to be reckoned with in planning new steps of advance away from
war, away from the crushing burden of huge armaments, away from international
rivalries, jealousies and intolerance, away from the exploitation of smaller and
weaker peoples, and away from that morality of the jungle which enthrones
interests and leaves both rights and duties to shift for themselves.
A constantly recurring difficulty which confronts every movement to im-
prove international relations is the one which grows out of that ultra-legalistic
spirit and method which so often appear in even the most delicate international
negotiations. Whenever the head of a Foreign Office feels himself to be, or is felt
to be, acting for his government as an attorney for a client, then the danger-signal
should be hoisted. International relations cannot be conducted on the basis of
litigation, however inchoate. They must be conducted on the basis of friendly
cooperation between two moral equals whose common aim is so to settle out-
standing controversies as to benefit both nations immediately concerned and to
promote that spirit which makes for peace throughout the world. There is a
psychology of diplomacy and a psychology of international relations that are far
more important and far more certain in their practical effects than either legal
methods or legal principles. Consideration will often secure what demand fails
to get.
It is, moreover, of first importance for every nation to realize that under
modern conditions there are hut few so-called domestic questions that have not an
international aspect and an international relationship. What a nation may wish
to do to promote its own foreign trade or to protect the quality of its citizenship is
certainly, in origin and chief incidence, a domestic question, but since in practical
operation such policies may affect the interests and possibly touch the pride of
other peoples, it is of high importance that these facts be not overlooked in every
step that relates to the formulation and execution of such policies. The bare and
blunt assertion of the sovereign right to pursue a policy, that right being backed
by national force, is without exception the most harmful and inconsiderate
method of procedure in such cases.
Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, Senator of France and President of the
Advisory Council in Europe of the Division of Intercourse and Education, died
at his home in Paris on May 15, 1924, in the seventy-second year of his age. 1 The
loss to the work of the Division by his death cannot easily be estimated. For a
generation he had been the most active, the most intelligent and the most influen-
tial center of personal influence in Europe on behalf of all those ends which it is
the purpose of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to serve. His
thorough diplomatic training in early life, his exceptional command of the English
language, his personal acquaintance with England and the United States, together
with his exceptional powers of clear and moving eloquence, marked him out as a
1 See post, p. 76.
PROGRESS OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE LIBRARY BUILDING FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF LOUVAIN,
NOVEMBER 22,1924
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 55
leader in the peace movement of the modern world. At the two Hague Con-
ferences of 1899 and 1907, Baron d'Estournelles de Constant was associated with
M. Lon Bourgeois as a chief delegate from France, and in the work of both
Conferences he took a most active and helpful part. His friendship for Mr.
Carnegie and his full appreciation of Mr. Carnegie's purposes and ideals, together
with his own public experience and influence, made him the one man best fitted
to lead and to guide the work of the Division of Intercourse and Education in
Europe. His unfailing patience, his untiring industry and his supreme tact
enabled him to deal with highly controversial questions without arousing personal
animosities and without alienating forces whose cooperation was essential. He
feared and in a large measure foresaw the great war which broke over the world on
August I, 1914, and by personal effort, directed to important centers of influence
in Russia and in Germany, he did what he could to avert it. His bearing
throughout the long and terrible struggle that followed was that of a true French
patriot, a lover of liberty, and a devoted advocate of peace based upon justice and
human freedom. So soon as hostilities were ended he made it his task to aid in
binding up the wounds of the war. He led in the work of reconstruction in the
devastated provinces of France and was the first to hold out a welcoming hand to
those persons in the new, liberal Germany that were struggling to increase their
influence among their own people to the end that the work of social and political
reconstruction after the war might go on apace. He had made large and en-
couraging progress in this direction and had marked out a path which the Division
of Intercourse and Education will wish to follow for some years to come, A
bridge of friendship across the Rhine is essential if there is to be permanent peace
in Europe.
No expression of personal sorrow can be quite adequate to the sense of loss
which weighs down his long-time friends and associates in this work. His name
and his memory will remain as a beacon star to guide and to encourage them
through the coming years.
Appropriation for Reconstruction after the War
IN BELGIUM 1
Reconstruction of the Library of the University of Louvain is going forward
slowly. As recorded in the last annual report, one wing of the new building is
completed and equipped and has been in use for more than a year. The founda-
tions for the remainder of the building are in place and the construction of the
outside walls is well under way, as shown in the accompanying illustration. The
fund thus far available for construction and equipment, the gift of American
citizens and organizations, amounts to 7,662,991.57 francs, but it is now esti-
mated that approximately ten million francs additional will be needed to complete
the building as planned. The first and largest gift for this purpose came from the
1 See Year Books, 1919, p. 64; 1920, p. 41 ; 1921, pp. 36-7; 1922, pp. 48-50; 1923, PP- 5-2;
pp. 50-1.
56 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Carnegie Endowment as part of its considered policy to promote international
good-will by giving aid in specific acts of reconstruction following the war. The
fund has been made up in the main of small contributions, ranging from a few
pennies to a few dollars, and represents the gifts of hundreds of thousands of
school children and school teachers, of college students, professors and alumni,
of members of women's clubs, of police organizations, of art associations, of
library staffs and of a vast number of individuals. Probably no appeal, save
those made on behalf of the Liberty Loans and the American Red Cross, has re-
ceived so wide-spread support from the people in all parts of the United States.
It is clear that the additional funds needed must be secured through direct gifts
of considerable size on the part of individuals and from the trustees of great foun-
dations that have been established in the United States by private beneficence
to serve public ends. It is earnestly hoped that the necessary amount may be
secured in the not distant future in order that the new library building may be
completed when the sooth anniversary of the foundation of the University of
Louvain is celebrated in 1926.
IN FRANCE
Kkeim$ l
Owing to inevitable delays resulting from the complex administrative and
legal formalities incident to reconstruction work in the devastated regions of
France, the library at Rheims is only now approaching completion. The civil
authorities at Rheims are doing all in their power to further the work and are co-
operating cordially with the representatives of the Endowment. Through their
kindly intervention, stone that had been assigned to the Church of St. Andr6 was
transferred to the contractors for the library as an emergency measure, in order to
hasten its completion. Work has been begun upon the interior of the building,
and M. Sainsaulieu, the eminent French architect, believes the building will be
ready for occupancy within a few months. The beautiful wrought-iron portico is
to be exhibited at the Exposition of Decorative Arts to be held in Paris in 1925.
Fargniers 2
On July 6, 1924, two more of the model buildings which are in process of
erection at Fargniers around the Place Carnegie were opened with appropriate
ceremonies. These were the school for girls and the post office. The Mayor of
Fargniers, M. L ? H6rondelle, delivered an address and the exercises concluded with
the impressive ceremony of dedication of the new Avenue d'Estournelles de Con-
stant leading directly into the Place Carnegie, where a bronze memorial tablet is
placed. The Town Hall, the cornerstone of which was laid at the first solemn act
of dedication on July 9, 1922, is nearly completed. It will be remembered that the
boys' school was formally opened for use on December 3, 1923.
1 See Year Books, 1919, p. 64; 1920, p. 42; 1921, pp. 37-40; 1922, pp. 51-2; 1923, p. 52; 1924, pp.
51-2.
2 See Year Books, 1923, pp. 53-6; 1924, pp. 52-3.
cc
UJ
CD
LU
O
UJ
I
CC
h
z
O
jj
CC
h
z
O
O
cc
UJ
Q
Z
D
z
a
CD
cc
CORNER OF PLAYGROUND ADJOINING THE BOYS' SCHOOL AT FARGNIERS
TOWN HALL UNDER CONSTRUCTION AT FARGNIERS
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 57
Administration of the Division
IN THE UNITED STATES
The administrative offices of the Division of Intercourse and Education have
been enlarged by renting, and connecting with the building first occupied, the
adjoining house, No. 405 West iiyth Street, New York City. The entire work
of the Division is now centralized on the first three floors of the two houses, the
third floor being occupied by the Interamerican Section, which formerly rented
offices in the neighborhood. This enlargement of the quarters of the Division
has greatly facilitated the task of incorporating the work of the American As-
sociation for International Conciliation with that of the Division. 1 The offices of
the Division of Economics and History are on the fourth and fifth floors of the
building.
The staff of the Division of Intercourse and Education consists of the As-
sistant to the Director, the Division Assistant, the Secretary for the International
Relations Clubs, and five stenographers and clerks, who carry on the work under
the personal guidance and general supervision of the Director. 2 The daily work
consists of translating, copying and sending out to the Trustees the reports of the
Special Correspondents, carrying on the work of the International Mind Alcoves
and the International Relations Clubs, and the publication of the monthly docu-
ment, International Conciliation. The Director is in extensive and almost daily
correspondence with the leaders of opinion and the representatives of governments
in many lands.
There is maintained a comprehensive list of addresses to which are sent from
time to time, in addition to the regular publications of the Endowment, selected
books and pamphlets upon subjects of international interest. Among the books
of which copies have been sent out during the year are:
American Problems William E. Borah
The Study of American History Viscount Bryce
Building the American Nation Nicholas Murray Butler
Economic Problems of Democracy Arthur Twining Hadley
In addition to sending to representative men in other countries books de-
scriptive of American institutions and American opinion, there are also sent from
time to time to addresses in the United States books dealing with the foreign
policies and international relations of other governments and other peoples.
Subventions
A review of the correspondence of the past year reveals the fact that no fewer
than 103 appeals for aid have been received. This number does not include many
hundreds of requests for information or for publications of the Endowment.
These appeals range from a request for an allotment to patent an invention to an
1 See post, p. 66. 2 For Interamerican Section, see post, pp. 69-73.
58 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
appeal for aid in changing the destination of an astronomical expedition for the
observation of the planet Mars. The list includes requests for support of period-
icals, peace societies, international organizations, lecturers, international visitors,
educational institutions, international conferences and congresses, erection of
monuments, contributions to memorial funds and for the publication (sometimes
including translation) and distribution of books and pamphlets dealing with a
large variety of subjects. Obviously the entire appropriation at the disposal of the
Division would not suffice to make possible a favorable response to any consider-
able number of these demands, even if they might be supposed perceptibly to ad-
vance the cause of international understanding and international peace. Moreover,
the work of the Division has been planned and developed on well-established lines
which are to be pursued over a long series of years. It is not the policy of the
Division to grant subventions and in particular subventions continuing from year
to year, to organizations and undertakings not directly responsible to the adminis-
tration of the Division itself. Experience has shown that any other policy causes
much money to be unprofitably spent and no adequate results achieved. It is
wiser and sounder policy to devote such sums as may from time to time be avail-
able to aid in meeting the expenses incurred in carrying to completion specific,
definite and well-considered projects of demonstrated timeliness.
Under these limitations, and so far as funds have been available, the following
subventions have been made during the year:
For the purpose of meeting in part the expenses of distinguished foreign representa-
tives in attending the following conferences:
a. Anglo-American Conference of Professors of History held in Richmond, Va.,
December, 1924 $5,000.00
b. Quinquennial Meeting of the International Council of Women, to be held in the
United States in the first half of the year 1925 5,000.00
c. International Conference of Philosophy to be held in the United States in 1925 or
1926 under the auspices of the American Philosophical Association 5,000.00
d. Pan American Conference on Capital Cities to be held in Washington, D. C., in
1925 5,000 .00
For the purpose of meeting the expenses of delegates from the United States to the
following conferences:
a. XXII Conference of the Interparliamentary Union held at Berne and Geneva,
Switzerland, August 22-28, 1924 7,500 .00
b. Official Pan American Educational Congress in the city of Santiago, Chile, to be
held in 1925 or 1926 5,000.00
For the purpose of meeting in part the expenses of Mr. Tsunejiro Miyaoka, on a trip
to the United States,*England and France in the summer of 1924 l 2,500 . oo
For the purpose of aiding the Japan Society of California in offering hospitality to
His Excellency, the Japanese Ambassador, upon his arrival in San Francisco in
March, 1925*. 6,000.00
1 See post t pp. 77-8. 2 See post, p. 78.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 59
For the purpose of meeting the expenses of a trained librarian from Charles University
in Prague, Czechoslovakia, to study library administration in the United States $2,000 .00
American Peace Society 1 7,000.00
American Group of the Interparliamentary Union 2 500.00
International Arbitration League 1,000.00
This is in continuance of an annual gift formerly made by Mr. Carnegie and insures
an additional income of equal amount from another source.
For the purpose of equipping and furnishing rooms for the American Institute at
Prague, Czechoslovakia 10,000 .00
This Institute has been established in order to serve as a point of contact between
Americans and representatives of the peoples of Eastern and Southeastern Europe.
Some 28,000 students are now gathered in Prague from various European countries.
The Institute will maintain a library and serve as a center of information for visiting
students and professors. It will also carry on systematic educational and scientific
activities under American auspices.
For the purpose of aiding in the reorganization of the Confederation Internationale des
Etudiants, 1,000 4,323-75
This Confederation was formed in 1919 at Strasbourg on the occasion of the reopen-
ing of the University under French auspices. It was at first an association of stu-
dents from allied and friendly countries but it has now extended an invitation for
membership which includes students from all countries in the world. It holds an-
nual congresses and, as its name implies, is working for wider and better interna-
tional understanding through the student bodies.
Publications
a. A volume on the Republic of Cuba and its relations to the United States 4*885 39
This is being written by Professor Charles E, Chapman of the University of
California who has twice visited Cuba for the purpose. The book will be a
presentation of the history of the Republic with a general survey of social, political,
economic and intellectual factors in present day Cuba. The volume will probably
appear in the autumn of 1925.
b. A volume to include selected addresses delivered in twelve countries of the
Americas at the Columbus Day Conferences held under the auspices of the Inter-
national Committee of the Women's Auxiliary Committee of the Second Pan-
American Scientific Congress, October 12, 1923 8 2,500.00
c. A volume of about 200 pages, in Spanish, to be entitled Las primeras relaciones
entre Chile y los Estados Unidos* 2,000.00
This publication was suggested by the American Ambassador to Chile who con-
sidered it of particular significance at this time.
Total $75,209.14
'See post, p. 79. 2 See Year Book, 1924, pp. 67-8. * See post, p. 72. * See post, p. 73.
6o
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
International Mind Alcoves
Books which form an International Mind Alcove deal with the daily life,
customs and history of the various countries of the world. Those chosen are
popular in character and such as will interest the general reader. These books
are sent to libraries in small communities, after assurance has been given that the
several librarians will encourage, through the local press, personal recommenda-
tion and other means, the reading of the books by as large a number of persons as
possible. Three or four new books are sent every three months to be added to the
Alcove shelves, thus keeping the interest alive and steadily building up the col-
lections. Each book bears a book plate with the imprint of the Endowment. It
is hoped to build up these collections, which now number about fifty books, so
that they will include at least some information concerning each of the important
countries of the world. At present the collections contain books on Africa, Amer-
ica, Arabia, Asia, the Baltic Countries, the British Empire, China, France, Greece,
Holland, Italy, Japan, Latin America, Mexico, Norway, Russia, Spain, on inter-
national relations, on the World War as well as the Autobiography of Andrew
Carnegie.
There are now one hundred and three (103) International Mind Alcoves as
follows:
8 1 in the United States,
distributed among 32 states
6 Canada
1 Nova Scotia
2 England
1 Scotland
2 South Wales
1 South Africa
2 Australia
2 New Zealand
I China
1 France
2 Japan
i Mexico
Of this number fifteen (15) have been formed during the year 1924:
Florida
Idaho
Kentucky
Maine
Minnesota
Nebraska
North Carolina
Oregon
South Carolina
Texas
Texas
Texas
Canada
England
Hawaii
Public Library
Weiser Library
Berea College and
Allied Schools
Auburn Public Library
Carnegie Public Library
Cotner College Library
Teacherage
La Grande Public Library
Laurens Public Library
Carnegie Library
Cooke County Free Library
Rosenberg Library
Public Library
Victoria Institute
Library of the University
of Hawaii
Winter Haven
Weiser
Berea
Auburn
Anoka
Bethany
Crossnore
La Grande
Laurens
Cleburne
Gainesville
Galveston
Lethbridge, Alberta
Worcester
Honolulu
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 6 1
Copies of the following books have been distributed during the past year:
Building the American Nation Nicholas Murray Butler
Holland under Queen Wilhelmina A. J. Barnouw
Norwegian Towns and People Robert Medill
The Real Japanese Question K. K. Kawakami
A History of the French People Bktut and Friedmann
My Diplomatic Education Norval Richardson
Russia and Peace Fridtjof Nansen
Spring in Morocco and Algiers George W. Wickersham
The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie
The New Poland Charles Phillips
The Peace Negotiations Robert Lansing
Tutankhamen and Egyptology Samuel A. B. Mercer
A History of the Greek People William Miller
A Short History of International
Intercourse C. Delisle Burns
New Masters of the Baltic Arthur Ruhl
Racundra's First Cruise Arthur Ransome
The Division Assistant is in most pleasant and personal relationship, through
regular correspondence, with the librarians of the libraries where International
Mind Alcoves are established. The work could not be so successfully carried on
were it not for the active and often enthusiastic support of these librarians. The
following letters will serve to illustrate the cooperation between the librarian and
administrative offices of the Division:
Arizona
Carnegie Free Library, Tucson, October 16, 1924.
Again it is my pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of the four books listed in your letter
of the 7th inst. Our International Mind Alcove is becoming a very important feature of our
little library and our reading public are making good use of all the books you have so gener-
ously furnished us,
Idaho
Weiser Library, Weiser, November n, 1924.
The International Mind Alcove books arrived some time ago but I have waited about
acknowledging them until I could make a report about their reception. A window display
was the first method of advertising used. The books looked very attractive against a back-
ground of ferns and bouquets of snapdragons and begonias. During that time news articles,
giving the entire list of books, were placed in both local papers. This week I am having lists
printed which will be placed at each plate at the Kiwanis luncheon given to members of the
local Woman's Club and posted on the Bulletin Board at the High School, Thursday I will
speak about them at the Intermountain Institute, a very worthy institution near here, where
many pupils earn part of the expenses of a High School education. The books are being used
by college students at home this year because of finances, by students for reference work, by
school teachers, and progressive housewives. I have heard so many times, " Oh, I am so glad
you have these books."
62 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Minnesota
Carnegie Library, Anoka, November 10, 1924.
The books for the Alcove reached us November 4th. It has taken some time to get
them ready for the shelves. I had seventeen ready for the public on Saturday afternoon and
eight were taken within an hour, so I think there will be no trouble getting them read. I will
let you know at the end of the month with what success we are meeting.
Texas
Cooke County Free Library, Gainesville, December 31, 1924.
Please accept the sincerest thanks of the people of Cooke County, Texas, for the Inter-
national Mind Alcove. We found a suitable location for a separate set of shelves, in a part of
the library that readily catches the eye. We have had a nice sign " International Mind
Alcove ' ' with a line in smaller letters ' ' These books are for circulation ' ' placed over it. Then
we have catalogued the books very fully and, best of all, they are being freely used. Fifteen
volumes are out at various county branches now, one going out today to help a club woman in
her study of modern Russia. Our state librarian and the Potter County librarian have both
visited us lately and both are immensely impressed with the value of the collection. Thank
you for your valuable gift, most valuable as a means for added intellectual cultivation in this
inland community.
Virginia
Newport News Public Library, Newport News, October 13, 1924.
Yours of the 9th received Saturday and the books today for which we are very much
obliged. We have quite a foreign population here and books on any of the European coun-
tries are always being called for, Russia and Poland especially. We deeply appreciate all the
books you send us.
England
Victoria Institute, Worcester, November 3, 1924.
I am in receipt of your letter of the I3th ult. for which I beg to thank you. The sixteen
separate packages of books came duly to hand and were placed before my Committee at their
last meeting. I need hardly state that they were very pleased indeed with the gift. The
books have been placed in a special case in the Lending Department. I have placed one of
the cards in a frame over the case, with another card, the latter being labeled " International
Mind Alcove." Though the books have been in position less than a week two-thirds of the
supply are already in circulation. I am sure that the books will be of the greatest value to
our readers and that they will be the means of helping to ereate the international atmosphere
and feeling which we all so much desire.
Although the Alcoves are established almost entirely in Public Libraries and
in response to formal application, the following letter led the Division of its own
instance to establish an Alcove in a public High School.
North Carolina
Teacherage, Crossnore, February 22, 1924.
This communication is from the highest and coldest county of North Carolina, Avery
County. On the extreme watershed between North Carolina and Tennessee. We are so
remote that our nearest newspaper is three days old when we get it. Many of our High
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 63
School students have never seen a library but we have had the nerve to enter the State High
School debate for the loving cup. It takes nerve to live here, you know. Now that the mud
is so deep that the roads are impassable for trucks our young people are trudging three, five
and even seven miles over steep mountain roads through storms. Many have never missed
a day.
What do we want? Anything you have on our subject, "Cancellation of the Allied
Debts."
And later came the following acknowledgment:
Teacherage, Crossnore, April n, 1924.
Both installments of your books have arrived as well as the debating material you sent
us. We certainly appreciate your excellent books and your noble efforts in behalf of world
peace. I am sure that when people know each other better they like each other and instead
of fighting there grows up a desire to help. We shall most certainly give our mountain boys
and girls a chance to know a bit of the world through your most excellent books. We are
graduating this year from High School, ten boys and girls all of whom have worked their way
through High School and will have to work their way through college and yet everyone of the
ten plans to go through college.
We lost the debate but it was our first and we got some excellent experience that will
serve us next year, for of course we plan to debate again.
It is because of such reports on the worth of the International Mind Alcoves
that the work is continued from year to year with steadily increasing interest.
The International Mind Alcoves are one of the surest agencies at the disposal of
the Division for developing an instructed public opinion in all that pertains to
international understanding and international relations, and for providing a back-
ground of intelligent comprehension when new events and new policies are dis-
cussed.
International Relations Clubs
These clubs are established for the non-partisan study of international prot>
lems, chiefly in the smaller, non-urban colleges in the less traveled parts of the
United States where the assistance of the Division of Intercourse and Education
in the formation and conduct of such clubs is very welcome. The libraries in
these colleges have, in the main, little material on international relations.
The dubs are established, when possible, under the leadership of a faculty
adviser, which gives permanence to the organization even though the membership
necessarily changes with each academic year. This leader reports to the Division
upon meetings held, subjects discussed, and material needed. He understands
that the Division is ready, through the Secretary for the Clubs, to assist with sug-
gestions for organization and study and, so far as funds will permit, with material.
The Division sends regularly a Fortnightly Summary of International
Events, prepared especially for the clubs, together with the monthly document
International Conciliation. In addition to the series of fourteen syllabi, pre-
viously prepared and published by the Division and still available for distribu-
tion, two numbers of a Bibliography Series have been published since the last
report:
64 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
No. I. A Selection of Material on the New Geography
by Colonel Lawrence Martin
No. 2. Problems of the Near East
by Edward Mead Earle, with the collaboration
of Florence Billings
Copies of International Conciliation and of the syllabi and bibliographies are
supplied in quantity to the Clubs when desired. In addition to this material,
carefully chosen books and pamphlets dealing with vital international problems
are occasionally sent. All material is permanently preserved in the library of
the college to which it is sent. During the period under review the following
publications have been supplied to the Clubs:
Franco-German Relations, 1871-1914, by G. P. Gooch
Treaties of Peace, 1919-1923 x
Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruction, by Leo Pasvolsky
and H. G. Moulton
The Occident and the Orient, by Sir Valentine Chirol
Pamphlet material dealing with the Geneva Protocol, 1924
Of the eighty-four (84) International Relations Clubs active at the end of the
last academic year, nine have not reported this year and two have definitely dis-
banded. New Clubs have been established at:
Georgia Brenau College Gainesville
Illinois Ewing College Ewing
Ohio Lake Erie College Painesville
South Carolina Presbyterian College Clinton
Two other Clubs are being organized
Pennsylvania Lehigh University Bethlehem
Pennsylvania Ursinus College Collegeville
by professors who were formerly connected with International Relations Clubs in
other colleges.
The membership of the Clubs varies from twelve to one hundred and sixty,
and meetings are held semimonthly and monthly* The interest is keen and the
reports most encouraging. In the spring of ,1924, through the International
Relations Club at Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, there was
organized ill the South a Southern Students' Association on International Rela-
tions, which is practically a federation of the International Relations Clubs in
Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky and Tennessee. This
was a purely spontaneous development. The following letters are of interest as
informal reports upon the activities of a few of the Clubs:
California
University of California, Berkeley, January 14, 1925.
The Club at California consists of about 40 members, chiefly graduate students and
seniors majoring In History, Economics and Political Science. In addition, about 10 faculty
1 See post y p. 69.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 65
members attend. The Club meets monthly. Sometimes lecturers from outside speak be-
fore it. Sometimes it arranges a round table discussion of its own. At present it is especially
interested in the questions of (i) Relations of United States and Japan; (2) European Debts
and Reparations.
The attendance averages about 35. Sometimes guests are invited and as many as 50
are present.
Georgia
Shorter College, Rome, November 7, 1924.
Last year the group did the best work since its organization and this fall the students are
beginning with the same pride and eagerness. We have restricted our active members to
history majors and at present have but twelve members, but after Christmas when the sopho-
mores are allowed to choose their major subjects we will add to our number. We always
invite guests and several times a year hold open meetings.
Indiana
Earlham College, Richmond, November 28, 1924,
The Club at Earlham College this year is pursuing two lines of work. One is to have
public meetings where speakers from the outside are invited to discuss special world problems*
The other part of the work is a discussion group for the discussion of social, political and eco-
nomic problems. This discussion group has stimulated considerable interest on the campus.
Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, College of Science, Literature and the Arts,
Minneapolis, January 10, 1925.
Since the beginning of the year we have held two luncheon meetings, one of which was
addressed by Professor Sorokin, formerly close to Kerensky, now a professor of sociology
here. The second meeting was held in honor of the Oxford debaters and Mr. MacDonald
spoke to us. Both meetings were well attended by members, student and faculty, and there
is no question of the continued interest of the membership, which .is maintained at some 30.
Next week we are to hold a third meeting at which Mr. Yusuke Tsurami will speak.
Texas
Southern Methodist University, Dallas, January 14, 1925.
Our club is one of the most thriving institutions on the campus. I believe we have had
the best semester's work since the club was first organized. We held the first meeting in the
second week of the semester and we have met without exception each fortnight since that
time. All the students who are majoring in history, economics and political science are
regular members and we have been having an exceptionally large number of visitors from
meeting to meeting.
During the past year the funds at the disposal of the Division have not been
sufficient to meet the expenses of sending occasional lecturers to the Clubs. The
visits of such men and women are most helpful and it is important that soon the
Division should be in position to invite occasional lecturers to meet International
Relations Clubs in different parts of the country.
66 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
International Conciliation
In the preface to International Conciliation, No. 200, July 1924, was printed
the following statement:
With this issue International Conciliation appears as a publication of the Division of Inter-
course and Education of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. This is a change in
form rather than in substance. The work of the American Association for International Concili-
ation has for many years been under the direction and control of the Division, but it has seemed
best to carry on this work under two separate organizations. There have been many persons who
were willing to associate themselves with a society whose aim was International Conciliation but
who objected to the phrase International Peace thinking it involved them in some objectionable
form of pacifism. The war and its problems have created an entirely new situation. The whole
world is now committed sentimentally and intellectually, except as to what Mr. Roosevelt used to
call its lunatic fringe, to a policy of international peace. Therefore, in the interest of administra-
tive simplicity and economy the work of the American Association for International Conciliation is
now merged with that of the Division.
Immediately upon taking over the publication of International Conciliation
the large complimentary list in the United States was circularized with a view
to obtaining paid subscriptions at a merely nominal rate. This was done in
order to comply with Post Office regulations for second class matter, and also to
measure the interest among subscribers. The following is a characteristic
response:
NEW YORK, N. Y., June 14, 1924.
Your publications are well gotten up, good, timely subjects and can't but help to do good in
effecting a better understanding of conditions. I am pleased to renew my subscription. I en-
close $1.00 for five years.
Cordially,
REUBEN TREE Voss.
It is gratifying to report that there are now 6,323 paying subscribers of the
9,223 recipients of International Conciliation in the United States. 7,630 copies
are sent to foreign countries, making a total of 16,853 who receive regularly a
copy of each of the monthly editions of 20,000. In addition single copies are
constantly being purchased at a low rate in quantity for use among clubs, study
classes and schools. The policy has been adopted of listing, in each issue, former
issues dealing with the same or a related subject and this has proved helpful to
those studying any one particular topic. The issues of International Conciliation
published since the last annual report are as follows: 1
No. 196 Report upon Health, Sickness and Hunger among German Children to the American
Friends Service Committee, by Haven Emerson, M.D., Professor of Public Health
Administration, Columbia University.
March, 1924.
197 The Permanent Court of International Justice. An address by Mr. John Bassett
Moore, Judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice, delivered on Alumni
Day, February 12, 1924, at Columbia University, New York.
The United States and the Court.
Extract from an address delivered by the late President Harding at St. Louis, June
21, 1923.
x For the complete list, see post, pp. 204, 219.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 67
Extract from President Coolidge's Message to Congress, December 6, 1923.
Information Regarding the* Court.
States that have signed the Protocol; States that have ratified the Protocol; States
that have signed the Optional Clause; States that have ratified the Optional Clause;
Original composition of the Court; Sessions of the Court; Advisory Opinions given
by the Court; Judgment pronounced by the Court in the case of the S. S. Wimbledon;
Sources for additional information.
April, 1924.
No. 198 Maps showing territorial Changes since the World War; The transfer of the German
Cables and the League of Nations in 1923, compiled by Lawrence Martin, Washington,
D. C.
May, 1924.
199 Summary of Part I of the Report of the First (Dawes) Committee of experts.
Questions resulting from the Corfu Incident submitted September 28, 1923, by the
Council of the League of Nations to the Special Commission of Jurists and the replies
of that Commission ; Lord Parmoor's comments.
June, 1924.
200 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Organization and Work; Preface; Officers
and Administration; Andrew Carnegie; Mr. Carnegie's Letter to the Trustees; Ac-
ceptance of the Gift; By-Laws; Organization; Offices; Division of Intercourse and
Education, Nicholas Murray Butler, Director; Division of International Law, James
Brown Scott, Director; Division of Economics and History, James Thomson Shotwell,
Director; List of Publications; List of Depository Libraries, by Amy Hemmway Jones,
Division Assistant.
July, 1924.
201 A Practical Plan for Disarmament: Introduction by James Thomson Shotwell; Draft
Treaty of Disarmament and Security prepared by an American Group; Commentary
on the Draft Treaty of Disarmament and Security, by James Thomson Shotwell; Text
of the Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance of the Temporary Mixed Commission.
August, 1924.
202 An Analysis of the American Immigration Act of 1924, by John B, Trevor, M.A.
September, 1924.
203 America's Part in Advancing the Administration of International Justice, by Edwin B.
Parker, Umpire Mixed Claims Commission, United States and Germany.
October, 1924.
204 The Dawes Report on German Reparation Payments; The London Conference on the
Application of the Dawes Plan, by George A. Finch.
November, 1924.
205 Protocol for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes: Text and Analysis with
an Introduction by James Thomson Shotwell.
December, 1924.
206 The Japanese Law of Nationality and the Rights of Foreigners in Land under the Laws
of Japan, by Tsunejiro Miyaoka of the bar of Japan.
January, 1925.
207 Elihu Root's Services to International Law, by James Brown Scott.
February, 1925.
208 Plans and Protocols to end War; Historical Outline and Guide, by James T. Shotwell.
March, 1925.
Requests are constantly being received for exactly the kind of information
provided in these documents. Especial interest was manifested throughout the
68 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
country in No. 202, An Analysis of the American Immigration Act of 1924, by
John B. Trevor. Copies were sent to the Immigration Inspectors and Inter-
preters in the Immigration Service of the United States, all of whom sent appre-
ciative acknowledgments, of which the following is an example :
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, IMMIGRATION SERVICE
DISTRICT No. 32
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE
KETCHIKAN, ALASKA,
No. 520 December j,
DEAR SIR:
I desire to thank you for the four copies of your publication International Conciliation No. 202.
It is most interesting and if you can spare six additional copies I should appreciate it if you would
send them to me. There are several special inspectors attached to this district and I desire that
each have a copy.
Yours very truly,
S. G. STRENCH,
District Director of Immigration.
No. 2200 has been very useful as a response to the many inquiries regarding
the organization and work of the Endowment. This work, as determined by the
Trustees at the time of organization, avoids the merely spectacular as well as the
more emotional approaches to public opinion. The path chosen is that of slow
and steady education of the press, of public officers, and of the entire general
public. The appeal is to the intelligence and to the power of self-discipline and
self-restraint. It is only in these ways that permanent steps toward peace can be
taken, and if progress be often so slow as to be disappointing and discouraging, it
is none the less sure.
International Conciliation, as will be seen from the list given above, presents
the views of distinguished leaders of opinion of many countries on vital interna-
tional problems, and reproduces the texts of official treaties, diplomatic corre-
spondence, and draft plans for international projects such as those leading to the
disarmament and security agreements at Geneva. It is read in all parts of the
world and appreciatively commented upon. The following letters are typical:
SYDNEY, March 6, 1924.
DEAR SIR:
Would you be so good as to cause all publications at present being forwarded to the Premier's
Department, Sydney, to be sent to the following address: David G. Stead, "Boongarre" Watson's
Bay, NSW, Australia. I again thank you for your kindness in the past. The papers issued by the
Association are extraordinarily important and are very helpful to all workers in the cause of world
understanding and peace.
Yours sincerely,
DAVID G. STEAD.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 69
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND,
March 3, 1924.
DEAR SIR:
I desire to thank you sincerely for supplying me with your publications over a long series of
years. In my work first as a journalist, a member of municipal bodies and a member of parliament
as well as a private citizen I have found the matter supplied by you useful and intensely interesting.
That you should have continued over so many years to send me the publications without acknowl-
edgment or recognition from me speaks volumes for your generosity. I have not the slightest
doubt that your work is genuinely promoting the cause of international peace and good-will and I
hope that the association will be in a position to carry on its good work until its ideals are realized in
the spiritual unity of the world. Again thanking you, I am,
Yours very sincerely,
D. G. SULLIVAN, M.P.
Since 1918 a number of the most important of the peace treaties following
the World War have been published as International Conciliation documents.
In July 1924 these documents were republished in two cloth-bound volumes with
the texts of additional treaties and a series of maps prepared by Colonel Lawrence
Martin showing territorial changes resulting from the World War. These two-
volume sets have been presented to the libraries included in the depository list of
the Carnegie Endowment. The sets are sold to individuals at $3.00 each. This
is perhaps the only form in which these important treaties are readily available
for study or for general use.
Interamerican Section
Upon the incorporation of the American Association for International Con-
ciliation with the Division of Intercourse and Education the work of what had
been the Interamerican Division was taken over by the Division of Intercourse
and Education under the title of Interamerican Section. The Head of this
Section, Mr. Peter H. Goldsmith, continues in charge of this branch of the Divi-
sion's work, which is now, as has already been stated, located at 405 West nyth
Street in 'the same building with the headquarters of the Division. The enlarged
offices have been conveniently fitted up and a cordial invitation is extended to
persons interested to make themselves familiar with the work of this Section.
The Head of the Section keeps in close touch by correspondence with the leaders
of international thought in South and Central America and has frequent oppor-
tunity to be helpful to visitors, especially students from the other American
republics.
Inter-America, the magazine edited and published by the Interamerican
Section, has been issued regularly and is now a recognized vehicle for the inter-
change of thought among the American republics. The following numbers have
appeared since the last report:
7O CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Spanish issue English issue
marzo 1924 April 1924
mayo 1924 June 1924
julio 1924 August 1924
septiembre 1924 October 1924
noviembre 1924 December 1924
enero 1925 February 1925
The following letters are interesting testimonials to the usefulness of Inter-
America:
CHILE-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
CHARLES M. PEPPER, DIRECTOR
NEW YORK
May 27, ip24.
DOCTOR PETER H, GOLDSMITH,
Inter-America,
New York.
MY DEAR DOCTOR GOLDSMITH:
It has been in my mind for some time to write you my appreciation of Inter-America. Recent
numbers have been so striking that I now follow my impulse.
It seems to me that the publication literally fulfils the purpose of linking the thought of the
New World. That there is a community of ideas between the peoples of America we all realize
while at the same time we know the barrier of language which heretofore has prevented full in-
tellectual interchange. That Inter-America is overcoming this barrier must be evident to all who
have the privilege of reading it. Most of us who know Hispanic America, its peoples and some-
thing of its political institutions and its literature, are busy persons and do not have the leisure to
follow as closely as we should like the phases of its current intellectual activities. There are many
also among us who, while not having had the benefit of personal contact, nevertheless are sympa-
thetic to the main currents of Hispanic-American thought. To both classes Inter-America is
invaluable, In reading some of the recent issues of the English edition, I have been impressed
with the breadth and variety of the subjects treated in the various articles. The translations
certainly help to give a very good idea of Hispanic-American culture.
The Spanish edition, I think, is equally valuable in the interpretation it presents of existing
North American intellectual tendencies as well as of practical topics. I have noted especially
some of the articles on economic and industrial subjects and have been gratified that in presenting
this phase of our national life it has not been to the exclusion of presenting also in proper proportion
our political and cultural ideals. So, I hope that Inter-America will continue to fulfil the unique
and useful function it now exercises as the medium of Intellectual exchange among the peoples of
the western hemisphere.
Very truly yours,
CHARLES M. PEPPER.
LIMA, PERXT, 25 de julio de 1924.
No deseo limitarme a llenar un acuse de recibo, junto con el deseo de continuar recibiendo sus
publicaciones, sino manifestarles todo mi profundo agradecimiento por la bondad que tienen
enviandome las pruebas del esforzado trabajo de esa nobiHsima Dotaci6n, de fines tan patri6ticos
como humanitarios. La circunstancia de haber permanecido mas de ocho anos en esa gran naci6n,
ya en el servicio diplomatico de esta mi patria, ya por causas de negocios, me hacen mas justiciero
apreciador de todas sus notables actividades.
Con sentimientos de la mayor consideraci6n, me es honroso subscribirme de usted, atento
servidor,
Jos M. IRIGOYEN.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 71
MACHALA, ECUADOR, i de marzo de 1924.
Si mis voces de aplauso no se vieran impulsadas por el entusiasmo que me produce la labor
altamente simpatica, que la instituci6ii tan honrosamente dirigida por usted, esta realizando, ellag
no llegarfan a importunar la atenci6n del senor Goldsmith; pero considero que es un deber, y un
deber ineludible, unir nuestras voces de aliento, por debiles que sean, al conjunto armonico que
enzalsa una labor benemerita por todos conceptos. . . .
Poniendome a las gratas ordenes del senor director, me subscribo como su seguro servidor,
Jos S. VALDIVIESO,
Two additional Bulletins have been published in the series of Conciliation
International as follows:
Boletm 27 Cien anos de la doctrina de Monroe
Discursos pronunciados en conmemoraci6n del centenario de la doctrina de Monroe
ante la American Academy of Political and Social Science en Filadelfia, 30 de
noviembre y primero de diciembre de 1923.
Mayo de 1924
Boletin 28 Proyecto de tratado de desarme y seguridad, sometido a la Liga de las Naciones por
un grupo de personas de los Estados Unidos el 24 de junio de 1924.
Julio de 1924
Many of the books regarding Central and South American countries are
inaccessible to the general reader of English who is without knowledge of Spanish
or Portuguese. In order to supply such readers with trustworthy information
from native sources in the briefest possible form the Interamerican Section has
published a brochure of 48 pages entitled Argentina, an authorized digest of El
Desarrollo Econdmico de la ReptibUca Argentina en los Ultimas Cincuenta Anos
(The Economic Development of the Argentine Republic in the last Fifty Years),
compiled and edited by Ernesto Tornquist.
The ten chapters cover the following subjects: Population; Production;
The Industries; Communications; Foreign Trade; Shipping; Exchange, Banking
and Credit Institutions; Public Wealth; Consumption; Public Finance. This
publication appears as Number I of the Economic Series of the Interamerican
Digests. Much interest was manifested in this issue through correspondence and
the press, and it is hoped that similar digests of books on other countries may be
prepared and published in the future. The following letters may be taken as
typical:
New York
BROOKLYN, September 8, 1924.
I thank you very much for the pamphlet on Argentina, sent to my law office, 31 Nassau
St., New York City.
I have visited the Argentine Republic twice (in 1914 and 1923) and can testify that it is
difficult to exaggerate the value of such a publication to those interested in South America.
Yours sincerely,
WILLARD BARTLETT,
Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, Retired.
72 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
District of Columbia
Pan American Union. WASHINGTON, September n,
I want to congratulate you on your admirable publication on Argentina. You have
thereby done a real service both to this country and to the Argentine Republic.
Very sincerely yours,
L. S. ROWE,
Director General,
New York
National Foreign Trade Council. NEW YORK, October p 1
The National Foreign Trade Council has been favored with a copy of your brochure on
Argentina. This digest of the leading country of South America is a very well worth while
effort, and is calculated to promote greater familiarity on the part of the business interests
of the United States with the forward-moving Republic of the South.
The Council will find the brochure on Argentina extremely helpful for reference from
time to time, and it is our hope that if similar digests covering other countries are issued by
your organization, we may be favored with copies.
Sincerely,
WM. G. ABBOT,
Research Director.
California
Stanford University. September 15, 1924.
Permit me to acknowledge with many thanks the receipt of the pamphlet entitled
"Argentina" being Number I of the economic series of the Interamerican Digests which
you have under way.
The idea of preparing these handbooks, based upon information which is both authori-
tative and recent, is an admirable one and you have made an excellent beginning. I am
familiar with the Tornquist manual on which the digest is based and no better source for
economic conditions in Argentina could be found.
I trust you will continue to send me such digests as you may issue in the future.
Thanking you again for your courtesy, I remain, with kindest personal regards,
Very sincerely yours,
P. A. MARTIN.
Reference has been made above to a subvention granted by the Division for
the publication of selected addresses delivered in twelve countries of the Americas
at the Columbus Day Conferences held on October 12, I923. 1 These conferences,
held under the auspices of the International Committee of the Woman's Auxiliary
Committee of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, varied in the different
countries but were very generally attended by high officials, diplomats, statesmen
and distinguished men and women. The reports indicate that the celebration of
a Pan American Day in remembrance of the landing of Columbus aroused much
enthusiasm in the countries where conferences were held and proved the advis-
ability of encouraging the general recognition throughout this continent of the
anniversary of an event in which all Americans have a common interest. To
keep alive this spirit of mutuality and to awaken an even greater interest in the
idea which received so hearty a response, the Division considered it helpful to
1 See ante, p. 59.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 73
publish selected material from the proceedings, addresses and reports and circulate
them throughout the American Republics. The editorial supervision and selec-
tion of material will be done by the Head of the Interamerican Section and the
publication will contain about 72 pages.
The American Ambassador to Chile, Mr. William Miller Collier, called the
attention of the Head of the Interamerican Section to the fact that Joel R. Poin-
sett, the first diplomatic representative of the United States accredited to a South
American government, had left a deep impression upon the Chileans of the period
of the struggle for independence. Mr. Collier had discovered unpublished ma-
terial regarding Poinsett and the Carreras (Chilean patriotic leaders) including
autograph letters which he believed would be of the greatest value if published
in the Spanish language and distributed in Chile, with a smaller distribution in
other American countries.
Sefior Feliti Cruz, Director of one of the most important Chilean magazines,
the Revista Chilena, and a member of the staff of El Mercuric, the leading Chilean
newspaper, will cooperate with Mr. Collier in gathering and editing the material.
Mr. Collier has kindly consented to write an introduction for the book which will
be entitled Las primeras relaciones entre Chile y los Estados Unidos and will be a
unique and significant record of the first diplomatic contacts between the United
States and a South American republic. The book will not exceed 200 pages and will
be bound in paper in accordance with the custom of the country. The Head of
the Interamerican Section has this matter in charge and is in touch with Mr.
Collier as to details,
The Head of the Interamerican Section was one of the delegates appointed to
attend the Third Pan American Scientific Congress held in Lima, Peru, in De-
cember 1924. He was unfortunately taken ill on the journey and was obliged to
return without completing his mission.
IN EUROPE
Owing to the grave problem which the death of Baron d'Estournelles de
Constant presented, it was necessary to take prompt action with a view to having
the work go forward without interruption or embarrassment. In order that the
permanent staff of the Bureau might not be left without authoritative guidance
an informal consultative committee was appointed to act temporarily. Three of
the Trustees of the Endowment, Mr. Montague, Mr. Scott and Mr. Sheffield,
who were to be in Paris in the summer of 1924, were requested to visit the Bureau
and to report upon what could best be done to strengthen and develop the work.
Mr. Montague was particularly requested to study the whole question, to take
the views of the associates of the European organization, and to report to the
Executive Committee the results of his study. This report was submitted to the
Trustees upon the occasion of their semi-annual meeting on November 21, 1924,
and full and free discussion was held as to the best methods to keep the work of the
74 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
European Bureau on the high plane of distinction and ideals upon which it had
been placed by Baron d'Estournelles de Constant. It was agreed that the work
should proceed under the administration of the temporary committee until the
Director of the Division of Intercourse and Education should reach Paris for a
series of personal conferences in the summer of 1925, Until that time the tem-
porary committee should do all in their power to make useful the building of the
Endowment and to carry forward the purposes and ideals of the Endowment,
using the funds at their disposal in accordance with the general principles for the
use of such funds established by Baron d'Estournelles de Constant. It was
recommended that they should continue to follow definite lines of policy that had
been undertaken, including the encouragement of a rapprochement between
liberal-minded Frenchmen and liberal-minded Germans, the development of the
international mind in various European countries, and the building up of an
interest on the part of large numbers of intelligent people in international con-
cerns and international relations. Upon this basis work has gone steadily forward
during the year.
Ever since the European Bureau entered its new headquarters at 173 Boule-
vard St.-Germain in the building purchased by the Carnegie Endowment in
December, 1922, it has been desired to make the building not only the home of the
Endowment itself but the center of all kinds of cooperating influences which lie
within the field of the Endowment's work. In particular it was desired that, in the
interest of Franco-American friendship and cooperation, as many as possible of the
various American organizations in Paris be brought to hold their meetings there and
to use the building under such conditions and regulations as the European Bureau
might deem appropriate. After the personnel of the European Bureau was con-
veniently settled in the headquarters it was found that for the time being the work
of the Endowment did not require the entire building. Part of the ground floor
was therefore rented for business purposes. The second floor and two rooms
on the fourth floor are occupied by the American University Union, to the mem-
bers of which the roof -garden is open from 9 to 12 a.m., being reserved for the
Carnegie Endowment in the afternoon and evening. The lecture-hall is placed at
the disposal of various organizations and societies, the American Church holding
special Sunday evening social and musical meetings each week. The result of this
change is that the annual net cost to the Endowment in maintaining its European
headquarters is no greater than the cost of maintaining its old and inadequate
quarters, while the facilities for its work are many times multiplied.
During the summer of 1924 representatives of the American Bar Association,
comprising several hundred of the leading judges and lawyers of the United States,
visited Paris and the headquarters of the Endowment were placed at their dis-
posal as a center of information and communication, for the receiving of mail and
for their general convenience. Two French-English stenographers were ready to
do their work and the large drawing rooms were used as reception rooms. On
July 21, a reception was given to these visiting American jurists at which a dis*
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 75
tinguished company of French statesmen, ministers and educators were present.
Many other receptions have been held, those in October and November numbering
fourteen.
It will be recalled that, in 1921, the European Bureau sent out to libraries of
European universities a brochure containing a carefully chosen list of 198 books of
international significance, with the request that each of the recipients of this list
should select ten books which might be helpful if placed upon the library shelves,
on the understanding that the books thus chosen would be sent with the compli-
ments of the Bureau. Through the contacts thus formed, International Mind
Alcoves and International Relations Clubs are now being established. Conditions
in Europe differ, of course, from those which exist in the United States, but it is
most desirable to encourage these undertakings so far as they can be developed
and made useful. International Mind Alcoves and International Relations Clubs
presuppose libraries, if their work is to be effective.
The Director is of the opinion that one of the best methods of instructing and
developing public opinion in other lands is through the building up of public
library systems therein. The public library in the United States, whether it be
large or small, plays an astonishingly important part in the life of the community.
In Europe, except in Great Britain, libraries are usually thought of as collections
of books for scholars and students. Much can be done to plant the seeds of the
American library system in European countries to the end that the vast popula-
tions within their limits may come to enjoy at least some of the advantages which
are so freely showered upon the people of the United States by their public li-
braries. The Division of Intercourse and Education looks upon the development
of this system as one of the most important practical aids in its everyday work.
The most important publication of the European Bureau during the past year
was a volume of 452 pages entitled EnguMe sur les limes scolaires d'aprbs Guerre.
This volume was first planned on July 13, 1921, at a meeting in Paris of the ex-
ecutive committee of the European Bureau, at which the Director of the Division
of Intercourse and Education was present, when it was decided that an investiga-
tion should be made as to the treatment of the causes and results of the World War
in the most recent primary school textbooks of the principal European nations
involved in the War. Through research work by J. J. Prudhommeaux, aided by
correspondents of the European Bureau in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany,
Great Britain and Italy, the necessary material was gathered, collated and edited.
The results were published in the book named above, which has been widely
distributed in Europe, particularly among educators. The first edition of over
1,500 copies is exhausted and a new edition is planned for early issue.
The Director records with gratitude the generous and appropriate gift made
by Mrs. Andrew Carnegie to the European Bureau in the purchase and presenta-
tion of the original of the bust of Baron d'Estournelles de Constant made by his
personal friend, Auguste Rodin. This bust is now placed in the grand salon,
facing the bust of Mr. Carnegie, and bears testimony to the fact that the spirit
76 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
of Baron d'Estournelles de Constant still lives and will animate the work of the
European Bureau in the years to come, as his personal presence has done in the
years that are past.
ADVISORY COUNCIL IN EUROPE
Owing to the unsettled conditions incident to the passing of the President of
the executive committee of the Advisory Council in Europe, no special meetings
have been held and no new representatives have as yet been invited to member-
ship. Indeed the Advisory Council is no longer confined to representatives of
European countries but includes as well those of China, Cuba, Japan, Mexico and
Persia. At the meetings to be called in the summer of 1925 the whole question
of administration and cooperation will be considered, including the extension of
the membership of the Council, a subject being carefully studied at the present
time.
In Memoriam
The passing of Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, directing force and in-
spiration of the work of the Division in Europe since its first beginnings, has
already been recorded. 1 At the meeting of the Executive Committee of the
Carnegie Endowment, held in New York, May 27, 1924, the following resolution
was unanimously adopted:
Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, President of the European organization of the Division of
Intercourse and Education, died on May 15, I924> in his seventy-second year.
A warm friend of Mr. Carnegie for many years, and possessing the full confidence, respect and
affection of the Trustees of the Endowment, he supervised the work in Europe of the Division of
Intercourse and Education from its establishment. The considerable sums entrusted to him for
expenditure in furtherance of the Endowment's work were wisely administered and scrupulously
accounted for.
Born at La Fleche in the Department of the Sarthe on November 22, 1852, Baron d kstour-
nelles de Constant was educated at the lycee Louis-le-Grand. He was honored by his country as
Minister Plenipotentiary of the first class; as Charg6 d' Affaires at the Embassy at London; as
Deputy from the Department of the Sarthe from 1895 to 1904 and as Senator from 1904 until his
death. He was a linguist of unusual ability and an author of many literary works, among which
his book Les Etots-Ums d'Amtrique has been translated into English and is highly valued in
America. ,
A worthy relative of the great French patriot, Benjamin Constant, his wise leadership, stead-
fastness of purpose and true inspiration were of inestimable value to the cause of international
understanding and good-will.
Therefore, be it
Resolved, That the members of the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace desire to record their full appreciation of his lifelong devotion to the cause of
international peace and of his invaluable and generous assistance both to Mr. Carnegie in formu-
lating his plans and to the Trustees of the Endowment in carrying them out.
Resolved further, That the members of the Executive Committee on behalf of the Trustees
of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace extend their most sincere sympathy to the
bereaved family in their great sorrow and that a copy hereof be forwarded to them by the Secretary.
1 See ante, p. 54.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 77
Special Correspondents
An integral part of the permanent organization of the Division of Inter-
course and Education is the corps of Special Correspondents. These corre-
spondents, now numbering seven, are situated in various parts of the world and
keep the Director in intimate touch with conditions and movements of opinion in
their respective countries. Their informing and illuminating reports are kept
strictly confidential, being sent to the Trustees of the Endowment only. Through
the study of these reports, presenting the frank views of representatives of different
nationalities upon world affairs, with special reference to the part played by their
respective countries, a much wider and broader basis for work of an international
character is made possible. The Special Correspondents are:
Sir William J. Collins London, England
Professor Friedrich W. Foerster (Germany) Zurich, Switzerland
Mr. Edoardo Giretti Bricherasio, Italy
Dr. Christian L. Lange Geneva, Switzerland
Mr. Tsunejiro Miyaoka Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Otfried Nippold (Switzerland) Saarlouis, Saar Basin
Herr Hellmut von Gerlach Berlin, Germany
In addition to making regular reports, the Special Correspondents are most
helpful to the Director in securing particular information or documents which
could otherwise only be obtained, if at all, with the greatest difficulty. They are
also always ready to cooperate with the Division by offering welcome and aid to
visitors who come to their respective countries, either as individuals or as members
of specific missions.
Relations with Japan and the Orient
Mr. Tsunejiro Miyaoka, Special Correspondent of the Division at Tokyo,
made a visit to the United States in the summer of 1924 for the purpose of at-
tending various conventions. He was warmly greeted on the Pacific Coast upon
his arrival from Japan and addressed the Rotary Club of Seattle at a luncheon
given in his honor on June 4, 1924. Shortly thereafter he was the guest of the
Chicago Bar Association and then proceeded to Toronto where he took part in the
International Rotary Convention, June 16-20, making two addresses, one of
which was broadcasted by radio. He attended the annual meeting of the Amer-
ican Bar Association in Philadelphia, July 8-18, and then went to London to be
present at the meeting of the British, Canadian and American lawyers, after which
he accompanied them to Paris. At the request of the Socit6 de Legislation
Compar6e he prepared a paper entitled "The Japanese Law of Nationality and
the Rights of Foreigners in Land under the Laws of Japan " which was read, in
French, before that society on November 20, 1924, by the Honorary Secretary,
M. Pierre Lepaulle.
It contained so much of significance and interest to Americans that it was
78 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
printed, in English, as an International Conciliation Document, No. 206. 1 Mr.
Miyaoka's perfect knowledge of English and his acquaintance with American
life and thought, through his association at the Japanese Embassy in Washington,
D. C, as well as his distinguished position in Japan as an international lawyer,
made his visit of the utmost importance in interpreting the feelings of his country
toward the United States. Mr. Miyaoka is an honorary member of the American
Bar Association.
The arrival of the new Japanese Ambassador at San Francisco early in March,
1925, offered a welcome opportunity to extend appropriate greetings to this
distinguished representative of Japan. The Japan Society of California invited
one hundred and fifty editors from cities and towns of the Pacific Coast to make
a visit to San Francisco to meet the Ambassador and his party both informally
and at two banquets given in their honor on March 6 and 7. This appeared
to the Executive Committee to be a most excellent method of increasing mutual
knowledge and friendship between nationals of Japan and the United States and
of indirectly but no less distinctly testifying to the essential good-will that exists
on the part of the two peoples. An allotment of funds 2 to aid in covering the
expenses was therefore made.
Association for International Conciliation
Conciliation Internationale, the organization founded in Paris in 1905 by the
late Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, still retains its separate identity. It was a
cherished project of its founder, and its work will be maintained with the same
aims and ideals as heretofore. The publications issued since the last reports are
as follows: 3
1923 Bulletin No. 2 La Conciliation et la Dotation Carnegie: Assemblee generate du Juillet
1923: S6ances du Conseil consultatif de la Dotation Carnegie (Annexe:
L'oeuvre de la Societe des Nations, par Leon Bourgeois).
1923 Bulletin No. 3 La prochaine derniere guerre: Les reparations, par Chu Rist; La guerre de
la Ruhr par H. Lichtenberger*. Une lettre du Foerster.
1923 Bulletin No. 4 Les minorit&s nationales, par Th. Ruyssen.
1924 Bulletin No. I La Societe des Nations, peut-elle tre sauvee? par Sir Charles Walston.
1924 Bulletin No. 2 Trois ans de diplomatie secrete, par le Colonel Converset.
1924 Bulletin No. 3 Enquete sur les livres scolaires d'aprfe guerre, par J. Prudhommeaux.
1924 Bulletin No. 4 L'annee economlque de 1923 par Kuczynski.
1924 Bulletin No. 5 La Russie sovietique, par Charles Gide.
1 See ante, p. 67. * See ante, p. 58.
3 For a complete list, see post, pp. 229-232.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 79
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL CONCILIATION
The merging of the work of this Association with that of the Division has
already been explained. 1 This change took place, practically, on July I, 1924,
although the final certified copy of the court order formally dissolving the corpora-
tion was not issued until November 13, 1924. The following letter was sent by
the Director of the Division of Intercourse and Education, who was also Chair-
man of the executive committee of the American Association for International
Conciliation, to each of the members of the Council of Direction, in appreciation
of their loyal and continued support of the work of the Association during its
existence.
NEW YORE, N. Y., June 17, 1924.
To the Members of the Council of Direction of the American Association for International Con-
ciliation:
For reasons of policy and economy of administration, it has been decided to merge the Ameri-
can Association for International Conciliation with the Division of Intercourse and Education of
the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. There appears to be no longer any good reason
to maintain two separate corporate organizations to carry on one and the same sort of work,
particularly as both receive their financial support from a single source. I nternational Conciliation
Document No- 200, which will appear in July, will set forth in detail the reasons for the change.
As Chairman of the American branch of the Conciliation Internationale, I cannot let this
occasion pass without thanking you personally for your generous cooperation and for the use of
your name as a member of the Council of Direction of the American Association for International
Conciliation. The work of that Association will continue in exactly the same spirit as that in
which it has heretofore been conducted, and we shall confidently count upon your continued
interest and cooperation. The publication International Conciliation and other publications of
this Division will be regularly sent to you as issued.
With high regard, I have the honor to be
Faithfully yours,
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER,
Chairman.
American Peace Society
The latest and ninety-sixth Annual Report of the American Peace Society,
Washington, D. C., covers the year ended, April 30, 1924. This report states
that nine regular meetings of the executive committee have been held and two
special meetings. The Advocate of Peace, the official organ of the Society, has
been published monthly. The Treasurer's report shows that the total receipts
were $41 ,892.70 and the total disbursements $38,895.47. The subvention granted
by the Carnegie Endowment for the year ended June 30, 1924 was $7,500. The
President's report states that it would seem to be quite within reason to expect
that by its one-hundredth anniversary the American Peace Society may be wholly
self-sustaining.
1 See ante, p. 66.
8O CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
International Visits
No international visits have been made on the direct initiative of the Division
during the year. As has already been recorded subventions have been granted l
to aid in meeting the expenses of distinguished foreigners who have come to the
United States to attend various conferences and conventions as well as to make
possible visits of certain Americans abroad*
As opportunity offers the Director brings visiting foreigners of representative
character in personal contact with groups of Americans in order to establish
international acquaintance. He does what lies in his power to make it easy for
Americans going abroad to establish similar contacts in other countries.
Respectfully submitted,
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER,
Director.
NEW YORK,
March Q t 1925.
1 See ante, p. 58.
DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
To THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:
There Is a fine saying of Jcmbert, which can not be too often repeated, to
the effect that force and law control the world, and that force only controls until
law Is ready. How long force shall be enthroned depends upon the energy and
the industry with which the advocates of law devote themselves to its adequate
restatement where it exists, and to its creation where it does not. The first
regulation of the use of force was a step towards law; the assertion that there was
a higher law than force was its condemnation; and the existence of a system of
law adequate to human needs is the dethronement of force within nations and
between nations. John Bright once said that force is no argument; we may say
today that It is no remedy at least it is not an adequate remedy by and of itself.
Without attempting at this time and in this place to trace the progress from
force to law, it is permissible to premise that the modern movement appears
first to have gained momentum and to have attracted attention in the United
States. Indeed, it may properly be dated from the Jay Treaty of November 19,
1794, between the United States and Great Britain, negotiated by John Jay
then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States the fifth, sixth
and seventh articles of this epoch-making treaty submitting questions of vast
importance to arbitration. In the fifth, the northeastern boundary of the United
States was to be decided by commissioners ; the difficult and irritating question of
losses to British creditors because of the Revolution was submitted by the sixth
article to arbitration; and the compensation to American creditors for losses
sustained by illegal captures of American property upon the high seas by British
cruisers during the war then raging between France and Great Britain was to be
passed upon by arbitration under the seventh article of this treaty.
Our French friends have a very wise saying to the effect that it is only the
first step which counts. The Jay Treaty was the first step. A century later, a
conference of the nations for the preservation of peace met at The Hague, on the
i8th day of May, 1899, upon the call of no less an exalted personage than the
Czar of all the Russias. The preamble to its Pacific Settlement Convention marks
the progress toward Iaw f away from force, at the end of the last century. The
representatives of the twenty-six countries participating in this Conference stated
them to be,
Animated by a strong desire to concert for the maintenance of the general peace;
Resolved to second by their best efforts the friendly settlement of international disputes;
Recognizing the solidarity which unites the members of the society of civilized nations;
Desirous of extending the empire of law and of strengthening the appreciation of international
justice;
Si
82 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Convinced that the permanent institution of a Court of Arbitration, accessible to all, in the
midst of the independent Powers, will contribute effectively to this result;
Having regard to the advantages attending the general and regular organization of arbitral
procedure;
Sharing the opinion o! the august initiator of the International Peace Conference that it is
expedient to record in an international agreement the principles of equity and right on which
are based the security of States aad the welfare of peoples;
Being desirous of concluding a Convention to this effect, have appointed as their plenipoten-
tiaries, l
We have here a concert for the maintenance of general peace by the friendly
settlement of international disputes of the civilized States, recognizing their
solidarity through the extension of the empire of law, by means of a court of
arbitration with a procedure devised and known in advance, because of the opinion
then prevailing that the welfare of peoples and the security of States depend upon
the principles of equality and right.
The Conference of 1899 was in the nature of an experiment, and being suc-
cessful, it was followed by the Second, of 1907, in which the delegates of no less
than forty-four States participated, making that important assemblage the
largest in the then history of the world.
In the Pacific Settlement Convention of the First Conference, arbitration
was declared to be the most effective and equitable method of settling disputes
which diplomacy had failed to adjust; the Second Conference went beyond this,
and declared itself in favor of the judicial settlement of international disputes,
which diplomacy had not adjusted, by its approval of a draft convention for a
Permanent Court of Arbitral Justice "of free and easy access, composed of judges
representing the various juridical systems of the world, and capable of insuring
continuity in arbitral jurisprudence," 2 A method of appointing the judges
acceptable to all of the Powers was not devised at the time.
In 1920, the Advisory Committee of Jurists at The Hague appointed by the
League of Nations to prepare a plan of a Permanent Court of International
Justice devised a method. It was American in all its aspects: the proposal for a
permanent court of international justice was made to the Second Conference at
The Hague by Mr. Joseph H. Choate, Chairman of the American Delegation to
the Second Conference, later to be a Vice President of the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace; and by the then Solicitor of the Department of State, a
technical delegate to the Conference, and later to be Secretary of the Carnegie
Endowment. The proposal was made under instructions from the then Secre-
tary of State, Mr. Elihu Root, soon to be President of the Endowment. Mr.
Root attended the meeting of the Advisory Commission of Jurists at The Hague
as one of its members, and the Secretary of the Endowment had the honor of
being present in an advisory capacity to Mr. Root.
Without entering into details, we thus see that the work of the First Confer-
1 Hague Conventions and Declarations of 18$$ and igo 1 ? (1918), pp. 41-2.
2 Ibid., p. 31.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 83
ence was carried on and enlarged by the Second, and that the unfinished work of
the Second, in its most important phase, was carried to completion after the war
which was thought in many quarters to have dealt a deadly blow to international
law. The Conference of 1899 was without a name public opinion dubbed it a
Peace Conference, and Peace Conference it has remained. The Second Confer-
ence adopted the name as a matter of course. The Conferences, however, were
that and something more; they were really gatherings of delegates from the
different nations for the advancement of international law an unconscious but
none the less solemn declaration that peace is to come, not suddenly, like a thief
in the night, but through the slow and gradual process of law ; through the prin-
ciples of justice expressed in rules of law, binding the nations because made by
their representatives and ratified by their governments, to be interpreted in
proper cases by an international court or courts of justice, and to be applied by
the nations in their mutual relations. The advancement of international law
consists in the fact that matters political, and therefore adjusted by States, are,
by submission to a court of justice in accordance with a rule of law, to become
judicial questions. The Conferences were to consider what questions could be
taken from the political field and made justiciable by the agreement to submit
them to judicial decisions. This was properly the function of agents of the
political power; it was not proper, even if it were desired, to have the court itself
make the law which they were to interpret and apply. There was to be a separa-
tion of functions, but each was to work together for the common good. Mr.
Root therefore proposed to the Advisory Committee of Jurists, as a necessary
complement to the international court of justice, and as the recognized means of
supplying it with the law which the judges were to apply, a series of conferences
in continuation of the two already had at The Hague to restate the established
rules of international law, to formulate and agree upon its amendments and
additions, to reconcile divergent views, and to consider the subjects not now
adequately regulated by international law. The members of the Advisory
Committee were unanimous in their approval of this proposal. It was trans-
mitted to the Council and to the Assembly of the League of Nations, to be re-
jected in part by the Council, and in its entirety by the Assembly of the League.
The Codification of International Law in America
Mr. Root had long been of opinion that the success of the two Conferences
was due to the resolutions of the Institute of International Law, founded in 1873,
which had considered various important phases of international law and stated
them in the form of articles. These resolutions codified at times existing prac-
tice, but they sought to express principles of justice in rules of law to meet the
changed and changing conditions. Because of this, he had recommended as a
part of his project that certain scientific bodies specializing in international law
should be asked to prepare projects which, without binding the governments,
84 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
were nevertheless to be submitted to the Conferences when they should meet,
for such consideration as that body should care to give them. The Conference,
therefore, would under this plan find itself in the presence of drafts dealing with
certain phases of international relations which could at least serve as the basis of
discussion to be replaced by conventions to be drafted by the Conference itself,
and agreed upon by the nations. The practice of nations was to be codified, new
rules of law were to be framed to meet new conditions by agents of the nations
meeting for that special purpose, and to be applied in their mutual relations as
interpreted by a permanent court of international justice.
Among these scientific associations, Mr. Root named the Institute of Inter-
national Law, the American Institute of International Law, the Union Juridique
Internationale, the International Law Association, and the Iberian Institute of
Comparative Law.
On January 2, 1924, the Pan American Union, upon motion of its Chairman,
the Honorable Charles Evans Hughes, then Secretary of State of the United
States, proposed that the American Institute be invited to hold a session within
the year, to consider the question of codification of international law, with the
understanding that the results of its deliberations would be submitted to the
consideration of the Commission of Jurists to meet at Rio de Janeiro approxi-
mately in 1925, for the codification of international law for the American Re-
publics. The Fifth Pan American Conference held at Santiago de Chile in 1923
had agreed to the appointment of a Commission of Jurists for this purpose, in
which each American Republic was to be represented by two jurists of its own
appointment. The Executive Committee of the Institute accepted the invitation
and prepared an elaborate series of projects which were laid before the members
of the Institute attending the Third Pan American Scientific Congress meeting
at Lima in 1924. In a series of informal meetings, the members revised these
projects and referred them to the Executive Committee to be given final form and
shape and thereupon to be transmitted to the Chairman of the Governing Board
of the Pan American Union, with the request that they be laid before the Union,
and by the members transmitted to their respective governments.
The meeting of the Executive Committee took place in Habana in the latter
part of February, and the projects in an amended and much improved form were
presented by Secretary Hughes as Chairman of the Governing Board of the Pan
American Union on March 2, 1925. His address on that occasion follows:
MK. HUGHES:
It is a high privilege to present the subject of this special meeting: to the Governing Board of
the Pan American Union. It is a subject of transcendent importance as it relates to the establish-
ment among the nations of the reign of law and to the endeavor of the American Republics to
hasten the fulfilment of this purpose by a more definite formulation of the rules of international
law. It was fitting that the American Republics, free as they happily are from many of the historic
antagonisms and rival ambitions which have vexed the peace of other parts of the world, should
take the lead in this effort, and through the painstaking studies of American jurists gratifying
progress has been made.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 85
At the meeting of the Governing Board of the Pan American Union on January 2, 1924, it
was my privilege to present to you, and the Board adopted, a resolution referring to the action of
the Fifth International Conference of American States, and to the proposed international congress
of jurists to be held at Rio de Janeiro, and inviting the cooperation of the American Institute of
International Law in the essential task of the codification of international law. The Executive
Committee of the American Institute cordially accepted this invitation and has now presented
the result of its labors in a series of projects, or draft conventions.
There are thirty-one of these projects covering a wide range of subjects dealing with the Ameri-
can international law of peace. They represent the labors of distinguished jurists of this hemi-
sphere. I shall not attempt to state their titles and it is sufficient to say that they embrace a
declaration of the rights and duties of nations, statements of the fundamental bases of international
law and of the fundamental rights of the American Republics, and the formulation of rules with
respect to jurisdiction, international rights and duties and the pacific settlement of international
disputes. It is natural, as is pointed out by the Executive Committee of the American Institute
of International Law, that the law to be applied by the American Republics should, in addition to
the law universal, contain not a few rules of American origin and adapted to American exigencies,
and that the old and the new taken together should constitute what may be called American inter-
national law, without derogation from the authority of the law which is applicable to all nations.
In the letter presenting these projects for the consideration of the representatives of the
American Republics, the Executive Committee of the American Institute directs attention to
American initiative in this work of codification. It is recalled that the first codification of the
rules and practice of nations was the Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States
in the Field prepared by Dr. Francis Lieber, which was issued in 1 863 by Abraham Lincoln. This
code was found to be accurate and comprehensive. It furnished the basis and the inspiration of
the important labors of Bluntschli. The Second International Conference of the American Re-
publics held in 1901-1902 in Mexico City provided for the appointment of a committee to draft
codes of public international law and private international law to govern the relations of the
American Republics. While the convention then proposed was not ratified, the interest in the
subject continued and the question of the codification of international law was again taken up at
the Third Pan American Conference held at Rio de Janeiro in 1906. The resulting convention
was ratified, but the work was unavoidably delayed and the international commission did not meet
until 1912. This happened to be on the eve of the World War which interrupted the consideration
of the subject. After the war, the initiative was again taken by an American jurist, when Mr.
Elihu Root, one of the Advisory Committee of ten jurists meeting at The Hague in 1920 to formu-
late a plan for the establishment of a permanent court of international justice, proposed to that
Committee the recommendation of a series of conferences to restate the established rules of inter-
national law and to formulate desirable amendments and additions. This recommendation
appropriately recognized the vast importance of the development of a body of law which would
govern, and be applied by, international judicial institutions. It is regrettable that there should
have been such long delay in carrying forward this plan which had the full support of the Advisory
Committee. Appreciating the importance of expert preliminary work, the proposal for inter-
national conferences to restate, improve and develop the rules of international law, carried with it
the recommendation that there should be suitable preparatory efforts on the part of jurists which
alone could save from failure in such an enterprise the conferences of governments.
The Fifth Pan American Conference, which was delayed because of the war, was held in
Santiago, Chile, in 1923, and the plan to take appropriate measures for the codification of American
international law was again brought forward. Provision was made for the appointment of an
American international commission of jurists, which accordingly has been constituted, and will
soon meet at Rio de Janeiro. It is, as I have said, preliminary to the undertaking of this Congress
of jurists that the Governing Board of the Pan American Union has asked the aid of the American
Institute of International Law which has so promptly and efficiently been rendered.
These projects, or draft conventions, are not submitted to the Governing Board either for
86 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
approval or for criticism at this time. In expressing our gratification, we are not dealing witk
texts or passing upon particular proposals. These projects, or draft conventions, are submitted
to the Governing Board with the recommendation, which I take pleasure in making, that they be
transmitted by the members of the Governing Board to their respective governments for their
consideration with an appropriate expression of our gratitude for the high-minded and expert
endeavors which have so happily attained this point of achievement,
What is far more important, at this moment, than any particular text or project, is the fact
that at last we have texts and projects, the result of elaborate study, for consideration. We have
the inspiration and stimulus of this action full of promise for the world. We feel that, thanks to
American initiative, we are on the threshold of accomplishment in the most important endeavor
of the human race to lift itself out of the savagery of strife into the domain of law breathing the
spirit of amity and justice.
It is significant that the Executive Committee of the American Institute of International
Law has stated that their projects relate to the international law of peace. Their members were
a unit in believing that the law of war should find no place in the relations of the American Re-
publics. We have dedicated ourselves to the cause of peace. Fortunately, we have no grievances
which could furnish any just ground for war. If we respect each other's rights as we intend to do,
if we cooperate in friendly efforts to promote our common prosperity as it will be our privilege to
do, there will be no such grievances in the future. There are no differences now, and there should
be none, which do not lend themselves readily to the amicable adjustments of nations bent on
maintaining friendship.
I believe that this day, with the submission of concrete proposals which take the question of
the development of international law out of mere amiable aspiration, marks a definite step in the
progress of civilization and the promotion of peace, and for that reason will long be remembered.
For in this effort we are not unmindful of the larger aspects of the question, and it is our hope that
the American Republics by taking advantage of this opportunity may make a lasting contribution
to the development of universal international law.
Mr. Hughes then offered resolutions that the projects of conventions on the
codification of international law submitted to the Board should be transmitted
by the members to their respective Governments, and expressing to the American
Institute of International Law the appreciation of the Board for the valuable
service that had been rendered.
The projects were thirty in number, some originally prepared having been
omitted as more fitting for a general codification of international law than that
required by the American Republics. They are too long to be included in this
report, and it is believed that a summary would give but an imperfect idea of their
contents. They will be issued in a special publication ; l in the meantime, however,
it is proper to make some observations of a general nature.
The projects expressly recognize the universal nature of international law,
and that it binds all civilized nations. However, they state with equal frankness
that there are certain problems due to the geographical, political and economic
conditions of the American Continent which either find no place in the universal
law of nations, because they are of restricted application, or which have been
inadequately stated. To this extent the projects recognize what may be called
American International Law; but this phrase is to be understood as including the
1 These projects have since appeared in Codification of American International Law, Pan
American Union, Washington, 1925; also in French, Portuguese, and Spanish.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 87
general rules of international law common to the world at large, to which are
added the special rules of American practice.
There is a special convention consisting of a general declaration and two
articles of a very special nature on the union and cooperation of the American
Republics. This declaration may be said to be the foundation upon which the
entire structure is raised. It is American in thought and expression, and it is
certainly not out of place in a report to the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace. It is here reproduced in its entirety:
DECLARATION OF PAN AMERICAN UNITY AND COOPERATION
The representatives of the twenty-one American Republics, duly authorized by their respective
Governments, and acting under an abiding sense of its fundamental and far-reaching importance,
formally and unreservedly accept in their behalf the declaration of those principles of Pan American
unity and of Pan American cooperation which must ever guide the Americas in their mutual rela-
tions, made by Mr. Elihu Root, as Secretary of State of the United States, in the presence of the
official representatives of the Americas, at the Third Pan American Conference held at Rio de
Janeiro in 1906:
I. We wish for no victories but those of peace; for no territory except our own; for no
sovereignty except sovereignty over ourselves. We deem the independence and equal rights
of the smallest and weakest members of the family of nations entitled to as much respect as
those of the greatest empire; and we deem the observance of that respect the chief guaranty
of the weak against the oppression of the strong. We neither claim nor desire any rights or
privileges or powers that we do not freely concede to every American Republic. We wish to
increase our prosperity, to expand our trade, to grow in wealth, in wisdom, and in spirit; but
our conception of the true way to accomplish this is not to pull down others and profit by their
ruin, but to help all friends to a common prosperity and a common growth, that we may all
become great and stronger together.
The representatives of the twenty-one American Republics further accept on behalf of their
respective Governments the declaration of the spirit which should animate the American Republics
in the settlement of the differences between and among them made by Mr. Elihu Root, as Secretary
of State of the United States, in the presence of the official representatives of the Americas, on
laying the cornerstone of the Palace of the American Republics in Washington, in 1908 ;
II. There are no international controversies so serious that they can not be settled
peaceably, if both parties really desire peaceable settlement, while there are few causes of c&&
pute so trifling that they can not be made the occasion of war if either party really desires
war. The matters in dispute between nations are nothing; the spirit which deals with thena is
everything.
Attention may next be called to a Declaration of the Rights and Duties oi
Nations, adopted on January 6, 1916, by the American Institute of International
Law, at its first session. This declaration is a restatement in six articles, not
merely of the rights, but also of the duties of nations. It had the good fortune
to meet with general approval.
If such is the beginning, the ending is what one would expect. If States
have duties as well as rights, and if both depend upon a government of law, it
necessarily follows that force should be excluded, because law has come into its
own. Therefore, the members of the Institute at Lima, and the members of the
enlarged Executive Committee at Habana, after reflection and discussion, and
further reflection, reported a project of declaration by which title growing out of
conquest is to be renounced. As is said in the letter of transmission, "while the
86 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
last of these conventions approaches the threshold of war, the door to such a
calamity is closed by the declaration against title by conquest, which, without
abolishing war, seeks to prevent its occurrence by depriving the victor of material
profit from its prosecution." This is sound American Doctrine and the declara-
tion proclaims it as the public law of the American Republics in their mutual rela-
tions. The text is simple; it is no more than a paragraph, but if accepted, it is
big with possibilities :
DECLARATION RENOUNCING TITLE TO TERRITORY ACQUIRED BY CONQUEST
The American Republics . . . animated by the desire of preserving the peace and prosperity
of the Continent, for which purpose it is essential that their mutual relations be based upon
principles of justice and the maintenance of law, solemnly declare as a fundamental concept of
American international law, without criticizing acquisitions of the past and without any reference
to present controversies,
That in the future, territorial acquisitions are not permissible obtained by means of war
or under the menace of war, or in the presence of an armed force, to the detriment of any
American Republic,
And that consequently territorial rights hereafter acquired by such means may not be
invoked as title,
And that those obtained in the future by such means shall be considered null, void and
of no effect.
From the principles laid down by Mr. Root at Rio de Janeiro, the spirit of
settling American controversies defined by him in his corner-stone address at
Washington, and the rights as stated and the duties as defined in the declaration,
the natural and logical consequences were drawn, which form the substance of the
projects of convention. Among these may be mentioned the one dealing with the
Pan American Union, codifying the resolutions of the various Pan American
Conferences dealing with this institution, and enlarging its functions so that it is
of a supervising nature, with power to discuss questions concerning the Americas
and in appropriate cases to suggest a recommendation, without, however, the
right at present to proceed beyond this limited usefulness. Its political power is
m|, but its moral power is unlimited.
A Pan American Court of International Justice
* Skipping the projects dealing with the ordinary subjects of international law,
for "which there is American as well as universal precedent, there is at least one
further project which should be mentioned even in this summary and superficial
presentation. The twenty-seventh article of the project of Convention for Pa-
cific Settlement provides that "resort may be had to the Permanent Court of
International Justice established at The Hague, or to any other court of justice
which may be constituted for this purpose by the American Republics"; that in
the first case, the procedure to be followed is that of the statute of the Permanent
Court of International Justice, and that the procedure to be followed in the court
to be constituted is set forth in project No. 26 relating to the Pan American Court
of Justice. The idea of a continental court is not original with the Executive
Committee, as appears from the following extract:
sel
or
UJ
CQ
5
LJ
O
111
o
52 u '
E
- u
u m a
I- S * Q
Z s 5 w
t
I-
Z
<
_
DC
UJ
S <
< *
UJ o
CO
pc
UJ
DQ
Jg
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 89
The Fifth International Conference of American States, . . .
3. Resolves to forward to the_ Congress of Jurists which is to meet at Rio de Janeiro in 1925,
for the Codification of International Law, the proposal presented by the Delegation of Costa
Rica, regarding the creation of a Permanent Court of American Justice, as well as all other pro-
posals that the various American Governments may formulate in this respect.
This resolution was unanimously adopted by the Pan American Conference
at Santiago de Chile on May 3, 1923. The plan to create such a court was itself
adopted by a vote of eleven to eighteen ; reference to the Commission of Jurists was
unanimous.
In view of these circumstances, the Executive Committee of the American
Institute believed itself not only authorized but required by the terms of the
invitation and the resolution of the Conference of Santiago to include a project on
the subject. As that laid before the Pan American Conference is in the eye of law
already in the possession of the Commission, the Executive Committee determined
to submit one based upon equality in fact as well as in theory. This action of the
Executive Committee was approved by the members of the Institute meeting in
Lima, and upon great reflection and discussion, as in the case of the declaration on
conquest, it was also approved by the Executive Committee at Habana.
Before passing to a consideration of the project as drafted by the Executive
Committee, there are some observations which are not only apposite, but essential.
In the instructions of President Roosevelt to the delegates of the United States to
the Second International Conference at Mexico City in 1901, an international
court of claims was suggested. Mr. John Hay was then Secretary of State.
The President proposed an international court of claims under the general title
of a Tribunal of International Equity, "its precise purpose being to secure equity
for those who are believed to have suffered injustice in a foreign country for
which there is no existing judicial remedy." This passage of the instructions is
followed by an approval of the plan, and some suggestions as to the nature of the
tribunal. "The Government of the United States is favorable," it continues,
"in principle to the establishment of such a tribunal for the American Republics,
if it is found practicable, but the form in which it should be constituted presents
a serious difficulty. It is desirable, if possible, to avoid the well-known evils of
mixed commissions, and it would be a great convenience to have a well-conceived
permanent tribunal to which questions of indemnity might be referred without
the delay of forming a special board of arbitration." There is a further passage
from the instructions which should be quoted, as it is in point:
The Government of the United States has no special plan to offer, however, believing it to be
preferable that proposals and projects upon this subject should come from the other American
States.
The proposal for a Pan American Court of International Justice has come
from a Republic other than that of the United States. There is, however, some-
thing very much in the nature of precedent for a Permanent American Court of
Justice. In 1907, the Central American Peace Conference met in Washington,
9O CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
November 14-December 20, at which were present representatives from Costa
Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Salvador. Its deliberations resulted
in a number of conventions, chief among which was the one for the establishment
of a Central American Court of Justice, to which the contracting parties bound
themselves to submit their disputes of what kind soever, in case the respective
departments of foreign affairs should not have reached an understanding.
The Court was to consist of five judges, so that each of the Central American
Republics might appoint one of its citizens. It was to be located in the city of
Cartago in the Republic of Costa Rica. The creation of the tribunal aroused such
interest in the United States that Mr. Andrew Carnegie endowed it with a beauti-
ful court house, and upon its destruction by earthquake, rebuilt it in the city of
San Jos6. The convention was to remain in force and effect for a period of ten
years after the last ratification. Unfortunately, it was allowed to expire at the
conclusion of the ten years.
The present project of a Pan American Court of International Justice may be
considered as an enlargement of this scheme by having a Court of Pan America
instead of limiting it to Central America, and having its jurisdiction thus extend
to the conflicts between the twenty-one American Republics, instead of five of
them. And it is not without interest to recall that the proposal for a Permanent
Court of Pan American Justice was made by the delegates of Costa Rica.
The adoption of a series of conventions dealing with the law of peace seems to
render feasible, in the opinion of not a few competent persons, the creation of a
Pan American Court of Justice, as there will be law to interpret and to apply; and
the interpretation of a written instrument has always been regarded as a judicial
question.
There was a decided feeling among the members present at Lima and the
Executive Committee at Habana, that there would be something lacking in the
organization of the American Republics if they did not have an agent for the inter-
pretation of their agreements and conventions. Although the proposed project
speaks for itself, it seems, nevertheless, advisable to say a word in passing about
its composition and procedure.
The Court would consist of two divisions one of first instance, and one of
appeal. Each of the American Republics would have the right to appoint a judge,
and in order that the Anglo-American system of law might be represented in both
divisions, it is proposed to invite a Canadian jurist to become a member. There
would thus be twenty- two judges; eleven on each bench. The members to be
appointed would be drawn by lot, and by providing that the name of the jurist
familiar with Anglo-American practice first drawn be a member of the Court of
first instance, and the name of the second drawn, a member of the Court of Appeal,
the system of Anglo-American law and jurisprudence would be represented in
each of the two divisions. The proposal to invite a Canadian jurist is based upon
a precedent set by the Treaty of Versailles, in which, without making Switzerland
a party to the agreement, the late Gustave Ador, of that Republic, was invited,
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 9!
in the text of the treaty, to be chairman of one of the mixed commissions to be
organized under the treaty. He accepted the invitation and served. There is no
reason to believe that the result would be different in this case. The procedure is
that of the draft proposed by the Advisory Committee of Jurists meeting at The
Hague in 1920, to draw up a plan for the Permanent Court of International
Justice. There have been a few modifications, and here and there an omission to
fit it to other conditions than those for which the original proposal was
designed.
If the plan to establish the Pan American Court should prevail, the American
Republics would form a union possessing all of the agencies necessary for the con-
duct of their common business a series of international conferences of a quasi-
legislative nature ; a Governing Board of the Pan American Union to conduct such
business as the American Republics should assign to it, and a judicial agency in
the form of a Pan American Court of International Justice. The result would
be a diplomatic union in which the rule of unanimity prevails, not an organic one
in which majorities exist and control, and where recommendation excludes force or
compulsion.
In view of the Director's connection with the projects of convention, it would
be indelicate if not improper on his part to express even a favorable opinion, or to
quote the commendation with which they have been received by the representa-
tives of the twenty-one governments by formal resolution. The Director feels
justified, however, in ending these observations by incorporating in this report the
closing paragraph of his letter of transmittal to the Chairman of the Governing
Board of the Pan American Union :
In submitting these imperfect projects of feeble hands, the Executive Committee recalls that
three hundred years to the month have passed since the first systematic treatise on the Rights
and Duties of Nations in Times of War and, Peace was published by "the Miracle of Holland"
then an exile in France to use the name given by Henry IV to Huig de Groot f lawyer and
statesman, poet and historian, publicist, philosopher and theologian. The Committee further
recalls that the masterpiece of 1625 grew out of a professional brief which Grotius had prepared
some twenty years previously, when he was retained by clients in the prosecution of a suit at law.
Its success was instantaneous, and the law of nations became a recognized branch of jurisprudence;
it was taught as such in the universities; it was practiced as such in the courts; it was meditated
in the seclusion of the cloister, and in the study of the scholar. Treatise as it was, it nevertheless
possessed the authority of a code.
Once again, the Executive Committee would call attention to the fact that the first successful
example of the codification of a branch of international law was also a professional exercise,
growing out of Dr. Francis Lieber's restatement of the laws of war in the form of a code, at the
request of the President of the United States, for the guidance of their armies in the field.
Therefore the members of the Executive Committee feel that they are dealing with law in a
very real and practical sense, capable of statement in the form of a code, assuredly able to control
the conduct of nations in times of peace, as it has been able to stay the hand of war. As they have
invoked the example of Dr. Lieber in connection with codification, they are unwilling to close this,
their report of progress, transmitting the accompanying projects of convention the first ever
prepared at the official request of Governments for the conduct of their international relations
without mentioning the name of Grotius, and without the hope that in some way the labor of their
92 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
hands may be considered as an homage to his memory on this three hundredth anniversary of the
publication of the treatise of the Master which made the principles of international law a branch
of jurisprudence and a law to the nations.
The Tercentenary of Grotius
The reference to Grotius naturally calls attention to the immortal three books
Dejure belli ac pads, published in the month of March, 1625 as far as can be
ascertained, on the i?th of March, the day on which this report is transmitted to
the Trustees. While the work is a treatise on international law, and deals with the
law of war, as well as that of peace, it is perhaps the most powerful denunciation of
war and encomium of law in the relation of nations which has as yet seen the light
of day, and it can not be too often said that its day is not yet run, if one is to judge
from editions. As Mark Patterson, a discriminating scholar, and not inclined to
exaggeration, said, the Dejure belli ac pads brought Grotius " reputation so widely
spread and of such long endurance as no other legal treatise has ever enjoyed."
The Director has long had it in mind to celebrate in some appropriate way the
300th anniversary of the publication of the masterpiece of Grotius. In 1913,
when the Classics of International Law were being published by the Carnegie
Institution of Washington, a photograph of the Latin text was issued. Later,
after the Classics had been transferred to Mr. Carnegie's Peace Endowment and
the World War made of the seas again a question of vast importance, the Director
was able to issue by the approval of the Trustees, the little tractate on the Freedom
of the Seas, written by Grotius as a part of a professional brief, approximately in
1602, but published in a separate form some four or five years later. From that
date, the seas have been free in theory, and they are now free in fact. The
Endowment has in an advanced stage of preparation, for publication in the near
future, the Dejure praedae, the original brief of which the Freedom of the Seas was
the twelfth chapter. But these are small matters in comparison with the larger
project nearing realization. An English translation of the three books on the
Law of War and Peace is in press, made by Professor Francis W. Kelsey of the
University of Michigan, with the assistance of Professors Arthur E. R. Boak,
Henry A. Sanders and Jesse S. Reeves of the University of Michigan, and Profes-
sor Herbert F. Wright, of Georgetown University. This work is in press; it is
being set up and the final page proof is being corrected, so that unless all signs fail,
it will be issued in 1925, and, it is to be hoped, widely distributed. This is one of
the contributions of the Division of International Law to the sooth anniversary of
its publication; the Division of International Law itself, and its various activities,
are contributions to the memory of Grotius. It is the same with Grotius as with
the other immortals the day of storm and stress is after all but an instant the
spirit survives and is imperishable; it is with us, and it can animate us today as it
did those who came into contact with the man. Here is a page with the re-
tention of but a single of the many incidents cited in the footnotes from the
translation in press dealing with arbitration as a means of avoiding war:
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 93
VIII. Second, war may be obviated by arbitration; with a discussion of the duty of Christian kings
in regard to warring parties
L The second method is by agreement to arbitrate. 1 This is applicable among those who
have no common judicial authority. "It is not lawful," says Thucydides, "to proceed against
one who offers arbitration, just as against a wrong-doer." Thus, as Diodorus relates, Adrastus
and Amphiaraus entrusted to Eriphyle the decision regarding the kingdom of Argos. Concerning"
Salamis three Lacedaemonians were chosen to judge between the Athenians and the Megareans.
In Thucydides, who was just now quoted, the Corcyreans notify the Corinthians that they are
ready to adjust their disputes before cities of the Peloponnesus upon which they shall mutually
agree. Aristides praises Pericles because, to avoid war, he desired "to reach an agreement before
a tribunal regarding their differences.'* Isocrates, in his speech Against Ctesiphon, commends
Philip of Macedon for being ready "to entrust to some fair and impartial city" the settlement of
the differences which he had with the Athenians.
2. In like manner in former times the people of Ardea and Aricia, and afterwards the Nea-
politans and the inhabitants of Nola, submitted their disputes to the judgment of the Roman
people. The Samnites in a controversy with the Romans appealed to mutual friends, Cyrus
brings in the king of India as an arbiter between himself and the king of Assyria. The Cartha-
ginians in their quarrel with Masinissa appealed to legal tribunals in order to escape war.
In Livy the Romans themselves in the case of a controversy with the Samnites appeal to
common allies. Philip of Macedon in his dispute with the Greeks says that he will accept the
decision of peoples with whom both parties may be at peace. At the request of the Parthians and
Armenians Pompey appointed arbitrators to fix their boundaries. Plutarch says that this was
the chief duty of the Roman Fetiales, "Not to permit military operations before all hope of a
judicial settlement was cut off." Regarding the Druids in Gaul Strabo says: "Formerly they both
served as arbitrators between those at war and often separated those who were about to engage in
battle." The same author bears witness that in Spain the priests discharged the same function.
3. Especially, however, Christian kings and states are bound to pursue this method of avoid-
ing wars. For if certain arbiters were established both by Jews and by Christians in order that the
sentences of strange judges might be avoided by those of the true faith, and this was prescribed
by Paul, how much more should this be done to avoid a far greater disadvantage, that is, war?
Thus Tertullian argues somewhere that the Christian must not serve as a soldier , seeing that he is
not even permitted to go to law; but this argument r in accordance with what we have said in an-
other place, is to be interpreted with a certain degree of moderation.
4. Both for this and for other reasons it would be advantageous, indeed in a degree neces-
sary, to hold certain conferences of Christian powers, where those who have no interest at stake
may settle the disputes of others, and where, in fact, steps may be taken to compel parties to ac-
cept peace on fair terms. Diodorus and Strabo relate that this was the function of the Druids
among the Gauls. We read also that the kings of the Franks entrusted the decision on the division
of their kingdom to their leading men.
The Division of International Law since its creation has endeavored to use
what influence it may possess to carry into effect the views contained in this first
systematic treatise of international law, and the Director rejoices to find that
these views of Grotius have made their way into the public, and that today, from
the platform and pulpit, from the court-room and university, they are being pro-
claimed and applied, and that they are not strangers to the foreign offices in which
public opinion is respected.
l * . . In Procopius> Gothic War, III [III. xxxiv], the Gepidae say to the Lombards: "We are
ready to settle our differences by recourse to an arbitrator; it is wicked violently to assail those
who are willing to abide by the decision of a tribunal/* * . .
94 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
The Hague Academy of International Law
In the official English title of the Academy of International Law at The
Hague it is said that that institution is " Founded with the Support of the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace/ 5 This is true; it is not, however, all the
truth. It was founded, as well as it is supported by the Carnegie Endowment.
It was formally opened on Saturday, July 14, 1923, and the courses of instruction
began on Monday, the i6th of that month. The session was divided into two
terms the first, July l6th to August 3d, the second, beginning August I3th and
ending on the 28th of September. There were 28 instructors drawn from fifteen
different countries; 350 students had enrolled, but only 120 could be accommo-
dated in the quarters set aside for the Academy in Mr. Carnegie's Peace Palace.
These students were likewise drawn from no less than 32 different countries.
This was, in fact, three international conferences one of the teachers of inter-
national law, one of the students of international law, and one of teachers and
students. The first session was necessarily an experiment. The Curatorium
as the board of trustees of the Academy is called did not know in advance
whether or not the instructors would lecture to empty benches. They had a hope
that the Academy would be attended. As the time of opening drew near the hope
had broadened into an expectation; but as the first instructor entered the lecture-
room, he did not know whether he would have the limited pleasure of addressing
his fellow-instructors, or a student body drawn from the world at large. He
lectured to both.
The Curatorium was encouraged by the success of the first session to prepare
for the second. It opened its doors on Monday, July 14, 1924, and the first period
ended on Tuesday, August I2th. The second period began the following Wednes-
day, the I3th, and closed Friday, September I2th. The interval between the
two periods had not justified itself, so it was dropped as the result of experience.
It may be said, although it slightly interrupts the narrative, that many a change is
to be expected as the result of experience. The instructors were drawn in the
second year from 12 different countries. There was a marked increase in the
number of applicants; they totaled no less than 368, among whom were 49 women.
They represented 31 different nationalities: 19 countries of Europe, 6 of America,
4 of Asia and 2 of Africa, as against 32 nationalities in the previous year, 21 of
Europe, 5 of America, 5 of Asia and one of Africa. Here, again, the number of
students to be received had to be reduced because of the lack of accommodations.
It is interesting to note the makeup of the student body: 28 from Germany, 17
from the United States, 12 from Czechoslovakia, 10 from Great Britain, 9 each
from Belgium, China and France, 8 each from Cuba, Hungary and Poland, 5 each
from Greece and Switzerland, 4 each from Japan and Mexico, 3 each from Finland,
Italy, Siam, 2 each from the Argentine Republic and Egypt, and one each from
South Africa, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, Esthonia, India, Ireland, Panama.
Rumania, San Salvador and Turkey.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 95
The official report of the Curatorium for the session of 1924 has a paragraph
of very great importance, to the effect that 124 of the students of the first year
enrolled themselves for the session of 1924. The Governments of the different
countries are beginning to take official interest in the Academy. Holland, for
example, has created five scholarships, with the direction that they be awarded by
the Curatorium to five persons of other than Netherland nationality. Holland
has always been in favor of the Academy and it has exhibited the gratifying ex-
ample of practicing what it preached. The following paragraph from the report
of the Curatorium is encouraging:
Several countries, adopting the suggestion made by the Government of the Netherlands,
were good enough to give their official patronage to the Academy by designating students and
instituting scholarships for them.
The eight countries which have sent students to the Academy for a more or less prolonged
period are the following: China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Panama, Poland
and Siam (in 1923, Belgium, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan,
Mexico, Norway, Panama, Poland, Siam, Sweden and Switzerland).
It is to be remarked in this connection that the distinguished publicist of Cuba, Dr.
Antonio S. de Bustamante y Sirvn, has established a scholarship for a student of
his country.
The Academy is still an experiment. It may well be that many attended the
first session from curiosity, as well as from a desire to continue their studies, and
that a number of those attending the second session were animated by like motives,
although the desire of so many students of the first period to continue their studies
in the second would seem to be a genuine commendation of the Academy and its
work. The present, or third year, will in all probability be a fairer test, and if it
should hold its own in the fourth year, the Academy will in the view of the Director
have firmly established itself among the seats of higher learning. The program of
the third year is excellent, indeed, it is remarkable, and it would be strange if it did
not appeal to earnest students of international law in the world at large. It
follows in full :
Program of Courses for 1925
FIRST PERIOD: JULY 13 TO AUGUST 7, 1925
Historical development of international law
The historical development of international law since Grotius (8 lessons). Mr. van der
Vlugt, former Professor at University of Leyden.
The influence of the Reformation upon the development of international law (4 lessons),
Mr. Boegner, Pastor of the Reformed Church.
Principles of public international law
The codification of international law (12 lessons). Mr. Ch. de Visscher, Professor at Uni-
versity of Ghent.
Principles of private international law
General theory of public order (6 lessons). Mr. Thomas H. Healy, Assistant Dean of the
School of Foreign Service, Georgetown.
96 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Special matters of private international law
Effects and execution of foreign judgments (6 lessons). Mr. P. Poullet, Senator, Proiessor
at University of Louvain.
International administrative law
General theory of international unions (6 lessons). Count M. Rostworowski, Professor at
University of Cracow.
International commercial and economic law
Effects of commerce in international law (6 lessons). Mr, Arthur K. Kuhn, Member of the
American Bar.
International financial law
Guaranty of the State in financial matters (6 lessons). Mr. G. Jeze, Professor at University
of Paris.
International penal law
Extradition (6 lessons). Mr. Al. Pilenco, former Professor at University of St. Petersburg.
International organization
Geneva Protocol (6 lessons), Mr. Wehberg, Member of the Institute of International Uw.
Editor in chief of Friedenswarte.
International jurisprudence
Consultative competence of Court of International Justice (3 lessons). Mr. Manley C).
Hudson, Professor at Harvard University.
American problems of international law
International solidarity in Latin America (6 lessons). Mr. Guani, Member of the Council
of the League of Nations, Minister of Uruguay at Brussels.
SECOND PERIOD: AUGUST 10 TO SEPTEMBER 4, 1925
Historical development of international law
Influence of Christianity on the development of international law (6 lessons). Mr. Georges
Goyau, Member of the French Academy.
Influence of the ideas of Machiavelli on the doctrine and practice of the law of nations (6
lessons). Mr. Charles Benoist, Member of the Institute of France,
Principles of public international law
The rights and duties of nations (12 lessons). Mr. Gilbert Gidel, Professor at University of
Paris, and the School of Political Sciences.
Principles of private international law
General theory of acquired rights (6 lessons). Mr. A. Pillet, Professor at University of Paris.
Special matters of private international law
Succession in international law (6 lessons). Mr. Hans Lewald, Professor at University of
Frankfort on the Main.
International administrative law
Intellectual cooperation (6 lessons), Mr. Julien Luchaire, Inspector General of Public In-
struction.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 97
International commercial and economic law
Legal status of commercial vessels (6 lessons). Mr. P. Fedozzi, Professor at University of
Genoa.
International financial law
Intervention in financial matters (6 lessons). Mr. K. Strupp, Professor at University of
Frankfort on the Main.
International penal law
International penal justice (6 lessons). Mr. Saldana, Professor at University of Madrid.
International organisation
Problem of the limitations of sovereignty and specially the theory of the abuse of law in inter-
national law (6 lessons). Mr. N. Politis, honorary Professor at University of Paris,
Minister of Greece at Paris.
International jurisprudence
Immunity of States in matters of jurisdiction and forced execution (6 lessons). Mr. George
Grenville Phillimore, Clerk of the High Court of Justice at London.
Problems of international law concerning Asia and Africa
Exterritoriality and questions of jurisdiction in the Far East (6 lessons). Baron I ley king,
former Consul General of Russia.
The term for the present year is again to be divided into two periods: the
first beginning July I3th and ending August 7th; the second from August loth
to September 4th, with the same number of courses and hours in each. The cir-
cular for 1925 containing the courses for this session gives information which will
be of interest to the Trustees. It is therefore quoted:
SYLLABUS
The main subject is to be international law, taught only in relation to peace, excluding the
laws of war which, owing to the still recent memories of the world conflagration, can hardly, it
seems, be studied in the objective and impartial spirit that the Academy intends to follow.
Private international law will find a place in the syllabus.
During each of the two periods, main courses will be given on the historical development and
general principles of international law, both public and private, while a certain number of special
lectures will be devoted to carefully defined subjects, selected according to the special competence
of professors, and so far as possible amongst the juridical problems of the present time.
The regulations issued by the Curatorium indicate the courses considered as compulsory and
those that may be freely chosen by the students in order to deserve the certificate of regular at-
tendance.
NATURE OF TEACHING
The teaching is given in French exclusively. Free from any national bias, conceived in a
spirit that aims at being both very practical and highly scientific, it differs essentially from the
similar teaching given in universities or great national establishments. It seeks greater variety,
more definite specialization and above all greater thoroughness. Each subject is studied in all its
bearings.
In order to make their lessons more accessible to the students for whom they are intended, the
professors circulate abstracts of their lectures, before delivery, with all necessary references.
98 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
ADMISSION
This form of teaching is offered to all those who, already possessing some elements of inter-
national law, are prompted by a wish to improve their knowledge of that science, whether from a
professional point of view, or a desire for information. ^ ^
41 Admittance to the Academy will be liberally granted, with the only reservation of the indis-
pensable supervision to be exercised by the Board, which grants leave to attend the courses, con-
ferences or seminaries, and which can withdraw such leave for reasons of discipline." (Article 9.)
Every person therefore wishing to follow the courses of the Academy has only to send to the
Secretary of the managing Board at The Hague, an application for admission, mentioning names
and surname, nationality, occupation and address.
FEES
"The Board may demand, on admission, the payment of fees that shall not exceed 12 florins"
(Article 9, 3). But in 1925 as in the two preceding years the teaching will be entirely free. No
fees will be charged either for attendance at courses, lectures and seminaries or for access to the
great library of the Palace of Peace, thrown open to all the Academy students.
There are two further matters which should be mentioned, and they are
both of the greatest encouragement to those who believe in the great rdle which
international law is destined to play in the movement toward peace. The stu-
dents attending the first session of the Academy founded an Association of Stu-
dents and Former Students of the Academy of International Law at The Hague.
They have a permanent organization at The Hague, and it has placed itself
unreservedly at the disposal of the students, securing for them accommodations
in advance and reducing the expenses to the average cost of living in other Euro-
pean cities by arrangements made with the hotels both at The Hague and at
Scheveningen. Indeed, the students, who are after all the very life of the Acad-
emy, have taken from the beginning and still continue to take such an earnest
interest in its success that they have established a Bulletin of the Academy
published in French the language of the Academy at their own expense. The
first number appeared in February of the present year. Among other interesting
information, it gives the program for the forthcoming year, and also accounts of
the previous years' activities of the Academy and of the student body, not to be
found elsewhere.
The second matter is again the result of the interest of the student body.
They were insistent almost to the point of discourtesy at the first session that the
professors should prepare syllabi of their lectures, and that arrangements should
be made for the publication of the courses. For the second session syllabi were
prepared, much to the satisfaction of the students, who have continued to insist
that the various texts of the courses be published. The result of this is that the
Curatorium has made arrangements for the publication of the lectures to be
delivered in 1925, immediately after their delivery, and for the early publication
of the lectures of the first two sessions. It therefore appears to be more than
a probability that in addition to the three international conferences of professors,
of students, and of the two combined, the Academy is to call into being a series of
lectures by recognized authorities of the different countries, dealing with delicate.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 99
Intricate and timely questions of international law, both public and private. The
students are the Academy, and they are making the Academy, as the Director had
occasion to say in the short address with which he closed the first period of the
session of 1924:
ADDRESS OF DR. JAMES BROWN SCOTT AT THE CLOSE OF THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE HAGUE
ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, AUGUST 12, 1924
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN:
In the name of the Curatorium of the Academy of International Law, I have the pleasure,
tinged with sadness, of warmly thanking the professors for their scientific work and the students for
their interested attendance.
If I am not mistaken, there is a French proverb according to which the absent are always
wrong* In order that they may not be so considered at this time, I take advantage of the occasioa
to name the principal founders of the Academy:
OTFRIED NIPPOLD, of Switzerland, former Professor at Berne;
DEMETRE STURDZA, of Rumania, President of the Council of Ministers;
T. M. C. ASSER, of the Netherlands, Minister of State, whose name still carries the weight of
authority, especially in private international law;
Louis RENAULT, of France, internationalist to the tips of his fingers, with the mind of a
jurist and the soul of a savant;
M. VAN KARNEBEEK, SR., of the Netherlands, former President of the Administrative Council,
former Minister of Foreign Affairs;
M. CORT VAN DER LINDEN, also of the Netherlands, President of the Administrative Council,
former President of the Council of Ministers;
M. LYON-CAEN, of France, President of the Curatorium of the Academy, Member of the
Institute of France, Honorary Dean of the Law Faculty at the University of Paris.
I do not wish to take advantage of your patience, but permit me to recall a day and an incident*
The day was July 20, 1907. The incident was the suggestion made in a plenary session by M. de
Nelidow, President of the Second Peace Conference, Ambassador of Russia at Paris, with regard to
the establishment of an Academy of International Law at The Hague. He made a special appeal
to Mr. Carnegie, a North American, who at this time was having the Peace Palace built for the
installation of international conferences, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and other inter-
national institutions including the Permanent Court of International Justice and the Academy for
teaching this justice and the diffusion of its principles. I had the honor to attend the Peace
Conference as technical delegate of the United States, and I recall that I said to myself, after the
address of M. Nelidow: "A dream."
Thanks to you, the Professors, thanks to you, the students, and thanks to the aid of the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, I am able to say aloud, on this twelfth day of August
1924: "A dream realized."
Ladies and Gentlemen, you are the Academy, and in solemnly closing the first period of the
academic session of the present year, I must thank you all, not only in the name of the Curatorium,
but also in the name of the Carnegie Endowment, for your enlightened and conscientious coopera-
tion which has already justified the foundation of this Hague Academy of International Law.
The Tliird Pan American Scientific Congress
It is not only by conferences of the nations for the discussion and settlement
of international questions that sentiment is created in behalf of peaceful settle-
ment. Well-nigh every international gathering held in time of peace meets in an
atmosphere of good- will, and friendships are started which outlast the conference;
100 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Often they are its most enduring results. There is, however, a conference of the
Americas of which this can especially be said without reservation or restriction of
any kind. It is the Scientific Congress which meets from time to time, not so
often as it should and not at the regular intervals required; but which will doubt-
less respond to the desires of the Americas for more frequent meetings, more
largely attended, and with, perhaps, a less extensive program.
The third of the Pan American Scientific Congresses met at Lima on the
20th of December, 1924, and adjourned on the 6th of January, 1925- The Di-
rector had the honor of being present as an official delegate of the United States,
and to be the guest of the Peruvian Government during its continuance.
The statement that this Congress is the third of a series requires a word of
explanation. It was preceded by congresses limited to representatives of the
Latin-American Republics. As the first came into being through the initiative
of the Argentine Scientific Society of Buenos Aires, it was natural that it should
meet in that city. It did, on the loth of April, 1898, and adjourned on the 20th
of the same month. It did not include all of the Latin-American countries, but
most of them were represented. At the closing session it was decided that the
conferences should be continued, and that the next should meet in Montevideo in
1901. It assembled on the 2Oth of March of that year, and adjourned on the sist
day of that month.
As the first congress at Buenos Aires was an experiment, it was to be ex-
pected that the second meeting at Montevideo would be larger. It was. ^ There
were some 48 official or governmental delegates, 79 representatives of scientific
bodies, and some 749 affiliated members. Encouraged by this growing success
and increased prospect of continental usefulness, it was decided to hold a third
Latin-American Scientific Congress during 1905, in Rio de Janeiro, where it met
on the 6th of August of that year and adjourned on the i6th of that month. It
was attended by 700 members. In the closing session, it was decided that the
three conferences should have a successor, and that it should meet in Santiago de
Chile in the month of December, 1908, At this point a change occurred. It was
decided to invite the United States to take part in the proceedings of this fourth
congress, which, on ceasing to be Latin- American, became the First Pan American
Congress. It met in Santiago on that day of promise, December 25, 1908, and
it adjourned on January 5, 1909.
As on previous occasions, it was decided that the new congress should have a
successor, and with a courtesy and a grace deeply appreciated the second congress
was turned over to its youngest member, the United States, where it met on the
27th day of December, 1915, and adjourned on the 8th of January, 1916, in the
city of Washington. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace con-
tributed largely to the success of this congress. It invited many distinguished
personalities from the Latin-American countries, expending more than one
hundred thousand dollars in the traveling expenses to and from Washington and
during the sojourn in that city. The Director of the Division was an official
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IOI
delegate on behalf of the United States, and the reporter general of its proceed-
ings. The Endowment invited a considerable number of publicists from the
various American countries to attend the session of the third congress at Lima,
although not on such a large and imposing scale. It is not necessary to discuss
here the results of the work of the nine sections into which the Congress was
divided, but the report which the Director prepared on the work of the Subsection
on International Law should be incorporated in this report of the Division of
International Law. It reads as follows:
The Subsection on Public International Law was opened by the Under Secretary of State,
Dr. Elguera, at eleven o'clock, on the morning of December 3ist. In the course of his Excellency's
remarks, Dr. Elguera, President of the Subsection, proposed the advisability of uniting the forces of
specialists in international law, in order to bring about what is called continental solidarity, and
the ideal society recommended by Spencer. He then spoke of the necessity of giving deeper
instruction in the diplomatic history of America among all countries of the New World, and he
concluded his observations by exhorting the publicists of America to undertake in their respective
countries an active campaign for the popularization of those principles of law and justice which
should regulate the collective life of the continent.
At the end of Dr. Elguera's address the personnel of the Subsection on International Law,
Public and Private, was organized with Dr. Pedro Yrigoyen Conseco, a distinguished member of
the Peruvian Bar, as Secretary.
Thereupon, Dr. da Silva read a paper on the American Continent as proponent of peace. The
paper was proposed and recommended for publication in the annals of the Congress.
Dr. Juan Francisco Paredes (Salvador) followed with a paper likewise recommended to the
Congress, on compulsory arbitration of international disputes. The same action was recom-
mended in the case of the elaborate paper of Dr. Nicolas Garcfa Zamudfo, entitled "A Chapter of
Diplomatic History." As will be seen, Dr. Garcia Zamudfo was able to present in considerable
detail his conclusions at the final session of the Subsection.
The Subsection also recommended the printing of a paper on " Peace", by Dr. M. Camacho y
Bueno (Peru).
The paper which gave rise to most discussion was that of Dr. Vicente H. Delgardo (Peru),
entitled "Let us Defend our Nationalities." Although treated as a unit, it consisted of two parts;
in the first, he recommended the Republics of Latin America to look to their immigration laws as
the United States had recently done by its act of 1924, as otherwise, foreign countries might obtain
control by the process of peaceful penetration. In what may be called the second part of his paper
he advocated strongly that by judicial decree the same right be given to natural children in the
inheritance of their father as that accorded to legitimate children.
The President of the Subsection himself proposed that the paper be printed in the annals of
the Congress and, upon the unanimous approval of this recommendation, the first session of the
Subsection on International Law, Public and Private, adjourned.
On January 3d, at eleven o'clock in the morning, the Subsection on International Law, Public
and Private, held its second session, this time under the presidency of its first Vice President, Mr.
James Brown Scott (United States), at the request of Dr. Elguera, who was unfortunately unable
to attend, because of official duties. As a matter of courtesy, it seemed peculiarly appropriate,
under the presidency of a foreigner, that the Peruvian delegate, Dr. Yrigoyen, should be asked to
open the session, which he did with an extraordinarily interesting paper on the traditional Ameri-
can policy of Peru, his thesis being for which he invoked the diplomatic correspondence of his
country that Peru had consciously and constantly considered the larger American interests in
forming its foreign policy, preferring in this respect justice to force. In Dr. Yrigoyen's opinion,
the political tradition of Peru was that of unalterable, uninterrupted fidelity to the great ideals
which inspired the souls of the Liberators.
102 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
At the conclusion of Dr. Yrigoyen's address, Dr. Scott complimented him upon his brilliant
presentation of an extraordinarily interesting thesis, whereupon Dr. Sarmiento Laspiur (Argentine
Republic) spoke in behalf of private international law, taking as the basis of his observations the
recent work of Dr. Jose Matos, Professor at the University of Guatemala, who, in 1922, published,
in Spanish, a remarkable treatise on the conflict of laws, entitled, Curso de Derecho International
Privado.
In view of the fact that Dr. Sarmiento Laspiur's was the only contribution to private in-
ternational law in the technical sense of the term, and in view, also, of Dr. Sarmiento Laspiur's
preeminent position among American jurists within the domain of private, as well as public
international law, and of the leading position which Dr. Matos' treatise already occupies in the
Latin -American world, his observations are recorded in the summary which Dr. Sarmiento was
good enough to make of them for the minutes of the Subsection:
Doctor Sarmiento Laspiur began by stating that the bibliography of private interna-
tional law has just been enriched with the work of Dr. Jose Matos, professor of the University
of Guatemala, present at this Conference, which, although, as he said, was inspired by that of
Fillet, the most evolutionary of European masters, begins instead a scientific movement which
it is necessary for American universities to follow, tending to demonstrate the convenience of
adopting frankly and definitively an American doctrine that gives the rules for solving the
conflicts of international law in form appropriate to our needs ^omitting the European theories
and consequently modifying our respective national legislations, those that generally have
been inspired by European legislation contemplating antagonistic interests to those of America.
In this sense he named the works of Alcorta y Ceballos in Argentina and of Gonzalo
Ramirez In Uruguay as deserving to be known and studied. Lately the works of the illustrious
internationalists Rodrigo Octavio of Rio de Janeiro and Sanchez de Bustamante of Habana
have appeared to continue the task of the former, but unfortunately they have not advanced
the American tendency to which he alludes. Respecting the positive laws of their countries,
they have limited its action to find partial solutions and adjustments, without treating, as
does Dr. Matos, the problem of reform legislation imposed by the favorable social and eco-
nomic situations that exist in their own countries.
The experiment of the Argentine Republic, continued Dr. Sarmiento eloquently, appears
not to convince them of the excellence that the principle of domicile has for the American
countries, in the form adopted in the Argentine civil code, and they have repeated the concep-
tions of the old European masters, who, dominated by national sentiments, considered only
the interests of their continent and abandoned all judicial conception when a political situation
appeared to threaten or affect national legislative tradition.
Dr. Matos with great scientific efficiency and a great spirit of progress incorporated the
group of professors of private international law who worked for the legislative evolution which
conveyed to us, all American countries, the principle of domicile which spread to the United
States of America, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and to Peru, the latter adopting the conclusions
of the Congress of Montevideo of 1889.
He explained next that the Argentine school of private international law aimed to pro-
claim the principles that this subject embraces in the civil code compiled by V61ez Sarfield in
1865 and handed over to scientific criticism contemporaneously with the first time in Europe
when the Italian civil code was engaged in legislating private international law. The first
exponent of the Argentine doctrine was Dr. Aniancio Alcorta, founder of the chair of that
subject in the University of Buenos Aires. Dr. Estanislao Zeballos, who was the successor
to the chair, reaffirmed with new basis the excellence of this conception.
Synthetically the Argentinian doctrine is based on domicile just as the Roman law
organized it and Savigny sustained it. It has for a basis morality and justice, not considering
political interests but only the general interests of liberty and the well being of men whose
legal economy can be included, said Dr. Sarmiento Laspiur, in the following principles:
I. He concedes the most extensive extraterritoriality with the necessary limitations for the
conservation and purpose of sovereignty; 2. He accepts domicile as the general means of
solution with the extenuating circumstances of the lex reisital and the right of established
practice of the law; 3. Corporations and legal personages do not have nationality without
domicile; and 4, Children are governed by the personal law of the "parents" with the limita-
tions of public order.
Dr. Sarmiento Laspiur concluded . . . recommending the reading of the preliminary
chapter of the Argentine civil code, in which we find these ideas crystallized.
Dr. Jose Matos expressed in continuation his appreciation to Sarmiento for the theories
that he had developed in his work on private international law, at the same time compliment-
ing him for his most interesting dissertation.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IO3
The last session took place the following morning, January 4th, at 10 o'clock.
The first address of the morning was that of Dr. Juan de D. Garcia Kohly (Cuba) upon the
subject of a closer organization of the American Republics, something in the nature of a league of
the American nations, stating, however, that the power of any such organization should be to
recommend, not to command, for the essence of the American State was sovereignty and equality.
He briefly traced the origin of Panamericanism, showing that before the recognition of the Repub-
lics, the desire was frequently expressed for a closer union of the struggling peoples, not merely
of those of Latin origin, but of the Republic of the North, of Saxon origin; for it was Bolivar
the most authoritative leader in the entire movement who invited delegates of the United States
to the Congress of the Latin American States in 1825.
In the course of his remarks, Dr. Kohly analyzed in no unfriendly spirit the League of Nations
with its headquarters at Geneva, stating the reasons which, in his opinion, made it inapplicable
for a union of the American States. If there were to be an American league, he was of opinion
that it should be something separate and distinct from other forms of union it should be " sul
generis." Without attempting to define the meaning to be attached to this phrase, he contented
himself with suggesting the idea, leaving it to the wisdom of the Republics and their representatives
to give it bodily form and shape.
Dr. Kohly had prepared and printed his remarks in a pamphlet, which he handed to the
Secretary for the archives of the Congress; and he contented himself with a simple explanation
rather than a summary of his ideas. In congratulating him upon the presentation of his paper,
Mr. Scott expressed the hope that it would be translated into English and widely circulated in the
United States, and offered his services in this behalf.
Dr. Luis Anderson, President of the Costa Rican delegation, and a former Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Costa Rica, followed the example of his friend and colleague from Cuba. He had pre-
pared an elaborate paper, in fact a short treatise, upon de facto governments and their recognition.
He contented himself with a statement of the origin and nature of de facto governments, and a
general exposition of the subject, omitting the detailed presentation which he had prepared. His
views are summarized under the three following headings:
1. A de facto government with sufficient strength and prestige, in order to maintain order
in the interior of the country and to fulfil their international obligations, embodies the sover-
eignty and has the authority of a State, in the same manner as the legal or dejure government.
2. The recognition of other States is not indispensable for the existence of the de facto
government as an entity in international law.
3. The political and legal acts of a general de facto government firmly established are
acts of the State; and the obligations that are deduced from them are incumbent on the State
even in case of a change of government.
The President likewise expressed the hope that this excellent essay would be published and
widely circulated, without waiting for its appearance in the official records.
In the opening session of the Subsection, Dr. Garcia Zamudfo had mentioned a diplomatic
study devoted to the South American antecedents and the origin of the Monroe Doctrine. Lack
of time prevented him from going into details, and after stating the nature and scope of the essay,
having the form and content of a treatise, he followed the example of his immediate predecessors
in contenting himself with an abstract, which, however, he read. He made it clear that the leaders
of the emancipation of South America were anxious to form a vast confederation of free States in
the New World, having identical character and sustaining reciprocal relations. He referred, as
was necessary and inevitable on such an occasion, to the ideas of the great Liberator, Bolivar, but
he devoted himself more especially to the labors of Manuel Torres, the representative of Colombia
at Washington, who is well known to have had large influence in the famous declaration of President
Monroe of December 2, 1823 a declaration of those ideals for which, according to Dr. Garcia
Zamudio, Mr, Torres had labored at Washington in the name of Latin America during a period of
more than three years. The Monroe Doctrine is, therefore, according to the speaker, a policy of
both Continents, in whose division and interpretation they should all cooperate upon a plane of
equality.
IO4 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
There being no further papers to present, the acting President, Dr. Scott, read an address,
or rather an abstract of an address, in response to the question, "Is there an equality of nations
after the World War?" Mr. Scott based his observations upon a very interesting criticism of
the equality of nations to be found in the British Year Book of International Law, 1923-1924, in
which Mr. J. P. Baker admitted that the doctrine of equality was one of the few generally recog-
nized doctrines before the war, but contended that in consequence of this great catastrophe the
doctrine of the inequality of nations had been definitely established by the League of Nations.
Mr, Baker maintained further that the inequality of nations had been accepted without question
or controversy by the Powers at Paris engaged in drafting the Covenant of the League. Mr.
Scott quoted at considerable length the proceedings of the second plenary session of the Paris
Peace Conference of 1919, from which it appeared that every representative of the small allied
nations taking part in the war had denounced the inequality to which they were being subjected.
He concluded with the statement on this heading that the small States were forced to accept the
inequality under the League in order that they might have the benefits of the provisions of the
treaty to be concluded with Germany. He then proceeded to state that whatever might be the
situation of the members of the League, the policy and practice of the United States of America
were necessarily unaffected by its provisions, inasmuch as the Government of the United States
was not a member thereof; that equality was the life and breath of the States of North America;
the struggle had in the Constitutional Convention of 1789 between the large and small States
ended in the triumph of the latter, and that the responsible officers of the Government had on great
and indeed spectacular occasions proclaimed the doctrine of equality in practice as well as in
theory. For example, he called particular attention to the famous utterances in favor of equality
made by Mr. Root as Secretary of State and in behalf of the United States at the Third Pan Ameri-
can Conference at Rio de Janeiro in 1906, in the presence of the representatives of the American
Republics. He also read an extract from the address of the Honorable Charles Evans Hughes,
the present Secretary of State, made November 30, 1923, in Philadelphia, on the hundredth anni-
versary of the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine, to the effect that :
When we recognized these Republics as members of the family of nations we recognized
their rights and obligations as repeatedly defined by our statesmen and jurists and by our
highest court.
Mr. Scott closed with the following expression of his own views, maintaining -
that equality in all its aspects, was the life and spirit of the Americas. The United States*
he said, have always advocated this theory. He cited the words of the recent Secretaries o*
State, Mr. Elihu Root and Mr. Charles Evans Hughes, who on solemn occasions have affirmed
that they consider the independence and sovereignty of the smallest and weakest member of
the family of nations entitled to the same respect as the largest and strongest. That the
United States recognizes the equality of all the American Republics without ever having
claimed for itself rights, privileges or powers which they did not concede to others.
From the bottom of my heart (Mr. Scott concluded), I desire particularly to emphasize
the fact that equality is the essential principle on which the law of nations rests. Neverthe-
less I believe that even if my country would be benefited by the principle of supremacy of
the large powers, that principle involves a grave peril for small nationalities which would
also be fatal for large powers, since it would undermine the principles of eternal justice that
have guided the actions of large and small countries in international life.
Proceeding, the delegates present, passed a resolution by which the Scientific Congress rec-
ommends that the American republics maintain the principle of equality, with a liberal conception
of solidarity and with views to the formation of a general collection of all of them.
Likewise it was resolved to signalize the agreement to direct the efforts of man, especially in
international studies, towards an objective of continental solidarity; to intensify the teaching of
diplomatic history of America; and to popularize the principles that should animate the collective
life of the continent,
Upon the conclusion of this address which it does not lie in the mouth of its author to say
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IO5
was well received the Subsection recommended to the Scientific Congress resolutions to the effect
that the American Republics should maintain the principle of equality in their mutual relations;
that there should be acknowledged a larger concept of their solidarity and steps taken to bring
about a closer cooperation between and among them than had heretofore been the case. The
Subsection further recommended that stress should be laid by competent persons upon the study of
international relations, in order to bring about a greater sense of continental solidarity; that greater
attention should be paid to the teaching of diplomatic history in the Americas, and the populariza-
tion of those principles which should regulate the collective life of the continent.
Whereupon, the Subsection closed its session at one o'clock in the afternoon. . . *
In concluding this inadequate account of the 7th Section, the undersigned desires to, and does
actually state it as his opinion, that he has rarely ever been present at a meeting of jurists of differ-
ent nationalities in which the discussions have been upon a higher plane and have more adequately
represented the thought of the day, and in not a few instances, of the morrow.
The labors of the Congress were such as to show that it deserved a successor,
and a successor it is to have. It was decided at the closing session on January 6,
1925, that the next congress should meet at San Jos6, Costa Rica, in 1929, and in
order to prevent delay the Pan American Union is to take charge of the time and
place of the meeting should Costa Rica not hold the congress within one year of
this date. It was further decided that the next congress should be known as the
Seventh Pan American Scientific Congress. This decision was made upon the pro-
posal of the Argentinian Delegation that the three Latin American Congresses
should be considered as precursors of the present series of Pan American Con-
gresses.
The next congress will be different in another way from any of its predecessors.
In the second congress at Washington representative women held meetings of
their own, but were not integral parts of the congress. At Lima, women held a
meeting of their own. There were some representatives from the other Republics
present, but it was largely a gathering of Peruvian women. It was decided, and
wisely it would seem, that in the seventh congress, meeting at Costa Rica in 1929,
women should form an integral part of the congress, with sections devoted to
those questions in which they are particularly interested. The congress has thus
become all inclusive.
Conference of International Law Teachers
In April, 1914, there was held in Washington a Conference of American
Teachers of International Law, which convened under the auspices of the Ameri-
can Society of International Law at the request of the Endowment. The Con-
ference was the outgrowth of a resolution presented by the late Andrew D. White,
one of the original Trustees of the Endowment, at the second annual meeting of
the Board of Trustees held on December 14, 1911, which read as follows:
Resolved, That the Executive Committee be directed to propose and carry out, subject to the
approval of this Board, a plan for the propagation, development, maintenance and increase of
sound, progressive and fruitful ideas on the subject of arbitration and international law and history
IO6 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
as connected with arbitration, especially through addresses or courses of lectures delivered before
the leading universities, colleges and law schools of the United States, and to report on the same
at the next regular meeting of the Board, or, should the Committee think best, at a special meeting
to be called for that purpose.
The Conference of International Law Teachers of 1914 adopted a series of
sixteen resolutions containing recommendations designed to increase the facilities
for the study of international law, to place instruction in international law upon a
more uniform and scientific basis, and to enlarge the number of institutions at
which international law is taught. The complete proceedings of the Conference
were printed by the Division of International Law and distributed to the Trustees
and interested persons in the year 1914.
Most of the recommendations of the Conference were directed to the authori-
ties of American institutions of learning, but one of them made a particular appeal
to the Endowment, namely, the establishment of fellowships in international law
inaugurated by the Endowment in the year 1917. These fellowships have been
mentioned in the annual reports of the Director, and a section of the present
report is devoted to them.
Forty-one colleges and universities sent representatives to take part in the
Conference of 1914, and the Endowment contributed to the cause by providing a
fund to pay the traveling expenses of the participants who could not otherwise
attend.
It has now been suggested that the time has arrived for a further conference
of international law teachers. At the recent meeting of the American Political
Science Association, held in Washington, its Round Table on International
Affairs unanimously adopted the following resolution :
That it is the sense of the Round Table on International Affairs of the American Political
Science Association that a conference of teachers of international law and related subjects should be
held at Washington in connection with the meetings of the American Society of International Law
in April, 1925.
This resolution was transmitted to the Director over the signatures of twenty-one
professors and teachers of international law.
In view of the many changes in international development which have taken
place since the Conference of 1914, held before the outbreak of the World War,
the Director believes that a conference of the present teachers of international
law would have a beneficial effect upon the teaching of the science, and would
probably result in recommendations of value to the Division of International Law
of the Endowment. The establishment of International Law Fellowships by the
Endowment in 1917 was the direct result of one of the recommendations emanating
from the Conference of 1914.
The Director has therefore taken pleasure in recommending to the Executive
Committee that a further conference of American teachers of international law
be invited to convene in Washington at the time of the meeting of the American
Society of International Law on April 23-25, 1925. The Executive Committee
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 107
has approved the recommendation and provided the sum of $5,000 to pay the
traveling expenses of the delegates, following the precedent of the Conference of
1914.
Public Law Books for Europe
As the result of correspondence with the Books for Europe Committee of the
American Library Association, the Director recommended, and the Executive
Committee approved, an allotment of $5,000 from the emergency appropriation,
for the purchase of books on public law for the libraries of Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Poland, and other European countries, where the rate of exchange is
prohibitive. The fund has been turned over to the American Library Association,
and is being disbursed under the direction of its Books for Europe Committee*
This committee is acting wherever possible through central organizations in
European countries. The requests for books from the various libraries are con-
sidered carefully, and the general character of the books to be supplied is subject
to the approval of the Division of International Law. The need of students and
writers in Europe for books, and especially foreign books, has been very forcibly
stated in an address delivered by Mr. W, Dawson Johnston, librarian of the Ameri-
can Library in Paris, at Glasgow, on September 10, 1924, from which the following
extract is quoted :
Of the lack of books in universities, particularly in the more articulate central states of Europe,
you have heard much, and will probably continue to hear much. The recent report of the League
of Nations Commission on International Intellectual Cooperation on conditions of intellectual
work in Austria says that the universities are no longer buying books because library funds are not
large enough to permit binding, A report from the University of Frankfort to mention only one
among many similar reports, shows that the library of its English seminary has remained almost at
a standstill since 1914, its book fund of 1,100 marks for a time being insufficient to buy even a
Tauchnitz edition. And a report from the Entr'Aide Universitaire Europeenne says in regard to
conditions among Russian students, many books cost as much as the support of a student for a
month. It is, therefore, no rare thing to see twenty or thirty students assembled, listening to the
reading of a book which one of their number has been able to secure.
In devoting its funds to this commendable purpose in the field of public law,
upon which international peace depends, the Endowment is but following the
example of other organizations working in different fields of endeavor, both foreign
and American. A number of societies exist in Great Britain, we are informed by
Mr, Johnston in the address above quoted, for presenting books to certain Con-
tinental countries, especially Czechoslovakia, Russia, Latvia and Serbia. In the
United States the Germanistic Society of America is doing a similar service for
German universities, and the Rockefeller Foundation has provided a fund for
supplying medical books to European libraries.
108 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Fellowships in International Law
The academic year 1924-25 marked the eighth consecutive year that the
Trustees have granted funds to provide, through the medium of these Fellowships,
an adequate number of teachers competent to give instruction in international law
and related subjects, as an aid to the colleges and universities in extending and
improving the study and teaching of those subjects.
During the preceding seven years since these fellowships were established by
the Division upon the recommendation of the Conference of American Teachers of
International Law held in Washington in 1914, there have been awarded sixty-
eight fellowships. It is, of course, not practicable to keep track of all of the young
men and women after they complete their studies under the fellowships, but rec-
ords in the Division show that eighteen fellows have entered the teaching profes-
sion and are now disseminating a knowledge of international law in various educa-
tional institutions throughout the country.
Of the sixty-four candidates who applied last spring, the following received
appointments:
Student Fellowships
NORMAN A. M. MACKENZIE. Mr. MacKenzie was appointed from Harvard University and is
now pursuing his studies at St. John's College, Cambridge, England. The course which he is
taking includes International Law, Roman Law, Political Theory and Jurisprudence, while the
subject of his thesis is "The Position of Canada in International Law."
WADSWORTH GARFIELD. Mr. Garfield is using his Fellowship for study at the Institut des
Hautes Etudes Internationales, Paris, his appointment being from Harvard University. His
course at the Institut includes International Law, Public and Private, Diplomatic History, Inter-
national Penal Law, International Financial Law, International Colonial^ Law, Private Inter-
national Maritime Law. The subject of his thesis is International Arbitration.
BROOKS EMENY. Before receiving his appointment Mr. Emeny was studying at Princeton
University, but since then he has been attending the Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales.
His studies at the latter institution cover Public and Private International Law, Diplomatic
History, International Penal, Financial and Colonial Law, and Private International Maritime
Law,
HOBART R. COFFEY. Mr. Coffey also is studying at the Institut des Hautes Etudes Inter-
nationales, his previous year having been spent at the University of Michigan. His courses at the
Institut are the same as those of Mr. Garfield and Mr. Emeny, while the subject of his research is
the Nationality of Married Women.
Teacher Fellowships
EDWARD C. WYNNE. Mr. Wynne is studying at Harvard. His previous training had been
received at Harvard University, the University of California, and in the Diplomatic Service of the
United States. His studies include International Law, History of Political Theory, the National
Government of the United States, and History of the Far East. The subject of his research is
u The Alien Land Laws of the Pacific Coast States."
OLAF H. TBORMODSGARD. Mr. Thormodsgard was appointed from St. Olaf College, North-
field, Minnesota, and he had arranged to study under his Fellowship at Harvard Law School, but
because of a serious illness and acting upon the last-minute advice of his physicians at the beginning
of the academic year, he did not enter the Harvard Law School as planned. This appointment
therefore remained vacant during the academic year 1924-25.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 09
ROBERT R. WILSON. Mr. Wilson held a Fellowship during the academic year 1922-23 and
pursued studies under it at Harvard University. His appointment this year is therefore a renewal
of the one he held two years previously. He is now studying at Harvard University and his
courses cover International Law as administered by the courts and as observed in international
negotiations, a double course of research in International Law, Economics of Transportation, and
History of Continental Europe, 1871-1914. The subject of his research is Compulsory Agreements.
J. H. TOELLE. Mr. Toelle was appointed from the University of Maine and is now studying
at Harvard. His program of studies consists of International Law, Roman Law, Jurisprudence,
and Conflict of jLaws, while his thesis treats of the subject of "The Rights of the United States
under the Treaty of Versailles as determined by the Treaty of Berlin and later negotiations." He
has also prepared several papers on minor subjects.
BESSIE C. RANDOLPH. Miss Randolph was appointed from Randolph-Macon Woman's
College, of Lynchburg, Virginia, and is now studying under her Fellowship at Radcliffe College.
She is studying International Law, Far Eastern History since 1793, European Industry and Com-
merce since 1750, Government of England (including Comparative Government), and Inter-
national Government.
HARRY SWAIN TODD. Mr. Todd is now studying at the American University in Washington,
D. C., having received his appointment from Waynesburg College, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania.
He is studying International Law, Methods of Historical Research, Diplomatic History of Latin
America, Recent Decisions on United States Constitutional Law, while the subject of his thesis is
" International Agreements of the United States other than Treaties."
NORMAN ALEXANDER. Mr. Alexander was appointed from the University of New Hampshire
and is now studying at Columbia University. His courses include Studies in International Law,
the Control of Foreign Relations, Problems of Democracy, European Political Institutions, Inter-
national Relations and World Politics from 1871 to the present. The subject of his research work
is the Rights and Duties of Aliens in the United States.
Publications of the Division
THE CLASSICS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Since detailed information as to the status of various works in this series
has been given in previous reports of the Director/ it will be sufficient to note
here such progress as has been made since last year.
The Director has mentioned elsewhere in this report that the tercente-
nary anniversary of the publication of the De jure belli ac pads libri ires of the
illustrious Dutchman, Hugo Grotius, is to be commemorated by the Institute of
International Law at The Hague this fall. It gives him great pleasure, therefore,
to report that the English translation which the Endowment has had in prepara-
tion for several years will be ready for distribution this year. At the present
writing it is all in type and in fact one-half of it is in pages. Meanwhile, it has
been thought desirable to strike off, from the type now standing, a few reprints of
the Prolegomena to satisfy the impatient seeker after the words of Grotius with
an ample foretaste that will whet his appetite for the banquet which is to come.
The translation, as has been previously reported, is the work of Professor
Francis W. Kelsey, of the University of Michigan, with the assistance of Pro-
1 Year Book, 1918, pp. 136-41; 1919, pp. 107-9; *920, p. 114; 1921, pp. 134-5; *922, pp. 162-
35 *923, PP- 264-5; 1924* PP- -
HO CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
fessors Arthur E. R. Boak, Henry A. Sanders, and Jesse S. Reeves, all of the
University of Michigan, and Professor Herbert F. Wright, of Georgetown Uni-
versity. In the division of the work, Professor Kelsey is responsible for the
translation to the end of Book I and for the final form of the remainder of the
translation; Professor Sanders made the first draft of the translation for Book II,
chapters 1-20, and Book III, chapters 18-25; Professor Boak made the first
draft of the translation for Book II, chapters 21-6, and Book III, chapters 1-17.
Professor Reeves revised the entire manuscript with special reference to the
choice of the legal terms and phrases which would most clearly express the con-
cepts of Grotius for readers of English today. Professor Wright has been con-
tinuing for this work what he has done for many of the other volumes in the
series, namely, checking the translation against the original for peculiarities of
scholastic terminology and medieval Latinity and assisting the translators in the
identification and harmonizing of obscure references in which Grotius abounds.
He also expects to prepare the subject index and index of authors cited. The
latter is going forward simultaneously with the revision of the galleys, so that
when the last galley has been returned to the printer for paging, it will be possible
to follow it shortly with the copy for the index. The Clarendon Press is printing
this translation.
The republication of the masterpiece of Grotius naturally attracts more
or less attention to the entire series of the Classics. Last year, about the time
when the United States was negotiating a series of treaties extending its jurisdic-
tion over marginal seas to one hour's steaming from shore, the Director reported
the republication of Cornelius van Bynkershoek's De dominio maris dissertatio,
the little tractate which over 300 years ago laid down the three-mile limit for
such jurisdiction and established the principle for the extension of this limit when
circumstances so warranted.
And now again, within a few months after the passage of the Rogers Bill
unifying the Diplomatic and Consular Service of the United States into a single
Foreign Service upon terms that will attract many to enter such a career, the
Director is able to report the timely republication of the De legationibus Ubri tres
of the famous Italian jurist, Alberico Gentili, a book which treats in detail of the
history of diplomatic representation, the rights of embassy and the qualifications
of ambassadors, as Professor Nys says, "the first systematic work in this special
field of the law of nations."
The present edition is in two volumes. Volume I contains a reproduction of
the Hanau edition of 1594 from a copy belonging to the Law Library of Columbia
University; a list of Errata in the 1594 edition; and an introduction in French by
the late Ernest Nys, who for many years was facile princeps in the literary history
of the law of nations and in this introduction makes Gentili and his friends live
again by his strikingly vivid portrayal. Volume II contains an English rendering
of the Latin text by the distinguished classicist, Professor Gordon J. Laing, of the
University of Chicago; an English translation of Professor Nys' introduction by
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW III
Dr. Edwin H. Zeydel, of the University of Indiana; and an Index of Authors Cited,
which shows the range of Gentili's erudition, prepared by Professor Herbert K
Wright, of Georgetown University.
This work of Gentili is interesting from many points of view. After describ-
ing the meaning of the term "legate" and the various kinds of embassy, the cere-
monies attached to embassies and similar topics, he discusses such questions as:
"Who has the right to send embassies ?" "Are ambassadors safe, even among
those to whom they have not been sent? " " Have rebels the rights of embassy? "
"Should the ambassador deceive his sovereign if he believes it to be to the latter f s
advantage? " Gentili then proceeds to characterize the ideal ambassador in
much the same fashion as Cicero treated the ideal orator and Plato the ideal state.
To perform an embassy properly, he says, two external circumstances are requi-
site: an opportune time and appropriate equipment. The former presents a
suitable opening for quoting the retort of Tiberius to the ambassadors from Ilium
who, when arriving rather late to tender condolences to the Emperor on the death
of his sons, were greeted with the sarcastic remark: "And I in turn condole with
you on the misfortune which you have suffered in the loss of your most valiant
fellow-citizen Hector/*
Moreover, the ideal ambassador must be a man of good personal appearance,
favored by fortune, of superior intellectual power, a good speaker, with an under-
standing of the language of the person with whom he is negotiating, a wide knowl-
edge of history, considerable knowledge of philosophy, and not too extensive liter-
ary attainments. "I regard, he says, "as the best ambassador the man who is
equipped for all kinds of embassies. Is one who is buried in books, of this type?
If he is, then assuredly an owl, when exposed to the light, can see." He must
have fidelity, courage, temperance and prudence to a peculiar degree. In short,
"the perfect ambassador is one who can accomplish efficiently the business and
duties which have been assigned to him or which he himself has recognized the
necessity of undertaking. . . . He should know the rights of embassy their
extent and their character so as to have them ready for immediate application,
and it should be his aim to guard their sanctity and sacred associations. His
equipment and suite should be marked by a splendor commensurate with the dig-
nity of him who has sent him, and his birth and present position should be of dis-
tinction." He must have dignity, yet affability. "Graciousness, which adorns
all human activities, ought not to be lacking in our ambassador." Some Spartan
ambassadors at Athens one day, "when seated in the theater at an entertainment,
stood up and welcomed in their section an old man who had not been given a seat
by any of his fellow Athenians, whereupon they were given rounds of applause by
the whole audience" an action* in kind with the recent farewell act of the Jus-
serands in erecting in Washington a water fount for their friends, the birds. "The
ambassador need not be able to speak on every topic, but he certainly should be
able to speak well on those subjects which fall within the departments of politics
and civics." Gentili brings his treatise to a close by giving "a living image and
II2 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
example of the perfect ambassador," Sir Philip Sidney. Anyone familiar with the
recent examinations for admission to the Foreign Service of the United States will
easily recognize that Gentili's requirements for diplomatic service are not only not
overstated but, to use a mathematical figure, are well nigh universal constants.
With the Gentili volumes out of the way and the time-consuming Grotius
volume nearly so, the Director hopes to be able during the coming year to push to
completion Pufendorf 's delightful little treatise On the Duty of a Man and Citizen,
selections from the works of Suarez on topics relating to international law, and
Wolff's lengthy work The Law of Nations, all of which have been delayed in press
for several years. Only then will he feel justified in sending to the printer the
translations of the various other works of Gentili, Bynkershoek, Grotius, Pufen-
dorf and Belli, mentioned in previous reports.
BIBLIOTH&QUE INTERNATIONALE DE DROIT DES GENS
The fourth and last volume of this series was published by the Clarendon
Press, Oxford, last September, being a French edition under the title Traite de
droit international of the second English edition of John Westlake's work on inter-
national law. The Bibliothque, as thus completed, consists of French transla-
tions of four standard works as follows: T. J. Lawrence: Les principes de droit
international, translated from the English by Jacques Dumas and A. de Lapradelle;
J. de Louter: Le droit international public positif, translated from the Dutch by
the author; Heinrich Triepel: Droit international et droit interne, translated from
the German by Ren6 Brunet; John Westlake: Traite de droit international, trans-
lated from the English by A. de Lapradelle.
The purpose of the Bibliotheque has been the translation into the French
language of important treatises and monographs on international law which have
appeared in other tongues, and the publication and distribution of these transla-
tions among students of international law and others interested in the subject.
Other works than the four above mentioned which have been in contemplation
for this Bibliotheque will be issued as volumes of the Bibliotheque Internationale
Frangaise, authorized by the Executive Committee by resolution of November 23,
1923.
BlBLIOTHI^QUE INTERNATIONALE FRANgAISE
Among the volumes to appear in this Bibliothfeque are French versions of
The Hague Peace Conferences of i8gg and 1907 by the undersigned, and Franz von
Liszt's Das Volkerrecht systematise^, dargestellt. The former, an English work in
two volumes, was published by the Johns Hopkins Press in 1909, and is based
upon a series of lectures upon the work and result of the Conferences, delivered
before the Johns Hopkins University in the year 1908.
The first three chapters are in the nature of an introduction to the Conferences
and give a survey of their positive results. The fourth chapter states the compo-
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
sition and personnel of the delegations and seeks to show the influence exercised
by the delegations and important delegates. The subsequent chapters analyze
the various conventions, declarations, resolutions and vceux of the Conferences
in the order of the Final Acts.
The forthcoming French edition will consist of only one volume, through
omission of the second or documentary volume, as the documents therein are now
readily accessible elsewhere, the original language in most cases being French.
The manuscript of this volume can be delivered to the printer upon completion
of arrangements for printing.
COLLECTION OF ALL KNOWN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATIONS
An account of the inception and progress of this most important project has
been given from year to year in earlier reports. The Director is happy to be able
to say that publication will begin soon. Judge John Bassett Moore reports that
the status of this project is now such that he plans to deliver to the Endowment
this year manuscript for probably three volumes upon which to begin publica-
tion. The work on this collection of arbitrations covers a very large field in an-
cient, medieval and modern sources, and, as many difficulties are encountered in
dealing with the ancient and medieval periods which necessarily delay the work
on these periods, it has been deemed advisable to abandon the original plan of
publishing the work in chronological order and substitute that of dividing the
collection into two series to be respectively described as the ancient and the
modern. The publication will commence with the latter, and for this series
Judge Moore plans to take as the beginning the arbitrations under the Jay Treaty.
In his words
This division is historically correct as well as practical. The Jay Treaty provided for three
distinct arbitrations, and one of them the arbitration under Article VII is one of the greatest
of all international judicial proceedings. Moreover, the modern flow may be said to take its rise
from that treaty prior to which, owing to the prevalence of wars, the practice of international
arbitration had for a long time been almost wholly suspended.
By thus dividing the work Judge Moore feels that he can continue and complete
with the requisite care the difficult and tedious investigation of the earlier periods,
in some of which a great deal of the matter has in recent years come to light, with-
out delaying the publication of those volumes which are ready or in an advanced
stage of preparation.
GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE WORLD WAR
The first two volumes of this series, which appeared in 1923 and which are
described in detail in a former report, 1 contain an English version of the reports of
the First and Second Subcommittees of the Committee appointed by the German
1 Year Book, 1923, p. 266.
H4 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
National Constituent Assembly to inquire into the responsibility for the war, to-
gether with the stenographic minutes of the Second Subcommittee and supple-
ments thereto.
The third volume of the series, which appeared in June last under the^ title
Outbreak of the World War: German Documents collected by Karl Kautsky, is an
English version of the German edition by Count Max Montgelas and Professor
Walther Schiicking. By direction of the new German Government these docu-
ments, relating to the events immediately preceding the World War, were col-
lected from the archives of the German Foreign Office. The official letters, dis-
patches and reports passing between German diplomats and high Government
functionaries at that critical period afford the English reader an insight into the
situation based upon the most reliable evidence.
The fourth volume of the series, which was published last September under
the title Preliminary History of the Armistice, is an English translation of a German
White Book containing official documents published by the German National
Chancellery by order of the Ministry of State. The original German title is
Vorgeschichte des Wafenstillstandes, being a collection of documents giving the
various reasons which caused Germany to request an armistice from the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers. To quote from the introductory note written by
the undersigned for this edition, the volume
sets forth, apparently without reserve, the abandonment of all hope of victory by the then Im-
perial German Government, Germany's urgent need for peace in the summer of 1918, its desire at
first for neutral mediation, the defeats and failure in the west and the collapse and defection in
the east which forced that Government, with the full approval ofindeed, at the instance and re-
quest ofthe German High Command, to approach the Allied and Associated Powers through the
United States, the peace proposal to Mr. Wilson, then President of the Federal Union, and the
subsequent correspondence resulting in an agreement of the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers upon the terms of the armistice signed on November II, 1918, behind the French lines, by
Marshal Foch and Admiral Wemyss on behalf of the Allies and by Secretary of State Erzeberger,
Count von Oberndorff, General Winterfeldt and Commander Vanselow on behalf of Germany.
In other words, these German documents reveal the fact that although physically the Allied armies
did not set foot upon German soil, morally they not only invaded Germany but also overthrew
thelmperial Government at Berlin.
A table of official positions of principal persons mentioned in the documents, as
well as an index, has been added in order to render the volume more generally
useful.
The fifth volume of the series, also a German White Book, was published last
September under the title German White Book concerning the Responsibility of the
Authors of the War. It consists mainly of the "Report on the Responsibility of
the Authors of the War and on the Enforcement of Penalties," which was prepared
by a group of German scholars and publicists and transmitted by Count Brock-
dorff-Rantzau May 28, 1919, to M. Clemenceau as President of the Peace Con-
ference. A serviceable list of official positions of the principal persons mentioned
in the documents and an index have been added to the Endowment's translation.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
SPANISH TREATISE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW
A description of this project may be found in previous reports of the Director. 1
The original plan was that the author, Dr. Manuel GonzAlez Hontoria, former
Under Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Madrid, should present the
subject as it stood in 1914 at the outbreak of the World War. However, as so
many years have elapsed since that date, the question as to what account should
be taken of the events of the last decade has arisen and is under consideration by
the Division.
AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING THE INDEPENDENCE
OF THE LATIN- AMERICAN COUNTRIES
This project had its inception in a proposal made by Dr. Alejandro Alvarez
in a memorandum communicated to the Endowment and quoted in a previous
Report, 2 a single paragraph of which is here repeated:
*
One of the necessities most strongly felt by all students of the international law and diplo-
matic history of our continent is the knowledge of the documents relative to the glorious period
of the emancipation of the Latin-American nations. Among those documents, the foreign papers
or papers of a diplomatic character in the files of the Department of State of the United States,
as well as the correspondence of the statesmen who then had the honor of conducting the foreign
relations of said country, occupy a preferent place. The importance of those precedents arises
from the active and efficient part which the United States took in the movement of emancipation
of the Latin-American states and from the careful reports which, upon the political, economical
and social situation of these states were sent to the Department at Washington by the agents
which the former credited to the latter.
The Executive Committee having authorized the Director to make arrange-
ments to carry out the project, he arranged with William R. Manning, then
Professor of Spanish-American History in the University of Texas to prepare
the collection. On April 24, 1924, the Executive Committee authorized publica-
tion of the completed work, and the Director is happy to report that most of the
material is now in the hands of the printer, and that the work should in ordi-
nary course be issued during the next fiscal year.
An effort has been made to include in this collection all of the more important
diplomatic correspondence of the United States regarding the independence of
the Latin- American countries. Very few documents earlier than 1810 or later
than 1830 have been selected. Geographically the compilation will be found to
include correspondence not only with the Latin-American countries whose
independence was an accomplished fact before the latter date and with which
frequent communication had been established, but also with certain European
countries where the Latin-American emancipation movement elicited especial
interest. The documents which have not previously been published, comprising
by far the largest portion, have been copied from the original manuscripts pre-
served in the archives of the Department of State of the United States.
1 Year Book, 1913-14, p. 163; 1916, p. 176.
8 Year Book, 1917, p. 127.
1 1 6 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
AUTHORITATIVE EXPRESSIONS OF OPINION REGARDING THE MONROE DOCTRINE
This publication, entitled The Monroe Doctrine: Its Importance in the Inter-
national Life of the States of the New World, appeared last summer. Prepared by
Dr. Alejandro Alvarez, the eminent Chilean jurist, it consists of the author's
historical and comparative exposition of the ideas of the United States and of
Latin America with regard to the Monroe Doctrine, accompanied by documents
in the form of annexes, a discussion of the principles of the Doctrine and their
importance in the new understanding of international law, a statement of the
European attitude toward the Doctrine and the principal cases in which it has
or has not been applied by the United States, and lastly, comprising the greater
part of the volume, a collection of the declarations of statesmen and opinions of
publicists of Latin America and the United States.
Subventions to Journals of International Law,
This activity was one of the earliest undertaken after the organization of the
Division of International Law as a means of carrying out its purpose "to establish
a better understanding of international rights and duties and a more perfect sense
of justice among the inhabitants of civilized countries." In his first annual report,
the Director called attention to the great potential service of these journals in
popularizing the principles of international law and in disseminating accurate
information upon the problems of international law. Their usefulness, however,
was greatly circumscribed by the conditions under which they were published,
namely, as private undertakings supported for the most part by the personal
sacrifice of editors and contributors who give their time and services usually
gratuitously.
It has not been the purpose of the Division to take over too large a share
of the financial support of these journals, as such a course might tend to lessen the
active interest of those engaged in the work. Small sums of money have been
judiciously allotted, sometimes in the form of contributions to the publication
costs in order that the financial burden might not fall too heavily upon the
editors and publishers, and at other times in the form of subscriptions to limited
numbers of copies so as to extend the circulation.
Since the war the Division has received numerous requests from European
libraries which are in straitened finances for subscriptions to these journals, and
the sums provided in these cases perform the double purpose of extending finan-
cial aid to the journals and of answering the needs of these libraries.
Five journals were originally selected in 1911 as mediums through which the
Division might assist in this way in the development of international law. The
number of journals thus assisted has now doubled, there being two in France, two
in Germany, one in Belgium, one in Italy, one in Japan, one in Switzerland, one
in Cuba, and one in the United States, as follows:
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Iiy
REVUE G&NERALE DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC
This French review, which is now in its thirty-second year, has maintained
its high standard of excellence during the past year. In addition to the usual
departments of chronicle, bibliographic matter and documents, some particularly
interesting articles have been carried, such as "Indirect Damages in International
Arbitrations, " by Andr6 Hauriou, and "Territorial Waters in Straits, especially in
narrow ones/' by Professor J. G, Guerra of the University of Chile. The manage-
ment of the Revue has in preparation a general index of its first twenty-five
volumes, covering the years 1894 to 1918, inclusive, for which the Executive
Committee has approved a subscription to 100 copies.
JOURNAL DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL
This Journal, which is published in Paris under the editorship of Professor
Andr6 Prudhomme, completed its volume for the year 1924 with its usual prompt-
ness. The Journal appears in six numbers, the last one being devoted to lists of
treaties and laws, a systematic bibliography for the year, a chronological list of
judicial decisions, an alphabetical list of parties, and an excellent index of the
contents of the volume. Among the excellent articles printed by the Journal
during the last year are a symposium on the Bolshevik revolution and the legal
status of Russians from the French, English, and German points of view; Foreign
Insurance Companies in France, by M. Lyon-Caen; and Recent Developments of
Private International Law in England by Hugh H. L. Bellot The Executive
Committee has allotted the usual sum for subscriptions to the Journal for the
year 1925. These subscriptions are to be used especially for the benefit of the
countries of Central Europe.
RlVISTA DI DlRITTO INTERNAZIONALE
This Italian review of international law is issued by Athenaeum, a publishing
house of Rome, Italy. The editing board consists of Professor D. Anzilotti of
the University of Rome, who is a judge of the Permanent Court of Justice at
The Hague, and Professors A. Cavaglieri and T. Perassi of the Higher Institutes
of Economic and Commercial Sciences at Rome and Naples respectively. Judge
Anzilotti, in his latest communication to the Endowment on the affairs of the
Rivista, observes that some small improvement has taken place in its financial
condition. The Rivista itself for 1924 shows an increase of nearly a hundred
pages over the preceding volume. The contents consist regularly of scientific
articles, comment upon international happenings and a chronicle, annotated
court decisions, both international and national, a critical survey of foreign legisla-
tion and jurisprudence so far as they affect Italian interests, the text or a summary
of all conventions concluded by Italy and of the most important of those of other
Il8 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
countries, book reviews and bibliographical notes, and notices of articles on inter-
national law in Italian and foreign periodicals.
The subvention heretofore granted to the Rivista by the Endowment has
been in the form of subscription for a hundred copies; and the Director takes
pleasure in recommending a continuance thereof for the ensuing year.
REVUE DE DROIT INTERNATIONALE ET DE LEGISLATION COMPAR&E
This excellent review, which was founded by Messrs. Rolin-Jaequemyns,
Asser and Westlake, completed its fifty-first year in 1924 under the direction of
Professor Charles De Visscher of the University of Ghent. Among the notable
articles printed in its 1924 issues are one on the free zones around Geneva by Dr.
J. Paulus; a useful commentary upon the question of State responsibility as
presented in the Corfu crisis, by C. De Visscher; a survey of the facts of the
controversy between Denmark and Norway respecting Greenland, by F. Cast-
berg; and one on arbitration and judicial settlement, by Professor Philip
Marshall Brown. A renewal of the usual subvention for the ensuing year has
been recommended in the estimates.
JAPANESE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Despite considerable difficulties consequent upon the great earthquake, this
Review has succeeded in issuing with commendable promptness its regular
complement of ten numbers for the year 1924, thus completing its twenty-third
volume. According to the report of its treasurer, Viscount Hidei Fukuoka, the
management distributed 8,000 copies during the year July, 1923-June, 1924.
The Review, which is in the Japanese language with the exception of an occasional
article or document in some European language, is directed by Professor Saburo
Yamada, of the Tokyo Imperial University. Each monthly part contains several
articles by eminent Japanese writers and departments of notes on European,
American and Chinese affairs. We are pleased to note in the issues of the past
year a number of articles by Professor Sakutoro Tachi of the University of Tokyo,
who, as mentioned in my report of last year, had been compelled to discontinue
acting as editor in chief owing to the condition of his health. Among many other
articles of interest may be mentioned the following:
Dissimilar Treatment of Aliens in the United States of America, with Special Reference to the
Japanese in California
The Establishing of Organs for Maintaining International Peace in Central America
The General Prohibition of Entrance of Foreigners
The Judicial Status of English Dominions
The Dawes Plan in View of Administrative Procedure
The New Rules of Expatriation
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 119
REVISTA DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL
As explained in previous reports of the Director, 1 this Revista was begun in
1922 by reason of the transformation of the Spanish edition of the American
Journal of International Law into an original Spanish journal of international law,
to be issued as the official organ of the American Institute of International Law.
This Revista is financed entirely by the Endowment, except for such income as
may be received from subscribers.
Beginning with the first number, dated March 31, 1922, the Revista has been
published regularly every quarter on the last days of March, June, September and
December. In addition to the many interesting articles published in the four
quarterly numbers for the year 1924, there were also published such important
documents as the Treaties, Conventions and Resolutions of the Fifth Interna-
tional American Conference, and the Organization and Regulations of the Third
Pan American Scientific Congress. In a special number of the Revista, dated
November 30, 1924, there was printed the Projects of Conventions drafted by the
Executive Committee of the American Institute of International Law for consid-
eration by the members of the Institute in Lima during the meeting of the Third
Pan American Scientific Congress, December 20, 1924, to January 6, 1925.
REVUE DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL, DE SCIENCES DIPLOMATIQUES,
POLITIQUES ET SOCIALES
This Revue, which is published in Geneva by its founder, Antoine Sottile,
principally in the French language, is a quarterly averaging upwards of a hundred
pages per issue. The issues for 1924 in hand show that this newcomer into
the field of international law and diplomatic science is conducted with ability
and energy. Among the articles particularly noticed are the following: The
Franco-British Dispute on the Nationality Decrees in Tunis and Morocco by
Professor R. Redslob; The New Conception of Neutrality by Professor de Lasala
Lianas; The Finland Constitution by Professor R. Erich; The International Unions
by Professor K. Neumeyer; and The Japanese Amendments to the Geneva Protocol
by M. Adatci.
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR INTERNATIONALES RECHT
This journal, which was assisted last year for the first time by the Endow-
ment, promptly brought out its volume 32 in 1924, and the Endowment has
already received the first issue of volume 33. Professor Niemeyer, in a preface
dated January I, 1925, in this latest issue says: "The Zeitschrift is to be of a prac-
tical, progressive, and international character, open to every scientific point of
view and especially not denying the modern spirit of jus naturae et gentium which
among other things finds expression in Article 38, number 3 of the Statutes of
the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and in Article 5 of the German-
Swiss Arbitration Treaty and Agreement.' 7
*Year Book, 1922, p. 184; 1923, p. 276.
ISO CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR VOLKERRECHT
A description of this German review of international law may be found in the
preceding report of the Director of the Division. 1 All of the issues of the thir-
teenth volume (1924), have not as yet been received. It is hoped that the delay in
publication is only temporary, and a renewal of the subvention in the form of the
subscriptions has been recommended in the estimates.
Among the articles in the first issue of 1924 are: International Law and Public
Law by Dr. Wittmayer; On the Historical Development of the Right of Option by
Dr. Walther Schoenborn; and The Legal Status of International Streams based on
Peace Treaties by Dr. Alfred Lederle.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
While this journal is carried under the heading of subventions to journals of
international law, the grant from the Endowment originated in the requests of
European libraries for subscriptions to it which they are unable to purchase be-
cause of the state of international exchange.
Subventions to International Law Societies
THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
The Endowment has endeavored for a number of years past to encourage at-
tendance of the members of the Institute of International Law at its meetings by
providing not only for the expenses of traveling, but for the living expenses at the
place of meeting. The Director has been informed on every occasion that this
generous interest taken by the Endowment in the labors of the Institute is justi-
fied by an increased attendance where a working number only would have been
present, and has enabled the Institute to meet at times and places when the
attendance would have been scant, had it not been for the intervention of the
Endowment.
The first appropriation was made in 1911, and the proposed form was origi-
nally :
Resolved, That the Executive Committee recommend to the Board of Trustees the appro-
priation of $20,000 ... to be applied by the Institute of International Law to the expenses of
its members attending the session of the Institute of International Law at Christiania in the year
1912.
It has since been the custom, because of confidence in the Institute and its authori-
ties, to grant the subvention without reference to the purposes for which it was
originally voted. The confidence has been justified in that the money has been
used for the original purpose, namely, to secure attendance and, on some occa-
sions, to obtain the meeting of commissions during the interval of the sessions,
which otherwise would not have come together.
1 See Year Book, 1924, p. 128.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 121
The Institute is not an endowed body; its membership, when complete, con-
sists of a hundred and twenty publicists sixty full members, and sixty associates.
To preserve the international aspect, there is a provision that not more than one-
fifth of the members or associates can come from any one country. As a matter of
fact, the membership is very widely spread, and it not infrequently happens that
some twenty or thirty nations are represented in this informal and indirect way at
the sessions. The silent, intangible influence of men drawn from different parts
of the world, sitting together around a table during a week or ten days every year
or every two years can not be expressed in any ordinary way. They always work
in an atmosphere of peace and good-will, because they meet in a different city,
the government of the country requesting their presence, and because everything
is done for their pleasure and convenience. The older members greet each other
as friends; and even the associates are acquainted with one another by their writ-
ings; they leave a session as friends. The result is, from the merely human stand-
point, that the sessions are begetters of friendly feeling which, once started, is not
interrupted even by a mistake here and there of their respective governments.
But there is more to it than this. These men, coming from different countries, .
spending a few days together in intensive work, have been silently putting into the
form of resolutions and draft conventions the best thought of their respective
countries, and, therefore, of the world. And these informal resolutions and drafts
are today to be found embodied in many an international treaty, and still more
generally in the state papers of foreign offices of the past few generations.
The President of the Endowment has had occasion to look into the Institute,
and the value of its services for many years past, and as the result of his investiga-
tions he has felt justified in saying on a public occasion that "in practice the work
of the unofficial members of the Institute of International Law has made possible
the success of the official conferences at The Hague, by preparing their work be-
forehand and agreeing upon conclusions which the official conferences could ac-
cept." 1 It is not too much to say that this feeling on the part of Mr. Root and its
public expression will inure to the benefit of international law and its codification.
He felt, and justly, that other bodies of a more or less similar character could
render service, and it appears likely that because of Mr, Root's interest in the
Institute of International Law, his knowledge of the services rendered by it, and
his belief that other associations of a not dissimilar character could likewise render
service, the cause of international law and its codification will be advanced. As a
member of the Advisory Committee of Jurists at The Hague he proposed the re-
sumption of the Hague Conferences, or, rather, a series of conferences to meet at
regular intervals in the future, and to render their work fruitful, to have the proj-
ects drafted by various scientific bodies instancing, in the first place, the Insti-
tute of International Law to be laid before the conferences for such considera-
tion as they should give to these preparatory labors. The American Institute of
1 Mr. Root's address on Francis Lieber, delivered before the American Society of International
Law in 1913. American Journal of International Law, 1913, vol. 7, pp. 453, 464-5.
122 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
International Law was mentioned, in second place, and in another part of this
report the services which that body has been enabled to render because of Mr.
Root's resolution will be stated. The Director shares Mr. Root's opinion as to
the services which the European Institute has rendered in the past, and he knows
from personal experience those which the Institute has rendered since it has re-
ceived aid at the hands of the Endowment. During the World War it was im-
possible for the Institute to meet, made up as it is of publicists from the different
nations. It is largely recruited from France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy,
and it was impossible for a period of four and a half years for them to come to-
gether. It has been difficult since the war, and the Director believes that had it
not been for the aid of the Endowment these meetings would have had to be de-
ferred to a later date. Fortunately, however, they have been resumed: the first
of the post bell-urn series was held in Rome, in October 1921 ; the second in Grenoble
in the last days of August and the first days of September 1922 ; the third in Brus-
sels in August 1923; and the last in Vienna in the month of August 1924. The
Director has referred in the Reports of the Division to each of these meetings ex-
cept that of Vienna, which has been held since the last Report of the Division.
It is not his purpose to recur to the previous meetings, and not much need be said
of the session at Vienna. Each meeting has been a triumph, and each year the
members appear to be more animated by the spirit of good-will and cooperation;
indeed, at Vienna there was not, so far as the Director can recall, an indirect, much
less a direct reference to the war. This is a result more important than the reso-
lutions which they have been able to adopt, although their scientific value is not
to be overlooked or underestimated. It is frequently said that the greatest result
of an international conference is not its treaties, or conventions, but the friendly
association of its members extended over a considerable period of time. This is
only partly true of the Institute of International Law. Its resolutions and drafts
are the greatest results of its meetings, although the by-product of friendship is an
asset to the world at large.
The session at Vienna had three questions of importance upon its program:
(i) the meaning of the diplomatic immunities to be accorded to the representatives
of the League of Nations; (2) the execution of foreign judgments; (3) the effect
to be given to the statute of prescription in a foreign country. The first subject
is one of what is called public international law; the other two belong to what is
called the conflict of laws by the English-speaking peoples, and private inter-
national law by the world at large. The experience had since the war is that a
discussion of questions of public international law is more difficult and less pro-
ductive of results than the discussion of questions of private international law.
The result probably will be that a larger share of the program will for the next
several sessions fall to the conflict of laws, than has been customary in the im-
mediate past. This does not, of course, mean that questions of public inter-
national law will be overlooked. They will doubtless find their place, but great
care will be used to select questions of a purely legal nature and which do not
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 123
invoke the political passions which have within recent memory torn the world
asunder.
It was suggested at the session at Rome, by Mr. de la Barra, formerly
Ambassador to the United States, and later President of Mexico, that the Cove-
nant of the League of Nations should be discussed. This suggestion was ac-
cepted, as it seemed possible that questions affecting the League would be dis-
cussed judicially, irrespective of the document from which they were taken.
Experience, however, has shown that this is not so; the session at Grenoble was
largely devoted to the League of Nations and the consideration of these questions
was unfruitful. The same may be said of the meeting at Brussels, in so far as it
related to the Covenant; and the session at Vienna, after discussing one of the
two questions taken from the Covenant, dropped the second, and decided to
discontinue further discussion of the provisions of the Covenant at this time.
Knowledge of the theory and practise in the execution of foreign judgments
led to a series of resolutions reconciling the opposition which seemed to prevail
between the practise of the English-speaking peoples and those of the Continent.
It was seen that each practise endeavored to carry into effect the principles of
justice, and that the general practise could be stated, leaving it to each nation to
carry this practise into effect by its own process. A conclusion was also reached
upon the effect of prescription.
The session of Vienna therefore did not a little, but its greatest accomplish-
ment was that it was found possible in 1924 for the members of the Institute
drawn from the various countries, to meet in Vienna, the capital of one of the
former Central Empires, and no member of the Institute who attended that
session and saw the consequences of war in Austria is likely to advocate war as
the best and most equitable means of settling international disputes.
As 1925 is the three-hundredth anniversary of the publication by Grotius
of the first systematic treatise on the law of nations, it was natural that the
Government of Holland should extend an invitation to the Institute to meet at
The Hague. It was accepted, and the Institute will meet in the Peace Palace
of The Hague on the zgth of July, 1925, for a period of a week to ten days. Dr.
Loder, then President of the Permanent Court of International Justice and
a distinguished jurist of Holland, was elected President for that session. It was
inevitable that the Institute should meet in Holland, and because of Grotius it
was eminently proper that Dr. Loder should preside at that session. Whatever
disappointments Grotius had in life and they were many he would certainly
express his gratification, could he appear in flesh before the Institute, that a per-
manent court of the nations for the settlement of their disputes of the law which
he brought into repute should be established, and in session at the time of the
meeting in the city of The Hague. Very appropriately, the Institute chose as its
Vice President Dr. Antonio S. de Bustamante y Sirv6n, a member of the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice. While this was a compliment to Dr. Busta-
mante, it was really more a compliment to the Institute, inasmuch as his rep-
124 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOE. INTERNATIONAL PEACB
utation is so secure that it is unaffected by the honors even of the Institute of
International Law. There was another element which entered into the selection;
his election showed the conquest which the Grotian system had made, for today
it is the rule of conduct of no less than twenty-one free, sovereign and independ-
ent Republics of the New World which, in the day of Grotius, was beginning
that process of colonization which has peopled an immense continent.
Under the auspices of the Netherland Government, and meeting in the Peace
Palace, and to a certain extent in celebration of the three-hundredth anniversary
of Grotius, it is safe to predict that the session will be of scientific value. It will
also, it is believed, be very important from the standpoint of administration,
because it was understood at the Vienna session that the meeting at The Hague
would consider whether the Institute should meet annually or once in every two
years, as used to be the custom, and what subjects could, in the light of the
traditions of the Institute, be best discussed in order to make for the progress of
international law, and therefore, of international peace.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
In the budget to be submitted to the Trustees at the annual meeting, there is
included no item for the American Institute of International Law, and there is
no intention at the present time to ask for an appropriation for that organization.
It would not, therefore, need to be mentioned in the present report, were it not
for the fact that its members have been able to come together because of an
item in last year's budget, and the American Institute has, it is believed, ren-
dered a service to international law which justifies the appropriation made to it.
For this reason, it is supposed that some of its activities will be of interest to the
Trustees,
In the brief comment upon the Institute of International Law difficult
to define, as it is European and the term universal or mondial, while used in French
is awkward in English it is said that the American Institute was one of the bodies
mentioned in Mr. Root's category of scientific associations which might render
aid in the codification of international law. The failure of the League of Nations
to accept Mr. Root's proposal for conferences in succession to those at The Hague,
and to utilize the services of scientific associations in drafting projects which could
properly be submitted to one of the conferences for its consideration, blocked for
the time any resort to the American Institute of International Law. However,
when the Conference of the Americas at Santiago de Chile in 1923 adopted a
resolution to the effect that a Commission of two jurists from each of the Ameri-
can Republics should meet in Rio de Janeiro approximately in the course
of 1925 to undertake the work of codification for the Americas, the Secretary of
State of the United States turned to the American Institute, either conscious or
unconscious of Mr. Root's resolution. The material facts have been stated im
Secretary Hughes' own language, in a previous portion of this report; therefore,
they will only be mentioned here in summary form.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 125
On the 2d of January, 1924, upon Secretary Hughes' motion, the American
Institute was requested in substance if not in form to undertake the codification
of international law. It accepted this invitation, and its Executive Committee
meeting in Paris put into shape a large number of conventions during the summer.
These projects were printed in Spanish as a special number of the Revista de
Derecho International, the organ of the Institute. They were the basis of discus-
sion by its members during the session of the Third Pan American Scientific
Congress meeting at Lima on December 20, 1924, and adjourning on January 6th
of the present year, and to which all of them were in one capacity or another
delegates. The projects were revised and improved and referred to the Executive
Committee of the American Institute which, with the addition of some members,
was to give the projects a more adequate form. The Executive Committee, with
the addition of these members, met at Habana in the latter part of February of
this year, and gave to the projects the form in which they were laid before the
Pan American Union by Secretary Hughes on the 2d day of March of the present
year. The address which Secretary Hughes then delivered is reproduced else-
where. 1 Therefore it is only necessary to say here that upon his motion a resolu-
tion of appreciation of the services of the Institute was unanimously adopted, and
the Institute was requested to prepare a series of projects covering private interna-
tional law for submission to the Commission of Jurists when it should meet at
Rio de Janeiro.
It thus appears that the American Institute of International Law has already
rendered services in the opinion of the twenty-one American Republics to inter-
national law and its codification, and it also appears that a still further service
is expected of it in the course of the present and the next year in the matter of
private international law. The fact that the Director is the President of the
American Institute prevents him from dwelling further upon this matter. He is
content to leave the appreciation of its services where the Secretary of State and
the representatives of the Continent have left it.
It is proper to add, however, a closing word about the purpose for which
the American Institute was founded, from the letter transmitting the projects to
the Chairman of the Governing Board of the Pan American Union:
The American Institute was created not only to bring the American publicists together, and
to enable them to cooperate in the broad domain of international relations, but also for the very
purpose of aiding in the codification of the law of nations. This appears from an extract of a
letter addressed to Mr. Root under date of June 3, 1911:
After reflection and much discussion we came to the conclusion that the best way to
draw the leaders of thought together would be to create an Institute of International Law, in
which each country would have equal representation, say five members; that the members of
each country should organize at their capital a local Society of International Law; that the
American Institute should hold at Washington the first of its periodic meetings, to discuss
scientific questions of international law, especially those relating to peace, so that little by
little a code of international law might be drafted which should represent the ^ enlightened
thought of American publicists and be the result of their sympathetic collaboration.
Then turning to the purpose of the proposed Institute, the letter continued:
1 See ante, pp. 84-6.
126 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Our opinion is that a code of international law undertaken by delegates of the American
governments would necessarily conform to the express instructions or to the practise of their
governments; and that the code thus drafted would be political rather than scientific; that a
better code could be produced by the painstaking study of unofficial publicists, and that such
a code produced under such circumstances would not merely be better in itself, but would
stand a better chance of adoption in whole or in part by the Governments, either expressly
at some Pan American Conference or silently and piecemeal in the practise of the various
foreign offices. In any event, it has seemed to us that the non-official cooperation of an
equal number of publicists selected from the Republics composing the Pan American Union
would be of the greatest service in the codification of international law by official delegates
meeting in conference.
The date was not foreseen when this might happen. On the 2d of January, 1924, the invitation
of the Governing Board of the Pan American Union enabled the American Institute of Inter-
national Law to realize its self-imposed mission.
THE GROTIUS SOCIETY
On October 8, 1917, the Executive Committee granted this Society a subven-
tion of $1,250 for the fiscal year 1917-18 and the Trustees have continued to grant
the same amount each year since then. The membership and influence of this
Society is increasing yearly and it is believed that the small amount which the
Endowment is contributing to its support is not only proving of benefit to the
Society itself, but is also aiding considerably in the promotion of the objects for
which the Endowment was established.
During the past year the Society lost one of its original members, Mr. E. A.
Whittuck, who died in June 1924. He was a life-long student of law, and in his
later years devoted himself to the promotion of international law. He was the
founder and editor of the British Year Book of International Law. According
to the report of the Executive Committee of the Society, dated June 30, 1924,
three members have resigned and thirteen new members have been elected, includ-
ing Judge B. C. J. Loder, President of the Permanent Court of International
Justice, as an Honorary Member.
The Executive Committee of the Society has held thirteen meetings during
the past year. At the Annual General Meeting held on May 16, 1923, the Right
Honorable Sir Henry Duke gave an address on "The Problem of International
Law and Order, 1 ' and the following papers were read at other meetings of the
Society held during the past year:
A Mediaeval Pacifist: Pierre Du Bois
The Use of Poison Gas in War
Vienna in 1914
The Anglo-French Tunis Dispute
Transylvania
Private International Law and Bankruptcy and Liquidation of Companies
Territorial Waters
Continuous Voyage: The Present Position
Division of States: Its Effect on Obligations
The Treatment of Prisoners of War
Military Occupation of Alien Territory in Time of Peace
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 127
These papers appear in volume 9 of the Society's annual volume of transac-
tions, entitled Problems of Peace and War, Papers read before the Society in the year
1923.
Besides the above-mentioned volume of transactions, the Society has issued
during the past year a volume on ' ' The Saar Controversy, ' ' by Dr . W. R. Bisschop,
being No. 2 of the Society's publications. Lord Phillimore has written a preface
to this volume commending Dr. Bisschop's " thoughtful and learned essay " as
"a valuable contribution towards the materials for a final decision" upon that
thorny question.
In closing his editorial note to volume 9 of the transactions, Dr. Hugh H. L.
Bellot, the Honorary Secretary of the Society, makes note of the death of former
President Wilson as follows:
As we go to press comes the news of the death of ex-President Woodrow Wilson. In acknowl-
edging his election as an Honorary Member of the Society the ex- President wrote to me from Paris
under date iQth March, 1919, expressing his sense of the compliment and asking me to "express to
the associates of the Society his gratification that they should have done him this honor." I need
scarcely add that the honor was ours. This is not the time or place to attempt any estimate of
his position among the leading statesmen of the world. Whatever may be the ultimate verdict of
history upon his achievements none will deny that he sacrificed his life in the cause of peace.
Regtdescat in pace.
LA SOCI6T& DE LEGISLATION COMPARfe
This Society has issued its usual publications during the last year. In the
month of April it had the misfortune to lose by death its president, M. St6phane
Berge, who died at Romorantin at the age of sixty-two years, after a long official
career spent principally in Tunis until his appointment in 1910 to the Court of
Appeal at Paris. The Society at its meeting of June 3, 1924, elected as his suc-
cessor M. Albert Troullier, President of the Tribunal of Commerce of the Seine.
A Rumanian Society of Comparative Legislation was formed on March 30, 1924,
and is affiliated with the Paris Society. The accounts of the general sessions as
given in the monthly bulletin show even more activity than in the years immedi-
ately following the war. In lieu of the section of the languages of the North there
are now two sections, that of the Germanic and Scandinavian languages, and that
of the Slav and Baltic languages. This is a result of the transformations arising
out of the war which have increased the number and especially the importance of
the Slav States. Alongside the Slav States is a list of new republics whose popula-
tions belong mainly to races which, in recent times, have not been independent.
Henceforth the section of the German and Scandinavian languages will comprise
Germany, Austria, German-Switzerland, Lichtenstein, Netherlands, Denmark,
Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Hungary, and Finland. Among the interesting articles
and addresses appearing in the Bulletin Mensuel, now in its fifty-third year, are
the one by M. J. Bezard-Falgas on " International Protection of Lost or Stolen
Securities Payable to Bearer " ; and one by M. R. Carr6 de Malberg, Professor at
128 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Strassburg, on "The Question of the State Character of the German States and
Article 76 of the Weimar Constitution."
Among the foreign laws printed in French translation and reviewed in the
Society's Annuaire de Legislation Strangle are noted the following: England,
Deceased wife's sister marriage act, Protection of Key Industries; Belgian laws
on the trade in narcotic drugs and on non-commercial societies; Dutch law on life
insurance companies; Danish law on false indications of origin; the Polish Consti-
tution; German laws on the referendum, consular jurisdiction, religious instruc-
tion; Canadian law on nationality; the Argentine Penal Code, etc. It also
contains analyses of various foreign laws such as the English Railways Act and
Education Act; Swiss law on the national bank; the Danish law on the damages
caused by railroads; Egyptian law on rents; United States law on immigration.
The Annuaire de Legislation frangaise contains notices on the principal French
laws voted in 1923.
Aid to International Law Treatises and Collections
DE LA PAIX DE DIEXJ A LA PAIX DE FER
This French brochure of 107 pages by Fr6d<ric Duval, published in 1924, is
the first of a series of historical studies on the peace question under the editorship
of Vicomte G. de Romanet, entitled Gesta pads. The preface is by Emile Ch&non,
professor on the Paris law faculty.
The author completed his manuscript in 1912, and an epitome of it (42 pages)
appeared as a chapter under the title "The practical application of the doctrine
of the Church on war in the Middle Ages" in L'Eglise et la guerre in 1913, a fact
which speaks well for the high quality of the book, for in 1917 L'Eglise et la guerre
was crowned by the French Academy.
The portions of the book particularly interesting to the Division of Inter-
national Law are: "The beginning of International Law" and Chapter V, entitled
"The Papacy's R61e of Pacificator: Arbitral Interventions." The whole volume,
however, is relevant to the purposes of the Endowment.
The Executive Committee, by a resolution of October 24, 1924, made an
allotment for the purchase and distribution of copies of the brochure to the
Endowment's depository libraries.
POLITIS: LA JUSTICE INTERNATIONALE
This book is the product of a series of lectures delivered at the Academy of
International Law at The Hague and the Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales
by Professor Nicolas Politis of the Law Faculty of the University of Paris, former
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Greece, on the subject of the theory and practise
of arbitration. A small volume of 325 pages, of which 70 consist of documents,
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 129
it is intended, the author states in his foreword, "both for specialists in the law
of nations and diplomatic history and for all who are not indifferent to the progress
of international institutions, and for this reason is free from all cumbersome and
useless scientific matter, containing only necessary notes completed by a collection
of documents."
This book proposes to show (he continues) the slow penetration of the idea of justice into
international relations. For man}' this will be a revelation. For what strikes one most in the life
of peoples is the too frequent triumph of force over law and of arbitrary will over justice. Few
suspect that beneath this dark surface law is taking root, growing and penetrating everywhere,
together with its natural and indispensable sanction justice. . . . International justice has a
long past. For a great number of centuries it has followed the route of internal justice. Like the
latter, it began by being an expedient. In its image it tends to become a system.
The Executive Committee, by resolution of April 24, 1924, authorized the
purchase and distribution of 500 copies of this volume, and they have been dis-
tributed directly to certain Endowment depository libraries by the publishers
under directions from this office.
FRENCH TRANSLATIONS OF PRIZE DECISIONS
German Prize Cases. Part II
The aid extended by the Division to this series of French translations of prize
decisions of the leading belligerents of the World War, Great Britain, France,
Italy, and Germany, is described in previous reports. 1 These decisions are col-
lected, translated and published under the editorship of M. Paul Fauchille of Paris.
By resolution of February 28, 1920, the Executive Committee authorized the
purchase and distribution of 150 copies of each volume of the series as it appeared,
and in pursuance thereof the Committee on April 24, 1924, authorized a sub-
scription to the usual number of copies of Part II of the German Prize De-
cisions, which although appearing separately and being designated as Part II,
is merely a continuation of the first 192 pages of the volume. The publishers
have distributed the copies to the depository libraries to which the preceding
volumes of the series were sent*
Work of the Division in Relation to Its Objects
At the semi-annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, held in New York on
November 21, 1924, the Director prepared a statement regarding the work of the
Division of International Law and its relation to the objects of the Endowment
assigned to that Division. The Trustees at the meeting directed that the state-
ment of the Director on this subject be printed and distributed to them in pam-
phlet form. The Director believes that the best way of complying with this
1 Year Book, 1920, p. 125; Year Book, 1923, p. 284.
130 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
direction is to transmit it with this report. It is therefore appended hereto.
Although some of the subjects referred to in the statement are covered in greater
detail in the present report, it seems to be better to print the text of the statement
just as it was prepared for the Trustees in November last, rather than to attempt
to change it so as to avoid slight repetitions.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES BROWN SCOTT,
Director.
WASHINGTON, D. C.,
March 17, 1924.
APPENDIX
Statement of the Director of the Division of International Law, Presented to the
Semi-annual Meeting of the Trustees, November 21, 1924
On December 14, 1910, Mr. Carnegie gave the sum of ten million dollars, to
Trustees whom he had himself selected, "to hasten the abolition of international
war, the foulest blot upon our civilization." In the course of the letter to his
Trustees, Mr. Carnegie stated his belief that the "shortest and easiest path to
peace" lay in broadening the scope of arbitration to disputes involving questions
of honor. He was led to his observations by a statement in President Taft's
address (Mr. Carnegie called it President Taft r s platform) before the Peace and
Arbitration Society of New York, on March 22d of that year. In his address the
then President said: " I do not see any more reason why matters of national honor
should not be referred to a court of arbitration than matters of property or of
national proprietorship." Experience shows that a rule of law is fatal to the claim
of national honor, and that the best way to broaden the scope of arbitration, and,
therefore, of peaceful settlement, is to extend the domain of law and to devise
rules for the judicial settlement of international disputes.
In the next place, Mr. Carnegie quoted a recent statement of President Taft
at the opening of the International Bureau of American Republics at Washington,
April 26, 1910, to the effect that the nineteen American Republics should find
some way of intervening to suppress a quarrel between any other two of them.
In approving these views of the then President of the United States, Mr.
Carnegie reprobated in the strongest terms the nation which "insists upon sitting
in judgment in its own cause in case of an international dispute," Mr. Carnegie
expressed the hope, in this connection, that his Trustees would press "forward
upon this line, testing it thoroly and douting not." This would seem to have
been a request on Mr. Carnegie's part to expand the rules of law so as to cover
all quarrels between nations.
Mr. Carnegie next quoted the Senate and House Resolution of 1890 request-
ing the President "to invite, from time to time, as fit occasions may arise, ne-
gotiations with any government with which the United States has or may have
diplomatic relations, to the end that any differences or disputes arising between
the two governments which cannot be adjusted by diplomatic agency may be
referred to arbitration and be peaceably adjusted by such means." Of the reso-
lution thus worded, he says, "Here we find an expression of the spirit which
resulted in the first international Hague Conference of 1899; the second Hague
Conference of 1907; eighty treaties of obligatory arbitration between the great
nations of the world, our own country being a party to twenty-three of them."
And Mr. Carnegie concludes the statement of his views on the peace move-
ment by an observation which has lost none of its timeliness in the fourteen years
132 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
which have since passed: "If the independence and rights of nations to their
respectiv internal policies were first formally recognized in such treaties, no
dispute concerning these elements of sovereignty could arise.' 1
Arbitration is to be broadened by eliminating all exceptions, general treaties
of arbitration are to be concluded by nations in advance of their disputes, and
peace conferences such as those of The Hague are commended. Through arbi-
tration; through the obligation to arbitrate, and through peace conferences, peace
is to come into the world.
Mr. Joseph H. Choate, on behalf of the Trustees, moved the acceptance of
the trust fund of ten million dollars, saying that, "They are not unmindful of the
delicacy and difficulty involved in dealing with so great a sum, for such a purpose,
wisely and not mischievously, and in ways which shall be practical and effective.
They accept the trust in the belief that, although, doubtless, many mistakes may
be made, great and permanent good can be accomplished.' 5
Mr. Carnegie was present in person at the meeting of his Trustees, and read
the letter from which extracts have been made. Upon the conclusion of the
formal proceedings involved in the acceptance of the trust, the eminent American
statesman who had concluded every one of the twenty-three treaties of arbitration
to which Mr. Carnegie referred, and who now, as then, presides over Mr. Car-
negie's Trustees, arose and said:
My feeling about this trust is that if it is to be of value, as I hope and believe it is, it must be
something different from many enterprises in behalf of peace which we have known, in one respect.
That is, that it must be thorough, practical; and it must base its action upon a careful, scientific
and thorough study of the causes of war and the remedies which can be applied to the causes,
rather than merely the treatment of symptoms.
I think the field of general observation upon the subject of war and peace, general exposition
of the wrongfulness of war, and the desirableness of peace, is already pretty well covered. I think
this foundation will be of little use unless it does something further than that, and to do that, to do
something further than that, we must do what the scientific men do, we must strive to reach some
deeper insight into the cause of the diseases, of which war is a symptom, than can be obtained by
casual and occasional consideration. That deeper insight can be attained only by long and faithful
and continuous study and investigation.
"The objects" of the Endowment, as stated by the Trustees, are, "to ad-
vance the cause of peace among nations, to hasten the abolition of international
war, and to encourage and promote a peaceful settlement of international dif-
ferences, and in particular
(b) To aid in the development of international law, and a general agreement on the rules
thereof, and the acceptance of the same among nations.
(d) To establish a better understanding of international rights and duties and a more perfect
$ense of international justice among the inhabitants of civilized countries.
(f) To promote a general acceptance of peaceable methods in the settlement of international
disputes.
These three phases of the Endowment's activities were assigned to the
Division of International Law in the year following the creation of the Endow-
ment.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 133
Peaceful settlement, it is believed, culminates in the judicial settlement of
international disputes. Therefore, the Division of International Law, from the
moment of its organization has, in season and out of season, advocated the
creation of a permanent court of international justice ; and through the cooperation
of the President of the Endowment, and of the Director of the Division of Inter-
national Law, that happy result has been achieved.
To enable an international court of justice to settle the disputes of nations
according to law, it is jnecessary that the law be at hand, or that it be created.
Experience shows that it can be, because it has been created at international
conferences as a part of the program for which such bodies have been called.
The Division of International Law therefore has devoted itself consciously to the
analysis of the work and of the proceedings of such bodies, as a preparation to the
resumption of international conferences of the Hague type, interrupted by the
World War.
While international law becomes known through the practise of nations, it
is advisable that there be a center in which international law should be studied,
its principles analyzed, commented, and diffused. This is the function of the
Hague Academy of International Law, which was established through the en-
deavors of the Division of International Law.
International law may be developed through international conferences, and
be given the form of a code for the guidance of the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice; but in the opinion of many, the vast and preparatory labor of
codification of international law can and should be done by painstaking investiga-
tion of publicists, and the cooperation of scientific bodies known as Institutes of
International Law.
Because of this, the Division of International Law has accorded financial
aid to the Institute of International Law meeting in Europe, and has created the
American Institute of International Law, meeting in the Western Hemisphere.
The Division of International Law has not confined its efforts to these four
phases of international activity, but these four have given unity to its work, and,
omitting other and important services which it has sought to render, I desire to
confine myself to a consideration of these four phases, in the belief that they of
themselves, justify its establishment.
I. PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE AT THE HAGUE
The Permanent Court begins and triumphs with Mr. Root, and I regard it as
the greatest honor of my life if I may speak in the first person to have been per-
mitted to cooperate with him in the creation of this beneficent institution. In an
address delivered before the National Arbitration and Peace Congress in New
York, in April 1907, under the Presidency of Mr. Carnegie, Mr. Root, then Secre-
tary of State, said that further progress in peaceful settlement seemed to require
the creation of a Permanent Court of International Justice which should admin-
134 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
ister law through judges devoting their lives to their judicial duties, in much the
same sense as do the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. He felt
that arbitration was a continuance of diplomatic process ; that the rules were col-
ored by the standards of diplomatic procedure; and that the fear of 'this process
prevented a larger use of arbitration. He felt, however, that if it were understood
that the judges were to be judges, and not negotiators, and that they acted under a
sense of judicial responsibility, instead of under that sense of diplomatic respon-
sibility which characterizes negotiators, the nations would be more inclined to sub-
mit their disputes to a court which, by its creation and limitations, would decide
controversies according to principles of law. Believing this, he therefore instruct-
ed the American delegates to the Second Peace Conference meeting at The Hague
in 1907, to advocate the creation of a Permanent Court of International Justice,
to be composed of judges, in the selection of which, the languages and the different
systems of law would be considered, so that the Court, when created, would be an
understanding court, and, as such, satisfactory to the nations.
Mr. Joseph H. Choate, later Vice President of the Endowment, was Chair-
man of the American Delegation, and made the proposal in accordance with Mr.
Root's instructions. The present speaker, then Technical Delegate to the Con-
ference, was reporter of the Committee to which the Court project was submitted,
and he piloted it through the Committee and the Conference. The result was
the acceptance by the Conference of a draft project for the creation of a perma-
nent tribunal of justice under the somewhat misleading name of a Court of Arbitral
Justice. The judges were not appointed, inasmuch as it was difficult, owing to
the shortness of time and the newness of the subject, to agree upon a method
satisfactory to all of the nations. As it was, the draft convention dealing with
the organization, jurisdiction and procedure of the proposed Permanent Court
was adopted, and the nations were asked to agree upon the appointment of the
judges through diplomatic channels, and thus to call the court into being.
Through the establishment of the Endowment, the Director of the Division of
International Law was able to keep this project of a Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice before the world at large, without which, it would doubtless have
dropped by the wayside, as have many other worthy projects.
On the eve of the Great War an agreement was in sight through the interven-
tion of the Government of the Netherlands, by the terms of which the Court was
to be created for nine Powers, with the right of any and every nation to use it
upon terms of equality by the appointment of a judge ad hoc, for any case to
which it should be a party & principle which, it will be observed, figures in the
present Permanent Court of International Justice.
After the war a conference of the Allied and Associated Powers met at Paris
in order to devise the terms of peace for submission to Germany. A Society of
Nations was to be created, and in the original draft, then called the constitution
of this association, the creation of an international court of justice did not figure.
In the final draft, it was included as Article XIV of the Covenant of the League
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 135
of Nations, which was directed to propose a plan for the proposed court. The
process through which judicial settlement, which had been discarded by the lead-
ers of the Conference, became embodied in the Covenant will one day be known;
suffice it to say at present that not the least influence was that of the Chairman
of this meeting. Wisely the Council a political body did not attempt to draft
a judicial institution. It invited leading jurists from the world at large; and on
June 16, 1920, the so-called Advisory Committee of Jurists met at The Hague,
in the Peace Palace due to Mr. Carnegie's munificence. The members were ten
in number five selected from the large countries ; five from the smaller ones
and in that body, the Chairman of this meeting represented the wisdom, thought
and experience of America. His method of appointing the judges and thus estab-
lishing the Court in accordance with the main lines of the Draft Convention of
1907 was acceptable to the Advisory Committee, and to the Council and Assembly
of the League. The Court is now installed in The Hague, and, appropriately, in
the Peace Palace. Through your Chairman's partiality, the Director of the
Division of International Law was directed to attend in an advisory capacity;
and of the sum of fifty thousand dollars voted by the Trustees for the expenses,
thirty-five thousand were returned.
II. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
The first International Peace Conference met at The Hague in 1899, upon
the initiative of Nicholas II, Czar of All the Russias and the invitation of Her
Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands. It opened its labors on the i8th day
of May and concluded them on the 29th of July of the same year, with
the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes to its
credit.
The second of the Peace Conferences of The Hague met in the summer of
1907. It opened its labors on the I5th of June and concluded them on the i8th
of October, with a large series of conventions to its credit, mostly of a law-making
character, including, among others, the Draft Convention for a Permanent Court
of International Justice, to which reference has already been made.
According to Secretary Root's instructions, Mr, Choate secured an agree-
ment on the part of the Conference for a third of the series to meet approximately
seven years from the date of the adjournment of the second. Preparations for
the third peace conference were under way when the great war of 1914 halted
them. Belief is current in many quarters that conferences of the Hague type
will resume their sessions, as they were needed before the war, and as they are
assuredly more needed after its termination.
At the meeting of the Advisory Committee of Jurists at The Hague, your
Chairman proposed a continuation of these conferences, and his proposal was
unanimously approved by the Committee. Its main provisions should be stated
in his own language. They are:
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
The Advisory Committee of Jurists, assembled at The Hague to draft a plan for a Permanent
Court of International Justice,
Convinced that the security of states and the well-being of peoples urgently require the exten-
sion of the empire of law and the development of all international agencies for the administration of
justice,
Recommends:
I. That a new conference of the nations in continuation of the first two conferences at The
Hague be held as soon as practicable for the following purposes:
1. To restate the established rules of international law, especially, and in the first in-
stance, in the fields affected by the events of the recent war.
2. To formulate and agree upon the amendments and additions, if any, to the rules of
International law shown to be necessary or useful by the events of the war and the changes
in the conditions of international life and intercourse which have followed the war.
3. To endeavor to reconcile divergent views and secure general agreement upon the rules
which have been in dispute heretofore.
4. To consider the subjects not now adequately regulated by international law, but as
to which the interests of international justice require that rules of law shall be declared and
accepted.
III. That the Conference be named Conference for the Advancement of International Law.
IV. That this Conference be followed by further successive conferences at stated intervals to
continue the work left unfinished.
The Division of International Law has made available to the English-
speaking peoples in all parts of the world the proceedings of the First and Second
Conferences of The Hague. It has brought together, within a single volume, in
French as well as in English, the reports of the different committees presented to
the Conferences, explaining and justifying each of the conventions and declara-
tions. As the labors of each Conference are essential to those of its successor, the
proceedings of the two Conferences are a preparation for the third, which cannot,
it is believed, be long delayed. When that body meets, it will use these publica-
tions of the Division of International Law just as the Armament Conference of
192122 in Washington used MacMurray's Treaties and Agreements with and con-
cerning China, 1894-1919, published by the Division.
When the World War seemed to be drawing to its close, the Department of
State requested the Director of the Division of International Law to undertake the
preparation of a large series of documents for the aid of the American delegates to
the proposed peace conference, when it should take place. With the approval of
the Trustees, the Division of International Law and the headquarters at Washing-
ton had already been placed at the disposal of the Department of State. The Di-
rector of the Division attended the Conference in person as one of the two general
Legal Advisers and as a Technical Delegate to the Conference, spending a year in
Paris in connection with its labors. It is proper to remark, in this connection, that
Mr. Finch, Assistant Director of the Division, and Mr. Crocker, of the Division,
attended the Conference as Assistant Legal Advisers.
On the I2th of November, 1921, a Conference for the Limitation of Armament
and for the consideration of Pacific and Far Eastern Questions, opened in the City
of Washington, under the Chairmanship of Secretary Hughes. The Chairman of
this meeting was among the five delegates of the United States, and the Director of
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 137
the Division of International Law was one of the American advisers. At the re-
quest of the Department of State, the Division of International Law had prepared
documents in the form of monographs for the use of the Conference. Of these,
however, it is not necessary to speak, as the Chairman of this meeting has, in an
address before the Trustees of April 21, 1922, mentioned the publication of the
Division which, in his opinion and doubtless in the opinion of his colleagues, was
the most important of the many, and the services which the Division of Inter-
national Law rendered to the Conference, and can render in the future. He said :
As to the work of the Division of International Law, that is a business of instruction, a busi-
ness of education, a business not to make all members of a democracy international lawyers, but
to put everywhere possible the material by means of which the leaders of opinion in all communi-
ties may know what are the real rights and duties of their country, so that it may be possible for
the people who do not study and are not competent to understand, to get a source of intelligent
and dispassionate information. And that process has been going on steadily.
We had one very important illustration of the advantage of it during the past year. I really
do not know how the Far Eastern work of the late Conference upon the Limitation of Armament
could have been done without MacMurray's book which had just a few months before been pub-
lished by the Endowment. The whole process of ranging the nine nations represented in the Con-
ference upon a basis of agreement for the treatment of Chinese questions so as to facilitate the
heroic efforts of the Chinese people to develop an effective and stable self-government would have
been exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, if we had not had those two big volumes published by
the Endowment upon our tables for access at any moment. We were continually referring to them
and the members could turn to such a page and find such a treaty and such an agreement and have
the real facts readily accessible. If the tentative arrangement towards helping the Chinese in their
struggle works out, as I think it will, the publication of those books, at the time when they were
published, will be worth to the world all the money that has been spent on the Division of Inter-
national Law from the beginning. There were a dozen other books to which we continually referred.
The assistance of the Division of International Law of this Endowment in that Conference
very well illustrates the way in which help can be given. I used to come in here and I would find
like as not some Frenchman or Japanese or Dutchman, or members of the other delegations, con-
sulting with Dr. Scott, or in the library. There was a feeling that this was a kind of neutral ground,
that this was a place where they could get sympathy and help. It was unlike going to the Ameri-
can Government. They could come here in a way they could not go to the State Department.
And many a rough place was smoothed out and many an excitement was cooled down in that way.
III. THE HAGUE ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Mr. Nelidow, President of the Second Peace Conference, called attention to a
project to establish, with the cooperation of the Governments, an Academy of
International Law at The Hague, in which systematic instruction should be given
in public international law and in the conflict of laws to use the English expres-
sion, but which in other parts of the world is called private international law. He
considered the undertaking to be very useful otherwise, he would not have called
it to the attention of the Conference and given it the prestige of his approbation.
He thought, however, that it should be undertaken by private initiative and sup-
ported by private munificence. In this connection, he mentioned the name of Mr.
Carnegie. There was at the time a project for the establishment of a university in
138 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
The Hague, as a part of a larger project; but when the Carnegie Endowment was
established indeed, before its establishment the Director discussed with Mr.
Asser, a distinguished publicist of Holland, the advisability of a smaller scheme,
one more in accordance with Mr. Nelidow's suggestion. Mr. Asser formed a com-
mittee of representative Dutch publicists, of which he acted as Chairman, and
upon their recommendation and the support of enlightened publicists throughout
the world, the Executive Committee recommended to the Trustees the establish-
ment of an Academy of International Law at The Hague. The Trustees voted its
creation and its financial support to the extent of forty thousand dollars a year,
and arrangements were made for its formal opening in August, 1914. The Great
War prevented at that time further progress. Upon the return of peace, the ques-
tion was taken up, and, availing themselves of the meeting of the Advisory Com-
mittee of Jurists at The Hague, the Chairman of this meeting and your speaker
discussed the advisability of action in its behalf. As a result of discussion, the
following resolution was unanimously adopted :
The Advisory Committee of Jurists, assembled at The Hague to draft a plan for a Permanent
Court of International Justice,
Gladly avails itself of this opportunity to express the hope that the Academy of International
Law, founded at The Hague in 1913, and whose operation has, owing to circumstances, been inter-
rupted, shall, as soon as possible, enter upon its activity alongside of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration and the Permanent Court of International Justice, in the Peace Palace at The Hague.
On July 14, 1924, the Academy was formally opened in the Peace Palace,
under the Presidency of His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Holland
and in the presence of the entire Diplomatic Corps at The Hague, Two days
later, on Monday, the i6th, the Academy began its labors. Its success was in-
stantaneous.
The Curatorium as the board of trustees of the Academy is called is made
up of twelve members of different nationalities, of which a member from Holland,
and the Director of the Division of International Law, are permanent. It deter-
mines the program for the ensuing year, and invites the professors. It has wisely
decided that until the situation of the war changes, only topics of the law of peace
shall be discussed, inasmuch as questions relating to the war can not at present be
approached in the spirit of detachment which science requires. The purpose is to
have timely questions of international law and of international relations discussed
by competent persons of different nationalities, before an audience of students
drawn from the different countries of the world.
The Academy meets for a period of two months at The Hague, between the
middle of July and the first week of September, so as not to interfere with the
sessions of any university, academy, or school of political science. The instruc-
tion is intended to be of an advanced nature, taking up the consideration of the
subjects where national institutions leave off. It therefore supplements; it does
not compete. The Academy is appropriately installed in the Peace Palace, as it
is in the highest sense of the word an agency of peace. But the quarters are
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 139
cramped. In 1923, 350 students enrolled, but only 130 could be accommodated;
in the present year, some 400 enrolled, but only the same number of students were
admitted. The professors on each occasion were chosen from 16 different coun-
tries; the student body on each occasion was from some 30 different countries.
It is an international institution in an international city, with an international
professorate and an international student body, and the instruction is in French,
the international language.
It will be seen, Mr. Chairman, that in effect, although not in form, each ses-
sion of the Academy is a conference of teachers of international law drawn from
sixteen different countries; and that it is a conference of students of international
law drawn from no less than thirty. The subjects professed dealt in the first
year with the fundamentals of international law. The present year dealt with
certain phases of these subjects, and it is expected that from year to year topics of
a timely nature will be discussed in all their bearings, so that the proceedings will
interest not only students and professors, but foreign offices of every nation. The
student body is insistent that the courses be published, in order that they may
have the benefit in permanent form of their instruction, and arrangements are
being made to that effect with the result that each session will advance inter-
national law as a science and as an art, and that the principles of international law
applicable in the present, as well as in the past, will be diffused throughout the
world, not merely by word of mouth, but by the printed page.
It should be said, in this connection, that while the professors receive a mod-
erate honorarium, the student body is admitted gratuitously.
The first session of the Academy was an instant success; the second session
appears to have given even greater satisfaction and while prophecy is dangerous,
it would seem that the world has been endowed with a further agency of peace,
appropriately installed in the Peace Palace of The Hague, alongside of the Per-
manent Court of Arbitration and the Permanent Court of International Justice,
whose labors it analyzes, popularizes, and makes known to the farthermost parts
of the globe.
IV. CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
It has been stated in the course of this memorandum that the labors of
international conferences can be aided by the researches of publicists and the
labors of scientific bodies. The Chairman of this meeting has on more than one
occasion stated in public that the fruitful results of the First and Second Con-
ferences at The Hague would have been impossible had it not been for the labors
in advance of the Institute of International Law. Indeed, he has been inclined
to consider this body as a preparatory committee of the international conference,
and so impressed has he been with the usefulness of bodies of this kind, that in
his first resolution laid before the Advisory Committee in behalf of the resumption
of conferences of the Hague type, it is provided in its second article that
140 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
the Institute of International Law, the American Institute of International Law, the Union Juri-
dique Internationale, the International Law Association, and the Iberian Institute of Compara-
tive Law be invited to prepare with such conference or collaboration inter sese as they may deem
useful, projects for the work of the Conference to be submitted beforehand to the several Govern-
ments and laid before the Conference for its consideration and such action as it may find suitable.
The resolution fared badly at the hands of the Council; it was rejected in its
entirety by the League of Nations where, according to the official report, the
following colloquy took place, December 18, 1920:
LORD ROBERT CECIL (South Africa) said he hoped that the resolution would not be adopted.
He did not think that a stage had yet been reached in international relations at which it was
desirable to attempt the codification of international law.
The PRESIDENT said that it was not proposed to codify international law under this recom-
mendation, but only to discover the best means of doing so.
LORD ROBERT CECIL said thajt either the recommendation was submitted with serious inten-
tion of proceeding to the codification of international law, or it was a pious hope of no real^ value
or importance. He was opposed to the recommendation because, if it meant something it was
bad and, if it meant nothing, it was worse.
Mr. Root's resolution had better luck, however, with the Governing Board
of the Pan American Union, which, upon the motion of the Secretary of State,
invited the American Institute of International Law to hold a session in the present
year in order to consider the question of codification, and to have its labors in
that field submitted to the official Commission of Jurists composed of two pub-
licists of each of the twenty-one American Republics, to meet at Rio de Janeiro
in 1925, in accordance with a resolution of the Fifth International Conference
of American States held in Santiago in the course of 1923.
It happens that the American Institute of International Law was created
with such a purpose in mind. I quote from a memorandum under date of
June 3, 1911, prepared for the Chairman's attention after a conference with Mr.
Alejandro Alvarez, a distinguished publicist of Chile, with whose cooperation
the American Institute of International Law was founded.
I suggested [it is the Director of the Division of International Law speaking] the establish-
ment in the capital of each Latin-American country of a local society of international law which
might work in harmony with our society, and Mr. Alvarez expressed himself as heartily in favor
of the idea. After reflection and very much discussion, we came to the conclusion that the best
way to draw the leaders of thought together would be to create an American Institute of Inter-
national Law, in which each country should have equal representation, say five members; that the
members of each country should organize at their capital a local society of international law; that
the Institute should hold annual meetings, preferably at Washington, and discuss scientific
questions of international law, especially those relating to peace, so that, little by little, a code of
international law might be drafted which would represent the enlightened thought of American
publicists and be the result of their sympathetic collaboration. Mr. Alvarez informed me that he
was on his way to Paris to prepare a draft code of international law to be presented to the
committee appointed pursuant to the resolution of the Pan American Conference [of 1906].
Knowing that the delegates of the Governments would not represent international law but the
views of the Governments appointing them, that is to say, that the code would be political instead
of scientific, I suggested that a much more satisfactory code could be produced by the painstaking
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 14!
study of unofficial publicists, and that a code produced under such circumstances would not merely
be better in itself but would stand a better chance of adoption in whole or in part by the Govern-
ments, either expressly at some Pan American Conference or silently and piecemeal in the practice
of the various offices.
What was dimly foreseen in 1911 is a reality in 1924, and on the 4th of De-
cember, the Director of the Division of International Law leaves for Lima as a
Delegate of the United States to the Third Pan American Scientific Congress,
and to attend the special session of the American Institute of International Law
meeting at Lima in connection with and under the auspices of that Congress, in
order to consider the codification of international law, at the request of the twenty-
one Republics of the Western Hemisphere.
It is appropriate to add in this connection that the first meeting of the Ameri-
can Institute was held in Washington, in connection with the Second Pan Ameri-
can Scientific Congress, and that on that occasion it adopted a Declaration of the
Rights and Duties of Nations, of American origin and American workmanship,
intended to be the cornerstone of any code of international law. In his address at
Philadelphia on November 30, 1923, on the centenary of the Monroe Doctrine,
Secretary of State Hughes took occasion to refer to this declaration, accepting it
on behalf of the United States, and stating that it puts in the form of law the policy
of the United States towards the Republics of Latin America, In view of the
importance of this Declaration, both on the part of Secretary Hughes and of the
American Institute, I deem it advisable to quote a few lines from the address:
First. We recognize the equality of the American Republics, their equal rights under the law
of nations. Said Chief Justice Marshall : "No principle of general law is more universally acknowl-
edged than the perfect equality of nations. ... It results from this equality that no one can right-
fully impose a rule upon another."
|4 At the first session of the American Institute of International Law, held in Washington in the
early part of 1916, the jurists representing the American Republics adopted a declaration of the
rights and duties of nations. This declaration stated these rights and duties "not in terms of
philosophy or of ethics but in terms of law," supported by decisions of the Supreme Court of the
United States. The declaration set forth the following principles:
I. Every nation has the right to exist, and to protect and to conserve its existence;
but this right neither implies the right nor justifies the act of the state to protect itself or to
conserve its existence by the commission of unlawful acts against innocent and unoffending
states.
II. Every nation has the right to independence in the sense that it has a right to the
pursuit of happiness and is free to develop itself without interference or control from other
states, provided that in so doing it does not interfere with or violate the rights of other states.
III. Every nation is in law and before law the equal of every other nation belonging to
the society of nations, and all nations have the right to claim and, according to the Declaration
of Independence of the United States, "to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them."
IV. Every nation has the right to territory within defined boundaries and to exercise
exclusive jurisdiction over its territory, and all persons whether native or foreign found therein.
V. Every nation entitled to a right by the law of nations is entitled to have that right
respected and protected by all other nations, for right and duty are correlative, and the right
of one is the duty of all to observe.
It can not be doubted that this declaration embodies the fundamental principles of the policy
of the United States in relation to the Republics of Latin America. When we recognized these
142 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Republics as members of the family of nations we recognized their rights and obligations as re-
peatedly defined by our statesmen and jurists and by our highest court.
The American Institute is a pioneer in the great work which, if successful,
will give the twenty-one American Republics a code of international law by which
their conduct shall be measured and their intercourse controlled. If successful ,
it will point the way to the preparation of a general code for the other members of
the international community, and it will supply to the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice at The Hague, and any international court of justice in the West-
ern Hemisphere, the law to be administered by its judges in international disputes
submitted to judicial settlement.
How far that little candle throws his beams !
So shines a good deed in a naughty world.
I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the Division of International Law has both in
letter and in spirit, endeavored to give effect to the policy urged upon the Trustees
by Mr. Carnegie in his letter of December 14, 1910, creating the Endowment of
International Peace.
DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
To THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE :
It is now some six years since the work of the Division of Economics and
History has been concentrated upon the preparation of the Economic and Social
History of the World War. Although it is too soon to attempt to appraise the
value of what has already been done in the fulfilment of this plan, it is nevertheless
fitting that from time to time those responsible for the program should turn from
the detailed chronicle of current work to recall the purpose and direction of the
enterprise as a whole.
The purpose of the History was to ascertain so far as was possible at the pres-
ent time the extent of the displacement caused by the World War in the normal
processes of civilization. The subject-matter, therefore, was not properly the
war itself but the history of modern civilization under the stress of war. The pur-
pose of such a survey, or at least its justification by a foundation for international
peace, lay mainly in the fact that no such analysis of the effect of war upon society
had ever been made. Although there is no other theme in history more constant
than war and none which plays a larger r61e in it, yet there has never been until
now an attempt to analyze the war process as such. History has simply accepted
the fact of war and limited its interest to the narrative of causes, the course of
military events and the terms of treaties of peace. The double threads of politics
and strategy, such as one finds already in Thucydides, are the warp and woof of
practically all war histories down to the present time. No comprehensive at-
tempt has yet been made to measure the effects upon Europe of the Napoleonic
wars, outside of the rather obvious recasting of the political framework of Europe
or the casual and partial studies of commerce, finance and vital statistics, made
on imperfect source material by researchers, long posterior to the event. The
same is equally true of other modern wars, the only ones for which sufficient data
could be available for serious investigation.
In short, history has never yet taught us what war does. This being so,
there could hardly be a well-informed public opinion with reference to its legiti-
macy as an instrument for the attainment of a nation's purpose. When responsi-
ble statesmen in the years preceding the World War held the view that wars were
not only inevitable but beneficial to the states engaged in them a necessary
surgery in the process of social evolution there was no answer that could be made
other than that of a contrary opinion. The social and political sciences had never
analyzed the data in the case.
It should be said in passing that the situation thus outlined with reference to
144 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
war is also true of most other questions in the field of the social and political
sciences. The analysis of the facts of human history is at least a century behind
the development of the physical sciences. We have been satisfied hitherto with
the chance methods of fumbling, through trial and error. While we have been
learning to appropriate the products of science for the intimate details of ^daily
life, we have left the determination of the largest issues, both national and inter-
national, to ancient tribal prejudice, corrected but slightly by half -knowledge or a
priori theories of the doctrinaire. Intelligence in the shape of the physical
sciences has assumed control of the material relationships of men and nations to
a far greater degree than of their human relationships. The result is by no means
reassuring; for the processes of destruction which are invoked in war lie chiefly in
the field of the physical sciences, where control is developing most; while the con-
structive processes of peace, based more upon human elements, varied and un-
certain in origin and scope, lag behind or lose ground. More especially is this
true of the formal efforts to find substitutes for war. Compared with the achieve-
ments of science, the creations of politics in this regard are still little more than
primitive.
That is not to say that one can look forward to any immediate reconstruction
of society upon the basis of logic or even of reason. The applied social and polit-
ical sciences may measure with increasing accuracy the movement and probable
direction of events ; but the phenomena with which they deal always tend to escape
control. The most that one can demand of intelligence in this regard is that it be
ready to remake its judgments on the basis of knowledge rather than of accepted
prejudice, and that its motives for action and the subsequent policies should be
reconsidered and determined in the light of objective study. It is as a part of this
process of clarification that the history of the World War offers its contribution.
The difficulties, however, of such a method of inductive study are great.
The complexities of modern civilization have developed in geometric ratio with the
progress of inventions. To a large extent these new relationships can be measured
by statistical formulae, and in a single field, at least, one may calculate the curves
of progress or recession. This measurable element is the proper field of economic
inquiry. But there remains, in addition, the imponderable forces which escape
mathematics. They are the subject-matter of history proper. Both combine in
the field of economic and social history.
First, a word concerning the more purely economic problems with which the
Economic and Social History of the World War must deal. Any attempt to meas-
ure the displacement caused by the War involves much more than a simple statis-
tical calculation of the effort expended or the cost incurred at the time. It is not a
problem in statics but in dynamics. It must, first of all, ascertain the probabilities
as to the course of events had there been no war to interrupt them. This is a cal-
culation which precedes the narrative in each division of the Economic History.
Taken subject by subject the problem has been successfully faced in most of the
industrial and commercial history covered in the European Series, But the prob-
ECONOMICS AND HISTORY 145
lem assumes other dimensions the moment one comes to put these different con-
tributions together in order to calculate what might be called the progressive
movement of the world's prosperity, whose upward curve the World War shat-
tered. This was not a single consistent line even in any one country but rather an
intermittent series of progress and decline, corresponding to some as yet not fully
apprehended law of the recurrence of periods of prosperity and hard times. As an
illustration, if one takes the problem of unemployment in Great Britain as affected
by the War, one must measure its extent against a probable recurrence of hard
times had there been no war at all. These factors in the development of the mod-
ern business world are commonplaces in economic theory, but none the less are
constantly ignored in popular presentations of the problem. The data are as
yet unavailable for the formulation of a scientific statement of the costs of the
War.
As pointed out in previous reports, the subjects considered in this economic
section of the War History have, for the most part, dealt with problems arising
from war-time controls of industry, commerce, finance or labor. It was inevitable
that this should be so since this was the greatest single fact in the transformation of
the economic activities of war-time. But in judging these controls there are natu-
rally two points of view that of the administrator who was in control and that of
the controlled capitalist or worker. So far the narrative has come mainly from the
former class. This, also, is almost inevitable since the records of government con-
trol alone can offer complete statistical data ; and they, in turn, demand interpreta-
tion by those familiar with the processes to be described. But in many cases the
industrial community itself has a different point of view from that embodied in
official figures; and, were the economic survey to be complete, this variant and
sometimes critical judgment should also be registered. The opponents of govern-
ment control should have fair opportunity for expressing their objections. As a
matter of fact, this opportunity was offered to more than one branch of industry;
but except in France and Germany the critic has been reluctant to turn histo-
rian. It is of course true that there are various and sound reasons why business,
while objecting to what it calls the " bureaucratic " point of view, finds difficulty in
offering a substitute narrative which might involve the opening up of trade secrets.
There is little likelihood, therefore, that the full story of the effect of the War upon
business will ever be adequately told by business itself. That being so, it is a
matter of no small moment that the volumes in this series which have been written
by those who directed the controls should have been recognized so generally in the
press as having risen above the war-time controversies to the impartial attitude of
the historian.
The extent to which this has been achieved in the British Series is a matter for
constant comment in the press notices. That element of personal or of official
justification which the reader might naturally expect to find in post-war memoirs
of this character, and to which attention was drawn by the Editor in his General
Preface, has been almost entirely eliminated through the cooperation of the au-
146 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
thors with the various editorial boards. In this connection it should be noted that
there has been no attempt in the volumes published so far, to justify the theories
of war-time government as applicable to peace-time conditions. Practically the
only dissatisfaction which has been expressed in the press with reference to the
treatment of war-time government control has been on the part of those who would
have wished to see in these volumes documentary evidence of the validity of such
control under normal conditions. The volumes so far published have not con-
tributed to this theory. In fact, their conclusions, as a whole, run directly coun-
ter. It is, however, becoming more and more apparent that the theory outlined
in last year's report concerning the inevitability of the control of industry in war-
time is a sound conclusion. While the History, itself, is not concerned with
movements of reform based upon this conviction, it may contribute ultimately
toward the general acceptance of some practical plan for taking the profit out of
war through the conscription of capital, as well as labor, which, if known before-
hand, might well prove an effective check to the spread of that kind of provocative
chauvinism in business circles which has been a frequent menace to peace, in the
dealings between commercial nations.
Economic history rests largely upon statistical data. Social history has no
such standards of measurement. The phenomena of social life are mostly im-
ponderable and illusive. In this field, therefore, judgment and insight count
more than the precision of measurements. The technique of history is and always
will remain as much an art as a science. It is true that in some fields, like those of
criminology, measurements serve as a definite guide, where the extent of the revolt
against existing morals may be definitely established. But relatively few such
opportunities to employ the statistical method are available in the broad and vari-
ant fields of social history. Indeed, of all branches of history, this is admittedly
the most difficult; for it attempts to deal with the common lives of common men,
and hitherto such prosy facts have generally not been regarded as material for
history. The result has been to perpetuate a misleading emphasis, since senti-
ments felt most profoundly, if in harmony with the existing society, leave no
trace for the analyst; while the merest casual exception is likely to find current
mention and so to become an item in the subsequent historical narrative. History
shares in this regard the fallacy of journalism. The theory that the final judgment
of history must be left for later generations ignores this fallacy, for unless the
contemporary survey is adequate, the sources which it provides for subsequent
research will deal primarily with the incidental rather than the fundamental
elements of social evolution*
In order to bring out the problem of contemporary achievement, the mono-
graphs in this field in the Economic and Social History of the World War have
nearly all been limited to local history in definite areas. In some cases a dominat-
ing factor in the locality gave a relative unity to the narrative, as in the case of
the Clyde Valley or the industrial region of North Italy; in others the urban unit
ECONOMICS AND HISTORY 147
offered ready and not too comprehensive material to the historian as in the case
of the larger studies of France, each of which has been made the subject of special
study. Each local monograph is therefore to some extent a preliminary syn-
thesis of society as a whole, and the general conception and purpose of the History
has not been lost sight of.
This can best be seen in the case of the first monograph of local history to be
published in the collection, that dealing with the war history of the city of Lyons,
written by the Mayor of Lyons who is, at the same time, Prime Minister of France,
Monsieur Edouard Herriot. In the introduction to this monograph Monsieur
Herriot has definitely and frankly described the way in which a study in local
war history can reach out to deal with the general problems which the War pre-
sents to the historian of civilization. Incidentally, he treats of a problem which
has been alluded to in previous reports of this Division, namely, the obligation
which rests upon a scientific survey to deal with the data of war objectively and
not in a propaganda spirit; which means, in this case, a readiness to consider the
gains which have been imputed to society from war activities as well as the losses
which are more likely to be emphasized in a post-war period. There is a certain
quality about both the thought and the expression of Monsieur Harriot's intro-
ductory paragraphs which justify their quotation at this point.
For a purpose with which I am in sympathy that of studying in its economic consequences
the terrible phenomenon of war and of showing from its catastrophic effect the need to prevent its
recurrence the Carnegie Endowment has graciously asked me, as the Mayor of Lyons, for a con-
tribution to its vast inquiry.
Before setting to work to satisfy that request I have earnestly endeavored to understand the
intentions of our American friends. If I interpret them rightly, their purpose is to fight war other-
wise than by vain oratory. One may ask oneself how it is that this terrible scourge has not yet
been checked, notwithstanding the many scientific and moral advances made by humanity. It has
not been for lack of condemnation by the noblest minds. To speak of France alone, already
Bossuet dared to say before Louis XIV: "War is such a horrible thing that I am astounded that its
name alone has not made people shrink from it in horror/ 1 Fenelon, in his Dialogues of the Dead t
adds that: "War is an evil which is a stain upon mankind. ... It is not allowable to make war,
except against one's will, in the last extremity, to resist the violence of the enemy." All our great
philosophers of the eighteenth century have directed their talent against that barbarism. The
boldest of all, Voltaire, even then discovering the ideas which are inspiring the Carnegie inquiry,
wrote in his Philosophical Dictionary: "The most unblushing flatterer must easily agree that war
always brings famine and disease in its wake; he has but to see the hospitals of the armies fighting
in Germany and pass through villages which have been the scene of some great military exploit."
Nevertheless, in spite of the many denunciations from Christian thinkers or the rationalizing
philosophers, war not only has persisted, but even has increased. We have seen in 1914 that a few
days, or even a few hours, sufficed to arouse the instincts which throw one people against another,
to incite race hatred, to provoke the destruction of all the forms of life. Clearly, it is not sufficient
to fight the monster merely with moral weapons. President Root has declared with great justice
that it is necessary to have men see war in its true aspects, not in the way in which it is displayed
to children in pictures or in text-books, but as it reveals itself in the total disorganization of nations,
when it is necessary to throw into the melting-pot all the resources of the peoples, when all the cir-
cumstances of public and private life undergo a complete change* . . . These massacres have never
before upset the existing order of things in the measure in which it happened between 1914 and
1918. The old wars, even the famous wars, like the Thirty Years' War, were child's play compared
148 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
with the last. The summer campaigns were followed by long rests in winter quarters. Descartes,
for instance, participating in the Thirty Years' War in the service of the Duke of Bayana, did not
interrupt his work; on the contrary, he found in the winter quarters during the long interval, con-
ditions most favorable for meditation. But the last war has shaken Europe and a part of the world
down to their very foundations. It has left behind it more ruins than the most terrible cosmic
phenomenon. Our task is to describe these ruins and these disturbances with the help of original
sources of information and in a wholly impartial spirit.
If the ideas which we have summed up are indeed those by which the Editorial Committee
were inspired, they will be found again at the source of this monograph, which intends to describe
the economic and social reactions of the war within a town of about 500,000 inhabitants. We
would not only endeavor to show how that town suffered from the war, but also how it reacted
against it. War has two aspects: a destructive aspect and, when man's spirit dominates it, a
constructive aspect. In the twenty-first chapter of his book on The Future of Science, Ernest Renan
claimed that "movement, war, fears, are the conditions in which humanity really develops,
genius producing powerfully only when swayed by storm; all the great creations of the mind were
brought forth in troubled times." He claims as an example the sixteenth century, superlatively
creative, and, in the distant past, the restless energy of the life of Athens.
That hard theory would seem to be supported by some historical facts. Certain it is that
the dangers which France had to face in 1793 when she was encircled by a formidable coalition,
blockaded on all shores by the British fleets and on all frontiers by the European armies led the
way to notable scientific discoveries. It was ia 1793 that the Brothers Chappe produced aerial
telegraphy. Military flying dates from the captive balloon made by Captain Coutelle at the
battle of Fleurus. The necessity of rapidly casting cannons caused clay mouldings to be replaced
by sand mouldings. Fourcroy invented his rapid process for the manufacture of steel. Sequin
his method for the tanning of leather. Was not the American Rumford, in 1798, able to demon*
strate the identity of heat and movement by observing the effects of the boring of guns? Did
not the American Congress build the first steam war-ship, in 1814, in order to carry on its struggle
against England? Did not the long wars of the Empire stimulate the development of surgery
achieved by Percy and especially by Larrey? Is it not said that Lucas made in India, when he
served as a military doctor, the observations which allowed him to venture the attempts to trans-
plant human organs?
Does this mean that Renan is right? We do not think so. In the terrible history of wars,
the sum of suffering, too often ignored because it is anonymous, exceeds the sum of prop-ess.
But what we think true is that the misfortune of war forces all keen spirits to oppose to it the
resources of intelligence as well as the resources of kindness. And that is why, without exceeding
the purpose of this study, which is to examine economic facts, we will show how we have tried to
use that horrible experience for the creation of a few useful things as a living protest of the mind
against the blind and stupid work of death.
In this thoughtful passage the Prime Minister of France calls attention to a
problem as yet unsolved, but toward the solution of which the Economic and
Social History of the War should furnish a major contribution. It must be ad-
mitted, with Renan, that war is not entirely a destructive process. The crisis
felt by any society at grips with its destiny, stimulates some compensating gains.
There is an increased stimulus for social output, a heightened moral tension, and a
new consciousness of that sense of mutual dependence within the State which
makes for social cohesion. These forces in which the vital impulses of a nation
find a new and sometimes surprising expression may result in an increased at-
tention to problems of social welfare or in the discovery and application of science.
ECONOMICS AND HISTORY 149
There was perhaps no more surprising revelation of the latent capacity of man-
kind both to endure hardship and to create wealth than that afforded by the bellig-
erent countries in the late war. Practically all calculations of the early months
of the war proved with mathematical precision that the expenditure involved
could not be maintained for more than a short period of time. These calculations
proved erroneous, and to a greater extent than has yet been realized. For the
economic displacement caused by the process of destruction has evidently not
reached the foundations of society. The normal operations of economic life are
much further on their way of recovery than would have seemed possible to one
looking forward from the war period itself to the decade of readjustment suc-
ceeding it.
These considerations, however, may be left for fuller discussion at a later
time. The point to be made here is that in the series of monographs dealing with
social history such as that by Monsieur Herriot, the historian must give due credit
to the patriotic effort of the citizens and not present a one-sided picture of the
calamities of war which would be unrecognizable by those who had contributed
something more positive to war-time society than the mere endurance of its hard-
ships.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES T. SHOTWELL,
Director.
NEW YORK,
March 18,
REPORT OF PROGRESS OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR
About half of the monographs under contract have now been turned in by
authors for editorial acceptance or revision. It is difficult to give exact figures as
to the completion of texts, for almost every fortnight adds to the number. The
process of editing has naturally led to a somewhat longer period of delay during
the current year, owing to the fact that the central administration has been
brought back to the American office, but a study of the tables given below will
show that the editors have kept up with their task. A consistent effort has been
made to avoid delay in the case of any monograph which deals with a matter of
current interest. On the other hand, wherever questions have arisen involving
further research or readjustment, no pressure for immediate publication has been
permitted to stand in the way of thoroughgoing revision. The rate of reading of
monographs indicated in the last annual report, namely, an average of about one
every three days or over three hundred readings in the course of a year, has not
been maintained during the current year, but with the amount of proofreading
involved in an increase in publication, the amount of work involved in the control
of the series has not diminished.
Publishing Arrangements
The new publishing arrangements by which the Yale University Press were
to assume general direction of publication in Europe and become sole publishers
in America has gone into operation during the last year. It is already evident
that no other method of publication could have solved the complicated business
situation which was bound to arise from the simultaneous publication in so many
different countries, without imposing an unduly heavy administrative task upon
the Endowment itself. It is gratifying to report that the publishing plans have
been accepted and put into operation in France, Germany, Italy and Austria and
that the revised contract with the Oxford University Press has also been ratified.
The new arrangements have not only simplified the bookkeeping by eliminating
printing bills as a separate charge (while in no way renouncing oversight as to
prices, charges, etc.)? but they have given an added stimulus to distribution. The
publishers have entered into the spirit of the new arrangements with the most
cordial cooperation and are working out, under the direction of the Yale Univer-
sity Press, methods of publicity which are bringing the volumes to the attention
of wide circles of readers.
It has long been recognized that the proper distribution of books of this kind,
more especially when published by institutions or foundations, is almost as serious
a problem as their preparation. An effort is now being made to deal with it in
150
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR IJI
the case of the Economic History of the War. Under the direction of the Yale
University Press, the Director's assistant in London, Miss Edith Brown, has been
entering into correspondence with scientific institutions, business and political
organizations and other bodies whose members might interest themselves in
works of this kind. In many instances the authorities in the organizations
concerned have expressed a readiness to cooperate with the publishers and some
of them have taken the responsibility of circularizing their members with reference
to the most recent publications that bear upon their particular interests. In
this way the various volumes of the History have been brought to the attention
of many thousands of leading citizens in Britain and on the Continent. The
cost of this effort has been relatively slight and while it is impossible as yet to
estimate the results in increase of sales, the books are at last becoming known by
those for whom they were prepared. The intelligent reading public will no longer
be able to claim that researches of this character have not been made available
through an inadequate publicity. In last year's report mention was made of the
fact that the Economic History formed the subject of a paper read by the General
Editor in the French Academy of Moral and Political Science. During the cur-
rent year further reports have been made in that body with reference to the
successive monographs as they appeared. In addition, Professor Pirenne has
presented to the Royal Academy of Belgium a long detailed statement of the
History as a whole.
Without unduly advertising the series, the History is now sufficiently well
known to insure adequate treatment in book reviews of the various monographs
as they appear.
The plans for translation indicated in last year's report have worked well.
Four volumes of the French Series have been translated in a shortened and sum-
marized form. This text has not been sent to the printer but is held back until
there will be enough volumes of the abridged series so that publication can be
continuous. In the course of this year the translation of German and Austrian
volumes has also been begun, and the editor is happy to announce in this regard
the cooperation of English scholars of the highest rank, will insure adequate
translations. Three more volumes from these series are at present in process
of translation.
British Series
Of the British Series fifteen volumes have now been published, three are at
present in press, and the completed manuscripts of three more are in the hands of
the editors. The book reviews quoted in the Outline of Plan bear witness to
the quality of the volumes published. But the distinctive note of personality
which has contributed so much to this, has at the same time made more difficult a
coherent scheme of cooperation and a well-rounded survey of the British War
History. In contrast with the Continental Series, it was not outlined as a unit
before the contributors proceeded upon their individual tasks. The field of each
152 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
monograph was blocked out as in the case of the Continental Series, but the
assignments were not followed up with the same degree of editorial control. That
would have been a hindrance rather than a help to the British author. But the
emphasis which such a method places upon individual initiative has been re-
sponsible not only for the inequalities in the series but also the fact that it is still
incomplete. There is as yet no adequate analysis of the effect of the War
upon British public finance. However, the absence of this monograph is partly
compensated for by an exhaustive survey of British War Budgets, which has just
gone to press. Further studies are also well under way dealing with British war
taxation and the displacement of private wealth caused by the War. If it should
prove possible yet to secure the missing volume on public finance, the British
Series would then cover most of the problems in this field.
In addition to the missing study of public finance, there is still lacking in this
series a survey of the effects of war upon British industries as seen from the
standpoint of the critic of control. The British business man is a competent
critic of his government but a reluctant historian. The only section of the British
Series in which this double narrative of control and its criticism is worked out is
in the story of the effect of war upon labor. That astonishing bureaucracy, em-
ploying almost one hundred thousand administrative officials to control over three
million laborers working in government surveys, is described both from the stand-
point of the government and of the effect upon organized labor. In so contro-
versial a field the impartial quality of these two exhaustive surveys augurs well
for the possibilities in other divisions of the series if suitable contributors could be
found. It is unlikely, however, that further steps will be taken in this direction.
Monographs Published
Year
Manual of Archive Administration Mr. Hilary Jenkinson 1922
War Government of the British Dominions Prof. A. B. Keith 1922
Prices and Wages in the United Kingdom 1914-
1920 Prof. A. L. Bowley 1922
The Cotton Control Board Mr. H. D. Henderson 1922
Allied Shipping Control:
An Experiment in International Administra-
tion Sir Arthur Salter, K.C.B. 1922
Bibliographical Survey Miss M. E, Bulkley 1923
Food Production in War Sir Thomas Middleton, K.B.E* 1923
The British Coal-Mining Industry during the War Sir Richard Redmayne, K.C.B. 1923
Trade Unionism and Munitions Mr. G. D. H. Cole 1923
Workshop Organization " 1923
Labour in the Coal-Mining Industry " 1923
Labour Supply and Regulation Mr, Humbert Wolfe 1923
Experiments in State Control at the War Office
and Ministry of Food Mr. E. M. H. Lloyd 1924
Industries of the Clyde Valley during the War Prof. W f R. Scott and Mr. J. Cunnison 1924
British Archives and the Sources for the History of
the World War Dr. Hubert Hall 1925
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR
153
Monographs in Press
Rural Scotland during the War:
Introduction
Scottish Fisheries
Scottish Agriculture
Scottish Land Settlement
The Scottish Agricultural Labourer
Appendix on Jute
The War and Insurance:
Life Insurance
Fire Insurance
Shipping Insurance
Friendly Societies and Health Insurance
Unemployment Insurance
National Savings Movement
British War Budgets and Financial Policy
Prof. W. R. Scott
Mr. D. T. Jones
Mr. H. M. Conacher
Prof. W. R. Scott
Mr. Duncan
Dr. J. P. Day
Mr. S. G. Warner
Mr. E. A. Sich and Mr. S. Preston
Sir Norman Hill
Sir Arthur Watson
Sir William H. Beveridge
Sir William Schooling
Mr. F. W. Hirst and Mr. J. E. Allen
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
General History of British Shipping during the War
Guides to the Study of War-Time Economics:
(a) Dictionary of Official War-Time Organisations
(b) Economic Chronicle of the War
Mr. C. Ernest Fayle
Dr. N. B. Dearie
Dr. N. B. Dearie
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
Taxation and War-Time Incomes:
Taxation during the War
War-Time Profits and their Distribution
British Food Control
The Wool Trade during the War
The British Iron and Steel Industry during the War
Effect of the War upon Public Health:
Public Health Conditions in England during the War
Health of the Returned Soldier
Wales in the World War
War Government of Great Britain and Ireland
Sir Josiah C. Stamp
Sir Josiah C. Stamp
Sir William Beveridge, K.C.B.
and
Sir Edward C. K. Gonner, K.B.E.
Mr. E. F. Hitchcock
Mr. W. T. Layton, C.H., C.B.E.
Dr. A. W. J. Macfadden, C.B.
Dr. E. Cunyngham Brown, C.B.E.
Thomas Jones, LL.D.
Prof. W. G. S. Adams
Austrian and Hungarian Series
Of* all the fields covered by the History, none has proved more worthy of study
and, at the same time, more difficult than this. The breakdown of a great empire
with the consequent dislocation of industrial and economic structure presents a
unique laboratory for the study of the effects of war, but the very extent of the
catastrophe has made it almost impossible to see the process as a whole, especially
in view of the formation of the Succession States. Three volumes in the Series
have already been published and reached this country. A bibliography more
condensed than in the other national series was printed sometime ago, but publica-
154 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
tioii was withheld until other volumes in the series were ready to appear. The
series proper opens with a notable contribution referred to in previous reports, the
story of the Austro-Hungarian bank during the war, told by the governor of the
bank himself. The monthly balance sheets which accompany this volume are
here printed for the first time, and the student of history may now rid himself of
some current misconceptions as to the process by which the Hapsburg Monarchy
went to pieces. The steady exhaustion of its financial resources, concealed at the
time from the populace by all the devices of war finance, stands revealed in the
figures of this report. Even had the war proved a military success, Austria's
financial ruin would have accentuated the movements for secession through an in-
evitable revolt against that bureaucracy which would have symbolized the costs of
war. The lesson contained in this volume is one that is pertinent outside Austria
as well as within it; for it and other volumes now in press should enable critics of
European politics to place a juster estimate upon the post-war happenings by a
better understanding of war-time economics* Other notable volumes soon to ap-
pear in the Austrian Series will support the thesis already discernible in this initial
volume. If an objective and scientific study of the effects of war can help thus to
correct current misconceptions, it may contribute more or less directly to a better
understanding between the States formerly members of the Hapsburg Monarchy,
With reference to the Hungarian Series, although several volumes are already
completed in Hungarian it has been decided to withhold the publication of the
German translation in the Vienna text until the whole Hungarian Series shall be
completed. Satisfactory progress, however, is reported in the completion of the
Hungarian texts.
Monographs Published
Bibliography of Austrian Economic Literature Year
during the War Dr. Othmar Spann 1923
Austro-Hungarian Finance during the War Dn Alexander Popovics 1925
Coal Supply in Austria during the War Ing. Emil Homann-Herimberg 1925
Monographs in Press
"Mittel-Europa": the Preparation of a New Joint
Economy Dr. Gustav Gratz and
Dr, Richard Schuller
War Government in Austria Prof. Dr. Joseph Redlich
Labor in Austria during the War Mr, Ferdinand Hanusch
The Effect of the War upon Public Health ia Austria
and Hungary A series of studies by Drs. Helly, Kirch-
enberger, Sterner, Raschofsky, Kasso-
witz, Breitner, von Bokay, Schacherl,
Hockauf, Finger, Kyrle, EHas, Eco-
nomo, Muller-Deham, Nobel, Wagner,
Edelmann, and Mayerhofer, edited
with Introduction by Prof, Pirquet
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 155
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
Food Control and Agriculture in Austria during the
War A series of studies directed'by Dr. H. Lowen-
fcld-Russ
Austrian Railways during the War Ing. Bruno von Enderes
Military Economic History: A series of studies directed by Prof,
Wieser, General Krauss, General Hoen,
Col. Glaise-Horstenau
Conscription, etc. Col. Klose
Munitions and Supply Col. Pflug
Transportation under Military Control Col. Ratzenhofer
Building and Engineering Col. Brunner
Iron Industry Col. Gruber
Economic Use of Occupied Territories:
Serbia, Montenegro, Albania General Kerchnawe
Rumania Mr. Felix Sobotka
Poland General Mitzka
Northern Italy General Seidl
Ukraine General Krauss
Public Health and the War in Austria-Hungary
General Survey of Public Health in Austria-Hungary Prof. Dr. Clemens von Pirquet
Effects of the War upon the Hungarian Government and
People Count Albert Apponyi
Description of Economic Conditions of Hungary Dr. A. Matlckovits
Manuscripts Net Yet Delivered
Exhaustion and Disorganization of the Hapsburg
Monarchy Prof. Dr. Friedrich von Wieser, with a section
on the Disruption of the Austro-Hungarian
Economic Union, by Dr. Richard Schiiller
Empire of Austria
Industrial Control in Austria during the War A series of studies directed by Dr. Richard
Riedl
The Moral Effects of the War upon Austria Ex-Chancellor Dr. Ignaz Seipel
The War and Crime Prof. Franz Exner
Kingdom of Hungary
Economic War History of Hungary: A General Survey Dr. Gustav Gratz
Hungarian Industry during the War Baron Joseph Sztere*nyi
History of Hungarian Commerce during the War Dr. Alexander Matlckovits
History of Hungarian Finance during the War Dr. Johann von Teleszky
Hungarian Agriculture during the War Dr. Emil von Mutschenbacher
Food Control in Hungary during the War Prof. Johann Bud
Social Conditions in Hungary during the War Dn Desider Pap
Belgian Series
The texts of all but one of the volumes in this series have been prepared for first
revision. Owing to the degree of over-lapping which was involved in treating so
many closely associated topics as those of the economic life of Belgium during the
156 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE s
German occupation, it has been necessary to ensure a closer degree of cooperation
among the authors than in the case of any other series in the History. In a sense the
editorial task has been taken over by the authors themselves who are the best
judges as to which sections of double treatment should be preserved in this or that
monograph. The result, however, has been to delay for some months the prepara-
tion of the final text. At the opening of this year the Editor reports an agreement
reached and an accepted text of the major part of the whole series. There re-
mains only to be completed the synthesis by Professor Pirenne himself.
The only volume to be published so far is that dealing with the food supply of
Belgium, written by the secretary of the Belgian Committee. The competence of
the author is unquestionable, but already some misunderstanding has arisen con-
cerning the scope of the monograph in that it has not dealt in great detail with the
story of the American Relief. The full story of that great effort lay outside the
scope of the monograph and has not yet been entered into the plan of the History
as a whole. There is no series dealing with the great international war-time con-
trols. To make the History complete these gigantic enterprises should be dealt
with in the same way as the story of national economics, but it is hoped that this
particular subject will be partially covered in a volume dealing with the American
Food Administration, for which plans are at present under consideration.
Monographs Published Year
Food Supply of Belgium during the German Occupation Dr. Albert Henry 1924
Monographs in Press
German Legislation with reference to the Occupation
of Belgium Drs. J. Pirenne and M. Vauthier
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
Deportation of Belgian Workmen and the Forced
Labor of the Civilian Population during the Ger-
man Occupation of Belgium M, Ferdinand Passelecq
Unemployment in Belgium during the German. Occu-
pation Prof. Ernest Mahaim
Destruction of Belgian Industry by the Germans Count Charles de Kerchove
Economic Policies of the Belgian Government during
the War Prof. F. J. van Langenhove
Manuscript Not Yet Delivered
Belgium and the World War Prof. H. Pirenne
Czechoslovak Series
The important volume by the late Minister of Finance has attracted much attention. In
addition to the English translation published in the History, the text has also appeared in French,
German, Italian and Czech. The volume in which the general effects of the war upon Czecho-
slovakia are to be described is naturally one of the most difficult of the whole survey and plans
for it are moving slowly.
Monographs Published
Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia during the Year
First Year of its History Prof, Alois Rasfn 1923
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 157
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
The Effect of the War upon the Czechoslovak People A volume of studies under the direction of
President Masaryk (to be arranged)
Dutch Series
The Dutch Series was begun late but is developing rapidly. Already over
half the monographs are complete and work has begun upon their translation into
English texts. The previous publication of the monograph by Professor van
der Flier on the Costs of the War has met with very general approval and the
conclusions reached there will now be supplemented by studies up to date.
Monographs Published Year
War Finances in the Netherlands up to 1918 Dr. M. J. van der Flier 1923
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
The Effect of the War upon Supplies and upon Dutch
Agriculture Dr. F. E. Posthuma
The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Manufacturing
Industry Mr. C. J. P. Zaalberg
The Effect of the War upon Prices, Wages, and the Cost
of Living Prof. Dr. H. W. Methorst
The Effect of the War upon Banking and Currency Dr. G. Vissering and Dr. J. Westerman
Holstyn
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
The Effect of the War upon Dutch Commerce and Navi-
gation Mr. E. P. de Monchy
The Effect of the War upon the Dutch Colonies Dr. J. H. Carpentier Alting
War Finances in the Netherlands, 1918-1922. The
Costs of the War Prof. Dr. H. W. C. Bordewyk
The Effect of the War upon the Housing Problem,
1914-1922 Dr. H. J. Romeyn
French Series
During the past year the French Series has made rapid progress, although
much of the work now appearing was already in the hands of the editors a year
ago. Up to the present, five monographs have been published, fourteen are in
press, and eight are being edited. To judge by the press notices, the series seems to
have awakened a very considerable interest in important circles. Three of the
volumes were presented to the Academy of Political and Moral Sciences with high
commendation. Reviews are just beginning to appear.
Looking over the French Series as a whole, attention should be called to a
tendency in French economic interests which it mirrors, which is not without
national significance. There is more emphasis upon what might be called the
engineering aspects of industry than in any other national series. This corre-
sponds to the new trend in the development of France, in which the country is
rapidly balancing its industrial with its agricultural economy. As a result of the
158
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
war France is attempting an adjustment which would no longer leave it a country
dominated by its agricultural population. The fact that the Germans invaded the
industrial north has something to do with this, since it emphasized in the French
mind the value of the industries which were for four years cut off from the rest of
the national economy. In addition to this new interest in the industries of the
invaded area, however, there was the parallel problem of the adaptation to the
French economy of similar industries in Lorraine and Alsace. The result is that
France with its diminished population is concentrated upon industrial problems in
the development of scientific processes to a degree which could not but leave its
reflection in the outlook of the French editorial control. When the French Series
was planned, therefore, a large number of relatively small monographs dealing
with the effect of the war upon specific industries were incorporated in it. These
monographs are very technical and were planned to serve as the basis of a more
comprehensive and imposing volume. Meanwhile, the agricultural history and
that of food supply of France during the war have both gone to press. A series of
local histories covering the period of the war and describing life in the chief French
cities during the war period completes the history of French economic life.
Monographs Published
Effects of the War upon Government: Year
Problem of Regionalism Prof. Henri Hauser *924
Effects of the War upon Textile Industries Prof. Albert Aftalion 1924
The History of French Industry during the War *M. Arthur Fontaine 1925
Effects of the War upon Fuel and Motive Power:
Hydroelectric Power Prof. Raoul Blanchard 1925
The Economic History of Lyons during the War M. Edouard Herriot 1925
Monographs in Press
Bibliographical Guide to the Literature concerning
France for the Economic History of the War
Studies in War-Time Statistics:
Prices and Wages during the War
Supply and Control of Food in War-Time:
Agriculture during the War
Rationing and Food Control
Effect of the War upon the Civil Government of France
Effects of the War upon Transportation :
French Railroads during the War
Internal Waterways, Freight Traffic
Studies in War-Time Labor Problems:
Foreign and Colonial Workmen in France
The Economic History of French Cities during the War:
Bordeaux
Marseilles
Tours
The Cost of the War to France:
War Costs: Direct Expenses
Women in Industry tinder War Conditions
War-Time Finances
Dr. Camille Bloch
M. Lucien March
M. Michel Auge-Laribe
MM. Adolphe Pichon and P. Pinot
Prof. Pierre Renouvin
M. Marcel Peschaud
M. Georges Pocard de Kerviler
M, B. Nogaro
M. Paul Courteault
M. Paul Masson
Prof. M. L'heritier
Prof. Gaston Jeze
M. Marcel Frois
M. Henri Truchy
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 159
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
The Organization of the Republic for Peace M. Henri Chardon
Forestry and the Timber Industry during the War General Georges Chevalier
Effects of the War in the Occupied Territories:
The Organization of Labor in the Invaded Territories M. Pierre Boulin
A Guide to Official War-Time Organizations M. Armand Boutillier du Retail
Labor Conditions during the War MM. William Oualid and
M. C. Picquenard
War-Time Aeronautic Industries Colonel Paul Dhe
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
Studies in War-Time Statistics:
Effect of the War upon Population and upon Incomes M. Michel Huber
Effects of the War upon Metallurgy and Engineering M. Robert Pinot
Effects of War upon Chemical Industries M. Eugene Mauclere
Effects of the War upon Fuel and Motor Power:
Coal Industry and Mineral Fuels M. Henri de Peyerimhoff
Organization of War Industries M. Albert Thomas
Bourges M. C. J. Gignoux
Rouen M. J. Levainville
Studies in War-Time Labor Problems:
Unemployment during the War M. A. Crehange
Syndicalism during the War M. Roger Picard
Effects of the War in the Occupied Territories:
Food Supply in the Invaded Territory MM. Paul Collinet and
Paul Stahl
Damage Inflicted by the War M. Edouard Michel
Refugees and Prisoners of War:
The Refugees and the Interned Civilians Prof. Pierre Caron
Prisoners of War M. Cahen-Salvador
Effects of the War upon French Shipping:
Merchant Shipping during the War M. Henri Cangardel
French Ports during the War M. Georges Hersent
Effects of the War upon French Commerce Prof. Charles Rist
French Commercial Policy during the War - M. Etienne Clementel
War-Time Banking M. Albert Aupetit
Studies in Social History:
Cooperative Societies and the Struggle against High
Prices Prof. Charles Gide
Effects of the War upon the Problem of Housing M. Henri Sellier
Effects of the War upon Public Health:
Public Health and Hygiene M. Leon Bernard
The Wounded Soldiers MM. Cassin and
Ville-Chabrolle
Effects of the War upon Colonies and Possessions:
The Colonies in War-Time M. Arthur Girault
Effects of the War upon Northern Africa M. Augustin Bernard
Effects of the War upon Alsace-Lorraine M. Georges Delahache
Cost of the War to France Prof. Charles Gide
The Economic History of Paris during the War M. Henri Sellier
I6O CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
German Series
The German Series was begun later than the others. It has, however, made
rapid progress during the last two years and already five manuscripts have reached
the editors and one is in press. By chance rather than by design, the first German
monographs to be finished dealt with the effects of the war upon religion and
morals, a field not adequately covered in some of the other series. Shortly follow-
ing them came the monograph dealing with the German public finance during
the War. The competence of the author and of the German editorial control in
this regard can hardly be questioned and it is planned to hasten publication.
Monographs in Press
Bibliographical Survey of German Literature for the
Economic History of the War Prof. Dr. A. Mendelssohn Bartholdy and
Dr. E. Rosenbaum; with a supplemen-
tary section on the Imperial German
Archives, by Dr. Miisebeck
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
The Effect of the War upon Morals and Religion:
(1) The Effect of the War upon Morals Prof. Dr. Otto Baumgarten
(2) The Effect of the War upon Religion Prof. Dr. Erich Foerster and Prof, Dr.
Arnold Rademacher
German Public Finance during the War Prof. Dr. Walter Lotx
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
The Effect of the War upon the Government and Con-
stitution of Germany:
(1) The War Government of Germany Prof. Dr. A. Mendelssohn Bartholdy
(2) The Political Administration of Occupied Terri-
tories Freiherr W, M. E. von Gayl, Dr. W. von
Kries, and Dr. L. F. von Kohler
The Effect of the War upon the Young Dr. Wilhelm Flitner
The War and Crime prof. Moritz Liepmann
The Effect of the War upon Population, Income and
Standard of Living in Germany:
(1) The Effect of the War upon Population Prof. Rudolf Meerwarth
(2) The Effect of the War upon Incomes Prof. Dr. Adolf Gunther
The General Effects of the War upon Production p ro f . Max Sering
The War and Government Control:
(1) State Control and De-Control p ro f. Dr. jj. Goppert
(2) The Supply of Raw Materials under Government
Contro1 . . Dr. A. Koeth
(3) Economic Cooperation with the Allies of Germany
and the Government Organization of Supplies Dr. W. Frisch
Economic Exploitation of Occupied Territories:
Belgium and Northern France Dr. Jahn
Rumania and the Ukraine Dr. Mann
Poland and the Baltic Dr. W. von Kries and Freiherr von Gayi
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR l6l
The Effect of the War upon German Commerce Prof. Dr. W. Wiedenfeld
The Effect of the War upon Shipping and Railways:
(1) The War and German Shipping Dr. E. Rosenbaum
(2) The War and German Railways (to be arranged)
The Influence of the War upon German Industry Geheimrat Hermann Bucher
The War and German Labor Unions MM. Paul Umbreit, Adam Stegerwald,
Anton Erkelenz, and Ex-Chancellor
Gustav Bauer
The Social History of the Laboring Classes during and
after the War:
(1) The War and the German Working Man Ex-Minister David
(2) The War and Wages Prof. Dr. Waldemar Zimmermann
Food Supply and Agriculture:
(1) The War and the Agricultural Population Prof. Max Sering
(2) Food Supply during the War Prof. A. Skalweit
(3) Food Statistics of the War Period Prof. Dr. Ernst Wagemann
(4) The Influence of the War upon Agricultural Production Prof. Dr. Friedrich Aereboe
Italian Series
The Italian Series has also begun to show results. Three volumes are now in
press; and the Italian Series could hardly begin under more auspicious circum-
stances. The Minister of Finance, whose remarkable success during the last year
and a half has been recognized in all countries as one of the greatest achievements
in post-war European statesmanship, leads the series with a volume on the eco-
nomic legislation of Italy during the war. This is an exhaustive compilation of
texts with guides and references furnishing a complete survey of the legal basis
of Italy's war government so far as it affected economic matters. Parallel with
this appears an equally exhaustive study of the chief problem of contemporary
Italy, that of population. The vital statistics of the whole war period are analyzed
in detail and an authoritative estimate made of the total losses due to the war.
The third study is in the field of local history and has been referred to above. It
deals with the effects of the war upon Piedmont and more especially with the
labor problem which became so acute in that part of Italy. Other Italian volumes
are on the way, but there will be no further publications until autumn.
Monographs in Press
The Economic Legislation of the War Prof. Alberto De'Stefani
Vital Statistics and Public Health in Italy during and
after the War Prof. Giorgio Mortara
Social and Economic Life in Piedmont as affected by the
War Prof. Giuseppe Prato
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
Bibliographical Survey of the Economic and Social
Problems of the War Prof. Vincenzo Porri
Food Supply and Rationing Prof. Riccardo Bachi
62 CARNEGIE EKTDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
Agricultural Production in Italy 1914-19 Prof - Umberto R f c j
The Agricultural Classes in Italy during the War Prof. Arngo Serpien
Food Supply of the Italian Army Prof Gaetano Zmgah
War-Time Finances ** Luigi Einaudi
Cost of the War to Italy Prof Lui S l Emandi
Currency Inflation in Italy and its Effects on Prices, In-
comes, and Foreign Exchanges Prof. Pasquale Jannaccone
The Italian People during and after the War: A Social
Survey " Prof * Gioacchino Volpe
Japanese Series
The Japanese Series is now an integral part of the War History. The com-
pleted text of three volumes has been sent in and has proved of great interest and
value. The remaining manuscripts suffered somewhat from the earthquake and
subsequent difficulties, but are practically completed and it is planned to publish
an American translation of the entire Japanese Series in the autumn. In this
connection it should be noted in passing that the Japanese Research Committee is
continuing its activities not only for the History itself, but in the study of economic
war problems, and in no part of the organization of this Division has there been
more earnest effort to realize its aims than upon the part of the Japanese Commit-
tee, working under the direction of its president, Baron Sakatani.
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
Influence of the War upon Production of Raw Materials in Japan Mr. Kobayashi
Influence of the War upon Japanese Industry Mr. Ogawa
Influence of the War upon Japanese Commerce and Trade Mr. Yamazaki
Influence of the War upon Japanese Transportation Mr. Matsuoka
Influence of the War upon Japanese Finance and the Money Market Mr. Ono
Social Influence of the War upon Japan Mr. Kobayashi
Portuguese Series
The volume dealing with the History of Portugal during the War was one of
those completed in the early years of the preparation of the History. In view of
the fact, however, that Portuguese economic history was so largely involved in the
story of politics, both national and international, the narrative could not be held
strictly to the field of economics. The financial estimates were buttressed by
statistical tables procured with considerable difficulty, but it is recognized in the
monograph itself that these statistics taken by themselves are often merely mis-
leading. The narrative is sympathetic with Portugal's effort in the war and
views the whole problem from the standpoint of the Portuguese colonial empire
rather than from that of the European state alone.
Monographs in Press
Economic and Social History of Portugal as affected by
the War Prof. George Young
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR 163
Rumanian Series
Work on the Rumanian Series and in the Balkan regions has benefited during
the past year by a visit of inspection by the Rumanian editor, Mr. David Mitrany,
who has studied carefully the peasant movement as affected by the War, and post-
war-consequences. This is one of the most important social movements of recent
times and has been misunderstood in the American press, where there has been a
tendency to attribute to a perfectly normal indigenous movement Soviet influ-
ences which are relatively minor elements. Clarification of the tendencies shown
in this chapter of social history will be helpful in the furthering of inter-Balkam
peace movements. ,
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
The Rural Revolution in Rumania and South-Eastern
Europe Mr. D. Mitrany
The Effect of the Enemy Occupation of Rumania Dr. G. Antipa
The Effect of the War upon Public Health in Rumania Prof. J. Cantacuzmo
The Effect of the War upon Rumanian Economic Life (Volume to be arranged)
Russian Series
In no part of the History has there been more rapid progress than the Russian
monographs. Studies completed first, and to which reference has been made in
previous annual reports, showed the difficulties of preparation where the source
material was inadequate. These drawbacks are less and less evident as time goes
on and the later monographs sent in to the editors in recent months give evidence
of a much more detailed control of source material and are a valuable contribution
to the History. Emphasis upon agricultural economy has been somewhat further
accentuated by the elimination of one or two of the smaller monographs which had
been planned in the group dealing with industries. But in addition an important
series has already been brought to completion covering the field of state finance
and the effect of the war upon towns and cities.
Translation of the texts has kept pace with the editing and it is hoped to begin
publication of the Russian Series in the course of this summer. Publication has
been delayed until a considerable number of monographs are ready to appear at
the same time.
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
Effects of the War upon Currency and Banking in Russia:
Currency in Russia during the War Prof. Michael V. Bernadsky
Effects of the War upon Government and National
Finances in Russia:
Russian State Credit during the War Mr. Paul N. Apostol
Municipalities and Zemstvos during the War:
The Ail-Russian Union of the Zemstvos and the Zemgor Mr. Sergius P. Turin
164 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Effects of the War upon the Cooperative Movement in
Russia:
Effect of the War upon Agricultural Cooperation and
Cooperative Credit Prof. A - N Anaferoff
Cooperatives of Consumers in Russia during the War Prof. V. T. Totomianz
Effects of the War upon Russian Industries:
Chemical Industry ^ Mr. Mark A Landau
Effects of the War upon Labor and Industrial Conditions;
Flax and Wool Industry Mr. Sergius N. Tretiakoff
Wages in War-Time Miss Anna G - Eisenstadt
Elementary and Secondary Schools during the War Prof. D. M. Odinetz
Universities and Academic Institutions during the War Prof. P. J. Novgorodzeff
Municipalities and Zemstvos during the War:
The War and the Psychology of the Zemstvos Workers Mr. Isaak V. Shklovsky
The Social History of the Ukraine during the War Mr. Nicholas M. Mogilansky
Effects of the War upon Government and National Fi-
nances in Russia:
Effects of the War upon the Central Government Prof. Paul P. Gronsky
State Finances during the War Mr. Alexander M. Michelson
Effect of the War upon Russian Municipalities, and
the All-Russian Union of Towns Mr. N. I. Astroff
Rural Economy in Russia and the War Prof. A. N. Anziferoff, Prof. Alexander
Bilimovitch and Mr. M. O. Batcheff
Effect of the War upon Land Holding and Settlement in
Russia Prof. Alexander D. Bilimovitch and Prof.
V. A. Kossinsky
State Control of Industry in Russia during the War Mr. Simon O. Zagorsky
Effects of the War upon Russian Industries:
Coal-Mining Mr. Boris N. Sokoloff
Changes in the Conditions and Composition of the
Working Classes Mr. W. T. Braithwaite
Effects of the War upon Trade and Commerce:
Internal Russian Trade during the War Mr. Paul A. Bouryshkine
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
Problem of Food Supply in Russia during the War Prof, Peter B. Struve
The Zemstvos Prince Vladimir A. Obolensky
The Russian Army in the World War; A study in social
history General Nicholas N. Golovine
Russia in the Economic War Prof. Boris E. Nolde
Effects of the War upon Transportation in Russia Mr. Michael B. Braikevitch
Effects of the War upon Education and Public Health
in Russia Prof. L. A. Taracievitch
Vital Statistics of Russia during the War Prof. A. A. Tschuproff
Russia in the World War: an historical synthesis Sir Paul Vinogradoff
Effects of the War upon Labor and Industrial Conditions:
Textile (Cotton) Industry Mr, Theodorovitch G* Karpoff
Petroleum Mr. Alexander M. Michelson
Workmen's Family Budgets Mr. Stanislas S, Kohn
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WOELB WAR 1 65
Scandinavian Series
Of the volumes dealing with the effects of the War upon the Scandinavian
countries, those in the Swedish Series have made most rapid progress. The ar-
rangement there has been to bring out the editio princeps in Swedish text at
Stockholm as in the case of the larger Continental series, and to publish a con-
densed narrative in the English translation. Not only has the Swedish text been
largely completed but a portion of the condensed translation has already reached
this country, and it promises a competent and interesting survey of one of the most
acute problems of war-time neutrality. Work on the Norwegian and Danish
volumes is also proceeding satisfactorily.
Manuscripts in Hands of Editors
The Effect of the War upon Swedish Agriculture and
Food Supply Mr. Carl Mannerfelt
Manuscripts Not Yet Delivered
Economic Effects of the War upon Sweden : A series of studies edited and with Intro-
duction by Prof, EH F. Heckscher
The Effects of the War upon the Life and Work of the
Swedish People Prof. Eli F. Heckscher
General Introduction
The Effect of the War upon Swedish Industry Mr. Olof Edstrom
The Effect of the War upon the Working Classes Mr. Otto Jarte
The Effect of the War upon Swedish Currency and Finance Prof. Eli F. Heckscher
The War and Swedish Commerce Mr. Kurt Bergendal
Norway and the World War Dr. Wilhelm Keilhau
The Economic Effects of the War upon Denmark Dr. Einar Cohn, with a section on Iceland
by Mr. Thorstein Thorsteinsson
REPORT OF THE TREASURER
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1924
Assets and Liabilities
Assets
Investments
United States Steel Corporation, Series A, Registered 5%
Gold Bonds
$5 ooo ooo oo
United States Steel Corporation, Series C, Registered 5%
Gold Bonds
5 ooo ooo oo
*
Property and equipment
Real Estate
Administration buildings and site
$184 ooo oo
Building and site, Paris, France
Furniture and fixtures .
135,447.09
26 817 19
Library ....
45 824 66
Income receivable
Interest on $5,000,000.00 United States Steel Corporation,
Series A, Gold Bonds (accrued to June 30, 1924)
$125 ooo oo
392,000 . 94
Interest on $5,000,000.00 United States Steel Corporation,
Series C, Gold Bonds (accrued to June 30, 1924)
83,333 . 33
Q
Special Trust Fund .
200,333 - 33
01 072 38
$10,621,494.65
Liabilities
Endowment
$IO OOO OOO OO
Income appropriated for property and equipment
Unexpended funds to June 30, 1924
Allotted, but unexpended . . ....
$14 *^2 OI
392,088.94
Special Trust Fund . . .
21 O72 "^8
-
Unappropriated funds, June 30, 1924
Accrued on interest due August 31, 1924
$Sl.W*.11
35 62 5 . 29
Realized ....
108 862 56
Q
Overdraft
192,195.09
I *\8A C?
$10,621,494.65
168 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Statement of Receipts and Disbursements from July i, 1923, to June 30, 1924
Receipts
Interest on the Endowment to February 28, 1924 . . .
Interest on bank deposits to June 30, 1924 ....
Interest on income invested
Sales of publications
Refunds
Special Trust Fund : American Association for Interna-
tional Conciliation
Disbursements
SECRETARY'S OFFICE AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION
Salaries $36,086 . 14
Stationery and office expenses 7,518.20
Maintenance of headquarters 10,451 . 80
Traveling expenses 1,771 . 62
Retirement fund 6,050.00
SUNDRY PURPOSES
Library and Information Bureau $11,105.24
Translating Bureau.. , . . $6,856 .07
Employees' Annuities 2,451 .28
Distribution of publications 4,502.52
Year Book 5,725.27
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
Expenses of the Division in New York $16,339.85
Maintenance of the European Bureau 6,682 . 13
Work through the European Bureau 3,169.56
Interamerican Division,
Latin- American Exchange 22,297 .68
American Association for International Conciliation. 35,800.00
Honoraria for the Special Correspondents 7,500.00
International Arbitration League 886.27
Work through newspapers and periodicals 8,387 .82
American Peace Society 11,823 .00
American Group of the Interparliamentary Union . . . 5,500 .00
Institute of International Education 2,006.40
Relations between France and Germany. .....
Entertainment of distinguished foreign visitors.,
International visits of representative men 7,500 .00
$500,000.00
1,686.98
204.42
5436.30
24,564.61
21,072.38
$552,964.69
REPORT OF THE TREASURER
169
Statement of Receipts and Disbursements from July i, 1923, to June 30, 1924
Continued
DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY
Expenses of the Division in New York
Economic and Social History of the World War. . . .
Honoraria and expenses of editorial boards
Honoraria and expenses of collaborators
Japanese Research Committee
Printing publications
Translations
Japanese series of Economic and Social History of the
War
DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Salaries
Office expenses.
International arbitrations
Classics of International Law
Revue g&n&role de droit international public
Journal du droit international
Rivista di Diritto Internationale
Revue de droit international et de legislation comparfo. .
Japanese Review of International Law
Revista de Derecho Internacional
Zettschrift fur Internationales Recht
Zeitschriftfur Volkerrecht
Soci6t6 de Legislation Compared
The Grotius Society of London
Institute of International Law
The Hague Academy of International Law
Printing publications
Biblioth&que Internationale du Droit des Gens
Fellowships in International Law
Honorarium for Professor Gilbert Gidel
Honorarium for M. Jean Teyssaire
Subscriptions to the American Journal of International
Law
Documents pour servir d I'histoire du droit des gens. . .
American Institute of International Law
RecueU des arbitrages internationaux
French translations of German Prize Cases, Part II. .
Politis's La Justice Internationale, purchase of
Minutes of Curatoriura of the Hague Academy
$4,590.42
17,899.99
16,575.00
26,202.55
3,829.68
37,135.32
2,910.00
4486.43
-$113,629.39
$9,925.00
1,655.34
5,148.70
5,44i-S3
546-27
1,182.00
320.00
346.04
2,000.00
7,898.61
250.00
250.00
819.54
1,250.00
20,000.00
40,000.00
29,593.88
1,488.24
9,562.50
300.00
125.00
498.00
750,00
5,000.00
1,200.00
203.25
400.00
800.00
-$146,954.20
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Statement of Receipts and Disbursements from July i, 1923? to June 30,
Continued
BUILDING AND SITE, PARIS, FRANCE
Purchase of building and site, repairs and equipment,
Paris, France
Total disbursements for the fiscal year
Overdraft brought forward from statement of June 30,
1923
Special Trust Fund
Overdraft on the Guaranty Trust Company of New York $22,246.37
Balances on deposit
*WItli the Guaranty Trust Company
(Paris Office) $3*544-97
With the Guaranty Trust Company
(London Office) 642 . 85
With the Riggs National Bank of Wash-
ington 13,585 75
With the Banque de Paris et des Pays-
Has 1,485.51
$19,259.08
Cash on hand
Postage fund $302 . 76
Petty cash fund
Washington Office. . .$250.00
New York Office. . . . 850.00
1,100.00
1,402.76
20,661 . 84
Met overdraft
$15,047.09
$516.881.74
16,595.10
21,072.38
$554,549-22
$552,964.69
*Tbe Gaaranty Trust Compaay allows interest on this deposit.
REPORT OF THE TREASURER 1 71
Statement of Receipts and Disbursements from Dec. 14, 1910, to June 30, 1924
Receipts
Interest on the Endowment
Interest on bank deposits
Interest on income invested
Sales of publications
Royalties on publications
Proceeds from the sale of syndicated matter
Grants from the Carnegie Corporation
Miscellaneous receipts
Special Trust Fund
American Association for International Conciliation
Total receipts
Disbursements
Secretary's Office and General Administration $992,558.32
Division of Intercourse and Education. 3,619,124. 30
Division of Economics and History 956,635 . 59
Division of International Law *33ii947- 53
Purchase of Administration buildings and site 184,000.00
Purchase of building and site, repairs and equipment, Paris,
France 135,447.09
Total disbursements $7,219,712 . 83
Special Trust Fund 21,072 . 38
$7,240,785.21
$7,239,200.68
$6,565,906.25
103,336.61
34,762.93
20,448.29
1,132.25
6,623.90
480,000.00
5,918.07
21,072.38
$7,239,200.68
$7,239,200.68
172 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Statement Showing the Condition of the Appropriations, June 30, 1924
Appropriations
Allotments
Balance
unallotted
Special Appropriation
Purchase of building and site, Paris, France. .
$150,000.00
$150,000.00
Appropriations for the Fiscal Year Ended
June 30, 1923
Secretary's Office and General Administration.
$57,172.00
32,200.00
$57,172.00
32,200.00
T^rtTtoirtti r\f Tnf i*rf oni**!^ And Education . .
212,500.00
206,699 . 09
$5,800.91
Division of Economics and History ....
137,200.00
137,186.43
13.57
130,520.00
130,495.00
25.00
50,000.00
22,749.66
27,250.34
American Peace Society
15,000.00
15,000.00
$634,592.00
$601,502.18
$33,089.82
Appropriation for the Fiscal Year Ended
June 30, 1924
Secretary's Office and General Administration.
$55,722.00
30,700.00
$55,722.00
30,700.00
Division of Intercourse and Education ....
134,800.00
134,800.00
Division of Economics and History
Division of International Law
144,600.00
125,570.00
143,850.00
125,570.00
$750-00
50,000.00
24,050.00
25,950.00
$541,392.00
$514,692.00
$26,700.00
*? mafia! AnnroDriation ....
J5l50,OOO.OO
$150,000.00
Xotal for the fiscal year 1923
634.^92.00
6oi,502 t l8
$-21,080 . 82
Total for the fiscal year 1924
541,392.00
SI4..6Q2 OO
26,7OO.OO
$1,325,984.00
$1,266,194.18
$59,789.82
Statement Showing the Condition of the Special Trust Fund, June 30, 1924
Special
Trust Fund
Amount
disbursed
Balance
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
American Association for International Concilia-
$21,072.38
&2I O72 ift
REPORT OF THE TREASURER 173
Statement Showing the Condition of the Allotments, June 30, 1924
Allotments
Amount
disbursed
Balance
Allotment from Special Appropriation
Purchase of building and site, repairs and equip-
ment, Paris, France. . . .
|l50 f OOO.OO
$135,447.09
$14,552.91
Allotments of Appropriations for the Fiscal Year
Ended June 30, 1923
SECRETARY'S OFFICE AND GENERAL
ADMINISTRATION, 1923
Salaries
$38,300.00
$38,141.69
$158.31
Stationery and office expenses
6,500.0O
6,500.00
Maintenance of headquarters .
9,872.00
9,872.00
Traveling expenses ....
2,500.00
2,500.00
$57,172.00
$57,013.69
$158.31
SUNDRY PURPOSES, 1923
Library, salaries
$73o . oo
$7,190.99
$IO9.OI
Library, purchases for
5,000 . oo
5,OOO.OO
Translating Bureau, salaries
Year Book for 1923
8,400.00
"i.ooo.oo
5,699.06
5,OOO.OO
2,700.94
Distribution of publications
4..OOO . OO
4,000 . oo
Employees' Annuities
2 5OO OO
2,5OO.OO
$32,200.00
$29,390.05
$2,809.95
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION,
1923
Expenses of the Division in New York. . .
$1 7.5OO.OO
$1 7,5OO.OO
Maintenance of the European Bureau
19 ooo oo
8.24.O. ^4.
Sio, 7^0.66
Work through the European Bureau
1 7,000 . oo
17,000.00
Honoraria for the Special Correspondents
8 6=>o oo
8,65O.OO
International Arbitration League, 200
1,000.00
911.39
88.61
American Association for International Concil-
iation
2Q.7OO OO
3Q.70O OO
Latin-American Exchange and Inter-America
Magazine and Library ... . ...
21. ^74.. ^7
21,374.37
Interamerican Division. ...
15,000.00
15,000.00
Work through newspapers and periodicals ....
International visits of representative men. ....
Entertainment of distinguished foreign visitors
International Relations Clubs
6,150.00
IO,OOO.OO
5,OOO.OO
II,OOO.OO
6,150.00
5,000.00
2,340.00
10,443 3
5,000.00
2,660.00
556.70
Institute of International Education . ...
30,000 . oo
30,000 . oo
Relations between France and Germany, Pub-
lication No. 18
5,000.00
3,809.01
1,190.99
Replica of the Saint Gaudens statue of Lincoln,
70.3.2
-$24. 72
324 . 72
$206,699.09
$186,443.13
$20,255.96
174
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Statement Showing the Condition of the Allotments, June 30, 1924
Continued
Allotments
Amount
disbursed
Balance
DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY, 1923
Expenses of the Division in New York
$15,950.00
$15,950.00
Economic and Social History of the World War
Honoraria for editorial boards
20,OOO.OO
21,500.00
18,425.00
2 1, 333- 5^
$1,575*00
166.42
20,500.00
12483.43
8,016.57
Japanese Research Committee, honoraria and
4,250 oo
3,939.00
311.00
Library of economic war material Paris . ....
500 . oo
300.00
200.00
50,000 . oo
37,135.32
12,864.68
Japanese series of Economic and Social History
of the War
4,486 . 43
4486.43
$137,186.43
$114,052.76
$23,133.67
DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 1923
$15,500.00
$15,150.00
$350.00
Office expenses
1,500.00
1,319-57
180,43
Pamphlet series
2,000.00
460.66
*>539- 34
International arbitrations
6,000,00
3,552,33
2447.67
Aid to international law journals
Revue generate de droit international public,
fr. 10 000 .
750. oo
730.87
19.13
Journal du droit international, fr. 20,000. .
Rivista di Difitto Internazionale
1,600.00
^20.00
1, 180.20
320.00
419.80
Revue de droit international et de legislation
comparS& t fr. 7,500 . - -
500.00
473.06
26.94.
Japanese Review of International Law .
Zeitschrift fur Internationales Recht
Zeitschriftfur VolkerreM
Aid to the SocietS de Legislation Comparee,
fr 15 ooo. . . , . . .
2,000.00
250.00
250.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
250.00
250.00
1 ,096 . 32
403.68
Aid to the Grotius Society of London
Institute of International Law . ....
1,250.00
20,000 oo
1,250.00
20,000 . oo
English summaries of the Japanese Review of
International Law
1,000.00
500.00
500.00
Classics of International Law
7,500 oo
6.^4.0. 14.
1,150.86
Printing publications
45,000 . oo
36496.27
8,503.73
Fellowships in international law . .
10,000 oo
9,562 . 50
437-50
Bibliothegue Internationale du Droit des Gens. , .
Revista de Derecho International .
1,600.00
6,100 oo
1,588.24
6,100.00
11.76
Wehberg's Die Internationale Beschrankung der
Rustungen
500.00
500.00
Traveling" expenses of the Director , .
a.OOO.OO
3,000.00
Documents pour servir d I'histoire du droit des gens
750.00
750.00
REPORT OF THE TREASURER
175
Statement Showing the Condition of the Allotments, June 30,
Continued
1924
Allotments
Amount
disbursed
Balance
Honorarium for Professor Gilbert Gidel
$300 oo
$300 . oo
Honorarium for M. Jean Teyssaire
I25.OO
125.00
Recueil des arbitrages international
I,2OO.OO
I,200.OO
$130,495.00
$114,504.16
$15,990.84
EMERGENCIES, 1923
Secretary's Office
Retirement fund . .
$6,050 oo
$6,050 . oo
Traveling expenses
2,000 oo
2,000.00
Sundry Purposes
Year Book for 1923
901.05
901.05
Division of Intercourse and Education
American Group of the Interparliamentary
Union, maintenance
1,000.00
1,000.00
American Group of the Interparliamentary
Union, delegates to the Twentieth Con-
gress
7,500.00
6,350 . oo
$I T I5O.OO
Division of International Law
Traveling expenses of the Director. .
3,500.00
3,500.00
Revista de Derecho International
1,798.61
1,798.61
$22,749 . 66
$21,599.66
$I,I50.0O
AMERICAN PEACE SOCIETY, 1923
American Peace Society
$15,000.00
$15,000.00
Allotments of Appropriations for the Fiscal Year
Ended June 30, 1924
SECRETARY'S OFFICE AND GENERAL
ADMINISTRATION, 1924
Salaries
$36,850.00
$36,086.14
$763 86
Stationery and office expenses
6,000 . oo
5,991.00
9 oo
Maintenance of headquarters
10,372 . oo
10,372.00
Traveling expenses
2,500.00
787.18
1,712 82
$55,722.00
$531236.32
$2,485.68
SUNDRY PURPOSES, 1924
Library, salaries
$*7 ^IOO OO
5^*7 O*7*7 C./I
Library, purchases for
3 CQO OO
iP/jW/ *54
3eoft on
Translating Bureau, salaries
8 650 oo
6 8O1 Q7
IR/if-l ni
Year Book for 1924
5OOO Oft
T *L OC
A nQA rur
Distribution of publications
3 CQO OO
^j-ys
T 806 CO
4,900 . 05
Employees 1 Annuities
2*7 CO oft
j.,ouu.5y
f> A fff rtO
1 7693. 41
^,451 ,^o
$30,700.00
121,653.33
$9,046.67
1 76 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Statement Showing the Condition of the Allotments, June 30, 1924
Continued
Allotments
Amount
disbursed
Balance
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND
EDUCATION, 1924
$I5500.00
IO,OOO . OO
10,000.00
7,500.00
1,000.00
35,800.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
5,000.00
10,000.00
5,000.00
$I5>5<>0.00
5,482,86
3,I$9.56
7,50.00
886.27
35,800.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
2,338.43
2,500.00
1,415-00
$4,517.14
6,830.44
H3-73
2,661.57
7,500.00
3,585.00
Maintenance of the European Bureau , ...
Work through the European Bureau
Honoraria for the Special Correspondents
Tt-i-f-rkft-io-f i/^nal AfViltfJll'irkTI T G3.Tie 2OO . ...
American Association for International Concili-
Latin- American Exchange and Inter-America
Work through newspapers and periodicals, . . .
International visits of representative men
Entertainment of distinguished foreign visitors.
DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY, 1924.
tr i C.Q.C? /\f t-i-i/a- T^?vicir>n ITI "New York . .
$134,800.00
$109,592 . 12
$25,207.88
$4,300.00
18,300.00
18,500.00
66,000.00
4,250.00
'7,500.00
25,000.00
$4,300.00
17,899.99
16,075.00
26,202.55
3,829.68
2,910.00
$400.OI
2,425.00
39,797-45
420.32
4,590.00
25,OOO.OO
Economic and Social History of the World War
Honoraria and expenses of editorial boards
TJ *-\ j-it-rt 1-1 fi anr? /^VTVTTSP 1 *? Or CO113. DOfatOrS. . >
Japanese Research Committee, honoraria and
DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 1924
$143,850.00
$71,217.22
$72,632.78
$12,550.00
1,500,00
6,000.00
1,000.00
1,600.00
320.00
750.00
2,000.00
6,100.00
1,500.00
I,2()0.00
$9,925.00
I,500.OO
5,001-70
546.27
985.00
320.00
346.04
2,000.00
6,ioa.oo
819.54
1,250.00
$2,625.00
998.30
453-73
615.00
403.96
680.46
Aid to international law journals
Revue generate de droit international public,
Journal dudroit international, fr. 20,000. . .
Riifista di Diritto Internazionole
Revue de droit international et de legislation
Japanese Review of International Law
RevistG de Derecho Internacion&l
Aid to the Societ6 de Legislation Compare, fr.
15,000
&.; A trt +i\f* r^rrvHirs finrifttv of London. *
REPORT OF THE TREASURER
177
Statement Showing the Condition of the Allotments, June 30, 1924
Continued
Allotments
Amount
disbursed
Balance
Institute of International Law
$20,000 . oo
$20,000 . oo
Printing publications .
17 500 OO
$17 coo oo
Fellowships in international law
IO OOO OO
IO OOO 00
Classics of International Law. .
I.^OO OO
I.c;oO OO
The Hague Academy of International Law. . . .
Subscriptions to the American Journal of Inter-
national Law
40,000 . oo
500 oo
40,000.00
AQ8 OO
2 OO
French translation of German Prize Cases,
Part II
300 oo
2O^ 2^
O6 7=N
Politis's La Justice Internationale, purchase of. .
Minutes of Curatorium of Hague Academy. . . .
400.00
800.00
40O.OO
80O.OO
$125,570.00
$102,194.80
$23,375.20
EMERGENCIES, 1924
Secretary's Office
Retirement fund
$6,050.00
$6,050 . oo
Division of Intercourse and Education
American Peace Society
7. "\OO . OO
7.5OO.OO
American Group of the Interparliamentary
Union, maintenance
5OO.OO
50O.OO
American Group of the Interparliamentary
Union, delegates to the 1923 meeting at
Copenhagen. . . . . .
^.ooo.oo
^.ooo.oo
Division of International Law
American Institute of International Law. .
5,000.00
5,000.00
$24,050.00
$24,050.00
Resume
ALLOTMENT FROM SPECIAL APPROPRIATION
Purchase of building and site, repairs and equip-
ment, Paris, France
$150,000.00
$135,447.09
%
$14,552.91
ALLOTMENTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1923
Secretary's Office and General Administration.
Sundry Purposes
$57,172.00
32,200.00
$57,013.69
29,390.05
$158.31
2,809.95
Division of Intercourse and Education
206,699.09
186,443 . 13
20,255.96
Division of Economics and History
137,186.43
114,052.76
23,133.67
Division of International Law
I^O.AQS.OO
114,504.16
15,990.84
Emergencies
22,749 . 66
21,599.66
I,I5O.OO
American Peace Society.
15,000.00
15,000.00
$601,502.18
$538,003.45
$63,498.73
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Statement Showing the Condition of the Allotments, June 30, 1924
Continued
ALLOTMENTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1924
Secretary's Office and General Administration . -
Sundry Purposes
$55,722.00
30,700 . oo
153,236.32
2I.6*tt.^
$2,485.68
O.O4.6 67
Division of Intercourse and Education
T -2 A 8OO OO
IOQCQ2 12
25 207 88
Division of Economics and History
IA^.S^O.OO
n.2I7 22
72 6^2 . 78
Division of International Law
I2r C7O.OO
102,194.80
2^.^7^.20
Emergencies
24,050 . oo
24.,OSO.OO
$514,692.00
$381,943.79
$132,748.21
Allotment from Special Appropriation..
$150 ooo oo
$T-5e AA.7 OQ
$IA ^2 OI
Total allotments for the fiscal year 1923
601,502 1 8
c-^S OO^ A%
6l 4.08 7 1 ?
Xotal allotments for the fiscal year 1924. .
514 692 oo
28l Q/l'l 7Q
1^2 7A8 21
$1,266,194.18
$1,055,394 -33
$210,799.85
REPORT OF THE TREASURER
Statement of Revenue and Appropriations, June 30, 1924
179
Revenue
Revenue collected to June 30, 1924. . .
$7,23Q,20O.68
Income receivable to June 30, 1924
Interest on the Endowment
125,000 oo
Appropriations
Amounts appropriated, less revertments
For 191 1
$128,202.32
$7,364,200.68
For 1912
2^0.672.76
For 1913
404, 140. =55
For 1014.
c86.2^Q.QQ
For 1915
520, S *tt. 5^
For 1916
^80,741.04
For IQI7 ,
^A.A^.TA
For 1918
4^,006.4.1
For IQIQ
470.5584.06
For 1920 $580,858 .35
Less refund in June quarter, 1924 3,612 ,26
K*r7 sy/tf* f\f\
For IQ2I $4.00,044 .00
577i 2 $v 09
Less refund in June quarter, 1924 45 .65
AC\(\ Rrtfl *2yl
For 1922
499,099.34
529,080.82
Special Appropriation
708.617.8=;
For IQ2^ $6^4.^02 .00
*Less revertments. 96,588 .55
g*<3 ft AA1 A C
For 1924 $541,392 .00
530,OO3.45
*Less revertments 159,448 .21
1 & T f\ A 1 *7fl
Special Trust Fund
American Association for International Conciliation
301,943.79
21,072.38
Excess of Revenue, collected and uncollected
X08,862.56
$7,364,200.68
$7,364,200.68
*Under the resolution of the Board of Trustees of April 24, 1924, the following balances are reverted to the unappro-
priated funds:
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1923
Unallotted balances of appropriations (page 172) $33.089 . 82
Unexpended balances of allotments (page 177) 63,498 . 73 I96.SSS . 55
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924
Unallotted balances of appropriations (page 172) .
Unexpended balances of allotments (page 178) . . .
$26,700.00
132,748.21
159,448.21
$ 256,036. 76
i8o
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Recapitulation
Appropriations
Allotments
Balance
unallotted
Disbursed of
allotments
Balance of
allotments
Special Appro-
priation
$150,000.00
$150,000.00
601,502.18
514,692.00
$33,089.82
26,700.00
$135,447.09
538,003.45
381,943.79
$14,552.91
63,498.73
132,748.2!
For 102^. .
6 "34* 592 oo
For IQ24
CXT -5Q2 OO
$1,325,984.00
$1,266,194.18
$59,789.82
$1,055,394.33
$210,799.85
I hereby certify that the above statement
is true and in accordance with the books of the
Endowment on June 30, 1924.
CLARENCE A. PHILLIPS,
Auditor,
Respectfully submitted,
A. J. MONTAGUE,
Treasurer.
REPORT OF THE AUDITOR
April zj, 192$.
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
Washington, D. C.
DEAR SIRS :
We have audited the accounts and records of the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace for the year ended December 31, 1924.
We checked the appropriations and allotments with certified copies of the
minutes of the meetings of the Board of Trustees and the Executive Committee,
respectively.
The cash in banks at December 31, 1924, as called for by the records, was
confirmed by statements from the depositaries.
The bonds representing the Endowment Fund were exhibited to us, and the
income therefrom was duly accounted for.
All expenditures were authorized and are supported by proper vouchers and
canceled checks returned from the banks.
We certify that the balance sheet, the statement of receipts and disburse-
ments, and the statements showing the condition of the appropriations and
allotments as printed in the Report of the Treasurer at the close of business
December 31, 1924, are in accordance with the records.
We found the books and records in good condition.
Respectfully submitted,
F. W. LAFRENTZ & Co.,
Public Accountants.
(Formerly The American Audit Co.)
181
STATEMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROPRIATION
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1926
Showing Amounts Appropriated for Requirements for the Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1925
Appropriations for
the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1925
Estimates for the
fiscal year ending
June 30, 1926
Administration
Salaries. $35,850
Office expenses 5,500
Maintenance of headquarters n,372
Traveling expenses 2,500
Total $55,222
Sundry Purposes
Library and Information Bureau. $10,700
Editorial and Translation Bureau 8,700
Year Book 5,ooo
Annuity fund , 2,750
Distribution of publications 3,500
Total $30,650
Division of Intercourse and Education
New York Office * $45,800
For payment to
Conciliation Internationale, Paris 3,500
Associations in other countries including South America
and the Orient 2,700
European Bureau, Paris
For administration expenses 10,000
Work through European Bureau 10,000
Special Correspondents 8,500
Interamerican Section. 14,000
Relations with other American Republics, including cost of
Inter-America Magazine and Library. 19,000
Entertainment 5,ooo
International visits 10,000
Distribution of books and periodicals 5,500
International Relations Clubs and other work in colleges and
schools. .....! 1,500
International Arbitration League 1,000
TotaL
$136,500
$30,600
5,000
1 1, 800
2,500
$49,900
$11,300
7,150
5,ooo
2,750
1,000
$27,200
$45,800
3*500
10,000
10,000
4,000
14,000
19,000
5,000
10,000
6,500
2,500
1,000
$131,300
182
REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROPRIATION
Statement of Reqtdrements for Appropriation for the Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1926
Continued
Appropriations for
the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1925
Estimates for the
fiscal year ending
June 30, 1926
Division of International Law
Salaries $12,500
Office expenses 1.500
Collection of international arbitrations 6,000
Subventions to international law journals 12,620
Aid to international law treatises 4>oo
Subventions to societies , 47,375
Hague Academy of International Law. 40,000
Fellowships in international law 10,000
Classics of International Law 7,000
Printing publications
Distribution of publications.
Total $140,995
Division of Economics and History
New York Office $21,100
Japanese Research Committee 1,000
Total. $22,100
Economic and Social History of the World "War
European Offices $15,900
Reserve fund for research, revisions and translations i 0,000
Amounts due under approved contracts 50,000
Purchase and distribution of volumes under publishing con-
tracts 20,000
Total $95,900
Reappropriatlon of Certain Items Which Will Revert
Cuba and its Relations to the United States
International Congress of Philosophers
Pan American Educational Congress
Las Primeras Relaciones entre Chile y las Estados Unidos. . ,
Index to Revue generals de droit international public
Ralston, International Arbitral Law and Procedure.
Publication of Wolff, Jus Gentium
Translation of Suarez, Selections ,
Total
$11,500
1,500
6,000
11,020
5,ooo
22,750
40,000
10,000
6,600
22,000
2,000
$13^,370
$26,000
4,000
$30,000
$18,400
10,000
50,000
20,000
$98,400
5,ooo
5,000
2,000
1,500
2,500
5,000
500
$22,385
1 84
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Statement of Requirements for Appropriation for the Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1926
Continued
Appropriations for
the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1925
Estimates for the
fiscal year ending
June 30, 1926
Recapitulation
Administration $55,222
Sundry purposes 30,650
Division of Intercourse and Education 136,500
Division of International Law 140,995
Division of Economics and History 22,100
Economic and Social History of the World War 95,900
Reappropriation of certain items which will revert . .
Contribution toward restoration of Louvain Library .
American Committee in Geneva
Emergency appropriation 110,000
Grand total $591,367
$49,900
27,200
131,300
30,000
98,400
22,385
50,000
4,000
125,000
$676,555
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
APRIL 17, 1925
The Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace was held in the headquarters of the Endowment at No.
2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C., on Friday, April 17, 1925, in accordance
with the By-Laws.
The meeting was called to order at ten o'clock a.m. by the Secretary, in the
absence of the President.
Mr. Nicholas Murray Butler was chosen to preside.
The following Trustees were present:
Mr. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER Mr. WILLIAM M. HOWARD
Mr. JOHN W. DAVIS Mr. ROBERT LANSING
Mr. FREDERIC A. DELANO Mr. FRANK O. LOWDEN
Mr. AUSTEN G. Fox Mr. ANDREW J. MONTAGUE
Mr. ROBERT A. FRANKS Mr. HENRY S. PRITCHETT
Mr. CHARLES S. HAMLIN Mr. JAMES BROWN SCOTT
Mr. DAVID JAYNE HILL Mr. JAMES T. SHOTWELL
Mr. ALFRED HOLMAN Mr. GEORGE SUTHERLAND
The SECRETARY reported the death on June 29, 1924, of Mr. Robert S.
Woodward, one of the original Trustees of the Endowment, and a resolution
memorializing his services was adopted. It is printed herein on page 189.
The SECRETARY, the TREASURER, and the DIRECTORS of the Divisions of
Intercourse and Education, International Law, and Economics and History sub-
mitted detailed reports upon the work of the Endowment, in printed form, and
supplemented them with brief oral explanations. The printed reports are
reproduced herein.
The report of the Executive Committee was read by the SECRETARY and is
also printed herein, as is likewise the report of the Auditors to the Trustees.
The resignations of Mr. A. W. Foster of California, and Mr. Robert Newton
Page of North Carolina, from membership in the Board of Trustees were presented
and accepted with appropriate expressions of regret.
The Trustees elected Mr. Dwight W. Morrow of New York, and Mr. Le Roy
Percy of Mississippi to fill two vacancies in the Board.
The SECRETARY read the following letter from Mr. Elihu Root retiring from
the presidency of the Endowment :
185
1 86 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
NEW YORK, March 17, 1925
DR. JAMES BROWN SCOTT, Secretary,
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
2 Jackson Place,
Washington, D. C
MY DEAR DR. SCOTT:
As you know I am about leaving New York for the Pacific coast. I am taking Mrs. Root
with me under the doctor's orders to get a change of climate for her. She has been quite ill for
several months and the time of my return will be controlled by her condition of health. I think
it almost certain that I shall not be able to get back in time for the annual meeting of the Endow-
ment on the lyth of April. I regret this very much, but I am obliged to realize that I have reached
the point at which one can no longer control external circumstances as he could do in the full vigor
of life. Having reached my eighty-first year, I feel that I ought not to continue longer to under-
take the performance of executive duties. Will you be good enough to say to the Trustees of the
Endowment that I cannot accept again an election to the Presidency which they have annually
renewed during so many years. I have valued most highly the confidence and friendship of my
colleagues in the Board of Trustees and I retire from the position which they have so generously
accorded to me with deep regret. I shall be glad to remain a member of the Board and I hope I
may still render useful service in that capacity.
It is now fourteen years since we were required to decide upon the policy which should control
the administration of our trust and we determined that instead of seeking to stimulate further the
emotional and spectacular phases of peace propaganda, we would follow a course which was
essentially educational; and that we have done ever since, through all our various departments.
It is gratifying to observe that the wisdom of our decision has been confirmed by the great number
of recruits in our own and other countries who have now joined in the task of educating public
opinion upon international affairs by acquiring and disseminating authentic information and by
promoting considerate and illuminating discussion.
I beg you to express to all the members of the Board my grateful and affectionate regard.
And as to yourself, my dear Dr. Scott, I beg you to believe in my deep appreciation of your
unceasing devotion and loyalty to the interests of the trust during all the time of our service
together.
Faithfully yours,
ELIHU ROOT.
After the conclusion of the reading of the letter, the Executive Committee
was requested to prepare an appropriate minute of affection and regret in regard
to the retirement of Mr. Root. The minute was prepared by the Executive
Committee at a meeting following the meeting of the Board, and reads as follows:
The Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, meeting in annual session
in the City of Washington this I7th day of April, 1925, learn with profound regret that the Honor-
able Elihu Root, President of the Endowment from its organization in 1910, is unwilling to accept
election to the Presidency from a fear that he "ought not to continue longer to undertake the
performance of executive duties," having reached, in his opinion, "the point at which one can no
longer control external circumstances as he could do in the full vigor of life."
Without sharing the fear that that point has been reached, and that he should no longer
undertake the performance of executive duties, the Trustees are reluctantly compelled to forego
the honor of serving further under his Presidency, but they derive consolation from the fact that,
notwithstanding withdrawal from the Presidency, he consents to remain a Trustee of the Endow-
ment; that the Endowment may still have the benefit of his wise judgment and varied experience,
both as Trustee and as member of the Executive Committee; and that the official association in a
great and beneficent undertaking wiU continue.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 187
They cherish and express the hope that the mutually sympathetic and friendly relations
confirmed and strengthened by personal association will remain uninterrupted for years to come.
Mr. Nicholas Murray Butler was elected President of the Endowment to
succeed Mr. Root.
Mr. George Gray was reelected Vice President for the ensuing year.
Mr. Root was elected a member of the Executive Committee for the unexpired
term of Mr. Butler, who became a member ex offitio, and Messrs. Andrew J. Mon-
tague and Henry S. Pritchett were reelected members of the Executive Committee
for a term of three years,
The following Trustees were elected members of the Finance Committee:
Mr. Robert A. Franks, Chairman, Mr. Frederic A. Delano and Mr. Dwight W,
Morrow.
The Trustees adopted the following resolutions making appropriations for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, to provide for the requirements for appropria-
tion as recommended by the Executive Committee and summarized herein on
pages 182-4.
Resolved, That the sum of forty-nine thousand, nine hundred dollars
($49,900) be, and it is hereby, appropriated to be expended under the direc-
tion of the Executive Committee during the fiscal year ending June 30,
1926, for the purposes of administration, and charged to the current income
for that year.
Resolved, That the sum of twenty-seven thousand, two hundred dollars
($27,200) be, and it is hereby, appropriated to be expended under the direc-
tion of the Executive Committee during the fiscal year ending June 30,
1926, for sundry purposes, and charged to the current income for that year.
Resolved, That the sum of one hundred and thirty-one thousand, three
hundred dollars ($131,300) be, and it is hereby, appropriated to be expended
under the direction of the Executive Committee during the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1926, for the Division of Intercourse and Education, and charged
to the current income for that year.
Resolved, That the sum of one hundred and thirty-eight thousand, three
hundred and seventy dollars ($138,370) be, and it is hereby, appropriated to
be expended "under the direction of the Executive Committee during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, for the Division of International Law,
and charged to the current income for that year.
Resolved, That the sum of thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) be, and it
is hereby, appropriated to be expended under the direction of the Executive
Committee during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, for the Division of
Economics and History, and charged to the current income for that year.
Resolved, That the sum of ninety-eight thousand, four hundred dollars
($98,400) be, and it is hereby, appropriated to be expended under the direc-
tion of the Executive Committee during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926,
for the Economic and Social History of the World War, and charged to the
special grant from the Carnegie Corporation.
188 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Resolved, That the sum of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars
($125,000) be, and it is hereby, appropriated to be allotted by the Executive
Committee in its discretion for unforeseen emergencies as they arise during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926, and charged to the current income for
that year.
Resolved, That the sum of twenty-two thousand, three hundred and
eighty-five dollars ($22,385) be, and it is hereby, appropriated to be expended
under the direction of the Executive Committee during the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1926, for items reverted under the rules but the use of which will
be hereafter required, and charged to the accumulated income.
The Trustees also, upon the recommendation of the Executive Committee,
appropriated $50,000 as { an added contribution toward the construction of the
new library building of the University of Lou vain and, upon the motion of one
of the Trustees, appropriated $4,000 for the assistance of the American Committee
in obtaining an office and working force at Geneva for the purpose of giving in-
formation to American visitors during the summer of 1925,
The Executive Committee, pursuant to the instructions of the Board given
at its last Annual Meeting, reported resolutions concerning the death of President
Wilson and President Harding, which were adopted. They are printed herein
on pages 190 and 191.
After the transaction of some routine business, the Trustees at 12.30 o'clock
p.m. adjourned.
IN MEMORIAM
ROBERT S. WOODWARD
Robert S. Woodward, one of the original Trustees of the Carnegie Endow-
ment for International Peace, died at his home in Washington on June 29, 1924,
at the age of seventy-five years.
Dr. Woodward was born in Rochester, Michigan, on July 21, 1849, and re-
ceived the degree of civil engineer from the University of Michigan in 1872.
He was immediately appointed assistant engineer of the United States Lake
Survey Commission, and after ten years' service he was appointed assistant
astronomer of the United States Transit of Venus Commission. In 1884 he was
made astronomer of the United States Geological Survey, and during the following
six years held successively the positions of astronomer, geographer and chief
geographer. From 1890 to 1893, Dr. Woodward served in the Coast and Geodetic
Survey, and in the latter year he was appointed professor of mechanics and mathe-
matical physics in Columbia University in the City of New York. Two years
later he became Dean of the School of Pure Science of that University, which
position he held until he was made President of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington in 1905.
In addition to his membership in the great public benefactions of Mr.
Carnegie, Dr. Woodward was a member of the National Academy of Sciences,
President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1900-
1901 ; President of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1900-1902; President of
the American Mathematical Society, 1898-1900, and throughout the World War
he served as a member of the Naval Consulting Board.
Dr. Woodward's long experience and many achievements as a scientist and
educator impressed him with the thought that " those who can add somewhat to
the sum and substance of permanent knowledge by the establishment of a physical,
a social, an aesthetic, or an ethical principle, are the greatest benefactors of our
race." He, therefore, took a sincere interest in the work of the Endowment
established by Mr. Carnegie in the hope of working out some principle "to
hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization."
Therefore, be it
Resolved, by the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, in annual meeting assembled, That they hereby record their sincere
appreciation of the services which their late colleague, Dr. Woodward, has ren-
dered in behalf of the advance of civilization, and their deep sense of the loss
suffered by this Board in his death;
Resolved further, That the Secretary be instructed to convey a copy of this
resolution to the bereaved widow of Dr. Woodward, and that it be inscribed in
the Minutes of the Board.
Adopted at the annual meeting in Washington, D. C., April 17, 1925.
189
IN MEMORIAM
WOODROW WILSON
The Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace place on
record this minute relative to their sense of loss at the death of Woodrow Wilson,
Twenty-eighth President of the United States, who died at Washington, D. C.,
on February 3, 1924.
Following a distinguished career as scholar and man of letters, Woodrow
Wilson became Governor of the State of New Jersey in 191 1 and was chosen Presi-
dent of the United States in the elections of November 4, 1912. While engaged
upon important tasks of domestic policy and concern, the outbreak of a world-wide
war enormously multiplied his problems and increased his administrative burdens.
During the progress of that struggle no voice so well expressed the high ideals for
which the terrific battle was waged by the Allied Powers or so well described its
ultimate goal as did his. It was upon his public utterances that the terms of the
Armistice were based. It was his controlling part in solving in accordance with
his cherished ideals the problems presented at the Peace Conference at Paris that
exhausted his strength and, unhappily, shortened his life. He expended both
strength and life itself in single-minded loyalty to his deepest convictions.
Resolved^ That the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace extend their profound sympathy to the widow of the late Woodrow Wilson
and order entered upon their permanent records the foregoing minute setting
forth his character as a man and his service as a citizen.
Adopted at the annual meeting in Washington, D. C., April 17, 1925.
190
IN MEMORIAM
WARREN GAMALIEL HARDING
The Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace desire
formally to record their sorrow at the death in San Francisco on August 2, 1923,
of Warren Gamaliel Harding, President of the United States.
From his inauguration on March 4, 1921, until the day of his death, President
Harding's life was burdened with the heavy cares of a nation recovering from the
effects of a devastating and demoralizing war. His quiet and gracious acceptance
of the demands made upon him from every side, his unsparing devotion to the
duties of his great office, and his conscientious desire to seek the good of his fellow
countrymen as he saw it, endeared him to the American people. He will be
remembered as one of the best liked and most kindly men in the long list of
American public servants.
Resolved, That the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace extend their profound sympathy to the family of the late President Harding
and order entered upon their permanent records the foregoing minute setting
forth his character as a man and his service as a citizen.
Adopted at the annual meeting in Washington, D. C., April 17, 1925.
191
LIST OF LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
IN WHICH THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENDOWMENT
ARE DEPOSITED FOR FREE USE
The publications issued by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
are deposited in the libraries listed below on the condition that they will be made
accessible to the interested public. Anyone desiring to consult an Endowment
publication may do so at the nearest depository library.
The Endowment issues two general classes of publications: books and pam-
phlets intended for general circulation, which are distributed gratuitously, within
the limits of the editions, upon application to the Secretary, No. 2 Jackson Place,
Washington, D. C.; and publications upon special topics, which are sold for a
nominal price by the Endowment's publishers, the Clarendon Press, Oxford, Eng-
land, and the Oxford University Press, American Branch, 35 West 32d Street, New
York City. A List of Publications is printed on pages 203-232 of this Year Book.
UNITED STATES
Alabama
Public Library, Birmingham.
Association Public Library, Mobile.
Department of Archives and History, State
Capitol, Montgomery.
Carnegie Library of Tuskegee Institute, Tuske-
gee. t
Arizona
Arizona State Library, Phoenix.
University of Arizona Library, Tucson.
Arkansas
University of Arkansas Library, Fayetteville.
California
University of California Library, Berkeley.
Public Library, Berkeley.
Pomona College Library, Claremont.
Public Library, Los Angeles.
University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
*Schopl of Law, University of Southern Califor-
nia, Los Angeles.
Oakland Free Library, Oakland.
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
A. K. Smiley Public Library, Redlands.
Public Library, Riverside.
City Library, Sacramento.
California State Library, Sacramento.
Free Public Library, San Diego.
Library of the San Francisco Theological Sem-
inary, San Anselmo.
Free Public Library, San Francisco.
Mechanics-Mercantile Library, San Francisco.
Leland Stanford Junior University Library,
Stanford University.
Colorado
University of Colorado Library, Boulder.
Colorado College Library, Colorado Springs.
University of Denver Library, Denver.
Public Library of the City and County of
Denver, Denver.
State Library, Denver.
Connecticut
Public Library, Bridgeport.
Public Library, Hartford.
Trinity College Library, Hartford.
Connecticut State Library, Hartford.
Wesley an University Library, Middletown.
Free Public Library, New Haven.
Yale University Library, New Haven.
*Yale Law School Library, New Haven.
Public Library of New London, New London.
Connecticut Agricultural College Library,
Storrs.
Delaware
University of Delaware Library, Newark.
Wilmington Institute Free Library, Wilmington.
District of Columbia
American Peace Society, Washington.
Catholic ^ University of America Library,
Washington.
Georgetown University Library, Washington.
*Law School of Georgetown University, Wash-
ington.
School of Foreign Service, Georgetown Univer-
sity, Washington.
George Washington University Library, Wash-
ington.
Library of Congress, Washington (two copies).
Public Library, Washington.
Smithsonian Institution Library, Washington.
General Staff College Library, Washington.
Department of State Library, Washington.
Department of Justice Library, Washington.
Libraries marked (*) receive the publications of the Division of International Law only.
Libraries marked (**) receive the publications of the Division of Economics and History only.
193
194
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
United States Senate Library, Washington.
Pan American Union. Library, Washington.
Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite of Freemasonry , % Washington.
Navy Department Library, Washington.
Howard University Library, Washington.
*Judge Advocate General's Office, War Depart-
ment, Washington.
**Institute of Economics Library, Washington,
Florida
John B. Stetson University Library, De Land.
University of Florida Library , Gainesville.
Free Public Library, Jacksonville.
Florida State Library, Tallahassee.
Georgia
University of Georgia Library, Athens.
Georgia Library Commission, State Capitol,
Atlanta.
Georgia State Library, Atlanta.
Emory University Library, Emory University.
Washington Memorial Library, Macon.
Public Library, Savannah (except Classics of
International Law).
Hawaii
College of Hawaii Library, Honolulu.
Idaho
Carnegie Public Library, Boise.
Carnegie Library, Lewiston.
University of Idaho Library, Moscow.
Idaho Technical Institute, Pocatello.
Illinois
Illinois Wesleyan University Library, Bloom-
ingtpn.
Public Library, Cairo.
Southern Illinois State Normal University
Library, Carbondale.
Chicago Public Library, Chicago.
John Crerar Library, Chicago.
"Chicago Law Institute, Chicago. t
University of Chicago Library, Chicago.
Newberry Library, Chicago.
Loyola University Library, Chicago.
Northwestern University Library, Evanston.
Illinois State Normal University Library, Normal
Public Library, Peoria.
Public Library, Rockford.
Illinois State Library, Springfield.
University of Illinois Library, Urbana (two
copies).
Indiana
Indiana University Library, Bloomington.
Wabash College Library, Crawfordsville.
Willard Library, Evansville.
De Pauw University Library, Greencastle.
Hanover College Library, Hanover.
Indiana State Library, Indianapolis.
Indianapolis Public Library, Indianapolis.
Purdue University Library, Lafayette.
Public Library, Muncie.
University of Notre Dame Library, Notre
Dame.
Earlham College Library, Richmond.
Indiana State Normal School Library, Terre
Haute.
Valparaiso University Library, Valparaiso.
Iowa
Iowa State College Library, Ames.
Free Public Library, Burlington (except Classics
of International Law).
Coe College Library, Cedar Rapids.
Drake University Library, Des Moines.
Iowa State Library, Des Moines.
Public Library of Des Moines, Des Moines.
Carnegie-Stout Free Public Library, Dubuque.
Upper Iowa University Library, Fayette,
Grinnell College Library, Grinnell.
Iowa State University Library, Iowa City.
Law Library, State University of Iowa, Iowa
City,
a Wesle
Iowa Wesleyan University Library, Mount
Pleasant.
Cornell College Library, Mount Vernon.
Public Library, Sioux City.
Kansas
Baker University Library, Baldwin.
Kansas State Normal Library, Emporia.
University of Kansas Library* Lawrence.
Free Public Library, Leavenworth.
Kansas State Agricultural College Library,
Manhattan.
Public Library, Pittsburg.
Kansas State Historical Society Library,
Topeka.
Kansas State Library, Topeka.
Fairmount College Library, Wichita.
City Library, Wichita.
Kentucky
Centre College Library, Danville.
Kentucky State Library, Frankfort.
University of Kentucky Library, Lexington.
Free Public Library, Louisville.
Kentucky Wesleyan College Library, Winches-
ter.
Louisiana
Louisiana State University Library, Baton
Rouge.
State Normal School Library, Natchitoches.
Tulane University Library, New Orleans.
Public Library, New Orleans.
Maine
Auburn Public Library, Auburn,
Maine State Library, Augusta.
Public Library, Bangor.
Bowdoin College Library, Brunswick.
Bates College Library, Lewiston.
University of Maine Library, Orono.
Public Library, Portland.
Colby University Library, Waterville.
Libraries marked (*) receive the publications of the Division of International Law only.
DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
195
Maryland
U. S. Naval Academy Library, Annapolis.
Maryland State Library, Annapolis.
Johns Hopkins University Library, Baltimore.
Peabody Institute Library, Baltimore.
Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore.
Washington County Free Library, Hagerstown.
Western Maryland College Library, West-
minster.
Woodstock College Library, Woodstock.
Massachusetts
Amherst College Library, Amherst.
Massachusetts Agricultural College Library,
Amherst.
Public Library, Boston.
State Library of Massachusetts, Boston.
Boston Athenaeum Library, Boston.
Boston University; Library of the College of
Liberal Arts, Boston.
*Social Law Library, Boston.
Simmons College Library, Boston.
Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Library,
Cambridge.
Harvard University Library, Cambridge ;
*Law School of Harvard University Library,
Cambridge.
Public Library, Fitchburg.
Public Library, Haverhill.
Public Library, Lynn.
Free Public Library, New Bedford.
Forbes Library, Northampton.
Smith College Library, Northampton.
Mount Holyoke College Library, South Hadley.
City Library Association, Springfield.
Tufts College Library, Tufts College.
Public Library, Waltham.
Wellesley College Library, Wellesley.
Williams College Library, Williamstown.
Clark University Library, Worcester.
Free Public Library, Worcester.
Worcester County Law Library, Worcester.
Michigan
University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor
(two copies).
*Law Library of the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor.
Public Library, Detroit.
University of Detroit Library, Detroit.
Public Library, Grand Rapids.
Michigan State Library, Lansing.
Hackley Public Library, Muskegon.
East Side Public Library, Saginaw.
Minnesota
Public Library, Duluth.
University of Minnesota Library, Minneapolis.
Public Library, Minneapolis.
Carleton College Library, Northfield.
State Normal School Library, St, Cloud.
Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Minnesota State Library, St. Paul.
James Jerome Hill Reference Library, St. Paul.
Public Library, St. Paul.
Free Public Library, Winona.
State Normal School Library, Winona.
Mississippi
University of Mississippi Library, University
Missouri
University of Missouri Library, Columbia.
Westminster College Library, Fulton.
Public Library. Kansas City.
William Jewell College Library, Liberty.
Public Library, St. Joseph.
Washington University Library, St. Louis.
St. Louis Public Library, St. Louis.
St. Louis University Library, St. Louis.
St. Louis Mercantile Library Association, St.
Louis.
Drury College Library, Springfield.
Central Missouri State Teachers College, War-
rensburg.
Montana
Montana State College Library, Bozeman.
Free Public Library, Butte.
Public Library, Great Falls.
State Historical and Miscellaneous Library,
Helena.
University of Montana Library, Missoula.
Nebraska
Carnegie Library, Hastings.
University of Nebraska Library, Lincoln.
Nebraska State Library, Lincoln.
Public Library and Museum, Omaha.
Creighton University Law Library, Omaha,
Nevada
Nevada State Library, Carson City.
University of Nevada Library, Reno.
Free Public Library, Reno.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire State Library, Concord.
Hamilton Smith Public Library, New Hamp-
shire College, Durham.
Dartmouth College Library, Hanover.
Public Library, Laconia.
City Library, Manchester.
New Jersey
Free Public Library, Atlantic City.
Free Public Library, Hoboken.
Free Public Library, Jersey City.
Morristown Library, Morristown.
Free Public Library, Newark.
Rutgers College Library, New Brunswick.
Free Public Library, Paterson.
Princeton University Library, Princeton,
New Jersey State Library, Trenton.
Free Public Library, Trenton.
Libraries marked (**) receive the publications of the Division of Economics and History only.
196
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
New Mexico
University of New Mexico Library, Albuquer-
que.
Carnegie Public Library, East Las Vegas.
New York
New York State Library, Albany.
*Binghamton Law Library, Binghamton.
Brooklyn Public Library, Brooklyn.
Pratt Institute Free Library, Brooklyn.
Buffalo Public Library, Buffalo.
Grosvenor Library, Buffalo.
Library of the University of Buffalo, Buffalo.
Hamilton College Library, Clinton.
Colgate University Library, Hamilton.
Cornell University Library, Ithaca.
*Law Library, Cornell University, Ithaca (two
copies).
Library of the Eagle Temple Civic Center,
Jamestown (Economic and Social History
of the World War only).
*Association of the Bar of New York, New
York.
*New York Law Institute, New York.
New York Public Library, New York (two
copies).
Cooper Union for Advancement of Science and
Art Library, New York.
General Library of New York University,
University Heights* New York.
*Law School Library, New York University,
Washington Square, New York.
College of the City of New York Library, St.
Nicholas Ter. and I39th St., New York.
Columbia University Library, New York
(two copies).
New York Society Library, 109 University
Place, New York.
Union Theological Seminary Library, New York.
Vassar College Library, Poughkeepsie.
Adriance Memorial Library, Poughkeepsie.
* Appellate Division Law Library, Rochester.
University of Rochester Library, Rochester.
Union College Library, Schenectady,
Syracuse University Library, Syracuse.
Public Library, Syracuse. ^
*Utica Law Library Association, Utica.
U. S. Military Academy Library, West Point.
North Carolina
Pack Memorial Library, Asheville.
University of North Carolina Library, Chapel
Hill.
Trinity College Library, Durham.
Public Library, Greensboro.
North Carolina State Library, Raleigh.
North Dakota
State Historical Society Library, Bismarck.
Public Library, Dickinson.
University of North Dakota Library, Univer-
sity.
Ohio
University of Cincinnati Library, Cincinnati.
Public Library, Cincinnati.
Young Men's Mercantile Library Association,
Cincinnati.
Public Library, Cleveland.
Western Reserve University Library, Cleve-
land.
State Library, ^Columbus.
Ohio State University Library, Columbus.
Public Library, Columbus.
Public Library and Museum, Dayton.
Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware.
Kenyon College Library, Gambier.
Marietta College Library, Marietta.
Oberlin College Library, Oberlin.
Public Library, Toledo.
Oklahoma
Carnegie Library, Guthrie.
University of Oklahoma Library, Norman.
Oklahoma State Library, Lawrence Building,
Oklahoma City.
Oregon
University of Oregon Library, Eugene.
Reed College Library, Portland.
Library Association, Portland.
Oregon State Library, Salem.
Pennsylvania
Mechanics Library and Reading Room Asso-
ciation, Altoona.
Carnegie Free Library, Braddock.
Bryn Mawr College Library, Bryn Mawr.
Dickinson College Library, Carlisle.
Lafayette College Library, Easton.
Pennsylvania State Library, Harrisburg.
Haverford College Library, Haverford.
Allegheny College Library, Meadville.
*Law Association of Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
Free Library of Philadelphia, 1217 Chestnut
^ Street, Philadelphia.
University of Pennsylvania Library, Philadel-
phia.
*Biddle Law Library, University of Pennsyl-
vania, Philadelphia.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania Library,
Philadelphia.
Library Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
University of Pittsburgh Library, Pittsburgh.
Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny, North
Diamond Station, Pittsburgh.
Carnegie^ Library of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.
Public Library, Reading.
Lehigh University Library, South Bethlehem.
Pennsylvania State College Library, State
College.
Swarthmore College Library, Swarthmore.
Philippine Islands
Library of the Philippine Government, Manila.
University of the Philippines, Manila.
Porto Rico
Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.
Libraries marked (*) receive the publications of the Division of International Law only.
DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
197
Rhode Island
U. S. Naval War College, Newport.
Redwood Library and Athenseum, Newport.
Rhode Island State Library, Providence.
Brown University Library, Providence.
**Library of the Department of Economics,
Brown University, Providence.
Providence Athenaeum, Providence.
Public Library, Providence.
Public Library, Westerly.
South Carolina
Charleston College Library, Charleston.
Library Society, Charleston.
Library of Furman University, Greenville.
South Dakota
Hearst Free Library and Reading Room, Lead.
South Dakota Free Public Library Commis-
sion, Pierre.
State Library, Pierre.
Carnegie Free Public Library, Sioux Falls.
Yankton College Library, Yankton.
University of South Dakota Library, Ver-
million.
Tennessee
Public Library, Chattanooga.
University of Tennessee Library, Knoxville.
Library of Cumberland University, Lebanon.
Cossitt Library, Memphis.
Carnegie Library, Nashville.
Vanderbiit University Library, Nashville.
Tennessee State Library, Nashville.
George Peabody College for Teachers, Nash-
ville.
University of the South Library, Sewanee.
Texas
*Law School Library, University of Texas,
Austin.
University of Texas Library, Austin.
Texas Library and Historical Commission,
Austin.
Public Library, Dallas.
Southern Methodist University Library, Dallas.
Carnegie Public Library, Fort Worth,
Rosenburg Library, Galveston.
Southwestern University Library, Georgetown.
Rice Institute Library, Houston.
Carnegie Library, San Antonio.
Baylor University Library, Waco.
Utah
Brigham Young University Library, Provo.
State Library, Salt Lake City.
Public Library, Salt Lake City.
University of Utah Library, Salt Lake City.
Vermont
Public Library, Brattleboro.
Fletcher Free Library, Burlington.
University of Vermont Library, Burlington,
Egbert Starr Library, Middlebury College,
Middlebury.
State Library, Montpelier.
Virginia
Randolph-Macon College Library, Ashland.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg.
Hampden-Sidney College Library, Hampden-
Sidney.
Washington and Lee University Library,
Lexington.
State Library, Richmond.
Richmond College Library, Richmond.
University of Virginia Library, University.
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg.
The Handley Library, Winchester.
Washington
State Library, Oiympia.
Washington State Traveling Library, Oiympia.
State College of Washington Library, Pull-
man.
University of Washington Library, Seattle.
*Law School of the University of Washington,
Seattle.
Public Library, Seattle.
Public Library, Spokane.
Public Library, Tacoma.
Whitman College Library, Walla Walla.
West Virginia
State Department of Archives and History,
Charleston.
Davis and Elkins College Library, Elkins.
Public Library, Huntington.
West Virginia University Library, Morgantown.
Wisconsin
Lawrence College Library, Appleton.
Beloit College Library, Beloit.
Public Library, Eau Claire.
University of Wisconsin Library, Madisoix,
State Library, Madison.
Public Library, Milwaukee,
Public Library, Oshkosh.
Wyoming
University of Wyoming Library, Lararaie.
ARGENTINA
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos
Aires.
Biblioteca Nacional, Buenos Aires.
Museo Social Argentine, Buenos Aires.
Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales,
Buenos Aires.
Colegio de Abogados de Buenos Aires, Buenos
Aires.
Universidad Nacional, C6rdoba,
Colegio Nacional, Corrientes.
Colegio Nacional, Jujuy.
Universidad Nacional, La Plata.
*Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales,
Universidad Nacional, La Plata.
Libraries marked (**) receive the publications of the Division of Economics and History only.
198
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Colegio Nacionai, Mendpza.
Colegio Nacionai, Rosario.
Colegio Nacionai, Salta,
Colegio de los Jesuitas, Santa Fe.
Colegio Nacionai, Santiago del Estero.
Colegio Nacionai, Tucuman.
AUSTRIA
Universitats-Bibliothek, Graz.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Innsbruck,
Universitats-Bibliothek, Vienna ;
**Seminar Library of Economics, University
of Vienna, Vienna.
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna.
BELGIUM
Stadsbibliothek, Antwerp.
Academic Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et
des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels,
Belgium (Publications in the Economic and
Social History of the World War).
** Bibliotheque de la Commission Centrale de
Statistique, Brussels.
Bibliotheque de FUniversite Libre de Bruxelles,
Brussels.
Commission des Archives de la Guerre, rue
Terre-Neuve 105, Brussels.
Institut Solvay, Brussels.
Bibliotheque de I'Universite de 1'Etat, Ghent.
Bibliotheque de TUniversite de Liege, Liege.
Bibliotheque de T University Catholique de
Louvain, Louvain.
BOLIVIA
Minlsterio de Relaciones Exteriores, La Paz.
Colegio de Jurisprudencia, La Paz.
Universidad Mayor de San Francisco Xavier,
Sucre.
BRAZIL
Faculdade de Direito, Sao Salvador, Bahia.
Faculdade de Direito, Bello Horizonte, Minas
Geraes.
Faculdade de Direito, Nossa Senhora de Belem,
Pard.
Faculdade de Direito, Recife, Pernambuco.
Ministerip das Relates Exteriores, Rio de
Janeiro.
Bibliotheca Nacionai, Rio de Janeiro.
Faculdade de Direito, Port Alegre, Rio Grande
do Sul.
Faculdade de Direito, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo.
BRITISH EMPIRE
England
University of Birmingham Library, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
Public Library, Church Street, Brighton.
Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge.
Public Free Library, Borough of Cambridge.
Squire Law Library, Cambridge.
University of Cambridge Library, Cambridge.
Coventry Central Library, Coventry.
Croyden Public Libraries, Croyden.
University of Durham, Durham.
The University Library, Leeds.
City of Lincoln Public Library, Lincoln.
University of Liverpool, Liverpool.
Foreign Office, London.
The British Museum, London.
The Library of the National Liberal Club,
Whitehall, London.
The Library of the Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall,
London.
British Library of Political Science, Clare
Market, London, W. C.
*Middle Temple Library, London, E. C. 4.
Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.
University College Library, London.
University of London Library, South Kensing-
ton, London.
Imperial War Museum Library, H. M. Office of
Works, Storey's Gate, Westminster, S. W.
i, London.
Library of the Royal Statistical Society, 9
Adelphi Terrace, Strand, London.
Grotius Society, 2 King's Bench Walk, Temple,
E. C. 4, London.
Royal Colonial Institute, Northumberland Av-
enue, London, W. C. 2.
*Fry Memorial Library of International Law,
London School of Economics and Political
Science, London.
Fulham Public Libraries, 598 Fulham^Road,
Fulham, London.
Public Library, City of Westminster, London
(Economic and Social History of the World
War, British Series only).
Kings College, University of London, London
(Classics of International Law only).
Library of the Institute of Historical Research,
University of London, London.
Lincoln's Inn Library, London, W. C. 2
(Classics of International Law only).
London Library, St. James's Square, London,
S. W. i.
Library of the Victoria University of Manches-
ter, Manchester.
Manchester Public Libraries, Manchester.
Gilstrap Public Library, Newark-on-Trent,
Central Public Library, Norwich.
University College, Nottingham.
Library of All Souls College, Oxford.
Bodleian Library, Oxford.
University of Sheffield Library, Sheffield.
Central Public Library, Wigan.
Australia
Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of
South Australia, Adelaide.
University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide,
South Australia.
University of Queensland, Brisbane.
University of Melbourne Library, Melbourne,
Public Library of Perth, Western Australia.
University of Sydney Library, Sydney, New
South Wales.
Libraries marked (*) receive the publications of the Division of International Law only.
DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
199
*Law School, University of Sydney, Sydney,
New South Wales.
University of West Australia, Perth.
Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.
Canada
Provincial Library of Alberta, Edmonton, Al-
berta.
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Queen's University Library, Kingston, Ontario.
Western University Library, London, Ontario.
Couvent des Dominicains, Montreal (Classics
of International Law only).
Library of University of Montreal, Montreal.
McGill University Library, Montreal.
University Library, Ottawa.
Couvent des Dominicains, 95 Empress Ave.,
Ottawa (Classics of International Law).
international Joint Commission, Ottawa.
Library of the Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa.
Library of the Department of External Affairs
of the Government of Canada, Ottawa.
**Library of the Department of Labour,
Ottawa.
Library of the Parliament of Canada, Ottawa.
Bibliotheque de 1'Universite Laval, Quebec.
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
Riddeil - Canadian Library, Osgoode Hall,
Toronto.
University of Toronto Library, Toronto.
University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia.
Provincial Library, Victoria, British Columbia.
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
Winnipeg Public Library, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia.
Egypt
Egyptian University, Cairo.
India
University of Bombay Library, Bombay.
University of Calcutta Library, Calcutta.
Library of the University of Delhi, Delhi.
University of Madras Library, Madras.
Mysore University Library, Mysore.
Pan jab University Library, Panjab, Lahore.
Bureau of Public Information, Home Depart-
ment, Government of India, Simla.
Ireland
Queen's University, Belfast.
Trinity College Library, Dublin.
Public Library, Dublin.
National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
New Zealand
Public Library, Auckland.
** Workers' Educational Association, Auckland.
University of New Zealand Library, Wellington.
Victoria University Library, Wellington.
Scotland
University of Aberdeen Library, Aberdeen.
The Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
*Department of International Law, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
University of Glasgow Library, Glasgow.
Mitchell Library, Glasgow.
*Library of the Faculty of Procurators, 62 St.
George's Place, Glasgow.
University Library, St. Andrews.
Union of South Africa
Library of Parliament, Cape Town.
South African College Library, Cape Town.
University of the Cape of Good Hope, Cape
Town.
Transvaal University College, Transvaal.
Tasmania
University of Tasmania, Hobart.
Wales
University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
University College of North Wales, Bangor.
Cardiff Public Libraries, Cardiff.
University College of South Wales, Cardiff.
BULGARIA
University of Sofia, Sofia.
CHILE
Licep de Concepci6n, Concepci6n.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Santiago.
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Santiago. ^
Unjversidad Cat61ica de Santiago, Santiago.
Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
CHINA
Canton Christian College, Canton.
University of Nanking Library, Nanking.
Foreign Office, Peking.
Library of the American Legation, Peking. ^
Library, National University of Peking,
Peking.
Peking Club Library, Peking.
Yenching University, Peking.
Peking Public Affairs Library, Peking.
Low Library, St. John's University, Shanghai.
Library of the United States Court for China,
Shanghai.
Boone University Library, American Church
Mission, Wuchang (via Hankow).
COLOMBIA
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Bogota.^
Academia Colombiana de Jurisprudencia,
Bogota.
Museo Nacional, Bogoti.
Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena.
COSTA RICA
Colegio de San Luis, Cartago.
Escuela Normal, Heredia.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Jos&.
Liceo de Costa Rica, San Jose.
Libraries marked (**) receive the publications of the Division of Economics and History only.
2OO
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
CUBA
Departamento de Estado, Habana.
Uniyersidad de Habana, Habana.
Biblioteca Naclonal, Habana.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Komensfc6ho universita, Bratislava (Pressburg).
Knihovna Masarykova Universita, Brno
(Brunn).
Knihovna Masarykova Akademie Price,
Prague.
Ministerstvo zahranicnich vecf , Prague.
VeYejnd a universitnf knihovna, Prague.
Universitni knihovna, Prague.
DANZIG
Library of the Free City of Danzig, Danzig.
DENMARK
Statsbiblioteket I Aarhus, Aarhus.
Udenrigsministeriet, Copenhagen.
Universitets-Biblioteket, Copenhagen.
ECUADOR
Colegio Nacional, Guayaquil.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito.
Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito.
ESTHONIA
Universitet, Tartu (Dorpat).
Rugi Raanratukogu, Tallinn,
FINLAND
Kejserliga Alexanders-Universitetet i Finland,
Helsingfors.
Eduskunnan Kirjasto, Helsingfors.
FRANCE
Bibliotheque de riJniversit d'Aix, Aix.
Universite d' Alger, Algiers.
University de Besanc.on, Besanc.on.
Bibliotheque de 1' Universite de Bordeaux,
Bordeaux.
Universit& de Caen, Caen.
Bibliotheque Municipale et Universitaire, Cler-
mont-Ferrand.
Universite de Dijon, Dijon.
Universite de Grenoble, Grenoble.
Bibliotheque de I'Uniyersite de Lille, Lille.
Bibliotheque de I'Universite de Lyon, Lyons.
Bibliotheque de la Ville de Lyon, Lyons.
Bibliotheque de la Faculte des Sciences de
Marseille, Marseilles.
Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier.
Bibliotheque de I'Uniyersite* de Nancy, Nancy.
Bibliotheque de I' Act ion Populaire, 17, rue de
Paris, Vanes (Seine).
American Library in Paris, Inc., 10 Rue de
l'Elyse*e, Paris.
**Bibliothque du Conservatoire National des
Arts et Metiers, Paris.
Centre de Documentation Sociale, Ecole Nor-
male Superieure, 45, Rue d'Uim, Paris
(Classics of International Law).
Minist&re des Affajres Etrang&res, Paris.
Minist^re des AfTaires Etrangeres, Service Fran-
ais de la Societe des Nations, Paris.
Biblioth^que Frederic Passy, Paris.
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
Bibliotheque de 1' Universite de Paris (Sor-
bonne), Paris.
Bibliotheque de la Faculte de Droit de I'Uni-
versite de Paris, Paris.
Bibliotheque et Muse"e de la Guerre, 39 rue du
Colisee, Paris.
Bibliotheque de 1'Institut National de France,
Paris.
*Bibliotheque de !a Societe de Legislation Com-
paree, Paris.
Acad6mie des Sciences Morales et Politiques de
Tlnstitut de France, Paris.
Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers.
Universit^ de Rennes, Rennes.
Bibliotheque Universitaire et Regionale, Stras-
bourg.
Bibliotheque de 1'Universite de Toulouse,
Toulouse.
GERMANY
**America Institut, Berlin.
Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Berlin.
Preussische Staatsbibliothek, Berlin.
Roosevelt Zimmer, Friedrich Wilhelms Univer-
sitat, Berlin.
Bibliothek des Preussischen Landesamts, Ber-
lin.
Bibliothek des Preussischen Landtages, Berlin,
Bibliothek des Reichstags, Berlin.
**Staatswissenschaftlich-statistisches f Seminar
der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat, Ber-
lin.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Berlin.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Bonn,
Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Bremen.
Stadtbibliothek, Bremen.
Staats und Universitats-Bibliothek, Breslau.
Universitats und Stadtbibliothek, Cologne.
Sachsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden.
Universitats-B ibliothek, Erlangen.
Stadtbibliothek, Frankfurt-am-Main.
Universitts- Bibliothek, Freiburg im Breisgau,
Universitats-Bibliothek, Giessen.
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, GSttingen.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Gottingen.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Greifswald.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Halle.
Commerzbibliothek, Hamburg.
Hamburgische Universitat, Hamburg.
Stadtbibliothek, Hamburg.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Heidelberg.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Jena.
Technische Hochschule Bibliothek, Karlsruhe.
UniversitHts-Bibliothek, Kiel.
Libraries marked (*) receive the publications of the Division of International Law only.
DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
2OI
Institut fur Internationales Recht, DSnische
Str. 15, Kiel.
Staats und Universitats-Bibliothek, Konigs-
berg ;
Stadtbibliothek, Leipzig.
Bibliothek der Handelskammer, Neue Borse,
t Leipzig.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Leipzig.
Universjtats-Bibliothek, Marburg.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Munich.
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich.
Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, MQnster.
Bibliothek des Reichsarchivs, Potsdam.
Universit&ts-B ibiiothek, Rostock.
Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. ^
Universitats-Bibliothek, Tubingen.
Staatiiche Bibliothek, Weimar.
Universitats-Bibliothek, Wurzburg.
GREECE
Ministere des Affaires fitrang&res, Athens.
Universit^ Nationale, Athens.
GUATEMALA
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Guate-
mala.
Universidad de Guatemala, Guatemala,
HOLLAND
Uniyersiteits-Bibliptheek, Amsterdam.
Bibliotheek der Rijks-Universiteit, Groningen,
Bibliotheek der Rijks-Universiteit, Ley den.
Library of the Netherlands Commerical Uni-
versity, Rotterdam.
Dept. van Buitenlandsche Zaken, The Hague.
BibliothSque du Palais de la Paix, The Hague.
KoninkKjke Bibliotheek, The Hague.
Universiteits-Bibliotheek, Utrecht.
Schriftsteller-Bibliotheek, St. Ignatius Kolleg,,
Valkenburg.
HONDURAS
Colegio Nacional, Santa Rosa.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Teguci-
galpa.
Universidad Central de la Republica f Teguci-
galpa.
HUNGARY
Universitats-Bibliothek, B udapest.
ITALY
R, Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna.
Regia^ Biblioteca Universitaria, Cagliari, Sar-
dinia.
Regia Universita degli studi di Catania, Cata-
nia, Sicily.
Libera University di Ferrara, Ferrara.
Regia Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence.
R. Institute di Scienze Sociali, Florence.
R. Biblioteca Universitaria, Genoa.
R. Institute Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere,
Milan.
R. Biblioteca Universitaria, Modena.
R. Biblioteca Universitaria di Napoli, Naples.
R. Biblioteca Nazionale, Naples.
Regia Universita degli Studi, Padua.
R. Biblioteca Nazionale di Palermo, Palermo.
Regia Universita degli Studi, Parma.
R. Biblioteca Universitaria, Pavia.
University degli Studi, Perugia.
Regia Universita degli Studi, Pisa.
Ministero della Giustfzia, Rome.
Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Rome.
Biblioteca Alessandrina della R. Universita,
Rome.
Biblioteca del Commissar iato dell 'Ernigrazione,
Rome.
R. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio
Emanuele, Rome.
Library for American Studies, Rome.
Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino,
Turin. ^
Libera Universita provinciale degli Studi,
Urbino.
Biblioteca Nazionale di San Marco, Venice.
JAPAN
Library of the Governor General of Chosen,
Keijo (Seoul), Korea.
Kioto Imperial University Library, Kioto.
Chuo University Library, Tokyo.
Foreign Office, Tokyo.
Imperial University of Tokyo Library, Tokyo.
Department of Commerce and Industry
Library, Tokyo.
Hibiya Library, Tokyo.
Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.
Waseda University Library, Tokyo,
LATVIA
Library of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Riga.
University of Latvia Library, Riga.
MEXICO
Colegio Nacional, Durango, Durango.
Escuela de Jurisprudencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Mexico.
Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico, D. F.
Seminario de Morelia, Apartado Nftm, 83,
Morelia, Michoacan.
NICARAGUA
Universidad de Nicaragua, Le6n.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.
NORWAY
Stortingets Bibliotek, Christiania.
Utenriksdepartementet, Christiania.
Universitets-Bibliotheket, Christiania.
Bibliotheket, Norske Nobelinstitut, Christiania.
PARAGUAY
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asunci6n.
Universidad Nacional, Asunci6n.
Institute Paraguayo, Asunci6n.
Libraries marked (**} receive the publications of the Division of Economics and History only.
2O2
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
PERU
Universidad del Cuzcp, Cuzco.
Colegio Nacionai, Chiclayo, Lambayeque.
Mmisterio de Relaciones Exteriores, Lima.
Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima.
POLAND
Library of the Polish Academy of Science,
Cracow.
School of Political Science, Cracow.
Uniyersytet Jagiellonski, Cracow.
*University of Lublin Library, Lublin.
Universytet Lwowski, Lwow (Lemberg).
Bibliotheque Universitaire a Poznan, Poznan.
Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa, Warsaw.
Library of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Warsaw.
Library of the Polish Parliament, Warsaw.
Universytet Warszawski, Warszawa (Warsaw).
Bibljoteka Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego,
Wilna.
PORTUGAL
*Bibliotheca da Faculdade de Direito, Universi-
dade de Coimbra, Coimbra.
Ministerio dos Neg6cios Estrangeiros, Lisbon.
Bibliotheca Nacionai de Lisboa, Lisbon.
RUMANIA
Biblioteca Institutul Social Roman, Calea,
Victoriei 102, III, Bucharest.
Universitatea Romana, Bucharest.
Universitatea Romana, Czernowitz.
Universitatea Romana, Jassy.
Universitatea Romana, Cluj (Klausenburg).
RUSSIA
Imperalorskij Charkovskij Universitet, Char-
kow.
Imper. Kazanskij Universitet, Kasan.
Imper. Universitet Sv. Wladirnira, Kiew.
Imper. Moskovskij Universitet, Moscow.
Imper. Novoross. Universitet^ Odessa.
Ministerstvo Inpstrannykh Diel, Petrograd.
Imper. Akademia Nauk, Petrograd.
Imper. S.-Petersburghskij Universitet, Petro-
grad.
Tomskij Universitet, Tomsk, Siberia.
SALVADOR
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Sal-
vador.
Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador.
SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE
Universitet Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slove-
naca, Zagreb (Agram).
Universitet Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slove-
naca, Beograd (Belgrade).
*Pravni Facultet Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i
^ Sloyenaca, Beograd (Belgrade).
Universitet Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slove-
naca, Ljubljana (Laibach).
SPAIN
Biblioteca Provincial y Universitaria, Bar-
celona.
Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona.
Biblioteca de Catalunya, Barcelona.
Universidad de Granada, Granada.
Ministerio de Estado, Madrid.
Universidad Central de Espana, Madrid.
Biblioteca Nacionai, Madrid.
Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad, Oviedo.
Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca.
Universidad de Santiago, Santiago.
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla.
Universidad de Valencia, Valencia.
Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza.
SWEDEN
Universitet-Biblioteket, Gothenburg.
KungL Karolinska Universitetet, Lund.
**Handelshogskolan Biblioteket, Stockholm,
Sweden.
Utrikes Departementet, Stockholm.
KungL Bibiioteket, Stockholm.
KungL Universitetets-Biblioteket, Upsala.
SWITZERLAND
UniversitSLts-Bibliothek, Basel.
Departement des Ausw^rtigen, Berne.
Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles,
Berne.
Stadt-Bibliothek, Berne.
Universitat, Freiburg.
Bibliotheque Publique et Universitaire, Geneva.
**International Labor Office, Geneva.
Library of the League of Nations, Geneva.
Bibliotheque Cantonale et Universitaire, Lau-
^ sanne.
Universite de Neufchatel, Neufchatel.
Zentralbibliothek, Zurich.
SYRIA
Syrian Protestant College Library, Beirut.
TURKEY
Library of the University, Constantinople.
Robert College Library, Constantinople.
URUGUAY
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Monte-
video.
Universidad de Montevideo, Montevideo.
Biblioteca Nacionai, Montevideo.
VENEZUELA
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Caracas.
Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas.
Colegio Nacionai, Cumana.
Libraries marked (*) receive the publications of the Division of International Law only.
Libraries marked (**) receive the publications of the Division of Economics and History only.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENDOWMENT 1
The Carnegie Endowment issues two general classes of publications: books
and pamphlets intended for general circulation, which are distributed gratui-
tously to all who apply, and publications upon special topics, which are sold for
a nominal price by the Endowment's publishers, the Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, and the Oxford University Press, American Branch, 35 West 32d
Street, New York City, except where another publisher is indicated. Any
publication in the following lists not marked with a price and not out of print,
will be sent free of charge, upon application to the Secretary of the Endowment,
No. 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. Publications marked with a price may
be obtained for the amount noted from booksellers or the publishers.
All the publications of the Endowment are deposited in a large number
of important libraries, geographically distributed throughout the United States
and foreign countries. The Endowment books are placed with these depositories
on the condition that they will be made accessible to the public and any student
interested in an Endowment publication may consult the volume in the nearest
depository library. A list of these libraries is printed on pages 193-202 of this
Year Book.
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
Year Books 1911-1924, inclusive, rprx, 1921 and Ip22 out of print. These volumes contain
information concerning the organization and work of the Endowment, the
Annual Reports of the Officers and lists of publications and depository libraries
Manual of the Public Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie. 1919. viii+32i pages, 28 plates.
DIVISION" OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
No. I Some Roads towards Peace : A report on observations made in China and Japan in 1912,
by Charles W. Eliot. Washington, 1914. vi-4-88 pages. Out of print.
No. 2 German International Progress in 1913: Report of Wilhelm Paszkovrski. Washington,
1914. iv 4- 1 1 pages. Out of print.
No. 3 Educational Exchange with 'Japan: A report to the Trustees of the Endowment on
observations made in Japan in 1912-1913, by Hamilton Wright Mabie. Wash-
ington, 1914. 8 pages.
No. 4 Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the
Balkan Wars, Washington, 1914. x 4-41 8 pages, 51 half tones, 9 maps. Out of
print.
No. 4i Enqueue dans les Balkans. Rapport present^ aux Directeurs de la Dotation par les
Membres de la Commission d'Enqu6te. Paris, 1914.
No. 5 Intellectual and Cultural Relations between the United States and the Other Republics
of America, by Harry Erwin Bard. Washington, 1914. iv +35 pages. Out of print.
No. 6 Growth of Internationalism in Japan: Report to the Trustees of the Endowment, by
T. Miyaoka. Washington, 1915. iv+ 15 pages. Out of print.
1 Revised to July i, 1925.
204 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
No. 7 For Better Relations witli Our Latin American Neighbors : A Journey to South America,
by Robert Bacon. Washington, 1915. viii+i86 pages. Out of print.
Second (revised) edition, Washington, 1916. viii-f 208 pages. Bound with No. 8.
No. 8 Para el Fomento de Nuestras Buenas Relaciones con los Pueblos Latinamericanos:
Viaje d la America del Sur, por Robert Bacon. Spanish edition of No. 7, with the
addresses and letters in the original Spanish, Portuguese or French. Washington,
1915. yiii+22i pages. Out of print.
Second (revised) edition. Washington, 1916. viii+222 pages. Bound with No. 7.
Out of print.
No. 9 Former Senator Burton's Trip to South America, 1915, by Otto Schoenrich. Wash-
ington, 1915. iv+40 pages.
No. 10 Problems about "War for Classes in Arithmetic: Suggestions for makers of textbooks and
for use in schools, by David Eugene Smith, with an introduction by Paul Monroe.
Washington, 1915. 23 pages. Out of print.
No. ii Hygiene and War: Suggestions for makers of textbooks and for use in schools, by
George Ellis Jones, with an introduction by William Henry Burnham. Edited by
Paul Monroe. Washington, 1917. iv-f 207 pages.
No. 12 Russia, the Revolution and the War: An account of a visit to Petrograd and Helsingfors
in March, 1917, by Christian L. Lange. Washington, 1917. ii-j-26 pages.
No, 13 Greetings to the New Russia: Addresses at a meeting held at the Hudson Theater, New
York, April 23,^1917, under the auspices of the National Institute of Arts and
Letters. Washington, 1917. iv-f- 14 pages. Ont of print.
No. 14 South American Opinions on the War. L Chile and the War, by Carlos Silva Vild<5spla.
II. The Attitude of Ecuador, by Nicolas F. L6pez. Translated from the original
Spanish by Peter H. Goldsmith. Washington, 1917. iv+27 pages.
No. 15 The Imperial Japanese Mission, 1917: A record of the reception throughout the United
States of the Special Mission headed by Viscount Ishii, together with the exchange
of notes embodying the Root-Takahira Understanding of 1908 and the Lansjng-
Ishii Agreement of 1917. Foreword by Elihu Root. Washington, 1918. viu-f
127 pages, i plate. Out of print.
No. 1 6 Growth of Liberalism hi Japan: Two addresses delivered by Tsunejiro Miyaoka before
the American Bar Association at Cleveland, Ohio, on August 29, 1918, and before
the Canadian Bar Association at Montreal on September 5, 1918. Washington,
1918. iv 4-24 pages. Out of print.
No. 17 American Foreign Policy: Based upon statements of Presidents and Secretaries of State
of the United States and of publicists of the American republics, with an introduc-
tion by Nicholas Murray Butler. Washington, 1920. viii-f~i28 pages, index.
Out of print.
Second (revised) edition, Washington, 1920. viii 4-132 pages, index.
No. 1 8 Relations between France and Germany: A report by Henri Lichtenberger, Professor at
the Sorbonne, upon his investigation of conditions in Germany in 1922. Washing-
ton, 1923. xvii-J-133 pages.
No. 19 The Ruhr Conflict: A report by Henri Lichtenberger, Professor at the Sorbonne, sup-
plementing the report entitled * ' Relations between France and Germany. ' * Wash -
ington, 1923. vii-fi6 pages.
International Conciliation
This series has appeared under the imprint of the American Association for International
Conciliation, No. I (April, 1907) to No. 199 (June, 1924), inclusive. A list of these numbers is
printed herein, pages 219-228.
Beginning with No. 200 (July, 1924), it has been issued under the imprint of the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace.
Subscription price, 25 cents for one year, $1.00 for five years. Single copies, 5 cents.
Address: International Conciliation, 405 West H7th Street, New York City.
200 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Organization and Work, compiled by Amy
Heminway Jones, Division Assistant. July, 1924.
201 A Practical Plan for Disarmament; Draft Treaty of Disarmament and Security, Submitted
to the League of Nations by an American Group; with Introduction and Com-
mentary by James Thomson Shotwell. August, 1924.
202 An Analysis of the American Immigration Act of 1924, by John B. Trevor, M.A., formerly
Captain Military Intelligence Division, U.S.A., Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur.
September, 1924.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 2O5
203 America's Part in Advancing the Administration of International Justice, by Edwin B. Par-
ker, Umpire, Mixed Claims Commission, United States and Germany. October,
1924,
204 The Bawes Report on German Reparation Payments; The London Conference on the
Application of the Dawes Plan, by George A. Finch. November, 1924.
205 Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes; Text and Analysis; with an
Introduction by James Thomson Shotwell. December, 1924.
The Treaties of Peace, 1919-1923: Texts of the Treaties of Versailles, St. Germain-en-Laye,
Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres, Lausanne, and the Straits Convention; including 16
maps showing territorial changes, a cables map and a map of the League of
Nations in 1923. Maps compiled especially for this edition by Lt.-Col. Law-
rence Martin, Washington, D. C. 2 vols. bound in cloth 12 mo. New York,
1924. Price, fe.oo.
206 The Japanese Law of Wationalily and the Rights of Foreigners in Land under the Laws
of Japan, by Tsunejiro Miyaoka, of the Bar of Japan. January, 1925.
207 Elihu Root's Services to International Law, by James Brown Scott. February, 1925.
208 Plans and Protocols to End War. Historical Outline and Guide, by James T. Shotwell.
March, 1925.
209 The United States and the Dawes Annuities, April, 1925.
210 American Ideals during the Past Half-Century, by Elihu Root. May, 1925.
Inter- America Magazine
This magazine was established, in May 1917, to aid in overcoming the barrier of a diversity
of language by translating and publishing in English articles from representative Spanish and
Portuguese current periodicals in the other American Republics and by translating and publish-
ing in Spanish articles from similar sources in the United States. There are twelve issues of this
magazine each year, six in Spanish and six in English appearing in alternate months. The first
Spanish number appeared in May 1917, the first English number in October 1917. For further
information address the director of the Interamerican Section of the Division of Intercourse and
Education, 405 West H7th Street, New York City.
SPANISH
Volumenes I-VIII complete.
Volumen IX numcro I, mayo de 1925.
ENGLISH
Volumes I-VII complete.
Volume VIII No. i October, 1924, No. 2, December, 1924, No. 3, February, 1925, No. 4, April,
1925.
Biblioteca Interamericana
This series was established for the purpose of increasing in the other American Republics
a knowledge of books published in the United States in the fields of history, literature, education
and civics. For further information address the director of the Interamerican Section of the
Division of Intercourse and Education, 405 West H7th Street, New York City.
Volumen I Vida constitutional de los Estados TTnidos, Benjamin Harrison, 284 paginas,
en dozavo. 1919.
Volumen II Cuentos cl&sicos del norte: primera serie, fidgar Allan Poe, 246 piginas, en
dozavo. 1920.
Volumen III Cuentos cl&sicos del norte: segunda serie, Washington Irving, Nathaniel
H&wthorne, fidward Everett Hale, 307 p&ginas, en dozavo. 1920.
Volumen IV La polftica exterior de los Estados Unidos, James Brown Scott, 313 piginas,
en dozavo. 1922.
Volumen V El significado de la education, Nicholas Murray Btitler, 333 paginas, en dozavo.
1923-
Interamerican Bulletins
These bulletins, so far as they are available, may be obtained from the Interamerican
Section of the Division of Intercourse and Education, 405 West U7th Street, New York City.
Numbers i to 26, inclusive, appeared under the imprint of the American Association for Inter-
national Conciliation. They are listed herein, pages 228-9.
206 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
No. 27 Cien anos de la doctrina de Monroe, discursos pronunciados en conmemoracion del
centenario de la doctrina de Monroe ante la American Academy^of Political and
Social Science en Filadelfia, 30 de noviembre y primero de diciembre de 1923.
Mayo de 1924.
No. 28 Proyecto de tratado de desanne y seguridad, sometido a la Liga de las Naciones por
un grupo de personas de los Estados Unidos. Julio de 1924.
Interamerican Digests Economic Series
No i Argentina, an authorized digest of Ei Desarrollo Econ6mico de la Republica Argentina
en los Ultimos Cincuenta Afios, made and translated by Peter H. Goldsmith .
European Bureau
These publications, so far as they are available, may be obtained on application to the
Dotation Carnegie pour la Paix Internationale, No. 173 Boulevard St.-Germam, Pans, trance.
Enquete dans les Balkans. Rapport de la Commission d'Enqute. Un vol. in-8, 493 pages
avec cartes et gravures. Preface de M. d'Estournelles de Constant. Paris,
1914.
L'Albanie en 1921. Mission de M. Justin Godart, Ancien Ministre, Depute du Rhdne. Un
vol. ia-i6, 374 pages avec carte et gravures. Paris, 1921.
Le Centre Europeen de la Dotation Carnegie pour la Paix Internationale, 1911-1921. Un vol.
petit in-8, 109 pages. Paris, 1921,
L'Allemagne d'aujourd'hui dans ses relations avec la France, par Henri Lichtenberger. Un
vol. in-i6, 280 pages. Paris, 1922.
Pose de la premiere pierre des Edifices communaux de Fargniers (Aisne), reconstruits avec le
concours de la Dotation Carnegie (18 juillet 1922)* Brochure petit in 8 , 22
pages avec gravures. Paris, 1922.
La Societe des Nations et PAlbanie. Rapport addresse a la Societe des Nations ^sur la situation
economique et financiere de 1'Albanie a la fin de 1922, avec une introduction de
M. d'Estournelles de Constant, Senateur. Brochure petit in-8, 65 pages.
Paris, 1922.
I/'Oeuvre de la Societe des Nations (1920-1923), par M. Leon Bourgeois, Delegue permanent
de la France a la Societe des Nations. Un vol. grand in-8, 456 pages. Paris,
1923.
Conseil Consultatif du Centre European, Compte rendu des seances tenues a Paris les 7 et 8
juillet 1923. Un vol. petit in-8, 226 pages avec gravures. Paris, 1923.
Enquete sur les livres scolaires d'apres guerre. 452 pages. Paris, 1923.
DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907, accompanied by tables of t signatures,
ratifications and adhesions of the various Powers, and texts of reservations. New
York, 1915. 4+xxx+303 pages, index of persons, index-digest. Out of print.
Second edition, New York, 1915. 4+ xxxiv-h3O3 pages, index of persons, index-
digest. Out of print.
Third edition, New York, 1918. 4-fxxxiv-f 303 pages, index of persons, index-digest.
Price, in Great Britain, 6s. ; in U. S., $2.00.
French edition: Les Conventions et Declarations de La Haye de^i8p9 et 1907, accompa-
gnees de tableaux des signatures, ratifications et adhesions et des textes des re*-
serves. New York, 1918. 2 +xxxiv+3i8 pages, table analytique. Price, $2.00.
Spanish edition: Las Convenciones y Declaraciones de La Haya de 1890 y 1907* acom-
panadas de cuadros de firmas, ratificaciones y adhesiones de las diferentes Poten-
cias y textos de las reservas. New York, 1916. 4-fxxxvi-f 301 pages, indice
alfabetico. Price, $2.00.
The Freedom of the Seas, or the Right Which Belongs to the Dutch to Take Part in the East
Indian Trade, a dissertation by Hugo Grotius, translated with a revision of the
Latin text of 1633 by Ralph Van Deman Magofiin. Edited with an introductory
note by James Brown Scott, Director. Latin and English on parallel pages.
New York, 1916. xvii+i62 pages, index. Price, $2.00.
Instructions to the American Delegates to the Hague Peace Conferences and Their Official
Reports, edited with an introduction by James Brown Scott, Director. New
York, 1916. 2-f vi+i38 pages. Price, $1.50.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 20?
French edition: Instructions Adresse'es aux Dele'gue's Americains aux Conferences de La
Haye et Leurs Rapports Officials, prepare dans la Division de Droit International
de la Dotation Carnegie pour la Paix Internationale sous la direction de James
Brown Scott. New York, 1920. viii+146 pages. Price, $1.00.
An International Court of Justice: Letter and memorandum of January 12, 1914, to the Nether-
land Minister of Foreign Affairs, in behalf of the establishment of an international
court of justice, by James Brown Scott. New York, 1916. viii+io8 pages.
Price, $1.50.
French edition: Une Cour de Justice Internationale, par James Brown Scott. Contains
also French edition of The Status of the International Court of Justice. New
York, 1918. viii-f-269 pages. Price, $2.50,
The Status of the International Court of Justice, with an appendix of addresses and official docu*
ments, by James Brown Scott. New York, 1916. vi+93 pages. Price, $1.50.
French edition included in the French edition of An International Court of Justice.
Recommendations on International Law and Official Commentary Thereon of the Second Pan
American Scientific Congress Held in Washington, December 27, 1915 January
8, 1916, edited with introductory matter, by James Brown Scott, Director. New
York, 1916. 2+viii+53 pages. Price, $1.00.
An Essay on a Congress of Nations for the Adjustment of International Disputes without Resort
to Arms, by William Ladd. Reprinted from the original edition of 1840 with
an introduction by James Brown Scott. New York, 1916. 1+162 pages.
Price, $2.00.
The Hague Court Reports, comprising the awards, accompanied by syllabi, the agreements for
arbitration, and other documents in each case submitted to the Permanent Court
of Arbitration and to commissions of inquiry under the provisions of the con-
ventions of 1899 and 1907 for the pacific settlement of international disputes,
edited with an introduction by James Brown Scott, Director. New York, 1916.
2+cxiv+664 pages, 12 maps, index. Price, $3.50.
French edition: Les Travaux de la Cour Permanente d* Arbitrage de La Haye: Recueil de
ses sentences, accompagnees de resumes des differentes controverses, des compromia
^'arbitrage et d'autres documents soumis a la Cour et aux commissions interna-
tionales o? enqueue en conformite des conventions de 1899 et de 1907 pour le regle-
ment pacifique des conflits internationaux, avec une introduction de James Brown
Scott, Directeur. New York, 1921. lxxxiv+492 pages, 12 cartes, table analy-
tique. Price, $3.50.
Resolutions of the Institute of International Law dealing with the Law of Nations, with an histori-
caHntroduction and explanatory notes, collected and translated under the super-
vision of and edited by James Brown Scott, Director. New York, 1916. xlvi+
265 pages, index. Price, $2.00.
French edition : L'Institut de Drpit International : Tableau Ge*n6ral des Travaux (x873~i9i3) ,
prepare dans la Division de Droit International de la Dotation Carnegie pour la
Paix Internationale sous la direction de James Brown Scott. New York, 1920.
xliv+366 pages, table alphab6tique des matieres. Price, $2.00.
Diplomatic Documents relating to the Outbreak of the European War, edited with an introduction
by James Brown Scott, Director. New York, 1916. 2 volumes, paged consecu-
tively. Part I : Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, lxxxii+768 pages. Part II :
Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, Serbia, xcii+pages 769-1516, index.
Price, $7.50 per set (not sold separately).
The Declaration of Independence, The Articles of Confederation, The Constitution of the United
States, edited with an introductory note by James Brown Scott, Director. New
York, 1917. xxiv+94 pages, index to the Constitution. Price, $1.00.
Russian edition: New York, 1919. xxiv-f 104 pages, index to the Constitution.
The Recommendations of Habana concerning International Organization, adopted by the Ameri-
can Institute of International Law at Habana, January 23, 1917: Address and
commentary by James Brown Scott. New York, 1917. vi+ioo pages. Price,
$1.00.
The Controversy over Neutral Rights between the United States and France, 1797-1800: A
collection of American State papers and judicial decisions, edited by James Brown
Scott, Director. New York, 1917. viii+5io pages. Price, $3.50.
208 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
The Reports to the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, being the official explanatory and inter-
pretative commentary accompanying the draft conventions and declarations
submitted to the Conferences by the several commissions charged with preparing
them together with the texts of the final acts, conventions and declarations as
signed, and of the principal proposals offered by the delegations of the various
Powers as well as of other documents laid before the commissions, edited, with an
introduction, by James Brown Scott, Director. Oxford, 1917. 20001+940 P a S es
index of persons, general index. Price, $5.00.
French edition: Rapports faits aux Conferences de La Haye de 1899 et 1907, oomprenant
les commentates officials annexes aux projets de conventions et des declarations
rediees par les diverses commissions qui en etaient chargees, amsi que les textes
des actes. conventions et declarations dans leur forme definitive et des principals
propositions presentees par les delegues des puissances interessees aussi bien que
d'autres pieces soumises aux commissions, avec une introduction de James Brown
Scott, Directeur. Oxford, 1920. xxvi+952 pages, Ifste des noms, table generate.
Price, $5.00.
The Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800: A collection of official documents preceded by the views
of representative publicists, edited by James Brown Scott, ^Director. A com-
bination of Pamphlets Nos. 27 and 28, with revisions and additions. New York,
1918. 2 -f-xxxiv + 698 pages, list of authorities. Price, $5.00.
The International Union of the Hague 'Conferences, by Walther Schucking. English translation
of The Work of The Hague, Volume I. Translated from the German by Charles
G. Fenwick. Oxford, 1918. xiv+341 pages, subject index, index of persons.
Price, in Great Britain, 7s. 6d,; in IL S. t $3.00.
Tiie Problem of an International Court of Justice, by Hans Wehberg. English translation of The
Work of The Hague, Volume II. Translated from the German by^ Charles G.
Fenwick. Oxford, 1918. xxxiv+25i pages, bibliography, subject index, index
of persons. Price, in Great Britain, ys. 6d. ; in U. S., fe-oo.
The Treaties of 1785, 1799 and 1828 between the United States and Prussia, as interpreted in opin-
ions of attorneys general, decisions of courts and diplomatic correspondence, edited
by James Brown Scott, Director. New York, 1918. viii+ 207 pages. Price, $2.00.
Judicial Settlement of Controversies between States of the American Union: Cases Decided in
the Supreme Court of the United States, collected and edited by James Brown
Scott, Director. 2 volumes, paged consecutively. New York, 19 18 % Vol. I:
xffi+873 pages. Vol. II: viH-fpages 874-1775, 3 maps, diagrams. Price, $7.50
per set (not sold separately).
Judicial Settlement of Controversies between States of the American Union: An Analysis of
Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, by James Brown Scott.
In I volume, uniform with the above. Oxford, 1919. xvi-f 548 pages, index.
Price, $2.50.
The United States of America: A Study in International Organization, by James Brown Scott.
New York, 1920. xx+6o5 pages, index. Price, $3.00.
The Declaration of London, February 26, 1909: A collection of official papers and documents re-
lating to the International Naval Conference held in London, December, 1908
February, 1909, with an introduction by Elihu Root. Edited by James Brown
Scott, Director. New York, 1919. xvi+268 pages, bibliography. Price, $2.00.
A Monograph on Plebiscites, with a collection of official documents and a chronological list of cases
of change of sovereignty in which the right to self-determination has been recog-
nized, by Sarah Wambaugh. Prepared under the supervision of James Brown
Scott, Director. New York, 1920. xxxvi-f 1088 pages, bibliographical list, index.
Price, $5.00.
Treaties for the Advancement of Peace between the United States and Other Powers negotiated
by the Honorable William J. Bryan, Secretary of State of the United States, with
an introduction by James Brown Scott, Director. New York, 1920. lxxii+152
pages* .Price, $1.50.
War and Peace: The Evils of the First and a Plan for Preserving the Last, by William Jay. Re-
printed from the original edition of 1842 with an introductory note by James
Brown Scott, Director. New York, 1919. 2+xvi+69 pages. Price, $1,00.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 2O9
The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 which Framed the Constitution of the United States
of America, as Reported by James Madison. International Edition. Edited by
Gaillard Hunt and James Brown Scott. In three parts: Part I, Antecedents of
the Federal Convention; Part II, The Federal Convention; Part III, Documentary
History. New York, 1920. xcvii4-73i pages. Price, $4.00.
The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conferences: Translation of the official texts prepared in the
Division of International Law of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
under the supervision of James Brown Scott, Director. 5 vols. Price, $5.00 per vol.
The Conference of 1899. New York, 1920. xxiv+883 pages, index.
The Conference of 1907: ^
Volume I: Plenary Meetings of the Conference. New York, 1920. xxvi-!-703 pages.
Volume II: Meetings of the First Commission. New York, 1921. Ixxxiv-f-io86 pages,
Volume III: Meetings of the Second, Third and Fourth Commissions. New York,
1921. xciv 4-1162 pages.
The Conferences of 1899 and 1907: Index Volume. Contains table of contents and indexes
for the entire series. New York, 1921. viii+272 pages. Included without ad-
ditional charge in full sets purchased.
Treaties and Agreements with and concerning China, 1894-1919: A collection of state papers,
private agreements and other documents, in reference to the rights and obligations
of the Chinese Government in relation to foreign Powers, and in reference to^the
interrelation of those Powers in respect to China, during the period from theSmo-
Japanese War to the conclusion of the World War of 1914-1919, compiled and ed-
ited by John V. A. MacMurray. 2 volumes, paged consecutively. New York,
1921. Volume I: Manchu Period (1894-1911). xlvi+928 pages, chronological
list of documents, 6 maps. Volume II: Republican Period (1912-1919). vi-f-
pages 920-1729, index of documents by nationality, general index. Price, $10.00
per set (not sold separately}.
The Holy Alliance: The European Background of the Monroe Doctrine, by W. P. Cresson. New
York, 1922. x+147 pages, index. Price, $1.50.
Development of International Law after the World War, by Otfried Nippold. Oxford, 1923.
xii-f-241 pages. Price in Great Britain, ys. 6d.; m U. S., $2.50.
Official German Documents relating to the World War: Reports of the First and Second Sub-
committees of the Committee appointed by the National Constituent Assembly
to inquire into the responsibility for the War, together with the stenographic
minutes of the Second Subcommittee and supplements thereto. ^ 2 ' vols. New
York, 1923. xiii+xi -{-1360 pages. Price in Great Britain, 35s. ; m U. S., $7.50.
Prize Cases decided in the United States Supreme Court, 1789-1918, including also cases on the
instance side in which questions of Prize Law were involved. ^ Oxford, 1923. 3
vols., xlvi-f-2i82 pages, index. Price in Great Britain 3 35.; m U. S., $15.00.
Arbitration Treaties among the American Nations to the Close of the Year 1010, edited by Wil-
liam R. Manning. New York, 1924. xl+472 pages. Pnce, $3,50.
Outbreak of the World War: German Documents collected by Karl Kautsky. New York, 1924.
vi-h688 pages. Price, $4.00.
Preliminary History of the Armistice: Official Documents published by the German National
Chancellery. New York, 1924. xii+i63 pages. Price, $2.00,
German White Book concerning the Responsibility of the Authors of the War. New York, 1924.
xv +178 pages. Price, $2.00.
The Monroe Doctrine: Its importance in the international life of the States of the New World,
by Alejandro Alvarez. New York, 1924. ix+573 pages. Price, $3'<>o.
Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States Concerning the Independence of Latin-American
U P Nations, selected and arranged by William R. Manning, 3 vols. In press.
Pamphlet Series
The following publications are issued gratuitously and, where not out of print may be had I upon
application to the Secretary of the Endowment, 2 Jackson Place Washington, D. C. "??"*
No^ 3-20 inclusive, containing the Hague conventions and declarations are P^**
bound form in the volume entitled The Hague Conventions ^^^^^^
mentioned under the preceding heading. Beginning with Pamphlet No. 33, all of the pam
are durably bound in paper over boards with red cloth backstops.
lets
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
No. I Alterations and Diplomatic Settlements of the United States. Washington, 1914.
vili-j-2i pages,
No 2 Limitation of Armament on the Great Lakes: Report of Honorable John W. Foster,
Secretary of State, to the President of the United States, December 7, 1892.
Washington, 1914. 2-fviii+57 pages.
No * Signatures, Ratifications, Adhesions and Reservations to the Conventions and Declara-
tions of the First and Second Hague Peace Conferences. Washington, 1914.
viii+32 pages.
No. 4 The Hague Conventions of 1899 (I) and 1907 (D for the Pacific Settlement of Interna-
tional Disputes. Washington, 1915. iv+48 pages.
No. 5 The Hague Conventions of 1899 (H) and 1907 (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of
War on Land. Washington, 1915. iv+33 pages. Out of pnnt.
No. 6 The Hague Conventions of 1899 (ffl) and 1907 (X) for the Adaptation to Maritime War-
fare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention. Washington, 1915. iv+i9
pages. Out of print.
No. 7 The Hague Declarations of 1899 (IV, i) and 1907 (XIV) Prohibiting the Discharge of
Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons. Washington, 1915. iv-f 5 pages.
No. 8 The Hague Declaration (IV, 2) of 1899 concerning Asphyxiating Gases. Washington,
1915. iv+2 pages. Out of print.
No. 9 The Hague Declaration (W, 3) of 1899 concerning Expanding Bullets. Washington,
1915. iv 4-2 pages. Out of print.
No. 10 The Final Acts of the First and Second Hague Peace Conferences, together with the
Draft Convention on a Judicial Arbitration Court, Washington, 1915. iv+4O
pages.
No. II The Hague Convention (II) of 1907 respecting the Limitation of the Employment of
Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts. Washington, 1915. iv+7 pages.
No. 12 The Hague Convention (ni) of 1907 relative to the Opening of Hostilities. Washington,
1915. iv-j-4 pages. Out of print.
No. 13 The Hague Convention (V) of 1907 respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers
and Persons in Case of War on Land. Washington, 1915. iv-f8 pages. Out of
print.
No. 14 The Hague Convention (VI) of 1907 relating to the Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at
the Outbreak of Hostilities. Washington, 1915. iv+5 pages.
No. 15 The Hague Convention (VII) of 1907 relating to the Conversion of Merchant Ships into
War-Ships. Washington, 1915. iv-j-5 pages.
No. 16 The Hague Convention (VHE) of 1907 relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine
Contact Mines. Washington, 1915. iv+6 pages.
No. 17 The Hague Convention (IX) of 1907 concerning Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time
of War. Washington, 1915. iv4-6 pages.
No. 18 The Hague Convention (XI) of 1907 relative to Certain Restrictions with regard to the
Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War. Washington, 1915. iv-|-6 pages.
No. 19 The Hague Convention (XII) of 1907 relative to the Creation of an International Prize
Court. Washington, 1915. iv+2i pages.
No. 20 The Hague Convention (Xm) of 1907 concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Pow-
ers in Naval War. Washington, 1915. iv+n pages.
No. 21 The Geneva Convention of 1906 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in
Armies in the Field. Washington, 1916. rv+17 pages. Out of print.
No. 22 Documents respecting the Limitation of Armaments, laid before the First Hague Peace
Conference of 1899 by the Government of the Netherlands. Washington, 1916.
v+32 pages. Out of print. Reprinted as part of Pamphlet No. 36.
No. 23 Official Communications and Speeches relating to Peace Proposals, 1916-1917. Wash-
ington, 1917. vi +96 pages. Out of print.
No. 24 Documents relating to the Controversy over Neutral Rights between the United States
and France, 1797-1800. Washington, 1917. viii+9i pages, list of authorities.
Out of print.
No. 25 Opinions of the Attorneys General and Judgments of the Supreme Court and Court of
Claims of the United States relating to the Controversy over Neutral Rights be-
tween the United States and France, 1797-1800. Washington, 1917. vi-f 340
pages. Out of print.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 211
No. 26 Opinions of Attorneys General, Decisions of Federal Courts and Diplomatic Correspond-
ence respecting the Treaties of 1785, 1799 and 1828, between the United States
and Prussia. Washington, 1917. vi+ 158 pages. Out of print.
Supplement to Pamphlet No. 26. Washington, 1917. 5 pages.
No. 27 Official Documents bearing on the Armed Neutrality of 1780 and 1800. Washington,
1917. x-j-295 pages. Out of print.
No. 28 Extracts from American and Foreign Works on International Law concerning the
Armed Neutrality of 1780 and 1800. Washington, 1917. vi+iO9 pages. Out
of print.
No. 29 Two Ideals of Government Washington, 1917. vi+17 pages. Out of print.
No. 30 The Effect of Defmocracy on International Law: Opening address by Elihu Root as
President of the American Society of International Law at the Eleventh Annual
Meeting of the Society in Washington, April 26, 1917. Washington, 1917.
ii+io pages.
No. 31 Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December, 1916, to November,
1918, prepared under the supervision of James Brown Scott, Director. Enlarged
edition of Pamphlet No. 23. Washington, 1921. 2+xiv+5i5 pages, index.
No. 32 Violation of the Laws and Customs of War: Reports of majority and dissenting reports
of American and Japanese members of the Commission of Responsibilities,
Conference of Paris, 1919. Oxford, 1919. x+ 82 pages, Out of print.
Spanish edition: Spanish Pamphlet No. 2.
No. 33 Autonomy and Federation within Empire: A collection of acts and documents relating
to the constitutions of the British self-governing dominions, prepared under the
supervision of James Brown Scott, Director. Washington, 1921. xvi+352
pages, bibliography, index.
No. 34 The Project relative to a Court of Arbitral Justice: Draft convention and report adopted
by the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907, with an introductory note by
James Brown Scott, Director. Washington, 1920. viii+io6 pages, index.
Out of print.
No. 35 The Project of a Permanent Court of International Justice and Resolutions of the
Advisory Committee of Jurists: Report and commentary by James Brown Scott.
Washington, 1920. vi+235 pages, index.
No. 36 Documents relating to the Program of the First Hague Peace Conference, laid before
the Conference by the Netherland Government. English translation of Actes
et documents relatvf au programme de la conference de la paix (The Hague, 1899).
The first part relates to the limitation of armament. Oxford, 1921, viii+H5
pages.
No. 37 The Hague Court Reports: Great Britain, Spain and France v. Portugal in the matter
of the expropriated religious properties in Portugal. English translation of the
awards rendered September 2 and 4, 1920, under the Compromis signed at Lis-
bon on July 31, 1913. Washington, 1921. 30 pages.
No. 38 Notes on Sovereignty, from the Standpoint of the State and of the World, by Robert
Lansing. Four papers reprinted from the American Journal of International
Law and The Proceedings of the American Political Science Association. Wash-
ington, 1921. vi +94 pages.
No. 39 The Future of International Law, by L. Oppenheim. English translation by
John Pawley Bate of Die Zukunft des Volkerrechts (Leipzig, 1911). Oxford,
1921. xii +68 pages. Out of print.
No. 40 The Consortium: The official text of the four-Power agreement for a loan to China and
relevant documents. Washington, 1921. x+76 pages, chronological list of
documents.
No. 41 Outer Mongolia: Treaties and Agreements. Washington, 1921. viii+39 pag es * chron-
ological list of documents. Out of print.
No. 42 Shantung: Treaties and Agreements. Washington, 1921. x+ 120 pages, chronological
list of documents. Out of print.
No. 43 Korea: Treaties and Agreements. Washington, 1921. viii+68 pages, chronological
list of documents. Out of print.
No. 44 Manchuria: Treaties and Agreements. Washington, 1921. xiv+220 pages, I map,
chronological list of documents. Out of prvnt.
212 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
No. 4$ The Sine- Japanese Kegotiations of 1915: Japanese and Chinese documents and Chinese
official statement. Washington, 1921. viii+76 pages. Out of print.
No, 46 The Limitation of Armaments: A collection of the projects proposed for the solution
of the problem, preceded by an historical introduction by Hans Wehberg. Eng-
lish translation by Edwin H. Zeydel of Limitation des armements (Brussels, 1914).
Washington, 1921. x+104 pages, index of persons.
No. 47 Constitutional Government in China: Present Conditions and Prospects, by W. W,
Willoughby. Washington, 1922. vm~{-6i pages.
No. 48 International Law and Related Subjects from the Point of View of the American Conti-
nent. A report on lectures delivered in the universities of the United States
1916-1918 under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, including a comparative study of the universities of Latin America and the
United States, by Alejandro Alvarez. Washington, 1922. viii+93 pages, index.
Out of print.
Spanish Pamphlet Series
No. i El origen, significado y valor internacional de la Doctrina de Monroe, por Charlemagne
Tower. Washington, 1920. iv~{-24 pages. Out of print.
No. 2 Comisi6"n encargada del estudio de la responsabilidad de los^autores de la guerra e
imposlcidn de penas: Informs presentado a la Conferencia Preliminar de la Paz.
Translation of Pamphlet No. 32. Washington, 1921. iv-f-58 pages.
No. 3 El Tratado de Paz con Alemania ante el Senado de los Estados Unidos, por
George A. Finch. Washington, 1921. iv+56 pages.
No. 4 Discurso presidencial pronunciado en la decinaaqtdnta conferencia anual de la Sociedad
Americana de Derecho International, por Elihu Root. Washington, 1921.
iv-j- 17 pages.
French Pamphlet Series
No. i tin monde blen gouvera^ : Trois documents : Declaration des droits et devoirs des nations,
adoptee par 1'Institut Americain de Droit International; Recommandations de la
Havane, adoptees par 1'Institut Americain de Droit International; Suggestions
pour un monde bien gouvern6, adoptees par la Societ6 Am6ricaine de la Paix,
Washington, 1922. 15 pages.
Classics of International Law
This series, which includes the classic works connected with the history and development of
international law, was undertaken by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1906, at the sug-
gestion of Mr. James Brown Scott, then Solicitor for the Department of State, under whose su-
pervision as General Editor the series has since been published. On January I, 1917, the proj-
ect was transferred to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the publication of
the series is being continued by the Endowment's Division of International Law, of which the
General Editor of the Classics is the Director.
The republication of these Classics has been undertaken principally on account of the diffr~
culty of procuring the texts in convenient form for scientific study. The text of each author is
reproduced photographically, so as to lay the source before the reader without the mistakes
which creej) into a newly printed text. Aa introduction is prefixed to each work, giving the
necessary biographical details concerning its author and stating the importance of the text and
its place in international law. Tables of errata in the original are added when necessary, and
notes to clear up doubts and ambiguities or to correct mistakes in the text are supplied. Each
of the Classics is specially edited by an expert in international law and is accompanied by an
English version made expressly for the series by a competent translator.
Ayala, Balthazar: Be Jure et Officiis Bellicis et Disciplina Militari. Edited by John Westlake,
2 vols. Washington, 1912. [No. 2 of the series.] $7.00.
Vol. I. A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1582, with portrait of Ayala, Intro*
duction by John Westlake, etc. xxvii -f-226 pages.
Vol. II. A Translation of the Text, by John Pawley Bate. xii-|-25O pages,
Bynkershoek, Cornelius van: De Dominio Maris. i vol. New York, 1923. 108+80 pages.
[No. ii of the series.] Price, $2.00.
1. Introduction by James Brown Scott.
2. A Translation^ the Text, by Ralph Van^Deman Magoffin.
3. A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1744.
4. An Index of Authors Cited and a List of Errata in the 1744 edition, by Herbert F. Wright.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Gentili, Alberico: De Legationibtis Libri Tres. 2 vols. [No. 12 of the series.] Price $5.00.
Vol I. A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1594, with an Introduction by Er-
nest Nys, and List of Errata. 38a+xvi-f 233 pages.
VoL II. A Translation of the Text, by Gordon J. Laing, with translation (by E. H. Zeydel)
of Introduction by Ernest Nys, and an Index of Authors Cited by Herbert #
Wright. 38a-j-x-f-2o8 pages.
eentili, Alberico: Hispanicae Advocationis Libri Duo. 2 vols. New York, 1921. [No. 9 of
the series.] Price, $5-<>o. . . . . . .
VoL I. A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1661, with an Introduction by
Frank Frost Abbott and a List of Errata. 44*+xvi +274 pages.
Vol. II. A Translation of the Text, by Frank Frost Abbott, with an Index of Authors by
Arthur Williams. I2a+x-h284 pages.
rothis, Hugo: De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres. [No. 3 of the series.] In press. Price of
set (Volumes I and II), 2^4 guineas in Great Britain, $12.50 m U . S.; vol. II only,
1 ^guineas in Great Britain, $7.50 in U. S.; vol. I not sold separately.
i. A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1646, with a portrait of Grotius. Wash-
ington, 1913. xxiv +663 pages.
2 A Translation of the Text, by Francis W. Kelsey, with the collaboration of Henry A.
Sanders, Arthur E. Boak, Jesse S. Reeves and Herbert F. Wright.
Legnano, Giovanni da: De Bello; De Repraesaliis et De Duello. Edited by Sir T. ErsHne Hol-
land. I vol. Oxford, 1917. xxxiii+458 pages. [No. 8 of the series.] Price,
in Great Britain, 423. 6d.; in United States, $13.00. Out of pnnt.
1. Collotype of the Bologna Manuscript of circa 1390, with Extended and Revised Text of
Same, Introduction, List of Authorities Cited, etc., by Sir T, Erskine Holland, to-
gether with Photograph of Legnano's Tomb.
2. A Translation of the Text, by J. L. Brierly.
3. A Photographic Reproduction of the First Edition (1477)-
Pufendorf, Samuel von: De Officio Hominis et Civis juxta Legem Haturalem Libri Duo. [No.
10 of the series.] In press.
Vol I A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1682, with an Introduction^
Walther Schiicking. , . 1 , rT W T' *
Vol. II. A Translation of the Text, by Frank Gardner Moore, with translation of Introduc-
tion by Walther Schiicking.
Rachel Samuel: De Jure Naturae et Gentium Dissertationes. Edited by Ludwig von Bar.
2 vols. Washington, 1916. [No. 5 of the series.] Price, $4.00.
Vol I A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1676, with portrait of Rachel, Intro-
duction by Ludwig von Bar, and List of Errata. i6a-f x-f-335 a e \ . ,
Vol. II. A Translation of the Text, by John Pawley Bate, with Index of Authors Cited.
i6a-fiv-!-233 pages.
Textor, Johann Wolfgang: Synopsis Juris Gentitim. Edited by Ludwig von Bar. 2 vols.
Washington, 1916. [No. 6 of the series.] Price, $4. oo. . r T -.
Vol I A Photographic Reproduction of the First Edition (1680), with portrait of lextor,
Introduction by Ludwig von Bar, and List of Errata. 28a+vi-f 1484-168 pages.
Vol. II. A Translation of the Text, by John Pawley Bate, with Index of Authors Cited.
26a+v+349 pages.
VatteLE.de:LeDroitdesGens. 3 vols. Washington, 191 6. [No. 4 of the series.] Price,$8.oo.
Vol I. A Photographic Reproduction of Books I and II of the First Edition (I75 8 ) with
portrait of Vattel and Introduction by Albert de Lapradelle, lix+ 541 pages.
Vol. IL A Photographic Reproduction of Books III and IV of the First Edition U75)-
Vol III A Translatio^oTthe Text, by Charles G. Fenwick, with translation (by G. D. Greg-
ory) of Introduction by Albert de Lapradelle. lxxxvm+398 pages.
Vietoria, Franciscus de: Relectiones: De Indis and De lure Belli. Edited by Ernest Nys. i vol.
Washington, 1917- 500 pages. [No. 7 of the series.] Price, $3.00.
I Introduction by Ernest Nys, and Translation of Same, by John Pawley tfate,
2, A Translation of the Text, by John Pawley Bate
* Revised Text, with Prefatory Remarks, List of Errata, and Index of Authors Cited, by
Herbert F.Wright. .
4. A Photographic Reproduction of Simon's Edition (1696;.
214 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Wolff, Christian von: Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum. [No. 13 of the series.]
In press.
1. Introduction by Otfried Nippold, and Translation of Same by Francis J. Hemelt.
2. A Translation of the Text, by Joseph H. Drake.
3. A Photographic Reproduction of the Edition of 1764.
Zouche, Richard: Juris et Judicii Fecialis, sive Juris inter Gentes, et Quaestionum de Eodem
Explicatio. Edited by Sir T. Erskine Holland. 2 vols. Washington, 1911.
[No. I of the series.] Price, $4.00.
Vol. I. A Photographic Reproduction of the First Edition (1650), with Introduction, List
of Errata, and Table of Authors, by Sir T. Erskine Holland, together with portrait
of Zouche. xvi+204 pages.
Vol. II. A Translation of the Text, by J. L. Brierly. xvii~f-i86 pages.
Bibliothlque Internationale de Droit des Gens
This series has been superseded by the Bibliotheque Internationale Fran^aise, under the
direction of Nicholas Murray Butler and James Brown Scott. No volumes have yet appeared
in the new series.
Lawrence, T. J.: Les principes de droit international. Translated from the English by Jacques
Dumas and A. de Lapradelle. Oxford, 1920. xxxiv+775 pages, table analy-
tique. Price, in Great Britain, 155.; in U. S., $5.00.
De Louter, J.: Le droit international public positif. Translated from the Dutch by the author.
2 volumes, paged separately. Oxford, 1920. Volume I : xii+576 pages. Volume
II: vi-j-5O9 pages. Price, in Great Britain, 223.; in U. S., $7.00.
Triepel, Heinrich: Droit international et droit interne. Translated from the German by Rene
Brunet. Paris and Oxford, 1920. vii+448 pages, table alphabetique. Price,
in Great Britain, los. 6d.; in U. S., $3.50. Out of print.
Westlake, John: Traite de droit international. Translated from the English by A. de Lapradelle.
Oxford, 1924. xix+759 pages. Price in Great Britain, 153. ; in France, fr. 50; in
U. S., $5.00.
DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND HISTORY
Nationalism and "War in the Near East, by a Diplomatist (George Young), Edited by Lord
Courtney of Penwith. Oxford, 1915. xxvi +434 pages. Price, in Great Britain,
12s. 6d.; in U. S., $4.15. Out of print.
The Industrial Development and Commercial Policies of the Three Scandinavian Countries, by
Povl Drachmann. Edited by Harald Westergaard. Oxford, 1915. 130 pages,
index. Price, in Great Britain, 45. 6d.; in U. S., $1.50. Out of print.
Lasses of Life in Modern Wars (Austria-Hungary, France), by Gaston Bodart; and Military
Selection and Race Deterioration, by Vernon Lyman Kellogg. Edited by
Harald Westergaard. Oxford, 1916. x+214 pages, index. Price, in Great
Britain, 6s.; in U. S., $2.00.
Economic Protectionism, by Josef Grunzel. Edited by Eugen von Philippovich. Oxford, 1916.
xvi +364 pages, index. Price, in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in U. S., $2.90.
Epidemics Resulting from Wars, by Friedrich Prinzing. Edited by Harald Westergaard. Oxford ,
1916. xii+346 pages, index. Price, in Great Britain, 73. 6d.; in U, S., 12.50.
The Colonial Tariff Policy of France, by Arthur Girault. ^Edited by Charles Gide. Oxford, 1916.
x 4-312 pages, index. Price, in Great Britain, 75. 6d.; in U. S., $2.50.
The Five Republics of Central America: Their political and economic development and their rela-
tions with the United States, by Dana G. Munro. Edited by David Kinley.
New York, 1918. xviii+332 pages, map, index. Price, $3.50*
Federal Military Pensions in the United States, by William H. Glasson. Edited by David Kinley.
New York, 1918. xiv+305 pages, index. Price, $2.50.
The Fiscal and Diplomatic Freedom of the British Oversea Dominions, by Edward Porritt. Edited
by David Kinley. Oxford, 1922. xvi +492 pages, index. Price, in Great Britain,
I2s. 6d.; in U, S., $4.00.
Economic Development in Denmark before and during the World War, by Harald Westergaard.
Oxford, 1922. xii-fio6 pages, index. Price, in Great Britain 43. 6d.; in
U.S., $1.50.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 215
Conscription System in Japan, by Gotaro Ogawa. Edited by Baron Y. Sakatani. New York,
1921. xiv +245 pages, index. Price, $2.25.
Military Industries of Japan, by Ushisaburo Kobayashi. Edited by Baron Y. Sakatani. New
York, 1922. xvi-i-269 pages, index. Price, $2.25.
War and Armament Loans of Japan, by Ushisaburo Kobayashi. Edited by Baron Y. Sakatani.
New York, 1922. xvii+22i pages, index. Price, $2.25.
War and Armament Expenditures of Japan, by Giichi Ono. Edited by Baron Y. Sakatani. New
York, 1922. xviii+314 pages, index. Price, $2.25.
Expenditures of the Sino- Japanese War, by Giichi Ono. Edited by Baron Y. Sakatani. New
York, 1922. xv+330 pages, index. Price, $2.25.
Expenditures of the Russo-Japanese War, by Gotaro Ogawa. Edited by Baron Y. Sakatani.
New York, 1923. xvi+257 pages, index. Price, $2.25.
War and Armament Taxes of Japan, by Ushisaburo Kobayashi. Edited by Baron Y. SakatanL
New York, 1923. xv+255 pages, index. Price, $2.25.
Recent Economic Developments in Russia, by K. Leites. Edited by Harald Westergaard. Ox-
ford, 1922. 240 pages, index. Price, in Great Britain, 75. 6d.; in U, S., $2.50.
The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation, by Eli F. Heckscher. Edited by
Harald Westergaard. Oxford, 1922. xvi+409 pages, index. Price, in Great
Britain, los. 6d.; in U. S., $4.00.
Monetary and Banking Policy of Chile, by Guillermo Subercaseaux. Edited by David Kinley.
Oxford, 1922. xii+214 pages, index. Price, in Great Britain, 73. 6d.; in U. S.,
$2.50.
Hispanic-American Relations with the United States, by William Spence Robertson. Edited by
David Kinley. New York, 1923. xii-f470 pages, index. Price, $4.00.
Losses of Life Caused by War: Part I Up to 1913, by Samuel Dumas; Part II The World War,
by K. 0. Vedel-Petersen. Edited by Harald Westergaard. Oxford, 1923. 182
pages, index. Price in Great Britain, 6s.; in U. S., $2.00.
Preliminary Economic Studies of the War
This series, planned and begun in 1917, was intended, as its name implies, to furnish such facts
and analyses of conditions as were possible during the World War and thereafter until the Economic
and Social History of the World War described under the next heading could be undertaken and
brought to completion. The series was planned by Dr. David Kinley, President of the University
ofjlllinois and a member of the Committee of Research of the Endowment, and, with the exception
of Nos. 20, 21 and 23, the individual studies were edited by him.
Paper bound copies will be sent gratuitously upon application to the Secretary, 2 Jackson Place,
Washington, D. C. Cloth bound copies may be purchased from the Oxford University Press,
American Branch, 35 West 32d Street, New York City, for f i.oo each.
Wo. i Early Economic Effects of the European War upon Canada, by Adam Shortt. New York,
1918. xvi +32 pages. Pager-bound copies out of print.
Combined with No. 2 in cloth binding, xvi+ioi pages.
No. 2 The Early Effects of the European War upon the Finance, Commerce and Industry of
Chile, by L. S. Rowe. New York, 1918. xii+63 pages. Paper-bound copies
out of print.
Combined with No. I in cloth binding, xvi+ioi pages.
No. 3 War Administration of the Railways in the United States and Great Britain, by
Frank Haigh Dixon and Julius H, Parmelee New York, 1918. xiv+155 pages,
index. Out of print.
Second (revised) edition, with supplementary chapters, New York, 1919. x-f 203
pages, index.
No. 4 Economic Effects of the War upon Women and Children in Great Britain, by
Irene Osgood Andrews, assisted by Margaret A. Hobbs. New York, 1918.
x -j- 1 90 pages. Out of print.
Second (revised) edition, New York, 1921. xii+255 pages, index.
No. 5 Direct Costs of the Present War, by Ernest L. Bogart. New York, 1918. x-f 43 pages.
Out of print.
Revised edition issued as No, 24,
No. 6 Effects of the War upon Insurance, with Special Reference to the Substitution of Insur-
ance for Pensions, by William F. Gephart. New York, 1918. viii+302 pages,
index. Paper-bound copies out of print.
2 1 6 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
No. 7 The Financial History of Great Britain, 1914-1918, by Frank L. McVey. New York,
1918. vi-f 101 pages. Out of print.
No. 8 British War Administration, by John A. Fairlie. New York, 1919. xii+302 pages,
index.
No. 9 Influence of the Great War upon Shipping, by J. Russell Smith. New York, 1919.
x +357 pages, index. Out of print.
No. 10 War Thrift, by Thomas Nixon Carver. New York, 1919. vi-f;68 pages.
Combined with No. 13 in cloth binding, New York, 1919. vi-f 68-f vi-f 192 pages.
Out of print.
No. ii Effects of the Great War upon Agriculture in the United States and Great Britain, by
Benjamin H. Hibbard. New York, 1919. x 4-232 pages, index. Out of print.
No. 12 Disabled Soldiers and Sailors : Pensions and Training, by Edward T. Devine, assisted by
Lillian Brandt. New York, 1919. vi+471 pages, index. Out of print.
No. 13 Government Control of the Liquor Business in Great Britain and the United States,
by Thomas Nixon Carver. New York, 1919. vi-hi92 pages.
Combined with No. 10 in cloth binding, New York, 1919. vi-f 68-fvi+i92 pages.
Out of print.
No. 14 British Labor Conditions and Legislation during the War, by M. B. Hammond. New
York, 1919. x-f 335 pages, index. Paper-bound copies out of print.
No. 15 Effects of the War on Money, Credit and Banking in France and the United States, by
B. M. Anderson, jr. New York, 1919. viii-f 227 pages, index. Cloth-bound
copies out of print.
No. 16 Negro Migration during the War, by Emmett J. Scott. New York, 1920. viii-fi89
pages, bibliography, index. Out of print.
No. 17 Early Effects of the War upon the Finance, Commerce and Industry of Peru, by
L. S. Rowe. New York, 1920. vi-f 60 pages.
No. 1 8 Government Control and Operation of Industry in Great Britain and the United States
during the World War, by Charles Whiting Baker. New York, 1921. viii+138
pages, index.
No. 19 Prices and Price Control in Great Britain and the United States during the World War,
by Simon Litman. New York, 1920. x-f 331 pages, index. Out of print.
No. 20 To be announced later*
No. 21 The Cooperative Movement in Jugoslavia, Rumania and North Italy, by Diarmid Coffey.
New York, 1922. viii-f 99 pages, index. In cloth binding only.
No. 22 To be announced later.
No. 23 Effects of the War upon French Economic Life: A collection of five monographs, edited
by Charles Gide. Oxford, 1923. 197 pages, index. In cloth binding only.
No. 24 Direct and Indirect Costs of the Great World War, by Ernest L. Bogart. Revised
edition of No. 5. New York, 1919. viii+3^8 pages, index. Out of print.
Second (revised) edition, New York, 1920. viii-f 338 pages, index. Paper-bound
copies out of print.
No. 25 Government War Contracts, by J. Franklin CrowelL New York, 1920. xiv +357 pages,
index.
Economic and Social History of the World War
This series, which is intended to present the results of the scientific study of the effects of the
World War upon modern life, was suggested to the Trustees by the Director of the Division in 1915"
shortly after the War had begun. With their approval , steps were taken to have eminent specialists
collect material in the countries at war, so that by the summer of 1919 the time was ripe for begin-
ning the task of publishing the material collected. With this end in view, Mr. James Thomson Shot-
well, Professor of History in Columbia University, was appointed as General Editor, with authority
to select editors or editorial boards in the various countries concerned, who should concentrate upon
their own economic and social war history.
Each country, therefore, has its own series and its own editorial organization. In most
instances the volumes first appear in the language in which they are written, the British and
American series in English, the French and Belgian series in French, the Italian series in Italian,
the Austro-Hungarian and German Series in German. Where the original is not one of the major
languages of Western Europe, it is planned to bring out the volumes first in English. This is
notably the case with the Russian series. A certain number of these volumes may ultimately be
translated into German.
A detailed account of the scope of the series, together with a list of the monographs now in
preparation, will be found in the Year Book of the Endowment,
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 217
BRITISH SERIES
Cloth bound copies of the volumes which have already appeared may be purchased from the
Endowment's publishers, the Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, and the Yale University Press,
New Haven, Conn.
Allied Shipping Control: An Experiment in International Administration, by J. A. Salter, C. B.
1921. xxiv -f-372 pages, I chart, index. Price in Great Britain, los. 6d.; in U. S. t
$3.00.
War Government of the British Dominions, by Arthur Berriedale Keith, D. C. L., D. Litt. 1921.
xvi+354 pages, bibliography, index. Price in Great Britain, IDS. 6d.; in U. S.,
$3.00.
1 Prices and Wages in the TJnited Kingdom, 1914-1920, by Arthur L. Bowley, Sc. D. 1921. xx-f
228 pages, index. Price in Great Britain, los. 6d.; in U. S., $3.00.
A Manual of Archive Administration, including the Problems of War Archives and Archive Making,
by Hilary Jenkinson. 1922. xx+243 pages, index. Price in Great Britain, los.
6d.; in U. S., $3.00.
1 The Cotton Control Board, by Hubert D. Henderson, M. A. 1922. xiv+y6 pages. Price in
Great Britain, 55.; in U. S., $1.50.
Bibliographical Survey of Contemporary Sources for the Economic and Social History of the War,
by M. E. Bulkley. 1922. xix+648 pages, index. Price in Great Britain, los.
6d.;inU. S., $3.00.
1 Labour Supply and Regulation, by Humbert Wolfe. 1923. xvi+422 pages, index. Price in
Great Britain, los. 6d.; in U. S., $3.00.
1 The British Coal-Mining Industry during the War, by Sir Richard A. S. Redmayne. 1923. xvi-f
348 pages, index. Price in Great Britain, los. 6d.; in U. S., $3.00.
Food Production in War, by Sir Thomas Hudson Middleton. 1923. xx+373 pages, index.
Price in Great Britain, los. 6d.; in U. S., $3.00.
1 Workshop Organization, by G. D. H. Cole. 1923, xvi+i86 pages, index. Price in Great
Britain, 75. 6d.; in U. S., $2.50.
1 Trade Unionism and Munitions, by G. D. H. Cole. 1923. xvi-f25i pages, index. Price in
Great Britain, 7s. 6d.; in U. S., $2.50.
1 Labour in the Coal-Mining Industry (1914-1921), by G. D. H. Cole. 1923. xiv+274 pages.
Price in Great Britain 7s.; in U. S., $2.50.
The Industries of the Clyde Valley during tiie War, by W- & Scott and J. Cunnison. 1924.
xvi +224 pages, index. Price in Great Britain, ios., 6d.; in U. S., $3.00.
Experiments in State Control at the War Office and the Ministry of Food, by E. M. H. Lloyd.
1924. Price in Great Britain, ios. f 6d.; in U. S., $3.00.
British Archives and the Sources for the History of the War, by Doctor Hubert Hall, 1925.
Price to be announced.
AUSTRIAN SERIES
Cloth bound copies of the volumes in this series may be purchased from the Endowment's pub-
lishers, Universitats-Buchdrucker, VII, Kandlgasse 19-21, Vienna, Austria. Prices to be an-
nounced.
Bibliographic der Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeschichte des Weltkrieges, by Othmar Spann. 1923.
xvi +152 pages, index. Price in Vienna, 40,000 kronen; in U. S., 75 cts.
Das Geldwesen im Kriege, by Dr. Alexander von Popovics. 1925,
Die Kohlenversorgung im Oesterreicli Wahrend des Krieges, by Ing. Emil Homann-Herimberg
1925-
Osterreichische Regierung tmd Verwaltung im Weltkriege, by Dr. Joseph Redlich. 1925.
xix+303+ 19 pages.
BELGIAN SERIES
Cloth bound copies of the volumes in this series may be purchased from the Endowment's pub-
lishers, Les Presses Universitaires de France, 49, Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris, France. Prices
to be announced.
1 The seven volumes by Cole, Bowley, Redmayne, Wolfe, and Henderson, forming a collection
on " Labour Problems of War and after War," are available in Great Britain at the special price
of 428.
2l8 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
L'activite legislative et juridique allemande en Belgique pendant Poccupation de 1914 & 19*8, by
Marcel Vauthier and Jacques Pirenne. In press.
Le ravitaillement de la Belgique pendant Poccupation allemande, by Albert Henry. 1924.
CZECHOSLOVAK SERIES
Cloth bound copies of the volumes in this series may be purchased from the Endowment's
publishers, the Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, and the Yale University Press, New Haven,
Conn.
Financial Policy of Czechoslovakia during the First Year of its History, by Alois Rasm. 1923.
xvi-f-i6o pages, index. Price, in Great Britain, 7s. 6d., in U. S., $2.50.
DUTCH SERIES
Cloth bound copies of the volumes in this series may be purchased from the Endowment's
publishers, the Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, and the Yale University Press, New Haven,
Conn.
War Finances hi the Netherlands up to 1918, by M. J. van der Flier. 1923. xv+ 1 50 pages, index.
Price in Great Britain, 53.; in U. S., $1.50.
FRENCH SERIES
Paper bound copies of the volumes in this series may be purchased from the Endowment's pub-
lishers, Les Presses Universitaires de France, 49, Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris, France. Prices
to be announced.
Bibliographie generate de la guerre, by Camille Bloch. In press.
Le probl&ne de Regionalisme, by Henri Hauser. 1924.
L'Industrie textile en France pendant la guerre, by Albert Aftalion. 1925. xii+264 pages.
L'Industrie francaise pendant la guerre, by Arthur Fontaine. 1925. xii+504 pages.
Les forces hydro-electriques pendant la guerre, by Raoul Blanchard. 1925. xii+128 pages.
Lyon pendant la guerre, by Edouard Herriot. 1925. xvi+99 pages.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Procfcs-Verbaux de la Premiere Session tenue 2. Washington (29 Decembre 1915 au 8 Janvier
1916). Washington, 1916. ii-t-145 pages. Price, $1.00.
Institut Aniericain de Droit International: Historique, Notes, Opinions. Washington, 1916.
iv+155 pages. Price, $1.00.
The American Institute of International Law: Its Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Nations,
by James Brown Scott, President. Washington, 1916. viii-j-125 pages. Price,
$1.00.
French edition: Institut Americain de Droit International: Sa Declaration des Droits et
Devoirs des Nations, par James Brown Scott, President. Washington, 1916.
vi+128 pages. Price, $1.00.
Le Droit International de 1'Avenir, jsar Alejandro Alvarez, Secretaire General. Washington, 1916.
pages. Price, $1.00.
Acte Final de la Session de la Havane (Deuxi&tne Session de PInstitut), 22-27 Janvier, 1917:
Resolutions et Pro jets. New York, 1917. 2-f-xivH-i29 pages. Out of print.
Acta Final de la Sesion de la Habana (Segunda Sesi6n del Instituto), 22 a" 27 de enero de 1917.
Habana, 1917, 95 pages. Out of print.
Actas Memorias y Proyectos de las Sesiones de la Habana (Segunda Reunion del Instituto).
22 S 27 de enero de 1917. New York, 1918. xxxviii+383 pages. Price, $1.00.
The Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Nations adopted by the American Institute of Inter-
national Law: Address of the Honorable Elihu Root, President of the American
Society of International Law, at its Tenth Annual Meeting, April 27, 1916,
Washington, D. C. Washington, 1916. ii-f-io pages.
Same in French, Spanish and Portuguese.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL CONCILIATION
See page 204. Numbers i to 82, inclusive, with the exception of Numbers 17, 27, 64,
73 and 74, are out of print. Single copies, 5 cents; 25 cents for one year; $1.00 for five years.
Volumes bound in paper for the years 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1922, 1923,
and 1924, are available and may be obtained for 25 cents each. Address: International Con-
ciliation, 405 West 1 1 7th Street, New York City.
1 Program of the Association, by Baron d'Estournelles de Constant. April, 1907.
2 Results of the National Arbitration and Peace Congress, by Andrew Carnegie. April, 1907.
3 A League of Peace, by Andrew Carnegie. November, 1907.
4 The Results of the Second Hague Conference, by Baron d'Estournelles de Constant and
Hon. David Jayne Hill. December, 1907.
5 The Work of the Second Hague Conference, by James Brown Scott. January, 1908.
6 Possibilities of Intellectual Cooperation between North and South America, by L. S, Rowe,
April, 1908.
7 America and Japan, by George Trumbull Ladd. June, 1908.
8 The Sanction of International Law, by Elihu Root. July, 1908.
9 The United States and France, by Barrett Wendell. August, 1908.
10 The Approach of the Two Americas, by Joaquim Nabuco. September, 1908.
11 The United States and Canada, by J. S. Willison. October, 1908.
12 The Policy of the United States and Japan in the Far East, November, 1908.
13 European Sobriety in the Presence of the Balkan Crisis, by Charles Austin Beard. December,
1908.
14 The Logic of International Cooperation, by F. W. Hirst. January, 1909.
15 American Ignorance of Oriental Languages, by J. H. DeForest. February, 1909.
1 6 America and the New Diplomacy, by James Brown Scott. March, 1909.
17 The Delusion of Militarism, by Charles E. Jefferson. April, 1909.
1 8 The Causes of War, by Elihu Root. May, 1909.
19 The United States and China, by Wei-ching Yen. June, 1909.
20 Opening Address at the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration, by
Nicholas Murray Butler. July, 1909.
21 Journalism and International Affairs, by Edward Cary. August, 1909.
22 Influence of Commerce in the Promotion of International Peace, by John Ball Osborne.
September, 1909.
23 The United States and Spain, by Martin Hume. October, 1909.
24 The American Public School as a Factor in International Conciliation, by Myra Kelly.
November, 1909.
25 Cecil Rhodes and His Scholars as Factors in International Conciliation, by F. J. Wylie.
December, 1909.
26 The East and the West, by Seth Low. January, 1910.
27 The Moral Equivalent of War, by William James. February, 1910.
28 International Unity, by Philander C. Knox. March, 1910.
The United States and Australia, by Percival R. Cole. Special Bulletin, March, 1910.
29 The United States and Germany, by Karl von Lewinski. April, 1910.
30 The United States and [Mexico, by James Douglas. May, 1910.
31 The International Duty of the United States and Great Britain, by Edwin D. Mead. June,
1910.
Opening Address at the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration, by
Nicholas Murray Butler. Special Bulletin, June, 1910.
32 An Economic View of War and Arbitration, by John B. Clark. July, 1910.
33 Peace Versus War: The President's Solution, by Andrew Carnegie. August, 1910.
34 Conciliation through Commerce and Industry in South America, by Charles M. Pepper.
September, 1910.
220 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
15 International Conciliation in the Far East: A collection of papers upon various topics. By
35 mrernauo ^ R ^ ^ ^ R ^^ R ^ Dr ^ R DQ poreBtf p roL K D Burton, Rev. Dr. Gilbert
Reid ami Hon. John W. Foster. October, 1910.
^6 The Capture and Destruction of Commerce at Sea, and Taxation and Armaments, by
F. W. Hirst. November, 1910.
17 Selections from Speeches Delivered in Congress on the Naval Appropriation Bills, by
Hon. Theodore E. Burton. December, 1910.
38 School Books and International Prejudices, by Albert Bushneil Hart. January, 1911.
Mr Carnegie's Letter to the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of
Peace, and Resolutions adopted by the Trustees. Special Bulletin, January, 1911.
39 Peace and the Professor, by Grant Showerman, February, 1911.
40 Woman and the Cause of Peace, by Baron d'Estournelles de Constant. March, 1911.
4.1 The Expansion of Military Expenditures, by Alvin S. Johnson. April, 1911,
42 The First Universal Races Congress, by the Rt. Hon. Lord Weardale. May, 1911.
Arbitration between Great Britain and the United States, by Cardinal Gibbons. Special
Bulletin, May, 1911.
A-2 Opening Address at the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration, by
Nicholas Murray Butler, June, 1911.
44 The United States and Latin America at The Hague, by William I. Hull. July, 1911.
43 The Emotional Price of Peace, by Professor Edward L. Thorndyke. August, 1911.
International Arbitration, by Sir Charles Fitzpatrick. Special Bulletin, August, 1911.
46 Letter to the Apostolic Delegate to the United States of America, by His Holiness Pope
Pius X. September, 1911.
47 The Existing Elements of a Constitution of the United States of the World, by
H. La Fontaine. October, 1911.
48 The General Arbitration Treaties of 1911. November, 1911.
The Dawn of World Peace, by William Howard Taft. Special Bulletin, November, 1911.
AQ The Anglo-American Arbitration Treaty, by Heinrich Lammasch; Forces Making for Inter-
national Conciliation and Peace, by Jackson H. Ralston. December, 1911.
Address at Peace Dinner, December 30, by Andrew Carnegie. Special Bulletin, December,
1911.
*o Finance and Commerce: Their Relation to International Good Will: A collection of papers by
Sereno S. Pratt, Isaac N. Seligman, E. H. Outerbridge, Thomas F. Woodlock and
George Paish. January, 1912.
51 Do the Arts Make for Peace? by Frank Jewett Mather, Jr. February, 1912.
52 An Anthropologist's View of War, by Franz Boas. March, 1912.
Great Britain and Germany: a Study in National Characteristics, by Lord Haidane. Special
Bulletin, March, 1912.
53 The Mirage of the Map, by Norman Angell. April, 1912.
54 Philosophy of the Third American Peace Congress, by Theodore Marburg. May, 1912.
55 The International Mind, by Nicholas Murray Butler. June, 1912.
War Practically Preventable and Arguments for Universal Peace, by Rev. Michael Clune.
Special Bulletin, June, 1912.
56 Science as an Element hi the Developing of International Good Will, by Sir Oliver Lodge-
July, 1912.
C7 The Interest of the Wage-Earner in the Present Status of the Peace Movement, by
Charles Patrick Neill. August, 1912.
58 The Relation of Social Theory to Public Policy, by Franklin H, Giddings. September, 1912*
59 The Double Standard in Regard to Fighting, by George M. Stratton. October, 1912.
60 As to Two Battleships: Debate upon the Naval Appropriation Bill, House of Representatives*
November, 1912.
6 1 The Cosmopolitan Club Movement, by Louis P. Lochner. December, 1912.
62 The Spirit of Self-Government, by Elihu Root. January, 1913.
63 The Panama Canal Tolls, by William Howard Taft and Amos S. Hershey. February, 1913.
Who Makes War? From the London Times. Special Bulletin, February, 1913.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 221
64 Internationalism. A selected list of books, pamphlets and periodicals, by Frederick C. Hicks.
March, 1913.
65 The Interparliamentary Union, by Christian L. Lange. April, 1913.
On Naval Armaments, by Rt. Hon. Winston Churchill. Special Bulletin, April, 1913.
66 The Press and World Peace, by W. C. Deming. May, 1913.
Profit and Patriotism, and Money-Making and War. Reprints. Special B ulletin, May , 1 9 1 3 .
67 Music as an International Language, by Daniel Gregory Mason. June, 1913.
68 American Love of Peace and European Skepticism, by Paul S. Reinsch. July, 1913.
69 The Relations of Brazil with the United States, by Manoel de Oliveira Lima. August, 1913 .
70 Arbitration and International Politics, by Randolph S. Bourne. September, 1913.
71 Japanese Characteristics, by Charles William Eliot, October, 1913.
72 Higher Nationality: A Study in Law and Ethics, by Lord Haldane. November, 1913.
73 The Control of the Fighting Instinct, by George M. Stratton. December, 1913.
A New Year's Letter from Baron d'Estournelles de Constant Special Bulletin, December,
The A B C of the Panama Canal Controversy. Reprinted from the Congressional Record,
October 29, 1913. Special Bulletin, December, 1913.
74 A Few Lessons Taught by the Balkan War, by Alfred H. Fried. January, 1914.
Wanted A Final Solution of the Japanese Problem, by Hamilton Holt. Special Bulletin,
January, 1914.
The South American Point of View, by Charles Hitchcock Sherrill. Special Bulletin, Jan-
uary, 1914.
75 The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, by Nicholas Murray Butler. February, 1914.
76 Our Relations with South America and How to Improve Them, by George H. Blakeslee.
March, 1914.
77 Commerce and War, by Alvin Saunders Johnson. April, 1914.
A Panama Primer. Reprinted from The Independent, March 30, 1914. Special Bulletin,
April, 1914.
78 A Defense of Cannibalism, by B. Beau. Translated from La Revue of February 15, 1909,
by Preston William Slosson. May, 1914.
79 The Tradition of War, by Randolph S. Bourne. June, 1914.
The Causes behind Mexico's Revolution, by Gilbert Reid. Reprint from the New York
Times, April 27, 1914. Special Bulletin, June, 1914.
The Japanese hi California. Special Bulletin, June, 1914.
80 War and the Interests of Labor, by Alvin S. Johnson. Reprinted from the Atlantic Monthly,
March, 1914. July, 1914.
81 Fiat Pax, by George Allan England. August, 1914.
82 Three Men "behind the Guns, by Charles E. Jefferson, D. D. September, 1914.
The Changing Attitude Toward War as Reflected in the American Press. Special Bulletin,
September, 1914.
83 Official Documents bearing upon the European War, Series No. I: I. The Austro-Hungarian
Note to Servia; II. The Servian Reply; III. The British White Paper; IV.
The German White Book. October, 1914. Out of print.
The Great War and Its Lessons, by Nicholas Murray Butler. Special Bulletin, October,
1914. Out of print,
The Way to Disarm: A Practical Proposal. Reprinted from The Independent, September 28,
1914. Special Bulletin, October, 1914. Out of print.
Address of William H. Taft, May 17, 1914- Special Bulletin, October, 1914,
84 Additional Official Documents bearing upon the European War, Series "No. II: I. Speech of
the Imperial Chancellor to Reichstag, August 4, 1914; II. Speech of the Prime
Minister to House of Commons, August 6, 1914; III. The Russian Orange Book;
IV. The Original Texts of the Austrian Note of July 23, 1914, and the Serbian
Reply of July 25, 1914, with annotations. November, 1914. Out of print.
222 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
8* Documents regarding the European War, Series No. HI: I. The Neutrality of Belgium and
Luxemburg; II. Address of the President of the Council to the French Senate,
August 4, 1914; III. Official Japanese Documents; IV. Address to the People by
the German Emperor. December, 1914. Out of print.
Contemporary War Poems. Special Bulletin, December, 1914. Out of print.
86 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. IV: I. Turkish Official Documents.
November, 1914; II. Speech of the Imperial Chancellor to the Reichstag, Decem-
ber 2, 1914; III. The Belgian Gray Book (July 24, August 29, 1914). January,
1915-
87 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. V: The French Yellow Book. Trans-
lated and Prepared for Parliament by the British Government. February, 1915.
The War and Peace Problem: Material for the Study of International Polity, by John Mez.
Special Bulletin. February, 1915. Out of print.
Syllabus of Lectures on the War and Peace Problem for the Study of International Polity,
by John Mez. Special Bulletin. February, 1915.
88 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. V: The French Yellow Book. Trans-
lated and Prepared for Parliament by the British Government. Continuation ot
No. 87. March, 1915.
A Dozen Truths about Pacifism, by Alfred H. Fried. Translated by John Mez. Special
Bulletin, March, 1915. Out of print.
89 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. VI: The Austrian Red Book. Official
Translation Prepared by the Austrian Government. April, 1915. Out of print.
Educational Factors toward Peace, by Leon Fraser. Special Bulletin. April, 1915. Out of
print.
A Brief Outline of the Nature and Aims of Pacifism, by Alfred H. Fried. Translated by
John Mez. Special Bulletin, April, 1915. Out of print.
90 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. VII: The Serbian Blue Book. May,
1915. Out of print.
The Futility of "Preparedness" as the Cartoonists See It. With an introduction by Charles
E. Jefferson. Special Bulletin, May, 1915.
Internationalism: A list of current periodicals selected and annotated, by Frederick C. Hicks.
Special Bulletin, May, 1915. Out of print.
91 The Fundamental Causes of the World War, by Alfred H. Fried. June, 1915. Out of print.
University Presidents and the Spirit of Militarism in the United States, by John Lovejoy
Elliott; Non-Military Preparation for National Defense, by R. Tait McKenzie.
Special Bulletin, June, 1915. Out of print.
92 To the Citizens of the Belligerent States, by G. Heymans. July, 1915.
Existing Alliances and a League of Peace, by John Bates Clark. Special Bulletin, July,
1915. Out of print.
93 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. VIH: Italy's Green Book. Translation
approved by Royal Italian Embassy, Washington, D. C. August, 1915*
94 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. IX: Official Correspondence Between
the United States and Germany; I. Declaration of London, August 6, 1914-October
24, 1914; II. Contraband of War, September 4, 1914-April 26, 1915; III. Restraints
of Commerce, February 6, 1915-September 7, 1915; IV. Case of the William P.
Frye, March 31, igiS-July 30, 1915. September, 1915.
95 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. X: Official Correspondence Between the
United States and Great Britain; I. Declaration of London, August 6, 1914-October
22, 1914; II. Contraband of War, August 5, 1914- April 10, 1915; III. Restraints of
Commerce, December 26, 1914- July 31, 1915; IV. Case of the Wilhelmina, Feb-
ruary 15, 1915-April 8, 1915. October, 1915.
96 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. XI: I. Secretary Bryan's Letter to
Senator Stone Regarding Charges of Partiality Shown to Great Britain, January
20, 1915; II. The Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs to Ambassador
Penfield, June 29, 1915; III. The Secretary of State to Ambassador Penfield,
August 12, 1915. November, 1915.
97 Referendum on the Report of the Special Committee on Economic Results of the War and
American Business. Reprinted by permission of the Chamber of Commerce of
the United States. December, 1915. Out of print.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 223
98 The Land Where Hatred Expires, by Albert L6on Guerard. January, 1916. Out of print.
Is Commerce War? by Henry Raymond Mussey. Special Bulletin, January, 1916.
Peace Literature of the War, by John Mez. Special Bulletin, January, 1916. Out of print.
99 America's Opinion of the World War, by Eduard Bernstein. Translated by John Mez.
February, 1916.
100 International Cooperation, by John Bassett Moore; The Outlook for International Law, by
Elihu Root March, 1916. Out of print.
101 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. XII: Statement of Measures Adopted
to Intercept the Seaborne Commerce of Germany, presented to Both Houses of
Parliament by Command of His Majesty, January, 1916; Great Britain's Measures
Against German Trade: Speech Delivered by the Rt. Hon. Sir E. Grey, Secre-
tary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the House of Commons, on the 26th of January,
1916. April, 1916.
1 02 Super-Resistance, by Harold C. Goddard. May, 1916.
103 Official Documents regarding the European War, Series Wo. X3II: German White Book
on Armed Merchantmen. June, 1916.
104 Official Documents regarding the European War, Series No/XIV: Speech of Imperial Ger-
man Chancellor before the Reichstag, on April 5, 1916. July, 1916.
Is There a Substitute for Force in International Relations? by Suh Hu. Prize Essay, Inter-
national Polity Club Competition, awarded June, 1916. Special Bulletin.
105 Inter Anna Veritas, by William Allan Neilson. August, 1916. Out of print.
1 06 The Proposal for a League to Enforce Peace. Affirmative, William Howard Taft; Negative,
William Jennings Bryan. September, 1916.
107 Nationality and Beyond, by Nicholas Murray Butler; Do We Want Half the Hemisphere?
by Brander Matthews. October, 1916. Out of print.
1 08 War and Human Progress, by James Bryce. November, 1916.
109 The Principle of Nationality, by Theodore Ruyssen. Translated by John Mez. December,
1916.
Towards an Enduring Peace, A Symposium of Peace Proposals and Programs, 1914-1916,
compiled by Randolph S. Bourne, with an introduction by Franklin H. Giddings.
Bound in cloth 12 mo. xvi+336 pages. Price $1.00. New York, 1916.
1 10 Official Documents looking toward Peace, Series I. January, 1917.
in Official Documents looking toward Peace, Series H. February, 1917.
112 What is a Nationality? Part II of The Principle of Nationality, by Theodore Ruyssen.
March, 1917. Out of print.
113 The Bases of an Enduring Peace, by Franklin H. Giddings. April, 1917. Out of print.
114 Documents regarding the European War, Series No. XV: The Entry of the United States.
May, 1917.
115 The War and the Colleges. From an Address to Representatives of Colleges and Uni-
versities delivered by the Hon. Newton D. Baker, May 5, 1917. June, 1917.
Out of print,
116 The Treaty Rights of Aliens, by William Howard Taft. July, 1917, Out of print.
117 The Effect of Democracy on International Law, by Eiihu Root, August, 1917.
118 The Problem of Nationality: Part III of The Principle of Nationality, by Theodore
Ruyssen. September, 1917.
119 Official Documents looking toward Peace, Series III. October, 1917.
120 The United States and Great Britain, by Walter H. Page; The British Commonwealth of
Nations, by Lieutenant-General J. C. Smuts; America and Freedom, by Viscount
Grey. November, 1917. Out of print.
121 The Conference on the Foreign Relations of the United States, held at Long Beach, N. Y.,
May 28-June I, 1917: An Experiment in Education, by Stephen Pierce Duggan.
December, 1917.
122 The Aims of the War: Letter of Lord Lansdowne to the London Daily Telegraph, November
29, 1917; Reply by Cosmos, printed in the New York Times, December I, 1917;
The President's Address to the Congress, December 4, 1917. January, 1918.
Out of print.
224 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
123 Victoiy or Defeat: Efo Half-Way House: Speech delivered by the Rt. Hon. David Lloyd
George, December 14, 1917; British. Labor's War Aims: Statement adopted at the
Special National Labor Conference at Central Hall, Westminster, December 28,
1917; Great Britain's War Aims: Speech delivered by the Rt. Hon. David Lloyd
George at the Trade Union Conference on Man Power, January 5, 1918; Labor's
After-War Economic Policy, by Rt. Hon. Arthur Henderson, M. P.; America's
Terms of Settlement: Address by President Wilson to the Congress, January 8,
1918; British Labor Parry's Address to the Russian People, January 15, 1918.
February, 1918.
124 The United States and Japan: Text of the Root-Takahira Understanding of November 30,
1908, and of the Lansing-Ishii agreement of November 3, 1917; Japan and the
United States: Address by the Hon. Elihu Root, October i, 1917; The Lansing-
Ishii Agreement: Address by the Hon. James L. Slayden, November 15, 1917;
What of Our Fears of Japan? by Kenneth S. Latourette. March, 1918.
125 The Awakening of the German People, by Otfried Nippold. April, 1918.
126 The Anniversary of America's Entry into the War: An address delivered by President
Wilson at Baltimore, Maryland, April 6, 1918; Article written for The Daily
Chronicle of London, by Professor Gilbert Murray. May, 1918.
127 The Lichnowsky Memorandum: Introduction and translation by Munroe Smith, German
text from the Berliner B or sen-Courier, Appendix by Munroe Smith and Henry F.
Munro, Reply of Herr von Jagow. June, 1918.
Labor's War Aims: Memorandum on War Aims, adopted by the Inter-Allied Labor and
Socialist Conference, February 22, 1918; The Allied Cause is the Cause of Socialist
Internationalism: Joint Manifesto of the Social Democratic League of America
and the Jewish Socialist League. Special Bulletin, June, 1918.
128 America and the Russian Dilemma, by Jerome Landfield; The German Peace Treaties
with the Ukraine, Russia, Finland and Rumania; The Constitution of Middle
Europe, by Friedrich Naumann. July, 1918. Out of print.
129 A Voice from Germany: Why German Peace Declarations Fail to Convince, by Professor
F. W. Foerster; Austria's Peace Proposals: The Letter to Prince Sixtus. August,
1918. Out of print.
130 Memoranda and Letters of Dr. MueMon: Introduction and translation by Munroe Smith;
German Text and Appendix. September, 1918.
131 The League of Nations, by Viscount Grey of Falloden and Nicholas Murray Butler; Labor
and the League of Nations, by Ordway Tead; The European Commission of the
Danube, by Edward Krehbiel; Address by President Wilson at the Metropolitan
Opera House, New York, September 27, 1918. October, 1918. Out of print.
132 The "Lusitania": Opinion of Court, United States District Court, Southern District of New
York, in the matter of the petition of the Cunard Steamship Company, Limited, as
owners of the Steamship Lusitania for limitation of its liability. November.
1918.
The Dawn in Germany? The Lichnowsky and other Disclosures, by James Brown Scott.
Special Bulletin, November, 1918.
133 Official Documents looking toward Peace, Series No. IV: Official Correspondence between
the United States and (i) Austria-Hungary, (2) Germany and (3) Turkey, and the
Terms of Armistice accepted by Austria-Hungary, Germany and Turkey. Decem-
ber, 1918.
134 A League of Nations: Statements from the League of Free Nations Associations, the League
to Enforce Peace, the World's Court League and the League of Nations Union;
Speech delivered by Felix Calender, ex-President of the Swiss Confederation,
before the National Council of Switzerland, June 6, 1918; Article by Sir William
Collins; Address delivered by Charles R. van Hise, late President of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin at the Wisconsin State Convention of the League to Enforce
Peace; International Organization, an annotated reading list, by Frederick C.
Hicks. January, 1919. Out of print.
Yougoslavia, by M. L Pupin; Declaration of Independence of the Mid-European Union.
October 26, 1918; Declaration of Independence of the Czecho-Slovak Nation,
October 18, 1918; Declaration of Corfu, July 20, 1917. Special Bulletin, January.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 225
Problems of the Peace Conference : American Opinion and Problems of the Peace: An inter-
view given to Edward Marshall by Nicholas Murray Butler; A French Plan for a
League of Nations: Report given to the Associated Press by Baron d'Estournelles
de Constant. Special Bulletin, January, 1919. Out of print.
135 The Problems of Reconstruction: International and National, by Lindsay Rogers. Feb-
ruary, 1919.
136 Russian Documents, including the Russian Constitution and the Russian Land Law; the
Franco- Russian Alliance. March, 1919. Out of print.
The League of Nations: Proposed Constitution of the League of Nations: speeches delivered
before the Peace Conference by members of the Commission on the League of Na-
tions; addresses delivered by President Wilson in Boston, February 24, 1919, and
in New York, March 4, 1919. Special Bulletin, March, 1919.
137 The German Revolution: Documentary History of the German Revolution, Manifesto of the
Spartacus Group; What Should be Changed in Germany, by Charles Andler.
April, 1919.
Criticisms of the Draft Plan for the League of Nations, by William Howard Taft, Charles
E. Hughes, Elihu Root. Special Bulletin, April, 1919.
138 Palestine, by Richard Gottheil; The New Armenia: Claims at the Peace Conference, Re-
printed from the London Times; The Albanian Question: by Mehmed Bey
Konitza; Memorandum submitted by the Albanian Delegation to the Peace
Conference. May, 1919.
139 Documents regarding the Peace Conference: the Organization of the Peace Conference;
General Sessions; the Covenant of the League of Nations; speech delivered by
President Wilson before the Peace Conference, April 28, 1919. June, 1919. Out
of print.
140 Report of the Commission on International Labor Legislation of the Peace Conference.
The British National Industrial Conference: Report of the Provisional Joint Com-
mittee. July, 1919.
141 Northern Eprrus and the Principle of Nationality, by N. J. Cassavetes; The Problem of
Eastern Galicia, by Miroslav Sichinsky; Treaty signed by Poland and the Allied
and Associated Powers. August, 1919.
142 Treaty of Peace with Germany. September, 1919.
143 Comments by the German Delegation on the Conditions of Peace. October, 1919.
144 Reply of the Allied and Associated Powers to the Observations of the German Delegation on
the Conditions of Peace. November, 1919.
145 Agreements between the United States and France and between England and France, June,
28, 1919. Anglo-Persian Agreement, August 9, 1919. December, 1919.
146 International Labor Conventions and Recommendations. January, 1920.
147 Some Bolshevist Portraits. February, 1920. Out of print.
148 Certain Aspects of the Bolshevist Movement in Russia. Part I. March, 1920,
149 Certain Aspects of the Bolshevist Movement in Russia. Part II. April, 1920.
150 German Secret War Documents. May, 1920. Out of print.
151 Present Day Conditions in Europe, by Henry P. Davison; Message of President Wilson
to the Congress of the United States and the Armenian Mandate; Report of the
American Military Mission to Armenia. June, 1920.
152 Documents Concerning the Accession of Switzerland to the League of Nations; the United
States and the League of Nations: Reservations of the United States Senate of
November, 1919, and March, 1920. July, 1920.
153 The Treaty of Peace with Germany in the United States Senate, by George A. Finch.
August, 1920. Out of print.
154 The National Research Council, by Vernon Kellogg; International Organization of Re-
search, by George EHery Hale; The International Union of Academies and the
American Council of Learned Societies, by Waldo G. Leland. September, 1920.
155 Notes Exchanged on the Russian-Polish Situation by the United States, France and Poland.
October, 1920.
156 Presentation of the Saint-Gaudens Statue of Lincoln to the British People, July 28, 1920.
November, 1920.
157 The Draft Scheme of the Permanent Court of International Justice, with a review by
James Brown Scott. December, 1920.
226 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
158 The Communist Party in Russia and its Relation to the Third International and to the
Russian Soviets. Part I. January, 1921.
rsg The Communist Party in Russia and its Relation to the Third International and to the
Russian Soviets. Part II. February, 1921.
160 Central European Relief, by Herbert Hoover; Relief for Europe, by Herbert Hoover;
Intervention on Behalf of the Children in Countries Affected by the War, by the
Swiss Delegation to the Assembly of the League of Nations; The Typhus Epidemic
in Central Europe, by the Rt. Hon, A. J. Balfour; Report of the Special Commis-
sion on Typhus in Poland, to the Assembly of the League of Nations. M arch, 1 92 1 .
161 Disarmament in its Relation to the Naval Policy and the Naval Building Program of the
United States, by Arthur H. Pollen. April, 1921.
162 Addresses on German Reparation, by the Rt. Hon. David Lloyd George t and
Dr. Walter Simons, London, March 3 and 7, 1921. May, 1921. Out of print.
163 The Fiftieth Anniversary of the French Republic: A collection of addresses and editorials.
June, 1921.
164 Convention for the Control of the Trade in Arms and Ammunition, and Protocol, signed at
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, September 10, 1919. July, 1921. Out of print.
165 Addresses at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law,
by the Hon. Elihu Root. August, 1921.
166 Constitution of the Permanent Mandates Commission; Terms of the "C" Mandates;
Franco-British Convention of December 23, 1920; Correspondence between
Great Britain and the United States respecting Economic Rights in the Man-
dated Territories; The San Remo Oil Agreement. September, 1921.
167 Present Problems of the Commonwealth of British Nations: Conference of Prime Ministers
and Representatives of the United Kingdom, the Dominions and India, held in
June, July and August, 1921. October, 1921,
j68 Relations between Great Britain and Ireland: Proposals of British Government, July 20,
1921, and Correspondence between Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. de valera. No-
vember, 1921.
169 Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armaments. December, 1921.
170 Treaty of Peace betweea the United States and Germany; Treaty of Peace between the
United States and Austria; Treaty of Peace between the United States and
Hungary. January, 1922.
171 Peace through Conferences: Address delivered by Mr. Lloyd George at Central Hall,
Westminster, London, on January 21, 1922, and Text of the Resolution of the
Supreme Council Calling the Genoa Conference, February, 1922.
172 Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armament. Part II : Treaties and Resolutions.
March, 1922.
17^ Correspondence between Mr. Lloyd George and Sir James Craig on the Position of Ulster ;
Articles of Agreement Establishing the Irish Free State; Irish Free State (Agree-
ment) Bill. April, 1922. Out of print.
174 The International Chamber of Commerce, by Frederick P. Keppel. May, 1922.
175 The Student and the Citizen. Phi Beta Kappa address at Columbia University, March 16,
1922, by James T. ShotwelL June, 1922.
France, Liberator of Nations, by Charles Downer Hazen. Special Bulletin, June, 1922.
Out of print.
176 The Portorose Conference: The Portorose Conference, by James T. Shotwell; An Account
of the Portorose Conference, by the American Observer, Colonel Clarence Brown*
ing Smith; Protocols and Agreements concluded at the Portorose Conference,
November, 1921; Agreement concerning Passports and Visas concluded at Graz,
January 27, 1922. July, 1922.
America and England. Addresses by the Rt, Hon. Earl Balfour and Chief Justice Taft
at a dinner in London, June 19, 1922, given by the Pilgrims. Special Bulletin,
July, 1922. Out of print.
177 Impressions of Berlin in 1922, by Professor Henri Lichtenberger. August, 1922.
178 Cuba, Bustamante and the Permanent Court of International Justice ; Cuba, the United States
of America and the League of Nations. Addresses delivered March i and 5, 1922,
in connection with the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Cuban Society of International
Law, Havana, Cuba, by Cosme de la Torriente. September, 1922. Out of print.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 227
179 The Constitution of the Czecho-Slovak Republic. With Introductions by Jiri Hoetzl and
V. Joachim. October, 1922.
r8o A Short History of the Question of Constantinople and the Straits, by James T. Shotwell.
November, 1922.
t8i The Allied Debts: The Balfour Note of August i, 1922, and the French Reply of September
3, 1922; The American Banker's Responsibility Today, by Thomas W. Lament;
Reparations and International Debts, by the Rt. Hon. Reginald McKenna; Repay-
ment of European Debts to our Government, by Herbert Hoover; The Allied
Debts: A Constructive Criticism of Secretary Hoover's Views, by Edwin R. A.
Seligman; Interallied Debts as a Banking Problem, by Benjamin M. Anderson, Jr.
December, 1922.
[82 Documents Regarding the European Economic Situation: L Report of the Bankers' Com-
mittee to the Reparation Commission on the Question of a German Loan, June
10, 1922; II. Majority and Minority Reports to the Reparation Commission by
the Technical Experts on the Stabilization of the German Mark, November 7,
1922; III. Reply of the German Government to the Reparation Commission,
November 8, 1922; IV. Note of the German Government to the Reparation
Commission, November 14, 1922; V. Protocols containing the Scheme for the
Financial Reconstruction of Austria, October 4, 1922. January, 1923.
83 America and the International Problem, reprinted from The Round, Table, September, 1022;
A Criterion of Values in International Affairs, by Lionel Curtis: Address delivered
before the Institute of Politics, Williamstown, Mass., August 8, 1922; The
Prevention of War, by Philip Henry Kerr: Address delivered before the Institute
of Politics, Williamstown, Mass., August 25, 1922. February, 1923.
[84 Documents regarding the European Economic Situation, Series No. II: The French, British
and Italian Plans for a Settlement of Reparation and the Interallied Debts. The
Schedule of Reparation Payments of May 5, 1921. March, 1923.
[85 The Evolution of Soviet Russia, by James P. Goodrich, Governor of Indiana, 1917-1921.
April, 1923.
.86 The United States and The Permanent Court of International Justice: I. Protocol of Signa-
ture and Statute establishing the Permanent Court of International Justice; II.
List of States accepting the Protocol; III. Statements by President Harding, Mr.
Hughes, Mr. Root and Mr. Hoover with regard to the Adherence of the United
States to the Protocol; IV. The Organization of the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice, by Mr. John Bassett Moore. May, 1923.
87 The United States and Mexico: Notes and Official Statements regarding the Recognition of
Mexico; Agreement Between the Mexican Government and the International
Committee of Bankers on Mexico. Decision of the Supreme Court of Mexico in
the Amparo Proceedings instituted by the Texas Company of Mexico. June, 1923.
,88 The Reduction of Armaments : Reports of the Temporary Mixed Commission to the League of
Nations; Memorandum of the Temporary Mixed Commission on the Defense
Expenditures of Twenty-One Countries, 1913 and 1920-22; Lord Robert Cecil's
Draft Treaty of Mutual Guarantee; Statement by Nicholas Murray Butler.
July, 1923.
89 The Conference on Central American Affairs : Texts of the Agreements adopted and Introduc-
tion by Leo. S. Rowe. August, 1023.
90 Franco-German Reconciliation: Text of an address delivered July 6, 1923, at Paris, by
Professor F. W. Foerster, formerly of the University of Munich, before the annual
meeting of the Advisory Council In Europe of the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace. September, 1923.
91 Debate on Disarmament in the House of Commons, July 23, 1923. Reprinted from the
London Times, July 24, 1923. October, 1923.
92 The Development of the International Mind: An Address delivered before the Academy of
International Law at The Hague, July 20, 1923, by Nicholas Murray Butler.
November, 1923.
Can the League of Nations Be Saved? by Sir Charles Walston. Special Bulletin, November,
1923. Out of print.
93 Documents regarding the European Economic Situation. Series No. Ill; Correspondence
between Germany, the Allied Powers and the United States, relating to Repara-
tions. Speech of General Smuts in London, October 23, 1923. December, 1923.
228 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
104 The Centenary of the Monroe Doctrine, by Charles Evans Hughes. . An address delivered
194 .ine u ^ ^^ American Academy of poiiticai and Social Science at Philadelphia,
November 30, 1923; American Cooperation for World Peace, by David Jayne
Hill. January, 1924-
195 The Winning Plan selected by the Jury of the American Peace Award. * ebruary, 1924.
106 Report upon Health, Sickness and Hunger among German Children, by .Haven Emerson,
190 Kepon upcrn^ ^ p ; ofessor of Public Health Administration, Columbia University. March,
1924.
jo? The Permanent Court of International Justice, by John Bassett Moore. The United States
and the Court. Information regarding the Court. April, 1924.
198 Maps showing Territorial Changes since the World War, the Transfer of the German Cables
19 P and the League of Nations in 1923, compiled by Lawrence Martm, Washington,
D. C. May, 1924.
iqo Summary of Part I of the Report of the First (Dawes) Committee of Experts. Questions
199 oumm y resulti from the O rfu Incident Submitted September 28, 1923, by the Council
of the League of Nations to the Special Commission of Jurists and the Replies
of that Commission; Lord Parmoor's Comments, June, 1924.
Interamerican Bulletins
These bulletins, so far as they are available, may be obtained from the Interamerican Section
of the Division of Intercourse and Education, 405 West nyth Street, New York City Beginning
with Number 27, these bulletins have been issued under the imprint of the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace. See pages 205-6.
No. i Educational Institutions hi the United States. February, 1924. Out of print.
No". 2. Instituciones docentes en los Estados Unidos (Spanish version of Bulletin number i).
Marzo de 1914. Out of print,
No. 3 Tratado de paz entre la Repfiblica Argentina y los Estados Unidos, Joaqufn V. Gonzalez.
Noviembre de 1914. Out of print.
No. 4 Los Estados Unidos de Notre America como poder mundial, Nicholas Murray Butler,
Juniodei9i5. Out of print.
No. 5 El triunfo del verdadero panamericanismo y sus relaciones con la paz universal, R6mulo
S. Naon. Junio de 1915. Out of print.
No. 6 Hueva era en la historia de las naciones americanas, Charles H. Sherrill. Junio de 1915.
Out of print.
No. 7 Os Estados tTnidos como una potencia mundial (Portuguese version of Boletln numero 4).
Novembro, 1915. Out of print.
No. 8 Enrique Clay y el panamericanismo, John Bassett Moore. Enero de 1916. Out of print.
No The University as a Factor in American Relations, addresses bv Nicholas Murray Butler,
Ernesto Quesada, Rodrigo Octavio, Julio Phillippi, Louis Anderson and Seth Low.
March, 1916. Out of print.
No. 10 Pan Americanism and the International Policy of Argentina, Enrique Gil. May, 1916.
Out of print.
No. II La universidad como factor en las relaciones americanas (Spanish version of Bulletin
n umber 9) . M ayo de 1916. Out of print.
No. 12 La escuela secundaria y la universidad, Ernesto Nelson. Junio de 1917. Out of print.
No. 13 Ha algum substitute efficaz que se imponha & forca nas relates internacionaes? Suh
Hu. Julio, 1917. Out of print.
No. 14 The Next Step in Interamerican Relations, Peter H. Goldsmith. August, 1917. Out
of print.
No i5 Opiniones sudamericanas sobre la guerra: I. Chile y la guerra europea, Carlos Silva
Vild6sola; II. La actitud del Ecuador, Nicolas P. Lopez. Enero de 1918. Out
of print.
No. 16 El proximo paso en las relaciones interamericanas (Spanish version of Bulletin number
14). Febrero de 1918.
No. 17 Los Estados Unidos ante el conflicto, Herbert S. Houston. Octubre de 1918. Out of
print.
No, 1 8 Em honra da sua excellencia o Senhor Domicio da Gama, embaixador brazileiro, John
Bassett Moore. Novembro, 1918. Out of print.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
No. 19 Os Estados Unidos ante o conflicto (Portuguese version of Boletfn numero 17). Dezern-
bro, 1918. Out of print.
No. 20 The European War and Pan Americanism, Romulo S. Na6n. April, 1919.
No. 21 La guerra europea y el panamericanismo (Spanish version of Bulletin number 20). Abril
de 1919.
No. 22 Reptiblica p atttocracia socialista? Nicholas Murray Butler. Agosto de 1919. Out of
print.
No. 23 Voices across the Canal, addresses by John Bassett Moore, Belisario Porras and Rafael
H. Elizalde. November, 1920.
No. 24 El Libertador en Nueva York, discursos pronunciados con motivo de la dedicacion de
la estatua del Libertador, obsequiada a la ciudad de Nueva York por el gobierno
de Venezuela, rnartes, 19 de abril de 1921. Out of print.
No 25 The Liberator Sim6n Bolfvar in New York, addresses delivered on the occasion of the
unveiling of the statue of the Liberator Sim6n Bolivar presented to the city of
New York by the government of Venezuela, Tuesday, April 19, 1921.
No. 26 Conf erencia sobre limitacifin de armamentos : Discursos, tratados y resoluciones. Julio
de 1922.
CONCILIATION INTERNATIONALE
These publications, so far as they are available, may be obtained on application to the Dota-
tion Carnegie pour la Paix Internationale, No. 173 Boulevard St.-Germain, Paris, France.
1906
No. i Programme de la Conciliation Internationale. L'action & PStranger, etc.
No. 2 Le bilan du groupe parlementaire de ^arbitrage. La limitation des armements et la
Conference de Londres.
1907
No, i L'Assemblee generate du 23 dScembre 1906. Le budget de la Marine ati Senat (Dis-
cours de M. d'Estournelles de Constant). Le budget de la guerre (Rapport de
M. Messimy). La Conciliation Americaine. La limitation des armements au
Parlement britannique. Le programme de la Conference de la Haye.
1908
No. i Reception, au Senat, des delegues francais et americains de la Conference de La Haye.
Les Actes de La Haye.
No. 2 L> Assembled generate du 17 novembre 1907.
No. 3 L'origine, les deVeloppements, Pavenir de notre organisation, Les cercles de la Con-
ciliation: Graphiques destines & vulgariser les progres du mouvement general du
monde en faveur de Parbitrage obligatoire.
No. 4 Pourquoi la limitation des armements n'a pas 6te discut6e a la 2e Conference de La Haye.
Les depenses de la Marine, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant. La sanction du
Droit International, par M. Elihu Root. L'Entente cordiale franco-americaine:
Reception de M. le P* N. Murray Butter. La visite de Londres (20-23 jtiillet
1908).
1909
No. i L' Accord des deux Am6riques, par M. Joachim Nabuco.
No. 2 L'Allemagne et 1'arbitrage, par M. le P r R. Eickoff.
No. 3 Pour Paviation, I vol. in 18, de 320 pages, illustre de 40 gravures hors texte.
No. 4 La Conciliation et le syste'me metrique. Le diner Foerster du 23 Mars 1909.
No. 5 L' Assembled generale du 24 Mars 1909.
No. 6 Le rapprochement franco-all emand, condition de la paix du monde, par M. d'Estournelles
de Constant.
No. 7 I/a fausse route, par M . A. Carnegie,
No. 8 La diplomatic du droit, par M. L. Bourgeois. Reception de M. Carnegie d. la Sorbonne,
La Fondation Carnegie des heros (Lettres et decrets constitutifs).
No. 9 L'augmentation des armements, par MM. Carnegie et d'Estournelles de Constant.
No. 10 Les Parlementaires nisses et ottomans en France, i vol. In-i8 de 140 pages, avec
carte et gravure.
230 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
No. it L'aviation triomphante, i vol. in-i8 de 420 pages, illustr de 36 gravures hors texte.
No. 12 Les Parlementaires francais en Scandinavie, i vol. in-i8 de 444 pages, illustre de 44
gravures.
1910
No. i Le Parlementaire et le diplomate, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant. Senateur.
No. 2 Benjamin Constant et la paix, rendition de "L'Esprit de conque'te", avec une introduc-
tion de M. d'Estournelles de Constant et un portrait inedit de B. Constant.
No. 3 Notre visite au Parlement russe, i vol. in~i8 de 312 pages, illustre de 30 gravures hors
texte.
No. 4 V Assemble generate du 18 Mars 1910.
No. 5 La propagande pacifique au Japon. (Rapports de M. le Dr. Tsunejiro Miyaoka, Secr6-
taire general).
No. 6 La protestation du P* N. Murray Butler. (Protestation contre Faccroissement general
des depenses de guerre.)
No. 7 La langue Internationale auxiliaire de Pavenir, par M. Jacques Novicow.
No. 8 Les femmes et la paix, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant.
No. 9 L* organisation de PtTnion Interparlementaire, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant.
No. 10 Les progres de P arbitrage a PExposition de Bruxelles, (avec graphiques), par M. Charles
Duff art.
No. ii Le remede a la paix armee; La France et PAllemagne, par M . d'Estournelles de Constant,
Le developpement recent du pacifisme allemand, par M. Alfred H. Fried.
No. 12 La politique exte*rieure de la France. Le respect des autres races, par M. d'Estournelles
de Constant.
1911
No. i Notre Assemble ge"nerale.
No. 2 Discours du P* N. M. Butler.
No. 3 L'organisation de PTInion Interparlementaire.
No. 4 Nouveau rapport sur les armements.
1912
No. i L' Accord Franco-AUemand du 4 Novembre 1911,
No. 2 L'Assemblee generale. La Societe des Etats.
No. 3 L'Amitie Franco-Americaine.
No. 4 Armements et aviation. La iye Conference de FTJnion Interparlementaire.
1913
No. i La Conciliation Allemande: Le Congres de Heidelberg.
No. 2 L'Assemblee generale; Manifestation franco-americaine. La reception de M. et Mme
Carnegie a Paris. La re*glementation de la terre, du del et de PocSan. La loi
de trois ans. Annexes: Les origines et les developpements de la Conciliation.
No. 3 La Conference Franco-AUemande de Berne (u Mai 1913).
No. 4 Le Palais de la Paix; Le Congres de Nuremberg, Le patriotisme pacifique. Le discours
de M. d'Estournelles de Constant & PEcole Alsacienne.
1914
No. i La plus grande nationalite, par le Vicomte Haldane de Cloan. La mission du P* C. W.
Eliot en Extreme-Orient, par J. Dumas.
No. 2 L'Assemblee generale. La Conference de Bale, La question d'Alsace-Lorraine. Le
banquet de PEntente Cordiale. L'Enqulte dans les Balkans.
No. 3 La solidarite humaine (Discours de M. Leon Bourgeois). La defense nationale contre
les super dreadnoughts.
No. 4 Le diner Butler.
1915
No. i Le Chatiment: Le jugement des penseurs sur PAHemagne militarisee: Le discours de
M. Bergson. Les causes profondes de la guerre, par M. E. Hovelaque. La
conque'te allemande, par Paul Valery.
No. 2 Lettres aux neutres.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 23!
No. 3 Quelques raisons de notre optimisme: Hue paix de cent ans et la guerre actuelle; Un
voyage en aeroplane; Contre mon optimisme, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant.
No. 4 Le devoir et Pinteret des Etats-Unis: Publications de M. d'Estournelles de Constant
aux Etats-Unis; Le discours de M. Elihu Root.
1916
No. i La defense du peuple americain (Conference prononc6e par M. Whitney Warren);
Jeunesse, par le Pasteur Ch, Wagner.
No. 2 M. d'Estournelles devait savoir.
No, 3 La Conciliation en Espagne, en Suisse, en Italic, aux Etats-Unis.
No. 4 La paix frangaise contre la domination Allemande.
1917
No. i La non-preparation de la France, par M. Ch. Gide. Les conseils de tutelle et les or-
phelins de la guerre; Les debits de boissons et la prostitution; Le r61e de la femme
apres la guerre, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant.
No. 2 L'Assemblee generale du 26 Mars 1917.
No. 3 L'appel du Pape aux puissances bellig&rantes. La question d* Alsace-Lorraine jugee
par un neutre, par le Pr 0. Nippold. Le buste de Rodin.
No. 4 Les buts de paix des Etats-Unis et des Allies.
1918
No. i Ma mission & Londres (1912-1914), par le Prince Lichnowsky, ancien Ambassadeur
allemand a Londres.
No. 2 L'action de la Conciliation pendant Pannee 1917.
No. 3 Les deux pacifismes; Le reveil du peuple allemand; L'AUemagne avant la guerre, par
le Pr 0. Nippold.
No. 4 La guerre de quatre ans : Ce qu'a ete la guerre qui finit. Ce que serait la guerre future
si nous ne savons pas la prevenir.
1919
No. i Les debuts de la Societe des Nations: Une Ligue des Nations, par A. F. Frangulis. La
Ligue des Nations, par O. Nippold. Discours de M. Leon Bourgeois & PAssem-
blee generale constitutive du 10 novembre 1918.
No. 2 La politique francaise de la Paix et les prochaines elections, par M. d'Estournelles de
Constant.
No. 3 L'examen de conscience d'un Allemand, par F. W. Foerster.
No. 4 Que devient la Societe des Nations, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant.
1920
No. i L'Assemblee generale du 14 fevrier 1920; Manifestation Nationale en Phonneur de la
Societe des Nations; L'Albanie et la paix de PEurope; Contre P expedition de
Syrie et de Cilicie ; Le monument de Paviation.
No. 2 Le traite de paix avec PAllemagne au Senat des Etats-Unis, par G. A. Finch; La Societe
des Nations: L J education Internationale et la Societe des Nations; La Conciliation
en Italie.
1921
No. i Pour la Societe des Nations (Conferences de M. d'Estournelles de Constant). La
Bibliotheque Amencaine de PUniversit6 de Paris.
No. 2 L'Assemblee generale du n juillet 1921: La politique de Pamitie franco-americaine ;
L'etat des esprits aux Etats-Unis; Le chauvinisme allemand; L'organisation
et la defense de la paix.
No. 3 Le voyage du P* Butler en Europe.
No. 4 L'Albanie en 1921 : Mission de M. Justin Godart.
1922
No. i L'Albanie en 1922 ; L*Enque"te de la Societe des Nations, par J. Godart.
No. 2 Walther Rathenau, Jaurds.
No. 3 Pose de la premiere pierre de la place Carnegie, Fargniers.
No. 4 La Societe des Nations et PAlbanie (Rapport & la Societe des Nations).
232 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
1923
No. i IMUemagne d'aujourd'nui dans ses relations avec la France, par le P r Henri Lichten-
berger.
No. 2 La paix dans les Etats danubiens par la production et les echanges, par le P r Charles Rist.
No. 3 L' Assemble generate.
No. 4 Contre la guerre, par M. d'Estournelles de Constant.
1924
No. I La Societe des Nations peut-elle etre sauvee? par Sir Charles Walston, Docteur es lettres
et en Philosophic.
No. 2 Les trois ans de diplomatic secrete qui nous mene'rent la guerre de 1914, par le Colonel
en retraite J. Converset.
No. 3 Enquete sur les livres scolaires d'apres guerre. France, Belgique, Allemagne, Autriche,
Grande-Bretagne, Italie, Bulgarie.
No. 4 L' Allemagne et France, Leur vie economique et politique en 1923-24. Par F. Aereboe,
G. Alexander, L. Brentano, F. Delaisi, J. Feig, Ch. Gide, F. Gouttenoire de
Toury, P. Hertz, J. Jastrow, E. Kahn, R. Kuczynski, O. Landsberg, C. Lemer-
cier, H. Lichtenberger, H. Mann, R. Meerwarth, H. Muthesius, V. Noack, M.
Prager, P. Renaudel, P. Reynaud, R. Picard, P. Stegemann, M. Wagner, R.
Wissell, avec une introduction de M. Roger Picard.
No. 5 La Russie sovietique, par Charles Gide, Professeur au College de France.
No. 6 D'Estoumelles de Constant: 1852-1924.
INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
Syllabi and Bibliographies
This series is published especially for the use of the International Relations Clubs. The
Syllabi bear the imprint of the Institute of International Education under whose direction the
Clubs were conducted while the Institute was a part of the organization of the Division of
Intercourse and Education. These publications are distributed free to members of the Inter-
national Relations Clubs and may be obtained by others at a price of 25 cents upon application
to the Division, 405 West H7th Street, New York City.
SYLLABI
No. I Outline of the Covenant of the League of Nations, by Louis K. Manley. 46 pages.
New York, 1920. Out of print.
No. II The Past, Present and Future of the Monroe Doctrine, by Arnold B. Hall. 24
pages. New York, 1920.
No. Ill The History of Russia from Earliest Times, by Baron S. A. Korff. 14 pages.
New York, 1920.
No. IV The Russian Revolution, by Walter W. Pettit. 18 pages. New York, 1920.
No. V The Question of the Balkans, by Clive Day. 38 pages. New York, 1920.
No. VI Modern Mexican History, by Herbert L Priestley. 36 pages. New York, 1920.
No. VII Hispanic-American History, 1826-1920, by Wm. W. Pierson, Jr. 36 pages. New
York, 1921.
No. VIII The Question of the Wear East, by Albert H. Lybyer. 31 pages. New York, 1921.
No. IX China Under the Republic, by Kenneth Scott Latourette. 23 pages. New York,
1921.
No. X The Baltic States, by Mary E. Townsend. 30 pages. New York, 1921.
No. XI The Political and Economic Expansion of Japan, by Walter B. Pitkin. 16 pages.
New York, 1921.
No. XII Limitation of Armament, by Quincy Wright. 39 pages. New York, 1921.
No. XIII The Economic Situation in Europe, by Faith Moors Williams. 72 pages. New
York, 1922.
No. XIV Cuba and Its International Relations, by Graham H. Stuart. 46 pages. New
York, 1923.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
No. I A Selection of Material on the New Geography, by Colonel Lawrence Martin.
II pages. New York, 1924.
No. II Problems of the Near East, by Edward Mead Earle, with the collaboration of
Florence Billings.
INDEX
INDEX
Academy of International Law at The Hague,
xiii-xv, 28.
Acceptance of Mr. Carnegie's gift, 4-5.
Adams, W. G. S., 153.
Adelsward, Baron Theodor, viii.
Administration: viii; receipts and disburse-
ments, July 1, 1923-] une 30, 1924 and July I,
1924-December 31, 1924, 23-4; disburse-
ments from organization to December 31,
1924, 41, 43.
Ador, Gustav, viii, 90.
Advisory Committee of Jurists, 82-3, 135-6.
Advisory Council in Europe, viii-xii, 76.
Advocate of Peace, 79.
Aereboe, Dr. Friedrich, 161.
Aftalion, Albert, 30, 158.
Alexander, Norman, 109.
Allen, J. E., 153.
Allotments, special: 42; report of Treasurer,
173-8.
Alting, Dr. J, EL Carpentier, 157.
Alvarez, Alejandro, xiii, 115.
American Association for International Con-
ciliation: merged with the Endowment, 16,
25-6, 79; list of publications, 219-28.
American Diplomatic Correspondence regarding
the Emancipation of the Latin-American
Countries, by William R. Manning, 115.
American Institute at Prague, 27.
American Institute of International Law: 17-18,
28, 84; sales and gratuitous distribution of
publications, 46; work on codification, 124-6,
141-2; list of publications, 218.
American Journal of International Law, 120.
American Peace Society, subvention to, 27, 79.
American series, Economic and Social History
of the World War, 31.
Andr6-Prudhomme, M., 117.
Anglo-American Conference of Professors of
History, 27.
Annual Reports. See Reports.
Antipa, Dr. G., 163.
Anziferoff, A. N., 164.
Anzilotti, Dionisio, xiii, 117.
Apostol, Paul N., 163.
Appell, Paul, ix.
Apponyi, Count Albert, 155.
Appropriations: report of Executive Com-
mittee, 21-2; Secretary's report, 24-5; spe-
cial, 42; report of the Treasurer, 172; state-
ment of requirements for, 182-4.
Asser, T. M. C., 99, 138.
Assets and liabilities, for fiscal year 1924, 167.
Association for International Conciliation,
publications, 78.
Astroff, N. I., 164.
Argentine Republic, brochure dealing with
economic development, 27.
Auditor, report of, 181.
Auge-Laribe, Michel, 158.
Aupetit, Albert, 159.
Austria-Hungary, editorial board for Economic
and Social History of the World War, xvi.
Austrian and Hungarian series, Economic and
Social History of the World War, 29, 30,
I53-5-
Bachi, Riccardo, 161.
Bacon, Robert, yi.
Bajkitch, Velimir, xvii.
Baltic countries, editorial board for Economic
and Social History of the World War, xvi.
Bancroft, Edgar A., v, vi.
Barra, Francisco Leon de la, ix.
Bartholdy, Dr. Albrecht Mendelssohn, xvii,
1 60.
Batcheff, M. 0., 164.
Bauer, Gustav, 161.
Baumgarten, Dr. Otto, 160.
Belgian series, Economic and Social History of
the World War, 30, 155-6,
Belgium, editor for Economic and Social His-
tory of the World War, xvi.
Benes, E., ix.
Berge, Stephane, 127.
Bergendal, Kurt, 165.
Bernadsky, Michael V., 163.
Bernard, Augustin, 159.
Bernard, Leon, 159.
Beveridge, Sir William, xv, 153.
Biblioteca Interamericana, publications, 205.
Bibliotheque Internationale de Droit des Gens:
sales and gratuitous distribution of publica-
tions, 45-6; list of publications, 112, 214.
Bibliotheque Internationale Frangaise: xiii,
publications, 112-13.
Bilimovitch, Alexander, 164.
Bisschop, Dr. W. R., 127.
Blanchard, Raoul, 30, 158.
Bliss, General Tasker H., 51.
Bloch, Dr. Camille, 158.
Boak, Arthur E. R., 92, no.
Board of Trustees. See Trustees, Board of.
B6kay, Dr. von, 154.
Books on public law, purchased for certain
libraries in Europe, 29, 107.
Bordewyk, Dr. H. W. C., 157.
Boulin, Pierre, 159.
Bourgeois, Leon, ix, 55.
Bouryshkine, Paul A., 164.
Bowley, A. L., 152.
Braikevitch, Michael B., 164.
Braithwaite, W. T., 164.
Breitner, Dr., 154.
British series, Economic and Social History of
the World War, 29, 30, 151-3.
Brookings, Robert S., v, vi, 20.
Brown, Dr. E. Cunyngham, 153.
235
236
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Brunner, Colonel, 155.
Brunet, Rene, 112.
Bticher, Hermann, xvii, 161.
Bud, Johann, 155.
Bulkiey, Miss M. E., 152.
Burke, Thomas, v, vi.
Bustamante y Sirven, Antonio S. de, 95,
123.
Butler, Nicholas Murray: xiii, 20; President, v,
vi; chairman of the Executive Committee,
v, vi; Director of Division of Intercourse and
Education, vi, viii; annual report as Director
of Division of Intercourse and Education,
By-laws, 9-14.
Bynkershoek, Cornelius van, no, 112.
Cadwalader, John L., vi.
Cahen-Salvador, Mr., 159.
Cangardel, Henri, 159.
Cantacuzino, J., 163.
Carnegie, Andrew: 90, 131-5; letter to Trustees,
1-3; gift accepted, 4-5.
Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew, gift to European Bu-
reau, 75-6.
Carnegie Corporation, additional appropriation
from, 1 6, 29.
Caron, Pierre, 159.
Cassin, Mr., 159.
Catellani, Enrico L,, xiL
Cavaglieri, A., 117.
Chapman, Charles E., 27.
Char don, Henri, 159.
Charter, proposed, 6-8.
Chevalier, Georges, 159.
Chile, publication of work dealing with early
relations with the United States, 27.
China, loan to, repaid, 16, 24-5.
Choate, Joseph H., vi, 82, 132, 134, 135.
Claims Arbitration Tribunal, American and
British, 38.
Classics of International Law: xiii, 92-3, zoo/-
12 ;^sales and gratuitous distribution of publi-
cations, 45; list of publications, 212-14.
Clementel, Etienne, 159.
Codification of international law: special meet-
ing of American Institute of International
Law to consider projects, 17-18, 28; projects
considered by Third Pan American Scientific
Congress, 83-88; work of American Institute
of International Law, 124-6, 139-42.
Coffey, Hobart R M 108.
Cohn, Dr. Einar, 165.
Cole, G. D. H., 152.
Collier, William Miller, 73.
Collinet, Paul, 159.
Collins, Sir William J., special correspondent,
viii, ix, 77.
Columbus Day Conference, publication of ad-
dresses at, 27, 72-3.
Commission of Jurists, 17, 28.
Conacher, H. M., 153.
Conciliaci6n Internacional series, bulletins
published, 71.
Conciliation Internationale, publications of, 78,
229-32.
Confederation Internationale des Etudiants,
aid to, 27.
Conference of Teachers of International Law
and Related Subjects, 18, 29.
Conferences, aid to international, 27.
Correspondents, special, viii, 28, 77.
Courteault, Paul, 158.
Crehange, A., 159-
Crocker, Henry G.: 136; Division Assistant,
Division of International Law, xiL
Cruz, Feliu, 73.
Cuba, and its Relations to the United States,
Republic of, by Charles E. Chapman, 27.
Cunnison, J., 152.
Curatorium of the Hague Academy: list of
members, xiii-xv.
Czechoslovak series, Economic and Social His-
tory of the World War, 156-7.
David, Edward H. R., 161.
Davis, H. W. C., xv.
Davis, John W., v, vi.
Day, Dr. J. P., 153.
Dearie, N. B., 153.
Delahache, Georges, 159.
Delano, Frederic A.: Assistant Treasurer, v, vi,
20; member of Finance Committee, v, vi.
Deploige, Mgr. Simon, ix.
Depository libraries, 16, 30, 31-3, 193-202.
Descamps, Baron, xiv.
De'Stefani, Alberto, 161.
Dhe, Paul, 159.
Disbursements: from organization to December
31, 1924, 41-3; from July I, 1923-June 30,
1924, 168-71.
Distribution of publications, 35-6, 44-7.
Division of Economics and History: organiza-
tion, xy~xvii; report of Executive Committee
regarding, 18-19; Secretary's report, 29-31;
disbursements from organization to Decem-
ber 31, 1924, 42, 43; sales and gratuitous dis-
tribution of publications, 46-7; annual report
of the Director, 143-9; receipts and disburse-
ments, July i, 1923-June 30, 1924, 169; list
of publications, 214-18.
Division of Intercourse and Education: or-
ganization, viii-xii; Secretary's report, 25-8;
disbursements from organization to Decem-
ber 31, 1924, 41, 43; from July i, 1923 to
June 30, 1924, 1 68; sales and gratuitous dis-
tribution of publications, 44; annual report
of the Director, 49-80; administration, 57;
list of publications, 203-6.
Division of International Law: organization,
xii-xv; represented at Third Pan American
Scientific Congress, 17; Secretary's report,
28-9; disbursements from organization to
December 31, 1924, 42, 43; sales and gratui-
tous distribution of publications, 44-6;
annual report of the Director, 81-130; state-
ment of Director regarding work, 131-42;
receipts and disbursements, July I, 1923-
INDEX
237
June 30, 1924, 169; list of publications, 206-
12.
Dodge, Cleveland H., vi.
Dominio maris dissertatio, De, by Bynkershoek,
1 10,
Droit international et droit interne, by Triepel,
112.
Droit international public positif, Le, by Louter,
112.
Duisberg, Carl, xvii.
Duke, Sir Henry E., ix.
Dumas, Jacques, 112.
Duncan, Joseph, 153.
Dutch series, Economic and Social History of
the World War, 30, 157.
Duty of a Man and Citizen, On the, by Pufen-
dorf, 112.
Duval, Frederic, 128.
Economic and Social History of the World War:
editorial boards, xv-xvii; contract with the
Yale University Press, 18, 29; Secretary's
report, 29-31; sales and gratuitous distribu-
tion of publications, 47; report of the Direc-
tor, 143-9; report of progress, 150-65; list of
publications, 216-18.
Economics and History, Division of. See Divi-
sion of Economics and History,
Economo, Dr., 154.
Edelmann, Dr., 154.
Edstrom, Olof, 165.
Efremoff, Jean, ix.
Einaudi, Luigi, xvi, 162.
Eisenstadt, Miss Anna G., 164.
Elias, Dr., 154.
Eliot, Charles W., vi.
Emeny, Brooks, 108.
Enderes, Bruno von, 155.
Erkelenz, Anton, 161.
Estpurnelles de Constant, Baron Paul d': viii,
xii, 16-17, 27; death of, 54-5, 73; memorial, 76.
European Bureau: xii; recommendation for re-
organization, 17, 73-6; publications, 75, 206.
European Organization, Division of Intercourse
and Education, yiii-xii.
Executive Committee: list of members, v;
annual report, 15.
Exner, Franz, 155.
Fargniers, reconstruction of, 28, 56.
Fauchille, Paul, 129.
Fayle, C. Ernest, 153.
Fellowships in International Law, 18, 28, 108-9.
Finance Committee, list of members, v.
Financial statement, 23-5.
Finch, George A.: 136; Assistant Secretary,
viii; Assistant Director, Division of Inter-
national Law, xii; delegate of Endowment
to Pan American Scientific Congress, 17, 28.
Finger, Dr., 154.
Flier, Dr. M. J . van der, 157.
Flitner, Dr. Wilhelm, 160.
Foerster, Dr. Erich, 160.
Foerster, F. W.: ix; special correspondent, viii,
77-
Fontaine, Arthur, 30, 158.
Fontaine, Henri La, x.
Foster, Arthur William, vi, 185.
Foster, John W., vi.
Fox, Austen G.: v, vi; member of Executive
Committee, v, vi.
France: editorial board for Economic and Social
History of the World War, xv-xvi.
Franks, Robert A.: v, vi; chairman of Finance
Committee, v, vi, 16.
French pamphlet series, 212.
French series, Economic and Social History of
the World War, 29, 30, 157-9.
Frisch, Dr. W., 160.
Frois, Marcel, 158.
Garfield, Wadsworth, 108.
Gayl, W. M. E. von, 160.
Gentili, Alberico, no, 111-12.
Gerlach, Hellmut von: ix; special correspond-
ent, viii, 77.
German and Austrian Documents relating to the
World War, 113-14.
German Prize Cases, Part II, by Fauchille, 129.
German series, Economic and Social History
of the World War, 29, 30, 160-1.
German White Book, 114.
Germany: editorial board for Economic and
Social History of the World War, xvii.
Girault, Arthur, 159.
Giretti, Edoardo: ix; special correspondent,
viii, 77.
Gjde, Charles, xv, 159.
Gignoux, C. J., 159.
Glaise-Horstenau, Colonel, 155.
Godart, Justin, x, xii.
Goldsmith, Peter H.: head of Interamerican
Section, viii, 69; delegate of Endowment to
Pan American Scientific Congress, 17.
Golovine, Nicholas N., 164.
Gonner, Sir Edward C. K., 153.
Goppert, Dr. H., 160.
Gram, Gregers W. W., xii.
Gratz, Dr. Gustav, xvi, 154, 155.
Gray, George, Vice President, v, vi.
Great Britain, editorial board for Economic
and Social History of the World War, xv.
Greven, H. B., xvi.
Gronsky, Paul P., 164.
Grotius, Hugo: 112; Dejure belli acpacis, 28-9,
92-3, 109-10.
Grotius Society of London, subvention to, 28,
126-7.
Grotius Tercentenary, 92-3.
Gruber, Colonel, 155.
Gunther, Dr. Adolf, 160.
Hague Academy of International Law: 94-5;
program of courses, 95-8; work of, 137-9.
Hague Peace Conferences of 189$ and 1907, The,
French edition, by James Brown Scott, 112.
Hall, Dr. Hubert, 152.
238
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Hamlin, Charles S., v, vi, 20. _
Hammarskjold, Knut Hjalmar Leonard, vui,
xiv.
Hanusch, Ferdinand, 154.
Harding, Warren G M resolution on death ot,
IQI. ^. f
Haskell, Henry S., Assistant to Directory!
Division of Intercourse and Education, vm.
Hauser, Henri, xvi, 30, 158.
Heckscher, EH F., xvi, 165.
Heemskerk, Th., xiv.
Helly, Dr., 154-
Henderson, H. D., 152.
Henry, Dr. Albert, 30, 156.
Herriot, Edouard, 147, I49> 1 58-
Hersent, Georges, 159.
Hill, David Jayne, v, vi.
Hill, Sir Norman, 153.
Hirst, Francis W. 3 xv, 153.
History of the Armistice, Prelirmnary, 114.
Hitchcock, E. F., 153-
Hoare, Sir Samuel John Gurney, x.
Hockauf, Dr., 154-
Hoen, General, 155.
Holland, Sir Thomas Erskine, xiii.
Holman, Alfred, v, vi, 20.
Holstyn, Dr. J. Westerman, 157.
Homann-Herimberg, Emil, 3/>, 154-
Hontoria, Dr. Manuel Gonzalez, 112.
Horst, Hans J., x.
Howard, William M., v, vi.
Huber, Michel, 159.
Hughes, Charles Evans: presentation of codi-
fication projects, 84-6, 124-5; acceptance of
Declaration on Rights and Duties of Nations,
141.
Hymans, Paul, x.
Iberian Institute of Comparative Law, 84.
Institut de Droit International, xii.
Institute of International Education, publica-
tions, 232.
Institute of International Law: 28, 84; sub-
vention to, 120-4.
Inter-America, magazine, 26-7, 69-71, 205.
Interamerican Bulletin, 205-6, 228-9. ^
Interamerican Digests, Economic series, 206.
Interamerican Section of the Division of Inter-
course and Education, 26, 69-73.
Intercourse and Education, Division^ of. See
Division of Intercourse and Education.
International Arbitrations, Collection of All
Known, by John Bassett Moore, 113.
International Arbitration League, subvention
to, 27. .
International Chamber of Commerce at Pans,
18-19, 31.
International Conciliation, pamphlet, 26, 66-9,
204-5.
International Conferences, 135-7-
International Conference of Philosophy, 27.
International Council of Women, 27.
International Law, Division of. See Division
of International Law.
International Law Association, 84.
International law journals, subventions to, 28,
116-20.
International- Law Teachers, Conference of,
International Mind Alcoves: 26, 60-3; in
Europe, 75.
International Relations Clubs: 63-5, in Europe,
International visits, 80.
Interparliamentary Union, Twenty-second Con-
ference, 27. .
Italian series: Economic and Social History ot
the World War, 29, 30, 161-2. .
Italy, editorial board, Economic and Social
History of the World War, xvi.
Jahn, Dr., 160.
Jannaccone, Pasquale, xvi, 162.
Japan, Research Committee, xvii.
Japanese series, Economic and Social History
of the World War, 162.
Japanese Renew of International Law, 118.
Jarte, Otto, 165.
Jenkinson, Hilary, 152.
Jeze, Gaston, 158.
Johnston, W. Dawson, 107.
Jones, Amy Heminway, Division Assistant,
Division of Intercourse and Education, viii.
Jones, D. T., 153.
Jones, Thomas, xv, 153.
Journal du Droit International, 117.
Jure belli ac pads libri ires, De, by Grotius, 28-9,
109-10.
Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum,
by Wolff, 28.
Justice Internationale, La, by Politis, 128-9.
Karnebeek Sr., M. van, 99.
Karpoff, Theodorovitch G., 164.
Kassowitz, Dr., 154.
Kaufmann, Wilhelm, xiii.
Keilhau, Wilhelm, 165.
Keith, A. B., 152.
Kelsey, Francis W., 92, 109.
Kerchnawe, General, 155.
Kerchove, Count Charles de, 156,
Kerviter, Georges Pocard de, 158.
Keynes, J. M., xv.
Kirchenberger, Dr., 154.
Klose, Colonel, 155.
Kobayashi, XL, 162.
Koeth, Dr. A., 160.
Kohler, Dr. L. F. von, 160.
Kohn, Stanislas S., 164.
Koo, Wellington, x.
Kossinsky, V. A., 164.
Krauss, General, 155.
Kries, Dr. W. von, 160.
Kyrle, Dr., 154.
Lagerheim, Alfred, x.
Laing, Gordon J., no.
Landau, Mark A., 164.
INDEX
239
Lange, Christian L., special correspondent,
viii, 77.
Langenhove, F. J. van, 156.
Lansing, Robert, v, vi, 17.
Lapradelle, A. de, 112.
Latin-American independence, publication of
United States diplomatic documents con-
cerning, 29.
Law of Nations, The, by Wolff, 112.
Lawrence, T. J., 112.
Layton, W. T., 153.
Legationibus litri ires, De, by Gentili, no-n.
Levainville, J., 159.
L'heritier, M., 158.
L'Herondelle, M., 56.
Library of the Endowment, 36-8.
Library systems, development in Europe, 75.
Liepmann, Moritz, 160.
Linden, Cort van der, 99.
Liszt, Franz von, 112.
Lloyd, E. M. H., 30, 152.
Loder, Dr. B. C. J., 123, 126.
Louter, J. de, 112.
Lotz, Dr. Walter, 160.
Louvain : further grant to library, 17, 27 ; recon-
struction work, 55-6. ^
Lowden, Frank 0., v, vi.
L6wenfeld-Russ, Dr. H., 155.
Lyon-Caen, Charles, xiv, 99.
MacDonald, J. Ramsay, x.
Macfadden, Dr. A. W. J., 153-
MacKenzie, Norman A. M., 108.
Mahaim, Ernest, 156.
Mann, Dr., 160.
Mannerfelt, Carl, 165.
March, Lucien, 158.
Masaryk, President, 157.
Masson, Paul, 158.
Mather, Samuel, vi.
Matlckovits, Dr. A., 155.
,Matsuoka, Mr v 162.
Mauclere, Eugene, 159.
Mayerhofer, Dr., 154.
Meerwarth, Rudolf, 160.
Melchior, Carl Joseph, xvii.
Mensdorff, Count Albert von, x.
Methorst, Dr. H. W., 157.
Michel, Edouard, 159-
Michelson, Alexander M., 164.
Middleton, Sir Thomas, 152.
Mitrany, David, xvii, 163.
Mitzka, General, 155.
Miyaoka, Tsunejiro: x; special correspondent,
viii, 77; visit to the United States, 77~8.
Mogilansky, Nicholas M., 164.
Monchy, E. P. de, 157.
Monroe Doctrine, The, by Dr. Alvarez, no.
Montague, Andrew J.: v, vii, 20; Treasurer, y,
vii; member of Executive Committee, v, vu;
visit to Paris, 17, 73-4; report as Treasurer,
167-80.
Montgelas, Count Max, 114.
Moore, John Bassett, 113.
Morrow, Dwight W.: v, vii, 185; member of
Finance Committee, v, vii.
Mortara, Giorgio, 161.
Miiller-Deham, Dr., 154.
Miisebeck, Dr., 160.
Mutschenbacher, Emil von, 155.
Nansen, Fridtjof, xL
Netherlands, editorial board for Economic and
Social History of the World War, xvi.
Nippold, Otfried: xi, 99; special correspondent,
viii, 77.
Nobel, Dr., 154.
Nogaro, M. B., 158.
Nolde, Boris E,, 164.
North, S. N. D., 39.
Novgorodzeff, P. J., 164,
Nys, Ernest, no.
Obolensky, Vladimir A., 164.
Odinetz, D. M., 164.
Ogawa, Gotaro, xvii, 162.
Oka, Minoru, xi.
Oliveira, Alberto d', xi.
Ono, G., 162.
Oualid, William, 159.
Outbreak of the World War: German Documents,
collected by Kautsky, 114.
Page, Robert Newton, vii, 185.
Paix de Diet* a la Paix de Per, De la t by Duval,
128.
Pan American Conference on Capital Cities, 27.
Pan American Court of International Justice,
88-92.
Pan American Educational Congress, 27.
Pan American Scientific Congress, Third: 17,
28, 99-105; report of Subsection on inter-
national law, 101-5.
Pan American Union, 1 8.
Pap, Desider, 155.
Passelecq, Ferdinand, 156.
Penha-Garcia, Comte, xi.
Perassi, T., 117.
Percy, Le Roy, v, vii, I 85.
Perkins, George W., vii.
Permanent Court of International Justice, 51,
^ 82, 133-5-
Personnel, changes in, 39.
Peschaud, Marcel, 158.
Peyerimhoff, Henri de, 159.
Peylade, Mile M.-Th., xii.
Pflug, Colonel, 155.
Phillimore, Lord, xiv.
Picard, Roger, 159.
Pichon, Adolphe, 158.
Picquenard, M. C., 159.
Pinot, P., 158.
Pinot, Robert, 159.
Pirenne, H., xvi, 156.
Pirenne, Dr. J., 156.
Pirquet, Dr. Clemens von, xvi, 154, 155,
Politis, Nicolas S., xiv, 128.
Popovics, Alexander, 30, 154.
Porri, Vincenzo, 161.
240
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
Portuguese series, Economic and Social History
of the World War, 162.
Posthuma, Dr. F. E., 157.
Prato, Giuseppe, 161.
Preston, S., 153.
Principes de droit international, Les, by Law-
rence, 112.
Pritchett, Henry S.: v, vii, 20; member of
Executive Committee, v, vii.
Prudhommeaux, J. J., 75.
Publications : translation bureau combined with,
33-4; Secretary's report, 33-5; distribution
of, 35-6, 44-7; of Division of Intercourse and
Education, 59; Division of International Law,
109-16; list of, 203-32.
Pufendorf, Samuel von, 112.
Rademacher, Dr. Arnold, 160.
Randolph, Bessie C., 109.
Raschofsky, Dr., 154.
Rasin, Alois, 156.
Ratzenhofer, Colonel, 155.
Receipts and disbursements, July 1, 1923-June
30, 1924, 168-71.
Reconstruction: appropriation for, in Belgium,
55-6^
Redlich, Josef, xi, 154.
Redmayne, Sir Richard, 152.
Reeves, Jesse S., 92, no.
Renault, Louis, 99.
Renouvin, Pierre, 158.
Retail, Armand Boutillier du, 159.
Revista de Derecho International, 119.
Revue de Droit International de Sciences Diplo-
matiques Politiques et Sociales, 119.
Revue de Droit Internationale et de Legislation
Comparee, 118.
Revue Generate de Droit International Public,
117.
Rheims, library at, 27-8, 56.
Ricci, Umberto, xyi, 162.
Richet, Charles, xi.
Riedl, Dr. Richard, xvi, 155.
Rist, Charles, xvi, 159.
Rivista di Diritto Inter nazionale, 117.
Rolin, Baron Alberic, xiii.
Romeyn, Dr. H. J., 157.
Root, Elihu: v, vii, 82, 83, 84, 133; member of
Executive Committee, v, vii.
Rosenbaum, Dr. E., 160, 161.
Rostwprowski, Count Michel J. C., xiii.
Ruffini, Francesco, xi.
Rumania, editor for Economic and Social His-
tory of the World War, xvii.
Rumanian series, Economic and Social History
of the World War, 163.
Russia, editor for Economic and Social History
of the World War, xyii.
Russian series, Economic and Social History of
the World War, 30, 163-4.
Ruyssen, Th., xii.
Soar Controversy, The, by Bisschop, 127.
Sainsaulieu, M., 56.
Sakatani, Baron Y., xvii, 162.
Salter, Sir Arthur, 152.
Samad Khan Montazos Saltaneh, Prince, xi.
Sanders, Henry A., 92, 1 10.
Scandinavian series, Economic and Social His-
tory of the World War, 30, 165.
Schacherl, Dr., 154.
Schmidlapp, Jacob G., vii.
Schooling, Sir William, 153,
Sch ticking, Walther, xiv, 114.
Schiiller, Dr. Richard, xvi, 154, 155.
Scott, James Brown: y, vii, xiii, xiv, 82, 112;
Secretary, v, vii, viii; Director of Division of
International Law, vii, xii; General Editor,
Classics of International Law, xiii; delegate
to Pan American Scientific Congress, 17, 28,
141; annual report as Secretary, 23-40;
appointed to advise European Bureau, 73;
annual report as Director of Division of
International Law, 81-130; address before
Hague Academy of International Law, 99;
report on subsection of international law at
Pan American Scientific Congress^ 101-5;
statement regarding work of Division of
International Law, 131-42.
Scott, W. R., xv, 152, 153.
Secretary's Office: expenditures for fiscal year,
23; sales and gratuitous distribution of publi-
cations, 44; receipts and disbursements,
July i, 192^-June 30, 1924, 168; list of publi-
cations, 203.
Seidl, General, 155.
Seipel, Dr. Ignaz, 155.
Sellier, Henri, 159.
Sering, Max, xvii, 160, 161.
Serpieri, Arrigo, 162.
Severance, Cordenio A., v, vii.
Shaw of Dunfermline, Baron, xi.
Sheffield, James R.: v, vii; member of Executive
Committee, v, vii; appointed to advise Euro-
pean Bureau, 73.
Shklovsky, Isaak V., 164.
Shotwell, James Thomson: v, vii, 39, 49; Gen-*
eral Editor, Economic and Social History of
the World War, vii, xv; Director, Division of
Economics and History, vii, xv; annual report
as Director, Division of Economics and His-
tory, 143-9.
Sich, E. A., 153.
Skalweit, A., 161.
Slay den, James L., vii.
Smiley, Albert K., vii.
Sobotka, Felix, 155.
Societe de Legislation Comparee, subvention to,
28,^ 127-8.
Spanish pamphlet series, 212.
Spanish Treatise on International Law, by
Hontoria, 115.
Spann, Dr. Othmar, 154.
Stahl, Paul, 159.
Stamp, Sir Josiah C., 153.
Sokoloff, Boris N., 164.
Stegerwald, Adam, 161.
Steiner, Dr., 154.
INDEX
241
Straus, Oscar S., y, vii.
Strisower, Leo, xiii, xiv.
Struve, Peter B., 164.
Sturdza, Deme'tre, 99.
Subventions: to journals of international law,
28, 116-20; Division of Intercourse and Edu-
cation, 57-9; to international law societies,
120-8.
Sutherland, George, v, vii,
Szternyi, Baron Joseph, 155.
Taracievitch, L. A., 164.
Taube, Baron Michel de, xv.
Taylor, Charles L., vii.
Teachers of international law, Conference of.
See Conference of Teachers of International
Law and Related Subjects.
Teleszky, Johann von, 155.
Thomas, Albert, 159.
Thormodsgard, Olaf H., 108.
Thorsteinsson, Thorstein, 165.
Todd, Harry Swain, 109.
Toelle, J. H., 109.
Torriente y Peraza, Cosme de la, xi.
Totomianz, V. T., 164.
Tower, Charlemagne, vii.
Traite de droit international, by Westlake, 112.
Translation Bureau, combined with Publica-
tions, 33-4.
Treasurer's report: 24; for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1924, 167-80.
Tretiakoff, Sergius N., 164.
Tr'eub, W. F., xii.
Triepel, Heinrich, 112.
Troullier, Albert, 127.
Truchy, Henri, 158.
Trustees, Board of: v; list of, with offices and
terms of service, vi vii; Mr. Carnegie's letter
to, 13; acceptance of Mr. Carnegie's gift,
4~5 ; special committee appointed to consider
application of funds, 20-1; vacancies on, 22;
annual meeting, 185-8.
Tschuproff, A. A., 164.
Tseng-Tsiang, Lou, x.
Turin, Sergius P., 163.
Umbreit, Paul, 161.
Union Juridique Internationale, 84.
Vauthier, M., 156.
Venizelos, Eleutherios, xii.
Ville-Chabrolle M., 159. ^
Vinogradoff, Sir Paul, xvii, 164.
Visscher, Charles de, 118.
Vissering, Dr. G., 157.
Volkerrecht systematisch d&rgestellt, Das, by
Liszt, 112.
Volpe, Gioacchino, 162.
Wagemann, Dr. Ernst, 161.
Wagner, Dr., 154.
Warner, S. G., 153.
Watson, Sir Arthur, 153.
Weiss, Charles Andre, xii, xiii.
Westergaard, Harald, xvi.
Westlake, John, 112.
White, Andrew D., vii, 105.
Whittuck, E. A., 126.
Wiedenfeld, Dr. W., 161.
Wieser, Dr. Friedrich von, xvi, 155.
Williams, John Sharp, vii.
Wilson, Robert R., 109.
Wilson, Woodrow, resolution on death of, 190.
Wolfe, Humbert, 152.
Wolff, Christian von, 28, 112.
Woodward, Robert S.; vii, 39; memorial resolu-
tion, 189.
Wright, Luke E., vii.
Wright, Herbert F., 92, no, in.
Wynne, Edward C., 108.
Yale University Press, arrangements for publi-
cation of Economic and Social History of the
World War, 18, 29, 150-1.
Yarnada, Saburo, 118.
Yamazaki, Mr., 162.
Young, George, 162.
Yugoslavia, editor for Economic and Social
History of the World War, xvii.
Zaalberg, C. J. P., 157.
Zagorsky, Simon O., 164.
Zeitschrift filr Internationales Recht, 119.
Zeitschrift fur Volkerrecht, 120.
Zeydel, Dr. Edwin H., in.
Zimmermann, Dr. Waldemar, 161.
Zingali, Gaetano, 162.
C 2
34 81
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11